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Digitized by LjOOQIC
Digitized by LjOOQIC
ON
EAELY ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION,
WITH ESPECIAL EEFEKENCE TO
SHAKSPEEE AND CHAUCEE,
COIH'AINING AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CORRESPONDENCE OF
WRITING WITH SPEECH IN ENGLAND, FROM THE ANGLOSAXON
PERIOD TO THE EXISTING RECEIVED AND DIALECTAL FORMS,
WITH A SYSTEMATIC NOTATION OF SPOKEN SOUNDS BY
MEANS OF THE ORDINARY PRINTING TYPES.
DfCLUDINO
A BB-ASBAKGSICENT OF FBOF. F. J. CHILD's MEMOIBS OV THE LAITOUAGE OP
CHAUCER ASD GOWEB, EEFRDm OF THE BABE TBACT8 BY aALESBTTBY OK
EKGLISH, 1647) AED WEIJ9H, 1567, AKD BY BABCLEY ON FBEECH, 1521,
ABSIBACI8 OF SCHMELLKB's TBEATISB ON BAYABIAN DIALECTS, AND
WINXLEB's LOW GEBMAN AND FBIE8IAN DIALECTICON, AND
PBINCE L. L. BONAPABTE's TOWEL AND CONSONANT LISTS.
ALEXANDER J. ELLIS
PART V.
[pp. l»-88» 1433-2267.]
EXISTING DIALECTAL AS COMPARED WITH WEST SAXON
PRONTJNCLiTION,
TFUh two Map9 ofihe IMleet DUtrkU.
GREENWOOD PRESS, PUBLISHERS r^^^^i^
NEW YORK Digitized by ^^OOglL
Originally published in 1889 by Asher & Co.
First Greenwood Reprinting, 1968
Library of Congress. Catalogue Card Number: 68-30998
PRINTED IN THE UNTFED STATES OF AMERICA
Digitized by LjOOQIC
THE
EXISTING PHONOLOGY
ENGLISH DIALECTS
COMPARED WITH THAT OF WEST SAXON SPEECH.
POHMNO PABT T. OF "lABLT BKOUSH PBONmrCIATIOX."
'•"L
ih\'
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Digitized by LjOOQIC
ERRATA.
p. 20, 1. 20, read or t\
p.32,1.6,f«irfLB(iiJ.
,f dt. par. 1, read vba'ut dat.
p. 37, 1. 19 from bottom, under Do., for *Blaiidford read *Cranbome.
p. 45, par. 6, last word, read 8Bk8)iiB.
p. 47, note 6, first line, read the (d).
p. 57, line 3 from bottom. No. 904, read Ydjijar.
p. 68, line 3, read 923*.
p. 65, par. 0, 1. 8, for Potter read Trotter.
„ par. 10, 1. 3, read bnt (win'ikvn).
p. 66, 1. 1 and 2, for Potter, read Trotter.
p. 80, East Dorset cwl., 1. 2, read Cranbome, and 1. 5 dele and.
p. 85, joke on (st|) last line, read iid)v)a'd.
p. 94, 1. 10, read — L (mujii).
p. 109, 1. 6, read Miss M. A. Firth.
.p. 111. Author itise, Np, add tDaventry, fFarthinghoe, fHelmdon, fLong
Buckley, fSilyerstone, ''Slapton, fSyersham, fTowcester, fWatford,
tWeedon, fWood Burcote, fWoodford.
p. 113, paragraph B, line 1, read a nonagenarian widow about 94 ; line M, read
Malvern Wells.
p. 114, 1. 30, read Clatsadok, Wa. (5 w.Warwick).
p. 129, 1. 15 from bottom, read may have possibly.
p. 131, 1. 4, read Pasingworth.
„ 1. 6, read ''Shadoxhurst.
p. 133, dt. par. 3, read v)dv Baq.
p. 136, last line but one, read Bey. J. W. Rumny.
p. 140, No. 422, read <Tomited.'
p. 157, 1. 9, read Mr. SheUy's
p. 162, No. 646, read ba)'yi».
p. 163, 1. 2, read mBB'k)*n.
p. 175, Area, 1. 2, after Br., add outlying parts of Wo.
p. 183, 1. 2 from bottom, read dra'ttudtd.
p. 186, No. 702, rMKiuth.
p. 194, line B, read Chackmore, and line T, read Tyrringham.
p. 199, line S, read n-by-w.
p. 201, /or 125 oni, read 194 oni.
p. 217, 1. 23, read H. F. Tollemache.
p. 222, L 31, rMuf degradation,
p. 225,1. 6, read^un,
p. 235, 1. 3, read Henley-on-Thames in Ox, and 1. 4, read Penn, Bu, (3 e-by-n.
High Wycombe),
Z.S. ProB. Part Y. h
Digitized by VjOOQIC
VI ERRATA.
p. 248, note, col. 2, lines 1 and 2, read pldts, m^^d.
p. 249, 1. 10, read 10 s.
p. 253, note, col. 2, 1. 1, read of which li. has {u^) and Nf. (»J.
p. 256, 1. 4, read — Pt. ; notee, col. 2, 1. 1, read was also.
p. 278, 1. 1, rwkfs.Nf.
p. 279, 1. 3, read Tuddenham.
p. 316. £<mndarie$f 1. 5, read Featherbed ; 1. 7, read Mam Tor, and
Authoritiee, Ch, 1. 2, read Tintwistle ; La, 1. 2, r^Mf Eoyton.
p. 332, under Leyland.for 1887 rmuf 1877.
p. 345, under Chorley^ read 10 nw.Bolton.
p. 347, No. 222, add at end, or from old Fr. hure, head of a man or an animal,
especially a shaggy boar* s head,
p. 352, 1. 11 from bottom, and Authorities, La, 1. 2, read Ooosnargh.
p. 354, col. 2, 1. 9 from bottom, rtfa<^.dl«r)B.
pp. 360, 361, 362, and 363, read Lezayre.
p. 362, notes to Lezayre dt., par. 1, read or (Bba'tit).
p. 363, 1. 3 from bottom, read — P pBrtknt.
p. 375, 1. 10 from bottom, 13. vii, read noon, corrected on p. 405, notes, par. 13.
p. 387, 1. 12, last word, read Bradley.
p. 409, 1. Authoritiet, St., 1. 2, after Longport insert tLongion.
p. 421, West and South Cheshire cwl., 1. 1, dele Churton.
p. 425, 1. 8 from bottom, read Db.
p. 485, 1. 4, add „ under t\ and in lines 12 and 13 from bottom, that is, in
Nos. 4 and 5, transpose a and the „ above it,
p. 436, par. 15, Nos. 1 and 3, read ta! iid, fs!u\,
p. 442, No. 39, read kja'kon.
p. 443, par. I-, 1. 1, read — B gji.
p. 445, 1. B, for 8 e. read 6 e.
p. 447, last line, read r^ra.
p. 449, 1. 2, for 71, read 76.
p. 472, 1. 8, after Coalbrookdale for St. read Sh.
p. 524, No. 831, fMMf final (t).
p. 529, 1. 2, insert J. qfter Bey.
p. 567, 1. 4 from bottom, read Tan.
p. 572, 1. 4, rviMf ttsid\
p. 606, 1. 7 from bottom to No. 49, add — .
p. 607, in par. xl, 1. 7, second No. 0, add —
p. 718, under XT: for snsb read sneb.
p. 738, note 46, last number, read 168.
p. 747, line 1, read 12 sw.
p. 748, in title, and 1. 1 of poem, for Gbbt read Gray.
p. 755, 1. 5 from bottom, read Ke.
p. 824, last line but one of small print, read of I, T,
In the Consonantal Index there are a few eyident displacements, and the
following misprints, read under G- 13 gnagan, under SC- 220 scsBphirSe, under
-T- cetd, under -W 371 stre&w. Omit 90 bl&wan under -D-
There are possibly many other slight errors which hare escaped observation.
For the comparative correctness of a text of such great complexi^ as the present,
I am much indebted to the vigilance of the printer's reader, Mr. Wood,
who also read the four preceding Parts, and, in many districts, the scrupulous
care of Mr. T. Hallam.
A. J. E.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
CONTENTS.
Ebbata, Ty Ti.
CoNTBNTS, yii to xvi.
NoncB, xrii to xx.
PBSUMnrA&T MATTBR, l*-88*.
I. Note on the Relation of thie Treatioe to preceding Chaptere, 2*.
II. Key to the Maps of the Bnglieh and Lowland Dialect DittrietSf and List
qfthe Ftineipal Abbreviations used, 3* to 6*.
Introductory Bemarks 3*, AbbiOTiations of positional words, and
two-letter abbreyiations of the Names of Counties 4*, list of
Divisions, Districts, and Varieties 4* and 6*. Other abbreyiations
frequent in use 6*.
in. Comparative Specimen (cs.) in receiyed orthography 7*.
IV. IHaleet Test (dt.) in receiyed orthography 8*, notes^ on every word 8*
to 16».
V. ClasHJied Word List (cwl.) 16*. I. Weesex and Norse 16* to 22*. II.
English 22*. III. Bomance 23* and 24*. Notes on Constructions
ana Intonation appended to the original word list 25*. Index to the
English words in the cwl. referring each its number 26* — 29*.
CouBonantal Index to the Wessex and Norse Division of the cwl.
30*, 31*.
VI. Alphabetical County List 32* to 67*. Introd. 32*. England 32* to
63*. Isle of Man 63*. Wales 63* to 64*. Scotland 64* to 67*.
Ireland 67*.
VII. Alphabetical Informants List, and Index of all the Ifames mentioned in
this Treatise 67* to 76*.
VIII. Table of DialeHalFdiaeotype7S^ to SS:
Tbxt, 1-836.
Intbodvgtioh, 1-9.
Problem of this treatise 1 . Me^od of solution 1-4. Chief Helpers, Principal,
Staff and Students of Whitelands Training College, C. C. Bobinson, J. G.
Ooodchild, Thomas Hallam, Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, 4-6. Palaeotype, 6.
Geographical IHstricts in place of Dialects, 6-8. Plan of the Work, 8-9.
2%e Celtic Border, 9-16.
Ancient, about a.d. 677, according to J. B. Green, 9. His location of the
Saxon settlements, 11. After Treaty of Wedmore, a.d. 878, p. 11.
Hii location of the Ealdormanriee, 12. — Modem, at the present day
through Ireland, England and Wales, and Scotland, 12-16.
The Ten Transverse Lines, 16-22.
1. The n. sum, 16. 6. The s. hoose, 19.
2. The 8. s69m. 16. 7. The n. tee, 20.
3. The reverted ur, 17. 8. The s. sum, 21.
4. The s. teeth, 18. 9. The n. sUdm, 21.
6. The n. theeth, 18. 10. The L. line 21.
The Boman Wall, 22.
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VIU 00NTBHT8 OF PART V.
I. The Southe£N Ditision of Ekolish Dialbgt Disibicts, 23-187..
iNTKODUcnoir, 23.
D 1, 2, 3=CS. or Celtic Southern, 24-36.
D l=w.CS.-we8t Celtic Southern, 25-31.
Introd. 25. Yallanoer's Tola Zong^ 26. Casteale Cndde's Lamentation,
28-29. Forth and Bargj cwl. 30.
D 2x=m.CS.-mid Celtic Southern, 31-35.
Introd. 31. Two Interlinear Pm. dt. 32 ; Swansea Example, 33 ; Pm.
cwl. 34.
D 3— e.CSseastem Celtic Southern, 35-36.
Introd. 35. Gowerland cwl. 35. CollinB's Gower words, 35-36.
D 4 and 5-iMS.-The Mid Southern, 36-110.
D 4 -W.MS.— western Mid Southern, 37-91.
Introd. 37-38. Table of initial and final f or v, « or t, «A or fA, 38-41.
The reyerted (r) and (t, d, n, l), 41-42. Vowels and grammatical con-
atmction and Varieties, 43.
Var. i. Middle or Typical Form in Wl. 44-60.
Phase I. Christian Malford os. 44. Phrases *and sentences,
48 ; cwl. 49.
Phase n. Chippenham, Akerman's "The Hornet and the
Bittle," 51-54, cwl. 54-58.
Phase ni. Tilshead, 58, anecdote and dt. 58, cwl. 59.
Var. li. Northern or 01. Form, 60-68. Three Interlinear cs. for Vale
of Gloucester, Tetbnry, and Forest of Dean, 60-65. Forest of
Dean and Aylburton sentences [for Potter read Trotter], 66.
Gloucester Town pron. 64, note. Gloncester cwl. 66.
Var. iii. The North Western or e.He. Form, 68-75. Boss, 68. Three
Interlinear cs. from Ledbury, Much Cowame, and Eggleton,
69-73. Miss Piper's EggleUm speciment, 74.
Var. iv. The South Eastern or Do. Form, 75-84. Hanford dt. 76.
Two Interlinear cs. from Cranbome and Winterbome Came,
76-80. £ast Do. cwl. 80-83. Western Do. cwl. 83.
Var. T. The Land of Utch (pronoun for i), 84-86. Joke on Utch, 85.
Montacute dt. 85, cwl. 86. •
Var. Ti. The South Western or Sm. Form, 87-91. The Axe-Tarty
district, 87, and cwl. 88. Wedmore sentences, 89. Worle
cwl. 90.
D 5-ie.MS.— eastern Mid Southern, 91-110.
Introduction, 91-92.
Var. i. Ox. Form, 92-94. Witney dt. 92. w.Ox. cwl. from Duck-
lington, Leafield, Witney, 93.
Var. ii. The Be. Form, 94-96. Steyenton dt. 94. Hampstead Norris,
part of cs. 95. Wantage cwl. 96.
Var. iii. Ha. and Wi. Form, 96-108. West Stratton, East Stratton, and
Bumingham*8 words, 96. Southampton to Winchester cs.,
97. ^doTer, 98-107, with two pronunciations of a farmer^s
letter in Punch, 100. CoUoquiat sentences, 104, and cwl.,
104. Isle of Wight, with cwl., 107.
Var. iy. Sr. and Ss. Form, 108, with owl., 109.
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OOMTBHTS OF PART V. IX
D 6, 7, S-BS. or border of South as against Midland and East, 110.
D 6-n.BS. -northern Border Southern, 111-121.
Introd. 111.
Var. i. Wo. Porm, with Worcester dt. and Hanlrary dt. 112. 8. Wo.
owl. from Abberler, Bewdler, Bengeworth, Bnckland, Drdt-
wkh, Eldflnfleld, SalewET, Worceetor, etc. 118.
Var. ii. 8.Wa. Form, OkTerdon dt 114. a.Wa. cwl. from Butler's
Karston, Eineton, PUlerton Priors, Stratford-on-ATon, and
Tysoe, 115.
Var. iii. Bandiry Form, with cs. 116. Bhenington dt. 117. Banbury
cwl. 118.
Var. It. sw.Np. Form from Ashbj Bt. Legers, Badbj, Byfleld, Towoester,
Wjfcfoid cwl. 120. ' ^^
D 7-m.BS.-mid Border Southern, 121-128.
Introd. 121. Handboroogh a. cs. 123 ; b. dt. 124 ; e. Phrases, 125 ; d.
cwL, 127.
D 8 —B.BS.* southern Border Southern, 128-130.
Introd. 128. Information from WargraTo, Hnrley, Hurst, 129, and from
Chobham, Ghertsej, Leatherhead, Croydon, 130.
D 9-ES.ȣa8t Southern, 130-145.
Introd. 130.
Tar. L East Sussex Form, 132. Two East Sussex Interlinear dt. from
Markly and Selmeston, 133. East Sussex cwl. from Cuckfleld,
Eastbourne, Leasam, Markly, and Pane's Glossary, 134.
Var. ii. North Kent Form, 136. Introd. 136. Fayersham cs. 187.
FaTersham Phrases, 139. FaTersham cwl. 139.
Var. iii. East Kent Form, Introd. 141. Wingham dt. 142. Folkestone
Fishermen, Introd. 142, dt. 143. East Kent owl. from
Folkestone, Margate, Thanet, Wingham, 144.
D 10, 11, 12 -WS. or West Southern Group, 146.
D 10-n.WS. -northern West Southern, 145-155.
Introd. 145-147. West Somerset cs. 148. Examples lord Piopham, 151.
IIU lk9il mi tU Ctg^ \b%. ^f^^^ JFMhm-womm Married, 168. West
Somerset cwl. 153-166. Phonetic Version of Buth, chap. L 698, No. 6.
D ll-8.WS.-southem West Southern, 156-170.
Introd. 156.
Tar. L North Deron, 167« Iddesleigh cs. and notes, 157-169. North
MoHon dt. and Phrases, 160. North Deron cwl. from
Iddesleigh and North Mdton, 161.
Var. ii. South Deron, 162. Dartmoor cs. 162. South*West Deron cwl.
164. DoTonport dt. 166. Millbrook, Co. IH4Mlogue, 167.
Var. iii. Camelford, Co. dt. 168. Cardj'nham, Co. dt. 169. St. Colomb
Major dt. 169.
D 12-w.WS.-westem West Southern, 171-174.
Introd. 171. Macazion, Juekf Tm%»$, 172. West Cornish cwl. 173. Sdlly
Isles, 174.
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X CONTENTS OF PART V.
II. The Westebn Ditision of Ekgush Dialect Distbicis,
175-187.
Introd. 175.
D 13=8W.-South Western, 175-180.
Introd. 175. Lower Bache Farm dt. 176. Doeklow apeeimm, m . Mr. Stead*8
w.He. and e.Br. notes, 178. Ed. 179. Mo. 179. n.He. cwl. from Lower
Bache Farm, Docklow, Hereford, Leominster, and Ludlow, Sh. 180.
D 14=irW. -North Western, 181-187.
Introd. 181. lUastrations, Palverbach, Miss Jackson's Bettif Andretoi,
183-184. Ev€^8 Scork, 184. m.Sh. cwl. rearranged from TH.'s account
of Sh. pron. in Miss Jackson's Word Book, 184.
III. The Eastern Dinsioir of English Dialect Distbicts,
188-289.
Introd. 188.
D 15-WE.=We8t Eastern, 189-195.
Introd. 189. AjleBhwcy Dialogue, 190. Chackmoredt. 191. s.Bn. Ajlesbury
and Wendover cwl. 192. n.Bu. Buckingham, Ghackmore [misprinted
Clackmore], Hanslope, and Tyrringham [misprinted Tyrinham] cwl. 194.
D 16=ME.=Mid Eastern, 195-225.
Introd. 195.
Var. i. Hertfordshire, 197. Ware cs. 197. se.Ht. cwl. from Ware,
Hertford, and Stapleford, 199. Ardeley or Yardley dt. 200.
ArdeleyWood End cwl. 201. Welwrn dt. 202. Hitchin dt.
203. Harpenden cwl. 203. Hatfield cwl. 203.
Yar. ii. Bedfordshire, 204. Introd. 204. Batchelor's Bd. rules and
sentences, 204-206. Ridgmont dt. 206. Mid Bd. cs. 206.
Mr. Wyatt's sentences, 208. Bd. cwl. from Batchelor,
Dunstable, Ridgmont, and Bedford, 209.
Var. iii. Huntingdonshire, 211. Introd. 211. Ot. Stukeley dt. and cwl.
211. Sawtry and Hohne notes, 212.
Yar. iv. Mid Northamptonshire, 213. Introd. 213. East Haddon cs.
213, and phrases, 214. East Haddon cwl. 215. Hannington
dt. 216. Harrington dt. 217, and cwl. 217. Lower Beneield
dt. 218. Mid Np. cwl. from Islip, Northampton, and
Yelvertoft neighbourhoods, 219.
Yar. T. Essex, 221. Introd. 221. Ot. Dunmow abridged os. 222.
Maldon dt. 223. Essex cwl. from Taiious unnamed places, 224.
D 17 =8E.= South Eastern, 225-248.
Introd. 225.
1. Bey. A. J. D. D'Orsey on London Town Speech, 226.
2. Walker (1792-1807) and Smart (1836) on London Speech, 227.
3. Errors in London Speech in 1817, 227.
4. Dickens's London Speech, 1837, 228.
6. Thackeray's London Footman's Speech, 1845-6, 229.
6. Tuer's Cockney Almanac, 229.
7. Baumann's Londonisms, 230.
8. TH.'s London Observations, 231.
9. JOG.'s East London Pronunciation, 233.
10. Rural Speech from Bu. Ht. Mi. 234-236.
Australasian South Eastern, 236-248. Introd. 236. Mr. McBumey's
article in the LytUlUm Timet, New Zealand, 237. Mr. McBumey's Table
of Austrabsian Pronunciation, 239-248.
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CONTENTS OF PART V. XI
D 18-NE.«North Eastern, ao-called in opposition to D 17-SE,
248-259.
Introd. 248.
Yar. i. Ifid Cb. dt. 249. Sawston, Cb., dt. 250. Wood Ditton, Cb.,
dt. 260. March dt. 251. Wisbech cwl. 252.
Yar. li. Korth-eaatem Northamptonshire cwl. from Peterborough,
Ailesworth, Castor, Eye, Peakirk, Bookingham, Stamford,
li. ; Wakerley, Werrington, Wryde, Cb. 254.
Yar. iii. Butland. Cottesmore dt. 255. Oakham dt. 256. Butland
cwl. from Cottesmore^ Oakham, and Stretton, 256-259.
D 19-EE.-£ast Eastern, 259-289.
Introd. 259.
Yar. L nw.Nf. Form, 262-263. nw.Nf. cwl. from King's Lynn,
Swaffham, and Honotanton neighbourhoods, 262. Narborough
dt. 263.
Yar. iL ne.Nf. Form, 263-272. Stanhoe dt. 264. Stanhoe cwl.
264-268. Notes from BeT. P. Hoste, with Words and
Phrases noted, 268-269. Examination of Forby's pron. 269.
Notes and sentences by TH. 272. North Walsham dt. 272.
Yar. iii. 8.Nf. Form, 273-279. Mattishall, Kimberley, and East Dere-
ham cs. 273-275. Kirkbv-Bedon owl. 275. Examples from
neighbourhood of Norwich, I. from Dr. Lomb; il. from
Mrs. Luscombe ; III. FarmtrU Dialoffue, from anonymous
passenger ; lY. from Bey. T. Buminsiham ; Y. from AJE. ;
YI. from TH., m. and s. Norfolk [misprinted Norwich],
276-278. Gt. Yarmouth dt. 278. s.Nf. cwl. from Buxton,
Diss, East Dereham, North Tuddenham, Norwich, Thetford,
Wymondham, 279.
Yar. iy. e.Sf. Form, 279-287. Framlinffham, Woodbridge, and Stow-
market cs. 279-281. Southwold cwl. and sentences, 281-285.
Orford dt. 285. e.Sf. cwl. from Moor's 8^folk Words, 286.
Yar. y. w.Sf. Form, 287-289. Pakenham cs. 287. Differences of
w. and e. 8f . 288.
IY. Thb Kidlakd DiYisioir of Ekoiish Dialect Districts,
290-493.
Introd. 290-296. Boundaries, 290. Area, 290. Sections, 290. Districts
and Oromis, 290. Character, 290-296. Yoweh Forms, 290-293. («, »), u^,
290. (ofli), 292. (/i, a% a'u), 293. Consonant Forms, 293-295. (r), 293.
(h), 295. Constructional Forms Uhe, -en, I am], 295-296. Peculiar
words [Am, ihoo], 296. Negatiye Character, 296.
D 20ssBM.=Boider Midland, 296-315.
Introd., Boundaries, Area, Character, 296-298.
Yar. i. South li. Form, 298-302. Friskney sentences, 298. Billing-
borou^ examples, 299. South li. cwl. 299-302.
Yar. H. Hid li. Form, 302-310. Lord Tennyson's poems, yy. examina-
tion, 302-306. Northern Fanner Old St^de, 303. Northern
Farmer New Style, 304. Halton Holegate dt. 306. Test
sentences, 307. Fragments of Spilsby Talk, from Mrs.
Douglas Arden's note book, 308. Mid lA, owl. 309.
Yar. iiL North li. Form, 310-315. Introd. 310. Treatment of ou in
Mr. Peacock's Glossary, fint edition, 311. n.Ii. dt. 312.
Winterton os. 312. jlU. cwl. 313.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Xll CONTENTS OF PAKT V.
D21-6.NM.-80uthem Nortli Midland, 815-^29.
Introd. 816-317. TH.'s peculiarities of notation, 316. Three Interlinear cs.
for Stalybridffe, 61o8sop, and Chapel-en-le-Friih 317-321. Chapel-
en-le-Fnth dt. 822. se.La. and nw.Db. owl. from Rochdale, Oldham
(iK'tfdvm) Patricroft, Hope Woodlands, Edale, Peak Forest, and Stalybridge,
822. Chapel-en-le-Fritii cwl. 323-329. Principal Variants for Combs
Valley, 329.
D 22=w.NM.=we8tem North Midland, 329-351.
Introd. 829-331. Four Interlinear cs. for Var. i. Skelmersdale ; Var. ii.
Westhoughton ; Var. iii. Leyland, and Var. t. Burnley, 832-339 ; Var. It.
Two Interlinear dt. for Blackburn and Hoddlesden, 339 ; Var. tI. Old Cohie
Valley, recent changes, 340, dt. 341.
Var. i. Ormsldrk and neighbourhood owl. 342.
Var. ii. Bolton and Wigan cwl. 843.
Var. iii. Chorley and Leyland cwl. 345.
Var. It. Blackburn cwl. 346-360.
Var. T. Burnley cwl. 360.
D 23=n.NM.=northem North Midland, 351-363.
Var. i. The Fylde, 862. Introd. 862. Two cs. in parallel colunms
for Poulton and Goosnargh, 364. Poulton Phrases, 367.
Wyersdale dt. 368. The Fy^de cwl. 368-360.
Var. ii. The Isle of Man, Introd. 860. Three Interlinear dt. for
Lezayre, Peel, and RuiBhen, 861. Isle of Man cwl. 363.
D 24-e.NM.»eastem Nortli Midland, 364-408.
Introd. 864-366. Eight Interlinear cs. from Huddersfield (notes 878), Halifax
(notes 384), Eeighley^otes 386), Bradford (notes 890), Leeds (notes 896),
Dewsbnry (notes 404), Aotherham (notes 404), Sheffield, 867-377.
Var. i. Huddersfield and neighbourhood, 877-382. Introd. 877. Notes
to Huddersfield cs. 878. Maisden dt. 379. Upper Cumber-
worth dt. 380. Huddersfield and neighbourhooa cwl. 380.
Var. ii. Halifax and neighbourhood, 382-384. Introd. 382. Halifax
cwl. from Crabtree, 383. EUand dt. 384. Notes to Halifax
cs. 384.
Var. iii. Eeighley, 384-888. Introd. 384. Extracts from cs. by TH.
and CCB. compared, 386. Notes to cs. 886. Keighley
cwl. 387.
Var. IT. Bradford, 888-894. Introd. 888. Windhill dt. 389. Calyerler
dt. 390. Notes to Bradford cs. 390. Bradford and Windhill
owl. 391.
Var. T. Leeds and its neighbourhood, 394-402. Introd. 394. Comparison
of Bradford and Leeds, 896. Leeds refined form, 896. Notes
to Leeds cs. 396. Leeds and neighbourhood cwl. 397-400.
Notes to Leeds cwl. 400. Wakefield owl. 401. Wakefield
printer's orthography, 403.
Var. n. Dewsbury, 402. Barnsler dt. 408. Notes to Dewsbury cs. 404.
Var. Tii. Botherham and surroundmg Tillages, 404. Notes to Biotherham
cs. 404
Var. yiii. Sheffield and neighbourhood, 406.
Var. ix. Doncaster, 406. Doncaster cwl. 406-408.
D 25-w.MM.-weBtem Mid Midland, 408-424.
Introd. 408. Four Interlinear dt. from Bickley, Sandbach, Leek, and Combs,
411. Notes to these dt. 412. Four Interlinear cs. and wi& yariants in
a fifth, from Tarporley, Middlewich, Shrigley, Goyt (Tenants), and Burslero,
418-420. Notes to these cs. 420. West and South Cheshire cwl. 421.
North Staffordshire cwl. 422. South Cheshire or Bickley, cwl. 422-424.
Phonetic Version of Buth, chap, i., p. 698, No. 4.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
OONTBKTS OF PABT V. XUl
D 26-e.MM. -eastern Hid Midland, 424-447.
Inkod. 424. Eid^t Interlinear Derbyshire cs. from 1 Bradwell, 2 Taddington,
8 ABbford, 4 winsier, 6 and 6 ABhbonme (two), 7 Brampton, 8 Bepton,
426-438. Seyen Interlinear Berbphire and Met StaffordBhire dt. from
1 Eddngton, 2 Barlborongb, 3 Boleoyer, 4 South Wingfleld, 6 West
Hallam, 6 Brailsford, 7 Flash, St., 438^41. Farther Examples, all
obsenred by TH. from 1. Middleton-by-Wirksworth, 2. Wirksworth, 3.
Idridgehay, 4. Flash, 6. Alstonefidd, 6. Hartington, 7. Bolsorer, 441-442.
Yar. i. Northern Sooth Peak cwl. 442.
Yar. ii. Weston Derbyshire and East Staffordshire cwl. 444.
Yar. iii. Eastern Derbyshire cwl. 445.
Yar. iy. Southern Derbyshire cwl. 446.
D 27-EM.->Ea8t Midland, 447-451.
Introd. 447. Nottinghamshire dt 448. Other Ezamnles dictated to TH. at
Bingham and Mansfield, 449. Fragments of two Bingham cs. 449. Kt.
cwl. 460.
D 28 -w.SM.- western South Midland, 451-459.
Introd. 461. Poor Interlinear dt. from 1. Elleemere, 2. Whixall, 3. Hanmer,
4. Famdon, 462-464.
Yar. i. North Shropshire cid. 466.
Yar. ii. Detached Flint cwl. 466.
Yar. iii. Sooth Cheshire cwl. 467.
Yar. iy. Welsh Flint and Denbigh cwl. 468.
D 29«e.SM.-easteni South Midland, 459-498.
Introd. 469-463. Forms of negatiyes, 461. Table of yarieties, 462. Fiye
Interlinear cs. from 1. Cannock Chase, 2. Dodley, 3. Atiierstone. 4.
Waltham, 6. Enderby yariants, 463-471. Eight Interlinear dt. from
1. Edgmond, Sh., 2. Ecdeshall, St., 3. Borton-on-Trent, St., 4. Lichfield,
St., 6. Wellington, Sh., 6. Coalbrookdale, Sh., 7. Darlaston, St., 8.
Bdgraye,. Le., 471-476. Additional Dlostrations from Market Drayton,
Sh., Edgmond, Sh., Ecdeshall, St., Haoghton, St., Boiton-on-Trent, St.,
Barton-ondsr-Needwood, St., Darlaston, St., Walsdl, St., 476-478.
Yar. Ut. North-east Shropshire and North-west Staffordshire cwL 478.
—Yar. i^. West Mid Shropshire cwl. 480.— Yar. ic. East Mid
Staffoiddiire cwl. 482.
Yar. ii«. Mid East and Sooth East Shropshire owl. 483.— Yar. ii6.
Sooth Staffordshire cwl. 484.— Yar. iir. North Worcestershire
owl. 486*
Yar. ilia. East Warwickshire cwL 487.— Yar. mb. West Warwickshire
owl. 488.
Yar. iyff. Leicester cwl. 489-493.
y • The Nobxhsbv Drnsioir of Ekoubh Dulbci Disibicts,
494-^80.
Inlnd.494.
D S0«EN.-Ea8t Northern, 495-537.
Introd. 496. Yariations described, 497. Market Wei^ton and Marshland
eontrasted, 497. Ten Interlinear cs. from 1. Mid To., 2. Sooth Ainsty,
3. North Mid To., 4. New Malton, 6. Lower Nidderdale, 6. Washbom
Btyer, 7. Sooth Cleyelaad, 8. North-East Coast, 9. Market Weighton,
10. Holderness. Introd. 499-602. Text, 602-613. Notes, 613-619.
Foot Interiinear dt. from 1. Danby, 2. Skelton, 8. Whitby, 4. The^ Moors,
Digitized by LjOOQIC
XIV CONTEXTS OF PART V.
with Dotes, 619-521. Three Interlinear dt. for Sonth-Eaet Yorkshire, yis.
1 East Holdemees, 2 Sntton, 3 Goole, 622.
Tar. i. Mid Yorkshire cwl. 623-626.
Var. ii. North-East Yorkshire cwl. 627-628.
Yar. iiitf. Market Weighton cwl. 629-632.
Yar. inb. Holdemees and Yar. It. Snaith cwl. 632-637.
D Sl-WN.-West Northern, 637-687.
Introd. 637. The Edenside Speech-sounds, 639-643. Yarietiee, 643.
Yar. L Crayen, etc. 644-649. Introd. 644. Comparison of CCR.
and JGG.'s Torsions, 644-647. Chaucer's *' Strothir," 647.
Three Interlinear dt. for 1. Hurst, 2. Giggleswick, and 3.
Skipton, 648.
Yar. ii. Lon8<&le. Introd. to and at hefore infinitiTe, 649. Peacock's
and Stockdale's Song of Solomon, chap. ii. Interlinear,
660-663. Bronghton-in-Fnmess dt. and Phrases, 653.
The transition from (u^ to (u), 664.
Yar. iii. Westmorland s. of the Waterabed, 665.
Yar. iT. Edenside, 666.
Yar. T. West Ciunherland, 666.
Yar. Ti. South Durham, 666.
Twenty-Two Interlinear cs.; from D 30, 1 Mid Yorkshire ; from D 31, Yar. i.
2 Muker, Yo. ; 3 Hawes, Yo. ; from Yar. ii. 4 Cartmel, La. ; 6 Comston,
La. ; from Yar. iii. 6 Casterton, We. ; 7 Bent, Yo. ; 8 Sedbere, Yo. ;
9 Kendal, We. ; 10 Long Sleddale, We. ; 11 Orton, We. ; from Var. iy.
12 Kirkhy Stephen, We.; 13 Crosby Rayensworth, We.; 14 Temple
Sowerby, We. ; 16 Milbum, We. ; 16 Lengwathby, Cu. ; 17 Ellonby,
Cu. ; from Yar. y. 18 Keswick, Cu. ; 19 Clirton, Cu. ; 20 Abbey Holme,
Cu. ; from D 32, Yar. i. 21 Cariisle, Cu. ; 22 Knareedale, Nb. Introd.
667-663. Text, 663-694. Notes, 696>602. Traditional Names of Places
in Edenside, 602-607. Seward's Dialogue tor Burton-in-Lonsdale, Yo.,
Introd. 608. Text, 608-616. Notes, 616. Weardale and Teesdale, namely,
Stanhope dt. and yariants, 617-619.
Yar. L Form a. North Crayen cwl. from Burton-in-Lonsdale, Chapel-
le-Dale, Horton-in-Upper-Ribblesdale^with Muker for com-
parison, 619 to 623.— Form 5. North-west Horn of Yo. 624.
Yar. iia. North La. owl. Lonsdale south of the Sands, 626.
Yar. iib, Fumess and Cartmel, Lonsdale north of the Sands, 627-629.
Yar. iii. Dent and Howgill cwL 630-633.
Yar. iy. Edenside cwl. 633.
Yar. y. West Cumberland cwl. 634.
Yar. yi. Weardale and Teesdale cwl. 634-637.
D 82-KNr.-l^orth Northern, 637-680.
Introd. 637. Yarieties, 640. The Burr, 641 to 644. Three Interlinear cs.
for 1 South Shields, 2 Newcastle-on-Tyne, and 3 Berwick-upon-Tweed,
646 to 662. Twenty-Two Interlinear at. ; for Yar. ii. 1 Edmondbyers ;
2 Lanchester; 3 Aimfield Plain; 4 Bishop Middleham; 6 Kelloe; 6
Sunderland; for Yar. iii. 7 and 8 Hexham (two) ; 9 Haltwhistle; for Yar. iy.
10 Stamfordham; 11 Whalton; 12 Newcastle; 13 North Shields; for
Yar. y. 14 Rothbury; 15 Snitter; 16 Harbottie; 17 Warkworth; 18
Ahiwick ; 19 Whittingham ; 20 and 21 Embleton (two) ; for Yar. yi. 22
Wooler, 663 to 669. The Notes to No. 17, Warkworth, include JV#rf White,
a yam, 666.
Yar. i. Brampton, Cu., cwl. 669-672.
Yar. ii. South Shields, Bu., owl. 672-674.
Yar. iii. and iy. contrasted in s.Nb. owl. 674-677.
Yar. y. Warkworth Nb. cwl. 678-680.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
OOKTENTS OF PART V, XV
YI. The LowLAino Dinsioir op Engush Dialect Distbicis, beino
CHISFLT THOBB LTIKO IN SCOTLAKI), 681-820.
Inkod. 681-709. Eight Interlinear cs. for 1 Bewcastle, On. ; 2 Hawick, Rx. ;
3 Edinburgli, Ed. ; 4 Stranraer, Wg. ; 6 Arbroath, Fo. ; 6 Keith, Ba. ;
7 Wick, de. ; 8 Dnnroasnees^ Sd., 682-697. Fiye Interlinear Tendona of
Bath, chap, i., for 1 TeTiotdale ; 2 Ayr ; 8 Buchan ; 4 s. Cheshire ;
6 w.Somenet, 698-709.
D 38 »SL.-" South Lowland » Dr. Murray's Southern Ccuntieiy
709-723.
Introd. 709. Phonetics, 710-712. Unaccented syllables, 712. Bewcastle
cs. 682, 684. Hawick cs. 682, 684. TeTiotdale Bnth, chap. i. 698.
Melyille Bell's Teriotdale sentences, 714. Dr. Murray's arrangement of
the Scotch Hundredth Psahn, 716. Hawick owl. 716-721. liddesdale
Head cwl. 721-723.
D 34=e.ML.=:easteni Mid LowlandzzDr. Murray's Lothian and
Fife, 728-728.
Introd. 723. Melyille Bell's Lothian sentences, 724 ; his Fife sentences, 725 ;
and Lothian and Fife numerals, 726. Chunside dt. 726. Hid Lothian
cwl. 726.
D 35=w.ML.=westem Mid Lowland=:Dr. Murray's Clydesdale,
728-747.
Inferod. 728. Melyille Bell's Clydesdale sentences, 780. Kyle, Ay., dt. 731.
Tarn o' ShanteTf edited from photolithographed focsimile of MS.,
phonetically transcribed and annotated, 731-741.
Western Mid Lowland cwl. 742-746. Loch'winnoch notes, 747.
D 36= s.ML.= southern Mid Lowland=:Dr. Murray's OaUoway
and Carriek, 747-761.
Introd. 747. Phonetic transcription of Boms's J)unean Ore^f 748. Southern
Mid Lowland cwl. 749.
D 37=n.ML.=northem Mid Lowland=:Dr. Murray's Sighland
Border, 751-765.
Introd. 761. North- West Fifeshire dt. 762. Neighbourhood of Perth dt.
763 ; ditto cwl. including words from Enga, 763.
D 38y 39, 40'-NL.-*north Lowland-* Dr. Murray's North Eaetem
Group, 765.
D 88 — S.NL. — southern North Lowland = Dr. Murray's Angue,
Introd. 756. Arbroath cs. 684. Two Interlinear dt. from 1 Dundee, and
2 Glenfarguhar, 768. Dundee Miscellaneous Notes and Phrases, 769.
Notes to Glenf^xtpihar dt. 769 ; ditto to Dundee dt. 760. Glenfarquhar
cwl. 760-763.
D 89 — m.NX. — mid North Lowland — Dr. Murray's Moray and
Aberdeen, 768-785.
Introd. 763. Peculiar use of (61, k\ s'i), 766.
Pronundataon in Crom6r, 766-768. On (in), 767. Croro&r Examples
by Mr. Innes, 1. The Mteting, 769 ; 2. TuU-titU, 770 ; 3. The
Fight, nz. Notes to 2 and 3, 776.
Melyille Bell's sentences, 777. Bey. W. Oregor's Notes and Phrases,
777. Mid North LowlaiidcwL 779-786.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
XVI CONTENTS OF PART V.
D 40 —n.NL.— northern North Lowland— Dr. Murray's Caithness^
78a-.788.
Introd. 786. Wick cs. 688, No. 7. Wick cwl. 787.
D 41 and 42 =IL.= Insular Lowland, 788-790.
Introd. 788. Bepresentation of (th, dh), 789.
D 41=s.IL.=soutliem Insular Lowland, 790-814.
Introd. 790. Mr. Dennison's Pabtt Toral's Teavblltb pal. and trana-
lated, 791-798; annotated, 798-802. John Gelpin traniBlated into the
oldest existing form of Orkney by Mr. Dennison, 802-809 ; annotated, 810.
Orkney cwl. 812-814.
D 42 =n.IL.= northern Insular Lowland, 814-820.
Introd. 814. Parable of thb P&odioal Son translated by Mr. Lanrenson,
816. Pa&ablb of thb Sowbr translated by Dr. L. lidmondstone, 817.
Shetland cwl. 818-820.
A Pew Ebsdi/ts, 821-835.
Local yarietiea of speech, 821. Dialect as here understood, 822. Probable
yalne of West Saxon or Wessex letters, 823. Treatment of short vowels,
823. Examination of the words tabulated in Part I. 291, with supposed
long { pron. as (ii), 826. Double treatment of long Towels by shortening
and fracturing, 826. Ws. diphthongs, 829 ; consonants, 830. The letter
B, 830. Imtial S, F, TH, CN, 832. Dialect groups, 834. Peculiar
constructioDs, 834. Peculiar words, 835.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
NOTICE.
After fourteen years' delay I am at last able to produce Part Y .
of my Early JShu/tuh PronmciaUoH^ containing the relation of the
present to the past pronunciation of our language as exhibited
m ** The Existing Phonology of the English Dialects.'^ A glance
at the Table of Contents, the Alphabetical County List, p. 82*,
and the Alphabetical List of Informants, p. 67*, will I trust
sufficiently explain the cause of the delay. The work I found
myseli inrolved in was &r greater than I had contemplated,
and the difficulty of obtaining intelligible information on which
reliance could be placed &r exceeded my anticipations. The list
of Liformants will shew how large a number of persons came
forward to help me. It will also £ew that I am more especially
indebted to a very few of these, whom I have mentioned on
pp. 4 and 5, and &r the foremost among them as regards the
number of places from which information was obtained (over 500}^
accuracy of report in the system of notation here adopted, trust-
worthiness of detail and length of time during which he worked,
was Mr. Thomas HaUam, of Manchester. Without his un-
flagging diligence, and his many excursions to gain phonetic
knowledge during nearly twenty years, the account I have been
able to give of the Midland Division and its adjacent regions
would have been very deficient, instead of presenting remarkable
fullness of detail. Next in order, and though tax ix^^erior in the
number of places, in no respect inferior in ttie importance of his
contributiQns, and in correctness of detail obtained by extra-
ordinary diligence, was Mx, J. G. Goodchild, whose work in
D 31, comprising Cumberland, Westmorland, and North-west of
Yorkshire, leaves scarcely anything to be desired in minute ac-
curacy and repeated careful verification.
I have enaeavoured in the lists of ll45 places from which,
and 811 persons from whom, I obtained information and assist-
ance, to specify every case, but I cannot hope to have been
perfectly succenful. To every one, however, named and un-
named, and especially to the natives themselves, from whom the
information was ultmiately obtained, but whose names are onlj
occasionally mentioned, I tender my grateful thanks. To them is
Digitized by LjOOQIC
XVIU
KOTICB.
due the value of the present yolume as an authentic document,
for future philologists to consult.
Finally I have sincerely to thank the three Societies — ^the
Philological Society, the Early English Text Society, and the
Chaucer Society — and in connection with them Dr. F. J . Fumiyall,
the indefatigable Honorary Secretary of the first and Director
of the other two, and of other literary societies, who is so well
known by his labours in Early English, for enabling me to print
and publish these researches. The extent and the consequent
expense of my work have greatly exceeded my anticipations. I
have in every instance studied brevity and compression, and I
believe the results could not have been legibly prmted in smaller
space, while it seemed important in the interests of philology
generally, and En^ish philology in particular, to secure the in-
formation obtained, which is becoming rapidly irreplaceable. It
might perhaps have been possible witii a few years more work
to reduce the bulk of this volume, but considering that I was
75 on 14 June, 1889, 1 did not think it safe to delay. If however
health and strength allow, there will be a brief Part YI. containing
a summary of the whole work, a consideration of the observations
of other scholars, and an index of such matters as have not been
otherwise indexed.
In conclusion, I add some dates concerning my IkMrfy Engl%»h
Pranuneiation, of which the present investigation forms a part,
as I wish to preserve them m connection with an undertaldng
that has occupied me for so many years.
1848, June, first attempt at writiiig
dialectal pronunciatioii from dicta-
tion, being Duncan Ora^t p. 748.
1869, Feb. 14, on this (Yalentine'sJ
day I discoTered in the British '
Musenm Salesbmys <* Dictionary
in En^lyfhe and Welfh — ^where-
Tnto IS prefixed a little treatyfe
of the englyfhe pronmidacion of
the letters,'^ 1647, which was the
origin of my paper in 1867, and
hence of the whole of my work
on £arfy EnolUh Fnmuneiaiion
(£. £. P.) and the presoit inquiry
into dialectal phomuogy. Seelll.
748-794.
1866, Dec. Paper on ** Palaeotjrpe,
or the representation of Spoken
Sounds for philological purposes
by means of the Ancient Types,"
to the Philological Society (Ph.
S.). This was the alphabet
which made my E. E. P. and
inyestigations of Dialectal Pho-
nology possible, as no new types
were required.
1867, Feb. Paper to Ph. S. on the
Pronunciation of English in the
XVI th century, the foundation of
my E. E. P.— Oct. Began the
MS. of E. E. P.
1868, Aug. First dialectal information
for tnis book written from dictation
at Norwich, pp. 276-7.
1869, Feb. Publication of E. E. P.,
Part I. For dialectal collections,
see I. 277 and 291. — Auf.
Publication of E. E. P., Part II.
1870, April. Paper on Glossic to the
Ph. S., prin£Mi entirely in Olossio
in the Transactions, with Key to
UniTersal Glossic. This is the
Alphabet in my EnglUh DialeeU
— their Sotmdt and ffotmSf for
the English Dialect Society, and
it' has been used in many of that
Society's publications.
1871, Feb. Publication of E. E. P.,
Fart III., with a ybtiet starting
my systematic enqmry into the
Pronunciation of Engtish Dia-
lects, and siring a table of
«< presumed Yarienes of English
pronunciation.*' In a reprint of
Digitized by LjOOQIC
NonoB*
SIX
this, widely oirenkted, oontalniiiff
a Kej to Oloflsic, and callea
^'Yamties of Eng^h Primim-
datioii," I nimstad the fonna-
tion of an EmaMk DiMlsct SoeUt^.
which has Bnoaequentlj done good
wonL.
1872, April and May. Papen on
Diphthongs to the Ph. S.^inoor-
ponted in £. £. P., Part IT.
1878. Feb. Paper on Accent and
Emphasis to the Ph. 6., incor-
porated in E. £. P., Part lY.—
May, Pi^ier on Final £ to the
Ph. 8., to form part of £. E. P.,
Part YI.— Sept. First edition
of the ComparatiTe Specimen (cs.),
p. 7*, need for ooUecong informa-
tion on dialectal pronunciation.
Of this I hare printed below 104
1874, Jan. Paper on Phrsical Theory
of Aspiration to the Ph. S., incor-
porated in £. £. P., Part lY.—
March. P^per on Yowel Changes
in English Dialects to the Ph. S.
—Dec. Publication of E. £. P.,
PartlY.
1876, March. Paper on the classifica-
tion of the English Dialects to
the Ph. 8. — June, second edition
of cs.
1876, March. Leotore on Dialects to
the London Instttotion, when
my first lam Dialectal Map was
dnwn and shewn, leading a
blank from the Wash to Sussex.
— July to Sept. Going oyer tiie
whole of Prince L.-L. Bona-
parte's Dialect library, and
making extracts for this work. —
Dec« The London Institution
Lecture repeated at Norwood.
These lectures were most im-
portant preliminary work for the
inyestigaaon.
1877. Mar. Paper on Dialectal Phono-
logy to the Ph. S.— Oct. Issue
of my original Word-lists (wl.)
sujigested by the last paper. Of
this I haye printed below 112 re-
arrangements as a cwl. or classified
word list.— Not. and Dec. Ob-
taining dialectal information at
Whitelands Training CoU^.
1879, Jan. Two lectures on Dialects
at Newcastle-on-Tyne, with the
large map reconstituted and gaps
filled in, whence I sot much
information for N. my. — Feb.
of my Dialect Test. Of
this I haye printed below 116
translations. — April and May.
Two reports to the Ph. &• on
the state of my inyestigations.
1880. Oct. Lecture on ** ]£dish Dia-
lects—their Sounds and Homes,*'
to Working Men's College.
1880, Dec. Paper on Dialects of South
of England to Ph. S.
1881, June. Obtaining siroplementary
dtilectal information from White-
lands Training College.
1882, April. Paper on the Dialects of
Midland and Eastern Counties
to the Ph. S.— May. Paper on
the ** Delimitation of English and
Welsh" (that is, the present
Celtic Border, p. 12) to the Cym-
rodorion Society.
1888, March. Paper on the Dialects
of the Northern Counties to the
Ph. S.— May. Bepeat Lecture on
«En|dish Dialects— their Sounds
and Homes," to the CcOleffe for
Men and Women.— Noy. Paper
on the Dialects of the Lowlands
of Scotland (Mainland) to the
Ph. 8.
1884, April. Paper on the Dialects
of \he Lowlands of Scotland
(Insular) and of the Isle of Man
to ^ 111. S.
1885, May. A Beport to the Ph. S.
on the Dialectal Work I had done
since 19 Noy. 1883.
1886, May. First (published) Beport
on Dialectal Work to the Ph. S.
1887, May. Second (published) Beport
on Dialectal Work to the Ph. S.
— ^Noy. First proofs of this Part
Y. receiyed, the first draft haying
been completed.
1888, May. Short report to the Ph.
S. on the state of the work.
1889, May. Final report to the Ph.
S. announcing the practical com-
pletion of Part Y. atpress.— June.
Last prod of Part Y. receiyed.
To account for some of the delays
and saps I may mention that in 1874,
April, I wrote my treatise on AMra
iamt\fUd with Otometiy, and in June,
my treatise on the QtumtiUtiUte Fro-
numeiaiion of Xa^tn, and that in 1876,
June, I published the first edition of
my translation of Helmholts on the
BmuiOoM of Tom ; in 1876 my tract
on the Engluh^ JHonyoian andSoUenie
Pronuneiations of Grook, and in 1881
Digitized by LjOOQIC
KOTICK.
two papen on the OompmtoHm of
ZcparitXmt for the "Btxytl Sode^
(Proceedings, toI. 31, pp. 881-113) ;
in 1880, Mar., my lalKmoiiB Mutorf
9f Mmieal Pitch for the Sodetj of
Arts; in 1886, April, my accoont of
the Mmieal SeaUs of Fanou» IfaHom,
also for the Sode^ of Arts, and in
July the second edition of my trans-
lation of Helmholti, all works re*
quiring madh peiMraiioii and often
lengthy inTcstigaticMis. and hence
greatly interfering witn other work.
1 had also fiye Presidential Addresses
to prepare for the Ph. 8. and deliyer
in 1873, 1873, 1874, 1881, and 1882,
each of them occupying mneh time,
and three of them inTolring cooiider*
ahle c<Mrrespondenoe.
Alkxavdee J. Ellis,
25, Abotll Boab, Kutbinoton, Lokdok, W,
16 JuH0, 1889.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
PRELIMINART MATTER.
I. Thx Belatiok of this Tbbatisb to Fbeoeding Chattebs.
n. Ekt to the Haps, and List op the fbivcipal Abbbbyia-
TIOVS TSED.
in. COHPABATITE SPECIMBK (c8.).
lY. DiALBoi Test (dt.) abd Notxb.
V. Classified Wobd List (cwl.). With Index.
YI. Alphabetical County List.
YII. Alphabetical Infobmants List, and Index to all the
Nabxs of Fbbsons kentioned in this Tbeatise.
Yin. Table of Dialectal Palaeottpe.
1.1. FiM. Pwt T.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
PRBLIMINART MATTBR. P-
I. NOTE ON THE RELATION OF THIS TREATISE TO
PRECEDING CHAPTERS.
Eablt Ewolxsh PBOWVNaATioN, Part Y, Cbtpter XI. oontmned. f 8. Ths
ExUtiMg Fhonotogy of Engluh DiaUcU,
The above givei the true relation of the present inyestigation, forming Part Y.
of my * Early EngUah Pronunciation,' to the four preceding parts.
In 1874, when the portion of Chapter XI. f 2, Natural EnglUh Pronimciatioti,
contained in Part lY. pp. 1243-1432, was printed, it was intended to include in it
the present } 3. But my subsequent labours hare resulted in such a development
of the whole subject that what was originally meant to be merely a brief illus-
tration, occupying only 30 pages of manuscript in the original draft of my Early
English Pronunciation, made in 1867, before any part was printed, has become
a substantiTe and unexpectedly complete treatise, which must therefore bear a
separate title.
This again has conditioned many changes. In Part lY. f 2, No. 3, p. 1248,
I gave a sketch of the proposed arrangement of } 2, which in 1874 had already
much increased in extent and character from the jejune table of contents of
Chapter XI. prefixed to Part I. This whole arrangement, and hence also the
allusions to Prince L.-L. Bonaparte's versions of the Song of Solomon, p. 1246 «,
and p. 1374 a, must be considered as cancelled. The versions of the Song of
Solomon published by the Prince, and written by the best authorities he could
procure, were admirable when made, as opening out the whole question of
English Dialects in a comparative form ; but when I endeavoured to utiliM them
for the present investigation, I found it impossible to determine the pronunciation
from the orthography with any approach to the necessary accuracy, and hence I
have been reluctantly compelled to pass them by altogether.
The Dialectal Alphabet, } 2, No. 3, Part lY. pp. 1262-1266, was also
premature. This section is prac^cally superseded 1) by the new table of
Dialectal Palaeotype, that is, the modiOcation of palaeotype which the experience
of dialectal work has shewn to be necessary, with little or no reference to foreign
languages, which will be given at the end of this preliminary matter, and 2) by
the table of Approximative Glossic prefixed to my abridgment of this treatise,
made for the English Dialect Society, and caUed Bnglith DuUeeti^—tK$ir Soundt
and Homes; in which Glossic is used as an approximate representation of
dialectal sounds sufilcient for readers, who, not having made a study of phonetics,
are contented with general conceptions, instead of the scientific accuracy aimed at
in palaeotype.
Even the section on Yowel Fractures and Junctures, Part lY., pp. 1307-1317,
although mostly sound, requires slight modification after my subsequent far wider
experience, as will appear in detail hereafter.
Hence I erect Part Y. into an independimt treatise, under its own separate
title, '* ExiSTUfo Phonoloot op English Dialbcts.*'
Digitized by LjOOQIC
I^O F&BLIHINART MAITKB. 3*
n. KEY TO THE MAPS OF THE ENGLISH AND LOW-
LAND DLiLECT DISTRICTS, AND LIST OF THE
PEINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS USED.
The Maps themselves are loose, and kept in pockets in the coyer,
for greater ease of reference.
The Bommnro ldtbs of the Districts are drawn in red over
Philip & Son's convenient little maps, bnt oq account of the
smallnesB of the scales (that of England being about 57 miles to
the inch, and that of Scotland about 42 miles to the inch), the
boundaries could be only roughly laid down. They had been,
however, all previously traced out on maps of 4 miles to the inch,
and will her^fter be indicated in words as accurately as the infor-
mation hitherto obtained allows.
The CoiTVTBT ooKsiDBRSD Ues east and south of the Gbltio
BoBDBR marked CB, commencing in Ireland, and passing through
Wales and Scotland.
The six principal Divisions, Southern, Western, Eastern, Mid-
land, Northern and Lowland, are bounded by thick lines, and,
being sufficiently indicated by these positional names, are, to
prevent overloading the maps, not further marked.
The forty-two Districts, in each of which a sensible similarity
of pronunciation prevails, are bounded by continuous lines,
numbered with bold figures, in the order in which they will be
treated, and are named positionally in the following list.
Yabistibs, or parts of Districts separately considered, are not
entered on the map, but are numbered with small Roman
numerals, named and roughly located on the next two pages.
The Chabagtbbs, principally phonetic, by which Districts and
Varieties are distinguished, are fuUj detailed and illustrated in the
following pages.
The Tbit Tbavsvkbsb Likbs, passing from sea to sea, and limiting
certain dialectal usages, are represented on the map by broken
lines, which, when the Transverse Lines coincide during any part
of their length with the boundaries of Divisions or Districts,
are expressed by small cross-lines. The Transverse Lines are
numbered with small figures in (), and when two or more of them
are partially coincident with one another, all the corresponding
numbers are annexed as (1. 2), (4. 5), (8. 9. 10).
The names of these ten lines are as follows :
the Dorth turn, (6) the soaih hoote,
the soath soom. (7) the north tee,
3) the reverted «r. (8) the south turn,
[i) the soath teeth. (9) the north tijum,
;6) the north theeth. (10) the south Lowland.
The meaning of these names is fully explained in a special
section below.
(2)
Digitized by LjOOQIC
4*
PRBLIMINART MATTBR.
[II.
ABBBBTTATIOlfS VSED IN TRB FOLLOWIKO L18T.
By b* Bordor*
CCeltio.
D District
DW. Diyision.
E, e. East-em.
I Insular.
L Lowland (Scotch).
M, m. Mid, Midland.
N, n. North-era.
8, B. Sonth-em.
VVarietr.
W, w. weet-era.
TWO-LBTTIB AbB&BTIATIONS OF NaKSS OF C0UMTIB8 CONUDBRBD.
Ah. Aberdeenshire.
Ar. ArgyU.
Ay. Ayr.
Ba. Banff.
Bd. Bedford.
Be. Berks.
Br. Brecknock.
Bt Bute.
Bo. Bucks.
Bw. Berwickshire.
Cb. Cambridge.
Oc. Clackmannan.
Cd. Cardigan.
Ch. Cheshire.
Co. Corawall.
Cr. Cromarty.
Cs. Caithness.
Cn. Cumberland.
Db. Derby.
Df. Dumfries.
Dm. Dumbarton.
Dn. Denbigh.
Do. Dorset.
Du. Durham.
D?. Devon.
Ed. Edinburghshire.
£1. Elgin.
ER. :£ist Riding of To.
Es. Essex.
Pi. Fife.
Fl. Flint.
Fo. Forfar.
Gl. Gloucester.
Gm. Glamor^.
Ha. Hampshire.
Hd. Hadoingtonshire.
He. Herefora.
Ht. Hertford.
Hu. Huntingdon.
Kb. Kircudbright.
Ec. Kincardine.
Ke. Kent.
Kr. Kinross.
La. Lancashire.
Le. Leicester.
Li. Lincoln.
Lk. Lanark.
LI. Linlithgow.
Ma. Isle of Man.
M^. Montgomery.
Ml. Middlesex.
Mo. Monmouth.
My. Moray.
Ka. Nairn.
Nb. Northumberland.
Nf . Norfolk.
Np. Northampton.
NR. North Riding of To.
Nt. Nottingham.
Or. Orkney Isles.
Ox. Oxford.
Pb. Peebles.
Pm. Pembroke.
Pr. Perth.
Rd. Radnor.
Rf . Renfrew.
Rt. Ruthwd.
Rx. Roxburghshire.
Sc. Scilly Isles.
Sd. Sheuand Islee.
Se. Selkirk.
Sf. Suffolk.
Sg. Stirling.
Sh. Shrop&ire.
Sm. Somerset.
Sr. Surrey.
Ss. Sussex.
St. Stafford.
Wa. Warwick.
We. Westmorland.
Wg. Wigtonshire.
Wi. Isle of Wight
Wl. WUtshire.
Wo. Worcester.
Wx. Wexford.
WR. WestRidingof To.
To. Yorkshire.
List op Ditisiovb, Dtstricts akd Yabisiies, with theis Names.
I. 8. Div.
D 1 to 12.
D 1. W.C8.
That is, 8 on C fromid,
shewn on thf) map hj the
CB pointing to 1 in margin,
repreMnting the posiuon
of the 86. of Wz. in Ire-
land, opposite Aberyatwith
Cd. Dialect in eziatenoe
ft eentory ago, but now
extinct.
D 2. m.CS.
In aw. Pm.
D3. e.CS.
In aw. Om.
D4. W.MS.
V i. Wl.
ii. 01.
iii. e.He.
iv. Do
T. Utchland.
Merriott, Montacute, and
about a dosen Tillages
between the railwaja w.
of Teovil Sm., where the
peraonal pronoun I la called
mteh.
Ti. n. and e. Sm.
D 6. e.MS.
V i. Ox.
ii. Be.
iii. Ha. and Wi.
iy. s.Sr. and w.Ss.
D 6. n.BS.
V i.Wo.
ii s.Wa.
iii. Banbury,
iy. sw.Np.
D 7. m.B8.
In m. and a, 02.
D 8. 8.BS.
Containing a. Ixmdon and
auburba in Be. 8r. and
ne.Ke.
D 9. E8.
V i. cSs.
ii. n.Ee.
iii. e.Ke.
D 10. n.WS.
In w.8m. and ne.Dy.
Dll. 8.WS.
V i n.Dy.
ii s.Dy.
iii. e.Co.
D 12. W.W8.
In w.Go, and 80., modem,
Taried, not dialeota proper.
II. W. Div.
D 13 and 14.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
n.]
PBBLIMIKART MATTBR.
D 18. 8W.
Im Mo. B«. Rd. ndiJOi.
D 14. NW.
In m. and M.tth.
III. E. Div.
D 16 to 19.
D16. WE.
In m. and n.Ba.
D 16. ME.
V LHt,
n. Bd.
iii. Hu.
iy. m.Np.
T. Efc
D 17. 8E.
Contointag n. London and
cnborbt In Btt. Mi. and Ea.
1) 18. NE.
V i. Cb.
ii ii6.Np.
iii. Rt.
D 19. EE.
V Lnw.Nf.
ii. ne.Nf.
iii. t.Nf.
iT. e.Sf.
T. w.Sf.
IV. M. Div.
D 20 to 29.
D 20. BM.
The whole oo. of LL
V i. §.li.
ii. m,IA,
iiL iLLi.
1)21. 8.NM.
V i w.La.
ii nw andn. Peak of
Db.
D 22. w.NM.
y L Omuldrk.
iL BoltonandWigan.
iii. CborleT&Leyland.
iy. BlackonriL
T. Burnley.
Ti. Old Colne Valley.
D 23. 11.NM.
V i.TbeFyldeinm.La.
iiMa.
D 24. e.NM.
MootiyinWa.
V i. Hoddenfield.
ii. Halifax.
iii Keiffbler.
IT. Bnaford.
T. Leeds.
Ti. Dewsbnry.
Tii'. Roiherbam.
Tiii Sheffield,
iz. Doncaster.
D25. w.MM.
V ie.Cb.
ii m.Cb.
iii w.Ch.
iy. n.St.
D 26. e.MM.
V i§.PeakofDb.
u.w.Db.
iii. e.Db.
iy. i.Db.
D 27. EAC.
The whole 00. of NU
D 28. w.SM.
V inw.Sb.
ii. detached or Eng*
lishFL
iii. w.Cb.
iy. Dn. and ae. of
main or Welch FL
D 29. e.SM.
V ia.ne.Sh.aodnm.6t.
b, wm.St
e, em. St.
iia. me. and B.Sh.
^.B.St.
#. n.Wo.
iiia. e.Wa.
b, w.Wa.
iy. Le.
V. N. Div.
D 30 to 32.
D 30. EN.
MoatlyinNR.andRR.
V ia, m.Yo.
b, York Ainsty.
e. Northallerton.
d. New Malton.
0, Pateley Bridge.
^, WaabbamRiyer.
iia. a.Cleyeland.
b. ne. Coast and
Whitby,
iiia. Market Weigh-
ton.
b, Holdemeas.
iy. Goole & Marsh-
land.
D31. WN.
In WB. Cu. and We.
V i. n. Crayen and nw.
Mining Dis-
tricts of To.
iio. s.Lonsdale.
ii^. n.Lonsdale.
iii s.We
iy. Edenside.
i.t. baain of Riyer Edan In
Cn. and We.
y. W.Cu.
yi. s.Du.
D32. NN.
V i n.Cu.
ii. n.Da.
iii. Hexham or sw.
Nb.
iy. Coalfields or se.
Nb.
y. m.Nb.
yi n.Nb.
VI. L. Div.
Chiefly after Dr. Mnrraj,
whoM namea of diatrleta
are giren in Italiea.
D 83 to 42.
D33. SL.
Southirn Countiii,
With a different a. boun-
dary.
V i English.
In n.Cn. and nw.Nb.
ii. Scotch.
In e.Df., 8e. and Rx.
D 34. e.ML.
Lothian and Fife,
InBw.Co.Kd.Fi.Hd.Kr.
LI. and Pb.
D 35. W.ML.
Cfyditdai0,
In Ar. n.Aj. Bt. a. and a.
Dm.Lk.Rf.
D 36. 8.ML.
OaUoway and Carriek,
In 8.A7. w.Df. Kb. Wg.
D 37. n.ML.
Highland Border,
In nw.Fi. w.Fo. w.Sg.
e.Pr.
D 38. B.NL.
Anffut,
In e.Fo. and m. and a.Ko.
D 39. m.NL.
Moray and Aberdeen,
In Ah. Ba. a.Cr. El. n JCc.
nNa.
D 40. n.NL.
Caithneu.
In ne.OB.
The following were not
treated by Dr. Murray.
D41. 8.IL.
The Orkneys.
D 42. n.lL.
The Shetlands.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
prbluohakt mattbr.
pi.
Othbh Abbbbtiations in Fbbqubnt Ubb.
tbi. ablative.
ace. accented, accosatiTe.
adj. adjective.
adv. adverb.
AJ£. A. J. Ellis, the author.
ans. answers.
aq. answers to questions.
art. article.
b. border, (preceding a date) bom.
CCR. Mr. C. Clongh Kobinson.
OS. comparative spedmen-s.
CO. coontr.
cwl. classified word list.
d. (preceding a date) died.
D. Dutch.
dat. dative.
def. art. definite article.
dia. dialect-s-al.
diet. dictate-d, dictation.
diff. differ-ent-ence.
diph. diphthoDg-s-aL
dp. dialectal pronunciation.
ds. dialectal speech, or speaker-s.
DSS. Dr. J. A. H. Murray's Dialects
of the South of Scotland,
dt. dialect test-s.
££P. Early English Pronunciation,
ex. example-s.
freq. frequent ly.
gen. generally, genitive.
^1. ^lossic, or written in glossio.
imp. imperfect,
imp. t. imperfect tense,
imper. imperative,
ind. inoefinite.
indie indicative,
inf. infinitive,
io. informant's orthography.
JAHM. Dr. James A. H. Murray.
JGG. Mr. J. G. Goodchild.
LLB. H.I.H. Prince Louis-Lucien
Bonaparte.
Iw. list of words Tas distinguished
from the wl. and owl.).
N. old Norse,
nom. nominative,
nwl. numbered word list, that is
with sounds expressed by the
numbers sent with the wl.
obs. observe-d, observation-s.
occ. occasinnal-ly.
orig. original,
orth. orthography,
pal. palaeotype-d.
par. paragraph,
po. post card, with an answer to
the question it contained,
pf. perfeok
pf . t. perfect 1
pi. plural.
pp. past or passive participle.
pre. preposition.
pro. pronoun.
pron. pronounoe-d, prommeiation-s.
prp. present participle.
prt. present tense.
pt. past tense.
pwL partial wl., one in which less
than half the words had
their pron. assigned,
reo. received,
ro. received orthography, or that
commonly used,
zp. received pronunciation, or that
of pronouncing dictionaries
ana educated people,
rs. received speech, with the
grammar as well as pron.
that educated people speak,
sb. substantive,
s^. singular,
sun. similarly.
so. some land of systematie or-
thography,
sp. speech,
spec. specimen-s
TH. Mr. Thomas Hallam.
unaco. unaccented.
V. version's, or translation-s of cs.
or dt into dialectal speech
or pron.
vb. Terb-s, verbaL
vn. verbal noun,
w. viv& voce,
wd. word-s.
wl. word list, as issued in Oct.
1877.
Ws. Wessex, and West Saxon,
both the country and lan-
faage, literary Anglo-
axon of the Southern type,
wn. words noted from speakers,
chiefly by TH. in his
travelling note books,
y. (following a number) years,
as lOy. =ten years ac-
quaints with the dialed
To shew where places not on the
Maps of the Dialect District are to be
found, they are referred to places on
those maps, thus :
4 nw. Lancaster s 4 miles measured m
a northwesterly direction from Lan-
caster, and so in other oaaea.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
^^^•] PRELIMINARY MATTER. 7*
III. COUPAKATIVE SPECIMEN.
referred to in the following pagee a» cs.
This was constructed in Sep. 1873 bj JAHM. and AJE., for the purpose of
obtaining dia. renderings of familiar words in yarious connections and some cha-
racterirtic constmctions. A second edition was prepared in June 1876. It has
been broken up into 15 short numbered paragraphs, and a title (0.), for convenience
of rapid reference. The present copy in ro. will serve as a key to the numerous
Tersions and extracts which follow. The paragraphs cited are always numbered
to correspond with this copy.
(0.) Why John has no Doxtbts.
(1.) Well, neighbour, you and he may both laugh at this news
of mine. Who cares ? That is neither here nor there.
(2.) Few men die because they are laughed at, we know, don't
we ? What should make them ? It is not very likely, is it ?
(3.) Howsoever these are the facts of the case, so just hold your
noise, friend, and be quiet till I have done. Hearken !
(4.) / am certain I heard them say — some of those folks who
went through the whole thing from the first themselves, — that did
I, safe enough, —
(5.) that the youngest son himself, a great boy of nine, knew
his father's voice at once, though it was so queer and squeaking,
and I would trust him to speak the truth any day, aye, I would,
(6.) And the old woman herself will tell any of you that laugh
now, and tell you straight off, too, without much bother, if you
will only ask her, oh ! won't she ? —
(7.) leastways she told it me when I asked her, two or three
times over, did she, and she ought not to be wrong on such a point
as this, what do you think ?
(8.) Well as I was saying, she would tell you, how, where and
when she found the drunken beast that she calls her husband.
(9.) She swore she saw him with her own eyes, lying stretched
at full length, on the ground, in his good Sunday coat, close by
the door of the house, down at the comer of yon lane.
(10.) He was whining away, says she, for all the world like a
sick cMld, or a little girl in a fret.
(11.) And that happened, as she and her daughter-in-law came
through the back yaitl from hanging out the wet clothes to dry on
a washing day,
(12.) while the kettle was hoiling for tea, one fine bright
summer afternoon, only a week ago come next Thursday.
(18.) And, do you know?, I never learned any more than this
of that business up to to-day, as sure as my name is John Shepherd,
and I don't want to either, there now !
(14.) And so I am going home to sup. Oood night, and don't
be 80 quick to crow over a body again, when he talks of this that
or t'other.
(15.) It 18 a weak fool that prates without reason. And that is
my last word. Good b'ye.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
8* PRELIMINARY HATTRR. C^-
IV. DIALECT TEST.
referred to in the following pagei oi dt.
This was coiutnicted in Feb. 1879, in order to hare a short specimen which
contained an example of almost all the Ws. eateries in the luUowing cwl.
No v., in which au the words occur separately. Here eyery word is nnmoered,
and to each are added long notes, especially addressed to persons not much
acquainted with phonetics, shewing the specuil points to which attention should
he paid, and how to give the information required. These notes are here
retained as forming a succinct and unsystematic conspectus of the principal
varieties of English dialectal pron. In printing the rersions, the numMrioe of
the words has been abandoned, but the whole has been broken up into 7 short
paragraphs to facilitate comparison. It is here printed in ro. to serre as an
interpretation of all the t. that follow.
(1.) So^ I» say,' mates.* you* see* now' that* I(») am* right *•
about" that" little" girl" coming** from" the" school" yonder.*'
(2.) She" is" going « down« the(") road** there" through**
the(") red" gate »• on* the(") left" hand" side" of»' tlieC")
w^y.**
(3.) Sure'* enough, •• the(") child'' has* gone* straight**
up" to** the(") door" of (») the(") wrong** house,**
(4.) where** she (*) will*' chance** to(**) find** that(")
drunken** deaf" shrivelled" fellow** of(») the (") name** of(»)
Thomas.**
We** all*' know** him** very** well."
Won't** the(") old** chap** soon** teach** her*' not**
to(**) do** it'* again,'* poor'* thing!'*
(7.) Look!'* Isn't'* it('*) true?'*
(5.)
(6.3
\* The number of the wd. in the following cwl. is put at the end of each
note, preceded by — .
1. 8o. Note whether $ or z. Note all occur in older books, but at present
whether o has a j^anishing HH after it only uteh, utrhp^ haye been recorded at
as in London. Mark the various frac- Merriott and Montacute, near Crew-
ture sounds, frequently used in the kerne, S. SomerBet:»hire. — 462.
north, as m, ^y, or oo, followed by « 3. fay. Note whether « or t . Ob-
in Chin«.— 1, 73. §enre whether do is inserted, m Zo I do
2. I. Attempt in a note to indicate »ty, this is general when $ becomes s ;
the first element of this diphthong, the and then obwrre the Towel in do, which
second is almost always fS, The first is generally unemphatic as a in Chin«.
may be the sound of the iialie letters Note whether op has or has not a
in father, pass, p^t, pH, nut, cut, pull, vanishing i^if after it as in London,
cull, pop, or some foreign sound. Re- Note whether it is pronounced with «
ference to any named European Ian- in father, followed by ^^, that is, as the
guage will be intelligible. Or this English-Greek m, German oi, French
pronoun may not be aaiphthong at all, at, or English a.v««=yes. Mark if the
out the simple rowel m father, fall, ay be very broad like # in there. Mark
foUr. These distinctions are all cha- if say is sounded like tee, or almost like
racteristic. Also note if ie, iteh, itchy, $for without a trill, or almost like the
uteh, utchy, *eh (as *eh um, Uh ^ould, first syllable of S0r'ah also without a
*eh UUrzJ am, I would I wiU), ite, o$, trill.— 261.
uif hare ever been heard for I, They 4. mates. Use mMte$, mmkos, mar-
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IV.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
9*
mooording to the district, but select tlie
wend most familiarly used in a good
sense as companion or fellow- worker.
In maU9 or m^ikM mark the long a,
which may have all the varieties of try
in «ay, noted in No. 3, which see. Soet
and 6o*» offer no difficulty, but in
butiies or ehums mark (by an accent,
as «, to be explained) whether the sound
is between n in but and m in put^ so
tiiat but nearly rhymes to foot. This
is tiie l^ncasbire li, see No. 16. in
ko^Mf the diphthong requires attention,
it may have its usual sound, or rhyme
to pu» (in which case it must be treated
as / in No. 2), or be made up of oo
and ^^.-737.
6. yon. Note whether V^* ff^* or
*e is used. If yow, whether it rhymes
to too^ toe, or now. Tou is here plural,
note whetiier it is also commonly used
for the singular, or whether thou is
commoner ^and if so, whether thre is
used as the nominative), or whether
ihou is used to some classes and ifou to
others. Usaffe differs much .—436.
6. iM. Note whether $ or r. Ob-
aerve wuether d" is inserted, as pou do
Mst^ which is generally the case when s
is used ; see No. 3. Note whether ##
has quite a uniform sound or whether
it seems to begin with i in »it and tlien
to glide up to tfr. Note if it is sounded
like Mry, with or without a vanishing
fS, The form of #A .' very closely
united to #'^, is common. Mark whether
it is followed by t3 as in smt without a
trilL— 428.
7. BOW. A word of very numerous
forms. The ow may be a simple vowel,
•s in to«, ttfT, t«tr, or may even be as
in fiMr, fitf*«r, without the trill. It is
commonly a diphthong in which the
last siiund is m/ and the flnt the vowel
in father, pass, pat, pH, pate, ntit, cvr,
pot, toll, or Slime foreign sound. The
aecond element may also be ^^, while
the first is a in father. The second
element may even be French t/, and
then the firnt may be m in CMr, or broad
French e^^ German d nearly. The ow
is also very often a triphthong, a short
sound of F or i or ^l Ming prefixed, as
miow, neow, naifttr. — 643.
8. that. Observe that the word is
nnemnhatic and must be pronounced
aooordingly, the emnhatic form No. 12
is reckoned as a different word. The
imemphatic vowel is generally like a in
China, or « in pock#t, or a in principal,
ocean, or t in rt. Note whether the th
is entirely omitted. Also whether it is
replaced oy d. — 177.
9. am. Use am, ii, are, or be, ac-
cording to the habit of the district,
always selecting an uneducated person,
such as an old native man or woman,
because all young people have been
taught to use am. If aw or if is used,
it generally reduces to -m. -s, beine
run on in the same word with /, which
may have all the sounds of No. 2 ; but
in case -m is used, / is very often pro-
nounced as a in fall or o in folly. Note
particularly the districts where / are
occurs, and observe where it is used
emphatically, as ** I ar^ to wait,** or in
answers, as ** Are you to do it F Yes I
are.** Note whether the r is pro-
nounced, or whether the whole word is
not like a in f^'r. When unemphado,
as rre, note whether the whole sound
does not rhyme to Jlie without a trill.
Especially note the use of be, and
whether A^ ^ is also used. Note
whether the several forms are all oc-
casionally used in the district, and if so
which is the most frequent Note
whether ice am, you am, are ever used,
as we'm, you*m, especially when fol-
lowed by to as **you'm to go home."
Note the use of the negative forms I
aint^ I baint, beeHttt, etc., it baint, it
aittt,* taint, tent, tyent, chent,eic. Note
whether tee u, you i», thfy it, are used.
All these forms are highly character-
istic.—391.
10. right. First mark the r,
whether it is trilled with the tip of the
tongue as in Scotch or Italian, or
whether the tip of the tongue is merely
raised without being trilled as fre-
quently in London and Spain. Note
if the effect is produced by a rattle of
the uvula at the back of the mouth as
in Paris, or else by the same accompa-
nied by a considerable closure of the
lips as in Northumberland. Note also
if the effect is produced by tumine the
tongue up so as almost to point down
the throat as in Dorsetshire, or by re-
tracting the toneue very much as in
Oxfordshire, botn sounds being very
harsh and but slightly if at all trilled.
Then as to t>A, note whether yh is pro-
nounced as a guttural, as in Scotch,
and if so whether the guttural is the
German eh in ieh or that in SLch, or the
last with the lips much closed, and if
the t is then as in nick or n^ok. If
the yh is not pronounced, note if the i
Digitized by LjOOQIC
10«
FBELIMINABT MATTBB.
[IV.
has any one of the sonnds of / No. 2,
or of the vowels in tes No. 6, as any
such sound may occur. — 459.
11. about. Note the a unaccented,
whether it is like a in China, idea, or
whether it is distinctly the short of a
in father, as in Italian. Note that the
ou may have any of the sounds of ow in
now No. 7, and when it sounds like oo,
note whether the Towel is long or
short, or of middle length.— 660.
12. that. The word is here em-
phatic. See No. 8. Note whether
the a is as in London cat or pass, or
a in father, or the same short or of
middle lengfth. Note whether th has
its usual sound, or is / (often the case
after the / of about) or <^ or is omitted
altogether.— 177.
13. little. Note whether tordis
used, or the tt omitted altogether as
We. It tt IB omitted, note tne sound
of I either as one of the diphthongal
forms of No. 2, or as at in father. Note,
when tt is sounded aa t or d, whether t
is as in sktttle, or as m in needle, or as
a in father.— 682.
14. girl. The word girl is com-
mon, hut in some districts is replaced
by wfneh^ iass, maid^ mauthevy or is
not so frequently used as any one of
these words. Note which wora is most
common and use it, but give also the
pronunciation of the other words, if
used. For girlj note whether the r is
trilled or is pronounced as in one of
the ways named in riyht No. 10; if
not, note whether it rhyme to sal or
8^11, or crrrl, p^arl; and if the r is the
Dorsetshire r (see No 10) , note whether
it rhyme to ht/r<//r, with inserted d.
For iceneh note if it rhymes to Aimchy
pmcA, hxHtieh (with a in eat). For
MM note if it rhymes to gat or pau.
For maid note especially if it has the
sound of a in father followed by ^^, very
distinctly, or any other sound of ay in
No. 3. For fnauiher, note if th is
sounded as in rathery or omitted alto-
gether.—758.
16. coming. For first syllable,
note if it rhymes to hunty or loom or
loawy or is the short sound of the two
last, or something between these two
short sounds, nearly u in puUy but
thicker (Lancashire u). For the second
syllable (and all participles in -t^^)
note whether ng has its received sound
of ng, or whether another g seems to be
added, or whether it sounds as the
words ink or in ; if it ends in » (as ia
usual J, note whether the t is like i in
ifiy 9 in wooUm. 0 in motion, f^ In
the phrase **They were dansin^ and
such dansiM^ I never saw,** note
whether the two ing* would be pro-
nounced alike ; they .are sometimes
different, and that is very characteristic
—603.
16. firom. For/ note if it is ever
or ^nerally v, or th as in Mrow. If
th IS used, note whether -om rhymes to
a very broad a sound like French ^,
German a, or almost a in cat. . If /
remains, note whether -rom be not
pronounced as the last vowel described,
or whether the word sounds like/^ in
stuf/y, or like /r*, fay. If /becomes
Vy note if the r does not become the
Dorset r described in No. 10. If /r,
vr remain in any form, note whether
-ofrt (as the word is unemphatic) rhymes
to the last syllable of bottom. Kote
also its emphatic form, and whether in
either form m is not often omitted as
/ro'.-68.
17. the. The definite article is
very characteristic. Note whether th
remains as usual, or becomes dy or is
omitted altogether. In each case note
the sound of < like a in China, or y in
pithy, or 0$ in prith«« ; and note
especially if the latter vowels are used
ben th is omitted. Note i
[ote particularly
littedaltogether,
whether the vowel is omiti
and then whether th keeps its^ usual
sound before a following vowel as in
th'orm for the aiwi, or becomes th' in
th'in (as it is convenient to write the
acute sound), forming a hiss, before
consonants, as th'^matiy in one word.
In these latter oases note whether the
th or th' is not assimilated to <2 or I
after a word ending in </ or /, causing a
euspettsion of the t or <f, by the tongue
remaining a sensible time against the
palate, which may be conveniently
written d^ OT fySm at t door. Note
also particularly whether the does not
always become a suspended ^ when it
is possible, as when it follows another
word, as from^t sehooiy or, when this
is not possible, whether it becomes just
perceptible by a dull kind of minute
thud, due to trying to speak without
moving the tongue from the palate, as
t^ tfian^ I* aet (not tats) ^the tits. This
is the regular form in Cumberland,
Westmorland, Durham and Yorkshire.
See examples in the Test aiterfrtm 16,
dotrn 23. through 26, on 29, 0/ 33,
before child 37, after ts 42, before old
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IV.]
FBELIMINART HATTER.
11*
63. The proper marking of the definite
article ib important— 231.
18. aehool. Note whether the
initial letters are always sounded as tk,
or sometimes as <A. Note whether the
Towel is as nsoal do, or becomes poo, or
French u,or e§ followed by a in China,
or M or y followed by u in dull, or by
French eu. Note whether the asnal
po is beg:an with the month open,
girinff the effect of a high a in Cnina
preceding the oo; this sound may be
conyeuiently written 66 as tk66l, Kote
whether oo does not receive one of the
sounds of Ota in now No. 7, like the
word seowL Note also whether the
ooi does not become ioetl or tcVi, so
that the word sounds like tquoal or
19. yonder. Note if this word is
erer used as yonder, thonder (with th
in thm), or htder. If not, use out
ihero, and treat out as in abnut No. II,
and there as No. 25. Also if the school
fonder is not used, employ yon tehool,
and then notice whether yon is pro-
nounced with y or M in then^ or acute
th' in th'in, as th'on (see No. 17). The
form fnder should be especially noted,
if ever heard in the district, even oc-
casionally.—394.
20. she. The feminine personal
pronoun is very important. It usually
nas sh preserved, with ee when em-
phatic, as in eheet (with one of the
sounds of M in eoe No. 6, or ay in tay
No. 3), but when unemphatic becomes
§hy in sluf Ay, or ehtia m iuehtift, and
the vowel is hvquently entirely omitted
in rapid speech, so that only the eh of
hneh f remains. But the forms shoo,
•0, oWf uh, generally written shoo, hoo,
hoio, her, are also used. For shoo note
whether it ever sounds like shoe, shoh,
ehuh. For hoo note whether A is ever
heard unless the word is very emphatic,
and whether the oo is not the 66 ex-
plained in No. 18. For how or ow
note which of the sounds of ow in now
No. 7 is used. For he*- or better uh
(the u in etir without any trill of an r
after it), note whether it is ever pro-
nounced with an r after it, even b^ore
a vowel, as uh U, not uh rU, with
emphatic tM, Note also if him iz or
wwe U are ever said. Note also when
the form shs is used, whether sh ever
changes to sA or « in diviiion (French
J), wnen the word is emphatic.— 412.
21. is. First qote the use of the
forms is, be, mre, see No. 9. Next see
whether in unemphatic forms the t or
a are not omitted, as she's, sheWe,
Give the emphatic forms also. — 482.
22. going. First note whether a-
is commonly inserted, as she*s a-going,
where this a- is pronounced as in
a-boHt No. 11. Note whether th
form go or gang or gan is used. Fc
go note the o, whether it rhymes to toe
or too or hay, and for the second
r" ible -my, not only see No. Id, but
rve if the two syllables go-iitg do
not coalesce, sounding like g prefixed
to wine (with any sound in No. 2), or
team (with any sound in No. 3), or
win, very short.— 67.
23. down. This may have any of
the sounds of ow in now No. 7, or ou
in about No. II. It is a very cha-
racteristic word, especially when ow
has the sound of a in father or a in cat
len^hened, followed or not by short lii
or snort ^, or a in China.— 658.
24. road. For the r consult right
No. 10. The oa may be pronounced
with a short uo after it, as it is often
in London, and then the oo may be
lengthened and the oh shortened till
the word sounds like rUh-ood or nearly
rowd, and then the ow may receive any
of the sounds of ow in noto No. 7.
These are London forms. It is more
common to add a short & or a in China
as roh'ud^ and then the oh is sometimes
broadened to French o in homme or to
awe in awed Mrawud, But also very
commonly the oh falls into oo followed
by this <2, as rooud. And the sound is
still more complicated by inserting a w
as rwooOd. ^ote what form is used,
and whether simple rohd raud rahd or
short r6d are employed, and sometimes
one of the forms of a in mates No. 4.
The word is very variable and cha-
racteristic.— 104.
25. there. First for th, nofe if it
has its usual sound, or if it falls into d,
and occasiunally into t after a word
ending in t. Then as to r final, observe
whether it is trilled strongly as in
Scotland or weakly as mostly in Eng-
land. Also whether it is not trilled at
all, and then whether it is a mere
vowel as often in London, or a raised
stiff tongue, or a Dorset or Nor-
thumberland untrilled r, see No. 10.
The vowel varies much. It often be-
comes a very thin ay, almost an ee,
rhyming nearly to itear or seer. Some-
times it rhymes to tar. With the
Northumberland r it may become H,
Digitized by LjOOQIC
12*
PREMMIKART MATTER.
[IV,
and with the Dorset r it may become
uh in eur,- 223.
26. throiMrh. First for thr, note
whether tr is used with a trilled r, and
next whether dr is used with a reverted
or retracted r, as explained in No. 10.
Also observe if /r is used, generally
with e in there. Next note whether
the gh is a guttural, or is replaced by/.
Then note the vowel whether simple
as 00 in iooy oe in toe or u in eut^ or
Lancashire « (No. 16), or diphthongal
having one of the sounds of ou; in
No. 7.-634.
27. red. Note the r as in No. 10.
Note the vowel, which may be usual,
or as reed spoken long or short, or i-m/,
or like mid or ri«f-dy. Particularly
note whether the vowel is transposed
and an aspirate prefixed, like herd with
the Dorsetshire r, No. 26. Or if the
aspirate is prefixed to the same r with-
out transposition as hred. — 362.
28. gate. Note all the changes of
vowel as in watee No. 4. The word is
generally very characteristic. It may
also be yate, pat or y«/.— 346.
29. on. This does not vary much,
but note the vowel when usual or like
French o in homme, or like the short
of one in bone, or like ^n, with the « of
father shortened.— 643
30. left. Observe whether t is
pronounced. Note whether the vowel
IS tf in pet, or a in pat, or t in pit.
—749.
31. hand. First note whether the
aspirate is used, and make a note as to
the habits of the district in usine or
not using the initial aspirate both at
right and wrong times. Next note
the d, sometimes /, and often omitted.
Lastly see if the vowel is a in eat^ a in
father at full length or shortened, aw
in aun, or o in on. —43.
32. side. The Ion? t may have
any of the sounds of No. 2. Note
especially whether it is a in father, or
a diphthong consisting of nA in cur,
followed bv short ^^.—492.
33. of. Note whether / is pre-
served ; it is usually v, but is not un-
frequently entirely omitted, especially
before the^ so that of the becomes a-thit,
or even simply iilh, or uth' with acute
th' (No. 17). Often the word is a
short oA, as oh th& or uh ^^.—626.
34 . way. Note whether the to ever
becomes v. Observe the same possible
varieties of ay as for say No. 3. The
sound of ay in eay is however often
difiPerent from that of ay in loay in the
same district.— 262.
36. sure. Note whether e remains
or becomes eh. Note the r as for
there No. 26. Observe the vowd,
whether as oo in poor, you in your, etc
in ewer, French m, or French eu, or
whether it becomes one of the oio
diphthongs as in noto No. 7. — 969.
86. enough. Note also the form
enow, and say whether in this district
enouffh is used with singular and enow
with plural nouns, as bread enough,
applet enow, or whether one form is
always used, and if so which. For
enow note tiie different forms of now
No. 7, and also the use of enew, or the
French u or French eu. For enough,
first note Whether the ruttural remains
or is changed into/. If gh is German
or Scotch eh in loeh, observe the vowel,
whether simple as w in cut, o in cot, or
the same preceded by y; or whether
ew in noer, or distinct ee followed by
indistinct o in oo^, or the French u or
eu. For / observe whether the vowel
is M in snuff, ew in ewet, or French u
or eu, or ee followed by a in China, or
y followed by tt in dull, or by French eu.
—679.
87. child. Note whether oAt7<f or
bairn is ever used when speaking of a
c^l merely. If not, use m the trans-
lation some of the words in No. 14,
but if child is used in the district in
any sense, observe its pronunciation.
First note the eh, whether as in oAeese,
or oAaise, that is eh, the last is very
characteristic. Next observe whether
d is omitted. Then see if the vowel is
diphthitngal, having one of the forms
of No. 2, or simple, as in chilled, or
sht#ld. In all cases note the form of
the plural, ehilder, ehildem, ehouldem^
children or ehillem, with the pro-
nunciation of ch and vowel as before.
If only bairn is used, note the sound of
air as in th^-^ No. 26.-466.
38. hat. This is in the unemphatic
form, and hence probably omits ha,
sounding simplv as -z hung on to the
preceding wora. Note however also
the emphatic form, and whether h is
pronounced (see hand No. 31), and if
e is ever e or always s. Then note the
value of the vowel, as a in mazzard,
u in bwzsard, t in lizard, e in f^z.
Also note particularly whether it is
customary in the district to say the
child have, and if so note the h and
vowel of have especially. Please con-
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IV.]
FRELIHIMABT MATTER.
13«
jugate as in the district : I have, thou
Aattf he Aivt, im, you^ thty, hnve^ and
the same negative!?. — 169.
39. gone. Notice especially whether
a- is inserted, as tht child ha$ a-gone^
as this is very characteristic. If so,
note whether this a is pronounced as
« in China. For gone note the vowel
as o in on, or aw in aton^ or as in tn,
pen, h^n (short), or with y prefixed to
these vowels, or as very short t in in
followed hy very short n in China. Or
again with a in father or the sumc very
short. Also observe if the habit of the
district is to use hat go^ed^ hos weut,
hat httn and gone, or bten simply with-
out either h^e or gone. — 121.
40. atraight First observe whether
the guttural gh is heard as Scotch or
German eh in loeh. Next as to the
initial ttr, observe the r as in right
No. 11, but especially whether the / is
pronounced thickly by bringing the tip
of the tongue quite against the teeth
as for th, forming the dental i^ which
may be written tt:r, a pronunciation
hignly characteristic in words beginning
with #/r, or /r, or ending with -ter as
war'r*-, hutt'er, and if this is usual in
the district, it should be noted care-
fully. Note also whether t' passes
quite into acute /A' No. 17, as
tth'taight^ vath'er, buth'er, or whether
in the last two words it is not
altogether omitted as tcah-er, bu-er.
Then for the vowel in tfraight, note
the forms of a in matrt No. 4. or ay in
tay No. 3, and especially the diphthongal
form of a in father followed by short 1^.
^266.
41. up The Towel may be as
usual or somewhat thicker, out note
the Lancashire u (see No. 15). which is
highly characteristic. Note also French
eu. 4gp It is particularly necessary to
distinguish u in duti from u in fuil, or
from I^tncashire it (No. 15). Dialect
writers, following the usual ortho-
graphy, use u for all three sounds.
Great confusion thus arises. It is
believed that u in dull is never found
within the district bounded on the
south by a line from the N. of Shrop-
shire to the S. of Lincolnshire, and on
the north by a line from Silloth in
Cumberland to Hartlepool in Durham,
but information is much wanted for
the districts adjacent to these boun-
daries. The distinction has strong
dialectal significance.— 632.
42. to. Note if a/ is ever used for
to before the infinitive, see No. 67.
Note the vowel, as oo in too, oe in toe,
ew in iew, French m or eu, all especially
when emphatic, or in to and fro, where
are you going to ; and the unemphatio
form of a in China. Observe also how
it coalesces with the following the,
—556.
43. door. Note the r as in there
No. 25. Note the oof* as in oar, as in
drai^#«', or as in nor, or as mower, poor,
or the same shortened, or as ewer, or
as in duter, cur, or French %Ar or sasur,
or vrith the Lancashire 66, No. 18, or
as our.— 606.
44. wrong. First as to wr-, note
if the w is omitted (as is generally the
case) or is pronounced as wii with the
a in China, or as a v as vrang. Next
as to ftg, note if another g is added on
to the end as ngg, or whether the word
ends in nk. The vowel is very cha-
racteristic, note the usual o in wrong,
or the short of a in father, or a in cat,
or u in ruxi^, or Lancashire short u
(No. 15). This word with the next is
sufllcient to determine whether the
district is to the N. or S. of a line
passing from Cockermouth in Lanca-
shire to the mouth of the U umber in
Yorkshire —64.
45. honie. First notice the aspirate,
whether it is used, No. 31. Particu-
larly notice the vowel in all the forms
of ou in about No. 1 1, and ow in now
No. 7. I'his and home are the most
characteristic words we have. How is
home pronounced P See sounds of Nos.
22, 39, 58. 62.— 663.
46. where. Note the trA especially,
and say whether the A is ever pro-
nounced before or after the u^, as it is
very desirable to determine the limits
of the pronunciation of wh proper.
Next notice whether when A is not
pronounced, w ever falls into v, as is
often asserted to be the caise. Lastly
note where wh becomes/. For the r
see theie No. 25. For the vowel, de-
termine whether it is in air, ear, iar,
nor, drairfr.— 224.
47. will. Being nnemphatic this
will probably be run on to the pre-
ceding word as simple -/, thus theUl,
But also note which of the emphatic
forms as wU or «m/, and perhap wtil
or wool, or even vol, is used in the
district. —469.
48. ehance. Very possibly this
word may not he used in such a phrase
in the district. Use the word employed,
Digitized by LjOOQIC
10«
PBELIMIMABT MATTEB.
[IV.
has anj one of the sounds of / No. 2,
or of the vowels in «m No. 6, as any
such sound may occur. — 459.
11. about. Note the a unaccented,
whether it is like a in China, idea, or
whether it is distinctly the short of a
in father, as in Italian. Note that the
ou mav have any of the sounds of ow in
now iio. 7, and when it sounds like oo,
note whether the vowel is long or
short, or of middle length.— 650.
12. that. The word is here em-
phatic. See No. 8. Note whether
the a is as in London cat or pass, or
a in father, or the same short or of
middle length. Note whether th has
its usual sound, or is < (often the case
after the / of oboui) or <4 or is omitted
altogether.— 177.
la. little. Note whether / orif is
used, or the tt omitted altogether as
We, If U is omitted, note tne sound
of I either as one of the diphthongal
forms of No. 2, or as ^ in father. Note,
when tt is sounded as / or </, whether i
is as in sktttle, or as m in nredle, or as
a in father.— 682.
14. girl. The word ffirl is com-
mon, hut in some districts is replaced
by tcenchf lass^ maid^ mouther, or is
not 80 frequently used as any one of
these words. Note which wora is most
common and use it, but give also the
pronunciation of the other words, if
used. For pirl, note whether the r is
trilled or is pronounced as in one of
the ways named in ripht No. 10; if
not, note whether it rhyme to sal or
8^11, or Cffrl, p^orl; and if the r is the
Dorsetshire r (see No 1(») , note whether
it rhyme to hurdie, with inserted d.
For ueneh note if it rhymes to drtneh,
pincA, hrinrh (with a in eaf). For
loMs note if it rhymes to pat or past.
For matd note especially if it has the
sound of a in father followed by ^^, very
distinctly, or any other sound of ay in
No. 3. For ntauther, note if th is
sounded as in rather, or omitted alto-
gether.—758.
15. coming. For first syllable,
note if it rhymes to hum, or loom or
\oam, or is the short sound of the two
last, or something between these two
short sounds, nearly u in pull, but
thicker (Lancashire it). For the second
syllable (and all participles in -tug)
note whether ny has its received sound
of ng. or whether another g seems to be
added, or whether it sounds as the
words ink or in ; if it ends in n (as ia
il], note whether the t is like i in
Iff, e in woollm. o in motion, f^ In
the phrase **They were dansin^ and
such danstM^ I never saw," note
whether the two inge would be pro-
nounced alike ; they .are sometimes
different, and that is very characteristic
—603.
16. firom. For/ note if it is ever
or ^nerally i;, or th as in Mrow. If
th IS used, note whether -om rhymes to
a very broad a sound hke French ^,
German a, or almost a in cat. . If /
remains, note whether -rom be not
pronounced as the last vowel described,
or whether the word sounds like/y in
stuf/]/, or like fee, fay. If / becomes
V, note if the r does not become the
Dorset r described in No. 10. If fr,
vr remain iu onj form, note whether
•ofM (as the word is unemphatic) rhymes
to the last syllable of bottom, rfote
also its emphatic form, and whether in
either form m is not often omitted aa
/ro\-58.
17. the. The definite article is
very characteristic. Note whether th
remains as usual, or becomes d, or is
omitted altogether. In each case note
the sound of < like a in China, or y in
pithy, or M in prith^ ; and note
especially if the latter vowels are used
when th is omitted. Note particularly
whether the vowel is omitted altogether,
and then whether th keeps its usual
sound before a following vowel as in
th'orm for the at-m, or becomes th' in
th'in (as it is convenient to write the
acute sound), forming a hiss, before
consonants, as th'-man, in one word.
In these latter cases note whether the
th or th' is not assimilated to d or t
after a word ending ind or t, causing a
euepetition of the t or d, by the tongue
remaining a sensible time against the
palate, which may be conveniently
written d^ or f,B» at t door. Note
also particularly whether the does not
always become a suspended ^ when it
is possible, as when it follows another
word, as from-C uhoot, or, when this
is not possible, whether it becomes just
perceptible by a dull kind of minute
thud, due to trying to speak without
moving the tongue from the palate, as
t^ many f* a$t (not tats) ^the net. This
is the regular form in Cumberland,
Westmorland, Durham and Yorkshire.
See examples in the Test after /rr>iM 16,
doitn 23, through 26, on 29, '/ 33,
before child 37, after /• 42, before old
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IV.]
PBEUMINART HATTER.
II*
63. The proper marking of the definite
article is important.— 231.
18. sehooL Note whether the
initial letters are always soonded as *kj
or sometimes as <A. Note whether the
Towel is as nsoal do^ or becomes poo, or
French v, or m followed by « in China,
or M or |f followed by u in dull^ or by
French nt. Note whether the usnal
po is beg:nn with the mouth open,
giTinff the effect of a high a in China
preceding the 00; this sound mar be
conreniently written 66 as $k66l. Note
whether 00 does not receive one of the
sounds of 010 in now No. 7, like the
word teowL Note also whether the
ooi does not become wetl or tri//, so
that the word sounds like tqueal or
squiil,'' 660,
19. yondar. Note if this word is
erer used as yonder^ thtmder (with th
in then), or Xnder. If not, use out
thirt, and treat out as in abnut No. 11,
and thero as No. 25. Also if th$ tehool
fonder is not used, employ yon tehool,
and then notice whether yon is pro-
nounced with y or M in then^ or acute
th' in th'vD, as th'on (see No. 17). The
form fnder should be especially noted,
if ever heard in the district, even oc-
casionally.—394.
20. She. The feminine personal
pronoun is very important. It usually
nas th preserred, with m when em-
phatic, as in thott (with one of the
sounds of M in toe No. 6, or a.v in tay
No. 3), bnt when unemphatic becomes
thy in sluf Ay, or ehtia m fu^Am, and
the Towel is hvquently entirely omitted
in rapid speech, so that only the th of
hutk ! remains. But the forms thoo,
00, ow, uh, generally written thoo, hoo,
hoie, her, are also used. For thoo note
whether it ever sounds like thoe, thoh,
thuh. For hoo note whether h is ever
heard unless the word is Tery emphatic,
and whether the 00 is not the 66 ex-
plained in No. 18. For how or ow
note which of the sounds of ow in now
No. 7 is used. For her or better uh
(the u in eitr without any trill of an r
after it), note whether it is ever pro-
nounced with an r after it, eyen before
a Towel, 9M uh U, not uh rlt, with
emphatic is. Note also if h^m ix or
mee U are erer said. Note also when
the form tht is used, whether th ever
changes to sA or « in division (French
j), wben the word is emphatic. — 412.
21. is. First qote the use of the
forms itf be, mre, see No. 9. Next sea
whether in unemphatic forms the t or
a are not omitted, as the*t, the*re.
Give the emphatic forms also. — 482.
22. going. First note whether a-
is commonly inserted, as the*t a-yomg,
where this a- is pronounced as in
a-bout No. 11. Note whether th
form go qt gang or gun is used. Fc
go note the 0, whether it rhymes to toe
or too or hay, and for the second
r" ible "ing, not only see No. 15, but
rre if the two syllables go-ing do
not coalesce, sounding like g prefixed
to wint (with any sound in No. 2), or
team (with any sound in No. 3), or
whi, Terr short.— 67.
23. down. This may haye any of
the sounds of otr in now No. 7, or ou
in about No. 11. It is a yery cha-
racteristic word, especially when ow
has the sound of a in father or a in cat
lengthened, followed or not by short fi
or snort Ho, or a in China. — 658.
24. road. For the r consult right
No. 10. The oa may be pronounced
with a short ijo after it, as it is often
in Loudon, and then the 00 may be
lengthened and the oA shortened till
the word sounds like r^jh-dod or nearly
rowd^ and then the ow may receiye any
of the sounds of ow in noto No. 7.
These are London forms. It is more
common to add a short fi or a in China
as rofi'ud, and then the oh is sometimes
broadened to French 0 in homme or to
awe in awed as rawUd. But also yery
commonly the oh falls into 00 followed
by this <2, as rooud. And the sound is
still more complicated by inserting a w
as rwooiid. ^ote what form is used,
and whether simple rohd raud rahd or
short rijd are employed, and sometimes
one of the forms of a in matet No. 4.
The word is yery yariable and cha-
racteristic.— 104.
25. there. First for th, note if it
has its usual sound, or if it falls into d,
and occasionally into t after a word
ending in t. Then as to r final, obsenre
whether it is trilled strongly as in
Scotland or weakly as mostly in Eng-
land. Also whether it is not trilled at
all, and then whether it is a mere
yowel as often in London, or a raised
stiff tongue, or a Dorset or Nor-
thumberland un trilled r, see No. 10.
The yowel varies much. It often be-
comes a yery thin ay, almost an ee,
rhyminjg^ nearly to wear or teer. Some-
times it rhymes to tar. With the
Northumberland r it may become S,
Digitized by LjOOQIC
12«
FREMUIHAST MATTEB.
[IV.
and with the Dorset r it may become
uh in eur.- 223.
26. throiifh. First for thr, note
whether tr is used with a trilled r, and
next whether dr is used with a reverted
or retracted r, as explained in No. 10.
Also observe if /r is used, generally
with # in there. Next note whether
the gh is a guttural, or is replaced by/.
Then note the vowel whether simple
as 00 in too^ oe in toe or u in eut^ or
Lancashire « (No. 16), or diphthongal
having one of the sounds of ou; in
No. 7.-634.
27. red. Note the r as in No. 10.
Note the vowel, which may be usual,
or as reed spoken long or short, or ruf,
or like raid or ri«f-dy. Particularly
note whether the vowel is transposed
and an aspirate prefixed, like herd with
the Dorsetshire r, No. 25. Or if the
aspirate is prefixed to the same r with-
out transposition as hred. — 352.
28. i^te. Note all the changes of
vowel as in watte No. 4. The word is
generally very characteristic. It may
also be yate^ pat or ye^~346.
29. on. This does not vary much,
but note the vowel when usual or like
French o in homtne^ or like the short
of one in hom^ or like on, with the « of
father shortened.— 543
30. left. Observe whether t is
pronounced. Note whether the vowel
IS tf in pet, or a in pat, or t in pit.
—749.
31. hand. First note whether the
aspirate is used, and make a note as to
the habits of the district in usine or
not using" the initial aspirate both at
right and wrong times. Next note
the d^ sometimes ^ and often omitted.
Lastly see if the vowel is n in c^t, a in
father at full length or shortened, aw
in airn, or o in on. — 43.
32. side. The long t may have
any of the sounds of No. 2. Note
especially whether it is a in father, or
a diphthong consisting of nA in cur,
followed by short ?/.— 492.
33. OL Note whether f is pre-
served ; it is usually v, but is not un-
frequently entirely omitted, especially
before the^ so that of the becomes A-M<2,
or even simply jiM, or Hth* with acute
th' (No. 17). Often the word is a
short oA, as uh th& or oh ^^.—525.
34 . way. Note whether the w ever
becomes v. Observe the same possible
varieties of ay as for tau No. 3. The
sound of ay in tay is however often
difiPerent from that of ay in way in the
same district.— 262.
35. anre. Note whether « remains
or becomes sA. Note the r as for
there No. 25. Observe the vowel,
whether as oo in poor, you in your, ew
in ewer, French u, or French eu, or
whether it becomes one of the ow
diphthongs as in now No. 7. — 969.
86. enough. Note also the form
enow, and say whether in this district
enough is used with singular and enow
with plural nouns, as bread enough,
applet enow, or whether one form is
always used, and if so which. For
enow note the different forms of now
No. 7, and also the use of enew, or the
French u or French eu. For enough,
first note Hrhether the guttural remains
or is changed into/. If gh is German
or Scotch eh in loeh, observe the vowel,
whether simple as « in cut, o in cot, or
the same preceded by y; or whether
ew in nrer, or distinct ee followed by
indistinct o in cot, or the French u or
eu. For / observe whether the vowel
is M in snuff, ew in m^er, or French u
or eti, or ee followed by a in China, or
y followed by tt in dull, or by French eu,
—579.
87. child. Note whether tfAt» or
bairn is ever used when speaking of a
mil merely. If not, use in the trans-
lation some of the words in No. 14,
but if child is used in the district in
any sense, observe its pronunciation.
First note the eh, whether as in eheeae,
or tfAaise, that is »h, the last is very
characteristio. Next observe whether
d is omitted. Then see if the vowel is
diphthi>ngal, having one of the forms
of No. 2, or simple, as in chiUed, or
sht>ld. In all cases note the form of
the plural, ehilder, childem, cKoHldem^
children or ehillsm, with the pro-
nimciation of ch and vowel as before.
If only bairn is used, note the sound of
air as in thri-^ No. 25.-466.
38. has. This is in the unemphatic
form, and hence probably omits ha,
sounding simply as -t hung on to the
preceding worn. Note however also
the emphatic form, and whether h is
pronounced (see hand No. 31), and if
« is ever « or always z. Then note the
value of the vowel, as a in mazzaid,
u in buzzard, t in Itzard, « in fez.
Also note particularly whether it is
customary in the district to say the
child have, and if so note the A and
vowel of have especially. Please con-
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IV.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
13*
jugate as in the district : I havif thou
Aait, he htiMf we, you, they, have, and
the same negatively. — 159.
39. gone. Notice especially whether
a- is inserted, as the child hat a-gone,
as this is very characteristic. If so,
note whether this a is pronounced as
a in Chin/I. For gone note the vowel
as 0 in on, or aw in awn, or as in tn,
p#n, h^n (short), or with y prefixed to
these vowels, or as very short t in in
followed by very short a in China. Or
again with a in father or the sHme very
short. Also observe if the habit of the
district is to use hae go-ed^ hue went,
hat been and gone, or been simply with-
out either has or gone. — 121.
40. straight First observe whether
the guttural gh is heard as Scotch or
German eh in loch. Next as to the
initial etr, observe the r as in right
No. 11, but especially whether the t is
pronounced thickly by bringing the tip
of the tongue quite against the teeth
as for ih, forming the dental t, which
mav be written ti:r, a pronunciation
highly characteristic in words beginning
with etr, or tr, or ending with -^' as
■WAt'er, hvLt/'er, and if this is usual in
the district, it should be noted care-
fully. Note also whether t* passes
quite into acute th* No. 17, as
eth'raight, wath'er, buth'er, or whether
in the last two words it is not
altogether omitted as wah^er, bu-er.
Then for the vowel in etraight, note
the forms of a in mates No. 4, or ay in
eay No. 3, and especially the diphthongal
form of a in father followed by short ^^.
—266.
41. np The vowel may be as
usual or somewhat thicker, out note
the Lancashire li (see No. 15), which is
highly characteristic. Note also French
eu. ^^ It is particularly necessary to
distinguish u in dull from u in full, or
from ijincashire ti (No. 16). Dialect
writers, following the usual ortho-
graphy, use u lor all three sounds.
Great confusion thus arises. It is
believed that u in dull is never found
within the district bounded on the
south by a line from the N. of Shrop-
shire to the S. of Lincolnshire, and on
the north by a line from Silloth in
Cumberland to Hartlepool in Durham,
but information is much wanted for
the districts adjacent to these boun-
daries. The distinction has strong
dialectal significance.— 632.
42. to. Note if a< is ever used for
to before the infinitive, tee No. 67.
Note the vowel, as oo in too, oe in ioe,
ew in tew, French u or eu, all especially
when emphatic, or in to and/ro, where
are you going to ; and the unemphatio
form of a in China. Observe also how
it coalesces with the following the,
—556.
43. door. Note the r as in there
No. 25. Note the oof- as in oar^ as in
drawer, or as in nor, or as mower, ^oor,
or the same shortened, or as ewer, or
as in deer, cur, or French BAr or scBur,
or with the Lancashire 66, No. 18, or
as ou'.— 606.
44. wrong. First as to wr-, note
if the w is omitted (as is generally the
case) or is pronounced as wa with the
a in China, or as a r as vrang. Next
as to ttg, note if another g is added on
to the end as ngg, or whether the word
ends in nk. The vowel is very cha-
racteristic, note the usual o in wrong,
or the short of a in father, or a in cat,
or u in rung, or Lancashire short u
(No. 15). This word with the next is
sufficient to determine whether the
district is to the N. or S. of a line
passing from Cockermouth in Lanca-
shire to the mouth of the Dumber in
Yorkshire — 64.
45. houfo. First notice the aspirate,
whether it is used, No. 31. Particu-
larly notice the vowel in all the forms
of ou in about No. 11, and ow in n^tw
No. 7. This and home are the most
characteristic words we have. How is
home pronounced ? See sounds of Nos.
22, 39, 68, 62.-663.
46. where. Note the trA especially,
and say whether the h is ever pro-
nounced before or after the w, as it is
very desirable to determine the limits
of the pronunciation of wh proper.
Next notice whether when h is not
pronounced, w ever falls into v, as is
often asserted to be the ca.se. Lastly
note where wh becomes/. For the r
see there No. 25. For the vowel, de-
termine whether it is in air, ear, tar,
nor, drawer. — 224.
47. will. Being unemphatic this
will probably be run on to the pre-
ceding word as simple -/, thus »he*ll.
But also note which of the emphatic
forms as wtl or uiify and perhaps wol
or wool, or even ool, is used m the
district. —469.
48. chance. Very possibly this
word may not be used m such a phrase
in the district. Use the word employed,
Digitized by LjOOQIC
14»
PRELIMINARY HATTER.
[IV.
as hap or happsn or mebby (may be) for
ehanc$ to. The h and a in the first
two words treat as in hand No. 31.
But the word chance is sure to be used
in some sense, so please to note its
sound, and especiaUv if eA is as in
f Aeese or r^aise. The -ance may be
variously pronounced, as a in father
long or short, a in dass long or short,
a in cat long or snort, all these six
sounds being heard from educated
people. But a may also be as in all,
or have one of the sounds of long f,
No. 2.— 841.
49. find. First as to the final d,
often omitted, see haud No. 3 1 . Notice
whether the word is like Jimd, with
one of the sounds of long t. No. 2, or
hVtJinned; it may be also like /anif
or futidy fan or ftm, with a as in hand
No. 31, or ti as in up No. 41, or with
0 in fond. — 477.
6U. dzunkexi. Notice the form
druckeny much used in Scotland. Notice
whether dr^ is pronounced with the
tongue against the teeth as for M, thus
tfV, see straight No. 40 for a similar
t'r. Notice also whether this is com-
mon in the termination -rfVr as rid'er
bladd'evy and whether it passes into tk
as blather in this district. These are
very characteristic pronunciations. As
to the vowel, observe whether it is m
in sunk, or the Lancashire m, Nos. 16
and 41. In some districts, where every
one is in the habit of drinking, the
word drunken is objected to. Then
use the common word, but as / have
drunk must be used, also give the
sound of rfrMwAr.— 804, 613.
61. deaf. Note the vowel as usual
or rhymmg to reef etiffy or fractured
as ee or ay followed by the a in China.
—366.
62. fhrivelled. This may not be
a common word, and may be unknown
to the informant in the dialect, although
it is sure to be known in other connec-
tions. In this case witenedy weazeny
tcithtredy or dried up may be used.
But if thriveiled cannot be given, take
any word beginning with «Ar- as
thrammedy ihredy threumounCy shriek,
shrikcy shrilly shrimpy shrinky shroudy
shruby shrugy and state whether «Ar-
or «r- is used in speech. It is par*
ticularly desirable to know how far the
sound of tr- extends. For the r see
right No. 10.— 760
63. fellow. Note whether / or r.
For the last syllable note whether the
word ends in a distinct oh or rhymes to
sellety with the r merely a vowel, see
there No. 26, or whether it is like the
Egyptian fellah,- 297.
64. name. The vowel may have
any of the forms of a in mates No. 4,
or gate No. 28. The word is also often
like neeuM, neeUm, nyem, or even mm,
—21.
66. Thomai. Use whatever name
is commonest in the district. If Thomas
is kept, note whether M- is ever dif-
ferent from t. For the first syllable
note whether the vowel is that in pot,
hum, or the Lancashire u Nos. 16 and
41. For the second whether it is
ever difiterent from us in omnibM.
-770.
66. We. This vowel may have all
the sounds of ee in see No. 6, and the
sound like very short London way
should be especially notc4. Note if uv
is ever used for us in the district, as
after we (John Gilpin), laughed at we,
give it we. Note also if la is used for
wey as us saw shsy us told he, for we saw
hgTy or we told him, — 293.
67. aU. Note if the // is omitted.
Note the vowel as in fall or father, or
ay followed by a in China, or whether
the word sounds like yell, — 336.
68. know. As this is plural, ws
being the nominative, note whether it
has the plural in -r#t as t <v known y or
in 'S as we knows, and explain which
is used in the district, or if we know is
commonest. Similarly note you and
they htowy knows, or kno%en. Wis
known is sometimes used for we hnvs
known, or we knew. This must not be
confused with ws knowny meaning we
know. But it is beet to note whether
it is used. For the initial Am- note
whether k is ever sounded as k, or ever
indicated by usin^ ^n h or t or d,
instead of k, or is entirely omitted.
Then note the vowel, whether as in
owe, awcy f/ither, fate, or o followed by
short ijoy or the awe, ahy ay, followed by
short a in China. Note whether do is
inserted between we and know SAwe do
knowy and if so, how do is pronounced,
see end of notes on say No. 3, and see
No. 6. The use of we doh know for
we don*t knoWy should be noted, but
not confused with we do know. Note
also whether the word know is super-
seded by keny and the sound of the
vowel in ken. In this case take some
other word beginning with kn^ as
kntfs, knuckle, and ascertain whether
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IV.]
FRBLIHIMART MATTER.
15*
k if entirelj omitted or pitmoimced, or
indicated by A or < or tL—92.
59. him. Note particularly whether
the form #n or «w or simple *n is used,
%B ic§ do know *fi. If him is used,
note if A is ever heard, I) when the
word is nnemphatic, 2) when emphatic.
Note the vowel, whether im, utt, mm.
Note if tee know Am, or mv know9 'm,
could mean indifferently we know him,
and we know them.^ilO.
60. ▼ery. Note particularly whether
the V changes into w. If possible,
ascertain whether it is a perfect w, or
rather a v spoken without allowing the
underlipto touch the upper teeth. The
r between the two Towels also requires
attention. Note if it is entirely omitted
as v«-y, ra-y, or ouXj represented by
raising the stiffened point of the tongue
towaras the roof of the mouth without
touching it, or slightly advancinj^ the
uvula ; ooth forms occur, and it is de-
sirable to know how far they extend.
If the r is trilled, note which of the
r's in riffht No. 10 is used. The first
Towel . may be as in sherry, or Harry,
or father, ai)d the second may be as in
sherry or Chimi.— 886.
61. well. Note whether the w
becomes v. Note the rowel whether
as in t^ll, or wh^l rather shorter, or
whether a short a in China or y in
■berry is inserted after either of these.
—266, not 244.
62. won't. Note if o is pronounced
as in don't, himt, awe, taint, or o in
don't followed by a in China, or oo
followed by a in China, ot ee wo fol-
lowed. Note also if the forms winna,
winnad (before a vowel), %ounna, wonna^
winnui, are emploTed. Note if it is
entirely omitted, tnus *on*t or 'oo/t'/.
Note also the rarious forms of don*t,
which includes those of on't in wonU
and also diw'nt, etc. — 641.
68. old. Note whether both / and
d are pronounced or either I at d
omitted. Vowel as in oir^d, hole, got,
nwe, father, ee followed by a in China.
Or whether o has not one of the sounds
of now No. 7.-326.
64. ehap. This word is pretty sure
to be used, but, if not, use man, Ob-
senre whether M is as in eAeese or
«Aaise, and whether the vowel is as in
tat, in father or the same shortened, or
in get.— 364.
65. . aoon. Observe whether < or s,
or even eh. Observe the vowel especially,
which may be ae, yoo, French u or eu,
or ee followed by vu, or by a in China,
or M in dull or French eii.— 664
66. teach. Observe vowel as in
rMch, or a»/ch. If, as is very com-
monly the case, learn would be used in
this sense, mark the vowel as in urn or
dam or ay followed by short o, and
note the r (No. 26). If teach is not
used in this sense, teacher will certainly
be known, and its pronunciation should
be given.— 183.
67. her. Observe whether h is
pronounced, and what is the nature of
the r, see there No. 26. See also the
her for the No. 20, and note whether
ehe is not used in its place as wonU he
teach ehe. Observe if the usual sound
of her in teach her or learn her is the
same as «r in teacher or lear^ter^ and
note if it is a in China, or how it
differs from it.— 447.
68. not. Note vowel as in pot,
pat, put, or nut, and whether the t is
sometimes d. — 110, ii.
69. do. Note vowel as in too, toe,
new or French u, or ee followed bj
French m. Observe whether div is
used before it, as dip it, or whether do
and it are not contracted into one word
as dit or did. Note whether to before
the infinitive do is sometimes al, pro-
nounced at, especially in such phrases
as / am the man that woe able to or at
do it, eomething at eat, go at eee him,
and write the pronunciation of these
phrases. This use of a^ is highly
characteristic. —586 .
70. it. Observe whether, when
not run on. io do (No. 69), it be-
comes et, ut, hit, het, hid. Also state
whether ite is ever used, as in over
ite or it eyee, or over the eyee of 'mm.
—489.
71. again. Note the last vowel as
in gain, or hen, in, or ee followed by a
in China. — 144.
72. poor. Note r as in there No.
26, and vowel as usual or as in oar, or
like French u or eM.— 866.
73. thing. Note whether acute th*
in th'in, see No. 17, or flat th in then,
or / simply is used. Note the vowel
as in in or h^n. Note ng as pure, or
with an extra g added, as ytAr or as n.
If the simple n is not used in thing
alone, note whether it is not used in
nothing^ eomething, and write pronunci-
ation of these words. — 480.
74. look. Note the vowel as in
90on, No. 65, or else as long oo in looee,
or long oh, or short u in fuil or u in
Digitized by LjOOQIC
16* PRELIMINARY HATTER. l^-t V.
dull. Note also such phrases as loo* 76. true. Observe (r as in ttraight
thee for look thou, - 608. No. 40. The vowel may be 00 or
76. isn't. Note whether any of the pou or ee followed by ou or French
forms beantf ainty ar^nU^ izMtf iznad, m, or some variety of these sounds.
ifmut, etc., is used. — 482. — 436.
V. CLASSIFIED WORD LIST
referred to in the following paget as cwl.
Finding that the cs. did not contain sufficient examples of some categories, and
that the few examples of rather important cases were often ingeniously evaded by
my informants, I constructed a ** List of Words of which the pron. is wanted,*'
and issued large numbers of it to clergymen in different villages where informa-
tion was wanted. The greater number of these were not returned, but sufficient
reached me to be of much service. This old word list is referred to as wl. and
should be distinguished from the present cwl. It was stated to be a selection
from the word lists in Dr. Sweet's History of Britith Sounds, and was arranged
in his order, which, however, was found inconvenient for reference in practice.
It was printed widely on 7 quarto pages, leaving space for informants to write in
the pron. Half of the 8tb page was occupied with questions on idioms and in-
tonation. These are reproduced at the end of the cwl. as shewing the chief points
beyond pron. on which it was attempted to gather information.
The following cwl. then contains all the woi-ds in the wl., cs. and dt. and a
very few others. Those marked * did not occur in the original wl. Those
iharked f were in the cs., and those marked X in the dt. The words are numbered
throughout for ease of reference.
Many other words were given to me by kind informants, most of which
will be introduced hereafter. But on making out a complete list for my own
use, it became so unwieldy that it appeared hetter to confine the cwl. within
the above limits. As much difficulty will undoubtedly be felt by many readers,
(judj^ing by the difficulty I have myself experienced,) in assigning any given word
to it^ cluss, an index is added containing the English words in the usual alpha-
betical order of dictionaries, with the number of the wd. in the cwl. annexea.
All the old wl. and all the local Iw. which 1 have used will be reduced to this
order. The pron. is throughout given in pal. and, when the words considered
occur in this list, their numbers are prefixed as sufficient explanation. When
thev do not, they are placed in the position they would have occupied, if they
haa occurred in' the cwl. , and — is prefixed to shew that they have no number,
and then the ordinary spelling is annexed in [], in which also any explanation or
observation is inclosed.
The order and classification, which differ considerably from those in the
original wl., are arranged on the following principle. The lists are divided into
three sections, headed i. Wessbx and Norsb, ii. English, hi. Romancb.
The words in each list are grouped in classes dependent on the vowel of the
original language in what corresponds to the accented syllable in received English.
The words m each class are arranged in order of the letters which foUow that
vowel. Only when all these letters are the same in two or more words are the
preceding letters taken into account, and then the order is reckoned from the
vowel backwards. Strictlv alphabetical order is followed for these letten, for
which purpose )>, ^ will eacn be taken as the two letters, t, h,
I. Wessex kvn Norse, Nos. 1 to 712.
This section contains only such words as can be referred with considerable
certainty to prototypes existing in Wessex literature, (that is, books in the
language of King Alfred, as distinguished from the Northymbrian forms,^ or in
Norse as represented by Icelandic. To the latter a small capital n is subjoined.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
v-l
rBBLIMIKAST MATTER.
17*
When no such prototypes are known, or when there is difference of opinion
respecting the etymology, even when the dass of words is clear, tiie words are
pla!oed in Section u., JmroLiSH.
The Wessex or Norse words are placed first in Boman letters, and the arrange-
ment is h J the vowels they contain, which are placed in eapUais at the head of each
daas, long towcIb heing aistinffoiahed hy a following aonte accent. As the change
which takes nlace in the rowel depends frequently upon its occurrence in an open
or doeed syllable, as presently defined, these are oistinguished thus : A- open
short A ; A: closed short A ; A- open long A ; A: closed long A. The vowel, by a
mechanical rule which is suMcienuy, but not absolutely correct, is said to be in an
op^n syllable, 1) when it is final, and 2) when it is followed by a single consonant
which is itself followed by a vowel, and to be in a doted syllable, 3^ when it has
one or more consonants after it at the end of a word, and 4) when it has two or
more consonants between it and a following vowel in the middle of a word.
In the Wessex words the orthography of Prof. Skeat in his Etymological
Dictionary is usually followed, but when his differs from £ttmiiller*s (except in
that anthor*s peculiarities) the latter is sometimes preferred. I disclaim all
responsibility lor the orthography, which I could not verify by documents.
Conjectaral forms are exdnded. Mence I have not, with Dr. Sweet, distinguished
two forms of M\ £, 0.
The Wessex and Norse forms, placed first, are printed in Roman letters, fol-
lowed by a comma; the corresponding English is in italics. But some little
words as a, th$, to, I h$ we, was, had are occasionally prefixed, and thou sub-
joined, in Roman letters, to shew the part of speech or part of the verb, and only
when these are insufficient is the part of speech subjoined in Roman letters.
Verbs are generally cited by their infinitive moods, but occasionally other parts
are introduced eitner in their proper order, or placed in Q after tne infinitires.
Such parts are sufficiently shewn by these prefixes, which of course do not form
part of the translation. Sometimes the English word is still so ambiguous that
a synonym or explanation has to be prefixed or subjoined, also in Roman type.
1 swa, to thus * t
2 gOTiaca, a make com-
panion
8 bacan, to bake
4 tacan, to take
6 macian, to make\
6 gemacod, was made
7 sacu, the eake
8 hafa, have thouf
9 behafa, behave thou
10 haga, a haw
11 maga, the maw
12 saga sagn, a tnw
13 fl^iagan, to yrtaw
14 dragan, to draw
16 agi N, awe
16 dagian, to dawn
17 lagu, the lawf
18 kaka n, a eake
19 tain, a tale told
20 lama, lame
21 nama, a name fX
22 tama, tame
23 same, saifM similarly
24 scamu, ehame
26 manar, of the mane of
an animal, gen. of
mon N
26 wanian, to wane
27 cnapa, a knave
28 hara, a hare
29 aron, we or they ar^X
30 cam, a eare*, see 320
31 L late, ii.lsete, tote adv.
32 baiSian, to bathe*
33 hra'Sor, rather
34 latost, laetf
36 awel, an awl
36 >awian, to thaw
37 dawn, a elaw
38 also, ae*f
39 cwam, he eamef
40 camb, a eomb
41 ^ancian, to thank
42 and, and*f
43 hand, a handX
44 land, the land
45 wand, a want mole,
animal*, see 114,
769
46 candel, a candle
47 wandrian, to wander
48 sang, he tana
49 hangan, to hany *t
60 tan^ the tonyt
61 mann, a man
62 wann, a wan
63 canna, a can
64 wanta ir, to want f
66 ascan, athet of a fire
66 wascan, to wath f
67 assa, an att
A: or 0:
68 i. fram ii. from, /romft
69 i. lamb ii. lomb, lamb
60 L lang ii. long, lonp
61 on i. gemang ii. ge-
mong, among
62 L Strang ii. strong,
ttrong
63 L ge>rang ii. ge>rong,
throng
64 i. wrang ii. wrong,
wrong \X
65 L sang ii song, a tong
66 i. >wang ii. >wong, a
thong
67 ic g&, I go
68 mMiomore in number*
2*
Digitized by LjOOQIC
18*
PBBLIMINART MATTER.
VT-
69 nk, no nerer, m6 122
n&n
70 t&,a to#
•71 Wfc,l9M
72 hw&, who interroga-
tivof
73 8wfc, $0 like asf^
74 tw&, (wof
76 str&cian, to f^o^#
76 t&de, a toad
77 hlkford, a lord
78 6gan, to ou;e*=io own
79 &gen, his 01m t
80 hllig dfeg, a holiday
81 i. Une ii. lone, a lane t
82 &ne8, onee *f
83 m&nian, to moan
84 m&ra, more in sixe
86 s&re, tore sorely
86 kte.oatt
87 e\kiSBB,elothetf
88 cl&'Sian, to «/0M#
89 hkiSir n, ^/At
90 bl&wan,tod/(9U7aswind
91 mfcwan, to mow
92 cn&wan, to hnowfX
93 SD&wan, to tnow
94 cr&wan, to erow f
Qo )>r&wan, to throw
is 8&wan, to toio seed
97 s&wel, the toul
98 cnliwen, has known
99 >r&wen, has thrown
100 sfcwen, has sown seed
A':
101 &o an oaib
102 6c8ian, toMA;t
103 &c86de, he atked^f
104 rftd, a roadX
106 r&d, he rodo
106 br6d, broad
107 hlkf, a loaf
108 d6g, <foM^A
109 l&g, A>ii^
110 i.n&htn&nht,iMw^A/,
ii. n&t, notfX
111 6hte, he ow^A/ 1
112 hftl, Aa^
113 h6l, tt^Ao^t
114 m6l, moiW a body
mark, not the
animal, see 46, 769
116 hian, a homef
116 hwrkm, whom, interna
gative only
117 611, ai one*
118 b&n, bone
119 g&n, tofo*X
120 6gftn, a^f i.e. past
by»t
121 geg&n, has pone
122 n6n,i. ffOM#,iLft0adj.
123 n&n )>ing, nothing
124 st&n, Ketone
126 6nlice, ^n/y t
126 &r, an oar
127 h6s, AoarM
128 >fc8, rAoM
129 gfcst, a ffhoet
130 Mt, a Amt^
131 g&t, a ffoat
132 b&t, hot
133 wr&t, I un-ote
134 &«, an oaM
136 cl&«, a 0/OM
136 fcwi$er=lihw8B'5er, i.
either^ ii. or, see
213 as'gSer
137 nliir5er«=n4hw»'Ser,
i. neither, ii. «or*t,
see 214 niegtSer
^-
138 fieder, a fat her f
139 drsege (in dnege-net),
a draf/
140 hsegel, the hail
141 niBgel, a nail
142 snu^^, a enail
143 t»gel, a tati
144 ongsgen, ff^amft
146 slsegen, is tlain
146 maBgen,fMaifi strength
147 brsegen, the brain
148 fsger, fair adj. [not
/air sb., Fr. foire,
after 921, from
Lat. feria, after
«87.]
149 blsse, a blate
160 leesest, leattf
161 Iffitan, to let or hinder
162 wster, toater
163 s8Bterd»g, Satwday
164 baec, theboek^f
166 ytBCy the thateh
166 gl8Pd,y/a<i«
167 nrsfn, a raven
168 8Dfter, after
169 haB«5, he Afl» • t
160 8Bg, an ey^
161 dseg, a dayf
162 t6 dsDg, to-day • f
163 leg, he lay
164 meg, hoMtfyt
166 ssegde, he eaid
166 msBgden, a maid
167 del, a dale
168 telg, to//bi9
169 hwenne, toAtfit t
170 herfest, harvest
171 berlic^r^
172 gssrs, ^roM
173 wes, he was f
174 aesc, an ash tree
176 fsBst, fast, firm
176 et, aff
177 >et,rA«<»tt
178 gnet, ynat
179 hwet, irAa/f
180 be«, ^aM
181 pieV, ajEwM
182 se', the Ma
183 te'can, to teaeh f
184 le'dan, to lead
186 re'dan, to read
186 bre'do, breadth
187 le'fan, to /mp^
188 hne'gan, to neiyh
189 we'gan, to weiyh
190 ce'fi^, a key
191 he'lan, to A^a/
192 me'nan, to mean
193 cle'ne, clean
194 e'nig, aiiy*t
195 me'nig, many
196 we'ron, we were
197 ce'se, a cheese
198 le'tan, to /f< allow,
see 288.
199 ble'tan, to bleat
200 hwe'te, M^Afa^
201 he''Sen, the heathen
202 he'ta, heat
203 spre'c speech
204 de'd, deed
206 ]>re*d, thread
206 re'dd, he r#«<f
207 ne'dl« a needle
208 e'fre, ever^f
209 ne'fre, ww^r^f
210 cle'g, clay
211 gre't. ^r^
212 hweg, whey
213 e'gSer « ehweder,
#t/A^, see 136
fcw5er
Digitized by LjOOQIC
v.]
PRBLIM1NABT MATTER.
19*
214 ne'gfSer, «#•/*«• •f,
see 137 nki^et
216 Whtb, be taught
216 d»l, a dS^a/ portion
217 sic, 0aeh
218 sc»'p, a thsep
2 19 ile'p, a sUep
220 ics phii^e, a fA^p-
221 fs'r/rarsb.
222 hs r, the hair
223 bar, <A^r*tt
224 hwm*rhw9i, wh^nfX
225 flttM»^A
226 mm'stmott
227 w«%if#<t
228 swsB't, notat
229 br»^, &r»ffM, pro-
perly b odour
230 i»%fMt, mdj,
E.
231 be, lA#*tt
232 orecan, to ^rMifc
233 sprecan, to sptak f
234 cnedan, to kn$ad
235 wefan, to tM0«#
236 fefer, a/#Mr
237 blegan, a cbil-^i^MM
238 hege, a A^#
239 leffel^ a Mil
240 gelegen, has /atn
241 regen, rain
242 twegcni, ^iMtfi
243 pl^:iaii, to play
244 wela, «m//, aignmen-
tatiye adT.*t, aee
266.
245 melnmelOyiMM/ floor*
246 cwene cwln, L ^m##»
iL quean
247 wenian, to wean
248 mere, a martf
249 werian, to wear
250 swerian, to ttoear
251 mete, meat
252 cetel,aA«/<iWt
253 netele, a neitU
254 lflf5er, /iMf A#r
255 irer5er,ai0«<^iheep
E:
256 ttreecsLn^iotlreleh^f
257 ecg, an edp$
258 secg, ted^e
259 wecg, iMdj^tf
260 leogan, to laff
261 tecgan, to fay f {
262 weg, a way f 1
268 on weg, away*f
264 eglan, to ail
265 Btrebt, ttraight f t
Tsee 923, to wbicb
oia. forms seem to
be related!
266 wel, ire//, adv. in a
good manner * %,
see 244.
267 geldan, to yield
268 eldest, tf/<i^^
269 self, eel/* f
270 belg, 1. beilotpe, ii.
de//y
271 tellan, to tell^f
272 elm, an elm
273 men, tnm f
274 bene, a bench
275 stenc, a tteneh
276 bencan, to think f
277 drencan, to dteneh
278 wencle, a weneh
279 wended, be «vm/ * f
280 endlafon, eleven
281 leng^, length
282 strrag^, ttrtngth
283 merg, f»Mrry
284 )>er8can, to MreM
com
285 cerse, erees vegetable
286 berwe, a harrow
287 besm, a bee<m broom
for sweeping
288 lettan Ise'tan lltan, to
let permit, see 198.
F-
289 ff«, ye
290 h^, Aft
291 >6, /Am
292 m^, m# f
293 wtf, KM t
294 f;gdan, to feed
295 br^ded, was br^
296 geldan, to believe
297 f(§lagiN,a/0//ouT*t
298 f^lan, to feel
299 gr6ne, green
300 c^pan, to Avep
301 gen^ran, to hear
302 gem^tan, to meet
303 sw^te, tioeet
304 b^tel, a ^//# mallet,
see 499
E':
305 i. b^b ii. be&b, high
306 b^blSe, height
307 i. n^b ii. ne&b, nigh
SOS n6d, need sb.
309 sp^, jf/M^ sb.
310 b^l, a heel
311 t^n, tm
312 b^r, here
318 b^rcnian toAear^n.f
See 695 byrcnian
314 geb^rde, be heard
315 f(§t, /m<
316 n^xt, next
EA-
317 fleaffan, to^y
318 bIeanen,bas/ai^Atf<f*t
319 geapian, to gape
320 cearian, to earefy see
30 cam
EA:
321 geseab, be eawf
322 hleabhan, to laugh
323 feabt,bas/oMyA/
824 eabta, eight
325 wealcan, to tra/Ar,
properly to full
326 eald, oldfX
327 beald, bofd
328 ceald, eold
329 fealdan, to/o»
330 bealdan,to Ao/</t
331 sealde, he eold
332 tealde, be told^-
333 oealf, a ealf
334 bealf, htilf
335 eaU, oZ/ft
336 feallan, to fall
337 weall, a wall
338 ceallian,toM//*t
339 eam, I am *
340 geard geord, i. a comi
yard f 11, a ttieh
311 mearb, tnarrow^X
342 earm, an arm
343 wearm, warm
344 bearn, *a»rw • J
345 dearr, I dare
346 geat a^a/0,door-way,
not road agata n
EA'.
347 be&fod, tbe head
348 e&ge, the eye t
349 fekwa,/*wt
EA':
350 de&d, dead
351 le&d, lead metal
Digitized by LjOOQIC
20*
PRBLIlimABT MATTBR.
[V.
352 reftd, redt
353 bre&d, bread
354 Bce&f, th$af
355 de&f, dioft
356 le&f, leaf
357 >e&h, thought
358 ne6h, fiiah. See 307
ii. n6h
359 neCihgebiiff, migh*
bourf
360 te&m, a team
361 be&n, ad^an
362 sle&n, to ftoy
368 ceAp, cheap
364 cefrpman, ^Aop * %
365 ne&r, fiMr, compara-
tire of 358 ne&h,
nigh
366 grektf great f
367 bre&t, Mr«a<
368 iekH, death
369 sle&w, elouf
370 hrefcw, rau^
371 Btre&w Btreaw 8tre6w
ttrea stred, etraw
EI.
372 ei N, ffv# t
373 >eiN, M#yt
374 nei n, fuiy
375 reisa n, to rfftM
376 beita v, to ^t<
£1:
377 Bteik n, a «^aifc
378 yeikr n, iiwaib
379 heill w, Aar/
380 >eimN, them^f
381 syeinn n, a ncain
382 >eirra n, ^A#tr
EO-
383 seofan, eeven
384 heofon, heaven
385 beneo'San, beneath
386 eowe, a etcf
387 i. neowe, ii. niwe,
newf
EO:
388 meolc, miik
389 geoica, yolk of eggs
390 sceolde, thouldf
391 eom, I am • f J
392 geoiid,.von»t
393 begeondan, 5fyofuf
394 geonder, ponder * J
395 ^ng, yoti^ •
396 1. weorc ii. were,
ufork, sb. See 694
wyrcan, yb.
397 sweord, a eword
398 steorfan, to eiarver^
be cold
399 beorht, bright f
400 eorneet, eamett
401 geomian, to yearn
402 leoniiaii, to learn f
403 feorr, /ar
404 Bteorra, a etar
405 heofS, the hearth
406 eorSe, the earth
407 feorSlin^, a farthing
408 cneow, he knew f
EO'.
409 be6, a 5m
410 he6,Aoo,8heLa«tt
411 ]>re6 fem. and neat.,
Jnrt mas., MrMf
,eheft
413 de6foI, the d^7
414 fle6ga, a/y
415 le6gan, to /t>, fib
416 de6re, dear adj. and
aeJMT
417 ce6wan, to ehew
418 bre6wan, to brew
419 e6wer, your • t
420 fe6wer,/Mfr
421 fe6wertig,/or<y
EO':
422 se6c,tu;ifcill«t
423 be6h, thigh
424 hre6h,roH^A,see654*
425 ledht, light
426 fedhtan, to^A<
427 be6n, to 5« f
428 se6n, to M#t
429 fe6nd, a Jlend
430 fre6nd, a friend
431 be6r, 5Mr
432 {e6tfSh, fourth
433 bre6et, breatt
434 be6t, he beat
435 e6w, you f J
436 tre6w, true %
437 tre6w1$, truth
EY.
438 deyja m, toifi#t
EY:
439 trejstair, to/riM^t
I-
440 i. wicu wice ii. wuoe,
a weekf
441 sife, sieve
442 ifij^, ivy
443 fr^puUeg, Friday
444 sti^l, a f^f/lf
445 higian, to hie
446 nigon, fttfi^t
447 hire, A4W»t
448 >iBe, thetef
449 g[itan, to ytf< obtain
450 tiwesdffig, Tuesday
451 siwian, to eew
452 ic, Jt J
453 cwic, ^wrifc^f
454 wicoe, witeh
455 licgan« to lie down t
456 gif, if t
457 miht, the might
458 niht, the night f
459 riht, r^Al %
460 wiht, a ire^A'
461 gelihtan, to aiight
462 gesih^, the tight
463 tUN, <i7/»t
464 hwilc, which
465 i. swilc, ii. swylo,
euehi
466 did. aMt/<ltt
467 wUde, u^Ttf
468 cildni, children
469 willan,tou?t7/«t
470 him, Aim «t
471 timber, ftm^
472 scrincan, to shrink
473 blind, blind, adj.
474 rind, the rind
475 wind, the wind
476 bindan, to bind
477 findan,to^itift
478 gnndan, to grind
479 windan, to wind
480 bing, a thing* ft
481 finger, a finger
482 is, M»tt
483 his, his^i
484 >is,Mt«t
485 >istel, a thistle
486 gist, yeast
487 gistrandsBg, yM^^dlay
488 git, yet
489 hit, tl • t
Digitized by LjOOQIC
v.]
PRELIMINARY MATTBR.
21*
490 bi, £y near t
491 Bican, to si^h
492 Bide, a«tii9«t
493 diifan, to driv§
494 ttma,<i«Mt
496 hirinan* to iohin$ * f
496 fren, inm
497 arisan, to arm
498 writan, to tpriU
499 bftel,adM^^mBeot*
see 304
T:
600 gelic» /tjfc#t
601 irtd^wuk
602 fif,/M
603 lif, lif$
604 cnif, a ifciit/#
606 itii, a «<rf/#
606 wifman, a woman f
607 wifmen, women
608 mil, a miio
609 hwfl, itAi^
610 min, mtfff# my^f
611 iTin, iow$
612 spir, a «;n># steeple
613 wfr, a toiro
614 Is, id
616 wis, wiu
616 wiflddm, trtMisiii
617 iw, a yew
618 bodig, a botfy^f
619 ofer, o»ir*t
620 boga, a bow weapon
621 foU, a foot hone
622 open,fl»pM
623 hopian, to hope
624 worold, tiie world
626 of, I of •ft^u, off
626 cobhettan, to eouffh
627 bobte, be doi^A/
628 bobte, be thought
629 Drobte, be brought
630 WTobte, be wrought
631 debtor, a daughter f
632 col, a ami/
633 dol, duli
634 bol, a hole
636 folc./oa;«f
636 gold,^0^
637 molde, moiili earth
638 wolde, would
639 bolla, a bowl cup
640 boUegen, hollg
641 wol nfet, won't ft
642 bolt, bolt
643 on, o#i*tt
644 bonne, L than ii.
then^f
646 boppan, to Aop
646 for,/or»t
647 bora, a board
648 ford, a/<»r<i
649 hord, a Aoar<f treasure
660 word, a wordf
661 storm, a etortn
662 com, com
663 bom, Aom
664 kross ir, a eroee
666 sc6, a ehoe
666 t6, to t
657 t6, toof
658 I6cian, to lookX
659 m6dor, mother
660 Bc61a, a eehool^f
661 bl6ma, a 5/(>om flower
662 m6na, the moon
663 m6nand»g, Jfofiifoy
664 86na, eoonX
665 n66a, noee
566 6)>er, o^A«r
667 l»8Bt6>er, fother^f
668 br6'5or, brother ^
669 b6c, a 5ooA
670 t6c, he took
671 g6d, goodf
672 bl6d, the 52oMf
673 fl6d, ^ flood
674 br6d, brood
676 st6d, be j/ocm/
676 wddneedffig, Wednet^
day
677 b6g, a bough
578 pl^ N, tLplough
679 gen6g, #noi^Att
680 t6h, tow^A
681 86bte, be eought
682 c5l, eoo/
683 t6l, tool
684 Bt6l, etool
686 br6m, 5fnoom, the
plant, not 287
686 d6n, to dbf
687 ged6n, donef
688 n6n, noon
689 spdn K, a tpoon
690 fl6r, the^r
691 m6r, a moor
692 8w6r, be euH>ref
693 m6ste, he muet
694 b6t, 5oo<
696 m,foot
696 r6t, roo^
697 s6t. eoot
698 s6i$, MoM
699 6bufan, above
600 Info, love sb.
601 fogol, a/oti^/
602 sugo, a tow pig
603 cuman, to cotne fl
604 Bumor, the fif mm#r*t
606 sunu,a eonf
606 dnni, the doorf
607 butere, ^u/^
608 ncglig w, t^/y
609 fiflI,/«//t
610 wull, wool
611 biilluca,a buUoek
612 sum, «om#t
613 drunoen.basifrtfnJtt{,
see 804
614 band, a hound
616 pnnd, a /TOMfM? weight
616 grand, the ground f
617 gesnnd, toimif in
health
618 wnnd, a wound
619 fnnden, -wsBfoundf
620 granden, was ground
621 wnnden, was wound
622 under, iifME^
623 fundon, they/otifi/f*t
624 grundon,tbey^OM>t«^*
625 tnnge, the tongue
626 hunger, hunger
627 Sunnandffig, Sun-
dayf
628 nunne, a nun
629 sunne, the tifff
630 wunnen, was won
631 JmnnresdsBg, Thurt'
dag
632 upp, up \X
633 cuppa, eup
634 >urh. MroM^Aft
635 wuro weord, uwr/A
636 fui^or, /nrrA^r
637 tuso, a tueh
Digitized by LjOOQIC
22*
PBBLIUIMABT UATTER.
[V.
638 hjucavt to busk mtk»
ready
639 dust, dust
U'-
640 c6, a cow
641 hfi, Aowf
642 >(i, thou
643 nd, ftowtt
644 Btican, to tuck
645 dtifa, a dove
646 biigan, to do«^, bend
647 iile, an ou^/
648 (^re, our
649 ^iteand, thoutand
660 libtltan, a^o«<*}
651 witSiitan, without* -^
652 c6i$e, roM/^^
653 baton, ^sbeiit
F:
664 Bcriid, a throud
654* i. rdib, ii. rOg, iii.
rfiw, rouoh, see 424
656 f<il,/oti/durt7
656 r6m, room
667 br6n, brown
668 d<in, iJlM^tJ
669 hin, a ^oim any in-
olosnre
660 bfir, a bowir^TOom.
661 sc6r, a $how9r
662 dfl, tM
663 h6s, Aot/Mft
664 16s, a lomo
666 m<i8, a mou$$
666 hCiBb6nda, AtM6aiM?t
667 tiyoutf
668 pr6t, f^roM^
669 anc6'D, uncouth
670 b^*}; N, 6ooM
671 m^^mouth
672 i(i«, fOM/A
T-
673 myoel, much f
674 dyde, he^M^t
676 drygan, to dry f
676 Irge, a lie {abehood
677 dryge, dry adj.*
678 dyne, a din
679 cyrice, a church
680 bysig, buey f
681 bysigo, bueineee • f
682 lytel,/i«^tt
683 mycg, a midge
684 biycg, a bridge
686 hiycg, a ridge
686 bycgan, to buy
687 flyht, a/i>A<
688 byldan, to build
689 ynce, an inch
690 geoynd, a kind
691 mynd, the miiMf
692 gyngert, youngeet^f
693 Bynn, a tin
694 wyrcan wyroean, to
work Tb. See 896
weoro, sb.
695 hyrcnian,toAtfari^t.
'Bee 313 h^rcnian,
and 710 hy'rcnian
696 ffebyrd gebeord, 6trM
697 bebyigan, to bury
698 mynfS, mirth
699 wyrnta, a wright
700 wyraa, worse
701 tm^Jlret
702 wy«, with • t
708 pytt» a pit
704 tyzen, a nixon
706 Bcy' w, the eky
706 hw/, foAy f
707 J»re6ty'ne, thirteen
708 ahy^nan, to hire
T:
709 fy*!, a Jlre
710 hy'rcnian,toAMr^t.
See 813 h^nian,
and 696 hyrcnian
711 ly's, lice
712 my 8, mice
n. English, Kos. 713 to 808.
This section contains words of which the precise prototype in Wessex or Norse
is unknown ; words of disputed origin ; words deriyed from foreign sources, except
Bomance ; words formed within the language itself, of which tl^ origin can only
be coniecturally, or cannot eyen be probabnr, assigned ; slang or familiar words,
etc. For want of a better plan, these haye been arranged according to the yowel
(or if seyeral, the first yowel) they contain in the accented syllable, following the
receiyed orthography. Then the rest of the arrangement is alphabetical as in
Section I. Tne differences of long and short, open or dosea, are of course
unnoted, as the original form is unknown. The headings of classes are in Roman
capitals as before, out are distinguished from the last oy a following period (.),
and the absence of the hyphen (-) and colon (:} marking open and close.
A.
713 bad
714 lad
716 pad
716 addle, i. adj. and ii.
yb.
717 9^ jade
718 trade
719 & tadpole
720 a fag
721 to fag
722 ti drain
723 a dairy
724 bald
725 a eale
726 to talk • t
727 Jam preserye
728 tham
729 a frame
730 a canter
731 wanton
732 happen* \
733 to tcare
784 to dam
735 emash
786 a few • t
737 timatet
738 to prate ^
739 ffiaM/A#r girl
Digitized by LjOOQIC
▼•]
PBBUMmABT MATTBR.
23*
740 a ufaP4
741 A mags
742 Ub^
£.
748 to $crtMm
744 ihemmtUs
746 to 0h4mt
746 to brtatks
747 to tmUmvour
748 LjUd^idiLwi/Mffsd
749 /e/**t
760 to^iy
761 part
762 /¥<, peoTiah fit^f
I. a»i T.
768 to tiekU
764 a pif animal
766 tLjUbtrt nut
766 a f ArtMp
767 <my
768 a^r/t{.
769 ^^ suited
760 »hri94lkd*i
761 a fo«if
762 oakum
768 /MM
764 to eoddU
766 /oAn^t
766 maiderid bewildorod
767 a noituf
768 Mifcf
769 a mots animal*, same
as 46, not 114
770 Thomas^ 1
in fond
772 9kbonftr$
773 a donk$y
774 9, pony
lib 9, booby
776 goodbjfo^
777 iAop
778 ttjfbrd
779 0r/« remnants
780 iojoBtU
781 a^/A^rf
782 9^ pother
783 poultry
784 to6<mMM
786 to ^MM^tf
786 to if(Mi«#
787 iotouH
788 to./bM«
789 a row noise
790 a^0tm
791 a^»
792 af^ud^^/li
793 a hug
794 a>^
796 9^ shrug
796 Wi»#*
797 tquniking^^
798 ^ii*#r»t
799 «^ of head
800 oeuU of boat
801 rum liquor
802 rum queer
803 to jump
804 drunken adj. aceu«-
tomed to getdrunk*,
see 613.
806 fMrib
806 >«f
807 puit
808 toi?N<
m. BoMiNCB, Nos. 809 to 971.
This section comprises words taken from the French, Latin or anr language
derived from the Latin. Properly speaking the arrangement should have beoi
by the Anglo-Norman forms of words, that is, those used in England by speakers
of Norman-French. Failing this, the old French forms should have been
adopted. But in both cases msuperable difficulties presented themselyes. The
li^ Mr. H. Nicol endeavoured to arrange the words by their English sounds in
the XTith century, but this would have had to be conjectured in many words.
Hence I have adopted the modem French forms in almost all oases ; for the few
old French forms which I could not avoid, I am indebted to Prol Skeat*s
Etymologiesl Dictionary, and disclaim the responsibility for them. Latin, and
in one case, Spanish, forms have also been given. The arrangement is by the
Towels as in ^e former sections, the Romance word coming first, is followed b^
(••) if modem, and (...) if old French, ( — ) if Latin, and (-) Span, if
Spanish. The class hradings are in capitals followed by ( •• ). No diitinction of
long and short, open and closed, could oe made with any certainty, and hence no
aoch distinction has been attempted.
809 habOe*ff^#
810 face-a/oM
811 place^apAMtf
812 lacet-a/a«#
813 bacon ••^tfMM
814 ma^on •• a fwMOfi
816 iMcik-'Ueti\
816 fadeadj*to/Mi^
817 radis-'f'MltfA
818 ii^'^ago
819 raffe**r«i^#
820 gai-^oy*
821 ^kl^' delay
822 mai**Jlfay
823 baie •• bay of the sea
824 chaiere... a professor's
and hence any chair
826 gtdi ,.wai/
826 aigle"an#ff^te
827 aigre*<ra^tfr
828 9ifpi'*ague
82J) gam " gam
830 train ••/ram
831 destraindre<*to
tram
882 maire*-aifuiyor
833 paire*
834 chaiie
836 raison
836 saison
837 laisse*
dit'
Apatr
• a ehaiee
•• reason f
'temeon
tileaeh
Digitized by LjOOQIC
24*
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
838 traitor -to trtai
839 balle •• i. a baU ii. A
baU
840 cbambre>*a ekamb€r
841 chance •• a ehanet X
842 planche**aptoi}ifc
843 Dranche»a branch
814 tranch6e •* a tnneh
846 widen " ancimt
846 chandelier ••MandZ^
847 danger "dlafi^^
848 changer •• to ehanp$
849 Stranger •• a t^raf}^#r
850 danse*-a(f(ifM#
851 tante-*an<iti9t<
852 napperon**an apron
853 bargaigner»to bar*
pain
854 baril -a 3arr#/
855 carotte •• a Mrti0<
856 yait"Apan
857 cas-aMMf
858 hru "brac$
859 cha88er»toMaj#himt
860 ^kte-'paitt
861 t&ter-to/M<#
862 ULut'-tafef
863 chauffer •• to rA<r/«
864 kcAXiBe"becaiiuf
865 tBLUte "fauit
866 pauTre '-po^r^
E ••
867 th^.-^tfa
868 geai.*a>y
869 yeaa-vM/
870 beaat5 •• 6#aN/y
871 agr6er-<ryrM
872 ohef ..«Aw/
878 effrai ... a /rap
874 reine ... a reim of a
875 feinte*.a/««N<
876 deintie ... a damip
877 heir . heir
878 c^l5ri-M^
879 femelle-/#M<il#
880 exemple ... Mramp/^
881 Ben8**«#M##
882 pens^ •• MfMy
883 dent de Uon-tAwN^-
lion
884 apprenti"<rp/>rMi<M#
885 Terai ... very • t J
886 hhre-fiiar
887 clerg^-tfi^fr^y
888 certain ••0tfi7atMt
889 cesser •• to cMMi
890 bdte-5«Mft
891 Ute-'ftast
892 neyea. " nephew
893 flenr-j^u^^ingarden
894 d4oe?oir-i2^<v#
895 receYoir**re0Mp«
896 beyre . bever la-
bourer's drinking
time
I.. andY-
897 d61ice-a^i^A^
898 nice ... nie$
899 mbce -'nieee
900 prior ••prffy
901 nn-'Jlne
902 mine**a mine
903 diner •• L to dine, ii. a
dinner
904 yiolette •• a violet
905 riote ... a riot
906 yipere-a vtp^r
907 tns- Spanish trioe
908 aYiB-«<iru^
909 brise**^rMM
910 gtte-joiet
911 citeme*<m^#ni
912 nz"tHce
926 spoiler ... to i^poi/
927 tronc •• a trunk
928 once ••anowMM weight
929 conoombre •• eueumber
930 longe»a loin
931 iongleur •• a yM^^2fr
932 ii mout " amount
933 front -yroMl
934 honi6'» bounty
935 contr6e*>0o«ii^ry
936 fonts -baptismal/^n^
937 CQ({"tLcoek
938 comi^re»«orfifrt
939 clos-0^oM i. adj. ii.
adT.fiii. sb.
940 cotte-0oa/t
941 iou'/ool
942 bouoher •• ^0A#r
943 toucher* 'to touch
944 allouer •• to allow
945 Youer**to9oi9
946 mouiller •• to moil
947 bouillir-to^7
948 boule •• a bowl ball
949 moule**a mould or
form, not 537
950 souper*>«iip;?tfrt
951 couple ••Mwp/tf
952 course "i. coareCf ii.
953 cousin ••Mtittfi
954 ooussin-0iMAio»i
955 doute-cfoM^^t
956 couTrir •• to coper
957 employer •• to fnip/oy
958 froyer- to /ray
959 oonvoyer-to i. cdH'
vcfff ii eonvoif
918 coche...a«MMA
914 brochexa^roo^A
915 6toffe-f/N/ 960
916 ognon-offtoM 961
917 roffue •• ro^t## 962
918 iome "feeble, adj. 963
919 oig[nement...om/iri#»t< 964
920 point -potfi^t 965
921 accointer»toff0giMtii< 966
922 boisseaU'^^MtA^ 967
923 etioit..f^rat<,see265 968
923* moite-mouf 969
924 choiL" choice 970
925 loii" voice f 971
quai**^iMi|f
grttau»^ni#/
mue •• mewe stables
quietus — quiet f
mui-'cuet
hnile*<oi/
fruit ".^w<
suite ••«•«•<
huitre •• oi^eter f %
K(ii"eure
J'uste "jutt • t
late ••/!</#
Digitized by LjOOQIC
v.]
FBBLIMINABY MATTBR.
26*
Notes ok Ck>N8T£ucnov8 aub iNTOKAnoK, appended to the
ORIGINAL Wl.
[Thi informant was r$qu$$Ud to underlino ih$ grammoHeal form which is
common in hit district ; ditrsgarding pronunciation.]
I am. ihoa ftm. lie am. we am. yon am. they am. — I are. thou art.
he are. we are. you are. they are. we ar*ii. tou ar'n. they ar*n. [The three
last were intended lor the West Midland yerhal plural in en, hnt were generally
confused hy informants with amU.]—l he. thou Dist. he he. we he. tou he.
they he. we hin. you hin. they hin. [The three last referred to tne Sh.
flural bin for arc, hut were ji^erally confused with been used for have been,] —
is. tiiou is. he is. we is. jrou is. they is. — I was. thou was. he was.
we was. you was. they was. — iwere. thouwert. he were, we were, you
were, they were, we wer'n. you wer'n. they wer'n.— we ha*n. you ha'n.
they ha'n. [The six last referred to the West Midland Terhal plural in -en, hut
were generallT misunderstood.] — ^him is. him he.^they goes, we goes. — he
does, he dotn. he do. he walketh. he live there. — thou (underline if used
generally, and distinguish hy underlining whether it is used to children, hushand
and wite, serrants, friends, lovers). — I do walk. 1 have a- walked. I he or
am a-going.— she was washing on a washtitff day f underline the two -ingt if
distinguished] — thease thick (a this, that, of shaped tnings). this that Coi shape-
less things).— dat man dere (sthat man there).— t' man. th' man. e man. —
theirselres. theirseUs. theirsens. —I doh {for I don't). I will {for I shall),
he shall {for he will). I would {for I should), he should (for he would). — to
can, to could {as he won't can do it, he didnH used to could), he didn't ought. —
at eat [meaning the Danishism in parts of D 31, for to eat], to home.
Tit to characterise the nature of the singsong of the speech, underlining as
may oe, rough, smooth, thick, thin, indistinct, dear, hesitating, glib, whining,
drawling, jerking, up and down in pitch, rising in pitch at end, sinking at end,
monotonous.
Qvre any singular pronunciations of words not mentioned; and any information
respecting your dialect that you will have the kindness to imparl
Index to the English Woeds in the cwl. eefebring each
TO ITS Number.
able 809
about 660
above 699
acquaint 921
addle 710
advice 90S
afrord778
after 168
again 144
age SIS
ago 120
agree 871
ague 828
an264
alight 461
all 336
aUow 944
at 176
am 891
aunt 861
among 61
away 268
amount 932
awe 16
ancient 846
awl 36
and 42
aye 872
any 194
apprentice 884
B
apron 862
are 29
back 164
arise 497
bacon 813
arm 342
bad 713
as 38
bairn 344
ash 174
bait 376
ashes 66
bake 3
ask 102
bald 724
asked 103
bale 839, i.
ass 67
baU 839, a
bamin 863
barJeT 171
barrel 864
bath 180
bathe 32
bay 823
be 427
bean 361
beast 890
beat, pt. 434
beauty 870
because 864
bee 409
beer 431
beetle, mallet 304
beetle, insect 499
heg 760
behave 9
Digitized by LjOOQIC
26*
FRELIMINABT MATTBR.
[▼•.
beliere 296
bellows 270, i.
belly 270, ii.
bench 274
beneath 386
besom 287
bever 896
beyond 393
bind 476
birth 696
blain237
blaze 149
bleat 199
blind 473
blood 672
bloom 661
blow, as wind 90
blue 796
board 647
boat 130
body 618
boil 947
bold 327
bolt 642
bone 118
bonfire 772
booby 776
book 669
boot 694
booth 670
both 89
bother 781
bough 677
bought 527
bounce 784
bounty 934
bow, weapon 620
bow, bend 646
bower 660
bowl, cup 639
bowl, ball 948
boy 791
brace 868
brain 147
brand) 843
bread 363
breadth 186
break 232
breast 433
breath 229
breathe 746
bred 296
breeze 909
brew 418
bridge 684
bright 399
bnmd 106
brooch 914
brood 674
broom, plant 686
brother 668
brought 629
brown 667
build 688
bullock 611
bury 697
bushel 922
business 681
busk 638
busy 680
butcher 942
but 663
butter 607
buy 686
by 490
C
cake 18
calf 333
call 338
came 39
can, sb. 63
candle 46
canter 730
care, sb. 30
care, vb. 320
carrot 866
case 867
cease 889
celery 878
certain 888
chafe 863
chair 824
chaise 834
chamber 840
chance 841
chandler 846
change 848
chap 364
chase 869
cheap 363
cheat 746
cheese 197
chew 4 1 7
chief 872
child 466
children 468
choice 924
church 079
cistern 911
clay 210
clean 193
clergy 887
close 939
cloth 136
clothe 88
clothes 87
coach 918
coal 632
coarse 962, L
coat 940
cock 937
coddle 764
coke 768
cold 828
comb 40
come 603
conrey 969, i.
oouToy 969, iL
cool 682
corn 662
comer 938
cou^h 626
could 662
country 986
oouple 961
course, 962, ii.
cousin 963
coyer 966
cow 640
cress 286
cross, sb. 664
crow 94
cucumber 929
cup 638
curds 806
cushion 964
dainty 876
dairy 723
dale 167
dance 860
dandelion 883
danger 847
dare 346
dam 734
daughter 631
dawn 16
day 161
dead 360
deaf 366
deal 216
dear 416
death 368
deceive 894
deed 204
delay 821
delight 897
deyU 413
did 674
die, vb. 438
din 678
dine 903, i.
dinner 903, iL
distrain 831
do 686
done 687
donkey 773
door 606
doubt 966
dough 108
douse 786
do?e 645
down 668
drain 722
draw 14
dray 139
drive 493
drunk 613
dmnken 804
dry, adj. 677
dry, vb. 676
dull, 633
dust 639
E
each 317
eager 827
eagle 826
earnest 400
earth 406
edge 267
em 160
e^t824
either 136, L 218
eldest, 268
eleven 280
elm 272
employ 967
enaeavonr 747
enough 679
ever 208
ewe 886
example 880
eye 348
face 810
facts 816
fade 816
fagsb.720,vb.721
famt876
fair, adj. 148
1^336
far 403
farthing 407
fast 176
fat 230
father 138
fault 866
fear, sb. 221
feast 891
feeble 918
feed 294
feel 298
feet 316
feUow 297
female 879
fever 236
few 849
Digitized by LjOOQIC
v.]
PRELIMINABT MATTER.
27*
fiend 429
%ht426
filbeit7d5
find 477
fine 901
finger 481
fire 709
first 701
fit 759
fiye 502
fiAT3l7
fied^ 748, L
fiesh 226
flight 687
flood 673
floor 690
float 788
flower 89S
flnte 971
fly, sb. 414
foal 621
fold 329
folk 636
fond 771
font 936
fool 941
foot 696
for 646
ford 548
forty 421
fonght 323
fold 655
found, pt. 623
found, pp. 619
foor 420
fourth 432
fowl 601
frame 729
fray, vb. 968
fray, sb. 873
fret 762
friar 886
Friday 443
friend 430
from 68
front 933
fruit 966
fall 609
further 636
fuss 806
gain 829
gape 319
gate 346
gay 820
get 449
ghott 129
girl 768
glad 166
gnat 178
gnaw 13
go, prt. 67
go, inf. 119
goat 131
gold 636
gone 121
good 571
goodbye 776
gown 790
grass 172
great 366
green 299
grey 211
grind 478
ground, pi 624
ground, pp. 620
ground, so. 616
gruel 961
H
hail, sb. 140
hail, vb. 379 .
hair 222
hale 112
half 334
hand 43
hang 49
happen 732
harrow 286
harrest 170
has 169
have, imper. 8
haw, sb. 10
he 290
head 347
heal 191
hear 301
heard 314
hearken 313, 696,
710
hearth 405
heat 202
heathen 201
hearen 384
hedge 238
heelSlO
height 306
heir 877
her 447
here 312
hie, Tb. 446
high 306
him 470
hire 708
his 483
hoaid 549
hoarse 127
hold, Tb. 330
hole 634
holiday 80
holly 640
home 116
hoonshe 410
hop, yb. 546
hope 523
horn 563
hot 132
hound 614
house 663
how 641
hug, 793
hunger 626
husband 666
1462
ice 514
if 466
inch 689
iron 496
is 482
it 489
iry 442
jade 717
Jam 727
jay 868
John 766
joist 910
jostle 780
jug 794
juggler 931
jump 803
just 970
keep 300
kettle 252
key 190
kind, 690
knaye 27
knead 234
knew, pt. 408
knife 5u4
know 92
known, pp. 98
lace 812
lad 714
lain, pp. 240
lamb 69
lame 20
knd44
lane 81
lass 736
last 34
late 31
laugh 322
laughed 318
law 17
lay, inf. 260
lay, pt. 163
lazy 742
lead, metal 361
lead, yb. 184
leaf 356
learn 402
leash 837
least 150
leather 254
leave, yb. 187
left 749
length 281
let, permit 198,288
let, hinder 151
lice 711
lie, sb. 676
lie, yb. fib 416
lie, yb. be recum-
bent 456
life 503
Hght 425
like 500
Uttle 682
load 761
loaf 107
loin 930
long 60
look 558
lord 77
lounge 786
louse 664
love, sb. 600
low 109
M
made, pp. 6
maid, sb. 166
main 146
make, yb. 6
make, sb. 2
man 61
mane 25
many 195
mare 248
marrow 341
mason 814
mate 737
mauther=girl 739
maw 11
may, vb. 164
may, sb. 822
mayor 832
maze 741
Digitized by LjOOQIC
26*
PBKUMINABT MATTBIU
[▼•
me 292
meal 246
mean, vb. 193
measles 744
meat 261
meet, yb. 802
men 273
merry 283
mews 962
mice 712
midfe688
mient 467
mile 608
milk 388
mind 691
mine, pro. 610
mine, sb. 902
mirth 698
moan, yb. 83
moe B more, in
number, 68
moidered 766
moil 946
moist 923*
mole, animal 769
mole, mark 114
Monday 663
moon 662
moor 691
more,in quantity 84
most 226
mother 669
mould, form 949
mould, earth 637
mouse 666
mouth 671
mow 91
much 673
must, vb. 693
my, pro. 610
N
nail 141
name 21
nay 374
near 366
need, sb. 308
needle 207
neigh 188
neighbour 369
neither 137, i. 214
nephew 892
nettle, sb. 263
never 209
new 387
next 316
nice 898
niece 899
nigh 307, 368
night 468
nine 446
no, ady. 69
no, adj. 122, ii.
noise 767
none 122, i.
noon 688
nor 137, ii.
nose 666
not 110, iL
nothing 123
nought 110, i.
now 643
nun 628
oak 101
oakum 762
oar 126
oath 134
oats 86
of 626, L
off 626, ii.
oil 966
ointment 919
old 326
on 648
onoe 82
one 117
onion 916
only 126
open 622
or 136, ii.
orts779
other 666
ought, pt. Ill
ounce, weight 928
our 648
out 667
oyer 619
owe 78
owl 647
own, adj 79
oyster 968
pad 716
pair 833
pansy 882
part 866
paste 860
path 181
pert 761
pig, animal 764
pit 703
place 811
plank 842
play, yb. 243
plough 678
point 920
pony 774
poor 866
pother 782
poultry 783
pound, sb. 616
prate 738
pray 900
proud 668
puss 807
put, yb. 808
quay 960
quean 246, ii.
queen 246, i.
queer 798
quick 463
quiet 963
B
radish 817
rage 819
rain 241
raise, y. 376
rather 33
raven 167
raw 370
read, inf. 186
read, pt. 206
reason 836
receive 896
red 362
rein, for horses 874
rice 912
ridge 686
right 469
rind 474
riot 906
road 104
roam, vb. 763
rode, pt. 106
rogue 917
room 666
root 696
rough 424, 664*
row, noise 789
rum, adj. 802
rum, sb. 801
S
safe 862
said, pt. 166
sail, sb. 239
sake 7
sale 726
same 23
sang, pt 48
Saturday 168
saw, sb. 12
saw, pt. 821
say, yb. 261
scare 733
school 660
scream 743
scull, of head 799
scull, of boat 800
sea 182
season 836
sedge 268
see, yb. 428
self 269
sense 881
seven 383
sew 461
sham 728
shame 24
she 412
sheaf 364
sheep 218
shepnerd 220
shoe 665
shop 777
should 390
shower 661
shrimp 766
shrink 472
shrivelled 760
shroud 664
shrug 796
sick 422
side 492
sieve 441
sigh 491
sight, 462
sin 693
tkj 705
slain, pp. 146
slay, int. 362
sleep, sb. 219
slow 369
smash 736
snaQ 142
snow, vb. 93
soslike as 73
so=thus 1
sold, pt. 331
some 612
son 606
song 66
soon 664
soot 697
sooth 698
sore, adv. 86
sought, pi 681
soul, 97
sound, adj. 617
souse, vb. 787
south 672
sow, as seed 96
sow, sb. 602
Digitized by LjOOQIC
▼.]
PRBLIMINABT HATTBR.
29*
•own 100
speak 233
speech 203
speed 309
spire 612
spoil 926
spoon 589
squabble 792
squeaking 797
star 404
starve 398
steak 377
stench 275
stile 444
stone 124
stood 576
stool 684
storm 561
straight 265
strait 923
stranger 849
straw 371
strength 282
stretdi256
stroke 75
strong 62
staff 915
sneh 465
snck 644
suet 964
suit 967
summer 604
sun 629
Sunday 627
supper 950
sure 969
swain 381
swear 250
sweat 228
sweet 303
sword 397
swore 592
T
tadpole 719
taill43
take 4
tale 19
talk 726
tallow 168
tame 22
♦- -^ • . .
taught 215
tea 867
teach 188
team 360
teU271
ten 311
than 544, 1
thank 41
that 177
thatch 155
thaw 36
the 231
thee 291
their 382
them 380
then 544, ii.
there 223
these 448
they 373
thigh 423
thing 480
think 276
thirteen 707
this 484
thistle 485
Thomas 770
thong 66
those 128
thou 642
though 357
thought 628
thousand 649
thread 205
threat 367
three 411
thresh 284
throng 63
through 634
throw, Tb. 95
thrown, pp. 99
Thursday 631
tickle 753
tiU463
timber 471
time 494
tiny 757
to 566
toad 76
to-day 162
toe 70
told 332
tongs 50
tongue 625
too 567
took 570
tool 583
f other 567
touch 948
tough 580
town 659
trade 718
train 830
treat 838
trench, sb. 844
tiioe 907
true 436
trunk 92.
trust 439
truth 437
Tuesday 450
tusk 637
twain 242
two 74
XJ
d608
er622
uncouth 669
unfledged 748, U.
up 632
us 662
V
Teal 869
Tery 886
Tiolet 904
Tiper906
rixen 704
Toice 925
TOW 945
W
waif 825
walk 326
waU337
wan 62
wander 47
wane 26
wantfSb. amole 45
want, Tb. 54
wanton 731
warm 343
was 173
wash 56
water 153
wave 740
way 262
we 293
weak 378
wean 247
wear 249
weave 235
wedge 259
Wednesday 576
week 440
weigh 189
weight 460
well, argumenta-
tive, 244
well, in good state,
266
wench 278
went 279
were 196
wet 227
wether 255
what 179
wheat 200
when 169
where 224
whey 212
which 464
while 609
whine 495
who, in questions,
72
whole 113
whom , in questions,
116
why 706
wide 501
wife 505
wild 467
will, vb. 469
wind, sb. 476
wind, vb. 479
wine 511
wire 513
wisdom 516
wise 616
witch 454
with 702
without 651
woe 71
woman 506
women 507
won, pp. 630
won't 641
wool 610
word 650
work, sb. 396
work, vb. 694
world 624
worse 700
worth 635
would 538
wound, sb. 618
wonnd, pp. 621
Wright 699
write, Tb. 498
wrong 64
wrote, pt. 138
wrought, pt 5G0.
T
yard, inclosure,
840, i.
yard, stick, 340, ii.
ye 289
yearn 401
yeast 486
yesterday 487
yet 488
yew 617
yield 267
yolk 389
yon 392
yonder 394
you 436
young 395
youngest 692
your 419
Digitized by LjOOQIC
30* PRELIMINARY MATTER. [V.
COKSOKAITTAL IkDEX TO THE WeSSEZ AlVD NOBSB DlYIglOF OF THE
Classified Woed List.
The precedm^ index will generaUy, but not alwam snffioe to refer to the
numbers which in any future cwl. point out a dialectal alteration, if any, of the
initial consonant or consonantal combinations, but not so for medial or final
combinations. Hence the following index has been constructed to shew a few
of the initial, and most of the medial and final combinations which may be re-
quired for study. Only the most interesting cases are cited.
Only Wb. and Norse consonants are given, and the words are cited only in the
original spelling.
The Capital Initials mark the consonants selected, and hyphens are used thus
C- initial, -C- medial, -C final, in this order.
C- 190 o«'ge. 197 cas'se. 285 oerse. 300 cepan. 466 cild. 468 dldru.
679 cyrice. 690 gecynd. -C- 2 gemaca. 3 baoan. 4 tacan. 6 madan.
6 gemacod. 7 sacu. 183 te'can. 232 brecan. 233 sprecan. 440 wicu wice
wuce. 491 sican. 568 I6cian. 673 mycel. 679 cyrice. -C 101 &c. 154
b«ec. 155 >8BC. 452 ic. 453 owic. 500 gelic. 569 b6c. 570 t6c. -CC-
256 streccan. 454 wioce. C£- [meaning C before, and hence affected by
a following £] 320 cearian. 328 ceald. 333 cealf. 363 ce&p. 364 oefrpman.
-CG- 260 lecgan. 261 secgan. 465 licgan. 686 bycgan. -CO 257 ecg.
268 secg. 259 wecg. 683 mycg. 684 brycg. 685 hrycg. CN- 27 onapa.
92 cn&wan. 234 cnedan. 408 cneow. 504 cnif. -CS- 102 fiicsian. 103
&cs6de. GW- 39 cwam. 246 cwene cw6n.
-D- 76 t(ide. 138 feder. 385 beneo'San. 518 bodig. 559 m6dor. -D-
32 balSian. 33 hra^or. 87 cUfSas. 88 claiSian. 90 bl&wan. 136 &w5er.
137 n&wSer. 201 hss'tSen. 264 le^er. 255 we^er. 568 br6t$or. 652 c6'5e.
669 uncd-S. 670 bu^ n. 671 m6«. 672 s(i«. -D 134 &«. 135 cl&«.
180 bs1$. 181 p8e«. 229 br8B'«. 368 de&«. 598 s6«. 702 wyS. -DN-
576 w6dnesdieg. DR- 613 drunoen. DW- 633 dol dwol dwal.
F- 297 f^lagi v. 298 f^km. -F- 8 hafa. 9 behafa. 187 Ise'fan. 235
wefan. 236 fefer. 296 gel^fan. 347 he&fod. 383 seofan. 384 heofon.
413 de6fol. 441 sife. 442 ifig. 493 drifan. 519 ofer. 699 fcbu6in. 600
lufu. 645 dOfa. -F 466 g&. 502 fif. 503 Hi. 504 cnif. 505 wif.
506 wlfman. 507 wlfmen. 525 of. -FR- 208 fie'fre. 209 ne'fre.
0- 267 geldan. 289 g6. 486 gist. 487 gistrandseg. 488 git. -G- 10
haga. 11 maga. 12 sagasagu. 12 gnagan. 14 dragan. 16 agi n. 16
dagian. 17 lagu. 78 6gan. 79 &gen. 139 drsege. 140 hsegeL 141 nsBgel.
142 suflBgel. 143 tsegel. 144 ongsegen. 146 slasgen. 146 msgen. 147
brtegen. 148 fseger. 188 hns'gan. 189 wse'gan. 190 Cffi'ge. 237 blegan.
238 h^. 239 s^el. 240 gelegen. 241 regen. 242 twegen. 243 plegian.
317 flea^. 348 e&ge. 414 fle^. 416 le6gan. 443 fri^^idffig. 444 stigd.
445 higian. 446 nigon. 520 b<^. 540 hollegen. 601 fugcu. 602 sugu.
646 bCigan. 675 drygan. 676 lyee. 677 drrge. -G 80 h&lig dsBg. 108
dkg. 109 I&g. 160 eg. 161 dseg. 163 Isff. 164 masg. 165 ssegde.
166 msgden. 194 se'nig. 196 me'nig. 210 clas^. 211 grse^. 212 hwse'g.
213 ffi'gSer. 214 nse'gVer. 262 weg. 263 on weg. 264 e^an. 577 b6g.
578 pl6g N. 579 gen6g. G£- [meaning G before and hence affected by a
following E] 319 geapian. 340 geard geord. 346 geat. 389 geolca. 392
geond. 393 begeondan. 394 geonder. 395 geong. GN- 13 gnagan. 178
gnffit. GR- 366 gre&t.
H- 489 hit. -H- 318 hleahen. -H 305 h^ he&h. 306 h^h-8e. 307
n6h ne&h. 321 geeeah. 357 >e&h. 868 ne&h. 423 >e6h. 424 hre6h. 680
t6h. -HH- 322 hleahhan. 526 cohhettan. -HD 462 gesih^. HL- 77
hl&ford. 107 hl&f. 318 hleahen. 322 hleahhan. HN- 188 hnie'gan. HR-
157 hrsefn. 370 hre&w. 424 hre6h. 686 hrycg. -HT- 111 ahte. 215
tffi'hte. 324 eahta. 426 fedhtan. 461 gelihtan. 527 bohte. 528 >ohte.
529 brohte. 630 wrohte. 531 dohtor. 681 s6hte. -HT UOn&ht nki. 265
streht. 323 feaht. 425 le6ht. 467 miht. 458 niht. 459 riht. 460 wiht.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
v.] PRBLIMINART HATTBR. 31*
687 flylit. HW- 72 hw&. 116 hw&m. 169 hwsnne. 179 hwset. 200
bwae'te. 224 hwe'r hwar. 464 hwUo. 496 hwinan. 609 hwfl. 706 hw/.
-K- 18 kaka n. -K 378 reikr h.
-L- 19 talu. -LO- 325 wealcan. 889 geoloa. -LC 217 elo. 888 meolc.
464 hwilc. 466 swilc. 686 folc. -LD- 829 fealdan. 830 healdan. 831
lealde. 882 tealde. 467 wilde. 637 molde. 638 wolde. -LD 326 eald.
327 bedd. 328 omld. 624 woruld. 636 gold. -LDR- 468 dldru. -LF
269 self. 333 oealf. 334 healf. -LG 168 tolg. 270 belg. -LM 272 elm.
-LN- 641 wol D&t. -LT 642 bolt.
-M- 20 lama. 21 nama. 22 tama. 23 same. 24 scamn. -MB- 471
timbar. -MB 69 lamb lomb.
-N- 26 maaar, 26 wanian. -NC- 41 Randan. 276 )>encan. 277 drencan.
278 weiide. 472 scrincan. -NC 274 bene. 276 stenc. -ND- 46 candel.
476 bindan. 477 findan. 478 grindan. 479 windan. 619 fimden. 620
gronden. 621 wnnden. 622 imder. 628 fundon. 624 gnmdon. -ND 42
and. 43 hand. 44 land. 46 wand. 429 fe6nd. 430 {re6nd. 473 blind.
474 rind. 476 wind. 614 bond. 616 pond. 616 gnmd. 617 geeund.
618 wnnd. 690 gecynd. 691 mynd. -NDL- 280 endlnfon. -NDR- 47
wandrian. -NO- 49 hangan. 60 tange. 481 finger. 626 tunge. 626
faimgor. 692 gyngest. -NG 48 and 66 sang. 60 lang. 61 on gemang.
62 Strang. 63 gej^rang. 64 wrang. 66 >wang. -N0|> 281 len^. 282
otrengiS. -NNR- 631 >nnnreed8^. -NT- 64 wanta n.
-R- 248 mere. 249 werian. 260 swerian. 301 geb6ran. 606 dnm. -R
312 h6r. 366 ne6r. -RC 396 weoro were. -RON- 313 banian. -RF-
170 hasrfest. 398 steorfan. -RD- 314 geb6rde. -RD 647 bord. 648 ford.
649 bord. 660 word. -RD- ^06 eorSe. 432 fe6rSa. 636 far6or. -RD 405
heorS. 407 feodOing. 635 wur5 weord. -RG 283 merg. 341 mearh. 697
bebrmn. -RGD 698 mjTgfS, -RD 696 gebrrd gebeord. -RH 634 >nrb.
-RHT- 699 wyrbta. -RHT 399 beorbt. -RM342eann. 343 wearm. 561
stonn. -RN- 400 eomest. 401 geomian. 403 leomian. -RN 844 beam.
652 com. 653 bom. *-RS- 285 cerse. 700 wyrsa. -RS 172 gsrs. -RSC-
284 >encan. -RST- 701 fyrsta. -RW- 286 herwe.
S- 412 se6. 422 Be6c. -S- 149 blsese. 150 lassest. 376 reisa w. 497
arisan. 565 n6sa. 617 gesond. 649 b^sand. 680 bysig. 681 bysigu.
-S 127 b&B. 128 >6s. 173 wsbs. 482 is. 483 his. 484 >is. 614 Is.
616 wis. 516 wisd6m. 662 tis. 663 h&s. 664 16s. .665 m6s. 711 ly's.
712 my^s. -SB- 666 hfisbdnda. SC- 24 scamn. 218 scse'p. 220 scA'phirde.
364 8oe6f. 390 sceolde. 665 so6. 660 Bc61a. 661 8c6r. 706 scy' n. -SO-
66 ascan. 638 bnsca n. -SC 174 aesc. 226 fls'sc. 637 tusc. SCR- 472
serincan. 664 scr6d. -SM 287 beem. SP- 309 sp^d. 612 spir. SPR-
203 sprc'e. 233 sprecan. ST- 377 steik n. -ST- 693 m66te. -ST 34
latest. 129 fffist. 176 fsest. 226 mae'st. 433 bredst. 639 dust. -STEL
486 >i8tel. STR- 76 str&cian. 282 strengS. 371 stre&w. SY- 381 sveinn.
8W- 1 swa. 73 swti. 228 sw®'t. 397 sweord. 465 swilc. 692 sw6r.
-T- 31 late laete. 84 latest. 151 Istan. 86 fcte. 198 Ise'tan. 199
Ue'tan. 200 bwse'te. 202 hse'ta. 251 mete. 252 cetele. 253 netele.
302 geni6tan. 303 sw6te. 304 b^tel. -TER- 152 wster. 163 sieterdicg.
607 bnteze. p- 36 >awian. 223 >flB'r. 231 >e. 291 >6. 357 be&h. 373
>ei N. 382 >eirra w. 423 >e6h. 480 >ing. 484 >is. 485 ]>i8tel. 544
{onne. 631 hunnresda^. 634 >iirh. 642 b6. 649 J^iisand. -p- 566 6>6r.
R- 205 frae'd. 367 >re§it. 411 >i:^. pW- 66 >wang. TW- 74 twfc.
V- 378 veikr n.
-W- 35 awel. 36 >awian. 37 clawu. 90 bl&wan. 91 m&wan. 92
cnfcwan. 93 sn&wan. 94 crfiwan. 95 br&wan. 96 s&wan. 97 s&wel. 98
cn&wen. 99 >r&wen. 100 s&wen. 349 le&wa. 386 eowe. 387 neowe niwe.
-W- 417 ce6wan. 418 bre6wan. 419 e6wer. 420 fe6wer. 421 fe6wertig.
460 tiwesdseg. 451 siwian. -W 369 sle&w. 370 hre&w. 370 stre&w streaw
8tre6w streu stre&. 408 cneow. 435e6w. 436 tre6w. 517 iw. WR-
64 wrang. 133 wiit. 498 wrltan. WU- [that is, W affected by a following
U] 610 wnll. 618 wnnd.
-XT 316 next.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
32*
PRCLIMINABT MATTER.
[VI.
VI. ALPHABETICAL COUNTY LIST.
The counties of England, lale of Man, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, are
taken in this order.
The counties in each country are taken in the alphabetical order of its full
name (not of the two letter abbreviation, as on p. 4*), each headed by its number
in the countries (supposing that all the counties were enumerated, which is not the
case in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, because all do not speak English), toffether
with its two letter abbreviation and full name, and a statement of the numoer of
places from which information was obtained, and of the disfaricts over which it is
distributed.
Within each county are ran^ all the names of places from which information
has been received, in alphabetical order, preceded dy the number of the dirtrict
in which it is contained, and by the inituu letter, or letter and number, by which
it is referred to in the following Alphabetical Informants List, YII. An asterisk *
shews that the information received is given, or at least spoken of in the work
itself. It will be seen that a very large number of places named are not further
spoken of. It must not, however, be supposed that the information received was
therefore valueless. Far from it. It was often incomplete, and often difficult to
interpret, but it always helped to bridge over the spaces left between places from
which more complete or more easily interpretable information was given, and
without this I should have had the greatest difficulty in assigning the Doundaries
of mv districts.
After the name, its local pron. is occ. given, and if , as is most frequently the
case, the place is not on the small maps of the dialect districts annexed, the
distance and direction from a place actually on the map is added in ( ). When
the place is on the maps, its name suffices, for a whole county on this small scale
is easily looked over. The places, or their position (for they are often so in-
significant as not to be marked on many maps), can thua readily be found on any
county map.
Afterwards follows a description of the nature of the information, employing
the abbreviations explained on p. 6*. If several pieces of information nave
reached me from the same place, they are often numbered as (1), (2), etc., but
these numbers are generally omitted if the informant is the same.
At the end of each piece of information, when referred to in the book, is added
the number of the page on which the information is given or spoken of, preceded
by the letter p. in case another number comes just bdore, but not otherwise.
When the information is given in the book, the indications of its origin are
here abbreviated as much as possible, the pa^ where it is cited furnishing the rest.
In YII. I give a list of informants refemnf to the county in this list, or to the
place by means of the numbered initials. Many of these obligine informants
nave passed away since they so kindly assisted me. Others have changed their
address, and I have no means of discovering them. But to each and iQl I ^ve
my most hearty thanks for the trouble they nave taken, often great, and the tmie
they have spent, often very long, in helping me to render this account of English
local pronunciation as complete as it now appears, a result perfectly impossible
without a great cooperation.
EDgland.
1. Bd.«BedfoidBliire, 16 places, all in D 16.
16. A.AmpthiU{:iBmUl){7Bsw.Bed'
ford) and 4 or 5 m. round, wl. io. by
Mr. J. Brown, Dunstable Road, 21 y.
who says *'the old-fashioned native
dialect is comparatively rare."
*ld. B. Bedford and neighbourhood
and the county generalfy, (1) T.
Batchelor*8 book 204, (2) cs. and
phrases from Mr. J. Wvatt, 206 to
209, cwl. 209, (3) cwL from Mr.
Bowland Hill 209.
*16. D. JHmttabie (6 w.Luton), wn.
by TH., 209.
16. B. £dworih (13 86.BedfQrd), dt.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
n.]
FRELIHIMARY UATTER.
33«
io. with notes and wd. from Mrs.
Butt4>nshaw of the rectory.
16. F. FUtuick (:fl«tik) (9 s-by-w.
Bedford) wl. io. by Rev. T. W. D.
Brooks, sic,
16. o. Giytford (7 e.Bedford) wn. by
TH.
16. Hi. Harrold (8 nw.Bedfonl) dt.
io. notes and Iw. by KeT. J. Steel.
16. h2. Hatley Cockayne (rkaktn
:setli) (12 e.Bedford) full wl. io. by the
Bev. £. Brickwell, rect.
16. M. MeUhboume (10 n.Bedford)
dt. io. by Mrs. F. H. Bolingbroke, of
the Ticarage.
*16. &. Ridgmont (10 ssw.Bedford),
dt. pal. by AJE. from diet, of Miss
Susan WTieck, of Whitelands, 206.
16. 8l. Sandy (8 e.Bedford), wn. by
TH.
16. 82. ^AarwftrooAr (7 nnw. Bedford),
wn. by TH.
16. Tl. Thurleigh (rthurla'i) (6
n.Bedford), wl. and dt. io. by Rev. B.
Trapp, vie.
16 t2. Tilbrook (12 nne.Bedford),
wn by TH.
16. t3. Toddington (itAA-cntwi) (6
ene.Leighton Buzzard) wl. and dt. io.
by Major Cooper Cooper, T. Manor.
16. u. Upper Dean (11 n.Bedford)
wn. by TH.
2. Be. =■ Berkshire, 14 places in D 5 and 8.
5. B. Bueklebury (6 ne.Newbury)
dt. io. by Rev. W. M. Wallis, Rose-
lands, for Be. between Thames and
Kennet rivers.
•6. c. ChoUey (12 e. Wantage) dt.
io. with letter from Mr. W. Brewer,
national schoolmaster, at Wallingford
adjoining, obtained through Mrs.
Parker, Oxford, 96.
•5. D. Denehworth (:dent|irth) (3
nnw.Wanta^) wl. and Iw. io. by Rev.
C. H. Tomlinson, vie. 10 y., 96.
5. B. Eaet Hendred (4 e. Wantage)
letter and wds. io. by Yen. Arcbd.
Pott, Clifton Hampden, Ox. (3 eee.
Abingdon, Be.).
*5. Hi. Hampetead Ncrrit (7 nne.
Newbury) cs. io. by Mr. W. B. Banting,
LLB. and AJE., 95.
*8. h2. Hurley (9 nne.Reading) dt.
io. by Mrs. Oodfrey, 129.
*8. h3. Hunt (5 e.Reading) dt. io.
by Rev. A. A. Cameron, for the
Loddon river valley, 129.
6. K. KintbttryLViit^Ti) (6 W.New-
bury) from Rev. W. Campbell, vie.
6. si. Stanford-in-the- Vale (5 nnw.
Wantage) dt. io. from Mr. W. Cleverley,
and dt. io. from Mim Collins, both
through Mrs. Parker, of Oxford.
♦6. 82. Steventon (6 ne. Wantage)
and neighbourhood dt. ^loesic by Mrs.
Parker, of Oxford, from irfr. B.
Leonard, 94.
6. 83. Streatley Qstriitli) f9 nw.
Reading) wl. io. by Rev. John Slatter,
vie. 16 y.
♦6. wl. Wantage Iw. io. from Mr.
E. C. Davey, F.G.S., 96.
•8. w2. Wargrave (6 ne.Reading)
Iw. aq. w. by Mr. T. F. Maitland, 129.
8. w3. Windsor wn. by TH.
3. Ba.aBuckinghainahire, 19 places in D 15 and 17.
•16. A. Ayletburyinee'jlzhmi) (1) wl.
io. but partly pal. by A/E. from diet.
of Mr. J. Kersely Fowler, 192 ; (2)
specimen pal. by AJE. from diet, of
Mr. R. R. Fowler, 190; (3) wn. by
AJE. from labourer, 1881, 192 ; wn.
by TH. 192.
15. Bl. 3ii., probably the part near
b. of Bd., pal. w. by AJE. from Mr.
J. Wyatt (see Bedford, Bd.).
•16. b2. iuekinghamvru, byTH., 194.
♦16. cl. Chaekmore (1 wnw. Buck-
ingham) dt. noted by TH., 191 ; wn.
by TH. 194 (where it is misprinted
Claekmore).
17. c2. Chalpey (name omitted on
p. 189) (1 n.Eton), letter to LLB. from
Mr. A. Henry Atkins, 1876.
I.I. Fron. Part Y.
17. c3. Cheddington (7 ene.Ayles-
bury) notes by LLB.
16. B. £dlesborough (:Bd|bBni) (10
ene. Aylesbury) wl. io. by Rev. G.
Birch, vie. 12 y.
16. o. (?r«a/ JTim^i^ (6 8. Aylesbury)
Iw. io. picked up on the Chiltems by
Rev. £. K. Clay, vie, communicated
by Mr. J. K. Fowler (see Aylesbury).
17. Hi. Hambleden (4 w.Great
Marlow) Iw. by Rev. W. H. Ridley,
rec. 60 y.
♦16. h2. iran«/<>p0(lOnne.Bucking-
ham) wl. pal. bv AJE. from diet, of
Miss Cox, of Whitelands, native, 194
(see Wendover).
17. L. Langley (3 e.Eton), letter in
1876 to LLB. from Rev. W. D. Scoones.
3^
Digitized by LjOOQIC
34«
FRELIMINART MATTER.
nn.
]5. Ml. Marth Gibbon (7 mw, Buck-
inghaml), letter on the pron. of the
school there by a man of 90, by Mr.
G. Parker, Oxford.
15. m2. Manwarth (6 e. Aylesbury)
letter hx)m Rer. F. W, Ragg, yic. (see
Wingham, Ke.).
17. p. Penn (3 e.High Wycombe),
letter from Rot. J. Grainger, vie,
235.
15. si. Stowe (3 nnw. Buckingham)
note by TH.
15. 82. Swanboume (8 se.Buckin^-
ham) Iw. by Rey. M. D. Maiden, vie.
10 y.
ai
•15. T. T^rringham with FiJgrav4
(13 ne.Bockin^ham] [misprinted Ty-
rinham, p. 194] wl. lo. and letters from
Rev. J. Tanrer, rect., 194.
•15. wl. TTmm^^mvt (5 sse. Aylesbury)
1) wl. pal. by AJE. from diet, of
iiiss Beeby, of Whitelands, native of
Northampton, but since 8 years old
living at Aylesbury and Buckingham,
192: (2) wn. in 1884 bv TH. from
labourers of 82 and 63 ana others, 192.
15. w2. Wimlow (:wtnsloo) (6 se.
Buckingham} with (s^, heard by TH.,
who was tola by a fellow traveller that
the dialect was *' very broad.*'
4. Cb.— Cambridgeshirey 15 places, all in D 18.
•18. cl. Com^Tk^r* wn. by TH.
•18. c2. Cambridge$hire generally,
(1) dt. pal. 1879 by AJE. from diet,
of Mr. J. Perkins, M.A., Downing
Coll., 249; (2) notes by Rev. Prof.
W. W. Skeat.
•18. c3. Chatteris (9 nw.Hy) wn.
hj TH. 253<r, and note from Rev.
Sidney A. Smith, vie.
18. B. JEly wn. by TH.
18. H. Haddenham (6 sw.Ely) note
by Rev. J. M. Freeman.
•18. M. March (12 nw.Ely) dt. io.
and aq. by Rev. J. Wastie Green, rect.,
251, and wn. by TH.
18. p. Pampitford (ipaanzo) (6 sse.
Cambri4ge) reported by TH. from
Prof. Skeat.
•18. si. SawttoH (5 sse.Cambridge)
dt. pal. from diet, by TH., 250.
18. 82. Sh$lfard (4 S.Cambridge)
wn. by TH.
18. 83. Soham (5 se. Ely), note
from Rev. J. Cyprian Rust.
18. wl. Whittletford (6 s-by-e.
Cambridge) wn. by TH.
18. w2. Willingham (8 nnw.Cam-
bridge) wn. by TH.
•18. w3. Wisbech (rwtsbttj) dt. and
wl. io. with letters, 252, by Mr.
Herbert J. Little, Coldham Hall, 252 ;
and wn. by TH. 253.
•18. w4. JFoodDitton (3 sse.New-
market) dt. and wl. with sentences pal.
by AJ£. in 1879 from diet, of Miss
Walker, of the vicarage, 251.
•18. w5. Wryde (9 ene.Peterbro'
Np.), a farming district 2 e.Thomey
village, and in Thomev parish, wn. by
TH., 254.
5. Ch.-Chesliire, 32 places in D 21, 25, 28.
25. Al. AUrineham (8 wsw.Stock-
port) (1) wl. and dt. io. by Mr. J. C.
Clough, then Principal of the A^-
cultural College, Aspatria, Carlisle,
native ; (2) notes from JGG. and TH.
•25. a2. Ahanly (:AA-y*nl») (7 ne.
Chester) wn. by TH. 421.
•25. a3. ^M/ofi (7 ene. Chester) wn.
byTH., 421.
25. a4. Audlem (:AAlimi) (6 s.Nant-
wich) wn. by TH.
•25. b1. BeestoH (9 se.Chester) wn.
byTH. 421.
•25. b2. Biekley (5 nnw. Whit-
church, Sh.) (1) dt. pal. by AJE. from
dictation of Mr. T. Darlington, native
of Buriand (6 ne.Bickley), author of
Folk'speech of South Cheshire^ and wl.
in gl., 411, 422 ; (2) version of Ruth,
chap, i., 698, No. 4.
25. b3. BowdoH (16 ene.Runoom)
wn. by TH.
•25. b4. BroxUm (9 sse.Chester)
wn. by TH., 421.
25. b5. Buerton (6 s-by-e.Nant-
wich) wn. by TH.
•28. cl. Churton (6 S.Chester) wn.
by TH. 457 (wrongly referred to D 25
on p. 421).
25. c2. CongleUm (11 ene.Crewe)
wn. by TH.
•28. B. Eceleston (:Bklt8t«n) (2 s.
Chester) wn. by TH.. 457.
•28. p. Famdon {itkm) (7 s.Chester)
dt. in BO. by Mr. £. French, native,
and wn. by TH. 452, 467.
•26. o. Great Keston (10 nw.
Chester) wn. by TH., 421.
•25. Hi. Hatton Heath (4 se.
Chester) wn. by TH., 421.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
35*
*25. h2. ffeUhy (8 ne.Cliester) wn.
by TH. 421.
25. K. KnuUford (16 ese.Rimcom)
wn. by TH.
25. L. Lymm (11 ene.Rimcom) wn.
by TH.
26. Ml. Mdlpa$ (13 sse.Cbester) Iw.
by Mr. T. Darlington, and wn. by
TH.
25. m2. Marbury (7 aw.Nantwich)
wn. by TH.
«25. MS. Middletpieh (7 n.Giewe)
C8. pal. by TH. from diet., 413.
25. m4. Mobherly (9 wnw.Macclee-
field) dt. io. by Mr. Robert Holland,
of Norton Hill, Halton (2 eBe.Runcom)
to represent m.Ch., but really repre-
senting e.Cb.
25. m5. Mouldsworth (6 ene.
Chester) wn. by TH.
•25. Nl. Nantivieh wn. by TH.
421.
25. ir2. Northendm (4 w.Stock-
port) phrases noted by TH.
25. n3. Norihwieh (lln.Crewe)
wn. by TH.
•26. p. Fott Shrigley (4 nne.
Macclesfield) cs. jmI. by TH. in 1874
from diet, of a natiye, 413.
•25. si. Sandbach (4 ne.Crewe) dt.
pal. by TH. from diet, of a native,
411 ; TH. also noted the forms of
negative eanna eonner in Manehe$ter
City Newt, 26 March, 1881.
•28. 82. Shoeklaeh (14 w-by-s.
Nantwich) wn. by TH. 467.
•21. s3. ^to/y^TMfytf, situate half in
La. and half in Ch., formerly all or
nearly all the town was in La.-, which
see, 317.
21. 84. Stoekport wn. by TH.
•25. T. Tarporley (9 ese.Chester)
cs. pal. by TH. from diet, of a native of
Burland (3 wnw.Nantwich and 7 sse.
Tarporley), 413, 421.
•26. w. JTaverton (4 se.Chester)
wn. by TH., 421.
6. Co.sComwall, 19 places in D 11 and 12.
•11. cl. (7ai»itf{/br«f (14 w.Launces-
ton) dt. pal. by AJE. from diet, of
Miss Ada Hill, of Whitelands, 168.
•1 1 . c2. Cdrdy'nham (4 ene.Bodmin)
dt. by T. H. Cross, 169.
12. o. Owmnap (3 ese.Redruth) (1)
dt. io. by Rev. Saltren Rogers, vie. ;
(2) wn. by TH.
11. Ll. Landrak$ {% ese.Liskeard),
let. from vie. unnamea.
11. l2. Lanivet (3 sw.Bodmin) dt.
io. by the late Mr. T. Q. Couch,
author of the Glossary of Polperro (9
ssw.Iiskeaid).
11. l3. Lanreath (7 sw-Iiskeard)
wl. io. by Rev. R. Buller, rect.
•12. Ml. Manuion (3 e.Penzance),
specimen pal. by AJE. from diet, of
Mr. W. / . Rawlings, Downes, Hayle
(6 ne.Penzanoe), 172.
•11. m2. ift/;^rooAr (22 sse.Launoes-
ton) spec. pal. by AJE. from diet, of
Mr. J.B.RundeU, 167.
11. p1. Padttow dt. io. by Hon.
Mrs. Prideaux Bmne, Prideaux Place.
12. p2. Penzance cs. pal. by AJE.
from diet, of Mr. W. Koye and then
from Mr. W. Rawlings (see above Ml),
but not used, 171.
11. p3. Poundstoek (12 nnw.Laun-
ceston) dt. io. by Rev. P. D. Dayman,
vie.
11. 8l. 8t. Blazey (3 ne.St. Austell)
wl. and dt. io. by Miss A. B. Peniston,
of the vicarage, 6 y.
•11. 62. 8t. Columb Major (10
wsw. Bodmin) and 10 m. round by Mr.
T. Rogers, 169.
11. 83. .5^. G^oran** (6 S.St. AusteU)
also written Oorran, Oiram, dt. io. by
Rev. C. R. Sowell, vie.
11. s4. St. Ive (4 ne.Liskeard) dt.
io. by Ven. Archd. Hobhouse, rect.
12. 86. i^^. Juet (7 W.Penzance) dt.
io. by Rev. H. 8. Fagan, vie.
11. 86. i^^ Stephen* t (1 n.Launces-
ton) dt. io. and aq. by Rev. E. S. T.
Daunt.
12. 87. St.Stithian's{iBae.'Rediuih)
dt. by Mr. W. Martin, Penhalvar East,
ohtmshwarden of St. Stithian^s.
11. T. Ttntagel (13 n.Bodmin) dt.
io. by the Rev. Prebendary Kinsman,
7. Ca.» Cumberland, 15 places in D 31, 32, and 33.
•31. A. Abbey Molms or Holme
Cultram (12 nne.Maryport) cs. pal. by
AJE. from diet, of Rev. T. EUwoo^
662, 663, cwl. 634.
•33. Bl. BeweaetU (16 ne.Carlisle)
to Longtoum (8 n.Carlisle) pal. by
JGG. from a native, 682, 684, 693.
31. b2. Borrowdale (7 s.Eeswick)
Digitized by LjOOQIC
36*
PRBLIMIMART UATTBR.
[VI.
wl. and dt. io. by ReY. Percy C.
Walker, vie.
*32. b3. Brampton (9 ene. Carlisle)
cwl. pal. by JGG. from diet. 669.
♦32. cl. Carlisle (1) cs. pal. by
JGG. from diet, of Mrs. Atkinson, j
562, 663, 602 ; (2) aq. from Messrs.
Coward, Harlmess, Payne, Murray,
and Dickinson abont the s. b. of D 32.
♦31. c2. Clifton (2 e. Workington)
cs. pal. by AJE. from diet, of Mr.
J. N, Hetherington, 662, 663.
♦32. D. Dalston (4 ssw.Carlisle) cs.
pal. November, 1873, by AJE. from a
native maid servant, but not used, 662^.
♦31. B. ElUmby (6 nw.Penrith) cs.
pal. by JGG. 662, 663, 600.
31. H. HaU (:jal) (14 asw.Cocker-
moutb) wl. from J^v. W. Sidney
Pratten, vie.
Holme Cultram, see Abbey Holme
above.
♦31. K. Keeufiek cs. pal. by JGG.
from diet, of Mr. W. Postleuwaite,
562, 663, 600.
♦31. Ll. Xaw^traMfty (:WqBnb») (4
ne.Penritb) pal. 1876-7 by JGG. from
diet, of Miss Powley, 661, 663, 600.
♦33. l2. Longtoum {% n.CarHsle)
cs. io. by Rev. R. D. Hope, native,
vie. of Old Button (4 n.Kendal), We.
See under Bewcaetle, 682, 693.
31. p. Penrithy notes on m.Cu. and
a translation of A. Craig Gibson Joe
and the Jolly Jist^ pal. January, 1873,
by AJE. from diet, of Mr. William
Atkinson, an excellent authority, but
this early work sadly wants revision,
and as I have not been able to recover
Mr. A.*s address, I have been obliged
to pass it over.
31. £. Ravenglase fl3 w.Coniston,
La.^ notes by Rev. H. Bell, vie, which
enaoled me to complete the s. hoou
line 6 through s.Cb.
31. 8. South Cumberland, corre-
spondence with Rev. E. H. Knowles,
of St. Bees, Cu., and his friends con-
cerning the use of at and to,
31. w. Workington^ cs. io. and wl.
io. with many letters from Mr. W.
Dickinson, author of the Cu. Glossary.
As I was unable to have an interview
with Mr. D., I have been obliged to
pass over this work.
8. Db. = Derby, 67 places in D 21, 25, 26.
*26. a1. Alvaeton (:AA*vvstim) (3
ese. Derby) wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. a2. Aehboum (10 sw.Matlock
Bath) two cs. pal. by TH. from diet.
426, 427.
♦26. A3. Aihford (8 ese.Buxton)
with Bidcewell (2 se.Ashford) cs. pal.
by TH. from diet. 427.
♦26. a4. ^«Aom-(688W.Che8terfield)
wn. by TH. 427, 446.
♦26. Bl. Ban^ord (12 ne.Buxton)
wn. by TH. 442.
♦26. b2. ^ar/*oro«^A (7 J ene. Ches-
terfield) dt. pal. from diet, by TH.
438.
♦26. b3. Belper wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. b4. Boleover (:b«'ttz«r) (6
e.Chesterfield) wn. and dt. pal. by TH.
from diet, of a native, 438, 442, 446.
♦26. b6. Bradwell (rbrad-c) (9
ne.Buxton) cs. pal. by TH. from diet,
of natives, 427, and wn. 442.
*26. b6. ^raiir/b^<'(7nw.Derby)dt.
pal. by TH. from a native, 438.
♦26. b7. Brampton (3 w. Chester-
field) (1) wn. by TH., (2) cs. io. by
Rev. J. M. Mello, rect., with observa-
tions on the same by TH., and (3) cs.
pal. by TH. from diet, of natives,
427, ^^ -
. by 1,
, No. 7
26. b8. Brampton Moor, near
Brampton, wn. by TH.
♦26. cl. Castleton (10 ne.Buxton)
wn. byTH. 442.
♦21. c2. Chapel ' en 'le- Frith (6
n.Buxton), (1) the Son^ of Solomon
complete in his own original so. trans-
latea by TH., and Chaps, i. and ii. in
pal. ana gl. compared with Taddington,
which see ; (2) cs. from personal Imow-
ledge by TH. with variants for places
in the neighbourhood, and notes on
the use of thou and (kh), 317, and dt.
322; (3) Parable of the Prodigal Son ;
(4) complete cwl. from personal know-
leage with the minute distinctions
which TH. prefers, 323 to 329.
♦26. c3. Chellatton (4 sse.Derby)
wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. c4. Cheeterjield wn. by TH.
427.
♦26. c6. Codnor (6 ene.Belper)
Iw. io. by Rev. H. Middleton, vie
446.
♦26. c6. Codnor Park (6 ene.Belper)
wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. c7. Com6« FoZfoy rSnw.Buxton)
notes by TH., see Chapel-en-le-Frith,
and di from penonal knowledge,
411.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
37*
26. c8. Crich (4 n.Belper) notes by
TH.
♦26. c9. Cron^ord (1 s.Matlock
Bath) wn. by TH. 444.
26. Dl. Derby ^ wn. by TH. and
also by AJE.
•26. d2. Doe HiU Station (7 s.Ches-
terfield) wn. by TH. probably belong
to Codnor Park, Ilkestone, etc. 446.
♦26. d3. Dore (8 nw. Chesterfield)
wn. by TH. 427.
♦26. D4. DronJUld (6 nnw.Chester-
field) wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. d6. DronJUld Woodhoute (6 nw.
Cheeterfield) wn. by TH. 427.
♦26. bI. Eekington (6 nne.Chester-
field) dt. pal. by TH. from a native,
438.
♦21. b2. EdaU (7 se.Gloesop) wn. by
TH. 317, 322.
♦26. b3. Eyam (10 ene.Buxton) wn.
by TH. 442.
♦26. f1. Femilee, near Combs
Valley, wn. by TH. 411.
26. f2. Foolow (9 ene.Buxton, 1
6. Eyam) wn. by TH.
♦21. ol. Glostop cs. pal. by TH.
from a man bom 3 miles off, 317.
♦26. o2. &oy^,i)a/^o/ (3 nw.Buxton)
C8. pal. from personal knowledge by
TH., whose father resided there from
TH.*s childhood, 321, in the notes to
Chapel-en-le- Frith, and 414.
26. o3. Great Hueklow (8 one.
Bnxton) wn. by TH.
♦26. Hi. HartingUmViOimvrMBX'
lock Bath) joke pal. by TH. 441.
♦26. h2. HatKereage (12 ne.Buxton)
and 3 or 4 miles round, wn. by TH.
442.
♦26. h3. Heanor (6 ese.Belper) wn.
by TH., and dt. in gl. by Mrs. Parker,
of Oxford, from diet. 446.
♦26. h4. Hiyham (7 s. Chesterfield)
wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. h6. iro/m«;/E#&f (6nw.Chester-
field) wn. by TH. 427.
♦21. h6. Hope Woodlands (10 se.
Glo88op) wn. by TH. 317, 322, and in
note to Chapel-en-le- Frith, 321.
♦26. il. Idridgehay (4 wnw.Belper,
and 4 s.Wirksworth, to which regipn it
belongs) wn. by TH. 441, 444.
♦26. i2. Ilkeston (8 se.Belper) wn.
by TH. 446.
26. L. Little Hueklow (7 ene.
Buxton) wn. by TH.
♦26. Ml. Matloek Bath, wn. by
TH. 444.
♦26. ii2. Middleton-by- Wirksworth
(2 8w. Matlock Bath), a mining Tillage,
said to speak more broadly than at
Wirksworth, wn. by TH. 441, 444.
26. m3. Middleton-by-Youlgrave (7
nw.Matlock Bath) wn. by TH.
♦26. m4. Mil/ord (2 s.Belper) wn.
by TH. 446.
♦26. m6. Morton (8 nne.Belper) wn.
by TH. 446.
♦26. N. JVbr<(m(7 nnw.Chesterfield)
Iw. io. by Rev. H. H. Pearson, vie.
446.
♦26. o. O^^rampton (3 W.Chester-
field) wn. by TH. 427.
♦21. p. Peak Forest (6 ne.Buxton)
wn*. by TH. 322.
♦26. Q. Quamdon (3 nnw. Derby)
wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. Rl. Repton (6 sw.Derby) (1)
Iw. io. by the curate, name not
mentioned, and TH.'s observations on
them; (2) cs. pal. by TH. from diet,
of a native, 427 ; (3) wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. e2. MipUy (3 ne.Belper) wn.
by TH. 446.
26. 8l. Sandiaere (:sBn-d|ikB) (8 e.
Derby) wn. bv TH.
♦26. s2. South Wtng/ield (6 nne.
Belper) dt. 438, and wn. both by TH.
♦26. 83. Stenson (4 ssw. Derby) wn.
by TH. 446.
♦26. b4. Stretton (6 s.Chesterfield)
wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. b6. Sutton (3 eee.Chesterfield)
wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. Tl. Taddington (6 ese.Buxton)
(1) Song of Solomon, chaps, i. and ii.
in gl. and pal. by TH. ; (2) cs. pal.
by TH. and corrected by a native,
426, 427.
♦26. t2. Tideswell (:tidzB) (6 ene.
Buxton) wn. by TH. 442.
26. t3. Twyford (6 ssw. Derby) wn.
by TH.
♦26. u. Unstone (4 nnw.Chester-
field) wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. wl. West Hallam (6 ne.Derhy)
dt. by TH. from diet. 438, 439.
♦26. w2. Whittington (2 n.Chester-
field) wn. by TH. 446.
♦26. w3. Winster (3 nw.Matlock
Bath) cs. pal. by TH. and corrected
by natives, 427, also wn. by TH.
♦26. w4. Wirksworth (rwasB) (3
ssw.Matlock Bath) Iw. io. with notes
by Dr. Spencer T. Hall, and wn. by
TH. 441, 444.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
38*
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
[VI.
9. Dv.rrDovonshire, 21 places in D 4, 10, 11.
4. A. AxmintUr (8 se.Honiton) C8.
io. by the late Mr. G. P. R. Pulman,
not vised because I had no yt.
11. bI. Bamttaple^ C8. io. by Mr.
W. F. Rock, native, pal. in 1873 by
AJE. from diet, of Mr. D. H. HarriB,
native
11. b2. Bighury (12 sw.Totneee)
phr. noted, 1876, in gl. by Mr. J. B.
Rundell.
11 b3. ^Mmfi^to»(10a6e Barnstaple)
characteristic web. and phr. io. by Mrs.
Davis, of the vicarage, native.
*11. cl. ChaUacombe (9 ne.Barn-
staple) wds. and phr. obtained from
Anne Ridge, native, cook to Rev. J.
P. Faunthorpe, see notes to Iddesleigh,
168.
11. c2. ColyiomJJ se.Honiton) dt.
io. by Mr. W. H. H. Rogers.
Dartmoor f see Flj/mouth,
*1I. D. Devonport dt. pal. from
Messrs. J. Tenney and J. B. Rundell,
166.
11. B. JExeter (1) wl. gl. by Mr. N.
W. Wyer, coUected 1873-7 ; (2) dt.
io. with aq. by Mr. R. Dymond, F.S.A.
11. H. MarherUm (2 sw.Totness)
wn. by AJE. 1 and 2 Sept. 1869,
written in the eloesotype of tne period
and pal. 23 July, 1878. This was my
first attempt to write English peasant
speech from hearing. I staved with
Mr. J. Paige, Little Ingleboume,
Harberton, and listened whue he con-
versed with his labourers, and then
wrote down the sounds on my return
to the house. I was not very success-
ful, and the notes made have therefore
not been used.
•1 1 . il . IddetUigh (:td|lt) (ISs.Bam-
staple) (1) wl. io. written by Rev. J. P.
Faunthoipe, Principal of Whitelands
10. Do. B Dorsetshire,
4. b1. B\nghanC$ MekombeCl sw.
Blandford, near Melcombe Horsey)
nwl. and dt. io. by Rev. Canon Bing-
ham.
4. b2. Blaekmore, Vale of (11 sw.
Shaftesbuiy) wl. io. with notes and
letters by Rev. John Smith, Kington
Magna, rect.
4. b3. BradpoU f:bBffifpool, :biuef 1)
(1 ne. Bridport) wl. io. and notes by
Rev. Canon Broadley, vie.
4. b4. Bridport, wl. by Mr. T. A.
Colfox, native, Westmead, Bridport.
Training Coll. from the diet, of his
housemfljd ; (2) cs. pal. by AJE. from
the dictation of the same housemaid,
Mary Anstey, native, who had not been
many months from Dv. 157.
11. i2. /nttou' (5 w-by-s. Barnstaple),
from Rev. W. F. Dashwood Lang,
rector.
11. Ml. Modbwry and 6 m. round
(10 sw.Totness) dt io. by Miss Green,
of the Vicarage.
10. m2. Morebath (8 n.Tiverton)
nwL and dt. io. by Rev. S. H. Berkeley.
♦11. Nl. North MoltoH (12 e-by-s.
Barnstaple), (1) wl. io. by Mr. R. H.
S. Spioer, B.Sc., of that place, (2) by
Mr. J. Abbot Jarman, paL by AJ£. in
1877, dt. 160, cwl. 161.
11. n2. North Fetherwin (14 nw.
Tavistock) dt, io. by Rev. T. B.
Taunton.
11. p1. Parraeon^ (11 nne.Bam-
sta^e) nwl. taken from n.Dv. servants
by Miss Wakefield, of the Rectory.
♦11. p2. Plymouth (1) cs. gl. for
Dartmoor, (2) Iw. gl., (3) wl. gl. (4)
dt. gl., (5) numerous printed papers
and much correspondence from 1868
onwards, all five from Mr. John Shelley,
native of Norfolk, but long resident
in Plymouth, 163 to 166.
11. si. St. Maryehureh (2 n.
Torquay) dt. by Rev. G. H. White,
with words and phrases by Miss Miles.
11. 82. Stoke (I nw. Plymouth) nwl.
by Rev. H. G. Wilcocks, Stoke
Cottage.
11. wl. JFarkleiffhJfi sse. Barn-
staple) wl. io. by Mrs. W. Thorold, of
the Rectory, 30 y.
11. w2. WerringUm (12 nw.Tavi-
stock) dt. io. by Rev. R. W. Margesson,
14 places, all in D 4.
*4. 0. Cranbome (12 ene. Blandford,
and wroni^ly referred to Blandford on
p. 37) cs. ^ Mr. Clarke, Gen. Michel,
and Mrs. Cflay-Kerr-Seymour, 75-84.
*4. Bl. Ikut Lulworth (:ldxRth)
(12 ese. Dorchester, on Purbeck hiUs)
wl. io. by Rev. Walter Kendall, vie. 80.
4. b2. Bast Morden (7 sse.Bland-
ford) wl. io. by Rev. T. Pearce, vie.
*4. H. Hartford (^ nw.Blandford) dt.
Sil. by AJE. from diet, of Mrs. Clay-
err-Seymour, see 75, dt. 76, cwl. 80.
4. si. i$A^&oni«(16wnw.Bhuidford)
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
FRBLIMINARY MATTER.
39*
dt. io. with notes and letters by Bey.
O. W. Tancock, school.
4. 82. Sturmintier ManhaU jfi se.
Blandford) phrases by Mr. C. Aegan
Paul, formerly curate there.
4. 83. Swmage (7 s.Poole) note by
Mr. Paige, artist.
4. wl. WaldiUh (1 e.Bridport) notes
by Mr. W. G. Stone, lOy.
*4. 'w2. Whitehurch Canonieorum
(6 wnw. Bridport) (1) transcripts of
letters and articles in Palman*s Jreeklp
Ifew$, Crewkeme, written in glossio
with flreat care by Mr. N. W. Wyer,
from oictation of John Taylor, a small
freeholder, but doubts having arisen of
the trustworthiness of Taylor*s Dorset
{pronunciation, they haye been re-
uctantly cancelled; (2) wn. by the
same, 83.
*4. w3. WinUrhourtte Came (2 sse.
Dorchester), by Bev. W. Barnes, the
Dorset poet (see p. 75), cs. in so. with
numerous letters of explnnation, from
which it was pid. by AJ£. 76 ; list of
Do. words with initial (f) or (v), 88.
11. Du. =:Darliam, 31 places in D 31 and 32.
•32. Al. An^/kld Plain (8 nw.
Durham), dt. from Rev. Dr. Blythe
Hurst, yic. See CoUierley, 653.
31. a2. Aydife (5 n.Darling:ton)
pc. from anonymous yicar.
•31. Bl. Biihop Auckland (20
wsw.Hartlepool) (1) pc. and letter from
Bey. B. Long ; (2) dt. by Mr. J. Wyld,
master of the workhouse, 617.
•31. b2. Bishop Middleham (8
Bse.Du.) (1| pc. and letter from Bey.
G. A. Cartlege, yicar, who introduced
me to dialect speakers, 653.
•31. b3. JSishopton (5 nw. Stockton)
pc. by Bey. C. H. Ford, yic. 644.
•32. cl. Cliekeminn (spelling un-
known) (10 W.Durham, in Lancnester
nar.j dt. pal. by AJE. from Mr. Bobson,
tMuliff , introduced by Canon Greenwell,
653, No. 2.
•32. c2. Cb//i^i^(ll nw.Durham,
oontaininf Dipton and Pontop) dt. io.
by Mr. HWh Leslie, see a1, 653.
32. D. LalUm-U'Lale (6 s.Sunder-
land) pc. from Bey. T. T. Allen, yic.
•31. Bl. J^ft^^0» (9 e.Durham) dt.
io. by Miss £. P. Harrison, of the
rectory, 617.
•32. b2. Edmundbyer$ (17 wnw.
Durham) dt. io. with notes by Bey.
W. Feaihentonehaugh (-ha^f), rect.
653.
31. o. Chreatham (:griit8m) (6 ne.
Stockton), pc. from Bey. J. MacGartie,
yic.
Hart^ see Eatingion,
31. h1. Hartl^ool^ pc. from Bey.
£. B. Ormsley, rect.
•31. h2. Heathery CUugh (:klfuf)
(27 W.Durham) dt. io. by Mr. Dalton,
schoolmaster, 617.
•32. K. Kelioe (6 se.Durham) (1)
pc. from Bey. W. S. Kay, yic, (2) dt.
pal. by AJE. from B. Heightley, 653.
•32. Ll. XoiusAm^ (7 nw.Durham)
wl. io. by Bey. J. Dingle, yic, and
see cl, 6o3.
•31. l2. Lower Teeedale.ueBx Stock-
ton, cs. pal. by AJE. in 1876 from
Mrs. Alfred Hunt, 617.
•31. Ml. MiddUton-in-TeeedaU (30
wnw. Stockton) on the Teeb (1) wl. io.
by Bey. J. Milner, yic, 634, and
notes by JOG.
31. m2. Monk Healedon (5 nw.
Hartlepool) pc. from Bey. B. Taylor,
yic
31. R. Byhope (3 s. Sunderland) pc
from Bey. W. Wilson, yic
31. el. St, Andrew Auckland (1
s.Bishop Auckland, see b1) pc. from
Bey. B. Long, yic
•31. 82. St. John's Weardale (24
wsw. Durham) wl. pal. by JGG. 634
31. 83. Seaham (4 s.Sunderland) pc
from Bey. W. A. Scott, vie
31. 84. Sedgejield (10 sse.Durham)
pc. from Bey. J. P. Eden, rect.
32. 85. Shincliffe (2 sse.Durham)
pc. from Bey. G. F. Bulman, rect.
•32. 86. South Shields from Bey.
G. Y. Potts, wl. in gl. 672, and cs.
in el. pal. by AJE. from diet, of Mr.,
T. Fyke, natiye, 645.
•31. 87. i9tofiA<^ (18 wsw.Durham)
(1) pc. from Bey. C. Glayton, yic,
and letter from Bey. G. Goebey, curate ;
(2) dt. io. with notes by Mr. W. M.
Egglestone, 617 to 619.
•32. 88. Sunderland (1) dt. io. by
Mr. E. Gapper Bobson, Esplanade;
(2) full wl. by late Mr. Tom Taylor,
native; f3) letter from Mr. W. Brockie
with local song of * * Spottee * * and notes ;
(4) dt. pal. by AJE. from Mr. Taylor
Fotts, 17, Derwent Street, Bishop
Wearmouth, 653.
31. t1. Trimdon (8 se.Durham) pc.
from Bey. B. Simpson, curate-in-
charge.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
40*
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
in.
32. t2. Tyneaide, 6 or 8 miles each
way, dt. io. and MS. glossary of
Tyneside words by Kev. Bh-the Hurst,
Tic. of Collierly, see a1 ana c2.
31. wl. Witton-le-Wear (10 sw.
12.. Es.= Essex, 25
16. b1 . B^ fA: NotUy ^9 nne.Chelms-
ford) aq. from Bev. T. Owen, rect.
♦16. b2. J?rfl4/J^W (9 ene.Colchester)
dt. io. by ReY. L. G. Hayne, rect.
221.
•16. b3. Braintree (rbraintrt) (10
nne.Cbelmsford) wn. by TH. 221.
16. b4. Brentwood (:bdmt;wd) (7
ne. Romford) and 4 m. round, wl. io.
by Mr. Arthur H. Brown.
*16. b5. Brightlingtea (8 se.Col-
chester) dt. and notes by Rev. Arthur
Pertwee, vie, to iUustrate Tendring
hundred, 221.
16. c. Chelmsford (:t|Enizf«d) pron.
of name obs. from a native by TH.
16. Bl. Ehenham (ISnw.Chelmsford)
wl. by Roy. J. Whateley, vie. 15 y.
•16. b2. EaseXy Yarious places, wn.
by TH. 224.
16. ol. Great Chesterford (3 nw.
Saffron Walden) wn. by TH.
16. o2. (?r^a< CAmA«// (7 w.Saffron
Walden) wl. io. by Mrs. Saraita Kent,
wife of a principal farmer, obtained
through Roy. S. S. Lewis, Corpus
Chrisn College, Cambridge.
16. o3. Great Clacion (13 se.Col-
chester) dt. io. by Mr. G. Woodfall,
certificated teacher.
♦16. o4. Great Dunmotv (9 nnw.
Chelmsford) cs. pal. bv AJE. in 1873
from diet, of Mr. J. J^. Cullin^ord,
native, 222, and phr. pal. from diet, of
Mr. Roderick (see Ware, Ht.), together
withwn. byTH. 221.
Durham) pc. from Rev. J. F. Hodgson,
vie.
31. w2. WoUingham (12 wsw.
Durham) aq. from Rev. R. H. Gray,
rect.
places, all in D 16.
♦16. o5. Great Boston (Ssse.Saffron
Walden) wn. TH. 221.
16. o6. (?r^a^ ^/»»t^a4nw.Maldon)
aq. from Rev. T. W. Elvington, vie.
♦16. o7. Great Shalford (16 nnw.
Maldon) aq. from Rev. H. B. Philip,
Yic, and wn. by TH. 221.
16. H. ifmAiim (6 s. Saffron Walden)
wn. by TH.
16. I. Ingatettone (10 ne.Romford)
Iw. from Mr. N. W. Wyer.
♦16. M. Maldm, dt. pal. by AJE.
from Miss Wing, of Whitelanda,
formerly pupil teacher there, 223.
16. N. Newport (4 ssw. Saffron
Walden) wn. by TH.
♦16. p1. Poff/^Aam (5 ne.Southend)
dt. io. by Mr. J. F. T. Wiseman, the
Chase, 221.
♦16. p2. Bayfield (13 nnw.Maldon)
dt. io. and aq. by Rev. E. J. Hill,
rect., with wn. by TH. 221.
♦16. &. Bayne (12 nw.Maldon) aq.
from (anonymous) rect., 221.
♦16. 8l. Southend, Iw. by LLB. and
Mr. Ph. Benton, Wakeringflall, 221 -2.
♦16. 82. Stanway (3 w. Colchester)
dt. io. by Rev. £. H. Crate, Rose
Cottage, 221.
13. GL=Gloucester,
6. Al. Ashehureh (3 ne.Tewkesbury)
wl. by Rev. H. S. Warleigh, rect.
lOy., and wn. by TH.
♦4. a2. AylburUm (4 wnw. Berkeley)
phr. from Miss Trotter, and cwl., 66 ;
see Coleford Gl. (name misprinted
Potter on 66).
4. Bl. Berkeley y Vale of^ cs. io.
from Mr. J. H. Cooke, of that place,
25 y., obtained by Mr. Bellows for
LLB.
4. b2. Birdlip (:baBlt*p) (7 ese.
Gloucester) wn. by TH.
4. b3. Bishop's Cleve (3 n.Chelten-
ham) wn. by TH.
♦16. b3. Stebhing (Bran End), (11
n.Chelmsford) wn. by TH. 221.
16. T. 7i^axtA;(16nnw.Chelmsford)
Iw. compiled by Rev. Prof. Skeat,
Cambridge, from the pron. of his cook,
native, and pal. by AJE. from Prof.
S.*s reading.
26 places in D 4 and 6.
4. b4. Bisley {Z e. Stroud) wl. io.
from Rev. T. Keble, vie.
4. b6. Bristol wn. by TH.
4. b6. Broektporth (4 eee. Gloucester)
wn. by TH.
♦6. b7. Buehland (11 ene.Tewkes-
burv) wn. by TH. from native railway
porter, who resided there till 26, p. 1 13.
4. cl. Cheltenham (:tiBltn«m) wn.
by TH.
♦4. c2. Cirencester (isisitBE) wl. by
Miss Martin, of Whitelands, pal. yy.
by AJE. ^^, and wn. by TH.
♦4. c3. Coleford (9 nw.Berkeley),
representing the Forest of Dean, from
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
41<
' Mr. R. D. Trotter (misprinted as
Potter on 66), cs. 60, phr. 66, cwl. 66.
4. c4. CwwD/(wi^*rfflfe (8 se. Chelten-
ham) dt. io. by Her. H. Morgan, vie,
assisted by Rev. W. H. Stanton, rect.
of Hazleton (9 ese. Cheltenham) and
Rural Dean, representing the Cotswold
hills Gl.
4. Dean, Forest of. See Coleford,
•6. E. J?*rtii^/wi(18ne.Cheltenham)
wn. byTH. 113.
4. F. Fairford (23 ese.Glouceeter)
wn. by TH.
♦4. o. OUmcetUr Vale and Tmtm,
VT. from Mr. J. Jones, cs. 60, cwl. 66.
Toum, wn. by TH.
4. Hi. Highnam (2 wnw.Gloncester)
wn. by TH.
4. h2. Hueeleeote (3 e.Gloncester)
wn. by TH.
6. Kl. J>m^foii(6ene.Tewke8bury),
on spike of Gl. projecting into Wo.,
worcM noted by Rev. J. I. Mercier,
3 months.
4. k2. King'* Wood (4 ene.Bristol),
representing the collierv region of
Kmg*s Chase or King*8 Wood, cs. io.
by Samuel Griffith.
6. L. Long Manton m Martton Sicca
(21 ne.Cheltenham) note by TH.
4. M. Maisey Hampton (6 eee, Ciren-
cester) wn. by TH.
*6. 8. Shenington (5 wnw.Banbnry),
locally in Ox., (1) Iw. from diet, oy
TH. 118, (2) dt/pal. by AJE. from
Miss Harris, of Whiteknds, 117, 118.
*4. Tl. TV^^Mry (8 sse.Stroud), from
Miss Frampton, cs. 60, cwl. 66, wn.
byTH.
6. t2. Tewkesbury, wn. by TH.
♦4. w. JThitcomb or JTttcomb (5 SfW.
Cheltenham) wn. by TH. 66.
14. Ha. B Hampshire^ with Wi.«lsle of Wight, 13 places in
D 4 and 5.
Scl
♦6. A. Andover (1) Iw. io. by
£. S. Bewly, see Stowmarket, Sf . ;
2) specimens taken down by Prof,
^hroer, 98 to 107.
4. B. Broughton (10 wnw. Win-
chester) wl. by Rev. S. Lee, rect.
*4. cl. Christchureh notes in letter
from Lady Wolf to LLB., see also
If Old below, 76.
6. c2. CorhampUm (10 se. Win-
chester) Iw. from Rey. H. R. Fleming,
▼ic.
•5. B. Ea$t Stratum (8 nne.Win-
ehester) dt. io. by Rev. 8. £. Lyon,
Tic. 96.
♦4. I. ^ford (1 w.Chiistchurch) wl.
io. by Mr. W. W. Farr, representing
the port, of Ha. w. of the Avon, 75.
5. n1. Northwood (inaBthtid) (2 s.
Cowes, Wi.) wl. and dt. io. by Rev.
C. £. Seaman.
4. n2. Nursling (:nx8lin) (12 sw.
Winchester) wl. by ReT.H.C.HawtreT.
4. a. Ringwood (7 n.Christchnrch)
15. He. B Herefordshire,
13. A. Almeley (:a'm«lii) (8 8-by-e.
Presteign, Rd. and Ha.) from the
(mmamed) vie. who said Eardisley
(2 8W.Almeley) is called (srslii).
13. d1. Dinmore (7 n-by-w.Here-
ford) wn. by TH.
*13. d2. i>(M;A;A>t<7(6e8e.Leomin8ter)
cs. and other specimens in so. by Mr.
R. Woodhonse. Newhampton, 30 y.
obtained by LLB. 177.
by AJE. from diet, of a carter in
service of Messrs. Moore and Moore,
native, 15 y. away.
*6. 8l. ShorweU (:8haB*L, :8hoa*L)
(6 ssw.Newport, Wi.) wl. io. from
Mr. James Titmouse, schoolmaster,
14 y. continuously, through Rev. B.
Broughton, vie. 107.
*5. 82. Southampton to Winehester^
80 called on p. 97, see below Win-
chester to Southampton, so called on
91, cs. from diet, of Bir. Perdval
\?h, 97.
♦6. wl. West Stratum (7. ne. Win-
chester^ dt. io. from the late Dr. A. C.
BumeU, native, 96.
6. w2. Wight, IsU of, generally,
(1) wds. by Rev. R. N. Durrani,
Arreton Vic. (2 se.Newport, Wl.);
(2) wds. and letter from llr. C. Roach
Smith, F.S.A., of Stroud, author of the
Isle of Wight Glossary.
*5. w3. Winchester to Southampton,
see above 82.
17 places in D 4 and 13.
*4. B. EggUton (8 ne.Hereford) 08.
and spec, both in a peculiarly keyed
orthography by Miss Anna M. Ford
Piper, oDtuned in 1875 by LLB. 69
to 75.
M3. H. jEn^ff^onf and its neighbour-
hood, (U cs. in so. by Mr. James
Davies, stliciCoi.*<tf tllat t^Un<l>bOiiaed
by LLB.:; (t& «:.ift*lh^.t8<7:pU)ftio-
typy of Enis li^hlnM {fMVbxtVf.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
42*
FKBLIMINART MATTER.
[VI.
pp. 1183-1186] by Mr. Joseph Jones,
Dookseller, transliterated into pal. by
AJE., obtained in 1875 by LLB.
I was not able to use either yenion ;
(3) wn. TH. 180.
n. Ll. Ledbury (12 e.Hereford) oe.
bv Rev. C. Y. Potts and Mr. J. C.
Gfregg, 69-73.
13. l2. X^ii/uHinfifM (Unnw.Leo-
minster) wn. by TH.
*13. Ld. Liomimter wn. b. TH. 180.
*13. l4. Lowtr Baeh$ Farm (3
ene.Leominster) (1) Iw. in io. and aq.
by Mr. G. Burgifls, natiye, fanner,
obtained through LLB. ; (2) wn. and
dt. pal. by TH. from diet, of Messrs.
T. and J. Burgiss, brothers of Mr.
6. Borgiss, 176, 180.
13. l6. Lueton (:lsk*n) (5 nw.Leo-
minster) note by Rer. A. C. Auohmaty,
Lueton House, 4 y.
*4. M. MttehO)iD<im${^iiB Hereford)
cs. in 1847 phonotypy written in 1847
by Mr. J. Jones (see Hereford abore)
from diet, of Mr. Herbert Ballard,
10 y., pal. by AJ£., obtained by LLB.,
see also Eggleton, given at p. 69 ; (2)
wn. by TH. from Mrs. S. Griffiths,
native, b. 1816, given on p. 73, notes
toC.
♦4. B. Moi$ (1) letter from W. H.
Green to LLB. 68 ; (2) wn. by TH.
68.
13. 8l. StoekUm (2 iie.Le<»nin8ter)
wn. by TH.
4. 82. Stoke £dith (6 e-by-n.
Hereford) wn. by TH.
4. u. Upton Biehop (4 ne.Ross) dt.
by Mr. Havcffgal.
13. wl. Waeion (7 e.Leominster)
wn. by TH.
13. w2. Weobley H sw. Leominster)
cs. io. written by a rarmer, communi-
cated to LLB. by Rev. C. J. Robinson,
of Norton Canon (10 nw.Hereford),
and by him referred to Weobley.
16. Ht. "Hertfordshire, 32 places in D 15, 16, and 17.
16. Al. Anetey (14 ene.Hitohin)
from Rev. T. T. Sale, rect.
•16. a2. Ardeley or Yardley (8
e-by-s.Hitohin) dt. io. with aq. by Rev.
C. Malet, then curate, and wn. from
several old natives by TH. 200, 201.
15. Bl. Berkhampetead (10 w.St.
Albans) notes obtained by LLB.
16. b2. Bishop' i Stortford (istA'fml)
(11 ne.Hertford) pron. of name ob-
tained by TH.
16. b3. ^osriMOor (7 wsw.St. Albans)
note from Rev. A. C. Richings sent
to LLB.
16. b4. Brauahing {^}nMiiD) pron.
of name obtained by TH.
•16. b5. Buntinaford (:binifet) (10
ime.Hertford) wn. by TH. 201.
•17. b6. Buehey (2 se.Watford)
from Rev. W. Falconer, rect., 235.
16. r. Fumeaux Pelham (11 nne.
Hertford) phr. by Rev. W. wigram,
vie, wiw notes by Mr. Ro£rick,
rect.
16. ol. GiUUm (6 e.Ware) notes
from Rev. J. L. HaUward, rect.
16. q2. Great Gaddetden (7 wnw.
8t. Albans) notes by LLB.
16. q3. Great Mormead (13 e.
Hitchin) dt. io. from Rev. J. 8. F.
Chamberhun, vie, representing the
" WUds of Herts."
16.* A JSaM4wi;*(7: ne.Hertford)
wn.*Dy«l7l*«* « • • • • •
Albans) dt. io. from Mr. T. Wilson,
Rivers Lodge, 203.
•16. h3. Hatfield (6 wsw.Hertford)
wn. by TH. 203.
16. h4. Henul Hempetead (5 w.St.
Albans) note by LLB.
•16. h5. Hertford wn. by TH.
199.
•16. h6. Hertford Heath (2 se.
Hertford) wn. by TH.
•16. h7. HUehin dt. by Mr. C. W.
Wilshere, the Frythe, Welwyn, paL
from indications by AJE. 203.
17. K. KingU Langley (6 sw.St.
Albans) note by LLB.
15. Ll. Little Gaddeeden (10 nw.
St. Albans) note obtained by LLB.
15. l2. Long Marston (16 wnw.St.
Albans) note obtained by LLB.
•17. B. Biekmemi%eorth (8 sw.
Watford) note sent to LLB. by Mr.
W. H. Brown, national school master,
and note by LLB. 235.
•16. 8l. 8t. Albans, wds. from Mr.
R. R. Lloyd, 8y., 235.
16. 82. Sandridge (3 ne.St. Albans)
dt. notes, and Iw. all in io. by Rev. J.
Griffith, of that place.
16. 83. 8a%pbridgeworth, called
(:s»p*8«rd) by old people (10 e-by-n.
Hertford) (1) wl. and dt. io., and notes
by Mrs. John Barnard, Spring Hall,
12 y., and (2) note by TH. from Prof.
Skeai, who give (:saaps«).
•16. 84. ^j^/onf (8 nnw.Hertfoid)
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
FBBLIHINABT KATTER.
43*
(I) dt. io. bj Bey. D. Bardajr, reot.,
and (2) wn. by TH. 199.
15. T. Tring (14 wnw.St. Albans),
note obtained by LLB.
*16. vrl. /Toiv C8. and Iw. pal. in
1876 from diet, of Mr. J. W. Boderick,
197 to 200, wn. by TH. 199.
16. w2. Watford, note by LLB.
•16. w3. Wtlwyn (1) wl. pal. by
AJE. from diet, of Miss Foxlee, of
Whitelands, not usable, 197 ; (2) dt.
io. with notes and phr. by Mr. C. W.
Wilsbere, of the Fiythe, 202.
16. w4. Weitan (5 e.Hitchin) wl.
io. by Rot. A. C. Roberts, yic., as-
sisted by Mr. M. R. Fryor, Manor
House, native.
17. Ha. « Huntingdonshire, 21 places, all in D 16.
16. A. AUwJbury (4 nnw. Hunting-
don) Iw. io. by Rer. R. Conway, yic,
assisted by Bir. G. Johnston, of
Broughton (5 ne. Huntingdon).
16. ol. Oodmanehett^r (1 se.Hun-
tingdon) wn. by TH.
16. o2. OrMt Catworth (9 w.UmL'
tingdon), from Rot. £. C. Pnrley,
▼ic.
16. o3. Chr$at Oidding (10 nw.
Huntingdon) wn. by TH.
16. o4. Great FaxtonU ssw.Hun-
tingdon), from Rev. H. I. Nicholson,
of that plaoe.
*16. o5. OrMt StukiUy (2 nnw.
Hontinffdon), (1) wl. and dt. io. by
Miss Mary £. Ebden, then of the
fiearage, with numerous notes pal. by
AJE. 211 ; (2) wn. in 1881 by TH.
from W. Johnson, b. about 1803,
&nn labourer, and James Valentine,
b. 1806, to whom TH. was introduced
by Miss Ebden, 211.
16. Hi. HamerUm (8 nw.Hunting-
don), from Rer. D. 6. Thomas, rect.
16. h2. MUUm {A Be.Huntingdou),
from Rot. T. Carrol, Tic.
*16. h3. Holme (10 nnw.Hunting-
don), (1) wl. io. from Rey. W. A.
Campbell, rect., representing the
drained fen about Whittelsea Mere ;
(2) wn. by TH. 212.
16. h4. HoughUm (:h6ift'n, :hoot*n)
(3 e.Huntingdon), from Rey. £. A.
Feck, rect. over 60 y.
16. h5. Stmtinadon, wn. in 1881
byTH.
16. k1. KeyeUm (12 wnw.Hunting-
don), from Rev. J. F. Goodman, rect.
16. k2. JTimdo/ton (9 wsw.Hunting-
don) wn. by TH.
16. I*. Little StukeUy {ZtmyrJlvai'
tingdon) wn. by TH.
16. o. 0^^/ffl/oM(l S.Peterborough,
Np.) wn. by TH.
16. p. FidUy (7 ne.Huntingdon)
wl. io. by Rey. R. w. Close, 2y., as-
sisted by Mr. W. Mason, Somersham,
(which see) representing e.Hu.
16. 8l. St, Ives (5 e.Huntingdon)
wn. 1873 and 1882 by TH.
*16. 82. Sawtrv (9 nnw.Hunting-
don), (1) dt. io. o;^ Miss Ebden. of
Great otukeley, (wmch see) from diet,
of a maid servant, 212 ; (2) wn. by
TH. in 1881 from J. Harlock,b. 1800,
to whom he was introduced by Miss
Ebden, 212.
16. b3. Somersham (8 ene.Hunting-
don) dt. io. by Mr. W. Mason (see
Fidley, which it adioins).
16. 84. Staneley (8 wsw. Huntingdon)
wn. by TH.
16. b5. Stilton (12 nnw.Hunting-
don), (1) dt. io. from Rev. Thomas
Hatton, rect., (2) wn. by TH.
18. Ke.-Kent, 16 places, all in D 9.
•9. cl. Charma (6 nw.Ashford) dt.
from Miss Croocher, of Whitelamds,
136.
9. c2. Chathamy a wd. from Mr. 6.
Price, see Montacute, Sm.
9. D. Denton (7 nw.Dover) from
Bev. C. J. Hussey, rect.
•9. pl. Faverskam (8 wnw.Canter-
bury) cs. written by Rev. H. Berin,
pal. by AJE. in 1873 from diet.
of Mr. H. Knatchbull-Hueessen, of
Provender, with phrases and Iw. 137
to 141.
*9. p2. Folkestone Fiskermen, dt.
gloedc by Mr. R. Stead, master of the
Grammar School, Folkestone, 143.
9. K. Kent county generally, wn.
by TH.
*9. Ml. Maidstone note by AJE.
from Mr. Streatfield, native. Bank-
house, 131, L 13.
•9. m2. Margate Iw. by Mr. Basil
Hodgee, 20 v., 141.
*9. B. Molvenden (12 sw.Ashford)
Iw. anddt. io. from Rev. J. W. Rumny,
vie. misprinted Ramsay on p. 136.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
44*
FKKT.mntABT MATTEB.
[TI.
*9. si. Skadf^kwrtit, Bi?pelkd
SMadsJkttrMtf on p. 131, L 6 3 sbw.
Ashiord, dt.io.bT B«t. C. T. Roiie,
136.
vl. and notes pal. br AXE. from dktl
of Mis Peckhun, o^ WhiteUoids, 141,
144.
^. s3. SJUemet*, nv. point (rf Ue of
^^"W* ''<'** ^ ^*» Lowman, natire
of Ba., who bad be«n all orer it, 137.
9. »4. 5fr«^ '1 w.Roebert«r^ note
by Miss Caiiand, of Wbit^Unds. '
•9. M. .v«iy 6 nne. Chat ham, be-
tween Thame* and Medvar Iw. and
dt. io. with aq. by Ect. A. JB. Harris.
136. ^
•9. s6. SiottrwwtftA o nw. Sandwich)
notes by Rer. K. Drake, rect., 141.
♦9. w. JTimfk^m 6 e.Canterbarr^
dt. io. by Rer. F. W. Ragg, for the
Highlands of Kent, 142.
19. La.«T«anca«hire, 61 places in D 21, 22, 23, and 31.
K'i
23. Al. Abieyttrnd (7 ae.Dnicaster)
wn-brTH.
AtitoH ■ muftT'Lyne, see SUlybrid^.
•22. Bl. BUtklmm \\) wn. and dt.
*. by TH., cwi. 346, dt. 339 ; (2)
io. by Mr. T. Finding in cwl. 146,
this list comprised also words from
sereral other places mentioned bdow,
Terr Taloable ai first, bat siqwiseded
by TH.'s work afterwarcb.
23. b2. Blackpool {\bMvm,Vm^Um)
from H. Fisher, Maft.D.
•22. b3. Bolt<m (1) wl. by Mr. Ch.
BoChwell, M.R.C.S., 40y. to dO y. 343 ;
(2) wn. by TH. ; (3) hr. io. by Mr. T.
yielding, seenl.
•31. b4. BrotiffkUm - in - FumetM
(:brs'i^'n t lU'Twa) (8 ssw.Coniston)
wn. and dt pal. from diet, by TH.,
dt and phr. 663, ewl. 627.
•22. b6. 3wfwiiy(l)c8. pal. 1876-6
from a natire by TH. 332; (2) cwl. by
Mr. T. Healey, of the Science and Art
Deportment, with wn. by TH., form-
ing a cwl. 360.
21. b6. 3iffy, Miss ffuington's cs.
fsee Lerland) reul to me in 1873 by
Rer. lur. Langston, sometinie curate
of Bmy, but I was nnable to make use
of it.
•31. cl. C4trk^%m^Cartmel {5 e-hj-^,
riTerBton), wn. in 1881 by TH. es-
pecially from Betty Bntler, b. 1797,
near Grasmere, bat her speech was too
mixed to be tmstworthy, cwl. 627.
•31. c2. CaUm (4 ene. Lancaster)
wn. by TH. riyen in id. 626.
•22. c3. dEor/0y (10 nw.BoHon) wn.
by TH. 346.
22. c4. CUtheroe Iw. io. by Mr. T.
Fielding, seenl.
•22. c6. Cliviffer VaUey (2 sse.
Bomley) wn. TH. 360.
•31. c6. (^MsiwAom (6 s-by-w.Lon-
caster) wn. by TH. 626.
•22. c7. Coln$ r0^(6mie.Baniley)
from Mr. Hartler Stnttard, throng
Mr. John Shelly, 340, 341.
•31. c8. C<mi*Um (1 cs, orieinally
written io. br Mr. Rf^ger Bowness,
b. 1804, with aq. and expIanatioiM
from Rer. T. Ellwood, of Tottct (2
ssw.Coniston^ afterwards pal. from
Miss Bell, natiTe, 658, 563, 597 ; (2)
wl. io. by Rer. T. EUwood, pal. by
AJE. from diet, d Miss Bell ; (3) wiu
by TH., the last two, 627.
31. D. iMlton (5 sw.Ulrerston) wL
io. by Rer. John Atkinson, Rydal,
Ambleside, occasioning, on account of
some anomalies, a long correspondenoe,
and Rer. T. £Uwood*s obtidning a
partial wl. from Mr. T. Butler, solici-
tor, natire, who had known the place
intimately for 46 years, and who de-
dded against the anomalies.
22. B. EarU$to%cn (8 sw.Winn) wn.
byTH. ^ '
21. Fl. Ft^»%corth (4 ne.Manches.
ter|, phrs. noted from * hen Brierley*
in his public readings, by TH.
•22. f2. FmrringUm (3 8,PK8ton)
wn. by TH. 346. '
•23. f3. Fylde tlUtrict, see 352 for
full account; note from Mr. T. Cum«
berland, Harbum, St (3 sw. Binning,
ham, Wa.), not uised.
23. Ql.Gariianf (jgjwstin) (lOnnw.
Preston], note by TuTattached to next.
•23. o2. Gootnargh (rg^uznvr) (6
nne.Preston), (1) cs. pal. by TH. 6om
diet, of Mr. £. Airk, natire, 364 ; (2)
wn. by TH. 369. '
22. Hi. SatUwdl (2 wnw3dton)
wn. by TH. '
•22. h2. ffatlimffdtn (788W.BumleT)
wn. by TH. 346. ^'
•31. h3. Heyikum (riismn) (4w-by-8.
Lancaster) wl. by Rct. C. Twenlow
Royds, rect 12 y., cwl. 626.
22. h4. Higham (3 nw.Bumley) Iw.
io. from Mr. T. Fielding, see b1.'
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
45*
«31. h6. ffiffh Nibthwaiie (7 n.
UlTerston) wn. by TH. 627.
Siffhgr JFaltoH, see JFalton-le-daU,
wl, below.
•22. h6. HoddUtden (4 ase.Black-
born) dt. pal. 1879 by TU. from diet,
of natiye, 339, and wn. 346.
•31. h7. Hornby (8 ne. Lancaster)
wn. by TH. 626.
•23. K. jnr*Aflifi(8w-by-ii.Pre8ton)
wn. by TH. 369.
•31. Ll. LtmeoiUr, wn. by TH.
626.
22. l2. Leigh (9 ene.St. Helens).
Bey. J. H. Stanning, curate in charge
in 1873 said the gh was pron. as a
guttural ; nlaces of the same name were
m 1875 called (:U'tth) in Ch., and (:l&i)
also written Lye in Ke.
•22. l3. Legland (5 s.Preeton) cs.
paL 1877 from Miss ffarington, with
remarks by three other natiyes, 332,
337, and wn. by TH. 345.
•31. l4. Lower Holkor in Cartmel
(5 e. UlTerston) cs. paL 1877 by TH.
from diet. 558, 563, 696^.
21. Ml. Manehe$ter (1) wl. io. by
Mrs. Unnffius Banks, acquainted witn
the dialect from childhooa ; (2) note by
JGG. ; (3) nwl. io. by Bey. J. Cf.
CasartdU, M.A., St. Bede's, Man-
Chester CoUeee, for the enyirons.
22. m2. Mellor (2 nw.Blackbum) cs.
ud. 1876 by AJE. from diet, of Mrs.
Coulter, natiye, but lon^ absent, and
I felt that my appreciation was inac-
curate, hence I haye not used it.
21. m3. Moiion (4 ne. Manchester)
nwl. by Bir. O. Milner.
•31. Kl. Newton 'in 'Cartmel (7
ene.Ulyerston) note by Mr. J. Stock-
dale, writer of the translation of SS.
chap. ii. for Lonsdale n. of the Sands,
reproduced on p. 550.
•31. if2. Newton 'le- WiUowa or
Newton'in'Maker/Md(i e.St. Helens)
wn. by TH. 342.
•21. ol. OldhMn (1) Iw. from Mr.
T. Fielding, see b1 ; (2) wn. by TH.
822.
•22. o2. Ormekirk (7 se.Southport)
wn. by TH. 342.
•21. pl. P((i/n«^ (4 W.Manchester)
wn. by TH. 322.
•22. p2. Penworth4im (:pBn*«rdirai)
(1 sw.Preston) wn. 1877 by TH.
from Mr. Kirk, see Oooenarffh, of
which he was a natiye, though he had
resided 60 years in Penwortham.
•23. p3. FouUon-U'Fylde (13 nw.
Preston^ cs. first by Mr. Bellows sent
to LLB., not used, and second pal.
1876 by TH. with phrases, 354,
357.
•22. p4. Preeeot (3 wsw.St. Helens)
wn. byTH 342.
23. p6. Preston, wn. by TH.
31. Q. Quemtnoor (3 ne. Lancaster)
wn. by TH.
21. Rl. J^oyton (2 nnw.Oldham) wn.
by TH. ^
•21. b2. RoehdeUe and neighbour-
hood, wn. by TH. 322.
22. 8l. Sabden (5 nw. Burnley) Iw.
from Mr. T. Fielding, see b1.
•22. 82. Samlesbury (:sam-zbm)(4
ene.Preston) wL io. by Mr. w.
Harrison, F.S.A., Samlesbury Hall,
representing the parishes of Blackburn,
Preston, and Whalley, 346.
•22. 83. Skelmersdale (iskinn'firsdtl)
(7 nnw.St. Helens) cs. pal. 1878 by
TH. from natiyes, 332 ; wn. by TH.
842.
31. 84. Skerton (1 nw.Laneaster)
wn. by TH.
•21. s5. Stalgbridae (1 e.Ajshton),
half in La. and half in Ch. (which
see b3) cs. pal. 1876 by TH. from Mr.
J. Marsland, 317.
•31. TJ. UhereUm (:ti8"n) (1) cs. io.
by Mr. Pearson, natiye, ootained by
Rey. T. EUwood, but I was not able
to interpret it satisfactorily; (2) wn.
by TH. 627.
•22. wl. Walton-le-dale, or Higher
Walton (2 se.Preston) wn. by TH.
345.
•22. w2. Warrington wn. by TH.
342.
•22. w3. Westhoughton (:a'«t'n} (5
wsw. Bolton), this represents the Bolton
neis^bourhood, cs. pal. 1876 with wn.
byTH. 332, 343.
•22. w4. Whalleg (3 s-by-w.
Clitheroe) Iw. io. by Mr. T. Fielding,
see Bl, and Mr. W. Harrison, 346.
•22. w5. ^f^a«(:wigin) and neigh-
bourhood, (1) wn. by TH. 343; (2)
wl. io. from Wigan to Ashton in
Makerfleld (4 s. Wigan), by Sir J. A.
Picton, F.8.A., Sandy Knowe, Wayer-
tee (3 ese. Liverpool) 50 y., during
which the dialect has much changed.
•22. w6. Wortthom (2 e. Burnley)
wn. by TH. 350.
•23. w7. Wgertdale (6 sse.Lancaster)
dt. and wn. by TH. 358, 359.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
46*
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
[VI.
20. Le.= Leicester, 19 places in D 29.
29. A. Anttif (3 nw. Leicester) wn.
by TH.
29. Bl. BarUttone (10 w-by-n.
Leicester) wn. by TH.
29. b2. Banvell (rbarel) (2 ne.
Hinckley) wds. by ReY. R. Titley,
rect.
♦29. b3. Belgrave (1 n. Leicester)
nwl. and dt. by Miss Charlotte Ellis,
who has liTed near Leicester all her
life, 472, 489.
*29. b4. Birttmll (3 n.Leicester)
wds. ^m Miss Allen, 489.
29. b5. Blabff (5 s-by-w.Leicester)
wn. by TH.
♦29. c. Cotteshach (rko-tesbah) (10
se.Hinckley) wl. by Rev. J. S. Watson,
rect. 489.
♦29. B. Enderhy (4 sw. Leicester)
variants by Miss E. Hirst, of White-
lands, from the Waltham cs. 464, and
wn byTH.
♦29. o. OlenJUld (3 wnw. Leicester)
wn. by TH. 489.
29. H. Early (14 ne. Lough-
borough) wds. by Rev. M. 0. Norman,
rect.
29. I. nitton-on'the-mu (8 ese.
Leicester) wn. by TH.
♦29. l1 . Leice$ttr (1) cs. in el. with
aq. by the late Mr. Geo. Findley, not
used, see 464 ; (2) wn. by TH. from
Mr. Findley, 489 ; (3) letter from Mr.
W. Napier Reeve, F.8.A., 36 y., sayinsr
he could not see in my wl. any word
**of which the pron. in Leicester is
different from rec. pron., I am," he
added^ *'an Essex man. I have been
in this town 35 vears. I have been
often struck with tne few provincialisms
among the people of this county com-
pared with those of Essex** ; (4) for
town and neighbourhood a few notes
from J. H. Clmmberlain, Small Heath,
Birmingham, having been 20 years
there and 40 in Leicester.
♦29. l2. Loughborough wn. in
1878-9 by TH. 489.
♦29. Ml. Market Harhorough (14
se.Leioester) wn. by TH. 489.
29. u2. J/oKit^ &>rrf/ (6 n.Leicester)
wn. by. TH.
29. N. Nortnanton (3 sse.Ashby-de-
la-Zouche) from Miss Green of the
rectory.
♦29. 8. Sytton (5 nne. Leicester) full
wl. pal. by AJE. from Miss M. A.
Adcock, teacher at Whitelands, 489.
29. T. Thurcatton (4 nnw.Leicester)
wn. by TH.
♦29. w. Waltham (16 ene. Lough-
borough, in the horn of Le.) cs. pal.
by AJE. from Miss H. Bell, of White-
lands, see also b above, 464.
21. Li. = Lincolnshire, 55 places in D 18 and 20.
20. a1. AiMthorpe (6 nnw.Lincoln),
aq. by Rev. T. W. Bury, rect.
20. a2. Alford (10 se.Louth),
note by Mrs. WiLiams, see 82 below.
20. A3. Axholme, I»U of (4 to 18
n.Gainsborough) Iw. io. by Mr. Stand-
ring, of Woriang Men*s College.
20. Bl. Barnol<ibg-U'Beck{\hkJcaxhTL)
omitting Is Seek (4 sw. Great Grimsby),
full wl. and dt. io. by Rev. Morgan G.
Watkins, M.A.
♦20. b2. Barrowhy (2 w. Grantham)
wn. by TH. from a native then living
at Newark, Nt. 299.
20. b3. -B*<?^'w^Aflm (II nnw. Gran-
tham) aq. from the (anoujrmous)
vicar.
♦20. b4. BilUnghorough (13 e.Gran-
tham, and 6 m. round), full wl. cor-
rected w. by AJE. from Mr. T.
Blasson, surgeon, b. 1833, native and
constant resident, 299.
20. b6. ^/y^ow (3 nne. Gainsborough),
aq. from Rev. J. S. Cockshall, vie.
20. b6. Braeehridge (2 S.Lincoln)
aq. from Rev. C. C. Ellison, vie.
♦20. b7. Brxgg or Qlanford Briog
(17 w.Great Grimsby) (1) wl. pal. by
AJE. from diet, of Mr. E. Peacock,
F.S.A., Bottesford Manor, author of
the Manley and Corringham Giossary^
b. 1833, with a dt. pal. by AJE. from
the wl. 312, 313 ; (2) wn. by TH., see
Spilsby.
20. b8. BrockUiby (8 wnw.Great
Grimsby), note by Mrs. Williams, see 82.
20. cl. CaiMtoriAl wsw.Gt. Grimsby)
note by Mrs. Williams, see 82.
20. c2. Coningaby (:kMi-ntn*sbi) (10
wnw.Boston) wl. and dt. io. by Rev.
Canon Wright, rect.
20. c3. Crotcle (14 n-by-w.Gains-
borough) aq. from Rev. F. W. White.
♦20. B. Epworth (8 nnw. Gains-
borough) cs. pal. by AJE.,- described,
and why rejected, on p. 312, see w2.
20. f1 . Faldingworth (10 ne. Lincoln)
aq. by Rev. W. S. Mackean, pro. rect.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRBLIMINARV MATTER.
47«
20. 72. FiUingham (9 se.Gains-
borongh) note from Key. J. Jenkins,
rect.
•20. f3. /Vwibi^y (3 fW-by-8. Wain-
fleet) nwl. with rules and ex. io. by
ReT. H. J. Cheales, vie. 298.
20. t4. Fuhtow (7 n.Louth) Iw. by
Rev. Alex. Johnson, yic.
20. ol. OaiH$borouffhf aq. by Rev.
W. J. Williams, vie.
20. g2. Olanford Brigg, see Brigg.
20. o3. Chanth^m (:gra*ntham) cs.
io. by Mr. Cockman, national school-
master, read to AJ£. by Miss Cockman,
of Whitelands, but as both were London-
ers and she was uncertain on some points
I was obliged to pass it by.
20. o4. Great Coatet (2 w. Great
Grimsby) note by Mrs, Williams, see 82.
20. o5. Cheat Orimtby note by Mrs.
Williams, see 82.
*20. Hi. Haltm Holegate (6 nw.
Wainfleet) dt. and many specimens and
notes pal. in April, 1^1, from diet,
of Bfrs. Douglas Ardem, 306 to 309.
20. h2. Haxey((a nnw. Gainsborough)
aq. from Rev. J. Johnston, vie
20. h3. J7>a/tw^ (3 w.Great Grimsby)
note by Mrs. Williams, see 82.
20. h4. Horbling (13 e.Grantham)
wl. by Mr. H. Smith, representing
"the parts of Kesteven" m sw.Ii.
299.
20. h5. Homcaitle (17 e.Lincoln)
note by Mrs. Williams, see b2.
20. Kl. Jr«% (6 w.Great Grimsby)
note by Mrs. Williams, see 82.
20. k2. KiUingholme (Snw.Great
Grimsby) note by Mrs. Williams,
see 82.
20. x3. Kingerhg (16 e.Gains-
borough) phr. from Rev. W . A. Cottee,
vie.
20. Ll . Lactby (3 sw. Great Grimsby)
note by Mrs. WilUams, see Scartho.
•20. l2. Lincoln^ see Spilsby for
wn. by TH. 309.
♦20. l3. Louth (1) Tennyson's
Northern Farmer New Style rendered
in gl. by Mr. T. Wemyss Bogg,
surgeon, Uien of that place, see
Somerby below, and p. 297 ; (2) wn.
by TH., see Spilsby, 309 ; (3) wl. by
Mr. W. R. Emeris ; (4) note by Mrs.
Williams, see 82.
20. Kl. North Hykeham (t&tkBm)
(4 ssw.Lincoln) wl. by Rev. F. T.
Cusins (:ki(izinz), 9 y.
20. n2. North KeUey (14 wsw.
Great Grimsby) note from Rev. W. J.
Chambers, vie.
20. si. Saxhy (10 nne.LincoIn) aq.
from Rev. C. W. Markham, rect.
20. 82. Seartho (2 s. Great Grimsby)
wL and dt. io. by Mrs. Williams, of
the rectory. In relation to the s.
hoo9e line 5, Mrs. Williams informed
me that (uus) was said at Killing-
holme, TJlceby, Thornton, but (a'us)
at Brocklesby, Keelby, Great Coates,
Stallingborough, Heaung^ Louth, Al-
ford, Spilsby, Homcastle, Caistor,
Great Grimsby, Laoeby, Scartho,
Waltham, which see in tms Ust, thus
completing line 6.
•20. 83. Seotter (8 ne. Gainsborough)
wl. corrected w. by AJE., written
by Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe, native and
resident till 15, Principal of White -
lands Training College, to whom I
am indebted tor the great assistance
rendered by its teachers and students,
313.
20. 84. Scunthorpe (15 nne.Gains-
borough, in parish of Frodingham) full
wl. by Mr. Bernard Dawson, C.E.
Mr. Peacock (see Brig^), who lives
3 s.Frodinfham, says it is full of
miners, and that he should not trust
any one's pron. unless he knew his
birth. Hence I have thought Mr.
Peacock's wl. p. 313, safer.
20. 65. Skellingthorpe (4 W.Lincoln)
aq. from Rev. E. P. Armstrong, vie.
♦20. 86. SUfoford (16 w.Boston) wn.
by TH. 309.
20. 87. Snitterby (11 ene. Gains-
borough) note from Rev. R. E.
Warner, rect.
♦20. 88. Somerby (22 e-by-n.Lincoln)
representing the dialect from Hom-
castle (17 e.Lincoln) to Spilsby (27 e.
Lincoln), here I received great assist-
ance on 23 March, 1881, from Lord
(then Mr.) Tennyson, detailed 302 to
306, who introduced me to Mrs.
Douglas Arden, see h1.
♦20. 89. SpiUby (8 ne. Wainfleet)
(1) wn. by TH. from Rev. W.
Jackson, 309; (2) note from Mrs.
Williams, see 82.
20. 8lO. Sprinathorpe (4 e.Gains-
borou^h) note iiom Rev. E. L.
Blenkmsopp, rect.
20. 8ll. Stallingborough (4 nw.
Great Grimsby) note by Mrs. Williams,
♦18. 8l2. Stamford wn. by TH.
from a man of 60, and again from
a Rutland man who may not be trust-
worthy, 254.
20. Tl. Thoresway (10 sw.Great
Digitized by LjOOQIC
48*
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
[VI.
Grimsby) aq. from Rey. G. Maule,
rect.
20. t2. Thornton (12 nw.Great
Grimsby) note from Mrs. Williams,
see 82.
20. ul. Ulceby (10 nw. Great
Grimsby) note trom Mrs. Williams,
see 82.
20. u2. Usselby (18 e-by-n.Gains-
borongh) aq. from Bey. A. Bower, yic.
20. wl. Wtdtham (4 s-by-w.Great
Grimsby) note from Mrs. Williams,
see 82.
♦20. w2. WinterUm (22 wnw. Great
Grimsby) os. pal. 1874 from diet, of
Rey. J. J. Fowler, of Hatfield Hall,
Durbam, curate of Winterton in 1870 ;
and tbis yersion was also read to me
by a maid seryant from Epwortb,
whicb see, 312.
22. Mi. -Middlesex, 7 places in D 17.
•17. A. Ashford (7 sw.Brentford)
note by Rey. F. B. Dickinson, 235.
♦17. B. Brondey (5 e.Cbaring Cross,
London), representing e.London, wl.
by JGG. 233.
•17. B. EnJieU {6 e.Bamet), (1)
note by Mr. Josepb Whitaker, F.S.A.,
White Lodge, 16y., (2) note by Mr. J.
H. Meyers, editor of ki\field Ohurver^
(3) wn. io. from the chief mason, by
LLB., 235.
•17. Hi. J?ii«uv//(2nnw.Brentford)
note h-om Miss £. Coleridge, of the
rectory, 235.
♦17. h2. Marmondnoorth (7 w.
Brentford) Iw. from Mr. Lake, school-
master.
♦17. L. XofM^ofi wn. in yarions parts
of the metropolitan area at yery yarions
times, byTH. 231.
♦17. 8. /SwM Jfy«M(3nnw.Bamet)
notes from Rey. P. F. Hamond, ric.
236.
♦17. w. JFi?fe«fe» (6 nne. Brentford)
letter from Rey. J. Crane Wharton,
yic. to LLB., and note from LLB. in
Meyer's £tyield Ohaerver, 28 Sep.
1876, p. 236.
23. Mc-Monmouthsliire, 3 places in D 13.
13. cl. Caerleon or Llangattoek (2
ne.Newport) aq. by Rey. H. Powell
Edwards, yic.
•13. c2. Chepstow Iw. io. with long
note, through Dr. J. Yeats, 179.
♦13. L. Llanover (12 w-by-s. Mon-
month) cs. read to me by Lady Llanoyer
in the presence of LLB., and yariants
snggested by LLB. from his own ob-
seryations and commnnications by Mr.
Meredith, 179.
13. p. Fontypool (8 nnw.Newport)
aq. by Rey. J. C. Llewellin, yic.
24. Nf.=Norfolk, 61 places in D 19.
County f see Nortpieh,
•19. A. AshiU (rashBl) (12 n.Thet-
ford) notes by TH. 262.
19. Bl. JBinham (4 se.Wells-next-
Sea) wn. by TH.
19. b2. JBraneoBter (7 w.Wells-
next-Sea) wn. by TH.
♦19. b3. Bumham (:baantm) West-
gate (4 sw. Wells-next- Sea) wL io. by
Mr. C. H. Eyerard, Eton Coll., 28 y.,
p. 264.
•19. b4. Buxton (9 n.Norwich) wn.
by TH., who here had the misfortune
to lose his note book containing the
details of the pron. of numerous places
yisited in 1883, p. 278.
19. c. Congham (ikoqgsm) (6 ene.
£ing*s Lyiu4 ^^^- ^7 ^^- ^^non
Kersley, LL.D., rect.
19. Dl. Diae (16 e-by-s.Thetford)
wn. by TH. in 1881, with example,
278, from a farm-labourer, natiye.
19. d2. Ditehtngham (12 sse.
Norwich) wl. and phr. from Key. W.
Skudamore, rect., assisted by Rey. H.
Frere, natiye of s.Nf.
♦19. d3. Boumham Market (10 s.
King's Lynn) wn. by TH. 262.
•19. B. East Bereham (15 w-by-n.
Norwich) (1) cs. io. with aq. by Mr.
G. A. Carthew, of Millfield in 1873;
(2) wn. by TH. 273.
19. F. Fakenham (8 s. Wells-next-
Sea) wn. by TH.
19. ol. d'oyiTMNi (2 e.King's Lynn)
wn. by TH.
♦19. o2. Great Bunham (14 eee.
King's Lynn) wn. by TH. 262.
•19. o3. Great Yarmouth (uaamtOi)
nwl. and dt. io. by Rey. J. J. Rayen,
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRBLIMIMABY HATTER*
49^
D.D., then of the school house, with
notes made ty. from him by AJ£. in
1879, this represents s.Nf. and nw.Sf.
gen. 278.
19. Hi. ffardinaham (18 w-by-s.
NcMTwich) wn. by TH.
*19. h2. ffMcham (:iUvm) (12 nne.
King's Lynn) wn. by TH. 262.
19. h3. HnwUm (9 s.Wells-next-
Bea) wn. by TH.
19. h4. Hmuby (6 n.Great Tar-
mouth) wl. io. by Ber. H. W. Harden,
▼ic.
*19. h5. Hohm-mzt-Sea (13 w.
Wells-next-Sea) wn. by TH. 262.
*19. h6. HuH8tant<m St. Edmunds,
close to Old Hunstanton (12 nne.King*8
Lynn), wn. by TH. 262.
19. I. Ingham (14 se.GTomer) wl.
by Eev. G. Sharley.
♦19. xl. Kimberle^ (10 wsw.Nor-
wich) cs. pel. in 1873 trom diet, of
G. Ashby, natire, but absent 83 years,
and then gardener to LLB. 273.
♦19. k2. Xing's Lynn, wn. by
TH. 262.
♦19. k3. Kirby Bedon (3 se.Nor-
wkh) Iw. pal.*in 1868 by AJ£. from
diet, of liiss Cecilia M. Day, of the
Ticarage, his first attemnt at writing
dialect from diet, with auditions from
her sister, Mrs. Luscombe, and Mr.
Keith, 275 ; cs. io. with aq. by the
♦19. Ml. Marham (8 se. King's
Lynn) wn. by TH. from J. W. LitUe,
gardener, 45, then at TVisbech, Cb. 262.
♦19. m2. MattithaU (:m8Bts'l) (11
wnw. Nor?rich} cs. pal. by AJ£. from
Miss Buckle, of Whitelands, 273.
♦19. m3. MiddleUm (3 se.King's
Lynn) wn. by TH. 261, 262.
♦19. Nl. Narborough (9 se.Kinff's
Lynn) wn. by TH. 262, and dt.
pal. by TH. from diet, of a labourer,
aged 70, p. 263.
19. k2. North Elmham (13 sse.
Wells-next-Sea) wn. by TH.
♦19. ir3. North Tuddenham (11 nw.
Norwich) wn. by TH. 279.
♦19. ir4. North WaUham (:wAls«m)
(13 mie.Norwich) wl. and dt. io. by
Mr. Baker, J.P. 272.
♦19. nS. NortDieh (1) wn. by TH.
from a native living in bb., also 279 ;
(2) slaneet cries pal. by AJ£. in 1867, p.
277 ; (3) wl. io. by Be?. G. P. Buck ;
(A) yarious ex. pal. from diet, by AJE.
irom Dr. Lomb, 276, Mrs. Luscombe,
277, Anonymous passenger, 277, and
from letter of Ber. T. Buraingham, 277.
♦19. ol. Old Etmtttmton (13 nne.
Lynn) wn. by TH. 262.
19. o2. Cmngton (lOTtqtmi) (12 nne.
Thetford) wl. io. representing 3 n. and
3 ne. of Watton (11 ne.Thetford) by
Bev. C. J. Eyans, rect. 12 y., native
of Norwich.
19. B. Rinaitead (13 w-by-s.Wells-
next-Sea) wl. io. by Mr. Everard
Kitton.
♦19. si. Snettisham (rsnstmnn) (10
nne.King's Lynn) wn. by TH. 262.
♦19. 82. Stanhoi (:stain«) (8 sw.
WellB-next-Sea) full wl. pal. in 1877
by AJE., dt. pal. by AJE. 1879, both
from diet, of Kev. Pnilip Hoste, native,
50 y., in 1877, but then rect. of
Farnham (10 wsw.Guildfcnrd, St.),
with many notes and illustrations given
me in two long visits, with an exami-
nation of Forby, 264 to 272 ; (2) wn.
by TH. 272.
19. s3. Stoke Ferry (13 sse.King's
Lynn) wn. by TH.
19. 84. Stow (9 SBW.King's Lynn)
wn. by TH.
♦19. 85. Swoffham (13 se.King's
Lynn) wn. by TH. 262.
♦19. t1. TerringUm St, Clements
(4 W.King's Lynn) wn. by TH. 262.
♦197t2. 2%#//brrf wn. by TH. 279.
19. t3. TivetshaU (itttsol) (17 ene.
Thetford) name noted bv TH.
19. t4. ISatington (12 n.Norwich)
wl. io. by Bev. J. Gostle.
19. wl. WalHngham (:wA*lziqgiam)
(3 s.Wells-next-Sea) name notM by
TH.
♦19. w2. Warham (2 se.Wells-
next-Sea) wl. io. by Bev. 0. T. Digby,
264.
19. w3. Watton (11 nne.Thetford)
wn. by TH.
19. w4. WeUa-next'Sea, wn. by
TH.
♦19. w5. WiggenhdU St, German's
(4 ssw.King's Lynn) wn. by TH. 262.
19. w6. Witton (9 se.Cromer) notes
by Bev. F. Procter, vie.
♦19. w7. Wolferton (6 nne.King's
Lynn) wn. by TH. 262.
♦19. w8. Wymondham (:wind«n)
(9 sw.Norwich) wn. by TH. 278.
S.E. Prom Part V.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
60»
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
[VI.
25. Np. »Nortliamptoii8liiTe, 52 places in D 6, 16, 18.
♦18. Al. Aileitporth (6 w.Peter-
borough) in Castor parish, wn. by TH.
from a labourer b. 1808, p. 264.
♦6. a2. Ashbff 8t, Lexers (3 n.
Dayentry) wn. by TH. from a native
shepherd b. 1846, and another b. 1806,
p. 120.
*6. b1. JBadby (2| ssw.Dayentry)
wn. by TH. from persons b. 1807, and
about 1831, p. 120.
16. b2. JBlitworth (4 ssw.Northamp-
ton) note by TH.
♦16. b3. Brixworth (6 n.Northamp-
ton) wn. by TH. 219.
♦6. b4. Bufield (8 nne.Banbury) (1)
from Rev. F. H. Cureenyen, rect. 4 or
6 y. ; (2) wn. by TH. especially from
a native farm waggoner, b. 1803, p. 120.
♦18. cl. CSwtor (4 J W.Peterborough)
wn. by TH. 254.
♦16. c2. Clay Coton (6 w.Naseby)
wn. by TH. 219.
♦6. d1. Baventry (12 w-by-n.
Northampton) wn. by TH. 120.
16. d2. Benton (6 ese.Northampton)
wn. by TH.
16. d3. Buaton (2 W.Northampton)
from Bev. Peake Banton.
♦16. Bl. £astKaddon{7nw.^OTtYi'
ampton) cs. wds. and phr. pal. by A JE.
in 1873 from diet, of O. S. Hadley,
railway porter, 213 to 216.
♦18. b2. Eye (3 ne.Peterborough)
wn. by TH. from a carpenter, b. 1822,
and a widow, a cottager, b. 1829,
p. 264.
6. F. Fartkinffhoe (:f2irdhtn;oo) (6
e-by-s.Banbury) wn. by TH.
♦16. o. Great Houghton (:H'Mt"n)
(3 ese.Northampton) wn. by TH. 219.
16. Hi. Haekleten (6 scmrthamp-
ton) wn. by TH.
♦16. h2. iraw«ifi^^on(6nw.'Welling-
borough) wl. dt. io. with Iw. and aq.
by Miss Downes, of the rectory, 216.
♦16. h3. Hardingftone (2 sse.Nor-
thampton) wn. by TH. 219.
16. h4. Hargrove (9 ene.Welling-
borough) dt. and notes from Rev. K.
S. Baker, rect.
♦16. h5. HarrinaUm {\9xivM) (5
W.Kettering) wl. and dt. lo. by Hon.
and Rev. H. F. Tollemache, rect., and
Miss Tollemache, 217.
♦6. h6. Helmdon (9 e-by-n.Ban-
bury) wn. by TH., who says tne dialect
is similar to that of Towoeeter (which
see), 120.
1 6. il . Irehetter, formerly (laa'tjtstu) ,
now (:99*h»8t«) (2 se. Wellingborough)
wn. by TH.
*16. i2. IsHp (lA'^tsltp) (8e.Ketter-
ing) wn. by TH. 219.
6. l1. iong Buckley {6 ne.DaYeatrj)
wn. by TH.
♦16. l2. Lower Benefield (ihwiihld)
(14 nnw.Wellingborough) wl. and dt.
io. by Rev. £. M. Moore, rect., and
Mr. C. H. Wykes, schoolmaster, and
the dt. afterwards ^. by TH. from
the dictation of Mr. Wykes and various
wn. from the same, 218, 219.
♦16. l3. Lowiek (7 ene.Kettering)
wn. by TH. 219.
♦16. Nl. Xether Heyford (6 w-by-s.
Northampton) wn. by TH. 219.
♦16. ir2. Northampton (1) wn. by
TH., and (2) notes from Miss Eva
Chapman, of Whitelands, who knew
the town speech only, 219.
♦16. o. Oundle (12 ne.Kettering) (1)
notes from Mr. J. Cunnington, Tansor
Lodge, and Mr. H. St. John Reade,
school house, (2) wn. by TH. 219.
♦18. pl. P<fa*ir*(6n.Peterborough)
wn. by TH. 264.
♦18. p2. Pip^^oroM^A notes of town
pron. from Miss E. Furness, of White-
lands, and wn. by TH. 264.
♦18. R. Bockingham (8 n. Kettering)
wn. by TH. from a native, b. 1814,
and otners, 264.
♦16. 8l. Sihhertoft (3 n-by-w.
Naseby) wn. by TH. 219.
6. 82. Silverstone (12 ssw.North-
ampton) wn. by TH.
6. 83. Slapton (11 sw. Northampton)
dt. io. by Rev. Philip Lockton, rect.
♦16. 84. Stanion (6 nne.Kettering)
wn. by TH. 219.
*16. 85. ^M^^oroM^A (7 ene.Ketter-
ing) wn. by TH. 219.
♦6. 86. Syertham (11 e.Banbury)
wn. by TH. 120.
18. Tl. Thomhaugh^ w-by-n.Peter-
borough) dt. io. from Rev. J. Jenkyns,
rect.
♦16. t2. Thraptton (8 e.Kettering)
wn. byTH. 219.
♦6. t3. Towoetter (8 ssw.North-
ampton) wn. by TH. 120.
18. T7. Ufford (7 nw. Peterborough)
note by Rev. T. Paley, rect.
♦18. wl. Wakerley (14 w. Peter-
borough) wn. by TH. from a farm
labourer, b. 1806, p. 254.
♦6. w2. Watford (6 nne.Daventry)
wn.by TH. 120.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRELIMINAKT MATTER.
61'
♦6. w3.
wn. by TH.
♦16. w4.
wn. by TH.
•16. wl
TH. 219.
♦18. w6.
borough) wn
16. w7.
We4don (4 scDayentry)
120.
We^ord (12 mie.DftTentry) ,
219.
WelUngborottgh wn. bj
WerrifuUm (3 nnw.Peter-
. by TH. 264.
TFest Maddon (7 ne.
Daventry) from Bey. G. L. W.
Fauquier, yic.
6. w8. ^oo£;^»r<!0<#(108BW.North-
ampton) wn. by TH.
♦6. w9. ?roo£(^orrf (7 ssw.Dayentry)
wn. by TH. 120.
♦16. T. TelvertoftJitK'lvM.) (8 nne.
Daventry) wn. by TH. in 1886 from a
farm wanner, b. 1812, p. 219.
26. Nb.aNorthumberlandy 25 places in D 32.
32. Al. AeklingUm (:tf0*kltntmi) (7
sse.Alnwick) notes from Mr. Middleton
H. Dayid, Hauxley Cottage.
♦32. a2. Alnwick {\\ dt. io. from
Ber. James Blythe; m dt. io. from
Mr. B. Middlemas, soLr., 664, 666,
668 ; (3) Alnwick Towels, by Mr. G.
Thompson, 668.
82. A3. Aneroft (a^nkraift) (4 s.
Berwick-upon-Tweed) wl. io. and aq.
from Ber. J. Henderson, 30 y.
♦32. b1. JBaekworih (6 ne. Newcastle)
wl. by Mr. G. B. Foster, see Fitments
speech, 674.
♦32. b2. Btrwieh^upon-TiD^td^ cs.
pal. by AJE., from Mr. G. M. Gunn,
646, 662.
♦32. b3. JBirtUy (9 nnw.Hexham,
spelled Birkley in the parish registers)
wl. io. with notes by Ber. G. Bome
Hall, 674.
32. D. DoddingUm (13 s.Berwick-
mnm-Tweed) wl. and aq. from Mr.
J. F. Bea, 17 y.
♦32. B. EmbleUm (6 ne. Alnwick)
(1) dt. io. for the agricultural popula-
tion by Bey. M. Greighton, yic. ; (2)
di, io. for the fishing population up to
Bamborough (14 n.iUnwick) by Bey.
C. £. Green), both on 666, 666, 668.
♦32. p. Falttone (19 nw.Hexham),
note in 1878 by JGG. 644.
♦32. Hi. HaUwh\iile(Uyt.llexhKSXi)
dt. io. with aq. by Bey. W. Howchin,
664, 666, 664, No. 9.
♦32. h2. ir<ir^^f/;9(17w8W.Alnwick)
dt. io. and notes by Dr. F. T. Bichard-
son, 664, 666, 664, No. 16.
♦32. h3. Hexham dt. pd. in 1879
by AJE. from Messrs. J. Wright and
Dobson, 664, 666, 663, Nos. 7 and 8.
♦32. K. Jr»iar0»i(i^(17sw.Hexham)
es. pal. 1876 by JGG. from diet, of
Mr. Jacob Bell, 663, 602, No. 22.
32. M. Morpeth wn. by AJE.
♦32. k1. NewcoitU'On'TynecA.'pX.
1879 by AJE. from writing of Mr.
W. H. Dawson, and reading of Mr.
T. Mitcheson, and Mr. T. Barkas, and
conyersations with J. Brpon and B.
Toung, miners, and Mrs. Ferschl, 646,
660, and dt. pal. 1879 by AJE. from
Mr. W. Lyall, 664, 666, No. 12.
♦32. n2. North Shield* dt. pal.
1879, by AJE. from Mr. J. S. Eding-
ton, Symes Walk, 664, 666, No. 13.
♦32. B. Rothbury (11 sw.Alnwick)
{I) cs. io. with aq. from Bey. Dr.
Amger, rect., written in 1873 from
old men of 86 and 72, but it could
not be properly interpreted eyen yy.
(2) dt. io. by Mr. C. H. Cadogan,
Brenchbum Priory. Morpeth; (3) wn
February, 1879, oy AjE. from J
Bamsey, procured by Dr. Ainger, 678 \
(4) dt. pal. by AJE. from Mr. A.
Scott, 654, No. 14.
♦32. si. Snitter (12 wsw. Alnwick)
pal. by AJE. from Mr. T. AUen,
of Whittingham, 664, No. 16, serving
also for w3.
♦32. 82. Stan^ordham (:stainort«n)
il2 nw.NewcasUe) dt. io. by Bey.
. F. Bigge, yic. 664, No. 10.
♦32. T. Tyne to Wanebeek Biverty
that is, the coal-fields, for the Pit-
men's speech by Bey. Hui^h Taylor,
of Humshaugh (:htanz*ha>f), 40 y.,
reyised by Bey. J. Taylor and Mr.
W. B. Forster, see b1, p. 674.
♦82. wl. Warkworth (6 se.Aln-
wick) dt. and wl. both pal. by AJE.
from Mr. T. D. Bidley, 664, No. 17 ;
Ned White, a yam, pal. by AJE. from
the same, 666 ; cwl. 678.
♦32. w2. Whalton (6 sw.Moipeth)
dt. io. by Bey. J. Walker, rect., from
notes by Mr. B. Bewick, 664, No. 11.
♦32. w3. JFhittingham (f w.Ahi-
wick) (1) note by Bey. B. W. Good-
enough, yic. ; (2) dt. io. by Mr. W.
Dixon, 666, No. 19, see also si.
^2. w4. Woodhom (6 ene.Morpeth)
notes by Bey. E. N. Mangin, ric.
♦32. w6. WooUr {\) dt. io. by Mr.
M. T. CuUey, 666, No. 22 ; (2) dt.
pal. by AJE. from Mr. T. Kirkup,
666, No. 22, and 669, No. 22.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
62*
PRKLIMINART MATTER.
[VI.
27. Nt—Nottingliainshire, 25 places, all in D 27.
27. b1. Buckingham (2 wnw.Oains-
borough, li.) aq. from Ber. D.
Hooke, Tic.
*27. b2. ^iM^Aom (7 e.Nottingbam)
(1) Iw. by Mrs. Miles of tbe Rectory ;
(2) part of a cs. pal. in 1873 by AJjS.
from the diet, of Mr. Francis Miles,
son of the rect. 449 ; (8) part of a cs.
pal. in 1879 by TH. from a natire,
449 ; (4) wn. by TH. 460.
27. b3. Blifth (6 nne. Worksop) aq.
from Bey. Ch. Gray, yic.
*27, b4. Bulweil (4 nnw.Notting-
hain) dt. pal. from a retir^ labourer
by TH. 448.
♦27. Bl. JBatt Bitfird (7 ene. Work-
sop) (1) dt. pal. by TH. from the lock-
keq)er at the Chesterfield Canal, 76,
who had been there 44 years, and his
father 66, p. 449 ; (2) wn. by TH. ;
(3) a note from Ber. A. J. Ebsworth,
Tic.
27. b2. Battwood (8 nw.Notting-
ham) wn. by TH.
27. F. JntmingU^ (7 ese.Doncaster,
To.) wl. and aq. from Bot. 6. H.
WoodhoQse, rect.
27. o. ChringUy (5 wnw.Oains-
borongh, li.) aq. from BeT. 6. H.
Scott, Tic.
27. X. Kirkby-tn-Ai^/Md (4 sw.
Mansfield) wn. by TH.
27. L. I>axton (10 nnw.Newark) wl.
by Bey. H. A. Martin, 19 y.
♦27. Ml. Jf<M«>»dt. and wn. pal.
1879 by TH. 448.
*27. m2. Maru/Md Woodh<m9$ (2 n.
Mansfield) dt. paL by TH. from a
natiTO, 448.
27. m8. MatUrmg (9 ne. Worksop)
wds. by Ber. J. M. Lewes.
27. m4. Mitmm (9 nw. Gains-
borough, li.) aq. from BeT. I. N.
Baldwm, Tic.
27. m6. MUUrton (6 nnw.Gains-
borough, L.) aq. from Ber. G. Swift,
Tic.
♦27. Nl. Niwwk dt. pal. by TH.
from a butcher, natiTe of Caunton (6
nw.Newark), 449, and wn. by TH.
27. k2. North Carlton (4 n. Work-
sop) aq. from Bot. J. Fozley, rect.
27. n3. North WheaiUy (12 nne.
Worksop) from Ber. T. C. B.
Chamberlain, Tic.
♦27. n4. Nottingham dt. pal. by
TH. from a natiTe ci Widmerspodl
(7 sse.Nottingham), and wn. by TH.
460.
27. Bl. Baid\f$ (4 e.Nottingfaam)
full wl. io. by BeT. J. CuUen,'Tic. 4 y.
27. b2. i&»i^tofitf(9s.Nottuigham}
wl. by BeT. G. Pope.
♦27. 8l. SoiUhweU (6 w.Newark}
wn. by TH. 460.
27. 82. Sutton (7 ne. Worksop) aq.
from BeT. J. Fanner, Tic.
27. wl. WaUilty (8 se.Worksop)
Iw. by BeT. B. Focklington, Tic.
♦27. w2. Wbrkoop dt. pal. 1879 bT
TH. from the porter at the canal whari,
66, a natiTe of Blyth, see b3, which he
left at 9, and wn. from the same,
449.
28. Ox.»OzfordBhire, 22 places in D 5, 6, and 7.
6. A. Alvtteot (:sl8h«t) (6 sw.
Witney) wl. by Bot. F. C. Mistfshall,
rect. 2 y., assisted by an unnamed lady
who had been there all her life.
♦6. Bl. Banhwry (1) cs. by Mr. T.
Beesley, 116; (2) Iw. by his uncle, 118;
(3) wn. by TH. 118 ; (4) dt. io. by Mrs.
I*. Bradshaw, jun., Wykham Mills.
All ^1, 2, 4) refer to about 6 m. round
Banourr, encroaching on Ox., Bu.,
Wa., which belong to D 7.
♦7. b2. Blackthorn (11 ne.Oxford)
wd. pal. by TH. from diet, ot Mrs.
Angelina Parker, 122, 127.
6. cl. Charllmry (rtjAAlberi) (12
nw.Oxford) from Bot. C. F. West, Tic.
6. c2. Chattleton^A^ sw.Banbmy
dt. io. from Miss Whitmore Jones,
ChasUeton House.
♦6. D. DuekUngton (.ddL'lt'n) fl s.
Witney) wl. and dt. both io. from
BeT. W. D. Macray, rect. pal. tt. by
TH., who noted other words frtxn
J. Brain, then 81, sinoe deoeaaed,
93.
7. >. Bntham or Bymham {logDBwa)
(6 nw.Oxford) specimens from diet, in
glossic from Bot. W. W. Skeat, sent
me in MS. but afterwards printed in
Mrs. Parker's Oxford Glossary, and
wn. by TH.
♦7. 71. I^r^eland (4 ene.^tney)
wn. by TH. 127.
♦7. 72. Fring/ord (:frtqkfBBi>) (16
nne.Oxford) wl. and dt. io. with aq.
by BeT. C. Coker, 123.
♦7. o. Orogi (2 nw.Henley-on-
Thames) wl. and dt. both io. by Ber.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PBEUMINART MATTER.
63*
N. Pmder, rect. 17 y., representiiig
10 m. round, 122.
•7. Hi. jEr«kflk>foi^A (7 nw. Oxford)
Of. and dt. rioflsic with many letters
and explanraona by Mrs. Angelina
Parto, author of the Oxford Glossary,
with wn. by TH. from Mrs. Parker,
123-128.
^. h2. SstUf^'OH'ThameB (22 se.
Oxford) from Ticar, 236, where it is
wrongly attributed to Bu,
n. h3. MoUm (5 e.Oxford) Iw.
gloasic by Mrs. A. Parker, 127.
♦7. 1. Islip (6 n-by-e. Oxford) dt. io.
by Mr. J. W. P. Walker, obtained by
Mrs. Parker and wn. by TH. 127.
*5. Ll. UaJMd (4 nw. Witney) wn.
from old natiyes by TH. 93.
6. l2. Lew (3 sw. Witney) wds. pal.
by TH. from diet, of Mrs. A. Parker.
6. M. Milton (8 nw. Witney) wn.
from a working man by TH.
7. o. 0^/orrfa^y,dt.io.byMr.W.
H. Allnutt, procured by Mrs. A. Parker,
with notes by TH.
*7. si. Sonning (i ssw.Henley-on-
Thames) dt. io. by Miss Slade, scnool-
mistress, obtained by Mrs. A. Parker,
122.
7. 82. SUme^ld (5 nne. Witney)
note by TH.
7. T. T%ddingUm (8 e.Oxford) note
by TH.
•5. w. Witm^, dt. by Mrs. A.
Parker and TH. with wn. from natives
by TH. 92, 93.
29. Ra.« Rutland, 5 places in D 18.
^18. c. Cott$9mor$ (i nne. Oakham)
wl. and dt. pal. by AJE. from diet, of
Mr. T. E. Cattell, natire, to whom I
was introduced by Mist Kemm (see
Oakham), 265, 266.
18. B. Empingktm (6 e.Oakham)
from Ber. LoTick Cooper, rect.
*18. o. Oakham huukvm) town,
full wl. io. partly pal. by AJ^. from
diet, of Miss Kemm, natire, a teacher
at Whitelands Training College,
Chelsea, 266.
*18. 8. Stream (7 ne.Oakham) wl.
and dt. both io. from Rot. Edward
Bradley (*' Cnthbert Bede '*) rect.
266.
18. u. Uppingham dt. and notes
from Mr. H. Chandler, West Bank.
18. w. WhitweU (4 e.Oakham) Iw.
io. from Bar. J. Breeohen, rect.
30. Sli.« Shropshire, 39 places in D Id, 14, 25, 28, 29.
14. b1. Baeehwreh (7 nw.Shrews-
bory) wn. by TH.
29. b2. iolat Magna (6 n. Welling-
ton) wn. by TH.
14. b3. Bridgenorth, notes by TH.
•14. cl. Church Tulperbaeh (7 sw.
8hrew8bm7) (1) cs. in ri. by Miss G.
Jackson, autnor of the Shropshire
Wordbook ; (2) specimen pal. by AJE.
from her diet. ; (3) Iw. with nron. pal.
from her diet. ; (4) wds. taken from
TH.'s account of tne pron. prefixed to
her Wocdbook, and rensed by her, with
examples, 183 to 187.
14. c2. Clee HiUe (7 ne.Lndlow)
wn. by TH. with note on the yerbal
plural in -M.
18. c3. Chm (22 ssw.Shrewsbnry)
QotesbyTH.
«29. o4. CW6nN>iti2a2f (4 S.Welling-
ton) dt. Vjr Bey. F. W. Kagg, native,
472.
14. c6. Corve Dale, from Wenlock
Edge to Ludlow, wn. by TH.
14. c6. Craven Arme (7 nw.Ludlow)
wn. by TH.
29. c7. CrudgitMton (4 n-by-w.
Wellington) wn. TH.
•29. Bl. J^mofMf (6ne.WeUington,
1} W.Newport) dt. pal. by TH. from
a natiye, and wn. 471, 476, 478.
♦28. b2. JBlletmereJJ ne.Oswestry)
wn. and dt. pal. by TH. from a native
b. 1809, p. 462, 466.
14. F. Ford (6 w. Shrewsbury) nwl.
from Miss Hawkins, Dinthill.
28. Hi. jEraMima;(4n-by-e.Shrews-
bury) wn. by TH.
•29. h2. Modnet Ciodnii) (10 nnw.
Wellington) wn. by TH. 478.
•28. hB. Eordley (13 nnw.Shrews-
bury) wl. io. by Key. J. W. Moore,
rect. 466.
•29. I. Ironbridge, wn. by TH.
483.
14. Ll. Llanymyneeh (16 wnw.S.)
aq. on CB. by Bey. N. E. Price, rect.
14. l2. LongviUe (11 w.Bridge-
north) wn. by TH.
•28. l3. LoppingUm (rbpttwi) (10 n.
Shrewsbury) wl. by Bey. J. W. Davis,
M.A., 26y. p. 466.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
54*
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
[VI.
♦13. l4. Ludlow wn. by. TH. 180.
♦29. Ml. Jfa^tfA^(5B8e.Welliiigtoii)
wn. by TH. 483.
♦29. m2. MarketDraffton{:6iiVn) (17
ne.Shrewsbury) wn. by TH. 476, 478.
14. m3. kueh Wenloeh (10 se.
SbrewBbury) wn. by TH. in 1880.
♦29. nI. JVi?irpor/ (8 ne.Wellington)
(1) full wl. io. by Mrs. Bnme, Ix)yn-
ton Hall, Edgmond, whose danghter
assisted Miss Jackson in her Sh.
Wordbook, and (2) wn. by TH. 478.
25. n2. NorUm-in-HaleM (20 ne.
Shrewsbury) wn. by TH.
14.0. 0«u'M^fy(:hadiO!itrt) according
to Rev. W. Wafcham Mow, of Whit-
tington, Sh. ; wn. by TH.
26. Fl. TipegaU (6 ne.Market
Drayton, see. m2, just on ne. horn of
Sh.) wn. by TH.
28. p2. iV«t(l3n-by-e.Shrew8biiry)
wl. by Yen. Archdeacon Allen, yic,
14 y.
♦29. 8l. Shifnal (7 ese. Wellington)
wn. by TH. 483.
14. 82. Shrewsbury wn. by TH.
♦28 V. Upton Magna (4 e.Shrews-
bury) wn. by TH. 465.
♦29. wl. WemngUm(\WBi'itmi)ym,
and dt. pal. by TH. from a working
man, 472, and wn. 483.
♦28. w2. Wehh Frankton (3 sw.
Ellesmere) wn. by TH. 455.
♦28. w3. Wem (10 n-by-e. Shrews-
bury) wn. by TH. 466.
28. w4. ^AitoAt#fY;A(18nne. Shrews-
bury) wn. byTH.
14. w5. 1rhittinaton(2 ne.Osweetry)
full wl. by Rey. W. Walsham How,
26y.
*28.w6. FA»«iff(13n.Shrew8bury)
dt. io. with explanations from Rey. J.
Erans, Tic, a yery old resident, but
a Welshman, not a natiye, 452.
♦28. Y. Torton (7 n.Shrewsbury)
wn. by TH. 466.
31. Sm.BSoinerBet8liire, 26 places in D 4 and 10.
♦3. A. Axe- Tariff district by the late
Mr. G. P. R. Pulman, s.Sm. 87-89.
4. Bl. Bath, cs. gl. by Mr. 0.
Galbraith, written on the spot by a
louj^ resident, but when I, who nad
resided in Bath two years, attempted
to pal. it, I was so often brought to
a standstill, that I was only able to use
it as a Iw.
10. b2. JBifhopU Mull (1 w-by-8.
Taunton) cs. pal. byAJE. from diet, of
Rey. Wadham Williams, author of a
glossary, but as he was a native of
e.Sm. I haye preferred Mr. Elworthy's
yersion, see Wellington.
3. b3. JBurtle Turf Mow (8 ne.
Bridffewater to centre of Burtle Heath
on we riyer Brue) wds. and phr. by
Miss Westmacott, sent through Mr.
F. H. Dickinson, of King*8 Weston,
Somerton (4 ene.Langport).
♦4. cl. CattU Gary (jkBTt) (10 se.
Wells) wl. io. by Mr. Ross, resident
above 80 y. 89.
4. c2. Chard (12 sse.Taunton) wl. by
the late Rev. Henry Thompson, yic.
4. c3. CA«/«)y (:t|Bdii) (2 e.Bridge-
water) from Mr. u. Winter, resident
50y.
♦4. c4. Comhe Down (:kuum) (2 s.
Bath) wl. by Mr. C. Daubeny, The
Brow, 89.
4. c6. CompUm Dando (6 w.Bath]
note by Rey. C. M. Christie, 4 months
resident.
4. c6. Crewkeme (11 s-by-e.Lanff-
port) dt. io. with notes by the late Mr.
G. P. R. Pulman (d. 1880), author of
"Rustic Sketches."
4. c7. Croicomhe (3 e.WeUs) wl. io.
by Mr. James Roesiter.
. 4. B. Eaut Harptree (12 sw.Bath),
from Rey. C. H. Nutt, 26 y.
4. u. High Ham (3 n.Langport)
from Rey. C. D. Grossman, 2^ y.
♦4. L. Langport (:la'mptaiT) words
collected in 1877 from a native servant
by Mrs. Dawes, then of Newton House,
Surbiton, 89.
♦4. Ml. Jf(WT«)<(9s-by-e.Langport)
cs. and wl. by Mr. G. P. R. PiUman,
87, 88.
10. m2. Milverton (6 w.Taunton)
cs. io. by Mr. H. Randolph, surgeon,
resident 42 y., procured for me by Dr.
Prior (see Corsham, Wl.) . I have found
it quite impossible to determine the
pron. from this writing.
♦4. m3. Montaeut0{:mMnikia){Sme.
Langport) pal. in 1880 by AJE. from
Messrs. G. Mitchell and S. Price,
84-86.
4. n1. NaiUea (ins'izi) (16 w-by-n.
Bath) from Rev. J. Johnson, rect. 3J y.
4. n2. North Wootton (2 se.Wells)
from Rev. Owen B. Tyler, vie. 30 y*
4. si. Sutton Mallet (4 e.Bridge-
water) wds. by Rev. A. Tarranton,
representing 7 e.Bridgewater, obtained
by Miss Westmacott, and sent through
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRBLIHINART MATTER.
65*
Mr. F. H. Dickinson, see Bnrtle Turf
Moor.
4. 82. Sufontwiek (:8wanzwik), the
spelline Swainswick is a literary reyival
(2 ne.Bath), note by Bey. John Earle,
rect. 20 y.
10. T. Taunton cs. io. hj Mr.
Cecil Smith. I hare found it im-
poeaible to determine the pron. from
the spelling.
♦4. wl. Wedmore (7 wnw. Wells)
phr. procured from a friend by Mr.
C. A. Homfray, Manor House, o9.
♦10. w2. »^«//tiv^o«(6w8w.Taunton)
(1) pal. by AJE. in 1874, 1875, and
1886, from diet, of F. T. Elworthy,
cs. 148; (2) specimens 161 to 163,
cwl. 163; (3) from Mr. E.'s West
Somerset Grammar, yersion of Ruth,
chap. i. 698, No. 6.
nsMt Somerset f see Wellington,
4. w3. Wincanton (16 se. Wells)
pal. by JGG. from diet, of Mr. Roberts,
natiye, who had known the dialect
30 y., but was tiien liying at New-
biggin, Cu. On account of Mr. R.*s
long residence in the North, this care-
fully pal. wl. was found untrustworthy,
and could not be used.
•4. w4. ^(wfo (2 ne.Weston-super-
Mare) nwl. with long explanatory letter
from Rey. W. F. Rose, vie, referring
to the whole of nw.Sm. 90.
32. St-StafPordshire, 51 places in D 25, 26, 29.
♦26. Al. AUtoneJleld (:A>rsffld) (9
e.Leek) including Narrowdale (2 n.
Alstonefield) wn. by TH. 441, 444.
26. a2. Alton (:deft*n) (10 sse.Leek)
wn. by TH.
26. A3. Audley (-.■'idlt) (6 nw.
Stoke-upon-Trent) wl. io. and aq. from
Mr. G. Till, 11 y., but notwithstanding
exphuiations I was too uncertain of the
meaning of his symbols to use it.
♦29. 3l. Barton-under-yifedwood {6
sw.Burton-on-Trent) Iw. by the late
Mrs. Willoughby Wood, of HoUyhurst,
482, and pron. of a carol, 477.
26. b2. Betlev (6 wnw.Newcastle-
under-Lyme) wl. and dt. io. from
Miss £. ToUet, from obsenration made,
1820-60.
26. b3. JBidd^h^hid'l) (9 n.Stoke)
wds. from Rey. F. Elmes.
26. b4. Blpthe Mar$h (7 se.New-
castle-under-Lyme) wn. by TH.
29. b6. Bradley (4 ssw.Stafford)
wl. and phrases lo. by Rey. R. L.
Lowe, yic.
♦26. b6. Burslem (3 n.Stoke) cs.
pftl. by TH. from diet, of one native,
and corrections by another, and wn.
414, 422.
♦29. b7. Burton-on^ Trent dt. ^al.
by TH. from diet, of a native, 471,
and wn. and exa. 477, cwl. 482.
♦29. cl. CJannoek Chase {e, of Cannock
Town c2, and w. of Lichfield) cs. pal.
by TH. from diet, of a native, 463,
and wn. 480.
♦29. C2. Cannock Town (9 sse. Staf-
ford) wn. on a market day by TH. 480.
26. c3. Cheadle (:tpidU) (9 ese.
Stoke) wl. by Rev. R. Watt, rect.,
and wn. by TH.
♦29. c4. CodsaU (6 nw. Wolver-
hampton) just on b. of Sh., wl. by
Mr. £. YUes, of CodsaU Wood, 484,
and dt. pal. by TH. from a man of 69.
♦29. Dl. Darlaston (3 wsw. Walsall)
dt. pal. by TH. from diet, of a native,
472, and also the anecdote of the Wake
Beef pal. by TH. 478,andwn. 461, 484.
26. D 2. Denston (12 sse.Leek) wn.
byTH.
♦29. Bl. Eeeleshall (7 nw.Stafford)
vra. and dt. pal. by TH. 471, 476, 478.
29. b2. Envitle (10 ssw. Wolver-
hampton) wl. by Mr. E. Bennett, of
the ochoolhouse, which is close by the
b. of Sh. Wa. and St.
♦26. Fl. /•te»A (7 nne.Leek) dt. pal.
by TH. from a native, 438, additional
ex. 441, and wn. 444.
♦26. p2. Froghall (9 e.Stoke) wn.
by TH. 422.
♦29. Hi. Hanbury (6 nw.Burton-
on-Trent) wn. and part of a dt. pal.
by TH. 482.
♦29. h2. Haughton (4 sw. Stafford)
wn. by TH. in 1882 from Powell, b.
1798, and his wife, the latter a native,
and says there is no difference between
the speech of Bradley and that of
Haugnton, 477, 480.
♦29. h3. Hopwas (rop'Bz) (2 wnw.
Tamworth) wn. by TH. 482.
♦26. Ll. Leek, dt. and wn. by TH.
411, 422.
♦25. l2. Leek FHth (4 n.Leek) wn.
by TH. 422.
29. l3. X^A (1 1 se.Stoke) wn.by TH.
♦29. l4. Lichfield, wn. and dt. by
TH. from a native, 472, 482.
♦26. l6. Longport (2 n.Newcastle-
under-Lyme) wn. by TH. 422.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
56*
PREL1M1NAKT MATTER.
[VI.
25. l6. lAngUm (3 se.Stoke) wn.
by TH.
25. M. Modeled (4 wsw.Newcastle-
under-Lyme) wn. by TH.
29. N. Ntwborouah (7 w-by-n.
Burton-on-Trent) nwl. by Bey. J. P.
Wright, Tic. 8 months.
25. o. Oakamoor (12 e.Newcastle-
under-Lyme) wn. by TH.
*26. R. RocMter (15 eee.Stoke) wn.
by TH. 422, 444.
25. 81. SheUon (I n.Stoke) fuU wl.
by Dr. J. B. Davis, F.R.S., F.S.A.,
materially assisted by Mr. Levi Stan way,
Registry St., Stoke, and wn. by TH.
29. 82. Stafford, wn. by TH.
25. 83. ^to^0-t<pm-2Wfi^ and neigh-
bouring Tillages, wn. by TH.
26. 84. Stoke Gutter Farm, abont
5 ne.Leek, on the way from Leek to
Flash and past the Kioaches, wn. by
TH. shewing the diyision between
D 25 and D 26.
29. 85. SUme (:stann) (7 s.Stoke)
wn. by TH.
29. 86. StretUm (8 ssw.Stafford) wl.
and dt. io. by Rey. J. W. Napier, yic.
♦29. Tl. ra}fit<H>r<A,wn.byTH.482.
«25. t2. IWMteff (4nnw.8toke) wn.
by TH. 422.
*29. t3. Tutbury (4 nw.Bnrton-on-
Trent) wn. by TH. 482.
29. ul. Upper (or Over) Arley
(13 sw.Dodley, Wo.) note by Rey.
C. J. Wilding, yic, who said there
was only one St. man resident there.
29. u2. mtoxeter (12 ne.Stafford)
wn. by TH.
♦29. wl. Wai9aU wn. by TH. 461,
478, 484.
♦29. w2. Wedneehury (3 sw. Walsall)
wn. by TH. 461, 484.
♦29. w8. Weet JBromtcieh (5 saw.
Walsall) wn. by TH. 461, 484.
♦29. w4. mUenhaU (3 e.Wdyer-
hampton) wn. by TH. 461, 484.
25. w5. Wolitantom (.nnstttm) (1
nne.Newcastle-under-LynuB) nwl. by
Mr. W. Field, Brighton Road School,
Croydon.
♦29. w6. WoherhamptoH, wn. by
TH. 461, 484.
♦29. w7. JFootUm (U 8BW.£ocle-
shall) wn. by TH. 478.
♦29. T. rM^(6nne.Lichfield}wn.
by TH. from a native, 482.
88. Sf.«STifPolk, 12 places in D 19.
19. b1. S&jfton (13 e-by-n.Ipewich)
note from Rey. G. C. Hoste, rect.
19. b2. BradweU (:braed'l) J7 nnw.
Lowestoft) note by Rey. J. Walker,
rect., '* 13 years resident, but does not
profess acquaintance with the dialect.*'
♦19. F. Ftamlingkam (13 nne.
Ipswich) GS. pal. in 1880 by AJE.
from diet, of Mr. J. B. Grant, native
of Kettieborough, 279.
♦19. ol. Sreat Bealinge (4 ne.
Ipswich) wn. by TH. 281.
19. o2. Great Finborough (.ftnbrv)
(10 se.B^ St. Edmunds) full wl. io.
by Rev. W. V. Kitching, 16y.
19. H. SemingtUme (6 n. Ipswich)
Iw. by Rev. T. Brown, rect. 54 y.,
who says: <<what between railroads
and education the Sf. dialect is fast
dying out."
♦19. o. Orford (:AAftid) (4 sw.
Aldborough) including Sudboume (1 n.
Orford] and neighbourhood, dt. pal. by
AJE. from diet, of Mr. C. Davis, 285.
♦19. p. Fakenham (5 ene.Bury St.
Edmunds), pal. in 1873 and 1886 by
AJE. from diet, of Rev. 0. W. Jones,
vie. native, 287.
♦19. 8l. Southwold (11 ssw.Lowes-
toft), full wl. from diet, of Miss C. M.
MaUett, teacher at Whitelands, native,
281.
19. 82. Stoumarket (18 ese.Bury St.
Edmunds) Iw. partiy in gl. by Mr. £.
S. Bewley, 15 y.
19. u. Ufford (10 ne.Ipswich) wl.
io. by Mr. F. C. Brooke, 60 y.
19. T. TaxUy (20 ene.Bury St.
Edmunds) notes in 1873 from Rev.
H. SeweU, vie.
34. Sr.-Surrey, 13 places in D 6, 8.
♦5. cl. Charlwood, called (:tiol«d}
by old people, (6 asw.Rei^te) wl. and
ex. io. by Key. T. Bummgham, then
rect., more than 50 y., 109.
♦8. c2. Cherteey m w.Croydon)
from Rev. R. Marshall Martin, 8 v.,
130.
♦8 c3. Chobkam (8 nnw.Gufldford)
note by Rev. J. J. Jewan, vie, more
than 50 y., 130.
♦8. c4. Croydon wl. by Mr. W.
Taylor Malleson, Duppas Hill, 11 y.,
130.
5. Bl. Fhtead (:«lsted) (7 sw.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
YTJ
PKBLIMINART MATTER.
67*
Gmldfoid) from Ber. I. R. Charles-
worth, rect.
6. b2. BufhuTit (8 86. Guildford)
notes hy Rey. J. Mount Barlow, rect.
6. ol. GotUUmmg (4 sw.Guildford)
note from Mr. J. W. Shupe, Charter-
house.
5. o2. C'iNiftofitf (9 Bse.Croydon) wl.
hy Rer. G. T. Hoare.
6. H. Ea$kmer$ (12 sw. Guildford)
note hy Mr. T. J. Mis.
*8. L. Ltrntherhsad (7 nw.Rdgate)
note in a letter from Mr. Alfred W . T.
Martel to LLB. 130.
*5. 0. Ockley (8 sw.Reigate) wl.
pal. hy AJE. from diet, of Miss Jane
Sayers, of Whitelands, and of Miss
M. A. Firth, 109 (where the name is
misprinted * Forth'), and Iw. and notes
from Rev. T. P. du Sautoy, Oxford,
rect., 12 y.
♦6. 8. Stoke (1 n.Guildford) wl.
pal. hy AJE. from diet, of Miss Jane
Slyfleld, of Whitelands, 109.
♦6. w. Weald of Surrey s. of
Reigate ; the Weald extends into Kent
and Sussex, nwl. and dt. io. hy Dr.
Clair Jas. Grece, Redhill, Reigate, 109.
35. Ss.« Sussex, 19 places in D 5, 8.
9. A. Aekhumham (:eshh«R«m) (10
nne.Easthoume) note m>m Rer. J. R.
Munn, Tie. 50 y.
9. Bl. ^a/</^(6nnw.Hastings),wn.
hyTH.
6. b2. Bolneif (:ho0nt1 (12 n-hy-w.
Brighton) Iw. and notes oy Mr. Alfred
Huth.
9. b3. Brighton, wn. hy TH.
6. cl. Qm^toH (8 nw. Chichester)
note from Rey. Harry Peckham, 26 y.
•8. c2. Cuc^field A se.HorBham) (I)
wl. jpal. hy AJE. m>m diet, of Miss
A. Sayers, of WhiteUnds, 134; (2)
wd. hy Archd. Fearon, natiye.
6. b1. Eartham (ismthvm) (5 ne.
Chichester) note hy Rey. £. Kelly,
yic.
*9. b2. Eaethoume, wl. pal. hyAJE.
from diet, of Miss Francis, of White-
lands, 134.
9. b3. Etehingham (18 ne.East-
houme) note hy Rey. W. H. Eley, rect.
5. K. Kirdford (:kaafti*<^ a nearly
extinct pron. (10 w-hy-s. Horsham),
wl. hy Miss Cole, of the rectory.
9. l1. Leasam or Leeeham (8 ne.
Hastings) wl. from Miss Bessie Curteis.
9. l2. Letoesy name noted hy TH.
•9. M. Markly (8 wnw.Battle) dt.
with aq. and notes hy Miss Anne M.
Darhy, 133.
9. p. Faeinguforth (:p8BS*nweth),
wrongly spelled on p. 131, 1. 4, hut
righthr 1. 14 (14 nnw.Easthoume and
4 e.Uckfield), notes from Mr. Louis
Huth, Pasingworth Hawkhuist.
*9. 8. Selmeeton (8 nw.Easthoume)
dt. io. hy Rey. W. D. Parish, author
of the Sussex Glossary, 133.
6. T. Twineham (10 nnw.Brighton)
from Rey. W. Molyneux, rect.
9. wl. Weald of Sussex (n.Bnghton)
Iw. from Mr. Somers Clarke, jun.,
Belgraye Mansions, Grosyenor Gardens,
S.W., 30y.
6. w2. West Witterina (6 sw.
Chichester) from Rey. W. D. Under-
wood, yic.
♦6. w3. Wisborouffh Oreen (8 wsw.
Horsham) Iw. from Bey. W. A. Bartlett,
yic. 109.
36. Wa.« Warwickshire, 23 places in D 6, 29.
^9. Al . ^/2m^ &a<# (4 w.Coyentry)
wn. hy TH. 487.
•29. a2. AthersUme (12 n.Coyentry)
cs. pal. hy AJE. from diet, of Mr. K.
8. Knight, 14 y., 464, and wn. hy
TH. 487.
6. b1. ^Mr20y (4 nnw.Stratford-on-
Ayon^ wn. hy TH. shewing southern
speecn.
•29. b2. Bedworth (6 nne.Coyentry)
wn. hy TH. 487.
•29. b3. Birmingham^ often (:hrom'-
«d|!mi, hrM^- hra-) full wl. hy Mr.
Samuel Timmins, 488.
•29. b4. Brandon (6 ese.Coyentry)
wn. hy TH. from a natiye then at
Leamington, 487.
•29. b5. BulkingUm (6 ne.Coyentry)
wn. hy TH. in 1880 from a native and
his mother, in whose lifetime the pron.
had changed, 487.
•6. b6. Butler's Marston (^msaB^n)
and 6 miles round (10 s-hy-e. Warwick)
wl. io. hy Rey. E. Miller, 116.
•6. cl. Claverdon (5 w.Warwick)
wn. and dt. hy TH. from a natiye, 1 14.
•29. c2. Coventry refined town
speech, wn. hy TH. 487.
•29. c3. Curdworth (ikerdBth) (7
ne.Birmingham) wl. and dt. io. hy
Digitized by LjOOQIC
58«
PREUUINART MATTER.
[VI.
Mr. J. Montafae Dormer, Danton
Hall, Minwortb (:m«nBth), 28 y.
488.
*29. E. Elmdon (7 ese.Binningham)
wl. by Mr. F. J. Mylins, of the rectory,
488.
♦6. k1. Kineton (rkj intra) by work-
ing men, Mcdint*n) by the middle class
(9 s-by-e. Warwick) wn. by TH. from
a native, 115.
6. k2. KnowU (10 nw. Warwick)
wl. io. by Rev. J. Howe, vie. 40 y.
*29. L. Leamington (2 e.Warwick)
wn. by TH. from a native, 488.
♦29. N. NuneaUm (9 nne.Coventry)
wn. by TH. 487.
♦6. pl. PilUrUm Priort (7J se.
Stratford-on-Avon), now united with
Pillerton Hersee to form one parish,
wn. by TH. from a native labourer, b.
1819, 115.
*29. p2. FoUtworth (14 n-by-w.
Coventry) wn. by TH. in 1879 from
elderly resident natives and habitual
dialect speakers, 487.
29. si. ^/^/^ (2 ene. Birmingham),
a mere suburb, wn. by TH. from
people in the street.
29. 82. Sherborne (3 ssw.Warwick)
wl. io. by Rev. W. Grice, shewing
practically rec. pron.
♦6. 83. Stratford-on-Avon (1) cs in
BO. by Mr. O. H. Tomline, school-
master, made for LLB. who passed it
on to AJ£., who did not succeed in
palaeotyping it; (2) wn. by TH. in
1880, 115.
♦6. T. I^8oe (11 se. Stratford-on-
Avon) (1) wl. by Mrs. Francis, of the
vicarage, completed from diet, by TH. ;
^2) wn. by TH. in 1886 principally
from a man b. 1802, and his wife b.
1809, p. 115.
*29. w. JTarwick wn. by TH., the
general effect on the ear being quite
Midland, 488.
37. We.— Westmoreland, 10 places, all in D 31.
31. A. Appleby cs. io. with aq. by
Rev. C. Holme, native of Orton (9
ssw Appleby), several years in Mr.
Richardson s school at Appleby, repre-
senting m.We. This careful work,
over which Mr. Holme and I spent
much time iu 1873, has been entirely
superseded by JGG.'s work.
♦31. cl. Casterton (10 se.Kendal,
and 2 ne.Eirkby Lonsdale) cs. pal.
1875 by J60. from a native, 558,
563, 597^*, No. 6.
•31. c2. Crosby Ravensttorth {6 aw.
Appleby) pal. 1875 by JOG. from
dictation of Mr. J. Dover, 560, 563,
599^, No. 13, 633.
♦31. Kl. Ketidal (1) cs. pal. by
JGG. from diet, of Mr. Joseph Brown,
559, 563, No. 9 ; (2J wl. in glossic by
Mr. J. Brown himself.
♦31. k2. Kirkby Stephen (9 sse.
Appleby) pal. 1876 by JGG. from diet.
of Mr. Joseph Steel, 560, 663, 599,
633, No. 12.
♦31. L. Zone Sleddale (6 n.Eendal)
cs. pal. 1875 by JGG. from diet, of
Rev. T. Clarke, 559, 563.
♦31. M. Milbum (5 nnw. Appleby)
cs. and wl. pal. by JGG. while residing
there two years with the assistance of
natives, 561, 563, 599, 633.
♦31. o. Orton (11 ne.Kendal) (I) cs.
pal. by JGG. from diet, of J. Dover,
560, 563 ; (2) wl. io. by Rev. C. Holme,
superseded like a. by tne work of JGG.
31. 8. Shap (9 wsw. Appleby) note
by JGG. that Mr. Hindson, of Kirkby
Lonsdale, b. 1800, remembcnred hearing
(kh, ku^h) in use near this place in
1818.
♦31. T. Temple Sowerby (6 nnw.
Appleby) cs. pal. by JGG., and finally
revised 1877 from diet, of Mrs. Atkinson,
of Winderwath, 561, 563, 699, 633.
38. Wl." Wiltshire, 18 places, all in D 4.
4. A. Aldboume (:aabvBN) (8 se.
Swindon) wl. io. from Mr. T. H.
Chandler, jun., who spent the greater
part of his youth there.
4. cl. Calne (6 n.Devizes) (1) nwl.
Rev. G. H. Wayte, Bonehill, Tam-
worth, 30 y. ; {2) nwl. Rev. W.
Wayte, 80 y., his orother.
♦4. c2. Chippenham (8 nnw.Devizes)
from JGG., Hornet and Beetle^ 51,
cwl. 54.
♦4. o3. Christian Matford (10 nnw.
Devizes) pal. by AJ£. from diet, of
Rev. Arthur Law, cs. 44; phrases, 48;
cwl. 49.
4. c4. Corsham (7 n.Trowbridge)
from Dr. R. C. A. Prior, Hdse
House, Taunton, cs. pal. from diet, by
Digitized by LjOOQIC
yi.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
69*
AJE. Dr. Prior inirodnced AJE. to
Rev. A. Law, whose C8., p. 44,
superseded this one.
4. c5. Cor$leif (8 ssw. Trowbridge)
from Mrs. O. M. E. Campbell, Corsley
House, 50 y., wl. io. and notes.
4. D. Damerham (:dflBm*«RBm) (9 s.
Waton) wl. io. by Rer. W. Owen,
Tic., assisted by his schoolmaster, a
nati?e.
4. B. Ea$t XnoyU (13 w.Wilton)
wl. from Rot. R. N. Milford, rect,
12 y.
4. K. Kmnbls (4 sw. Cirencester, Gl.)
wn. by TH.
4. M. MaddingUm f:m»d*nton
maaBnt'n) (7 n. Wilton) wl. io. from
Ber. Canon Bennett^ yic. of Shrewton
(1 n.Maddington).
4. o. OrekeaUm fros'n) 8t. Gettrgt
no sse. Devises) wl. io. from Rev.
Gorges Paulin Lowther, rect., from
70 y. to 80 y., then 86.
4. P. Pi$rUm (6 nw.Swindon) (1) wl.
io. for 4 m. round by Major Purton,
Purton House ; (2) wn. by TH.
4. si. Salisbury (3 w-by-s. Wilton)
to Warminster (16 nw. Wilton) (I) wl.
io. 1877 by Mr. T. H. Chandler,
Rowde ; (2) dt. 1879 written from his
diet, by ms son.
4. 82. Seend (4 w.Derises) wl. io.
by Rey. A. B. Thynne, vie.
4. 83. Soptc&rtk (:zflap'Bth) (18 n.
Trowbridge) wl. io. for 4 m. west
and 10 m. east of Swindon, by Rev.
Joseph Buckley, rect.
H, T. Ttlshead (8 sse.Devizee) from
Miss L. H. Johnson, Hoektying and
dt. 68, cwl. 69.
4. w. Wilton wl. and dt. by Mr.
Edward Slow, coachbuilder, ana con-
stant resident.
4. T. Tateshwry (:J8etsb«ri) (7,nne.
Devizes) wl. io. from Rev. A. C.
Smith, rect., 60 y.
39. Wo. = Worcestershire, 26 places in D 6, 13, 29.
*6. A. AhberUy (8 ssw.Kidder-
minster) wn. by TH. 113.
*8. b1. JBinysworth (a suburb of
Evesham on the opposite side of the
Avon) wn. by TH. 113.
•6. b2. Bewdley(:hi9!ttdli)Zsw.'Kid'
derminster) wn. in 1880-1-2 by TH.
especially from a nonaffenarian, about
94, full of vivacity, reading and sewing
without spectacles, when young a maker
and seller of ling brooms, 113.
6. b3. Birfs Morton (6 s.Gieat
Malvern) wn. from a native by TH.
•29. c. Cradley (rkr^dlt) (9 ne.
Kidderminstor) wn. from native hop-
pickers by TH. 486.
♦6. Dl. JDroitwieh (6 ne-by-n.
Worcester) wn. by TH. 113.
^9. d2. Dudley (on an island of
Wo. locally in St.) os. by Mr. R. Woof,
procured y LLB. 463, 464.
6. D3. DmUeu (6 ssw. Kidderminster,
between Abberley and Stourport) wn.
byTH.
13. Bl. Eastham (10 sw.Kidder-
ndnster) wL and dt. lo. by Rev. H.
Browne, rect., see Tenbury.
•6. b2. Eldersfield ^ s. Great
Malvern) wn. in 1880 by TH. from a
native b. 1801, left at 18 and resided
since in m. Wo. 113.
6. 13. JSvesMsm, dt. and wn. by TH.
from a market gardener.
*6. Gl. Great Mahem, wn. by TH.
118.
♦6. o2. Great Witley (9 sw.
Kiddermin8ter)wn. by TH. 113.
•29. Hi. Maaley (6 ene.Xidder-
minster) wn. by TH. 486.
♦6. h2. Banbury (6 wsw.Redditch)
dt. and wn. pal. bvAJE. from diet, of
Miss Turner, of Whitelands, native,
112, 113.
6. hS. . Hartlebury (3 sse.Kidder-
roinster) dt. with aq. from the Misses
Haviland, of the rectory, and wn. by
TH.
6. K. Kidderminster, wn. by TH.
from natives.
*6. M. Malvern Wells and Link, wn.
by TH. see Gt. Malvern, 113.
*6. si. Saleway (8 sw.Redditch)
wn. by TH. in 1880 from a native,
113.
«29. 82. Selly Oak (14 ene. Kidder-
minster) wl. pal. by AJE. from diet,
of Miss Sadler, of Whitelands, a
native, and wn. by TH. in the neigh-
bourhood, 486.
•29. 83. Stourbridge (6 ne Kidder-
minster) wn. by TH. wno found the
speech quite Mid. 486.
6. 84. SUmrport (4 ssw.Kidder-
minster) wn. by TH. who said the
speech nad '* the southern ring.'*
13. T. Tenbury (.-tsmbm) (16 wsw.
Kiddenninster) dt. io. by Miss Sweet
(now Mrs. Chamberlai^, author of
<*A Glossary of West Worcestershire
Words with Gloasio Notes by TH.,*'
Digitized by LjOOQIC
60*
FJIBLIMINART MATTER.
[VI.
apd wn. bj TH. in 1880 from Mifls
Sweet and others. [This was acci-
dentally omitted in giving the account
of D 13.]
6. V. l^tonSnodhury{6e,WoTceBieit)
note per Eev. J. Wright, vie.
♦6. w. TTorcester {\)dt.iMl.}}yTR.
112; (2) wn. byTH. 113.
40. Yo. -Yorkshire, 93 places in D 24, 30, 31.
froi
24. A. Armitage Bridff0 (i^emnUd})
{% B.Huddersfield) nwL by Mr. Thomas
Brooke, 46 y.
24. b1. ^offt^oroti^A (6 w Doncaster)
pc. from Rev. Wilmot W. Ware, rect.
«24. b2. Barmley dt pal. 1887 by
TH. from diet, of a native, 403.
24. b3. Birkeruhaw (7 sw. Leeds)
wn. by TH.
*31. b4. Black Burton or Burtm-
iH'Lonsdaief To. (32 nw.Keighley) on
b. of La., on the Oreta, Sewara*s Dm-
lo?ae translated by Mr. J. Powley, and
p^ by JGO. 608 to 616, also cwl. 619.
*24. b6. Bradford (1) cs. written in
by CCR. 367, notes 390 ; (2) words
im Preston's Poems, 391 ; (3) wn. by
TH.
24. b6. ^rotA^ton(3nne.Ponte6ract)
pc. from Rev. G. Haslam, vie.
*30. b7. Burton Constable (7 ssw.
Hornsea) wn. by TH. incidBntally
mentioned on the middle of p. 601.
Burton'in'Lontdaley see Black Bur^
ton.
*24. cl. Cdhcrley (6 wnw.Leeds)
dt. pal. 1887 by TH. from a native,
390.
24. c2. Camptall (6 nnw.Doncaster)
pc. from Rev. Edwin Castle, vie.
*31. c3. CautUy^ a hamlet in the
township of Sedberg (41 nw.Keighley),
on b. of We., (1) cs. pal. 1876 by
JOG., used as variants to the cs. for
Sedberg, notes No. 8, p. 669, 698 ; (2)
portion of a wl. pal. by JGG. from
the diet, of Mr. Law, then 60, a
regular old dalesman, in whose house
JUG. lived some weeks, left incomplete.
«31. c4. ChapcUU'daU (29 nw.
Keighley) wl. pal. by JGG. 619.
31. c6. Clapham (16 n.Clitheroe,
LaJ, extracts from a cs. pal. 1887 by
TH. from W. Metcalfe, native.
Daerty see Lower Nidderdale, p. 600.
«30. Dl. Danby-in-Cletfcland (16
se.Middlesborough) wl. and dt. both
io. by Rev. J. C. Atkinson, author of
the Cleveland Glossary, dt. 619, 621,
cwl 627.
♦31. d2. Dent town (27 n-by-w.
Clitheroe, La., 12 ese. Kendal, We.)
cs. and wl. pal. 1876 by JGG. from a
native, cs. 668, 663, 698, cwl. 630.
♦24. d3. Dewabury (6 w.Wakefield)
(1) cs. written in gl. by CCR. with
notes, 367, 404; (2) cs. io. by Mr.
M. ^dg[way, 37 y., sent to LLB., who
communicated it to AJ£., with CCR.'s-
notes on his orthography.
♦24. d4. Doncatter, wl. pal. by
AJE. 1877 and 1882 from Dr. John
Sykes, who kindly came to town twice
for the purpose, 406.
30. d6. Drax (6 nw.Goole) 2 pc.
from Rev. S. H. Hooper, vie.
30. Bl. JEast HadtUeeey (11 wnw.
Goole) pc. and letter from Rev. J. N.
Worfold, rect.
♦24. b2. EaetEardwiek (28.Ponte-
fract) pc. from Rev. G. £el, vie. ;
alluded to, AObd.
♦30. b3. Eaet ffoldemcss, se.Yo.
dt. pal. by AJE. from diet, of Mr.
Stead, 622.
♦24. b4. £lland (8 sse.Halifax) dt.
pal. 1887 by TH. from a native, 384.
♦31. ol. OiggUewick {\ w.Settle,
19 n.Bumley, La.) dt. pal 1887 by
TH. from diet, of a native, 648.
«24. o2. Oolcar (2 w.Huddersfield),
see 377<;.
♦30. o3. Ooole and Marshland dt.
pal. by AJE. from diet, of the late
Rev. Dr. W. H. Thompson, 622.
30. Hi. jETeK^ibiMa (6 W.Scarborough)
wl. io. from Rev. Thomas Cheese.
♦24. h2. Mali/ax (1) cs. written in
fl. by CCR. 367; notes 384; (2}
^arable of the Prodigal Son translated
by CCR. in Part. IV. pp. 1400 to
1406 ; (3) wn. by TH. ; (4) cwl. from
J. Crabtree, 383.
30. h3. Batfield {fi\ ne.Doncaster)
pc. and letter from Rev. G. Haydon,
vie.
MaweSf see Upper WensleydaU^ u6,
below.
24. h4. Eaworth (3 sw.Keighley)
wn. by TH.
♦30. h6. ^oUItfmtfM district, forming
se.Yo. from Hull to Spumhead, ana
n. to Bridlington: (1) cs. pal. by AJE.
from Rev. Henry Ward, 601, 602, 618,
who also save me a version of Launce
atid Speedy not used. The assistance
of Rev. H. Ward was obtained by the
late Rev. J. R. Green, the historian ;
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI]
FRBLmiNART UATTBR.
61«
(2) dt. for East Holderneas, see aboTe
b3 ; (3) cwl. made from wl. furnished
br Messrs. B. Stead, F. Boss, and
T. Holdemess, the three authors of the
Holdemess Oloasary, 632 ; (4) TH.*8
▼iaits to eTHmine (thr- dnr-) and
absence of article, 601.
*24. h6. Moltn/lrth (6 s.Hndders-
field) nwl. bj Mr. A. Beardsell, 40 y.,
380.
*30. h7. ffomma, TH.'s examina-
tion of (thr- dhr-), 601b, e,
*Zl. h8. fforUm-in-HibbletdaU (19
n-bj-e.Clitheroe, La., 21 ene.Lan-
caster, between Ingleborongh and
Penjghent Hills) wl. pal. by J6G.
from a natire, 619.
*31. h9. MowfiU(B ene. Kendal, We.)
wl. paL 1876 by JOG. from Mf. Best,
a natiTe, who called on AJ£. also, 630.
*24. HlO. Eudd$r8ji$ld (:M,d«zfild,
:tidh«zftl) (1) cs. written in gl. by COB.
367, 878 ; (2) wL by Messrs. Dowse
& Tcmilinson, and Miss Mercy Hibbard,
♦30. Hll. EuU (IJ wn. by TH.
50U, c; (2) wL io. by Ber. Canon
Simmons, Dalton Holme (:dAAt*n
:oom, :m1).
*31. Hl2. Hurti (8 w.Bichmond)
di paL by TH. from diet of a natiye,
648.
81. I. mUy (6 nne.EeighleT) wL
pal. by JOG. from dictation of Mrs.
Best, not used.
♦24. K. KHghUy (:kiikjhl», :kiithlt)
m cs. written in gl. byCCB 367 ; notes
886 ; (2) fragments <rf a cs. pal. in 1887
from a natnre by TH. 886; (8) wl.
paL by JOG. from Mrs. Foster, 387 ;
(4) wL io. by Mr. Septimns Brifff, for
town of Keighley ana np the iSSbj of
the Aire as to as Bradley f6 nnw.
Keighley), misprinted Bradford, 887.
•31. Ll. Laithkirh (20 nw.Bich-
mond) cs. and wL io. oy Bey. W.
Bobinson Bell, yio., inteipreted by a
cwl. by JOG. paL from dici, this
Implies to the nw. horn of To. 624.
^. l2. Le0dt (1) cs. written in gL
by CCB. with notes, 367 ; notes, 396 ;
(2) refined town form, 396 ; (8) fall
wL written in gloasio, 897.
*80. l3. Livm (6 wBw.Hornsea)
wn. by TH. described p. 601 h, c,
♦30. l4. X^^Ammm, see Lcwtr
irUUUrdaU, 600.
♦30. l6. Low^ NldderddUf contain-
ing Lofthooses (16 nw. Harrogate),
Bamsgill (14 nw.H.), Pateley Bridge
(11 nw.H.}, Gieeobow Hill(10 nw.H.),
Dacre (8 nw.H.), cs. written in gL by
CCB. 600, 602, 616.
♦24. Ml. Mannxngham, suburb of
Bradford, wn. by TH. shewing use of
(nJ 365, which Dr. Wright thinks to
be a mistake, 389.
♦30. m2. Market WeigkUm (:wiit'n)
(9 w.Beyerley) (1) cs. lo. by Mr. J.
Kirkpatrick, who also gaye specimens ;
(2) another cs. by Mr. H. Doye ; (3)
glossic transcription by CCB. ; (4) cs.
and wl. pal. 1877 by AJ£. from read-
ing of Bey. J. Jackson Wray, C8..601,
602, 617 ; spec. 497, 498 ; cwl. 529.
♦24. m3. Mar9dm{7 sw.Huddersfield)
(1) nwl. by the curate (unnamech, as-
sisted by Mr. B. Bunford, School
Terrace ; (2) printed specimen sent by
Mr. Adshead, then of Pendleton, La. ;
(3) dt. and wn. by TH. 379, 380.
Marshland, see (}oole at o3.
♦31. m4. MtddUamoor (14 w-by-n.
Bipon) cs. written in gl. by CCB., a por-
tion giyen nnder Upper Nidderdale, 544.
♦30. m5. Mid Yorkshire, district
defined, 499, cs. written in gl. by
CCB. 502, 613 (repeated 557, 563),
and full wl. also written in gl. by
CCB. 523.
♦30. m6. Moors, The, meaning
Whitby, Malton, Pickering (7 n-by-e.
Malton), or the east part of Nor^
Bidinff, dt io. by Bey. J. Thornton,
yic. of Aston Abbot, Aylesbury, 519.
Muker, see Upper Swaledaie, u5,
below.
♦30. n1. 2few Malton cs. written in
el. by CCB. considered a subdistrict of
his Mid To., see aboye m5, 499 last
line, 500, 502, 516.
North Craven, see aboye. Burton'
in-Zonedale, b4 ; Chapel-le^dale, o4 ;
HorUm^in-Ribblesdale, h8.
♦30. n2. North East Coast, district
defined, p. 500, No. 8, cs. written in gl.
by CCB. 502, 517.
♦30. n3. North Mid Yorkshire,
district defined, 499, No. 3, cs. written
in gl. by CCB. 502, notes 515 ; this is
for the ordinary rural speech; CCB.
gaye also a cs. in refined rural form.
31. n4. North (^Richmond, refined
phase, cs. written in ^1. by CCB.,
i^parently as a reminiscence of the
pron. of an indiridual mentioned in
CCB.'s Leeds Glossary, p. ziii ; being
a refined form, it is onutted here, as
was the refined form in ir3 aboye.
The peasant speech of which this was
a rennement was probably the same
as that of Laithkirk aboye, l1. It is
Digitized by LjOOQIC
62*
FRELIMINAST HATTER.
[VI.
made remarkable by tbe frequent use
of (9) as (99t net td bi req by sa'ikvn
a peent ez dhis) ou^bt not to be wrong
of=on sucb a pomt as tbis, (loa-in
8 t^'tit ot weel Hqtb etap* e)t* firea'tmd
tlooa bty)t^ uos daer «▼ tz gee^ua seonde
koot dae'tm at kaanar a Jan laan) lying
stretcbed at wbole lengtb atop of tbe
ground close by tbe bouse door in bis
good Sunday coat at comer of yon
lane.
*24. o. 0$$et (4 w.Wakefield) wn.
by TH 366.
Pauley Bridge^ see Lower Nidder-
dale.
30. p. JR0<?*/iii^<o>i(12e-by-s.York)
(1) wl. io. by Miss Lucy Singleton,
Ureat GiTendjde House; (2) full wl.
io. by Dr. T. Wilson, more tban 60 y.
RamtgiUi see Lower NidderdaUy l5
above.
*31. r1. Richmond wl. io. by Mr.
George Bell, noticed p. 644a.
30. r2. Ripon to Thirak (taking
parts of CCR.^s Mid and North Mid
Yo., aboTe m5 and -irS), wl. io. by
Mrs. Uoyd, Haselcroft, Bipley (7 s.
Bipon).
24. &3. Ripponden (5 sw.Halifaz)
wn. by TH. from two snepberds.
24. B.4. Rouingion (4 se.Doncaster)
pc. from Bev. J. W. Scarlett, rect.
^4. r5. Rotherham, cs. written in
gl. by CCB. 367, 404.
24. &6. Roundhay (3 ne.Leeds^ nwl.
by Mr. F. M. Lupton, 27 y. frombirtb.
♦24. 8l. Saddteworth wl. io. by Mr.
6. H. Adsbead, 380.
♦31. 82. Sedberg (31 w.Bicbmond)
cs. pal. 1876 by JOG. from diet. 669,
663, 698.
30. 83. S^% (10 nw.Goole) pe.
from Bev. F. W. Harper, vie.
♦24. 84. Sheffield (1) cs. so. by Prof.
Parkes, procured tbroagb JAHM. and
friends, 367, 406 ; (2) notes on vowels,
406.
30. 86. 8ke//ling (4 se.Patrington,
near Spurn Head) wl. io. from Kev.
H. Maister, vie, all bis life.
♦30. 86. Skelton-in-Cleveland (16
wnw. Wbitby) dt. io. witb long notes
by Mr. I. Wilkinson, read to me by
Mr. J. W, Langstaff, of Stangbow
(3 sse.Skelton), 619, 621.
♦31. 87. Skipton (8 nw.Eeigbley)
(1) cs. written in gl. by CCB. extracts,
644 ; (2) dt. pal. 1887 by TH. 648.
*24. s8. Slaithwaite{4 sw.Hudders-
field), see 377, var. i.
♦30. b9. Snaith (6 w-by-s.Goole) (1)
wl. io. by Bev. J. W. Norman, 633 ; (2)
pc. from Bev. C. £. Stores, vie.
♦30. slO. South Aituty, denned i99
No. 2, 08. written in gl. by Mr. B. Stead
and pal. by AJE. 499, 602, 614 No. 2.
♦30. 8ll. South Cleveland district
defined 600, cs. written in gl. by CCB.
600, 602, 616 No. 7, tbe n.Cleveland
bas been spoiled dialectally by tbe iron
works.
24. 8l2. South Owram(\iae,'aaHBJ.)
wn. by TH. bas only (») as noted, 366.
♦30. 8l3. ^fton (3nne.Hull)dt.io.
by Mr. £. Frencb, tben of tbe lead
works, 167 Cburcb St., Hull, see Cb. 7.
622.
♦30. 8l4. Swine (6 nne.Hull) wn.
by TH. from a native of Hull, wbo
bad resided 20 or 30 years at Swine,
alluded to, 601 6, e,
24. Tl. Thornton (6 n. Halifax) wn.
byTH.
24. t2. Tiekhill (7 s.Doncaster) pc.
from Bev. Cbarlee Bury, vie.
♦31. ul. Upper Craven with Upper
Nidderdale, cs. written in gl. by CCB.
extracts given, 644.
♦24. u2. Upper Cumberworth (6
sse.Huddersfield) dt. and wn. pal. 1881
by TH. from diet. 880.
♦31. u3. Upper Mining Dale*, i.e.
Swaledale and Arkengartbdale, cs.
mitten in gl. by CCB. extracts given,
644.
♦31. it4. Upper Nidderdale, cs.
written in gl. by CCB. extracts given,
644.
♦31. u6. Upper Swaledale OT Muker
(16 w-by-s.Bicbmond) cs. pal. 1876
by JGG. from many natives 667 (wbere
it is called Upper Swaledale), 663,
696 (wbere it is called Muker) , extracts
644, and cwl. also by JGG. 619 ; JGG.
likewise gave a trs^islation of Launce
and Speed, wbieb was transcribed into
bis own gl. by CCB. and re-rendered
by JGG. 1878, but as tbe example is a
bad one it is not given.
♦31. u6. Upper Weneleydale or
Havoea (20 wsw.Bicbmond) cs. pal.
1876 by JGG. from a native, 667, 663,
696, all No. S under Sawet.
30. wl. Waghen or Waume (4 se.
Beverley) wl. io. by Bev. G. Wilkin-
son, 36 y.
♦24. w2. JFakeJleld wn. by TH.
incorporated witb a cwl. deduced from
Mr. W. S. Banks's printed List </
Words, 401.
♦30. w3. Wdahhum River region,
lying between the Wbarfe and tbe
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRBLIMINAHT MATTER.
63»
Kidd, remarkable for use of (th) for
def. art., cs. written in gl. by CCB.
600, 602, 616, all No. 6.
•30. w4. Whitbv (1) dt. and wl.
both io. by the late Mr. F. K. Robin-
son, dni^ist, author of the Whitby
Glouary, dt. 619, 621, cwl. 627 ; (2)
dt. io. for this included in the Moors,
by Rev. J. Thornton, 619, 621rf'.
•24. w6. WindhiU (3 n.Bradford)
dt. pal. by AJE. from Dr. J. Wright,
native, 389.
York Aintiyf see South Aimty above
BlO.
30. T. York City refined speech,
used by tradespeople and best class of
inhabitants of rural market towns ; cs.
gl. by CCK. and Mr. Stead, but
omitted as not being genuine dialect,
see remarks on Leeds refined form, 396.
41. Ma.«l8le of Man, 3 places, all in I) 23, Yar. ii.
•23. xl. Kirk ChHtt Lezayre {2
w. Ramsey) dt. pal. by TH. from diet,
of a native, and wn. 361, 363,
♦23. k2. Kirk ChrUt Buthen (4 w.
Castletown) dt. pal. by TH. from diet,
of natives, 361, 363.
23. x3. Kirk Patrick (2 s.Peel)
wn. by TH. from diet, of Mrs. E.
Qorphey, b. 1866, native, wife of in-
formant for Kirk Christ Lezayre.
♦23. p. Peel dt. and wn. in 1881 by
TH. from natives, 361, 363.
Wales.
36 places in D 2, 3, 13, 14, 28, or in no district.
Observe "aqCB." means "Answers to Questions respecting the Celtic Border."
0 means, not considered in this book, because the peasants do not habitually
converse in English.
43. Bb.kB&bconshibb.
4 places in D 13.
13. b1. Brecon f aqCB. from Rev.
D. Griffith, vie.
•13. b2. Breconehire, eastern or
English-speaking part, with w.He. wl.
by Mr. R. Stea^ see Folkestone, Ke.
178.
13. b8. BuiUh (13n.Brecon) aqCB.
from Rev. A. J. Coore, vie.
13. c. Crickhowel (12 ese.Breoon)
aqCB. from Rev. B. Somerset, rect.
46. Cm.sCabmabthbk.
1 place in no district.
0. c. Carmarthen cs. and wl. of
Welsh-English of 1830 by the late
Mr. W. Spurrell, author of a Welsh-
English Qrammar and Dictionary.
47. Dk. sDsNBIOHSHTBB.
4 places, 3 in D 28, 1 in no district.
28. c. Chirk (9 ssw. Wrexham)
aqCB. from Rev. T. H. Simpson, vie.
•28. H. Holt (6 ne. Wrexham) aoCB.
from Rev. H. Wray, vie, note from
Mr. E. French (see Sutton, To.), and
wn. by TH. 468.
0. B. Ruabon (6 sw. Wrexham)
aqCB. from Rev. M. Edwards, vie.
*28. w. Wrexham aqCB. by Rev.
D. Howell, vie, and wn. by TH. 468.
48. Fl.«= Flint.
8 places, 6 in D 28, 3 in no district.
•28. b1. ^tf//»f^/tf (6 sw. Bangor, de-
tached) wn. by TH. from a native, 466.
•28. b2. BretUm (3 sw.Chester,
main) wn. by TH. 468.
0. p. Flinty aqCB. from Rev. E.
Jenkins, vie.
•28. Hi. Eanfiur (6 wsw.Bangor,
detached) wn. 466, and dt. pal. byTH.
from a native, 462, and dt. io. by Mr. T.
Bateman, of Arowry, a hamlet m Han-
mer, and letter from Rev. M. H. Lee.
•28. h2. Hawarden (6 ese. Flint,
main), aqCB. from Rev. S. Gladstone,
rect., dt. io. from Mr. Spencer, school-
master, and wn. by TH. 468.
28. h3. Eope (6 se.Mold, main)
aqCB. by Rev. J. Riowlands, vie.
0. M. Mold^ S.Flint) aqCB. by
Rev. Rowland Ellis, vie.
0. K. Northop (3 S.Flint, main)
aqCB. by Rev. T. Williams, vie.
49. Gm.sGlamo&oanshirb.
3 places, 1 in D 3, 2 in no district.
•3. o. Oowerlandf dt. io. and note
from Rev. J. D. Davies, 13d, 36.
0. L. Llantriseant (10 nw. Cardiff)
aqCB. from Rev. J. Powell Jones, vie.
0. M. Merthyr Tydvil^ aqCB. from
Bev. John Griffith, rect.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
64*
PRELIUINABT HATTBB.
[VI.
61. Ho. bHontoombktbhibx.
9 places, all in D 14.
14. b1. J^rritfu; (3 nw.Monteomery)
a^CB. from Bey. Joseph Baines,
▼ic.
14. b2. BuHington (2 ne. Welshpool)
aqCB. from Ber. J. Lewis, vie, and
note from Bey. D. Phillips Lewis.
14. F. Forden (3 n.Mont^mery)
aqCB. from Bey. J. E. Vise, vie.
14. o. GuiUJield (2 n. Welshpool)
aqCB. and note from Bey. D. Phillips
Lewis, vie.
14. K. Kerry {2 ese.Newtown) aqCB.
from Bey. W. Morgan, yic.
14. L. Llandrinio (8 nne. Welshpool)
aqCB. from Bev. £. B. Smith, rect.
*14. M. Montgomery^ aqCB. and
letter containing much information on
the CB. from Bev. F. W. Parker,
rect. 146, 1830.
14. 8. Snead (6 se.Hontgomery)
aqCB. from Bev. Q. 0. Pardee,
rect.
14. w. TTftfApoo/, aqCB. from Bev.
J. S. Hill, vie.
52. PX. ePBMBROKBSHniB.
4 places all in D 2.
*2. &. Rhdt andDaugJeddgMundreds,
the two sw. peninsnlas of Pm. (1) Bev.
J. Tombs, rect. of Barton (3 n. Pem-
broke) sent me a dt. 32, printed lecture
and notes; (2) Mr. F. T. Elworthy
sent notes, 34 ; (3][ notes from Mr. £.
L. Jones, master oi Brooklands School,
Sale, Manchester, native of Tenby, 34 ;
(4) dt. from diet, by Mr. W. Spurrell,
32, with specimens of Narberth Speech,
34 ; {5) notes from Yen. Archdeacon
Edmonaes, of Warren, 34.
53. BD.BBADNORSHnUi.
3 places in D 13.
♦13. B. Boughrood (18 sw.Presteufn,
at the extreme s. of the county) aqCB.
from Ven. H. de Winton, Arch, ol
Brecon and vie. 179.
13. L. Llanddewi Tetradenng (11
wsw. Knighton) aqCB. from Bev. L.
A. Smith, vie.
13. N. Nnc Radnor (7 sw.Presteign)
aqCB. from Bev. J. Gillam, rect.
Scotland.
39 places in D 33 to D 42.
54. AB.nABBRDBBNBHniB.
3 places in D 39.
♦39. A. Ab. generally (1) numerals
from Mr. Melville Bell's Vitible Speech,
726 ; (2) sentences from the same, 777.
♦39. B. Buehan district, fl) Buth,
chap. i. pal. by Dr. JAHM. from diet.
698, No. 3 ; (2) nwl. by Dr. Findlater,
779 ; (3) words selected from J. Alex-
ander's Johnny Oibb of Outhetneuh,
779.
*39. c. Cromdr district, MS. phonetic
account by the late Mr. Samuel Innes,
died about 1866, given me by Mr. T.
H. Bidge in 1872, partly read to me
in 1883 by Jane Morrison, native of
Tarland, m Cromlir, servant of Sir
Peter Lumsden, and fresh from Tar-
land, who knew Mr. Innes by name ;
(1) his account of the pron. 766 to
768; (2) his examples. The Meeting^
769; TuU-tide, 770; The Fighty 773;
Notes, 775.
56. At. •> Atbshi&b.
6 places in D 85 and 36.
♦35. A. Ayr, Buth, ohap. i. pal. by
Dr. Murray in his DSS. p. 240, with
cwl. from It, 698 No. 2, 742.
♦36. c. CoyUon (6 ese.Ayr) (1) cwl.
io. representing the district ot Kyle,
742 ; (2) dt. 10. with notes pal. by
AJ£. 731, both by Bev. Neil living-
stone. Free Church, Manse. Tms
might be put to x2.
*85. xl. KUmamoekf phonetic trans-
cription of Bums's Tarn o' Shanter
by Messrs. Thomas Lang (then of
^ilmamoch), CarstairB Douglas, B.
Giffen, and others, pal. with notes by
AJE. 731-741. This might be put
tox2.
♦35 and 36. x2. JTyfe, (1) W.
Simson's words (printed) 742; (2) a
word from Miss U. Q. Hamilton.
♦36. M. New Oitmnoek Ci6 eBe.AjT.)f
Bums's son^ of J)une«m Gray, written
1847 by me in my extended phonotypic
alphabet of that year, from the diet, of
John Lowe, and pal. from the original,
748.
♦35. o. OehiUree (loo'Wliri) (11 e.
Ayr) nwl. by Mr. D. Patrick, 1877,
then in Edinburgh, but knowing the
dialect « all his iSe," 28 y., 742.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI.]
PRELIMINABT MATTER.
65*
67. BA.=BANPF8Hnil.
1 place in D 39.
»39. K. Kfith, by Rer. Walter
Gregor, native, see 683, No. 6. (1) cs.
written io. and pal. by Dr. Mniray,
684, 695; (2) cwl. pal. from Mr.
Gregorys dictation by AJE. 779 to
78o ; (3) notes and phrases dictated at
the same time as (2), 777 to 779.
68. Bw.bBbbwickbhibb.
1 pkoe in D 34.
*34. c. Chimside (9 wnw.Berwick-
npon-Tweed) by Rev. George Wilson,
Free Church, Glenluce (16 w.Wigton,
dt. and nwl. in io. pal. by AJE. from
indications, both 726.
60. Cs.s Caithness.
1 place in D 40.
*40. w. TFick (1) cs. pal. 1874 by
AJE. from diet, of Mr. A. Meiklejohn
and Revs. J. Sinclair and R. Macbeth,
583, No. 7. 684, 696 ; (2) wd. from
Hiss C. G. Hamilton.
64. Dp.sDuicnLiissHiBB.
1 place in D 36.
*36. T. T^nroH (14 nw.Dnmfries)
notes and Iw. in 1868 by Bfr. James
Shaw, 749.
66. Ed. sEdinbv&ohshibji or Mid
LoTOIAlf.
1 place in D 34.
*34. B. Edinburgh (1) cs. pal. by
JAHM. from diet, of Mrs. Ch. Murray,
native, 683, No. 3, 684, 696,.726rf;
(2) Lothian sentences from Mr. Mel-
imB BeU's Viiible Speech, 724; ^3)
numerals from the same, 726; (4)
CenM Scottish from Dr. Murray's
DSS., pp. 144 to 149, may belonfl[ to
D 34, 36, 36, or any part of Mid
Lowland, as the wordis are not dis-
tinguished, 727.
67. Fi.=FiFiaHiRB.
2 places in D 34 and D 37.
•34. J. Fifeahire generaUy, (1) sen-
tences from Mr. Melville Bell's Vitihle
Speech, 725; (2) numerals from the
same, 726.
*37. K. Nevcburgh'On^Tay (8 wnw.
Cnpar) dt. io. with notes by Rev. Dr.
Alex. Laing, 762.
B.E. Pron. Part ▼.
68. FO. eFOBYABSRIBB.
3 places in D 38.
*38. A. Arbroath cs. written in io.
by Mr. W. J. Anderson, pal. by Dr.
J. A. H. Murray, 683, No. 6, 684,
696.
*38. B. Brechin nwl. by Mr. J.
Guthrie, Royal Bank of Scotland, 26 y.,
760.
*38. D. Dundee (1) dt. pal. 1881 by
AJE. from diet, oi Miss ^e^;^, then
of Whitelands, 758, with notes and
phrases from the same, 759 ; (2) notes
by Mr. G. Clarke of the West End
Academy, 760.
69. Hd. sHaddimotonbhibb or East
Lothian.
1 place in D 34.
*34. L. Linton (6 ne.Haddington) cs.
io. by Mr. J. Teenan, really, gen. D 34,
almost identical with 684, No. 3,
Edinburgh.
71. Ec. eKiNCABDIKBSHIBB.
1 place in D 88. .
»38. o. Gle^farquhar (11 w-by-s.
Stonehaven) £rom Mr. J. Koes, M.A.,
Rector of tiie High School, Arbroath,
Fo., native, (1) notes, 766; (2) dt.
so. 758; (3) nwl. with aq. and long
explanations, 760.
78. Kb. •> ElBXOUDBBIGHTSHIBB
(:kirkuu*brf).
1 place in D 36.
*86. K. Kirkpairiek-Durham (:kil-
pee-trik) (6 n.Castle Douglas) nwl. by
6ev. W. A. Stark, 6 y., 749.
74. liK. eLAKABKSHIRB.
1 place in D 36.
*35. o. Olataow and Clydesdale
generally, (1) Clydesdale sentences from
Mr. MelnUe Bell's ViHble Speech,
730, 742; (2) wl. io. by Mr. John
Alexander, tiien of Glasgow (:gle8kB),
60 y., 742.
77a. Ob.«Orknbt.
forming one county with Shetland,
here separated as 77^, and placed
after Se, » Selkirk, because they
have been placed in separate dis-
tricts; 1 place in D 41.
*4l. 8. Sanda, northern isles, the
residence of Mr. W. Traill Dennison,
who in 1880 published his Orcadian
Sketch Book, out of which has been
6*
Digitized by LjOOQIC
66«
FBELIMINAKT MATTER.
[VI.
ffi
taken Paety ToroTs TraveUye, with
the pron. corrected by himself tv. in
Aug. 1884, p. 791 to 802, and he also
wrote and dictated to me tt. his trans-
lation of John Gilpin into older Orkney
speech, June, 1888, p. 802 to 811.
78. Pb. tsPBBBLBSHI&B.
1 place in D 34.
*34. p. Peebles co. generally,
numerals from Mr. MelTille Belrs
VieibU Spewhy 726.
79. P&.s=Pbbth8hibb.
1 place in D 37.
•37. p. Perth, or neighbourhood,
1) dt. pal. by AJE. from diet, of
'isses Miles, PoUar and Eidd of
Whitelands in 1881 ; (2) words from
Enga pron. by the same, both 763.
80. Bf.bRsnfkbwshibb.
1 place in D 35.
*35. L. Loehwinnoeh (:lokh'en!akh)
(12 sw. Renfrew, misprinted 6 sw. on
p. 747) words and phrases contrasted
with Ochiltree, Ay. by Mr. Dand
Patrick, 747.
82. Rx.sRoXBUROHSHUlB.
5 places in D 33.
*33. H. Hawick (l)pron. abstracted
from Dr. Murray's DSS. 710 to 713 ;
(2) cs. written in pal. by Dr. J. A. H.
Murray, natiye, 682 No. 2, 684, 694 ;
(3) Ruth, Chap. i. pal. by Dr. JAHM.
from his DSS. p. 241, Teviotdale 698,
No. 1 ; (4) Teviotdale sentences from
Mr. MelTiUe Bell*s Vitible Speech, 714 ;
(5) numerals from the same, 726 ; (6)
scotch Hundredth Psalm, from Dr.
JAHM.'s DSS. 716 ; (7) South Low-
land cwl. from DSS. increased by
communications from Dr. JAHM. 716
to 721 ; as all of these are based on
Dr. Murray's authority, they are aU
classed under his natiye place.
*33. L. LiddetdaUHead^nesxThoTM'
shop (12 8-by-e.Hawick), cwl. pal. by
JGG. from Mr. Jackson, 76y., 721.
33. B. Roxburgh Toum (17 nnw.
Hawick) cwl. pal. by JGG. from diet,
of Mr. D. Ross, then of Milbum, but
26 y. from birth ; not intended for publi-
cation and not printed.
33. T. Teviotdale Head (8 se.Hawick)
cwl. pal. by JGG. from Mr. Linton,
Lewisbum, Plashetts (24 nw.Hexham,
Nb.), 20y., not intended for publication
and not printed.
33. T. Tetholm (.-jaath'm) (8 se.
Kelso, 1 m. from the Nb. b. on the
road to Wooler, a great gypsy settle-
ment) from diet, of Mr. T. Kirknp,
M. A., natiye of Wooler, 16y., for 4
of which he was a pupil teacher in
Yetholm, (1) a wl. partly corrected in
pal. by AjE. from nis dictation ; (2)
at. pal. by the same from the same ;
neither used, see p. 656 d.
83. Sb. «= Sblxibkshirb.
»83. Selkirk fsffilkrik, rsaelkrit) wl.
pal. by JGG. from diet, of Mr. J.
Mitchell, of Howgill Castle, Milbum,
We., natiye, but 26 y. absent from
Scotland ; not printed.
77*. Sd. eSHBTLAND.
4 places in D 42*; this forms one county
with 77a Orkney, which see after
74 Lk.
*42. D. Dvnrosenesiy southernmost
point of mainland 8d. (1) cs. written
m io. by Mr. Dayid Cogle, fisherman,
native of Cuningsboroueh, and pal.
by AJE. from the diet, of Miss A. B.
Malcolmson, of Lerwick, 683 No. 8,
684, 696 ; (2) in print '« Shetland
Fireside Tales by G.S.E." (Mr. G.
Stewart, of Emnburgh, native of
Dunrossness), given me by Mr. Cogle,
818.
42. L. Lerwick, {\) Parable of the
Prodigal Son in Sa. speech, written
in io. by Mr. Arthur Laurenson, of
Lerwick, and pal. by me from diet, of
Miss Anna B. Malcolmson, 816; {2)
nwl. by Mr. A. L. of whidi tne
principal words were pal. by me from .
the diet, of Miss A. 6. M. 818.
42. 8. Shetland generally, {I) MS.
Glossary of words collected oy Mr.
A. Grant, and sent to Prince L.-L.
Bonaparte, who lent it to me ; (2) '* A
Shetland Letter " communicatea to me
in MS. by Prince LLB., and translated
by Mr. A. Laurenson, but as it has
not been read tb me, I have not used
it ; part of it is printed in the 'Zetland
Directory and Guide,* 1860.
*42. u. Un»t (\) MS. Glossary of
words collected by Dr. L. Edmondstone
with the pronunciation of several
marked by Walker's symbols, belonging
to Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, who lent
it to me ; (2) in print ' The Parable of
the Sower,' Matth. xiii. 3-9, trans-
lated in 1868 by Dr. LE. for Prince
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VI., VII.]
PBELIMINAKT MATTER.
67*
LLB., and commimicated by him with
Annotations to the Philological Society
of London, 20 June, 1878, p. 817.
86. "Wo. eWlOTOWNSHIBB.
2 places in D 36.
*86. o. Oknluet (glBnlyyisWlS w.
Wigton) nwl. by Bey. George Wilson,
Free Church, Glenluce, who went over
every word with his deacon, James
McCulloch, 68, native, whose father
kept up the dialect well, 749.
*36. B. Stranraer (26 w-bv-n.
Wigton) cs. pal. by AJB. from oict.
of Messrs. W. Boyd, M. Armstrong,
and R. Caddow, 683, No. 4, 684,
695, 749.
Ireland.
117. Wx.=Wbxpobd. 00.
1 phice in D 1.
. 7. Forth and Barffy baronies.
letter from £. Hore, and from printed
matter by Bev. William Barnes, pp.
26-30.
Vn. ALPHABETICAL INFORMA]!n?S LIST AND INDEX
OF ALL THE NAMES MENTIONED IN THIS
TREATISE.
This consists of two distinct parts given for convenience in one alphabetical
arrangement. The first is a reverse index to the Alphabetical County List VI.,
enabling the reader to refer back from the informant's name to his contribution.
The name in roman letters is followed by the usual two-letter abbreviation of
the name of the county in italics with if, IT, ^, / prefixed if it belongs to the
Isle of Man, Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. This refers at once to the Alpha-
betical Counties List, YI., which is arranged first in countries, and then in
counties. Then follows the initial, numbers if necessary, which refers to that
given under the name of the county in YI., and immediately points out the place,
whence the information was derived, and whence all the necessary particulars
can be found. When more than one counter is referred to, a — is interposed.
The second part contains those names wmch are not introduced in Yl. because
they could not be conveniently referred to a specified place in a county. These
for distinction are printed in italics with generally an indication of the matter
for which any name is cited, and the pafe where it will be found. When the
name also belongs to the first part, only the indication is printed in italics.
The names of all persons or books mentioned in my treatise from which I
have directly derived information are thus given — errors excepted. The names
of those from whom my informants derived their knowledge, though occasionally
given in ^e text, are generally not inserted in this list, although there are a few
exceptions, as no rule could be conveniently observed in inserting or omitting them.
The names of some of the books used are also given, and it may be assumed
that I have consulted every important book on dialects that has appeared (p. 5d),
although not specially named. These I did not consider it necessary to specify.
See the Biblicfiraphy published by the English Dialect Society and its own
publications. The peculiar character of this treatise consists in unprinted and
hitherto uncoUected sources of information on which it is founded, and it is to
those from whom I procured it that this Alphabetical List mainly relates.
Adcock, Miss M. A. Le,
♦s.
Adshead, Q. H. To. ii3.
8l.
AfrieoUCt waU^ 22.
Ainger, Bev. Dr. Nb. r.
Alton, W. General View
of Agriculture in the
Co, of Ayr, 729a.
AkemuM*8 * Hornet and
BeetU,' pal. 61 to 64.
Alexander, J. SLk. o. —
and tee Oibb, SAb. s.
Alfred King, 2.
Alien, Yen. Archd. 8h.
p2.
Allen, Orant, * Are ice
Englishmen f* 9 note.
Allen, Miss. Le. *b4.
Allen, T. Nb, •el.
Allen, Bev. T. T. Du. d.
Allnutt, W. H. Ox. o.
Auchmaty, Bev. A. C.
He. l6.
Anderson, W. J. SFo, a.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
68*
PRELIMINARY MATTBR.
[VII.
Anonymous, Tic. Co, l1.
— vie. Du. a2. —
rector. ^Et. b. — Tic.
He. A. — Tic. Li. b3.
— senrant. X». •£.
— passenger. Nf, *n5.
— vie. Ux. h2. —
curate. To, m3.
Anstey, Mary. Lv, •il.
Arden, Mrs. Jjouglas. Li,
Hi. s8.
Amoldy jr., his pron. of
*fate,' 33ft.
Armstrong, Bev. £. P.
Li. 86.
Armstrong, M. 8Wg, s.
Ashby, O. Nf. Kl.
Atkinson, Mrs. Cu. cl. —
JTtf. T. — kir a99i$Umee
for Edennde namety
666d, 6030.
Atkins, A. H. Bu. c2.
Atkinson, W. Ou, p. —
Aff aaittance for JBdeH'
tide namety 60Zc,
Atkinson, Rev. J. La, d.
Atkinson, Rev. J. 0. To,
Dl.
B
Bainbridge, J. Cu, m, —
hi$ assistancf for Eden^
tide Namet, 603<;.
Raines, Rev. J. ITJfy. b1 .
Bairdy H, ^Nathan Hogg^
166<f, \b%e, Ib^d,
Baker, R. 8. Nf, n4.
Baker, Rev.R.S.JV>.H4.
Ballard, H. Se, *m.
Baldwin, Rev. I. N. m,
ii4.
Bamford, R. mFo. ii3.
Banks, Mrs. L. La, Ml.
Banks, W. 8. To. ♦w2.
Banting, W. B. 2?^. ♦hI.
Banton, Rev. P. Np, d8.
Barclay, Rev. D. iT^. s4.
Barkas, T. P. Nh. •hI.
Barlow, Rev. J. M. 8r, b2.
Barnard, Mrs. J. Hi, b3.
Barnes, Rev. W. Do,
^Z.^IWm, w, printed
26, 26, 30— Ofi/,4>,«irf
#, tin 8. 38io41.
BarUett, Rev. W. A. 89.
w3
Batchelory T. l?d: •b.
Ofuj Aif < Orthoepieal
Analytit; 204-209 <««
Bateman, T. WFl, h1.
Baumanny H, hit London^
itmty 230.
Beardsell, A. To, *h6.
Beeby, Miss. Bu, •wl.
Bee8ley,T. jnn. Ox. •b1.
Beesley, sen. Oj;. *b1.
Begge, Miss. 8E0, d.
Beie,J)r,<m*VyW,^ 132.
Bell, A. M. 8Ab, a.—
5^. B.— 5^. p.—
8Lk, Q,—8Pb, p.—
5J?j:. h.— Aff * Vitihle
8peeeh^ ttntenett, 714,
724, 726, 730, 777, and
Numeralty 726. — revitet
Buehan vertion ofRuthy
698ft.
BeU, G. To, ♦b1.
Bell, Miss H. Le, w.
Bell, Rev. H. Cu, b.
Bell, Jacob, J^. x.
Bell, Miss M. A. Xa. «c8.
Bell, Rev. W.R. To. ♦lI.
Bellows, J. Ql. Bl.—
X«. p3.
Bennett, Rev. Canon, Wl,
M.
Bennett, E. 8t, b2.
Benton, Mr. Ph. JSi. •si.
Berin, Rev. H. Ke. p1.
Berkeley, Rev. S. H. 1)9.
m2.
Bewick, R. JVft. •w2.
Best, — To, h9.
Best, Mrs. To, i.
Bewly, £. 8. Ha. A.—
i^. s2.
Bigge, Rev. J. F. m. *02.
Bingham, Rev. Canon,
Do, Bl.
Birch, Rev. G. J^k. b.
Birkeif W, hit help for
Edentide namety 609d,
Blasson, T. Li, *mi,
Blenkinsopp, Rev. E. L.
Li. slO.
Blythe, Rev. J. M, a2.
Bogg, T. W. Li, HZ.
Bolingbroke, Mrs. F. H.
Bd. M.
Bonaparte, Prince L.-L.,
hit help, 6,^01, 4-
(ii), 64. — on JVft. burr,
648a, 644a.— J}#. *h1.
Bu. c2, o3, L. — Et.
Ul. — Gl. Bl.— .Ho.
•ol.— .H#. •d2 •b H
♦l4 M B yr2,—Ht, bI
b3 o2 h4 X l1 l2 *b
T w2.— Xa. p8.--lfi.
♦b w.— JTo. ♦l.— A)r.
Kl.— 5r. l.— ITa. 83.
— TFo. ♦d2.— Fo. d3.
—5^. 8 u.
Bower, Rev. A. Li, u2.
Bowness, R. La. c8.
Boyd, W. 5IFV. 8.
Bradley, Rev. E. Bu. a.
Bradsliaw, Mrs. jun. Ox.
b1.
Brain, J. Ox, •©.
Brandrethy E, L. obtaint
Jane Morriton^t help,
764tf.
Unggy 8. To. K.
Breechen, Rev. J. JZw. w.
Brewer, W. J*, ^c.
Brickwell,Rev. £. Bd. h2.
Broadley, Rev. Canon, Do,
b8.
Brookie, W. Du. 88.
Brooke, F. C. ^, u.
Brooke, T. To. a.
Brooks, Rev. T. W. D.
iUL p.
Bronghton, Rev. R. Ha,
Bl,
Brown, Rev. A^ H. Et,
b4.
Brown, J. Bd, a.
Brown, Jo. JTe. xl.
Brown, Rev. T. ^. h.
Brown, W. H. Ht, b.
Browne, Rev.H. TTo, b1.
Bmne, Mrs. Piideanx.
Co. pl.
< i^r«< y I^wytogion,* on
the Flemingt in Pm. 24.
BiH^Rev. G.P. i^.Kd.
Buckle, Miss. Nf, htl.
Buckley, Rev. Jo. IT/. 88.
Bnller, Rev. R. Co, l8.
Bulman, Rev. G. P. Du,
86.
Borgiss, G., with T. and
J. He, Hi.
Bume, Mrs. ^A. k1.
Bomeil, Dr. A. C. Ha,
wl.
Bumingbam, Rev. T. Nf,
in6, — 8r, ol.— Jo.
example about 1828, p.
96<f.— OM Br. and St.,
lOBc,
Burnt, B,, Tamo* Shanter,
pal, 732. — Duncan
Ora^ypdl. 748.
Burton, Sir F., on 'dem
the' inKe. 132.
Bury, Ret. T.W. Li. a1.
Bury, Rev. Ch. To. "ra.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
vn.]
PBSLIMINART HATTEIU
69*
BnUer, Betty, Lm, ol.
Bntlar, T. JU. d.
Butyr^ Ihbioi, r$eitM
Forth tp^tek, 28.
Bntteoihaw, Hon. Bd. m
Caddow, B. 8W^. s.
Cadogsn, C. H. Nb. b.
Galkad, Mim. J&. 84.
Camflnm, Ber. A. A. J^.
•h8.
Campbell, Mn. O. M. £.
JTL c5.
GampbeIl,BeT.^. J}#. k.
Ca^bell, Ber. W. A.
CmMMl, Ld. h%9 •Zif0
rfJmd^^ Smk,* 64.
Omr, W., m tK$Nb, hmr,
faik$r qfjfn. Htnehl,
65U.
Curd, Ber. T. JIu, h2.
Ctrtbew, G. A. J^. •■.
Ctftlege, Ber. G. A. Du,
•b2.
CtMrtem, Ber. J. C. U.
Ml.
Castie.BeT. E. To. o2.
Catteli,T.£. JZw. c.
Chamberiaiii, J. H. Le.
Ll.
Chamberlain, Ber. J. 8. F.
Chamberlain, Mn. ^rm-
erljMifle Sweet) JFo, t.
Chamberlun, BeT« T. B.
m. m8.
Chambers, Ber. W. I.
14, n2.
Chandler, H. Su, v.
Chandler, T. H., jim.
Wl. A,
Chandler, T. H., sen.
Wl. el.
Chajoman, lOae E. ITp.
Chaiknrorth, Ber. J. B.
A^. Bl.
Chmifitr, ki$ 'StTQthir,*
641.
Cheales, Ber. H. J. Zi.
•f8.
Cheese, Ber. F. To. h1.
Christie, Ber. C. M. Sm.
o6.
Claike, A. T. 0. Jh. *o.
Claike, 0« Silt. D*
Clarke, 8. St. wl.
Clarke, Ber. T. JTe. l.
CZsrib, Mr$., kor (I'ipnm)
at efmpwrod %D%th her
genetit i^ Sattim (a'ti,
19M.
Clay, Ber. E. K. J^w. o.
CUj-Ker-Seymonr, Mrs.
Clayton, Ber. C. Dm. s?.
Clererley, W. 1?#. si.
Cloee,BeT.B.W. Hu, p.
Clongh, J. C. C%. Al.
Cockman, Mr. and Miss.
Li, o8.
Cockshall, Ber. J. 8. Li,
b6.
Coffle, B. 88d. d.
Coker, Ber. C. Or. •y2.
Cole, Miss. 8t, k.
Coleridge, Mim E. Mi.
Hi.
CoUint, B$p. J. 3ff.
Collins, Miss. J^. si.
Colfoz, T. A. Do, b4.
Conway, BeT. B. Su, a,
Cooke, J. H. GL b1.
Cooper, Major C. i^<;. t8.
Cooper, Ber. L. £u, b.
Coore, Ber. A. J. WBr,
b8.
Coptf Sir W. jr., hit 'ffa.
Olottar^f* 09.
Corphey, Mrs. E. Ma,
k8.
Cosbey, Ber. C. Du. s7.
Cottee, Ber. W, A. Xi.
x8.
Couch, T. Q. Cb. l2.
Coulter, Mrs. Xa. ii2.
Coward, Messrs. CW. ol.
Cox. Miss. Bu. h2.
Crabtree, J. To, h2.
Crate, Ber. E. H. Bt,
•82.
Creighton, Ber. M. m.
•b.
Cross, T. H. Oo. ^02.
Crossman, Ber. C. D.
Sm. H.
Croucher. Min. Ke, •ol.
Cullen, Ber. J. J\^. b1.
Culley, N. T. m, •wfi.
CuUinglord, J. If . A.
•o4.
Cumberland, T. La, rZ.
Cunnington, J. Ifp, o.
CurgenTsn, Ber. T. H.
J?p. b4.
Curtais, Miss Bessie. St,
Ll.
Oattf Eon. and Btv. B,
C, Aw dtttruetion ^f
diaUet at BTatley
Coekaunty Bd,, 209.
Cusins, Ber.F.T. Li, k1.
Dalton. Du, *h2.
Darby, Miss A. M. St,
•m. — htr dtteription of
(B), 181.
Darlington, T. Ch, *b2
Ml. — hit Fofktpeoeh of
South Ch, 698.
Daubeny, C. Sm, •o4.
Daunt, Ber. E. 8. T.
Co, 86.
Dayey, E. C. Bo, •wl.
Daiid, M. H. Jfb, a1.
DaTies, J, Ho, h.
DsTles, Ber. J. D. WGm.
•o*
DaTis, C. Sf, •©.
DsTis, Ber. J. B. St, si.
DaTis, J. W. Sh, •lS.
Davis, Mrs. Dv, b8.
Dawes, Mrs. Sm, l.
Dawson, Bernard. Li, s4.
Dawson, W. H. Nb, •»!.
Day, Miss CM. J^. x3.
Dayman, Bey. P. D. Co,
p8.
Dennison, W. T. SOr, s.
DeWinton,Arch. WBd, b.
Digby, Ber. C. T. Nf
*w2.
DiektM^t London Spteeh,
228.
Dickinson, Ber. F. B.
Mi, •a.
Dickinson, F. H. Sm,
b8. si.
Dickinson, W. CW. ol w.
Diekton J, B,, on tht Nb,
burr, 642.
Dingle, BeT. J. Du, •lI.
Dixon, W. Nb, •wS.
Dobson,— . Nb, •h3.
Dormer, J. M. Wa, •cS.
D^Ortoy on London trrort
^tpmhy 226.
Douglas, Carstairs. SAy,
k1.
Dots, H. To. m2.
DoTor, J. Wo. c2, o. —
Ait attittanotfor Bden"
tidt naatot, 603.
Downes,Miss. Np, •h2.
Dowse, J. P. To. ♦hIO.
Drake, BeT. B. Kt. *b6.
Drmy, Bov, W, on tho
ditutt of Manx, 860.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
70*
PBKLIHINAET MATTER.
[vn.
Dunn, EeT. J. W. m.
wl.
Durrani, Bey. B. N. Ha,
w2.
Dymond, B. Dv. b.
E
Earle, Bev. J. 8m. 82.
Ebden, Miss M. £. Hu,
o6, •82.
Ebsworth, BeT. J. Ifi,
Bl.
Eden, Bey. J. P. Dm. 84.
Edington,J.S. M, ♦n2.
Edmondes, Yen. Archd.
TFFm. R.
Edmondstone, Dr. L.
SSd. u.
Edwards, Rev. H. P. Mo,
cl.
Edwards, Bey. M. WDn,
B..
Eel, Bey. Q. To. b2.
Egglestone, W. M. i>ti.
♦sT.— *Aw i?««y Porf-
A;t»M * for WeardaUf
Bu. 617.
EIey,BeT.W.H. St. b3.
Ellis, A.J. CW. D.— Dft.
d1. — Dr. H. — Li. B.
— JVjT. •h6.— JV3. M.
Ellis, Miss C. J>. b3.
Ellis, T. J. Sr. H.
Ellis, Bey. Bo. WFl. m.
Ellison, Bey. C. 0. Li.
b6.
Ellwood, Bey. T. 20.— on
' at ' oiM^ ' fo * forming
th€ injinitiv0t 660. — Cu.
•a.— Z«. •c8 D u.
Elmes, Bey. F. St. b3.
Elvington, Bey. T. W.
£«. o6.
Elworthy, F. T. Sm. b2
•w2.— ITi^w. B.— 0*1
/, V amd #, f ifit^to/ in
^. 38 to 41.— i^MMi
o/i^M^ tfA^^. i., 698.
Emeris, W. B. Li. l3.
*£nffa,* author of 753.
Eyans, Bey. C. J. Nf. o2.
Evans, Bev. J. Sh. w6.
£vanMj Dr. A, B.^ on -mi,
46W.
£vans, Dr. S., on vtrht
in -Ml, 463.
Evana, Miu, kir ' MoUy
and Miehardf* 34.
EveiBid, C. H. Iff. •bS.
Fagan, Bev. H. S. Co. 85.
Falconer, Bev. W. ir<.
•b6.
Farmer, Bev. J. Nt. 82.
Farr, W. W. Ma. ^i.
ffarington. La. b6 *l3.
Fauqnier, Bev. Q. L. W.
JVp. w7.
Fannthorpe, Bev. J. P.,
Principal of WhiUland$
Training CoUege^ who,
with th€it%tdent9jgr9atly
help$me, 4. — Dv. il. —
Li. 83.
Fearon, Ven. Archd. St.
c2.
Featherstonehaugh, Bev.
W. Dm. U2.
Ferschl, Mrs. m. •»!,
JM Ctorr.
Field, W. St. w6.
Fielding, T. Xa. *b1 b3
c4 h4 ol 8l w4.
Findlater, Dr. SAb. b.
Findley. Le. l1.
Firth, Miss M. A. Sr. o.
Fisher, Dr. H. La. b2
Fleming, Bev. H. B. ffa.
c2.
Fhrtnoe of Woreettir on
FUmingt in Fm. 24.
Forbg, Eev. It., examina-
tion ofhii pron. of JSast
Anglia unth Bev. Ph.
Ho9U, 269 to 272.
Ford, Bev. C. H. Du.
♦b3. — on tht Nb. burr,
6iib.
Foster, G. B. m. •bI.
•t.
Foster, Mrs. To. k.
Fowler, Bev. J. J. Li. w2.
Fowler, J. K. Bu. a o.
Fowler, B. B. Bu. •a.
Foxlee, Miss. m. w3.
Foxley, Bev. J. JV7. n2.
Frampton, Miss. 01. t1.
Francis, Miss. S$. b2.
Francis, Mrs. Wa. t.
Freeman, Bev. J. M.
Cb. H.
French, E. €fh. ^r.-^To.
*Bld.—TrDn. H.
Frere, Bev. H. Nf. d2.
Froude on Australian
Speech, 237.
Fnmess, Miss E. Np.
•p2.
Fgnmore on v, w. l4Za.
Galbraith, C. Sm. b1.
Oeraldue CambrenHs on
Flemings in i^n. 24.
Gibb, Johnny, J. Alex-
ander, author of, SAb.
B.
Gibton, A. C. C^. p.
Giffen, B. SAg. xl.—
revised Dr. Murray^s
Ay. Buth, 698, and
AJE.U «* Tarn o*
Shanier;' 732.
Gill, Alex, old Li. Speech,
ZlOe.
Gillam,Bey.J. WBd. v.
Gladstone, Bev. S. WFl.
h2.
Godfrey, Mrs. Be. ♦h2.
Goodchild, J. G. a chief
helper, 4. — Line 7, p.
20d.—Line%, p. 2U.—
Line 10, p. 22a. — on
{u^ t) 29W, 294ft.—
his paper on * Tradi^
tional names qf Places in
Edenside,' 539, 602.—
observes * stone dyke * n.
and s. nf Kirk Oswald,
666.— -on the M. burr,
643.— a. Al. — CW.
•b1, •b3, •cl, •b,
•k, •lI.— Dk. •82.
— J«. •b.— JVft. •f,
•k.— fifm. yrd.— IFe.
•cl, •c2, •kI, •k2,
•l, •!!, •O, 8, •t. —
JFl. •c2.— To. ^84,
•c3, ^04, ^02, •h8,
•h9, I, •», ♦lI, ♦82,
•ij5, •u6. — SBx. L, B,
T. — SSe. 8.
OoodchUd, L. on the Nb.
burr, 643a.
Goodman, Bev. J. P. Hu.
xl.
Goodenough, Bev. B. W.
Nb. wZ.
Goetle, Bev. J. Nf. t4.
Graham, Mrs., for Eden^
side names, 603c.
Grainger, Bev. J. Bu. •p.
Granige*s use o/(th), 19a.
Grant, A. SSd. b.
Grant, J. B. Sf r.
Gray, Bev. Ch. Nt. b3.
Gray, Bev. B. H. Du.
w2.
Grece, Dr. C. J. Sr. w.
Green, Rev. C.E. Nb. •b.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
TH.]
PBELIHINABT HATTER.
71*
Groen, Ber. J, B. Yo,
h5 — hit CtUic hofnier
and loeatitm of AnglO'
SuxoH iribett 8 to 1:^—
hi9^ Making of England^
me,
Gregg, J. C. Ef. ♦lI.
Green, Miss. 2>r. Ml.
Green, Min. X#. k.
Gieen, W. H. He, R.
Gie«n,BeT.J.W. Cb. »m.
Greenwell, Ber. Canon.
Dm. cl.
Gr^for, Ber. Walter.
8Ba, X — hieBat^thire
Olottary, 683, ifo, 6.
Grice, Ber. W. Wa, 82.
Griffith, Ber. D. WBr,
Bl.
Griffith, Ber. J. EL 82.
Griffith, Bey. J. IT^m. m.
Griffith, B.D. WBr, bI.
Griffith, 8. &/. x2.
Griffiths, Mrs. 8. iTtf. *m.
Gnnn, G. M. Nb, •b2.—
on tMe Nb, burr, 643.
Ch^ta on EngUtk eoronaie,
Gnthrie, J. 8Fo. b.
Hadlej, G. 8. Np, •bI.
Eadrian*s wall, 22.
Eale, Judge, called (vl) in
Oloueeeter, 64^.
Hall, Ber. G. Borne. Nb,
♦b3.— Of! the Nb, (obJ,
638<;.
HaU, Dr. 8. T. Db, w4.
Hallam, T., a chief helper.
4. — Linee 1 and 2, pp.
16, 17.— Of! M, and i.
<r,' 1824;, \90b,--epeeidl
work in Be,, 221.—
(«J, 291 tf. — Oft r^^/
plural in ^en in the
Fglde,Zb2d,'^on(u^,u)
in s,To, 366.— Oft Mid-
land negaiivet with
omitted * not,' 46U,
470^. — on the pretumed
(thr-, dhr-) in Holdsr-
nete, 501. — Bd. •!) o 8l
b2 t2 v,'-Be, w3.—
Bw. •a»b2»c181»w1
vr2,—Cb, cl *o3 B •m p
•el 82 wl w2 *w8 *w6.
—Ch, Al •a2 •aS a4
•b1b3*b4b6»c1c2»b
•p •© •hI •Ka K L Ml
m2 •mS m6 •kI n2 n3
♦p»8l»82«8884»T*W.
—Co, o,—Db. •aI •a2
♦a3»a4»b1»b2*b8»b4
•b6»b6*b7b8«c1»c2
•c3»c4«c6*c7c8»c9
Dl •d2 ♦dS ^04 •d5
•b1»b2»b3*f1p2«o1
♦o2 o3 ♦hI ♦h2 'hS
*h4 ♦h6 »h6 »i1 *i2 L
•m1 •m2 m3 •m4 •ub
•0*P«Q»Bl«B2 8l»82
*83 ♦84 »85 *Tl *t2 t8
•u •wl ♦w2 *w3 •w4.
— j:i. •b3co1*o4*o6
♦o7 H H •p2 •88.— G"/.
Al ^82 b3 b6 b6 ^87 cl
c2^bpoh1h2lm^8t1
t2 •w.— -HIp. d1 •h l2
♦l3»l4»m»rs182w1.
— .K. *a2b2b4*b6h1
•h3*h6»h6 83*84 •wl.
ITm. ol o3 •o6 •h3 h5
k2 L o 8l ^82 84 s5.—Ke,
M^.'-La, a1^b1b3^b4
•b5 •cl ^02 ^03 •cS
»c6^c8bp1»p2o1^o2
Hi •h2 •h6 •h6 •h7
•x •lI ♦l3 •l4 •n2
•ol ^02 •pl p2 •p3
•p4 p6 o b1 •b2 ^83
84^86^iJ^wl^w2^w3
•w5 •we •w7.— X<r. A
Bl b6 B •& I •lI •l2
•mI m2 t.— Xi . ^82 b7
•l2^l3^86»89»812.—
M%, *i.,—Nf, •a Bl
b2^b4^d1^d3^bpo1
♦o2 Hi •h2 h3 ♦hS
•h6 •x2 •mI •m3 •kI
h2*n3*n6»o1»81*82
83 84 •sS •tI •t2 t3
wl w3 w4 •wS ♦w7
•w8.— JV>>. •aI •a2
•b1 b2 ♦b3 ^84 •cl
•c2 d1 d2 ^82 p •© Hi
•h3*h6 i1^i2l1 •l2
•l3 •nI •n2 •© 'pl
•p2 •» •al 82 •84 •aS
•86 •t2 *t3 •wl •w2
•w3 *w4 *w6 *w6 w8
•w9»T.— iVi. •b2»b4
»Bl b2 X •Ml »m2 •nI
♦n4*81*w2.— 0:r. •bI
•b2*db»p1*h1i*l1
l2 M O 82 T*W.— 5A. Bl
b2 b3 •cl c2 c3 c6 c6
c7^b1^b2h1^h2^il2
♦l4^m1»m2m3^k1n2
OPl^8l82*U^Wl*w2
•w8 w4 ♦¥.— 5/. *Al
a2 b4 *b6 ^87 •cl ^02
c3 c4 •dI d2 »b1 •pl
•p2^h1^h2^h3^l1^l2
l3 •l4 •lS l6 m o •» 8l
82 83 84 85 ^Tl •t2 *t3
u2 •wl •w2 •w3 •w4
»w6 ^.—8f •ol.—
St, Bl b3 l2.— Fii.
•a1 •a2 Bl ^82 ^84
•86 •cl *c2 •xl •l
•n •Pl •p2 81 ^83 *T
•W.— »^/. K v.— Wo,
•a •bI ^82 b3 •c •dI
d3 ^82 b3 •ol ^02 Hi
h3k^m^81^82^83 84t
•w.— Fo. ^82 83 86^87
•cl c6 ^84 •ol h2 h4
•h6^h7^h11^h12^x
•l3 •mI •m3 •o b3 ^84
•878l2^8l4Tl^u2w2.
—Ma, •»! •k2 x3 •p.
— WDn, *nyr,—WFl.
•bI ^82 •hI •h2.
Hallward, Bev. J. L. Et.
ol.
Hamilton, Miss C. G.
SAg, x2.
Hamond,BeT. P. F. Mi. s.
Harden, Bey. H. W. Nf,
h4.
Harkness, Cu. cl.
Harper, Ber. F. W. To,
83.
Harris, Bey. A. E. Ke.
85.
Harris, D. H. Dv. b1.
Harris, Miss. 01. •a.
Harrison, Miss E. P. Du,
•e1.
Harrison, "W. La, ^82,
•w4.
Haslam, Bey. G. To, 86.
Hatton, Bey. T. Eu, 85.
Hayergal, — . Ee, v,
Hayiland, Miss. Wo. h3.
Hawkins, Miss. 8h, p.
Hawtrey,Bey.H.C. Ea,
n2.
Haydon,Bey.G. To, h3.
Hayne, Bey. L. G. £$,
•b2.
Healey, T. La, •bS.
Heightley, B. Du, •».
Henderson, Bey. J. Nb,
a3.
Hetherington, J. N. Cu,
c2.
Hihbard,MiBe Mercy. To,
•hIO.
Eigden, R, on Flemingt
inPm. 2id.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
72*
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
{Ylt.
HiU, Mifls A. Co. •ol.
Hm,Rev.E.J. £s. •p2.
HiU, Key. J. S. FJfy. w.
HiU, R. Bd. •b.
Hindson, — . We. 8.
Hint, Miss £. Z#. b.
Hoare, Eey. G. T. Sr.
o2.
Hobhouae, Yen. Axch.
Co. 84.
Hodffe, Bep. W. JJ., Aif
h. ofw.Co. 166*.
Hodges, B. Ke. *ii2
Hodgson, Re?. J. F. Dm.
wl.
Holderness, T. To. ♦h5.
HoUand, R. Ch. Mi.
Holme, Rer. C. We. a o.
Homfray, G. A. Sm. wl.
Hooke, Key. D. JVif. bI.
Hooper, Rey. S. H. Yo.
Hope, Rey. R. D. Cit.
l2.
HorefJS.f on Forth and
Bargjf pron. 26, 26.
Hoate, Rev. Ph. JVjT. •82.
Hoste, Rey. G. G. Sif.Bl.
How, Rey. W. 5A. o w6.
Howe, Rey. J. Wa. x2.
Howchin, Rey. W. Nb.
»Hl.
HoweU, Rey. D. WDn. w.
Hunt, Mrs. A. JDu. *l2.
Hurst, Rey. Or. BIythe.
Bu. •k\ t2.
Huaeey, Rey. G. J. X^?. D.
Huth, A. 8: b2.
Huth, L. /St. p.
Innes, S. 8Ah. o.
Jackson, Miss G. 8h. *ol .
Nl.
Jackson, — . 8Rx. l.
Jarman, J. Abbot. Dv.
Nl.
Jenkins, Rey. E. WFl. p.
Jenkins, Rey. J. Li. p2.
Jenkyns,Rey. J.JV^?. xl.
Jenner^ JT., eiUUiont re^
epecting the Flemings
in Fm. 24c.
Jewan, Rey.J.J. 8r. c3.
Johnson, Rey. A. Xi. p4.
Johnson, Rey. J. Sm. n1.
Johnson, Miss L. H. F^/.
Johnston, Rey. J. Xt. h2.
Johnston, G. Hu. a.
Jonee,Rey.C.W. i^. *p.
Jones, £. L. WFm. b.
Jones, J. 01. o.
Jones, Joseph. Me. h,
*M.
Jonee,Rey.J.P. WOm. l.
Jones, Miss Whitmore.
Ox. c2.
Kay, Rey. W. S. 2)«. x.
Keble, Rey. T. Oi. b4.
Keith, Mr. Nf. x3.
KeUy, Rey. £. Be. b1.
Kenun, Miss. Bu. o.
KendaU, Rey. W. Do.
♦bI.
Kent, Mrs. Saraita. Be.
o2.
KerBley,Rey.Ganon. J^.o.
Kidd,Mias. 8Fr. p.
Kinsman, Rey. Preb. Co.
T.
Kirk, £. Za. o2, p 2.
JTirAv, Bev.Dr. B.yOnthe
Nb. burr, 6440.
Kirkpatrick, J. To. *m2.
Kirkup, T. JVft. "we.—
-SJZjt. t.
Kitching, Rey. W. V.
^. o2.
Kitton, Rey. £. Nf. b.
KnatchbnU-Hugessen, H.
Ke. •Pl.
Knight, R. S. Wa. •a2.
Knowles, Rey. £. H.
Cu. 8.
Zaekington'e 1817 Zofiibfi
.Errors nfBpeeeh, 227.
Laing, Rey. Dr. A. iS^.
K.
Lake, — . Mi. h2.
Lang, Thomas. 8 Ay. xl.
Lang, Rey. W. F. Dash-
wood. Dv. i2.
LangBtaff, J. W. To. 86.
Langston, — . La. b6.
Latham, Dr. B. O.,
on Folkingham 8peeehy
299<f.
Lanrenson, A. 88d. l. 8.
Law, Rey. A. on^fv^ez,^
initial, 38 to 41.—^/.
•c3.
Law, — . To. c8.
Lee, Rey. S. Ma. b.
Lee, Rey. M. H. WFl.
Hi.
Xm» mi <A# JV6. ^rr,
643a.
Leigh, P. Ha. »82»w3.
Lecmard, B. J^tf. *82.
LesUe, H. Du. •c2.
Lewes, Rey. J. M. J^^
m3.
Lewis, Rey. S. S. Be. o2.
Lewis, Rey. D.Ph. WMg.
b2 o.
Lewis, Rey. J. WMg. b2.
Linton, — . 8Bx. t.
littie, H. J. Cb. ♦W3.
Littie,J. W. Nf. •nl.
liyingstone, Rey. NeU,
8Ag. c.
Llanover, Lady, Mo. ♦l.
LleweUin, Rey. J. G. Mo.
Lloyd, R. R. St. »8l.
Lloyd, Mrs. To. b2.
Lockton, Rey. Ph. Np.
s3.
Lomb, Dr. Nf. *h6.
Long, Rey. R. Du. b1,
8l.
Loye, J. 8 Ay. v.
Lowe, Rey. R.L. 8t. b6.
Lower, M. A. lOSrf.
Lowman, Miss. Ke. 88.
Lowther, Rey. G. P. IT/.
o.
Lumeden, 8ir F.,for Jane
Morrieon, 764i?.
Lnpton, F. M. To. k6.
Luscombe, Mrs. Nf. *k3.
*v6.
LyaU, W. Nb. *n1.
Lyon, Rey. S.E. Ea. *b.
Macbeth, Rey. R., eoUeete
speakers for Wick and
Btrmnraer, 683, No. 7.
50f. w.
MaeBumey on AustrU'
lian speech, 237-248.
MacGartie,Rey.J. Du. o.
MacKean, Rey. W. S. Li.
Pl.
Macray, Key. W. D. Or.
Maister, Rey. H. To. 86.
Maitland, T. F. Be. *w2.
Malcolmson, Miss A. B.
reads Shetland to me,
^S^d.^SSd. L.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VII.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
73*
Haldon, Ret. H. D. iTtf.
82.
Malet, Rer. C. EL a2.
Malleson, W. T. 8r, c4.
MaUett, Min C. M. ^.
»8l.
Mangin, Be?. E. N. M,
w4.
MargesBon, Rev. R. W.
JDv, w2.
Markham, Rev. C. W.
X«. si.
Hanhall, Rer F. 0. Ox.
A.
Manland, J. La, *85.
Martel, A. W. F. 5r. l.
Martm^Rer.H.A. Nt. l.
Martin, Rot. R. M. Sr, c2.
Martin, Miss. Gl. *c2.
Martin, W. Co, sT.
Mason, W. JETu. p b3.
Manle, Rot. Q. Li, t1.
MeamMj Ja%,^ on th$ Nb,
burr, 643a.
Meiklejohn, A. SCt, w.
MeUo, Rer. J. M. Db,
b7.
Merder, Rer. J. I. Gl.
xl.
Meredith, — . Mo. l.
MerivaUf hi$ b. of wCo.
166.
Metcalfe, W. To. o5.
Meyers, J. H. Mi. b.
Miehtl, Dan, on '/f , # s '
initial, 38 to 41.— Aa«
MO 'de' for 'th$' in
K$. U\d.
Michel, Gen. Do. *c.
MiddleUm, Rev. H. Db.
*c6.
Kiddlemas, R. Nb. *a2.
Miles, F. m. *b2.
Miles, Miss. Dv. si.
Miles, Miss. SPr. p.
Miles, Mrs. Nt. *b2.
Milf<»d,Rey.R.N. Wl.
B.
Miller, Rer. £. JTa. *b6.
Mihier, G. La. ii3.
Milner.Rev.J. Du. *m1.
MitcheU, G. ^. *ii3.
Mitchell, J. SSe. s.
Mitcheeon, T. M. *n1.
MolynenXjRer.W. 8t. t.
Jfoor, .5., <5if/oMr Word$;
ewl.from, 286.
Moore, Rer. E. M. Np.
l2.
Moore, Rer. J. W. iSA.
Moore and Moore, Messrs.
Ha. B.
Morgan, ReT. H. Gl. c4.
Morgan, Rev. W. WMg.
K.
Morrison, Jane. ^^6. o.
Mottatty P., <m M# Nb.
burr, 642<i.
Mulgravo, Ld., in Forth
and Bargy, 26e.
Munn, Rey. J. R. St. a.
Murray, Dr. J. A. H.,
helps %pith my cs. Id, —
draws Celtic border in
Scotland, Sc, 14. ~
names of his helpers
for CB., I4c.— partly
anticipates Line 7, p. 20.
— his b. of England and
Scotland not Line 10,
p. 21 . — on the Nb. burr,
643.— Aw D88. 681.—
his Scotch Hundredth
Fsalm, pal. 716.— Cu.
cl.— To. 84. --SAb.
B.-SAy. h.—SEd. B.
SFo. A.—SBX. H.
Murray, Bfrs. Ch. S.Ed.
B.
Mylins, F. J. Wa. *i.
N
Napier, Rev. J. W. St.
86.
Nicholson, Rey. H. J.
Eu. o4.
Norman, Rey. M. 0. Le.
H.
Norwood, Bey. J. W. To.
s9.
Noye, W. Co. •p2.
Nirtt, Bey. C. H. Sm. b.
Ormsley, Rey. £. R. Du.
Hi.
Owen, Rey. T. Es. b1.
Owen, Rey. W. JFl. d.
Paige, — . Do, s3.
Paige, J. Dv. h.
Paley, Rey. F. Np. v.
Pardee, Rey. G. 0.
WMg. s.
Parish, Rev. W. D. 5#. s.
Parmon uvular r, 6423.
Parker, Mrs. A. Be. o
si s2.— D*. h3.— Ojt.
b2 b h1 h3 I l2 o w.
Parker, Rev. F. W.
ITJfy. •m.
Paricer, G. Bu. Ml.
Parkes, Prof. To. 84.
Patrick, D. SAy. c—
iSjy. L.
Paul, C. Kegan. Do. 82.
Payne, — . Cu. ol.
Peacock, E. Li. *b7 84.
Feacock, M. B., So9^ of
Solomon, Chap. ii. in
Lonsdale s. nfthe Sands,
660d.
Pearce, Rey. T. Do. b2.
Pearson, — . La. u.
Pearson, Rev. H. H.
Db. K.
Peck, Rey. E. A. Eu.
h4.
Peckham, Rey. H. Ss.
cl.
Peckham, Miss. Xe. 82.
Peniston, Miss A. B. Co.
81.
Perkins, J. Cb. •c2.
Pertwee, Rey. A. Es.
*b6.
Philip, Rey. H. B. Es.
•o7.
Fhilip and Son^s maps, 7.
Ficton, Sir J, A,, on Forth
and Bargy, 27. — La,
w6.
Pinder, Rey. N. Ox, *o.
Piper, Miss A. M.F. ir#.
Fitnten' spit talk, 650</.
Pocklington, Rey. R. Nt.
wl.
Pollar, Miss. vSPr. p.
FooU, J., 26, 29.
Pope, Rey. G. Nt. b2.
Poetlethwaite, W. CW. k.
Pott, Ven. Arch. Be. b.
*Fotter,* a misprint for
* Trotter* on p. 66, lines
1 amf 2.
Potts, Rey. C. T. Ee.
^\.—Du. »86.
Potts, Taylor. Du. *88.
Powell,—. St. h2.
Powley, Miss Mary. Cu.
l1. — A#r assistance for
Edenside names, 603.
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Pratten, Rey. W. S. CW.
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Reere, W. N. 2>. l1.
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chief helper y 4 ft, — on
(th) /or * they' 19,— on
(«) f« eYo, Z^bb,—on
10. dialectal ortho-
ffraphj/y iOZ,—To, *b6
»d3 »h2 HlO *K *l2
*l6 ii2 *m4 »m6 *n1
•n2 *n3 n4 *b5 *87
*8ll »ul *u3 »u4 v6
»w3t.
Robinson, Rev. C. J. Be.
w2.
Kobinaon, F. K. To. •w4.
JtofttiMon, /., hit aseiet-
aneefor Edeneide names,
603tf.
Robson. J)u, »cl.
Bobeon, J, Ph, on theNb,
burr, 642«.
Robeon, E. C. Du. sS.
Rock, W. F. Dv. Bl.
Roderick, J. W. Bt, p
*wL
Rogers, Rev. S. Cb. o.
Rogers, T. Co, *82.
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c2.
Rolf, Rev. C.T. Jr#. *8l.
Boseoe, Mrs,, for Manx,
361ft.
Rose, Rev. W. F. 8m,
♦w4.
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h3.
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h3.
Rumny, Rev. J. W. JT*.
]i2.
Rvndell, J. B. Co. *u2.
-^Dv. b2, d.
Rnst, Rev. J. C. Cb. 83.
Bussell, very Bev, C, W.,
on Flemings in Fm. 24.
S
Sadler, Miss. Wo, •82.
8ala, O.A.,on Australian
8peech, 237.
Sale, Rev. T. T. Bt. a1.
Sayers, Miss A. 8s. ^02.
Sayers, Miss J. 8r. o.
Scarlett, Rev. W. To. r4.
Scoonee, Rev. W. D.
Bu. L.
Scott, A. Nb. •b.
Scott, Rev. G. H. Nt. o.
Scott, Rev. W. A. J>u.
83.
Seaman, Rev. C. £. Ba.
Hi.
8eward, Wm., his dialogue
for Burton-in- Lonsdale,
ro.,pal.byJGO.eOS.
Sewell, Rev. H. Sf. t.
Septimius 8everus's wall,
22.
Shariey, Rev. G. Nf. i.
Sharpe, J.W. 8r. ol.
Shaw, James. 8Lf. t.
Shelly, J. Dv. ♦p2.— X«.
c7.
Shroer, Prof. Ba. *a.
Simmons, Rev. Canon.
Yo. Hll.
Simpson, Rev. R. Bu.
Tl.
Simpson, Rev. T. H.
IFBn. c.
Simson, W., pron, of
Kyle, Ay. 729, 742.—
SAy. k2.
Sinclair, Rev. J. 8Cs. w.
Singleton, Miss L. To. p.
Skeat, Rev. W. W. Cb.
c2 p.— ^. T.—Bt. 83.
—Ox. b.
Skndamore, Rev. W. 3/.
d2.
Slade, Miss. Oaf. »8l.
Slatter, Rev. J. Be. 83.
Slow, E. JFl. w.
Slyfield, Miss J. 8r. 8.
^mar^ on London errors
of speech, 227.
Smith, Rev. A. C. JFl. t.
Smith, Cecil. Sm. t.
Smith, C. R. Ba. w2.
Smith, Rev. E. B. TTifj^.
L.
Smith, H. Xt. h4.
Smith, Rev. J. Bo. b2.
Smith, Rev. L. A. WBd.
L.
Smith, Rev. S. A. Cb, c3.
Smith, Sir T. on Li,speech,
310.
Smith, jr,C, obtains Bun-
rossness es, 683.
Smith, W, B, and Son's
maps, 7,
Somerset, Rev.B. WBr. c.
Sowell, Rev. C. R. Co. 83.
— his ft. ofwCo. 166.
Spencer. TFFl. h2.
Spicer, R. H. S. Bv. v\.
Spurrell,W. WCm. c—
JF.Pm. B.
Standrinf , — . Li. a8.
Staftforifs maps, 7.
Stanning, Rev. J. H. La.
l2.
Stan way, L. ^<. al.
Stark, Rev. W. A. SKb.
K.
Stead, R. J>. p2.— Fo.
•b3 *u6 •slO T.—
WBr. *b2. — Oft (•#) in
To. 366.
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TH.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
75*
Steel, Rer. J. Bd, hI.
Steel, Jo. W; k2.
Stewart, Q,, 'Shetland
Firetide Tales,* 814.
Stockdale, J. La, vl.
Stockdale, /., S<mg of
Solomon chap, it. in
Zontdale n. ^ the
Sonde, 660,
Stone, W. G. J)o. wl.
Stores, Rey. C. £. To. 89.
Streatfield, — . Ke. *ul.
Stattard, H. La. *c7.
Stceet, Dr, H, 2.— Aif
*£omk,* 99ft.
Sweet, Miss (now Mrs.
Chamberlain). JFo. t.
Swift, Rot. G. JV7. m5.
Sunnbume, A., on the
Nb. burr, 642«.
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Tancock, Rot. 0. W.
Do. si.
Tarrer, Rey.'J. 3u, •r,
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n2.
Taylor, Rer. Hugh. JVft.
•t.
Taylor, J. Dr. w2.
Taylor, Rev. R. Du. u2.
Taylor, Tom. Du. sS.
Teenan, J. SBd, b.
Tenney. Dv. •©.
Tennyson, Lord. Xi. s8.
Thaekeray'i, W.M.London
Footnum'i Speech, 229.
Thomas, Rev. D. G. Eu.
Hi.
Thompson, G. Nb. •a2.
— Alnwick Votoele, 668.
Thompson, Rev. H. iSm.
c2.
Thompson, Rer. Dr. W.
H. To. o3.
Thornton, Rer. J. To. uB.
Thorold, Mrs. W. Dv.
wl.
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82.
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H. F. and Miss. Up.
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Be. •d.
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•hIO.
Trapp, Rev. B. Bd. t1.
TregeUae on Comieh in-
tonation, 171.
Trotter, Mias (nusprinted
Potter on p. 66). 01.
*a2.
Trotter, R. D. (misprinted
Potter on p. 66). 01.
*c3.
lSter*8 * Cockney Ahnanao,*
229.
Turner, Miss. Wo. h2.
Tyler, Rev. 0. B. Sm.
n2.
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St. w2.
VaUancey, Dr., 26 to 27.
Viles, E. St. »c4.
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Walker on London error*
of Speech, 227.
Walker, Rev. J. Nb.
»w2.
Walker, Rev. J. ^. b2.
Walker, J. W. P. Ox. i.
Walker, Miss. CJ. *w4.
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Cu. b2.
Walli8,Rev.W.M. 1?^. b.
WaXeh. 25d.
Ward, Rev. H. To. *k6.
Ware, Rev. W. W. To.
Bl.
Warleigh, Rev. H. S. 6^/.
Al.
Warner, Rev. R. B. Li.
87.
Watkins, Rev. M. G. Li.
Bl.
Watson, Rev. J. 8. Le. c.
Watt, Rev. R. St. c3.
Wayte, Rev. G. H. Wl.
cl.
Wayte, Rev. W. Wl. cl.
Weber, Sam, hit *we,'
132.
West, Rev. C. F. Ox. cl.
Westmaoott, Miss. Sm.
b3 81.
Wharton, Rev. J. C. JH.
w.
Whateley, Rev. J. Et. b.
Wheok,MissS. Bd. *b.
Whitelandt Training Col-
lege, great attittanee
from the Principal, Bev.
/. P. Faunthorpe, 4
Teachert,]iiittetAd<»ck,
Kemm, Mallett and
Martin,aikd2S Studentt,
Mitrnt Beebg, Begge, U,
Bell, Buckle, Calland,
Chapman, Cockman, Cox,
Crmteher, Firth, Foxlee,
Franoit,Fumett, Harrit,
Sill, Hirtt, Kidd, Loiv-
man, Milet, Beckham,
Foliar, Sadler, A.
Sayert, J. Sayert, Sly-
field. Turner, Wheck,
and Wing, tee then
namet.
Whitaker, Jo. Mi. b.
White, Rev. F. W. Li.
c3.
White, Rev. G. H. Dv.
8l.
White, Ned, a yam, 666.
Wimm, Rev. W. St. r.
Wilcocks, Rev. H. 8.
Dv. 82.
Wilding, Rev. J. St. ul.
William of Malmetbury
on Fleming t in Fm. 24.
Williams, Rev. T. WFL
N.
Williams, Mrs. Li. a2
b8 cl o4 o5 h3 h5 k1
x2 Ll l3 82 89 811 t2
ul wl.
Williams, Rev. Wadham.
Sm b2
Williams, ' Rev. W. J.
Li. ol.
Wilkinson, Rev. G. To.
wl.
Wilkinson, I. To. 86.
Wilshere, C. W. St. h7
w3.
Wilson, Rev. G. SBw.
c.—SWg. o.
Wilson, T. St. ♦h2.
Wilson, T. D. To. p.
Wilson, Rev. W. Du. b.
Wing, Miss. Et. *m.
Winter, G. Sm. c3.
Wiseman, J.F.T. Ft. •?!.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
76«
^RBLUmVART IfATTBR.
[vn., Yin.
Wolf. Lady. Ha, •cl.
Wood, Mrs. Willoughby,
8L *Bl.
Woodfall, G. Et, o3.
Woodhonse, Boy. G. H.
m, p.
Woodhonse, R. He, ♦d2.
Woof, R. »^o. »d2.
Worfold, Rev. J. N. To.
Bl.
Wray, Rer. H. WDn,
♦h.
Wray, Rer. J. Jackson.
To. ii2.
Wright, Rev. Canon. Li,
c2.
Wright, J. Nb, ♦h3.
Wright, Rev. J. Wo,
V,
Wright, Dr. J. To. Ml
*w6.— «» (w) in i^otiM
To. 366(;.
Wright, Rev. J. P. -5^
N.
Wyatt, J. Bd. »B— -»«.
Bl.
Wyer, N. W. Do. ♦wS.
—Dv, B.— ^. I.
Wykes, C. H. Np. l2.
Wyld,J. Lu. *Bl.
Tarranton, Rev. A. 8m,
8l.
Yeats, Dr. J. JTo. •c2.
YIIL TABLE OF DIALECTAL PALAEOTYPE.
The palaeotype laid down in Part I. pp. 1 to 12, even when extended as in
Part Iv. pp. xii to xiv, proved insufficient for the differentiation of the
minnte shades of sound heard in dialectal speech. Hence it be^une necessary
to construct an entirely new table.
All sounds are represented bv '*old letters,*' whence the name palaeotype
woAoioi rlvoij but in order to obtain signs enough these ancient types embrace
1) direct small or ** lower case" roman as (e), *i) the same ** turned" as (e),
3) the direct italic and small capital (e b), and 4) their inversions (9 s), and
sometimes even black letter as (r a) A few '* digraphs" are slso admitted,
especially with (h), as (th sh), a hyphen preceding the (h) when it is not initiid,
but has to have its usual sense. 'Modifiers' are extensively employed as in
^e*, 0], uS u^ A, kj, tj t|), etc. These alter the value of the preoedm^ letter
in a definite direction, and are explained hereafter separately, and also in con-
junction with the modified letters. All these letters, digraphs, and modified
forms are then arranged in alphabetical order by the ordinary larse capital letters
which are not otherwise phonetically employed. The letter A, for example,
refers to all modifications of the type a and its diphthongal combinations as
(a, a*, a|, a,, aR— ah, aA, a'i, a'u, a'y, — a, ah, — a, a*,— b, b6u).
No attempt is here made to give any nhonetic theory, for which see much of
Part lY., and also my article on Spbboh Sounds in the £neyclop^ia Britanniea,
1888, vol. 22, pp. 381-390, which uses palaeotype, and my Speech in Song
(Novello), or Pronunciation for Sincere (Curwen), both of whicn use glossic.
iiut as a matter of convenience I prefix the table of Mr. Melville Bell*s vowel
system reduced to pal. and numbered.
Mb. Mblvillb Bbll*8 Vmble Speech Towel Table.
n narrow, w wide, nr narrow round, wr wide round.
ToNOUB
Hbioht.
ToKorB Back.
MiXBD.
ToNOUB Front.
High .....
Mid _
IX)W „...
n w nr wr
1<8 2b 3u 4ii
6b 6a To 80
9(E IO0 llA 12o
n to nf iPr
13t I4y 16u 16tih
17 a 18ah 19 oh 20 oh
21 eh 22a> 23ah 24oh
n w nr wr
26i 26i 27i 28 y
29« 30e 3U 32 ce
33b 34 n 36ph 36 sh
These will be spoken of as Bell's No. 1, 2, 3, etc., though the numbers are
mine, and merely annexed for convenience of reference, and to shew in the briefest
Boanner the position <tf the tongue and lips asBigned by Mr. Bell.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VIII.] PRELIMINARY MATTER. 77*
Quantity. — (I) Vowels. Six grades of length are recognised. Very short as
Ok 9), ordinanly short as (a 9), medial length, lying between short and lone,
as (^ 9'), long as (aa 99), drawled as (aa 99'), extremely long as (aaa 999).
Ordinarily only two lengths are written, short and long, as (a aa). To indicate
a succession of two shorts of the same kind introduce the break as (a;a). TH.
has always recognised the medial length as (it), and in all his numerous con-
tributions to tms book medial vowem abound, greatly to the exclusion of lon^
(p. 316). Hence to him, and those who agree with him, the lon^ vowel (aa)
represents a much longer sound than it does to me. In s.Lowlana the vowels
are generally medial, and when lengthened are vary long, thus thief thieves are
(thif thiivz), which might be written (thiif thiiivz), out for convenience are
usually written (thif, thiivz]. Similarly in Italian and Spanish, the vowels
are ordinarily of medial length, and may be emphatically shortened or lengthened
according to the feeling of the moment, without disturbing signification.
(2) Consonants. — Some consonants, as (s, f, z, v), can l^ continued indefinitely,
and in point of fact are generally lengthened in the pause. As a rule this is
not noticed in writing. But TH. constantly marks it, see p. 316, and all the
examples in D 21, D 26, (pp. 317-329, 426-447). See also Dr. Sweet's
observations, IV. 1145. In this case, if the final consonant is voiced, as (htz),
the buzz is often not continued very long, but is followed by an indefinitely long
hiss, thus (hizs*) as (hiz*) would be uncomfortable to the speaker. If the fin^
consonant be a mute, it cannot be len^hened, but is only suspended, that is, the
organs of speech are retained in their positions, and a silence ensues until the
position is ordinarily released on flatus, or another vowel, thus (stop*) properly
means a silence after (p), but would ordinarily imply the release on natus as
(st9p*p')> Sometimes, however, even when final the mute is neither suspended
nor audibly released, and would then be marked thus (stop!). Between two vowels
the mute is thus usually split up, thus stopping is pron. as (stopiq), with no pause
between the end of the first or De^:iiming of the second s]^llable, really (stoptptq),
hen
upshot
(optshat). In all these cases, except in special phonetic discussions, I avoid the
use of the mark of suspension. But the suspended (t*) for the is always marked,
p. 317*.
In the following list only the short vowels and the short consonants are given
as headings, but examples to both short and long vowels are often annexed.
Diphthongs. — Two or more different vowels written in juxtaposition are to bo
pronounced in separate syllables, as (k^^os) chaos, but they are usually separated
in some way, as (k^;9s, k^-os). When however tbey glide on to one another,
one of them bears an acute accent, as (&t), and the two form a * diphthong,'
and simiUrly three vowels form a triphtnong, as (eku). The combination in
each case consists of a single syllable. The vowel bearing the acute accent
has then the principal stress. Occasionally each element may have equal stress,
and then two acute accents are used, as fi§L), distinct from (i;a, Sa, i&), but even
in this case there is felt to be only one syllable. When the vowel with the stress
is long, the acute is placed on the first of the two representative letters, as (&ai),
and wiien it is medial, the medial grave accent fuses with the diphthongal acute
accent into a circumflex, thus (&U) becomes (^t), which type wul be constantly
found in TH.'s contributions below. As English printers have usually only
(k ^ i 6 d d i t 6 &) with acute accents, the acute accent for other vowels is
placed after the vowel, as (o'i, oe'i), and the grave is printed after it separately,
as (a'i, A'^t). It is sometimes convenient to indicate the class of a diphthong
without completely analysing it. Thus we may not kno\« whether (s'i, &i, at)
were the diphthong really uttered, but may be sure that it was something like
one of them, then (a'i) is used, the acute accent being separated, and the second
element indefinite. Similarly (a'u, o'i, i'u, a'jr, a'B, e'«, i'u, i'©, o'«, u'b) are
employed for unanalysed dipnthongs, the (') being separate from (a, e, i, o, u) ;
but this meaning of the separate acute accent is confined to the case when it
follows (a^ e, i, o, u). Hence (&i, a'i) must be strictly distinguished, the first
diphthong being thoroughly analysed and definite, the second entirely unanalysed
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
78»
PRBLIMINART MATTBB.
{Yin.
tnd indefimte, but fonning a claas ; (e't) howerer is alao an analysed form, the
accent being separate through a typomphical necessity. As a role only nn-
analysed diphthongs are given in the following list, though the principal analysed
forms will be found in their proper places.
The length of the first element ol a diphthong is generally very material. It
is usually short, as (&t), but occasionally len^ened, as (At, &at), generally with
an appreciable difference in pron. or meaning. But the length of the second
element does not alter the character of the diphthong, any more than the length
of the final consonant alters the value of the syllable. TH., however, generally
marked the quantity of the second element as medial when he observed it to be
lengthened, as (ki). I have usually not retained this lengthening, considering it
quite inessential, and arbitrary, bemg in fact constantly admissime in the paose,
without any intention to alter the sound, see p. 316.
Elocutionary alterations and intonation are mostly left unmarked, but an
inverted period before a word indicates emphasis corresponding to the usual
italics; thus, he told me, he told me, became (h« toold *mii, *hii toold m«). In
monosyllables emphasis ^erally concUtions some alteration of sound.
\* The long phonetic discussion on received pron. in Part IV. pp. 1090 to
1167 will be regularly cited, and pp. 1265 to 1367 should also be consulted.
When the numbers of pages r^erred to are above 1000 they are in Part lY.,
when under 1000 they are in this volume, — ^unless the number of the part is
specially added. The italic letters a, b, c, d annexed here and elsewhere indicate
that the passage referred to is in the first, second, third, or fourth quarter of the
page ; and if the page is in double columns, unaccented letters refer to the first,
ana accented to the second column. The reader will find it convenient to mark
the quarters of pa^es on a separate piece of papor cut the length of the printed
matter, excluding the head-line, and after foloiiur in half, and then again m half,
and lettering it, apply it to the book ; it will be found to save much time in
finding a passage m para so crowded with matter as those of this book.
The mode I have adopted, and found to work well in writing is as follows :
The small roman letters are written as usual. The small italic letters are onoe
underlined as usual. The small capitals, instead of being doubly underlined aa
usual, are written as ordinary letters with an acute accent l>elow, as p=B,
except when they have tails, and then a stroke is written above as / ysj t.
Black letters are doubly dotted below. The turned letters are thus represented
Turned acencfjr 1l mvcb
Printed «oesajrj {i kao)
Written s p e fSJrfft^'^V^
A. (a a* El a, a^ a^ — ah aA a'i a'u
a'y — a ah— a a* — « buu).
(a) Bell's No. 6 short (s^ ^ Oerman
monn, and perhaps in Cmglish chaff,
loss, ask, both, d^mce, 1148 ; medial
(k) common in Midland that; long
(aa) in ah, fotiier, mamma, port (the
r not sounded), 639r.
(aM a higher form of (a) approaching
(se). This is generally used in place
of (ah) as more suggestiTe, but it
has not the certain position of the
latter, 69da.
(ai) between (a, a), used especially
by JGG., see 689<r, generally con-
fused with (a), but JGG. considers
that it differs in quality from the
short of a in father.
(^a) or (a) with an advanced tongue,
' 1147e, between (a, le), and not j
materially different in effect from
(ah, at), 60lb.
(a J semi-nasal form of (a),inild nasality,
often heard in Amencan long i, as /
Jind (&,« f& tnd).
(sr) the simultaneous pron. of (a) and
(R),42ft.
(ah) Bell*s No. 18, not materially dif-
ferent in sound from (a^, a), used
principally for an affected thumees,
1148<'. Sweet makes it the sound
in tfve, bett^, but the last is not
usual in educated speech.
(sa) a conventional form for French
chant, but (a^ is altered in quality
by the altered position of the uvula
in nasalisation, eee (a) p. 86* below,
andll23<f.
(a'i) unanalysed diphthong used where
the first element has not been de-
termined; when analysed it may take
Digitized by LjOOQIC
vm.]
FRELIMINART MATTER,
79*
the forms in (6i, &«, k\ ■'•', le't,
9^i, n't, a>'if di)^ and the fint element
IB aometimee leng:thened, 1 100, col. 2.
It may even be nasalised as (& t].
Fiye forms are heard in D 38,
767^, dj see also D 26, rar. iv.
p. 410.
(a'n) unanalysed diphthong, nsed where
the second element approaches (n)
and the first elem^it nsm not been
determined ; it may take the forms
in (&n, &f«, k^Uf Wtf, 9fUf e'n, n'u,
eo'u, 6u, dUf a!u, o'm), 1163, col. 2.
(a'y) nnanalysed diphthong where the
second element approaches (y) or
French u. The ust elementmay
▼ary, as in (a'i, a'u). We find (dy),
53^.
(a) Bell's No. 10 between (a, a),
lll&r, n62if.
(tfh) Bell's No. 23, is to him the Irish
str, and first element of the Irish /,
and the oral element of French m ;
Sweet giTes no example.
(a) BeU's No. 11, all, bowl, an (a)
approaching to (o), 1116 ool. 1, 1122
col. 1, and 6Z9d.
(a^) or (a) with a raised tongue, not
milike (o), 363a, b,
(«) Bell's No. 2, as a in parental,
China, the commonest form of un-
accented indistinct Towel, frequently
serring as the second element of a
diphthong, 1122&', 640<;. Bell's
examples are dung^n, motion, con-
sotoKs, abandon, cupboard, aTotr-
diqKnse, honoMr, bellouv, sb. Sweet
eiyes no example, but uses Bell's
No. 17, my fa), in this sense finally.
(vtiu) a form of (uu) heard perhaps m
the north, 63H No. 640.
JE. (aB sell).
(IB) Bell's No. 84, the rec. English
short Towel in htk, which approaches
closely to (■) ; and is generally re-
placed by (aS a, a) in dialects ; long
in the local pron. of Bath (:bflBCth).
(eh) Bell's No. 36, which he hears in
the first element of Cockney out and
L. /'U ; and Sweet in open German
Ootter. I can giye no example.
B. (b b. bh).
(b) bee bej Aow, g^#fb, btibe ba*y, a
l(p), 1113.
(b^ a kind of defectiye (m) said to
exist in We. 1113J, 660, No. 13.
(bh) Qennan ir, Hungarian v, modem
Greek /3, (y) uttered without touching
the upper teeth with the lower lip,
1101 to 1103.
C. (o, oh, o't).
(o) Bell's No. 12, common English
short 0 in a closed syllable, hop hob
hot hod hock hog, unused in most of
Europe, where it is replaced by (o) ;
yery like (a), which is also peculiarly
English, but yerging towards (o),
1116, 640<;. The symbol (o) is used
because the small cap. (o), which
would naturally haye oeen used, is
too like the lower case (o).
(oh) Bell's No. 24, which Bell conceiyes
as Cockney ask and Irish not.
Sweet giyes no example. AJE. does
not know the sound.
(o't) educated form of boy toy joy,
occasionally (a'«, aa'i), 1117^.
D. (d ^d d,— dj dh dh, dw—i>
DJ Dh).
(d) in do rod plodding plea^fing, the
tip of the tongue at a sensible
distance behind the fl^ums, English
'coronal' (d), yoicea form of (t),
1096, 1118.
(^d) French and general continental d
with the tip of the tongue advanced
to the gums, alyeolar d, 1095, heard
in some English dialects, but almost
only before f, r°), which then become
(.r, .rj, 642*.
(dj retracted (d), the tip of the tongue
Drought as far bacK as possible
without reversion, so that its ed^^e
(not underside) touches the palate,
and the tongue forms a spoon-shaped
hollow at the back part, a mild form
of reversion, 41rf.
(d|^ contraction for (,d^zh, dzh) or
(djzhi), hefodinjudffey 1164o', 542,
usually analysed as (dzh), as it was
in the three first Parts ot E.E.P.
(dh) the tongue brought fully against
tne teeth in English, the th in Mey
breaM*, tvMing, 1098a, 1122a'.
(dh,) the (dh) with the tongue some-
what retracted, Spanish d in U&drid,
(dw) labialised (d), an attempt to utter
(d) and (w) simultaneously, 1116, col.
2, frequent English dwell, generally
confused with fdw).
(d) reverted {d), that is, (d) spoken with
the und^rsiae of the tongue against
the pakte, 1096, 1096, 42, see (dj.
(dj) a(i>2h) or reverted (d;), 41.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
80*
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
(Tin.
(Dh) the under part of the tip of the
tongue brought against the teeth,
theoretically asemned to exiat in D 4,
see 41.
E. (e e* ei e® — 6« 6e9 eii 6# eA
6uu ^u — e e^ e^ — w" M ee^j
i^&i P%^ — E El — E* e'u — 9 9^
ob— ^ 0^ 9i ph — a v} a^ — a't
a'o a'w).
(e) Bell's No. 30, as I hear it from
educated southern Englishmen in bH,
btfd, p«i, 11 06, col. 1, 639rf, generally
replaced by (b) proyincially. Bell
considers that it is used only in un-
accented syllables, and that (b) is
the sound in accented syllables.
Sweet agrees with me. llie long
form (ee) as in fair, core, ^ftir, but
only before r in received English,
sounding (f#eB, k6e«, p6eB).
(e*) the tongue of (e) being raised,
hence approaching closely to (e),
1107, col. 2
(cj) the tongue of (e) being lowered,
approaching closely to (b), hardly
distin^^hable from (b^) , 1 1 07« col . 2 .
{e°) an indistinct form of (e) approach-
ing («), but reminding the nearer of
(e), 721ft, e,
(6b) common provincial titictnre, differ-
ing only in length from the next.
{^) real sound of air without the trill,
(ev) is also common provincially,
see (e).
(6ii) the (e) very short and the (ii)
long, 638^, 696ft', considered by the
natives as (ii) pandlel to (/|i).
(6i) common diphthongising form of
(e).
(ca) French vi», see (a), p. 86*.
(6uu) the (e) very short and the (uu)
long, 638, 1. 3 from bottom, a
suMtitute for (uu), see also 666r,
parallel to (eii).
(6m) a mincing form of (a'u) common
in D 9, p. 137<f, and London.
(*) Bell's No. 29, when lengthened, is
the sound in name without any
vanish, Fr. iSe long, -^ short, 1107.
Murray considers it opener than Fr.
iie, 710, No. 4. The long sound
must be distinguished from (ee'j)
with the vanish.
(^) the ton^e of {e) raised, and hence
approaching closely to (i), 1107,
683ft, 766r, and scarcely distinguish-
able from (ij), 696ft.
(tfj) the tongue of (e) lowered, ap-
proaching closely to (e), 1107, 683ft,
697tf.
(mb) a low form of (ee) or (ee) tending
towards (b), usually written (eei),
682, last line.
(iei) more distinctly ending with (t)
than London («f'j), 1108<r, 1109.
{ee*j) the London (educated) long {ee)
with the * vanish,' the diphthong
ending in an indefinite approach to
(«), wnich is not of constant value,
nil, col. 1.
(^^a,) this diphthong is here usually
written (/,ai), 642a.
(^W) a dipnthong scarcely distinguish-
able from (i,i), which is nere generally
written, 6i\c.
(e) BeU's No. 33, the Fr. b^ short,
Italian open «, common short
English e in closed accented syllables
in provincial, and as some nold in
rec. sp., see (e) above, and 1106«.
(B)), a still deeper form than (b), but
not yet quite (se), 1108«, 711, No. 6.
(b^) a variation of (b) in the direction
of {e) for which (*i), or lowered (<f),
is used, 683ft, No. 3, 1.
(b'm) a very common form of (a'u)
heard in D 10 and D 19, pp. 146a,
277ft, 278<?, 279rf, 287rf.
(o) Bell's No. 17, the fine u of an
educated Londoner in closed accented
syllables as c«t up, replaced pro-
vincially by (a), 1094, col. 2. Bell
conceives it to be French qu^, which
I take as (p). Sweet has German
Oabtf, which I conceive as (b).
Murray cannot distinguish op^
unstressed (e, e), 683a. I do not
really distinguish unstressed (b, e).
(9*) an (e) raised towards (i), 146ft.
(oh) Bell's No. 21, he puts down as
"provincial snr," and Sweet simply
as str ; I do not know it as different
from (a).
{ij Bell's No. 81, Fr. eu in p^ as
distinct from eu in p^wple, which
is (oe) ; it does not seem to occur
precisely in English, but only in
some variant written (P|), 146^,
641a. Bell conceives h) as Fr. ime,
which I take as (y) ana Sweet as (i).
(*M a higher form of (*), 711, No. 12,
721ft, e.
(pj) a deeper variant of (*), but not
quite {(b), 146«, 641 under (pp),
696a'.
(ph) Bell's No. 36, which he gives to
French b^ore (but this seems rather
(oe) to me), and Sweet to Swedish for.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
vin.]
PRBLIMINARY MATTER.
81»
(■) Bell's No. 5, the ordinair deep
proTincial form of the natural vowd
in accented cloee syllables, as cut,
bud, 1094, col. 2, bnt BeU and
Sweet consider it to be the received
form, which I take as (e).
(sM a higher form of (■)» suppoeed to
betheScotch, 711, No. 8.
(ir) the simultaneous pron. of (■) and
(K), 42.
(a'tl a yery common profindal form of
tne diphthong (a't).
(s'o) a diphthong b^;iiming with open
lips for (a), closing gradually to the
position for (o), 73^. par. 9.
(i m) one of the commonest provincial
forms of (a'u), not very distinguish-
able from (6ii).
F. (f fh ,).
(f) a hiss with the lower lip against
the upper teeth, sometimes replaced
by (ph), in which the teeth are not
touched, 1099^.
(fh) lips and teeth as for (f), back of
tongue as for (u), Bell*s theoretical
form of NL./used for wh, 758a.
Q) a modifier used in (t| d|) = (t,8h,
d^xh), to indicate an approach to (tj
di), and also somewhat laxly in
(1^ gi) to represent the Sanscrit
ei^lodent form of (t| d|), supposed
to occur in English, 1119<;, d,
G. (g gj— gh gj gjh grh— gir
girh g).
(g) as in ptiff, gig, fa^^ing, 1113, 1 154a.
(g|) the sonant form of fd|) existing
in Sanscrit, and by Godwin re-
cognised in English, 1119, col. 1.
(gh) guttural buzz, the back of the
tongue coming close to the soft
palate, as in (German Ta^e; not
English.
(gj) an attempt to pronounce (g) and
(i) simultaneously, palatalised (g),
at one time very common in received
sp., now almost disused, except in
the word girl (gjeel).
(gjh) palatal buzz, German kdni^,
distinct from (gh), often confused
with (j), but not an English sound,
and not even used in L. where (kjh)
is common.
(grh), the uvula is flapped during the
pron. of (gh), Ar. i, often heard in
Holland, but repumated by better
speakers, very like the No. burr,
■ee (r).
X.I. Proa. P«rt ▼.
(gtr) an attemnt to pron. (g) and (u)
simultaneously, labialised (g) heard
in^tfano, 1115, col. 1.
(gu;h) labialised guttural buzz, tongue
for (gh) and lips for (u), German
Bu^e, not an English sound, though
(ktrh) occurs in L.
(o) retnu;ted (g), that is with the
contact between the back of the
tongue and soft palate as near the
throat as possible ; as JGG. considers
that (k), the mute form of (o), is used
in D 4, n. 62. v. 23, 24, 25, and
p. 57, No. 773, he should have
admitted (o) in p. 51, v. 4 (bse'OBNer)
bayonet; but the use of (k, o) in
English seems very (questionable ; (k)
is common in Arabic j, but (o) is
unknown.
H. (h 'h Oi H Hh Hih).
(h), (1) when not initial and not pre-
ceaed by a hyphen or turned period,
as in (thin, dn«, shii, vtzh«n) etc.,
Min, th%y the, virion, is a modifier,
so that it must be considered as
forming part of the same letter as the
preceding sign; (2) when initial or
preceded by a hyphen or turned
period, as (hii, pat'ha'us, mis-hse-p)
Ae, potAouse, misAap, it is a new
letter representing the unanalysed
aspirate of which (h Hh H|h) are
analjTsed forms, 11304'.
('h) voice, is contracted to (*) when
sufficientiy unambiguous, and then
represents any obscure, indefinite,
and short voice sound, 1128^'.
(<h) flatus, audible but unvoiced breath,
11284', contracted to (*) when
following another letter, as (tap')
top.
(h) jerked utterance of following vowel
or flatus, lldO^' ; before a vowel the
singer's aspirate, or entirely voiced
In£an aspirate, 1134, 11381^.
(Hh) contraction for (H*h) or jerked
flatus, not necessarily prominent, the
usual theoretical aspirate, 6424, c.
(Hih) a smartly jerlced emission of
flatus or strong aspirate, llZOc^.
I. (iti'i
r »* « '
-H lyr
—iiii ixe^ iii— tji— i).
(i) BeU's No. 25, the long (ii) is com-
mon on the continent, and is supposed
to occur in fat, tea, mtfHing, but
here is frequently simply {ii) ; the
Digitized by LjOOQIC
82«
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
[VIII.
short (i) in closed accented syllables
is not recognised as English, and is
replaced by (t) ; eTen in open short
syllables (i) is rare, 1098</, 640. It
oocnis howcTer in L. 710e.
(T) Tery short sound of (i), the Tocal
form of (j), 6Zb'f par. 3, diph-
thongising with the following Towel,
regular Welsh form.
(i'a^ unanalysed form of a common
malectal mphthong, yarjing as (t.&i,
ta, fB, it«), the last being the rec.
sound of ear when the r is, as usual,
not trilled, 1099^.
(t) BeU*s No. 26, in : tt, bib, pin, silly,
the regular sound of English short i,
640, but TH. uses U) when it occurs
in open unaccentea syllables, con-
sidenng the tongue to be somewhat
retracted, 31 6<; ; Bell makes no such
distinction ; Sweet considers pity to
have (ij.
{*) a siflni used by TH. explained Zl6c
not distinguished by me from un-
stressed open (i), which see.
(i^) a high form of (i), which I cannot
distingmsh from (i).
(V) SL. dose form of (ib), 710, i
No. 3.
(«i) inchoant diphthong, (i) commenced
too deep as \i) and gradually raised
to (i^ during speech, 293 ; this is the
Mioland form and seems to be what
Sweet writes y, which he analyses as
(»•') for received English.
(iy,| a diphthong arising from begin-
ning (y,) with the mouth too open,
heard in D 19, p. 261a.
(ij) a lowered form of (i) lying between
(if 0)f which Sweet hears in pity
and IS common dialectally.
(ii^) L. close («b) as written on 6S2d,
No. 3, usually written (•'].
(t'.&i) a peculiar northern iracture, in
which both elements are distinct,
642a.
(t>°) JGG.'s form of (V), 72U, e.
(«ii) here the first element is deeper
than (i) and approaches («), so that
JOG. often wrote (e*i*), which see,
6i\e; it differs from («i) in being
nearer Ui),
(•j,| doubly lowered (i), representing
the sounds generally wntten i in
Ab. which sound to me among (i,
e, 9, a, b), fully discussed in 767,
see also 696d ana 766<f.
(i) Bell's No. 27, which he asdgns to
German wber and Sweet to French
iMie, both of which I take to be
(y).
J. a 'i— ^ ^^^r).
(j) a modifier, indicating that the
preceding consonant is palatalised,
or that an attempt is made to
pronounce (i) simultaneonriy with it,
as in (ki, g^, Ij, ni), 1116. Sweet
calls this palatalisation "front
modification,*^ because he terms (i)
a"frontyowel."
Cj] indefinite palatalised voice, heard
m the * vanish' of (ee^j) for long a
in the pause, I 111, Sweet writes H
and amuyses (^i).
(j) the true consonantal sound in ye
yield yet yacht, German j\ the true
consonantal form of OQ, 1149</, 642^.
(jh) the palatal hiss oi (j) heard, at
least occ., in Aew Aue //ughes Auffe
i/ume, but often replaced by simple
(j), not unlike (gjh, kjh), 1149,
col. 2.
(f ) the Midland gentle r described in
29Zd and 294, not materially different
from (r^, r^ and other imperfect,
because unfiapped or untrilleo, forms
of (r), see unoer R.
K. (k kj kh kj kjh kw kwh s).
(k) common guttural mute in etke,
satkf yieking ; there is a habit some-
times of jerking out the following
vowel as (knom) come, heard in
Ireland and G^ennany, il40d, and
some insist on slight fiatus inter-
vening as (k|hdm), which regularly
occurs in the pause as (s8ek|h) = (ssk*)
sack, neither practice is generally
heard from educated speakers.
(k^) explodent form of (t|) as con-
ceivea by Mr. Godwin and found in
India, 11190.
(kh) the German eh in a<;A, still heard
in Lowland Scotch and occ. in
Northern English.
(kj) palatalised (k), or an attempt to
pronounce (k) and (i) simultaneously,
1116.
(kjh) palatalised hiss, an attempt to
pronounce (kh) and (i) simultane-
ously; German irA, recAt, heard in
Lowland, 642^, 711<f, not to be
confounded with (jh) or with (sh,
shj).
(ktr) labialised (k) or an attempt to
pronounce (k) and (u) simultaneously,
usual gu in quality, quantity, egMdise,
^Mestion, 1103, col. 2, 1116.
(ktirh) an attempt to pronounce (kh) and
(u) simultaneously, final in German
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Tin.]
PRBUMINART MATTER.
83»
mitk, boM, and initial in Lowland
Scotch, written as initial^, 1116^'.
(k) retracted (k), see (o), p. Bl*.
L. (1 '1 ,1— Ih, Ihh, Ij— / /h—
1— L-^).
(I) common En^h fow, fie, ow^ ais^,
dwetfing, I \i6g, 5i2e, the tip of the
toogoe rating on the hara palate
some way from the gams, coronal (1),
and the sides of the tongue slightly
(*1) syllafiic (1), the Toioe being sus-
tained daring position, this notation
is adopted as dearer than Bell's (11)
ormyeqaiTalent(r). Compare (ltt*l,
litU, litf). "t- V »
(.1) ahreolar Q), the tip of the tongue
resting on the gums, common conti-
nental/, 5^,
Gh) flatedfl), that is, with flatus sub-
stituted for voice, generated in some
dialects, and supposed by Bell to
occur regularly before (p t k). as
(helhp) or (hellhp, mellht, millhk)
help, melt, milk, 642d,
(Ihh) unilateral Oh), the breath being
ejected from tne right side of ^e
tongue only, as in Welsh UtJl.
(Ij) palatalised I, an attempt to pro-
nounce (1) and (i) at the same time.
Italian ^/ may be generated in
English million as (mil-lj-j«n),
1116.
(I) the Polish guttuimlised barred /.
{Ih) the flated (/).
(l) the gradual glottid, the e<kes of
the glottis being open when be^-
ning to speak and gradually olosmg,
U29<f.
(l) rsTerted /, the under part of the
tongue being turned to the palate
generated bT action of preceding
(&), 42dy ana sometimes used inde-
peii^ently, 143^.
(i) glottal r peculiar to Danish, but
held to have been heard in the
Cockney speech by Donders, 1099«^.
M. (m 'm mh jc).
(m) an orinasal resonance of Toice
while the month is in the position
for rp), 1148, colt 2; the tongue
should obstruct the carity of the
mouth as little as possible, or (n, q)
may be generateo, for which the
opcodnff of the lips is not necessary.
('m) syllabic (m) in schisM chasMi
(s«2*m kses'm) ; this symbol preferred
as more distinct than Bell's (mm) or
my rm*), 1148<r and llO&t
(mh) flatus passed through the nose
while the mouth is in the position
for (p), thou^t bf Bell to occur
before mutes, but not heard by me,
1141a, 1148<^.
(k) turned small capital m, a lip trill
with compressed lips, a defectiTe
utterance of (r) usiudly taken for
(w), 665, line 1, formerly written
(m) or turned m.
N. (n 'n ^n — ^nh nj — v).
(n) orinasal resonance of Toioe while
the mouth is in the position for (t),
as in fio, own, manlier, 1096, the
mouth is generally open, but it ia
not necessary that it should be so,
see,(m).
(*n) i^Uabio (n) so written in prefer-
ence to Bell's (nn) and my (n') for
. lengthened (n), in op#n, sanken
(oop'n, saqk'n), llOSd,
(,n) tne alveolar continental n with the
tip of the tongue quite on the gams,
109d</.
(nh^ flatus through the nose and in
tne mouth in the position for (t) ;
this was once used initially for An-
throughout England, and is still so
used occ. in Cu. 642^.
(nj) palatalised (n), an attempt to pro-
nounce (n) ana (i) at the same time,
Italian and French ^it, Spanish £L,
Portugoese nh ; may be generated
in Ei^lish (en-nj-jvn) onion, 1161,
col. 2, see (qj).
(n) reverted (n), the mouth being in
the position tor (t) during the ori-
nasal resonance, generatea by a pre-
ceding (b) in D 4 and D 1 1, see 42.
0. (o Ou— oh 6o« OA ow — 0 Ou
0^ — oh 00^ to),
(o) Bell's No. 8 Italian open (o), dif-
ferent from, but often confased with
(a), and common in our dialects,
64(k.
(oq) may indicate an endeavour to pro-
nounce (o) with the lip aperture of a
fu), see 1116^', and may occur in
aialects ; it might also be written
{ow) on Sweet's principle of * over-
rounding.'
(oh) Bell's No. 20, conceived by Sweet
as French homme, which I hear as
(o), conceived by Bell as American
Digitized by LjOOQIC
84*
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
[Tin.
stone, which I hear as (o), and Low-
land note, which I also hear as (o).
Bell considers it to he unaccented o
in history, yiotory, which seems to
me pedantic.
(6oir) a compound dialectal fracture,
the rec. pron. of oar, with vocalised
r, now usually called (aa'«), and
formerly quite {6om), lOOOo*.
(oa) conventicmal sign for Fr. o»,
see (a).
{ow) see (Ou) ahore, and (lo), p. 86*.
(o) Beirs No. 7, as long in otce, no, g[o
without the * vanish, see (oo'to), it
is not found short in accented closed
syllahles in English, it resemhles
the Italian close o, and may certainly
he used for it, 1162, 640.
(ou) the tongue as for (o) with the lip
rounding as for u, 6S2d, No, 2,
fnerally written («,).
an (o) with a raised tongue and
rather more closed lips, ana hence
closely resemhline (m), so that (t<|)
is generally wriUen in diphthongs,
641cf, 6836, No. 8, 1.
(oh) Bell's No. 19, conceived by him
as Fr. homme, see (oh^ and when
nasalised as (ohl), Frencn on. Sweet
fives no example.
{oaw) or (oo) with the vanish, that is,
with a tendency as it is lengthened
towards (u, m), 1162, col. 1, con-
ceived as (Son) and often written
(om) which to me altogether perverts
the sound. Sweet writes ou and
analyses (6oto)«(60u).
CE. (oB OGi — (BA a C^VL — 9D <E
((c) Beirs No. 32, intermediate to (o,
e^, Fr. fu in Yeut p^le, Oerman
BQort 0 in bocke, distinct from {$) or
eu in peuy and German long o in
Qoethe ; thought to occur in English,
64 U, but this is doubtful.
(o?,) a variant of {(b) greatly resembling
(uj, and similarly used as a trans-
ition from (m) to (a) in Nb. 688<?,
see also 72lc.
(osa) the Fr. orinasal <^» ^^t the
analysis cannot be properly made on
account of the modification of the
oral cavity by releasing the uvula ;
to an Euglisnman it sounds rather
as (aA^, thkt is, (■) with Fr. nasality.
(or) Bell s No. 1, the sound heard on
opening the mouth wide while pro-
nouncing (u), 292o.
(«'u) results from commencing (u) with
too wide an opening of the lips, see
292o. TH. writes (Jkja) for this sound.
(a>) Bell's No. 22, in first eni third,
when r is entarely lost, not materially
different frcmi (ee), but with a
aomewhat more movincial effect,
1166, most noticeable in diphthongs,
{so'i, qo'm) the forms of (a% a't^ in
4, p. 66a, (ao'Vi) tha form of (a'u)
&:
inD 11, n. 166^2, l68o.
(as) Bell's No. 9, which he hears in
L. up, and Sweet in Cockney park ;
I once imagined it was the D 4
sound in first, which I afterwards
wrote (f Bjrt) and now write (fntst),
42o. I do not know the sound.
I take the L. «p to be (ap), see the
words on 718 under U:.
(a>) a form of (a) with the sound of
(aa^ running through it, continually
spelled awoj diabct writers, 43r,
under 0'.
p. (p— ph).
(p) as in pope, stopping; it may be
initially (pn, px, p{h) and finally in
the pause (p*) with, or (pi) without,
a recoil, see 1111, col. 2.
(ph) the flated form of (bh), the breath
as it is usually emitted for cooling hot
liquids, used for (f) in Hungarian,
axid posaiblyBmod. Gr. ^.
Q- (q— qj qj)-
(q) nasal resonance of vmoe in the
position of the tongue for (k) which
excludes oral resonance, 1128o ;
the lips are usually open, but this
is not necessary, as ml resonance
is entirely prevented,
(qj) the probable Sanscrit form which is
confused generally with (nj), 1124i^
corresponding to (l9,aj).
(qj) palatalised (q) is by some oon-
ceived as the V»roper t'rettch pron.
of ^ which r take to be (nj) as it
certainly is in Italian.
E.
rn rh —
r*^ .r*^ r.
J^o—^^
'Bo— Rh— t-^).
(r) a sharp- beat produced by allowing
emitted voice to flap the tip of the
toiunie, and this is the true 'trill'
as neard in Italy, in Scotland, in
Wales, and in 8h.; the strength
and length of the beat vary muoh,
but when there is no beat, there is
Digitized by LjOOQIC
VIII.]
PRELIMINARY MATTER.
85*
9 substitute, as (rj, now common.
Enumerated kinds, 294. Simple (r)
is constantly written for any kind,
and the particular kind is often
specified in a note, but is not always
Imown ; but real (r) is the exception
in English.
(.r) strongly flapped L.- Scotch (r).
(,r) the tip of the tong^ue advanced
quite to the gums, during the flap,
used after (^t) in dialects.
(r J with retracted instead of reverted
tip of the tongue, which approaches
the hard palate ; the touffuehowerer
retains the spoon-shaped hollownese
of (b) towards the throat, 4ld; (b)
has usually been printed instead oif
w.
(r^ the Northern buzzed r, described
642, last line but one.
(.1^ the same as (r^, but with the tip
of the tonffue advanced towards the
ffums, usea after (^t) in Northern
dialects.
(rj the buzzed r of the East of
England, the tip of the tongue
almost in the (d) position, but not
touching the palate, a mere im-
perfect (d) ; a de^mdation of (&, kJ,
at times very difficult to distmguish
from(B), 1098^ \S9c, 222a.
(^J advaniDed alveolar (rj used after
(,t) in dialects.
(rh) flated (r), flatus instead of voice
being useid to produce the trill; it
prolMibly does not occur in English.
(^h) flated (.r).
(rhjr " '
,1 flated {r) a milder form of (ah),
which is usually written, 42.
(r) uvular r, the beat or interruption
of sound being produced by the
flapping of the uvula, which is
brought to lie over the top surface
of the tongue ; it is possible to make
this trill very hard, and even metallic
as in Paris, 6426; its usual effect is
Uke (gh).
(r^} the uvular rise, a stiffened uvula
which does not flap as in (r), 642^.
{nc) the {r) labialised, by bringing the
bps nearly into the position for (o),
the full Nb. burTf of which there
may be several kinds, 64 1</.
(a) reverted (r), the under surface of
the tip of the tongue turned to the
hard palate, and the flap indistinct
and lees sharp than for (r); some
deny that it is ever trilled, 236, 41,
apparently combined with vowels
(■, a, a|, etc. 426.
(bj untrilled (b), this form is chiefly
recognised by natives who consider
that (b) is never trilled, because the
effect of the trill is so different from
that in (r), 236, 53a.
('Bo) the syllabic (b^) for which (sb) is
usually written, 42.
(Bh) flated (b), the common initial r in
D 4, p. 42a.
(r) Irish r written ( r) on 123247.
(j) permissive (r), that is, where r is
written, either («) or (Br) may be
pron., but the first is more usual,
1099^ 1153a, 189r.
S. (s ^8 8h shj ^sh srh sh).
(s) common « in «ee, 0ea«e, missing,
1 104^, a pure hiss, with no voice.
(^s) the tongue for (s) is advanced close
to the gum in making the hiss in
cat«, 1105a, line 3; LLB. hears
this, and not (^t^s) in the Italian s.
(sh) 'concave swish,' hiss with the
tongue retnu;ted and hollowed, in
«Ae, leash, WifAine, 1117 to 1121.
(shj^ * convex swish,^ the upper surface
ot the tongue is convex to the palate ;
this seems to be the High German
s in it, ap initial, where * concave '
(sh) with a hollow upper surface of
the tongue is not admissible ; (tj)
may be taken as (tjshj) as well as
(^sh) an advanced (sh), which maj be
heard in cateh (kse^t^sh), wntten
(kset|), where LLU. hears only (^sh),
1117 to 1121.
(srh) voiceless Polish rr, ton^e in the
position for (sh) and the tip slightly
trilled, 295a, line 4.
(«h) 'reverted swish,' made with re-
verted tongue, that is, (sh) as affected
by a preceding (b}, 41^.
T. (t tf ^t t — tj th th, tj t«?— T
— T} Th).
(t) as in tough/, ta/tin^, with the
tendency in some speakers to (tH,
t[, t|h) when initial, 1095, and (t*)
final in the pause, 1111, col. 2.
(t*) suspended (i) xaed for the definite
article in the North, 186, 206,
especially considered, 3176.
(,t) alveolar t, with the tip of the
tonane against the ^ms, used before
r, then pron. (^r), in many English
dialects, 5426, see (,d).
(tJ retracted (t), see (dj, Aid,
{i}) as in ^Aeese, CAteh, hateAinff, a
contraction lor (,t,sh, t^sh) or (tjshj),
see (d|), 11546^ 54*26.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
PRBLIMINARY MATTER.
[YIII.
(th) dental hiss, as in thia breaM piM
no^Aing, the tongoe fully against (not
between) the teeth, 1097<r.
(thj alTeolar hiss, the tonffue on the
ginn, Spamah s, ecaroely dutingnish-
able from (th).
(tj) palatalised (t), an attempt to ntter
(t, i) at the same time, 1116.
{iw) lahialised (t) as in Itnne, an
attempt to utter (t, a) at the same
time, 1116.
(t) reyerted t, with the under snrfaoe
of the tonfi:iie against the palate, 42«.
On) reverted (tj) formed of (T«h), 4\d.
(Th) an attempt to say (th) with the
nnder surface of the tongue against
the teeth, 4U.
TJ. (u d — u n* «' — Mq «q fi^u —
llh ^U «| M|' {^ii ^Mid
AjU— u).
(u) Bell's No. 8 ; when, long as (uu) in
too food pool; it does not occur short
in an accented dosed syllable in
Enj^h, but often occurs snort in an
open unaccented syllable as infl«ence
to-day to-night, I091d, 6i0d; found
medial in L. (bdk) book, see (to).
(fi) yery short diphthongising initial
(u) used where (w) is now employed,
1103, 643^ under (w).
(m) Bell's No. 4, the common short oo
in an accented syllable, full good,
distinctly difierent from (u), 1114o',
where read (nj) for (u^,
(t»') the form in which 7ui) is usually
written, 711, No. 10.
a highmr form of («) almost (u),
63, par. 8, 664o.
(if J peculiar Midland transition sound
from (e) to (u), described, 29 lo, and
compare, 292a, 366, 664.
(^M J toe sound of (m J with the tongue
move adyanoed.
(>oU> TH.'s sign for my (oi'u), 292o,
used on 827, under O'.
(irh) Bell's No. 16, which he asrigns
to unaccented -tire and American
do, but Sweet to yaltio.
(An) Midland inchoant diphthong com-
mencing with (u) and passinff on to
(u), prooablT Sweet's, utr, which he
analyses as (tftiMo), that is («) passing
into an 'oyenrounded' (t»), see (^;u).
(if]) alowfonnof(if), scarcely distmot
xrom (o>) the high form of (o), which
see, 29lo, 8896, 640ff. For a long time
I confounded this with (if J under
one sign and henbe,some eirorB in
a
Part IV., thus (mJ on p. 1107<f,
11140^, should be (w,).
(Ml') a peculiar fracture heard in D 33,
so written on 6S2d, but written (ii*)
on 711, No. 10.
(^>i) a Northern fracture similar to
(«>,), 642a.
(^lO) JOO.'s form of (»'), 721o.
{4iVLJ Northern inchoant diphthong
commencing with (mj), almost (o^),
and ending with (u), 494o, 641(f,
6966.
(u) Bell's No. 16, Bell and Sweet both
consider it to be Swedish if ; it may
be conceiyed as (y) with more flayour
of (u) in it.
V. (VA).
(y) the yoiced form of (f), a buzz, with
the lower lip firmly placed against
the teeth, the despair of Germans
who use (bh), 1101. col. 2.1
(▲) written like Oreek t|, the sign of
French nasality; the four French
nasals in ofi vin mm on are conyen-
tionally represented by (sa ca coa
oa), but the relaxation of the uyida
necessary for nasalisation preyents
any exact reference of oral to ori-
nasal yowels. 1123, col. 2.
W, (w wh wr° iff ^w «?])•
(w) a peculiarly English bussed con-
sonant with nearij closed lips, wluch
are compressed in the middle but
inflated on each side by the emitted
yoice, the back of the tongue raised
as for (u) ; the side inflMions dis-
tinguish (w) from (bh), and the busi
from (&). 1091 to 1094 ; used for (y)
in some dialects. 1326, 143a.
(wh) flated (w), ttiat is, with unyoioed
breath through the same position,
which makes next to no hiss, only
a blow, see the long discussion, 1126
to 1146, 643«.
(wi^ initial wr still heard amoof old
people in the North, 643o, the ddest
form was perhaps (no) or labialiBed(r) .
(it) mark en labialisation, that is, of
dosing the Ups more or less during
the s<yBnd, or ndding the positioi|^
the prerious letter, as in (kio, gio,
tw, dio), that is, an attempt to pro-
nounce (w) at the same nme with
(k g, t a) re^Mctiyely ; it may also
be used with yowels to indicate
greater labialisation, or more than
tne normal closure of the Hps, ihus
(o«o)«i(oq), which see.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
nil.]
PREUMINARY MATTER.
87»
(*«r) the indeflnite voioe soimd fh)
labialised, which therefore ap-
proaches to (u) and forms the
'ranish' of (oo), see {oo'u;), and
1162, ool. 1.
(irj) palatalised labialisation, or an at-
tempt to pronoonce (a, i) or (7) with
the preceding letter, as (nu^ji) or
(nyi), French nuit, 1115a'.
Y. (yyi— yyi— t).
(j) Bell's No. 28, the sound of French
M, German ti, which are perhaps not
quite the same, lyingintermediate
between (i) and (u). The presumed
transitional sound from (u) to (7) is
(ce'u). Perhaps pure (7) does not
occur in our dialect.
(7t) a modification of Fr. m in a di-
rection not _predsel7 ascertained,
admitted in D 10, p. 146, D 11,
p. lo6d, and D 19, p. 261a.
(y) Beirs No. 14, said b7 Melville
Bell to be heard in the last S7llable
of houstft and -shtre, a peculiar sound
used in 6406, and stated to lie be-
tween (t, «), compare (in) ; it is
commonly transcribed (t|) by me, see
766<; and ISle.
(jf,) a variant of (y), the value not
frecisel7 ascertained, 660a.
Bell's No. 13, Russian u (/err)
according to Bell, and Welsh u
according to Sweet.
Z. (z ^z — ^zh zh zbj zrh — «h).
(z) the buzz of (s) produced by laying
on the voice in the (s) position, as in
cany hit whienng; often preceded
when initial by an (s) in Qerman as
(szii) sie, and followed by an (s) in
the pause in English as (htzs) nij,
1122«' 11044f.
(^) the voiced form of (^), which see,
according to LLB. the voiced Italian
s genenmy taken as (^d^z).
(zh) the buzz of M, initial in Fr. /b
(zhp), in English occurs only between
two vowels as in divijion, measure,
and where it has been recently
developed except in S. dialects, 400,
1118.
(^h) advanced (zh), this may be
the second element of (d|) usually
assumed to be (dzh), 1 IHV.
(zhj) voiced (shj), convex touffued (zh),
tms also may be the second element
of(d,).
(zrh) voiced Polish rs, the tongue as
for (zh) and the tip trilled, 296a.
(ch) reverted (zh) with the under
surfoce of the tip of the tongue
against the palate, occurs in (d|=
juh), He.
Numerals (* i u 8 * * Z).
(') with a higher tongue, or appxe-
dated as a higher sound, 1107.
(1) with a lower tongue, or appreciated
as a deeper sounc^ 1107, often used
as a mere diacritic.
Gi) doubly lowered, see (t'n) p. 82*.
(g) is used for the Arabic ^ or bleat
which it greatly resembles in shAfe ;
it is produced in the glottis, and may
be considered as an exaggerated
catch or (;).
(«) rounding bv palatal arches, as in
a parrot's (p*t<*s) puss, lll4tF,
(^) with pursed and protruded lips,
168<T, ZZ2d.
{l) unUateral palatal click used to start
a horse with in England, usually
spelled ePek ; there are several other
clicks represented by turned numerals,
or by aid of t below, 726, No. 17.
Points (,
!.).
( ' ) preceding a vowel, the dear glottid,
1129rf'.
( ; ) the check glottid or Arabic hamza,
rejs:ularly used when a word begins
with a vowd in German, not usual
in EngUsh, 1130, 726<f, 7Z0d, used
instead of musical accent in Damsh.
(!) indicates the absence of glide or
recoil after a mute, see p. 77* on
length of consonants.
(:) after a vowd or svllable, denotes
secondary stress; oefore a word
indicates that it would begin with a
capital letter in reodved spelling.
(.) period, before any letter, indicates
that it reodves a peculiarly vigorous
utterance ; it is only used in phonetic
discusdons as (.r) Lowland r.
( * ) after a vowd or syllable, denotes
primary stress, and before a word
emphasis, as (tv prize*nt « pre*z'nt)
or (te prtzen*t « prez*'nt) to present
a present.
( ' ) after or before another consonant,
• Ch), that is, voice in its dmplest
form independent of the podtion of
the organs; in former Parts much
used where («) is now written by
rference, see ('1, 'm, 'n).
after another consonant e^h),
Digitized by LjOOQIC
8&»
PRKLIMIKART MATTER.
[VIII.
flatus in its simplest form, recoil
after motes, as (nop'), not usually
written but left to be inferred.
{^) sUght nasality, not so marked as
m French, often found with (a) as
Mark* of intonation rarely used,
i,.) low level tone, Chinese low (pHtq).
" ) hi^h level tone, Ch. high (pniq).
.* ) rising tone, Ch. high (shaq^.
*.) falling tone, Ch. high (kHoece,
kniu, kni).
.*) rising from low level tone, Ch.
low (shaq).
..) falling tp low level tone, Ch. low
(KHoece).
.*) fall and rise, used in Norwegian
and Swedish. »
'.) rise and fall, Ch. (fu-kjen shaq).
* ] sto^ voice suddenly at high pitch,
Ch. high (shut*, zhii-, njipf).
. ) stop voice suddenly at low pitch,
Ch. low (shut. ihit. njip!.). See end
of last entry.
As a rule intonation is not marked,
but it may be roughly indicated bj the
above signs, which may immediately
follow the vowel, or be printed in a
line over the words. Or the ordinary
level of speech being represented by
6, and four deffrees of lower pitch by
12 3 4, and four degrees of higher
pitch by 6 7 8 9, without the assump-
tion of any definite intervals, a line
of figures over the words would nve
a tolerable notion of intonation. But
there are obvious difficulties, first in
hearing the intonation naturally from
native dialect speakers, and next in
appreciating it when heard, and hence
ii is not attempted in this treatlBe.
See Mr. Melville Bell's ViHbl^ Spe$eh,
p. 82, and his FrineipU$ of £loeution,
6th ed. (Werner, New York). For
the attempts of Steele and Merkd,
see mypaper on Accent and Emphaeiey
in the Irans. of the Philological Society
for 1873-4, pp. 129-136.
Accents ('
J.
(') marking the short glide and the
stress sylmble in ordinary diphthongs,
p. 77*.
'') marking the slur or long glide
of the Italian diphthongs as (i"o,
mis^i) written with ^^, an incon-
venient sign, on 11316.
,) after a letter only, mark of retrac-
tion of the tongue from the lips
towards the throat, see (r^, thj.
^ ) over or after a vowel marks medial
length as (ik, 9^), after a continuous
consonant marks lengthening as (s'),
after an explodent marks suspension
of the organs of speech for a sensible
time, as (f) for the definite article,
3176; see also p. 77*.
J before a letter only, mark of
advanced tongue, see (,t, ^r), the
tongue in this case coming close to
the gums, 1 120, col. 2.
„) before a letter only, very advanced
tongue quite up to the teeth, 1120,
col. 2.
lit) ^P ^' tongue between teeth, but
not protouded, written (t) on 11206.
Signs ( ) ; L t + U)-
) ) ' divider * marks the end of a word
and the beginning of the next, when
the two words run on together as
one; it is a guide to the eye in
reading.
; ) * br^ik,* shewing that there is no
glide between the letters between
which it occurs, 1131, see both } ;
used on 149, line 1.
1^) preceding a letter indicates that
that letter is very faintly uttered,
see Part II. p. 419 note.
X) following a consonant, as (t{)s
English tuty or (^h) independently,
11286', indicates a click made by
smacking the interior parts of the
mouth in the air ahready there with-
out either inspiration or expiration.
+) glide of any sort, ^ from a wide
to a narrow, ^ from a narrow to a
wide, opening of the mouth, 1130<f .
\) with inspired breath, 11280^, (';)
inspired flatus, and Of, ir^hf) in-
spired flatus through toe lip position
for (f) varied in the second case by
raising the tonfifue for (rj, the lazy
negative of Dundee school-boys,
7600.
(j) trilled, when transcribing Bell's
orthography, who writes the equiva-
lent of {tji for (r).
XND OF P&BLIXCrAIiT MATTSR.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
THE EXISTING
PHONOLOGY OF ENGLISH DIALECTS.
iNTBODrCTION.
The object of this treatise is to determine with considerable
accuracy the different forms now, or within the last hundred years,
assumed by the descendants of the same original word in passing
through the mouths of uneducated people, speaking an inherited
language, in all parts of Great Britain where English is the
ordinary medium of communication between peasant and peasant.
This limitation excludes those parts of Wales and Scotland where
Celtic is habitually spoken by the natives. Ireland has also been
excluded, except in the south-east of Co. Wexford — an old English
colony — because it has otherwise a comparatively recently imported
speech. The exact limits are marked on the Map by the CB or
Celtic border, and traced in words below. Of course the oldest
form of English existent within these limits was itself imported
from North Germany, modified by Old Norse and subsequently
Old Norman, which was a form of Old French modified by Old
Norse. And equally of course the immigrants aboriginally spoke
differently, so that there was not really one original form for any
word within the whole limits thus described.
To solve this problem perfectly every word used by native
peasants in every part of the country should have its pron.* observed
and written phonetically. But this was obviously impossible.
Hence a selection of typical words had to be made. Before in-
vestigating it was naturally impossible to make a proper selection,
but without some sort of selection no investigation could have been
commenced. At first I tried any collections of words I could
obtain. Then finding how vague, defective and redundant these
were, with the help of Dr. J. A. H. Murray, author of DS8. and
editor of the new English Dictionary, I constructed in 1873 a
Comparative Specimen (referred to as cs. and given in the Pre-
liminary Matter No. III.), containing at least many typical words
and constructions, run into sentences. This then I endeavoured to
get " translated " into the idiom and pronunciation of the place.
^ See list of abbreyiatioiis in frequent use, pp. 4* and 6*.
B.B. Pron. Part ▼. [ 1433 ] 92
Digitized by LjOOQIC
2 INTRODUCTION.
Constantly complaints came to me from correspondents in different
parts of the country that ** our people don't speak so." Of course
they did not. That was inevitahle, and indeed intentional. But
the intention was also to have the idiom corrected, at the same
time that the pron. was assigned, and this was seldom attempted.
Kotice of my attempt was given in the Atherueum and Academy,
and numerous ladies and gentlemen who were familiar with
dialectal speech gave me their assistance. But there was great
difficulty in expressing their meaning through lack of phonetic
knowledge. Fortunately many were able to give vivd rocs readings,
and most kindly laboured hard to make me understand the sounds,
while I wrote them in palaeotype. Their names and work are
recorded in the Alphabetical County list in the Preliminary
Matter ^o. VI. In other cases I endeavoured by written questions
to obtain a clue to the sounds. But this was heavy and laborious,
and the result was not satisfactory on the whole, although the
versions of my cs. thus obtained were the nucleus of my work.
Finding that the words. I wanted particularly were often in-
geniously avoided in the translations given, and that the idiom
presented great difficulties, in Sep. 1877 I got out Word Lists
(referred to as wl.), following the order and etymology in Dr.
Sweet's History of British Sounds. This step indicated a further
advance in the conception of the problem. The Wessex, or literary
Saxon form of King Alfred's time, was now, where possible,
adopted as the language of comparison, even for those Midland and
Northern regions, where different forms of Low German were
originally spoken. In some instances of course this comparison
could not be made, and the word had to be referred to a Norse or
French form, or classed as of unknown origin. "We had now a
standard of comparison. The problem then assumed this form,
given the Wessex rowels (or consonants, but the vowels were most
important) of certain words, to find their dialectal equivalents in
different parts of the country, and this is the form under which its
solution is attempted in this treatise. The order aud classification
used by Dr. Sweet, proving inconvenient for rapid reference, I
subsequently modified this list, and it finally assumed the form of
the Classified Word List (referred to as cwl. as distinct from the
preceding wl.) given in the Preliminary Matter No. V.
With this wl. I gave a list of the principal sounds to be
observed, with their glossic representation and a number attached.
I regret to say that these proved useless and confusing. I could
seldom rely upon the figures given. Some unfortunate ^nisprints,
arising from extending the list of sounds, increased the perplexity
of many correspondents, and the result was that where I was
unable to obtain viv& voce or palaeotypio information, I had the
same difficulty as before in interpreting the informants' orthography
(here referred to as io.), and occasionally the still greater difficulty
arising from the wrong use of numbers. Still I managed to obtain
a very considerable amount of local information from all parts of
the country by means of these wl., over which many of my
[1434]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
INTRODUCTION. d
informants gave themselves an immense amount of trouble, for
which I cannot be sufficiently grateful. About 1700 of these lists
were sent out, chiefly to the clergy in those parts of the country
from which information was most needed, aud of these about 500
were returned with some though often very little information.
In 1879 I tried the use of a much shorter specimen called the
Dialect Test (referred to henceforth as dt.), containing only 76
indeptn'l"»t words, which exemplified all the principal classes, or
rather would have done so if my informants had not constantly
avoided or changed some of the important words. This dt. with
the words numbered and the original notes designed to draw my
informants* attention to the points of the investigation and to
record the pron. to a considerable extent without having to acquire
the use of a systematic orthography, is given in the Preliminary
Matter No. IV., and has been of much service.
These three modes of obtaining information were necessarily
addressed to educated people who did not speak dialect naturally,
and hence had only more or less observed what was said, ^d
imitated it as well as they could. They all spoke '* received
speech" (abbreviated to rs.) in ** received pronunciation" (abbrevi-
ated to rp.), and endeavoured more or less successfully to impart
their impressions of dialectal pron. (abbreviated to dp.) by means of
** received orthography" (abbreviated to ro.). Here were many
possible sources of error. 1 ) The sounds may have been wrongly
appreciated. 2) The sounds may have been wrongly imitated.
8) The rp. adopted by my informants may have been different
from my own, for there is no such thing as a uniform educated
pron. of English, and rp. or rs. is a variable quantity differing from
individual to individual, although all its varieties are ** received,"
understood and mainly unnoticed. 4) There are many dialectal
sounds which are not recognised at all in rs. and which hence
required more than ro. to represent, so that my informants fre-
quently used combinations of letters which are not in ro., and
these they generally did not attempt to explain or frankly declared
to be inexplicable. 5) There was my own conjectural interpre-
tation of my informants' orthography, which was at first very
venturesome and unsatisfactory to myself. The hours, days, and
sometimes months and years which I have spent over endeavouring
to avoid these sources of error would be in themselves sufficient to
account for the delay in completing this treatise.
But why not go to the peasantry at once ? Why not learn from
word of mouth, so that the errors would be limited to the writer's
own appreciation? Where possible, this mode of obtaining in-
formation has been followed. But I have myself been able to do
so in very few cases. There are many difficulties in the way.
First the peasantry throughout the country have usually two
different pron., one which they use to one another, and this is that
which is required ; the other which they use to the educated, and
this which is their own conception of rp., though often remarkably
different from it, is absolutely worthless for the present purpose.
[ 1435 ]
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4 INTKODUCnOX.
If I, having no kind of dialectal speech, were to go among the
peasantry, they would of course use their ** refined" speech to me.
I have therefore not attempted it. But I have occasionally heen
ahle successfully to ohtain information from domestic servants,
from railway porters, and principally, through the kind cooperation
of the Principal, from the students at Whitelands Training College
in Chelsea. These last were young women generally ahout twenty
years old, fresh from the country, who, though they now spoke
rs. very well, had been from earliest childhood accustomed to the
speech of their own districts, or had learned that of other districts
by long teaching of natural dialect speakers in national schools.
To the interest taken by the Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe, the Principal,
in my work, the help from the teachers themselves, and the willing
assistance of the students, I am indebted for information which has
cleared up many difficulties and helped me to fill up many gaps.
But my chief aid in this way has come from three important
sources. 1) Mr. C. Clough Robinson (henceforth referred to as
CCR.), author of a Leeds Glossary, and subsequently of the Mid
Yorkshire Glossary (the latter published by the English Dialect
Society), a natural dialect speaker, acquired my glossic in personal
interviews with me, and was of the utmost assistance in phonetically
rendering the pron. of South and Mid Yo.
2) Mr. J. G. Goodchild (henceforth referred to as JGG.) a
Londoner, who had been many years employed on the Government
Geological Survey, and had thus been constantly in the society of
dialect speakers, having acquired a knowledge of my palaeotype
(verified by many personal interviews between us), was able to
furnish me with wonderful phonographs, so to speak, of the pron.
in Cu. We. and nw. Yo., which he had again and again verified by
the speakers themselves.
3) Mr. Thomas Hallam (henceforth referred to as TH.), a native
of n. Db., a natural dialect speaker, for many years a book-keeper in
the Canal Department of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire
Railway Offices at Manchester, having acquired the use of my palaeo-
type in great perfection, as verified by many personal interviews
between us, has rendered me the most important services in the
Midland Counties, La. Ch. Db. St. in especial, and in various other
counties of England, as will be seen in the lists Xos. VI. and VI I.
given in the Preliminary Matter. His position in connection with
the Railway Offices gave him facilities for travelling over these
regions, and as he has been helping me for fully twenty years,
there has been time for collecting and imparting great stores of
information. His method of proceeding was this. On arriving at a
station he would inquire where he could find old and if possible
illiterate peasants, whom he would " interview," gaining their con-
fidence, and then noting their peculiarities of pron. in his note books
(now more than Ixx. in number, a goodly Septuagint), using palaeo-
type, which he wrote most accurately. In the same books he entered
all passing pron. which he heard, forming the ** words noted "
(abbreviated to wn.), which are so frequently referred to hereafter,
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INTRODUCTION. O
reduced to the form of my cwl. Also, making acqaaintance with
native dialect speakers, he obtained numerous cs. and dt, most of
which are given below, and thus enabled me to illustrate dialectal
pron. in a most unexpectedly accurate manner over about 22
counties ; for the exact enumeration see the Alphabetical County
List, and Informants' List in the Preliminary Matter, Nos. Vl.
and VIL
A large number of the names there recorded recall to me long
correspondence or lengthy personal interviews, and I beg to return
to all my informants grateful thanks for their help, which has
made my work possible.
Finally I wish to record my obligations to H.I.H. Prince Louis-
Lucien Bonaparte (henceforth referr^ to as LLB.), who, though he
was able only on one occasion to take down a portion of a cs. in
pal. himself, yet procured me many versions of the cs. from others,
and a large amount of incidental dialectal information. To him I
owe especially my first conceptions of a classification of the English
Dialects, and he has been throughout a warm sympathiser and a
ready helper. Possessing a large collection of English dialect
books, consisting of various specimens, besides those versions of the
Song of Solomon made for himself, and all the best glossaries, with
many of his own notes in travelling, he allowed me to examine
them all, and abstract what was needed, so that I was made
thoroughly acquainted with all that had been done before, and saw
how necessary it was to treat of the pron. separately.
To clothe all these sources of information in a proper garment,
which would admit of accurate comparison, a sufficiently copious
phonetic alphabet was necessary. The palaeotype used in Parts I.
to IV. of EEP. was of course adopted. But the direct investiga-
tion of living speech has rendered numerous additions or modifi-
cations necessary. Hence I have considered it advisable to prefix
to this treatise a new table of Dialectal Palaeotype (in the Pre-
liminary Matter No. YIIL), containing all the signs employed in
this treatise in an order which can be readily referred to, so that
no reader can have any difficulty in ascertaining the value of any
symbol he meets with. Great peculiarities will generally be
specially explained where they occur, and in the Table of Dialectal
Palaeotype (which for that purpose has been printed last) references
will be given to these explanations. The use of pal. of course re-
quires much careful study to understand it thoroughly and read it
easily, but I must assume that this work will be used by readers
who are prepared to study. There is no help for it. If the sounds
were merely uttered to them without being fixed by signs, they
would forget or confuse them immediately. I do not add a general
treatise on phonetics. Much can be gathered from the discussions
in Part IV. of EEP., and a condensed account of the theory of
phonetics, with a long list of my palaeotype symbols, drawn up by
myself, will be found in the ^cyclopaedia Britannica^ vol. 22, or
part 86, pp. 381^390, published 1887.
There is so much difficulty in limiting the conception of a
[ U87 ]
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6 INTRODUCTION.
dialect, so as to distinguish it from a language, that I hare thought
it best not to attempt distributing the English language into pre-
cisely defined dialects, but to take the range of country where
English is acknowledged to be spoken by peasants to one another
in some one or other of its forms, and then to divide it into districts
where the form of speech can be tolerably well defined. Hence
the first thing is to lay down the limits assumed for English as
against Celtic. This is a division of 'entirely unrelated languages,
differing in sound, vocabulary, graT^mar and history. But this is
the only case in which all these iour points will have to be con-
sidered. This is a treatise on the existing phonology of the
English dialects, meaning simply peasant speech. Hence, when
the area of English is once determined, the geographical divisions
must depend mainly, if not always, entirely on pron., with the
least possible admixture of considerations founded on vocabulary
and grammar (indicated in the note appended to the cwl. in
Preliminary Matter No. V. p. 25*), and none at all on history.
The first broad points in the phonology of English which struck
me were the treatment of Wessex TJ and IT' (capital letters will
always be used, as in the headings of the cwl. in the Preliminary
Matter No. V.), of the letter R, and of the definite article. To my
surprise I found that the lines separating these different treatments
could be traced completely across the country from sea to sea, and
hence I obtained Ten Transverse Lines, which form the first
broad phonetic distribution of English speech. I had hoped indeed
that they would form the basis of the ultimate districts. But I
gradually found that this was not the case, so &r as the treatment
of TJ, TJ' was concerned, for reasons which will be best explained
hereafter ; but in other respects the tr nsverse lines do really Umit
divisions and districts.
Then by tabulating and comparing, especially by means of the
cwl., I obtained Six Divisions, with sufficiently distinct differences
and characters, to which I give the geographical names of Southern,
Western, Eastern, Midland, Northern, and Lowland, the last being
almost entirely in Scotland. The characters by which these are
distinguished will be given in detail he/(^(ter.
Then commenced the more difficult task of separating these
Divisions into such Districts as had a considerable claim to be
considered uniform in the pron. they used, and were sufficiently
distinct from their neighbours. The difficulty was to make these
districts wide enough, by resolutely refusing to be led away l)y
small differences. Properly speaking thore is no uniformity. Not
only will a practised ear tell the village in a district from which a
speaker hails, but a more accurate examination will shew that
families in the same village do not speak exactly alike, nay, that
the individual members of the same family will have generally
some differentiating peculiarity. My information, however, seldom
went into such fine details, although that obtained from Messrs.
Ooodchild and Hallam often reaches the stage of individualism.
My first attempts almost always erred in making the districts too
[ 1438 ]
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IMTBODUCnOK. 7
small, but finally I left rerj few Bmall districts, because, among
otber reasons, of the difficulty in determining their boundaries with
the information at my command, and contented myself with mostly
large districts, in which I recognised Varieties only roughly
located, and not always accurately or completely characterised.
The result of this has been to divide the whole country into 42
numbered districts, of which 21 contain 89 Tarieties. In eight of
these varieties I have even distinguished 19 sub varieties. Thus
stated, the distribution appears rather complex, but the complexity
will disappear on examination. The whole of these 10 Transverse
Lines, 6 Divisions, and 42 districts, with the Celtic Border, are
clearly shewn in tiie little maps of England and Scotland, drawn
from my instructions by Messrs. George Philip and Son, and given
with this treatise, and the Key to these maps in the Preliminary
Matter No. II. indicates the position of the varieties and sub-
varieties. In the subsequent pages each District and Variety will
be considered in the order of their numbers, and their numbers will
be placed at the head of the pages. Hence the reader, after
having consulted the map which gives him the number of the
district, and the key which shews the number of the Variety, can
immediately turn to the page containing the information.
In the course of tracing the boundaries, or of giving the infor-
mation, I shall have frequently to refer to places whose names are
not on the maps here given, and indeed are often difficult to find
on any but the large maps of the Ordnance Survey. But it is
necessary that the reader should have a good conception of their
situation on the little maps which have the districts marked on
them. This is effected thus. Take the village of Harrold referred
to as " Harrold, Bd. (8 nw.Bedford)," that is, Harrold (not on the
map) is in Bedfordshire, 8 miles to the north-west of the town of
Bedford (which is on the map). Any series of county maps will
then enable the reader either to find the name or the exact locality.
I have found G. Philip and Son's penny county maps of England
and Scotland very useful, but they are not on a uniform scale.
W. H. Smith and Co.'b maps (on the uniform scale of 4 miles to
the inch) will enable the reader to follow all the boundaries of
districts here given. Stanford's Hallway map of three miles to
the inch, and the Ordnance maps, may be further referred to if
necessary, but Philip's and Smith's are the most convenient, as I
have found by extensive use.
This geographical distribution, which was not possible until
information had been obtained from all parts of the country, and
the limitation of the investigation to phonology now existing
either in absolute use of living people or in their memories, form
the two distinctive characters of tlus treatise. It was necessary
for this purpose to localise information, and hence to reject almost
all printed books, which generally refer to very vaguely defined
or, more accurately speaking, undefined areas. This localisation,
except when I could secure the assistance of my three chief
informants, was very difficult to procure. Ko doubt many local
[ 1439 ]
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8 jKTRODUCnON*
readers will object to some of my lines of demarcation, or to the
sounds themselTCS attributed to certain classes of words. This is
really inevitable. I have not swept the country, and most of my
brooms so far as I went were not of perfect construction. I can
only say that I hare done my best, ana at my advanced age, after
twenty years' work on the subject, the main point was to secure
what had been gained, and leave corrections to future workers.
The present plan of this enlarged treatise, as distinguished from
that in Chap. XL § 2, No. 3, which has been cancelled, is as follows.
At the commencement is placed a quantity of Preliminary
Matter, paged with a star, as 1*, 2*, etc., to which the reader
will have constantly to refer.
The contents already sufficiently indicated consist chiefly of the
means for procuring information, uie geographical representation of
the dialectal districts by maps, with their key, the lists of my
informants, and the table of Dialectal Palaeotype.
In the work itself, after this Introduction, I proceed direct to
the Cbltio Bo&dxb, which I give in two forms : first, as the late
Mr. Green conceived it to be in a-d. 580, after the Low Germans
had been in England about ISO years, with his supposed distri-
bution of the different tribes; second, as results horn inquiries
made by myself in Wales, and Dr. J. A. H. Murray in Scotland.
Ireland I consider for present purposes as entirely Celtic, with
the exception of the little peninsula containing the baronies of
Forth and Bargy in Co. Wexford. This Celtic Border, which is
boldly drawn on the maps, will be immediately very carefully
described in words, so that it can be readily followed on any maps
of Great Britain. It limits to the west and north the country
considered in these pages.
After this follows an account of the Tbf TBAKSVisRflB Lutes, with
a verbal description of the route taken by each, shewing the belts
of different pronunciation into which they divide the country.
Then I consider the 8. div., giving its boundaries and general
character, followed by the districts or D. 1 to 12 which it contains.
Each <Ustrict is treated thus.
It is first numbered and then named. The exact Bouvdabt, as
well as it can be ascertained, is next given, followed by the Abba.
it occupies, expressed in terms of counties or parts of counties.
Then come the Attthobitibs or list of places from which information
has been received, with a rough indication of its nature. These
names refer to the Alphabetical Countr lists in the Preliminary
Matter No. YL, which contain detailed information. Then is
given the general character of the whole district and an account of
each variety. Finally come the Illustbatjoits, consisting generally
of cs., dt. and cwl., but occasionally others, where fortune favoured
me. The main scientific interest, however, centres in the cs., dt
and cwl., because the different pron. of the same words are thus so
easily compared. Occasionally I give many cs. or dt. belonging to
one district, and even to d^erent districts, in an interlinear form,
which furnishes a remarkably easy method of comparison.
£1440]
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THE CELTIC BORDER. 9
The other divisions and districts are treated in the same way
precisely.
Although this has a very complete and systematic appearance, I
do not disguise from myself the real incompleteness of the whole
exposition and the great desirability of using it merely as a nucleus
round which the results of other investigations may be groupiBd.
Finally there will be a Section on Results, shewing how modern
dialectal phonology is related to the ancient Wessex form in par-
ticular. This section especially shews the bearing of the present
investigation on my complete work. It will necessarily involve
the philological question of the alteration of pronunciation in the
descent of various languages from one source, for the divisions of
English pronunciation are in fact only the illustrations on a small
scale which can be observed in actual process of growth, of the
changes which in a large scale have been going on within dif-
ferent families of languages throughout the world.
The Celtic Border.
This is considered under two aspects, ancient and modem. The
Ancient is that which divided the immigrant Low Qermans from
the resident Celts after the first period of conquest had subsided
and settlement proper began. The Modem is that now existent.
Ancient — About a d. 408 the last Roman forces were withdrawn
from Oreat Britain, and probably in the same year the Low German
invaders, who will here be collectively termed Saxons, though
they consisted of many different tribes, began to appear. They are
however generally credited with having first landed in a.d. 449. .
These different tribes were constantly fighting with the Celts, but
after the battle of Deorhatn (a village near Bath, Sm., overlooking
the valley of the R. Sevem, a.d. 577), when half the country had
been conquered, there was more settlement than conquest, and the
different invading tribes rather contended with each other for
supremacy, than fought against the ''Brut" or Celts. At this
time Mr. J. R. Green {Making of ^gland^ p. 203) apportions the
country roughly between Saxons and Celts as fbUows, by a line
running nearly n. to s. from the Firth of Forth to the English
Channel. The details of this line are mainly conjectural, and in
default of precise information, Mr. Green follows co. b. in a great .
measure. But as the division corresponds to an existing contrast
of dialects — on the e. side older Saxon with subsequent Danish
influence, on the w. side later Saxon with Celtic influence — it is
convenient to describe it, in such a way that it can easily be followed
on the maps. This opportunity is also used for localising the
various invading tribes to the e. according to Mr. Green, ^ and of
giving two groupings of a much later date.
^ Mr. Green considers that the British in an article headed <* Ate we English-
were entirely exterminated or driven to men?*' (Fortnightly Review ^ 1880,
the w., so tnat the population to the e. vol. 28, new series, pp. 472-487), sa^s
was purely Saxon, lir. Grant Allen, (p. 486), " A small body of Teutonic
[1441]
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10
THE CELTIC BORDER.
This ancient Celtic border which, to prevent confusion, is not
laid down in the maps, begins on the Firth of Forth on the w. b.
of Ed., and passes w. of Pb. and Ex. to w. of Nb. and Da. Along
8. of Da. Mr. Green places the s. b. of the Berenietam that ex-
tended on the e. side n. to the Firth of Forth. On the w. side
were Strathcljde in Scotland and the Cambrians in England.
The old Celtic border then continaes first w. of n.Yo., and then
throagh Yo. to the e. of the great forest of Elmete, which extended
down to Sherwood in Nt. and Db. It then tarns w. and n., and
afterwards s. again, in order to run on the n. and w. side of Db.,
and then to the w. of St., till it had to go suddenly e. in order to
skirt the great forest of Aiden in Wa.^ Having done so, it resumes
its n. to s. direction, passing throagh Wo. until it strikes the K.
immigrants descended some time aboat
V th century and onward, to the Eastern
shore of Sonth Britain. They occupied
the whole coast from the Forth to the
Isle of Wight, and spread over the
country westward, as far as the central
diyidin^ ridge. Though not <{uite free
froma&iixturewith theaboriffmet, eyen
in this limited tract* they still remained
relatiyely pure in their strongholds, and
they afterwards receiyedafresn Teutonic
reinforcement by the Danish invasion.
Westward of the central line they con-
quered and assimilated the aborigines
npon whom they imposed their language
and laws, but whom they did not ex-
terminate. In the extreme west and
in Ireland, the Celts long retained their
language and nationali^ undisturbed.
During the middle ages the English
people formed by far the most powerful
Dody in the island, and even now they
have imposed upon all of it their name
and language. But since the rise of the
industrial system the Celts haje woe-
fully recovered the numerical superiority.
They have crowded into the townk and
seaports, so that at thepresent day only
the rural districts of Eastern England
can claim to be thoroughly Teutonic.
The urban population contuts for the
most part of a mixed race. Moreover,
since intermarriage is now so very
freouent, it seems probable that almost
all English families, except those of the
stationary agricultural class in the East,
have some small proportion of Celtic
blood. In the upper classes, where
numerous intermarriages are universal,
this proportion is doubUess cTerywhere
very ^reat. Out of Britain the Celts
have it all their ovm way.'* And again
(p. 487) : " We may snm up the result
here indicated* in a single sentence :
though the British nation of the present
day IS whoUy Teutonic in firm^ it is
laigely and even preponderantly Celtic
in mattsr,** It seemed proper to give*
these results; but they do not affect
this investigation. On the e. people
do not speak a language shewing Celtic
influence in either nammar or pron.
On the w. pron., but not grammar,
betrays Celtic influence. Tms is not
an etiinologic treatise. Difference or
similarity of languaffe are no guarantees
of difference or simuarity of race.
^ Eotalind. Well, this is the forest
of Arden. Touehttont. Ay, now am
I in Arden ; the more fool I : when I
was at home I was. in a better place ;
but travellers must be content — At
y<m lik$ it^ Act 2, So. 4, speeches
6 and 7. Lord Byron, speaking of the
soldiers at Waterloo, says: '*And
Ardennes waves above them her green
leaves. Dewy with nature's tear drops,
as they pass," Childe SaroUj Canto lii.
St. 27, and the commentator in Moore's
ed. 1833, Tol. 8, p. 144, says: **The
wood of Soignies is supposed to be a
remnant of the forest of Ardennes,
famous in Boiardo's Orlando, and im-
mortal in Shakspere's At y<m Hk» it."
Probably many schoolboys have thought
the same, as 1 did fifty years ago abo.
But Arden, joined as a parisn with
Temple* Grafton, is only 6 w. Stratford-
on-ATon, Wa., and Uenley-in- Arden
only 7 nnw. Stratford, and I certainly
agree with Sharpe's Gaietteer that
this Arden ** probably is the true
orinnal of Shakspere's Forest of
Araen." It was a forest he was
thoroughly well acauainted with, and
geography was a trifle to him. Besides,
where dia '* the Duke " ot At y<m Uk$
it abide P
[ H4« ]
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THE CELTIC BORDER. 11
SeTem near Gloucester. It reappears on s. of Gl. opposite the end
of the Forest of Dean, and going e. to avoid the great Forest of
Selwood, passed on southwards through w.Wl. and e.Do. to the sea
near Portland.
The Saxon settlements on the e. of this b. were according to Mr.
Green as follows :
Btrtnteiant io 8 Scotland, Nb. and Dn. with capital Bamborongh( 1 2 ne. Wooler) , Nb.
Dtiriant in To. with capital York. The large manh at the junction of the
Onse with the Humber, and the great forest of Elmete to the w., were uninhabited.
Linditwaran in LI , except the great marshes near the Wash. The n. of Li. is
still known as ** the parts of Lindsey."
Snoiinm, a tribe of Angles settled on the edge of Sherwood, Nt, and extended
to the yalley of the B. Soar (say to LouKhborough, Le.)
Pec$€tttan or Peak-setUers, a tribe of West Angles, inhabited Db. and were
separated both from Yo. and Nt. by Sherwood and Elmete forests.
Wut Angles, excepting those last mentioned, settled in St.
O^woif or marsh-dwellers, settled w. of the Wash.
South AngUi were in s.Np.
Eatt AngUi were in Nf. and Sf.
Middle AngUa were in Le.
Jlwieeat, a West Saxon tribe, settled in 01. along the B. Seyern.
Wileatan, also a West Saxon tribe, were in Wl.
Oewiuas, another West Saxon tribe, settled in the Isle of Wi. and Ha.
Middle Saxona occupied Mi.
£ti»t 8axon$ were in £s. and Ht.
South Saxona in Ss.
Jutea, who are recognised by Mr. Green, although their existence is doubtful,
are placed in Ee. The Weald of Ke. and Ss. co. was occupied by the great forest
of Andreda, which seoarated the Kentmen from the South Saxons.
At a later period tne Berenicians and Deirians were united as Northymbrians,
and one of their kings, Ethelfrith, wrested Ch. and S.T41. from the Celts, by the
Tictory of Chester a.d. 613. For lack of information Mr. Green leaves these
countries under Northymbria, for 62 years (from 613 to 675), till the revolt of
Wulfhere king of the Mercians (that is. dwellers on the Marc, or border, of Wales
answering to our Midlanders) brought them under Midland influence, which their
language still shews most strongly, having nothing Northymbrian in it.
In Mr. Green's posthumous work, The Conquest of England, 1883,
p. 112, there is a rough sketch, entirely unrevised, of the state of
England at the treaty of Wedmore (7 w. Wells, Sm.) between
King Alfred and Guthrum the Dane, i^er the battle of Edington
(7 sw.Wells) in 878. The Danes then withdrew from 8m. and
the sketch-map gives the following divisions :
1. Bemicia extends on the e. from the Forth to s. of Du. ,
2. Danish Northumbria covers Lonsdale s. of the Sands m.La. and all Yo.
8. Daniah Mereia takes in Db. Nt. Li. Bu. Np. forming the districts of the
Five Boroughs, Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Stamfonl in s.w.Li. and Nottingham.
4. Kmgdom of Outhrum comprises Nf., Sf , Es., Bii., Ht., Bu., Bd., Cb., Hu.,
in hci all my E.div.
6. JSngliah Mereia takes all the co. w. of the Danish Mereia and e. of Wales, j
•8 far s. as the Avon and Thames, and hence includes Gl. 1
6. Xingdom of Kent occupies all my D 9bES.
7. Weamx occupies all my D 4 and 6, with the exception of Gl.
8. Weet Welah is my D 10 and 11.
The second, third, and fourth of these divisions constitute the Danelaw or portion
of England then ruled by the Danes.
Finally Mr. Green left another unfinished sketch of a map of the
[ 1448 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
12 THE CELTIC BORDER.
''great ealdormanries " or lord-lieutenancies (Conquest of England,
p. 316) which were created from 956 to 988. This map, then, forms
a later grouping which must necessarily have had an effect on the
dialects and which is therefore reproduced.
1. Northumbrian Eaidorm comprising the former Bemicia and Danish North-
umbria.
2. Cumbria containing Cn.
3. Wtit'Moringa Zand contaioing We.
4. The Ealdonnanry of Mereia from the Ribble La. e. of the SeTem throagh
Ch., St., Sh., Wa., Wo., He., and Gl. to the Thames.
6. The Five Borottghe (as above explained) replace Danish Mereia.
6. The Ealdormanry of Eaet Anglia comprises Kf., Sf., Cb., Hu., Bd., Ht.
7. The Baldormanry of Betex comprises £s.. Mi., Ox.
8. The Ealdarmanry of the JBattem Provineet comprises Ee., Sr., Ss.
9. The Ealdormanry of the Central Frovineee contams WL, Ha., and Isle of WL
10. The Ealdormanry of the Weetem Frovineee contains Sm., Dv., Co.
11. The Ealdormanry of Mereia contains s.La., Ch., St., Sh., Wa., Wo., He.,
and Gl.
These original settlements of the tribes and the various settlements
that followed, to which have to be added those resulting from the
Danish and Gorman conquests, sufficiently account for the existence
of great diversities of local speech, and at the same time point to the
gradual formation of the divisions S, W, E, M, N here adopted from
an actual examination of existing local habits of speech. But it is
no part of the work of this book to check the above statements in
any way. Whatever their errors may be, they were made con-
scientiously to illustrate the best general conception that Mr. Green
could form, with the aid of the imperfect materials he possessed.
Modem, — ^The modem Celtic Border in Great Britain, drawn on
the map and marked CB., divides those who speak English from
those who speak Celtic. But it has here been extended to Ireland
so as to include the old colony of Forth and Bargy, which, like sw.
Pm. and Gowerland in Wides, was an English settlement from
which the Celts were excluded.
The modem CB. therefore begins in Co. Wx., Ireland, and then
on the map passes by sea to Pm., Wales, and then bysea to Gm.,
Wales, then again hy sea to Mo., whence through Wales to Fl.
Afterwards it passes by sea w. of Ma., but east of t^e Isle of Arran,
to Bute in Scotland, which country it traverses in a ne. direction to
Cr., whence it passes again by sea to ne. of Cs., and by sea to the
w. of the Or. and Sd. This gives the general run of the line which
will now be particularised. The Welsh line was determined by
AJE., the Scotch by JAHM.
An English-speaking place is one in which the uneducated, or
only elementarily educated people speak with each other habitually
in English. The line through Wales, with the exception of the out-
lying districts in Pm. and Gm., about which there is no trouhle,
was drawn from the answers of clergymen of the parishes along or
near the supposed route in answer to the following questions :
<* 1. Is Welsh or English genendhr spoken by the peasantry about [the place
addressed] to one another P 2. If Welsn, where is the nearest English-speaking
[ "** ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
THE CELTIC BORDER. 13
place to the eastP 3. If English, does it resemhle in pronunciation the
English of [the neighbouring English co.] P Or is it simply book-English P '*
To which for s.Wales I added, " 4. If mixed, how often have you Welsh serrices
or sermons P"
The complete answers which I received are given in my paper
^'On the Delimitation of the English and Welsh Languages,"
originally puhlished in T Cymmrodor^ vol. v. pp. 173-208, and
reprinted in the Trannactiom of the Philological Society for 1882-3-4,
Part II. App. II. The names of the clergymen who so kindly
assisted me will he found in the Alphabetic County List under the
Welsh counties considered. Other particulars will be given when
treating of D 13 and 14. Here I simply give the line as accurately
as I was able to draw it, beginning with the detached districts,
including the Irish portion.
Inland, -^The line which separated English from Irish in the xii th and sub-
sequent centuries, till, in the xviii th, it was merged into the Cromwellian English
spoken in the surrounding district where Irish had became disused, begins on the
B. coast of Wx., Ireland, at the head of Bannow Bay (13 sw. Wexford), and passes
nearly in a straight line to Wexford, following the holders of the baronies (or co.
divisions, corresponding to English hundreds) of Bargy in the w. and Forth in
the e. This line cuts off a peninsula at the se. angle of Ireland. It then passes
by sea across St. George*s Cnannel.
2. South fTaleSf. Fm, — The CB. cuts off the two sw. peninsulas of Pm., con-
taining the hundreds of Bhds and Daugleddy (rhoos, d&Ygledh*T), Pm. I take
the line assigned by my informant. Rev. J. Tombs, rector of Burton (3 n. Pembroke),
as the probable boundanr of the original or very early Saxon colony. It begins at
Newgate Bridge (6 eee. St. Davids), the ne. comer of St. Bride*s Bay, and proceeds
in ne. direction to Ambleston (7 nne.Haverford West, and H ne.Trefgam), and then
turns se. to pass by Lawhaden and Narbertii (9 e.Hayerford West) going in nearly
a straight tine just e. of Ludchurch (10 ese. Hayerford West), to fall into
Carmarthen Bay near Amroth (am*roth), 5 ne.Tenby, at the se. extremity of the
CO. Mr. Tombs says that he thinks no line can now oe drawn between Anglicised
Welsh and the border of the early colonists, though it was perhaps possible 100 years
ago. It will be observed that this line cuts off two peninsulas separated by
Milford Haven and the B. Cleddau (kledh-&Y). The CB. then proceeds by
sea to
3. Th^ Peninsula of Oowerland^ in sw.Gm. My informant. Rev. J. D. Davies,
of Llanmadoc Rectory (14 w. Swansea), says that the following 17 parishes have
spoken English for centuries (I merely give the distances from Swansea, direction
fromw. tosw.): l,Cheriton 13; 2, Llanmadoc 14; 3, Llangenydd 16; 4, Rhos-sili
16i; 5, Llandewi 14; 6«Knel8ton 13; 7, Keynoldston 12; 8, PortEynon 13; 9,
Penrice 11 ; 10, Oxwich 11 ; 11, Nicholaston 10; 12, Penmaen 9; 13, Lower
Llanrhidiau 1 1 (Upper Llanrhidiau 8 does not speak English) ; 14, Ilston 7 ;
15, Penard 7 ; 16, Bishopston 6 ; and 17, Oystermouth 4. These parishes all lie
on the peninsula and their inland boundary is therefore part of the modem
CB. It starts from the mouth of a streamlet which runs into the Burry River
estuary in Carmarthen Bay, 2 s.Penclawdd (penkl&u'dh^ railway-station, which is
8 wnw. Swansea. The boundary runs up Uiis streamlet over Welsh Moor and
Pen^wem Moor nearly in a straight ese. curection to Myer's Green, 1 s. Mumbles
Station (3 sw. Swansea) on Swansea Bay. The CB. again passes by sea through
the Bristol Channel to the estuary of the Usk, Mo.
4. Here the Welsh and English part of the CB. hegins.
Mo. Start from the confluence of the Ebbw (nb-u) and Usk, about 2 s. Newport
on the Bristol Channel. Keep on the e. bank of the Ebbw, w of Newport, e. of
Risca (6 n W.Newport), and w. of Pontypool, (10 sw.Tredegar), to the junction
of the greater and lesser Ebbw, or Ebbwy-fawr, and Ebbwy-lach (sbuY v&ur,
[ "*5 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
14 THE CELTIC BORDER.
eb*uT Takh), and take the e. bank of the lesser Ebbw, leaTing Mo. near Brynmawr
(brxnm&nr) Br., meaning a 'big hill.*
Br, Proceed nearlj n. to iast w. of Llangattock and Crickhowelle Welsh
Crughywd (krrff-ha'a'el). Then go e. of Tretower, on the high ground to the
e. of tne River Bryn, turning slightly to nw. np to Talearth (12 sw.Builth), and
then probably still on the hi^n ground on the w. of the Wye pass e. of Gwendwr
(fftt'Endu'r) and Llangynog ^hangc nog), but w. of Builth (bT*alhht) to the Wye
about 3 ne. of Builth.
£d. Cross the Wye and proceed nearly directly n. through Rd., which is almost
entirely English, just e. of the railway, leaying Rhayader-Gwy and St. Harmon*s
(both about 18 w. Knighton) on the w.
Mff, Continue to go nearly n., learing Llanidloes (lhhanid*16es) (1 1 sw.Newtown),
on w., but Mochtre and Penstrowel (8 and 6 w. and sw. Newtown) on e. Then
go slightly ne. by Manafon (8 nw. Montgomery), and Castell Caer Einion U wsw.
Welshpool), w. of Ouilsfield, 2 n. Welshpool, and e. of Llansantffraid nhhan-
Bantfr&i*d) (8 n. Welshpool), but w. of Llandysilio (Ibhandasi'lio) (7 n. Welshpool),
turning n. to enter Sh.
8h. The line seems to pass directly n. to Llanymyneoh (Ibhanamsnikh) (6
8. Oswestry), and thence to Oswestry, and on to just w. of Chirk (5 n. Oswestry).
Dn. The line then makes a eentle sweep to the e. and passes e. of Ruabon
(rhiuab'on) to Wrexham, through which it passes and deflects to the ne., but turns
more n. as it enters Fl.
Fl. The line passes nearly n. through Fl., leaving Hope (8 se.Flint), on the e.,
and both Mold (o s.Flint), andNorthop (3 s. Flint), on the w., reaching the R. Dee,
at 2 se.Flint, halfway between Flint and Connah*s Quay.
The line again passes through the sea w. of I. of Man and e.
of the I. of Arran to Bt., and the Gaelic and English b. commences.
Scotland, — ^The line now trayerses Scotland, dividing the existing
Gaelic speakers and existing Lowland speakers, that is, speakers of
English in Scotland. This was determined by Dr. Murray for his
work on ''The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland"
(pp. 231-6), with the assistance of the gentlemen named below.^
This line gives '*the outside limits of the Gaelic, that is, every
district is included in which Gaelic is still spoken by any natives,
regardless of the fact that English may be spoken by the majority
of the people.*' The following account of this Scotch portion of
the CB. was revised by Dr. Murray. The line is traced from s. to n.
Bt. Alter passing through the sea from Fl., w. of I. of Man, and e. of Arran
and Cantire, the CB. commences on land in Bt. and trayerses ike middle of the
I. of Bt. and the adjacent channel.
* Rey. Wm. Roes, of ChapelhUl Taylor, of Crathle, 9 ene.Braemar,
Manse, Rothesay, Bt., but a natiye Ab.), for Ab.
of Cs., for Cs., and co. n. of Moray Rev. Neil McBride, of Olenisla, 17
Firth and islands and coast of the nw. Forfar, Fo., for nw. Fo. and ad-
Clyde, jacent parts of Ab. and Pr.
Key. Colin Mackenzie, of Ardclach Rey. Samuel Cameron, of Logierait
(8 se. Nairn, Na.) , and Rey. John Wbvte, (6 n . Dunkeld), Pr. . Rey . Dr. Macdonald,
Moyness(I2Be.Inyemess, In.), forNa. of Comrie (20 w.Perfh), Rey. Hugh
and £1. McDiarmid, of Callander, Pr., for tne
Rey. Walter Gregor, of Pitsligo adjoining part of Pr.
(:ptt8lii*go), 6 wsw.Fraserburgh, Ab., Key. w. Mackintosh* of Buchanan
and James Skinner, Esq., factor to (23 wsw. Stirling, for w. Sg.).
the Duke of Richmond, for £1. Rey. Duncan Campbell, of liUsa
and Ba. (12 nnw. Dumbarton, Dm.), on w. coast
Rey. Robt. Neil, of Glengaim, 11 of Loch Lomond, for the dist. between
ncBraemar, Ab. (through Key. Dr. Loch Lomond and Loch Long.
£1446]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
LuTB 1.] THB TEN TRANSVSRSB LIMB8. 15
Ar. The CB. then oontinaes in a ne. direction by the se. coast of Ar., jnst w. of
Dunoon (9 see Inverary), skirting the Firth of Clyde to Loch Long, through the
middle of which it passes.
Dm, The CB. turns e. and enters Dm. iust n. of Gorton (17 nw.Dnmbarton),
and passes e. through Glen Douglas to tne w. shore of Loch Lomond at a point
9 nnw. Dumbarton, where it crosses Loch Lomond.
8g, The CB. enters Sg. just n. of the Rowardennan Inn (19 n.Dumbarton and
22 W.Stirling), and crosses Sg. in an ene. direction.
jPt. The CB. passes se. of the Troesachs to Aberfoyl (7 sw.Callander), and
thence to Callander, whence it passes through Glen Artney to Comrie (14 ne.
Callander), and crossing Glen Almond, goes just s. of Amulrie (9 nne.Crieff), after
which it toUows Strath Braan throug;h Birnam Wood to Dunkeld. The line then
passes in anne. direction oyer Mt. Blair, where the b. of Ab. intersects the b. of Fo«
Ab, Entering Ab. by Mt. Blair the CB. goes in a n. direction to meet the Dee
about 4 e.Braemar, ana follows the Dee to 2 e.Crathie and Balmoral, and then
suddenly turns xmw. to go to Strathdon, also called InTemochtie (7 n.Crathie), when
it turns a little nw.
Ba, The CB. enters Ba. about 6 ne.Tomantoul and skirts the R. Liyet on the
w. to b. of El.
El. The CB. crosses the Spey nearly at right angles (2 s.Inyerayen), Ba., which
is 12 nne.Tomantoul, and passes through £)L in a wnw. direction crossing the
Knock of Brae Moray (15 sw.Rothes, El.), and proceeding nw. to Na.
Na, The CB., continuing its nw. dir., crosses the Findnom R. at right angles,
and goes on to Ardclach (8ss6.Naim),andreaches the Moray Firth about 3 w.Naim.
Cr. The CB. crossing the Moray Firth cuts off the extreme ne. of Cr. containing
the town of Oomarty, and then the line again takes the sea past the e. coast of
Ross and Sutherland and part of Cs.
C9. The CB. reappears on land at Clyth Ness, Cs., 10 ssw.Wick. It proceeds
in an undulating line to the n. of Harj^soale (15 wnw.Wick), and through Uallkirk
(16 nw.Wick) to the Riyer Forss, which it follows to the sea 5 w.Thurso.
The line then takes to the sea a^^, leaying the Or. and SL groups to the e.,
and after passing them, ceases to exist.
Ths Ten T&anstebsb Lines.
These are marked by broken lines on the map, except when they
coincide with any border marked by a continuous line on the map,
and then the broken parts are drawn through this line and at right
angles to it in order to shew the coincidence of the two lines. Most
of the Transverse Lines during part or all of their course so coincide
with other boundaries. They are numbered on the map by numbers
in ( ), corresponding to those used in this description.
IiDrB 1. — ^The n. sum line or northern limit of the pron. of the
word sorne^ Ws. sum, as (sam) or (sxm) in s. England. The pron.
(ssm) reappears n. of Une 8.
Proceed from n., follow the CB. to Chirk on b. of 8h., which enter between
Ellesmere t^iiim, that is, which says (sum) (7 ne. Oswestry), and Oswestry «wm» that is,
which says (sem) or (sam^. Thence it passes se. running w. of Hordley s^n^ (6 ene.
Oswestry) ande. of Whittington«iim (2 ne. Oswestry}, s. of Wem«^/n (1 3c>0swestry)
and Torton iSom (2 sw.Wem) and just w. of Hadnall »Sdm (4 nne.Shrewsbury),
OS. between Shrowsbury turn and Upton Magna iuvm (4 e.Shrowsbury) to
Byem at Atcham. Then it follows the Seyem to the b. of the co.
Wo, On entering "Wo. pass just e. of Bewdley (3 wsw. Kidderminster), mixed
Mm and tum but chiefly «S^ and Dunley (5 sew. Kidderminster) mixed, and
proceed in a se. direction to
Wa, Stratford-on-Ayon. Continuing se. to pass just n. of Kineton (8 ese.Strai-
ford) mixed, much, soom, through Fenny Compton (probably) to the b. of the co.
[ l"7 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
16 THB TEN TRANSVERSE LINES. [Ldtes 1, 2.
Np, Enter Np. just n. of Byfield (16 wsw. Northampton) mixed^ and turn n. to
CQincide with Line 3 for a little way pasdne e. of Weedon (8 w.NorUiampton)
^Sdm^ and e. of Daventry tSim and going through Long Buckley to Watford
(18 W.Wellingborough) «^m to w. of East Haddon (14 w. Wellingborough) 9%tm,
Then quitting Line 3, turn ene. passing by Brixworth (6 n. Northampton) and
Hannington (5 nw.Wellingborougn) bow mixtd^ when turn ne. and go between
Islip (8 e. Kettering) mixed and Tnrapston (9 e. Kettering) mixed to the b. of the
CO. about 2 s.Heraington (11 sw. Peterborough) probably «iiim.
Hu. Enter Uu. just n. of Great Gidding (10 nw.Huntingdon) eum and go just
s.of Sawtry(9 nnw.Huntin^on) edSm. Then, crossing the Great Northern Railway,
probably turn ne., passing just n. of Ramsey (9 nne. Huntingdon) and enter
Cb, rass just n. of Chatteris (10 nw. Ely) mixed and turning ne. go e. of March
and w. of Wisbech mixed to the edge of the co., and then proceed by nw. b. of Nf •
to the sea.
For the line as far as Sawtry I am almost entirely indebted to
TH., wlio with great pains took a phonetic survey of this part
of the country. The rest of the route to March and Wisbech and
nw.Nf. I owe to other informants, checked, howerer, by TH., as
shewn in the next Line 2.
The use of (e, a) fori! is of course a modernism and an encroach-
ment, hence we may expect to find that it is not a sufficient mark
of a difference of district, because all other characters may remain
and the modern (a) may have only partially prevailed. Also inter-
mediate forms may prevail arising from the encroachment being still
incomplete. It will be found that both anticipations are fulfilled.
Like 2. — The s. 966m line or southern limit of the pronunciation
of the word 9(nne as 966m (sum) in England ; for the n. limit see
Line 9.
Sh, As far as the se. b. of Sh. lines 1 and 2 coincide.
Wo, Directly that the n. turn line enters Wo. there is a mixed district s. of it,
where »i6m is more or less freouently heard, and the intermediate 99m (som) is
also found. It occupies the wnole of s.Wo., Gl , and eyen n.Wl. Proceed
direct s. from Bewdley. w. of Stourport, to the Malvern Hills, and continue by
Redhill or Redmarley d*Abitot to the s. b. of Wo.
01. Enter about S wsw. Tewkesbury, pass more or lees to the w. in order to
leaye Newent (8 nw.Gloucester) to the e., and go s. to Dursley (14 ssw.Gloucester) .
WL Take a sweep s. of Tetbury (16 s.-by-e. Gloucester) and proceed e. and ne.,
going s. of Malmesbury (14 w. Swindon) and Purton (4 nw. Swmdon).
Ox. Thence go ne. through a comer of Be. to Witney (10 wnw.Oxford) and
Bicester (11 nne. Oxford).
Bu. Thence pass through Buckingham and w. of Stony Stratford (7 ne.
Buckingham) to b. of Np.
Np, Going mostly just w. of the border, sweep just s. of Thrapston, and join
the n. turn line again at the b. of Hu.
Hu, and Cb, Torough Hu. to past Sawtry (9 nnw. Huntingdon) the s. eHm
coincides again with the n. eum line, and both pass between Great Gidding
(10 nw.Huntingdon) »um and Sawtry eiSm, But then the s. eiSm line runs
eastwards, s. of Ramsey (9 nne. Huntingdon).
Cb, It enters s. of Cnatteris (9 nw. Ely) and runs ne. to b. of co.
Nf. The line enters Nf. just s. of the new Bedford Kiyers, at the s. of the
Bedford Level, about 24 s.King's Lynn, and pursues rather a winding course
through w. Nf., s. of Downham (10 s.Eing*s Lynn) and Swaffham (13 se.King^s
Lynn), and e. of East Dereham (23 ese Eing*s Lynn), where it turns n. for about
6 m., and then, after running s. of Fakenham (8 s. Wells -on- Sea), turns nw., and
falls into the sea between Hunstanton (13 nne.King*B Lynn) and Brancaster.
[ 1448^]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Lnnu 2, 3.] THB TEN TRANSVERSE LINES. 17
For this line I am wholly indebted to the "phonetic survey " of
the adjacent parts made by TH., who has visited expressly
numerous villages along the route here laid down (30 places in
Norfolk only), and has himself heard the not unfrequent use of
sddm aud similar words between the n. sum and s. sdd/n lines, and,
especially in Nf., has observed the use of the intermediate som. It
would be probably quite impossible to determine the line more
accurately.
Here we have examples of the incomplete assertion of (a, a). It
will be observed that Line 2 runs in general much further south
than line 1. It is only to the n. of Hne 1 that the old state of
things remains, and to the s. of line 2 that the new state has fully
asserted itself. The intermediate country between Lines 1 and 2
is mixed, with one or the other form of U fully asserted, or
transitional^ a new form, as (som), which indicates the influence of
(a, 3.) upon (u) being heard. What it is particularly necessary to
guard against is the supposition that (a, a) is the *' correct" form
because ** received" ; it is only a modem form. Even in rp. the (a)
has not fully asserted itself, full (ft<l) is itself an example ; and we
find in the (w) regions an apparently perverse habit to say Tfal).
The pron. of full, and of similar wor^, is merely a mark oi the
conflict, which has been left standing.
LnrE 3. — The Reverted ur (r) line or n. limit of the pron. of r as
(r) or (r^) in England. Sporadically and through natural defects of
pron., reverted ur (r) may be heard still more northerly, and even to
the w. in D 13. But it ceases to be the regular pron. at this limit,
and even in D 9 the ur (r^) frequently sinks into the common received
vocal er (r^) ; while in I) 6, 7, the tongue is often merely retracted
(rj or even Midland (r), instead of reverted (r). It is probable that
originally the line really commenced at the mouth of Bannow Bay
in Ireland, proceeding along CB. to Wexford, and then to Pm. and
Gm. But in none of these places can reverted ur (r) now be traced
with certainty. Hence the line must be taken to begin in England.
The map however by the serrated line shews that the reverted ur line
is supposed to have begun in Wexford.
OL Start in England from the month of the W^e on the Severn R. and proceed
n. by the w. h. of GL till yon meet the b. of He. just e. of Monmouth.
M0. Then run in a nne. direction so as to leave Ross, Ledbury (13 e. Hereford),
and Mnch Cowame (8 ne. Hereford), oil the e. At Much Cowame turn more to
ne., leaving on the w. Stoke Lacy (9 ne. Hereford), Pencombe (10 nne.Heref.)and
Bromyard (13 ne.Heref.), which are in D 13, and then turning still more to the
e. pass near Whitboume (7 w.-by-n.Worcester) to the b. of the co.
fFo, Afterwards proceed more n. to Bewdley, then turn e. and pass n. of
Kidderminster and s. of Stourbridge, Hagley, Cradley and Selly Oak (3 s. Bir-
mingham), and probably n. of King*8 Norton to the border of
fTo. Where turn se. and pass n. of Packwood, going e. of Henley-in-Arden and
Clavexdon, but s. of Warwick and s. of Southam to the b. of
Ap. opposite Braunston (13 wnw.Northampton), and pursue that b. to the n.
as far as Watling St. by Crick. Then go se. joining the n. sum line 1 between
Watford and East U addon, but leaving it at the angle se. of Weedon and passing
S.B. Pron. Part Y. [ 1449 ] 93
Digitized by LjOOQIC
18 THB TEN TAAK8VXR8B IJKB8. \Lam S, 4, 4.
just s. of Bliiworth to the b. of the oo. hj HariwelL Pnmie this b. to tiio s.
and w. till just e. of Braekler (17 Bw.Northtmprton) it retebev tiie b. of
Ox. The line is now so ill Known or indistinet that I haTe been obliged to
Msome the b. of Ox. as its limit to the Thames at Henlej, whenoe it follows the
w. and 8. banks of the Thames to tbe sea. Of ooaite tiirough (be metropolitan
area this line is a mere fiction and shews only what it onoe mm^ hare been. In
the part adjoining the Thames the xererted ur (&) sinks to the Tooal r (rj.
The great diffionltj of obtaining information renders much of the
oourse of this line rather doubtf^. Throngh Wa. and Np. it has
been taken as coinciding with the b. of B 6| which at any rate
cannot be far wrong.
LiNB 4. — ^The s. teeth line, or s. limit of the nse for the definite
article of a siftpended (f), commonly written f in dialect books, or
of the hiss (th)a8 heiod at the end of teeth. It is possible l^at
cases of tee (t") occur sporadically just s. of this line by assimilation,
as they more frequently oocur between lines 4 and 6, but in
D 24=e.NM. ^ Tt) is the rule. The word teeth is chosen because
it contains both (t) and (th).
Oh. line 4 begins on the Dee, abont 2 sw.Chester, and passes inst within the
s. b. of Ch., e. of Famdon (7 s.Chester} and w. of Malpas (12 ese.Cheeter},
reaching the co. b. at Wirswall (2 n. Whitchnrch, Sh.) ; it pnrsoes the b. for a few
miles, but at Burley Dam, 1 s.Combermere Abbey, it passes e. ronnd to the n. of
Attdlem, then goes s., traTersinff the ne. horn of
Sh. jnst w. of Norton in Hales, and turning se. at 12 ene. Stone, enters
St.f through which it passes to the e. to Stone, and then sweeps round to
Bocester (14 ene. Stoke), on the w. b. of Db., along which it runs to the ae.
Db. Just 8. of Repton (8 sse.Derby) the Ime cuts across the tail of Db., which
projects between St. and Le., ana then runs again along the s. b. of Db.
to Nt
yi. and To. The line seems to pursue the w., s.,and then the e. b. of Nt. to its
n. eztremit?, after which it pursues the b. of To. and Li to tiie^Humbw, and
then runs along the s. b. of i o. to the sea. In Nt (dh«) is the rule, yet not only
do (t\ th) occur, though not frequency, but there is a frequent assimilation,
probably of (th) to (s) before (s). See D 27.
Lnne 5. — The n. theeth fdhiith) line, or n. limit of the use of the
(dho, dhi) and the hiss (th) in conjunction with suspended te (t") as
the def. uiicle, till the returns to the north of line 7.
Ma. The line begins at n. of the Isle of Man and proceeds by sea to
La. which it enters at Cockerham 6 s. Lancaster, and passes in an ese. dir. just
n. of Over Wyersdale (6 se. Lancaster) and then follows the b. of La. to about
9 nncBumley.
To. It then enters To. and runs e. apparentlT to about Burley (8 n. Bradford),
where it joins the s. heoge line 6 (to be described presently), and follows that line
to the w. b. of li. Then it runs along the w. b. of Li. to Uie Humber, following
line 4 already described.
The whole line from the b. of La. and across to Burley is
necessarily rery uncertain. But it seems to pass between Skipton
on the n. and Keighley on the s., a distance of 8 m., which this
line bisects, and hence it is probably not far wrong.
This line is here assumed to be the n. limit proper of the use of
[ 1450 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Li]rM5,6.] THE TEN TRANSVERSE LINES. 19
the hiss (th) for the definite article. But n. of this line CCE. says
that in former years he has traced this form (th) through the whole of
Craven in rare occasional use, which has not influenced any printed
account of the dialect. He has also heard of the (th) as being in
use east of Skipton, Yo., straggling nearly to Harrogate, although
B. of this line it is quite unknown, and he thinks that it exists
also a little w. of Eipon. This (th) is by far the most heard
about Washboum River (D 30, 10 cs., No. 6, intro.) between
Skipton and Harrogate. In all these places except the last, the
usage is so slight that it has not crept into print, but in the last
it has been printed in a newspaper contribution by Mr. Granige, of
Harrogate, a local historian.
LiKB 6. — The 8. hoose line, or s. limit of the pron. of the word
house as hoose (huus), which is also the n. limit of the pron. of
houie as any variety of (ha'us), of which those in the M. div. are
numerous and singular.
Ma, The line begini on the west at sea at the n. of I. of Man, in which the
English nses house,
dm. On the mainland, the line begins at the month of the Esk R. by Ravenglass
(17 sse.WhitehaTen), and proceeds s. of that river on the watershed up to the
Wit Nose Fell, on the b. of Cn. and We. So close is the division here, that,
as I am informed, at Qosforth (6 nnw. Bayenglass) they say coo (kuu) and at
Bootle (5 sse. Ravenglass) they say eow (k6u). But the real (Qosforth pron., as
we find mostly to the n. of it, may oe (iiia).
L». The line then follows the Brathay R. on the n. b. of La. to the head of
Windermere, and desoendi down its w. shore to Newby Bridge (7 ne.UIverston),
at its extreme s. It then sweeps ronnd, in a way whicn has not been accurately,
traced, but is certainly some distance n. of Cartmell (6 e. Ulverston) kou»e and
crosses the Winster R., which forms the e. b. of La., probably opposite Wither-
alack (7 ssw.Eendal).
We, The line probably panes just s. of Witherslack, n. of Milnthorpe
(6 s.EendaI) Aoosf, and n. of Kirkby Lonsdale (10 se.Kendal) houte^ going in a
ne. direction and crossi^ the Lnne R. about Midoleton (8 ese. Kendal).
To, The line enters lo. just s. of Sedberg (8 cEendal) hooee^ and n. of Dent,
(13 escKendal and 4 sse.Sedberg) home, which is a very close and sharp div. The
line then runs through Oarsdale along the Clough R. to the w. b. of the North
Riding of To., which it probably pursues to the Wharfe R. The line probably
pursues the Wbarfe R. to Bnrley (7 ne.Eeighley), and then passes just s. of that
river, s. of Otley (9 nw.Leeds) hooee^ and n. of Leeds and Harewood (6 n.Leeds)
house (h&us), ana then bending se., passes e. of Aberfurd (9 ene. Leeds)
house (baas), and passes w. of Selby hoose. Then taking a more s. direction it
passes w. of Snaitn (6 s. Selby) hoose. After this it seems to go nearly s., and
passes e of Doncaster and Rossington (6 se. Doncaster), both house^ una turning
at once to the e. passes probably along the b. of Nt. to the b. of Li. at the s. of
the I. of Axholme in the nw. of Li, between the Old Don and the Trent Rivers, in
which both hoose and house (huns h6us) are heard.
Li, The line probably enters Li. about 3 n. Gainsborough, where the b. of Li.
tarns suddenly to the s. The passage from about Selby, To., un to this point hss
been difficult to trace, but the information is yery precise tnrough Li. The
line goinj^ e. passes n. of Blyton (4 ne. Gainsborough) /mum, and s. of Scotter
^7 ne.Gamsborouffh^ hoose, and then passes s of Redboume (11 ne. Gainsborough)
hoose, and n. of Waddingham (11 ene (Gainsborough) house, the last two being
adjoining purishes. Then it turns suddenly ne. and passes to the n of North
Kelsey (16 ene. Gainsborough) house, and to the s. ofHowsham (16 ne. Gains-
borough) hoose, the last two being also adjoining parishes. Moreover, the North
[ U61 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
20 THE TEN TRANSVERSE LINES. [LiHXS 6, 7.
Eelsey folk look down on the Howsbam folk for saying a eoo (kan) for a cow
(k6u), and probably conyersely. After this the line prooeeds in a ne. direction
8. of UJceby (10 nw.Great Grimsby), and s. of Killingbolme (9 nw.Great Grimsby),
both hoose ; bat n. of Brocklesby (8 wnw. Great Grimsby) and of Stallingborough,
(5 wnw. Great Grimsby), both Aomm, to the sea, 6 nw. Great Grimsby.
I am indebted for the Li. information to a large number of persons, especially
clergymen, whose livings were in the neighbourhood. It is remarkable how little
aware those who Uto only a yery few miles off this line are of this great diffisrenoe
of pronunciation. Most Li. people hardly belieTe that in any part of IJ. hoose is
now said, while Mr. Peacock of Brigg, author of the Mamey and Corringham
Glossary, did not seem to know that any other pron. but hoau was current in Li.
And in the neighbourhood of the n. of Nt. I naye several times been altogether
peinplexed by being told that hoou was said, when subsequent visits to the place by
TH. shewea that this was not the case.
Of coarse (buns) is the older form, and all the forms of (ha'ns)
are very modem. Hence the treatment of IT' is not sufficient to
mark dialects. The transitional form between (au, a'u) is (tciu),
which will be discussed in D 31.
Line 7. — The n. tee line, or northern limit of the use of suspended
(f) or <', which may be conveniently called tee, for the def. art.
Cu, The line commences on the w. in Morecambe Bay, Solway Frith, at
13 W.Carlisle, passes just s. of Kirk Bampton (7 w.Carlisle), then turns in a s.
dir. as far as about 2 s. of Sebergham (9 ssw. Carlisle), after which it turns ne.
and passes e. of Sonthwaite (7 sse. Carlisle) and CoathiU (5 sw. Carlisle) to just s.
of Fort, where it reaches the Eden R. by Homsby, up which it proceeds in a se.
direction to Kirk Oswald, 14 se.Carlisle, and immediately turns nne., forming an
acute angle with its former course, passes over Croglin Fell, when it again bends
through sw.Nb.,and passing s. of Alston (20 ese. Carlisle), it re-enters Cu., where,
after going s. for a little way, it turns e. at Rother Fell (4 s. Alston) to the b. of Nb.
J)u. The line enters Du by the heights on the n. side of Weardale,and passing
n. of Stanhope (18 wsw. Durham) and Walsingham (over Skaylock Hill), runs
probably to the se. yet n. of Witton le Wear and Bishop Auckland to Merrinrton
(6 S.Durham), and then sweeps to the e. and afterwards ne. past Bishop Middleham
(7 sse.Durham) and Trimdon (8 se.Durham), but n. of Sedgefield (lOsse.Durham),
passing alongthe Skem R. to the railway, when it turns suddenly n. and passes w.
of Hart and E^ington (9 nnw. Hartlepool), and w. of Seaham (6 sae.Sunderland),
to fall into the sea about Ryhope (3 sse.Sunderland).
For the commencement of this line through Cu. to Sebergham
I am indebted to the Rev. T. EUwood, for the part from Sebergham
to s. of Alston I am indebted to the observations made by JGG.,
and for the part which passes through Du. to the answers kindly
given by many clergymen along the route, and a visit made by
myself to one of them at Bishop Middleham. Dr. Murray had
first drawn attention to the importance of this line as the separation
of the Danified from the non-Danified N. (DSS. p. 86 note); but he
commenced it at Allonby, avoiding the sinuosities by Kirk Oswald,
and lost it at Stanhope (18 w-by-s.Durham). It was to try and recover
the lost line that I sent out a series of questions to the clergymen
of the neighbourhood. But it should be observed that the custom
of speech is very mixed at Wigton and Silloth (10 sw. and 18
wsw. Carlisle, Cu.) and that neighbourhood, although prevailingly
(f). So it is also about Dalston and Wreay (:riB) s. of Carlisle, but
[ 1462 ]
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Lmt 8, 9, 10.] THE TEN TRANSVBRSB LINES. 21
there (dh«) prevails. But from Fort and Kirk Oswald onwards the
line is sharper.
Line 8. — The s. turn line in n. England or the s. limit of the pron.
of tome as any variety of (s9m, sxm), on traveUing from Scotland
into England.
Oit, The line benns on the w. by the Solwaj Firth, probably at the mouth of
the Esk (6 nw.Carusle), and proceeds in a ne. direction oyer Beacon Hill (14
ne.Carli^) and s. of B^wcastle (16 nne. Carlisle) to the w. b. of Nb.
Ni. The line then turns suddenlys. and passes w. of Haltwhistle ( 14 w.Hexham),
and e. of Enaresdale, Nb. (17 sw.Hexham).
Ou. The line re-enters Cn. iust w. of Alstone (20 ese. Carlisle), and then striking
the n. te$ line 7» coincides with it throughout the rest of Cu. and throughout Du.
For the Cu. part of this line I am indebted to JGG., the remainder
results from many communications, together with some personal
observations.
Line 9. — The n. sddm line, or the n. limit of the pron. of some as
any variety of (sum) or even mixed with varieties of (som) on
proceeding from the M. co. to Scotland.
Cu. Through Cu. this line coincides witii Line 8.
Ifb, But on reachine Nb. it sweeps in a direction at first e. and at last n. round the
base of the slopes of me Cheriot Hills, passing 4 w. of Bellingham (:bel'md|Bm)
(13 nnw. Hexham), 4 w. of Otterbam on the Rede B. (18 nnw. Hexham), and 2 w. of
Harbottle (which is 17 wsw. Alnwick), and goes n. to the Cheviot Hill itself
(8 sw.Wooler) on the w. b. of Nb., at the source of the rivers Coquet and Till.
Then it proceeds in a ne. direction 2 s. of Wooler to fall into the sea about Barn-
borough (12 n. Alnwick), the ancient Bebbanburg, the former capital of the
Saxon Kingdom of Bernicia.
Line 10. — ^The L. line is the Hmit between L. Scotch and N.
English speech, and is not precisely coincident with the political
boundary of England and Scotland.
Cu. Through Cn. the line coincides with the two prerious lines 8 and 9.
Nb, As far as the Cheviot HiU the line coincides with line 9. But after
auitting the Cheviot it proceeds in a nw. direction along the w. border of Nb. to
tie Tweed, down which it runs in a ne. dir. till it reaches Wateadder Water, the
w. b. of the Liberties of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and 2 n Berwick.
Bw. I'OC^dlv in the Scotch co. of Bw., but politically an independent territory,
Berwick-on-Tweed and its Liberties, extending 2 to 4 miles into Bw., are
linguistically part of England, and the L. line passes round the w. and n. of them
to the sea about Marshal Meadows, 3 nnw.Berwick-upon-Tweed.
It will he observed that this line of the separation of L. and N.
En. does not coincide with the line given by Dr. Murray (D. of
S. S. p. 25 note, and map). His L. line proceeds n. from Gretna,
Df., to the w. of Langholme, Df., crossing the Esk R. to meet the
Scotch range of the Cheviots, along which it continues to the ene.
into Ex. as far as Peel Fell, Nb., and then runs in an ese. direction
to the Eede E., just west of Otterbum (18 nnw.Hezham), where
it intersects my line 10, which it then pursues for the rest of the
way. This throws a portion of Df. and Ex. known as Canobie and
Liddesdale linguistically into England. He says that the dialect
spoken in this region ''is still quite distinct from that of the rest of
[ 1463 ]
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22 THE TEN TRANSYEBSE LINES. [LxMB 10.
Df. and Ex., and is rather that of Ca. than L. Scotch." This will
he considered hereafter. At any rate it does not agree with the
information I have receiyed from other quarters. Taking the Nh.
slopes of the Cheviots, which would thus he included in Eagland, I
am told that it is chiefly traversed by Scotch, that is L., shepherds.
Indeed, JGG. — ^who was for a long time quartered in this very
region, with a companion, both on Geological Survey duty, and for
lack of houses had to sleep in a caravan, where his rest was often
disturbed at night by the cattle creeping under and using the floor
as a back scraper — says that it was diflicult to meet any but a
Scotchman there. The whole parish of Falstone, on the North
Tyne (20 nw.Hexham), which lies in the middle of this district,
with its 57,000 acres of moorland, had in 1841 only 560 inhabitants
spread all over it. And Plashetts, 4 miles further to the nw., on
the North Tyne, together with Felstone, mustered only 222 in-
habitants in that year. Dr. Frank Richardson, a physician, living
in 1879 at Harbottle (17 wsw. Alnwick), at the foot of the Qieviots
(certainly of that part which Dr. Murray also admits to be L.),
writes: **I think you will not be wrong in considering that the
Scotch occupy the entire hill country in these parts. The Cheviots
are entirely inhabited by Scotch families, who rarely descend into
the low countries." The Cu. portion which I include in L.
has many more inhabitants than the Nb. portion. Bewcastle,
6 nne.Carlisle, may have 2000, and Longtown, 8 n.Carlisle, may
have 1200 inhabitants. But, as we shall see, their speech has all
the characters of L., and does not even resemble that of Carlislci
much less any district s. of the n. tee line 7.
The Roman Wall. — In connection with these lines 8, 9, 10, the
position of Hadrian's or the Picts* Wall is noteworthy as pointing
to a separation of races before the advent of the Saxons. This wall
was built by Agricola a.d. 79 to 85, and repaired by Hadrian
A.D. 121, and Septimius Severus a.d. 208. The following are the
places through which it runs from w. to e., with their distances
and directions from C. = Carlisle, H.» Hexham, and N.^ Newcastle.
Cu. It commences w. at Bowness* 12 wnw.C, and goes through Dramboigh,
9 wnw. C, and Beaumont, 4 nw.C. It then turns se. by Orinsdale, 2 nw.C.,
bending on the s. of the Eden R., sweeping just n. of C. and eoingin a ne.
direction by Stanwix (1 n.C), crossing the Esk, to 'Wallby (4 ne.C.), Wallhead
(6 nne.C), Old Wall (6 ne.C), Newtown (8 ne.C), Walton (9 ne.C.), Banks
(Hi ne.C), and Upper Denton (14 ne.C), when it enters Nb.
m. It enters near Thirlwall (17 w.Heihara), passes by Wall Town (16 w.H.),
Bumhead (12i w.H.), where it turns slightly ne., by Carrow (7 nw.H.), whence it
passes near Carrowbroueh and deflects ^ghtly to se., crossing the North Tyne at
Citumum, between Walwick (5 nnw H.) and Brunton (4 n-by-w.H.), and goes by
Halton Shields (6 ene.H.) and Harlowhill (8 ene.H), after which it runs nearly
ese. towards Newcastle, by Heddon on the Wall (7 wnw.N.) into N. itself, through
which it passes and runs to Wallsend, 4 ene.N., where, as the name implies, it
terminates.
The course through Cu. is only slightly to the s. of lines 8, 9, 10.
But in Nh. it does not correspond to any dialectal division.
[1464]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 1.] THE CELTIC SOUTHERN. 23
SOUTHERN DIVISION OF ENGLISH DIALECT
DISTRICTS.
Baundarisi.
Ireland. The n. b. commences at sea in Bannow Bay, and coin-
cides with the Celtic Border, p. 13, and thence to the sea by
Wexford, and then by the sea to Wales.
Wales, The n. b. coincides with the CB. through Pm., and Gm.,
and thence passing by sea again enters England.
England, The line passes by the reverted ur line 3, from the
Bristol Channel across England to the south bank of the Thames,
and n. of Ke. and Sheppy to the sea.
Area, All of England and its islands s. of this boundary, except
the Channel Islands, where Norman French is still spoken.
Character. The one ancient character which runs more or less
persistently through the modem S. div. is the reverted (R)or retracted
(r^), the parent of the point-rise or untrilled (r^) or vocal (b), which
still permeates received speech. In north Germany it is replaced
by the laryngal (t) and the uvular (r). But I believe that the reverted
(r) is the true ancient form. The peculiar hollowness and roughness
of effect, which once heard is easily recognised, is due to the hollow
formed by turning the tip of the tongue up and back so as to point
down the throat, and oppose the under (instead of the upper) surface
of the tip to the hard palate. This (r) may or may not be trilled.
The trilled form has not been generally recognised, but is quite pos-
sible. But the untrilled form (k^), for which here for convenience
(r) alone will be generally written, is most characteristic, and seems
to blend in a singular manner with the preceding vowel, altering
its quality and rendering it difficult to be recognised, almost to the
same extent as in nasalisation. The long rough untrilled voice
form here written (xr) for greater intelligibility is probably nothing
but the prolonged voiced consonant itself (*Rq ). Naturally when
(t, d, 1, n) follow (r), they are also reverted, as (hrt jird, brnd, gaRL)
hurt, heard, earned, girl, for the alteration of the position of the
tongue would otherwise be extremely inconvenient. I feel that
reverted (t, d, r, l, n) are the regular old Ws. forms whence have
descended our peculiar English "coronal" (t, d, r, 1, n) as dis-
tinguished from the continental "dental" or rather "alveolar"
(^t, ^d, r, J, n). The Indians always represent our sounds by their
"cerebrals" (««prd Part IV. p. 1096, col. 1). It is evident that
the English sounds are merely imperfect utterances of the reverted.
This reversion of (r) prevails still over the whole S. div. but the
older main characters, as shewn in D. 4, all of which were probably
characteristic of the whole division, fade out gradually to the e. of
D. 4, and become complicated with other characters to the w.
The reader is referred then to D. 4 for an account of the full
characteristics of S. div.
[ 1456 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
24 THE CELTIC SOUTHERN. [D 1, 2, 3.
D 1, 2, 3 = CS. or Celtic Southern,
That 18, the Southern forms of English on Celtic territory, con-
stituting a group hy themselyes. They occupy the portions of
Ireland and Wales to the s. of the CB.
During the xnth century parties of Englishmen migrated
evidently from Ws. regions, hut under Norman guidance, and took
possession of three peninsulas previously occupied hy Celts, 1) the
extreme se. of Wx. in Ireland, 2) the extreme sw. of Pm., 3)
Gowerland in Gm. Tradition says that, at least in Pm., they were
accompanied or reinforced hy Flemings who had heen driven out
of the Low Countries hy floods.^ The people of Wx. helieve that
of the little hand of 140 knights and 800 infantry, who came there
with Stronghow in 1164, the infantry were recruited from the
Flemings in Pm. and Gm.' But in the xn th century the dis-
tinction between Flemish and Ws. must have been slight, and the
Ws. element must have predominated, for Higden in the xivth
century finds the people speaking *' good enough Saxon." At the
present day Wx. presents no peculiarity, although a century ago,
it was truly S. English. But Pm. and Gm. still possess remnants of
the old forms. It is notorious that emigrants preserve the traditions
of the old speech longer than the old country. In this case each
settlement was surrounded by speakers of an unintelligible language.
Hence the settlers scattered over a small extent of country were
necessarily in constant communication, undiverted by other habits
of speech. Consequently they preserved the old language with
only natural changes. I regard these districts then as presenting
remnants of a very old dialectal form, and hence place them first.
But, as will be presently seen, they are now so worn away that
their relation to S. cannot be properly felt unless D 4 be studied first.
1 1. William of Malmesbnry, 1095- indebted to Herbert Jenner, Esq.,
1143, '* Gesta reffum angloruiD," ed. F.S. A., of the British Museum.
T. Duffus Hardy, Hist. Soc. ed. 1840. 3. Qeraldus Cambrensis, b. 1147, ia
Lib. iv. J 311, p. 493, a.d. 1091, Pm., *Itinerarium Cambriae,' lib. i.
*' Flandritis in patria illorum [i.e. of ch. xi. de Haverfordia et Ros : *' gens
the Welsh] collocatis." Lib. r. { 401, hseo orijnnem a Flandria ducens.*'
p. 628, ** Flandrenses omnea Anglise 4. * firut y Tywysogiun ' (under year
accolas eo traduiit'* 1105, translation sent by Mr. Jenner).
2. Banulph Higden M. 1367), ''De ''that nation seized the whole cantred
rebus Britannicis et Hibemicis, ed. [P ^an/r^chundredl of Rhos ... and
Th. Gale, Oxford, 1691, p. 210, 1. was derived from Fflandrys."
'* Flandrenses ... ad occidentalem 5. * Annates Camhria [under date
Wallise partem apud Hauerford sunt 1107, Florence of Worcester makes it
translata Flandrenses, . . dimissa 11 1 IJ, *' Flandrenses ad Ros Tenerunt"
jam barbaria, Saxonice satis prolo- * The Very Rev. C.W.Russell, D.D.,
quuntur,** or as Trensa translates, Pf^p^ read at the Dublin meeting of the
** speketh Saxonlych ynow.** Bntish Association, 1857. Dr. R. does
For the three next citations I am not gire his authorities.
[ 1466 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 1.] THE CELTIC SOUTHERN. 25
D l = w.CS= western Celtic Southern.
Boundary. The CB. in Ireland and the sea on the se.Wx.
Area. The baronies of Bargy on the w. and Forth on the e. in
the se. comer of Wx., Ireland.
Sources of Information. Ail that is known of the dial, as it once
existed is contained in ** A Glossary with some Pieces of Verse of
the Old Dialect of the English Colony in the baronies of Forth and
Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, formerly collected by Jacob
Poole, of Growtown, Taghmon [9 w. Wexford in the adjoiping
barony], County of Wexford, and now edited, with some Intro-
ductory Observations, Additions from various sources, and Notes
by William Barnes, B,D.f author of a Grammar of the Dorsetshire
Dialect," London, J. Eussell Smith, 1867, pp. 139. With which com-
pare the older paper of Sir J. A. Picton, F,8.A,, "Baronies of Forth
and Bargey, County of Wexford, Ireland : an Inquiry into the Origin
and Philological Kelations of the Antique Dialect formerly spoken
in this district ; read before the Literary and Philosophical Society
of Liverpool, 1866." This gives much additional information, but the
subject is not looked at phonetically. Though the dialect is ancient,
we meet with it in a modem form, affected by Celtic influences.
The orthography is modem, and the words were written from dicta-
tion evidently by persons unaccustomed to a systematic representation
of sound, and like all such, not thinking it necessary, or not being able
to explain the orthography they used. Hence many inconsistencies
and probably double uses. Dr. Yallancey published his paper,
reprinted by Mr. Barnes, in Mem. Irish Acad. 27 Dec, 1788. Mr.
Poole, whose glossary is the foundation of Mr. Bames's book, col-
lected his words in 1823-4. Mr. Edmund Hore, author of the
Forth and Bargy address to Lord Mulgrave in 1860, was of this
century, and kindly wrote a letter to a friend of his for me on
5th Oct., 1873, shewing by numerous examples that the old pron.
had died out. "The Barony Forth dialect," says he, "was dying
fast at the close of last century. It was in extremis by 1825, and
in the present year, 1873, I am confident that there are not half a
dozen young persons of and under 25 years, who understand a
sentence of it. I have scarcely met one who did not laugh, and admit
his ignorance of it. I was bom in 1801, and my schoolmates never
used a word of it between each other, except when in want of one
to convey their meaning. They learned it, however, as children .
do, from their seniors, spoke it, with a mixture, to them, and hence
it became more weakly by degrees, and would have expired in a
shorter time, only that it was the language of the illiterate alone."
I felt therefore that it was useless searching further among the
people. I was unable to hear Mr. Kore read, and he was apparently
unable to make his pronunciation clear by writing, saying to his'
correspondent Mr. Walsh, "I have not sufficient confidence in
myself to finish the task " of writing the pron. of a Iw. which I had
sent himi " and therefore leave you to do the Glossic." This was
[ 1467 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
26 THE CELTIC SOUTHERN. [D 1.
tantalising, for he adds: "A stranger, or more correctly a person
who ha9 not heard the dialect from ^e lips of an old Forthian, has
only such knowledge of its pronunciation as Modems have of the
ancient pronunciation of the Dead Languages. A stranger reading it
after the manner of English is as near the true sounds as he would be
in reading French with the English sounds. The letter A had tn-
variaUy the sound of ^ in the English word fathsr^ To this he
added in the preface to the Address (Barnes, p. 11 3 ), ' ' Double ee sounds
like tf in mtf ; and in most words of two syllables the long accent is
placed on the last," and also directed the reader to speak slowly.
Under these drcamstances we hare to divine the pron. from the habits of
different persons in writing dialects, of which I have had a great and unsatisfactory
eiperience, and I have by no means felt certainty in phonetically rendering the
isolated words and short extracts which follow. Thus a, e^ t, o, m are assumed as
(a, e, i, 0, u), not distinguishing (e, s) or (o, o, o). But this is uncertain, as
persons constantly write w for (», o), as we do in dull, bull, without any indication
of the change. In Pm., however, it seems certain that (u) is still occasionally
heard. For digraphs I take ee, oo, aw « (ii, uu, aa). I am not so sure of au ; it
may have been used of (&b) or (^b). As for ie, it seems to have been sometimes
(&i) and sometimes (ii). But aa, oa, ea are the greatest stumbling-blocks.
Most dialect writers use them for (^b, 6o«, lie) or some such forms. Here, hpw-
ever, I have generally taken (aa, oo, ee) as the sounds, not distinguishing (oo, oo)
or (ee, ee) even when long, as all is utterly conjecturaL There may lutve been
two diphthongs (aol, a'i), out they are hopelessly confused by the writer, yet ay,
at, aay, aai, were almost certainly (&i, &ai), but for safety I use unanalysed (a'i).
As to ow, I use unanalysed (a'u) as a general expression, though I think (eo'u, o'u,
h'u) at least likely. But ou often qmte puzzles me. It may be (6b, e, u, u, &u).
For the consonants I assume r to be (r), because the dialect is Southern, and dr
is used for tkr, but it may have become fully (r) under Celtic influence, centuries
ago. The M, dk seem to be occasionally (th, dh), but also (tHf, dn^ or (th, lib),
and dh final was perhaps (dtni). Lh, rh were possibly (1h, rh], but may have
been (lh, Kb), as these sounds seem still to occur in S. The postaspirates are
probably all Celtic in origin, being frequent all over Ireland. The / when
replacing (wh) may have oeen a strong (wh) misheard, hut as (f) occurs in
Aberdeenshire, prooably under Celtic influence, it must be accepted ; fh may be
simply an exaggerated or postaspirated /. The gh I attribute to the scribal
habits of the writer. I cannot think (kh) occurred even 100 years ago. Mr.
Barnes unfortunately frequently ** regelated'* the spelling of nis authorities —
Vallancey's certainly, for I have compared the original, and Poole's probably — so
that we have not oy any means the words as those who heard them tried to
represent them, which greatly increases my difficulty, as I have to conjecture
what is meant by Mr. Barnes's conjecture as to the meaning of the original
spelling. But assuming these values of the letters, we And on going tiiroueh
Mr. Poole's Vocabulary as printed and enlarged by Mr. Barnes, as decidedly
characteristic : initial ar for thr implying (dk) or reverted (r) ; initial s, v, zh,
for «, /, »h, and ieh (it|) for the pronoun /; (a'i) in tail, main, brain, rain,
twain, eight, they, (ii) for long I , Y', which is very old. All these (except
the last) also characterise D 4, so that the S. character of D 1 is established. The
particulars are put in the form of a cwl. below, p. 30.
Illustrations,
1. Extract from Yallancey's A Tola 2iong (1) (o Joo'la zoq)
Fade toil thee (2)— fartoo zo hachee (3) ?
Well, gosp, c'huU he zeid (4) ; mot thee fartoo, an fade (5)
Ha deight ouz var gabble (6), tell ee zin go t' glade (7) ?
Ch'ara a stouk, an a donel ; (8) wonUl leigh out ee dey (9)
Th' valler w' speen here (10), th' lass ee chourch-hey (11).
[ 14M ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Dl.]
THE CBLTIC SOUTHERN.
27
Conjectural pranuneuUion.
fadt did dhi — fafituu* zo a,tpi' ?
wel, gosp, tjBl bi zaid ; mot dhi faBtu ? «n fadt ?
ha diit uz vaB gab'l, tel i zin goo tv gladt.
t|am a Bto'Bk on b duu'nel ; wobI lii 3ut i ddi ;
dhB yal'BB wb spiin hiiB, dh' las i t^anti hai.
JVansUUion and Commentary, — (1).
An old iong. Old, commonly loses its
d, and becomes (ool). Then a fractnral
(j) is prefixed, forming (/ool), which
form occors in the BrideU Portion
(Barnes, p. 102, 1. 2). The additional
a making (/oo*l«), is perhaps solely due
to the following t, before which the /
was lengthened by the speaker, and then
the (v) was inserted by the literariser.
(2). What aiUtheef I consider the
original fade teil^ to be an error for
fadt eil, the reporter, Dr. Yallancey,
1788, haying been misled by the running
on of a < after fad to tne following
yowel. The fad for what, may be also
a mistake of the transcriber. Although
(f ) for (wh) occurs in Aberdeenshire, it
la yery likely that Dr. Yallancey may
have misheara (wh) as (f ) . The rest of
the stanza contains many un-English
words, and is omitted with the exception
of the last words.
(3). Whereto (i.t, wherefore) «o0^m^
The far too is eyidently where 'to on the
analogy of fadt for what. Jigee out
of sorts, "ill-tempered." Sir JAP.
suggests Old French hach^e, which
Bo(|uefort translates "peine, fatigue,
penitence,'* supposing that Old French
formed part of the language of the
original settlers, adducing core heart
fr. ooeur, benieone blessings, metniee
wiyes and families fr. mesnie, pouttee
power fr. poste [Fpost^is "un grand
seigneur, un honune puissant"], mire
wonder fr. mirer, avamt arriyed ft,
ayenir [?] . Whence haehee really comet
is unknown, and I am far from sug-
gesting that it is the same word as ogee,
which translates it so well.
(4). W$ll, gosaip, it thall be said, I
take tft here to represent (al).
(6). But thy wherefore and what.
Mot is translated by but in Dr. Y.'s
glossary, but he translates this passage
as "you ask what ails me and for what.'*
(6). Have dight (or prepared) u» for
gabble, I doubt whether gh was a
guttural in Dr. Y.*s time. The pro-
nunciation of ouz (as Dr. Y. writes, Af r.
Barnes has otM^) is conjectural. Obsenre
for with southern v- in var,
(J), til the eun go to valley. The tin
is tnorough Deyonshire. Qlade is trans-
lated valley by Mr. Hore in the address
to Lord Mulgraye, Icel. gla^r^ bright
shining. You see the sun set through
an opening only.
(8). lamattockandafool. Cham=
ieh-am, is a regular old Southern form.
Stouk I suppose to hare been meant
for ttO'uekf that is (8t6Bk), a stock or
blockhead, and donel is unknown. Sir
JAP. suggests Irish dona, a poor un-
fortunate fellow. Dr. Y. translates
dunee, and Sir JAP. a simpleton .
(9). Will lie (i.e. idle) out the day.
The pronunciation of wouUl is quite
doubtful. I take it for tro/, that is, will.
Sir JAP. considers it w*oul we will.
Leigh is translated " idle »* by Dr. Y.
Mr. B. compares "to lake" or play,
ags. l&can, but this would hardly giye
anything written leigh. Dr. Y. trans-
lates **ime." Poolers glossary has leeigh
to laugh, with which it maybe relatal
The use of ee for " the * * is regular. l)ey
giyes the Southern pronunciation (da'i).
(10). The latiger we spend here, Valler
may haye been an error iotvuller = fuller.
Dr. Y. translates ** more, longer in
time." Sir JAP. suggests va/w«. Speen
for "spend" is like een for "end."
(11). The less in ehureh^hay. Bay
aninclosure,with regular pronunciation.
Sir JAP. says, "The meaning of this
is, I suppose, that the churchyard on
Sundays and holida3rs being the great
mart for gossip, the time in telling the
story now would be so much sayeid at
the Sunday meeting."
The rest of the text is so difficult, and
eyidently corrupt, that it is passed oyer.
r 1460 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
28
THE CELTIC SOUTHERN.
[Dl.
2. Casteale Cudde's Lamentation
for loss o* his Cuck at yas
ee-took be a vox.
Becited by Tobias Butler, 1823.
Original,
1.
Ye nypor^ aul, come hark to mee»
Faade ee-happen'd me lautest
Gooude Vreedie,
Hee cuck was liveen michty
well,
Dhicka die fan ich want to a
mile.
Ho ro! mee cuck is ee-go {hi»),
Neen chick^ hay hea ee-left
yatherless.
To fho shall ich maake mee
redress?
2.
As ich waant draugh Bloomere's
Knough,
Ich zide [a] vethers o* mee cuck,
Aar was nodhing ee-left mot a
heade,
"Which maate mee hearth as coale
as leed.
'Cham afear'd ich mosth cress a
Shanaan,
And lea a pariesh o Xilmannan,
Mee pigg^s, mee geearth^, nor
nodhing threeye,
Lickweese mee been deeth in aar
heeve.
4.
Zimaan Haay is a wicked man,
Hea pryet ich mought na ha
chicke or hen,
Ar aany noor dhing at woode
comfoort mee.
Fan ich aam in this miseree.
6.
Hizluck mye Ihygt on Tarn
Busheare,
Hea zed mee cuck ylew in a aare.
kastee-l Q) kndz (*) lament^^'shan
foB los 0 hiz ktfk, Bt wbz i-
tak hi « yoks(*).
(Barnes, pp. 102 to 106.)
FroHuneiatioH,
1.
ji na'ipoBis (*)4aBl (•),kuum haaak
tv mii,
fMt i-hap'nd mi laatest guuvd
yEiidii', (')
mi ktik WBZ hVii'n miiti weI,
dhik*B(^) da'i fan tt} want tu b
mEl(8).
hoo BOO ! mi kuk iz i-goo ! (he's)
niin tjtkiz hoy hee(*) i-lsfb
vaadhenles ('),
tu foo (*) shBl 1^ m4k mi
riDEes' ? (")
2.
az t1^w^ntDEa'u(") :bluumee*Ees
knuk,
i1^ zid(") [i] yedh'9Bz(') b mi
kuk;
&E (") WBZ nodh'fq (') i-lef mot
BhiidC),
whtt} mat mi haEti(^^) bz kool
9zliid('*).
8.
t^m ofii'Ed ft} mosti kses b
:shanan* ("),
Bn lee b pasi'sh b :k»lmanan* (^^)
mi pt'g'ts, mi gfiBBXHits, noE
nodh*^ C) DHBiiy ("),
Itkwiiz roi biin diiUi in e*E
hiiy(^«).
4.
:ziman* :ha'i iz b wik'ed man,
hee pEa'i'et iti moBt nB ha t|ik
OR hEn (*),
BE ani nuuE (**) dhiq (') Bt wwd
komfnu'Et mii,
fan(") f'1^ am in dhts mizcEii*.
6.
mtzluk' ma'i lHiLit(") on :tom
:bushee'E,
hee za'id mi kuJc yliu in b geBEC).
[ 1460 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Dl.]
THB CELTIC SOUTHERN.
29
Lhaung life to Misteare Eeed-
forth an his vamilee,
Lhaung mye thye live in pros-
peritee;
He zide hea'de help me udh o'
hoan
To hint dhicke oursed vox yrom
Bloomere's Ihoan.
6.
iHAAqliif tn rmistee'B :BeedfoBth
«n iz vamilii* ('*\
iHAAq ma'i dha'i liiy in pros-
peHitii' ;
hee zaid hce-d help mi udn; b)
hoon(«)
tu htnt dhtk kdBsed voks vBom
rbluumee'Bis iHoon (").
Note;
1. CaateaU^ Castle. The pronuncia-
tion (kastee-l) is doubtful. It is im-
possible to say that Mr. Poole would
nave written consistently, or what
fhonetic analogies would strike an
rishman 60 years ago. The ea is
now, and was then, generally (m) or
fee) in Ireland. Mr. P., like other
dialect writers, often uses it I think for
(liv), but probably he used it in both
senses, for few dialect writers are
consistent. This is stated to be a nick-
name.
2. Patrick Codd ii giren as the
man's real name.
3. *Cock that was i-taken by a
fox.'
4. 'Neighbours,' the (p) occurs in
other districts.
6. As * aul * could hardly have been
used for the ordinary pronunciation of
* all,' I ha?e assumed it to be a-«/,
which agrees with Southern usage.
6. *wbat happened [to] me last
Friday.' The rnyme requires (dii^
but (da'i) would have been expected ;
see cwl. p. 30, No. 161.
7. /A, dh in F. and B. writing
genendly mean ftu^, dn^ or postaspi-
rated ty d. But here and there (dh^ is.
a dialectal change from (th). I think
dh means to imply (dh), or at least its
Celtic substitute (oh).
8. Written miU^ where the last letter
seems to have been misread for /, as
many writers make // resemble le. In
Poole's glossary mele, melt occur for
JloWf am. Mr. Barnes inserted mile
from this passage.
9. That is (whoo) for whom.
10. ** Make my redress," instead of
"apply for" or "go for." Tobias
Bufler, who recited this in 1823, maj
have been in error. The verse is
throughout so faulty that this was
probaoly often the case.
11. Interpreting au as (a'u), but this
is quite uncertain, drottgh may have
been written, and meant merely for
(dbuu^, as I have had sent to me many
times oy informants.
12. Mide would be < said,* as given in
the glossary, hence this must be an
error for tede^uid, that is, saw.
13. For (dhe'&), a regular Forth
form.
14. Here I suppose the -M indicated
only a strong nnal flatus, which is
wntten as (i).
15. * There was nothing i-left but
the head, which made my heart as c6ld
as lead.' In cold the d is omitted as
in jfola old. In this example the instead
of (1) often becomes (b).
16. ' I am afraid I must cross the
Shannon.' I feel doubtful about the
pron. of (kres) and (Shanan-^.
17. 'And leave the ^arisn of Eil-
mannan.' Kilmannan is a parish in
Bargy (6 sw. Wexford).
18. * My pigs, my goats, nor nothing
thrive.' l*he insertion of r in geearthit
for 'goats' may be right, for such inser-
tions occur in w.Sm. But on the other
hand it may be entirely due to the
transcriber. In thretve, th must be an
error for dor <f A, as the lAr- regularly
becomes (d&-) or (dh&-).
19. * Likewise my bees die in their
hive.* Observe (litwii'z, hiiv), (biin)
as a plural in n and (diith) as the Ws.
verbal plural in -eth.
20. * He prayed I might not have
chick or hen or any other thing.'
Observe (p&&i*et) ending in t. Compare
maate for made in stanza 2. Observe
(n6u«&) for another ^sometimes spelled
anoor, and then anotXer for other,
21. Fan of course represents (whan
when).
22. I have taken /A to be a post-
aspirated / rather than the voiceless (Ih).
23. ' He said my cock flew in the air.'
Here ted is apparently an error for side^
[ "M ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
30 THE CELTIC SOUTHERN. [D 1.
just as tide wu miBwritten before for of u in (adh), the effect of (dn) which
ude, see note 12. The last two lines can only be shewn on the following
of this stanza are missing in Barnes, vowel, and the sound of hoan^ which
p. 102. I assume here to be (boon) and not
24. The (T-) in this Latin word is (h6Bn)« just as in Ihaung I took an
doubtful, see introduction to D 4. to = (AA).
26. *Out of hand.' Here seyeral 26. ** To hunt this cursed fox from
things are uncertain, the pronunciation Bloomer's land."
8. FOBTH AlTD BaBOT Cwl.
Collected from the glossary and specimens in Mr. Barnes's book. The spelling
there used is placed first in Italics, and then the conjectured pron. m pal.
Observations are included in [ ]. The numbers refer to the cwl. on p. 16*.
I. Wessex akd Nobsb.
A- 4 taake Uik. 6 maake xohk. 6 maate mhdi. 14 dra Dnaa. 18 eaake \k\i,
19 tools tU. 21 naanu nkm naam. — paam gaume g^ [game]. — glade gldui
rie, valley]. [In all these words I feel that on, au may nave meant (&«, 69). ]
40 khime kH[a'im. 43 hoan boon. 44 loan loon. 53 e^n koon. 67 eu es.
A: or 0: 68 vram vnam. 61 among vma-o. A'- 67 goon g6im [going].
72 /ho fHioo. 73 zotoo ioezoo zuu see [the last form is anomalous]. 82 oane$
6B*nes. 86 oatet 6tits. 94 eroowe luiuu [P]. 95 drowe draugh droo. A':
— laadg laadt [ladyl. 108 doaugk dhoaugh dough doo. 115 hime hyme ha'im.
117 oan oon. 118 ianehsMa, 124 «Moafi stHfoon. ,
JE- — aake aak [ache]. 138 vather vaadhsR. 141 niel naTl. 141 tgel
tal'L 144 agyne vgain. 146 mhffne mna'in [main, very]. 147 btyne bna'in
[the If spelling in these last four words seems to indicate (a'i) with certainty!.
162 waudher wjUIhbr. M\ 166 detch dstj. — hhloek bnlok [black].
\h^ glaud %\iA. 161 <ft« dS^y^faat/yda'ida'ili. 166 «t<i0, za'id. — tmoA/smaal
[small]. 179 faade flidt. M'» — Uaehe leetj [physician from Stanyhurst
1677, misprinted leech in glossary]. 187 laave lea U«v lee. 194 aang hii,
— erroane eRoo*n [erranuj. 200 ithet wheet. JK: 211 grag grey gnaV.
— meqle meel [a meal]. 217 eareh eeRT| [ever-each, every]. 218 theep zhiip.
228 oar thoore aaB dhaaR. 224 far faR.
E- 231 ^f i [and] a b [compare omitted consonant vntheTi 40]. 238 heg hg$
ha'i. 241 rhyne Rha'in. 242 twine twy twa'in tw&i. 245 mel$ mell meel [mei^,
flour]. — ^tm^/ bntmel [bramble]. 2b\ maate mM, — iw/A^vedh«R [feather].
E: 260 loaye l&i. 262 wye wy$e wa'i wa'iz. 263 awy$ vwa'i. 266 wool
wid. — dell del [delve]. 279 waant w^imt [P]. — epeen spiin [spend]. — teen
ziin [to ftff'^]. — een iin [an end'\. £*- 296 beleave bvlee-v. 301 Mereen
heireen hiiRii'n ha'iniin fhearin^, the second form is still heard in D 4, but it
' ing out]. F: 306 Jteegh hii.
EA: Z24 oyght ti'it, — av^A'^m a'itii*n. 326 j^o^yo/a jool /oo'Ib. 328 eo/#
khoal kHTOol. 330 houle ha'ul [P]. 846 yeat jset JlBt [?]. EA'- 347 haade
hhd. 348 een iin [eyes]. EA': 350 deed diid. 361 leed liid. 362 reed niid.
363 breed bhiid. 358 neeghe nii. 369 nyporkt nalporis. — reem rhyme niim
Bha'im [cream]. — ayenet vjenst. — Ihowee Ihaute lowte loos la'us [P loose].
— eeth erfe iitn iif FeMy].
EI- 373 Myfdha'i. 874 iMay na'i. EI: 379 Aoai/ ha'il. 380aam6em
[(am, wn) P].
EO: 388 mulke malk [orP (m'Lk) see D 10]. — barrm baBm [barm = yeast].
— ^MrM heentHi Jheartj. 406 ^r^ Mr<f ecRT ecRD. EO'- 409 ji^fit biin
[bees]. — Jleen fiiin [flies, Mr. Barnes says * fleas,' but that is impossible].
411 dhree dnnii. 412 thoo shun. EO': 436 drue dHRun [P (tHRau)].
EY- 438 dee dii. EY: 439 ihriet tHRist.
I- 443 vreedie vRiidii* [see p. 29, note 61. I: 462 »cA tt| [and in compo-
sition eha eham ehas ehood ehoote ehull=l have, am, was, would, wot, will].
466 lee lii [hence to idle, and then spelled leigh], — michty miiti. — deight
[ 1462 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 1, 2.] THE CBLTIC SOUTHERN. 31
diit 468 nte^ht nigfthi niit nalt. 460 waaight w&it 470 turn e*m [see 380].
476 wimui ufymtu wiind wa'in [P Vallancej giTes ictend only]. 480 dhing dhtq
[(dHia)PJ. — Mhip zhip [ship]. — dhwrth dnaRTi [dirtj. T- 492 atid^
seed [taking #•' as a mistake for 9e\. 493 dhneve dHRiir. 494 d*em diim. —
ptepeare piipee'R [piper]. 496 eeren iiaen. I': 602 VMVi tut. — hf/« ha'i
[hay, ana also 238J. 610 my ma'i. — lem liin [linej. 616 veeter yiizvE [?
(wii'stiB), otherwise this is the only case where ws?].
0- 618 buthse bodhet bothige batH[ii* bodiiii*. 0: 631 doughiere da'ntee'B.
— eawl kAAl [P (kool) a eolt\, 662 coom knoRN. 663 hoorn huuiur. 0'-
666 tAooit shaon i?/. 664 sooit zuun. 666 niae niz n&is m'z. 666 aitoor annua
[another]. 0': 671 gooudt goouma g6uBd gdasnes. 672 blooed blAuBd.
679 $0H0w iniu*. 697 Moot zunt.
U- 699 aboo vbnu. 603 eooiM knum. 606 gin s»n [common in D 11].
606<M#rdHaB. U: 609 vallor [P misprint for pulier] yaloE, P twIhil 612
stM Sim. 616 ^r#oiiM«g^Bea'un. 629 ftn sin. U'- 640 A^mit kea'o. 6AS oor
noju 660 about abut vbea'ut [P].
U*: 668 dooum dea'un. 662 ouu oks ns P 663 heoute hea'os. 667 outh udh
titiwiH, udho vdH^n [out of]. 671 meouth mea'uth.
Y- — hsove hii? [hire]. — ree aii [rye]. 679 ehoureh tjaRtj [P tjiiai^].
Y: 684 burge boRdj. — h$U hel fP a hiu], 690 *#*«# kiin. 701 vur$t v9Rst.
T- — >fc<0n kiin [kine, from Ws. cf plural of 240]. 706 $kee skii.
— ikttne tiftt tH^iin [tine]. Y': — brude biiiid [bride].
n. English.
A. — kaagU ka'il [kail]. E. — liar lecB [empty]. — «>tWiM ikgno
•k&in [skein]. 0. — poul pa'nl [poll of the headj. — mot mot [but].
U. — unktt a'qket [onkid].
m. ROKANCB.
A- SIO /aaot fauot Ga. S12 laace ]hB, 813 6auM»ofi b^knun. ^ py1$
pa'il [... jNi«/!ey a pail]. — plaague pUig [plagui], 820 ^oay^ g&i. 827 aager
lagsa. — ^yyt« gaa'in [grain]. 836 raaiton Ba'izoo'n.
E .. 886 veree Teiiii'. — fegtr fa'i» [a /air]. 890 beatthii beestHits.
I" and Y.. — />## pii [a mag-jw*]. 900 pry paa'i. — gimiU d|imlt
[chimney].
O •• — faaight fytht fa'i fa'ith. — gexnt d|a'int [joint]. 926 wieo T&is.
937 euck kuk. 947 b%U ba'il. 966 ArtMr ktYVB. U •• 960 kU ka'i. — wauiU
wa'it [tt^i]
D 2 = m.CS. = mid Celtic Southern.
Boundary, The CB. in Pm. and the coast sw. of it.
Area, The two peninsulas to the sw. of Pm., formerly known
as " Little England heyond Wales."
AuthoritiiM, See Alphabetical County List under Pm., Bhds and Daof leddy,
information from Re?. J. Tombs, Mr. Elworthy, Mr. £. L. Jones, A&. W.
Sporrell, and Archdeacon Edmondes.
Character, The S. reverted Tr) according to Mr. Elworthy, who says the dial.
is ** most like a book Torsion of w.Sm.," see D 10, and thinks he heard some (j|),
though Rot. J. Tombs says there is nothing like it there. Mr. Tombs also thmks
the r is "not materially different from the Welsh r,'* fully trilled (r), and that
Pm. speech is yery different from a Sm. or n.Dy. Bui initial dr' accepted by
Mr. Tombs in Mree, Mrough, Mrow, Mreaten, implies (dr-). The (a'i) for
* * ' among old speakers, and
f (dnli«z) as one of the
them S. forms. The
[ 1463 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
32 THB CELTIC SOUTHERN. [D 2.
only words I baTe heard are 3 or 4 pron. by Mr. Elwortby. Henoe I gire the
original roelline in the following cwl. The indications respecting the valne of
short U have been most diverse. It will be seen by the at. furnished by Mr.
Spurrell, from dictation of a Castle Martin man, that short U is invariably (w) or
(u). Mr. E. L. Jones says it is ** never *' like the La. (m}), but ** always '' as « in
rec. b»ck fa, h). As Zomday occurs in a subseouent specimen, I endearoured to
clear up tne matter, without much success. Mr. Tombs gare (e, a) in Ioto,
come, summer, son, butter, «gly, some, drunk, tinder, tongue, hunger, Sunday,
n^m, sun, but allowed (u, u) in full, cup, dust. Archdeacon Edmondes, of
Warren, close to Castle Martin, savs that a girl in his service speaks of ** carr'ing
things oopf taking in looneh,** but ner parents come from Narberth. Under these
circumstances it seems that (u) still exists, but is not general. It is of course a
mark of antiquity, and for this reason I assume it in the older form of D 1.
There is no trace of it in D 3. For D 4 see the s. tddm line 2, p. 16. Mr. Tombs
or else Arch. Edmondes admits v for / in ^ir, ^rm, ykst, >^, /iddle, ybur,
/bx,^/lail,/rom,ynrrow; (Tseqk) for spark is known to Mr. Thomas; and they
admit « for « in <ay, jelf, «even, tick, «ix, soon, son, Sunday, and lastly that the/
and « remain in /ace, /ail, /all T.,/alse, j^, yat,/ault, friend, not yery regularly;
and in sad, sand, saw, song, so, such, sweet, swallow, swine, still less regularly.
As to ow, Mr. Tombs does not admit (6u), but Archd. Edmondes hears moo (k^u,
ks'u, kse'u P)
L Two Inteblinsab Fekbbokeshibe dt.
T. written in io. by Ber. J. Tombs, Bector of Burton, Pm., and pal. conjectorally
by AJE.
8. wntten in a phonetic alphabet by Mr. Spurrell from tht diet, of Mr. and Mrs.
Thomas, Castlemartin, Pm.
(1) T. zoo 6i ziiy ba'iuiiz, jb zii nia'ti «z 6« bi B^tt vba'ut -dat
S. zoo 6« ziLat, ba't'z, job zii n^u eez 6« W 'r^it seba'ut dhst
T. Ifd'l m^id ksnntn TBom dh« [skaul]
S. Ifd'l [liid'l] m^aid kMmfn [gumfii] TTom dhsB skuul [skuuld]
T. a'ut dhees.
S. 6at dheer.
(2) T. sliii'jz a'^gwdm dia'tm dh« Bli6o«d dheeB, Didafu dh« Btd
S. fihii^z 88 gwdam d^ioi dhse rdosd dheer, dhm dh» rid
T. gee't ptm dh« Itft han z6id « dh« wiiz.
S. gaat pon dhsB Itft hsend [hsen?] z^id o dhse wdat.
(3) T. ehuuB «n6u dhB 1j6»l hBv B-gon snidtt [ap ts] dh«
S. shuur eii6a dhsB ^lil[-d] hsev se gon Btraatt up tss dhsB
T. duuB « dhv BAAq [ha'Ms]
S. duur OT dhsB roq n^us
(4) T. weeB (waaB) shi ul 16fkl» Um [dhat] DBaqktn diif (dtf)
S. weer shii ul 16iklf fein dhaet drt<qk'n drf
T. sBty'lt Mb bt dhB n^evm « :tom«8.
S. skrtiqk fel» b^i dhaa n^e&m o :tom8B8.
[ H«* ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
1)2.]
THE CBLTIC SOUTHERN.
33
(6) T. [wi aaI] haax iin [tebT] wbI.
8. wii <5ffil XLAJLX iin yeri wel.
(6) T. [woont] dh« aaI [i^p sunn] lasir tnt not to duuH «gen,
8. wimt dhi daol t^p sunn laam ar not tss duuH ege-n,
T. pnnm dhtq!
8. pnnr dhtq!
(7) T. nukX] been't [it] tbIu?
8. Innk beent *t triu?
Natti to T. TenUm. Words in [ ]
wfln not filled in by Mr. T. and are
nmpoaed to be in (dialectal) ib. Mr.
T. 8 spelling may be seen in the cwl.
1. So toy. T\\B initial (i) is heard
onlj from old peoole. — I h$ is more
hettd in the n. ana / om in the s. of
the dirtrict. — right. The pron. (6i) is
adopted fr<Hn Mx. Jones, who says it is
mosit like the Cooknej a in fate, which
sovnded to the Tenby schoolchildren in
Mr. Matthew Arnold's pron. like their
own jir. aijight, — bop$ now about, I
haye inter^eted Mr. T.*s ou, ow. $ow
as (a'n, ia'n) nsinff the vnanalysed form.
The triphthong aa'n) possibly occurred
in D 1. We find (Au) in M. But
Mr. Spurrell*8 yenion pdnts to its
mnaning (^). — from, I adopt (n)
eyarywhere on Mr. Elworthy's authoritj.
Initial it is probably aspirated as in Mr.
T.'s rAo-«tf. His dr for thr implies
^b), and perhaps tr would be (tr^.
But I leaye (r) in Mr. Spurrell^s
phonetic writing. — that (dat) is yery
peculiar. Its appearance and present
gradual disappearance.may be compared
with D 9. That th$ should not be
BunilBrly alfocted is singular.— /t^^&,
El^ is found elsewhere. — maidy going
m (m&id, gw&in) is regular S. —
(ysom) is regular S., bSthe other
forms from, throm^ which Mr. T. has
heard, seem to be foreignisms.
4. ioh^ro. I considered Mr. T.*s
written vA to be an accident for tr.
He says, howeyer, that Ais " yery well
and correctly used generally speaiing ;
it is occasionally out raroly omitted
where it should be heard ; but still
seldomer inserted where it should not
be ; these are, I think, faults of recent
growth."
4. shrivelled, (shr-) seems to be a
difficulty. In this word (sr-) is used,
in others (shu-r-), see — shrub before
643, and shrimp 756 in cwl. it^/rd
p. 35.
6, we all know him (wi All niAi
iin). " We is sometimes heard as the
objectiye case, and us as the nomina-
tiye, but rarely; and this usage has
grown up within the last twenty-fiye
years [dated Mar. '79] by the adyent
of Euffhsh nayyies into tne district to
form uie railways ; many such haya
married and settled here, and the
natiyes haye partly followed their usa^
sometimes." The usage is common m
Do. The form (uaaz) for the pi. is
common S. (iin), which Mr. T. writes
f An as in Qmian, is the regular S.
en («n), from Ws. hine, the true aoc.,
for wnich the datiye him has been
substituted in rs.
6. thing (dhtq) is old.
7. is not, I be \b heard more in
the n., / am in the s. of the dirtrict.
Example given at the Swansea meeting of the Cambrian
Archaeological Society, 1861 :
'' I'ze a gwaaing to zell zum yiah to buy ssum vlesh yor that
blezzed day zoonday.''
2.
This Mr. T. thinks "unmistakably Flenush." It is « unmistakably" S. But
Tu, as thus written for / m, is the N. form, and is of course an error. There is a
possibility that it stands for Mf 6# (iis bi). In a cutting from a Carmarthen news-
paper I find rs regularly used for /, as *< I*s so [bmu^, the distinction (aa, oo)
'E.'g. Proa. Fart T.
[ 1466 ]
94
Digitized by LjOOQIC
34 THE CELTIC SOUTHERN. [D 2.
18 heard with difficulty! I's tell, 1*8 cud, 1*8 haanH, 1*8 goin, I's did, 1*8
isn^t, 1*8 does, 1*8 has, 1*8 propos, I's thinJcs, 1*8 has, 1*8 was,*' where /'« is
simply an old S. (iis) =1, and only in "I's goin" is the yerb omitted. A man who
left Narberth about 1864 told Mr. Spurrellhe had heard (^ thtqks) for I think.
This is yerj doubtful. I cannot get any other confirmation of the use of such a
form. Mr. E. Lloyd Jones, a Tenby man, neyer heard it. And oo in zoonday is
also N. Perhaps, using (u) as in the dt. from Mr. Spurrell, we may read (iiz hi
B)gw&fn tB zbI zum yish t« li^ii'i ztnn ylssh yvr dhat bmzed d&i zimda't).
Pm. Classified Wobd Liar.
Compiled from words furnished me from different quarters, distingmshed by initials.
Ed. From Archdeacon Edmondes of Warren (4 sw.Pembroke), in answer to
questions.
£1. From Mr. Elworthy after a yisit to Tenby, communicated yy.
£y. From Miss Eyans's '* Molly and Richard" in Chambers's Journal, quoted as
Pm. in Rey. J. Tombs's lecture. Her spelling is put fint in Italics and
the pal. follows.
J. From mi. E. Lloyd Jones, natiye of Tenby.
N. Words from Narberth funiished by Mr. Spurrell of Carmarthen.
T. From Rey. J. Tombs, rector of Burton (3 n. Pembroke). His own spelling is
put first in Italics and the pal. follows.
Th. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas of Castlemartin (5 wsw. Pembroke), obtained yy. by
Mr. Spurrell and written in his phonetic alphabet here transliterated.
I. Wessex ash Norse.
A- 21 T. ntMme n^evm, Th. n^oem. A: 43 T. hatC han. A: or 0:
68 T. worn rom throm from rom throm [but the speaker had Welsh blood].
64 T. rauna rAxq Th. roq. A*- 67 T. agwaayin^ vgw&tn. 73 T. zo zoo [{%) used
only by older people]. 92 T. we kftaows wi iiaaz [see 98]. 98 £y. knawed
nAAd [P nood]. A': 104 T. rho-ad rh6oBd [Mr. T. does not acknowledge (n) ],
Th. Tdmd, 123 Ey. tunvthin uAAthtn.
M' 138Ey./jy/A^feedhBB,T.yeedh«r. — Ey.tpai/fsp&id [spade]. 141 Ed.
nkih 142Ed. sn&tL 143 Ed.t&il. T. o^rA^ «gen-. 146 Ed. m&in. 147 Ed.
br&tn. 148 Ed. y&ir. 152 Th. weeter. M: 160 Ed. d&i. 161 £y. to
daay. 162 Ed. t« d&t . 164 Ed. m&i. 166 Ed. m&td, T. maayd m&td N. m&id.
177 T. dat dat [Mr. T. says, *<^ for th was a characteristic mark in 1860, fast
dis^pearing "]. M- — El. JBth [heath, as well aa 406 hearth] jsfol
[Heathfieldj. M': 224 T. whair wharr weeR war.
£- 231 tha dhB. £: 261 zay z&i. Th. z&ai [used only by older people],
Ey. 9aay b&i . 262 icaey w&t. 266 $trayet str&it. F- 297 T. feUah jftah
fsl-v fla [?]. £A: 326 T. awU ool, &aul. 332 £y. tould idofiid? 336
Th. 6oal. 346 T. ya-at g6e«t. EA'- — El. /BfcR [heifer]. £A':
362 T. ridrid. 366 T. dee/ dif dni dif. — £y. yasy jee-zi [easy]. £0:
892 [not used]. 394 [not usedl. 402 T. lame laiw [teach]. 406 £1. jnth
[also used for heathy see under ^'-1. £0': 427 bain^t beent [be noty for it
not^ 428 T, see zii [z used only oy old people]. 436 trew tiiu [rhymes to
I- 447 hur ur YiVR ra. — - yu jts [yes]. I: 462 J. Th. 6i. 459 J. Th.
riff' r^ii. 469 ool ul. 470 T. ihn in un [?]. 477 T.Jine' fa'in. 480 T. thiny
dhiQ [** flat M as in then amon^ old people *n 484 £1. dhii^z [a distinct form of
thiBj. I'- 492 T. zide z6id [2 used only by old people].
0- — N 8hMy*l [shovel]. 0: — T. ehurrub shwrab [shrub]. 643 T.
*pan pro. 0'- 660 Th. skuul skuuld. 0': 678 Ev. pUuyh pliu. 579
tniaf «n6u [sing, and pi.]
U- 603 T. fMmmifi' kamtn, kiimin. 606 T. doore duoR, V: 613 Th.
drwqk'n. — skmqk [skrunkl. 632 Th. «p. 633 Ed. kup. 634 T. dreotv
DRi6u, Ey. throu thra'u, P DKau ; Th. dhru. U'- 643 T. neow nia'u, Th. n6u.
XT: 668 T. deoum dia'un, Th. d^un. 663 Th. h^wa. 667 T. out a'ut ?
Y- 682 liddle lid'l. Y': 709 Th. ya'ir.
[ 1466 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 2, 8.] THB CELTIC SOUTHERN. 35
n. English.
E. 749 T. lift lift.
I. and T. 756. T. «Atfr-nm0 slivri'mp. 760 trivoUt srtyUt [often heard by
Mr. Tombe, not known by Mr. Thomas].
0. 791 T. bomst$ b6tz ba'njiiz [P].
m. BoicAircB.
A** 866 T. pootir pfiuvB.
E •• — T. Ed. erawtur krAAtm [creature].
Q.. — Ev.yoMtn d|a'n;m [join].
D 3 = e.C8. = eastern Celtic Southern.
Boundary. The 6in. CB. and the Bristol Channel.
Area. The 17 En. speaking parishes of the peninsula of Oower-
land, Gm., enumerated under Gm. CB. p. \Zo.
Authoritie$. See Alphabetica] County List, Otn. Ooweriand.
ChmraeUrt. Reyerted (b^ inferred from (dr&u) through, (z) initial in place of
(«), fn) for him are all oistinctly S. The dialect seems to haye been greatly
worn, as my informant, the Bey. J. D. Dayies, alters the spelling of but few
words in the dt. and says that the others are in rs. No specimen has been
printed. Not haying been able to find or obtain any complete specimen of the
dialect, and Mr. Danes's dt. being yery defectiye, I merely add the words in the
cwl. form.
GOWERLAKD ClASSIFIBD WoBB LiSI.
Containing the words supplied to me by Bey. J. D. Dayies, giying his spelling
first, followed by the conjectural pron. in pal.
I. Wessez and Nobsb.
A'- 67 ^uwtfi ^een. [going]. 78 mo zoo.
M' 144 agm BgS'U.
E: 261 My z&i (possibly (z«f)]. E'- 291 JeUah i^n, EA: 326 atiitf AAld.
EA': 365 def$ diif. £0: 392 [not used]. 394 [not used] EC: 427
beatCt b^vnt [Is not]. 428 u zii.
I- 447<v«n. I: 470 » 'n [after yerbe]. T- 492 cuit z6id [P].
U- 606 dour dm [probsibly, Mr. Dayies says, like the French 9(eur (scecer)].
U: 634 drough (dbs'u Y) [may be (dbuu)].
T- 682«nil.
m. BoicAircE.
A •. — graeieute graslu^f .
E .. — prieiettie preshi^f.
In the Philological Transactions for 1848-50, vol. 4, p. 222, is
a list of 68 Gower words, given by Rev. J. Collins, with no
explanations of spelling. Of these the following are common words.
I do not trust myself to give the pronunciation.
Brandii (brandrith), iron stand for pot or kettle. Cammet (cammed), crooked.
Eddithy wheat stubble. Hay^ an inclosure attached to a dwelling. Mainy strong,
fine (but here said of growing crops). Nommety noon -meat, luncheon. Plym^
plump, full. Peertf liyely, bnsk. Quappy to throb. Rathey early. Stremoute,
rat. SftHid, handle of scythe. S<mgullt (songles), gleanings.
r 1467 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
36 THE MID SOtJTHBRX. [D 3, 4, 5.
The following are Southern or "Western :
CkM4f entangled, Sm. Cloam^ earthenware, Co. Clit, stiff, stickr. Dreihsl,
(drashel), a flau. Evil, a three-pronged fork. Fleet, exposed in dtaation, Sm.
FloU (float), aftergrass, Dr. Foutt, tumbled. Frithinff, wattled fence, to frith
a fence, Dv. Neeteltrip, small pig in a litter. Ovice (ovis), eares of house. Dr.
Flanche, boarded floor, Do. rwrty, to turn sulky. Qu!at, to press down or
flatten. Do. Shmo-y, to dear (of weather), the rerbal termination -y common.
SmU, cheese, butter, etc., as eaten with bread. Slade, a yaUey, ground slopimr to
the sea. 8ul (zul), a plough. Suant, regular, working smoothly, Dr. Toit,
small straw seat. Dr., frisky, Co. Want, a mole [the ammal]. Trimble, (wine),
winnow.
Of the other words I am not so sure.
Angletoueh, warm. Bwnbagaa, bittern. Chamel, place in roof for hanging
bacon. Deal, litter of pigs. Dotted {? doted), gidd;^, of a sheep. Dome, dunp.
Firmy, to clean out (-y is S.}. Flaairing, an eruption like erysipelas. Fraith,
freespoken, talkatiye. Flathing, a dish made of curds, eggs, and milk. Oley,
refuse straw after the *' reed ** has been taken out. Oloiee, sharp pang of pain.
Heavgar, heavier (so also near^ger, fat'oer), Somrach, harness collar made of
straw. Kittybage, gaiters. Lipe, mattea basket of a peculiar shape. Letts, a
lout. Noppet, Nipperty, Urely, conyalescent. Myle, angle in the sea. R\f, a
scythe shupener. Seggy, to lease (the -y is S.). Semmatt, a sieye made of skin
for winnowing. Shoat, a small wheaten loaf. Stiprog, a mode of fastening a
sheep's foreleg to its head by a band of straw or withy. Stuan, a brown earthen
pitcher. Sump, any bulk that is carried, Sf . Slade, ground sloping to the sea.
Tite (toit), to tumble oyer, N. Fotr, a weasel or stoat. Jring, a willow.
Weeet, lonely, desolate. Waah-dieh, the titmouse.
Hence, although vocabulary is a very uncertain test, the dialect
has a clearly S. character, agreeing with the small evidences
furnished by pron.
D 4 and 6 together form the MS. = Mid Southern
Group.
This was the principal seat of the Wessex tribe, and the
strongly-marked peculiarities tend to shew that the people have
preserved much, although they have altered much of the original
pron., more marked on the w. side than on the e. Although no
strict line can be drawn separating the two, yet the peculiarities
die out so rapidly to 'the e. that I have thought it best to divide
the group into two districts, by a rather arbitrary, nearly direct
n. to s. line, which is the best I can draw. D 4 on the w. must be
regarded as the typical form of 8. speech. It is not quite uniform,
but nearly so.
Boundaries. The n. and s. b. of D 4 and D 5, the w. b. of D 4
and the e. b. of D 5.
Area. All Wl., Do., and most of Gl., with n. and e.Sm. ; most
of Be., all Ha. and "Wi., s.Sr. and w.Ss. ; with narrow slips of
e.He. and w.Ox., and the extreme se. comer of Dv.
Character, Phonetically, reverted (e) or retracted (r,), and (de-)
for thr- ; (z, v) initial for (s, f) in Ws. words, but not in Romance
words ; the use of (dt) for MQ and EG ; the broad (oo'i , qo'm) for
I', U'. Grammaticdly, / he for lam; a becoming («) before past
participle. All these are subject to slight variations.
[ 1468 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, IifTBOD.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 37
D 4 = W.MS. = western Mid Southern.
Soundmriea, Do, Begin on the Enfflish Channel jnst w. of Aimonth (20 e-
by-B. ExeterJ, on the Axe B. Proceea in a n. direction e. of Colyton (20 e-bj-
n. Exeter), through Tarcombe (22 ne. Exeter).
Sm, Enter Sm. a little w. of Buckland St. Mary (8 s. Taunton), and e. of
Otterford (7 s. Taunton), and keeping e. of Wellinfi:ton (6 sw. Taunton), and w.
of Thurlbeer (3 se. Taunton), proceed nearly to Taunton, then n. to just e. of
Kingston (4 nnw. Taunton), when it deflects to nw. and follows the Quantock
Hills to the Bristol Channel at East Quantock Head.
Bristol Chamtel. Proceed along the coast of Sm. and Gl. to just opposite the
mouth of tiie riyer Wye,
01. Cross the Bristol Channel and follow the rererted ur line 3 to just
opposite Monmouth.
Se. Continue along the rererted ur line 3 in a nne. direction, w. of Boss,
Stoke Edith (6 e-by-n. Hereford), and Much Cowam (9 ne. Hereford), but e. of
Bromyard (10 ese. Leominster), and then passing w. of Whitboum (14 e.
Leommster), enter
Wo. Continue in nearly a straight line to Bewdley (3 se. Kidderminster^,
where ^uit line 3 and return sudd^y s. along the Malyem Hills in a nearly
direct Ime to the s. b. of Wo. by Staunton (7 wsw. Tewkesbury), then turning
e. pass s. of Eldersfield (6 wsw. Tewkesburr), into
GL Qo through Tewkesbury and proceea direct e. to Moreton-on-Marsh (19 e.
Tewkesbury^, ai^ continuing e. to the w. b. of Ox. Then turn s. along the
w. b. first oi Ox. and then of Be. as far as Hungerford (24 w-by-s. Beading), and
then continue in a n. to s. line through
Sa. Passing just w. of Andorer to Nursling, iust at the n. point of South-
ampton Water, and then to the sea near Lymington (10 e. Chnstchurch], and
turn w. along the coast to the starting-point by Axmouth. About Lymington
and Christchurch there is no dialect. The line is intended to aroid the whole of
Wi., which is all in D 5, but accidentally it appears on the map as if a small
portion of Wi. belonged to D 4. The whole line from the w. b. of Ox. is yery
uncertain for want of sufficient information, but it cannot be far wrong either way.
Area. All WI. and Do., n. and e.Sm., most of Gl., the extreme
se. of Dy., and small parts of w.Be., and w.Ha.
AuthoritUa. See the Alphabetical County List, under the following names,
where • means tv. per AJE., t per TH., J pier JGG., || in so., ® in io.
Dv. **Axminster.
Do. **Bingham*s Melcombe (or Melcombe Bingham), '^laokmore Yale, *Bland-
ford, ^Bradpole, °Bri<^rt, **East Lulworth, °East Morden, •Hanford, °Sher-
bome, ^'Starminster-Marshall, "Swanage, ^Walditch, || Whitchurch Canonicorum,
I Winterboume Came.
Gl. •Aylburton, ^Berkeley, tBirdlip, tBishojp's Cleye, **Bisley, tBristol,
tBrockworth, f Cheltenham, •f Cirencester, •fioleford (= Forest of Dean),
''Compton Abdale, tFairford, f Gloucester Town, •Gloucester Vale, fHighnam,
tHucclecote, ^^King's Wood, tMaisey Hampton, tTetbury, f Whitcomb.
jHa. °Broughton, °Christchurch, **Iford, "Nursling, •Ringwood.
Se. HEggleton, •Ledbury, ||fMuch Cowam, '^f Boss, t Stoke Edith, ^Upton
Bishop.
8m. II Bath, *»Burtle Turf Moor, '^Castle Cary, '^Chaidy *»Chedzoy, ''Combe
Down, ^Compton Dando, |J Crewkeme, ''Croscombe, ^East Harptree, 'High Ham,
•Langport, •Memott, •Montacute, •Nailsea, "North Wootton, •Sutton Mallet,
•Swanswick, **Wedmore. t Wincanton, **Worle.
W7. •Aldboume, '*Oalne, IChippenham, •Christian Malford, •Corsham,
•Corsley, ^'Damerham, "East Kno^e, tKemble, "Maddington, **Orcheston St.
George, ^'tPorton, ^^Salisbury to Warminster, **Seend, *»Sopworth, •Tilshead,
•Wihon, ^'Yatesbury.
[ 1469 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
38
THB MID SOUTHERN.
[D 4, Introd.
It will be neoeeBaiilj impoesible to ffire all the infonnatioii receiyed from bo
many places. My best help has come mnn Christiaii Malford, Chippenham, and
Tilshead, and as n. Wl. seems the most typical fonn of D 4 = w.MS., Isnall examine
this part of the district at great length. The nse of these numerous sources of
information is necessarily to shew the continued prevalence or the change of any
form of speech. Indeea without this large body of evidence, it would hare been
totally impossible to ma^ out the district even roughly with any degree of accuracy.
Hence my investigation is greatly indebted to those who have furnished some clue
to the prevalent speech soimds, even when it manifestly became impossible to give
their communications at length.
Character.
Consonants (f v, s z). The conspicuous feature ol D 4, whicli
most strikes the visitor from any other part of England, is the use
of (v, z) initial in place of (f, s). But undoubtedly for Ws. words
(v, z) were the original forms, just as to this day (z) initial is the
received form in Dutch where % is written, and High German
where f is written in German. In both, however, the pron. when
no vowel or voiced consonant precedes is (sz-), thus High German
sie sehen is (szi z^-wi) they see. The (f, s) are later developments,
and seem to have been introduced by the Normans, for as a general
rule, to which even at this late period there are very few excep-
tions, and those chiefly in words familiar to particular districts,
" Ws. words have (v, z), and Eomance have (f, s)." This custom
once prevailed over the whole s. of England from Ke. to Dv. It
has edtogether disappeared in Ke. and Ss., and has almost dis-
appeared in Ha. and Be. But it is rarely lost in D 4, and in D 10,
12. In order to test the prevalence of the rule just given, I
examined all the words in question in Dan Michel's AyenhiUy which
is in Kentish of the xivth century, and the words in Mr. Elworthy's
lists attached to his Dialect of West Somersetshire^ and then I sent
lists of most of them to Bev. W. Barnes for Do., and Rev. A. Law
for Wl., requesting them to mark the words for (f v, s z, sh zh, th
dh), etc. The result is given in the following table, where the
words in usual spelling are arranged in alphabetical order under
appropriate headings, and against each word is written the sound
of the letter used, /, v, «, s, etc., or vf m, when sometimes one
letter and sometimes the other is heard, adding M for Dan Michel
for Ke. in xivth century, D for Do., W for Wl., and 8. for w.Sm.,
in the order from e. to w. An * points out Fr. or Eomance words.
F INITIAL.
•fable/DS
•£ace/DS, «»W
•facia/ 8
•fact/DWS
•factOTv/DS
•fade/S
fagvS
•fail/MDWS
fain adi./S
•faint /S
fair adj. /DWS,oM
•fairs./DS
•feith/8
fall vb. V MDWS
fallsb./D
fallow V DWS
•false/D8, «»M, i/W
•fame/DS
•family/ D8
•famish /D
fanvM8
far 9 MDWS
fare/DW8, i>M
•farm/DS
•farmer /D8, vW
•farrier/ DS
[ 1470 ]
farrow vWDS
farther V 8
Ibrthing v MDWS
•fashion/ 8
fast vb. adj. v M
fast adj. aav. v 8
fastsb./S
fat (vat) sb. v M
fat adj. /DW, v M, vfS
•fate/ DWS
fatiier/D, v MW, v/S
fathom V 8
•faucet/ 8
•fault/DS, «»W
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, Iktrod.]
THE MID SOUTHERN.
39
•faronr/MS
♦fawn8b./8
•fawmngv 8
fear/D, r W, v/S
fearless v 8
•feart/MDS, r/W
feather v MS
♦featoie/S
•febmary/S
fed IT M
fee/S
•feeble/MDWS
feedrM
feel r MS
feet r MS
•feign Yb./8
fell/M
fell sb. V M
fell (in sewing) if 8
felloe V DS
feUow/DS, i>MW
•felon/ MS
ielipbW.v/S
•female/ 8
fennels S
•fence/8
•ferment/ 8
fern 9 8
•ferret/DS, vW
ferrv/DS
fenueir 8
•fenrent/M
fester/D, vM, </S
fetch r DWS
fetters 9 M
feUock 9 8
•ferer/MDS, r/W
few V MDWS
fiddlevMDW, f/8
fidget/S
field 9 MDWS
fieldfare f 8
fiend V M
fifth vM
fife/ 8
•fig/DW, r/8
fight9MW,/D, 1/8
^gow/MS
fiU V MDWS
filmc 8
•guloso^hy/M
filth/DS, 9M, f/W
fincS
Sldfinch 9 8
d 9 MDWS
•fine/DS, i> W.
•finger v MDWS
•fiSh/DS
firf 8
fire p MDWS
foot 9 MDWS
firkin, vS
for 9 MDWS
firm/S
•forage/ 8
first vMDW, 9/8
forbear 9 MS
fishvMDW, 9/S
forbid 9 MS
fist 9 DWS
force/DS, 9/W
fit/ 8
fordyDS, 9/W
fitch (polecat)/ 8
fiye 9 MDWS
fore 9 8
forehead 9 8
•fii/8
fiag9 8
•foreign/DS, 9 W
•forS/DS,9W
fiagon, 9 8
foigire 9 MS
•flaa 9 DWS
•flame/ 8
l^^a-r--^^
flanffe9S
forlorn v M
•form/M
flannel/ D, 9 W, 9/8
•form (bench)/ 8
flare98
forsake 9 MS
flask/ 8
forsooth 9 M
flat/S
forswear v M
flatter 9/M
forth 9 M
flaw 9 8
forth 9 DWS
flax 9 8
fortnight 9 8
flayed 9 M
•fortunate v 8
flea 9 8
fortune/ 8
forty 9 MDW, 9/8
•fleam/ 8
fled 9 M
forward 9 WS
fledged 9 8
foul/D,9M
found 9 MDWS
fleece 9 DWS
•phlegmatic /M
•foundation/ 8
flesh 9 MDWS
•fountain/ 8
flew 9 8
four 9 MDWS
•flinch/M
f ourf oot 9 8
fourth 9 M
fowl 9 MDWS
•flippant (eLi8tic)/S
fox9MW,/D, 9/8
•fracas/ 8
flock 9 DWS
•fraction/ 8
•flog 9 8
flood 9 MS
•a.fraid9/8
•fnul/8
floor 9 DWS
frame/ 8
•flonr/MDS
flow 9 8
^;i
•flower /MDW
•flne/8
free 9 MDWS
freedom 9 M
•fluent (said of qmckl^r
running water only) /8
freehold 9 8
freeze 9 8
flush 9 8
•frequent/ 8
flute/ 8
freeh/D, 9W8
flutter 9 8
fret/W, 9/8
Friday 9 DWS
•fried/ 8
fly Tb., sb. 9 MDWS
foal 9 DWS
foam 9 8
friend 9 MDWS
foe9M
fright 9 8
f^d 9 DWS
•ttU/8
•fringe 9/8
folk 9 MS
fro' 9 8
foUow 9 M
•frock 9 S
•foUy/M
•fooI/M
frog/D, 9W8
froEck9S
•foolish/ M
from 9 MDWS
[ "71 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
40
TH£ MID 80X7THERN.
[D 4, Ikteod.
•fry
•front/ 8
frortvMDWS
froth uDWS
•fruit/ MS
9/M
3, r/8
fvMDWS
•fuller Bb./ 8, «»M
fumble/ D,oW,i/ 8
•funeral/D
•furbish rS
•furUS
furlong p 8
furloi^ V 8
•fumaoe/MS
furrow V DW8
further V 8
furze vDWS
•fu«ty/DS, f W
•physic /M
•phyaiciaD/M
F Final.
(p means not pronounced.)
•baiUff 0 8
calf /DW, p 8
half/DW, 17 8
•handkerchief o 8
herself 0 8
himself 0 8
leaf/DW, f 8
life/DW, i; 8
loaf/DW, r8
•plamtif oS
roof/DW, r8
•heaf/DW, o 8
turf (tsrv) 8
wife/DW, f 8
OH Final.
cough/ 8
dough (occ.)/8
enough o 8
plou^ 0 8
uough ofS
though/ 8
through 0 8
tough/ 8
trough 0 8
S Initial.
(sbs, 8, before ^/m Hon
except as below.)
•sabbatii t D
sack B DWS
•sacrament «D
sad M MWS, « D
saddles DWS
•safe « M, « W
•sage « D « W8
said s MDW8
saUcM
sailor « D, s W8
•saint mM
sale f DWS
sallow e 8
salt 9 MDW8
sands DWS
saps MS
sals 8
Saturday z MD W8
•save $ M
I saw s D8
a saws S
say s MDW
scrape* D
sea s D, s M
•edges DWS
see s MDWS
seed sb. s MS
seeks M
seem s D, s WS
•segments 8
self s MDWS
seU s MDWS
sends M
•sentence t M
•sergeant «M
•sermon sM
•serrant « D
•serresMW
•tessionss D
set z MDWS
settle sS
seren s MDWS
sew vb. z DWS
sick z MDWS
side s MDWS
sieTC z DWS
sifts DWS
sigh « D» s WS
S* ^ht s M
ver z MDWS
•simple « M
sins M
since « D, s WS
sinews 8
sing z MDWS
•single « MD, s WS
sinks DWS
sip « D, s WS
•orsD, sS
sister « D, s MWS
sits 8
•sites 8
six z MDWS
•sire $ DWS
[ 1472 3
sketch s D, s 8 [(skit;)
almost two syllaUes]
skill «D
shusksM
sky s M
sleeps M
slysM
smalls M
smell «M
smith «M
snailsM
snowsM
sosMW
sobsM
•sober «M
softsM
soldsM
somesDMW
son $ D
songsM
Boons MW
sooths M
Bwrows M
•sort #8
souffht s M
soulsM
BOursM
souths M
•sorereign « W
sow vb. s M
sparrow $ M
spring $ D
strings D
•subtiesM
suchsMW
suck s M
•suffer $ MD
•sugar $h S
sul (plough) s M
•sumsMD
summers MW
sunsMD
Sunday s M
•sup « M
•supper s W
•sure sA W, «A 8
•sustains M
swallow s M
swears M
sweat sMW
sweeps M
sweets M
BwiftsM
swine s M
sword sM
SH Initial.
share (part) »h DW
share (of a ^ough) zhzhS
shaTo $h DW, ththS
OtbzhW
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, Imtbod.]
THB MID SOXTTHERN.
41
sheaf »h D,KhW,th$h&
8hear«AD,iAW,fAiAS
shepherd th W
shoot «A W
should Mh W
shred $h D, sA WS
shrew gh S
shriek «A D, U S
shrimp «A D, cA S
shrink «A D» sA S
shriyel «A D, sA S
shroud «A D, «A W
shroye «A D, «A W
shrub $h D, zh WS
shrugs S
TH Initial.
thatches
thick ^A S as distingmshed
from (dhtk) this
thief MS
thiuM S
thing <iAW
thirrtyi^A W
thistle (^S
though (dh&tO dh W,
(thAAfWAS
thr- dr W8, not M who
has ^.
th- dh S except in the
aboYe(
TH FOTAL.
sheath/ S
moth/S
cloth/ 8
tooth/S
V LnnAL.
•ralue/ 8 (fali) [common]
•variety « if
•real dh 8 (dhs'sl) [some-
times]
♦renialv M
♦renom v M
•yery dh 8
•yestments v M
•yetches JA 8 (dhatjes)
•yicer M
♦yictualfl / 8 (fst'lz)
[common]
♦yilevM
•yillage/8 (fa-l»d|) [com-
mon]
•yillain v M
•youch dh 8 (common)
Y Final.
(o means omitted.)
aboye o 8 («buu')
deaye (klii)/8
curye ^ 8
E'ye 0 8
lyeo 8
heaye/8
leaye/8
Ueye/o 8
•senre (earn wages) o 8
themselyes o 8
yalye (yalb) d 8
-iye 0 8 [ = (i, if) never (iy)
conunon m: expensive
abusive native laxative
active destructive de-
ceptive
(b). The most important cliaracter of the S. dial., the reverted
or retracted (b, r^), is, as has been mentioned, not confined to this
district, but spreads more or less strongly over the whole 8. div.
Its nature was explained suprk, p. 23, together with the way in
which it affects a subsequent ^, rf, r, /, n, which were probably
originally reverted. But I think, although I have not been able to
venfy the conjecture, except by private tnal, that it also affects (sh,
zh ; til, dh), converting them into («h, sh ; rh, nh). In this case («h,
sh) would be spoken with the tongue quite turned back, a true
" cerebral" (sh, zh), and in (rh, nh) the under part of the tongue
tip would be brought against the teeth. The («h, sh) would occur
in the diphthongs (tj, dj), or (wh, Dsh), in place of the ordinary
(t^ dj). These forms would probably arise from the convenience
of the tongue remaining in its reverted condition. The most
doubtful are (rh, nh), because we do not find thr- initial, that is,
(nha-), but the easier dr- (de-). The (tj, dj) are however almost
necessary in such combinations as hurehard (haxipw)) for Kichard
and orchard, and hurdle (bsBnjh), bridge. And in the same way it
would be easier to say (axTh, waKnht) earth, worthy, than (scath,
waiidh*), the last word usually omits the (e). In process of
time, however, especially as the dialect advances eastwards, the
actual reversion ceases, and the effect is pretty well produced
by retracting the tongue, and arching its back so as to allow
a hollow to exist behind the raised tip and the raised back of the
tongue. Towards the w. and n. of the district there seems to my
ear to be no such retractive tendency. JGG., however, regards re-
traction as the typical formation. In the E. div. we shall find (truu,
trsd) through, thread, which probably point to an original but
[ 1473 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
42 THE MID SOXTTHBSN. [D i, Introd.
now lost (xBhuu, tbIisd). This retraction accompanied with
hollowing is further refined by omitting the hollowing, so that we
have merely a raised tip of the tongue, producing the coronal
English (t d r 1 n), etc., which are so distinct from i^e continental
(t ^d r 1 ^n) that tiiey must evidently have had a different genesis.
We shall meet with (^t) before ( r) in the M. and N. div. Now the
English coronal form was the omy one acknowledged by Mr. Gupta
(Part IV. 1096 b', llSTc') for Indian pronunciation of the Sanscrit
cerebrals, so that the same refining system has gone on in both
countries, but in our own dialects we have all the stages (b r^ r, t
t^ t) now coexistent. This (n) is constantly flated when initial, and
often transposed with an (h) prefixed, as (Jbasd^ haotir), red, nuii
from (BhED, BhaN).
Another very important character of this (b) is its amalgamation
with a preceding vowel. In fact, it seems to give a new series of
vowels (an a^ Ar), etc., and even (ii^ ee^ uu^). With regard to the
first, it was a great difficulty with me how I was to represent such
words as her, bum, and for sojne time I thought that they had
merely vocal ('b^), thus (h^B^ b'BpU), but I latterly came to the
conclusion that there was a preceding vowel followed by an amalga-
mation of the vowel with a+Sjt (b). What that vowel really was,
however, I found so difficult to determine, that I finally adopted
different hypotheses as I heard different speakers. I have used
Tar, OB, bb), and JGG. writes («b, bbb). But latterly I have
fallen back on (sb) accented, and (vr^ unaccented, whether rightly
or not I cannot quite make out. With this explanation, however,
this sign will suffice, and it must be left to actual audition during
a long period and with many speakers, for good phonetists to
determine the best representative of the actual sound. I have not
met with any instance in D 4 and 5 of the introduction of an (b)
after a vowel which was not justified by the orthography, but in
D 10 and 11 there seem to be some cases, there to be noted.
With regard to the complete series of sounds (t n v b l), etc., it
was only on the close of a second revision of his wl. taken from his
stepmother, that JGG. (although he had been familiar with Wl.
dialect from childhood) recognised that they invariably took the
place in her pronunciation of the usual (t d n r 1), etc., just as
these in English and in the pron. of continental languages by
Englishmen invariably replace the continental (^t ^d ^n ^r J), etc.
For myself I had not observed it, although it seems to me most
probable. In JGG.'s Chippenham wl. and spec, therefore the
complete substitution is made, but as in those specimens which I
took down from native speakers, I only detected (b), and the other
letters when juxtaposed, and therefore as it seemed to me assimi-
lated, I have thought it best to retain what I wrote from their
diet., although I have now, in the course of many years, oome to
the conclusion that my former appreciation was probably erroneous
and ought to be amended in this direction throughout. And the
same is probably the case for my (di zh ij di), which in the S.
div. shoidd prob. be («h idi 37 nj). The final (n) is frequently lost
[ H74 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
I) 4, Inteod.] thb mid southbrn. 43
after (l, w). The ending of the present participle, modem -««^, was
ancient -mde, hence the (-bn, -»n) now heard, really arises from
the omission of (n) after (n), and not from the use of (n) for (q).
(h). In D 4 and 5, as well as in almost all our dialects, (h) is
naturally omitted, but with no hiatus to indicate the speaker's
knowledge that it is absent. My authorities difPer very much as
to its presence. It seems decidedly used when (haB-) is employed
forjBh-).-
The other consonants have no peculiarity. There is for example
no use of (b n g) for (p t k), parallel to (v z) for (f s).
Vowels. The following gives the principal characters of the
vowels, for details see the various cwl. that follow.
A- IB often represented by (ie), reduced to ffa in tt'), and finally to (tt' ii), as in
name (nI em ifiam Nimn Ntt^m mim), or eke (^*8 ^ee)Ba (N^vm N^Bm veem) . The
former preyailB orer the m. and n. part of the district, (ii) being especially prevalent
in towns, e,ff, in Oloooester, and (e«) in rural districts.
A: yaries from (as) to (aS ah), but hardly reaches (a).
A' is normally (6a), whence ((i«, 6a^, but it varies.
^O and EG are nonnally (&f) not {ki </i), but this falls locally into (se'i v^i bb),
and sometimes into simple (te), and similarly for Fr. at. This (ki) sound is a very
, f o '" '^
strong mark of the w. forms oif S., but it is not peculiar to D 4.
r, in contrast to this clear (&»), has (x*!, a>'t) or (dt), which strangers hear as
(o'^ and write oy.
0 I generally hear as (o), but JGO. only hears it as (o| . The latter sound, being
the modem received form, is always ^ven me by people of education. But it is,
I think, a modernism or misap^redation.
O' is properly (uu), but occasionally (a) and rarely (a>), a sound of (a) with (aa)
ronning through it which I have heara only from Mr. Law in the words £Y :
439 TRSM, 0' 567 taidhvR, 687 iida>*n, U 604 za>mvR, 627 za>ndt, T 673 ma>t|,
17 804 DBa>qk'n, 0 •• 950 ZH>pp'B, and in no other words. JGO. has, however,
quite recently observed what I suppose is the same sound.
U is resukrly (a), but ^ere is a trace of M. (w) as fiur s. as Purton (4 nw.
Swindon, Wl.), see s. Mm line 2, p. 16.
U' is regfularly (a'M, qd'k) not (&tt, du).
In fframnuUieal eanstruction^ that which strikes a stranger most is
/ he for / am, the prefix («) hefore the past participle, as (a'ijv
adx'n) I)have a-done ; and the periphrastic form I do go for the
simple IgOy together with the curious use of the nominative for the
objective case, and sometimes the converse. Eemarkable survivals
are first («n^ for hiney the true ace. of he^ for which the dative
hdm is substituted in rec. sp. This (wi) is very widely spread in
the S. div., and is also used where it is said in received speech, on
account of the general use of he applied to inanimate objects ; and
secondly, in a small district of Sm. hereafter described as the Land
of Utchj the forms (at^ n^^pr) for the personal pronoun I, which in
old writers is the usual mark of our S. dialects. But these are
forms which cannot be more than alluded to. For vocabulary, see
the printed Glossaries, which, however, must generally be used
with great caution.
VaruUes. Over such an extensive tract of country there must
necessarily be many slight varieties, some of which are mentioned
in the preceding table of vowels. But I have not been able to
mark out any shEurply-defined varieties or subdistricts. I find it,
[ H76 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
44 THB MID SOUTHBRK. [D 4, Y L
however, necessary to draw attention to six different varieties or
forms, which, on account of the importance of this district, I
proceed to illustrate at considerable length.
y i. The Middle or Wl., tyi^ictl or standftrd fonn of D 4, of which three
phaaes are given, Chnstian Malford, Chippenham, and Tilaheed, tJl
nt)m TT. iniormation.
y ii. The Northern or 01. form.
y iii. The North-Westem or e. He. form.
y iy. The Soath-Eastem or Do. form.
y T. The land of Utch, or region of the continued old nae of (b^ k^') tm
the first personal pronoun.
y Ti. The South- Western or 8m. form.
Vak. i. The Middle or Typical Form in Wl.
Phase I. Christian Malford (11 nnw.Devizes), Wl.
Bey. Arthur Law, son of the RectOT, whoee curate he became (he is now rector
of Dauntse^, 4 nne. Christian Malfoxd), was bom there and liyed in constant
communication with the peasantir, entering heartily into their mode of si>eech,
which he acquired with remarkable accuracy and fluency. He wrote a yersion of
my cs. in io. and kindly came to London on two occasions (in 1874 and 1878) on
purpose to work it oyer with me yy. As this was the foundation of my knowledge
of D 4, 1 add the whole ce. aa he rewrote it, with additions, to giye it more of l£e
character of a Wl. peasant's speech. And as it departs so much from the original
in the Preliminary Matter, No. III. p. 7*, I add a stayishly literal interlinear trans-
lation. Some separate sentences written from his diet, are annexed with notes
andacwl.
0. wx't :djon sb'bvz noB)B dsfut,
why John has ne'er)a doubt. [The peasant would probably say,]
z)dhii want d)n^ii wx't :d|on bii zi zaasr'N ba'iit dhak)9B
dost)thou want to)knowwhy John be so certain about thick)e'er
dh£q, whV dhsn s't)l t£l)i.
thing, why then 1*11 teU)ye.
1. wal, wot hi IsBfm pEEftn] «t Vt vim, dh« gasr ztliz ? aa !
well, what be (you) laughing at I for, tiie great sillies ? ah
B)m«d) lae'af h^tfsdh on)i, »f)i ma'in ti#, «t)wat ^i d«)tEl)».
ye)mote s may) laugh both of) ye, if)ye mind to, at) what I do)tell)ye.
•a't d^)OTit kfiwr! t)Q«nt no odz t« a'l, n« naa*bBdt IbIs
I do) n't care ! it)i8)nt no odds to I, nor nobody else
9z)«^ndtfz on.
a8)I)lmow8 of.
2. t)wli)wit k»l)« toep bin [kwz] «)dB) Wvi aBt)OTi, s'i)
it)will)not kill)a chap being [because] ye)do) laugh at)him, I)
d«)lot)'n) ! t){)«nt k'ikU.
do)allot)him, it)iB)not likely.
[ 1476 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V i.] THE MID S0I7THERN. 45
8. wat sV bf gw6iii t«)TEl)i, «(wey*sb, bi TRua)«z ey«b ^i
what I be going to)teU)ye, however, be trae)a8 eyer I
wvB. bdaBBND. dh«B [dh^BJ nafu ! zb djEz bs'id ku^a't'Bt,
were bom. there now ! so just bide quiet,
vn Ist -x't sp^eBk.
and let I speak.
4. weI, s't hs!vBBi>)vm z4i, v^wewb, vd. zam)« dMt TSBt
wel, I heard) toem say, howerer, and Bome)of they very
yaak tu, 9z)zid^ft yrBm^dliB vas dhtsBZEL-yz, di)hdi' !
folk too, aa)see'a)it from)the first theirselyes, igh-high !
•dhset^i'jdfd thu naf —
that)I)<ud tnie enough —
5. dh«t^dh«)jEqgtiBt zan ♦ZE-If, «JgaBt hwoi «)iia'fn, niud)iz
that)the)yomig6Bt son his-self, a}great boy of)nine, knowed)his
TEEdhfiBz ydois 9z)ziiuiid)BZ sybb i)ba'iBBD)Bn, dihiu
father's Toice a8)80on)aa erer he)heard)him(ait), though
[dha'w] t)w«B zb) kom-»kBl) la't'k. laa blE8)i, t)wBB)z
it)were so) comical like. Lord ble88)ye, it)were)a8
skweeki va bssB'^li bz) B*y'B)kBd)bf, bat 'ii n4tid)'n,
squeak-y and bawl-y as) eTer)ooiild)be, but he knowed)him( nit),
TOi ii)'l speek dhB TBuuth aaB)« d6e» (dd»), a'«)l waaRN)tn
and he)*ll speak the truth e*er)a day, I*U) warrant)him
[wB&Bjnyym].
[warrant)himj.
6. VR dhV«l)d)wmOTi bbzeU, 'l)tBl Eni on)i, «z)8TEaB'ft
and the)ola)woman herself will)tell any of)ye, a8)straight
TOSBd Bz Eni dhEq, a'«Jl waaKin))«r, »f)*l 8Bk8)Br.
forward as any thing, I)*U warrant)her, if[you]'ll aBk)her
7. llBstwa'tz BB tEld •a'i WEn a'i SBkstjBE tuu)BE)DBii ta'tmz
leastways hertelled I when I aBked)Qer two)or)three times
aa'YBB, BB)diBd*, vn -zlm)d ndu, ii 2BB)wa. u'l, E't dB)lot^
oyer, her)did, and *she)would know, if e*er)one will, I do)allot}
OT, wat dB)dhEqk)on)t, at?
her, what do[jou]think)oQit, eh?
8. weI, BzV*)wBB)B)zdr»ii [zae'rin], «B)D)tEl)i WBr)BB
well, a8)I)were)a)8aying, her)would)tell)ye where)her
Ta'fiii dh»k)BB DBaxiVn bbs ez)BB di)k8e8B'Bl BB^Ezbtm.
found tbiB)ere drunken beast as)her do)call her)husband.
C 1477 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
46 THE MID oOUTHBRN. [D 4, V i.
9. daDld)tf)flK d*d)'nt tiil a'* bz BB^ziid)^!! brzeU. "'dhflE)
da8hed)if)her did)not tell I as her)8ee'd)him herself. <<*there)
i)wscB," «B)zBd, "iBd ds'im i)wBB wn)iz bEs klaaz on,
he) were,*' her)8aid, <*laid down he) were with)hiB best clothes on,
«z ttpsf vz wm)^ k«d)biiy «)ktidynt wseg tzs'lf noo a'n.
as tipsy as eTer)he coula)be, he)coula)not wag his-self no how.
«)w^R^kla8 ap «gtii dhB du«B)«)dhB s'tis «t)d]ii)kaBireB
he)were)clo6e np against the door)of)the house at)the)oomer
B)dlli 1^^.
oQthe lane.
10. 'B)wBE)B)b8B8B-lni sn')«^skM78e8e*hn, blEs)!, vBE)8Bl)dhi
he)were)a)bawling ana)a)8qaallingy bless)ye for)all)the
waBL la'tk)B z»k Wil «E)B)k8Bt B^mi6u«tm." «nW)
world like)a sick child or)a)cat ajmewing." ana)her)
sekst tau)BR)Dsii on)«m, bb zsd, «z)waBD)«NT thbi tsb
asked two)or)three of)them, her said, as)were)not yery &r
aaf, vn '^dbee Elpt aV Yat)mx ^Bm," «Ei)zEd, '^vn dh^t bBaat)
off, and ** tiiey helped I fetch)nim home," her)said, ** and they brought)
vn 8el «dhBRT)«8kirf'nt yaiuntSR .'pa'tks vn," bb zEd, "wbe
him all athwart)asquint fanner Pike's field," her said, ** where
a'f dB)ba'fd, wi dhaB dhB)lfef)«n."
I do)bide, and there they)Ieft)mm."
11. sen dheet [dbsk] waB, d)nEE'B? vz zbii)vnW dset^BB Iee
and that [thic] were, do[you]know P as she)and)ner daughter[in]law
kamd m dbuu dbi baak ji^BD, waE)BB btn B)8Bqtn a'ut
come'd in through the back yard, where)her [had] been a)hanging out
dhi klaaz t« DBa't.
the clothes to dry.
12. Bn)«R)wanted t« btra'tl dhi kit'l v«b tee. "»t gtd a'* ael)
and)her) wanted to boil the kettle for tea. ''it gire'd I all)
«v)b xaBN,*' «B ZEd, "wi micd a'* ztrEt vmim's ael aavoB.
of)a turn," her said, ''and made I sweat almost all oyer."
:btl id^iLvnz dbvB, B)Bd)B djuu'btlas dhaat on)m, tbb)q
Bill Jones there, he)had)a dubious thought of)him, for)he
tEld a'» ez)i)zidW Bba'wt vaVB «klo'k m dh)aBt-«mABn,
telled I as)he)Beed)him about four o'clock in the)aftemoon,
[ 1478 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V i.] THB MID SOUTHSBN. 47
«nM)wBB in4m voB'adtsh dhsn. «(d waakt p^BTi mdi zsb'm
aiia)he)were main forwardish then. he)d walked pretty nigh seven
ma!i*l «loq dhe Bhaad, OTi)i)waE)«z da'w8ti)sz evbr Eni
mile along the road, and)he)wer6)a8 da8ty)a8 eyer any
dhsq. a't nsvTm zid noo ziti dhEq *bv^«*k." laa blE8)i !
thing. I never see'd no such thing afore." Lord hle88)ye
t)w'B)« wireik «gdv* ksnn nsks dhamzdt, tm^BVTa'm zsymvB,
it)were)a week ago come next Thursday, ana)a)fine summer
8et«Bn^«n tuu, t)wvB.
afternoon too, it)were.
18. an^tsl)! wat! a'i n£v«B WioBd noo m^«B)«)dhfQs){CB
ana)tell)ye what! I never heard no more)of)thiB)here
d^ob ttl t« d6ei. VD.)fB)d{i)mit kivR waB)« duu «b naa,
job tall to-day ana)I)do)n't care whether)! do or no,
aa-Jlak)i !
ah)look)ye.
14. BnMli«B)a'» bi gt^oin ^«m t« bee)B bit « za)p-p*B, zi8)giid
ana)there)I bi going home to have)a bit of supper, so)^od
na'ft, Bn)du)fln)i bii sre kw?tk t« WvTjvtyB l^p vghn-
night, and)do)not)ye be so quick to laugh)at)a chap again,
WBn)«)d« tEl)i)B Eni dbsq.
when)he)do tell)ye)of any thing.
15. 9n)db8et)s eel a't got tB)z£L tu)t. gdd hsfu
and)that)i8 all I [have] got to)8ay to)it, good b*ye.
Kotea. The figures refer to the paragraphs of the above cs.
\* Perhaps thoughout (t d t| d| n 1) thould have been (t d tj, dj, n l).
2. Beinff (b«n) for heeaute la used by 7. She. Observe emphatic (*zhii) ;
older people. compare (*zhii svz)*n) 'she ha8)hiin with
4 and 13. Htardy this is the form («B)z)*got)*n) she's 'got him. — Know.
used by older people, see D 1, cwl. 301, This has its regular form, but the final
^'BpD) is the result of education. The (u) is dropped in (Vt du'n naa, *a't naa
(h) IS heard only when the word is nx'tft «ba'u*t)ttj I donH know, I know
emphatic, and is gentle even then. nought about it, and even the (a) is
o. Bawly, cats are said to (bseaB «1) changedinpar.ll(d)nsB?)<fo(yoM)A:>Mm7.
in n.Wl. 10. Athwart^ by itself, means across
6. in (s'wljd)«m*mi) old woman the d a field at right angles to its sides,
separates from the i\\ and is made part f«dh«RT mktrint) athwart asquint, is
of the next word ; (a) is dropped in (bb oiagonally, from one comer straight to
bi WBi, a'ttl) M# b$ very old. the next but one.
[ 1479 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
48 THE MID S0X7THERK. [D4, Vi.
Phrases and sentences originally heard from peasants, and dictated
by Rev. A. Law.
1. (ma!i hsd bi«t la'tk* DBs'tsh'lz ig)gw&m\ my head beat like
flails a-going.
2. (dtf)'nt)i i&uut ta'iiBBDz dh« ha'uz'n), don't ye shoot towards
the houses.
8. (tc hee)B btt on)t), to have a bit of )it.
4. (i)w'K B)tj8Bmptn «t •a'i), he was chaffing at me.
5. (i did DBxu iz hsd bsk vn kMk'ld), he did throw his head back
and gargled.
6. (blB8)iin ! tt)s « hafid mset'B tB ksnn apzs'idz wiysn), bless
him ! it's a hard matter to come upsides [right way up]
with him.
7. (i)z nee-tli ka'wl), he's naturally cold.
8. (« peen a'i hsed 9dhx*B*T dh« sm^z), a pain I had across the
sinews.
9. (a'i)l tEl)i ^u « wBz saaRn), I'll tell)ye how I was served.
10. (i)z got t« vodfiB dh« bbs), he has to fodder the beasts [homed
cattle],
11. (dhfiB)z)« p8Bs'1)b Itt'l odztz), there's a parcel of little odds
and ends.
12. (*zhii heevz b vbb» gdd)Bn), she has a very good one.
13. (go so'lid, a'tl mivk in;kWtree*8h'n), go quickly, I'll make
inquiries.
14. (i)z vwM* b«d na'i'tBmz), he's very bad night-times.
15. (<Ui8Bt)8 thv ma'm on)Bm), that's the mind [intention, bent of
mind] of them.
16. (vfi dhaat s't)shBd)B da'id fn)dhB na'tt), I thought I should
have died in the night.
17. (ha'wld^n ta'it), hold him ti^t.
18. (wsn)«n) «na-dh'Bo, tuu)Bn)B t)a)dhvB), one and another, two
and a t'other.
19. (dA«n)98? wat)«d? ■'i, JEn)tt?) don't us -we? what
should ? aye, is')n't it ?
20. (s'i bi zaBttn zhauBB ; Vl)^i)Y vdsD-n), I am certain sure ; till
I've done.
21. (uB miiviR UBB dhl«s), no more than this.
22. (t)hi)nt UB odz tB Jia'tf), it is not no odds to you, it is no
business of yours.
23. (ba't dhB zim on)t), by the seem [appearance] of it.
24. (dh8ek)8 a'w a!i spEl fa'tv), that's how I spell five.
[ 1480 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V i.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 49
Christian Malfoed cwl.
Containing the words from the preceding examples and some others given me by
Mr. Law. Probably all the (t d tj d| sh n 1 r) should be (t d T| d^ «h n l s)
See supr^ p. 23.
I. Wessei and Norse.
A- 1 zv. 6 mtBk. 6 m/vd. 8 tB hee [to haTel. 17 Ibb [the older sound
was (laa), and Mr. Law himself, who used to oe called (laa], is now called (Iss)].
21 n/Bm. — fa'tB [fare]. 34 Ix'sst. A: — saniU [saddle]. 39 kamd
[comeMI. — zsn [sand]. 49 aqtn [hanging]. 54 want. 56 w^ish.
— IwBt [cat].
A: or 0: 68 vnmi [weak form]. 60 Blo-q [along]. 64 roq [generally, occ.
(raq)]. A'- 67 giv6in [goingt. 69 naa noo no. 72 hiiuii [when standing
alone, otherwise (uu)j. 73 zi zs [weak forms]. 74 tuu. 77 laa [for I^rd ! is
an exclamation]. 79 a'fm. 81 l/«n. 84 mi«BR. 87 klaaz. 89 biiUBdh.
92 n&u, [but (d)nsE) do you know?]. 94 kita'u. A': 102 seks aekst. 104
Bhaad. 107 IM. — zhroov [shrove]. Ill aat. 113 HiiuBl [A half sounded].
115 um. 120 ngtn,
M' 138 TBidhv. 144 vg/BU. 146 m&in. 148 f&iB [see 709 and 887].
160 1/Bst wa'iz [least wise], 163 zeet^Bdi. — wbb [whether]. — pBBti
[pretty, tolerablyj. 'JS: 164 beek. — Bd [had, weak form]. — ztcd rsadl.
158 ffitBB. 169 heevz. 161 d6ei [seldom (d&i)J. 162 tsd^i [to-day]. 166 zEd.
166. m&id [a little girl, see 768J. 169 wB*n ['* not quite a dissyUable" and]
WBn. 173 waB [were, was]. 174 a'ishBU TBii ["always with (bu) *']. 177 dhaet
[also (dh»k)]. 179 wot wat.
M' 187 1/Bf Reft, did leave]. — zili [silly]. 194 Bni. 196 wotbd)'nt
[were not]. 198 ist. ^': 206 DBEd. 208 evbb, aeB)Bn [e*er a one], aaR)B
e'er a]. 209 ub'vbb bob [never a1. 213 s'tdhsB. 214 nx'tdhBB. 220
zhipBBD. 221 vt'B. 223 dhaB, dhrB. 224 whb. 226 vlash. 226 BmiiB's
[almost]. 227 wB'Bt[** not quite a dissyllable**]. 228 z«?Bt. 230 vat.
E- 231 dhidhBdh-. 233 sp6eBk. 236 v6bvbb. 239 z&tlBR [sailor]. 244 wal.
— tElD rteU'd]. — zhiBB Tshearl. 261 meet. 262 kit*l. E: — vat
vxt| [fetch]. 266 BTBBt|. 268 zb^- ^^^ iBdPlaid]. 261 z&i z&t'in zae'ttn
fsayin] 263 bw&i-. 266 sroae'tt. — v^bI [field]. 269 zElf izalf BBZE-lf
ohsBZE-lvz [self himself herself themselves]. 271 tBl. 272 BlmBU TBii [*' always
with (bu) **J. — Mb [else]. — slpt [helped]. — zil [sell]. 278 WEntj [a
marriageable nrl, see 768]. 281 lEqth. — vrssh [freshl. 284 DBEsh [see alter
736]. — Bdhx'Bt [Bthwart, across from side to side, (Bdna'Bt, Bsktrtnt) athwart
asquint, diagonally from one comer to the next but one]. — vE'stBB [fester].
— bBS [best]. E*- 289 i [weak]. 290 ii, b, * [(B)ad, *d) he had, weak
form]. 297 velBB. 298 vfBld [felt]. 302 miti. £': 307 na't. 312 ien,
313 haBk. 314 ha'iBD [older people]. — blBs [bless]. — ta'it [tight].
316 nmks.
EA- — shiiv [shave]. — vsbIb voIb [fallow]. 320 kSiBB. EA: 322
IsBf Iseftn iBEfin [laughmg]. 326 waaki [walked]. 326 a'ul-d. 328 ka'til.
329 v6obI. 330 tB ha'uld [(b hoolt) subs.] 333 kie'Bf. 334 hac'Bf. 336 sel.
336 v»'b1. 338 kffiffl'Bl. — zae't [salt! — sh/BB [share]. 340 ji&bd.
— voBB [farrow]. EA'- — zhBEd [shread]. 347 hsd. 348 a'i-z. 349
▼is'tf. EA': 364 zhhrf . 366 liBf . 367 dh&M dha'w. 369 na'ibBB. — Bg/sn
[against]. 364 tjsep. 366 gaBt. 367 DBBt.
£1- 372 &i. 373 dh&i £iee. £1: 378 w6eBk. EO- 383 zEb*m.
387 nia'wz [news]. EO: 390 zhiid. — ztlv*B. — vaBmBB [farmer].
402 laBN . 403 vbb. 407 vaadin. — zistBB [sister J. 408 nkttd [made weak
from (n&t<) know]. EO*- — vBii [free]. 411 DRii. 412 zhii. 414 vla'i.
— shunt [shoot]. 420 va'wBB. 421 v&BBxi. EO*: 422 zik. 426 va'tt.
427 bin [beings because]. 428 zid [8ee*d]. 430 vrbu. 434 b/ot. 436 jau
inot used], 436 tbuu. — DBa'M [threw J. 437 TBUuth. EY- 438 da'i.
2Y: 439 TBa)S.
I- 440 wttBk. 441 zi*v. 443 vra'td^. 446 na'tn. — tn, Bn [him, old
S.S. Pron. Part V. [ 1481 J 95
Digitized by LjOOQIC
40
TH£ MID SOUTHERN.
[D 4, Introd.
•fry
full
•front/ 8
frort V MDWS
frt)th V DW8
•frmt/MS
.IvMDWS
•fuller 8b. /S,vM
fumble/D, vW, tfS
•fimeral/D
•furbish v 8
•furl V 8
furlong V 8
furlot^ V 8
•fumaoe/MS
furrow f» DW8
furthers 8
furze 9 DW8
•fuBty/DS, #W
•physic / M
•physician /M
F Fdtai.
(o means not pronounced.)
•baiMo8
calf /:DW, V 8
half/DW, r8
•handkercluef o 8
herself 0 8
himself 0 8
leaf/DW, i>8
life/DW, i> 8
loaf/DW, i>8
•plamtiffo 8
roof/DW, * 8
rfieaf/DW, V 8
turf (tHr^8
wife/Dw, i?8
6H Fekal.
cough/ 8
dough (occ.)/8
enough o 8
plough 0 8
slough o/8
though/ 8
through 0 8
tough/S
trough 0 8
S Inttiax.
(bbs, S, beforeA/mnoM
except as below.)
•sabbath t D
sack z DW8
•sacrament « D
sad s MW8, § D
saddle « DWS
•safe « M, « W
•sagne « D « W8
said « MDW8
sail^M
sailor iJ>,s W8
•saint mM
sale z DW8
sallows 8
salt s MDW8
sandsDW8
saps MS
sate 8
Saturday z MDWS
•sare « M
I saw s DS
asaw« 8
say z MDW
scrape s D
sea • D, s M
sedges DWS
see z MDWS
seed sb. z MS
seeksM
seem « D, s WS
•segments 8
self s MDWS
sell z MDWS
sends M
•sentence § M
•sergeant « M
•sermon « M
•servant « D
•serve «MW
•sessions a D
sets MDWS
settlesS
serensMDWS
sew vb. s DWS
sick s MDWS
side s MDWS
siere s DWS
sifts DWS
sigh « D, s WS
sight s M
silver s MDWS
•simple t M
sins M
since « D, s WS
sinews 8
sing s MDWS
•single s MD, s WS
sinks DWS
sip « D, s WS
•mr « D, s 8
sister « D, s MW8
sits 8
•sites 8
six s MDWS
•sire t DWS
[ 1472 3
sketch « D, s 8 [(zki^)
almost two syllables]
skill « D
slack «M
slays M
sleeps M
sly«M
small i M
smell «M
smith « M
snail t M
snowsM
sosMW
sobsM
•sober « M
softsM
soldsM
somesDMW
son« D
songsM
soonsMW
sooth sM
sorrows M
•sort* 8
souffht s M
soulsM
sour sM
souths M
•sovereign t W
BOW vb. s M
sparrow t M
spring* D
string* D
•subfle t M
suchsMW
sucks M
•suffer s MD
•sugar f A 8
sul (plouffh) s M
•sum* MD
summer sMW
sunsMD
Sunday s M
•sup «M
•supper s W
•sure zh W, th 8
•sustain «M
swallow s M
swears M
sweat sMW
sweep sM
sweets M
swiftsM
swine sM
sword s M
SH Initial.
share (part) zh DW
share (of a plough) zhzhS
shave sk D W , th th S
shesAW
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, Intbod.]
THB MID SOUTHEBN.
41
sheaf th J>,MhW,zhthQ
shear sh D, tA W, sA «A S
shepherd zh W
shoot «AW
should sA W
shred th D, sA WS
shrew sA S
shriek «A D, sA S
shrimp «A D, cA S
shrink «A D, sA S
shriTel «A D, cA S
shroud t A D, tA W
shrove tA D, tA W
shrub th D, cA WS
shrugs S
TH Initial.
thatch V S
thick M S as distingmshed
from (dhik) this
ihiefMS
thioM S
thing ^AW
thirsty <MW
thistle <fS
though (dh6fi) dh W,
(thAAfWAS
thr- dr WS, not M who
has >r.
th- ifA S except in the
aboYe cases
TH Final.
sheath/ S
moth/S
cloth/ 8
tooth/ 8
V iFTriAL.
•value / 8 (f ali) [common]
•variety© M
•veal dh 8 (dhi'vl) [some-
times]
•venial vM
•venom p M
•very dh 8
•vesnnents v M
•vetches dh 8 (dha^)
•vice V M
•victuab / 8 (firt'lz)
[common]
•vilevM
•village/ 8 (fi«-l»dj) [com-
mon]
•villain v M
•vouch dh 8 (common)
V Final.
(o means omitted.)
above o 8 (sbuu*)
cleave (klii)/ 8
curve b 8
S'veo 8
ive 0 8
heave/ 8
leave/ 8
lieve/o 8
•serve (earn wages) o 8
themselves o 8
valve ryalb) b 8
-ive 0 8 [ s= (i, if) never (iv)
common in: expensive
abusive native laxative
active destructive de-
ceptive
(b). The most important character of the S. dial., the reverted
or retracted (b, r^), is, as has heen mentioiied, not confined to this
district, hut spreads more or less strongly over the whole S. div.
Its nature was explained supii, p. 23, together with the way in
which it affects a subsequent t, d, r, /, n, which were probably
originally reverted. But I think, although I have not been able to
venfy the conjecture, except by private trial, that it also affects (sh,
zh ; til, dh), converting them into («h, «h ; xh, nh). In this case («h,
%h) would be spoken with the tongue quite turned back, a true
" cerebral" (sh, zh), and in (xh, nh) the under part of the tongue
tip would be brought against the teeth. The («h, zhj would occur
in the diphthongs (ij, nj), or (x«h, iwh), in place of the ordinary
(tj, dj). These forms would probably arise from the convenience
of the tongue remaining in its reverted condition. The most
doubtful are (xh, nh), because we do not find thr- initial, that is,
(nlrn-), but the easier dr- fna-). The (ij, ni) are however almost
necessary in such combinations as hurenard (haBijtsBD) for Richard
and orchard, and hwrdge (baBDjh), bridge. Ajid in the same way it
would be easier to say (sBxh, waBnht^ earth, worthy, than (anth,
waBdht), the last word usually omits the (b). In process of
time, however, especially as the dialect advances eastwards, the
actual reversion ceases, and the effect is pretty well produced
by retracting the tongue, and arching its back so as to allow
a hollow to exist behind the raised tip and the raised back of the
tongue. Towards the w. and n. of the district there seems to my
ear to be no such retractive tendency. JGG., however, regards re-
traction as the typical formation. In the £. div. we shall find (truu,
triid) tiuough, thread, which probably point to an original but
[ H73 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
42 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, Intbod.
now lost (TBhno, tbIisd). This retraction accompanied with
hollowing is further refined hy omitting the hollowing, so that we
have merely a raised tip of the tongue, producing the coronal
English (t d r 1 n), etc., which are so distinct from the continental
(t ^d r 1 ^n) that they must evidently have had a different genesis.
We shall meet with (^t) before ( r) in the M. and N. div. Now the
English coronal form was the only one acknowledged by Mr. Gupta
(Part rV. 1096 b', 1137 c') for Indian pronunciation of the Sanscrit
cerebrals, so that the same refining system has gone on in both
countries, but in our own dialects we have all the stages (b r^ r, t
t, t) now coexistent. This (b) is constantly flated when initial, and
often transposed with an (h) prefixed, as (hand, hxBir), red, run,
from (BhBD, BhaN).
Another ver^ important character of this (b) is its amalgamation
with a precedmg vowel. In fact, it seems to give a new series of
vowels (a A a^ A|5> ^^m ^^^ ^^^n (iin eeg, ua^). With regard to the
first, it was a great difficulty with me how I was to represent such
words as h^, bum, and for some time I thought that they had
merely vocal ('Bq), thus (h's^ b^B^n), but I latterly came to the
conclusion that there was a preceding vowel followed by an amalga-
mation of the vowel with x+aa (bV What that vowel really was,
however, I found so difficult to oetermine, that I finally adopted
different hypotheses as I heard different speakers. I have used
(ar, OB, bb), and JGG. writes («b, wbb). But latterly I have
fallen back on (an) accented, and (m^ unaccented, whether rightly
or not I cannot Qnite make out. With this explanation, however,
this sign will suffice, and it must be left to actual audition during
a long period and with many speakers, for good phonetists to
determine the best representative of the actual sound. I have not
met with any instance in D 4 and 5 of the introduction of an (b)
after a vowel which was not justified by the orthography, but in
D 10 and 11 there seem to be some cases, there to be noted.
With regard to the complete series of sounds (t n ir b l), etc., it
was only on the close of a second revision of his wl. taken from his
stepmother, that JGG. (all^ough he had been familiar with Wl.
dialect from childhood) recognised that they invariably took the
place in her pronunciation of the usual (t d n r 1), etc., just as
these in English and in the pron. of continental languages by
Englishmen invariably replace the continental (^t ^d ^n ^r J), etc.
For mvself I had not observed it, although it seems to me most
probable. In JGG.'s Chippenham wl. and spec, therefore the
complete substitution is made, but as in those specimens which I
took down from native speakers, I only detected (b), and the other
letters when juxtaposed, and therefore as it seemed to me assimi-
lated, I have thought it best to retain what I wrote from their
diet., although I have now, in the course of many years, oome to
the conclusion that my former appreciation was probably erroneous
and ought to be amended in this direction throughout. And the
same is probably the case for my (sh zh i^ dj), which in the S.
div. should prob. be («h idi i| nj). The final (n) is frequently lost
[ 1474 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, Intbod.] the mid southern. 43
alter (l, n). The ending of the present participle, modem -ing^ was
ancient -ande^ hence the (-vn, -iv) now heard, really arises from
the omission of (n) after (n), and not from the use of (n) for (q).
(h). In D 4 and 5, as well as in almost all our dicdects, (h) is
naturally omitted, but with no hiatus to indicate the speaker's
knowledge that it is absent. My authorities difPer very much as
to its presence. It seems decidedly used when (ban-) is employed
for (Bh-);
Ijbe other consonants haye no peculiarity. There is for example
no use of (b n g) for (p t k), parallel to (v z) for (f s).
VoweU, The following gives the principal characters of the
vowels, for details see the various cwl. that follow.
A- 18 often represented by (ie), reduced to (fa fv it*), and finally to {ii^ ii), as in
name (idem iflom Mlmn vii^m mim), or else (i^9 Hee)9A (N^vm N^Bm N^m). The
former prevails oyer the m. and n. part of the district, (ii) being especially preyalent
in towns, e.g, in Gloooester, and (e«) in rural districts.
A: yaries from (s) to (aS ah), but hardly reaches (a).
A' is normally (6a), whence (6v, tia), bnt it yaiies.
JEG and EG are normally (&f) not (a'i di)^ but this falls locaUy into (ee't s't bb),
and sometimes into simple («0), and similarly for Fr. at. This (&$) sound is a very
strong mark of the w. forms of S., but it is not peculiar to D 4.
r, in contrast to this dear (it), has (a'i, oo't) or (di), which strangers hear as
(o'f) and write oy.
0 I eeneraUy hear as (o), bnt JGG. only hears it as (o^ . The latter sound, being
the modem received form, is always ^yen me by people of education. But it is,
I think, a modernism or misapj^reciation.
0' is properly (uu), but occasionally (s^ and rarely (»), a sound of (s) with (aa)
ronning through it which I have heard only from Mr. Law in the words £T :
439 TRIM, 0' 667 ta>dhvR, 687 «da>'n, U 604 za>m«R, 627 za)ndi, T 673 ma)t|,
U 804 Dsa>qk*n, 0 •• 960 za)pp'B, and in no other words. JGG. has, however,
quite recently observed what I suppose is the same sound.
U is regularly (a), but there is a trace of M. (m) as far s. as Purton (4 nw.
Swindon, Wl.), see s. aSihn line 2, p. 16.
XJ' is regularly (a'M, qo'm) not (&tf, du).
In gramfnatiedl eonstruetum, that which strikes a stranger most is
/ he for / am^ the prefix («) before the past participle, as (a'i;v
ada'n) I)have a-done ; and the periphrastic form I do go for the
simple Igo^ together with the curious use of the nominative for the
objective case, and sometimes the converse. Eemarkable survivals
are first («nj for hine, the true ace. of he, for which the dative
him is substituted in rec. sp. This («n) is very widely spread in
the S. div., and is also used where it is said in received speech, on
account of the general use of he applied to inanimate objects ; and
secondly, in a small district of Sm. hereafter described as the Land
of Uteh, the forms (at^ st^') for the personal pronoun I, which in
old writers is the usual mark of our S. dialects. But these are
forms which cannot be more than alluded to. For vocabulary, see
the printed Glossaries, which, however, must generally be used
with great caution.
Varietiet. Over such an extensive tract of country there must
necessarily be many slight varieties, some of which are mentioned
in the preceding table of vowels. But I have not been able to
mark out any sharply-defined varieties or subdistricts. I find it,
[ H76 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
44 THB MID SOUTHERN. [D4, VL
however, necessary to draw attention to six different yarieties or
forms, which, on account of the importance of this district, I
proceed to illustrate at considerable length.
y i. The Middle or Wl., typical or standard form of D 4, of which three
phases are giyen, Chnstian Malf ord, Chippenham, and Tilshead, all
nrom yt. inrormation.
y ii. The Northern or Gl. form.
y iii. The North-Westem or e. He. form.
y iY. The Sonth-Eastem or Do. form.
y Y. The land of Utch, or region of the continued old nae of (s^ ct^ii') for
the first personal pronoun.
y Yi. The South- Western or Sm. form.
Vab. i. The Middle or Typical Form in Wl.
Phase I. ChrUtian Malford (11 nnw.Devizes), Wl.
BeY. Arthur Law, son of the Rector, whose curate he became (he is now rector
of Dauntsey, 4 nne. Christian Malfoid), was bom there and lived in constant
communication with the peasantnr, entering heartily into their mode of si)eech,
which he acquired with remarkable accuracy and fluency. He wrote a Yersion of
my cs. in io. and kindly came to London on two occasions (in 1874 and 1878) on
purpose to work it oYer with me yy. As this was the foundation of my knowledge
of I) 4, 1 add the whole cs. as he rewrote it, with additions, to give it more of the
character of a Wl. peasant's speech. And as it departs so much from the original
in the Preliminary Matter, No. III. p. 7*, I add a slaYishly literal interlinear trans-
lation. Some separate sentenoes written from his diet, are annexed with notes
and a cwl.
0. wa'f :djon 8b'«vz noK)B da'ut.
why John has ne*er)a doubt. [The peasant would probably say,]
z)dhii want d)ndi« wa't :djon bii zi zaasr^N ba'tft dhak)«B
do6t)thou want to)knowwhy John be so certain about thick)e*er
dh£q, waV dhsn v!%)\ tEl)i.
thing, why then Til tell)ye.
1^ wal, wot bf leeftn [IsEfm] vt '^% ybb, dhti gaiBT zt hz ? aa !
well, what be (you) laughing at I for, the great sillies P ah
«)m«d) lae'af b^fisdh on)i, ff)i ma'in tii, «t)wat i'* dB)tEl)f.
ye)mote s may) laugh both of)ye, if)ye mind to, at) what I do)tell)ye.
Vt d^)9nt kfivr! t)Qvnt no odz t9 Vt, nv naa'bBd» Ma
I do)n't care ! it)is)nt no odds to X, nor nobody else
«z)ii^n£i«z on.
as)I)lmow8 of.
2. t)wli)OTit kil)ti toep bin [kwz] «)dti) lee'rf aBt)«n, a'i)
it)will)not kill)a chap being [because] ye)do) laugh at)him, I)
dB)lot)'n) ! t){)wit k'ikU.
do)allot)him, it)i8)not likely.
[ 1476 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V i.] THE MID SOTTTHERN. 45
8. wat aV hi gw6m tB)TEl)i, «(wev»b, bi tbuu)bz ev«r a:'*
what I be going to)tell)ye, howeTer, be trae)a8 erer I
W9R b^«Bm>. dhBR [dlit'B] nafu I zb dpz ba'td kt^i'Bt,
were born. there now ! so just bide quiet,
«n 1st Vf Bp^esk.
and let I speak.
4. weI, a'f ha'fBBDjmn z^, «;wetbr, «n zam)« dlid* TaK»
wel, I heard) tnem say, howerer, and eome)of they very
Taak tti, Bz^zid^it yrem^dliti txb dhQBZ£L*yz, di)hdi' I
folk too, a8)8ee'a)it from)the first theirselTes, igh-high!
•dh8Bt^i)dfd TBU naf —
that)I)<ud tnie enough —
5. dli«tJdhB)jEqgt8t zan tzE'lf, B^gaBt bwoi B)iia'tii, n^ttd)fz
that)the)youngest son his-self, a)great boy ol)nine, knowed)hi8
TEBdhvBz yiiois vz)zxiuiid)BZ etve i)lia'fBBD)«n, dh&ti
father's Tdce as)soon)a8 ever he)heard)him(sit), though
[dha'tt] t)wBE zb) kom'»k«l) la'tk. laa blEs)!, t^wT5E)z
it)were so) comical like. Lord ble88)ye, it)were)as
BkwMld «n beese'^U vz) E'v'E)kvd)bf, bat *ii nAiid)'n,
aqueak-y and bawl-y as) eTer)could)be, but he knowed)him(Bit),
«n ii)'l speek dbE iBuuth aaE)ti d6e» (diii), a't)! waaEN)tii
and he)'ll speak the truth e*er)a day, Fll) warrant)him
rwaaEin))Bii].
[warrant)himj.
6. «n dliVwl)d)wmOTi «ezeH, 'l)tEl Eni on)!, Bz)8TBfleVt
and the)ola)woman herself will)tell any of)ye, a8)Btraight
TOB«d vz Eni dh£q, a'ljl waaBND)Br, •f)'l 8BkB)vr.
forward as any thing, I)*U warrant)her, if[you]'ll ask)her
7. Usstwa'tz BE tEld •a'i wsn a'i aekstjBE tuu)BB)DEii ta'tmz
leastways hertelled I when I a8ked)Qer two)or)three times
BA'yvR, «E)di^', «n *zlm)d niUy tf 8eE)ini u'l, e'i dv)lot)
orer, her)did, and '8he)would know, if e*er)one will, I do)allot)
wr, wat d«)dliEqk)on)t, a«?
her, what do|jou]think)oQit, eh?
8. weI, tizVV)wTOi)B)zdrm [z©'f*m], «E)D)tElM ^^81)^1
well, as)I)were)a)8aying, her)woula)tell)ye where)her
y^tm dhtk)«E DEaxik'n btos ez)BE di)k8e8B'«l OE^Ezlmn.
found thi9)ere drunken beast as)her do)call her)husband.
C 1«7 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
46 THE MID 60UTHERN. [D4, Vi.
9. diBld)*f)«K d»d)'iit tEl a'» «z «K)ziid)wi ^bzbII. "'dhBE^
clashea)if)her did)not tell I as lier)8ee*d)hixn herself. "-there)
i)waK," BB)zBd, "led da'ua i)wBB wii)iz bss klaaz on,
he) were/' her)8aidy <*laid down he) were with)hi8 best clothes on,
«z ttpst vz evbe)« kBd)bii, «)kiidViit W8Bg »zE'lf noo ac'i*.
as tipsy as eTer)he could)be, he)could)not wag his-self no how.
v)wi3B^kla8 sp vgi-n dhs du«E)v)dliti v!us vt)d}d)kassvR
he)were)clo86 np against the door)of)the house at)the)coimer
B)dhi 1^^.
o^the lane.
10. B)w«B)B)b8B8B'lfh «n')Bj8ktr8B8B*ltll, blES)i, TBE)8Bl)dhi
he)were)a)bawling ana)a)sqnalling, ble88)ye for)all)the
waBL la'»k)ti z»k tja'il BB)B)k8Bt «)mi6uBt»n." wiW)
world like)a sick child or)a)cat a)mewing.*' ana) her)
fiekst tuu)BE)DEii on)Bm, be zEd, «z)waED)Birr vaE« vas
asked two)or)tnree of)them, her said, a8)w6re)not yery far
aaf, Bn "dhee Elpt a» vatW ^wn," BE)zBd, "«n dhii bEaat)
off, and '* they helped I fetch)Dim home/* her)Baidy ''and they brought)
vn 8b1 BdhBET)BBkM?t*nt vaBin«E :pa:'»ks vt*!," be zEd, **wbe
him all athwart)a8quint farmer Pike's field," her said, " where
a't dB)ba'»d, vn dhaE dhflJlhrfW."
I do)bide, and there they)left)him."
11. sen dhset [dbEk] wse, d)nEE'«? vz zbii)Bn^aE d8et*BE Iee
and that [thic] were, do[you]know ? as she)and)ner daughter[in]law
kamd m deuu dhi baek jUbd, waE)BE btn B)8BqtiL sfut
come'd in through the back yard, where)her [had] been a)hanging out
dhi klaaz t« HBaft,
the clothes to dry.
12. OTi)BE)wanted t« btra'il dhi kit'l vbe tee. "rt g»d a'» 8el)
and)her) wanted to boil the kettle for tea. "it giye'd I all)
bt)b TaBN," BE ZEd, "Bn mbd a'» ztrEt Bm^B's eel aavBE.
of)a turn," her said, "and made I sweat almost all oyer."
:b*l idjABiiz dhBE, B)Bd)B djtiwbtlas dbaat on)m, vbe)b
Bill Jones there, he)had)a dubious thought of)him, for)he
tEld a't ez)i)zidW Bba'wt vaVE Bklo'k tn dh)8Bt*Brn^Bn,
telled I a8)he)8eed)him about four o'clock in the)aftemoon,
[ H78 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D4,Vi.]
THE MID SOUTHERN.
47
«nM)wBB mdin voK'adish dhEn. «(d waakt pBH-w nsi't zEb'm
ana)he)were main forwardish then. he)d walked pretty nigh seven
ma't'l «lo*q dhe Bliaad, «n)i)waB)Bz dafustiyBz bwr sni
mile along the road, and)he)were)fis dasty)a8 ever any
dlpq. vfi nsTOK zid noo ziiz dihsq vv^q-r." laa blEs)i !
thing. I never see'd no such thing afore.'* Lord blee8)ye
t)w'R)9 wirok «g&B* kzm iiEks dhaRzdt, vn^Vya'm zsomsB,
it)were)a week ago oome next Thursday, and)a)fine summer
set«sn^9n tuu, t)wBR.
afternoon too, it)were.
13. an^t£l)i wat!
ana)tell)ye what!
^ob t»l t« deei.
job till to-day
x'i hewr ha'i'BRd noo in^9R)9)dhb8)tcR
I never heard no more)of)thi8)here
vn.ya)d{i)vnt kfvR wm^s dua br naa,
ana)I)do)n't care whether)! do or no.
aa'^Isk)« !
ah)iook)ye.
14. «ii^dli«R)a'« bi gtroiii itvm t9 bee)e btt « zs)p*p'R, zi3)giid
ana)there)I bi going home to have)a bit of supper, so)good
na'tt, «n)du)Bn)i bii zn kwilL t« l8B'Bf)Bt)B l^p Bgfen*
night, and)do)not)ye be so quick to laugh)at)a chap again,
WEii)B)dQ tEl)i)v En» dhsq.
when)he)do tell)ye)of any thing.
16. 'Bn)db8et)s 8b1 a't got t«)zai tw)t. giid Wi.
and)that)iB all I [have] got to)8ay to)it, good b'ye.
Xote$. The figures refer to the paragraphs of the above cs.
Perhaps thoughout (t d ^ d^ n 1) thould have been (t d t|, d|, n l).
2. Beinff (btn) for bteaute is used by
older people.
4 and 13. Heard, this is the form
used bv older people, see D 1, cwl. 301,
^*BpD) is the result of education. The
(h) IS heard only when the word is
emphatic, and is gentle even then.
6. Baxoly, cats are said to (bse® «1)
inn.Wl.
6. in (s'tfljd)i«m*Bn) old woman the d
separates from the (Ij and is made part
of the next word ; (a) is dropped in (bb
bi wnt, s'mI) she be very old.
7. She, Observe emphatic (-zhii);
compare ('zhii 8evz)*n) *she has}him with
(yBJzJ 'goQ'n) she's 'got him. — Know.
This nas its regular form, but the final
(tf) is dropped in (Vt du'n naa, *a'f naa
na'tft Bba'f«*t)it] I don't know, I know
nought about it, and even the (a) is
changed inpar. 11 (d)nBB?)<^(yoM)^fu>t^.
10. Athwart, by itself, means across
a field at right angles to its sides,
fBdhBBT Bskirint) athwart asquint, is
oiagonallv, from one comer straight to
the next out one.
[ 1*79 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
38
THE MID SOUTHERN.
[D if Iktbod.
It will be neoeasarily impossible to ave all the information receiTed from so
many places. My best help has come &om Christian Malford, Chippenham, and
Tilsh^id, and as n. Wl. seems the most typical form of D 4 = w.MS., Isnall examine
this part of the district at great length. The nse of these numerous sources of
information is necessarily to shew the continued preyalence or the change of any
form of speech. Indeed without this large body of eyidenoe, it would haye been
totally impossible to ma]^ out the district eyen roughly with any degree of acciuracy.
Hence my inyestigation is greatly indebted to those who haye furnished some clue
to the preyalent speech sounds, eyen when it manifestly became impossible to giye
their communicationB at length.
Character.
Consonants (f t, s z). The conspicuous feature of D 4, which
most strikes the visitor from any other part of England, is the use
of (v, z) initial in place of (f, s). But undoubtedly for Ws. words
(v, z) were the original forms, just as to this day (z) initial is the
received form in Dutch where % is written, and High German
where f is written in German. In both, however, the pron. when
no vowel or voiced consonant precedes is (sz-), thus High German
sie sehen is (szi zee-mi) they see. The (f, s) are later developments,
md seem to have been introduced by the Normans, for as a general
rule, to which even at this late period there are very few excep-
tions, and those chiefly in words familiar to particular districts,
" "Ws. words have (v, z), and Romance have (f, s)." This custom
once prevailed over the whole s. of England from Ke. to Dv. It
has idtogether disappeared in Ke. and Ss., and has almost dis*
appeared in Ha. and Be. But it is rarely lost in D 4, and in D 10,
12. In order to test the prevalence of the rule just given, I
examined all the words in question in Dan MichePs Ayenhite, which
is in Kentish of the xivth centuiy, and the words in Mr. Elworthy's
lists attached to his Dialect of JTest Somersetshire^ and then I sent
lists of most of them to Rev. W. Barnes for Do., and Bev. A. Law
for Wl., requesting them to mark the words for (f v, s z, sh zh, th
db), etc. The result is given in the following table, where the
words in usual spelling are arranged in alphabetical order under
appropriate headings, and against each word is written the sound
of the letter used, /, c;, «, s, etc., or vfy %s, when sometimes one
letter and sometimes the other is heard, adding M for Dan Michel
for Ke. in nvth century, D for Do., W for Wl., and S. for w.Sm.,
in the order from e. to w. An * points out Fr. or Bomanoe words.
F INITIAL.
•fable/ DS
•face/DS,f;W
♦facia/ 8
♦fact/DWS
♦factory /DS
♦fade/S
fagvS
♦fail/MDWS
fain adj. /S
♦faint /S
fair adj. /DWS,
♦fairs./DS
i^M
♦faith/ 8
faU yb. V MDWS
faUsb./D
fallow V DWS
♦false/DS, i>M, r/W
♦fame/DS
♦family/ DS
♦famish/ D
fan t; MS
far 9 MDWS
fare/ DWS, t> M
♦farm/DS
♦farmer/ DS, o W
♦farrier /DS
[ 1470 ]
farrow v WDS
farther v S
farthing v MDWS
♦fashion /S
fast yb. adj. v M
fast adj. aay. v S
fastsb./S
fat (yat) sb. v M
fatadj./DW,t»M,v/S
♦fate/ DWS
father/ D, i?MW,r/S
fathom V S
♦faucet/ S
♦fanlt/DS, i>W
Digitized by LjOOQIC
I> i, Introd.]
THE MID SOUTHERN.
•favour/ MS
•fawnsb./S
♦fawning « S
fear/D, vW, v/S
fearless v S
♦feast/ MDS, vfW
feather v MS
♦feature/ 8
♦febmary/S
fedvM
fee/S
♦feeble/ MDW8
feedfrM
feel 9 MS
feet fr MS
♦feign vb./8
fell/M
fell sb. V M
fell (in sewing) v 8
felloe V DS
fellow /DS, cMW
♦felon/ MS
felt cDW, v/S
♦female/ S
fennel v S
♦fence/S
♦ferment/ S
fern v S
♦ferret/ DS,i?W
ferrr/DS
fenuef S
♦fervent /M
fester/D, * M, f/S
fetch V DWS
fetters 9 M
feUock V S
♦fever/MDS, ir/W
few p MDWS
fiddle frMDW, v/S
fidget /S
field p MDWS
fieldfare 9 S
fiend V M
fifthvM
fife/S
♦fig/DW, v/8
fight rMW,/D, v/S
♦ngore/MS
^IbertvS
fill V MDWS
filmv S
fllth/DS, vM,v/W
fin vS
goldfinch V S
find V MDWS
♦fine/DS, vW.
♦finger v MDWS
♦flnSh/DS
firvS
fire V MDWS
firldn, vS
firm/S
first vMDW, r/S
fish vMDW, v/S
fist V DWS
fit/S
fitch (polecat) /S
five V MDWS
♦fix/S
flagvS
flagon, V S
♦flail V DWS
♦flame/ S
flanffe V S
flank vS
flannel/D, v W, v/S
flarevS
flask/S
flat/S
flatter v/M
flawvS
flaxvS
flayed v M
fleavS
♦fleam/ S
fiedvM
fledged vS
fleece v DWS
flesh V MDWS
flewvS
♦flinch/M
fling/ D, V W, v/S
flint V MS
♦flippant (elastic) /S
flitch vS
flock V DWS
♦flogvS
flood V MS
floor V DWS
♦flonr/MDS
flow V S
♦flower /MDW
♦flne/8
♦fluent (said of ouicklT
running water only) /S
flush V 8
flute/ 8
flutter V 8
fly vb., sb. V MDWS
foal V DWS
foam V 8
f oe V M
fogvS
fold V DWS
folk V MS
follow V M
♦folly/M
♦fooI/M
♦foolish/ M
[ 1*71 ]
foot V MDWS
for V MDWS
♦forage/ 8
forbear v MS
forbid V MS
force/DS, v/W
ford V DS, v/W
fore V 8
forehead v 8
♦foreign/DS, v W
♦foreS/DS, vW
forgive v MS
♦fonre/D, vW, v/S
fork V DWS
forlorn v M
♦form/M
♦form (bench)/ 8
forsake v MS
forsooth V M
forswear v M
forth V M
forth V DWS
fortnight v 8
♦f ortimate v 8
fortune/ 8
forty V MDW, v/S
forward v WS
foul/D, vM
found V MDWS
♦foundation/ 8
♦fountain/ 8
four V MDWS
f ourf oot V 8
fourth V M
fowl V MDWS
foxvMW,/D, v/8
♦fracas/S
♦fraction/ 8
♦a-fraidv/S
♦frail/S
frame/ 8
neak/o
free v MDWS
freedom V M
freehold v 8
freese V 8
♦frequent/ 8
freeh/D, V WS
fret/W, v/S
Friday v DWS
♦friedf/S
friend v MDWS
fright V 8
♦ttll/8
♦fringe v/S
fro'vS
♦frockvS
frog/D, V WS
frofick V 8
from V MDW^S
Digitized by LjOOQIC
40
TH£ MID SOUTHERN.
[D 4, Inteod.
•front/ 8
frort V MDW8
froth vDWS
•frmt/MS
•fryings/M
•fry/D.^/s
fulIrMBWS
•fuller 8b. / 8, rM
fumble/ D, I? W,tfS
•funeral/ D
•furbish v 8
•furU8
furlong* r 8
furlough V 8
•fumaoe/M8
furrow V DW8
further r 8
furze 9 DW8
•fuBty/DS, 1^ W
•physic /M
•physician /M
F FWAL.
(o means not pronounced.)
•baiHff o8
calf /:DW, V 8
half/DW, r8
•handkercMef o 8
herself 0 8
himself 0 8
leaf/DW, i>8
life/DW, 1^ 8
loaf/DW, f>8
•plamtiil 0 8
roof/DW, 9 8
rfieaf/DW, i?8
turf (terv) 8
wife/DW, * 8
6H Fekal.
cough/ 8
dough (occ.) / 8
enough o 8
plough 0 8
slough o/8
though/ 8
through 0 8
tough/ 8
trough 0 8
8 Inttiax.
(sbs, S, before a /mnoM
except as below.)
•sabbath t D
sack e DW8
•sacrament s D
sad fl MWS, § D
saddle e DW8
•safe « M, « W
•sage » D a W8
said « MDW8
sail^M
sailor 9D,m W8
•saint M M
sale 8 DW8
sallows 8
salt « MDW8
sandsDWS
Bap« MS
sat«8
Saturday g UDWB
•sare « M
I saw s DS
a saws 8
saysMBW
scrape « D
sea • D, s M
sedge «DW8
see £ MDWS
seed sb. < MS
seeksM
seem • D, s W8
•segments 8
self* MDW8
sell f MDW8
■endsM
•sentence t M
•sergeant «M
•bermon« M
•servant « D
•serrefMW
•sessions « D
set « MDW8
settlesS
seren s MDWS
sew vb. g DWS
sick g MDWS
side g MDWS
sieve g DWS
sifts DWS
sigh « D, s WS
sights M
silver s MDWS
•simple t M
sins M
since « D, s WS
sinews 8
sing s MDWS
•single f MD, s WS
sinks DWS
sip s D, s WS
•ur « D, s 8
sister « D, s MWS
sits 8
•sites 8
six s MDWS
•sire i DWS
[ 1472 3
sketch « D, s 8 Rzki^)
almost two syllablias]
skill s D
slack «M
slays M
sleeps M
slysM
small i M
smell s M
smith s M
snailsM
snows M
sosMW
sobs M
•sobers M
softsM
soldsM
some s DMW
sons D
songsM
soonsMW
sooths M
sorrow s M
•sort #8
souffht s M
souls M
sours M
souths M
•sovereign s W
sow vb. s M
sparrow s M
springs D
stiingsD
•subfle s M
suchsMW
sucks M
•suffer s MD
•sugar sA 8
sul (plough) s M
•sumsMD
summers MW
suns MD
Sunday s M
•sup s M
•supper s W
•sure sA W, sA 8
•sustain sM
swallow s M
swears M
sweat sMW
sweep sM
sweet sM
swiftsM
swine s M
sword s M
SH Initial.
share (part) sA DW
share (of a ^ongh) sA sA 8
shave sA D W , sA s A S
shesA W
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D i, Intbod.]
THE MID SOUTHEBN.
41
sheaf th J>,MhWf£h9h&
shear sh B,thW,»hihS
shepherd zh W
shoot «AW
should sAW
shred tA D, sA WS
shrew sA S
shriek <A D, sA S
shrimp «A D, cA S
shrink <A D, sA S
shriyel «A D, sA S
shroud «A D, sA W
shroTe thJ),thW
shrub tA D, sA WS
shrugs S
TH Initzal.
thatch i>S
thick M S as distrngmshed
from (dhik) this
thief MS
thioM S
thing <MW
thirrtyrfA W
thistle <fS
though (dh6fi) dh W,
(thAAfWAS
thr- dr WS, not M who
has ^.
th- <M S except in the
above cases
TH Fdtal.
sheath/ S
moth/S
doth/S
tooth/S
V INITIAL.
•value / S (fali) [common]
•variety© if
•veal dh 8 (dhi'vl) [some-
times]
•venial v M
•venom v H
•veryrfAS
•vestments v M
•vetches dh S (dha^)
•vice V M
•victuals / S (fnt'lz)
[common]
•vilevM
•village/ S (fu'lidj) [com-
mon]
•villain v M
•vouch dh S (common)
V Final.
(o means omitted.)
above o S (tibuu*)
cleave (klBf)/S
curve b 8
S'veo 8
tveo 8
heave/ 8
leave/ 8
lieve/o 8
•serve (earn wages) o 8
themselves o 8
valve (valb) 6 8
-ive 0 8 [ s= ^i, if) never (iv)
common in: expensive
abusive native laxative
active destructive de-
ceptive
(e). The most important cliaracter of the S. dial., the reverted
or retracted (s, r^), is, as has been mentioned, not confined to this
district, but spreads more or less strongly over the whole S. div.
Its nature was explained supii, p. 23, together with the way in
which it afPects a subsequent t, dj r, /, n, which were probably
originally reverted. But I think, although I have not been able to
venfy the conjecture, except by private trial, that it also affects (sh,
zh ; til, dh), converting them into («h, sh ; xh, nh). In tius case («h,
«h) would be spoken with the tongue quite turned back, a true
" cerebral" (sh, zh), and in (xh, nh) the under part of the tongue
tip would be brought against the teeth. The («h, «h^ would occur
in the diphthongs (xj, nj), or (x«h, D«h), in place of the ordinary
(tj, dj). These forms would probably arise from the convenience
of the tongue remaining in its reverted condition. The most
doubtful are (xh, nh), because we do not find thr- initial, that is,
(nliE-), but the easier dr- (de-). The (ij, dj) are however almost
necessary in such combinations as hurchard (haBipED) for Richard
and orchard, and hurdle (baEDjh), bridge. Ajid in the same way it
would be easier to say (asxh, wafinht) earth, worthy, than (asth,
wzEdhf ), the last word usually omits the (e). In process of
time, however, especially as the dialect advances eastwards, the
actual reversion ceases, and the effect is pretty well produced
by retracting the tongue, and arching its back so as to allow
a hollow to exist behind the raised tip and the raised back of the
tongue. Towards the w. and n. of the district there seems to my
ear to be no such retractive tendency. JGG., however, regards re-
traction as the typical formation. In the E. div. we shall find (truu,
tnsd) through, thread, which probably point to an original but
[ 1473 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
42 THE MID S0X7THBBN. [D 4, Iktbod.
now lost (TBhno, tbIisd). This retraction accompanied with
hollowing is farther refined by omitting the hollowing, so that we
have merely a raised tip of the tongue, producing the coronal
English (t d r 1 n), etc., which are so distinct from the continental
(t ^d r 1 ^n) that they must evidently have had a different genesis.
We shall meet with (^t) before ( r) in the M. and N. div. Now the
English coronal form was the only one acknowledged by Mr. Gupta
(Part rV. 1096 b', 1187 c') for Indian pronunciation of the Sanscrit
cerebrals, so that the same refining system has gone on in both
countries, but in our own dialects we have all the stages (b r^ r, t
t^ t) now coexistent. This (b) is constantly flated when initial, and
often transposed with an (h) prefixed, as (haBd| Iuebn), red, run,
from (bIied, BhaN).
Another veiy important character of this (b) is its amalgamation
with a precedmg vowel. In fact, it seems to give a new series of
vowels (a A a^ Ak), etc., and even (ii^ eeg, rm^). With regard to the
first, it was a great difficulty with me how I was to represent such
words as h^, bum, and for some time I thought that they had
merely vocal ('Bq), thus (h'B^ b^B^n), but I latterly came to the
conclusion that l^ere was a preceding vowel followed by an amalga-
mation of the vowel with a+Ss (^)- What that vowel really was,
however, I found so difficult to oetermine, that I finally adopted
different hypotheses as I heard different speakers. I have used
far, OB, «b), and JGG. writes (»b, bbb). But latterly I have
udlen back on (an) accented, and (m^ unaccented, whether rightly
or not I cannot Quite make out. With this explanation, however,
this sign will suffice, and it must be left to actual audition during
a long period and with many speakers, for good phonetists to
determine the best representative of the actual sound. I have not
met with any instance in D 4 and 5 of the introduction of an (b)
after a vowel which was not justified by the orthography, but in
D 10 and 1 1 there seem to be some cases, there to be noted.
With regard to the complete series of sounds (t n k b l), etc., it
was only on the close of a second revision of his wl. taken from his
stepmother, that JGG. (although he had been familiar with Wl.
dialect from childhood) recognised that they invariably took the
place in her pronunciation of the usual (t d n r 1), etc., just as
these in English and in the pron. of continental languages by
Englishmen invariably replace the continental (^t ^d ji ^r J), etc.
For myself I had not observed it, although it seems to me most
probable. In JGG.'s Chippenham wl. and spec, therefore the
complete substitution is made, but as in those specimens which I
took down from native speakers, I only detected (b), and the other
letters when juxtaposed, and therefore as it seemed to me assimi-
lated, I have thought it best to retain what I wrote from their
diet., although I have now, in the course of many years, oome to
the conclusion that my former appreciation was probably erroneous
and ought to be amended in this direction throughout. And the
same is probably the case for my (sh zh ii di), which in the S.
div. should prob. be («h idi i| nj). The final (d) is frequently lost
[ 1474 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, Intbod.] the mid southern. 43
after (l, n). The ending of the present participle, modem -in^, was
ancient -ande, hence the (-vn, -im) now heard, reaUy arises from
the omission of (d) after (n), and not from the use of (s) for (q).
(h). In D 4 and 5, as well as in almost all our dialects, (h) is
naturally omitted, hut with no hiatus to indicate the specter's
knowledge that it is ahsent. My authorities difPer very much as
to its presence. It seems decidedly used when (han-) is employed
for (Bh-).*
lie other consonants have no peculiarity. There is for example
no use of (b n g) for (p t k), parallel to (v z^ for (f s).
VoweU, The following gives the principal characters of the
vowels, for details see the various cwl. that follow.
A- 18 often represented by (fe), rednced to ffa iv it*), and finally to (tt* ii), as in
name (idem Mlom Mlmn vit^m mim), or else (^e Hee)9B (N^mn vivm N^m) . The
former prevails over the m. and n. part of the district, (ii) being especially prevalent
in towns, e,g, in Gloucester, and (6b^ in rural diBtriots.
A: varies from (sb) to (a\ ah), but hardly reaches (a).
A' is normally (6a), whence (6v, tia), but it varies.
^6 and EG are normallv (&«) not (ki di\ but this falls locaUy into (se't s't bb),
and sometimes into simple (ee), and similarly for Fr. at. This (&i) sound is a very
strong mark of the w. forms of S., but it is not peculiar to D 4.
r, in contrast to this clear (it), has (s't, oo'i) or (di)^ which strangers hear as
(o'i) and write oy.
0 I eeneraUy hear as (o) , but JGG. only hears it as (o^ . The latter sound, being
the modem received form, is always ^ven me by people of education. But it is,
I tiiink, a modernism or misap^reciation.
0' is properly (uu), but occasionally (s] and rarely (a>), a sound of (s) with (aa)
running through it which I have heard only from Mr. Law in the words £T :
439 TBss, 0' 667 ta>dhvR, 587 «da>-n, U 604 za)mtiB, 627 za)ndi, T 673 ma>t^
U 804 Dsa>qk'n, 0 •• 960 za)pp'a, and in no other words. JGG. has, however,
quite recently observed what I suppose is the same sound.
U is reff^urly (a), but there is a trace of M. (u) as far s. as Furton (4 nw.
Swindon, Wl.), see s. aSihn line 2, p. 16.
XJ' is regularly (s^m, a>'f«) not (fct«, du).
In gramnustiedl eonstruetum, that which strikes a stranger most is
/ he for / am, the prefix («) before the past participle, as (a'i;v
ada'n) I)have a-done ; and the periphrastic form I do go for the
simple I go, together with the curious use of the nominative for the
objective case, and sometimes the converse. Eemarkahle survivals
are first (vn^ for hine, the true ace. of he, for which the dative
him is substituted in rec. sp. This («n) is very widely spread in
the S. div., and is also used where it is said in received speech, on
account of the general use of he applied to inanimate objects ; and
secondly, in a small district of Sm. hereafter described as the Land
of Uteh, the forms (atg:, Et^') for the personal pronoun I, which in
old writers is the usual mark of our S. dialects. But these are
forms which cannot be more than alluded to. For vocabulary, see
the printed Glossaries, which, however, must generally be used
with great caution.
Varietiee, Over such an extensive tract of country there must
necessarily be many slight varieties, some of which are mentioned
in the preceding table of vowels. But I have not been able to
mark out any sharply-defined varieties or subdistricts. I find it,
[ 1*76 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
44 THE MID SOUTHBKN. [D4, Vi.
however, necessary to draw attention to six different yarieties or
forms, which, on account of the importance of this district, I
proceed to illustrate at considerable length.
y i. The Middle or Wl., typ^l or standard form of D 4, of which three
phases are given, Chnstian Malford, Chippenham, and TUshead, all
from YT. infirmation.
V ii. The Northern or 01. form.
y iii. The North-Western or e. He. form.
y iy. The South-Eastem or Do. form.
y Y. The land of XJtch, or region of the continued old use of (s^ ct^ii') for
the first personal pronoun.
y Ti. The South-Westem or Sm. form.
Vak. i. The Middle or Typical Form in Wl.
Phase I. ChrUUan Malfard (11 nnw.Devizes), Wl.
Bey. Arthur Law, son of the Rector, whose cwate he became (he is now rector
of Dauntsey, 4 nne. Christian Malfoid), was bom there and liyed in constant
communication with the peasantnr, entering heartily into their mode of speech,
which he acquired with remarkable accuracy and fluency. He wrote a yerdon of
my cs. in io. and kindly came to London on two occasions (in 1874 and 1878) on
purpose to work it oyer with me yy. As this was the foundation of my knowledge
of I) 4, 1 add the whole cs. as he rewrote it, with additions, to giye it more of the
character of a Wl. peasant's speech. And as it departs so much from the original
in the Preliminary Matter, No. III. p. 7*, I add a slayishly literal interlinear trans-
lation. Some separate sentences written fnmi his diet, are annexed with notes
and a cwl.
0. wa'f :d^on ee'vvz noB)« da'ut.
why John has ne'er)a doubt. [The peasant would probably say,]
z)dhii want d)ndi« wa't :djon bii zi zaaBr'N ba^ut dhak)«s
do6t)thou want to)knowwhy J(^ be so certain about thick)e*er
dh£q, waV dhsn a'«)l tEl)i.
thing, why then I'll tell)ye.
1. wal, wot hi leeftn [lEEfm] Bt '^i v«b, dhti gaET zthz ? aa !
weU, what be (you) laughing at I for, the great sillies P ah
B)m«d) lae'af bAfisdh on)i, ff)i ma'm tii, «t)wat a't dB)tEl)f.
ye)mote s may) laugh both of)ye, if)ye mind to, at)what I do)teU)ye.
is!% dtt)Bnt kfivr! t)()Bnt no odz t« Vt, nB naa'bvdt IbIs
I do)n't care ! it)is)nt no odds to X, nor nobody else
Bz)B^n£tiz on.
as)I)Knows of.
2. i)w(x)mt kil)B toep bin [k^^z] B)d«) leB'rf aBt)Bn, a'i)
it) will) not kill)a chap being [because] ye)do) laugh aQhim, I)
dB)lot)'n) ! t)()Bnt k'ikU.
do)allot)him, it)i8)not likely.
[ 1476 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
B 4, T i.] THE MID SOUTHEBN. 45
8. wat aV hi gwdin t«)TEl)i, b(wevbb, bi truu)«z etbb I't
what I be going to)tell)ye, howeyer, be trae)a8 ever I
WBB b£a«Bin>. dhvR [dht's] na'u ! zv d|Bz bs'td ku^rvt,
were bom. there now! so just bide quiet,
VR \st 'nH gp^evk.
and let I speak.
4. weI, a't ha^toBS^OTi zdi, b;wbvbe, wi zam)« dhfit yhb*
wel, I heard) tnem say, however, and Bome)of they very
raak ttf, «z^zid)ft yrem^dliB ysa dhvBZEL'YZ, di)bdi* !
folk too, as)8ee'd)it from)the first theirselyes, igh-high!
•dbaet^Mtd tbu naf —
that)I)<ud tme enough —
5. dbvt^db«)jEqgitst zan fZB'lf, v^gHEt bu^oi v)iia'tii, ndud)iz
that)the)younge6t son his-self, a)great boy of)nine, knowed)hi8
TEEdbvEz viiois Bz)zuund)oz evi3e i)ba'rBED)Bn, dbdt«
father*s Toice as)soon)a8 ever he)heard)him(ait), though
[dba'w] t)w«E tb) kom-fk«l) la'ik. laa blE8)i, t)w«E)z
it)were so) comical like. Lord ble6s)ye, it)were)a8
sktTMki «n bseffi'vli bz) BVE)k«d)bi, bat 'ii ii&tid)'ii,
squeak-y and bawl-y as) eTer)oould)be, but he knowed)him(Bit),
tm ii)'l speek dbB XEUutb aafi)B d6e« (di»), a'i)! waaBN)m
and he)*U speak the truth e*er)a day, 1*11) warrant)him
[waaBND)miJ.
Xwarrant)himJ.
6. «n dbVul)d)wiiiOTi bezeH, 'l)tBl Eni on)!, Bz)8TE8B'tt
and tne)ola)woman herself will)tell any of)ye, asjstraight
TOE«d «z Eni dbEq, a'*)l waaBND)OT, tf)'l 8Bk8)Br.
forward as any thing, I)*U warrant)her, if[you]'ll ask)her
7. Itestwa'fz BE tEld •a'i weh a'i aekstjwi tuu)«E)DEii ta'tmz
leastways her tolled I when I a8ked)her two)or)three times
aa'VBB, «E)diBd% tm 'zbii)d niu^ ii 8eB)«n u'l, e'i d«)lot)
orer, her)did, and *she)would know, if e*er)one wiU, I do)allot)
vr, wat d«)dhsqk)onH, a»?
her, what do[jrou]think)oi)it, eh?
8. weI, BzVf )wBE)«)zdrm [zse'rm], BE)D)tBl^i wBr)BB
well, as)I)were)a)8aying, her)woula)tell)ye where) her
Ta'im dbf k)«B SBaxik'n btos ez)«B di)k8e8e'«l BE)Ezbtni.
found this)ere dnuuLen beast as)her do)call her) husband.
[ 1«7 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
46 THE MID 60UTHEKN. [D 4, V i.
9. d8eld)tf)BB d»d)'nt tEl a'* «z VR)ziid)vD. bezeH. "'dh^Bj
da8hea)if)her did)iiot tell I as her)8ee*d)hiin herself. '< 'there)
i)w5[K," BE)zBd, "lEd ds'im i)w«B wuSiz bEs klaaz on,
he)were/' herjsaid, <4aid down he) were withjhis best clothes on,
«z tips* Bz ev«b)« kBd)bii, B)kfidynt waeg fZE'lf noo a'n.
as tipsy as eTer)he coula)be, he)coula)not wag his-self no how.
v)wi3B)klas ap vgtii db« du«B)B)dbB ^us 9t)dlii)kaBirBB
he)were)cloee up against the door)of)the house at)the)comer
«)dlii Ifvn.
oQthe lane.
10. B)wBE)B)b8e8B'lni m)v)Bkw2BSQ'lin, blEs)!, rBB)8Bl)dlii
he)were)a)bawling ana)a)8qualling, bles8)ye for)aU)the
waBL la'*k)B z*k te'il «E)B)k8et «^midn«t*ii." wiW)
world like)a sick child or)a)cat a}mewing.*' ana)her)
fiekst tuu)BB)DBii on)OTn, «b zEd, «z)waBD)B5T vaB» vaB
asked two)or)three of)them, her said, aB)were)not very far
aal, vn '^dbee Elpt aV votW ^Bm," 9B)zEd, '^im dhdt bBaat)
off, and ** they helped I fetch) aim home," her)said, ** and they brought)
vn ael BdbBBT)«8kM^''nt vaBmBB rpa'iks vt*!," bb zBd, "wbb
him all athwart)asquint farmer Pike's field," her said, << where
a'* dB)ba'»d, vn dbaB dbB)lhf)Bn."
I do)bide, and there they)left)him."
11. sen dbset [dbEk] was, d)nEE'v? vz zbii)«iiW deet'OB Iee
and that [thic] were, do[you]know P as she)and)ner daughter[in]law
kamd m seuu dbi bsek jI^bd, waB)vB bin Q)8eqm ^ut
come*d in through the back yard, where)h6r [had] been a)hanging out
dhi klaaz t« "DBafi.
the clothes to dry.
12. «n)OTi)wanted tB btra'tl dbi ktt'l tbb tee. "»t g»d a't ael)
an(l)her) wanted to boil the kettle for tea. '^it giye*d I all)
«v)b TaBN," BB ZEd, "Bn mbd a'* ztrEt wnA^-s ael aaroB.
of)a turn," her said, "and made I sweat almost all orer."
:b«l idjiitmz db^B, «)«d)B djwtt'btloB dbaat on)tn, t«b)«
Bill Jones there, he)had)a dubious thought of)him, for)he
tEld a'* ez)i)zid)tm Bba'wt vaVB Bklo'k *n db)8et"BmABn,
telled I as}he)8ee*d)him about four o'clock in the)aftemoon,
[ H78 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D4, Vi.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 47
onM)TrBB m&in TOB'adtsli dhsn. v(d waakt p«BT«' nafi zEb'm
aiid)he)were main forwardiah then. he)d walked pretty nigh seven
ma'*'l Blo-q dhe Bhaad, Bn)i)waK)BZ da'usdysz bv«r Eni
mile along the road, and)he)were)a8 du8ty}as ever any
dhsq. I't nsTBB zid noo zit^ dhsq «vAb-h." laa blEs)! !
thing. I neyer seeM no such thing afore.*' Lord ble68)ye
t)w'B)B wirek vg^Q* ksm n£ks dhscazdi, vn^)'^!!! za)m'BR
it)were)a week ago come next Thursday, ana)a)fine sununer
{etBsn^tm tuu, t)w«B.
afternoon too, it} were.
13. aii)t£l)i wat! a'i ubwr ha'iBBd noo in^«B)«)dliSB8)2CR
and)tell)ye what! I never heard no more)of)thiB)here
^ob ttl tts deei. vn')B)d^)Bnt kfvB wxb)« duu vb naa,
job till to-day and)I)do)n*t care whether)! do or no,
aa'Jlak)* !
ah}look)ye.
14. «n^dhBB)2['» bi gt^om {t^am tB bee)« bit « zap'p's, zt?)giid
ana) there) I bi going home to haTe)a bit of supper, so)^M}d
nac'it, «n)da)«ii)i bii zb 'ktvt'k tv l8B'tif)Bt)« tisep sghsn*
night, and)do)not)ye be so quick to laugh)at)a chap again,
WEii)B)d« tEl)i)B snt dbsq.
when)he)do tell)ye)of any thing.
15. vn)dh8et)8 sel s't got tt3)z^ tu)t, gild hsfi,
and)that)i8 all I [have] got to)8ay to)it, good b*ye.
Notes, The figures refer to the paragraphs of the above cs.
%* Perhaps thoughout (t d tj d| n 1) thould have been (t d t;, dj, n l).
2. Beinff (bin) for because is used by 7. She, Observe emphatic (*zhii) ;
older people. compare ( 'zhii sbvz) ' n) 'she ha8)hiin with
4 and 13. Heard, this is the form (iBR)zVgot)*n) she's *got him. — Know.
used bv older people, see D 1, owl. 301, This nas its regular form, but the final
rii'R^) is the result of education. The {u) is dropped in (Vi du'n naa, *H'i naa
(h) IS heard only when the word is na'wt iiba'w*t)tt) I don't know, I know
emphatic, and is gentie even then. nought about it, and even the (a) is
5. JBatply, cats are said to (bsese vi) changedinpar. 11 (d)xiSE?)do{ifou)know.
in n.Wl. 10. Athwart, by itself, means across
6. in (a'Mljd)iim*vn) old woman the d a field at right aneles to its sides,
separates from the fl) and is made part (tsdhtsRT vsktrint) athwart asquint, is
of the next word ; (a) is dropped in («b oiagonallv, from one comer straight to
bi VB&t, s'mI) she be very old, the next out one.
[ 1479 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
48 THE MID S0X7THBRN. [D4, Ti.
Phrases and sentences originally heard from peasants, and dictated
by Bey. A. Law.
1. (ma'i hsd hM, la'tk* DBs'ish'lz ^)gw&in\ my head beat like
flails a-going.
2. (dt«)'nt)i dbuut ta'fiBBDz dh« hac'uz'n), don't ye shoot towards
the houses.
8. (tts hee)B btt on)t), to have a bit of )it.
4. (i)w'B «)1i8Dmptn it 'a'i), he was chaffing at me.
5. (i dtd DBscu %z hEd bsek tm kwk'ld), he did throw his head back
and gargled.
6. (bl£s)tm ! ft)8 o hasd mset'B tB ksm aq)za'tdz w»)«n), bless
him ! it's a hard matter to come upsides [right way up]
with him.
7. (i)z nee'tH ka'til), he's naturally cold.
8. (« peen x'i hsed «dhx*B'T dhv smBz), a pain I had across the
sinews.
9. (a'i)l tEl)i ^u « WBZ saaBD), I'll tell'jye how I was served.
10. (i)z got tv TodBB dhv bbs), he has to fodder the beasts [homed
cattle].
11. (dhBB)z)B psBs'l)^ lit'l odztz), there's a parcel of little odds
and ends.
12. ('zhii hsBYz v TBBt gi^d)Bn), she has a very good one.
13. (go so'ltd, x'fl mlBk injkWtree'sh'n), go quickly, I'll make
inquiries.
14. (i)z TBBf baed na'i'tmnz), he's very bad night-times.
15. (<Ui8et)8 th« ma'm on)Bm), that's the mind [intention, bent of
mind] of them.
16. (x'i dhaat s'Oshvd^s da'td tn)dhB ni'it), I thought I should
have died in the night.
17. (ha'uld>n ta'it), hold him tight.
18. (wxn)Bn) wM'dh'BQ, tuu)«n)B t)a)dh«B), one and another, two
and a t'other.
19. (dAOTi)a8? wat)wi? a'i, JEn)ft?) don't us -we? what
should ? aye, is*)n't it ?
20. (a'i bi zastm zhauvB ; t'lXO*^ Bda)'n), I am certain sure ; till
I've done.
21. (n« m^BB n«B dhlBs), no more than this.
22. (t)hi)nt no odz te rix'u), it is not no odds to you, it is no
business of yours.
23. (bo'* dhB zim on)t), by the seem [appearance] of it.
24. (dh»k)s ^u a't spBl fa'tv), that's how I spell five.
[ 1480 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V i.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 49
Cheisiiak Malfobd cwl.
Containing the words from the preceding examples and some others given me by
Mr. Law. Probably all the (t d tj d| sh n 1 r) should be (t d T| dj «h n l b)
See supr^ p. 23.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 1 ZB. 6 mtvk. 6 mn>d. 8 U hee [to hare]. 17 Ibb [the older sound
was (laa), and Mr. Law himself, who used to be caUed (laa), is now called (Ibb)].
21 n/BTO. — fa'tR [fare]. 34 iBwt. A: — saed'i [saddle]. 39 kamd
[come*d1. — zten [siuid]. 49 aqin [hanging]. 54 want. 56 w^ish.
— k»t [cat].
A: or 0: 58 vrmn [weak form], 60 Blo*q [along]. 64 roq fgeneraUy, occ.
(raq)]. A'- 67 sw6in [going]. 69 naa noo no. 72 himn [when standing
alone, otherwise (uu)J. 73 zi zb [weak forms]. 74 tuu. 77 laa [for Lord ! is
an exclamation]. 79 s'lm. 81 I/bu. 84 m^BR. 87 klaaz. 89 b6uBdh.
92 nfiu, [but (d)nBB) do you know?]. 94 kua'u. A': 102 seks sBkst. 104
Rhaad. 107 liiBf. — zhrooy [shroTe]. Ill aat. 113 h(iud1 [A half sounded].
115 KBm. 120 BgMB.
M' 138 YBBdhB. 144 Bg/BU. 146 m&in. 148 f&»R [see 709 and 887].
160 liBst wh'iz [least wise]. 153 zffit^ndi. — wbr [whether]. — pBRti
[pretty, tolerablyj. 'JE: 154 baek. — Bd [had, weak Torm]. — zaed [s&d].
158 letBR. 159 hsTZ. 161 d6ei [seldom (d&»)J. 162 tsd^ei [to-dayl. 165 ZBd.
166. m&id [a little girl, see 758J. 169 wB*n [*' not quite a dissyllable** and]
wm. 173 w«R [were, was]. 174 a'tshBU TRii ["always with (bu)*']. 177 dhset
[also (dhaek)]. 179 wot wat.
JE'- 187 1/Bf Reft, did leaye]. — zili [silly]. 194 Eni. 196 wotrdj'nt
[were not]. 198 iBt. M*: 205 DRsd. 208 evbr, 8eR)Bn [e*er a one], aaB)B
e*6r a]. 209 ub'vbr noR [neyer a]. 213 s'idhBR. 214 nx'tdhBR. 220
zhspBRD. 221 y»*R. 223 dhsR, dhrR. 224 whr. 225 vlssh. 226 BmiiB's
[ahnost]. 227 wa'Bt ["not quite a dissyllable**]. 228 ZM^Bt. 230 vaet.
£- 231 dhidhBdh-. 233 4^eBk. 236 y^yBR. 239 z&tlBR [sailor]. 244 wsl.
— tBlD rtell*d]. — zhiBR [Bhearl. 261 meet. 252 kit*l. E: — yat
yBtj [fetch]. 256 BTREtj. 258 ZBd|. 260 Isd [laid]. 261 z&i z&rtn zae'rtn
r«yin] 263 vwki-, 266 sTRae'it. — yiBl [field]. 269 zslf izalf BRZB-lf
dhBRZB'lyz [self himself herself themselyes]. 271 tBl. 272 BlmBu TRii [" always
with (bu) **]. — JBls [else]. — slpt [helped]. — zil [sell]. 278 wBntj [a
marriageable girl, see 758]. 281 Isqth. — yrash [freshl. 284 DRBsh [see after
735]. — Bdha'Rt [Bthwart, across from side to side, (Bdna-Rt, Bsktrtnt) athwart
asquint, diagonally from one comer to the next but one]. — yB'stBR [fester].
— bBs [best]. F- 289 i [weak]. 290 u, b, * [Wad, 'd) he had, weak
form]. 297 yelBR. 298 yfBld [felt]. 302 mivi. £ : 307 na't. 312 /cr.
313 haRk. 314 ha'iRD [older people]. — blBs [bless]. — ta'it [tight].
316 UBks.
EA- — shiiy fshayel. — yaelB yolB [fallow]. 320 kiisR. EA: 322
IsBBf Iffif in iBBfln [laughmg]. 325 waakl [walked]. 326 a'ul-d. 328 kx'wl.
329 y6oBl. 330 tB ha'uld [(b hoolt) subs.l 333 k^V. 334 hffi^Bf. 335 eel.
336 vk'bI. 338 kaeaB'Bl. — zaB*t [salt]. — sh/BR [share]. 340 ji&rd.
— yoRB [farrow]. EA'- — zhRBd [shread]. 347 hBd. 348 a'i-z. 349
yia'u. EA': 354 zhiBf . 356 Ihst. 357 dh&M dha'ti. 359 na'tbBR. — Bg/BU
[against]. 364 tjiep. 366 gSRt. 367 drbI.
£1- 372 ki. 373 dh&i £iee. EI: 378 w6eBk. EO- 383 zEb*m.
387 nia'MZ [news]. EO: 390 zhwd. — z»1v*r. — yaRmBR [farmer],
402 laRN. 403 yBR. 407 yandin. — ztstBR [sister^. 408 nkttd [made weak
from (n&M) know]. EO'- — vRii [free]. 411 DRii. 412 zhii. 414 vla't.
— shuut [shoot]. 420 ya'tiBR. 421 vkBR-ri. £0*: 422 ztk. 426 ya'tt.
427 btn [beings because]. 428 zid rsee*d1. 430 vrbu. 434 b/ot. 435 jau
[not used]. 436 truu. — DRa't* [threw]. 437 TRUuth. EY- 438 da'i.
£Y: 439 trsm.
I- 440 wiiBk. 441 zi'y. 443 yra'id^. 446 na'in. — in, Bn [him, old
I.B. Pron. Part V. [ 1481 ] 95
Digitized by LjOOQIC
50 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V i.
ace. fonn]. — stnB [sinew]. 447 BR. — 6bz
bit]. 449 got [p.p. of get]. — TidU [fiddle].
453 k<rik. 46o la in [IjingJ. — zift [sift].
466 tja'il. 469 w'l [w-iU. for (wol)]. 47
481 TBqgBR. — ZEqk [sink]. 483 tz. 4
M [since]. — ztks [six]. r- — bafid ^ j. _._
I rgive*d=gave]. 494 ta'tm. 495 wx'tn. I': 500 la'tk. 502 \'a'iv.
Ltf. 505 w&if [generally my (misBs) or (Ku\)d)umvn)']. 506 MniBn. 508
[yes]. 448 dhiBZ. — bit [a
451 zku. I: 452 iti.
^ ^ ^458 na'it. 463 til. 465 zitj
sitj. 466 tja'il. 469 w'IlwtII, for (wol)]. 477 va'in. 480 dhsq. — zsq
[sing]. 481 VEqgBR. — ZEqk [sinkl. 483 iz. 484 dh/BS dbis. — vtHh [fishl.
— zans [since]. — ziks [six]. 1'- — ba'id [bide]. 491 za'i. 492 za'ia.
— g»dr ' *' " ^ '" ' " "" ' "" " ■
503 l&if
maVl. 509 waVl.
0- 519 aavBR. 521 va'uBl. — BTiiBR [afore]. — YORBd [forward]
TORBdish [getting forward, tipsy]. — bAARND [bom]. 524 wsrl. — DRoot
rthroat]. — vRatb [froth]. — vlok [flock]. — odz [oddsl. 0: 525 aaf
Toff]. — TRog [frog]. — zhrab [shrub]. 528 dhaat. 529 bRaat. 531 dncTBR.
535 vaak. 538 wBd. 541 t)wu*nt[it wonH]. 543 on. 544 dhsn. 546 vbr
▼a*R. — Tank [fork]. 548 vaRD. 550 waRD. — vrAs [frost]. — vanth
[forth]. — voks[fox]. O'- 556 d' tB. 557 tun. 558 aa-)lak)i [ah ! look
ye! exclamation]. 564 zunnd. 567 taxlhBR. — ta'uRDz [towards]. 0:571
gud. — Raf [roof]. 579 naf. 586 a'i dB, a'i du)*nt. 587 Bda)*n. 588
SDTBRnihni. 590 t1u*r. 592 zwerd. 595 Tat.
U- — «d [wood, not (hwd)]. 601 va'tml. 603 kam. 604 za>mBR. 605
zan. 606 d^BR. U: 609 txl. 612 zam. 616 gRa'tm. 619 Ta'tmd.
627 za>ndt. 631 dhaRzdt. — tbrb [furrow]. 634 druu. '— dhBRsti
[thirsty], 639 da'wstt [dusty]. IT- 641 a'u, a't«BmdBv*R, avsBmEVBR,
b;wb*vbr. 643 na'u. 650 orut Bba'tit. 651 wi-acft. 652 Ired [weak form].
653 bat. U': 654 zhra'ttd. 658 da'tm. 663 a'us, ha'us [pi. (ha'uzBn)J.
666 az^BU. 667 a'wt.
T- 673 ma>ti [greatly resembled (moti)]. 674 did dtvd [the latter emphatic].
675 DRa't. 681 Diznis [seldom used]. T: — Til [to fill]. 691 ma'in.
692 joqgist. — vaz [furze]. 701 vas. 702 wi, wii. Y'- 706 wa*!.
Y : — vilt [filth]. 709 th^b. — t1^ [fleece]. — yist [fist].
n. English.
A. — w8Bg rto wag]. 725 zfBl. 726 taak. — tIbbu'I [flannel]. 732
ffip*m. — DRa^ishU [thresher, flail]. — boBse'Bli [bawly, a crying child is
(bffiCB-lin)].
E. — ztm [seem]. 751 p/BRT. 752 fns'Bt. — mi&titin [mewing].
I andY. — :bil [BiU]. — kil [kiU]. — Bskwint [crosswise, ('*
yIeo [fling]. — tipsi [tipsy]. — zap [sip]. 758 Rf Rc^^ [* long untrilled
(Rq) followed by a trilled (r) and reverted (l) much used for a servant. See 166
and 278].
0. — Bklo-k [o'clock]. — djobfjob]. 765 :djon. 767 na'tz. — rdifeBUz
[Jones]. 776 gad ba'i. 781 bodhBR [usual word (kredU)]. — lot [allot].
791 btr6i.
U. 797 sku^^ki [squalling]. 798 ktraR [modem (ktdBR)]. — vamb*l [fumble].
804 DRa>qk*n.
m. Romance.
A- — zaek [sack]. 810 vfBS. 815 faeks. — vl&i'l [flail]. — zeed|
[sage]. — f&il [fail). 835 Reez*n. — waaRND [warrant]. 857 kiBs.
— msBtBR [matter]. 862 ziBf. — faeaet [fate]. 864 kwz. 865 vawet. — vae^Bls
[false].
E •• 867 tee. — peen [pain]. 885 vbr*. — fee'r [a fair, market, see 148].
— vorIbr [farrier]. 888 zaaRtin. — saan [serve]. 890 bnw [pi. (b/Bstiz)
ooc. him]. 891 vi'st. 893 vla'tfBR. — pl»*tik8 [apoplexy]. — vsg [fig].
901 va'in. — zaqg*l [single]. — z&iz [size].
0 •. 918 f^Bb'l. 920 ptr6int. 925 vtr6i8. — komik'l [comical]. — vAbs.
[force]. 938 kaRUBR. — va'Rin [foreign]. — voRBst [forest]. — v&BRd|
vwBRdj [forge]. 939 klas, klast [occ.l. 940 k^Bt. 941 v6ub1. 947 btt^'il.
950 zsppBR. — taRnJtum]. 955 wut,
U- — djKM-biles [dubious]. 963 ktrs't*Bt. 969 zha'uBR. — vaRBt.
970 dpz. — vasti [fusty].
[ 1482 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V i.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 51
Phase II. Chippenham^ 9 nnw. Devizes.
As JGG.*8 stepmother (now an elderly lady, who had brought him up) was
a native of Chippenham, and though long resident in London, kept up her luiow-
ledge of the dialect (which she did not use in speech) by risits, and by seeing
many Wl. people, I requested JGG. to ask her to repeat one of those stories
with which she used to amuse the children, while he noted it down in pal. As
she was good enough to consent, the attempt was repeated on many occasions
during the last few years, and the following fable by Akerman is the result, after
many corrections. The difficulties in palaeotyping any individual's speech are
very great ; and of course such minute accuracy as JGG. attempted is liable to
the perpetuation of individualisms. Still it is very instructive to compare the
result with the specimen by Mr. Law, just given, as the two places are only four
miles apart and Doth must represent a Wl. pron. I must draw attention to the
constant reversion or retraction as JGG. considers it of the (t d n l r «h) series
and of (k) and the conversion of (tj, djl into (tj, dj). I am anxious to express
my obligations to Mrs. Goodchild for suomitting to such a fatiguing trial and for
venturing to dictate a complete Vl. The original spelling fn>m the preface to
Halliwell*8 Dictionary is added interlinearly.
dlia aaRoNOT an dha bfV'D8L\ 0
The Hornet and the BitUe.
dha aaB^Kar zAt iN)a oLa TRii, —
a hamet zet in)a hollar tree, —
B pBopBBQ spdyrfBL 166^91) waB^ ii ;
a proper spiteful twoad was he ; 2
dn)a meBBLt'i zaq liciyL ii ihd zer
and)a merrily zung while ^ did set
iz errs^q «z ^haaa^p bz)b bsB'gBKex :
his stinge as shearp as)a bagganet. 4
** 00 uu za vciyn wi \xs}'u€i} az dj !
oh ! who so vine and bowld as I !
" dj b^ant ^firaRQ© a iiops, naR^ vi/fy ! "
I years not bee, nor wapse, nor vly 6
« biDaL^ ap dhak TRii Dtb KLt'm,
a bittle up thuck tree did clim,
«K sKaaRgNTaLt nth lw'k ar ii ;
and scamvully did look at him. 8
zeD ii, "zaRo aaRoWar, un gtiD dhii
zays he, ** Zur hamet, who giv thee
B R^TT TB zer in dhik dh^R^ TRii ?
a right to zet in thuck there tree? 10
vaRj, SBflBL dhii zeqz za iriisbaK vrfyN,
vor ael you zengs zo nation vine,
ay TCL dhii t)«z a a'ws b mrfyw."
I tell *e 'tis a house o' mine.*' 12
[ 1483 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
52 THE MID 80UTHEKN. [D 4, V i.
dhi aaB^nats kon^Hons viiLD)^ Tdf jimzli
the haniet*8 conscience velt a twinge,
bar oRoa'tN ba^'wLD lii tz Loq stE^q
but grawin* bowld wi his long Btinge, H
ze'd ii : " p9ze*«he)Nz dlia bE^sr laa'
zays he: ''possession's the best lauw ;
zoo IwsKq dhii «liaBT)*irr par & bxee ;
zo here th' sha'snH put a cla&w ! 16
bi oat Qy Lii8v dha tru ta dj !
be off, and leave the tree to me !
dha maKsaN)z gti^D «naf wn^ dhii ! "
the mixen*8 good enough for thee!" 18
Djts dhen, b Ka'wK*L', papaesm bay,
just then, a yuckel, passin* by,
waz seksT hi dbE^m dba kEEz tq Tndj ;
was axed by them the cause to try ; 20
" EE ! EE ! cfy zii a'tt t)iz ! " ze'd ii,
"ha! ha! I see how 'tis!** zays he,
** dbi)aL mfV*k v yiimos inaN«b vbBq djV^
"they'll make a Vamous nunch yor me!** 22
fz b»L waz ^haaR^p, tz sramiK LficRQ,
his bill was shearp, his stomach lear [empty],
zoo ap « sKsepT dbB KseDL^N p^bBq !
zo up a snapped the caddlin pair. 24
Moral.
seaBL^ juu 9z bii to Laa tmn^yw d,
ael you as be to laaw inclined,
dbVas LtT*L BTdRf bw?Ro in mdyTx" ;
this leetle stwory bear in mind ; 26
xk^Q ti TO Laa* juu se'jmz tb g6^9
Tor if to laaw you aims to gwo,
juu)l vdyN^D dh8B'*)L' sbsbIuoz zaaRQ)n zoo ;
you'll rind they'll alius zar'e zo; 28
juu)l' miix db« viV^t b dhiiz fiBR^ tuu,
you* 11 meet the rate o these here two,
dho)L* Tti^K dbi k6obt bn KaaR^xas tuu.
they'll take your cwoat and carcass too ! 30
[ 1484 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
D 4, V i.]
THE MID SOUTHERN.
53
Notes to the above.
0. The references are to the number
of the line. In this transcnpt an
endeavour has been made to follow
JGG.'s notation of the last of his
many transcripts. In the foUoAving
cwl. as there explained, some compro-
mises have been made. The letters
(t D L N R *h) have been ased for
typographical convenience in place of
(t^ d, 1, n, r, shj, which woidd represent
JGG.^s opinion of their formation as
retracted rather than reverted, but we
are quite at one respecting the sound.
Also throughout this example I have
used (rJ in place of {r) to show ab-
sence of trill. I am, however, by no
means clear that there is no trill,
though the effect of the reverted trill
(r^) is quite different from that of the
tip trill (r;.), on accoimt of the dullness
and indistinctness of the beats. In the
cwl., and also in recording the pron. of
other districts, I have used (r) ex-
clusively for this r, whether reverted
or retracted, whether trilled or un-
trilled, because the sound itself is
certain, and these four differences are
theoretical. In my own pron. I feel
that (r) is both reverted and trilled, as
the form (r) properly implies.
0. hornet (aaRj,N9T), which I should
? refer writing (aRNOTj. The (aa) says
GG. ''is not quite pure (aa), there
is more or less (a*) character about it,
it is certainly modified before (rJ by
an upturned tongue. The (rJ is an r
with the tongue tiuned tip upwards, to
the highest part of the palate, so as to
present a teaspoonbowl-like form to-
wards the larynx and is not trilled
wherever I have heard it.'* JGG.
has been constantly in the habit of
speaking to Wl. people. The reverted
or retracted character of (t d n l) as
well as (r) on all occasions has been
introduced here as well as in the cwl.
as explained to me by him verbally.
The aspirate (h) says JGG. "seems
to be rather permissive than obligatory,
except of course where the word is em-
phatic, but I have never noticed any of
the Wl. people inserting an aspirate in
its wrong place, as Londoners do ; and
I have been familiar with Wl. talk for
the last 26 years.**
and the (an dha), " (a, b) in unaccented
S'llables may be simply (a) throughout.
y (a) I mean my own pron. of the
vowels in the words, 8<nne one's husband
son or brother comes rimning in at
once.*'— JGG.
beetle (bit'DdL*) : this is a common
Loudon mispronunciation, if (d, 1) be
substituted for fD, l). In Mrs. G.*s
first and second dictation, and as JGG.
remembered her repeating these lines
when he was a chila, she said (biT*L'),
and all ray other Wl. authorities give
(bit'l) both for the mallet and the insect.
2. spiteful. The long i was origin-
ally written (d>) in the c\d., and sounded
to me rather (a'ij or (oo'i). But JGG.
says the first element is "Scotch or
German long {aa) gliding into a rounded
(i) almost (y), lips as for (o),** that is,
properly (oVo) ; (ay) is here retained,
[)ccause in JGG.'s very last hearing of
the dictation, this still seemed to nim
the nearest sound, and he has also in
correcting the proof introduced it into
the cwl. See D 5, Andover.
3. whiU. JGG. did not find a fully
consonantal (w) or (j), but felt that they
were really vowels, as in Welsh, and
hence they are here written (u, t).
6. Mrs. G. had (ay beaut vfiiaR^D a
bii UBRp Mops, ubRq vlo'yj, as Mr. Aker-
man's *'I vears not bee" was not
dialectal . But on the line thus becoming
two syllables too long, the words bee nw
have been omitted.
8. look. Thepron.(Lu^K) was obtained
specially . * * Tliis ( m ' ) is neither f u) nor
(«), but an intermediate vowel,** it
bears the same relation to (w)as (»*) to
(0, see (gM*D) 1. 18. These differences
are hard to catch in isolation, but make
themselves generally felt in conversa-
tion. In the proof JGG. introduced
(k) generally.
11. all (ffiflBL', ebI'). JGG. says,
" I cannot quite make out what this
vowel is ; it is not quite the same as
the Cu. and We. sound, but seems
more like (a?®). I think it quite likely
that I should xorxte it (aj®) at one time,
and ^ee) at another. But I think the
last IS the nearest equivalent I know,
unless we use (be®), which would ex-
press my idea of it.** This would be
(ee) inclining to (seae), and might be
written (eb,).
14. bold. In this word (ba»MLD)
we meet (a*) a higher form of fa).
JGG. considers it the same sound as
the s. Scotch (a) as pron. by Dr.
Murray. It is a shade of sound which
I cannot distinguish. See D 5, Andover.
sting^ will not rhyme with txjoindge
as Mr. Akerman implies by the spelling
[ 1485 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
54
THE HID SOUTHERN.
[D4,Vi.
atinffe. Mr. A. rhymes lines 7 and 8
Aim elitHt but Mrs. G. restoring the
dialect has (ii, KLtm) ; 1. 15 and 16,
Mr. A. has laaw^ klaaw, and Mrs. G.
(Laa^ kleb) . The older sounds I heard
from Mr. Law were (laa, klaa), the
modem (Ieb IcIeb). Lmes 17 and 18
Mr. A. has ntfy the4f, Mrs. G. says
dialectally (c/y, dhii), and similarly
lines 21 and 22. Lines 23 and 24 Mr.
A. has foflr, pair, which Mrs. G. reads
fLiiBR^, pBBRo)* Lines 25 and 26 Mr.
A. has inclined, mind, Mrs. G. leaves
out the last (d). Lines 27 and 28, Mr.
A. has ffwo, 20, Mrs. G. reads (go'a, zoo).
This shews how dangerous it is to write
dialect in rhyme. Mr. Akerman's
stories hare usually been considered
first-rate dialect. I found dialectal
construction freouently so violated in
them that whole passages might be
read off perfectly in rs., and I could
not use them at all, for present pur-
poses, especially as shades of sound
were not distinguished.
16. here (sbbbJ ; for the (t) in place
of (j) see note 1. 3 tvhile. For («b)
JGG. says, *• as in the * ^orly bird de-
sires the «irly worm,* but tne tongue
is raised more, I should say it is more
arched y As I write the vowel in the
above words in rs. (aa), generally
avoiding (b), except in weak syllables,
this might be (ao*), but from the de-
scription it is possibly a new vowel.
— ahalt not, probably,* though the form
(aha&r'nt) is very singular, but Aker-
man*s aha* eh* t is quite unintelligible.
19. yuckel, a Wl. name for a wood-
pecker. Mrs. G. seems to have con-
tused it with yokel a bumpkin.
22. munch, with retracted or re-
verted (n) and the corresponding («h),
not (maNTj). The word t»M»rA= lunch,
or noon -food, seems to have been con-
fused with the more familiar munch,
which, however, is properly a verb. —
lear is used for empty, hungry, in many
dialects.
28. serve you 80, the v is regularly
omitted. The word (saR) is also com-
monly used for to earn.
Chippenham cwl.
From a complete wl., with the words from the Hornet, marked H, in the spelling
there used, the whole taken down with scrupulous accuracy by JGG. from his
stepmother^s pronxmciation, a work of great labour extending over many days or
ratner years, ioT the list was entirely gone over and retranscribed many times, and
finally all doubtful points were re-examined. On the treatment of (t d n l r)
see note to title of Hornet and Beetle. Here and elsewhere in future (r) and
not (rJ is written for typographical reasons. See also the same note for (aa)
or (aa*) and likewise for the use of (a). Also for writing the diphthongal long i aa
(dfj, see note to 1. 2 in the Horttet. The vowel (ii) varied in speech as (it")
which is used in the Hornet, but I have here used (ii) only for convenience. Also
(ij, e^) occur, but are nearly identical, and were used by JGG. according as the
sound seemed to incline to (•) or {e). The series (i »H i, e^ e) is practicailv con-
tinuous from (i) to {e). On (b, ao, a)*) see note to 1. 16 of Hornet and Beetle, and
on (ii, t) note to 1. 3.
I. "WeSSBX AlO) J^ORSE.
A- 1 zoo. 8 biiK [the rural form for all these (ii) is {i^Q*) nearly (fo)].
4 TiiK, H Tti'K. 5 miiK, H mii'K. 6 miiD. 7 ziix. 9 biiiiv. 10 aa*. 12
ZEE zaa. 14 dree. 17 Laa, H Laa*. 18 Kiis k/9K [see 3j. 19 t/oV [even
accent, almost dissyllabic]. 20 liim L<^'9'm [see 3]. 21 idim M/o'm. 22 Tiim.
23 siim. 24 shiim sh^'a'm. — msENDzh. 27 n«,v. 28 bb'r. 29 [(bii)
been used]. 30 k/,br. 31 Liir. 32 biidh. 33 [(zmnb) sooner, used]. 34
LseaesT. 35 aa. 36 dhoa [(mi,L*T) melt, generally used J. 37 klaa and H.
A: 39 KBm. 40 Kiiam [not quite (kwara)]. 41 thsqK [(dhEqK) means
think"]. 42 bn. 43 sbn^d. 44 lopn^. 45 iiaNT. 46 KSBNDaL*. 47 [(str^^i)
stray, used]. 48 zoq\ 50 ToqziiZ. 51 msBN. 53 kscN. 54 uont. 55
^/UbiiZ. 56 iia«h. 57 bes.
A: or 0: 58 VRom. 59 Laem. 60 Loq and H. 61 9maq\ 62 sTRoq\
64 Roq. 66 zoq\ 66 dhoq". A'- 67 di gia, H go'a. 69 voo. 70 tm'9. 72 uu.
73 zoo and H. 74 tuu and H. 75 srna'k. 76 T«aD, H tcJo*9d. 77 Laa^RO.
[ 1486 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V i.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 55
78 a'wN\ 79 [same as 78]. 80 oLiiDii. 81 LiiN\ 82 nssB. 83 m{t9v\
84 niMo'K. 8d zuB'a. 86 wzts. 87 Khoaz. 88 m KLoodh. 89 buadh. 90
bLo^. 91 maa. 92 Noa. 93 snaa. 94 kiuia. 95 DRoa. 96 zoa. 97 ss'ml.
98 ii saaOf dy did Noa, ns'mn. 99 droon. 100 zoon.
A: 101 a/7K, ^TKaa'aN tru. 102 sbks. 103 ssKst and H. 104 r/kid.
106 RrttfD. 106 baaaD [not (fl«)]. 107 loot. 108 Dart. 109 Loa. 110 NaeT.
113 uaL [l is very vocal]. 114 ma'wL. 115 uam. 116 uu. 118 ho^dv.
119 T9 gild. 121 gaaa. 122 noon. 123 Nadbiq. 124 sTi/a'N. 125 aNL»|.
126 [(RiTa)B'R) rower, used]. 127 was. 128 dh/az. 129 gaasT. 130 bia'T.
131 gid'T. 132 DT. 133 RflflT. 134 uath. 135 KLrtrtth.
M' 138 fiidbs^R fsBdhB^R. 139 dr^^. 140 eeol x'isV. 141 nee'bl.
142 8nbe'9L. 143 TBE'aL. 144 ag^^'aN. 146 mae'/N. 147 bRae'iN. 148
fffi'ie'R. 149 bLii^z. 150 LiasT. 152 tiaaTB^R. 153 zaE)DB'RDt|.
M: 154 baek. 155 dba?T«h. 166 OLacD. 157 Riiv'n. 158 e^rrtn. 160
« eg. 161 DU. 162 T8 Dii. 163 [(i^d) laid used]. 164 mie. 165 zcd.
166 mai'iD [almost ^m&^iD) with (i) not (»). 168 tiela. 169 iien. — H tiopg
[wasp]. 170 aa'RVtiST. 171 baaRL*,. 172 grees. 173 uoaz, ii ttwan. 174
»'i«b. 175 TEBST. 176 aex. 177 dhaer. 178 Naer. 179 wot. "180 bEEHh.
181 pEE'th.
M' 182 zii'. 183 [(tb Laa^RN) used]. 184 tB li'aD. 185 rii'd. 186
bRipth. 187 Lt^ay, H Lijav. 188 nbb. 189 wbb. 190 kbb. 191 iiaL'.
192 m/aN. 193 Kii'aN. 194 aBNtp 196 maBNt). 196 {jbbr. 197 T«hiiz.
198 TBLCT. 199 [(tb bEB)=baa, used]. 200 wiit. 201 iidhBN. 202 iix.
JE': 203 [(TEEk) =talk, used]. 205 drbd. 206 ii rii'd. 207 niDaL'.
208evBR. 209 NevBR. 210 klee. 211 oree. 212 ueb. 213 [(aaRN) =e*er
a one, used]. 216 [(ii TiiwhT) =he teacbed, used]. 216 DiiBL. 217 /a'T«h on
vm, BBR B uaN. 218 b «b»p. 219 siiip. 220 «hepBRD. 221 viiBR. 222 bbr.
223 dhBBR. 224 wbbr. 225 TLB«b. 226 mo'asT. 227 tier. 228'zuet.
229 bREEth. 230 faeV.
E- 231 [(dhtK, dbsK) used]. 232 baiix. 233 spiiK. 234 n/bd. 236 tHiBY,
tiiiv. 236 viivBR. 237 T»h/BL-bLffi'»N. 238 EEDzh. 239 zEB'aL. 240 lbbd.
241 Rffi'iN. 243 DLBE. 244 u^l. 245 m/^BL. 246 kuiiN. 247 tiiBN.
248 mBBR. — H dbbRq [to bear]. 249 C^bbr. 250 zubbr. 251 miiT. 262
Ki.TaL\ 263 NBTaL\ 254 IsdhBR.
£: 266 [(tB DREB a'wT) = to draw out, used]. 257 Bixeh. 269 CitDsh.
260 L®ae. 261 zeb. 262 ubb. 263 bjiibb, e;uBB. 266 STRse'tT. 266 ubl\
— vi'aL^D £field]. 267 [(xa gi in) used]. 268 a'uL'Dis. 269 ZEii. 270,
i. bi'LasiiZ, u. hme. 271 tbl\ 272 BLm. 273 meN [not (mBN)]. 274 bt,N«h.
276 sTBqK. 276 dbBqx. 277 DR»iN»h. 278 uBN«h. 279 Gb'nt. 280 Leb'm\
281 iBqth LCNtb. 282 STRBqth. 283 maRi,, H meRBLti [merrily]. 284
DR^Bth. 286 kRiisez. 286 aaa. 287 biizam. 288 lbt. — H zer [set].
— H bB'sT [best].
E'- 289 li [heard as (ii^)]. 290 ii [heard as (iiM] and H. 291 dhii. 292
Udy) used], 293 tiii. 294 viiD. 296 bRi,D. 296 bf,Lf,-9V. 298 vi'aL\
299 ORii^N. 300 xijap Ktp. 301 /bbr. 302 miir and H. 303 ztiiiT. 304
[(mahLor) used].
E': 305 ay. 306 ayth. 307 [(KLaos) used]. 309 spiid [(Riix) =rate more
usual]. 310 iaL\ 311 ton*. 312 /bbr, H ibbr^ iIbr^. 313 aafik'n. 314
i. Ibbrd. 316 viiT. 316 Neks.
EA- 317 [(tb SKIN) used). 318 LBsfr. 319 gEEp. 320 k/bbr.
EA: 321 ziiD. 322. LBBf. 323 ii va'tir. 324 ae't'T. 326 a'ML\ 327
ba'wL^D, H ba' i<L*D. 328 Ka'^L^D. 329 vh'ml^d. 330 aWj^D. 331 zawLYo.
332 ta'tn.\D. 333 kbbv. 334 BBf. 336 eel\ H sbsbl. 336 veel . 337
&MhL\ 338 KfleaBL\ — ©celaaz [always]. 339 [ay bit) ased]. 340 Taa'uD.
341 maRd. 342 aa^Rm. 343 tiaa'Rm. — H «haaRj> [sharp]. 345 dbbr.
346 g^argiiT.
EA'- 347 eD. 348 dy, 349 TT,a.
EA': 350 dbbd. 351 liiD. 352 riiD. 353 bRBED. 354 th/av. 355 Dtf.
366 L/av. 367 dh<M dhoo. 369 NiibBR. 360 T/am. 361 bf'am. 362 zleb.
363 T«hiap. 364 T«hffip. 365 nibbr. 366 gBBRT. 367 dret. 368 D^th.
369 BLoa. 370 rbb. 371 strbb.
[ 1487 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
56 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V i.
EI- 372 BE. 373 dhBE. 374 [{noo) used]. 376 T3 Rayz. 376 baB'iT.
EI: 377 sTiiK. 378 uiix. 380 dhEE Bm. 382 dhse'tBR.
EO- 383 zeVm. 384 eVn. 386 [(bilaa-)= below, used]. 386 ia'«.
387 nTuu.
EO: 388 mToL^K. 389 ?aaK. 390 shuD «haD. 391 [(dy bii) used]. 393
bi;HB'N'D. 394 laeN^DBR. 395 taq\ 396 ttvBRK. 397 zubord. 398 sTaaRV.
399 bRfl'yT. 400 BnRNta. 402 laaRN. 403 vbbr. 404 sxaaR. 405 wRth-
ST^an, Esf-, eef-sTu9n [always with ttone]. 406 BBRth. 407 TaaRD^N. 408
[(ii Naao) used].
EO'- 409 bii. 410 [(ahii) used]. 411 DRii. — H TRii [tree]. 412 «hii.
413 DiiVaL*. 414 VL<fy, Hvla'y. 416 Lrfy. 416 dIbbb. 417 T«baa. 418 bRUU.
419 Kbbr. 420 va'uBR. 421 faaRTi.
EO': 422 zik. 423 dhdy-b<J9n. 424 Raf. 426 Lrfyr. 426 vdyr. 427 tb
bii. 428 TB zii and H. 430 vrend. 431 Mbbr. 432 YH'«BRTh. 433 bResT.
434 i b'dT. 436 Km. 436 truu. 437 TRUutb.
EY- 438 day. EY: 439 trsds.
I- 440 iiik. 441 ziv'. 442 dyvi. 443 TBdj'Dii. 444 sTr/ysL*. 446 vdis,
— H biL [bird's bill]. 447 bbr. 448 dh/az. 449 ger. 450 whuuzDii. 461
zaa [confused with 76 to sow].
I: 462 rfy H ay. 453 kmi'k [(veest) fast, used]. 454 tiiwh. 465 Laiae
[confused with to lay]. 456 af. 467 mo'yr. 458 nrfyr. 459 R^fyr H Royr.
460 tiee'i'T. 462 zdyr. 463 tol'. 464 tiiT«b. 466 zar^b. ' 466 T«hrfyaL|^D.
467 iirfyaLLD. 468 whiL^DBRN.' 470 [(ii) he usedl. — H klim [climb]. 471
timbBR. 472 «bR<'*qk. 473 bLayN\ 474 r^ . 475 movn*. 476 brfyN\
477 voyNYD and H. 478 OR<fyN\D. 479 tia'yN^D. 480 (UiEq\ — H zaq
fsung]. — H stB^ [sting]. 481 TEqgBR. 482 »z. 483 iz. 484 dhts,
dh/az. 486 dhisaL'. 486 lasr. 487 »8Tbrd»x. 488 it. 489 it [only (t) as an
enclitic]. — H zer zax [sit, sat].
I- 490 bdy. 491 zdy. 492 zrfyD. 493 DBi/yv. 494 Trfvm. 496 fWyN\
496 oyBRN*. 498 Rrfyr. 499 biT'L* [originally, then as in] H DirDaL\
V: 500 La'yk. 601 ttoyi). 602 vdyv. 503 liyf [but (Loyv) alive]. 604 Nrfyf .
606 tiarf. 606 wmaN. 607 tiiraeN. 608 mdyaL'. 609 Uo'yaL' H QdyL\ 610
mrfyn* H mayN. 611 fidyN*. 512 spe/yBR. 613 udyvR. 514 o'ys. 616 iidyz
[wiseacre (u^SyziikBR)]. 616 utzDam. 517 Tuu.
0- 618 BaDti. 619 cybr. 620 haa. 621 va'wL\ 622 aop'm. 623 aap,
624 tiBBRD9L\
0: 625 fltff and H [for of!. 526 kaai. 626 boor. 628 dha«T. 629
bRooT. 531 DeexBR. 632 kaai, 533 dbl* [a variant of (a) in direction of (o, o)
or (ff), ?my (so)]. 534 aaV. 536 voaK. 636 ga'wLh). 537 ma'«L\ 538 wd.
— H OLB [hollow]. 639 fa'ML\ 640 ol*i,. 641 uont. 642 ba'wLV. 643 on.
644 dheN. 646 0p, ap. 546 vaBR. 547 buBRD. 549 ubrd. 660 ubbrd.
651 staaRm. 662 kaaRN. — H sKaaR^NVBLt [scornfully]. 663 aanN. 664
kREES.
0'- 666 shuu. 556 tb. 667 tuu and H. 658 lm^k and H. 669 madhBR.
660 8K(iuaL\ 561 bLutmi. 562 muN'. 663 maNDti. 664 ZU|^. 566 Noaz.
— ORaa'iN [growing]. 667 Ta)dhBR. 568 bRadhBR.
0': 669 h^iK- 670 TdjK. 671 gh^D H gii^D [(u^, «*) are practically
identical]. 672 bLaD. 673 vlbd. 674 [(a aeTJ»h) a hatch, used]. 576 stmd.
676 MaBNZDt,. 577 ba'«. 678 pLa'«. 679 i^nsi [(ij) hardly audible] H Bnaf.
680 Taf. 683 TiaL\ 684 btuqV. 686 dmm\ 687 dhjn. 588 nuu,n. 589
spuUiN. 690 vl<Jbbr. ^ 592 zubbr. 593 masT. 694 bujT. 695 vi»iT. 696
Qmaa'R) used]. 697 zu,t.
If- 599 boov. 600 Lav. 601 va'oL. 602 za'u. 603 kam. 604 za>mBR.
606 aaN. 606 diJbr. 607 baxBR.
U: 608 agri,. 609 vaL. 610 iieiaL^ [there seems to be a distinct separation
of{\i6)]. 611 bwLaK. 612 zam. 613 DRaqk. 614 a'MN\ 616 pa'wn'. 616
gRa'wN . 617 za'uNLD. 618 uwn\ 619 va'MN\ 620 gna'uN'. 621 ila'MN\
622 aNDBR. 623 ve'«n\d. 624 gRawN'. 626 Taq\ 626 aqgBR. 627 zaNDJ,.
628 NaN\ 629 zaN\ 630 uaN\ 631 dhozdi, dhBBRZDii. 632 ap and H.
633 Kap. 634 duoo. 636 tlath. 636 vbbrdbr. 637 tbsk. 639 Da't^sT.
U'- 640 Kz'u. 641 a'tf. 642 dha'M. 643 nh'm. 645 doov. 646 ba'w.
[ 1488 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V i.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 57
647 a'ML\ 648 a'fiBR. 649 dhaVz'n'. 660 ba'wr. 651 uidha'tiT. 652 xud.
653 baT.
U': 654 zhua'MD. 666 Rii^m. 667 bRa'wN*. 658 da'wN*. 659 Ta'MN*.
660 ba'tniK [arbour]. 661 xha'wBB. 662 as. 663 a'ws and H. 664 Laws.
666 ma'ws. 666 a>zb9N. 667 a'wT. 668 paaMD. 671 ma'«th. 672 za'ath.
Y- 673 ina)T«h. 674 did. 675 DRoy. 676 jMj. 677 DRdy. 679 T*hBBRT«h.
680 bizi,. 681 bizijnes. 682 LixaL', H lit'l'.
Y; 684 bRtDzh. 685 RiDzb. 686 boy. 687 VLrfyr. 688 zawh. 689
b/aL'D. 690 ktt'yN. 691 mci)'NLD H maj-N. 692 iBqta. 693 z»in. 696
btniRth. 697 bcRi,. 698 moBRth. 699 RajT. — H aaR^ax [hornet]. 700
uas. 701 vasT. 702 ui. 703 piT. 704 viK«h*N.
Y- 705 sxdj, 706 urfy. 707 dhBBRTiiN. 708 tm oyBR.
Y': 709 vatBR. 711 Lays. 712 mays.
n. English.
A. 713 b6BD. 714 LSBD. 716 pcBD. 716 sdl^d Eg, — H ksDLtn
[caddling, quarrellmg]. 718 trud. 722 drs'in. 723 dse'tRt. 724 bffiSDL'D.
725 mdL\ 726 Tsetek. 727 Dzhsem. 728 «h(em. 729 frttm. — H sNsep
[snapped]. 732 8Bp*N\ 734 i>aa>RN. 735 smflBwh. 736 less. 737 miix.
738 pRiix. 740 uiv' iiiiv\ 741 miiz. 742 liiztj.
£. 743 SKRiim. — H lUbb^ [lear=emptyj. 744 miizaL^z. 746 x«hidx.
746 bRiidh. 748 fLeDzho. 749 Lefx, xo Lta'y. 750 bseg. 761 p/»RX. — H
e'tm [to aim]. 762 trox.
I. and Y. 753 xtxaL*. 764 peg. 766 TtLbBRX. 756 xhRtimp. — xutNDzh
[twinge], 767 trfynij. 768 giBL^. 769 \ii, 760 «hiT9L\ — H msKsax
miien, dungheap].
0. 761 LtiaD. 762 a-xem. 763 [{Baay\ rove, used]. 766 iDrhoN. 767
NB'izv 768 KoaK. 770 rxomBs. 771 von d. 772 boNv^^R. 773 donki'i.
774 poNi,.- 776 b«»bi,. 776 gwD buoy. 777 »h«p. 778 bvm'-brd. 779
[(liavtnz) leavings, used]. 781 bodbBR. 783 pa'taTRti. 784 ba'wNs. 786
Da'Ms. 787 za'«z. 790 ga'MR. 791 biiay.
U. 792 8kiiabwL\ — H Ya'MK*L [yuckel, woodpecker]. 793 ag. 794 Dzbag.
796 «hRag. 796 hVuK 797 [(sKUAL'in) usedj. 798 kuvbr. 799 8KBl\ 801
Ram. 802 Ram. 803 Dzhamp. — inaN«h [muncb]. 804 DRa>q^K fas (-qk)
often occurs]. 806 kRadz [bu ubb]. 806 vas. 807 pi<iB. 808 pex, U pax.
m. BOHANCE.
A- 809 iibdL\ 810 flis. 811 pliis. 812 Liis. 813 biixN. 814 miisV.
816 fiio. 817 RaeDMh. 818 iiDzh. 819 RiiDzh. 820 gSB. 821 T>iUe. 822
mee nuesB. 824 x^hae'tBR. 826 iiBsf. 826 iig9L. 829 gse'tN. 830 XRSB'tN.
• — H baegBNex [bayonet]. 832 mae'|^BR. 833 pBBR and H. 834 ^hae'tz, «hf *z.
836 Riiz*n\ 836 ziiz*n\ 838 xrux. — mi'aL [male]. 840 x^hsembBR.
— H viimas [famous]. 841 x«hEBns. 842 plse'qk. 843 hReessh, 844 XReN«h.
846 i6q«hBNX. 846 xinBENBR. 847 DseNDzhBr. 848 xahse'/NDzh. 849 sxRaBNDzh.
850 DEENS. 861 ENX. 852 eb'Pbrn. — H KaaR^Kas [carcass]. 863 baaRO/N.
864 baRdL\ 866 KORax. 856 pBBRX. 857 Kiis. 858 bRiis. 869 x«hiis.
— H pflDsestn [passing]. — H riVr [fate]. 860 piisx. 861 xiisx. — H
NiixhaN [damnation]. 862 siif. 863 x«b8e'f. 864 biksBz. — H kEEz [cause].
866 VMX. 866 p«BR.
E • 867 xii. 868 DzhEB. 869 vi>dL\ 870 btuxti. 871 agRii. 872
xjh/af. 874 Rae'tN. 876 fse'tNx. 876 va'tHTii. 877 bbr. 878 sseLORti.
879 ii'meeC. 880 egZ8emp*r. — H xan^hans [conscience]. 881 zeNs. 882
[(Lav9LrfyD9L^) used]. 883 daBNDiLatON. 884 opReNxis. 885 vbri.. 886 vRdyBR.
887 kLBRDzhBmsn. 888 zaaRX*N\ — H pBze*«h9N [possession]. — H zaaR^
[sieve]. 890 biasx. 891 f/asx. 892 Mevt. 893 fLawBR. 894 dtzii'v. 896
Bizii-v.
I., and Y" 897 dti/fyx. 898 Ndys. 899 Niis. 900 pRBB. 901 rdjiff
H vrfyif. — iNBLflfyND [inclined]. 902 mdyN. 903 DdyN\ 904 voyLax. 906
Riyax. 906 voypBR. 908 BDva'yz. 909 baiiz. — H spdyxfBL [spiteful].
910 DfhsB'tt. 911 zisTBRN. 912 Roys.
[ 1489 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
68 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V i.
0** 913 Koorah. 914 bR00T«h. 915 sraf. 916 djyiv. 917 naae. 918
YiibaL\ 919 ae'tXTmBNT. 920 pcfynt. 921 BkiJae'iNT. — H sraRi [story].
922 bu,«haL\ 923 nu/yst. 924 Tahdys. 926 voys. 926 #pfioyBL\ — rramtk
fstomach]. 927 TRaqK. 928 NawNs. 929 KUKimnu. 930 hdiv. 933 fitaNT.
936 KSNTB^. 936 fa'KNT. — H paapva [proper], 938 kaaRXBR. 939 Kvaas.
940 KttOT H Kooar. 941 yu^l\ 942 J)UiT«hvK. 943 rawh. 944 vhn'uK
946 va'u'. 947 biWyaL'. 948 haW 960 sspBR. 961 Kap9L\ 962 kvsrs.
963 kaz*N\ 964 Vushe^N. 966 oa'tiT. 966 kawR. 968 fHEE. 969 kBiivEE.
961 ORiiiidL\ 963 Kik/yar. 964 ahuor. 966 le'taL'. 966 {ku}t, 967 shu^T,
968 ffi'isTBR. 969 «ha'tiBR. 970 Dshas H D:;htiB. 971 tl«iT.
Phase III. IHlshead, 8 sse. Devizes, in the centre of Wl.
Theodulf 8 hide, TydulTiside, TiduLdde, Tyleside, Tilshead, called (:ta-]0«d),
as I was informed by the then Vicar^s daughter, Miss Louisa H. Johnson, who was
bom and had resided there above forty years. She kindly wrote a wl. and dt.
and on 6 Oct. 1879 called on me to work them over vivu voce. She also gave
me the example of Hocktying or Hoektide. The custom about 1860 was that on
Tuesday after Easter, the young men tied the ancles of any young
}y could catch about ; and on the following Wednesday the sirls re-
turned the compliment. The following was the explanation given by old people,
which I wrote from Miss J.*8 diet. Probably every (t d n 1 r) should be (t d l n r),
but I leave the transcription as I wrote it.
1. The Peasants' account of the origin of hoek-tying or hoctide in
the village of Tilshead.
wans dhBB wise «ed fook az ud ktp on 9 kamin ii'B, «n b robtn
once there were red folk as would keep on a-coming here, and a-robbing
dh):tqlt8h fook, «n Bt last dhdi ap Bn 8et)OTn, Bn ta'id)sm ap
the English folk, and at last they up and at ^em, and tied them up
te puBsttz Bn kat dhoE DBots.
to posts and cut their throats.
2. Tilshead dt. pal. by AJE. from diet, of Miss Johnson.
(1.) zoo a'i dw zee, mfBts, dhii dB zii na'u, dhBt a'i hi ra'it Bba'ut
dh»k liit'L mdid kamtn vrom dhB skuuBL JonDBE.
(2.) shii)z Bgwdin da'un dhB rooBd dhee's, deuu dh' bed gfBt on
dhB lift hsend za'id B)dhB wdi.
(3.) shuuE Bnaf dhB tjx'ild hsev BW£*nt sTE&it ap tB dhB duBE
B)dhB roq ha'us.
(4.) weeE 8hf)Bl mE)bi va'ind dhtk DEaqVn dtf shnV'ld fslB B)dh9
n{Bm Bv :toomBS.
(5.) wi)d 8B8b1 naa)n veei weI.
(6.) wa)nt dh)aald t^p znun laEN shi not tB dau)t BgEn, puuE
dhEq !
(7.) loks, [i)laa-k)i] b(iB)nt Bt teuu ?
[ 1490 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D4, Vi.] THB MID SOUTHERN. 69
3. TlLBHEAO CWI.
Pal. in 1879 by AJE. from the diet, of Miss Johnson.
I. Wessex Aia> NOBSE.
A- 3 bitik. 4 tivk. 6 mivk. *h mivd. 7 sivk. 12 zu. 13 naa. 14
DBaa. 17 laa. 18 klBk. 20 Uvm. 21 nivm. 22 tirai. 23 Bimn. 24 shivm.
36 dhaa. 37 tliese. A: 40 k^nam. 41 dhsqk. 45 want. 55 eshez.
56 waa*Bh. A: or 0: 58 Trom. 61 mnaDq. A'- 67 guu. 76 ttiuvd.
81 iStm. 83 m&nvn. 84 m6avB^. 85 sauvu^. 86 wats. 87 klaaz. 89
b6nidh. 92 naa. 93 snaa. 95 droo. A': 104 it^uvd. 115 h(iu«m.
118 b^mn. 122 n6oiin. 124 8t6nvn. 125 oni. 127 h^uBits. 128 [(dham)
naedl. 129 g6ni»t. 131 g6uvt.
JE' 139 DRiii. 140 h^. 141 n&iL. 142 sn&iL. 143 t&iL. 144 «gsn.
145. d&in. 146 m&in. 147 bs&in. 148 f&iu. — smet [emmet more used
than antl. M: 155 dhsetj. 158 aetX* 160 eeg. 163 Ui. 164 [(mid)
pi. (mid^n) nsed.] 165 zsd. 166 m&id. 174. fash. 175 TSBst. M- 183
teeif. 189 w6i. 190 kss [in East Lavington (4 B.Devizes) (k6i), possibly (kat)].
192 mSvn. 193 klivn. 197 tuiz. 202 hxt. JE': 205 DRnd. 207 nid^L.
213 iidhvR. 218 shtp. 225 fl^h. 226 m^UBst.
£- 236 fEETBR. 237 tjtlblain. 241 u&in. 242 tw&in. 243 plM. 252
kit*L. 253 nst*L. £: 261 zbb. 262 wfti. 265 STR&it. 270 bsldstz.
284 DRfiish. — bast [to burst]. 286 haRB. 287 btzem. F- 294 viid.
298 Tii*Id [(yaa*LDtD), felt, as that something is hot]. £': 306 ha'it. 307
na'i. 314 hii*RD, jIi'rd. 315 viit. £A: 321 [(zid) see*d, used]. 322
Isaef. 323 f&ut. 324 6it. 326 aald. 327 b6uBLD. 328 k(iuBLD. 329
t6ubld. 330 hauBLD. 331 s6ubld. 332 tdnBLD. 333 k»ffif. 334 ha>(ef.
335 msel. 336 Tsesl. 342 jaaRm. 346 gfBt. £A'- 349 rid. £A': 352
VRD. 355 dtf. 359 n&ibBR. 362 slfri. 370 Raese. 371 strssb. £I- 373
dh&i. 376 b&it. £1: 379 h&iL. 381 sw&in. 382 dh&in. £0: —
yaaRmBR. 403 tbr. 407 yrrd^n. £0'- 411 DRii. 413 dtvBl. 420 t&ubr.
421 y&UHTf. £0': 423 dha'i. 426 Tait. 430 viRND.
I- 447 hBRN [hers, in Urchfont (4 se.Devizes) (shiiz*n) is used]. 448 dhii*z.
I: 460 w&it. 466 tjaild. 468 tytldBHU. 481 TtqgBR. 484 dhii*z. 485
dhis'L. 486 [(baaRm) used]. I'- 499 Wt'l [seep. 53, col. 2]. V: 506
imiBn. 507 wtmBU.
0- 522 oop'm. 523 hoop. 524 wrrd'l. 0: — troo [trough]. 528
dhaat. 531 dffiaetX- 532 kAAl. 536 gfiuBLD. 537 RdBRT) dirt, used]. 539
bool. 545 hop. — yaRk [fork, '^the mouth must be elongated as for a grin**].
547 biinBRO. 548 v(iubro. 549 hi!iUBRD. 552 kaHN. 553 haRN. 554
knaas. 0'- 565 n6uBZ. 566 adhBR. 0': 577 ban. 578 pla'u. 579
vno'f [(sna'u) not heard]. 580 ta'u. 582 ktliUBL. 583 tAuBL. 584 stduBL.
689 Bp6nBn. 590 AAubr. 592 sAubr. 597 ZMt.
U- 601 Ta'uBL. 602 za'u. 606 duu'r. U: 609 t«l, t6uBL. 610 uu'l.
U: ' 618 uund. 619 ya'und. 634 DRa'u. 635 wath. 636 vaHDBR. U'-
641 ha'u [approaching to (h6u)]. 642 [(dhii) used]. U': 663 ha'us [pi.
(ha'uz*n)]. 665 ma'us.
Y- 682 liit'l. Y: — wast [worst]. 701 vasx. Y- 707 dh'Rxiin.
709 ▼a'iR.
n. English.
A. 722 DKfun. 723 deeni. 742 iSBZt.
E. 743 skieem. 744 m««*lz. 745 tiiit. 748 [(flash) used]. 750 b©g.
I. and Y. 754 psg. 756 shRtmp [= lollipop]. 758 gaR*L [rather a foreign
word, used for a sweeUieart].
0. 761 I6uad. 767 na'iz. 769 [(want) used]. 773 doqki. 774 puuni.
778 BTtiUBRD. 781 bodhBR. 783 pauLTRi. 790 ga'und. — DRa'und [pp.
(dRa' undid), drown, drowned].
U. 795 shnag. 801 Ram. 802 nam. 805 kaRDz. — kaR*Lz [curls].
806 fas. 808 pat.
t14?l]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
60 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V i, ii.
m. Romance.
A.. 809 j8eb»L. 810 fiw. 811 ^\eez [pi. (pleez'n)]. 812 Ubs. 813
biBk*n. 817 HEdtsh. 822. m&i. 824 t|&i«R. 827 [(fEs) fierce, usedl. 829
gkin. 830 TK&in. 836 8<;fz*n. 840 t|amb*R,. 841 tjaens. 843 DRsentj.
845 SBnshBiit. 847 dsendjOT. 848 t|8?nd}. 849 8TRfiend|BR. 850 dsens. 851
snt. 852 jsepBRN. 855 kaaBdt. 856 psEBt. 860 p^M. 861 Urat. 862
Bisf. 864 koz. 865 fvsfet. 866 puuK.
E-. 867 W. 869 yUbl. 874 u&in. 875 f&int. 876 d&intt. 877 &iR.
878 88b1br». 879 ieemtA. 887 [(peeaps'n) parson used]. — ffeiw [market].
890 [pi. (bllBsttz)]. 891 TlBst. 892 n£vt. 893 yIz'ubr. 894 disee-T,
895 nisee-Y,
I" ondY" 900 pR&i. — fss [fierce; see No. 827]. 901 Ts'ln. 904
va'ilit. 910 djist [pi. djistiz].
0 •• 914 bRuat|. 916 s'lnra. 919 a'intmBnt. 920 pa'int. 921 aektr&int.
922 bwfhel. 923 mx'ist. 924 tjals. 926 sptiutL. 929 kx'uk«mb*R. 930
lain. 936 vdnt. 938 kaRRBR. 939 [(kRoft) croft, used for a dose]. 940
kuu*t. 941 fauBL. 942 b»t|eR. 943 tat|. 947 bx'iL. 948 ba'oL. 950
sapiiR. 951 kap*L. 954 kushBn. 955 da'ut. 956 kivvR.
U-. 961 grfiUBl. 964 znuit. 965 a'il. 968 a'ist'R. 969 shuu^R.
970 d|»8t.
Yah. ii. The Nobthebn oe Gl. Foem.
These dtteelineae cs. marked V, T, D.
Y marks the cs. for VaU and Town of Gloucetter. It was first written in bis
own orthography by John Jones, Esq., who had known the dialect for 50 years, and
was afterwards corrected in pal. from his diet, by AJE. He gave U = (a) uniformly,
but TH. in travelling over the district found the M. (m, u^ with sometimes (o)
and of course (o, a), not only in Tewkesbury, Ashchurch (8 n.Cheltenham^,
and Buckland (12 ene.Tewkesbury), which I place in D 6 1= w.BS, but also frequently
in Gloucester, Cheltenham, Bisnop's Cleve (3 n. Cheltenham), Brockworth and
Birdlip (6 se.-by-s. Gloucester), and even in Cirencester, Fairford (8 e.Ciren-
cester; and Tetbury, so that it would appear that the whole of east Gloucester
were in the mixea region. Indeed TU. heard (u^) as far s. as Piui^n Wl.
flO sse. Cirencester). It is evident that a mixture of (a,. a, o, m, mJ for U
cioes not interfere with the dialect, which is strongly marked. The oldest form
necessarily had some variety of (u), and hence (m, u^ must in this region rather
be considered as survivals, than as M. encroachments, see 8uprd p. 17. Of
course (a, a) are recent developments, that is, begun and developed within
500 years. For (u^ see the introduction to the Midland division.
T marks the Tetoury cs. It was written in io. by Miss Frampton, daughter
of the then vicar, and was pal. by AJE. from answers to a very long series of
Questions which she kindly answered. There is, however, always room for some
oubt where there has not been personal audition. As regards U, Miss Frampton,
like Mr. Jones, apparently used (a, a), but TH. was informed in September 1885
by two stonecutters from Tetbury that {u^) generally and a few (o) were the
sounds there used. The (o) is one of the transitional forms, see Lme 2, p. 17.
D marks the Forest of Dean or Coleford cs. It was written from the dictation
of Raymond D. Trotter, Esq., native of Newnham (10 sw.Gloucester), who kindly
spent many hours with me over it in 1873 in company with his sister, who gave
pnrases from Aylburton on the s. of the Forest. Mr. Trotter visited me again
about it in 1878. This, and Mr. Law*s from Christian Malford are the two best
w. examples of D 4 which I have personally heard.
0. Y Vale of Gloucester, woo'i :djoii b got nuu' dao'uts.
T Tetbury. wsdV :djon B)nB dao'uts.
D Forest of Dean, wao'i idjuk doo)'nt deo^ut.
[ 1492 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V ii.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 61
1. y weI, natbBK, jtiu wi ii bib buu'th laf «t dhw
T wal, natbBB, dhii vn ii mdt boo*th Isef vt dhia iVe
D eo'i zdi natbBE, jtiu bii tm mczi bu'th oii)i gEin bz msctj bz
y niiiuz « mso'm. huu kii'sz? dhat's nao'idhcE jaE iibe
T niuuz « miiao'tii uu dB ktVE ? dhaet }yee)jit jiVe iibe
D dliii)st lao'tk vi dhts)j«*'E- bz a)'i)v bm b telBn oii)jb, uu dBst
y dhooE.
T dha^.
D dhtqk Bd kt^E v'e dhat ? t)tV)'iit noo odz !
2. y ytau Took dB dao'f, bikoz dhB bi laft)Bt,
T dhaE bi prBsbas viu ez deo'tz koz bz qo'u dhB bi laB8Bft)Bt,
D dhBE biVnt mam' bz dB dao'i Ve dhdi bii'Bn mdid gi*m on
y wii dB ndu, duu)'iit)88 ? wot zbtid mdk [mii'k] Bm ? t)ii)'iit
T wii dB ndu, dtra)iit)98? wot shwd miik Bm? t;ee)nt
D beo't dhB leo'iks b dhii, wii dB noou dhdt, doo)'iit 98 ? wot
y vEEi lao'tkl* bii it?
T Wtklt?
D zhttd mee*k)Bii, mBn? t)iV)'iit Eee'ZBDBb'l nae^tt, tz tt?
3. y Qo'uwa'TBE, dhee bi dhB vakts bv dhB ktV'8, zoo djtst
T uusBjEVBE, dhiiz bi dhB vaBkt8 zb
D SB JTIU d^t oold jiuu^E^ djAA, Bn hso'tsht b bit wi;8o'tit b
y hao'u'ld JBE ndiz, mB vESiid, bu bi kw^eo't-Bt tBl qo'i)v
T a)'ttld JBE d|AA, Bn k«p kM?ao'i-Bt t«l Qo't)v
D mtslES'tBu B mii, til Qo'i)v tEld)jB. nao'w ju aaEk'n b bit
y B)dan. aaBk)i.
T dam.
D Bn beo'id kw^eo'i'Bt, til eo'i b dan.
4. y Qo'i be zaEtm 'zhuu'E, bz qo'i iVed Bm zii — zam b
T a)'i)m zaEtin ao'i jii'ED Bm zai — zam b
D qo'i bi zaaEt*n zhuu'E, bz eo'i)v jii'ED Bm zdi — zam b
y dhsm Took bz wEnt deso'u dhB wal (wi'l) dhiq TEBm dhB
T dhee Taak bz WEnt deuu dhB wul dhsq TEBm dhB
D dhdi dhBE Took bz wEnt deso'k dhB ool on't dhBEZE'lTz
y Tast dhBEZE'lTZ, -dhat oo'i did zhwM'r Bnaf I
T Tast dhBBZE-lz, — 'dhaet b did zhttw'E -nso'u !
D TEBm dhB Tast, — •dhcJt)s tbe zhttw'E bz oo'i did !
5. y BZ dhB jaqgist zan izzE-lf, b gaoET biio'i b nao'in, ndwd
T dhB jaqgBst zan bzze-H, b gaoET buao'i b nao'm, nood
D BZ dhB jaqgest zan izzE'lf, b gudna'bBTBbiioi b nao'in, nooud
[ 1493 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
62 THB MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V ii.
y «z yaadliBBz vdts vt wans, dhiu t)waz
T iz yaBffidhBRz vdts, dhoo t)wa)B
D iz TiVdhQSz taq «z zuiin az « oop'nd iz mao^Mth dhoo t)w«z
Y BB ktra>B VR BkweekiiLf vn a)'t)d TBast *ii tv sp^k dho
T ZB kudi^B tm skudi'ki lao'ik, «ii 'ii-d tsl dhs
D zst^ V ku^eoB sku^eektm veoVs, tm so i)d bak *ii tv speek dhv
V TBuutb ont dee^ a'«, 'dhat t «d, Awa'VBB.
T TBuuth 'dhaet « ud.
D TBu'th om ddt, d$ -dhdt a)» ild !
6. Y 9n dhv eo't^ld umvii VBZE'lf b1 tEl snt on)! «z iz a lafiin neo'u,
T vn. dh« ao'fild umBn bbze'I u\ tsL sni ov)i dhaet laef iia)'M,
D 9n dh)aa'ld unrsn BEzs'lf «d tid aoB)B wan an)i bz »z a giuulBn
y Bdhso'tft mat| bodhBB, tuu, if jb)1
T Bn tEl^i sleep aaI wtdhaa'iit muu'B Bduu*, if)i ul
D Bn tsl)i Ba>'tt aaI, tuu, wi)8o'ut m£t^ tmdBBmBnt, if dhii)lt
y oonli Eks BB, wa)nt b noo'idhBB ?
T oom* aeks shi— oo' ! want sht?
D oom sks)BB, di *dhdt vr iid.
7. y l*«rt wdtz [Ent)a)'M] bb tdwld it ta »'♦ wxn qdV Ekst bb,
T ItVst wiiz BB t£lt 'so't wEn ooV aekst shi,
D lii'st watz bb t£ld it 'so't wen so't Ekst bb,
y tuu BB DBii ta>'imz oovbb, b did, Bn bb AAt)'nt ts bi
T duu BB DBii tao'tmz bb d»d, 'sob d»d)'nt AAt)B bi
D duu BB DBii ta>'imz bb moo'B, ii dhdt bb did, Bn-edB AAt)'nt tB bi
y Boq on zatj b puso'int bz dhts — ^wAAt dB juu dht'qk [dhEqk] ?
T Baq on 'sttj lao'tk, wot d)jB dhsqk noo'i* ?
D noo wdtz ao'tft on zal^ a pa>'tnt bz dhik, Wift)st *dhii dhiqk ?
8. y wal, BZ ao'» wbz v)zAi'm eoB)^ tEl)i ao'w waoB bu weu qob
T wal, BZ ao't wbb B^zdrrn, 8hii)d t£l)i oo^u wan bu waoB bb
D BZ a>'» WBZ Bjzdt'Bn 'aB)ud tEl)i eo'w waB Bn wan bb
y TQo'tmd dhB DBsqk'n b«^ bz qdb dB kAAl a>B azlnm.
T f a)'tmd dhB DBaqk'n biiBst shii dB kaeael bb azbBn.
D yao'und dhB DBaqk'n b»'st bz 'b^ kaa'ld bb mee'stBB.
9. y QOB ZW80BD [zOO'b] BZ SO'u BZ BB Zld BU W» BB iuD. ^/tZy
T Bhi swaaB shi ziid i'm widh bb eo'tm eo'iz,
D BB ZWOOB BZ BB Zld BU W» BB Oo'u QD'iZ,
y B)la)'t'in zDBEt^ Bt yal lEnth on dhB gBao'und, m iz gtid
T B)la)'ttn Qo'ut aeael Bloq tn iz birst
D leo't'Bn aaI Bt iz lEqkth Blaq dhB gBso'tmd, wt iz best
[1494]
Digitized by CjOOQIC
D 4, V ii.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 63
y zandi ku^ klooz tv dh« doo'B « dhis eo'tis dao'im «t dhv
T zandi koo't Bnoo'r dh^ dMtt'E « dhB so'tts dao'tm na)'« dh«
D zandi-gt^din kwat on, dpsst boo't dliB duu^B b dh« eo'tiSy
V kaBIlBE B JONDBRq l^m.
T kaaBiiQR [ko'm] b Jon liin.
D dao'im dhao'E ba>'t dh« koBn«l b jokdbez lee'n.
10. V B WBZ B)wa)'mm bwaV, Br zez, vbr aaI dhB wqoeld lao'tk
T ii WBR B)wa)'inm Bwd«, i wqor, fen aeael dhB waDEU) lao'tk
D B WBZ B)8o'«lBn Bw«f» dhaoB, VBK aaI dhB waoHLD Iso'tk
V B ztk i^ao'ild, be b Itt'l gjaoEL (wEntj) in b vBEt.
T B ztk tjao'tld be b Itt'l ma»d aeael bv b vEEt.
D B dog koi^ in b trcip, be b ztk t^so'tld m b vEEt.
11. y Bn dhat ap'nd bz *goe Bn be daaTBE in laa, kam
T Bn dhts JBE sep'nd bz *goe Bn shiiz daaTBE-lAA, kEm
D Bn dhot waoB d^Bst bz *aoB be be diAtBE-LAA, kam
y DESo'u dhB bak jaED vEBm aqm ao'ut dhB w£t klooz tB
T DEUU dhB baek jaaED vBBm b seqm oo'trt dhB wEt kloo*z tB
D DESo'tf dhB jiaED tebie b oqBn oo'iit dhB wst kloo'z tB
y DEao't, on B woshm dee,
T DE8o'», on B waeshm dii.
D i)B8o'«\ on B washBn [wEshBn] deft.
12. y wQo'tl dhB kEtBl WBZ B b6tltn vbe tee^ wan Too'in bEoo'tt
T BgEn dhB ktt'l bao'tld vbe tee, wan fao'tn aatBE^nuun
D wEn dhB ktt'l wbz b beo'tlBn vbe tee, won veitBtsh bfieo'tt
y zsmBE aatBEnuun oonli b wtl: Bguu'B kam nskst dhaoEzdi.
T B zamBE B wt'k Bgon kam dha>Ezdi.
D zamBE aatBEnuun, b wt'k kam nskst dhaoEzdi.
13. y BE dB ju ndw ? eo't nevBE jii'ED noo muu'B neoE dhts b dhat
T BE B t£l)i wot, B ntVBE jii^ED tsl EB mt<t«*B on)t
D Bn dBst noou, ao't uevbe laoBin) noo muu'n ebb dhts b dhot
y dhaoE btznes ap tB tBd^^, bz zhuu'B)z mao't nt'^mz rnf«n)z]
T ap tB nao'u, bz dbuu bz mao't niimjz
D dhBB d|ob BZ zht^u'E bz mao't ndtm)z
y :d|on izhxpBBD, be ao't dt<a)nt want tu nao'tdhBE, dhaoE eqo'u
T :d|on :zh£pBET, be ao't da)nB waent tB nao'tdhBE, zoodhaoB!
D :d|on :zh^)BED, be ao't doo)'nt w<mt tB n6ou niidhBE.
14. y BE zoo eoV bi B^gwdtn wam tB zapBE, gtid
T zoo Qo't')m B)gwdtn wam tB zapBB, gtid
D Bn zoo ao't bi B)gwdtn jam tB a)mi b btt b zamt't tB jat,
[ 1496 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
64
THE MID SOUTHERN.
[D 4, V ii.
Y TLOo'tt, vn du^)iit bi zb iLwik tB loULu ooybr « bodi vgf'n,
T iiao'»t, tsn du^smt)i bii zb km\ ts k&iu oo^r v bodi «gtn,
D n3)'tt)t)jB, Bn doo'nt bii zoo zhanp oovbb « t|ap,
Y w£n b)z B)tAAkiii B dhis dhat bb t)adhBB
T WEn i dB taeaek « dhtk b dhaek.
D wan B tAAks b dhis Br dhdt.
15. Y tt)8 B w^k vuul Bz pr^^ vdh&/vt
T Bn dhEn weI Ib it.
D B m<m ja)nt noo bEtBB iibb b yuuI bz dB tiAk wt)oe'ut
Y r^^zBii . Bn dhat)8 maol last wsoBd. gudbiisot.
T gud biiao'«)tB)i.
D noo zEns, b dlidt)s mso't loost waad. zoo gud bao'i t)jB.
Notes to F, Yale and Town of Gloucester.
Mr. Jones coDsideiB his cs. to be a
fair specimen of the dial, spoken about
Gloucester in the Vale. In the toun
the use of z- for «- is not so frequent,
and (th) generally remains as in rs.
But in the town the sound of (ii) con-
tinually replaces that of {ee) even
among educated people. Mr. Allows
auotes from Lord Campbell's Life of
Judge Hale, p. 230, to the effect that
the judge's name was in Gloucester
called eel (iil), and that Mr. Bloxham,
Clerk of the Peace, bom near Alderly
(7 se. Berkeley), near the Judge's
native place, m summoning the Jury
in Court, called out (idiivtd :iil, by dhe
siim pliis, biikvR), for David Hale, of
the same place, b^er, and Mr. Bellows
recollects a farmer telling him that he
heard Mr. Bloxham say: ** Answer to
your (niim) name, and (siiv) sare ^our
fine." In a paper called a specmien
of the Vulgar Speech of the Town of
Gloucester, reprmted by Prince L.-L.
Bonaparte from the Transactions of the
Cotswold Field Naturalists' Club for the
year 1851, many such words occur.
But they are by no means confined to
the neignbourhood of Gloucester town.
They will be found in Miss Frampton's
Tetbury Specimen, and she gave me
other instances. The foUowing list
contains all those in the aboye paper
(unmarked), and those giyen by Mr.
Jones (marked J), and Miss Frampton
(marked F). The words are arranged
in the usual classes and in ordinary
spelling, the letter pronounced (ii) being
italicised.
A- baker, drake, take, F taken, make,
mode, cradle, F tale, lame,
J F name [and (n&im) F],
J some, gome, F mane [are,
fare, as in rec. sp. ware (waoE)],
bathe, rather.
A'- lone.
AE- blaze, hazle.
A£: waken, day, F today [exceptional
and not constant].
AE'- F stairs.
£A- shake, shape.
A. tradesmen, ¥ trade, James, prates,
potatoes [(tiitBBz)], waye, qua-
yering, gaze.
A •• table, face and F, preface, place,
bacon, poring, case, plate, sepa-
rate, obseryation, narration,
state, paste.
As regards the series A-, A., A>*
this reduction to (ii) is merely a yariety
of (lis, 1b, i') common in other parts of
D 4, itself a reduction of (ia), which
came naturally from (a-), but (^, ee)
are also found more in Do. and Sm.
The intermediate form is (^'o), which is
giyen by JGG. as the rural form about
Chippenham Wl., where (ii, ii^) are the
town forms.
[ 1496 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V ii.]
THE MID SOUTHERN,
65
Notes to i>, Forest of Dean.
0. tchtfy doubts, I have throafhout
represented the first element of the
diphthongs (a'i, a'n) hy (ao) in this
district. I am not quite satisfied. It
may be (id). I long hesitated between
(ah, (e) and simple (a), which in Do. I
adopted ; all my hesitation arose from
stuay of sounds heard from Mr. Potter,
Mr. Law and Mrs. Clay- Ker- Seymour.
The first element is often medial or long,
but as I did not mark it at the time I
leave the vowel short.
1. «ay, distinctly (zat), varying in
direction of (za'i), not approaching (zee).
— neighbour^ the (a'i) effect was very
strong in this word. — tfum dost^ the
(st) is a contraction hereabouts. — this
here^ the (j) is prefixed to (i*R) in this
phrase only. — it is not, (t)u)*nt)
^taifCty is very common in this mstrict,
varies as (tjBnt), (it btt^nt) also used.
2. their being made game of, (dhdt)
for they not* a common pron. in other
districts but not unknown, they again
is for their ; (nu/id) made is similar to
{ndim) name^ par. 13, but (mi'd) is also
used like the following (gt*m) ^ame.
— reasonable, the use of (b) imtially
was thoroughly settled with Mr. Trotter,
who repudiated (r). — is it, (bii-vt)
is not used.
3. molesting of me, or (msdlBU wi
mii) meddling with me.
4. heard, (ju'rd), the effect of (u)
on following or preceding (t, d, 1, vS
converting them into (t, d, l, vS
was carerally ascertained. — through
(DRa)'t<\ the (r) before a vowel being
distinctly trilled, see par. 2, reasonable,
(tha-) could not be pronounced, and
hence (tr-) or (dr-) became necessary.
— Jirst (vast), the (r) is quite lost m
this word, and in (bast, was, wast)
burst, worse, worst; can this arise from
the retention of (s) instead of retracting
or reverting it? Thus (vaRsr, vaRs^T)
would be ouite possible, and this (s, s,)
would be distinct from (s), either would
lead to {s\i\ as in Sanscrit. But if this
ever existed, it has disappeared.
5. a good knob of a boy. — fathers^
the first syllable varies as (vi*, ve',
vie'). — / would back 'he, the use of
'he is conditioned by emphasis, other-
wise (ao'i)d bak)Bn) with the S. hine.
6. woman, emph. (HhtnuBu). — e'er
a one, any one. — guling, the glos-
saries give this as a He. word for
sneering. — wonderment, {f thou wilt
only ask her.
7. leastways, the use of (</•) in place
of (a)'t) shows that the speaker con-
sidered the termination to be ways and
not uHse. — she told, when (br) is
used for her = she, the (r) is distinct,
when for her (as usually written) = he,
the (r) is lost, (« tsld, br Tsld) he told,
she told, are thus kept distinct with-
out emphasis, two or three times or
more, m Aylburton (4 sse.Coleford,
61.) they use («ne*nt) anent in place
of *or more,' meaning 'nearly, close
i^n,' but see anent in Murray's Dic-
tionary.— what dost, see (dhiijst) *thou
dost,' par. 1.
8. drunken scarcely used, (fad'ld)
'fuddled' sometimes heard, but if a
man is not very drunk they sav, (tm
B btn B avBu b dr^p) *he's been navinff
a drop,' and if he's very drunk indeed,
(«m B g3t)Bt on)Bn tB rod 'its) * he has got
it on him to-rights,' but * drunk ' itself
is almost a taoooed word. — beast, also
^beest).
9. lying, they lie, and hens lay, (dhdi
dv la)'t, Bn Enz dB \di) bring out the
two diphthongs very clearly. — coat,
Qlw^ on) 'coat on,' since the word
runs on to (an) but in the pause it is
(ktro't) in thafs mu coat dndt)s ma>'f
kuro't). — yonders, the phrase is used,
but the grammar is not clear.
10. howling, in the Forest of Dean,
little babies even howl, and never whine^
(but win'ikBn) is heard at Aylburton.
11. clothes, Mr. Trotter thought he
used (kloo'z), but on hearing the differ-
ence, acknowledged (tloo'z).
13. name, see nuide, par 2.
14. and so I he a-going home to
havejme a bit of somewhat to eat. The
(a)mi) was nearly (se^mi).
E.S. Pron. Part ▼.
[ 1497 ]
96
Digitized by LjOOQIC
66 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V ii.
Phrases from Forest of Dean from diet, of Mr. Potter and Aylburton
from diet, of Mbs Potter.
1. («z aand bz Hhso'rtsRN)) as hard as iron [the first aspirate
omitted as usual, the second introduced for emphasis].
2. (b bit Bv B mdid)y a bit of a maid [one growing up to woman-
hood, a (gaal is a maidservant of about fifteen, a (wEush) is
a grown woman in a good sense].
3. (gaR)Bwa« wi-jb), get away with you, said to a dog [this con-
yersion of (t) into (r) is very common with ffet before a
vowel in numerous districts].
4. (a)z bin bu JEt mi on dhB jaa), Forest ; (iiz bin B)jat'in mi
on dhB jad), Aylburton ; he's been and hit [been a-hitting]
me on the head.
5. (so'tt guu, nip-BB), how go (how are you), little fellow.
6. (uu'z'n aowz'n bii')Bm), whose houses be them « are they.
Compare Sh.
7. (baBd-dab'in), bird-dubbing, walking down in two companies
on each side of a hedge and pelting at the birds, which fear
to leave the hedge on either side.
8. (im)z B propBK Roqk)'n), he's a proper rank-one (?), he's a
regular deep one.
9. (Qo'»)m gwdin tB aa)mi B)rso'id), I'm going to have me a ride
[—to get a lift in a waggon].
l«k)i), wilt thou, look-you.
bist "dhii B dhao'u'an), whom art thou a-thou-ing [in a
?uarrel. Forest]. Tao'i beent a gwrf^in tB bii dhiid ba'i dhao'u)
am)not a going to be thee'd by thou [Aylburton].
12. (b pool-ton ban-Bts), a-pelting walnuts.
13. (b woo)'nt aask'n an-ta mii), he won't hearken to me, won't
do what I tell him.
14. (kip dham vits sttl), keep those feet still [that is, don't stamp,
said at a public reading].
15. (HEft)'n), heave him or it, (nsft) weight or heavy load, both
Forest and Aylburton.
10. ru)t,
11. (-uu
Glouceoteb cwl.
V Vale of Gloucester as in cs.
T Tetbiiry as in cs. with some extras.
C Cirencester from wl. given me ty. by Miss Martin of Whitelands.
D Forest of Dean as in cs.
A Aylburton as in specimens.
W Whitcomb (5 ese. Gloucester], wn. by TH.
Unmarked words belong to the four nrst-named places and also possibly to A.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 4 C tlBk. 5 C miBk. 17 V laa, TD Ua. 18 kl«k. 12 V niwn
neera, T niim, D n&im, C niem. 22 C tiBm. 24 C shimn. 28 C ha)R.
34 V last, D \aa»i, T la>st. A: 39 VXD [(kam) come, used]. 46 C ants.
46 [(I6tt) light, always used]. 64 V want, T w^nt, D wont. 66 V wosh wash,
r 1498 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V ii.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 67
T w»8h, C [(bak'n) a small waah]. A: or 0; 58 VT TBtnn. 60 bUi-q.
64 V Koq, T Bag. A'- 67 VtD Bgw&tn [a-going], D ©'n gun [how do
r=do]. 73 VT zoo, D zoo. 75 TD duu, V tuu. 76 C tfisd. 79 V &jm,
ao'im, D ootm. 81 Y Wn, D 16e«n, T liin. 82 wshb. 84 VTD mtiutni.
86 C (iirts. 87 Y Uooz, TD U6ovz. 89 Y btiuvth, D bvvth, T b6o«th.
92 VT niu, D n6oii. 94 VT \aJbM. 97 sot'kI. A': 102 YD aks, T aeka.
104 W rood. 113 V w«l wAd, T wid, D -oobI. 115 VTC wrai, D jam.
118 C btitm. 120 V «gira*«, T vgan. 122 V ntim. 124 staumi. 125
oonli. 129 C gdwsst. 130 C bCivt.
-ffi- 138 y vaadhBB, T VBBflB— , D vi'—, ve'— , Tte'— -, C fssBdhvR. 143
tfrtl. 144 V vgira, T Bgtn. 150 Y Wst, T liimt, D liist. 152 C waareB.
jEi 161 V dAf, T dii, D di^t. 162 Y tvd^, T te dii. 163 16i. 166 T n^
D matd. 168 C taeaelmi. 169 VTD wan. 170 C feieyst. 172 C gnuBaes.
174 C Msh. 177 V dhat, D dWt, [T (dhak) used). 179 Y wAxt, T wot,
D wot. 181 C psaeth. M- 182 C see. 183 C Wtj. 190 kee. 193
kl«m. 194 VT mi, YD ont. 197 tiiz. 199 C bl<^. 200 weet. 201 C
wdb'n. jE': — stdz [seeds]. 207 nid'l. 210 kl6i. 214 VTD nao'idbirR.
215 C taat. 218 C ship. 220 YD zhxphBRD, T —r. 223 DC dha)B dbvB.
224 VTD WQOB. 227 VTD wEt.
E- 233 Y epeek, D speek. — «t [eat]. 252 Y kBtl, TDC kit'l.
E; 256 Y ZDBBfat, T sraifat. 261 VT zii, D zdi. 262 VTD wft». 265
W stridt. 276 YD dhiok, Vx dhsqk. 278 wBnsh [always used for rirl in a
good sense]. 281 V Isnth, DT Isqkth. 284 DBBsh. 287 C b«z*m (Common
word for all kinds of brooms], — T b«i*st, D bnst [best]. E': 313 DT
aank'n. 314 V ti^BD, TD jit'BD. 315 D vits, C fit.
EA- 320 VTD kiiiiB. EA: 322 V laf, T Iffif. 323 fao'wt. 326 VT
o'Mld, D ioBld, W 6Mld &Mld. 330 V ha>'tild, so'tdd. 332 V tiwld, T tslt, D
tBld. 333 C ksefef. 335 T »»!, DV aaI. 338 Y kAAl, T beeel, D kaaU.
— aaBD [bard]. 343 C waaBm. 346 D glvt, W gjst. EA'- 347 D jsd,
C «d. 348 VTD ao'iz, C 6i. 349 Y vtiiu. EA': 364 C sh«f . 365 C diBf .
356 C Wf. 357 dh&M dhoo. 359 T n&ibvB, D n^tbiiB. 361 bom. 366 VT
gaoBT. 370 C Baa. 371 C sraaa.
EI: 377 C stink. 378 T wewk. EO- 386 C Ja)'f#. EO: 390 V zb«d,
T shMd. 394 V jomdvb, D jondvbz. 398 fC (klsBm) used]. 399 YD bBa>'it.
402 D laoBN, T laaBK. EO'- 411 VTdC DBii. 412 [(sob) her, used in
nom., (shii) in ace.] 420 C vao'uB. 421 C faBti. 421 vo*Bth. EO': 422
W zik. 425 C 16it. 436 [C (dhii) always used, even to superiors, pe^iaps
from large quaker communityj. 437 VT nuuth, D TBmth. £T- 438 VTD
dao'i. EY: 439 V TBist.
I- 440 C week. 441 ziv. 446 € n6in. 447 Y a>B [T (shiiz) she*s, used].
I: 452 VTD ao'i, C 6i [evidently an error of my informant]. 455 VTD laol,
C 16i. 459 C B6it [? Ba'ft]. 466 sEti. 467 VTOC tjao'ild, W tja'il. 480 V
dhiq, T dhBO. 484 YD dhis [T (dhik) used]. 487 JistBBdi. — nt [hit].
r- 495 VT w®'in [D («>'fil) howl, used]. 496 nhaoiBN. V: 506 VTDC
MUtm. 510 Y mao'in, T mWin [and generally (a)'i)].
0- 519 T BBVTO. 524 VTD wadbld. 0: 531 daamm. 538 VTD iid.
546 v'b. — [C (paaq) prong used for fork]. 547 buu'BD. 550 T wqobo.
551 C staBm. 552 C kaBN. 0'- 559 C madhBB. 564 zuun. 0': 571
Y gwd. 577 C boo. 578 C ploo. 579 VT wiaf . 686 Y diomt, T da)nB, D
doo'nt [don't]. 687 'VTD dan. 592 V zwaoBD zoo'b [both used], T swaaB, D
zwooB. 596 C fat.
U- 601 fool. 602 zdyu. 603 W Bkamin. 604 VTD ztoibb. 605 VTD
xan. 606 TD duutsR, V doo'B, W diiBB. U: 608 C [(onuBBi) ordinary, used}.
610 CmI.- 612 VTDzam. 615 C poond. 616 VDT raao'and. 619 YD
va>'t#*nd, T fao'tmd. 627 VTD zsndi. 631 dhaoBzdi. 632 VT ap. 633 C ktm.
634 YD DBa>'u, T dbuu, W thruu. U'- 643 D nae'^u, W na u. U': 668
VTD deo'im, C doon. 659 C toon. 663 VTD a)'MS [pi. (a)'«z*n) C]. 665 C
moos. 666 VT azban [(mee'stBB) used D].
Y- 673 T matj. 676 VTD DBao'i. 676 C 16i. 682 VT l»t*l. Y: 690
C k6ind. 691 C m6ind. 701 VTD vast. Y- 705 C sk6i. 706 VTD wa)'i.
T: 709 C f6iB. 712 C miis.
[ 1499 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
68 THE HID SOUTHERN, [D 4, Y ii, iii,
n. English.
A. 726 VD tAAk, T t®8Bk. 732 V ap'n, T aep'o. 738 T pRiit.
E. 748 C flisht. 749 W lift. 752 VXD tkbI.
I. and T. 754 C pseg [heard from the old man who called hacon (b&ik*n)].
758 V gjaoRL, W gjsRL.
0. 761 [(baDRD^n) always lued C]. 765 ;dpn. 767 T n&iz. 781 T bodhw,
791 V biio'i, T bua)'i, D bCi6». tJ. 804 V DRaqk'n.
U. 804 V DRspk'n.
m. EOMAVCB.
A •• 813 C b&tk*n [heard from an old man]. 814 meesnaR. — C [(bskit)
bucket always used for pait], 824 tjii*R. 835 Reez*n. 857 T kiis. 862 T
siif. 864 kdz.
E- 867 VCt^, TD tee. 878 soIbri. 887 [(paeflBs'n) parson, used C].
888 YTD zantin. 890 YC \)eetX, T biimt, D bf*st. 892 C nsTt.
I .. a^u; Y .. 901 Y Yao'in, T fai'in. 904 v6ilet.
0-. 916 C&inwiz. 920 YT puoeint, D paotnt. 925 YT t«u8., 929
koo'kvmbvR. 938 YT kaRnsR, D kdRRBl. 939 Y VUxyt [T («na)'t) anigh, used].
940 YD ku?at, T kooH. 941 YDT yuul. 947 Y b6tl, TD bae'il. 950 YT
sspaR. 955 YTD dao'vts.
XJ.. 964 C stiUBt. 969 YTD zhtiuBR.
Yab. iii. The Nobth-Westebn ob East He. Fobm.
As we shall see, all He. is afPected by the 1^8. dial., but the
little slip which runs up from Gl. into He. is so strongly MS. that,
although there seems to be a little falling off as we go on, I have
found it necessary to place it in D 4. The w. b. of this slip is the
w. b. of the S div. The e. b. is formed by the barrier of the
Malvern Hills. The first considerable place we meet is Boss on
the Wye. About this dialect a correspondent signing himself W.
H. Green, who said he was a native of Boss, but whom we have
been unable to identify, sent a letter in his own spelling to Prince
L.-L. Bonaparte, from which, in conjunction with notes fix)m Upton
Bishop, and a very few words given to .TH. by Mr. Joseph Jones,
bookseller, Hereford, the following inferences are drawn :
8.^;
EoB8 Pronunciation.
is used for (s) in to «ee, «ome, raid ray, «ow (pig).
is used for (f) in/rom/ind/olk/riend/anner/or/orty/orget o/*ended (P).
[ii«} is used in late, plagued, place master, translate quakers, implying the regular
MS. change m A- words, but (ssd) is found in davey a local words
mantlepiece.
I&i) is used in say way straight n^'ghbour.
a'o) apparently is used in Imow and (uA't) in boy.
[n) is heard in put.
idhtk, dhak) are used,
bist) thou art, (srn tm) she, he ; (dhii) thou, (vt, wst) wilt, would'st, I be^ they
bfeu'i^ I did want.
All these are strong marks of D 4.
Going further n., TH. got from Stoke Edith, (gr&tn ffttvR ddi 16«*t,n) grain,
fair, day, day, laying and " I told ahe.*^ But in this latitude at Ledbiuy, ana
' Eggleton, {'
ties.
[ 1500 ]
further n. at Much Cowame and Eggleton, there are very distinct marks of the
same dialect in the following examples.
Digitized by
Google
D4, Viii.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 69
Three Interlinear He. cs.
FROM Ledbury, Much Cowarne, and Egoleton.
L marks the cs. specimen for Ledbury (12 e. Hereford) written by Rev. C.
Y. Potts, and the late Mr. Gregg, solicitor, both of Ledbury, and pal. by AJ£.
from the diet, of Mr. Gregg.
C marks the specimen for Much Cowarne (9 ne.Hereford) written in phonotypy
(see Part IV. 1183 c) by Mr. Joseph Jones, bookseller, of Broad Street, Herefora,
irom the diet, of Mr. Herbert Ballard, Leighton Court, Bromyard, and pal. by AJ£.
As the diphthongs were unanalyzed in phonotypy, I have adopted the forms (a'i,
o'm) heara by TH. when visiting Much Cowarne in 1881. Possibly Mr. Gregg's,
which I heard as (ao^i, ao'i/), were meant for the same.
E marks the Eggleton (8 ne.Hereford), practically the same as the Much
Cowarne, written by Miss Anna M. Ford Piper, of Blackway, Eggleton, for
Prince L.-L. Bonaparte (who passed it over to AJE.), with an ingenious and
exhaustive rhyming key to the pron., supplemented by long notes from Miss Mary
E. Piper and her brother, who considered that the true He. speech began about
Stoke Lacy, Pencombe, and Bromyard (9 ne. 10 nne. 13 ne.Hereford), slightly
to the w. of Much Cowarne and Eggleton. From the key and the notes and TH.'s
Much Cowarne words, the cs. has been pal. by AJE. The difference between
Ledbury and Eggleton these informants considered to consist chiefly in the greater
"guttiiality" of Much Cowarne, adding that horse is (ans) at Ledbury, but (oe)
in Cowarne.
The substantial phonetic agreement of all three renderings obtained from such
widely different sources (notwithstanding some evident diuectal slips which are
inevitable when writers have not themselves spoken the dialect naturally in their
youth) shows that the correct pron. must have been fairly reached.
Miss Piper added some further specimens which are given below with a trans-
lation interlined.
0. L Ledbury. woo'/ :djAAn •ez noo doa'ttts
C Much Cowarne, wo'* :d|a'k a'nt noo da'wts
E Eggleton, wa'i :d^AAii o)nB got noo m»sgrv«iz
1. L wal, naibBR, juu Bn «m mki boo'th la^f vt dhi8 iVr ntuuz
C weI, naibvR, juu «ii tm mat booth on)jB laaf Bt dh»8 iVr ntuuz
E wtftfl, naibBR, bwotb on dhB vook ma» lof Bt dh»k ntuuz
L B mao'tn. uu kjaRz ? dha't)8 neo't'dhBR iVr ubr dhaR.
C Bz o'rdB tEl JB. huu dB keeR ? dhot)8 niidhBR jhr ubr dhecR
E BZ o'l B got. uu keeBRz ? dhot jont jiIbr ubr dhiiBR
2. L vIa'w mEn dao'* kAAz dha)R la^ft Bt,
C fjo'w f M^aks dB da't kos dihee dB gEt la*ft Bt,
E dhiiBR jant bat vta't< menkja'tiid bz da'iz koz dhai bi loft Bt,
L wi nA'ttz, doo'nt as ? wAAt sh'd meek Bm ? tlant ver«
C wii dB nku dan bs? wot 8h«d mfak Bm? it jEnt ver*
E wii ua'wz, dwant)e8 ? wot 8hfid miBk Bm ? «t bjant ver»
L leo'tkli, iz tt ?
C la'tkli, biitt?
E la'ikli, bii«t?
[ 1601 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
70 THB MID SOUTHBRX. [D 4, V iii.
3. L AABomE'YVB dhiiz bii dhi faks «)dhB kees, zoo djast A'fid roR
C 'lii8t)diz dliiiz)jBr bEnt noo Id'iz, zoo juu dpcst a'wld jbb
E s'usBmB'VBB tt WBZ atBB dhtk wdt, boo d^ast d'ud dh«
L ndiz, )ni bi kwao'iet t»l oo't « dan. Itik t^B nao'tf!
C Ba'tf, a'ttld bwA'i, vn ran a'tsht til e't « dan. aaBk)t!
E ndtz, mon, vn ba'tsht ttl 9't bi dan. AAsk'n!
4. L Qo't bi zaBtm a>'t ii'sd vm zii — ^zam « dbsm vooks oz
C 9'« bi shuuB a't jeBd tm edi — sam o dbsm t^ps az
E 9'« bi shuuBB «z 9't hiiBBD «m zai — zam « dhi» vook «z
L wEnt DBOD'tf dhB wal dhiq vBam dh^ yaBst dh«BZB*lYZ — dba^t
C ndttd aaI Bba'wt *t vBom dh« vEst, dfd a'« shuuala'r.
E WEnt DBa'u dh« wbI dhtq yB9ni dh« vast dhfBBZE'lvz — dhot
L a>'« d»d zeef tmaf .
C
E 9'» d«d Bdtf'f «naf.
6. L dhot dhv jaqest zan tzzE'lf, « greet bwA't « nao'tn, nA'fid
C ez dh« Iftlest bwA't izse*!, b jaq)Bn o nao'in jbb a'uld, nai^d
E dhot dh« Jaqest bwA't tzze*lf, « ga^M bwA'» « na'm, nA'fid
L iz Yee*db«Ez y^i's vt wanst, dhoo it wbz zoo ktrtVvB tm
C iz fladhBEz taH's Bt wanst, a1 ramt im
E bimz y^MlhBsz vdts Bt wanst dhoo b wbz boo ki^^^B Bn
L sktriiki, Bn ao't)d xaast 'tm tB spiik dhB TBuutb Eni
C skwdikifa'td, Bn tm «d)nB tEl noo la'iz ta noobodi,
E sku^fBktn, Bn a'i ud TBast 'tm tB spiiBk dhB TBtith ant
L ddt, dt, »')-td.
C noo B «d)'nt.
E dai, dt, a't *iid.
6. L Bn dhB Aid tonBn bbze'U ul tsl £nt on m bz la^fs noD'ti,
C Bn dhB a'wld innBn BBse-l u\ tsl Eni o ju tjaps ez iz [wot)8]
E dhB a't^ld innBn BBze'lf ul t£L snt on dhB bz bfs na'u,
L Bn tsl Jn sTBdit of, tun, Bdhao'ttt matj bodhBB, tV ju)1
C Bgrt'ntn, widho'tft noo fas nAB bodhBB, tf Juu
E Bn t£l dhB STBdit of, tuu, udha't^'t mat^ boothBr, tf dhii)dst
L oont a'sk bb want bb?
C ooni aksBZ br, dt, br ul
E onlt a'ks br want br, mdt bi ?
7. L liistwdiz B toold tt 'mii wEn a>'t a'kst br, tuu br dbU
C liist jdtz BR dtd t£l)mi wEn a't akst br tuu ar dhaii
£ lEstwdiz BR t£ld tt maa wEn a't akst br, tuu ar nidi
[ 1602 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D4, Yiii.] THB MID SOUTHERN. 71
L toVmz ooTBE, BR didj vn 'wr HAtynt ts bt rAAq on dha^t
C ta'imz d'fiYvr, on *aR ds niu «z weI bz moost,
£ ta'tmz 97BR, d»d RR, tm 'ZR ad)*nt AAt in bi raq in dhik
L poo'mt, WAAt d)n dht qk ?
C wot d)jR thiqk ?
E jiiRR kfitss, wot dost dhii dh»qk ?
8. L weI, rz a>V wrz Rzdrin, '8hii)d tEl)ji, a>'tf wrr Rn wsn
C weI, vz a't wRz Rzdrtn, sr ud tEl)jR, q'u
£ w^^l, Rz a'» wBz Rzdi'tn, aR ud tEl)dhR, a'w wfiRR Rn wsn
L RR fsnd dhR DRaqk'n bii'st rr kAAlz rr xzbRn.
C RR fa'tmd dhR DRaqkon bfast rz rr dR kAAl azban.
E RR Ysmd dhR DBaqkRn bjsst rr kAAlz rr mon.
9. L RR zooR RZ RR zih «in adh rr a'on eoVz Rlao'iin
C RR d»d sweeR rz rr d»d sii lin wtd rr a'tm e'lz, Rla'rin
E RR BdavR RZ RR sii tm tith rr d'tm d'tz Mr
L znREtjt a't val lEnth on dhR grA'ond m iz zznde
C vt ftfl lanth on dhR gra'tmd in iz sand*
E sTRal^ a'tft Rt val Isnth on dhR jaaRth m dhot dhCiRR gud
L ]Ltaoo\ klAAs bt dhR oo'tis doo'R dao'tm Rt dhR kAARn'l
C goo* in koot, kloos RgE'n dhR dooR ov iz e'tis rz dR stand
E zandikuuRt r iz'n, klos Rgs'n dhR duuRr r dhR e'us, da'tm
L R dha't lee'n.
C Rt dhR koRRRl ov dhat dheeR 1^^.
£ Rt dhR kaaRnil r jandRR lain.
10. L R WRZ Rwao'inin Rwdi, zEz-aR, yrr aaI dhR waRld lao'tk r
C im WRR Rwa'inin Rwdi*, rr dR sdi, var aaI dhR wzttld lo'ik r
£ R WRZ Rja'fi'lin rw^*, skz aR, faR aaI dhR uuRRld la'i'k r
L zik jaq)Rn ar r lit'l wEnsh in r vREt.
C jaq)Rn az iz bad, ar r lit'l wEnt^ r a'tilin.
£ sik jaq)Rn ar r liVl WEnt| rz wrz frEt^et.
11. L Rn dha^t a'p'nd rz 'aR Rn)RR dAAtBR Iaa kam
C Rn dhat dheeR dtd ap'n rz rr Rn)ttR dAAtRRinlAA did kam
E Rn dhot WRZ djast rz rr Rn)RR dAAtBR Iaa kam
L DRao'tf dhR ba'k jaad VRRm a^qin ao'ut dhB wEt klooz
C dRd'u dhR gjafidiq aatBr aq'in a'ut dhB klwaz
E DRd'tf dhR bok jaard wCIrt ad bin r a-qin a'ift dhR wseaet klooz
L tB DRao'i on b wBshin ddi,
C on dhs lo'inz on b woshth ddi,
£ tB DRa'i on R wEshin dii.
[ 1603 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
72 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V iii.
12. L wao'il dhB kEt'l wbz Bbaorlin vbr tii wan vao'in bKaoVt
C WEn dliB kEt'l WBZ Bba'ilin fsB tii, wan fa'm
E dhtt waMd dh« kit'l wbz Bbo'tlin fon tii, wan fa'm bRo'it
L zamvE aatBRnuun oont is wtk vguu* kam nskst thazd^.
C zamtJRZ aatBRnuun a'tmli is wik Qgs'u* kam nEkst thaazdi.
E zamBB atBRnuim anli b wik «guu' kam nEt dhaazdi.
13. L Bn d)ji jia}u ! a>'i nEVTSR laRnd noo moo'R nvE dliis
C tin duu JB ndtt ? o't nEVDB iind noo mooR
E Bn dast dhB nA'ii, bz a't nEVBE laRND ant muuBR nBR dhi k
L B dha^t btznis ap ts dhts dai, bz zhuu'R bz mii
C on)t ap tB dbts iiR daf, bz shuuR bz ma^*
E B dhat dhfiBE hiz'iiis tH tBdat, bz sbuuBR bz mo'i
L nee'm)z :djAAn ishEpBRd, Bn so'i doo)'nt wont tu nao'idhBR,
C n^fm)z :d^ak zshepBt Bn a'l da)na wont tu niidbBR,
E nfiBm bi id^^An ishepBRt, Bn 9'% da)nB wont tB nsdhBR,
L dhaR nao'u !
C ZB -dliEt bi dhB End on)t.
E dhiiBR na'ii.
14. L Bn zoo qo'Or Bgwee'n warn tB sapBR gud nao'it, Bn
C Bn zoo 9'i bi is^in warn tB av zam zap'BR gud na'tt, Bn
E Bn 800 e'tbi gwii'in warn tB zapeR gad na'tt Bn
L doo'nt bi zo vaast tB Ilra^u oovbr b bodi agja-n, wan
C da)nB bi zb anko'mBn ku^tk tB kok o'mvbr b felsR Bge'n, wEn
E da)nB dhs bi' so ku'tk te kuA^u oybr b bodt Bge'n, wEn
L B tAAks B dhis dha't b tadhBR.
C tm dB tAAk ov dhts jbt ar dhat dheeR.
E B tAAks B dhtk dhot ar tadhBR.
15. L it)8 B puu'R A'tif bz pree'ts Bdhao'wt Riiz'n. Bn dha*t)s
C tm bii [fz] b haas bz bii IiaaIi's b djabBitn Rabtsh. dhot)s dhB
E tt)8 B dAAndBRf'q o't/f bz preeBts udho'u't zEns. Bn dhot
L m9o'i laast waRd, gud bao'i.
€ best ntuuz o't b got fBR ja, a'wld bwA't ! na'ti e'i mBn t^A ma'»
E bii ma'i lAAst uubud, gtid hii,
L
C danrek, ar o'» 8ha)nt av noo sapBR — uk it !
E
Notes to Z, the Ledbury cs.
1. n/'tyA^r, not used in this way in latedly (dhrao'u) is used, but here he
the dialect. said (araD'w) not revertinff (d r), a mere
4. through, Mr. 6. said that iso- accident, few gentlemen learn to revert
[ 1504 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V Hi.]
THE MID SOUTHERN.
73
(b) before a yowel. Ab to the th, Mr.
Gregg gave, throi^h (dhra)'«#), throw
(thTA'u), thistle (diz\ thin (dhin), thief
(thtf), thick = that (dhtk), which
indicated an inconflistent usage. — safe
(zeef) meaning sure, but a (zee'f) for
meat; the word ought to begin with
(«) theoretically.
6. aye I tcouldf I becomes (t) under
such circumstances, the pron. ▼ar3ring
with the construction.
6. wonU A^, her is used for she, and
the (b) is felt distinctly, as (want a)
would stroit*^ he.
9. oum (a'on) has a glide from the
open to the rounded lips, (a) to (o).
--ar<nmd, at first I wrote (a'a^) con-
sidering the glide to be merely in the
rounding, as in the last case, out sub-
sequently (a'o] seemed to express it
better, tne position of the tongue being
also changed. Similarly growth was
called (gRA'oth), nearly (gRA'Mth). —
that latte, (ion) is found in the dialect
and might naye been used here.
12. aftemooHf Mr. Potts says evening
would be used, Mr. Gregg just the
reyerse.
13. shepherd as a name has (sh), as
an occupation ^zh).
14. I are^ this is rare, I be \s com-
mon, he are^ he be wee never used, Mr.
G. said that **beia invariably med by
uneducated people with each of the
persona] pronouns both in the sing, and
pi.,** this is probably too wide an as-
sertion. In this case {3)'i bii Bg^ee*n)
would be more usual, the (a-) is pre-
fixed onl]^ to the present, not to the
past participle. Ihou is not found,
out thee bitt, thee umst are constantly
used.
^otes to C, or the Much Cowame cs.
15. Se is an ass as be always Jabber-
ing rubbish. ThaVs the best news I
have got for you^ old boy. Now I must
take my danniok or I shanU have no
supper. Mock it ! The word danniok
was not explained, it may mean gaiters
for which dannack is used in Nf .
Mr. Hallam obtained in 1881 from
Mrs. Sarah GrifiSths in almshouses at
Hereford, b. 1816 at Much Cowame,
where she lived till 7 and afterwards
from 10 to 20, the following words,
which are very ifair D 4.
A- 21 n^. A: or 0: 64 r6q\
A'- 67 o'i hi gw&in w6m [I am going
home]. A': 106 bsAAd. M- 138
fMdh«B. JE: 161 da'*!, mtdU det.
-Sr- 200 wif. M- 218 shtp\
223 dh^BK, 224 wIub. £- 233
spiik. E: 261 saW, 262 wSi, —
fild [field], 279 wEut. E- 2901,299
gRiin, 314 srd. EA: 322 bf\
324 k'ii\ 326 awld. EA'- 347 Ja'd.
EA': 360 dfa'd [approaching (diad)1.
EI- 373 dh&»t. EO': — a'i sid im [I
saw him]. I: 462 o't, 468 naif, 469
o'i C»)na fl won't]. I'- 494 ta^tm.
0: 531 dAAtaii, 638 (id, — krop [crop],
662 kA'an. 0'- 565 shun, 669 madhaR,
562 muun. 0': 687 da'n. U- 603
aka-mtn [a coming], 606sd'n, 606d6BR,
663 bat'. U': 663 a' ws'. U. —mad'
[mud]. A" — pli'tntsh [plainish],
841 tjA'ns, 861 neant [aunt], —
gjand'n. E- 892 niviu. I- 899 nis\
0 •• — bif [beef], — naqkM [uncle].
TH. considers that unaccented (i ) should
be written (ij here and elsewhere.
JVo^ to JS, or the Eggleton cs.
Min Piper seemed to have no rule
for (s, z ; f , v) initial and said they
were used ''indiscriminately.*' She
wrote with (s) rick, «wore, «ee [ =«iwl,
jwite [blow], «pittal [= spade], #will,
«o, «ure, «afe, and witn (z), «ay, «ome,
i9unday, tumer, «ense ; and sometimes
with (s) and sometimes with (z) «eed
and ceed, to sow and to sough, rider
and rider, lummut and rummat. Again
ahe wrote with (f) /rom, /ar, /rechet-
like, /or, /ine, /irther, /ot [ = f etchedl,
and with v /ew, /ather, voice, /ouna,
/nil, /allow, /ield, retches, /ill, /eet,
rictual, /our. Misa Mary Piper found
these usages correct. If they were,
they shewed that at this distance from
the centre the instincts of the dialect
were no longer felt.
In the same way in construction Miss
Piper used hiins for his, which seems
a late development, and Miss Mary
Piper said was rare. Again Aim had
nearly superseded un for the ace. hine.
Although in the examples, /, he are
never t^ed for the ace. emphatic. Miss
Piper considered it common. Miss M.
Piper, also said that think, thing had
(dh) and sure, sheep had (zh).
[ 1605 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
74 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V iii.
Miss Piper's extra specimens for Eggleton, with her translation
interlined.
1. meesitBR, bii o'i « gwiiin tB ore dhs p(iBS BnHnt
master, am I a going to hanx>w the piece (of land) opposite to
dha voIb v«ld?
the fallow field?
2. a't ko)nB tfi^k dham dhfiBR osez DRo'ti dhat dhfivB jat.
I cannot take those horses through that gate.
3. dhiiBE bjant ztd-val^ez waai [wia'w] tB za!u dhB v«ld Bnant
there are-not seed retches enough to sow the field opposite
dhB pbk Bn if be wbz aaI DROsht bz bii in dhB
the plock (small field) and if they were all threshed that are in the
bABn, -laRd! 9'« da)na dhtqk bz dhdt)d t*1 b wiskBt val
bam, Lord ! I do)not think that they- would fill a basket full
BnEf [Bna'w] ts jap «m ap fafidBK nBE dhB bBtm.
enough to heap it up further than the brim.
4. BZ it WBZ Bgwdrtn da'tm dhB Idin, e't sii dhB bwd« at dhB
as I was agoing down the lane, I saw the boy at the
gafBRz op'lz «th dhB bRod-ak, Bn, Wi gom ! ii did
gaffer's [master's] apples with the broad-hook, and, by gom ! I did
gfv him B swa'it «th dhB sp/tBl Ba'tt on iz' jad.
give him a blow with the spade right on his head.
5. dh(iBE tm waz bI^* Bmoq dhB dad-dak Bn malak dpst bz if
there he was a-lying among the dead-wood and dirt just as if
B WBZ djad.
he were dead.
6. B WBZ bdd, noo vfiBR, b wor)nt jab'l tB jat, Bn o'« tdd Bn B7
he was bad, no fear, he wa8)not able to eat, and I tdd him that
tf f m ttd gu Bn swtl tmz vfiBs tn dhB brak bz b k«d go
if he would go and swill his face in the brook that he could go
atBR dhB stiiBRZ Bn fODBB Bm.
after the steers and feed them.
7. 800 B got on tmz tun vtt Bn o'* pat nn tn dhB kfiBRT, Bn
so he got on his two feet and I put him in the cart, and
gEn tm B ksk tB BttTc in dhB so'tdBr [zo'mIbr] kRg, soo bz b
gave him « keck to stick in the cider keg, so that he
[ 1506 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V iii, iY.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 76
kitd gti z^mvit tB DBiqk atBB iz vitBl.
could get something to drink after his food [yictoal].
8. me't umvD. Hbvld wba'wt it, dhs watld Br wbz sa'rm dhB mtlk,
my wife heard about it, the while she was straining the milk,
Bn, ba't gosh ! sbi did gu on ; kr)z aaIiz f Reiptla'tk.
and, by gosh ! she did scold ; she)8 always cross.
9. e'l mnt dru uavsnYook Bn^nt dhEm dhiiBR a'Kz'n b juurn;
I met three women [woman folk] opposite those [there] houses of yours ;
dh^ WBZ B-magtn Bn BmfiBkm muuBB n^i'z iibb ya'tiBB tmdBRT
they were a chattering and making more noise than four hundred
manka'md t<d.
men [man's kind] would.
10. :toRLz WBZ Bla*q, Bn be aaI tsBJSd) intu dhot dhfiBE ya'uld
Charles was along, and they all turned into that [there] fold-yard
B fz'n, Bn Diov dhB ship mtu dhB huzi uth. e'tiBRX.
of his, and drove the sheep into the shed with ours.
Vae. iv. The SouTH-EAsrEEN oe Do. Fobm.
Proceeding b. wards from Wl. we come to Do. The dialect is
essentially the same, but at the e. end the (t, z) are less used for
(f, s), a matter of education. The (ai) varies much as (ee'i) and
occasionally even (ii). The A- is rather (cb, ee') than (fB, i') and
falls into {ee) rather than (ii). The first example, a dt., was kindly
given me w. by Mrs. Clay-Ker-Seymour, to whom the dialect was
very familiar, and represents the pronunciation of her own district,
Hanford (4. nw.Blandford). The same lady had also assisted Eev.
E. A. Dayman of Shillingstone (5 nw.Blandford) to fill up a wl.,
which she subsequently went over with me w., see p. 80.
A C8. was obtained from Mr. Clarke, native of Cranbome (12
ene.Blandford), and was pal. by me from diet, of Major-General
Michel, being subsequently corrected in a few points by corre-
spondence with Mr. Clarke, who was Master of the Schools at
JUngwood, Ha. (19 wsw. Winchester), the dialect of which place he
found to be the same as his own. This was confirmed by a few
words I obtained w. from a carter, native of the place, and from
a wl. furnished by Mr. W. W. Farr from the comparatively dialect-
less district about Christchurch (20 sw. Southampton), and other
indications, so that this strip of Ha. is reckoned dialectally as e. Do.
Finally the late Eev. W. Barnes, Winterbome Came, well known
through his Do. poems, took great pains with a cs., which he wrote
in a systematic orthography (see p. 80), and kindly explained by'
correspondence where any oimculty occurred. He also filled up a
[ 1607 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
76 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V ir.
vrl, for mc, which is given on p. 80, embracing also the most
important words in the Cranbome, Hanford, Shillingstone, and East
Lul worth (12 se.Dorchester). The Cranbome and Winterbome
Came cs. are given interlinearly for more easy comparison.
Hanford, Do.
dt. pal. by AJE. from diet, of Mrs. Clay-Ker-Seymour.
1 . zoo ao'i dB zEi/t, mi la?dz, xnu dB zii na'ow dhaet ao't bi Bhao'i t
hafout dhtk dheea ItVl miid kom'Bn from dhB skuu'l ap
jon-dtJR.
2. shii bi go'n da'oim dhB fihood dbuu dhB RhEd giiBt on dhB Ihtft
hsend zso'td bv dhB wat.
3. shuu'R Bnaf" dhB t|9o'«LD hBv B)go'n sTRnilit sp tu dhB dooBR
BV dhB Rhaq ha'oMS.
4. weoR shi mid tpans tB vaoVnd dhtk dhecR DRHaqk'Bn dnf
shRHaemd wau) tjoep bao'» nee'm bv :Bhtt^d.
5. wii dB aal ndou Bn taRb'l weI.
6. imt dhB wau) tjaep suun laan shi not tB duu Bt Bgt'n-, puu'u
Bzdoul !
7. l«k)i dheeR ! td)'nd-«t trhuu ?
XoUt to Kaiiford dt,
1. Say^ not (z&i). The words in incorrect. Left^ the Toiceless (Ih) was
^G wl. 139 to 148, 160 to 166, EG distinct and insisted on.
237 to 243, 257 to 264, EI 372 to 3. Going, the sound was rather nn-
382, and EY 438, 439, are very certain; I HTote both (go' n) and (gA*n).
variously treated in this form of the 3. 5<rai7and 4. I^i-ww/wijtheaspira-
dialect ; see these numbers in the fol- tion of (r) was apparently shewn by
lowing cwl. But in thus pronouncing jerking out the following vowel, other-
disconnected words some errors may wise Mrs. CKS. seemed to say
have crept in. if(?to« not used ; (m^zan) (TKhaqken).
is a common address even to an old man. 4. Shrammed^ properly starved with
JVbtr, the diphthong sounded between cold.
(a'M) and [ou) and I think the effect 6. Know, the (oo) was long and dis-
was produced by commencing the first tinct and almost (ooj, the (m) was a
element without rounding, producing full (u) ; the effect {oou\ was therefore
a'o) and then running on to (m), giving different from the usually (oo'tr) where
a'o«), at least I thus imitated it to (u) is not completely reached. 7W--
Itfrs. CKS.'s satisfaction. ribly, i.e. very ; common in all South-
2. Road, the (r), not (r), at the be- em dialects,
ginning of a svllable, was aspirated; 11. SotU, the word begins with (s)
when I used (rh) it was recognised as on to which the voice b gradually led.
Two Interlinfar East Dorset cs. (see p. 75).
0. C Cranhome. wa'i rdjoon got noo da'uts.
W Winter borne Came, whoo'i :djon Hb nuu da'ttts.
1. C wkI, nEEbBR, JTiu Bn ii mid buuBth laa'f Bt dhfiBZ niuuz
W weI, ndibBR, juu Bn hii m»d buBth la*f Bt whot ©'t
r 1608 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D4, Vir.] THE MID 80UTHKRX. 77
C B ma'in. uu dB kfBR ? dha't)8 nd^dhBr t*& hb
W dB tEl)i. BQ whot if ja* duu ? dlia*t)B nao'idhBii hfBR iibh
C dhea.
W dhfBR.
2. C viuu mEn dB dsH^ biko's dhe bi laa^ft Bt, wii dB noo,
W viuu Took dB dao'i b bi'Bii laa*ft a*t, wi dB noo,
C do)'nt as? wot shiuBld ni(Bk)Bm? t)td)*n vERt la'ikli,
W doo)'iit wi ? whot shBd mfek)Bm ? t)id)'n vERi lao'ikli,
C »z it?
W iz It?
3. C uuzui'TBR dhfBZ bi dhB fa^ks B)dhB)ki'8. zuu djist
W a>'ttSBmE-vBR t)iz djist bz oo'i sIibI tBl)i. zuu djist
C whoold dha'i taq, mfBt, bu bi ktra'i-Bt til a'i)v B)dan.
"W hoold JBR nd^iz, gud ma^n, bu be kCia'i-Bt til a)'i)v B)dan.
C Hhaa»Rk)i!
Wha»Rk)i!
4. C si'i bi saRt'n Go'i jiBRD)Bm zdi, zam b dh^^ Yooks dhxst
W a)l)ni sa'RtBu a)'i hfBRd)Bn ziV, zam b dkBm rook dhBt
C wEut DRuu dhB will dhiq vRom dhB vast dhBRZE'lvz, dha^t
W zid dhB huBl a)t vRBm dhB vast tB laa^st. dha^t
C a'i did, 8(Bf Bua'f.
W Qo'i did, sfef Bnaf .
5. C dhBt dhB jaqBst zan izzE'lf, b gaRX biioi b na'iii, iio<Ki hiz
W dhBt dhB jaqgBst zan hizzElf, b gaoRX biia'i b na)'in, nood hiz
C f EEdhBRz vois Bt uuns, dhoo it waR za kM^EBR bu skt^^CBkin,
W faa'dhBRz vd'is Bt uuns, dhoo t)wa)R zb ku^^R bu skiiiiki,
C Bn a'i)d TRast)'n tB spick dhB TRUuth sni ddi. dai,
"W Bn aD'i)d tfBk hiz waoRD ini dii. -dha't
C a'i ttd!
W eo'i ud !
6. C Bn dhB woold tmiBn hcRZE-lf il tsl Eni)Bv)i dhBt dB laa^f
W Bn dhB xioold umBn hBRZE'lf ul tEl ini)B)i dhB sfcm, dhoo
C na'fi, Bn tEl)i sTREE'it oof, tuu, wi;a'u*t
W Juu dB laa'f nao'u, bu tEl)i oo'uTRao'it, tuu, va'st
C matj bodhBR if juu)l ooni a*ks hBR, oo wo)'nt br ?
"W Bna-f. if tuu)l oonli a*ks br, aa*, eo'i -bliiv shi 'ul?
[ 1609 J
Digitized by LjOOQIC
78 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V ir.
7. C li'stwEi/iz shi tuitld it mii, wEn a 'i a'kst)BR, tuu nu DRii
W Bt liBst shi tuBld 'mil, whEn sH a'k6t)tJB, tuu bb dbu
C ta'tmz oovBE, shi d«i, vn -shii dtd)'n aa'bI t« hi raq on
W tao'imz aavbr, shi did, tin -shii AAt)n tB bi matj oo'ut
C Bit} B puof'nt BZ dhts, wot)BZ -dhii dhiqk ?
"W BpBn Bitj B piiao'int bz -dha't, whot dB -juu dhtqk ?
8. C weI bz a'i wbz B)zd^rin Bhii)d tEl)i, a'u waR Bn
W weI bz Qo'i WBR B)zfrBn, 8hii)d tEl)i hao'u Bn wh^^R, bu
C WEn shi va'und dhB DRaqk'n bft?s shi dB kaal hBR
W whin shi voo'un dhB DRaqk'q bfBst bz shi dB kaa'l hBR
C azbBn.
W hazbBU.
9. C shi zoo'r shi zid)'n wt br oon a'iz B)lEE-m sxREtjt
W shi zuBR dhBt shi zid)'n wi br oon ao'iz B)lao'i'Bn B)sTRa'4t
C Bt vul lEqkth on dhB gRa'un, m hiz brss zand>
W OD'ut Bt vul la*qth BpBn dhB gRSo'un, m hiz bEst zandi
C kuuBt, kluBS, bii dhB duBR B)dhB a'us, da'un Bt dhB kAKUBR
W kuBt, kluBS bii dhB duBR B)dhB hao'us, dao'un Bt dhB kaRUBR
C B)dhB h'Bn JONDBR.
W B)join)BK h'Bn.
10. C hii WBR wa'inin BWEE'i, zes shii, vbr aaI dhB waRL
W dh{BR hi WBR, shi zEd, b whimpBRBn, vbr aaI dhB waoRL
C la'ik B zik tja'ild br)b, lit'l mEE'id B)vREt'n.
W loo'ik Bn a'ilBU t^ao'il, br)b frEtvul ItVl maid.
11. C aal -dha^t wbr when shii Bn hBR daatBr-m-laa
W Bu dha^t ha^p*md bz shii bu hBR dAATBR-tn-lAA wvr
C kam DRuu dhB ba^k j^brd vrom aqBn a'ut dhB wEt
W B)kamBn druu dhB ba'k la^RD vRBm ha'qBn ao'ut b dhB wEt
C kldoBz tB DRa'i. on b wEEshBn dEEf,
"W klooz tB DRao'i BpBn dhBR woshBU diV.
12. C wa'il dhB kid'l wbr bo'iltn fBR tiV uun bRa'it
W whao'il dhB kiVl wbr B)buao'ilBn vBr tiV uun fao'in bROo'it
C zamBR aatBRnuun, ooni b wiik Bguu kam nsks dhaRzdi.
W zamBR a^ftBRnuun, oonli b wik Bguu kam UEks dhaRzdt.
13. C Bn dast dhi noo? a'i ne\'BR Wrnt Eni moo'r dhBn dhts b
W Bn d)i noo ? dha*t)s aa4)z iVbr oo'i hiBRD b
[ 1610 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, V iv.]
THE MID SOUTHERN.
79
C dhaH dpi) ap te todEEH qz 81iuubr)z maH nfom iz
W dha^t d^ob ybbiii vast tB laa*st, bz TBua)z mao'i nfem »2
C :dpn ishtpBRD, vn. a'i do')nt wAnt tB
W :dpn rshEpBRD, Bn oo'i doo)nt want tB hfBB ihi muBr 0)t
C nadhBr. dheeR nau.
W nadliBR. dhfer naD'u.
14. C Bn zuu a'i bi v)gw%Hmi wuBm [huBm] tB zapar. gud
W Bn zuu a)'i)m B)guuBn huBm tB sapBR. gud
C na'it Bn do')nt)i bi zuu ktriTc tB kRoo oovbb b bodi BgfBu
W noo'it BU doo)nt)i bi sb REdi tB ksjoo aavbb b bodi BgfBU
C WEU hii dB taa'k b dhts, dha't or t)adhBR'
W if hii dB sptVk b wa)Bn b dh»B, dha^t Br t)adhBB.
15. C t)tz B week fuuBl dhBt tja^ts Bdha'ut reez^n.
W t)i;5 B nim dhBt dB tAAk Bdhaa'ut mi gBao'unz vaB)T.
C Bn dhaH)8 ma'i laeoBst waBD. gwd bua'i.
W B dha*t)s aaI oo'i ha*v tB zii, gwd buao'i.
^otee to Wj or Winterbome Came.
1. at what I do tel ye, or, (a)'i)m
ii)gQU*«n t« tBl)i) ; h aspirated in ichat.
TEis Tariant occutb in another copy
which Mr. Barnes sent to Prince L.-L.
Bonaparte. These TariantB will he
marked LLB. in future.
2. very (oovbr) LLB.
3. U is Just as I shall tel ye, (dhiz tz
d|i8t ha>'n t)wa)R) LLB. yood man,
(ma>'i gud baaI) LLB. hark ye, (haak'n
t« what a)'i dB zii) hearken to what I
do say, LLB.
4. certain, or (shnu-BB). say, Mr.
Barnes says Do.(zit), not (z&i). Gen.
Michel eaye (zEB'i) which Mr. Clarke
corrected to (z^). safe (sivf) LLB.
6. ^r«»^, or rather (ha*RD). father* s,
or (ieedhma). squ»atky, or (skuiik'n-
lao'ik). lunmld take his word for it,
Jx>'i)a TRZst hii rsr spttkBn dhB TBUuth)
would trust he for speakiog the
truth, LLB.
6. lauffh, (gltin zuu) sneer so, LLB.
Mr. B. says he did not catch the mean-
ing of the original, fast enough,
(wtdhaD^M't tni shtli sha^li) without any
shilly shally. Oen. Micnel said that
bother was used in the country. Ah,
I believe she willf ('dha't shi wxl) that
she will, LLB.
7. at least (tniha)'n*) LLB. told me,
** (ttivld) is nearer than ttisld,'' says
Mr. B. (t6«ld it aa'nt ts -©i) told it
out to me, LLB. She oughtnU to be
much out, (kaa^)nt hi mat| a)'ut) can't
be much out, LLB., or (TERi naq) very
wron;?, not (nhaq), which is the rung of
a ladder, upon such a point as that,
(in 8t1^ a dhio vz dhts), LLB. JFhat do
you think f (d) Jv dhiqk shi ka^n P) LLB.
8. as (dhvt), LLB.
9. swore, (veo'ud) vowed, LLB.
stretched out (sTna4t ea'Mt) straight
out, LLB. cloee by the door, (Ra)'it
ffp agivn dhe dtivn) right up against
the door, LLB. Of yonder lane ^)dhB
Hbu ao'ut joudbr) LLB.
10. world, (waonel), LLB. ailing,
(ztk) LLB. fretful (fRBtvul) with (f)
not fv), or (b litU m&»id B)fRBt*n) a little
maia a-fretting.
11. daughter, or (d«ptBR). were a-
eotning, (ksm) LLB.
12. that*s all that ever I heard of
that iob from first to last, (ao'i nevBR
hiBra tni m6BR b dhiBZ d^ob, dhBU what
a)'i)v Bt6Bld) I never heard any more of
this job than what Vve a-told you, LLB.
true as (shuu' r Bz) , LLB . / don^ t want
to hear any more of it neither, there
[ 15H ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
80 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V ir.
now^ (ao'i doo)nt want tuhloK tni mdvR 15. ninni/, soft poll, LL6. that do
nndliBU, zuu dhiuu noo'u) I don't want talk tcithont any gt-ounda for ity or {ds
to hear any more neither, so there now. lEt hiz taq Rhan jsyoo^h htz utt) do let
14. if he do apeak, (whtn hi do taa^k) his tongue run afore his wit.
when he do talk, LLB.
KiST Dorset cwl. combined from several sources.
C Mr. Clarke's Cranboume (12 ene.Blandford), pal. by AJE. from diet, of
Major-Gen. Michel.
H Hanfoixl, from Mrs. Clay-Ker-Seyraour, from diet., rather refined.
L East Lul worth, (12 se. Dorchester) from Rev. Walter Kendall.
W Winterbome Came (2 sse. Dorchester) from Rev. AV. Barnes, his wl., cs. and
Shonetic part of his Grammar, translating his systematic orthography of
gures thus :
long short
1. sh^p pity (ii i). 5. It. a long It. a short (aa^ a^).
2. Dorset <• ship (jii), this (it) has hardly 6. auc dot (aa, o).
been given me by any others. 7. rope ImII (oo, a).
3. mate bet {ec e). 8. rood It. « short (uu w).
4. Fr. \e long Fr. \e short (aD «).
Diphthongs 4. 1. (oo'i), 5. 1. (ii), 6. 1. (o'i), 4. 8. (a'u), 1. 4. (i«, Sb). I never
had the advantage of hearing Mr. Barnes read.
Note. — The pron. is said to be smooth, clear, and up and down in pitch.
I. Wessex and Norse.
When C is placed only after sounds, Mr. Barnes agrees with Mr. Clarke. When
C is plac^ before sounds, it gives Mr. Clarke's pr. only.
A- 3 WL blek, H b^Bk. 4 L tiek, H t^k. 6 W mlek, C mSBk,
H mdcBk. 6 W mled, H mdeod. 7 H 8^»e«k. 10 L aa. 16 H daa»n. 17 W
Iaa, CL laa. 18 W kiek. 19 WL tisl, H t4il. 20 L llem, H lee'm. 21
nfem, C nimn, H neevm. 22 H t^emn. 23 H scesm. 24 II shcevm. 25 W
m&in. 34 W lest, la^st, laa»8t, C laeajst, H Is'est. 36 H thoo. 37 L klaa,
H tlaa.
A: — W ka»g [keg]. — W nha^m [a rami. 39 C kam. 41 W tha»qk.
43 H haend. 45 L wa'nt. 48 W za>q. 50 W toqz. 52 W won. 54 W
wont, C WAnt. 55 H ees. 56 W wosh, C wsBsh, H wooshi. 57 W a^s, H a&ajs.
A: or 0: 58 W vRvm, C vRom, H frwn. 64 C raq, H Rhaq, Rhoq.
A'- 67 W B)guu-Bn, C «)gtra'in [going]. 69 L nuu. 70 L tuu. 72 LC
nu. 73 zuu H and C, H zoo. 74 tuu. 76 W tfted, H t6Bd. 77 HL laRD.
79 oon C. 81 W lira, C li'n, H Ifctn. 82 uuns. 84 W m6BR, C m6oBa, H
m6QR. 85 W zticR. 86 W (icts, L woots, H wots, w(iBts, WBts [different
appreciations J. 87 W klooz, C klooBZ. 89 W bQBth, C b6u8th. 92 W noo
and C, H nooM [with {oo) and {u) distinct, not a vanish]. 94 kroo C. 97 H
BZ(^otil [the word begins with (s) on to which the voice is led].
A': 101 W iiook, 6ek, L wook, H 6Bk. 102 W a'ks, H aa^sk. 104 W
Rood, H Rhood[(rh) was recognised as wrong]. 106 bRood. 108 W doo. 109
W loo. 110 n not. Ill W AAt, C AA't. H aat. 113 W h6Bl, C wwl. 115
W hfiBm, C wu'm, hu'm. 117 WC uun [Mr. B. also writes woone']. 118 W
bfianand L, H bo'n. 119 H go'n, gA'n. 120 W Bguu, C Bgw»#. 122 nuu,
C noo [no], nQen [none]. 124 L stfiBU, H 8t6'n. 125 W oonli, C ooni. 126
W oor. 127 W hooBS. 128 H [(dhik, dhr*-) used]. 129 H gost. — W IfiBth
[loth]. — W Rhoo [a row or rank]. 137 WC nadhBR.
M' 138 W faa'dhBR, f^rtihBR, LC fBEdhBR. 139 W drfeW, H dreb'i.
140 WL h&'iBL, H hfeil. 141 W nfii»tBL, H n&il. 142 W sn^MsL. 143 W
tfe>iBL, H t&il. 144 WH Bgiwn, C Bgt'n. 145 sl&'in and H. 146 mk'in and H.
147 bR&>in and H. 148 fsBR. 149 H bl&tz. 150 W liBst, L and C liBst.
— W silt [a seat].
[ 1512 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D4, Vir.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 81
M: 154 WC Wk. 158 W eciviK. 160 W a^g, H seg. 161 W dii, C dfii.
CH dEB'i, L d&t, dte. 163 W lit, H \ki. 164 EC [(mtd) more used], H rafei.
165 WH zEd. 166 WL mk'id, C mEE'id, H mkid. 169 W whin whEO, EC
WBH, E whan. — W whiq [a wing]. — ha'ps [hasp]. — wa'ps [wasp].
171 AV beeRla)i. 175 W va'st. — W lint [late]. 177 E dhtet [(dhik) also
used, Mr. Barnes says, for shaped objects]. 179 W whot, C wot. 180 E b^ewth.
-S:'- 182 W sii, L Bee. 183 L tM|. 185 W niid, E nhiid. 191 W hiil,
B hUri. 192 L meen, E mibn. 193 W kliBU, L Uem. — IIbu. 194 W tni,
C mi. 195 W mini. 199 W bliit. 200 W whiit, L w«rt. 201 W hiidh'n,
L wdh'n. 202 L het, B hEt.
JE': 203 L spMj, E spliotj. — W mind [mead]. 205 W DRid. 206 E
KhBd. 208 W ivBR. 209 C nevBR. 210 W klii, B klfiii. 211 W gRii.
212 W whii. 213 WE fiiUdhBR. 214 W naD'idhcR, C n&idhcR. 216 E taat.
216 E diiBl. 217 W iitj, L eeij. — W gliim [ffleam]. 220 W shBiWRD, C
BhipBRD. 221 E fee^R. 223 W dhiBR, C dheR, E dhee'r. 224 W wh«BB, C
WHR, E wee>. 225 L vlesh. — W sTRiit [street]. 227 WC WEt.
E- 232 E bR^k. — W bRiiti [breach]. 233 spiik, C spiek, E sp^k. 236
B fiivBR. 237 W blfc'in. 239 W 84'iBL. E akil. 240 W l&'in. 241 W
Rh&in, L R&in, B Rh^rin. 243 WL pl&>i, B pMu. — W stiil [to steal]. 245
W miil. 247 W wiin. 248 W mSBR, E m«'R. 249 B w«'r. 250 E 8w<?^r.
251 W miit, E m/Bt. — W iit [to eat]. 252 W kit'l kit'l, C ktd'l, B kit'l.
E: — W hiiY [heave]. 256 W 8TRa>tjt, C sTREtit [stretched]. 260 E Ifei.
261 W zii, C zki zBE'i. — W trfei [a tray]. — W la'g [leg]. 26^ W w&»i, C
WEEi, B wii wEEi. 263CWBWEB1. 264Wfc'il. 265 W sTRk'it, C STREE'it,
E sTRHfeit [(rh) after (st) replacing (nh)]. 266 E wbI. 269 W dhBRZElvz
[dhemselvesj. 270 E i. bnlds, ii. ba;li. 271 W tsl. 272 W ELBm. — W
helBm [the helm]. 273 W min. 276 E stinsh. 276 W dhiqk. 277 E
DRinsh. 281 W la'qth, C iBqkth, E leeqkth. 282 E sTRieqkth. 284 LH DRash.
— W bast [to burst J. — W zEt [to set], W sst [a set]. — W bEst, biBs [best],
E'- 293 W wii. 294 E spud. 296 W bUiv, E biliiy. 298 W fii'L. 300
BL kip. 302 B mliBt. 303 E swUBt. F: — bRiitj [breech]. 305 E
hao'i. 307 B na)'i. 308 E niit. 309 BW spiid. 310 B hu»L. 311 W
tsn. 312 W hiBR, C ibr, E hiiBR. 314 W Mbrd, C jIbrd, E hsRD. 315 B
fiiBt. 316 W nEks.
EA- 317 W fl&'i, E m. — SbI [ale]. 320 C Wbr.
EA: 322 W 1<-^, la«f, C laa»f. 324 W &'it, B kit, 325 B waak. 326
fioold, LC woold, B wald. 327 W hHiOold. 328 W kuoold. E koold. 329 W
vuoold, vfiueld. 330 W hoold, C whoold. 332 CW tfiBld. 333 L kEBf, E
kaaf. 334 W h^, L hEsf, E haaf. 336 WC aaI, E aal. 336 W yaaI [the
fall of the year is (fAxl)], E faal. 337 B waal. 338 W kaa 1, C kaal. 340 W
Ya^RD, C ja*RD. 342 W SBRm, E jaoRm. 343 LB waaRm. — viBRN [fern].
— iBRN [earn]. 346 W glBt, LB gliBt gee't.
EA'- 347 W hid hEd. 348 W ao'iz, C a'iz. — W biBt [to beat]. 349
WC v.uu. EA': 361 W lid. 362 W Rid, E Rhad. 353 W bREd. 356
W dif, L diif, B dE'f . 367 W dhoo. 369 W n&ibBR, LC uBEbBR. — W siim
[a s^m]. — W sTRiim [streaml._ 361 WL bSBU. 364 B tjaep. 366 W uSbr.
~" H B *
— W niit [neat, cattle]. 366 W ga)RT, EC gaRT. 370 E: Raa>. 371 W
meet B sTRaa^
EI- 372 W fe«t, C ftai, B ee'i. 373 L dhW, E dhEB'i. 374 n&'i, B nsB't.
376 Rh«?z. 376 bfcWt, E b&it. EI: 377 E stee'k. 378 W wiik, C week,
B wh«k. 379 W hk»il. 381 W swk'in, E ayreen.
£0- 383 WzBy*nzEb*n. £0: 388 B m*Lk [as nearly as I could
appreciate, same as D 10]. 390 C shifiBld. 394 WCE jdndbr. 402 W Ubrn,
(J Ia»RN, E laRN. 406 W haaRth.
£0'- 409 Ebu. 41lWEDRii. 412 WE shu [emphatic]. 413 W div'l.
416 B diiBR. 420 W vsd'ubr, B foo^R. 421 E faRti. EO': 424 E Rhaf.
— W witl [a wheel]. 427 E bi. 428 WE zii. 430 W fRind, B fRiind.
431 B biiBR. 433 W bRist. 436 W truu, E trhuu.
EY- 438 W dao'i, C da'i, E d&i. EY: 439 TRast.
I- 440 W wik, C wiik. 444 W stao'tBL, E stao'il. 446 W nao'in and B,
C na in. — W bu [him, ace.]. 448 E [(dhiBziBR, dhiiz'm) used].
B.E. Pron. Part V. [ 1613 ] 97
Digitized by LjOOQIC
82 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V ir.
I: 462 W and H ao'i, C ■'i. 465 H lao't . 468 W nsD'tt, C nalt. 469 H
]iha>'tt. 460 w&Ut, H woD'tt. 466 L sit;. 466 tjgo'il, C tpfild, H t|a>'tLD.
467 H wao'ivLD. 468 H tjtldvRn. 469 ul [in the Vale of Blackmore {wu\ wxL
wyl)]. — WL Bhim [a rim]. 471 H timlmB. 474 H Bha>'fnd. 476 H
wWd. 477 H TSD'trad, H Ta>'fnd. 480 C dhiq. — - W nhtq [a ring]. 481
H Ytq^. 484 C dhUtw, H [(dhta-ia) used]. — W Imipe [crisp]. — W
ciks [Sx].
I'- 490 H bsD't. 491 H soD't. 492 H xso'td. 493 L DReer, H dbho'it.
494 WH tGo'im, C ts'tm. 496 H ao'trair. 497 W vnhao'iz. 499 L btt*l.
I': 600 W lao'tkli, C k'ikli. 601 H wsa'id. 602 WL rao'lr, H fao'iv. 603
H la>'tf. 604 H nao'tf . 606 H wa>'ff. 606 WL mnvn, H umm, 607 H
wtmtn-Ydk. — W h&i. 608 H mao'tl. 609 WH whao'il, C wm'il. 610 C
ma'in. 611 H wa)'tn. 612 H 8pa)'iBB. 613 H wqd'ivb. 616 H wao'tz.
0- 619 W AAVTO, C ocuvR. 620 H Wou [see 643]. — W booRD [bored].
624 W waoRL, C whrl, H wsrld, [(whbd'l) not known]. — W DR<wt
[throat]. 0: — W gospel [goepelj. 626 C wf. 626 H kaaf. 631 W
dAATBR, EC daatBR. 634 W hooi. 636 W vook. 636 WH gwLD. 637 W
mOoold. — W boom [a holm island]. — W bolBR [hollowl. 641 C wo)*nt,
H imt. 646 WC vro. — oRtjBd [orchard]. 647 buooRD, H b^BRD. 648 H
foBRD. 650 CE WHRO. 651 WH staaRm. 552 WH kaaRN. 563 WH
haaRn. 554 H kRa^s.
0'. 568 H iMk, WjBk. 659 WH mii,«dhTO. 660 W skuu'l. 661 [L
(blunth) iisedl H blt»ivm. 562 H mii|«n. 564 H sunn. 567 W t)adhvR C.
0 : 669 W bi#k, H b«,Bk. 670 W t«k, H twjBk. 571 W giid. 572 W
blad. 675 H st»,Bd. 576 W whtnizdi. 579 WH imxf. 586 WH dou
[(d<»)*nt, C doVnt) don't]. 687 W B)dm. 688 WC nuun, H nii,im. 589 H
spiJivn. 590 H fl»iBR. 591 H mw,«R. 592 W sAbr, C zooV. 594 H bt«i«t.
696 H fi»,Bt. 696 W Rhuut.
U- 601 W TSD nl. 603 W «)ksmtni [a-coming], H komvn. 604 W zsmra.
605 W zan. 606 CW d6«R, H d6oQR. U: 609 C ymI, fuul. 610 H nnl.
612 W zam. 614 H Hhao'wnd. 616 W gRa>'un, C gRa'nn. 619 W Ya)'un, C
YHund. — W Rboq [rung of a ladder]. 625 C taq. 627 WC zandi. 629 W
Ban, H zan. 630 W won, H wbon. — W hantsmBn. 631 WC dhaRzdi. 632
H ap. 633 H kap. — W yotrz [firs]. 634 WHC druu. 639 WL da'ust.
U - 641 ha)'i#, C a'n, [and] ao'usBmB'YBR, C uuzu)i'VBR [howsoever]. 642
[not used generaUy, except to children or when wrangling]. 643 na>'w, C na'n, H
na'ou [the diphthong seemed to be made into a triphthong by beginning with the
mouth open and the tongue in the position for (o) and closing up to (w^, this is
what (a'oM) implies ; and so in all other cases ; this triphthong was heard only
from Mrs. Clay- Ker- Seymour]. 646 H ba'oM. 647 H a<^l. 648 H [(a'oMRM)
used]. 650 H ba'ovt. XT': 656 W fao'ul, H fa'owl [see 643]. 656 Rhuum
and H. 658 W da>'un, C da'un, H da'(wn[see 643]. 663 W ha>'us, C a'us,
H ha'oMs [see 643]. 665 H maows. 666 W hazban, C azban. 667 W a>'ut.
671 H ma'oMth. 672 H sa'otith.
Y- 673 W matj. 674 W did. 676 W dr®!. H DRHao't. C DRa'i. 676 H
loot. 679 W tjBti, H tata. 680 H bazi. 682 WH lit'l, C Ut'l. T: 684
H bRHf i^. 685 W Rac^, H Rhiid;. 686 H ba)'t. 687 H fla>'tt. 688 W st^.
693 H ssn. 696 WH banth. 698 WH msRth. 699 W Rha>'it. 700 uus,
H was. — Yaz Yaz'n [furze]. 701 WL Yast. 704 W Yiks'n [female fox].
T- 705WHska)l. 706 WH whao'i, C wa'i. 707 WthaRtiin. 708HhaD'i'R.
Y': 709HfQDVR. 71lWHla)'is. 712 H mro'is.
n. English.
A. 714 H IflBd. 718 W TRied. — W bi'iBl [bail or backet]. — R&'il [a
rail]. — dr&'ibI [the drail or iron for hitching on the horses to a plough]. —
:k&4n [Cain]. 725 zSbI. 726 tAAk, C taak. — H shRham. 732 W hay md.
— W haaRL, haaRD'l, ha^RBl [to hurl, entangle]. — W kla^ps [clast].
737 C miBt, H [not used, replaced by (mi zan) eYen When addressing an old
man]. — W dye [jaw].
E. — W kriik [to creak]. — W tiil [a teal]. 744 H msBz'li. 746 W
i^, — w pift [peat]. 746 W bRiidh. 747 H ind#jYiR. 748 flidjd.
[ 1514 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D4, YiT.] THE MID 80UTHBRK. 83
— W AATia whriwn [oTerwhelm]. 749 H Ihtft. 760 WL Wg, H b«g.
— WL pa^g [peg]. 752 frBtvul [fretful], C B)YBit'n [a frottmg].
I. and Y. — W iBhitpBd [Richard]. — W tmro'iul [a simle]. 768 H
g«RL. — W t«a)BD»l, tiitBvl [twirl].
0. 761 L Ifiid, H Ithd, 766 W .dpn, C rdioon. 767 WL niMs, H nao'ti.
776 W gNd b&a>'i, C gifd bftx'i. 778 W aT6uLD. 781 C bodhnt. 791 W
bilo'i, C bfi6i, H b6».
U. 797 W skuiiki, C sku^l'kin. 798 W kltlfiB, C kun'R. 799 L [(porf)
used]. 801 and 802 Rhim. 804 DRxqk'q, C DBsqk'n, H DBHvqkim. — W
kaoRL, ka)RD% kxR«l [curl]. — W pa>RL, pord'l, poRVL [purl]. 808 H p«t.
m. ROMAVCB.
A .. 810 W fies, H faa^B. 811 W pUes, H plaa^s [pi. (plaaVn) not beard].
814 W mSee'n. — W Wiial RmuI in law]. — W nkHiSi, [a mail or bag],
— W p&Ul [pail]. — W Tl&«tl [flaU]. 819 H Rhaa>d|. 820 W gkH, 821
W dil&t. 822 W mki. 823 W b&t. — W p&'t [pay]. 824 W tjee'R. 826
W fig*!. 827 W tigBR. — W TB&Ul [to tril]. — W Rbum. 829 g&»in.
830 H TR&in. — W kHvn [ur]. 832 W m&i;«R. 833 H p6eni. 836
W Rif«»n, H Rb«CT'n. 836 W stiz'n, H siii'n. 837 W litsh. 838 W
TRtft. — W pivl [pale]. 841 H toaas. 847 H deendpnr. 849 H sTReendfVR.
— W Idvn [cane]. 860 L d^^ns, H daans. 861 H aant. — pfvpvR [paper].
— W djkHiti [gaol]. 862 H eepBRN. — W giBRD'N [garden]. — W
i|i«Rm [charm]. — W kivRD [card]. 867 L kirn, H kaa>B. 868 H braa^B.
869 H t|aa>8. 862 W sfef, C ai'f. 864 C bikoe. 866 H faaUt. 866 H ptiuvR.
— W 8t&if [stay].
E" 867 wC Uu 868 WH djkH, 869 W Ytil, H yUbI. — W siil
[to seal]. 874 W Rh&'tn, H Rh«m. — WpliUnt [paint]. 876 H ffctnt.
— W mil [peal of bellfl]. 881 ssns. 886 W Tsni. 886 H frao't'R. 887
H klandji. * — H imsh'l [terrible, extremely]. — vrs [verse]. 888 W saiRum,
0 aiRt'n. 889 stts. 890 W bimt, C bi^s [H pi. bivstwtz]. 891 H tVst.
894 WH dtsitT. 896 WH rmmt. 896 bityvR.
l-.andY" 899 W nits. 900 H miki, — W ntni [ninny]. 904 HW
To'fltit. 906 RhsD't'tit. ~ W a>'f] [isle]. 909 W bRiti. 910 H djao'tst.
912 H Rha>'t8.
0.. 917 H Rhoog. 920 W pfta>'int, 0 pft6tnt. 922 H boshvl. 924 W
^its, H t|a>'t8. 926 W ▼&!», H yao'ts. 926 W 8piia)'il, H 8p4tl. 929 W
ko'ubnnvR. 930 H Ix'tn. — W ffioos [force]. 938 WCH kannBR. 939
W kl6m, C klu's. 940 W k6tit, wtfAtkvt [waistcoat], C kun*t, H kt>,tit. 941
C fun'l. 942 W batom. 947 bfiao'il, C bo'il, H b&tl. — W tiia)'il ^ toU].
960 W sxpBR C. 966 W da'uts C. — W kRSUst [crust]. — W RR'ut
[rut, route]. 967 H emplfri. 969 W kvnv&'t .
U .. 961 H gauul. — W w&^tt [wait]. 963 H kwoo'ttrt. 966 H (Ul.
968 W o'tstvR. 969 HC shuu*R. 970 d^ist.
Westeen Do.
A few words from Whitchurch Canonicomm, noted by N. W. Wyer, Esq.,
originally written in Gloesic. With the exception of (kuut) cut, the woras
are unimportant, but they serre to continue the Dorset dialect up to the
Axe-Yar^ form, p. 87.
I. WeSSBX AJfD NOBSB.
A- 6 maktn [making]. 14 DRaad [drawedsdrew]. 17 I&m. A'- 67
g^. A': 110 not. 122 noon. 124 st^oim.
JE' 142 mkih snnl, mfel. — pTMtt [pretty]. M: 166 mftatd.
— hapstz [hasps]. 173 waazs. jE': 209 narvwn [nerer a one].
214 nedhoR.
E- 243 pUU. 261 mM. E: 269 mizel. £A: 324 ■'it. 826 woold,
wol, wool. 338 kaal. 346 gjet, gieet, gjsEt. £A'- 847 hid. £A':
369 nMbvR, n^ibsR. 363 shiip [oheapj. 371 sTRaa. £0: — shaRT [short].
£0'- 411 DBii.
[ 1616 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
84 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D4, ViY,T.
I- — in [hine, him ace. also for hit (&» kBn put tn iin) I can put it in].
— bliirt [bit]. I: 467 wiild. — iin [in]. -^ Ytniid [mouldyj. I-
490 b&imb&i [by and bye]. 494 t&iBmz. -^ shiin [shine]. — sa'tvz
[scythes]. r: 502 va iv. — haa, h&i, h», haagh, h&at [hay].
0- — smoowk [smoke]. 619 oybb, ay^R. 0: taep [top]. 661 staaBm.
— raaRntn [morning].
U- 606 doR*. U: — wnnwrfwl [wonderful]. 631 YBBzdf^. 632 (sp ap.
634 DRuu.
Y: — hiil [hill]. — thlira [thin].
H. English.
I. ondY. 758 gBRL.
0. — stakia [stocking]. — kaRk [cork].
U. — kuut [cut].
m. Romance.
A-. — aekta'i-y. — fl&il fflail]. — plaag [plague]. 820 gee [bright].
822 mkiv. — p&ai [pay]. 845 anshint.
E-- 885 vani. — tenvVl [terrible]. — saaRvtn [senring].
I" andY- 900 t« prfctji.
0 •• — mooy [moye].
Vab. v. The Land op Utch foe I, Sm.
The Elizabethan English writers, when they want to indicate
a S. peasant, continually use ich, c)i4nn ^ich. am, <;At7/=ich will,
chitd—ich would (see supra, Part I. p. 293 3, c). It is also found
in D 1, p. 30rf. For the existence of this form of the personal
pronoun I, search was made in Sm., and at last it was found as
(atj atjii*) in a very small district, which I have therefore called
*the Land of Utch.* Through Prince L.-L. Bonaparte and the
late Mr. Pulman, I found that utch was certainly used in Montacute
(:ma*ntMu), (4 w-by-n. Yeovil, Sm.), and I was fortunate enough
to be directed to Mr. George Mitchell, then a vestryman of
Kensington, marble and stone mason, of 166, Brompton Road, S.W.,
with " manufactories in Belgium, France, Italy, and Walton Street,
Brompton, estab. 1851," but a native of Montacute, and imable to
read or write till he was 23 years old, together with Mr. Stephen
Price, son of a dissenting minister and schoolmaster at Yeovil, Sm.,
where he was bom, but who had lived at Montacute from 10 years
old, and had acted formerly as Mr. Mitchell's secretary. On 17
Aug. 1880, both of them came to my house and gave me the
following information. The Land of Utch occupied the angular
space between the two railways which have their vertex at Yeovil,
Sm., on the b. of Do. The following villages were named as using
utchy proceeding from Yeovil to the w., all distances measured from
Yeovil Station. East Coker 2 ssw.. East Chinnock 3 sw.. Mid
and West Chinnock 5 wsw., Merriott 7 wsw., Chisselborough 5
w-by-s., Montacute 4 w-by-n., Martock 6 nw., Norton 5 w.. South
Petherton 7 w-by-n., and possibly Kingsbury 8 nw. In the same
region (as) is also employed, which Mr. Price thought to be a
corruption of (3t|) ; (iis) was not known except as meaning t/es.
[ 1616 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, y y.] THB MID SOUTHERN. 85
There was no knowledge of tee (a'l s ?) mentioned by Jennings in his
Glossary as " common." The ice in Shakspere's King Lear 4, 6,
240 tee try, one of Edgar's Kentish speeches, is probably I shaU, for
which it is not an nnoommon abbreviation.
Mr. Price gave me the following joke on (at|) which passes
current in the district. In the Montacute dt. however neither he
nor Mr. Mitchell used (atj) at all. Another version of this ioke
was given by Miss Ham, a native of Sm., in a letter (dated Clifton,
30 Jan. 1825) addressed to Jennings, who prints it in his
glossary ; this I interline in her orthography.
brBd)n i^iiz, atj)Bv)«)a-d
bread imd cneese, 'c* have a had
*n)wot 9tj)ad, atjW)B)eet
that 'c* had, 'c* have a eat
'n muuK Btj)«-d, if ati) Bd)B)B-d
more 'ch wouM, 'c had it
Mr. Price's version seems more trustworthy and is certainly more
intelligible. Observe the S. past part. (B;ad, B;eet)=a-had, a-eaten.
Prince L.-L. Bonaparte heard (at^) from a man of 94 at Cannington
(3 nw.Bridgewater, Sm.).
Montacute, Sm., dt.
Pal. by AJ£. from diet, of MeearB. Mitchell and Price.
1. zuu a't dB)zee, man, dhii do)zii na'tf dhist a't bi Ba'it vba'tit
dhik lfd*l mEE'td Bko-mtn VRom dhtk)dhecR skuul.
2. aB)z B)gwEE'm da'tm dho Bhood dhees druu dhB Rhad gJEt
on dhB Isf an za'td b dhB wa».
3. shuu'a Bua'f dhB tjiil hav Bgo'u sTEEE'tt ap tB dhB dooBE b
dhB Boq ha'tts,
4. wsBB aB)l ma)bi va'md dh»k DHaqktn dsf skEamd tuu'd b»)dhB
nEEm B :tom9S.
5. as dB aal no9)n vebI weI.
6. uu)nt dhB woold i^p zuim teet^ shii not ts duu it Bgii'n,
puu'K dhiq !
7. lok)i ! •d)'n it teuu ?
NoUt.
1. J (s't)aiialy8iB adopted with hesita- (iih) initial in all cases of r. — that^
tion. I seemed often to hear (a>'i) and it Barnes's distinctions of (dhisz, dhtk).
may hare been (ao't). — My (z&i) also srveint'e^fthis, that, ''personal/ 'that is,
used. — mate$ (mBB'tts) according to for things havinjg^ a definite shape, and
Price, scarcely used, (sooz) hwrdly (dhis, &at) "impersonal," for other
known, (tjane) common. — mw. Price things (Dorset Grammar, p.21), was
said (nis'M, air tm), but Mitchell would recognised, although never thoiight of
not hear of it; the diphthong was often before. — maidy (msE'td, mseae'id) both
Sao'if) to my hearing, and may hare been said at times, but (m&'id) was not
d'm). — right, a strong tendency to admitted; no distinction m meaning
[ ifi" ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
86 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 4, V T.
recognised between maid and ffirl drunken^ there was a difference of
(gsBL), which was (wsnt^), not an in- opinion, as to f n, in, 'q) in the last
suiting term. — come nltimately sounded syllable. — deafy ^dtf ) not used, M. pre-
(kom), but I thought Hcam) was meant, f erred (s au) « iivRin t&und) a hard of
— thick there f (jend &, jaeND'R) also hearing toad, but P. said (b fsltm «i it
used, but more Do. ano « iivBtn| a fellow as is hard of
2. her' if always (an) before (z), but hearing, would be more regular .-
(shii bi) used. — road^ the (nh) distinct, (nsBmyfor (neem) was emphatic, (ni«mi
but a difference of opinion about (oo, was not admitted. — 7!^o»MM = (:tom«si
ioB, 6u«), fnhtiuBd) seems to me most at Montacute, but (itamas) at Bradfora
correct, ana Price said it would be used (3 wsw.Taunton, Sm.) in D 10.
by the old people. — <A^«, to say (dhan) 6. wonU^ (want) also used. — oid
would be "bad.** — red^ (ha&o) not chap (woold tbIbr) also used, with {y)
admitted.— ^afe, (gjst) distinct, (glitit, after (d) but (fslvR) with (f) is the
gist) not admitted. — £^/, (lif) also used. common form. — teaehy this word is
— left hand (Isft hand) also said, the used, and not (Irrn) as I expected;
Towel (a) throughout varied as (ah, a^, in Sunday schools (t«rtpR) is always
but did not reach (as) ; it was generally used.
my (a). Notes on other words, dictated by the
3. child, rtpil) always used by old same : (8)noo, s)liaR) doest thou know ?
people, (tfx'ild) '*not so natural.*' — doest thou hear P Alphabet, (sese bii
fsTRSMp'it BTK&it) also used. — doofy En oo pii Idti aan bs tii ji(i vii dab*L-JU
(d6u«R) not used m Montacute. — wrong sks wa'i zad ae'mpas'sii). Names of
(rsq) has been used. places ] Montacute (:maniki(i), Tintin-
4. majfbe, chance is not used. — null (6 se.Langport, Sm.) (:ti*qo).
Montacute, Sm., cwl.
From diet, of Mr. George Mitchell, native, and Mr. Stephen Price, as above.
I. Wessez ajtd Norse.
A- 8 hav. 21 nBsm [not (niimi)]. A: 43 an. 61 man. A: or 0: 68
TRom. 64 Roq. A'- 73 zuu. 76 tuu*d. 84 muuR. 94 noo. A': 104
Rhood, Rh6oBd, Rh6u«d [(uhuu'd) from older people]. 110 nat. 119 vgwBB'tn
«gwon Bgo-n, [a-ffoing, gone].
iB- 144 Bgii n. JE: 166 mBB'tdm»8e'td[not (m&id)]. 177 dhvt [weak
form]. 179 W3t. M'- 183 1^. 197Uiia. M': 223 dheen. 224 w8Bh.
E- 231 dh« [weak form]. — «ieet [have eaten]. £: 261 zee, zfti.
262 w«d. 266 sTREs'tt. 266 wbI.
EA: 326 woold. 336 aal. 346 gJBt. £A': 362 nhsd. 363 bRsd.
366 dsf [not (dtf), but (aRD « ii*Rtn) hard of hearing is used]. 364 tjap.
EO'. 412 shii. EO': 427 bi. 428 zii. 436 truu.
I- — BU 'n [him, ace. form]. 447 an [her, for she]. I: 462 a'i ao'i,
w^, 0tpi\ 469 Ra'it Rhx'it. 467 tdil. 477 va'ind. 480 dhiq. 482 id)'n
[is*nt]. 484 (dhi«z) [this, for a shaped object]. T- 490 bt [weak]. 492 za'td.
0: 626 B [weak form]. 638 ud. 641 uu)nt want. 643 on. 0'- 666 tv
[weak form]. 668 bks)i [lookest thee P]. 660 skuul. 664 zuun. 0': 679
vnaf. 686 dun.
U- 603 «ko*m«n [a-coming]. 606 doovR. IT: 632 sp. 634 druu.
U'- 642 [(dhii) used}. 643 na'M nao'w na)'«, nta'u. 660 «ba'«t. U': 668
dz'im, dla'im [see 643]. 662 as. 663 ha^ws.
Y- 682 lid*L.
n. English.
E. 749 lif Inf laft. l.andY. — dh»k (that, for a shaped object).
770 tomoe [(itannes) at Bradford in D 10]. U. 804 DRaqktn, — k*n.
m. ROMAKCE.
A- 866 puuB. £•• 886 vsni. U- 969 shuu*s.
[ 1618 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D4, V^i.] THB MID 80UTHEBX. 87
Vak. ri. The South Western ob Sm. Form.
The late Mr. G. P. E. Polman made a certain small portion of
Sm., Dv., and Do., his own dialect ground. He called it the Axe-
Yarty district in his "Rustic Sketches'* (3rd edi 1871) and his
" Book of the Axe," because it is watered by the rivers Axe and
Yarty, the latter flowing from n. to s. and joining the former about
Axminster, Dy.
It forms a little subdistrict, which is not rerj clearly defined, except on the w.
Beginning at the month of the Axe, it follows the w. b. of D 4 through Dt. to
Bnckland St. Mary, Sm. (7 sse.Taunton), and then tnms e. to the n. of Teovil,
passing which it turns suddenly s. between Teovil and Sherborne (5 e.Teovil),
in Do. and passes sw. between Mosterton (8 n-by-e.Bridport) and Beaminster
(6 n.Bridport) to the sea just s. of Chammouth (6 w.Bndport). This district
was constantly perambulated by Mr. Pulman, who lived at Crewkeme, Sm., for
fishing and archaeological purposes, and thus he learned to gire great weight to
a few peculiarities which do not seem to have the importance he attributed to
them. Thus he distinguishes the district from the rest of Do. by its not having
(uun, lasg leeg, uup) one, leg, up, which he spells oon^, lag or laig^ and oop, of
which Barnes gives Ha^g, uun), but (uaj^ has not been found in any part of Do.,
the nearest approacn to it being Mr. Wyer*s (kuut) cut (p. 84, 1. 13). Mr. P.
seems, from his communications to me, to have heara the word specially from an
ostler at Henstridge, Sm. (11 ene.Teovil) ; and this may have been in saying
(kdp) come up to horses, as I heard a farm labourer say in Bu. In going
through the list of "chief peculiaritieB** of the district in Rustic SketckeM,
Lxxxiii, I find they represent general Sm. and have been localised in this
rict apparently because Mr. P. was familiar with it and wished to confine his
information to the places to which he knew it appUed. As I give specimens of
this general dialect, I omit Mr. P. *s list of peculiarities.
Mr. Pulman was kind enough to give me a cs. and dt. for the
Axe-Yarty district and cs. professedly for Merriott in the Land of
TJtch, Var. v., which was onjy 3 m. from his residence at Crewkeme
(19 sse.Bridgwater). This Merriott cs. was full of utchy whereas
the dt. given me from Montacute (p. 85) had none. All three
were written in the orthography adopted in his Muatic Sketches, and
unfortunately Mr. Pulman died (3rd Feb. 18 80), before I was able
to go over these versions with him. In this case I think it better
to omit all three than merely to give my own conjectures. But
Mr. P. had previously written me a wl. for Merriott which I
had the advantage of correcting from his diet. (Nov. 1877),
and this follows. Singularly enough it contains no (atj) at all.
Moreover Mr. P. said that in Merriott the final (r) became a mere
vowel, while at Crewkeme it was distinct. In dictating, however,
he pron. a genuine (b), as I also heard from Montacute. He also
said that the intonation at Merriott was almost unintelligible beyond
the parish itself. There was nothing of this in his dictation.
Hence I attribute his wl. to the whole of his district, and thence
practicaUj to the whole of Sm., from which he gave no lines of
demarcation.
[ loli* ]
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
88 THE MID 80UTHKRN. [D 4, V Ti.
Axe-Yaett cwl.
Representiiig e.Sm. generally, pal. by AJ£. from diet, of G. P. R. Pulman, author
of Sustie Sketches.
I. "Wbssex and Norse.
A- 3 beek. 4 tsk. 6 msk. 6 meed. 8 Iust. 12 zaa^ 13 ubaK 14
DHaa*. 17 Iaa^ 18 ksk. 20 lii«m. 21 niiimi. 22 tii«m. 23 8l|Bm. 24
shEm. 33 [(zundBK) sooner, used]. 34 las. 37 klaa*. A: 39 [(kam) bsed].
40 kwOTi. 41 (tha'qk). 43 an. 46 ka»n*l. 48 [(ziqd) used]. 64 wont,
do ^tfshez rCrewkeme (ashez)]. 66 weesh. 67 aU. A: or 0: 63 DRoq. 66
zoq. 66 dhoq.
A'- 67 gruu. 70 tuu. 72 un. 73 zoo. 74 tun. 76 8TE«?k. 76 tooM.
77 laRD. 80 o'lodee. 81 li,Bn. 84 muuH. 86 wzts. 87 tlooz. 89 bun'th.
91 moo. 96 DEoo. 96 zoo. A': 101 wsk. 102 aks. 107 Ioot. Ill AAft.
113 wmI. 116 warn. 118 b<^n. 122 ntJora. 123 uaart. 124 eUovn. 126
oni. 126 wan. 127 h6uBRs. 130 b6oBt. 134 wath. 136 klaa^th.
^. 138 yk^dhmi [sometimes with f ]. 140 h&>il. 141 n&'il. 142 8n& il.
143 t&'il. 144 BgEn. 146 m&a>ind. 148 fa^BK. 160 leest. 162 waai>«r.
153 za>T8ndi. — paRti [pretty]. -E: 166 dha»ti. — sttdi [steady]. 168
a>*DBH. 160 tg. 161 dee. 163 l&t. 164 [(mid) used]. 166 zsd. 166 m&a4d.
168 t&»laR. 169 wBn. 170 haav/s. 172 gRa's. 173 wiz, waz [strong]. 181
paHh. M'- 182 see. 183 ieeij. 186 tLted, 187 Isf. 189 wat. 192 mem.
193 kWn. 194 sni. 196 mini. 196 ween. 199 bleek. 200 w<fH. 202 JBt.
JE': — miad [mead, meadow]. 206 DRsd. 207 nilLD. 213 edhvR. 216
[(teetit) used]. — jbI [eel]. 217 <s<?ti. 218 ship. 219 sleep. 221 fliBR.
223 dheeR. 224 weeR. 226 mxAst. 228 zwst. 230 faH.
£. 233 sp^^k. 239 skHh 241 riMu. 243 pl6i. 260 zween. 262 kid'L.
263 niVi.. £: 260 zkH [rhymes 262]. 262 wkH. 266 sTRS^'it. 270
bslis [bellows]. 273 nuvii. 280 IsVn. 281 liqkth. 282 sTRiqkth. —
gaRN [grin]. 283 mani. 284 Daa^sh. 286 kRiis. F- 296 bliiv. 300
kip. 301 haR. 303 swit [not (t)]. £': 306 ha'ith. 311 tMi. 312 ban.
314 jaRD. 316 vit [not (»)]. 316 nBks.
EA- 319 gajeBD. EA: 321 [(zid) used]. 322 laf. 324 eei. 326 waeaek.
326 wal. 328 k6uBLD. 300 hool. 331 zwoold. 332 twald. 333 ksBaey.
336 ffisl [sometimes]. 336 tooI. 337 wol. 343 wesnm. 346 gst.
EA'- 347 h^. 349 vifi. . EA'; 361 lid. 362 brd. 355 dif. 368
na'tst. 361 bmi. 366 ganx. 367 Duet. 370 Raa^ 371 sraaa^
EI- 372 beH. 373 ee. 376 R&iz. 376 b6it. £1: 377 sUek. 378 w«jk.
EG- 383 zeVu. £0: 388 m'Lk. 390 shuud. 393 biJB*nd. 402 Urn.
403 vaR. 406 ^'th [rhymee 696 and 698]. 407 Tand'n. 498 [(nood) used].
EO'- 411 DRii. 413 dtv'l. 414 vla'i. 417 t^AA. 420 va-MR. 421 vaRti.
EO': 426 l&it [instead of (la'it) this exceptional pronunciation prevails for 3 or
4 miles from Crewkeme (19 sse.Britlge water). It is properly Do.] 428 zei.
430 fannd. 433 baist. 434 buH.
EY- 438 da'i. £Y: 439 tanst.
I- 440 wik. 441 ziiiV. 442 ii|Tt. 443 TRa'idi. 449 git. 461 eoo.
1: 452 a't. 460 wait. 466 zitj. 466 tjii,ld. 467 wtt,ld. 474 Ra'in.
477 va'in. 478 gaa'in. 481 YtqgBR. — haRN [run]. 484 dhi*z. — haRsh
[a rushj. 486 miis'l. 487 yjssdee. 488 it.
r- [is generally (a'i)]. 496 a'in. 499 bix'L. I': is generally (a't). 602
va'iT. 604 na'iv. 606 wa'ir. 606 amnn. 607 wimtn. — l&in [Ime, Crew-
keme exceptional pr., otherwise (la'in)]. 613 wa'in.
0- 621 Tool. 622 oop. 624 waRD*L. 0: 631 daajniR. 638 uud.
— aatjit [orchard]. 647 duurd. 649 waRD. 661 staRm. 652 kaKN. 653
haRN. 0'- 659 mAAdhvu. 664 zuun. 666 uaaz. 0': 692 [zweeRD)
used]. 693 mas.
U- 601 va'Ml. 602 za'w. 605 sin. U: 609 tuu*l. 610 uu*l. 611
balik. 612 zam. 615 pa'un. 619 ya'wn. 620 ena'tm. 621 [(winded) used].
629 sin [see 605]. 630 [(wind) used]. 631 dhazdi. 634 druu. 636 vaRDHR.
U'- 640 ka'u. 646 ba'ai. 652 kuud. U': 670 buu.
[ 1620 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, y Ti.] THB MID SOUTHSRN. 89
Y- 674 dtd dud. 675 DBs'a. 682 Itd'L. Y: 684 bsRd;. 685 SBdi.
690 kx'tn. 691 ma'm. 696 bs'th [I think I heard (bBtRth)]. 698 mB'th
[rhymee 696]. 700 whs. 701 fast. — dxBsh [a thrush]. Y- 707
dhaBTiin. T: 709 th'Ib [but see 772].
n. Ekgush.
A. 725 s«mb1. £. 744 mAn'lx. 745 t|Mt. 747 indiyvB. 751 dibbt.
I. oik^ Y. — :aBtjit [Richard]. 756 vtlbed.
0. 761 li#'d. 772 banfa'ia [but see 709]. 773 Daqki. 778 bvuubd. 779
BBTs. 790 ga'und. 791 bu;6i.
U. — kaBD*L2 [curls]. 808 pat.
m. EOMAVCE.
A- 809 jeb*l. 818 efled|. 822 mssi. 824 t|aB. 827 eegsB. 828
Mgi. 836 Beez*n. 836 seez'n. 838 Tseet. 840 ^imBB. 842 pla'nt| [a
flooring, not a single plank]. 846 a^nshvnt. 847 da*n(^R. 848 t^a^ndi. 849
BTBa*nd|BB. 852 sp'sn. 863 baugtn. 855 kaRT. — skas [scarce]. 856
peeRT. 862 seasf. 864 kAAz. 865 fAAt.
£•• 867 t«^. 868<hflM9'i. 869 r^a. 874 r&a«n. 878 sielvBi. 879 fMBMl.
883 dendila'i-rat. 888 saat'n. 890 bMst bivst [s. and pi. alike]. 891 fMst.
892 navi. 894 dBS^^. 896 BBS^fT.
J' ondY" — 904 la'i-ant [Uon]. 910 dia'ist.
O- Q16a'inJBn. 920 pu^dint. 923* mtrdirti. 926 sptrdil. 929 kia^ukaniBB.
938 1: BB. 940 ktruuH. 942 buutran. 948 ttt|. 946 mic^il. 947 hio(aL.
950 ^|»«B. 952 kuus [coarse]. 954 aashin.
U- 967 suut. 969 si6BB. 970 d^tst.
Eor the remainder of e.Sm. (excluding D 10), JQG. made a com-
plete wl., from the diet, of a native of Wincanton (13 ne. Yeovil),
who, however, had resided long in Cu. After many trials and
much correspondence, I relectantly found his memory of the dialect
not sufficiently accurate to be accepted in its details. The other
contributions I have received were in io., but they are quite sufficient
to shew that at Langport, Castle Carey (16 ene.Langport) and
"Wedmore (7 w-by-n. Wells), the pronunciation differs insensibly from
the Axe-Yartv ; while at Combe Down (2 s.Bath) it seems indis-
tinguishable irom. Wl. The following examples from Wedmore
shew the nature of the dialect in the m. of e.Sm.
Wedmobb, Sm. (18 ssw.Bristol).
Specimens sent by Mr. C. A. Homfray, Manor House, and pal. rather
conjecturally by AJE.
1. (mfesTBK, a'» bfwit B-gwain dkuu dhB mak.) master, I be-not
a-going through the muck.
2. (ta'tn dhB duBR, ut ?) shut the door, wilt ?
3. (duus)Bn dhi uaa dhtk dhsB hos?) dost-not thou know that
there horse ?
4. (cas)Bn ha'tR ?) canst-not hear.
5. (dhB lam)z B-va'tR.) the chimney's on fire [I only knew lum as
a N. or L. word].
6. (dhB gsesekomi tuBU bv b hos b gselt'd sr'i, :gtfd)naa.) this frolic-
some toad of a horse has frightened me, God-knows. [I do
not know the word * gaacomey ' so spelled, see No. 18. J
[. 1521 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
90 THE MID SOUTHERy. [D 4, V ▼!.
7. (gii •a't dhB sla'ts.) give me the fire-pan [or fire-shovel].
8. (dh« bsektkrtt^Bz on dh« klaevt-tsek.) the tobacco jar is on
the mantel-piece. [The last word is given as elavel-taek in
Wright.]
9. (hsest (Uii Itikt m dh? krok tB zii «f dh? teetiz bi dan ?) hast
thou looked in the pot to see if the potatoes be done ?
10. (v^tfdhQR ji«)nt kam wh6«m »t.) father is)not come home yet.
ri doubt (wh)].
11. (baL»Bno-n.) by and bye.
12. (dhii)z nAA dhaet s)k'»k.) thou) dost know that, (it) is like
[probably].
13. (t)waB dh» ziSTBB, t)wsBd)Qn :z8el.) it)were thy sister, it)were)
not Sail.
14. {'a!i)l zii ii Bh8Bd)«n duu vt ; ut)«n ?) I'll see if (thou) shalt)not
do it ; wilt)not ?
15. (iiz, a't ul, maeaB-bi.) yes, I will, may-be.
16. (waV duu8)«n dof dh» kUAdz vn m£nd dhik lirap ?) why
dost)not do£P (take off) thy clothes and mend this tear.
17. (Iaa ! W8et Q lampcs!) law! what a stumble [or noise of
falling, also (lambBR)].
18. (gtt ap, ji DRaBaekom* AAld gaeaektmi.] get up you stupid old
froUcker [to a horse, but the words *dracomey, gacome ' are
unknown].
19. (duu)tmt i taeaek on zoOy zoob,) don't ye take on [trouble your-
selves] so, companions.
WoRLE (iwaR'L, :waED'L), 16 W.Bath, cwl.
Written by Rev. "W. F. Roee, vicar in io. and sabseouently pal. by AJE., serves
to show how the dialect is preserved to the Bristol Channel.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 3. blBk. 6 ml«k. 6 mi«d. 8 eey. 14 onaa. — stag [stackl. 21
nlBm. 22 ti«m. 23 slvm, Be^m. 24 shlvm. 25 mion. 28 iisn. 32 oivdh.
33 KA^«R. A: 43 han. 44 Ian. A'- 77 laRD. 81 lira. 84 m(i«K.
93 tB sno0;i. 95 dboo. A': 101 wok. 104 hjM. 128 dhoBZ. 130 boot.
M' — jsk [ache]. — ledhBR [ladder]. — bltedhBB [bladder]. 144
Bglvn. 146 m^fn. 149 bliBz. 150 Ubs. 152 waadbt. — paRxi [pretty].
M: 155 dhst}. 166 miBd [probably confused with #uu^1. 170 hfienest. 172
gRaeaes. 181 paeaeth. M- — hanoi [ready]. 187 hi. 192 mSBn. 193
kliBn. 200 wiBt. JE': — bliit [bleak]. 207 mid'l. — «1 [eel]. 218
ship. 224 wIbr.
£- — liit [leak]. 248 mlBR. 252 kit*l. £: 261 zee. 284 DRSBsh.
F- 298 viil. 301 hs'tR. £A: 326 oo\. 327 bool. 333 keet. 334 heei.
835 seael. 336 vseael. 342 JSHm. 343 waRm. 346 gM. £A'- 347 hiid.
£A': 355 diif. 363 tjip. 366 gHRT. £1: 378 wiBk. £0- 383 ZEv'n.
385 bins'th. £0: — smsRT [smart]. 407 vaRO*N. £0'- 411 DRii.
£0': 423 dhx'i. 428 zu.
I: 477 va'in. — bBha'i-n [behind]. 485 dis'l. I'- — STRik [strike].
I': 502 va'iv.
0: 534 hAAl. 547 b&BRD. 551 staRm. 552 kaRN. 553 haRN. 554
kfiaas. 0'- 564 znunder [sooner]. 0': 579 ins'Q*.
U- 605 zan. U: 610 ul. 612 zam. 629 zsn. 631 dhszdi. 634
DRUU. 635 wxth.
r 1522 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 4, y Ti. D 6.] THB MID 80UTHBBN. 91
T- — piil [piUow]. 682 ltd*!. T: 685 Bliad|. 686 bsBdj. 691
mi'in. 700 WS8. 701 fist.
n. English.
A. 718 tri«d. 741 mivz. E. — itm [seeml. 0. — aoog [soak].
— Ubt [a loft]. — poog [poke]. U. — k&iid [cud, compare a quid of
tobacco]. 806 utaDi.
m. BOMANCB. ^
A>* 811 pliw. — imkai [fageot]. 833 pSva. — msnd«a [manner].
852 JMpvRN. — kaa [carry]. — -Koaa [qnarrr]. £•• 888 saat*n. —
saa [serre]. 890 blw. l" andY- — huiTVB [rirer]. 0- 938
kaairvB. U •• — stid [study].
D 5 = e.M3. = eastern Mid Southern.
Bfmndariea, Beginmng at the w. b. of Ox. just opposite Moreton-on-Mareh
(19 e.Tewkesbury) and go along the w. b. of Ox. uui then of Be. as far as
Hungerford (24 w.-by-s. Reading) and then continue in a n. to s. line through
Ha. passing just w. of Andover, to Nursling at the n. point of Southampton
Water and then to the sea by Lymin^^ton (10 cGhristchurcn). Cross the Sdent
to the nw. comer of Wi. (and not just e. of it as appears on the map). Run
along the coast of Wi. to the ne. comer of it. Then again cross the sea to
Selsey Bill, s.Ss. and continue along the s. coast of Ss. to the mouth of the
R. Adur. Then sweep ne. through m.Ss., e. of Bolney (8 se.Horsham) and w.
of Cuckfleld (9 ese.Horsham) through East Orinstead (15 ene.Horsham). Then
pass through the extreme se. comer of Sr. and procided in a ne. direction to
Knockholt (14 s. Woolwich), which is a conjectural point from which no in-
formation has been obtained. Dialect speaking now ceases on i^proachinff D 8
in the Metropolitan Area, but we may sweep sw. w. and nw. through n.Sr. keep-
ing probably s. of Croydon and Leathernead (12 ne.Guildford), n. of StoVe
(1 n.Guildfdra), w. of Sandhurst (10 se.Readin^) to Reading. Then proceed
alonff the w. b. of Ox. to the projection of Be. mto Ox., which cut off, passing
8. of Cumnor (3 wsw.Oxford) ana n. of Appleton (5 sw.Oxford). Then enter
Ox. and pass w. of Ensham (4 nw. Oxford) and of Handborough (6 nw. Oxford)
and then go nearly n. to the e. of Gharlbury and Chipping Norton (12 nw. and
17 nnw. Oxford) to a point just e. of Moreton-on-Marsh, the starting-point, to
which proceed.
Much of this line is rery uncertain for at least a few miles on each side of it.
The diTision between Be. and Ox. is altofi;ether uncertain. The sweep through
n.Sr. may be considered almost conjectural, so great was the difficulty of obtain-
ing any satisfactory eyidenoe of natire dialect. The population is shifting and
selilom native. But Stoke (1 n. Guildford) was well marked. The e. b. through
Ke. presented insuperable oifficulties, but the line between the mouth of the
Adur and East Gnnstead is tolerably clearly defined. If in the most uncertain
puis the line be taken 5 to at most 10 miles wide, it may be accepted as a Tery
fair boundary.
Area, Most of Ha. and all Wi., much of Be., s.Sr. and w.Ss.,
and a small portion of w.Ox.
Authoritiet, See the Alphabetical Coun^ list foi; the following places where
prefixed marks show • tv. jir AJE., t per TH., J in so., ® in io.
Be. ^Bucklebury, "^holsey, ''Coleshill, "Denchworth, ""East Hendred, IHamp-
steadNorris, ''Kintbury, ""Shefford, || Stanford in the Yale, gSterenton, ""Streatley,
**Wantage.
Ha, f Andorer, ""Corhampton, ^'East Stratton, ""West Stratton, ^Winchester to
Southampton.
Kt, No information.
Ox. ''Alyescot, ''Charlbury, ''Chastleton, fDucklington, fLeafield, fLew,
tMilton, 5 ytWitney.
[ 1523 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
92 THE MID SOUTHEKN. [D 5, V L
8r, *t7hariwood, ^'Elstoad, ^'Ewlmnt, <t}odaliiiliig, ^'Godstoiie, ^^Haaleoiere,
^Xeaiherhead, ♦*»Ockley, •Stoke, *Weald of Sr.
Sf. ^Bolney, *»Comptoii, ^'Ertham, "Kirdford, rTwineham, *^eft Wittering,
**Wisboroiigh Green.
Wt, *?(orthwood, ^^horwell, ''whole Isle.
The district is not so well represented as the last. The greater
nomber of notes are meagre and imperfect. There were only three
w., from Winchester Ha., Ockley and Stoke Sr., a pal. transcription
of part of a cs. by Prince L.-L. Bonaparte from Hampstead Norris,
Be., a pal. specimen and cwl. from Andover by Prof. Arnold
Schroer, a few notes by TH. in Ox., and some in Glossic by Mrs.
Parker in Be. and Ox. But these are sufficient to understand the
notes of the other informants.
Character. The (e) remains generally quite distinct, the (z,v)
for (s, f ) initial die out eastward, the (ai) for ^G, EG is uncertain,
/ he remains, but the a- before the past participle becomes lost. It
will be most convenient to consider four varieties or forms, V i. w.Ox.,
Vii. Be., Viii. Ha. and Wi., and Viv. s.Sr. and w.Ss. There is no
special information from the very small portion of Ke. involved, the
dial, of which, being so near to the metropolitan area, is probably
veiT slightly marked indeed, but does not shew the characteristics
of D 9. These different varieties cannot be distinctly defined by
any clear characters, but still there is some amount of local
distinction.
Vab. i. Ox. FoEM.
WmrET, dt.
Originally written in gl. by Mrs. Angelina Parker, then pal. by TH. from her
diet, and finally correctwi by TH. from information obtained by him at Witney
Sept. 1884. As the pronunciation of this district is thought very strange at
Ouord, great pains have been taken to represent it correctly. See the following
cwl. embracing words from Witney, Ducknngton, and Leafield, another primitive
place, all of which were well examined by TH. This form of D 6 shews the
transition from D 4 very clearly. The reverted (r) was distinctl]^ noticed by
TH. after a vowel, but "before a vowel he seems not to have felt its difference
from common English fr, rj, and he also did not notice its assimilating effect on
adjacent (t d n 1), which is mevitable when (r) is used. But he noted bow much
more marked the reversion was in w. than in m. and s.Ox. I have therefore re-
tained his notation. There is a great peculiarity in this district. As far s. as
Witnev there is a plentiful sprinklin;^ of (m^, o) in place of (a), but at Ducklington
(:dHk*It«n) only 1 s. Witney, this entirely ceases, (a) alone bein^ heard. In other
respects the dialect at Ducklington is iaentical with that at Witney. This shews
that the incursion of (w.) into the n. part of S. should not be considered to affect
the dialect district. (See also D 4, Var. ii., GI. Form, p. 60. The symbol (uj,
a variety of («), is especially considered in the introduction to the M. oiv.)
1. 8<3 [saw] a'» s&i, m^fts, jb stz na'w bz o'i hi ra'tt ishafut dhat
dhsB ItVl gjafil [gjal'] Bkam»n fram dhB skuu'l jandtsB.
2. 7Lr)z Bg:wa-m [jBgwe'in] da'im dhts rood [raud] dhBR' [dhsR ]
thruu dhB rfid gJEt [gJEtJ B)dhB [an)dhB] lift and sam B)dhB
wa».
[ 1524 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 6, y i.] THE MID SOUTHBRN. 93
3. shikBfi vnuj dhs i^fl)z gAAii sta*d»t u^p tB)dhB diktm B)dh«
4. WBB xu)l mwsst la'tklf fi'fnd dhat dhBr' dmoqk''n dxf ' srtTBld
IiIb B)dhB nMm b :tomB8.
6. wi aaI nooz [nduz] 1 vet* [? vart] wbI.
6. wsnt dhB 6t<ld [auld] l^p' Btm l&Bn xb nat tB du)t Bgjs'n,
pihiB th»q!
7. kkl ,
JEnt ft tmu ?
West Ox. cwl.
From the foUowing sources :
B. wn. by TH. from BCr. James Brain, natiye of DaoUington, aged 81.
M. words fftT^ in io. by Rer. W. D. Macray, rector of Docldington, also cbieflj
taken from Mr. Brain, and pal. rather conjectorally by AJ£.
L. Leafield, wn. by TH. from natires of 87, 84, and 74 yean old.
W. Witney, wn. by TH.
I. Wesssx akd Nobse.
A- 12 M saa. 14 M draa. 21 BLW UMn. 23 BL stfnn. 24 M shsm,
shlMn. 33 L rndhw. 37 M thaa. A: 39 M [(km) used]. A: or 0:
58 B frvm, W fram. 64 BL roq\ W ro'q. A'- 73 W s^ s&m. 81 L Wn
[so all his life, 84 years old]. 84 L mClva. 85 M suua. 86 W wsts. 89 M
bMh. 92 L nfthu. A': 104 B rood, W rood, rftud. 115 BL oom. 118
W bwsn. 124 M st^vn, stsn. 130 M b^vt.
M' 138 LW faadhvB. M: 154 B bak\ 155Mthsb. 158Laa*ttr-
noun. 161 B dii, LW d^. 171 W bWt. — L kj&hnt. M'- 192 L mMi.
197 L ^. 200 LW wATt. M: 223 L dhiva. 226 BW mwast, M
m6sst.
£. 233 B sp^k, dht sp^ [they speaks], W speektn. 241 L rMi, W riUn.
— B Itv'sin [leasing «r gleaning], Lleestn, lissin. 252 L kjttU. £: 261
BW sat, L st*f, sai [new form (sdt)]. — L Ing [leg]. 262 WL wdi wft^'t,
B wdi wdi. 265 L sin'tt [old form (strfdt)], W sir^i. 266 Wwb*1. — W
fi*ld [field]. 276 W thtq*. 278 L wanix [used when young, now (gjenl)!.
ir- 299 L griin. F: 314 L t«Bd. EA- 319 M givp. EA: 324
L &ttiin, W &ttt. 326 BW 6Mld, W also &t<ld. 328 M k6Mld. 329 M
f6idd. 335 W aaI. 346 W gist, L gist, M. givt. £A': 350 L diB*d.
352 W rad. 355 W dnf . 359 nfci^B. — B b«'m [beam]. 361 W
bian. 363 L ^xp. 364 W turn. 371 B straa, L strAA [old form (straa)].
£1- 373 L dh&i, W dh&U. £0- 383 W say'm. £0: 394 W jandva.
895 W joq. 396 B waak. 402 W Utan. £0'- 420 W fdva. 421 W
a^ati. £(y: 428 W si. £T- 438 L do'l.
I- 440 B wik. 446 na'm. — W pMX [pease]. I: 452 W e'i. 458
no'tt. 459 BW ra'tt. 465 sttti. 466 B IpL'tld. 468 B ^ildtaa. 477
W fi'ind. 488 B Jtt. T- 492 W sa'td. 494 L ta'im. V: 500 B
la-kli.
0- — L drikp [drop]. 524 B wvald. 0: 531 BL daa-tta, W
dAAtta. 538 B ud, 543 BLW an\ — W kraps [crops]. 551 L stA*am.
— B &s' [horse]. 0'- 559 W madhva. 560 W sVuul. 562 B mnun.
564 B sun. 568 W bradhra. 0^: 578 L pla^'tf. 579 W muj. 586 L
dwant [donH].
U- — L £d [wood]. 603 B kam, W aka*min. 604 W sM^maa. 605 B
sa'n, L sti«^ W so'n. 606 BW ddva. U: 612 W sM^m, som. 613Ldnioqk.
619 L fw^a. 629 B san* [compare 605], W au^, 632 LW mj>, op. 633
kiij», kap. 634 W thnra. 636 L fardar. U'- 643 WB na'w. 650 L
[between (vbe'^Mt) and r«b6Mt)]W«ba'ift. TT: 658 W da'im. 659Wta'tfn.
663 BW I'm*. 667 L e'ift.
Y- Wlit'l.
[ 1525 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
94 THE MID S0I7THBRK. [D6,yi,ii.
I. and T. 768 W gjaal, gjaT.
f.lwondra)]. — W Wk, 791 L
b]. — W d«k [a duck]. 794
n. EKeusH.
A. 737 W mM. E. 749 W lift.
0. 761 M l<JBd. — L .-ItfJivn [new fonn (:]
hwA\ W b6i. U. — W tw^b, tob [tub]." — Xv dak [a __ _. .._
W d|«og, d|og. 803 W diM^mp, d^omp. — W gen [a g:un]. 804 W drM^q^'n.
m. Romance.
A •• 828 M MgBB. — L plft*«n [plain, unadorned]. — W pian [please].
— W saaatin. 862 BW Mrf. E •• 867 W t^. 886 B vwt, W Tar», Tan.
890 L bJBst [now (best)']. 891 L Qsst. 0 •• — W pomp, pM»mp [pump].
— mWoUt [money]. 936 L kMoOntn. 938 BL kA'nnvn. — W tmpdhsaVl
[impoedblej. 947 L bw6t'l. — W ko1«B [colour]. IJ.. 970 W d^ujst.
Example$, — B (o'i si dh«^6Mld ^p* i'stard^), I saw the old chap yesterday.
L (e'i bi agwji'in oom tv)B mi stf^ma). W (am\ am\ bfutifwl am' ! dham
Bs)kknt iit it A't t« klam') [ham, ham, beautiful ham ! them as can't eat it ought
to clam (stanre)].
Vab. ii. The Be. Foem.
Although I have heen quite unable to obtain w. communications
from Be., and the infonnation I have received leaves much to be
desired, it is sufficient to shew the continuation of practically the
same dial, as in w.Ox. throughout Be.
Beginning in the n. I have a dial, test obtained by Mrs. Parker
for Steventon (5 no Wantage), and I had others from Stanford in
the Vale (5 nw.Wantage), which I could not sufficiently trust.
The short list of words from Wantage, corroborated by those from
Denchworth (3 n-by-w. Wantage), and Cholsey (11 e. Wantage), con-
tinues the information through the n. of Be. From Hampstead
Norris (11 se. Wantage) I have a considerable portion of the cs.
written from diet, by Prince L.-L Bonaparte, from which the
general character of the dial, can be safely inferred. It will suffice
to give the Steventon, Wantage and Hampstead Korris specimens.
a, Stbventok (5 ne. Wantage, Be.) dt.
Written in gl. by Mrs. Parker from the diet, of Mr. Leonard, both of Ox., and
pal. by AJE. Mrs. Parker has not marked the rererted, or, as she considers it,
retracted (b), but I have supplied it to the same extent as before.
1. Soo v!% sdt, AAl)8en)i, j« siz na't< x't bi raVt vba'tft dhset «b U't'l
gjffil tsko mm fi9m dh« skuuld jaendtiB.
2. shii)z QgwAA'in da'un dhB rAA«d dhas thruu dhv red g(Bt a
dh? lift and sa'td b dhv waa'».
3. shuuB Bnof dhB i^»ld bv gAAn strdit xp tB dhB duuB b dhB
roq x'tis.
4. war shii)l t^Muts tB hiUmdi dheet bb draqk'n def, sriVld felB b
dhB neem b : tomes.
6. wii aaI nAA'«z)n veB» wbI.
6. want dh)AA'uld t|ap sun Ibbk bb nsBt tB duu)t Bgja*n, puuB thtq.
7. lak! janttttruu?
[ 1526 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
J)6,Y ii.] THK MID SOTTTHEKN. 95
h. Hakpstsad Noreis, Be., part of cs.
Written bj Prince L.-L. Bonaparte in his own letters from the dictation of
W. B. Banting, Esq., hon. sec. oi the Newbury District Field Club, by whom it
was approved when read out; translated into pal. by A.J.E. Most probably
I shomd hare appreciated some sounds differently, as shewn by the notes, but I
bare thought it right to retain the Prince's own spelling, translated into pal. It
shews a stoong D 6 dialect.
0. wv'f :dioii ffiz nnu diuts,
1. wbI, naarbar, J99^ send liii m&at btro'ti'th laa'f set dh»8 njuuz
OA mQ'in. hp' ki'is ? dheet iz iipdh"i nhfi iiaaj dhii.
2. £ma men da't kos dhi&i bt laa'ft aet, wii rvavfUf d«)nt wii ? waat
8hp*d meek am ? t-Bnt vee'ri l«'»klt, tz at ?
8. dN'samde-vaj dhi's asj dhaaj vaeks 9 dhaaJ ki's, zoo djest
Hho'iild jer na'iz, frend, sond bii kwtsVt ttl v'i aa dan. aai'kn !
4. s'f bii zei'tm b'» liPid am zaaf — ^zam ov dhem vok 9^ went thro^
dhaai uu*l dhiq vrom dhasj vast dhpjsel'z, — dhaet did b'» zi'f enaf .
5. dheet dhaaj jaq'gest zan Msel'f, m grit bwv't a nB'tn, ntn/Md
fz fee'dha^cz va'ts aet wvns, dikwafu et wsez zoo kwp^ send skwek-an,
send b'» wad drast en t^^ speek dhasj druuth en*» ddat, aa, o't wBd.
6. se'nd dhaaj v'ttl-d-om'sen Hfap^sel* w^l tel en» o-n-i dhaet laa'f
ndu, send tel ii Btrdatt v^9% U\ wt )dtft' malg bodh'ts^, »f jp'1 p4i*lf
seks rif 9^ ! wsent shii ?
7. li'stwB'iz shii tB'ttld at mee, wen xli seksd pi, tp* aaj drii t^'unz
oo'va^, d»d shii, send shii dtd'nt AAt tp^ bii raq on 8»k aai pa'tnt
SBZ dh»s, waat dp^ ii dhiqk ?
8. wbI sez xli wsez se z£a»'n, shii ad tel ii, bV^, wpi send wen
shii TB'p^nd dhaaj draqk'n bi'st shii IlaaIz pi az'bsen.
NqU» to Hamp9Uad Norrit.
0. why^ the usual MS. diphthong, Mr. B. has whoo. — neither^ here again
differently appreciated as (a't go't a'i (0) is doubtful, Mr. B. has nuther,
a«i). Mr. Banting wrote M^Aoy, as 2. $houldy {9^) doubtful.
usual.— Am, this is the strong form. — 3. <A«m, the final (s) probably an
doubUy analogy would haye required error for (1). — tke^ this (dhaaj) is
(dv'nts), see 8 (yv'^J. difficult to understand, Mr. B. writes
1. neighbowr, the final (1) or glottal th^aH thae vackt ov th^ ke<u, which
r, which is sometimes written (1) or (rj, is equally puzzling. — noises Mr. B. nait,
followed by permissiye r, was eyidently 4. heard-who-thnmah, Mr. B.hurd'
at that time the Prince's appreciation oo-throo, the (a) is doubtful.
of (m), the only real r of this district. 6. trust, truth, Mr. B. writes dtrutt,
— you, the appreciation (j#**) is very dtruth, which were probably his errors,
doubtful. Mr. B. wrote yoM^A, perhaps (TRastTRUuth)mighthavebeenexpected.
(ra!u). — ^A, Mr. Banting writes ^otTtfM 8. how'found by the appreciation
perhaps (b6tdh) was intended. I do («'«') the ^phthong in these words is
not attribute much importance to BCr. made to resemble the Dy. diphthong.
Banting's approval of the Prince's Mr. B. writes simply ow. If the Prince
reading, for as Mr. Banting was not heard him correctly, he must have had
used to phonetic appreciation, and the a very peculiar pron. of (uu, 00, a'u) not
Prince was a forei^er, Mr. Banting belonging to the district. The Prince
would be easily satisfied with a rough was not able to finish writing the whole
approximation to his own sounds. — who, cs. from dictation,
toe appreciation (h^*) is very doubtful,
[ 1627 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
96 THB MID SOUTHERN. [B 5, Y ii, iii.
e, "Waktaoe, Be., cwl.
Written by Mr. Davey io., nther conjecturally pftl. by AJE. The rererted Tr)
not before a Yowel has Men supplied, as it was certainly pronounced. I had also
a considerable number of words Irom the Vicar of DenchworUi (3 nnw. Wantage),
which so far as they go confirm this list, and a dt. from the schoolmaster of
Cholsey (12 e.Wantage^, which has a suspicious number of initial ^z) and other
doubtful points, hence 1 can only use these as confirmations on the wnole.
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A'- 92 nku. A': 118 bfiwi.
M' 148 f&tr. Ml 168 ^^ftBB aatva. — wops [wasp]. JE!i 208 sbr
V- [e'er a, any]. 209 neea «- [ne*er a-l. 218 shtp. 223 dhsR.
£: 261 z&t. 263 «w&i*. 265 stxCiT. — BthaKt [athwart]. F: 312
JX&. £A: 324 kii bait. £A': 366 gaut gror. £0: — - «m [them].
— shaBt [short]. 407 fandhtq.
I'. — gii [Jive]. I': — h&» [bar]. 0: 638 i#d. 662 kaan. —
mannvn [morning]. 0': 686 duu)t [ao it], dun}n&M [don't know]. U:
612 2am)«t [somewhat, something].
n. Ekoush.
A. — B&tlz [rails]. — maRkvt [market].
m. Bomance.
A- — pki [pay]. 890 bfvst. — puuBTini [porter].
Sentences : (d6imt^i) don*t you, (wet)s went tv gaaSnd ii fan?) what dost want
to grind he (sit P) for ? (js)nt tt, bB)nt it) is not it, be not it, (ankid) dreadful.
Vae. iii. Ha. aitd Wi. Fobks.
The dialect at the north of Hampshire cannot differ mnch from
that of Hampstead Norris, Be. The late Dr. Bumcll, a native,
writing from West Stratton (7 ne.Winchester), says that the r final
is fully reverted, that (z) for » initial is very rare, (v) for / he had
heard in 535 (vooks) folks ; (h, wh) initial were used, 553 momingy
87 clotheiy were (maKn»n, klaaz), and 304 beetle a mallet, was (bdit'l),
which is singular, 394 yonder (jandBR). In grammar / he, he he^
we amy they am, are heaid, not / are. I lives not / do livey he livey
toe lives. The dialect seemed already (1879) mnch altered, and so
many inhabitants had been in service in London and elsewhere, or at
sea and about, that Dr. B. doubted the value of what they told him.
The man he had reckoned on as his principal authority was ill.
From East Stratton, which is close by, I got (gwm, Bnuu*, g(Bt)
going, enough, gate ; Dr. Bumell repudiated the last.
Towards the s. of Ha. the great towns of Winchester, Southamp-
ton, and Portsmouth have acted seriously on the dialect, which
however crops up again in "Wi.
The Rev. T. Bumingham, when Bector of Charlwood, Sr. (6 bsw.
Beigate), a Hampshire man, said that in his younger days (b. 1808)
the labourer alway put v for /, and s f or « ; a fallow would be
a voller (volis ?), and gives the following examples of Ha. at that
time (I preserve the spelling), ** I was a gwine (gwdtn) hoh-um
(hiSomn) to git my kawfee, but set dotui under the hullumun
(ha*lBmBn«»elm) tree to git out o' th' rah-in (riin). Terrable
watchet (taBBb*l wallet) a gwine acrass that air veeyuld (vii«ld)."
[ 1628 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 6, V iii.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 97
Here watchet is wetshod, wet for the feet. He notes waps tpapsm'^
wasp wasps, een amoast^even almost, on-emp^un-emjityy^ empty
**on-emp that air payul," ^wr«= hungry, empty, =»Gennan leer^ but
not derived from it, mid. Eng. laer. (See D 4, p. 52, H&met, 1. 23.)
Southampton to WiNCHEsrEB.
This C8. was written from the dictation of Mr. Percival Leigh, 22 March, 1876,
who was born in Scotland in 1813, but was taken to Hampshire when a month old
and had been there constantly since, so that he had known the dialect all his life.
Mr. Leigh did not use (r), but pronounced in the usual received manner, initial
(r), final as («). I have used final (b), because from other sources I know that
it prevails in Hampshire. Mr. Leigh was also strict in not leaving out (h), but
admitted that it was sometimes put in. Altogether it seems that this version
fives rather a refined form of speech, with occasional outbursts of real dialect,
owards Portsmouth Mr. Leigh considered the speech as finer still.
0. wso't :dpn haaaant got noo dao'nts.
1. wbI, n^»bvR, dhii vn him med buu'th laa*f at dhis hii'r niuz o
ma>'in. huu kee*Rz ? dhaet eent nadhoR hii'R n«R dhee'R.
2. fill tpeps doD'tz kAAz dhee bi laeaeft aet, wii nooz, duu'nt)as ?
wot shttd mii'k «m ? Bt beent veR» lao'ikli, bii)T?t ?
3. hao'tfsmndEV'BR dhiiz hii'R bii dho ra)Vts o dhv stoo'rii, zoo
diEst dhii hoold dht nso'iz, vrend, «n bao'td ku^ao'rtit ttl 8o't)y «d?in.
dliii Its'n to mii.
4. 8o'f bii saaRt'n eo'f hii*Rd wn zee zsnn o dhKm fooks bz went
dmu dhQ hool dhiq from dhB vast dhiSRZElvz — dhaet did a)'i zcef
tmaf* —
5. dhtst dh« jsqgost zan hissEl-f, v gaRt bdo'i o nao'in nood hiz
vii'dhoRz vao'fs «t wans, thof twBz zoo kwee^R Bn skweck-Bn, Bnd
a>'i tfd trast *hii tB speek dhB TRUuth Eni dai, iis, 'dhcet goV *t<d.
6. Bn dh)ool;d)Mm'cn hBRZEl f 'l)tEl En'i on)i bz laDODfs nao'u, vn
tEl)i strait oof, tuu, widhao'wt motj fas, if juu)l wanli aDa)8k br,
00, want shi ?
7. leestwdiz shi toold Bt 'mii, wEn oo'i eecest or, tuu br drii tao'i mz
waavBR, did)8hi, bu shii didn't AAt ts bi roq on sttj b poo'mt bz
dhis, wot dost 'dhii thiqk ?
8. wbI bz eo'i WBZ b zdion -shii nd tel)i, hso'w, wee*R on weu shi
veo'und dhi draqk-Bn bii'st shi kAAlz hBR hazbBnd.
9. shi soor shi saa bu wi br oon ao'iz, B-ldion stratjt Bt fwl lEqkth
on dhB grao'imd, in iz gud zan*di kwuu't kloos bi dhB duu'R o dhB
hoo'tis, da)'un Bt dhB kaeaeauBR o dhB leen jseaendoR.
10. aR WBZ skwin'tBU Bwdi, sez shii, fsR aaI dhB ward'l laoVk b
zik ijeo'ild, br b litl gaRl vTEtBu.
11. Bn dhaet haep*'nd bz shii bu hBR daeae'toR tn Iaa kam druu
dhB baek kuu'rt frBm haeq'Bn eo't^t dhB wet klooz to draD'i on b
wosh'Bu d&i.
12. wQo'il dho kit'l woz Bbao'ilBn fsR tee wan bRaoVt zam'BR
aeaetBRuuun wan-li b w^^k Bguu* kam uEks dhaRZ'dt.
13. aend d^st 'dhii noo ? oo'i nevoR laaRnt noo muu'R nBR dhis
hii'R B 'dhaet biz'nos ap tB tB-ddi, bz shuu'R bz mao'i nii'mz :(1jon
:shep*BRd an soV duu'nt wAAut tB, eedbBr, zoo dhee'R !
14. Bn zoo 9)'i bi gwgo'i'an whoo'm tB zap'BR. gud noo'it, bu
X.S. ProB. Part Y. [ 1529 ] 98
Digitized by LjOOQIC
98
THE MID SOUTHERN.
[D 6, V iii.
duu'nt bii zo kwtck is kroo waavBR b i^p Bgtn, WEn b tAAks o dhis
dhapt BE tiidhBu.
15. Bt)s a week fuul bz sez muu'B nBR i niid. en dhcet-s moo't
last wasd. gtid bao't.
Notes.
0. ham* t got no dottbts^ or simply hat
no (« uool OT has not got (b nat gat).
The vowel (o) wns Mr. Leigh's ordmary
(a) and was not (o).
1 . neighbour, Mr. L. gave both (nki-)
and (uaoi-). — thee-him ; thee is used for
both nom. and aco. ; him is nom. and
(hii) emphatic, (un) regular unemphatic
S. ace.
2. ainU is most natural, but (beent)
is also used.— /«'if with (f) not (v). —
chaps, Mr. L. varied, apparently un-
couseiously, from (a») to (a*) wherever
tlie short sound occurs. — tchat, simple
(w)no (wh). — Aam'/or(bii'nt). Theuse
ol* be in the thiixl singular here and
elsewhere is doubtful.
3. rights of the storg, for facts of the
case, which is not a dialectal expression.
— thg (dhaa'i) emphatic, (dhi) unem-
phatic—/r«?wrf, the (v) is doubtful. —
adone, the itse of (w) before the past
participle is more frequent than not,
among the regular old-fashioned people.
4. sag sometimes (za»). — through as
dictated, but this change of thr- to rfr-
iniplies that the real change is into (dr-)
ana this is doubtful in Ha. — thitfg
(dliiq) is only occasionally used for (thtq)
—from is more naturally pronounced
with (f).
5. voice is not a regular term, perhaps
(viis) would be said. — though (thaf)
was so dictated, but the (th) is doubtful.
The word was said to be not common
but still used. — he, emphatic form of
ace., (un) unemphatic. — ang (eu*), never
(cen-t). — dag (d&t) is heard, but not so
often as (dee). — ges (iis) is the regular
form, but (yaas) is also used.
6. old wotnan, the (d) of {oo\) is per-
ceptibly made the beginning of the
word («m-Bn), as common in S. — on-ge^
tell ge, sometimes (jc) is used in place
of (-i), but this must be a modernism. —
fuss is the common word, not bother. —
onlg (oo-ni) is also used, but (wan-li) is
more frequent.
7 and 14. over (waavoR).
8. saging, also pronounced (see'on) or
(seen) .— /o»<«rf generally with (v), (f)
sometimes among the younger. — bexut
or (beest), plurd (bii'stiz). — husband
or (az'bend, azbvn), not man.
9. saw or else (sse®, zsese, aid, sin,
sii) might be used. — a-laging, a general
error for a-lging^ which would be
(e-lao'ran).
10. ivorldj this pronunciation is not
very common now. — girl or else (m&idj.
11. law is generally (laesB), but in
this connection may be (Iaa).
12. iceek uncertain, Mr. Leigh at
first wrote week (wiik), I expected (wik,
wik), but both wicu and umce are found
in Ws.
13. Homers, or {jimtBrnn).^ shepherd ^
(ship) is used for sheep.
14. a-going (ga)'tan) is probably an
error for (ugwiran). — this, no (dhtk)
is used in llampshire, but (dhtk'tm) is
said in the plural.
15. sags, the word prates is not
used, (reez'n) is said.
Andover, Ha., specimen and cwL s
Prof Dr. M. M. Arnold Schrocr, from Vienna, of the University
of Frcibur*?-im-Bixiisgau, Baden, Germany, who had studied pho-
netics under Dr. Sweet, and had had much experience in observing,
analysinj^, and criticising differences of speech in various parts of
Germany, and speaks English with an excellent pronunciation,
having spent the summer of 1887 near Andover, Ha., exercised him-
self in writing Ha. speech from dictation. His two chief authorities
were Mr. Benjamin Manning, of Appleshaw (4 wnw. Andover),
between 40 and 50 years old, who had lived all his life in the
county and been in constant communication with farm-labourers,
[ 1530 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D6, Viii.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 99
and Mr. Arcliard, a natiye of Ha., educated at Winchester, then
national schoolmaster at Andover, and consequently in the constant
habit of hearing dialect, to whom Prof. S. had been recommended
by Canon Collier, the vicar, as the very man he wanted. Of these
Prof. S. considered Mr. M. as his chief authority. The number of
points, however, in which he differed from Mr. A. is considerable.
Prof. Schroer selected as an example a letter originally published
in Punch (vol. ix. p. 264, 1845) and reprinted in the Rev. Sir
William H. Cope's Ha, Glossary^ p. xii. This was read to him
by both Messrs. M. and A., and their pronunciation most carefully
analysed in Dr. Sweet's revised Eomic spelling {Sound Notation^
Trans, of the Philological Society, 1880-1, pp. 177-235), with
which Prof. S. is perfectly familiar. These versions, transliterated
into pal. from the references to Mr. Melville Bell's notation and
other indications given in the paper cited, are here annexed, with a
translation. In the cwl. Mr. M. has been generally followed, and
some words in his own orthography have been added. In a few
cases Mr. A.'s pron. is specially noted.
Prof. 8. considers that the Ha. dialect
''is rapidly dying oat, and has been so for the last two generations. Even the
oldest farm-labourers are so much accustomed to educated (London] pronunciation,
that this certainly influences their natural speech. I attended/* he adds, **a
honreet-home festiyal at Longstock House, Fullerton (4 s.Andoyer), and waited
upon a poor blind old man of 80, who, owing to his blindness, could not always
know that I was near him or within hearing. Still, though I spent almost the
whole afternoon in his company, always listening and secretly taking notes, I did
not find more than a very few peculiar pronunciations, eicept the general tendency
of influencing vowels by the reverted r.
There are several points which will strike the reader in the following spec.
Prof. Schroer having oeen, as already stated, a phonetic pupil of Dr. Sweet, his
appreciation of souiras, as referred to Mr. Melvule Bell's scheme, seems to differ
in some respects from mine. He has been before all things anxious to make the
most accurate transcription possible of the speech actually under consideration.
Mr. M.*s own spelling in the cwl. will shew that the speaker evidently thought
he was saying (u, ee), while Prof. S. heard only {yy, be). The (ao) which con-
stantly occurs corresponds in unaccented syllables to my (b), from which, and also
from (ah), which sometimes occurs, the audible difference is small, though the
difference of the position of tongue and lips, which determines the symbol, is often
considerable. Probably most of the words written with (yy'ao), I should have
heard with (ib, i% ub). Those written with (oh), considered as Fr. o in homme
and answering to short m, I should probably have heard as (o), but both Mr. M.'s
(oh) and Mr. A.'s (u) in fpohnti, puntj), punch, in place of (a), are extremely
strange to me. As regaras I' words havii^ (a'v), I may refer to JGG.'s use of
the same symbol at Chippenham (supr& p. 51h which I then thought very remark-
able. The symbol (so'oh), which is the pal. rendering of Dr. Sweet's sign for
received Lonaon otc, is intended to imply that in Ha. Mr. M. used that sound,
beginning with (a>) and ending with the rounded form of the same vowel, that is,
not coming up to {u) or altering the position of the tongue at all, but merely
partly closing the hps while saying (ao). I am accustom^ to analyse my own
utterance of this sound as (&*u), and do not hear (so) at all ; in fact, when I first
heard initial (a>) from Mr. Trotter (supr^ p. 60^, it had an extremely strange
provincial effect to my ears. This (oo'ah) is, however, not universal. In count
Doth M. and A. give (kwant), which I might have heard as (ki^But), a very
singular form. Tms {ua, nua) is the common form of what I, perhaps, should
have written (ub, <h), ttwB), as (biif<ak, stufiod) book, stood, which I should
probably have heard and therefore written (btSBk, st^Bd). Some other usages
[ 1631 ]
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
100 THR MID SOUTHERN. [D 6, V iii.
also seem strange, as the dipbtbong in (nsB'a*z), noise, the advanced high (s) in
(v^aa^'a), for, the accented use of (a)) in (pa)g2, :y'aDmzb*B, hawt, yaD'blj, pigs,
flampshure, hast, able, the use of (oe) in (zoens), sense, the double form of
(^as'a'l, ^&a-aU), oil, where d&a-a') seemed to be an advanced (aa) ending with
a slight motion of the tongue into the position for (a*) ; the hyphen merely
rteparates symbols, so as to form a kind of (a'i) diphthong.
These observations of Prof. Scbroer are, I think, very valuable
as shewing almost personal varieties of nw.Ha. pron. differing so
widely as Mr. M.'s and Mr. A.*b, and analysed with the greatest
minuteness and conscientiousness. I feel greatly indebted to him
for his kindness in sending them, with long explanations, although
it was extremely inconvenient for him to do so in time to appear
in this place.
Two Akdovek PRONUNCiAnoNS OP Hakpshibe Faemsr's Letter.
Written in Dr. Sweet's Romic by Prof. Arnold Schroer and translated into pal.
by AJE. All the (t, d, 1, n, r) both here and in the sentences and cwl. on
p. 104 should be (t, d, l, n, r), and hence (tj, dj) should be (t^, dj, ^Tsh,
uzh) as at Chippenham (p. 51], but as this was not known till the proof was
corrected, I considered it safer to let them remain as they are with this
intimation.
M. From the dictation of Mr. Manning.
A. From the dictation of Mr. Archard, when the same for any word as in M., only
^,,) is written.
T. Literal translation, not the original in Punch,
1. M myst'E :pohntj, z'e, yf jah'B [joo'oh] p/y/ooz, z'e, dy by)90
A „ ptmtj, „ yf j'b „ „ „ „
T Mr. Punch, sir, if you please, sir, I be a
M r/eomzh'B v^aa^BmohB.
A ,, v^aa^Bm'B.
T Hampshire farmer.
2. M dy rdyts tso jao'ah ka)z dy noo'ohz jao'oh {umt mifynd mdy
A „ ,, tu iiia k^a^'az „ n^z jm wont ,, ,,
T I write to you because I know you won't mind my
M niiat by'aon go zgolao'sd a>n «'! a^ksk^tz byy^eod zboeloon
A „ „ „ „ „ (5al [tt'l] ykskjwttz „ „
T not being a scholar[d] and will excuse bad spelling
M Qon ee'1 dhEE'sot fdhyyaot].
A „ <E'al dhyy'aot.
T and all that.
3. M l^kson a>'ohva> dhoo pyy^sopoo taodh'r my/ooBkoot Maj
A Ittkaon Aaveo „ „ t^odhao „ dy/aoj
T Looking over the paper t'other market day
M 8ot :wflmtjyat'r dy zyyjd [zyd] oo kdont eo dha) prtiyz
A „ twynt^ystcD'B „ zyy „ „ „ „ „
T at Winchester I see'd a count of the prize
[ 1632 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 5, y iii.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 101
M kyy'eot'l)zhjao'oh iiap yn '.Itmson [rlohngon],
A „ zhita „ yn :lohna>n.
T cattle show up in London.
4. M dj wEs'eontyd ta> wku^ wEE'oot a> zood oob^ oo poogz ;
A „ wiWtyd „ niia wiiai so zod oob^ a) pygz;
T I wanted to know what he said about the pigs;
M iiaz dhao wEE'aoz a>n wee's dho) Yiiam yra>m.
A „ „ w^z „ wab'r „ kobm vrom.
T whose they was and where they come from.
5. M ay vso'absoiid ooz so'ob dbEE's w^aa^'fint a> zt'qg'l pa)g vKoom
A ifyvQo'obiid „ „ „ ' „ „ „ ^g vKom
T I fotmd as how there were*nt a single pig [hog] from
M :y'a)mzb'B [uoomzb'R] maoq dbao laot.
A ,, Qomaoq ,, li!!uft.
T Hampshire among the lot.
6. M jao'oh niiuaz dhEE'oot, <fy)d'B zeeV, qoz wao'l aoz ay
A jiia niiaz dbyy'aot, ,, dyy'ao'H zy/aoj, eoz wcl „ „
T You knows that, I dare say, as well as I
M din, aon vob'r l(fyk jao'ob becy zdond'ysbt yy'aot)oot
A „ „ va)RRy „ iiia byj aozdonyzbd a)t)yt
T do, and very like you be astonished at it
M [jaDt)a>t] zobmeot. tao'l da* Qo'oh)a)t)a}z)z'R.
A zobm't. tel yj ao'ohLouJ tyz)z'K.
T somewhat. Tell you how it is, sir.
7. M wd*y vao'ohks son :y'somzh*r bREE'eodz [bRyy'aodz] paogz ooz
A wy vii^iks yn „ bRyyaodz pygz)a)z)
T We folks in Hampshire breeds pigs as
M paogz go'3bt)ao bd^y, aon d^ont ^ua vaotnaon aon aom liop
A pygz uai)^ by, „ „ „ „ on „ „
T pigs ought) to be, and don*t go fattening on them up
M ty'l dhao ky/aont WEE'aog.
A tyl „ „ wy/aog.
T till they can*t wag.
8. M wd*y zaoz pao'ob'Bk ao'Dbt)tao Iiee'qov /y/aon aoz wao'l aoz
A wy sez p^untk iiat tu „ ,, ,, wcl ,,
T We says pork ought to hare lean as well as
M vy/aot, aon wa* l^yks Aor by/aokn stry/aokyd. zy/aoni
A „ „ wy „ „ „ stry/aoky. „
T fitt, and we likes our bacon streaky. Same
[ 1633 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
102 THE MID 80UTHEKX. [D 5, V iii.
M wy ky/eotl.
T with catUe.
9. M w^aa^'rjz) dha> zoens ^aa^'s fee'sozii go stohfaon oon kB^dgomn
A wfl'Rjz „ „ „ B^aa^zn a stofn „ kRa)mn
T Where*8 the Bouse or reason of stuffing and cramming
M 90 bulyk ty'l yy by/oont yao'bl tao zyy jao'oht ? [out
A GO hoks ty'l go „ yy'aobl „ ,, ^at
T an ox [bullock] til he be not able to see out j^out
M of his eyes, not used]
A n yz ayz?
T of his eyes]?
10. M wEE^aot jaoz dhso jao'ohs so ee'1 dhsE'aot EE'eoB vyy'aot
A wiuft iz „ juuz a (e<e'1 dhyy'aot y/aoB „
T What is the use of all that ere fat
M [vEs'Got] dy wBE^gonts tao nao'oli? ^ jaoz dhoah'r eoz
A „ w^^ts tu n^? „ tz „ ,,
T I wants to know? Who is there as
M jaot8)aot?
A yy'eot8)yt?
T eats it?
11. M dhoo ^aa'a^ ky/aok, t'smaots, maoqg'lzfw'Rzlz) aon k/aobydj
A „ ^da-a*l „ „ met)qg*lw'Bz'l eon kaobydj
T The oilcake, tumips, mangelwurzel, and cabbage
M a>z)a>z wEE'sostyd son nuEE'sokoon wyn bulyk a> [monster]
A a)z)yz wyy^aostyd vn myi/aokaon wdon „ „ monst'r
T as is wasted m malung one bullock a monster
H ohd g&a tao kEs'aop dfid^y ^x^ vao'oh'B ydyn k/aotl yn
A Md ji tu ,, dry „ yoo'b „ hoks'n yn
T would go to keep three or four fine oxen [cattle] in
M giuid kondysh'n.
T good condition.
12. M udjj z'b, dhcio-a^ med djy8t)aoz wao'l vGot)ohp
A „ „ dh^a-a* mcfyt d|^ast)aoz wa'l vyy'eot „
T Why, sir, they might just)aB well fat up
M zdaogz)aon y/aah'sz son BEE'aobolits, dy aon vEE'aoz'nz aon
A ,, ,, EE'aoBz „ Baobohts, ,, ,, voez'nz ,,
T stags and hares, and rabbits, aye and pheasants anil
[ 1534 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D6, Viii.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 103
M psE'goRdBa'diyz v^aa^B dha> mEE^ootaoB a))d]i£E'aot.
A p<E(E'RdHyd}yz „ „ ma)t*B o dhyy'got.
T partridges, for the matter of that.
13. M tao'l aa* wEE'aot [taoz] rmy/sost'r -.pohntj, yf zda'd aD vlyqaon
A tce'l yy uat, „ pwnt^ yf zded o ,,
T Tell you what [it is], Master Punch, if stead of flinging
M eowda-a* g^iiid pBavnd'B taD t*Bn ^aa^Bnd yoBcenoom'lz yfxAu
A sowdy „ provaond*r tu ,, „ (DnaonKE'lz sontu
T away good provender to turn homed animals into
M :da>na>l daomb'Bts, dhda-a* w^z ta> gyy bry/aod eon maa^'yt
A ,, :la)mb*Bts dhdy iut7. tu by/aoBt^a „ ,, myy^got
T Daniel Lamberts they was to give [bestow] hread and meat
M son t'Bmohts ta> :krystaonz son myy^ook zobm on)a)m
A „ „ on ikrystyaonz „ „ ,, o)dhobm
T and turnips on Christians, and make some of them
M 80 byt VQot'B dhflen db«f/i-a* bd*y dh<ffl)a*d d^a mka
A so lyt'l vyy'aot'B dh,daa)n dh^^y byy dh dyy)d duwa m^ua
T a little fatter than they be, theyM do more
M %iLai^ 60 praaVsba)s z(iyt, eon &f)m bao'ohn jso'^ob bd'y
A gdtoid so prEE'gosboos zayt, ,, ,, baund J^un byy
T good a precious sight, and I'm bound you be
M dbao zyy'aom pynoon.
A 0 dhao „ aobyniaon.
T of the same opinion.
14. M cfy ba\ z*b, jao'ob'B bda^ydjaont z^aa^Bvnt :djdan igrao'ohts.
A „ byy, „ jw'r byyc^aont ' „ „ igrottts.
T I be, sir, your obedient servant, John Grouts.
Notei to the above Letter,
1. knowSf M. writes (ay ngo'ahz] and 9. bulhck, M. says ox is not used in
says not (umiz) which is wnat A. gives ; Ha., but A. gives it.
but M. says that 'to know' is (ta> II. ot/ (cECE'ylj) in owl. — making net
ntia). (myy'aokoon) says M., as A. has, it is
3. ^Artn^, an octogenarian at Reden- only the infinitive which is (mi/i/syk).
ham (6 nw.Andover and 1 nw.Apple- M. says monster is not used, and Prof,
shaw) agreed with A. here. S. put a Y against (niEB'aonst'R) as a
6. found or (vao'ahnd). — M. says possible pron.— /o«r is (va3'ah*R), but
**hog not used," that is in the sense of fourteen is (Vjaa*'Ktin). — cattie was
a male pig ; but as a young and as yet oxen in the onpnal, but M. says the
unshorn sheep, the word is common in word is not used, though A. has it.
Ha., so that a Hampshire Hog means 13. tell you what^ according to M.
a country simpleton. There is a should have had Uie appended. — a bitf
• Hampshire-Hog Lane ' at Hammer- M. says not a little, which A. uses. —
smith, London, W. bestow is not used says M., but it is
6. r^ry, M. says the final y is fre- given by A. — you be [of to be omitted
quently omitted. according to M.] /A^ same cpinUm.
[ 1635 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
104 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 6, V ill.
AnBOYEB Ck>LLOQXJIAL SENTENCES.
Written by Prof. Schroer from dictation of Mr. B. Manning. See p. 100.
1. (dhsot hdyy waoz muiM dhsDii liEEf bruuiid), that hive was more
than half brood.
2. (t)yy')a)nt layk dhyy'aot), it [=the thing 8aid])i8)not like that,
[—is not so].
3. (y yy'sont niitia gdtiad), it [referring to a rake] is-not no good.
4. {yy^is dhyy hsost, dhyy)Bt stot^lst my mxEf^)), yes thou hast, thee
hast stol'st my maw«heart. [The phrase is said to belong
to a well-known anecdote, using stoPat for stolen.']
5. (gymy dhyk zee's), ut/tp^ ? dhyk)n), give me this saw^ which
one? thi8)one.
6. (dhyy'ao by/aost eo bEE'ood bdoe), thou be'st a bad boy.
7. (dhyVaodst [dhyy'aoldst] nee'ao byy nitua giid)an), thee'dst
[thoe'ldst] never be no good one.
8. rtyz mdyn bE^eod, z'e), it)is main [=very] bad, sir.
9. (<fy ^yy'a)nt ka)'ohnt)aom dhEE'so EE'a'l oomaoq), I can't count
them there all among [mixed up together],
10. (ucfy dituant litua girna hiiuam [w^uom]), why don't you go
home?
11. (diitumt mEE'ahk 8ytj)do UEE'a^z), don't make such a noise.
12. (cfy ta'l dhy M<ft)yz, man !), I tell you what [it] is, man !
13. (w^aa^'E byy'aost [byst] dhyy gw<fwhin?), where be'st thee
going? [In (gwrfwhi) "the first element low-back-wide, the
second rather mid-mixed-wide, but certainly labialised by
the {a). I [Schroer] make it (whi) lower, between (oh) and
(tth), but more (y) than (oh). "J
14. (wEE'oot byst gwdyn v^aa^'E?), what be'st thou going for?
[=why are you going?]
15. (udt)s dhyy wEi/aont ?), what)is [it that] thee want ?
1 6. (mcfyn smyytjy, mrfyn smyy'Et) , main ( = very) dusty, main smart.
17. {dy wynt. dy {i€mt gda itam taonifyt), I will)not. I won't go
home to-night.
18. (l^kyy yy'r ; y t^ald my t^codhao daay), look ye here ; he told
me the other day.
19. (yf dhyy wast gwrfuhjU tao loksf'sd, wyt^ wdy wwdst g^tia?),
if thee wast going to Oxford, which way wouldst [thou] go ?
20. (wytj wdy «dst 8ev)yt; A'ot o kiia'ld [kao'oha'ld]?), which way
wouldst [thou] have it ; hot or cold ?
21. (my/aot dhay mEE'aot), meet thy mate.
Andovbk cwl.
from the phonetic ohserrations of Prof. Arnold Schroer, chiefly on Mr. Manning
and Mr. Archard, who are sometimes distinguished as M and A. Mr. Maiming
also gave Prof. S. a list of man^ words in the cwl. in his own orthography,
which I annex in Italics because it serves to shew his own appreciation oi his
own sounds. I preserve even Mr. M.'s division of a word into two. See
p. 100.
I. Wessex and Noese.
A- 1 ztia. 3 hj/y'aak.. i tt/j/dolk. 6 my/aok, msE'ahk. 6 myy'aKl. 8
|_hEB'a)v. 9 byjyy'dDV. 11 mEs'o). 12 zeb'so. 14 dREs's), dR^ax'. 15
[ 1636 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 6, y iii.] THE MID 80UTHSRN. 105
[(,n>aft«l, n'oofifl) awful]. 17 M Isi'a), A \,mK 18 ky/a>k. 19 ty^a)],
Ufl, 20 ly/aom [more decided dialect], lBB'a)m Rem broad]. 21 nysf'dam,
iixs'a>ni. 24 zhyy'Qom, sbyy'aom. 30 kWa>*R, kyy^B\ 33 Hyy'aodhao.
A: 39 kv/aDm, koym, A;«mm [not much used. M.]. 40 kuuam. 41 dhaK)k.
43 ihy/ond. 44 ly/snd. 45 wBB'a>Qt. 46 kyy'a>ndl. 47 wyy'aond'a. 48
zyyaoq, zohq. 49 y/oK). 60 ta>qz [doubtful whether ever (tyy'a>qz)]. 61 man.
65 M BB'aMbyz [never (y/ao-)], A yyaDshyz. 66 WBB'awh [very seldom
(wy/aoBb)]. A: or 0: 68 VBasm, yRohm. 60 laoq. 64 bbb aoq.
A'- 67 gt>Ma, gu. 69 niiua. 70 toKa, Tiiua, Uuua Y 72 iiim, hyy m, hjuua,
73 ZttiM. 74 TittMy Uiiua. 76 tMMid. 77 l^aa**Bd. 78 oim. 79 uuon. 80
orndoo's a>l*Bda). 82 wons, wwnans. 84 m»ua. 86 ziit<a>*R, zao'ahaDR. 86
uuatBy [usually (wMits)]. 87 kl.aa^az, Ubb'sz. 89 btiuoth, bBB'a)th. 91ma>'3h.
92 niiuay nao'ah. 96 zdua [but mostly (za>'9h, zcD'ahd, za>'3h;a)n} sow, sowed,
sowing]. 97 zkm*1. 98 M ncss'od [knowed], A niiuaa [known]. 99 dna)'3hd.
100 za) abd [but the (z) is gradually giving way to (s) ].
A': 101 iwiiuak. 102 a>ks, ox. 103 a>kst, BB'aokst, ^kst, axt, 104 nduad,
106 b&Mwad. 113tiwa*l. 116 tiMom. 117 nuon. 118 bifwan. 122 i. UMWon,
ii. nuua. 124 sttiMon. 127 l,hAA*RZ. 133 Ktiuat,
JE' 138 (v)fyy'6odh*B. 140 BB'a>jl. 141 ubb'sojI. 142 subb'qojI. 143
tBB'aMl. 144 a)gyy'a>n aDgBB'a>n. 146 moyn [rarely (my/sn, msB'yn)]. 147
bRyy'aon. 148 vEB'oe^r. 149 blyy^ooz. 162 luita), woota) [** with voiceless d,
* Stimmlose lenis,' the pron. (tiato)) apparently dialect, (wooto)) influenced by
educated pron., heard both from old country people.*' AS.] 163 za)t'Rd&ay.
JE: 164 byy'aik. 168 ah Ur. 169 BB'a)Z, a>z. 161 d&ay. 162 ttid&ay.
163 l&ay. 164 mkay. 166 zed. 166 msB'aod. — wops [wasp]. iB'-
184 iBB'aod, l€« ad. 187 Ibb'qov. 189 woy. 190 kdy. 194 Bs'tDni [occ., but
oftener (any)]. 196 mEB'oDni, maany. 197 d|BB'a>z. 198 loet. 199 blBB'a>t.
200 wBB'a)t. 202 BB'a>t.
M'l 203 zbBB'oo^t}. 204 yndBB'a>M [indeed]. 206 dhused. 208 M <w'r,
Aa)v*B. 209 M n^fv^R, A na)v*R. 210 kl&ay. 211 gR&ay. 212 wday. 213
ifydh^R, BB'ahdh'R. 214 nt/ydh^R, nBB'ahdh*R. 216 twtmt. 216 dBB'a)4. 217
BB'a>t|. 218 M zhyy'a)p, A zhBB'oop. 220 M zhyy'a>b*Rd, A zhBB'a>p'Rd,
zhjQDp'nd [**the latter rather confirming the pronunciation of M.**]. 223
dhahX dh,aHi*R. 224 u,zh^"r, A naeh'^r. 226 maiMBt. 227 woet. 228
ZWOSt, ZWBB'a)t.
£- 231 dhoB. 232 bRBB'aok. 233 8pyy'a>k, A spBB'a>k, [M makes (spBB'aok)
he spoke]. 234 nsB'aod. 236 wsB'aov. 236 veb'sov^r. 238 EE'aKl|. 239
z&a-aU. 241 r,aa-a n. 243 pl.aa-a^ 244 waa*l. 246 M kwBB'aon, A
kw,aa-ain. 248 mBB'a)*R. 249 WBB'a>*R. 260 zwBB'a>*R. 261 M m&a^yt,
A myy'a>t. 262 kytl.
£: 266 zdRyy'a)tj, stRBB'a>t|. 267 BB'god|. 260 l^&a-a^ 261 z.&a-a^ 262
w,&a-ai. 263 ow^&a-a^ WAA'a'. 266 zdREB'a>t, zdRAA'a't. 266 woa*!. 269
zaa'lf. 271 taa'l, tyy'l. 272 ao*lm. 273 myy^aon. 274 byy'aontj. 276
zdy/aontj, sTEE'a>nt|. 276 dhyqk. 279 WBB'a)nt. 286 ^Rdh^R. 288 Icct.
£'- 289 jbb'oo and jy/a). 290 l^hyy. 291 dhyy. 292 msE'a) [not much
used. M]. 293 M w&a'y, A wbb'ob, wy. 294 vBB'a)d, vead, 206 bylBB'a)v. 297
va>rR. 298 vEB'aUj. 299 grEB'a)n. 300 kBE'a>p, k^eyp. 301 \}iy^'t. 302
M myy'a)t, A mBE'a)t, m6eyt. 303 zwBs'ait, zw6eyt. £': 306 \n(iy, 306
hoight. 307 Uiiy. 308 naid. 311 tin, 312 he ere. 314 i^hy/'Rd. —
bla)8n [blessing]. 316 vedU.
£A. 318 leeft. 320 kyy'a>*R. £A: 321 [(zyd} see*d, used]. 322 Udfe.
324 ^yty [eighty]. 326 »Ma* Id, a>'ahld. 330 ihMMaUd, i^ha)'9hld. 332 tMiia*Id,
Wahid. 333;taV- 334 hBBf. 336 bbVI bbT. 338 ksBVl. 339 [(byy) used].
340 jyy'a>*Rd, iyy'nd [orchard is (BB'a)'Rt|a)d, -a)t)]. 342 yarm. 343 wayarm.
344 byyUd. 346 pee ate. KM- 347 he dde. 348 ay [pi. (EB'a'z)]. 349
fya>a> ah. £A': deedde. 361 lid. 362 RBB'a)d. 363 bKyy'a>d. 356 dyf.
357 dha)'ah. 359 nayb*R. 360 tee am. 261 bee an. 363 t|yy'a)p, tpB'a)p,
tjep. 366 gryy'a>t. 368 d'ath. 371 etrdd.
£1- 873 dhiy r**of course not ^uine instead of (hyy^ the old Southern
form**]. £1: 380 dhoem, oem ['*m (cDm) perhaps the old genuine Southern
form Anglo-Saxon heom^ Aim*'].
[ 1637 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
106 THE MID SOUTHERN. [D 6, V iii.
£0- ZSihebn, 386 you>. 387 iibb'm. EO: 388 m«'lk. 390 shobd,
BhjMd. 392 ja>n. 394 ja)nd*&. 396 wtrnk, [(ww&ked) worked]. 399 biuiyt.
402 l^aa**Bn. — 8myy*Bt [to amart]. 406 [**ueTer heard it used" M],
EO'- 409 bay. 412 shy, hy. 419 jao'ah^R. 420 Ta)'9h*&. 421 T,sa>ty.
EO': 422 lyk. 427 baa^'y [been (ba'n)]. 428 zaa»'y, zy. 430 vreend. 433
breast. 435 js'ah. 436 d&ao'ah, duuu, £T- 438 day [and (dtiua ) ?
died (doyd, daa»'yd)].
I- 440 M wdayk, A WBs'aok. 446 noim, 449 gyt [forget (f Rgyt)].
I: 452 dj. 455 lay. 458 ndyt, nyy'oot [the latter ''most decided dialect *M.
459 Biiyt. 465 sytj. 466 tjy'ld, tjyy'ld. 469 [(rfy uu'l) I will]. 475 woind,
484 dhyk [(dhyk'n) this one]. 485 ihe^uU, — sohns [since]. I'- 490 by.
492 zdyd. 494 ta'ym. 496 ay*Bn. 498 iidyt. I': 500 kyk. 506 i,wiiman.
507 VDvmlm,
0- — smAA^ak, smtlwak [smoke]. 519 a>'3hYa>. 521 twffel, 522 oop'un,
524 warld. 0: 527 bowt, 528 thowt. 529 browt. 531 dBEtao. 532
kw/al, 534 hoo'al. 535 vao'ahk. 536 goo uld. 541 wynt, iiant. 550 tedrd.
552 k,aa>*Bn. 553 i^h.aa^'iin. 0'- 555 thoo. 558 Itiak. 559 moother.
562 tnoo'un. — month [month]. 564 zituan^ ztm. 565 nkuaz. 566 ohdh*R
P*but usually (tohdhaoR, tiiadhsR, ta>'9hdhaDR) ; I heard an old farm-labourer,
So years old, at Longstock (9 nw. Winchester), say (mrfy tohdh'Rz) =my others.**
AS.] 568 baaadh'R.
0^: buMak. 570 t^wak. 571 giwtfd. 572 bUwod. 574 bRiiMod. 575
stiwod. 576 Wttuanzdoo, wohnzdo). 578 pUA, pla)'ah. 579 M tnao'oh, A nohf
! which M doubts]. 580 ta>'3h. 583 tuu^il, 584 srvMaojl ["that is inverted
t) almost like (til ; this sound is said to be frequent, though m does not admit
it in (tm), two, where I heard it distinctly myself, though not always.** AS.]
585 hBLkuam, 586 d^fM. 587 dohn. 593 mi»t, 595 voo'uL
U- 599 ah'boone, 601 vowul. 602 zow^ plu. zowt. 603 kohm, kooam,
604 «ohm*R. 605 zohn [see 629]. 606 dc'er, — f#Md [wood]. U: 609
VM*1. 612 zohm. 613 dRohok. 615 pa>'3hnd. 616 gROd'ohaond. 623 Too'ohaond.
625 too'uttff. 626 [not used, / b^a moin hungered, M]. 629 zohn [see 605].
632 ohp. 634 M dRao'ah, A druu, 639 dowtt
XT'- 640 kow hu, pi. koufhoo't, 641 |^ha>'oh. 644 zohk, zt<k. 645 duuoY,
— dhituam [thumb]. U': 658 da>'ohn. 663 i^haD'ahs.
Y- 673 mohtj. 675 dRJy. 680 byzy. 682 lee'dl^, T: 684 breefadge,
685 ru'dge. 688 zoh^. 692 johqgaost. 694 wwRk. 695 .aa^'Rkn, i hyy*Rk.
700 uW«-, truM. 701 v,aa»*R8t. 702 wy. Y- 706 nay. Y': 709
v^eTf voy'er,
n. English.
A. 713 bBB'sDd, b.aad. 714 iBs'sod. 732 oo.pn. — a>,py [happy]. 736
Laas, Ibb'qds. 737 myy'a)t, mBE'aot. E. 745 tiBB'aH. 749 M lyft [''which
I myself heard,** AS.], A iBB'aoft. I. and Y. 758 pB*l. 759 vyt. 760
zhi^v*ld. 0. 761 loo'ud. 765 i^ittum. 766 [I beheve this word mpidered
to be purely Irish, I never heard it in Ha., M.]. 767 n(E(Eyz, uBa'aU. 769
moo'elf waant. 773 daqky. 774 ptiMont. 776 gttwod booy. 783 [pouUrg is
not used or they would say powel try, M.I. 791 b<E(E'y, \>6oq. U. 796
bWtt. 801 rum, 802 rohm. 804 drMqkn [compare 613]. 808 poht.
in. Romance.
A* 810 v/a99, 811 pyoM, 818 by/ookn. 818 sfaod;. 822 maay,
moy. 826 BE'®g*l. 828 «gyy. — kwmpl^fiiynyn [complaining]. 833 pyy'a>*R.
— pl&a>'yz [" (ply^aoz) is probably not genuine dialect^*]. 835 R,6a-a'zn. 836
zy/a>zn. — myy^a>9t*R. 849 chaifnber, 841 t^y/aons. 847 dainger, doinger,
849 zdRa)nd;*R. 850 dy^gans. 851 (E(E.nt. 852 BB'iaDp*Bn. 854 ba>a)*R*l.
855 k(E(E*Roht8. 856 pBB'a)*Rt. 857 kyy'sDS. 862 zyy'aof. 864 k.aa^'eos,
[shorter (kaos)]. 865 T(E(E*lt. 866 poo*R.
E .. 867 tEB'a*. 869 YEE'a>jl. 874 ryy'aDU. 875 vEB'ant. 876 dBE'aonty.
877 [not used, M.]. 885 y9eh*R, Ya)*Rt ["an old man of 80 in Bedenham (5 nw.
[ 1638 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D5, Tiii.] THE MID SOUTHERN. 107
Andover), apparently eager to avoid the dialectal change of (f ) to (t), said (feay),*'
AS.]. 888 sartun [often it is zartun zure, M.]. 890 by/aost. 893 vloe'ob'r.
I" andY- 897 dylrfyt. 898 nays. 900 pr,aa*'y. 901 vrfyn. 903 ddyn
[notmlgar]. 904 yrfyloDt. 912 roys. 0- 913 kuntj. 916 zdohf. 916
onjaon. 918 faj/bU. 920 ps'ynt. 922 bohshl, bMshl. 923 tnaist, mdn
d^amp. 924 ehot/is$. 925 v^aa^'ys, vcsas'ys. 926 zb^aa^'yli, zb<£<E'yl- 929
ka)'ahka>mVR. 930 Iscs'yn. 935 kobntrt. 939 Iditaa. 940 k6at. 941 voo'ul,
942 bobti*K. 943 titch, 950 zobp'&. 951 kobpl. 952 koo'us.
V" 965 <B(E'yjl. — pobnisb [punish]. 969 zhM'a. 970 djiast.
Isle op Wight.
The Isle of Wight may be regarded as part of Ha. dialectally as
it is politically. Owing to its separation from the mainland, and
the absence of commercial ports, it has not been so much exposed
to the influence of great towns as the county generally. The
MS. form of dial, is strongljr marked. The reverted f r) is well
recognised when flnal. My information, independent of books, is
derived from Rev. C. E. Seaman, the vicar of Northwood (2 s.Cowes),
for the n. of the island, and Mr. Titmouse, schoolmaster of Shor-
well (5 sw.Newport), for the s. The latter says that initial (z) is
not frequent, but occurs in (zamst) somewhat, and there is a
tendency that way in many other words, and also that the tendency
is generally to use initial (v) for /, as (vsRloq, vog) furlong, fog.
Mr. T. says that thr- does take the sound of <^- in a very pronounced
manner, and points to dresher for thresher, but Mr. Seaman does not
admit this, but introduces an auxiliary vowel, as (th'ru) through.
The transposition of (r) has not been noticed. / he, w^m going,
donH iM, Pve a walked, I do know, are general. Mr. T. (a native of
Hu.) had been previously a schoolmaster for six years in n.Sm.,
and the Wi. speech struck him as bearing a very strong general
resemblance to n.Sm. speech. Having some difficulty in inter-
preting some of Mr. Seaman's spellings, I confine myself to giving
those words which Mr. Titmouse has re-spelled.
Shobwell (.-shoB'l), 5 sw.Newport, Wi.
cwl. famished by Mr. Titmouse, 14 years schoolmaster, pal. conjecturally by
AJE. The diphthong (ao't) may be (a't), but is not (&i). The MS. character
is yery erident from tnis list.
I. Wessex Am) Norse.
A- 3 bi«k. 4 tSBk. 6 mivk. 7 sl«k. 8 bee. 12 saaI [part. (sAAltq)
perhaps Tl)]. 14 drAAl. 19 ti«l. 20 li«m. 21 mimn. 24 shS«m. 31 livt.
A: 41 tnsqk. A'- 70 tuu. 74 ty^ [written tuSy and Mr. Seaman said that
it approached Dt. (yi), possibly (top'u)]. 86 whats. A': 102 aast [asked].
108 doo. 115 wh($«ra. 118 b<ivn. M- 138 y<»^«ii. M: 156 dha>1j.
158 aatBB. 166 misd [the common word, but apparently confused with made].
172 graas. 179 wat. 181 paath. M- 182 see. 183 teet}. 190 kee.
196 weea. M': 224 weeR.
£. 232 briik. 236 ieemvL, 252 ktt*l. £: 265 str^H. 272 elmn.
284 dra'sh. £A: 323 fa'wt. 342 jlBam. 343 waam. £A'- 349 [*<f
more like v'*]. EA': 359 n<f<?bBR. EO- 386 joo. EO: 393 bijo-nt.
399 bra)'tt. 407 fand'n. EO'- 411 drii. 420 [f as t]. 421 rautt.
EO': 425 leo'it. 426 fa)'it.
[ 1539 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
108 THB MID SOUTHERN.
[D 6, V iii, iT.
I- 449 git. I: 468 na>'tt. 459 ro'tt. 462 8a>'tt. 484 [(dhtk) used].
488 jst. T: 606 [my ufife (ma>'i mists, maD'i ool;d)fim«n)]. o06 urami,
0- 521 f6«l. 524 wsK'ld. 0': 597 sat.
U- 606 dooR [Mr. Seaman (dAA«R)].
Y: 700 was. 701 fast. ^
n. English.
A. 737 miiBt. E. 750 ba^g. 0. 767 nao'iz. 772 bonBfao'iR. 773
daqki.
m. KOKANCE.
A-* 810 fin. 811 pllw. 824 t^BR. 851 naant. 852 #^Rn. 853
baRgm. 854 baR*l. 866 poor. £•• 890 bfBst [pi. (bitntiz)]. 891 fivst.
I*, and Y" 899 rms. 904 yaD'ilBt. 910 d;a>'ist. 0- 923 mao'ist. 926
8pa>'il. 930 Win. 942 bxtiBR. 944 [I allows it will rains I think, admit,
etc.]. 947 bao'il. IJ.. 965 a>'il. 968 a>'iet«K.
Vae. iv. Se. aih) Ss. Form.
The n. of Sr. will be treated under D 8. The s. of Sr. and w.Ss.
yary but slightly from the Ha. var. iii. of D 5, but the dialect is
manifestly dying out. The initial (z, v) have vanished. The (di)
for AEG) EG, scarcely appear, having become (ee', e^, ee), as
frequently even in D 4. The A- fractures remain generally.
The r remains {a!i) or nearly so, but as we go eastward becomes
more confounded with (a'i, o't). This last diphthong has been
constantly given me from other districts, when subsequent viv&
voce information has shewn it to be (a't, (1^) or even (4t). Here
Bev. T. Bumingham, then Kector of Charlwood (6 ssw.Reigate),
wrote aw-iy and hence I give his words with (a'»). In e.Ss. and in
Ke. most informants give ot, but I have found (a't) in n.Ee. At
the same time (a'») so often simulates (o't) that an unaccustomed
ear would unhesitatingly give the latter. Mr. Bumingham finds
s Sr. and n.Ss. more mincing than the s.Ss. He says : " It is
difficult to give a notion of the close, mincing, squeezed-in pro-
nunciation of the s.Sr. and n.Ss. : ^haaow much a paaaund is that
raaound of beef ? ' as also to give the burr of the r^s" The aa is
explained by hay, and the italicised words are closely (h6u, p^und,
reund) common in London and n.Ke. ''A Sr. man would say
*rebbit,' a s.Ss. man *rahbut/ e.g. *eve a' -got a rahbut in ees
pawkut' (iijv «got « rabot in iiz pAAk«t). I speak of the pronun-
ciation of 50 years ago. It still prevails among the old, but is
polished ofP a good deal among the rising generation by * educa-
tion.' " My information from w.Ss. is very meagre, but there
can be no doubt that it continues Ha. speech with a still further
falling off of the dialect in the direction of Ee. The separation
between e. and w.Ss. depends on the use of (d) for (dh) in certain
words. This is unknown even at Bolney (12 nnw.Lewes) in w.Ss.,
but has been heard from old people at Cuckfield (3 ne.Bolney). The
commencement of the line at the mouth of the Adur is due to the
late Mark Antony Lower. In these districts / be remains, but
[ 1540 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 6, V It.] the MID SOUTHERN. 109
/ ixre is found in Ke. The cwl. on which I rely are those obtained
Tiv& voce from students at Whitelands, and these I annex, in-
cluding some other words.
South Suebey and West Sussex cwl.
Pal. by AXE. from diet, of Mias Jane Sajera, natiye of Ockley (8 sw.Reigate),
wnere she had liyed all her life ; Miss M. A. Forth, not a natiye, but who
had been always resident at Ockley and had spoken Sr. talk when a child ;
and MIbs Alice Slyfield, native of Reading, who had liyed Tyears at Stoke
(1 n.Guildford), all in Noy. 1877 students at Whitelands. The reverted (r)
of Miss Sayers was perfect. The C, 6, W were pal. by AJE. from indications.
C Charlwood (rtplwd) (6 ssw.Reigate) from Rey. T. Bumingham.
O words from Dr. Grece's dt. for Weald of Sr. Since Dr. G. marked numerous
words in his wl. as haying the yowels in rs., I have given some of them in ro.
and in Italics.
SStoke'Uf}"— k«l,bothOand8.
W Wisborough, Ss. (8 sw.Horsham) from Rey. W. A. Bartlett.
I. Wessex Aim NOBSE.
A- 3 ftoArf [no (tftfM) vanish]. 6 nwA^rno fw'j) vanish]. 12 saafno euphonic
(r)]. 13 C naa. 17 laa [no euphonic (r) J ana C. 20 16eBm. 21 nle«m and G.
23 sdevm. 24 sh^emn and C. 33 raadhcR, 0 refdhvR, 36 C thaa. 37 klaa.
A: 41 C thsqk. 43 a^n [h always omitted], W hAAnd, G haand. 51 man,
64 WAAnt.
A : or 0 : 68 frtm, 60 lonff' 61 0 imioq. 64 wrong,
A'- 67 guu and C r(«gM?ee*n) a-going 0, not S]. 69 noou. 70 trfou. 73
8<^. 1A two, 76 tooM. 77 ClaRd. 79 oo*n. 85 C 8<joiir. 86 wstsandC.
87 tlooz [(tl, dl) for initial el- gl- general]. 92 ne^ou. A': 101 oo'k. 104
njoed and G. 106 broo'd, C bRaad. 107 Wf. 108 d^ C doo. Ill oitght,
115 0 oo'm and C, S oom. 122 nsn. 123 W uAAthsn. 124 stoo*n and C,
stsn [as a weight]. 131 goost.
M' 140 ee'I. 141 nee*l. 142 snee'l. 147 bree*n. 152 water. 153
saMvRdee. Mi 155 thst} and W. 166 mee*d [(gsl) usual, quite London].
170 anvist [no change of (v) into (w)]. 171 barley, 172 gnaas andC. 174 eeA,
M'- 182 9ea. 183 teach, 184 lead, 190 \ee, 193 clean, 194 xni. 197
cheeee, 200 wiit. M': G AdhBR. 215 G taat. 218 ship and C. 219 C
slip. 224 G w^evR. 226 C m6<nsA. 227 S w<rt.
£. 233 $peak. 235 weave, 236 fever, 241 C r&tn. 246 i. queen, 250
swlivR. 251 meat, W mM. 252 kid*l [common], C kit*l. 254 [C (ItdBR) old
Sr.]. £: 261 say, 265 stra'tt, G strM. 272 xltnn. 278 [a term of de-
preciation]. 280 leeb*n. 282 C strxnth. 284 thrssh and W.
E*- 296 C bl»y. 299 green, E': 310 C hU«l. 312 C Ubr. 314 C
hliiTRd. 315 fit. 316 nikst.
£A- 319 gee*p. 320 k^evR. EA: 822 C laaf . 323 fs'tft and G and W.
324 [tendency to (&it)]. 826 0 ood. 330 ood [same as 326]. 333 calf, 834
ha^xpo h]. 340 Jiivrd. 343 waarm, C waaRm]. 346 gee*t and G.
EA'- 347 Bd. 348 ki, 349 few and C. £A': 355 deaf, 357 though.
358 S niist [nighest, heard in use]. 360 Ctlivm. 361 Cbiivn. 368 death ksA
C. 371 etrawy C stnaa.
EI- 873 they [no (d) for (dh) as in D 9]. EI: 377 »<«»*, C stu^. 378
weak,
EG- 383 sxVn. 386 soo, 387 new, EG: 393 beyond, 0 biJBnd.
394 GjendvR. 397 soo'Rd, 0 s(!iu«Rd. 399 0 bR&tt, S bR&Wt. 405 auth. 406
eaHh. £0'- 412 she, 413 devil, 414 fly, 417 ijoo, 420 fcWu.
EG': 423 thigh. 424 rM>f. 425 l&it. 426 f&it. 433 0 bniist. 435 you,
436 S tBlu, 0 tROO, G tRiu. 437 G tRiuth.
[1541]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
110 THB MID AND BORDBB SOUTHERN. [D 5, ViT; D 6, 7, 8.
EY- 438 d&i [once 0 said (d^)].
I- 440 0 wik, S wiik. 442 C Vm . 444 st&tl. 446 n&in. 448 these,
449 ^t. 450 Tuesday. I: 452 ki, k\ C Vt [often]. 457 C nu'tt. 458
0 n&tt, S n&Ut. 459 0 R&tt, S b& tt [and so for f]. 465 sit;. 467 t|fct*ld
and C. 469 tjtlBH, -«Kn. 472 SBiqk. 475 wind. 484 Mm. 487 0 Jistvad^.
488 Jtt.
I'- 494 ikim [C (Vf) for I']. I': — dik [ditch]. 503 l&if. 505 wWf.
507 tonvn. 508 m&tl. 509 w&il.
0- 521 /oa/, C f<^. 522 open. 524 wsRld. 0: 526 \uud. 527
ftoi^A^ 528 thought. 529 brought. 530 wrought. 531 daughter, C daatvR.
532 <wa/, C k6ovl. 533 0 did. 536 ^oM. 546 C f«inmd. 549 6iiBHd. 550
waRd and C. 551 C stasm. 552 eomy C kaun. 553 horn, C haan.
0'- 555 shoe. 559 mother. 562 mooM. 564 swn. 566 sdhBR. 0': 569
book. 570 took. 573 Jlood. 575 tfto<Mf. 578 plB'ii. 579 enough [nerer heard
(vnx'a)]. 580 tough. 586 <&. 587 done. 588 imkm. 589 «pooM. 592 soo&.
594 [Mom always said eren for boots]. 596 rut, rat. 597 sat.
U- 605 son. 606 dauQR and G. 607^^. V: 611 buUoek. 613
drunk. 615 S tun pan [two pounds]. 618 wtm. 619 ftm. 620 grtm. 625
tongue. 629 mii. 631 thaazdee. 632 up. 633 <»«p. 634 through. 636
faibdhtn*.
U'- 640 ka'u [all U' like this]. 641 C ha'ii [and all U' like this]. 649
thB'uzund. 653 but. V: 656 rtnn. 662 us. 663 b'ks, C h^eus. 665
ms'ws. 666 uzhmi [0 (gaqan) commonly used]. 671 ms'nth.
Y- 676 ]ki. Y: 689 build. 691 C nu'ind. 700 was and C. 701 fast.
Y': 711 l&ts. 712 m&ts.
n. English.
A. 722 dR^n. 737 WG m^evt. £. 743 C sks^rai. l.andY. 758
G gsl. 0. 761 lnu*d, 0 le^oed. 769 m^oul. 790 n'uu, 0 ga'imd.
V. 808 pat.
m. KoifANCB.
A.. 809 o^^. 810 fee*s. 811 pleeV SIS baeon. 6^0 chamber. 843
baansh. 850 dins. 852 M>ron. 854 C baal. 861 tee*st.
£•. 868 C d|&t. I., and Y- 899 niece. 906 C TA'tpva.
0- 913 kauBt;. 916 tq'n. 919 a'intmimt. 920 pa'tnt. 926 spa'tl.
929 ka'ukBmbBR. 930 C la'tn. 934 G ba'imtt. 938 C kaanaa. 940 koo*t
and C. 947 bail. 948 ba'i#l.
U.. 961 gRuul. 965 a'tl. 968 a'istva. 969 G ahinaa. 971 flint.
D 6, 7, 8 = BS. or border of S. as against M. and E.,
forming the Border Southern Group.
Boundary. This cannot be determined witli great accuracy, and
wiU be given for each district separately.
Area. Extreme n.Gl., most of Wo., sw. Wa., most of Ox., extr.
se.Be., n.Sr., and extr. nw.Ee. This was an area of continual
conflict and mixture of the S., W., M., and E. populations.
CharacUr. A mutilated S, which is strongest in the w. and
gradually fades towards the e. and s., becoming finally scarcely
perceptible in D 8.
[ 1542 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D6.] THE BORDBR SOUTHERN. Ill
D 6 = n.BS. = northern Border Southern.
Boundary, Begin at Bewdley, Wo. (2 w-by-s. Kidderminster),
and go along the reverted ur line 3 (see p. 17) through Wo., Wa.,
and Np. to the b. of Np., which pursue as far as its sw. angle (6
sw.Banbury), and then cut across the projection of Ox. and proceed
w. to Moreton-in-Marsh, Gl. (17 ne. Cheltenham). Then continue
direct w. to the s. of Tewkesbury, GL, and of Eldersfield, Wo., and
n. of Staunton along the n. b. of D 4. Here turn n. and pass over
Bed Hill and the Malvern Hills and their n. continuation to the
starting-point, Bewdley. Although this b. is laid down with much
minuteness, it is often uncertain, and must be considered to be at
least six miles broad.
Area. The extreme n. of GL, most of Wo. and s. of Wa., the
extreme n. of Ox. and sw. of Np.
Authorities. See the following places in the Alphabetical County List, where *
means w. per AJE., t per TH., \ in so., ° in io.
01. °tAshchurch, tBuckland, fEbrington, tFairford, °Kemerton, ♦fShe-
nington (locally in Ox.), fLong Marston, fTewkesbury.
Np. tAshby St. Legers, fBadby, °tByfield.
Ox. *^Banbury (part locally in Np.).
Wa. °Butler*8 Marston, tClaveraon, fKineton, fKnowle, tPillerton Priors,
tJStratford-on-ATon, ^fXysoe.
Wo. fAbberley, fBengeworth, fBewdley, tBirt*s Morton, tDroitwich, fDunley,
tEldersfield, fEvesham, tGreat Malvern, fGreat Witley, ♦Hanbury, °Hartle-
bniT, fKiddenninster, fMalvem WeUs, fSaleway, fStoniport, °irpton Snodbury,
fWorcester.
Character. This complicated district, containing the transition
from S. to M.y is naturally by no means well marked. Except at
Eldersfield, the use of initial (z, v) for (s, f) seems lost ; the (e) is
inclined to approach (r) when initial, at least all my informants so
hear it, and Mr. Hallam generally writes (r) only, even when final ;
and finds only traces of (r) in parts, which fail especially towards
the e. / he remains, with her for she^ and /, she^ toe, as emphatic
forms of the object. It is convenient to distinguish four geo-
graphical varieties, though the differences between them are small.
These are Var. i. s.Wo-, Var. ii. s.Wa., Var. iii. Banbury, Var. iv.
sw.Np. The general character of all is A- (cb) as (necm) name.
A'»(oo, wa) as (rood, wam, stwan), road, home, stone. JS:=(di,
6i, ee)j as (dai, d^i, dee\ day. EG-=(ai, ei, ee), as (rain, rein.
Teen), rain. EA'«»(iB, cb, §♦, ee), as (blBnz, be^nz, gr^tt, grM),
beans, great. .0=(a) occ, as (drap, starm, kras), drop storm, cross.
U=(a, Wq), as (kam, sw^m), come, some. tj'=(8'w, a'w, iu), as (a'w,
na'w, ddim), how, now, down. The variations from these normal
forms are so slight and probably individual that they cannot be
formulated, but they must be collected from the following cwl. The
whole district lies in the mixed sum, s66m or som region, and s66m
prevails more and more as we approach the Midlands.
Hlmtrationa. A cwl. derived from numerous places for each
variety, dt. for Worcester, Hanbury, Claverdon, and Shenington ;
08. for Banbury.
[ 1643 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
112 TH£ BORDBB SOUTHERN. [D 6, Y i.
Vab. i. Wo. Form.
WOBOESTEB.
dt. pal. by TH. from diet, of Mr. W. Brown, native, about 42, who had gone to
Wolverhampton 9 years preyioosly.
1. di 8^1, tjaps, n)si di)m raW vWut dhat Itt'l wEiish kamtn
fnsm dh« skuul.
2. aB)z gu'tn da'tm dh« rood dhaB thruu dhv rsd gj6it on dli«
left and so'id « dh« rood.
3. luk dhaB ! aB)z gA n strs'tt M^p" tB dli« d(^B 9)d]i« roq a'tis".
4. waB sb)! YErt Idtklt drop olt [sAoA^j « dhat cmld drtt^qk'n
dsf n'qk'ld :tom.
5. ju oal noo)Hn yEr» wbI.
6. w())nt dhB did tjap siin tEl)vr not tB)kam vgjs'n, puv thiq !
7. Ink dhaB ! ^)nt it truu ?
JVb^. enough shAvr «ni#of , eA t/icf tjdildf fellow
ffllv, Momtf n«nn, shrivelled up art?* Id
Words omitted : yonder jondtn*, ffirl i#„p, [with (srimpe, sra'ud] shrimps,
gorl, 90 soo, now ne'u, way wdi, ture shroua.
Haxbttbt (6 wsw.Redditch).
dt. pal. by AJE. from diet, of Miss Turner, then a student at Whitelands
Training College.
1. 800 o'f B^t, me«ts, n eii na'n dhBt o'l bi ra'ret vWut -dhat
Itt'l gjasl Bkamtn fram dhv 'skunl jandv.
2. aB)z « gum do'tm dh« rooBd dhaB thri^uQ dhv rEd g^e«t on
dh« Mt a'nd sa'id bv dhw wdt.
3. shuOT vna'fi dh« t|o'tld)z gAn strdit ap tB dhB duBr by dhB
raq e'tts,
4. waB aB)l lo'tklt faVnd dliat ttpst dsf fslBB by dhB n^Bm b
:tomB8.
5. wi aaI nooz)im vet* waLB.
6. want dhi a'uld t^a'p san t^^ bb not tB duu it Bgsn, piiuBB
thtq !
7. lukB ! b6eBnt tt truuB.
Principal Tariants in the dt. from Hartlebury (4 fl-by-e.Kidderminster), sent
by the Misses Haviland, daughters of the then Rector :
1. «o su, My siz, «M siiz, ^iW wsn^, where w^evr, chance to mBbt ap*n,
school yonder sk6uil jondtif . 2. there Thomas :tomBS. 6. old 6Nd, soon sCiUBn.
dh^evr, through thru, gate ^'st, way won't out, teach laaBM, again jamtm.
w^. 3. enouah vnaf, iz bi, straight 7. is not, bi«nt, true truu.
str6e«t, door i6ow[, wrong raq. 4.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 6, y i.] THE BORDER SOUTHERN. 113
8.W0BCE8TBBSHIBB cwl.
Made op from the following sources :
A Abberley wn. by TH. (r-, -r), donbtful if one (mJ, no («-, t-, h-).
B Bewdley wn. by TH. mostly from Mrs. Ashcroft, a centenarian, one («-), (wj .
freonent, occ. yerbal pi. m m as (d«Ln-jB, wi tii^k*n, wi)n) do you, we took,
we nave, with the He. form (udh ndhe'iit) of * with without.'
Bg Bengeworth, a suburb of Eyesham, Wo., wn. by TH.
Bu Buckland, 01. (11 ene.Tewkeabury), wn. by TH.
D Droitwich wn. by TH.
E Eldersfield, Wo. (9 s.Oreat Malyem), wn. by TH. from Mrs. Knowles, aged
79, natire, (dh&u kiip'n) they keep, (kom wi •'• t« plAi) come with I to play,
many (z-).
Eb Ebrington, 01. (18 ne. Cheltenham), wn. by TH.
O Great Witley, wn. by TH.
H Hanbury, ▼▼. to AJ£., the dt. is not included in this cwl.
M Gt. MalYem and Malvern Hills wn. by TH.
P from * quaint words * by * a pobson,' that is a parton, in s.Wo. from Worcester
on n. to Chacely on s. and Evesham on e. to Great Malvern on w., pal. as
well as he could do it by AJE.
S Saleway (7 sw.Redditch) wn. by TH., no («-, v-), but (r-, -e), (to)i, wi)«)
her is, we has, (jant) ain*t.
W Worcester wn. by TH,, no (?-, v-).
\* For brevity, when several places are grouped, the medial length of vowels
has not been distinguished from the short.
I. Wessbx Ain) NOBSE.
A- 4 BSBu Wk, H t^k, E t^k. 6 H m^k ki [make hay]. 20 AE ]6«m,
8 l^Bm, BBu \eem, 21 ABSWBu n^^m, W n^md (jas well as (n^^m)! Eb niam.
23 Beem, — P 9m«R [hammer], A ombtiB [compare inserted b in num Jer, tim^rj,
B om«R. — P fecR Tto fare, a fare]. 33 D raadhvR. A: — P krob [a
crab]. 61 P mxn, BW nu'n. A: or 0: 60 8D Iw^q. 64 D ni^q.
A - 67 AD gwJltn, W ew6ln. 77 P lano. 81 E Uen, 92 AD n6M.
A': 104 Bu rood. 1 16 PA W H wam, D wdm, Bu 00m, W om [also home, refined],
— S tiloon [alone]. 117 AEM won, W wau. 118 P bwsn. 120 D iBrz «guu
[years ago]. 122 Bu no'n, H nsn. 124 P stwan, AD stoon. 130 P bwst.
M- 138 A fiadhBR, B fiEdhtnr, 8 f^^dhvR, D fiwlh«R. 141 B n&mz. 147
H br&tn. — W sti^Rz [stairs]. 162 8 wij^r, D wivtBR. M: 161 PAD d&t,
8 laU, W dlii, [in city] d6i, See, Bu d#*. — P op' 1 [apple]. — P koRt [cart].
JS'. 182 W sii. 192 P meen, JE!: 210 Pklki [clay]. 211 AS grSt,
B gr^t. 213 H iidhBR. 218 PD ship. 223 Bu dh^R, BDS dhisR, Bu (&br.
224 B wb'r, 8 wiBE, BuW whr.
E- 233 BW sp^rk. 241 AB r&in. 243 ABE8H pl&i. — P been [to bear].
248 P mecR. 262 A kiBt*l. E: 260 ABBu l&i. 261 PABSDs&t, Bu s&M,
AE idi, W s&t. 262 B wfii, W wdi, D wfit, [foundations] aaI gjin wfiU [all
given way]. 263 ABESBu Bw&i, M bw^. 266 W str&it. E': 316 PH fit.
EA- 320 P keen. £A: 324 BESHD &it [Mrs. A. said (at s^i &it ur
ne'in)]. 326 BS dwd, EBu 6Nld. 328 B kdtid. 833 kxxf . 336 Bu oal, aaI.
846 W gj6it [in the city] gj^ [in the country]. EA'- 347 SD jad, BuW
id, Jid. eA': 360 fi ^B'd. 363 8 bra'd. — A kr&im [cream]. 860 8
tiim. 361 P b^iz [beans]. 366 A gr<vt.
EI- 872 B di, 373 ABS dh&i, ED dh&M, Bu dh&>i, D dhs'i, dhir. £1:
878 Bw«vk. EO- 383 E ZBv'n. EO: 393 BuD jandBR. 396SjMoq. —
P boRm [barm]. EC- 409 P \ien [bees]. 411 AB thrii, E drii. — H trii
[tree]. EO^: 426 B f6it. 428 E zii, 8 sii. ET- 438 W dat, D dx'i.
I- 446 E ne'in. — O jisTyes]. I: 452 A e'i, D a'i, W di, 468 W
mlit'. 469 WD re'it. 469 W^ww^nt [won't], Bu fit [wilt]. — spil [to spiUl.
— A ran [run], 8 m^n [H added "donkey boys say (rKJi)'*]. — P set [to sitj.
— E ziks. I'- 490 O bo'i. 494 A to'im. 1': — BW to'idi [tidyj.
602 £ vo'iv. 606 W umBU, H H'wljd)amBn, [a woman, old woman]. 610 W
mai. — D la'in [line].
S.B. ProA. Part T. [ 1646 ] 99
Digitized by LjOOQIC
114 THE BORDER SOUTHERN. [D 6, Y i, u.
0- — S aliiioV'l. — D drap [drop]. 0: 626, ii. ^f. 631 D dAAtw.
— D krap [crop]. 561 BuD st^Bin. 652 Bu kdiui, — BS a*8 [hone]. — 6S
nuhntii [momi^. 664 M Bkr<2s [acroas]. — rpwo8t[po6tl. 0'- 666 W
Bhm'u. 669 Gw madhra. 564 D sun, H sxn. 668 B brK^dhBR. 0': 673
D Am d. 676 H stad. 679 D vnaf. 686 8 di#^ dhii [dost thou]. 687 AH
dan, S dM^n. 688 H nan. 689 H span. 694 H [has no (bnuts) only (shuuz)].
696 PH fat. 596 H rat. 697 H sat.
U- 601 ASB fa'i#l. 603 M Bkamtn [a-comingl H kam ap [come np].
— M tbM^dar. 606 8 buji, D sa'n, ABn sen, BD aon, D [between] sdn, att^,
606 WD d^B, Eb. dftan. 607 B bf*ot«r. U: 612 8 siyn. 613 B dni^qk.
— M M^dard [hundred]. — Bu Aqgrt [hungry]. 632 BW kj), M ap op.
F- 643 O ne'i, D na^n. 660 E ab?Mt. U': 666 O rim. 668 ABESW
dd'tm, Bu da'un. 663 8W q'us, D a'tis, a'tiz'n [pi.]. 667 D a'Mt.
Y- D muM. 676 daa'i. 679 D tjantj. Y: — "-
haKNot [hornet].
Y- D muj^, 676 daa'i. 679 D ^antj. Y: 691 ES ma'ind. — P
n. Ekolish.
— P wogtn rwai
[muck]. 803 M [Between] d^%m]^, d^amp. — M kM^t. 808 Bu put, D ptit.
— P wogtn [wagging]. 0. 767 A n&tz. 791 H btro't. U. — B mn^k
m. KOKANCE.
A .. 811 D pl§TW. 820 P gii. — PD jwli [pay]. — G f&il [faH]. — Bu
tfrtba. 830 Bu tr&tn. 833 A pi^. — P8 plm [please]. 847 D d&tnd|ar.
861 W nAnt.
E .. 867 P t#tf. — B prwtj [preach]. 878 P saelvrt. — P pors'n, B paasan.
I.. andY" 898 Bu ne'ts. 900 P mki. — P sperit [epiritl. 910 P
dio'ist. — B bif [beef]. — P dia'int [joint]. 923 P me'ist. — B nw^qkU.
930 P le'in. — P kaRpe [corps]. — EG 8<irt [sort]. 940 P ktcat. 947
A bw6il.
U- 970 M d^est, D [between] d^ast, d^u^st.
Vae. ii. s.'Wa. Form.
CLAyERDOK, Wa. (5 e.WaTwick) dt.
pal. by TH. from the dictation of 8. Job, farm-labourer, b. 1824, natiye.
1. 9'i BE'i, ju tjaps, ju sii 9'i)m ra'tV nafu «ba'«t dhat Itt'l wcnsh
k:amtn frvm s skuiil jondvr.
2. ar)z Bgu'm da'im dhw rood [ly^wdl dhftjr thruu dh« red gjM
on dh« lEft and sa'id [incliiting to (s^itd)] « dlits rood.
3. Ittpk TB ! dh« tjff tld)z gAn strfi'tV WqP' te dli« roq a'ws' [diiw].
4. wiOT ar)l praps fe'tnd dhat dru^qk^n, dEf, tiitn en agid
[haggard] IeIb [krEtttsr] «z dhe luuA :tam.
5. wi aaI noo im VErt WE*1.
6. ww^nt dhB owld t|ap mE'tk tjr noo bfitsr n«r gi dhlBr BgJEn,
puOT thiq\
7. Iw^k JB ! jEnt it tro/u.
Note.
Thifl has a yery neutral character. I pretty.'* I find, also (n^m, tAib*l),
find among the wn. from the same per- name, table, old, and (n^m, t6tb'l) new.
8onfjandOT)old,(j3ndBr)new,etc.,andas Compare following cwl. Job used
the latter appears in the dt., it is possible (srtmps, sra'ud) shnmps, shroud, (shr-)
that Job was sometimes "speaking being a difficulty.
[ 1646 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D6, Vii.] THE BORDER SOUTHERN. 116
South Wabwickshirb cwl.
B Butler's Marston (10 s.Warwick), pal. by AJE. from a nwl. sent by ReT. E.
Miller, Vicar in 1877, helped oat in parts by K, below. Mr. M. considers that
the speech extends for 6 m. round. This would include Kineton. Stratford
is only 7 or 8 m. off. As reTerted (&) is heard both at Stratford and Banbury,
I conclude it must exist here and hare introduced it. As exceptional pron.
only were marked, the other pron. in the original wl. must be taken as
practically in rs. In this case (mJ would occur only in the words so marked,
/ftfisused.
K wn. at Kineton (9 s-by-e.Warwick) in 1880 by TH. from a native of 68, who
had, however, resided many years at Warwick as keeper of the gate at the
entrance to the common. Only principal words are nyen. TH. had not
noted the reyerted (a), but as it was strong in StratfonC I haye introduced it.
/ am used. The pron. seems to haye beien tainted by Warwick. Also from
Mrs. Pheasey, liyed there 50 years from childhood.
P Pillerton Priors (8 se.Stratford) wn. by TH., in 1886 from a natiye b. 1819.
8 wn. at Stratford-on-Ayon in 1880 by TH. from an errand boy, natiye, and 0.
Phipps, a labourer, 20, natiye, only absent 1} years. But both had so marked
a town pron. that I giye yery few words. The errand boy had not eyen
reyerted (b), but the labourer and the other people in the town had it
strongly. The labourer used we am. The (wj was frequent.
T Tysoe (11 se.Stratford) wn. by TH. in 1886, from natiyes b. 1802 and 1809.
/i#used.
I. Wessex Aim NoRss.
A- 3 BP b^Bk. 4 BPt^k, Ki^k, S t^k. 5 BPm^k, T mlsk. 6 BmM.
7 B Bhk, 10 B haa. 12 B saa. 13 B naa. 14 B draa. 17 B hia. 18 T kivk.
19 B iM. 20 BKPT l#vm, S l^m. 21 BP n^m, K ntem, n/em nr«m. — K
am«R[ hammer]. 23 BPs^m. 24 Bsh^em, T shdimi. 26 B m^im. — spiia
[to spare]. 31 B 1^. 35 T aaI. 36 B thaa. A: 39 B k^mn. 40Bkuum
[P confused with eombe a hill]. 43 B knd. 44 B ]knd. 51 B m^. 57 B aas.
A:orO: 59 B UUn. 60Tloq,liiq. 61 Twniiqkst. 64Proq,Troq. A'- 67
B gnu, K vgdtn. 75 B struuk. 76 BT ta^d. 77 B lann. 81 B 1^. 84
B mdm, 85 B s(ivR. 86 T tivts. 90 T bloo. 92 S n6M. 93 P snoo.
A': 101 B6Bk. 102 T sks. 104 T rood. 110 Pnat. Ill B aat. 113 B
hfiol, T wool. 115 B hfiwn, K dm, T w6m. 117 S wa'u, 1 wan. 118 T bwon.
120 PT Bguu. 121 P gA'n. 122 T no'n. 123 B n«.thiqk. 124 K stoon, PT
stwan. 135 B klath.
M' 138 B fnidhim [or (^v)], SE faadhvB. 144 B vgtn. — S prw^tt
[pretty].
M: 158PiftOT. 16lKPd«. 165 B aid. 169 wEn. 172 Bgraas. 174
B &t6h r? (B'ish)]. iE'- 182 B s^i. 183 B t«rtj. 185 BT r<f«i. 187 P
limr. 192 PT mira. 193 T kl^fu. 195 T msnt. 196 B wee*R. 200 K
wut, TP wM. 202 B heet. JE'i 215 B taat (?). 216 B dial, T dji4.
218 T ship*. 223 B dhiivR, KPT dhivr. 224 B wUvr. 226 B muust. 228
TswBt.
E- 232 briik [but only yery partially]. 233 BBJT Bp«k. 237 ieevmL.
241 K ni'^in, T nlin. 243 KT pW. 251 BT m«rt. 252 B ktt'l, T kJBt'l.
253 B Bt*l. £: 260 K \ee. 261 KT eee. 262 PT wee, 263 KT «w«^.
268 K Blditft. 270 B i. bslas. 272 B bItoi. 279 T went. 286 B ham.
F- 294 T fiid. 299 KT griin. 300 PT kiip. 301 B jUbr, P iw. F:
307 T mJt. 312 B Ubr. 314 K Svrd, T ai nd.
IRQ.
iWt, :
EA; 321 B saa. 322 T laf. 324 T feWt, B'it. 326 F old. 345 T dn'r.
346 B gent gM. EA'- 347 B led, K M. EA': 350 B died. 360 P
tiim. 361 K b«mz, P bSwi. 363 T [between] tjap tpp, KP tpp. 370 B
Taa. £1: 378 week.
EO- 383 T. sBy*m. 315 B bvnMh. 386 BT joo. EO: 388 T milk.
393 B bijand. 394 SP jandsR. 395 PT Jt<„q. 397 B sCibrd. 402 BP
KUiN, T IsLiBR, K b'RN. EC- 411 KT thrii, T thrti. — K trii. 420 B
[1547]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
116 THE BORDER SOUTHERN. [D6, Yii^iii.
foo;BB. 421 B fastf . EC: 423 T tbz'tt. 425 B latt. 426 B f^tt. 432
fJoB&th. 433 T brsst. 434 B iMtft. 438 K d&it [marked as lying between
(a', a)].
I- 443 8 fre'tdt. 446 T na'tn. I: 452 K at, P ■'t, T a't. 458 B ndit,
K [the (a) marked as lying between (a, a)l» P nx'tt*, T [between] na'tt, nx'tt.
469 Bill. 480Tthtq\ — KS rw^. 1'- 490 B bit. 492 K SH^id. 494
E idim, T ta'tm. 496 K atvra. 498 B ratt. Ti 502 B faiT. 508 T la'tf .
505 T wa'if. 506 KT nmra. — T « [bay].
0: 526 B koof. 527 B boot. 528 B tboot. 529 B broot. 531 B daatfSR,
KP dAAtBB. 547 B b^BBD. 551 B staHin. 552 B kamc. 553 B haBN. —
mliBntn [morning]. 554 P vkriis. 0'- 559 S modhsR, K mxdbBr. 562 T
munn. 564 KP stin. 568 S brM^dhra. 0': 569 T bwk. 579 B mdu, T
«nii,f, [plural] vna'ii. 581 B soot. 586 P dun. 587 KP d6n [marked as
lying between (6, a*), another time merely (ds*n)], S dif^n. 588 TKP nnim.
589 T spuun. 595 B fit. 597 B sat.
IT- 601 K fa'Ml. 603 B kii^m, KP kam, PS kam. 604 K Bu^vr. —
S thtf^dBR [thunder]. 605 K sdn [as in 587] stf^, TPS sji^n. 606 B d6oini.
V: 610 T td. 612 SP auja. 632 BKT ii_p. 633 BK ki#^. 635 wath.
636 B faBdBK. 639 T dM^et. U'- 640 T kja*!*, Pkja"i#. 641 K a'li &u,
T 9'u ba'ii. 648 KT a'wr. 660 T Bba'ut (a'w). XT': 658 KT da'im. 659
TSP te'im. 663 K a'tis, T [between] a'ns, im. 666 T N^Ebtni.
T- 677 Tdra'f. 679 SUautj. T: 689 Bbild. 690 Bbftnd. 691 BHK
m0tttd. 700 B was. 701 B fas. 705 B skoi. 706 B wdi. T: 709 B
idijL, STfa'tBB. 711 B lilts. 712 B mats.
n. English.
A- 718 B tr^wl. E. 743 B skrim. 744 B mMZ*l2. 751 B p6«RT.
0. 761 B l(iBd. 767 B nats. 778 B vf a«BD.
m. KOKANCE.
A .. 809 B 6Bb*l. 810 B f^. 811 B pUm. 813 B WBk*n, T b^k'n.
814 Bm^*n. 824 B i[eeR. 829 B g^n. 838 B pee&. — Kpliiz [please].
835 BT r€»z*n. 836 6T s^*n. 837 B Usb. 852 B eepBBN. 860 Tp^^st.
861 T t^Bst. 862 B sM. 865 B iaat.
E .. 867 BT tee. 869 B Ttffl. 888 T s^ttn. 889 B sms. 890 B heest.
891 BfMst. 894 Bdis«v7. 895 B ris^^. l-andY" 898 B nats.
910 B ^'tst.
0** 916 T a'tuBU. 919 B a'tntmBnt [the distinctions (a't a't at) were not
indicated with sufficient precision in 919, 920, 924, 925, 926, 947, but distinctions
of a similar kind at least were intended, AJE.]. 920 pa'tnt. 924 B tja'ts.
925 6 Tats. 926 B spa'tl. 938 B kaBUBB. 947 B ba'tl. 948 B ba'tfl. 952
B k^iBBS. U .. 965 B dil. 969 S 8h(iBB.
Tab. iii. Banbttbt Fosm.
08. translated in 1875 by Thomas Beesley, Esq., J.P., F.C.S., natire and
resident, and pal. by AJE. from his indications and from TH.*s wn. The Iw.
which Mr. Beesley sent me was made 40 years preyiously by his uncle, and he
had purposely abstained from consulting it, so that this is altogether an independent
testimony. Mr. B. considers the dialect to extend for about 6 miles round Ban-
bury, and names the following Tillages as using the same speech: in Ox., Copredy,
Wardington, Adderbur^, Bloxham, Swalclm, Tadmarton, Sibford, Shutford,
HorleT, and Homton ; in 01. (but locally in Ox.), Shenington ; in Np., Middle-
ton CnencT and Kind's Sutton. Mr. B. does not mark the roTorted (r), but
from TH. s obserTations I haTo introduced it. Mr. B.*8 letters shew that he
used (a) for short U, but TH. heard nothing but (mJ at Banbury.
0. we't :dpn aa)nt noo do'tits.
1. wbI, iiEbtsB, jau 'en ii mts boo'th laaf vt dhis ii'B ntuuz 9 me'm,
huu kii'EZ ? dliat)s needhBH ii'B n«B dhee'B.
[ 1548 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D6, Viii.] THB BORDER S0T7THKRN. 117
2. firm [Haa'u] took ds'tz, kaz dh« bii laaft vt ; has noozy
do0'nt)as ? wat shud mf«k)am ? t/snt Yeni la'fklt, bt8)tt ?
3. ba'usvmB'VQB dhiiz bii dbv faks « db« kfBS, boo djxst oold jbb
bodbBB, frEnd, tm kiip kw^'ivt ttl a'f bi [a'tjv] dan. baaki !
4. e'f bi saBtin sbluu'B, «z a't ii'BD tm Bee — saDm b db^« fooks «z
wEnt tbruu dbi wbxl tbtq bsc't dbBBse'lvz — 'dbat d't did sbYuu'B
vnaf.
5. dbBt db« jaqest san btzsElf, 9 grEt bila'f b naVn, nood tz
fCvdbBBz v6«s Bt wans, dboo it waB boo kwiiBB Bn sktr^'kin-ls'tk,
Bn 9't)d trast bii tB sp^^k dbB truutb bant [bEnt, heeni'] dee^ dt,
'dbat 9't btid.
6. Bn dbB oold bumBn bbseII b1 tsl bant on)i bz laafs na'ti,
Bn tEl)i str^ off, tuu, wt;8'f«t mat|, bodbBB tf ju ont bak8)BB —
want)8bi [want;BB], dbatjs aaI.
7. iMst wd't'z BB tEld tt, *mii web a't bakst bb, tuu bb tbrii
ta'tmz oovBB sbi did, bb *aB bad)nt AAt tB bi roq in stt} b piid'tnt bz
dbtis'n [dbat-eeBJ, wot dB xuu tbtqk ?
8. weI, bz e't WBB BM^'tn — *aB)D tEl;jB, ba'u, weeB bb wen sbi
ft^iud dbB diaqk'n bfBst sbi kAAlz bb azbBnd [man].
9. sbi swee'BD bb stn tm wt bb oor o'tz, lee- in stretit Bt M
lEqktb on dbs gra'tmd tn tz gtid sand^ kuuBt, kloos ba't diiB duuBr
B dbB ba'f^s, jdo'im Bt dbB kAABUBB b dbat ee'B l^ra.
10. bii wer b wo'tntn Br sez, fsr aaI dbB waBLB la'tk b stk t^a'tld
BE B Itt'l gal [lii*t*l wEntj] in b frEt [in bb tantremzl.
11. Bn 'dbat ap'nd bz aB an bb daa'tBB tn laa, kam tbruu dbB
bak JBBD from aqtn a'ut dbB wEt klooBz,
12. wa't'l dbB kEt'l wbz b biia'i'ltn fsa tee^ wau fa'tn bra't't samBB
aatBBnuun, oont b wt*k Bguu*, kam uEkst tbazdt.
13. Bn, dJB noo? a't ueybb laairr noo moo*B. bbb dbtsBdbat btznes
ap tB tBdtftf, BZ sb1uu*B)z ma't nfBm)z rdjon :sbEpBBD, Bn a't duu)nt
wont tu n^^dbBB, dbii'B na m !
14. Bn BOO a't bi Bguutn {_gweenin] wbam tB sapBB. gtid na't't, Bn
duunt bi sb ktc^t k tB kroo oo'ybb b bodt BgB*n, weu i tAAks b dbts
dbat BB t)adbBB.
15. tt)8 B wf^k fuul BZ prwts [tAAks] wt;a'u*t rwz'n. Bn dbat)s
ma't last waBd. gud ba't.
Sheiongton dt-
6| w.Banbury, politically in Gl., locally in Ox., pal. in 1881 by AJE. from
diet, of Miss Hams, native, then a student at Whitelands Training College, who
knew of Wykes, the policeman, that furnished the Iw. to TH., mentioned on
p. 118. Obsenre that nere (mJ was used for short U.
1. 800 a't sce't, btt^tiz, jb s^' na'w dbBt a't bi ra'tt Bba'irt dba't Itt'l
gaBl B-kt^^mtn from dbB skuul ja'ndBB.
2. 8bii)z B-gu'in da'tm dbB ruu^d dbaa tbruu dbB rEd ge*t ou
dbB Isft a^nd sa'td b dbB wae't.
3. sbuuB Bna'tt dbB t|a'tld)z gon stroe'it ti^p tB dbB duu'B b dbB
roqa'tw.
[ 1649 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
118 THE BORDER SOUTHERNi [D 6, Y iii.
4. wi*R shii)'! a'p'n te fa'tnd dlia't dn/^qk'n drf izlvR « dha nfem
5. wi aaI noo )b1i vet* weI.
6. wuQ)nt dhB oo\ tp'p sun laaRK vt na^t ts dua)t vgEn, puu'E
thiq!
7. luk jii'R ! ee)nt it truu ?
Notes,
1. «o, neyer (zoo)^ no x for t or r for 3. ture enow^ they noTer use (tmif^f),
/. — mate* not used. — I be more frequent does not know the distinction of mean-
than / am. — rights not heard initial ing between erumgh and enow,
(rh,Rh).—^ir/ the regular word, though 4. shrivelled not used, thej saj
(wButj) is used. The (r) usual. Wykes (shrM^bs), so that (shr-) is used,
rejected airl and only admitted wench, 5. know Atm, (bu) is used, especially
2. sh^s agoing^ her* 8 not used, it is among the elder people.
quite foreign to the dial. %oey you^ 6. old chapy old without d, but in
they he^ in general use. — Miss H. never (ool^d)* mtm) old woman, the d is dis-
hed I are. — hand^ h always omitted, joined nx>m / and run on to the follow*
w used for wh, ing vowel.
Banbitht wl.
From the following sources :
6 Banbuiy vocabulary by the late Mr. Beesley, uncle of the Mr. Beesley who
wrote the cs. on p. 116. It is not quite ceitain that all the words belong to
Banbury. There were many repetitions in the list, and sometimes the
repeated words were not spelled in the same way the second time they occurred
as they had been the first time. Of course the pron. assigned is greatly
conjectural. From HB (below) I adopt (d'i, 9'«, m^, b). Words not in-
serted are (cent, ent, jent, bient, eemn), aint, baint, e*er a one, (hiz'n,
haan, twaaDBut), his, hers, it were not,
HB Some of the wn. in Banbury by TH. in 1881 from natives. Some of these
seem to be rather refined.
S wn. by TH. in 1875 from Wykes, a London policeman, but native of Shen-
ington, confirmed by Miss Harris, a native, in 1881, p. 117.
ES words from the dt. on p. 117, diet, to AJE. in 1881 by Miss Harris,
native of Shenington. Tnis village was admitted by Mr. T. Beesley, who
wrote the cs. for Banbury given above, to be in the Banbury district. I do
not give the words from the cs., considering his uncle*s Iw. sufficient.
I. Wessex Ain) Norse.
A- — S w^k [a wake or feast]. 21 HB n^im, ES nitnn. — B homtni
Riammerl — B p»b*l [pebble]. A: — B rom Tram]. 43 B hanstaf
[handsta# or handle of a flail, (swtq'l) the other end]. 45 B want. 51 S m^.
56 8 woeh. A: or 0: 64 HB roq, ES roq. A'- 67 B gnu [igweeuin
gw«Ti) going], HB gfiw ijgiifn, S gii?Bin. 74 S ta'u. 76 B tCi«d. 79 HB
iStm. 81 S l^n. 84 HB miivR. 86 S (i«ts. A': 101 S M^ [Miss
Harris (dak)]. 102 B aks aks. 104 ES rwi#M. — B drav [a drove]. 110
Bnat. Ill S&t\ 113 B whal. 115 B wham, S wa'm, 6^vm [Miss Harris
did not know the last form]. — B wops [wasp]. 118 B biran. 123 B
nathiqk, HB UM^thtqk. 124 B sttran, HB st6tin, S statm. — B bft Roath].
M' 138 B fiaadh«R [spelled /«iA'<A^l, 8 ftadhim. — S JB'kan [acrej. — B
ladhw [ladder]. — B bladh«R [bladder]. 144 B BgB-n. 149 B blizi bViz [is
(bltzi}, one of the S. infinitives in -yPJ. 152 S wictim. M: — B st»dt
steady]. — B «tom [stem of a tree]. 158 S aLRtim. 161 HB ddi. — B st«fl
handlej. — B haps [hasp]. 172 8 graas. — S dlaas [glass], — HBS kjli'rt.
cart]. — B rot [rat]. M'- 190 B k«r. 200 B wM, HB Wit. — B
lEth [heath]. M'-. 205 B thnd. — B sid [seed]. 218 BS ship 223
ES dhas. 224 B wiiR [where], noo'VR [no-wherej. — B strtt [street].
[ 1550 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D6, Viii.] THB BORDER SOUTHERN. 119
E- 233 S wpx'fktn [a-speaking]. 243 HB pl^. 246 S kfrun. — B M
[eat]. 261 B m«H, 8 miBt, mM [Miss Harris says the last is more Yisuall.
253 BEtn. £: — B fat fatj [fetch]. 261 HB s^', S see, £S sse't. 262 £S
wie'f. 263 HBbw^. 265 £S stne'tt. — f)LD [field]. 272 S Eivm[Wjh»,
(slm) Miss Harris]. — B hoop hoopt [help, helped]. 278 S WBnt|. — B ind,
ind [end]. — B nist [nest]. E'- — B utj [to eke]. 299 HB griin.
E': 306 B hskth [this form is not found in other words, compare Havehek kmcth,
supii Part II. p. 477, see below p. 127, No. 306]. 312 £S jusl, 814 B hii&D,
HB iv&D.
£A: — B tjAAf [chaff], tjaafin [chaffing]. — B tiAiJf [jowls]. 323 B
fo'tft. — B tjook [chalk] . 326 £S ool. 334 haapm, haapvth [halfpenny,
-worth], 8 aap*nf . — B Bm(iB*st [almost]. — B ▲aTw [always]. — 8 qIi^rd
[hard]. 346 B j^st, ES ge*t. EA'- 347 B hadl«id [headlan^, ind, BH M.
£A': 350 6 djidU [deadly, extremely]. 352 £8 rsd. 355 E8 dsf. — 8
biBm [beam]. — B krem [cream]. — B aem [seam]. 360 8 tivm. 361
8 biBn. 363 B t|Ep t|sp. — B Jsp, oapl |>eap, heaped]. 364 £8 tjaip. —
8 iBB [year]. — B eeA [east]. 366 B grat. — B «zt [easy]. — B dfoo,
dTAA>« [dew]. 370 B raa.
EI- 373 HB dh6t. £0- 386 8 jou. EG: 394 8 jandea. — B ha&D
[herd]. 397 B swa&o. 4M BE8 laRN. 404 B st&sC [' with a rough burring
Bound']. 406Bj«th. EO'- 41lHBthrii. 413 B div'l. ED': — B
liT [Uefj. 425 HB lift. 428 ES ae^. 436 £8 truu. £T- 438 HB da't.
I- 440 B w$k. — B hiis [yes]. — B siuB [sinew]. 447 8 an. — B p«fz,
8 ps'fx [pease]. 450 B tjuuzdi. I: 452 HB ai & AXunemphatic], £8 a't . —
B bsBD, 8 ba&D [bird], btdtz [birdies]. 458 HB natt'. 459 HB ra'tt, ES
nrt-t. 465 B sitj. — B filBr [thiller or shaft horse]. 469 B hiil [will,
* rhyming wool *] hwt [wilt, * rhymii^ with pMt *], 8 uji, 470 ES bu [weat, old
people =sAtn/|. 477 ES fo'tn. — HB ruji [run]. — B bashap [bishop] —
B spet [spitj. I'- 492 HB sa'td, ES sarid. — gii gin gtz [give, gaTO or
given, givesL giftBB [gift]. — B briif [rife, a remnant of (ii) in n (rifr), con-
fused with brief and so preserved?] — HB thoRti. 1': 502 HB fa'iv.
506 B umBU. — B hs'mBktn, HS'rtkBUD [haymaking, hayrickyard]. 508 8
mdVh,
0- — B sha'wl [shovel]. — B rat'n [rotten]. 0: 529 8 brit\ 531
8 daa^RtBR. 538 B hwd. 543 B an. 549 B wsrd. — B hos [horse]. 554
B kras, 8 kraas. — B p(iB8tiz [poets]. — B moots [moths]. 0 - 555
HB sha'u. 557 8 ta'u. — B fodhBR fodder]. 559 8 madhBR [not with (uJl
560 ES skuul. — B rwamz gumz [gums]. 564 8 sun*, £8 sun. 566 HB
MadhBR. — B bb'«z [blows = blossoms J. 0': 571 8 gw^. — B had [hood,
' I (bii dhB p£fz haded ?)]. — B rad [rod]. 579 HB vnuj, £8 Bua'u
h/l. 587 HBS diijn. 588 HB na?'un, 8 nun. 595 B fat.
[not with/]. 587 HBS dfi^n. 588 HB noj'un, 8 nun.
U- 599 HB Bb«oV. — B hud [wood]. — B dre'wth [drought]. 603 8
kamtn, ES ku^min. 605 HBS styi. 606 HB dSwsR, ES duu*R. U: 612
HB sw^m. 619 B famd [? (iu jidjj. — B anfeen, ansantin [unfair, uncertain],
anka-qg*ld inpo-sBb'l [untangled, impoesible]. 626 HB ujqgri [hungry]. 631 S
thazdB. 632 HBES Wpp. 634 £8 thruu. 636 B fandBR. — B ra'wstf [ilisty].
XT'- 640 B kja'M. 8 kja'n. 641 B has*miEVBR h9'M8Bm;EVBR [however]. 643
£8 na'w. 650 HB Bba'irt, ES Bba'trt. U': 658 S da'im. 663 HBES e'ws',
8 aMz*n [houses]. 666 8 iczbBn.
Y: 684 B bakdj. 685 B radj. 689 B bildtn bire'tldin. — B shilf [shelfT.
— B faz [furze]. 701 B fast. Y- — B Bdramd [a-dreamt]. 707 HB
thBRtii-n.
n. English.
A. 727Bd|am. — B tjaR [a chare]. 737 Bmiat. — B a-kaRD hokBRD,
8 okBRD [awkward]. £. — B zod [letter zl. 751 B piiRT [as (aRluks
m6BR piiRtBT UAR Br did) she looks perter=in better health, nor = than she
did]. I and Y. 758 £8 gaRL. 0. 772 B boonfain. — B so'imd
[swoon]. — B moRt [mort=many]. 791 8 hSi. U. — B da'«k [to
duck]. — B padin [pudding]. — B tjuun [tune]. 804 £8 dm^qru.
[ 1551 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
^20 THB BORDBB SOXJTHEBN. [D 6, Y iil^ if.
806 B kiBDS. — B Bhst shitiBS [shut, shntten]. — £S bw^tf [JbMj,
oompanion].
m. BOMAKCB.
A.. --S tiBbl [table]. 811 B pUras, HB pl6is. 818 S bivk'n. — B
ihieA [flail]. 824 B tpui. — B meet [pleaset. — B eezi. — B mxstoi
[mister]. — B koor [quarry, (ss got ah« tttnxu from :ho&iftni hoom) we eoi the
stones m>m Homton quarryj. — B maBTtlz [marbles]. — £S tlaas [class].
— B slat, S sltvt [slate]. — B saas [sauce]. 866 B Lud.
£.. 867 BS ise, S ise^. — B fi^ [Tetoh]]. 878 B salm. — B imim
[Tenom]. — B t^ [cherry]. 888 fi saRttn. — B sany [senre]. — B
mtivB. 892 B nsYt.
1 ondY" — B wedth [width]. 901 S Uin [Wykes, (fs'ta) Miss Harris].
910 B d^d'ts.
0" 916 B e'tDJvn e'tnin. — B kire'tn [quoin sCoib]. — B ns'tnt
[anoint, thrash]. — B d^e'tn [join}. 929 B kjVukvmbvR. 930 B la'tn. —
B kja'wnt [to count]. — B kjVimtt [county]. — B ihoa'ts [Horace, * with a
rough burnng sound']. ^ S t6tKt [toast]. 940 HB k6Nt. 947 B be'tl bwo'il,
8 h6i\. — B re'tftTrut of a wheef]. 966 B kiTBB. U-- — B diuutt
[duty]. — B trtYvnt [truant]. — B ^ulip [tulip]. — B ptlptt [pulpit].
970 B d|Brt.
YaB. iy. SW.NOBTHAKPTOKSHIBS Cwl.
From the following sources : —
A Ashby St. Legers (3 n.DaTentry).
Ba. Baaby (2 ssw.Dayentry) including Dayentry and Woodford (6 ssw.D.]. Ex.
rsh^t, vdhat'n, watVs %9k\T\ shan't, of that kind, what does he say ? (at duJL
ohat kM'o'tt roq) I [haye] aone that quite wrong, (just to s^ ^nnxn tm nau
ft)8 aa*msn) used to say a-men and now its ah-men.
By. Byfleld (7 sw.D.). Ex. (in mi ssy'mti t<iu) in my 72nd year, (a* \ii)r» f bl)j«
in priti gMd nlth P)how are you P are you in prettyeood health F
T. Towcester (11 sse.D.) including Helmedon (7 sw.T.), Syersham (6 ssw.T.).
A man of 60 says when he was a boy, say 1830, A was called {ee),
W. Watford (4 nne.Da.) and Weedon v4 se.D.). A man of 60 who attended
school at Whilton fS^sse. Watford) was taught to call A, £ (aa, m). One
person examined at Watford had (& l) strong.
All from wn. hj TH. from natiyes in 1881 and 1886. The yaiiants were probably
due to indiyidual habits, and did not extend oyer districts.
I. Wessex and Nobsb.
A- 8 W b^ikt, A b^ek bs'ik [new], bakss [bakehouse old]. By bi«k. 4 A
t^k, By tML. 6 A m^k, Ba m^k. 6 By mM. 18 W kjlik, By kjdk. 20
Ba 16vm. 21 T n^m [yillages about Towcester say (nAnn)] ABa n^vm n^m
[new]. 23 A s^m s^i «m, By s^sm. 31 By IHt. A: 89 Ba ka'm. 66 A
WAsh. A: or 0: 60 A Iwq. 64 TBaBy roq, W m^q.
A'- 67 TWBy guin g6«-in, ABa gdu, By gwSin. 69 Ba ndti. 74 T ta'u,
W tSO. 76 ABal^ tfi«d. 81 A iB^in lAm. 82 W ifujas. 84 W mfisLB.
86 A <Jvt8 6Mt8 [new] By wwts. 92 W ndw, A noo. 96 By throo. A': 104
A rood rftttd [new] rfisd, By rood. — W [between] l^idi lA'idi [lady]. 1 16 AT
dion, TABaBy dm, Ba dion [new], By oom. 117 T wo'n, A w6n. 120 By
Bguu. 121 T gA'n. 123 T [between] nothiqk na^thiqk, W nwothiqk. 124 A
stdn\ BaBy st(i«n, By stu^n. 126 W 6Mnli.
JB- 188 TWBaBy faadhwr. — By ladhw padderl. 142Bysn^l. —By
sM fa seat]. 162BywAAtHr. JE: 168 Wa^Bt»LB, A Artw, Balttw. 161 TW
ddi, W dfii'i, A dn'i dii [the last eyidently an importation from Le.], Ba d^, By
d^r. 172 Ba gM, JE'- 190 W kii. 197 ABa tniz. 200 TW wiit
[villagers], w^t, ABa wiirt, By w^. JE': 216 A dil, By da'l. 218 Ba
ship. 223 A dhtm* dhdvr, Ba dhtivr dh!«iB, By dhivr. 224 By wl«r.
£. 233 T spiik [villages about (sp^ik)], WABy sp^rk. 241 W r&'in, A n'in, Ba
[ 1662 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D6,yiT, D7.1 THE BORDER SOUTHERN. 121
r^, By r«f!i. 243 W pli^t pidt. 250 W swBs'Mnr. 251 Ba m^t. E: 260
W Uim payers]. 261 A sB^i, BaBy see, 262 TW wet, W w&W, A wb"i, Ba
w^, By wee. 263 W Bwdi, Ba aw». 278 W WBntj [an offensive term]. 280
A IbtW. E'- 299 TBy griin, W griin. 300 ABa kiip. 302 By miit.
F: 305 By 9'u 312 T Iwr, By Iwr. 314 W i^iid, TW and, By icrd.
EA: 324 T kHi, ABa s'it. 326 T diMi 6m1, BaByW 6tild. 334 W ht.
335 W aaI. 346 Ba gj^. EA'- 347 T n'd, WBy W. EA': 350 W
dnM. 353 By brs'd. 360 ABy timn. 361 BaBy bi«n, Ba b^im. 363 ABa
t|Ep. 366 TA gr^tt, By grtfrtgrst. £1- 373 W dh6i dhi.
EG- 383 T SBv'n, ABaBy sBv'm. EG: 395 ByWA jw^q. 396 Ba wark.
402 W Iwm, By ]hm. EG'- 411 T thrii, Ba thrii. — Ba trii [tree]. 420
T fdv. By f($vr. EG': 425 A [between] la'tt I6«t, By le'it. 431 TBa blur.
437 TBy tra'nth. EY- 438 T dd't, A Mi, By da** da't . EY: 439
W tn#oii)mt rtnMt)me].
I- 440 W wtik. 444 A [between] sta'tl sto'tl. 446 T no'tn mrtn. I: 452
TBa di, By a't. 458 TBy na'tt, W na'tt, A [between], ntftt n6«t, Ba [between]
na'tt ntftt. 459 A [between] ra'tt r6it. By ra'it. 466 By tioTld. 469 Ba wll
w«J[ [will]. — W rK^n [run]. — W daat. I'- — [long I Ba (a'i, «i).
DaTentry (x't)]. 492 A [between] sa'td sa'id, Ba said. 494 TBy ta'tm, A
[between] U'tm tatm, Ba [between] t^tm to'^tm. I': 500 TBy la'tk. 502 W
[between] Mir fOtT, By fo'iT. 503 T la'tf.
G: 527 Babat. 529 ABaBy brVt, By bnJwt. 531 ABaBydAAtw. 532 W
kdf#l, A kao'wl. 543 By a»n. — By Vs [horse]. G'- 565 W shnu, By
shaiu. 558 By Ink. 559 By madhOT. 560 A skuul. 562 A miiun, BaBy
muun. 566 A ti^dhnr. 567 By iuj^m, 568 ABaBy brM^dhBr. G': 569
BaBy buk. 571 A gud. 586 T do^'u, W ddwnt [don*t]. 587 W d6n, Ba
dnjn. 588 A n«nn, Ba nuun. 594 W iMB'ut [occ.].
U- 603 TBy kam. 604 A su^m. 605 T 89*n [and between that and (sdn)]
WABy SM^n, Ba [between] son* sanz. 606 T d($B| r du«Lr, ByW daor. U: 612
WBy Buja. — T [between] tomb*l, tdmb'l[tumble]. 615 W pa'imd. 622 Ba
u^dn. 629 By SM^n. 632 By ujp. 633 T kop\ WA ku^p, Ba kop Yuja. 636
ABy fwdwr. 639 A dii^. U'- 640 Ba kja'wz. 641 A b'u, 643 TBy W
na'^K. 648 T e'tniLr, W [between], B'liBm, e'UBm. 660 TWBy sbo'irt. U':
668 TWBy da'im, W di3i'«n, A d&'im, Ba daun. 659 Ba Wtm. 661 A
[between] sh&'iiBr sha'uBr. 663 TABy a't^s, Ba &uziiz a'Mztz, By a'MZ*n. 666
Ba f#oZb«n. 667 T 9'uiy A [between] a'ut B«'t. 668 By pra'ud. 67 1 W mBB'irth.
Y- 677 By dra^i. 679 Ba tjartj. 682 T litU. Y- 707 T thartii-n.
Y': 712 By ma' IS.
n. English.
A. 726 ABa txAk. I. and Y. 758 T gjal, gJBi rl [refined]. G. 761
By ia«d. 767 T n6tz. 791 By bdi. U. 803 A d^ujai^.
m. Romance.
A .. — W l^ibcr [labonr, (r) rather strong], 811 A pldiziz pl^z. 822 Ba
ma, — Ba pB"t p«d. — W pldin [plamj. — A mu^gtvr [master, Mr.].
848 W tj6tndi. 849 T jn)m)ii str^ndjBr [vou are a stranger]. 851 TW int.
— W plM [plate]. E •• 867 W tii tSi, A tii, By Ue. 886 By VEri. — Ba
paa8*n [parson]. I- and Y- 898 W nx'is, By na'ts. 901 T Win fa'in.
0 .. — bif'fbeef ]. — T w^qkU [uncle]. 933 A frw^nt. 940 By kCLet. 947
By b6il. IT.. 963 By kwa'it. 970 A djw^.
D. 7 = in.BS. = rai(i Border Southern.
Boundary. Start from Little Rollwright, Ox. (19 nw.Oxford).
Proceed to the e. to the sw. comer of Np. and continue by the b. of
Np. to the b. of Ox., go se., 8. and n. by the b. of Ox. round to
Iffley (2 8. Ox.). Then pass through Be. to the w. by Kennington,
[ 1553 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
122 THE BORDER 80UTHERK. [D 7.
Wootton, and Appleton to the b. of Ox. Proceed n. by the b. of
D 5 through Ox., e. of Witney, w. of Handborough, e. of Charlbury
and Chipping Norton, to the starting-point.
At the 8. part of the peninsula of Ox. the dialect, however, has
become so worn out that no b. can be assigned with certainty, as
the district abuts on the metropolitan area.
Area, Most of Ox., with a small portion of Be., included in a
bay of Ox. This is entirely a region of transition from S. to E.
The dial, forms are uncertain, and become practically lost at the
s. part.
Authoritiei, See the Alphabetic County list under the following places, where
• means tt. per AJE., f per TH., || in so., ** in io.
Ox. tBlackthom, ||tEnsham, fFreeland, ''Fringford, ''Greys, (tHandborongh,
IIHolton, ""tlslip, ''tOxford, ''Sonning, fStonesfield, fTiddington.
Character. In contradistinction to D 6, D 7 is very homogeneous.
Mrs. Parker (author of the Ox. Glossary and Supplement published
by the Engliish Dialect Society) divides D 7 into three principal
parts. The first two might be called the Handborough f 9 nnw*
Oxford) and the Blackthorn (10 ne.Oxford) varieties, forming mid
Ox., bounded on the n. by the n. b. of D 7, and on the s. approxi-
matively by a line through Sandford (3 s-by-e.Oxford) and Thame
(12 e.Oxford). With these two varieties die was personally well
acquainted, being a native of Handborough. Mrs. Parker was
kind enough to acquire the use of Glossic, in order to furnish me
with information, and to allow TH. to "interview " her, by which
means I was able to substantiate the accuracy of her phonetic
spelling. TH. also visited Freeland (close to Handborough), and
obtained supplementary illustration and confirmation. I give below
the cs. and dt. and a number of sentences, evidently recollections
of actual speeches heard by Mrs. Parker (sent me in MS., but
subsequently printed in Glossic in the Supplement to Mrs. Parker's
Ox. Glossary), several of which I add in pal. Mrs. P. considers
that the chief difPerenoes between these varieties are that Hand-
borough mya (bJEnt, gtr^^, wats, bjsnz, ku^at, dtrsnt) ben't,
going, oats, beans, coat, don't, and Blackthorn has (bivnt, gu'tn,
^Bts, blBUz, kuBt, d^But). Now these are only constantly inter-
changeable forms of the same original for each pair. Ws. dte,
oats, becomes regularly (udts), whence by putting the stress on the
first element only (uwts), and by putting it on the second only
(Oats, iiats, wats). And so for the other forms. Hence the
difference is a trifling variety, often found, while there is a sub-
stantial identity in this respect, and a real identity in others. The
third or s.Ox. variety embraces all the s. peninsula of Ox. between
Be. and Bu., with which Mrs. P. was personally unacquainted, but
she procured me a dt. from Miss Slade, a schoolmistress at Sonning
(4 sw.Henley-on-Thames), and I obtained another from Eev. N.
Pinder, rector of Greys (or Rotherfield Grays, 2 w. Henley-on-
Thames), neither of which I can fully interpret, but they are
sufficient to shew that the speech is a mere variety, differing from
the other two mainly in indicating a still further degradation, but
[ 1664 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 7.] THE BORDER SOUTHERN. 123
still having an unmistakable S. character. Thus Miss Slade says
that in 1880 there might be commonly heard (Bra'ut) without,
SpiiBst puBsttz) post-s, (neer'n) ne'er a one, (aatvmunn) afternoon,
aasts) asks, (dhiiz iir^, dhat eer^) these here, that there, (hant)
haye not, (ship) sheep, (hos) horse, etc., of which the first three,
at least, are distinctive S. forms, though the rest are familiar in
the met^politan area. And in Miss Slade's dt. she uses (mevts,
skuuld, jendvr, rdcd, glBt, street, miiwst, ne«m, want) mates, school,
yonder, road, gate, straight, most, name, won't, which have the
same character. Whether (r) is used I could not determine, but
probably it has faded to (r^) or been entirely vocalised. The
analysis of (a'i, a'u) could also not be determined. Mr. Finder
wrote oy, but as writers of dialect constantly use oy for (it, di,
a't), I am very sceptical when I see it. Even in Aylesbury, Bu.
(see E div. D 15), where Mr. Fowler said (a»), I heard it once only
from labourers. The whole e. side of Ox. and w. side of Bu. seem
inextricably mixed up, and I have marked the e. b. of Ox. as the
b. of the district and group, simply from inability to determine
where any change takes place. Mr. Fowler, of Aylesbury, con-
sidered the part of Ox. from Deddington (15 n.Oxford) to just e. of
Charlton (7 nne.Oxford) to belong to Bu., but the pron. to change
at Thame (12 e.Oxford), and the s. peninsula of Ox. to be quite
different. It was only an impression, and he was unable to assign
his reasons, but this would give Mrs. Parker's Blackthorn variety
to Bu. and too much of a S. character to the s. peninsula. It is,
however, provoking not to be able to draw a boundary with certainty
between dialects so distinct in their development as the S. and E.
But it certainly lies between a line on the w. connecting Blackthorn
(10 ne.Oxford), Islip (4 n-by-e.Oxford), Holton (5 e.Oxford), and
Henley-on-Thames, and a line on the e. connecting Buckingham,
Aylesbury, and High Wycombe. From Aylesbury to Islip, the
greatest width, is 18m. Rev. C. Coker, of Fringford (16 nne.
Oxford), says that he does not consider the difference between Ox.
and Bu. at that place sufficient to constitute a different dialect,
and certainly the whole e. side of Ox. is much affected by Bu.
There is no natural barrier between Ox. and Bu., and the Chiltem
Hills pass through both.
IllustratioM. A cs. and a dt, both from Mrs. Parker, a series of
observed sentences written by the same, bringing out tiie southern
character of the dialect very conspicuously, and finally a cwl.
furnished by the same lady, with some words noted by TH.
a. HAin)BORonoH cs.
pal. by AJE. from Mn. Parker*8 systematic spelling, assisted by notes, and
TH.*s oDsenrations.
0. wo'i :djon aant got noo da'wts.
1. weI, maa-stBR, dhii im ii med bwath tm i laaf «t dhis-JSR niuuz
V ma'tn, uu kii'nz ? dha)s na rdhsR jsnt ubr dhaaa.
[ 1556 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
124 THE BORDER SOUTHERN. [D 7.
2. t|Eiit niEii'i msn «z da'tz kAAz* dh« bi laaft vt, n nooz,
dws[nt)a8, m«n ? waat shuud m^k)Bin ? t|snt yok la'tklt, tz tt ?
d. awEV'QB dhts iz q'u t)wsz, boo dfBst oold dhii na'tz, tft ?
maa'staii, vn bi kWrvt, tt 1 a't « dan. Its'vn*
4. a't bii saaR'ton shuu'R a't jaED)vm see — earn « dh^ looks uz
wEnt thBuu EY'ri mos'al aii)t f£9m dhd fast dhBHSE'lvz— dhat)i)dtd,
seet «naf ' —
5. dh«t dhB Itt'tslest bwA't tzsE'lf, « grEt bwA't « na'tn, nood iz
faa'dbvRz ywaHs dhBREk'lt, dhoo t)waz sb kudi's Bn skudik'tn, Bn
e't)d tBast 'ii tB sp^k dhB tRuuth [tRuuf] Eni dee, aa, *dhat)i 'tfd,
mBn.
6. Bn dhB ooljd)tim*Bn BBSE'lf til tsl Eni)Bn)i bz laa& na'ti, vn
tBl)i 8TrM jud tuu, mBn, Bdha'ut* mai^ ta-duu, tf juu)l anlt ak8)BB,
d|E8t want)BB ?
7. Eni)a'ti be tEld *9't tt wEn a't ak8t)BR, ootbe Bn oo'va's Bgsn,
BR 'dtd, Bn *aR dtd)'nt AAt tu be Roq Bn 8tt| b ptra'tnt bz dhts-JBB,
waat dast -dhii thtqk ?
8. weI, bz a't WBZ b s^-tn, *aR)d tBl)dhB, waaR, wEn, Bn o'u be
fa'tnid dhat dhaas DRaqk''n btEst bz be kalz aR az'bBn.
9. BR 8waa'Ri> BR 8>n i wi BR oon a'tz, l^^'tn spRaald ajI Bloq*, tn
tz gttd 8an-dt ktrat, kloos ba't dhB a'tis duu'R, da'tm Bt dhB kAAR-
nBR B dhat 1^^ jandBR.
10. ii WBZ B wth'Bktn bwm* be 8Ez, mBn, fsr aaI dhB waRLD la'tlc
a 8tk tja'tld [tjaTld], br b Itt'l gjal an dha gRtz-*l.
1 1 . Bn 'dhat ap-'nd az 'aa Bn br :tamz wa't'f kam thruu dha bak
jaaRd from aqtn a'tit dhB w£t klooz tB dra't, an b wash'n d$e,
12. wa'il ^B kjft'l WBZ B btra'tltn foR tee^ wan fa'm sani sam'BR
aaBtdRntm anli b wile Bgoo kam nakst thaRzdt [thaz'dtj.
13. an, dtist noo? a't nEV'BR jaRD nB muu'E nBE dhts b dhat
biz'nes ap tB tBd^, mBn, bz shuu'E bz ma't ne^mz :d|9n :sh£p'BED,
Bn a't dwant waant tu niidhBE, sb dhaaR !
14. Bn na'u a't bi b gw^n oom tB aa ma't sap'BR. gtid na'tt, Bn
dwant bi in 8tt| b gjal'Bpin aRi tB kok-kroo oovbr b badi BgJE'n,
mBn, WEn b tA^ks b dhts dhat be t)adh*BE.
15. t)tz B w^k fuul BZ pr^^ Bdha'ut ree'z'n. an dha)s ma't
laast waED. gud dee.
Kotei.
1. matter, all the r*8 not preceding nor did he obserre any aiwrimilating
a Towel are marked (r), for, although effect on i, d, n, /« prodncinz (t, b,
in Mrs. Parker's own pron. to TH. n, l). Like JGG. in D 4 at Chippen-
they were nearly evanescent, their ex- ham, Mrs. Parker considered the (r)
istence was clear close to Handborough. to be rather retracted than reverted,
Before a vowel TH. observed no cases, and always untrilled, that is, (r^.
h. Hakdbobouoh dt.
pal. by AJE. from Mrs. Parker's Glossic.
1. 800 a'l see, m^d^, jb siz na't* bz a't bi ra'tt Bba'wt- dhat dhaas
Itt'l gjal akam'in fram dhB skuual jan-daa.
2. aB-z Bgw^'n da'tm dhB rood dhaaa thruu dhB rsd gJEt b dhB
lift aand sa'td b dhB rood.
[ 1656 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 7.] THE BORDER SOUTHERN. 125
8. Bed VDst dhB i^'f'ld)z gAAn strM ap ts dhv duuoR b dhs Eoq
e'tis,
4. was aB)L vaaa La'tk fa'tnd dhat dhii's draqk'n dsf snvuld
fsl'v B dh« n^^m b :tain'aB.
5. as aaI nooz 'ii yE|^Kt weI.
6. want dih)ool t|ap sim laaBir as nat ts du)t BgJEn', pun's thtq.
7. Jslak ! jsnt «t tmu ?
1. mate is often boy (Wx't) in the stock, in this district. — there, (dhaait,
singular, in calline out to several men dhaR, dhii*K) are all used, and similarly
they would say (9 1 see jifiu), and not (waaa, whr, wii'n), for where.— <^
the usual (joo). — at and not that would child's gone, '« means it, has is not
be used here, compare the mummers used in the dialect; they say, **is gone,
rhyme, where (tt) means yet, and (jEd) is come, had went or a-went,'* this a-
(b) is used after had^ but not after have.
(hii'EkEm*9'i,w aant bin it, 3. &j^ onrfy^m^ b freauently used.
'here come I that hasn't been yet, . *A f^*^*!^^; ^^ ('*^ ^^'^
,. . J i.^ti Ix Ml this part of the country.— /<?//ou>,
^ m9 1 gHBt JBd TO .t- 1 w.t.) ^tij ^ ^ (^) „ jf^i^^j' ig-;^ ^
with my great head and my htUe wit. i^^^,^ further ndr4 and north-east.
— be becomes in the negative (bjsnt, 6. we for us, and us for we, is the
bsnt). — that, th is sometimes omitted rule. — he, («n) for Aim and t^ when im-
from this word, as (at i wl)=that he emphatic. — l^m, but (tee-iyBK) with
will. — little (lii-t*l) = very small. — yirl, distinct (r) .
** my wench '* is a usual term of affec- 6. thing, (8am*et, nath-^n, nath-tn,
tion, " wench,*' by itself would be nath-iqk), etc., are all heard for some'
offensive. — yonder, yon is not used. thing ana nothing.
2. her, the (r) is always felt ; (shii) 7. (lak, al'ak, dhal-ak, lak) as ex-
is used only as an empbiatic objective clamations for look there ! but look is
case. — agoing, (agw^m'tn) is also com- otherwise (luk). — is not, (snt) is more
mon, especially at Combe and Wood- refined than (jsnt).
e. Haitoborouoh Phrases.
All these phrases and manv others were printed in Glossic in the Supplement to
Mrs. Parker's Ox. Glossary after having been supplied to me in SlS.
1. (o'l nEVBr wKnt nuutis Bna'tst)Tm), I never went no-where near
him.
2. (twad andBB b ars), toad under a harrow.
3. (dhts biiB)z dasht, Bn as AAlas duu dash ii\ this beer's dashed
[mixed with some of an inferior quality], and she always do
dash it.
4. (duu)i kam tn, bu aa b dtsh b t^ wi as), do ye come in, and
have a dish of tea with us.
5. (aaI q*% WiiAuts tz faaR duuz, bu faas duuz a't )1 aa, fcR aaI 'dhii
Br Enihodi eIs), all I want is fair dealings, and fair dealings
I'll have, for all thee or anybody else.
6. (:p«dni :ttdBRD b bin Bn fEl Bpan :t^9t :adBmz, Bn i va'uz Bn
diklaasz i)l pal)tin), Puddingy Woodward has been and
fallen upon Teapot Adams, and he vows and declares he'll
pull him.
7. (if dhii bigt'nst sni b dha'» Egnv^Hm weez jas, 9'i)l kat dhB
kbtfn B tuu in dhB mul'l), if thou beginnest any of thy
[ 1667 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
126 THE BORDER 80X7THERN. [D 7.
aggravatiiig ways here, I'll cut thee dean a-two in the
middle.
8. (bitwiin juu wi e't «n dh« gjet pwast), between yon and I and
the gate-post, i.e. between ourselves.
9. (oti bez OTi bii), they say they are.
10. (beQLt)'n ap aKter a't, til)i), push him up after I, will ye?
11. (na dhsn, Waa, wo;s bin b duutn an, no't*?), now then, caw
[foolj, what-hast been a doing of, now ?
12. A. (dhii Ieu a't dho't no'if), thee lend I thy knife.
B. (dhii ttt/nt gi;n e'i bak), thee wilt-not give-it I back.
A. (a'«)l JEt fd'iBB vn flaaE im aaI dh« wanu) vt wan mo'ufPel,
ff a't dwant), I'll eat fire and flare and all the world at one
mouthful, if I don't [a usual boyish asseveration].
13. (dhis gr^\uid)z m stt| bad aBi, t|Ent noo juus ta boo WMt ntnt
wats, aV thiqks a't shsl plant tMsRz), this ground [field] is
in such bad heart [condition], 'taint [it isn't] no use to sow
wheat nor oats, I thinks I shall plant potatoes.
14. (ff dhi gi'ist m ool :dan'l ikjEziz Uoos, iz btd vl osid^ dh«), if
thee goest in old Daniel Kearsey's close [field], his bull will
horn [toss] thee.
15. (dant stan dhaas « lo*p«ttn vba'tit, sEt vbo'ut duutn samBt),
don't stand there a-lounging about, set about doing some-
thing.
16. (mam vn dad), mother and father.
17. maid-servant (tf a'f bJEnt nath'n bat « sanmit, a'* bjsnt
ptra'tz'n), if I ben't nothing but a servant, I ben't poison
[—an object of disgust], hoy (dhat dh© btst, pw^'tz'n tuu),
that thou be'st, poison too.
18. question^ is she a respectable woman? that is, one above the
position of a labourer ; anstc&r {noo, sen, as Ent « n'spE'kteb'l
tmiBU, n« muvs nvR a't bii, an azlnm waBks Bt dhB seem
fsBm «z ma'tn duu), no, sir, she aint [iz'nt] a respectable
woman, no more than I be, her husband woiks at l^e same
farm as mine do [does].
19. (a'f hi 81 k toi sMtd wt dh« vent 'sa'ft « waBk, a'f aa)nt sEt
. da'im dhis jbr blBs«d d^, vn ma't bak ^ks djsst f tt t« kam
B)tuu), I be sick and sated with the very sight of work, I
have-not sat down this here blessed day, and my back aches
just fit [ready] to come a-two.
20. (dhfs tee Ievz st% b naastt smak tn dhi ma'tith, t)tz wasBS ubs
siint), this tea leaves such a nasty smack [taste] in the
mouth, 'tb worser nor [worse than] senna.
21. (dhts UA'tz tz Bua-f ts stant am'bodi, e'«)d bz Itv hi Bt :bEdlBm
Bz bii jas), this noise is enough to stun [s. inf. in -y, but
used with an object, which is unusual] anybody, I'd as lief
be at Bedlam as be here.
22. (ma't ool;d)t«'mBn)z iBgween ta'rtn ap •faB)mB), my old woman 's
a-going tying up *for me [that is, making sheaves of com
into stacks, observe emphasis in /or, if it had been ' for m«,'
he would have said (fBE 'a'*)].
[ 1W8]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 7.] THB BORDER SOUTHERN. 127
23. (a't nooz i wEnt ra'tt, fsBB sez tB aV, b bez, 'Vt « Bin n ^«idj'l,"
Bn a'l BEz, " aav)i faadhBR ?" Bn b bez, "iis," br a'l bez, ** did
B speek tu)i, faadhBR?" br b bez, "iis, ma't wEnti, b dwi,
B bez, id^oo, e'f wAARts)! "), I kRow lie weRt right [that is,
to heaveRJ, for he Bays to me, he says, ^'I have seeR aR
aRgel," RRd I Bays, "have ye, father?" aRd he Bays,
**yes," aRd I Bays, **did he speak to ye, father?" aRd he
says, "yes, my weRch [term of eRdearmcRt], he did, he
says, Joe, I waRt ye."
24. (a't aaIbs thtqks bz rait ir bwks Bn pr^^m, Bn aaI sit^ thtqz
Bz dhBm bi mEnt fBB dh^ bz kjaant wask), I always think
as [that] writiRg books aRd preachiRg, aRd all such things
as them [those], be meaRt for they as [those that] caR*t
work [do maRual labour].
25. (1£r)s aa)t), let-us have-it.
d, HAin>B0B0UOH cwl., Ox.
7 nnw. Oxford, with Freeland, a hamlet of Ensham just s. of Handborough, Islip
and Blackthorn. Words generally ^m Mrs. Parker, but occasiondly from
TH.
B Blackthorn, wn. by TH. from Mrs. P.
F Freeland, near Handborongh, wn. by TH. from Mrs. Waine, Mrs. P.'s
mother.
G General in Ox., bom Mrs. P.'s lists.
H Handborongh, from Mrs. Parker's lists, but by no means exhaustive.
Ha Handborough as noted from Mrs. P.*s pron. by TH. ; almost every such
word is here noted.
Ho Holton, from Mrs. P.'s /i^lossic.
I Islip, from Mrs. P.'s ^ossic.
I. Wessex akd Nobse.
A- 12 HHa saa. 13 HHa naa. 14 H draadfdrawede drawn, drew]. —
S'sm [game]. 24 HHa shsm. — P pib'l [pebblejl — H staan [to starej. 30
kJHR, kl«&. 33 G rsdhen. 36 H thaa. A: — rom [rami. 43 Ho ond.
— Ha kja's'nt [canst-not]. 64 Ha wAxnt, F wAnt. A: or 0: 64 Ha rdo.
A'- 67 Ho Bgii-tn, Ha Bgw^n, Bgwdtn, F vgw^-tn. 72 Ha uu. 76 H twnd.
84 G m(iUB&. 86 G s(in«B. 86 Ho CLBts, HP wats, HaF wats. 89 H birath,
bsth. 92 Ha noo. A': 113 H wal, al, Ha mI*. 115 I Owm, FHa oom.
123 G nath'n. 124 F stwdn, Ho stan. 136 H klaath.
M' 138 HI faadhvR. 148 Ha ^lk. — Ha st^^RZ [stairs]. JE: 161
Ha I dsTi FHa dee, 179 F wot. JE'- — G r<»t|. 183 G ieftj. 187
G Uer. 190 Ho Lw. 192 HHa mjsn. 200 Ha ws'^tt, F wetft. 202 Ho ieet,
JS': — Ha mja^d [mead, Gl. — F sid [seed]. 214 naasn an innrne'er a one
of theml. 223 Ha dh&^n, H dhan, dhaK, dhSsR, I dhivK. 224 IT wan, waR,
wlau, Ha w^r.
£- 233 Ha sp^k. — HaG ihn, tivRd, tiind [to tear, teared, tore]. 248 Ha
mS^^R. — H IJBZtn, Ha Isztn [leasing = gleaning]. 252 Ha kjit'l. £: 261
Ha 8^, s^i. 262 Ha WB"t. 26o Ha 8tr<!a?t. 278 F wauLtsh [perhaps (weni wh)].
280 G Isb'n. E'- 299 Ha griin. E': 306 HaG skth (see p. 119, No.
306). 312 F iBR. 314 HaF jaLRd. 316 HaF fit'.
£A- — H shsk, shak [shake, shook]. 319 Ha gjanp. 320 Ha kiar.
£A: 321 F [(sin) = seen, for have seen, used]. 322 Ha laaf. 323 HaG
fd'wt. — t|ook [chalk]. 333 Gkjaaf. — Ha 6ltBR [halter]. — shaRTshare].
846 P dBBR. 346 I gj6tt, F gjst, Ho girt, gj«?Bt. EA'- 347 Ha JE'd.
[ 1669 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
128 THB BORDER SOUTHERN. [D 7, 8.
EA': 350 H dJEd. 352 F rBd*. 364 G shef. 356 H brf, Ibvz. — Ha
bJEin [beam]. — ItrBin rcream]. 361 HHaF bJEnz, Ho biraz. 363
HnG tjEp. — G «Y»t [east]. 366 Ha grst. — H JBzi [easy]. 871 HHa
stran.
£1: 378 HnFG w«fk. 382 Ha dhknn [thein, G].
EG- 383 G sEb'n. 384 G Bb*ii. 386 Ha too. EG: 394 HaF jandBLE.
397 H suiiRD. 402 Ha lui im. 403 H fiR. EG'- — G fieeU flea]. 419
Ha jaBiiin [voure]. EG': — Ha tit [held]. 427 Ho biBnt [be-notj. 434
HHa bjEt. 437 Ha triif, trtith.
EY- 438 Ha da't, da'i [marked as lying between them, the first is analogical].
I- 440 Ha wik'. 447 Ha hb, ainn [hers]. — FG p«« [pease]. I:
452 Ho a*, a'l. — Ha kd [Ud], 466 Ha tpl'ld. 468 G tuldBRN. 469 H
fit [wilt], F wjnit. 482 I E)nt [is-not], fl bJBnt, Ha bJB'nt [probably (blsnt)
is near enoujjhl Ha jEnt, tjEnt. 483 fla iz n [stated to be general]. 487 H
♦stBRdi. 488 ll it. — tit [teat]. — sens [since]. I'- — H gii, gin
[give, given, gave]. — HF np [to reap],
Q. — G rat* n [rotten]. G: 531 Ha daatBLR. 637 Hma'wldi [mouldy].
638 H /<d. 543 llaF an. 646 H fan, fan. 547 G buuuD. 549 H (iubud.
654 G kras. G'- — ginn [gum of tooth]. 564Hasim'. 568 F bradhuR.
G': — Ha brak [brook]. 586 Ho dClBnt [don't], Ha dwant, F dwant [modem
(dant)], F d/i^s'nt, Ha dttsi [dost]. 687 Ha da'n. 590 H flCioR. 692 Ha
swii B. 695 Ha fut', F fat'. — t«th, ttth [tooth, teeth].
\f. _ ud [wood]. 603 HaF kam. 606 EG daBR, Ha daBiR. U: —
i#lf [wolf]. — G sha'KldBR [shoulder]. — andBRD [hundred]". 623 H fan.
— tmdBU [wonder]. 626 Ha B)aqgri [a hungry]. 632 I ep'. — H milBRX
[mourn]. — H thasti. XT'- 643 HaF na'ti, F n^w. 648 Ha a'uBi^Rn [ours].
XT': 667 F a'trt.
Y- 675 Ha B)dra'i [a-dry, thirsty]. 676 B lig, ligstcR [a lie, a liar], Y:
— shilf [shelf]. 694 F waRk. 700 G was. Y- 706 Ha wa"t.
11. English.
A. — kraal [crawl]. — H okBRD, akwid, Ha bIcbrd [awkward, stubborn].
E. — Ha sft [to heft, weigh in the hand, from to heave]. I. and Y. 756 1
srtmps. 757 H tiini. 758 Ha gjal [sometimes (gjarl), Oxford (garl). 0.
778 G BfuuRD. 791 Ha bwAA'i, F hwdi, U. I d|9mp.
m. EOMAKCE.
A" 810 I fiBs. 814 Ha m«BntBr. — G frw-l [flaUJ. 824 Ha tjiBr [G1.
836 Ha Tcez^n. — H mastBB [master, Mr J. — Ho gjalro [gallop]. — Ha
pant*ni* [pantryl — Ha Vrtj ||arch]. — G kjaaR [to carry J. — G kjaa-fBntBB
[carpenter, Ha (kjaar-)]. 857 Ha kJBs. — slat [roofing slate].
E- 867 F t«?. — Ha dhBrskli. 872 H tjBf. — sanv, san [to serve].
— G Ha mizhBR [measure]. 891 H blEst, B ftEst. 896 HHo b«rvBR.
G-- — Ha biif [beef]. 916 G o'iuBU. — pa'iz*n, pwViz'n [poison],
925 Ha vwA^'is [mod. va is], — G kiiBRD [coroj. — Ha piiBRk [porkj.
940 Ho kxlBt, Ha kwot, F kwat. — fuuRm [form]. 947 Ha bwe'ilin. 9o6
Ha da'uts. — Ho mav [move]. 966 G kivBB.
XJ.. — tribBut [truant]. 969 shCiBR.
D 8 = s.BS = southern Border Southern.
Boundaries. From Reading, Be., follow the n. b. of D 5 through
Sr. to Knockholt, Ke., and continue ne. to Gravesend, Ke., then turn
w, and follow the s. bank of the Thames back to Reading.
Area, Extreme se.Be. ; ne.Sr., and extreme nw.Ke., embracing
London s. of the Thames and the adjacent suburbs.
[ 1560 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D8.] THB BORDER SOUTHERN. 129
Authoritie: See the Alphabetical County list under the following placed,
where • means w._per AJE,, f per TH., ° in io.
Be. ** Hurley, ** Hurst, °»WarCTave, fWindsor.
Sr. 'Chertsey, ''Chobham, **Croydon, °Leatherhead.
Ke, No information from this very small portion of nw.Ee.
Characters, The composite nature of a very shifting population in
this district renders the growth of any dialect proper impossihle.
Still in country places and even in the suburbs of London there is
a slight tang of S. speech even if it is limited to using / be. At the
extreme w. of the district adjoining Ox. the S. character is almost
strong. Thus at Wargrave, Be. (5 ne.Reading), T. F. Maitland,
Esq., gave me w. the words :
A- 4teok. 21 n^mn. A': 104 r6«d. M- 142 8nE'il. HStne'il. M: 161
6/». E: 261 s^-A —fiild [field]. EA: 346 g^ot. EO: 394 indoR [this is an E
form, for (janden)]. I: 466 tjam I' 492 8a'id. Y-682lut'l. A. 737 mdet.
A: — kampliB'int. R is regularly (a). H generally omitted, and also wrongly
inserted. Usages y I be, her be, I am, I are, we knows -un.
From Hurley (9 ne Reading), and hence close to the former place,
Mrs. Godfrey, marking the only * peculiarities ' (that is, differences
from rs.) she could think of, in a dt. gave me :
A- 21 n^Bm. EA. 346 giBt. EO: 394 BudsR [the (r) is assumed from the
neighbouring "Wargrave, and the (s) confirms the former (i)]. O: 541 want.
y- 603 vkamin. A. 737 mdets. I. 758 gsel. Usages, I be, houscn, Michael-
mast, feller.
From Hunt (4 e.Rcading) the late Rev. R. A. Cameron wrote
(1879) with a dt. :
** It is difficult to characterise the genuine dialect of the district. The popula-
tion is very mixed and migratory. The chief characteristics as they struck me
when coming 40 or 50 years as^o n'om Suffolk were (besides the perverse confusions
about the aspirates, particularnr strong hereabouts), the addition of a short vowel
sound to all long terminal syllables, as (meets, mist^Bk, kompl^ent) [these words
were interpreted from Wargrave with (cb), but the last may have been (le'i). It
was difficult to see whether Mr. Cameron wrote de or at. TH. heard (tr6tn, ^.tt)
train, ei^ht, from unknown speakers at Windsor, but these were probably Ijonaon
importations] ; the dropping of the initial tv as (iil, tnnun) wool, wonan, (b o'mM
MmBn) an old woman ; a peculiar sound of the /, something like the French /
mouillee as * feulld, chiuld for field, child, but this cannot well be expressed by
.any combination of letters phonetically.'* Perhaps he meant merelj (b1) as (fiBld
ha'tBld^, but the sound may have been possibly been (bl). There is no sound of
A) in tne modem French / mouillee, and hence I have given his own spelling.
He wrote long i as ot, which Wargrave shews to be (a'i). The following words
are taken from the dt. :
A- 21 n^mi. A: 43 send. A: or 0: 64 weq [probably an error]. A': 104
r^vd. JE- 144 Bgi'n. E: 262 w^» [written teat, imcertain, might have been
(w8B't)]. 265 streit. 266 wcl [doubtfiil]. EA: 326 a'wld. 346 geat. I: 452
€1. 4o9 ra'it. 466 tra'ild. 469 u\ [possibly (b1)]. I'- 492 said. 0: 541
oont. 0'- 560 skiul [v]. 564 sim. U- 603 Bkamin. 606 dQBii. Y- 682 HI
pspmetimes,* very doubtful indeed whether used by natives, (la'il) is a N. form].
A. 737 m^Bts. I. 758 gaid [the (r) is assumed from Wargrave, (ra^id) written
maid was said to be commoner]. The rest of the words in the dt. were said to be
in rp. Usages, I says, I be, she's a goin, bain't, we knows-un, that' en.
The above shews S. in a still moderately active form in Be., but
it dies out very rapidly towards Sr., and in 8r. itself the borough
I.E. Pron. Part V. [ 1561 ] 100
Digitized by LjOOQIC
130 THE BORDER AND EAST SOUTHERN. [D 8, 9.
of Southwark and the outlying suburbs seem to have pretty well
destroyed all trace of dialect. The following is all the information
I could find.
Chobham (8 n-b-w. Guildford) . An incumbent of 50 years could only give E. 751
(piBr^^t), the (rj assumed, and the plural housen. Neither form is distinctive.
Chertsey (11 nne. Guildford). The predecessor of the vicar, that gave me the
information, had known the place 70 years, but knew "not one peculiarity in
pronunciation/*
Leatherhead (12 ene. Guildford). Mr. Martel, in writing to Prince L.-L.
Bonaparte, said : " It is hard to find distinct traces of provincialism of any sort,
as the population is so continually changing,** but he gave the usage* I be, I
knows, I saw-r-er, drawring, sometimes in for ittff in the participle, I see (not /
Meen) for I saw, and I were, but in no other person. Of these, I beia distinctly S.,
draw-r-ing, etc., is E. Altogether mixed.
Croydon. Mr. AV. Taylor Malleson, of Duppas Hill, tried hard to find pro-
vincialisms in the Board Schools, but was not vei^ successful. These are the
most he could discover, and I have not been able to interpret all satisfactory.
A'- 90 to 97, he writes with «-ou>, which may bear different interpretations, as
(6o, b'm, a'o), thus, 93 (sn6o, sue'm, sna'o), and I incUne to the second. EA- 319
g(r<*»p, 346 gmt [which are not S.]. E: 260 t&», 261 eki [which I think are not
really S. forms, as they seem at firat sight, but an exaggeration of the (1^^, seci)
that may be heard in ne. London], 285 kriis [a common Londonism]. £': 306
ha'ith [this is not dialectal, it is a mistaken analogy, and is even lieard from
educated speakers]. EO': 436 trly, 437 triyth [these seem mistakes for (triu,
triuth), which are not imcomraon ; the diphthong is East Anglian]. I: 472
sOTtqk [this is an example of the non-pronunciation of (sh) before (r), and is not
distinctive. It is also inconsistent with 654 ghreoud']. U- 601 sse'M, 602 fee'til
[these were written ad-oWj fa-owl^ and were said to resemble (»-o'm), an unknown
combination, but as many dialect writers use aow to indicate what has been found
to be (oj'm), I so interpret ; the sound is, however, not S., but nearest (6m) of Ke.,
or the E. diphthong. In the same way the long f is said to be (ffi't)» ^ ^^ry
common sound in Ixindon, but decidedly not S., imless occ. for the at, ay words
which are not contemplated. This (a^'t) is stated to be a favourite sound in
Croydon, which is called (:krse'id'n)]. Again, U': 654 »hreoud^ 658 deoun^ 668
preoudf look as if meant for (shrla'Md, dia'un, priaud), * the e very slight,* which
looks like a well-known M. triphthong. 0. 769 ma;il [this must be an accident,
it is not known in any dialect].
The above only betray a very mixed set of speakers. But one observation is to
a certain extent S., 608 a^li, 697 bEri, 773 doqki, 785 pooltri, 934 ba'wnti, 935
kantri, with a clear final (i) not (i) or (ij). It is, however, not a certain criterion.
Usages, ' I be agoing' is S., but ' I am,* I are/ also heard, are not so. Y and
W are said to be properly distinguished.
On the whole, therefore, it must bo right to characterise D 8 as
a S. dialect almost entirely obliterated by town influences. It
forms the 8. part of the metropolitan area, or that lying s. of the
Thames.
D 9 = ES.=East Southern.
Boundaries, The w. b. is the e. b. of D 5 and D 8 from the mouth
of the Adur in Ss. to Gravesend in Ke. The other borders are -the
sea-coast round Ke. and e.Ss.
Area. Almost the whole of Ke., with e.Ss. It was the supposed
seat of the Jutes, but the modem speech is a deca3ring S. form, with
the exception of a peculiarity of entirely modem growth, subsequent
to A.D. 1340.
[ 1662 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 9.] THE EAST SOUTHERN. 131
Authorities. See the Alphabetical County List, under the following place:*,
where • marks vy. per AJE., t per TH., || systematic spelling, ° in io.
Si. **A8hbumham, fBattle, fBri^hton, '^♦Cfuckfield, •Eastbourne, "Etchingham ,
IILeasam, fLewes, **Marklye, ^'Possmgworth, ''Selmeston, °Weald of Sussex.
. Ke. ♦Charing, 'Chatham, **Denton, •Faversham, || Folkestone (fishermen),
♦Maidstone, **Margate, °Rol?enden, ^'Shadshiurst, •St. Nicholas, •Sheemess,
•Strood, **Stoke, °Stourmouth, °Wingham.
Character. The general character is that of w.Ss. and Ha., that
is that of D 5, only still further decayed. Initial (z, v) seem
never to be used for (s, f). The -^G and EG words have passed
pretty well into (ee, ee) and in some cases (ii). The (r) remains ;
I have heard it myself from Cuckfield and Eastbourne in Ss., at
Tunbridge Wells and Maidstone in Ke., and have had it indis-
putably recognised at Possingworth and Marklye (14 wnw. and 15
n. Eastbourne), and in several places in Ke. But it has a tendency
to degenerate into the ordinary English vocal r, a mere vowel (a, tj)
or a buzz (r^), the form that it retains in London. Rev. Mr.
Parish (Sussex Glossary) does not notice or apparently acknowledge
it at all, using ar simply as a symbol for (aa). But Miss Darby,
of Marklye, graphically and accurately writes, "The roll of the R is
most peculiar, and I never heard anything like it anywhere. It
can only be sounded by beginning the sound with the tongue
straight," that is, in its usual direct position for the preceding
vowel, " and suddenly curling it round so that the underpart of the
tongue touches the roof of the mouth," that is, for the consonant
itself.
The peculiar character which separates D 9 sharply from the
adjoining D 5 and D 8 is the pronunciation of the initial th as (d)
in thisy thaty the, there, <Aeir, <Aeirs, them, then, the9e, those, they.
To these words would probably have been added than, thou, thee,
thy, thine, ^Aough, thus, had they been used in the dialect, but they
have not been heard ; than is always replaced by nor, thou etc. by you
etc., though thus do not seem to be required at all. Rev. Mr.
Parish (Glossary, p. 8) says "the th is invariably <?," this is not
the case for the initial th of any other words, so far as I can learn.
In the middle of words we have d in far^Aing and fur^Aer, but that
is common to other dialects. Miss Darby thought she knew it in
o^Aer, ei^Aer, nei^Aer, but was not able to verify her supposition
when she tried. In Faversham, Ke., however, Mr. H. K.-
Hugessen gives (wiadBR) another. Final th in with, smooth
becomes d before a vowel, as (smuud it, wid ft) smooth it, with it,
but not regularly, compare (^drn, vdeu't) within, without. Now
here some might suppose we had the desired Jutish peculiarity, but
alas! there is no trace of it in Dan Michel, who (see pp. 38-41)
had plenty of initial (z, v), which have since his time entirely
disappeared. In John Lewis's History and Antiquities as well
Ecclesiastical as Civil of the Isle of Tenet [that is, Thanet, the ne.
comer of Ke.], 2nd ed. 1736, he says (p. 35) that "the English
spoken here is generally very good, only the natives in common
with the other inhabitants of this part of Kent are used to
pronounce the th as & d, the o as an a, as an for on [regular S.],
[ 1663 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
132 THE KAST SOUTHERN. [D 9, V i.
the I as ee^ as Deek for Dike [^rather (dik) like (ditj)], and to say
who instead of how and how instead of who [the latter not met
with]. As for example, How is dut man dere? for, Who is that
wkwi there ?^* Yet in Thanet at the present day, as among the
fishermen at Folkestone, I have not been able to discover a single
instance of this use of d for initial th. But Sir F. Burton (of the
National Gullery) informed me in July, 1887, that his housekeeper
from the Isle of Thanet has an old uncle about 80, who always
says "dat man dere," and knows other old people who do so.
Hence Lewis is confirmed, and the disappearance is only recent.
In Thanet the watering-places of Margate and Eamsgate might be
credited with the restitution of th^ but this hardly applies to the
fishermen of Folkestone.
Another peculiarity has also developed itself, but is disappearing
under the influence of education. It is not, however, confined to
o.Ss. and Ke., but extends along the e. of England from Kc. through
Es. and 8f. tx) Nf. inclusive, which form what may be called the
Land of Wee. This is the replacement of (v) by (w), but not
conversely. Sam Wellcr, who spelled his name "with a u?^," and
Cockneys are especially credited with the interchange. I have
never yet heard (v) used for (w) in good faith, though I have
much wanted to do so, but (w) for (v) I have known all my life in
Ke. Rev. W. Parish acknowledges it in e.Ss., but Miss Darby does
not. Now the late well-known traveller Dr. Beke declared that
the Cockneys and the Trast«verini in Rome pronounced German
w (bh) in place of both (v) and (w), and that the Cockneys, with
whose habits he was well acquainted, did not know when they
were saying one or other, because in fact they said something that
was neither, but sounded like (w) when (v) was expected, and (v)
when (w). Now I am perfectly familiar with (v bh w u), the
last being the unstressed vowel diphthongizing with a following
vowel. I can readily and easily distinguish in my own and other
]»er8on's speech vie French, wie German, wee English, ui in Italian
Gwtdo, oui French = (vii, bhii, wii, iiii, ui). Yet I do not hear Dr.
lieke*s (bh) from those who use (w) for (v). Mr. H. C. Coote also
affirmed that he knew coachmen {cocchieri) in Rome to say (uEuto)
for vento. That is possible, but requires investigation- I think,
however, that they could not say (wEnto). The English (w) is
a peculiar consonant which I do not find in the rest of Europe.
The V and w habits of the fishermen of Folkestone will be especially
referred to on p. 143.
Although the dialect is tolerably uniform over the whole district,
it will be convenient to separately consider Var. i. e.Ss., Var. ii.
n.Ke., Var. iii. e.Ke. including the Folkestone fishermen.
Var. i. East Sussex Foem.
Miss Darby, who lives in a rery out-of-the-way place, Marklye, which used to
be st^ren miles from a railway-station till 1880, says, " I feel qmte sure in a few
years all these old tt^rms will be extinct. A railway has been opened for the last
tow months within four miles of us [at Heathfield], and already the change is
[ 1664 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 9, V i.] THE EAST SOUTHERN. 133
very great. We have two old men who have worked on the farm in our family
for many years, one for forty years. He is of an old superior family, hut cannot
read. He said yesterday [dated 15th Oct. 1885] that he was much put out at
hearing people talk now, and he could not make out ' high words.' His wife,
who is upwards of seventy and ahle to write, has much disp'usted him hy buying a
dictionaiT to keep pace with the times. There are not a dozen people left in the
parish who speak the real old dialect.'* Miss Darby's information is checked
hrst by Rev. Mr. Parish, both of them having sent me versions of the dt., and
secondly by the wl. w. given me by two students at Whitelands, p. 134.
Two Intbkiineab East Sussex dt.
M. by Miss Anna M. Darby, of Marklye (imankld't') (15 n.Eastboume), pal.
by AJ£. from indications.
S. by Rev. W. D. Parish of Selmeston (:stm8tni) (6 ese. Lewes), pal. conjectually
from io., for which no indications were furnished either in Mrritingor in his
glossary. Only those words which apparently differ from Miss Darby's
are given.
1. M Marklye, boo o% see, m^Bts, j« sii iie'u d«t)B bi Ba'i t vbE'td;
8 Selmeston, miBts, jfu o't)iii [bi] bfi'ttt
M dset-^BB liit'l gsel Bka'min fram daet-6BR skuBl E'ut JdndBR.
S daet 1^4 ganl dts skuul [omit] JEndvB.
2. M 8hii)z Bgu'Bn de'tm deet-^BB rtiBd doBr tbruu dB r£d geBt on
S sliii)bi gt^m dB rdsd
M t)adhBE soVd B)dB ruBd.
S OB Isft haaud wee,
3. M shuBB Bno-f dB tjo'ild bi gAAn ro'it «gtn dB duBB B)da Boq e'«s.
S sbuBB)naf 'z- strait ap tB)dB
4. M wfBB sbi)'! 8Bp tB foVn dset-^BB draqk dEth snvBld tjaep B)do
8 w^BB i^aaiis f o'md daet drarqkBn IeIbb
M n^Bm B :tom.
8 nfBm itomos.
5. M wi aaI nooz im vaBt w6b1 [waal].
8 aol him web» wel.
6. M wuBnt dB (feld tjflep subii laan be nevBB tB duu Bt noo
8 wsmt oo\ i^ sun tiii^ hBB not tt
M moBT, puBB tbiq!
8 Bgfn, pooB
7. M lt«-k)i deBr ! bfBnt Bt truu ?
8 [omit] tt
Notet to M.
1. /, at the bennninff of a sentence little y Miss D. was surprised at Mr.
(o'l), and («) in the middle. — he^ used, P.'s (Itd'l), which she never heard.
Mr. P. prefers 9XEi\ he he abo used. — Mr. P. says '* double t is always pro-
[ 1666 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
134 THB EAST SOUTHKRN. [D 9, V i.
noanced as d^ as liddle for little, etc.** 4. tUaff Miss D. says, " As regards
Miss D. iiK^uires what becomes of bottle, this word, I consider it a most peculiar
wa^de, which are in constant use. thing that it should be called death,
2. the, her is used for she only im- and it is a rery common expression,
mediately after a rerb, as (dtd)BU}, she *she is troubled with dcathnats,'* *' so
U gooin, or she's a gooin, optional. — also Mr. P.*s Glossary. Halliwell
way, w never becomes r. says it is a Suffolk pron. — Thomas, a
3. enough, with o in cot. — straight^ common name, but always abbreviated,
(street), but (ro'tt) is the word that 6. Miss Darby wrote \caal, which
would be used here. — up, pr. (ap), but ought to mean (w^bI), but as Mr. II.
here a^tfiB against, t.^. towards, would Knatchbull-Hugessen at Faversham
be used. — house, the A is 'dropped said (waal), may have been meant for
slightly, never put in the wrong place.' the latter.
Notes to 8.
1. mates, written meiits, similarly 4. rAa»«^, as this is written fA«a>i«f,
par. 4, name (nivm), written neam, it ought to be (tj^Bus), which is un-
Misses Darby, Francis and Sayers likely, but I have no guide but Cuckfield
have all (n^Bm). 851 (a^nt), aunt.
2. road, written road, but Mr. P.
may have meant (r(i«d).
East Sussex cwl.
Those words in which only the ordinary spelling is given in Italics \ure supposed to
be in rp.
C Cuckfield, w. from Miss Sayers, native, student at Whitelands.
£ Eastbourne, w. from Miss Francis, of London, 8 years at an Eastbourne
school, student at Whitelands.
FC Cuckfield, from Archdeacon Fearon, native.
L Leasam, near Rye, from a numbered wl. by Miss B. C. Curtis.
M Marklye, given by Miss Darby, in addition to her dt.
P from kev. W. D. Parishes Dictionary of the Sussex Dialect, conjecturally pal.
by AJ£. with the help of C and £ above.
I. "Wessex akd Norse.
A- 3 C£ b^k. 4 C£ tesk. 5 CE m^k. 6 CE m^Bd. 7 CE s^ak. 9 FC
bihdBv. 12 CE saak [even without a following vowel]. 17 CE 1aa& [as 12].
18 [always called biscmt, even a large Christmas cake is called biscuit at E. and
Brighton, not at C.]. 20 CE l^Bm. 21 CE n6Bm. 22 CE t^Bm. 23 CEs^sm.
24 CE sh^Bm. 33 CE & FC reedhvR. 36 CE thxAR. A: 43 CE and, FC
an. 44 FC Ian. 61 P maan. 66 L wash. A: or 0: 60 CE long. 61 C
vmaq, £ Bmaq.
A'- 67 P Bgw#tf*n [a going], a'l guuz [I go], CE & FC guu. 70 CE toe.
72 CE uu. 73 CE so. 76 CE & FC t6Bd. 79 CE (Jbu. 80 FC hohdi. 82
P wanst. 83 FC nubn. 84 CE m6B)n)dat [more than that]. 86 P wats. 87
CE tlooz. 90 CE bloo. 91 CE ma'ti. 93 CE sus'u. A': 101 CE M.
102 L ast [inf. and past tense]. 104 FC roBd. 106 FC rosd. 106 CE brood.
108 P daf, CE doo. Ill C£ ought. 116 CE hoBm. 118 PCE & FC bJvn.
120 P Bguu. 122 P UAAn, CE nan. 124 CE & FC st<^. 126 CE only.
JE' 138 P fiBdhBK, CE f^BdhBR. — P laadBE [ladder]. 141 CE n^l.
142 CE sn^Bl, L [often (snag) or (tmee) omitting (1)]. 143 CEt^d. 147 br^BU.
— P amets [antsj. 149 CE bl^. 162 CE water. 163 CE sadBnd^.
jE: 166 CE & FC thetj. — P aadBR [adder]. 168 FC aatBE. 161 PLM
dii. 162 PtBdii. 166 meBd. — P wen; as [wain X)r waggon horse]. 168 P
i)lB. — waps [wasp]. — haps [hasp]. 170 CE aRvist. 171 barley. 172 CE
gwas [common j! "M'- 186 CE read. 188 P nakBK. 190 Ayy. 197 cheese.
199 CE bleet. 200 CE wM. M: 203 CE speech. 207 CE niidB|,l [with
[ 1666 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D;), Vi.] THE E^ SOUTHERN. 135
an indistinct (1)]. 218 PCE ship. 223 CE dhlva [(d) not marked in this word].
224 CE w6br. 227 CE tcet.
E- 231 P ds. 232 break. 233 tpeak. 234 knead. 235 toeave. 236 ffffer.
239 CE sesl. 241 CE r^n» M rimi. 243 pl6«. 250 CE 86bu [swore]. 251
C miit, E meet. 252 C£ kit'l. 253 CE nettle. £: 261 CE see. 262 CE
w6eB. 264 CE ^I. 265 CE strM. — f tid [field! 272 elm CE [yolunteered
that it was (ePm) in Es.]. ~ P hiin [a hen]. 281 CE Isnth. 282 CE strsnth.
— mssh mash [marsh]. 284 CE thrssh. 286 L ha&RR [and so for all words
having double rr^ as earriage (kaRRR), that is, very much lengt^hened (r)].
E'- 290 CE he. 292 CE me. 293 CE we. 294 CE/eed. 296 P o'i blar,
E bdeey, bilEft^[believed]^£I believe,j)arenthetically]^_300 CE kip, kiip [keep,
kept]. 301CEIBE. eT: 305 CEhki [?]. 307 CE nW [PI.
309 CE speed. 312 CE j^br. 314 isd. 315 CE f tt. 316 CE nsks.
EA- — P voIb [fallow]. 319 FC ge«p. EA: 323 CE fa'irt. 324 CE
M. 328CEool. 330CEooU328. 333 CE kseief. 334 CE hsesf. 336
CEfaU. 337 CE waU. 345 CE dare. 346 P givt, CE & FC g^Bt.
EA'- 347 CE Bd. — haafoR hafsR [heifer]. 348 6t. 349 CE few.
EA': 350 CE dead. 353 CE bread [but (brB)n)tpiz) bread and cheese]. 354
CE eheaf. 355 P dsth, CE dsf. 356 CE le^f. 357 CE though. 359 C neebvR,
£ni«b«R. 366 P gxRt. 368 CE death. 369 CE slow. 371 CE strAAR.
EI- 372 CE [not used]. EI: 378 E week. 380 P dsm. 382 P deeRZ.
£0- ZS5 CE beneath. 386 CE Joo. 387 CE nuu. EO: 388FCmelk.
394 P jaq«R [? ol CE jandvR jandvR. 399 CE bi^t. 400 CE aRuest. 402
CEkRn. 405CEaRth. 406 CE MrM. EO'- — CEjea. ill CE three.
412CE«A«. ilZCE devil. 414 CE>^. 415 CE 16i. 417 PCE tja'u. 420
PE fo'inm, C foBR. 421 P faRti. EO': 423 CE thigh. 424 P bnif. 425
CE l&it. 426 f6ft. 435 CE you. 436 CE triu. 437 CE triuth. ET- 438
CE die.
I- 440 PCE wtk. 442 CE 6tyt. 444 CE sto'tl. 446 CE n6tn. — shiiR
[shire]. 448 PCE diiz. 449 CE gtt. 450 CE tuuzd^. I: 452 CE 6t.
457 m6tt. 458 n6ft. 459 CE r6tt. 462 CE s6tt. 465 CE & FC sit|. 466
CE t^'ild m. 468 CE tjtld'n. — klim [climb]. 472 CE sriqk. 473 CE
bla'in. 475 CE w6ind. 476 CE ba'in. 477 fa'in. 478 gra'in. 479CEw»'fn
[compare 475]. 483 P hiiz [his, written he's]. 484 CE dts. 485 P sts'l [* the
usual pronunciation of thistle,^ says Parish], CJB thts'l. 488 CE Jtt. — P spst
[spit]. r- 490 CE b6». 493 CE dr6iT. 494 CE t6im. I': 502 CE
foty. 503 CE 16ftf . 504 CE n6if . 505 CE w6tf . 506 CE umm [(m6i ool
dfouBn) my old woman B(m6i mists). 511 w6in.
0- 524CEwaRld. 0: 527 CE ^om^A^ 528 CE Mo«^A< [often (the'ut)
L]. 529 CE brought. 531 CE daatBR. 532 CE eoal. 533 CE duU. 536 CE
C". — krap [crop]. 552 P Iulru, CE kxRu. — maRnin [morning]. 554 P
. — CE poostisiz [poets]. 0'- 555 CE [(buut) is always used, never
(shun)]. 558 CE look. — fodhvR [fodder! . 562 CEmuun. 563 CE Monday.
— V mnt [month]. 564 CE sihi [very short! 566 CE sdhuR [not (ad«R)!
0': 569 CE book. 570 CE took. — rad [rod]. 577 CE ba'u. 578 CE
pla'u. 579 CE imaf [(tob'm) not known]. 586 P drfwit fdon'tl. 588 CE niyn
fin afternoon, this is Sf., it was difficult to appreciate]. 589 CEsplyn. 590 CE
Mim 592 P suuR. 595 CE ftit. 596 CE rut. 597 CE sst.
Vz QOO CE love. J^ CE bs'u. 605 CE son. 606 CE dtiVR. 607 CE
bxtBR. U: 609 ClSfuU. 610 CE «1. 61lCE^/^A. 613 CE drsqk.
614 P h^imd, CE s'tm. — P m6imd [mound]. 615 P p6imd. 616 CE graim.
619 CE fs'tm. 620 CE gra'tm. 625 CE toq. 629 CE sun. 631 CE thaRzd^.
632 CE up. 633 CE kxp. ~ vuur [a furrow]. 634 CE through. 635 CE
wsth. 636 CE faRdvR. 639 CE dust. XT'- 640 CE kjsu [rather rounder,
approaching (kia'u)]. 653 CE bit. U': 657 CE bn'un. 659 CE ts'tm.
— ■ 666 ^~ * *
665 CE ms'us. 666 CE azhvu [but (msstBR) is usual]. 671 CE ms'tith.
Y- — P hiiv [hive], biiv [beehive]. 676 CE 16i. 679 CE tiot|. 682 P
lidU. Y: 689 CE build. — P kri [kiln]. 690 CE k6in. 691 mWn.
700 CE W9fl. — P bras'k [bristles]. 702 P Bdin [within]. 703 P pit.
Y- 705CE8k6f. — P diiv [to dive J . Y': 711 CE liis, L Is'usii. 712 P
laiis, CE & L mo'usiz.
[ 1567 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
136 THE EAST SOUTHERN. [D 9, V i, ii.
II. English.
— P robot [rabbitl. 716 P aad*l [stupid], BdU [rotten]. 722 P driin, M
dricn, CE drcun. 725 seel. — P klaps [clasp]. 737 P miet. 741 CE m^oz.
E. — P llBR [lear, empty]. 752 P piiRt. I. and Y. 756 CE srinip. 758
CE gal. O. 761 CE'luvd. 767 CE nkiz. 769 C m6«l, E maul. 772 CE
b^nfa'iK. 773 CE djqki. 774 P poBui, CE pooni. 775 CE 6ooAy. 778 CE
HfuBRd. 781 CE bother. 787 CE sb'ks. 790 CE gE'imd. U. — jaf'l
[yuckel or wood-pecker]. — P kwid [a cow's cudj. 799 CE $cuil of head.
800 CE 8cull of boat. 801 C£ rum. 805 CE curds. 808 P pat.
in. EOMAXCE.
A .. — P st^Bb'l [stable]. 811 CE pl^. 812 CE Urn. 813 CE b^Bkro.
— P heel [flail]. 822 CE mee. 824 CE tjeeJBR. 826 CE ea^le. 827 CE
eayer. 828 CE <ufi4€. — M griin [grain]. 830 CE train. — M stiimi [stain].
434 CE shee. 835 CE r^'n. 836 CE ste'n. 845 CE ancUnt. 847 CE
di;end|«R. 848 CE change. 849 CE str^^ndiBR. 851 C a'nt. 852 C£ eepvRn.
— pliBt [plate]. — P riBt [rate]. 862 CE a^iif. 863 CE tj6»f. 865 CE
f AAt. 866 CE poor.
E- 867 CE tee. 868 P d|A'i. 869 CE r«i/. — P spaatsk'lz [spectacles].
— fttjiz [ vetches 1. — M striond [strained]. — M pltm [painj. 876 CE
d^Buti. 878 CE sa'lBrt. 879 CE femaU. — jaRb [herb]. 887 klaRdji.
888 saRtin. — P saRv [serre]. 890 OE beest biistttz [beast beasts, obsenre
the change of vowel]. 892 CE nephew. 894 CE deceive. 895 CE receive.
I •• and Y" 899 CE niece. — vo'tlsnt [violent]. 904 P va'ilet, CE v6ilet.
909 CE breeze. 910 CE dja'ts. 911 CE
0- 913 k6Btj. 914 broBtj. 916 CE »tuf. 916 CE injvn. 91S fiebte,
919 CE n&mtBd [anointed, beaten]. 920 CE p&tnt [a pint pron. in same way].
925 CE v&ts. 926 P spa'il, CE sp&il. 928 CE B'uns. 929 CE ks'ukambBr.
930 CE lain. 935 CE country. 939 CE chae. 940 CE k^Bt. — faRm [a
form to sit on]. 942 CE batiaR. 947 P ba'il, CE bfeil. 948 CE ba'wldiR
ba'iflBR. 952 k(iBRS. 953 CE cousin. 954 CE cushion. 955 CE dB'ut. 959
CE convey. U .. 963 CE kit^tBt. 966 CE kil. 968 CE fiiistBR.
CE usages, I are, I* re, I be, he be, I were, he do, he didnH ought. InUmatum
drawling.
Vab. ii. North Kent Form.
A student of Whitelands, Miss Croucher, a native, diet, to me a
dt. for Charing (6 nw.Ashford), but with slight exceptions all
reeollection of the dialect seemed to have left her. The (r) was
quite cockney. It would, I think, be useless to give the test.
The Rev. A. E. 0. Harris, of Stoke (7 nne.Chatham), also gave
me observations on a dt. which shews that very little dialect exists
in the Hundred of Loo between the Thames and the Medway,
while a settlement of Irish there, about 1845, seems to have much
influenced pron. H. stated also that very few people used the few
< provincialisms ' he gave. After due consideration I omit these
as not sufficient. Rev. C. W. Rolfe, of Shadoxhurst Rectory (4
ssw.Ashford), marks (mevts, gsel, ktimtn, frsem, d«, jsendor, gu'in,
roBd, de«r, g^Bt, street, duBr, w«l, fslvr, n(Bm, wEri, wuunt) for
mates, girl, coming [very doubtful] from, the, yonder, going, road,
there, gate, straight, door, will, fellow, name, very, won't, which
are probably correct, but says nothing about (r). These indications
are confirmed by Rev. J. W. Ramsay, of Rolvenden (12 sw.Ashfoyd),
who, however, also omits to notice the (r). The Isle of Sheppey
[ 1568 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 9, V ii.] THB BAST SOUTHERN. 137
has no dialect, as I learned from Miss Lowman, a student at
Whitelands, who had travelled all over it and resided there some
years. It is a mere soldiers' depot. Merely therefore glancing at
these, I proceed to the best account of n.Ke. pron. I have been able
to obtain.
Mr. Herbert Knatchbull-Hugessen, of Provender, Faversham (8
wnw.Canterbury), a well-known landed proprietor, who had learned
the dialect well from his tenants, bailiff and farm-labourers, was kind
enough in 1873 to spend many hours on several days in teaching me
the pron. of a cs. written by Rev. Henry B. Berin, then of Biddenden
(10 wsw.Ashford), to represent the Weald of Kent. This version
Mr. Berin kindly supplemented by answering, as well as he could,
more than 60 troublesome questions which I sent him, and finally
introduced me to Mr. H. K.-ff, who was able to give me the pron.
of his own neighbourhood, and thus convert the version into one
for Faversham. This was at an early period of my investigations,
and I was then unacquainted with the S. (k), and consequently
confused the r with the London (r, r^, «). In 1880 Mr. H. K.-H.,
in answer to my inquiries, wrote: "On the whole I should say
that the Kentish pronimciation of the r is distinct and has a burr,"
this identifies it with (k), which I have accordingly introduced
regularly when not preceding a vowel. When the r precedes a
vowel, minute examination is required to be sure of the existence
of a true (e). I have therefore left the received r in those cases.
And I have not assimilated the adjacent (t d n 1) to (r) as in D 4.
After the cs. I give a few phrases which Mr. H. K.-H. dictated to
me, and a cwl. containing wd. which he pronounced to me. With-
out this kindly help from Mr. H. K.-H. and Bev. H. B. Berin, my
account of Ke. would have been very imperfect.
Faversham (8 wnw.Canterbury) cs.
pal. by AJ£. from dictatioii of Herbert Knatchbull-Hugefisen, Esq.
0. dts feR)z wa't :djon duwnt detit.
1. waa, miBts, ju wn ii m« b6t?th loef aet dts ^br tjeet «v ma'i'n?
uu sets Eni stiiBR hi dset ? d8et)s nedhBR iBR ubr deBR.
2. dBR wnt [b^^nt] toRb'l xoxxai dsc'* keunt b bfV)en Iceieft aet,
wi noo daet dm b lit*! duBnt-wi ? wa't shttd dee ? daet eeni [b^OTt]
toRb'l lo'fklt, iz »t?
3. daet)s ew t)iz ettjevBR, soo ju djest AAd jbr toq bu kiip wtst
ttl a'l B d^n. 9Rki!
4. a'i)BR saRtm shuBR a'l iBRd Bm s^», sam b dem deBR l^seps
wot B bfh thru aaI on «t dvRsaa'vz from dB foRst onset, daet a'l
saRt/nlt did,
5. daet dB jaqgest bo't tzsaaf, b griit i^aep na'm jJbr oold, nood iz
faadBRZ wd'iz dirEklt minit, doo tt woz so toRb'l ku^iBR, Bn nq»
lo'tk, Bn ii)l taa)i dB .triuth d6id; ent romaensin eni ddi, i saRttnl/
wAd.
[ 1669 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
138
THB EAST SOUTHERN.
[D 9, y u.
6. vn d)ool umvn tsBsaa'f '1 taa ent een jt, dset Isesef n^u plamp
AAf, deut noo trab'l, ef ju)1 oani aast)i}B, woont)shi ?
7. liistweez ehi kEp aaI on tEl/n sen mii, wEn a'e aast)OT, shi did
— vn shi aed'nt AAt tt? bii foR e«t beut dis (be djob, th/qk)8h haed ?
8. waal nz a't wbz b tElin aen jI, 8hii)d taa)i ra't't aaI, eu shi kam
Bpon dfs {be draqkf'n t^ap wot shiijz got mseBid tu.
9. shi sw^BE shi k£^ a'l aen /m BEsaaf lee*»n aaI loq dB gretm m
iz bEst ku^oBt, Udns Bg'm dB d^BE B)dB heus, Bt dB foEdBE iind b
dst ^E r^Bd.
10. ii WBZ k8eBt;tn on, sez shii, fBE aaI dB wald la'tk b sempBEi
tja'tl, BE B liVl gael wot)s bin apsEt.
1 1 . d/s Ibe hsept wa'i 1 d)tmiBn Bn be daa'tBEtnlaa kam treBstn
krses dB baek jasd, weBE dec)d btn heeqm 6ut dB tloBZ tB dra't on
woshtn dAi,
12. wa'tl dB kEt'l WBZ Bbar't l»n Ibe tii, wan huut^ul samBE
sesetBEnuim, want b wiik bsek kam thazdt.
13. een, bBhoo'ld^i ! sfi uevbe iBEd tool noo moBE b dset ibe dpb,
BZ shuBE BZ ma^t n(Bniz :d|8ek ishEpBEd, be, BnadBE tht'q, a't duBnt
wont t« »t, deBE new !
14. n6u a'»)l nip aaI wooti tB sapaE. waa, gwd na'it, b BnadBE
ta't'm, wtn b tjsep gtnz taak b dts, dset, be t)adhBEy duBnt)i bii in
Bit J B tdEb'l Em BY B 9Et tB kseEi ds swat.
15. tt)s B tdEb'l Btlf tjsep wot kiips aaI on tjODtBE/n Bb^td iiot a't
kAAl rsendBm. aen new a^i shoe'nt see nB miiBE. gtfd na'it.
Xotet.
2. terrible f the common intensive
adj. or adv. — on account ofy the first and
last words omitted. — din is withinj
which first assumes the form («di*n),
the (wdhtn) of He.
3. whishty as *the wild waves whisht/
Temp. 1, 2, 378.
6. direetljf minute^ immediately,
common phrase in the district. —
though it wot «o terrible queer^ and
ring-y like^ and like a ring, attd
he)U telt)ye the truths without any
romancing any day, romancing; the
people are fond of long romance words
in this dialect. Ohserve Iskif dki),
Mr. Harris also gave (s&t) tor Stoke,
calling it Greek at.
7. She hadnU ought [ought not] to
be far out about this herejoby [do you)]
think)the had. The first had without,
the second with the aspirate.
8. drunken (draqkin) is drunking,
that is, playing the drunken man, not
drunken itself.
9. further end, certainly the (d)
must have been assimilated to the two
(k) as (f9RDBR).
10. ampery, a common word in this
district, as applied to cheese, mouldy,
decayed ; to people, weak, bad, sickly.
Lewis in his Tenet (Thanet) refers to
Ags. arapre (not in Etmiiller^, which
Boe worth cites from the Liber Medicin-
alis of Baldus, and explains as * a
crooked swelling vein, an herb, sweet
marjoram, feverfew;* others conceive
it may be the French empit-iy worsened.
11. tracing across j tracking, walking,
across, a phrase actually hea^.
12. only, the word used may, how-
ever, be ON#-y, which must blave the
same meaning.
13. behold ye ! a common phrase for
* look there.'
14. dont)ye be in such a terrible hem
[devil] of a hurry to carry the sway
fvictorjr], hem is clearly a euphemism
for devil, deuce, devilish, damn, dam-
nation, etc., i.e. exceedingly, it is very
[or ' hem '] common in tUs dirtrict.
[ 1670 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 9, V ii.] THB EAST SOUTHEBN. 139
Fayersham Phrases from diet, of H.K.-H., Esq.
1. (^f shsel Tkoo dm b liVl, tf sft klip gwm), I shall know within
a little [soon], if I keep going.
2. (noo fARm vt aaI), no form at all, common expression, the
meaning of which was unfortunately not noted.
3. {ool rEn'ldz), old reynard, (poop), Guy Fawkes.
4. (d)ool ant|mBn), the old huntsman.
6. (gu 'aen, wtdj)! !), go 'on, will you !
6. (war wops prEdwitli), beware of wasp presently.
7. (thrii jCbru aaf^Rz), three-year-old heifers.
8. (tu draqk), to go about as a drunken man.
9. (fdRUBl ]aftz)j infernal lies, the first unaccented syllable of a
word is frequently omitted.
10. Tsafm b dset, n^hon vt aaI), something of that, nothing at all.
11. (wani wans), only once, (ta'tm bu BgE*n), time and again, many
times.
12. ((br stopBR), fox-earth stopper.
13. (jt'stBRdee Bn tadhBRdee), yesterday and the other day, i,e. day
before yesterday.
14. (i emt noo keunt t)AAl), he isn't no account at all, ue. he is of
no importance.
15. (moost deutedli duubBRas), most (un-)doubtedly dubious. <
16. (»z eed iz daet eed*l), his head is that j]so much] addled.
17. (w9Rktn hs't griit), working by the piece.
18. (w«k»t fBR weeket, trtk bu te'i), each = tit for tat.
19. (d&BR ju mtBRapt saaf), don't you interfere with self.
20. (diBR aRt Bla'fv, sit} b ti'ktn), dear heart alive, such a ticking.
2 1 . (taetBr bu sksed'l), cross and mischievous.
22. (tt)s tr^, a't tuk AAf), it's true I took off = went away.
23. (n^u Bn dsn, neu bu t£n), now and then.
24. (it)s pr/nt muun la'tt), it's print moon-Hght, i e. sufficient to
read print in.
Faversham cwl.
pa], by AJE. from diet, of Herbert KnatchbuU-Hugessen, Esq., containing
almost all the wd. in the cs. and also many others separately dictated.
I. Wessex Ain> Norse.
A- 4 t^k. 5 m^k mlvk. — kriBd'l [cradle]. — w^ok [wake]. 17 Iaa
\aa, 19 tevl. 21 nlimi. 28 heBR. — war [beware of]. 34 Iffisrat.
A: 39 [(kam) used]. 43 haen. 44 laen. 49 haeq. — ksecDnt [cannot].
64 wont. 66 «wh. 66 woeh. A: or 0: 68 from. 60 loq. 64 rooq.
A'- 67 gu, gwin [going]. 72 uu. 73 aoo. 74 tw. 76 ttiwi. 82 wnns.
84 m6i{& m(iBR. 89 Mrnth. 92 noo, nood [knowedsknew]. 94 kroo.'
A': 102 aast [in infinitive also]. 104 rtiwi. 106 brAAd. — drar [I drove] j
111 AAt. 113 d)6Bl [the whole]. 116 w6Bm. 117 wan. 118 hivn. 120
vguu. 122 noon, noo. 123 nathtm. 124 stihm. 126 oont, wani. 129 guwt.
130 hM hini, 137 nvR [unemphatic].
[ 1571 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
140 THE EAST SOUTHERN. [D9, Vii.
M' 138 faadvR. 140 eeM. 143 tM t!al. 144 vgrn. 147 br«ni. 148
ikm. — Bmet [ant]. 149 blaxe. — hiiz*l [hazel]. 150 liistweez [leastwise],
M'. 154 back. — nead'nt [had not], haed, ©d [had]. 158 aBaetBH. 161 dfei.
164 mee. 166 meed. 169 wEn. — wope [wasp]. 171 baali. 172 gneaee.
173 WD8. 176 ffit. 177 daet. 179 wot.
M'- 187 leave, 182 wee. 190 key, 194 rat. 195 mBnt. JE': —
sprEd [it spread]. 209 nEWR. 211 gree. 213 edhvR. 214 nedhsR. —
miil [meal, food]. 218 ship. 220 shspBRd [the common word is (lukoR), the
other scarcely ever heard]. 222 h^R. 223 desR. 224 w6br wIbr. 229 brsth.
E- 232 brnk. 233 spiik. 234 knead. — tisd [tread]. 239 sIbI. 241
riin. 243 plee [occ. (pl&t) in the pause]. 244 waa waal. 245 mlBl. —
hiilm [bedclothes, i,e. covering]. 248 mare. 249 wIbr. — wiiz*l [weasel].
252 kst'l. 255 wBdhoR [never heard with a (d)]. £: — wsb [web]. 259
wedae. 260 lee [as a hen eggs], lee*tn [laying for lying]. 261 sat, sbz [says].
— fil [field]. 269 saaf. 271 taa, taal, tElin [teU, telling]. 276 thiqk. — lind
[end]. 281 Isnth. 282 strsnth. — nEstBnBstiz [nest nests]. — set [set]. —
E'. 290 ii. 293 wi. 300 kiip, ksp [kept]. 301 Iqr. F: 305 hi^h.
306 height. 312 tSR. 314 iBRd.
£A- 320 k^BR. £A: 322 lae»f . 323 Uut. 325 walk. 326 oold. 328
kuBld. 330 AAld. 331 sw6ald. 332 tiidld. 335 aaI. 337 tvall. 338 koal.
— solt. — biBRd. 340 jaRd. 342 arm. 343 WARm. — Ibrr [to earn].
346 giBt geet [first most frequent]. EA'- 347 eed. — aafBRZ [heifers] .
348 a'f. 349 few. EA': 350 deed. 355 deaf [not (dsth) as in e.Ss.J.
356 leaf. 357 doo. 359 neebBRwud [neighbourhood]. — hiip [heap]. 364
t|aep. — j/br [year]. 366 mit. 367 thrEt. 368 dEth.
£l- 372 [aye is not used, Dut is replaced by yes]. 373 dee. £1: 378 wiik.
380 dem, dBRsaa*vz [theirs themselves].
£0- 386 300. 387 nuu. £0: 390 shud. — doRk [darlc]. 397 s^Rd.
399 f9Rm [farm]. 402 loRn. 403 foR. 406 Ibr stopBR [fox earth-stopper].
407 faRd'n. £0'- — flii [flea]. — nii [knee]. — frii [free]. 411 thru.
412 shi. 416 dlBR. — tj^^^z [choose]. EO': 422 (sik) [usual word for
unwell, not used for vomited, which is called (brxAt ap)]. 430 n-tn [when used,
rarely]. 433 breast 435 JU. 436 tr^^. 437 triuth. EY- 431 da't.
£Y: 439 trast.
I- 440 wiik. 446 na'in. 449 git. I: 453 ktrik. 456 ef. 457 ua'it.
459 ra'tt. 463 til. 465 sitj. 466 tja'tl. 482 iz. 483 izsaaf [his = himself].
484 dis. 485 thistle. 487 JtstBRdee. — gra'ist [grist]. 488 got [got, paJrt
tense]. 489 it. T- 494 ta'im. 495 wa'tn. I': — diik [ditch, dyke].
500 la'ik lo'ikli [likely]. 506 tflUBn. 609 wa'il. 610 ma'in.
0- 619 oovBR. 522 ap^n. — suubr [snore]. 524 wald. 0: 525 aaI
[off]. 531 daatBRinlaa. 532 k6Bl. 541 woout. — ktt'olt [colt]. 643 on,
onset [onset, beginning], sen [for of as well as on]. 650 WdRd. 651 stARm. 652
kARn. — mARuin [morning].^ 654 krces. 0'- 559 madBR. 562 muun.
664 Sim. 666 BnaOBR [another]. 667 t)adhBR. 0': 571 g«d. — ruuf
[roofl. 679 Bna'M. 684 stfiBl. 586 duud^But [donH]. 587 dan. 688 nunn.
690 fl(/BR. 692 swwBR. 697 sat.
U- 604 samBR. 606 son. 606 d(iBR. U: 610 u\. 612 sam, safin
[something]. — tamb*l [tumble]. 613 draqkin [drunking, acting the drunken
man]. 616 gr^im. 618 w6imd [n. and p.p.] z^imdz [God's wounds]. 625 toq.
627 sandi. 629 stm. — antjmBn [huntsman]. 631 thazdi. 634 thru. 636
faudBR. U'- 641 6ii, ^w;evBR [however]. 643 n^. 650 h^ut. V: 663
h6u8. 666 azbBn. 667 ^ut.
Y- 674 did [emphatic]. 675 dra'i. 681 bizinis [in three syllables], 682
lit'l. Y: 692 jaqeest. 694 waRkin [working]. 696 oRk. 701 feast. 702
din [within], deut [without], Y- 706 wa'i, Y': 712 mils.
n. English,
A. 716 eed'l. 718 tr^«d. — t|©t [chat]. 737 miBt. 741 maze. —
swfei [swayj. 742 liBzi. E. 751 p^Rt [recovered from sickness].
I. and 1. — wip [whip]. 758 gsel. — wist [whisht, quiet], 0. 761
[ 1672 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 9, V ii, iii.] THE EAST SOUTHERN. 141
l»Bd. — djob [job]. 767 ndaiz, 774 pu^ani. 776 gudba't. — sp^Rt
^sportl. — hzTBR [technical word in hopping, shaking up the measure to make
it look larger]. 721 bo'i. U. 796 bl^. 798 ku^iBR. — 9Ri [hurry],
— rMsht [to rush, like 105 (aast), the past tense made an infinitive].
m. ROMAKCE.
A" 810 f^Bs. —tr^ [trace, track]. 812 tB 16b8 [to lace, beat, drub].
— kBtit [catched, for caught]. — p^sl piBl [pail]. — pee [pay]. 824 t^eBR.
— f^Bl [fail]. — tjiin, tjeen [chain]. — eBR [air]. 833 peBR. 835 niz'n.
— peal [palel. 843 brseaent} [not used]. — meend|BR. 849 streBud^eR
fcommon wora]. 851 sessnt. — mantpnt [merchant]. — msBRt [marry].
857 k^ [often used]. — poeses [pass]. 862 s^.
£•• 867 tii. — riil[real]. — krttBR [creature]. 870 bMvtifMl. 874 riinz
[reins]. — skiim [scheme, very common]. — plsntt [plenty]. — WEutBRSBm
venturesome]. 885 weri [not much used, supplanted by (teRb'l) terrible].
— anb [herb]. — klank [clerk]. — taRb*l [terrible]. — msesiful [merciful].
— kBUsaRn [concern]. — fanm [firm]. 888 saRttn. — rEZBlut [courageous].
— disBbtl [dishabille, used commonly for any confusion or litter]. 890 biist.
891 feast, l- and Y- 910 djTtstiz [joists].
0 •• 919 z'intmBnt. — d^'tn [loinJT 925 wo'is. — k6tmt [account].
930 la'in. — 8t(iBR [store]. 938 kAARnBR. 939 Uobs. — roBst [roast J.
940 ktr6Bt. 941 fuul fwlish [foolish]. — traVl [trouble]. 942 batjBR. 947
ba'fl. 950 sapBR. 955 dewt. U- 965 a'il. 969 shCiBR. — hoRt
[hurt]. 970 diest.
Usages f eeni b^nt. (hi) falls much into (1b), thou never used.
Vab. iii. East Kent Fohm.
The Isle of Thanet has had its dialect nearly obliterated. Mr.
Basil Hodges, of Vincent, Margate, to whom I was recommended
as likely to know, said that d for th was unknown, though he had
heard it from an old man who came from another part of the
county. But (miis) mice shewed a remnant of dialect as well as
icealf wiold, ile^ bile, I adopt his spelling, for veal, violet, oil, boil.
Miss Peckhfun, a student of Whitelands, who had been at a school
at St. Kicholas, Margate, did not know d for thy or to for r, nor
recognise (k), and found the h omitted only by old people and not
so often wrongly inserted. Her r followed London use, even to its
euphonic insertion. But she used (o'») for long f, except in (liis,
miis) for lice, mice. U' gave (ew), and 0' had (iu) in (spfun, aattmCun,
bfuts) spoon, afternoon, boots, to which (tiu) two was assimilated,
being confused with (too). Such words as I could get from her
are in the e.Ke. cwl. Eev. R. Drake of Stourmouth Rectory, just
w. of the river which bounds the Isle of Thanet, says he has never
met with so little dialect. He admits w for v and finds it so general
that *' children taught to speak correctly are laughed at by their
elders." Though he had been 38 years in the locality, the only
dialectal words he could remember were (diik) for dyke, and (waeps)
for wasp. He had not heard fare half a dozen times, and never / he.
He notices afn^== isn't, and leasee gleajif and the common use of
terrible =^ very, Mr. Toomer sent me a Iw. for e.Ke. and Thanet,
which are inserted in the e.Ke. cwl. p. 144. We may pretty well
omit ne.Ke. from dialectal regions, though there is still just enough
left to shew that it once resembled the rest of Ke.
[ 1673 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
142 THE EAST SOUTHERN. [D 9, V iii.
The next region of e.Ke. consists of the Highlands east of Canter-
bury, of which the following dt. gives a good idea. The words are
added to the e.Ke. cwl. p. 144.
"WmoHAM dt.
6 e. Canterbury, representiDfi; the Highlands of e.Ke., Adisham (6 se.Canterbiur),
Nonington (7 seXantX Chittenden (8 se.C), Womenswold (7 se.-by-s.Cf.),
Sibertswold (9 se.C), Goodneeton (7 e.-b7-8.C.),and Kearsney (3 nw.DoTer)
by Rev. F. W. Rogg, who when it was written was vicar of Katling with
Wingham, and became subsequently vicar of Marsworth, Tring, pal. by AJ£.
from indications and answers to questions.
1. %6ou bi sdi, meBts, j6u sii neu dnt di aaR Bott beut dffit lid'l
[Itlh] gSBl kam«n from dB skuBl JEndcB.
2. shii)z g(5o*m detm dB r&^ devB, thru dv rEd g^ot on dv Isft
8Bnd sotd «v d« w&i.
8. shuBR naf dv gsel «z go'^n stratt ap tv d« doBB by da roq h6tis.
4. wiBB shi b1 bi 16»k to foi'nd dset dreaqk^n dsf srivBld fslv
Bv dB neBm bt :tomBS.
5. wi aal ndou tm webi wbI.
6. wdBnt dB oo\ t|8ep s{un laBn bb not \ku deti it Bgin, puBB thiq !
7. lMk)i tVn It tr(u?
NoUa,
1. /, <* somewhat resembling (a't) 6. to do^ written tSd^ tPNiS, which
and differing from (&t))'* ^^^ points to might have been meant for (tlu dm), as
(6i) or {^i). I have selected (6t) I eot Uu> from Denton ^7 nw. Dover),
because of toe Faversham {oi'i), — are^ and hence within the distnct, from Rev.
** the r is full, a good burr, ana has its C. J. Hussey, who says, ** In the hymns
usual effect on the a,'* this points to the Uw for to stiikes my ear, I nave
the (k|, lost in Thanet but retained in noticed it more in singing than in speak -
these highlands. I are, rhyming to pi?-** But Mr. Ragg says, **TheMd
Jire (6ttm, f6t9R), is the regular form, / is like a very short ou in yo», abowt,
am is sometimes used, / be very seldom hor/se,*' and that is explained to be the
if ever. — **liddie almost U*l with a ^ and u' in the Welsh BHtuv, and hence
rough breathing before the /," which I (M or (e'u). But I believe the sound
interpret (lid*l, lilh), though the latter aegfenerates into some variety of (y, p),
is very strange, still I have /ii!f/t^ given see Faversham, and may nave been
me by others.— yofkilfr, '* I am not quite originally merely (a'u), which is apt to
sure of vends, whether the r is sounded generate all these sounds,
at all, but the i has the modification
which the r would give it as nearly as
possible."
FOLKESTOVE.
The Folkestone fishermen are credited with a dialect of their own.
So far as pron. is concerned, that is not the case. Mr. R Stead, to
whom I am otherwise much indebted, being master of the Folkestone
Grammar School in 1880, I asked his assistance. The will of the
founder of the school provides for the instruction of sons of poor
fishermen, and there are generally six or eight boys there from the
houses of genuine working fishermen ; and these boys are said to
speak the dialect as well as their fathers. By observations on
these boys Mr. Stead wrote me the following dt. in Glossic, and
[ 1674 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 9, V iii.] THB EAST SOUTHERN. 143
supplemented it by several observations. Mr. Eynmore says :
" The fishermen of Folkestone, I understand, are persistent in the
transposition of v for tr, and are called old Vills. They talk quick
about vat for what, voU, vant, valk, etc , etc.*' Mr. Stead says :
'* I can't hear that anybody knows the fishermen by the name of
' old Yills.' I have to-day been listening to the pronunciation of
two or three new fisherboys we have, and I can't hear anything
but was, we, were, wat=what, etc." But in P.S. he adds, ** I
have just had communication with a man well acquainted with the
town. He tells me that ' Folkestone fishermen are almost uni-
versally credited with the use of v for w?,' but he thinks they don't
' do it so often as is made out.' Nevertheless, he says vou will no
doubt * now and then hear riting (« whiting), Fellard (— Wellard,
a local tobacconist), etc.' Hence, while v for to may occasionally
occur, it must be rare at least at present, and must be considered
still to want satisfactory proof. On the other hand, w for v is the
rule, or, as Mr. Stead says, " very largely if not universally used
by the fisherfolk m Folkestone, as in w^essel, Notrember, Westa (=
Vesta, name of a fishing-boat), tralue, etc."
On the other hand, d for th does not seem to be heard among
them, but the reverted (k) was distinctly recognised, although it is not
unfrequently omitted to his ears. Not having heard these speakers
myself, I do not venture to write (r) initial or to assimilate (t d n)
to (b) as (t D n). But I feel tolerably sure that all are used,
especially as (l) is particularly recognised. Mr. Stead says he never
heard the final reverted (l) so decidedly as among these speakers.
" Thus, Bill is (bto), or often (be^L), help=(eLp), etc." He finds,
also, the long 0' and its cognates have developed not merely into
(lu), but (yy), or an approximation to it, and writes (jy, skyyl,
thryy, shyyBB, ty, syyn, dyy, lyk, tryy), for you, school, through,
sure, to, soon, do, look, true. Most probably the (yy) is not fully
reached, and, as remarked under Faversham, the real sound may be
((s'u). The long V he finds most like (6«), as at Wingham, and
the long XT' is (ew).
FOLEESTONS FlSHEBH^ dt.
written in Glossic by E. Stead, Esq., pal. by AJE.
1. b6ou 6i sat, md^tts, jy sii n^ dhtst 6t)m rott vibeut dhet Itt'L
gjaEL, komin from dhB skyyL jandBB.
2. shii)z gdou'tn d6tm dhs rdoud dhero thryy dhB red giHt an
dhB left end sotd ov dhv weU*.
3. shy/BB eno"f dhB tjoiLD [tjoou)] bz gAJ^a strait op ty dhB
ddouvR ov dhB raq [raq] eus.
4. weiB shi wibl l^aans ty foind [shi'L preps kam Bkraa's] dhet
droqkBn def skmi l^ep ov dhB na*«m ov :t^Bs [:tamBs].
5. wi AAL ndou »m weu** weBL.
6. wootmt dhB oold t^ep syyn tiii^ be nat ty dyy it Bgain, puuB
th*q!
7. lyk! iz'ntfttryy?
[ 1676 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
144 THE EAST SOUTHERN. [D9, Viii.
Notet.
2. <A^<?, as well as tfA^tf, /air, ^ar«, 4. $he*ll perhapi come aerou, is
ivear^ have the ^phthong (^v), as prohably the phi^ that would be
(dh6iB, weiB, feic, pei», w6»b). used.
The following cwl. collects the e.Ke. words. The S. dial, has
here decayed, as much as possible, and has received strictly E.
elements, which entirely extinguish the S. as we proceed n. The
ES. group is therefore a transition between S. and E., but different
from D 7.
East Kent cwl.
F Folkestone fishermen's dialect, from Mr. Stead, p. 142.
N St. Nicholas, Margate, from Miss Peckham, p. 141.
T Iw. sent by Mr. Toomer for in and about Isle of Thanct, known by him to haTO
been used in e.Ko. Although a young man in 1871, he had noticed many
changes in his time. Conj. pal. by AJE. from io. He apparently uses r as
in London ar or wr = (aa aa aa), for he writes dora [dxAg] for doff.
W Windham, the words from Rev. F. W. Ragg's e.Ke. Highlands, p. 142.
Rec. spelling and italics denote rec. pron.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 4* N tee [very long, approaching (t^)]. 12 N saab fwith euphonic r
before a vowel]. 20 N fe^m. 21 W n^Bm, F n&'tm. 23 N s^wn. 24 N
shmn. 29 W aaR «r. 33 N reedhs [occl. 36 N thaw [with inserted
euphonic r]. A: 42 end. 43 W aend. 66 T ishez. A: or 0: 68 WF
from. 64 W roq, F raq raq. A'- 67 W gdo'in, N [rec. pr.], F goou'tn.
69 N no. 73 WF b6ou, N so. 74 N tin. 76 N t6Bd. 84 N mdro
[more than]. 86 N 6Bte. 92 F noou. 94 W n6ou. A': 101 N oak. 104
r6Bd, F Tooud. 110 W not, F nat. 121 W go'ra, F gAAU.
M' 140 N [140-147 rec. pron.]. 142 T snEg. 144 W sgt-n, FBg&rn. 163
N SEtBdt. — T ^tdi [prettyj. M: — T weeps wops fwasp]. 174 T ish.
177 W dBt [unemphatic], dact [emphatic]. JE'- 183 F tiiti. 190 N key.
JE': 218 T ship. 223 W decR, F dheiB, N there. 224 W wIbr, T w^b.
E- 231 W dB [wcBk]. 233 N speak. 236 N weave. 236 N fever. 261
N twat. 262 N kit'l. E: 261 WF sfii. 262 WF w&t [in pause {wii)].
266 WF str&it. 266 W weI, F w^l. 272 T BlBm. 278 « [never heard].
— T iinz [ends]. — T mEsh [marsh]. E'- 293 F wi. 297 W fslB.
E': 314 N iBBd.
EA- 319 If ffape. EA: 323 "S fought. 324 1^ eight. 326 Wool, N
ood, F oold. 330 T 6wt\, N ood. 336 W aal, F aal. 346 T g^Bt, N gate,
F gk'it. EA': 362 WF rsd. 366 WF dsf. 364 W tjaep, F tjep. 371 T
straa. EI: 378 N weak.
EO: 388 T mElk: 394 W jandBR [P final (r) absent], F jandBR. 402 W
aRu. EO'- 412 WF shii. — T klaivB [cleaver]. 413 N dtv'l. EO': 428
WF sii. 435 W jdi#, F jv. 436 W triu, F tryy. EY- 438 N die.
I- 442 N o'ivi. 446 N no'in. — T shiiBZ [shires, applied to the Midland
counties]. I: 462 T 6t [see note to dt.], F 6t. 469 WF r6it, N ro'tt. 462
N so'it. 466 N sitj. 466 F tioiLD tjaaLD. 469 wIbl. 477 WF f6tnd, N
fo'ind. 479 N wo'in. 480 WF thtq. I'- 490 N bo'i. 492 WF »6td.
1': — T duk da'ik [ditch]. 600 W 16ik. 607 N wmBU [old people].
0- 622 N ap'n. 0: 626 F ov. 641 W woBut, F w6oMnt. 643 W on.
T faak [forkj. — T os [horse]. 654 Bkraa's [across]. — T poBst pi^Bstez
oflt posts]. 0'- 666 W tcM, F ty. 658 W Iwk, F lyk. 660 W skfiBl,
' skyyL. 664 W siun, F syyn. 0': 679 W naf, F Bnof. 686 W d6«, F
dyy. 689 N splun. 694 N bluts. 697 TN sat.
K
[ 1676 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 9, 10.] THE EAST AND WEST SOUTHERN. 145
U- 603 W kamin, F komin. 606 W d6i», F d6ou9R, TJ: 632 W ap,
F op. 634 W thru, F thryy. U'- 640 N k6f#. 643 WF n^M. 660 WF
heut. V: 658 WF d^«n. 663 W h^ua, F 6us.
Y- 682 W lid'l lilh, F l»t'L. Y: 700 T was wass [worser], N was.
701 TNfast. Y': 711 N liis. 712 N miis.
n. Enoush.
A. 722 T driin. — preps [perhaps]. 737 T mMa, F mkUta, E. 749
WF lEft. I. and Y. 758 W gsel, F giaRL. 760 W srivBld. 0. 770
W :tomTO, F itamva itamBS. U. 804 W draaqkBn, F droqkBn. 808 T pat.
in. Romance.
A.. 841 Ftiaans. — T kaa [carry, or (k&c) ?]. 864 T kaz. 866 W
paBR, F p(iUB, N p6oB. E- 867 if tea. 885 TWFwBri. — T toob'l
[terrible]. 0 •• 916 T iqBn. — T f »dj [foree]. V- 965 T o'lt. 969
W shCieR, F shyy'BR, T siuBla'i- [surely]. — T haat [hurt],
T usoffe^y he didn't (hadnH shouldnH) ought, Miss for Mrs. — ^N usa^e, I are.
D 10, 11, 12 form the W8. or west Southern Group.
Boundaries. The e. b. is the w. b. of MS. and the other boundaries
are formed by the Eristol and English Channels.
Area, The w. portion of Sm., all but the extreme sw. of Dv., all Co.
and the Scilly Isles. This represents comparatively recent, and in
w.Co. very recent, overrunning of a Celtic language (Cornish or
West Welsh) by English. In D 12, w.Co. and Scilly, a true
dialect has apparently never been formed.
Character, Besides the general S. character with the (k) very
strongly developed in the e. but gradually weakening on going w.
(till in D 12 the received r is perhaps quite established), there is
also the striking change of 0' into (yyi), closely resembling Fr. (y),
which sharply limits this group towards the e.
D 10 = n.W8. = northern West Southern.
Boundary. Taken from Mr. Elworthy^s informatioii. The n. b. is the n. coAst
of Sm., w. of e.Quantockshead (14 nnw.Taunton). The w. and s. b. begins at
Comtisbury (14 ene.llfracombe Dt. and 2 e.Linton Dv.), and proceeds nearly s.
along an affluent of the liynn R., to Exe Head Hill, Sm., where the affluent rises
(14 ese.llfracombej. Then passing the head of the Barle R. proceeds to Span
Head on the b. ot Sm. (14 se.Ilfracombe), then se. to North Molton Ridge (14
e. Barnstaple), and still se. over Molland Down, Anstey*s Barrow and Anstey's
Hill (all on the watershed at the b. of Sm.), and then turning s. along the high
¥ round to just s. of Tiverton (where it crosses the Exe), of Collumpton (6 ese.
iverton, and of Keutisbeare (7 ese. Tiverton), and then turning ne. to join the w.
b. of D 4 about Otterford (7 s.Taunton), after which the e. b. is identical with
the w. b. of D 4 from n. to the sea.
Area. The w. of Sm. with a small portion of ne.Dv.
Authorities. See County List under the following names, where * means w.
per AJE., || systematic, " m io.
Sm. •Bishop's Hull, °Milverton, Taunton, ♦Wellington.
Dv. ||*Morebath.
B.B. Pron. Part Y. [ 1577 ] 101
Digitized by LjOOQIC
146 THB WEST SOUTHERN. [D 10.
CharacterB. k^{^). A: (©, a^. A'-, A': (Ab, cfe). AEG. (d»).
M' (ee) and variouB. EG (&t). E (e). EL (al). I: often (9M.
Vii'i), O'(yy„..0. U(a,A). XJ'(E'w).
Of these the most important are the diphthongs for I', XT'. They
are both quite different from those of D 4. Mr. Elworthy originally
appeared to me to make two forms {i\ q'%) for I', but on the last
examination I did not find the separation certain, and the question
was which of the two I should adopt. With some hesitation
I selected (dH"), which is transitional to (d*), the Dv. form. This
was, however, kept distinct from (at), in which the first element
was decidedly longer and lower than in (dH). The (e'w) form of
XJ' was very marked, but did not fall into (»'«) as in Nf. It is
quite distinct from the Dv. (ao'yi), so that it forms another mark of
separation between D 10 and D 11.
The vowels (e^ yyi, p^i) sharply distinguish the dialect from D 4.
They are very difficult even to appreciate. The (9*) may be
considered as (a) raised towards (i), or (i) degraded towards (9).
Strangers may be content with considering it as (i). Before (1) it
seems to be absorbed by the murmur, so that (mo^lk, S9^1k) differ
little from (m'lk, s*lk). Dr. Murray (Elworthy, Gram. West Sm.
p. 113) considers the last to be the exact sound. When I so pro-
nounced the words, Mr. E. said I was wrong. Neither was the
word (malk). I had imagined that perhaps (m'lk) might be right,
but Mr. E. says he uses (J) with the tip of the tongue thoroughly
against the teeth. I must consider that the correct analysis of this
vowel sound has not been reached. It is strangely idBFected by
adjacent consonants. In listening in 1885 to the list of 30 words in
Mr. Elworthy's Dialect of West Sm., p. 58, which I had drawn up
in 1875, I found the same separation into three parts, resembling
(•*, 9, u), in all of which Mr. Elworthy and natives reckon only one
vowel, except in milk, 8tlk, where they seem to recognise no vowel
at all besides the vowel L The sound occurs chiefly for EO, I.
The vowels (yyi yi, p^i 0i) are quite as difficult to utter, but
easier to recognise. They are usually both called ** French u,"
but they decidedly reminded me of (y, 0) or Fr. pu, peUy from which,
however, they were clearly distinct, and apparently * lowered.* To
say (tyyi b^^its) two boots, is a most difficult problem to a stranger,
and one he is not very likely to solve.
Judging from JGG.'s experience at Chippenham, Wl., p. 51, I
anticipated finding the whole series (t n n l e «h sdi i^ nj) in this
region also. So far as Mr. Elworthy' s pronunciation is concerned,
this was not the case, as (b) was clear, even when initial, but the
other sounds seem to occur only when adjacent to (r), as (zedj)
ridge. When there was merely the separation of two words, as
(br doM) she did, the (r) does not seem to affect the following
letter. When (d) comes before (r), the most natural thing is to say
(dr-) ; but Mr. E. says he feels the tip of the tongue slide along the
palate from the (d) to the (r) position. On going through the
points touched by the palate for (r t d n 1) in his pronunciation,
(r) was fully reverted and the under part of the tip touched the
[ 1678 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 10.] THE WEST SOUTHERN. 147
highest part of the palate, for (t, d) the contact lay hetween that
and the gums, hut nearer to the former, for (n) the contact was on
the gums, and for (1) on the teeth. This makes the series (b, t d,
^n, 1). Now Mr. E.'s pronunciation seems to he perfect, and he is
Waily a native, hut it is difficult to helieve that the peasant himself
makes these elaborate distinctions. The sounds uttered hy Mr. £.
appeared to me to he the same as I produced hy using reverted
(r, t d, n, l). In particular with (l) I could not in the least
produce his effects, hut with (l) I seemed to reach them. I have
thought it prudent, however, to retain (t d, n 1) with their usual
coronal values, except when they were acknowledged to become
(t n K l) on account of the adjacency of (b). It must be remembered
that the distinction (t t, d d; is very slight, and the generation of
the peculiar English (t, d) as distinct from the foreign ( t d) was
probably entirely due to converting reverted (b) into retracted (r^),
a confusion even now going on. But the existence of alveolar (n)
and purely dental ( 1) seems an entire anomaly in England, let
it was not new at Mr. Elworthy's last interview with me on 4 Nov.
1885, for I find the same thing noted from him on 22 Nov. 1880,
thus m filth (foUth) the (1) and (th) were noted as having precisely
the same position. Another peculiarity of Mr. E.'s pronunciation
was the word potatoes^ which Mr. E. considered he pronounced
(tsra'Bdiz), whereas Dr. Murray, Mr. Sweet, and mysefl heard an
(r) in place of (d), to my ears the word was (te«riz). As to /, Dr.
Murray (in Mr. E.'s Gram, of W. Sm., p. 112) says, "/is also often
guttural^ and this is the apparent peculiarity of" such words as
bull, puU, full, school, wool, tool, stool, and written (l»,l, ppil,
v^il, slwil, pj, t^|l, st^il), etc. On asking Dr. M. in 1885 what
he had meant by "guttural /," properly (/), he was unable to
remember, and thought that possibly guttural should have been
retracted^ which is more likely.
In 1875 I had drawn up the lists of vowels with examples in Mr.
Elworthy's Dial, of W. Sm. from his dictation. Not to be swayed
by these, I extracted a large number of them, and made them into
the following cwl., and then Mr. E. was kind enough to pronounce
every word to me afresh. My impressions were slightly different,
but almost the same. This list which follows gives the full
characteristics of the dial, to the best of my powers of observation.
The sounds (yi 9i o*) were distinctly recognised, as different from
{j9 a), although I failed in imitating and cannot analyse them.
The (t d n 1) are left as in rs., because, as already stated, I cannot
either adopt Mr. E.'s distinctions, or make them always reverted.
This is followed by the cs. and some examples from the grammar,
while the translation of the first chap, of Ruth will be given with the
L. and Ch. versions in the Introduction to L., as it was especially
written for this contrast. All of these were revised from diet, in Nov.
1885. Mr. Elworthy's papers already cited have been supplemented
by his elaborate Glossary^ pp. 924, full of interesting matter. His
power of imitating peasant speech is most remarkable. His kindness
and patience in giving me information are gratefully acknowledged.
[ 1679 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
148 THE WEST SOUTHERN. [D 10.
West Somerset cs.
pal. by AJE. from diet, of F. T. Elworthy, Esq., Foxdown, Wellington, Sm.,
revised from diet. 27 Oct. and 4 Not. 1885, with a Blavishly literal inter-
linear translation.
0. e'w t)eez iii)8 idjaen aa)n BgAA'flt noo dE'wtiiiz Wik.
how it)i8 even)a8 John ha8)not got no doubtings like.
1. wal, faaRmBR :aETpt, dH*tal)e aat t)eez. ryji vn ii, buBdh o)i,
wel, farmer Richard, I tell) thee what it)is. You and he, both of )ye,
mid laafi bE*wt dhiBzh)j«R stdavn « ma^in. yyi d^ kiBR vbr dhaH ?
may laugh-y about this)here story of mine, who does care for that?
t)Ed)'ii no Adz nadhBE wAn wee ncE t)adhBR.
it)i8]not no odds neither one way nor that)other.
2. dhaR td)'n vaRi mani m^m dhvt dt? d6}i rBRk^-z dh^ bi wlaa'ft o,
there i8)not very many men that do die for-cause they be laughed of,
wii dyi noo dha^t doo)n) is? wAAt a^z) br vaR tB m^k)OTn dyyi)Bt ?
we do know that do)not us ? what is) there for to make) them do it ?
t)Ed)'n vERi Wik a*z a^t ?
it)i8)not very like, is it?
3. E'wsamda^viSR dha^8h)jar)z dhB daps o)dhB kics, zoo dhii djts
howsoever this)here)is the daps [turns] of )the case, so thee just
gta^p dhii Rat*l, (k\ fal^R, Bn bd^d st(«l g«n d*i)v Bfa^ntsh.
stop thy rattle, old fellow, and abide still against I) have finished.
iiE*w aRk, W84)i?
Now hark, will)thee P
4. d*i bi saaRtm sh^BR d4 jaRD) Bm zee — zam « dh^^ dhaR voks
I be certain sure I heard)them say — some of they there folks
wAt w^^t Re'ft voBR dRyji tt aa'bI vRBm dhi vaRi fas dh«R)oon
what went right fore through it all, from the very first their)own
zalz, dha*t d*t dsd, saaf ana-f,
selves, that I did, safe enough.
5. t/u dha^t dhi Jaqg:i8 zo^n a*za-l, b gaRT bOoi B)nd*m jfBR ool,
how that the youngest son bis-self, a great boy of )nine year old,
jiood dhB vA'fs B dhB faadhBR o)Bn tBRaekli vbr aa'bI t)wBZ sb
knowed the voice of the father ot)him directly, for all it) was so
kwivu Bn skirt'ki Wtk, Bn 6}i)d waarn -ii vaR tB speek tRyyi
queer and squeaky like, and I) would warrant *he for to speak true
o*ni dec B)dhB wtk, iis, Bn 'dha^t 6}i wa*d.
any day of) the week, yes, and that I would.
[ 1680 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 10.] THE WEST SOUTHERN. 149
6. Bn dli)ool;d)amtm BBzal, sib b1 tal a^ni o)i dhaH bii «laaf in nE*«,
and the)old) woman herself, her will tell any of)ye that be a-laughing now,
iis, wa. tal)i BEVt Bn in, ©dhE'ut noo hodnR&SBshxm, n)if i)'l ani
yes, and tell)ye right on end, without no botheration, and)if ye)will only
aks (?)bk, 00 ai, 0(?)n)«r? dha*t)8 aa'tjI.
ask of )her, oh, aye, wo)nH)her P thatjis all.
7. BE t(H)l mi o^Bt 9*mWw, hAn dt ak8t)o)BK, tyji tje dBii td*i*mz
her told me oi)it any) now, when I a8ked)of )her, two or three times
dvBE, BE dEd, Bn 'aE dBd)'ii AAt vbe tB bi E'ttt pan djo^tj b dhtq
over, her did, and *her did) not ought for to be out upon such a thiug
BZ dh{Bzh)ja[E, wAAt)8 dhii dhtqk o)vt ?
as this)here, what)dost thee think of)itF
8. wal, in)8 d'i wbz Btalin o)i, aE)d l8Dt)i noo e^u vn
well, eyen)a8 I was a-telling of )thee, her)would let)thee know how ami
w^BE Bn w^<m BE vE*wn dhtki daaqkin t^Bd wAAt be dy,
where and when her found that dnmken toad what her do
kAAl [kJAAl] BE meBn.
call her man [husband].
9. BE ztrcBED BE zidVn wee be oon dUz Blaid aaHsI BstEatjt ifut
her sweared her seeM)him with her own eyes laid all stretched out
tyi Bz vpil Isqkth pBn tap B)dliB gTE'tmd wee)d^z gp^id zo^ndi
to his full length upon top of)the ground with)hi8 good Sunday
kiiBt on, djo^s Ap Bgi n o)dhB d^BE o)dhB e'uz, diftm dhau
coat on, just up against the door of)the house, down there
tB)dlie kAAndBE o dhiki dh^BE l^n.
to)the comer of that there lane.
10. dhaE B WAAZ Bwd^tnin Bwee, be zes, dje^s dhB vaEi 6eBm)zs
there he was a-whining away, her says, just the very same)as
tluAf B WBZ B tifBl Bt^ikt bag'Bd, BE B lid'l maid azA'Bt Ap
though he was a child tooked bad, or a little maid set up
in B JEt.
in a heat.
11. Bn dha^t dbaE apt dhB yeeI seBm Wim)z aE be be daaETBELAA
and that there happed the very same time)as her and her daughter-in-law
WBZ BkAmin in dayyi dhB bak k&auT [ki^BSx] aadBE dhf<?)d
was a-coming in through the back court after they)had
Bbin B;8eqin dhB wEt klrJBZ veE tB dEE'wi, pan a wAAEsbin dee.
been a-hanging the wet clothes for to dry-y, upon a washing-day.
[ 1581 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
150 THE WEST SOUTHERN. [D 10.
12. B&em Wim dhtj ka^t'l wt?z b biiotlin pan dko vd^'uE vbe tee,
some time the kettle was a boiling upon the fire for tea,
WAn fa^in bn^^ft zamBS aaDHRNMiii on* n wtk vgAU kAm
one fine bright summer afternoon only a week ago come
nEks dhazdi.
next Thursday.
13. Bn, da^z dhi noo? iH ne^vBE laaRN, WAn diaes'I biit mdoBE)N
and, dost thee know ? I never learned one morsel bit more)than
dli«sh)jaK kBnsa-snin dha*t dh^BE ba*zni8 taU 9*z in<feBNin, zoo
this) here concerning that there business till this morning, so
8hunR)z md4 neBTn)z :dja>n rsho'pBR, bii wAt)s m^BE, iH d6o)mi
8ure)as my name)is John Shepherd, and what*s more, I do)not
WAnt tyi nadhBB, dheBH de^m!
want to neither, there now !
14. BE zoo B.H bii gu^^n dBm vbe tB ee'B mi sapBE rt)ae)mi)sapBE].
and so I be going home for to have my supper [to)have)my)supperJ.
g^id nd'it)i, BE doo)n)i bii zo kM?tk, mdH'n, vbe tB 1lb6o dvBH
good night)to)thee, and do)not)thee be so quick, mind, for to crow over
a^ni bAdi BgfBn, hAn Eni hkdi de tAAki o dhiBz be dhtki be
any body again, when any body do talk-y of this or that or
tkdhBE dhtq.
tnat) other thing.
15. e€ mas bi b aav^il Mbe vbe tB pE^ti BdbE^w t E^'im be E^^z'n.
he must be a half -fool fellow for to prate-y without rhyme or reason.
Bn dhtsh)jar)z ma't las waED. g;^id bud*i)t)i.
and this)here)is my last word, good bye)to)thee.
The three specimens which follow are borrowed from Mr. El-
worthy's Grammar of the Dialect of West Somersetshire, 1877, pp.
96 and 99, where they are presented in glossic. They have been
pal. by AJE. and, as before stated, revised with Mr. E. In the
translation letters and words in Italics are either supplementary or
explanatory, and the translation itself as before is slavishly literal.
[ 1682 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
DIO.]
THB WEST SOUTHERN.
151
Specimens.
A genniiie yam taken down by Mr. Elworthy from a peasant's
dictation.
:1a4rd ipAApvm.
1. d}i sp^BZ Jyi)v BJSBD bfi'tid
dhB gaKT ook'n tiui Ap tB :walitBn
:paRk :pjd, WAt dh^ JyyiZ tb zee
:la.*brd ipAApBm wbz Bka'nd^ED
intyi?
2. weI, ddo)Bn i zii, Ap dh^R,
jyi nooy ZBR, dhBR)z b gasT dip
bA'dBm g9^|Z dE'ttn zb dip)s
dhB tduBR, mkin stiBB Wik
in)s ma^d zee, 8eBm)z dliB
zi^id gw«^ Ap dv*E :walitBn :fBL,
Bn dhiBzb)jaR ook^v tnii, ii waz
B taH'ab'l gaET xnii sbdoBB nEf, i
WAZ, Bn i gp2(5BD in dbB za*fd o bn,
BN dhtki pleBs ez BkAAL cwaUskBm
bAAdsm.
3. jyi md'in dhB puBR ool
:tAm laalwe^, dcJo)Bn i, zbr ?
dhat)8 dhB ool :tAm :aalw^fz
faa'dhBB, jb noo, zBr, alp DRo<Mi)Bu,
Bn ween dh^ DK(>od)Bn, nrf i
dBd)'n taKN neet tap)'m t&iBl —
iis 8h(5«.B&, Bn dhB eed o bn
WBZ rM dE'tm BndBr, Bn dheBR
i ba*«i.
4. Bn dh^^ waz aaI o)'m bIibrd
VBR TB g^i BniBs)'n, Bn d\\ee
zBd e'u in)8 B WBZ Bkand^'Rd
noo'bAdi k*id)Bn na*vBR dRag)Bn
j^ut ; Bn dheBR i baH'd.
5. Bn tB laas, d*f w^^t Ap,
kaz dh^ zRd dhB A'8ez)Bd shoouR
tB bi BkfBld, v^ee teen AAks'n,
BN dU' itjt Bm Ap tji Bn, Bn dhB
baliks p^ild)an i/wt, Bn DR3g)Bn
intB dhB ceqin kloz.
6. Bn a*t na^vBR zid n6oBBT
Bn dhw WBZ aaI o)Bm BWA'/tin
Bn Bbikin in)8 d*» sha^d Bba**n
k(Bld, Bn kAAlin o mi b f/iBl vBr
tB g^i, bBd a^f na^vBR zid ndoBRT,
nit-noobAdi t)AAl.
Lord Popham.
1. I suppose you've a-heard obout
the great oaken tree up to Wellington
Park /Food, wAat they U8erf to say
Lord Popham was a-conjured
into?
2. Well, don'^ ye see, up there,
you know, sir, there's a great deep
bottom =r«r«n^ goes down so deep)aa
the tower, main steer =«<«y> bke,
even)as one may say, the samejas the
side going up over Wellington if ill,
an<f this) A ere oaken tree, he was
a terrible great tree sure raough, he
was, an// he growed in the side of Aim
= the ravine^ and this place is a-calleJ
Wilscombe bottom.
3. You mmd-^remetnher the poor
— deceased old Tom Alway, don'< ye,
sirP that's the old Tom Alway*s
father, you know, sir, he help<></
to throw -fell Aim = the tree, anrf
wAen they throwed-Aim, ant^-if Ae
did'n/ turn right top-on - tail =A^a</
over heels — yes sure, anrf the Aead of
Aim was right down under, and there
Ae hided= remained.
4. And they was all of-them a-
feared for to go a-nighe«<-Aim, anrf
they said Aow e'en-as Ae was a-
conjured nobody could' n/ never drag-
Aim out ; Aud tnere Ae hided.
6. And to sat las/, I went up,
^ause they said the Aorscs)Mo«/d
Biu-e to be a-killed, wi/A ten oxen,
and I Aitched them up to Aim = the
tree, and the bullocks pulled-Aim out,
and dragged- Aim into the Aauging
close.
6. Anrf I never seed = saw noughRt,
and they was all of- them a- waiting
an</a-looking even as I should a-been
a-killed, and calling o/me a fool for
to go, but I never seed —saw noughKt,
nw-yet nobody-at-all.
[ 1683 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
152
THE WEST SOUTHERN.
7. Tin jji n6<mz :wal-it'n :paBk
•e'uz, ddonn i, zbr ? a^i md^in h^n
iU Jyyiz te liv dhas, ApBm dhB
gjaRct, dliuR WBZ B pleBS dheBE
dhoo la*ik n oov'm la^ik.
8. Bn aU* zid zBm b^jks w^^
w^din in)Bm in Bn, Bn dh^^ zEd
dhat WBz :1a bed :pAA*pBmz b^iks
Bn dhee zEd e'w b meBn w^mt
Ap Bn ZAAt BstRaU'd pBn dhB HPi?if
wee B ba4*b*l, in)8 'ii m9'd)*n
kaaE)'n bw^^*.
9. iis ! Bn t)eez b laR-Bb*! ool
e'm-z)be, bBd iH na^vBR dEd)n zii
noobAdi dheBE noo wa'8)'n mizal,
in)s mo*d zee.
10. E'ttSBma'vBE dH")v bjs'ed
Bm zee e'm dhB Baa'EVBn tjAp wbz
gween vbe tb Iset E'wt dho ak-ni
aadBR)z meB8tBR)d Bkamd Am
vEBm maRkBt, Bn dhBE wbz b meBn
BsUid in dha giBt w^, Bn i kpd)'n
oop'm)Bn.
11. Bn hAn dhee t^ik)Bn tB
dyy/in nseks mA'BEnin, vbe kAAZ
i aBd)Bn Bpat E'wt dhB aas,
d6o)TBn i zii z'e? b zEd, 8)ii,
e'w b kp,d)Bn pat)Bn E'wt, kaz
dhBE WBZ B mesn Bst^id Reet in dhB
giBt wee, in)s i k*id)*n oo*p'm)Bn,
Bn dhee AA'vis jyjiZ ta zee tfu dh«
AA-vi8 kBnsa^dBED dh4t dh^E wbz
:1a'bed :pAA*pBm.
[DIO.
7. Anrf you knows Wellin^:ton Park
Aouse, don*^ ^e, sir? I mmd tcheu.
1 vaed to five there, up)on the
garret, there was a place there
then like a oven like.
8. And I seed some books wiM
reading in-Mrm in Aim = the ovetty amf
they said that was Lord Popham^s
booKs, and they said Aow a man went
up and sat a-stride wpon the roof
with a bible, e'en-os he — the devil
might* nt carry- Aim = the roof away.
9. Yes ! and tt-is a terrible oh^
house-nr, but I never did^nt see
nobody there no worse-ZA^n myse//*,
e*en-« one might say.
10. Howsomever I've a-heard
them, say, Aow the servant chap was
going for to let out the Aackneys
hack^horse^ after-Ais master-Aod a-
come<i Aome from market, and there
was a man a-stood = standing in the
gateway, and Ae could'nt open-Aim =
the gate.
11. Anrf trhen they took- Aim to
doing = took him to task nex/-moming
for cause Ae Aad'n^ a-put out the Aorse,
don't ye see, sir? Ae said, sau/-Ae,
Aow Ae could'n^ put-Aim b^A^ horse
out, becauae there was a man a-stood
Si standing right in the gate way as
Ae could'n^ open him- (he gate^
and they a/ways use^f to say Aow they
a/ways considered that there was
Lord Popham.
The following was taken down by Mr. Elworthy from the dictation
of the carpenter himself.
Dh)ool Mbe Bn dhB kAAfin. The oW fellow =<fei?»/ and the coffin.
1. Did you know th« old Nan
Scott, sir? Ahamt every body was
a-feard o/ Aer, ^fcause they knowed
Aow Aer=«A« could overlook them^
cast an evil eye on them and-\t her
would.
2. Well, I made the coffin for Aer,
and so true-os I be Aere, tt-was just
a-come = t^ had almost happened it
was a mere chance we Aad'nt all of us
a-been a-killed.
3. /t-was so fine a day)«s ever you
seedsMiu', and the sun-Aod a-been
1. dfid jyi noo dh)ool insen cskot,
ZBR? mAAS 8*VBEi bAAdi WBZ
BfiBRD 0 an, kBz dh^ nood e'u
HE kad ()vBbik)Bm nif be wo'd.
2. wal, iH m6Bd dhe kAAfin
var)bu, Bn BB tRyyj)z k^i bi JaR,
t)wBz djo^st BkAm wi aed'n aaI o
m Bbo'n ukiBld.
3. t-WBz 8B fdin B dee)z 8*vbe
jyi zid, Bn dhB zo*n)'d Bbo*n
[ 1684 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 10.] THB WEST SOUTHERX. 153
vshrmin bo bRd'it)8 a^n-idhiq, bAn a-shming so bright)<i8 anything, trhen
dio»s iii)8 wi vrnz gw/fm in tn dha J^^ e'enW we was going in to the
tpHl,du«H,dhnHk.^ ^n^htfe^'t".^^^
V \ret'nm f o^t tu teuR Ap dhu ykbi ^j^ B^demphatic with tte same the
stounz, 'ten vee dhB sexna dhv thunder burst out like a cannon.
tliandtJR bast E'tit la^ik « kienvn.
4. wal, bAN wi kAm to pat 4. \Vell,trhenwecome=ra;mftoput
UR in dbw kitiv nif db)(H>l metjn Aer in the cave =»««/<, mirf) if thf-oW
WAd'n tJtaRXD Beet REi/n. i'i noo ™an=*^'; hushand Jon^ «;kj dead
.,«,.„ «««xi.*„i 4.\»^\:« was'nt a -turned right rou;i</. I know
II WAZ, VBR aU alp pat)»n)m. ^^ ^^^ j^, j ^ei^ put)Mm)in.
0,001 wi ncxHl WAt t)wAZ «d e Oh! weknowedwAatit)wasAad
Wiy,d ut. Wl nood vaRi wal a-dowD it. We knowed very wel
db)ool falaR)D i?bo*n db^oR lAAq th^ old fellowB-Aad=M<? devil had
vree Bn. tRyi)z jy. bi staenin a-been there along with him. It' sat
dbeur * ^ / ^ true-os you be standing there !
Tbe reason tbat a respectable wasber- woman gave tbo " parson "
for baying married a disreputable bnsband.
doo)n i zii, zbr, d*i*)d BgA't sb Don't ye see, sir, I'd a-got so
mati WA'BR^biN, Bn d»i wbz BfiiBS much washing anrf I was a.fc^erf
♦« „l^ •,+ .,« «« :* Ai.' ^A\i^ «\ i^A to senrf it Aome, an<^ if I Aad nt a-Aad
tB z^ Bt Am Bn if ihmd) n B)^Bd ^ j ^^^ ^;^ y^^^ ^ d^^^
•11, aU mas b booBt a daqk.
West Somerset owl.
Made up from the lists in Mr. F. T. Elworthy's Dialect of West Somerset, which
haa been made by him and AJE. jointly in 1875, revised so far as these
especial words are concerned and pal. from diet, of Mr. Elworthy in 1886
by AJE.
I. Wbssbx akd Norse.
A- 3 b^Bk. 5 m^k, msk. 6 m6vd. 8 aav, c'b [see Mr. E.'s W. Sm.
Orammar, p. 571. 12 zaa. 18 klvk. 19 t^l. 20 l^cm. 22 t6Bm. 23 s^vm.
24 shlvm. 32 oMh [intrans.], baadh [trans.]. 36 iiaaI [an-awl, n from the
art.] 36 dhAA [intrans.], AAndhAA [trans.]. 37 Waa. A: 41 dhacqk.
43 len, 6sn [empn.] 44 Isen. 46 kien'l. 49 sq, Bse*qd, va*qd [to hang,
hanged, hung]. 56 wAAiuhi [intrans.].
A: or 0: 58 viLAm. 69 Vk^m, — ^^^m [womb]. 60 Uq. 61 mneq Qmncqnt.
64 TBAq, TB»q. 65 zxq. 66 dhACj. A*- 67 g?i, gireen [going]. 69 uaa
noo. 74 tyy. 76 tfiBd toBd. 77 Ia'brd. — voo [foe]. 81 lean. — w^p,
itnp [sweep]. 84 miiBR m<h)R. 85 zubr. 86 WEts wa^ts. 87 klo'uz kloz.
89 biTBdh b^.dh. 90 bUA. 92 n6oB [(snoo) dost know ?]. 93 snooi, znoo. 95
ditoo. — ooBBT [aught], nt^BT [naught]. A': 102 a'ks. 104 nhirBd.
105 RhAd. 109 Iaa. Ill AAf [+t before vowels], AAt. 113 wol. 115 Vm.
117 WAU wsn w^iU unn [^acc. to circumstances]. 118 buBU. 120 BgA-n. 124
gUnm Btivu. etoo, 126 am [emph. j'Auli) singular]. — nhtiBp, nhop [rope]. 126
6bk. 127 ^. 129 gMBS [4t before a vowel] gost. 130 buBt boBt. 131 goat.
132 A't. — Khyyi [row of hay]. 136 ak [or].
^- 138 faadhBA. 140 hitBl. 141 ndtBl. 143 t&tBl. 146 matn [ady.T=
▼cry]. 147 bnllin. 148 f^BK. — jamBt [emmet, ant]. 149 bl^z. — seet
[a seat]. 153 z»dB&Di. JEi 154 ba'k. 155 dha'tj. 158 aadBR aatBR
[ 1585 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
154 . THE WECT SOUTHERN. [D 10.
[occ. (aBdvR)]. 160 eeg. 161 dee. 166 nulid. — slth [health]. 169 hAn
[but (wfrti) emph.]. 170 aRBs. 174 aa«h. — YVttedh [to wreathe], yaxth [a
wreath]. JE'- — Reeti [to reach]. — leetj [leech]. 184 leed. 185 sheea.
187 lEf l»f [both inf.l, Jlmf [leftj. 189 wa'i. 190 kee. 192 meen. 193
kllun [adj.], kleen [adv.]. 194 e'ni. 200 weet. — JBth [heath]. 202 JEt
jtt JdH. 203 speetj. — miod [mead], mtds [meadow]. 206 dated. 207
m»l. 208 9*TOT. 210 klat. 213 adhsK. 214 nsdhnr. 217 eet|. 218 ship.
219 sleep zllop. 223 dh6oB. 225 Tlaaxh. 226 tsulas [(mow minis) almoetj.
— vrajsT [to wrestle]. 227 waH. 228 ztt?Et. 229 baaith.
E- 233 speek. 235 weey. 236 feevBR. 238 sdj. 239 satBl. 241 vMin.
243 plai. 244 wal. — we'lB [willow]. 248 meBR. 260 ztr^R. — eet
[eatl. 261 meet. 262 kaH'l. 263 naU'l. — VBdhBR vojdhBR [feather]. 255
waedhBR. — baedBR [better], E: 266 8tRa*t}. 267 »di. — heed fbed].
262 wee. 264 &tBl. 266 stR^tt. 266 wal. — tIbI [field!. 269 zal. —
tM^iv [twelve]. 271 tal. 272 alBm. 273 meen [but (mfeBii) man]. 278
WAntj. — in [end]. 280 leeb^m. — eeu [henl. — peen [a writing pen,
(p&'in) a cattle pen]. — dRffish*!, dBaks'l [threshold]. 286 kRJs [pi. (kRistez)].
286 aRB. — baes [best]. E'- 290 i [emph.J — stk zik [seek]. 296
bsRD. 296 bleev. 297 falBR. 300 kip [colloquially (kip)]. 301 jsr.
F: 306 fxH. 306 &itth. 309 spid. 312 jsr. — ^z [geesej. 316 nsks.
£A- — shiBp [to sha^]. 319 giBp rap ^jap. £A: 324 kit. 333 kaav
kjaav. 324 aav aaf [(lirm;&f) haS and haSf]. 335 kel a'bI. 336 vaal vaaI.
337 waal waaI. 338 kjal. — AAvis [always]. — Mbrd [beard]. — aRD
[hard]. 343 waRm. 345 d^R. 346 glBt. EA'- 347 eed. 348 kH.
349 vyyi. EA': 360 deed. 351 la^d. 362 Rhe'd, hrd, HRDnis [redness].
363 breed baRD. 364 shlf shiv. 366 div. 366 liv. 367 thAAf, aaI. — kReem
[cream]. 361 biBn. 363 ^p. — Ip [a heap]. — jhr [year]. 366 gsRT.
367 dRflet. 368 daeth. 370 RhAA. 371 stRoo. EI- 376 bAtt. EI:
378 week. EO- 383 zseb'm. 386 joo. 387 nvTi. £0: 388 maUk.
— saMk [silk]. 389 jtik. 390 sh^jd [emph.] sha'd [unemph.]. 392 Ja'n.
393 bija^n. 397 zubrd. — faRmBR. 402 hiRN. 403 vaR. 406 jsth.
406 aeth. — za^stBR [sister]. — faRD^N vaRD^N. EO'- — lyyi [lee,
shelter]. — dRi. — vli [to fly]. 415 l&H. kRop [to creep]. — vrIz [to
freeze]. 419 J(>br [emph.]. 420 v6ubr [(f&UBR) emph.]. 421 faRii. EO':
422 zik. — Rhld [a reed]. 423 dhkH, 425 leet. 426 feet. 498 zl. 430
fReen. — dip [deep]. 436 jyy,. EY- 438 dfe4. EY: 439 tRe»s.
I- 440 wik. 441 zlv. — liv [to live]. 443 VR&^idi. 446 neen. — iis
ees [emph.], jss [fine but common]. 448 dhees. 449 ga't. 460 ty^|Zdi.
I: — dhaRD [third]. 456 if nif. 458 neet. 460 WA'it. 462 aeri [large
number] zeet [vision]. 466 dieHi dje^s dje'sh. 466 tiiBl. 469 waU [willj,
wa't [wilt thoul. — shin [shin]. 472 shniqk zhRiqk. 473 bleen blk*in.
476 win. 476 Win. 477 vk'in. 479 w&Wn. 480 dhiq. — skin [skin].
— sha'p [ship]. — ann [to run]. 482 td*n a'd*n [is not, common], sa'n [is
not, emph.] 483 a*z [(iz) emph.] — fish vish [fish]. 488 it. — vrit rit [a
writ], za'nz [since]. — spaH [to spit]. I'- 490 Wi. 493 dnmr.
— shin [to shine]. 496 fi'iBR [subs.] fe'iBRN [adj.] 498 vR&'it. 499 bit'l.
T: _ ditj [ditch], dik [dvke]. 600 fc'ik. 602 veev vfe'iv. 603 Wi>iv. 504
neev ukHv. — sta'f [stift']. 606 w&^v. 606 amBU. 507 wa'min. — ki
[hay]. 608 m&^i«ld. 609 w&'iol. — wit [white adj.], w& it [pigment subs.l.
0- — smook [smoke]. 623 hop. 624 waRD*L. 0: — VRAg [a frog J.
626 oof [off]. 626 kAAf. 627 bdvt. 628 dhAA'Bt. 629 bRaat. 631 daRtBR.
632 kool kAAl. 633 dEl. 535 voks. 636 guBl gool. 644 *n [than], dheen
[emph. in that case], dhoo [at that time]. — sh6BR [ashore J. 646 var.
— vARk [a fork]. 647 bvBRD. 648 v6brd. 649 w6brd [but in composition
as * to hoard apples,' that is, to store up, (waiu))]. 650 waRD. — virBth [forth].
— mARnin [morning]. — aas [horse]. 664 kuAAS. — pAAs [gate post].
— piBst [letter post]. — mc^ [mote]. 0'- 656 shyyj. 666 tyy, [emph.j.
667 tyvi [in adoition], tB [even when emph. meaning to an excessive degree].
668 b,k. 660 sk^J. 661 bUy^m. 662 m^,n. 663 mandi. 664 ZMyU [but
(zaiudBR, Zd,ndi8t) sooner, soonest]. 0': 669 b^^k. 670 t^^k ''(Bt9,kt) taken].
676 st^^id. 676 weenzdi. — nhar Rhyyf [roof]. — Wu, 678 pli'u [in com-
[ 1686 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 10.] THB WEST SOUTHERN. 155
position as plough -horse (pIb'n)aas), bnt the common word for plough is (zttvl)].
— ak [hough]. 683 t^,l. 684 st^il. 686 dyji- 589 spj^iU. — gM^z
[goose]. — baztnn [bosom]. 693 mas. 695 v^^jt. 696 r»|t. 697 sat.
U- 699 «hwf. — wjdtwood], 601 Tk^wl. 602 z&»m. 603 kxm [emph.]
— kRuum fcrumb]. 607 bad«R. U: 608 agli. — zM [Ws. sulh, a
plough, see 678J. 610 *;i. — p*il [to pull]. 611 baltk. 612 sAfin [some-
thing]. 614 B'tm. 616 pB'tmd. 616 gKB'tmd. 617 zB'un. 619 qvb'u'u.
— andvaD [hundred]. 627 zandi. 631 dhazdi. 632 Ap. 634 dayyi. —
thasti [thirsty]. 635 wsth [(wEthlis) worthless]. 636 vandeK. 639 d&'tfst;&iwz
fdusthouse, chaffhouse, but only in this sense, dust is otherwise called (po'litra)].
U'- 640 ks'M. 641 b'm [however is (wa'vroi)]. 647 b'ubI. 648 feinm.
649 dh&'tizmr. 660 bs'tft [but (bs'ud) before a vowel]. 662 k^id. 663 bad
[before a vowel]. U': 654 snRB'wd. 656 f&'tml. 666 Khp^.m. — dham
[thumb]. 667 bRB'tm. 668 dB'un. 663 b'mz [(b'wz'1) household]. 666 mkUiz.
666 azbtm. 667 B'ut. 668 pRE'vd. 670 b^idh. 671 m&<udh. 672 zB'wdh.
Y- 674 dBd dy.d. 676 l&»i. 681 be'znis. 682 lid'l [but (nttM) is
commonly said to children]. — eev*l [evil]. T: 686 aRD|. 689 biol
[(bolt) built]. — vAli [follow]. 690 k&'in [+d before a vowel]. 691 miiin
[ + d before a vowel]. 692 jaq^. 697 baRi. 699 vrk^tt. — ARnot [hornet].
^00 WBS [used also for worst before a consonant, +t before a vowell. 701 las
[ + t before a vowel]. 703 pa't. Y- 706 w&W. — dReem [to dream].
— deev [to dive]. — Idt [a kite, (vazkit) furze-kite or falcon], Y': —
fa»lth [filth]. 709 vfe'iim. — vliz [fleece].
II. English.
A. 713 b6«d. 718 tr^ed. 738 pR^. — t^Bdi [potato, heard by AJE.
and others as (t^BRi), p. 1471. E. — walth [wealth]. 760 bd'ig. I.
andY, 764 peeg. 76o shRa'mp zhRo'mp. — W8'pwwp[whip]. 768 gaRD*L.
0. — dAAg [dogl. 791 bM6i. U. — kuid feud]. 796 bl>7i. —
Antyi [unto]. 806 KRidz [this form always used]. — kordH [curl].
III. EOMAKCB.
A.. 810 fdBs. 811 pl^Bs. — tR^BS rtrace]. 812 I^bs. 813 b^k'n.
820 ffki. 822 mdi. — iid [aid v. and s.J — Bpftrd [paid]. 827 eegBR.
— faiBl [to fail]. 830 tRain. — sdint [saint]. 833 p§BR. 836 Reez*n.
836 seez*n. 841 tia-ns. 845 fenshBUt. 847 OfiendjaR. 848 i^nd}. 849
stRSBnd^BR. 860 da'ns, 852 apBRN. — kaR [to care]. — kaf*mdBR
[carpenter]. — saansi [saucy]. 862 saaf [adj.] s^Bf [sb. a meat safe].
E •• 867 tee. — spaRtik'lz [spectacles]. — dhaHiez [vetches]. 874 Rhain.
876 dAtnti. 878 sslBRi. — meen [amend, mend]. 881 seens. — anb
[herb] — maesi [mercy]. — f^BR [a fair]. 888 saRtin. — saR [to serve,
deserve, earn]. — neet [neat]. 890 bSBs [pi. biBstBz)]. 891 fees flBs [pi.
(fiBstBz)]. 893 fl&UBK [flour =meal is (vl8i«Br)J. 894 Reesee-v.
I., and Y" — s&'idBR. 901 fi'tn. — p&Unt [a pint]. — v&WlBut
[violent]. 904 vfe'ilBnt [violet]. — zbr [sir]. — spaRit [spirit]. 910 djk'is
both in sing, and pi.]
0-. 920 pfTA'inl. — d^A'tnt [of a man], djft'int fof meat]. — sttiBR
st<JBR [story]. 924 tjA'is. 926 va'is. 926 spw^'il. 929 ks'ttkBrnBR. — re'mu
[rouno]. — fiBs [force, and + 1 before a vowel forced]. — s^hirt. 939 kl6Bs.
947 btTA'iBl. 960 SApBR. — tfcwBr [tower]. — p^P^sh [push]. — bAd'l
[a bottle] — mav [move]. 959 kBVA'B*. tJ- — diWj [due]. — dy^k
duke]. 960 kee, — fuu*Bnt [fluent, said of a river only]. — dje^dj I judge].
— WA'it [wait]. — Ry,*in fruin]. 966 a'»b1. 969 shrfBR. — duuRub'l
[durable]. — muuztk [music]. 970 djas [ + t before a vowel]. — fa'wsti
fusty].
[ 1687 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
156 THE WEST SOUTHERN. [D 11.
D 11 = s.WS. = southern West Southern.
Boundary. On the n. the n. coast of Co. and Dy. to the b. of D 10, which
fonns the n. and e. b. till it joins the w. b. of D 4. The rest of the e. b. is
the s. part of the w. b. of D 4= down to Axmouth. The s. b. is the s. coast of
Dv. and Co. There was mnch difficulty in determining the w. b., concemii^
which I collected several opinions, and finally follow the information of Rev. W.
H. Hodge, which I believe to be most accurate. Begin at the Black Rock in the
middle of the entrance to Falmouth Harbour, and go through tlie centre of the
water-way to Truro. Then proceed by land e. of Kenwyn (1 unw.Truro) and
w. of St. Erme (4 nne. Truro), e. of St. Allen (4 n.Truro) and w. of Newlyn
f8 n.Truro), and also west of Cubert (9 nnw.Tmro), but e. of PeiTan Zabulo
(8 nnw.Truro) to the sea in Ligger or Perran Bay. This border was determined
by noting the change of speecn. Mr. Rawlings, speaking only from general
impressions, said the b. was probably a straight line from St. Anthony, on the
e. nom of Falmouth Harbour to «St. Agnes HobuI (9 nnw.Truro). This line,
beginning practically at the same point as the other, and ending only 5 m. to the
sw., must be considered as practi(»l]y identical with it. Mr. Sowell, who wrote
the Comish-EngUsh version of the Simg of Solomon for Prince L.-L. Bonaparte,
inclines to a line from St. Austell to Padstow. According to Mr. Hodge, Mr.
Herman Merivale in his *^ Historical Studies *' lays down the border between Celt
and Saxon, no doubt at a much earlier date, from Down Deny (8 sse.Liskeard^
to St. Germans f7 se.Liskeard), thence to St. Ive (4 ne.Iiskeard), South Hill
(7 nne. Liskeard), North Hill (7 n.Liskeard), Altamun Vl wsw.Launceston), Minster
('13 wnw.Launceston), and to the sea by Forrabury (14 nnw.Launceston). This
line is just a few miles w. of the e. b. of Co. itself.
Area, Most of Dv. and e.Co. The w. b. of D 11 is properly the
w. limit of dialect in England.
Authoritiet. See County List under the following names, where * means w.
per AJE., t per TH., y systematic, ** in io.
Co. ♦Camelford, °Cardy'nham, °Landrake, •Lanivet, "^Lanreath, 'H Millbrook,
** Padstow, "Poundstock, *St. Blazey, °St. Columb Major, °St. Goran*s, °St. Ive,
*St. Stephens, **Tintagel.
Dv. ♦Barnstaple, ||Bigbury, **Burrington, •Challacombe, *Colyton, ♦|| Devon-
port, °||Exeter, ♦Harberton, ♦Iddesleigh, ''Instow, ^Modbury, ♦'^North Molton,
*NorthPetherwin, *»Parracomb, yPlymouth, ^'Stoke, *St.Mar}church, °Warkleigh,
•Werrington, f General.
Characters, The character of the pronunciation is essentially tlie
same as that of D 10, with a few distinguishing particulars.
^G, EG are rarely if ever fa'i). They become regularly (ee,
ee), with more or less of an (f) lollowing.
r is regularly (at), that is, the (ao't) of D 4 after passing through
(&H) mixed with (o't) of D 10, now assumes the regular German
(ai) sound. It was a matter of course, then, that the (at, aat ) for
^G, EG should also be changed. XT', which was mainly (b'u) in
D 10, becomes (oo'yi*) ^ "^©11 as I can analyse it, see the note on
doubt y p. 158 below. Prince L.-L. Bonaparte heard it as Fi'ench om
in cceur, followed by French u, that is (oe'y), which it certainly
resembles. How far does this extend? It is certainly in n.Dv.
Mr. Baird (Nathan Hogg) acknowledges it in e.Dv., Mr. Shelley
(Plymouth^ in s.Dv. In Co. I have not been able to trace it, with
certainty, further than Millbrook, just on the e. b. of Co., not even
in the w. specimen from Camelford. But I suspect that it really
[ 1688 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Dll, Vi.] THB WEST SOUTHERN. 157
pervades Co. as well as Dy. The diphthong is not nnlike the
Dutch ui in hut's, or the French cti in wiL
I have thrown the whole of this large district together because
my information is necessarily very deficient upon such delicate
points as those last mentioned, and the great features seem to be
the same. There is said to be considerable difference between
n.Dv. and s.Dv., and between e.Dv. and w.Dv., but this difference
probably concerns the vocabulary and grammar more than the
pronunciation. Mr. Shelley's Dartmoor cs. shews, however, con-
siderable difference from the Iddesleigh cs. Hence it will be
convenient to consider as Var. i. n.Dv,, and as Var. ii. s Dv.
including Co., to Mr. Merivale's line, for both. Then Var. iii. will
be e.Co., which may be associated with St. Columb Major, extending
from Mr. Mcri vale's line to Mr. Hodge's by Truro, that forms the
boundary of D 11. The w.Co. region D 12 is entirely different.
Vab. i. NoETH Devow.
I naturally rely on my viva voce from Mr. J. Abbot Jarman, a
native of North Molton (11 e.-by-s.Bamstaple), which is close to the
b. of D 10, and from Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe's servant from Iddesleigh
(15 s.Bamstaple), which comes to nearly the s. b. of n.Dv. They
were both taken some years ago. North Molton in Oct. 1877, and
Mar. 1879, and Iddesleigh in Nov. 1877. I begin with the last,
because having been taken from an uneducated native almost fresh
from the place and studied closely, it is probably more correct.
iDDESLEieH cs.
pal. by AJE. from dictation of a natiye, Mary Anstey, housemaid to Rev. J. P.
raunthorpe. For conTenience (ao'yi^) has the ^ omitted, see first note.
0. wdi :d}£ek*i heeth nu dao'yit Bbso'yit it.
1. WEL :diAABd| jyi me boodh laaf «t dhis nyyiZ 9v mdin, if i wiiL,
yyi k^^Bth tBB dheet ? dh8et)s nadhvE jCIbr n«R dhevB.
2. vyyi men ddi kooz dhe)m laaft ©t, as uaa, dc^t)os ? ot shBd
m6Bk)'m ? T)iiD)'N veri Idildi, iz)Bt ?
3. ao'yiEVBE dhfs iz dho TEyyith o)t, zo djEs oold dhi UA'iz,
:djAAEdj, 9n bi ktrdiBt vor div dyin)i?t. aask !
4. di hi zaEten di jUvkd am zee tt — zam o dheez voks yi went
DEyyi dhB ool o)t dhBEz^'Lvz — dhaet ii did s^v tmaf .
5. dhBt dhB jsq'ges zo^v izsehf a gaET b6» b ndin, nAAd)z faadhBRz
TA'is Bt wflens, dhoo t)waBz bo kw?eeE bu skM?eekin, bu di)d TEa's)n
t'e speek dhB XRyyith mni dEE'i, is, di wed.
6. Bn dh-ool wimiBn bezel wBd tjx)i dhB z^Bm, aeni a i dhBt bi
laaftn nao'y,, Bn tEL)i Edit of, taoy/.* wtdhao'yit- eent fas Bbce'yit
Bt, ef Jyyi)L onh* aeks be, oo'u, waant-BE ?
7. fen'i;a)'yiBEtool 'mii, wen di eekst be, tyyi be deU tdimz ovbe,
did)n)be ? Bn aE AA't'n tB bi Eaq, on d^ b thtq bz dhaet, wat dyi
i dh«qk ?
8. WEL BZ di WBZ zee'in 'zr wBd tEL)i, OD'yi be vao'yjud Bn, w^n
[ 1589 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
158
THE WEST SOUTHERN.
[D 11, Vi.
«H vao'yind nn, vn w6eoR vu vao'yind Bn, — dh© DBaqk'n pEg «»
kaalth br maen.
^. «R sweeuRD BR zid)Bn wee br on diz, \irin sTREt^ ao'yi^ ^° ^^
gRao'yin wee tz bsst kdt on, kloos tB dhB duBR, dao'yii^ *t^ ^^
kAARND'R 0 dhB leBn.
10. i waz meektn sp dja*s b nA'tz Idik b t^l kR^rm Bn teedjas.
11. Bn dhaDt aep^ND dz aR Bn br daa'tBR lee kam DRyy, dhB bsek
kdoBRTLedj fRBm ceqin oo'yit dhB wet TLoodhz on dho weesh'tn dee,
12. wdilst dho tecktiL wbz botLin vbr tee, wan vam zamBR
RRtBRnyyin*, on'lt b wi^'k guu kom nEks dhazde.
13. Bn dyyi)i nAA ? di nEv'R jhrd nAARt mdoBR Bbao'yit it bivoo'R
tsdce*, zhdoBRz di hi kaald :d^k :zh«pBRD, Bn di doont wont taoy/.*
adh'R, dhaR noo'yi !
14. Bn zoo di bi gwee'tn dm tB aeaB b bit b sapBR. gtid neeBRT Bn
do(nmt)i bi sb ku^'k tB kRaa oybr aen'ibodi Bg^Bn, wEn i speeks b ween
dhEq Br dhB tadhBR.
15. "styyipjd fELBR tELin ap this oold staf, as dooBnt want to
jiiBR)T." dhis iz dhe loBOBst a'l shBL zee Bbao'yit it. gt«i bdi.
mus.
0. doubt. The last element of the
diphthong in this word is precisely the
same as for (tyyi) = two. The li^ are
pouted, the upper lip is especially pro-
jected, but there was very little closure
of the lips, not nearly as much as
when I pronounce (tyy)=Fr. tue, in
fact the comers of the mouth are
hardly brought together at all, so that
an acute angle is left, but the upper
lip was very much pouted, giving (yfl.
Both lips are projected, but the upper
lip far tne most. For the first element
in (a)'yi^) the lips are wide open, and
then they suddenly dart forward to
form the (y,*). This action is very
curious to study on the native lip.
The openness ot the lips for the fint
element excludes (ce^ for the first
element, as Prince L.-L. Bona^mrte
appreciates saying (preface to H . Baird's
St. Matthew) y that " the sound is best
defined as the French * oeu * in * coeur,*
(cc) followed by m, the Scottish * oo ' in
*moon,* that is, the French *u' (j)
with a slight tendency towards the
' eu * in ' pen * {a) in the same language.**
The speaker rejected foe'y,) when pro-
nounced to her. What the precise
vowel in the first element may be I
was not able to determine, but it did
not seem to be either (9) or (a), and I
was not satisfied with (b). For the
word too the sudden rise in pitch on
the second element was most remark-
able, ^toD-yi*'.*), tbe stress also falling
upon it, which quite distinguished the
diphthongs, as in (:d^k gtd tz tryi
maaiLV*lz t« tyyi bul/., on :iom rtv niz
t^i, tao-y/, tBtyyi, to-y/) *Jack gave
his two marbles to two boys [with
distinct (0) and distinct (i), thus (h6iz)
not (bA'iz)], and Tom gave his two,
too, to two, too. This change of stress
from (a>'yi'.) with if anything a falling
pitch on the last element, to (ao-yj'.*)
with e rising pitch, and without per-
ceptible gliae of the first element on
to the second, distinguished the two
sounds so completely, that it was
difficult to discover that they were
made up of the same elements. I had
them pronounced to me frequently
during two visits, and the distinctions
were steadily maintained, though the
speaker was quite unaware of any
peculiarity.
1 . neighbour. This word is not used
as a term of address. Mr. Faunthorpe
(who had first written the version from
his servant*s dictation, in his own
spelling, which I altered to palaeotype
from mctation) had written *Jarge,'
meaning (:d|aaRdj), and though the
speaker inmsted on (:d;AABd|), the other
seems more correct. — will. Mr. F.
wrote *wiil,' I heard (wiiL, w9*l). I
carefully studied the sounds of mil/e and
thtirtelvM^ and concluded that there
was a true (l), and that the preceding
vowel was greatly affected by it. But
(mi,Lk) seemed oest, and not ^m'Lk)
without a vowel, nor (me^Lk), out of
course (i^, 9*) have considerable re-
[ 1690 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Dll, Vi.]
THE WEST SOUTHERN.
159
semblances. — eareth. The traiisition
(Rth) is easy, as the tonzue when uncurl-
ing slides down directly to the teeth,
but (thR-) or (dha-) is mfficult, because
the tongue has to be curved back
during tne transition, unless we begin
with the under part instead of the
upper part, of the tip of the tongue
against the teeth making ^rh, i>n).
This leads at once to the substitution
of (t, d) for (th, dh) as ^truu DRyiVi).
—for. I have constantly written (br)
in these weak words, though I seemea
to hear only (b), but this I attributed to
the fointness and shortness of the sound.
2. they am, for they are, contracted
to (dhem), and the (e) used for (b)
because the sound is weak. — what,
(ot) or (waet). — •/)»«) »o^ I seemed to
hear every consonant reverted, and the
(ij) position was consequently not
properly formed, destroying its precise
character. — very, Mr. I?.wrote*viirry,'
but I seemed to hear (b) modified by
(r). I did not hear (vErt) with the
usual trilled (r). But in this case I
consider the (r) to be trilled, and there
is no difficulty in so speaking.
4. safe enough, (ana'f) not (anyy,) ;
they make no distinction between (ansil,
anyyi), and use the first generally.
6. trmC)h%m. Mr. F. had written
both tru9 and /m, and I at first appre-
ciated (TRes). This shews the difiiculty
of the vowel (o^) to an outsider. — day,
(dBB'i, snEB'il, tEs'il), almost (deess'i)
etc., and clearly one of the transitional
forms from (d&i) to (^e). Fair, a
market, is ^feea) ; the fire is (v6iR).
The long I' naving become (&i) in place
of (au'i) , it was to be expected that the
£6, iB6, should pass from (&i) to (ee)
or some intermediate form. These
changes shew the ori&^nal diversity of
the sounds, which obuged both to be
modified, if one was. — yesy I would,
I did not feel certain of the vowel in
(wed]. Mr. F. wrote wed and wud^
coula it have been (wa'd) ?
6. woman. Mr. F.*s cook, from
Challacombe, said (am*im). Mr. Baird
always writes humman = (ham'an). —
tell ye. This is how the word sounded
to me, Mr. Baird always writes tul,
like Mr. Elworthy's (tal) in D 10 (p.
148, par. 1). This reverted (l) produces
strange effects. — too. See too in note
on d^ty par. 0.
7. did not her. —such, just is pro-
nounced in the same way. Mr. F.
wrote jiitf ji9f Jet,
8. piff, for beatt (beest) is too noble a
word, cattle is always used in place of
the plural of beast. — calleth. Similarly
(br waaketh). A wife says fwEU mi
main kamth om)=when my husband
comes home. — man. This word is
regularly used for husband.
9. The omitted word length = (lB<^kth)
as usual. The plural of the omittea
word house is (aD'j,sez) not (a)'y,z*n). —
corner. Observe laserted (d) . They say
(tjimblikAARNDBR) = chimney comer ;
(kaRD^LZ aaI ovbr br f<d)= curls all
over her head.
10 ehildy applied to either sex, but
(mBB'id) is the regular word, see note
on day, par. 5. The question, is it a
boy or a girl, becomes (061 br mBB'id) ;
wench is not wed. — tedious is used
especially of fretful children that weary
the mother by crying, when the (tjil)z
TCRtVl). To be sick i& to be (bad),
full (a) not (se).
11. daughter-in-law. (daa-terlxA)
is commoner, but son^s wife (za'nz
w{uv) is most common. — ivet, Nearly
(wjexj, very broad. — clothes. Clearly
initial (tl-) is easier and more natural
than initial (kL-). The (dh) is used
at Iddesleigh, but not at Challacombe.
— washing day. The speaker had
never heard the phrase ** Quarter
Sessions** for wasmng day, as given
by Mr. Rock from Barnstaple, and Mr.
Pnlman from Axminster.
U. tea-kettle. The two hist syllables
pronounced very shortly indeed, with
no secondary accent like in capital. —
boiling. Without prefixed a-, they
say (woz b6f-Lfn, it o6i-Lth).
13. stircy shepperd. Having neglected
to note the sounds of the wonu sttre,
shcpherdy I follow the usages of Mr.
Baird.
14. Good nighty a parting ^oo<f nighty
but when the night is spoken of it is
called (n&it). Observe that (r) was
distinctly heard in (u^obrt) . — again, (^)
is very short.
16. Stupid fellow y telling up this old
stuff; us don*t want to hear-it. This
was inserted by Mr. F. as a remark of
one of the persons spoken to. He also
proposed: (wat 9 gaRT fi/y|l dhi aaRt).
The sound of (fii'y,l) is like the Norfolk
(t]^), or the Lancashire (fl?'u), a mere lip
gude, as I seemed to hear it. — thiSy the
speaker recognised the distinction of
Mr. Barnes's Dorset '* shaped thicky**
in (dhiki a)'yis) and *' shapeless that"
in (dhset wAt^R, dhet gRaoj^nd).
[ 1691 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
160 THE WEST SOUTHERN. [DU, Vi.
NoKTH MoLTON (12 ese.Bamstaple) dt.
pal. by AJE. from the diet, of J. Abbot Jarman, Esq., New College, Southsea,
native. The (*) means ** with projected lips."
1. zoo di zee, meets, jy, zii naoyi' di bi ndtt Bba>'yi*t dha^t dhoB
b't'l m^^fd ksmin vBBm dha^t dh«B skiyyil oovob. dhaB.
2. aB)z gw^n da)yi*n dli« Bood dhaB, dByi dli« sbd git [jet] on
dhB lift a*n ziid,
3. zhu'B md dht? t|il)z gon stra^'t ap tB dhti dyy^tiB « dhn Ba'q
Go'yi'z.
4. weeB pra^ps Bhi)l va^ind dlia*t dli«B dhtn dBaqk'n tja^p :tom98
yyi)z aaBD -o iftsBm.
5. wi 4*1 noo)n [nooz)«n] vEBt weI.
6. wont dhB dasl tja^p zyin laaBN aB not t« dyyi it BgEn, puuR dhiq !
7. l«k ! beent it tkjji ?
1. So would not be nsed ; mate$ long f generally is rendered as (&W), as
would rather be lads, chaps, — I and in D 10, but it may be (&»).
North Molton phrases, pal. by AJE. from the dictation of J.
Abbot Jarman, Esq.
The (*) means ** with projected lipe."
1. (go vn a^k8)«n), go and ask him.
2. Cwi bi go'in), we are going.
3. (DBoo Bt in dLhi a'shez dhaB), throw it in the ashes there.
4. (tsB za'q DBii bb vao'yi^B zaqz), he (or she) sang three or four songs.
5. ri£n)z B a^n), lend-us a hand.
6. ?la*n)z pEit* gyid), land is pretty good.
7. (i wa)'yi*n Bn Bao'yi^n tz a*n DBii bb vqdVi'b tdimz), he wonnd
him=iY round his hand three or four times.
8. (dhe DBaad dhB vil waB dhB wsts waz), they drawed the field
where the oats was.
9. (oni won b dhem '1 dyy,), any one of them will do.
10. TdhB baaB'li mao'jr*), the barley mow.
1 1 . (oo'yi* oold iz bb ?), how old is he ?
12. (p^iz dha^t ? B skolBBD), who's that ? a scholar.
13. (dhB boi rd4t8 b gyid rao'yi*nd a'nd), the boy writes a good
round hand.
14. (aV)i got Kni nyyi bryimz, mts'iz ? &U)y got b vyiyi, obao'viH*
DBii BB va)'yi*B), have you any new brooms, Mistress ? I've
got a few, about three or four.
15. (gtt dhi ap dhaB m dhtk dhBB adj, bu ptlL mi dhik dhBB stick,
wilt ?), get thee up there in that there hedge, and pick me
that there stick, wilt thou ?
[ 1692 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Dll, Vi.] THE WEST SOUTHERN. 161
16. (kam tn, tpl, dyi)i, vrx Baki dao'yi'n «n JEt jbbzeI), come in,
child, do ye, and sit down and heat= warm yourself.
17. (aloo, dhEn, 3ryi)z ii?), HuUoh, then, who's he?
18. (a4 bii, dhaoyj* bkt b vyyj, ii)z, wii)m, Jyyi)m en dhee)m
gd-m), I be, thou art a fool, he's, we're, you're and they're
going.
NoBTH Devon cwl.
I words from the cs. from Iddesleigh.
M words from Mr. Jarman^s wl. from North Molton.
I. Wessbx and Noese.
A- 3 M beek. 4 M teek. 6 I m^sk, M meek meekiik 7 M zeek. 8 t« 8e<D
[to have]. 12 M zaa. 13 M naa. 14 M dnaa. 17 I lee, M laa. 20 M Uem.
21 M neem. 23 I z^sm, M zeem. 24 sheem. 33 M reedhsR. A: 43 M
a»n. 46 M ka^nU. 48 M za^q. 42 I seq. 64 I wsnt. 55 M a^sh. 66 I
w»8h. A: or 0: 60 M loq. 64 I Eao.
A'- I gwee-in [gomg]. 72 I yy,, M », [probably (yy,)]. 73 I zo. 74 I tyy„
M Uf^, 76 M BtrAAk. 76 M tood. 79 I 6ii, M aaii. 81 I l^vn. 82 I wsens.
84 I m6o9R. 85 M zooa. 86 M wsts. 87 I TLoodhz, M tlooz. 89 I boodh.
92 I nAA. 94 I kiuia. 96 M draa. 97 M zaaI. A': 101 M ook. 102 I
seks, M a^ks. 104 M &AAd. 106 M RAAd. 106 M bsAAd. 107 M loof. 108
MdAA. 109M1AA. HOIhaart. lUlAAt. 113 1 ool. 115 1 6m, M
om. 117 I wm. 118 M boon. 120 I guu. 123 [(nAAt) used]. 126 I Aiilt,
M ant. 130 M boot. 131 M goot. 133 M rot. 136 IM adhva. 137 I
nsdhBR, nvB.
jE' 138 I faadhBR, M TaadhvR. 140 M iHl 141 M nUih 142 M zneeih
144 Ivg^im, M Bgin. 162 M waatvR. M: 164 I baek. 166 M dha^ti. 168
I aRt«R. 161 I dBB'i, M dM. 163 M Uei. 164 M mm. 166 M mieii, 169
I WBn. 170 aaRait. 172 M g'aa. 181 M paHh. JEf- 182 N zee, 183 M
tM|. 187 MWt. 190Mk/n. 191 M«fl. 193 M kLvn. 194 I amt, M snt.
196 M mimi. 197 M tnz. 200 M wM. 202 M JEt. M': 203 M sp^fb.
206 M DREd. 207 M nid'l. 209 I revbr. 217 M eetj. 218 M shiip. 219 M
8l^. 220 I zhipvRD. 223 I dh^vR. 226 M vlah. 227 I wst. 228 M zwst.
— M JEth [heath]. 229 M brsdh. 230 M ra't.
£- 232 M bR^k. 233 I speek, M sp^k. 236 M weev, 236 M ieeivK,
237 M t|ibUnz. 238 M a'di. 241 M r^n. 243 M ^Uei, 247 M ween, 261
M mM. 262 IM ktt'l, teekU'l [tea-kettle]. 263 M nid'l. E: 266 I
STRetj. 267 M a^dj. 268 M za<di. 269 M wa^di. 261 I zee, M ziei, 262
wiei, 266 M str^t. 271 I tsl. 276 IM dhiqk. 281 M lEqkth. 284 M
DRa'sh. 287 M bszvm [generally (br^nn)]. £ - 297 I fiLVR. 298 M tO.
299 M gRiin. 301 M Uvr. 302 M mit. F: 306 M fiit. 312 I ^br, M
JRR. 314 I ^VRD, IM JXRD. 316 M Tit. 316 I nsks.
EA- 319 M gaaip. 320 I VievR, EA: 322 IM laaf. 323 M vAAt.
324 M kit, 326 M waaUk. 326 I ool, M oold. 327 M boold. 330 I oold. 332
I tool, M toold. 333 M kjaa^f. 336 M yaaU. 337 M waa4. 338 I kaal. 343
M waaiRm. 346 M git jst [the last more frequent]. EA'- 347 M sd. 348 I
ki, 349 I vyyi, M ^, EA': 360 M dEd. 362 M sird. 363 M brad.
364 M shMf. 366 M dEf. 366 M Uef. 367 IM dhoo. 360 M tiim. 361 M
heen, 363 M tpp. 366 I gxRT, M ptM, 367 M DREt. 370 M ree. 371
M strAA. El- 372 M ki ki [(is zGniir), nerer (ki) simply]. 373 M dheei.
EI: 377 M steek. 378 M week.
EO- M Ev*n. 386 M jaa. . 387 I nyy„ M ma', EO: 388 M mBLk [so
it sounded to me]. 389 M jook. 397 M boord. 398 M staRv. 402 M IsRif .
403 M TaaR. 404 M staaR. 405 M JEth. 406 M SRth. 407 M vaRd'n.
EC- 411IMDRii. 414Mvlfei. 417 M tiAA. 420 M va'wR. 421 M vaRti.
EO': 423 M dh&i. 426 M l&tt. 426 M!^f&tt. 428 M zu. 430 M VRsn.
S.E. Pron. Part ▼. [ 1693 ] 102
Digitized by LjOOQIC
162 THE WEST SOUTHERN. [D 11, V i, ii.
434 M b«rt. 436 I jy„ M w'. 436 M trw'. 437 I TByy,th, M TRw'th.
EY- 438 IM dk». EY: 439 IM xiw's.
I- 440 IM wik. 441 M zees, 442 M &iTi. 446 IM n&in. 448 IM dheez.
449 M gtt. I: 458 M ndtt, I d^rt [in the phrase, good-night, only].
459 IM R&it. 460 M w<?<rt. 466 IM tjil. 468 M tj»DR»n. 476 M win. 477
M T&tn. 478 M gr&tn. 479 M w&tn. 480 I thtq dhsq. 481 M viqgBR.
482 I ♦z)Bt P [is it], T)i,D)'N [it)is)not]. 486 M dRiz'l. 488 M Jtt. I'- 494
IM t&tm. 499 M bid'l. I': 600 IM l&tk. 606 I wummi, M oo\ dmnra.
607 M wimtq. 609 I w&ilst. 610 I m&tn.
0- 619 I ovBR. 620 M bAA. 621 M vool. 622 M op'n. 0: 626, ii.
I of. 626 M IcAAf. 631 I daatvR. 633 M dal. 634 M aaI. 636 I vok.
636 M goold. 638 I wed. 639 M boo'yiBl. 641 I waant [emph.]. 642 M
boolt. 648 M W«Rd. 662 M kARN. 664 M kr^. 0'- 666 M %\a9 shyji.
656 I tgo/j.- 667 I tOT/i.- 569 M modhBR. 662 M miVin. 664 M zyin.
0': 669 M buk. 670 M t«k. 671 I gwd. 672 M blxd. 673 M flad.
674 M bry,d. 676 M styjd. 677 M bso'vi^ 678 M pla)y,». 679 IM Braf.
683 Mtyil. 686 I dy,. 687 I dyjU. 688 I nyyiU. 689 M spyiR. 690 M
vIo'br. 694 M by.t. 695 M vvit. 696 M Ry^t. 697 M syjt.
U- 601 M fao yi*l. 602 M zaD'y^*. 604 I zotibr. 605 I za^n, M zan.
606 I dfiBR, M doBR. U: 609 M vul. 610 M wwl. 611 M bsilBk. 612 M
zam. 613 M DRaqk. 616 I gRa)'y,n. 619 I vaD'y^nd. 626 M toq. 629 M
zan. 631 I dhazde. 632 IM ap. 633 M kap. 634 I DRyyi, M drp. 626 M
wBth. 639 Mdist. U'- 641 IMao'y.. 643 IM nao'ji. 646 M b«B'y,».
647 M a)'yi»l. 660 I Bbaoyit. 661 I widhaD'yit. 662 M k«d. U': 668
IM da)'y,»n. 659 M ta)'y,*n. 663 M aD'yi'^a. 664 M lao'yi^s. 667 IM ©'yjt.
Y- 680 M bizt. 682 M ltt*l. Y: 684 M baRDj. 686 M Rid|. 688
M szytj. 691 M m&in[(miin) was given as n.Dy. by Mr. Shelly, see p. 166].
Y- 706 IM w&i. r; 711 M loe'yi^ZBZ. 712 M m&ts [(miis) was given
by Mr. Shelly, see sw.Dy. p. 166],
n. English.
A. 732l®p'nd. E. 744 M m^'lz. 760 M ba^g. I. a»kfY. 764
IM pBg. 758 M ga'l [little used, (tpl)]. 0. 761 M lood. 767 IM nA'is.
773 M daqk. 790 M gao'yi*n. 791 I b6i. U. 797 I skw^ekin. 798 I
keteer. 804 I DRaqVn. 806 I fas, M vas. 807 M pyjS. 808 M pat.
ni. Romance.
A-- — teedjds [tedious]. 824 M tjiin. 830 M trMu. 836 M B«a*n.
836 M s«ra'n. 840 M tpmBR. 862 I s^Bf. 864 I kooz. 866 M TAAlt.
E- 867 Itee, M tA?. 878 M saUBRi. 886 I teri. 888 I zxRten, M
zaRTin. 890 M bewt [pi. (b^s)]. 894 M d««?v. 896 M Rfs^^.
I. awrf Y.. — kR&t [cry]. 901 IM v&in. 904 M vo'ilet. O- 916
M iqinz. 922 M b»«hBl. 923* M mo'ist. 926 I va'is. 929 M k®'yi»kBmBR.
933 M frant. 938 I kAARNDBR. 939 I kloos. 940 I kot. 941 M vyjl. 947
Ib6il. 960l8apBR. 966 I daoyit. U- 963 k«4»-Bt. 966 M dU 969
I zh<^BR, M zhy,BR. 870 I d|Bs, M d|»st. 971 M vly^t.
Vab. ii. South Devon cs.
Dartmoor, north of a line from Plymouth to Eingsbridge (17 eee.Plymouth),
pal. by AJE. from the glossic of Mr. John Shelly, 8, Woodaide, Plymouth,
a resident for thirty years, who has especially occupied himself with the glossary
of the dialect, but is a native of Norfolk. Full explanatory notes have been
given of every point of difficidty, and Mr. S.*s indications are strictly followed.
0. waa'i :d|an hez noo doe'yts.
1. weI, soos, jy «ii ii mB booth griz'l Bt dlii8)jB va9Z b maa'm.
hpp moa'tnz dkEt ? dhEt-s n^^dliB ja nB dhiitiR.
[ 1694 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Dll, Vii.] THB WBST SOUTHERN. 163
2. f09 Yook da'f bikyy-z dhEE)m laaft oet, es haa dhfit ; doont)e8 ?
waet 8h«d mEE'k)n ? t)Ez)n zb lda«kh*, ez et ?
3. ^h«mAABR dh^z-JB bu dhB fseks B-dhB kEEs, so d^t's hool js
baal, 8008, Bn bi kw^aa'rBt tel a't-v B-din. lwk)jjB.
4. 9'f Bm zhuBB [zImJbr] a'l jaRd)n zee — zam b dhEE vook Bt
WEnt dhiv^ dha hool dhEq vram dha vaoRst dhBZElvz — dhat dfil
e'l, zhuuBnaf.
5. Bt dht? jEq-gest ztn htzsalf*, o gaoRt bA'« bv no'm, nAAd az
vaa'dhBz voa'ts tB woens, dhof et 'wez zb kweeBU Bn skM?ee*km, Bn
9'»)d tr*8t 'hii tB speek dhB tiv^th sen-* dee, is 'fEE, a'l w/d.
6. an dh)ool hwm'an Bsalf* al tEl 8en*« av jyy, at stan griz'lin
dhiiBE, Bn tEl)i straait Af tyy, adhoe'yt mitj bodh-BR, if jb)1 on**
8Bk8)B ty, AA, waant-BR ?
7. ^tfdhBmAABR hBR toold et 'mii waen a'» 8ek8t)B, tyy b dhrtf<?
taa'tmz, aa'vbr, hBR d£d, Bn *ha)E AAft not ta bii rosq on zit} b
dhEq)z dhfs, wcet dyy)i z»m ?
8. weI, ez 'a't wez Bz^^'tn, 'hooR wtd tKl)i hoe'y, wiiBE, Bn waesen
B foe'yn dhB drak'n b^^st, b kaalth b mEE'csto.
9. hB zwAABR B zAA)n w* BR AAn oo'»z, laa't'm spw^d Bbraa'd
on dhB Mh, in ez goed ztwdi kooBt, hoom ta duu* a dha hoe'yz,
dce'yn ta dha kAAn'dBR b dhiek-it Wn.
10. a wez kivpzlm, hB z^^, fBu £ial dhB waaRl l^kHtBtjiil dhet)s
baed, ar a v«n*ed gaoRl.
11. Bn dhat wez, ez hB k^«n thruu dha bcB'klet widh b
daatBB)n)laa, vrBm hEq-in oe'yt dhB WEt klooz tB draa'» on b
WEsh'tn deey
12. wa'tl dhB kEt'^l wez baa'tlin is tee, wain vaa'in bruBt zim'BR
aa-tBn^pn, on-i b WEEk Bgoo, kam nEks dhaoRz-di.
13. Bn dyy)i nAA? a'l neva laaRnd aen-t mAA)n dhis b dhaik-t
btznts hoom to dhes maanm, zb zhuuB)z md'i neem)z :d|aan :zhep*Bd
Bn a'l doont waeeent ty, n^^-dha — gwnoe'y.
14. an zoo a'i)ni gdam om tB zap'BR. igceoed niiBt, Bn doont )i
bii ZB kwEk tB krAA aa'vb mm agen, w»n a tElth b dhts Bn dhat
Bn dh)adhBR.
15. t)ez a too-tlin vyyl, at tslth Bdhoe'yt m<fm-m. Bn dhEt)8
ma'i IdaBs wad. :goed ba'i ta))i.
XoUs.
0. why. Mr. S. has given various vowels Mr. S. takes as common; finally
analyses of this diphthong (a't, ea't, ki, when fully pronounced he acknowledges
frai). I follow the one chosen in any (r), hut the words arc often much
paiticalar case. He found a variety in clipped, and then he hears the same
actual use, but is inclined most to (&'i). effect as in London, a simple (n), but
See also the followinjg Devonport and it is probably (br) or (b) with the
Millbrook. — doubts. This diphthong is ton^ie turned up, the difference is very
also variously indicated, but Mr. S. slight, and Mr. S.*s (b) is here left.
generally gives (oe'y), following Prince 2. news, AVhen final and emphatic
L.-L. Bonaparte, and finds a rounding the sound seems to become (y) and (^),
of the lips in the first element. between which Mr. S. hesitates ; (y^)
1. »oce. Rarely used in S. Dv., recalls both. Mr. S. being a Nf. man,
supposed to be a iNf. Dv. word ; it is finds the sound less clear in Dv. than
plural. — -grizzle or grin; the r before in Nf., and thinks (p) or something
[ 1696 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
164 THE WEST SOUTHERN. [D 11, V ii.
between {9) and (7) more common. — nuuter (husband). Obserre the nse of
because they am for they are. The form the form calleth in eth ; common in Dy.
rbikyy-z) seems rather to be 6y course, 9. lifin^ spread abroad on the earth.
lor (BV kyys) is used for of course. — Aow*= close or fully up to. — comer
3. either -more, that is, however. — ofthaekey (that, yonder) lane.
bawl or noise.— look. Mr. S. also 10. crewsling = complaining, the
writes (loek). word is not in the glossaries.— -^«m^s
4. through. The (dr-) initial seems unwell, sick would mean vomiting. —
almost lost here, but (dryy) occurs at pinnied, mouldy as applied to cheese ;
times, also (dreks'l) thieshold. cross or peevish, as applied to children.
6. though y the (f) is common. — yes 13. good now (last word). Mr. S.
faith I would. says that he never actually heard
7. three. This is said to be the this phrase in the neighbourhood of
ordinary form. Mr. S. has, however, Plymouth, but that it is common in
heard (drii) once or twiee. — ought. N. and E. Devon.
Compare though in par. 5. — what do 14. night, no (r) in s.Dv., but see
you seem ^ think, a common Dv. word. p. 159, note to par. 14. — to crow over
8. drunken. Observe the northern any one (min) is a common word,
form (drak'n). — her (she) calleth her 15. totting, dottering^.
SouTH-WEarr Devon cwl.
written in Glossic by Mr. J. Shelly, and pal. from that and other indications
by AJE.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 3 b^Bk. 4 t^k. 5 m^k. 6 m^ed. 7 s^k. 19 t<^l. 20 l^mn. 21
nf6«m. 22 t^m. 23 tkma,. 24 zh^vm. 26 meen. 32 baath [as the rec. subst.].
33 radhBA. 34 las.
A: 41 dhaeqk. 43 hsBU. 44 Isen. 46 kan*l. 61 msen. 64 waant. 65
Bshez. 66 wBsn. A: or 0: 58 vrim vrom. 69 iBsm. 60 loq. 62 straq.
64 raq. 66 zoq.
A'- 69 nu. 72 99. 73 zoo [emph., (zb) unemph.]. 74 t^ tyy [emphatic].
76 twdBd. 78 aa. 79 aau. 81 leBU. 84 m(iBR mdB&. 87 klooz. 92 uaa.
94 krAA. 96 dhrAA.
A': 102 Eks, BBks. 104 rtiBd r6Bd. 106 rAxd. 110 nat. Ill AAft. 116
hom [h generally sounded]. 117 wau [e.Dv. wsen]. 121 gaan. 122 uaau.
123 UAthin. 124 ston. 125 ont. 127 boos, boos. 129 goo'wst. 130 boot.
133 rAAt. — roov [a row or rank].
M' 138 vaadhBR. 140 \iee\. 144 BgE-n. 160 l«fflt. 162 waHsR. M:
160 eeg. 166 zed. 166 m^Bd. 169 wen ween. 173 wbz. 176 fas faz. 179
waH. M' 182 zee. 183 iecty 184 l^d. 186 teedi. 190 Vee. 192
m^tfn. 193 Meen. 194 eni. 196 mem. 199 \i\eei. 200 w«H. 202 Jet.
JE!: 203 spertj. 213 ^tfdhBR [only in eithermore= however]. 216 toot. 216
diee\. 217 M|. 218 zhtp, zhep. 219 zU^p. 223 dhlBR. 224 wIbr. 226
mAAst.
E- 232 briik. 233 sp^k. 238 8Bd|. 241 teen. — bnm*l [bramble].
248 mliBR. — eft [eat]. 251 meet. E: 267 8pd|. 261 zee. — b^sd
[a bed]. — twelv [iwelvel. 272 el'm. 280 leb'n. 281 Iwqkth. 284
OTRsh. E'- 290 hii [empn., gen. (b) unemph.]. 292 mii. 293 ws [emph.
fos)]. 300 Veep. 301 jsr. 302 niAft. 303 zwe^t. £': 306 di. 306 eft,
eot. 311 tsn [usually half a score]. 312 jsr. 314 j^Rd. 316 niiBst.
EA: 322 la^f . 324 kiX s'tt. 325 woak. 328 koald. 336 aal. 336 voal.
337 waal. 343 waRm. 346 giBt. EA': 347 h^. 348 ki b'L 349 v^.
EA': 360 deed. 362 ORd. 365 diif diiv. — tai [verb], tiki [subs, in bed-tie,
the local name for feather-bed]. 361 bffn. 363 tjeep. 371 strsBstraa.
EI- 373 dhff. EI: 378 week. EO- 383 zeeVn zeb'n. 386 bin^eth,
bineedh. 387 n^. EO: 338 mtlk. 390 shid. 402 laRU. 406 ^eBth.
407vaRd*n. £0'- 411 dhree. 412 shii [emph. obj. (br teld -shii tB duet)].
[ 1696 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Dll, Vii.] THK WEST SOUTHERN. 165
414 Tl&t, YlB't. 417 tfB'u. 420 yaavr. EO': 425 Wit [rarely (liivt)].
430 Trind. 434 bM. 436 j^ [gen., iinemph. (i) meaxiiiig y^ P]. £Y- 438
ddai [very much drawled]. £Y: 439 trist.
I- 440 we#k. 446 ndin [drawled]. — pea p««z*n [pea peafll. 449 git.
I: 452 a'i, &t. 455 ]ki Is't. 458 no^it [rarely (niivt) as m e.Dv. J. 459 ro'tt
[correct, but (ast^ straightl. 460 w<v*jt. 462 za'tt. 465 siif z«t|. 466 tj[i«l.
— gild [a guild]. 473 bid'in bl&ind. 475 wind. 476 bwaind, fooo.] bo'ind.
477 Win. 479 w&ind. 485 dsBsh*!. 488 Jit. — zeks [occ. ziks]. — het
[hit]. I'- 490 hki bi'i. 491 aa'if. 493 dra^. 499 biVl. I': 500
lo'ik [rarely (l^k)]. 502 T&iv. 503 la'iv. 505 wo'iv [rarely used]. 506
humvi.
0- 522 AAp^n. 523 hAAp. — baRn [bom]. 524 ws&d*l. 0: 528
tboft [subdt.] thoft [vb.]. 531 dootsR [rarely (dofteR)]. 534 hAAl. 538 wid,
id. 552 kaiin. 554 kraas. 0'- 555 sh^. 560 sW. 562 m^n Jjperham
more iren. (mTyn)]. 664 zyn [yery short, or (zin)]. 666 nxAZ. fx: 569
gen. (myyn)]. 664 zyn [very short, or (zin)]. 6W
570 t^k. 671 g^. 572 h\A. 575 stod. 576
b^k. 570 t^k. 671 g^. 572 bU. 575 stod. 576 WBUzdi. 582 k^l.
584 stMii, 585 brym bnwm [more gen. (yy)]. 586 dyy, d^. 587 din. 588
BJtn. 589 sp^m. 590 [(plflenshin) that is, planning, is used for floor]. — bozvm
[bosom]. 594 bH. 595 y#t.
U- 699 tibyy*. 606 d6<f9R, U: 608 ngli. 616 poe'yn. 618 woe'ynd.
619 voe'yn. 620 grce'vu. 629 zin. 636 Tddhvn. U'- 640 koe'y. 641 oe'y.
643 noe'y. — plim [plum]. 662 kid, kyd. 653 bit. U': 656 rmn,
659 toB'yn. 663 hoe'ys.
T- 674 dad. 677 drdi. T: 684 baadi. 685 SBdi. 686 hdi. 689
bild. — kiinli [kindly]. 691 m&in [(miind) in e. and n.Dv.]. T'- 706
wao'i [occ. (wd9)J. 712 [(miis) at Totness and in n.Dv.].
n. English.
A. 718 trMd tr6vd. 737 mhi. I and T. 754 peg. U. — pud'n
[pudding]. ^- bish [bush].
m. EoMAircB.
A •• 815 faks. 842 plaensh. 852 Mpmi. — mantprnt [merchant]. 864
b6aBl. 864 bikM*z. £•• 867 t^r. — zauY [serve]. l-andY'910
d|99'i8t. 0- — reb [rob]. 916 i-qira. — djkHn [join]. 922 bish'l.
938 kAAudisR. — zant [sort]. 941 vyyl. 952, i. kyys, ii. Ems fhence probably
(bike's) by course, in or of course, used for because, see 864J. 956 IdvuR.
U- 960 lue, — d|td| [judge]. — pupit [pulpit]. 969 zhchiK. 970
d|ist dies.
COKSONANTB.
B is not omitted after m, except in (brim^l) bramble, and when final.
Ch remains except occasionally in rkist) chest.
D remains after n, but is omitted after oi in {oo\ kool) old cold, it is inserted
in fkAAndvn) comer, dd does not become (dh) when medial as in ladder.
F initiaJ is often (▼).
H is seldom dropped, according to Mr. Shelly, but sometimes prefixed in emphatic
words, and replaced by (j) in (jet, jsefBn, JsefBl, joe'yl) heat, heifer, handful,
howl.
L is never dropped, and -Im final becomes often two syllables as (elvm f ilam)
elm film especially in e.Dy.
N becomes / in (ii'vlin jii'vlin) evening.
£ is (r) only when dwelled upon, Mr. Shelly not feeling sure that it is really
pronounced, he says he heard 200 children singing ** send her victorious,
nappy and glorious '* and could detect no r at all. If seems probable that he
had not separated (a, s, «) simpl]^, from these sounds as mooified by turning
up the tongue, which alters tneir character. I have consequently, as the
result of much correspondence, introduced (r) freijuently in the preceding list
and C8. although in his first writing he omitted it. As I was a considerable
[ 1597 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
166 THE WEST SOUTHERN. [D 11, V ii.
time myself before I could recognise this verj peculiar modification, I can
well appreciate his difficulty. My own impression is that it is always reverted
or retracted, even before rowels, and when preceding t, d, », I reverts or retracts
these also. But these cases I have left unmarked. The following cases,
where Mr. S. marks the absence of r, may therefore be marked, as m otiier
S. cases, as having a transposed r, (ksBzmBS gs&t gaats eepBBn a&t| bzBd
I houses bottles peas.
t) whistle, castle, thistle,
wrestle, often ; act, fact.
Th, there is *' a general tendency to substitute (dh) for (th), as (dhtq) for (thiq)."
V is lost in (eii) give, and becomes (b) in (zeb'n) seven, it never becomes (w).
W is omitted before r and in (hMd, hMmBu) wood woman ; would is (wtd) ; wh is
always (w).
My especial thanks are due to Mr. Shelly for the great assistance which he has
^ven me and the work he has done for me in sw.Dv., from 1868 to 1886, con-
tinually attending to every point of difficulty which arose. It will be perceived
that he is maiiUy corrol>orated from Devonport and Millbrook, the differences
being simply those of appreciation, and that the real differences in n. and s., e. and
w.Dv. and e.Co. are not sufficient to form districts for, but are mere varieties of
BubstantiaUy the same dialect.
Dbvonpobt by Plymouth dt.
Town pron., pal. by AJE. from the diet, of Mr. John Tenney, Chancery Audit
Office, native, compared with that of Mr. J. B. Bundell, native, see Millbrook.
1. 800^ ce'i 8^e», msEts, jfji* stV noo'yi*, dhBt se'i hi r^a'it «bao'yi*t
dha't lit*l meetd kamin fr^t?m dhs skiiBl [skyyi*!] ov«b dh^BB.
2. 8hii)z [arjz] gdeen dQo'yi*n dh« r,oa**d [t^6 *wi] dheBr^ thr^yyi*
dhB r^td g:EEt on atm lift a*nd BflB^id uv dhB weet.
3. shoo* "Br, naf dhB tjU)z gAAn str^e'it op tyi* dhB d(w**Br^ bv dhB
r,oq 0B'yi*8.
4. w^BT^ pr,a*p8 8hii)l [ar^)lj fse'ind dha*t dr^aqkm diif dr^aeVd
op IkIb kAAld rtomas.
6. wi [as] n6z)'n vet/ we^'l.
6. wo)nt dh» oo**l t}a*p syi^n teetj)Br, not tyi* dyyi* it BgSEn,
poo**Br^ thtq.
7. lyyi»k ! EE)nt Bt tr.yyi'^ ?
Ifotes.
Observe that {o^^tjf) mean (o\ yj character in Mr. R.'s. — now. This
with prelected lips. The letters o, p, q diphthong was precisely the same as at
are callea (oo**, jpii, Imrj*), but coal is Iddesleigh, both for Mr. T. and Mr.
called (lud). Mr. T. himself noted K., though perhaps less forcible in the
that in so you it was necessary to s. than m the n. — right. The r in
project the Ups considerably to bring Mr. T.'s pron. was treated very much
out the sound. like the London r as I at first appre-
1. /. The analysis of long f is not ciated. But after attentively examin-
perfect. I write as I seemed to ing Mr. K.*s, I concluded that his was
observe. Mr. T.*s varied between (©'i) retracted (rj and not reverted (a), and
and (a'i). Mr. Bundell seemed gencr- tliis agreea with Mr. R.*s own appre-
ally to use the latter. Perhaps both elation, see Millbrook. As both Messrs.
meant (&*i) at all times. — you. This T. and K. were natives of Devonport,
seemed to be diphthongal in Mr. I concluded that Mr. T.*s had oeen
T.'s speech. I did not observe tliis more reduced to the London level. —
[ 1598 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 11, Vii.]
THB WEST SOtTTHBRN.
167
iehooi, I appreciated (skCiBl), and Mr.
T. wrote skooul. But Mr. K. decidedly
had (slnryil), which would be the
regular form.
2. $h€ is and her is are quite inter-
changeable. Mr. T. wrote shee-z, and
Mr. R. ur-z.—through. Both Mr. T.
and Mr. R. gare (thr^) and not (dr^-)
in this word. Rev. H. 8. Wilcoclu of
Stoke, which adjoins Beyonport, gave
dr^j which is certainly the purer form,
though Mr. T. said he had heard
(thr-) five miles ftway in the country.
3. enough, Mr. T. had never heard
enow. —child, Mr. T. says (tpil) is
used for either sex.
4. dried up^ because shrivelled is not
used, but (shrj is used, as (shrimps,
shr,Hb). — calUd. This word would oe
used, ffam« s=(nBBm).
6. ehap is not often used, (ma%) is
more common ; a woman will speak of
her husband as (maB't tja^p") ; the man
generally speaks of his wife f^ (m»\\
as (msB^
«), buf ((w*^l^d)amBn) may also be
heard. — thingt with (th-) in town and
(dh-) in countoy.
PfiOX MnXBBOOK Co.
2 sw.Plymouth, on the other side of the Hamoaze. Specimen written in
flossic by Mr. J. B. Rundell, of the Science and Art Department, South
[ensington, who lived there as a boy from 4 to 10, and Ims had frequent
opportunities of refreshing his memory. Pal. by AJE. from w. instruction in
1885. The specimen is supposed to be a dialogue between two persons A and B,
and is constructed so as to bring in the principal peculiarities. The pron. is
thorough s.Dv., and Mr. Rundell states that having had occasion to visit
Padstow in Co., he was surprised to find the speech practically the same.
1 A. gyid mar^tn tyi)i, neelrar,. jyOm op brev;Bii)ar^f dliis
mar^ntn. w^bf, bii Bgween tyi zo zyin ?
2 B. AA ! gjid margin tji Jyyi, ma'* diw^ ! wa'i, Jji zii var^imw^
:obzez t|iil)z Btjik b»d w*dh dhB meez*lz, Bn 9't)m gween dao'jin
tao'yin tji doktw^ ^'jiS tji vEtj)'n varj'n.
3 A. AA ! ar,)z Bgot dhB mecz'lz Ev)Br, ? [aeth Br,), arjz Ijikt
kryj wisht var, dhis var^tna'it paest. Br^ modnBr^ to'ul mi Br, kyid'n
git Br, tyi eet nothm Bn bf, waz bz week)8)B raebni.
4 B. »s, q'% zid var^mBr, :abz htzsBlf tstBRde, 8bz eV wez in dhB
viil dr^ee'tn tHr;mBts, Bn)i)zBd i thoft i mas keel «n dhB daktBr,. oz
o't WBZ Bkomin op dhB leen djw na)'yi e'l mEt)'n BgE-n, Bn i eekst
mi tyi go vArJ'n tyi wonst.
5 A. jyi)d bEtBr, mEk eest dh'n. shtl e't zii)i b8't)m)bo't in dhB
cevnm aet dhB trdltwrqk? Bn wii)l bv b pe'tnt bv sweeps tBgtdhBr,.
Notes,
1. good. The sound was decidedly a
deeper (y), approaching {9), in some
cases almost (»), — morning^ the (n) was
decidedly retracted and not reverted, it
was very faintly marked, not nearly
so strong as at Iddesleigh. — neighbour^
the (ee) did not seem to approach (««),
and there was no suspicion of a following
(*j).— -yoM^m, you am, the regular con-
versational form. — t(p, this form (o^,
Ap, AAp) seems to run through tlus
group, I) 10 and 11, and indeed occurs
also m D 4.
2. my, this (a't) was the nearest
approach I could make to this diphthong,
which was certainly not (ftt), and not
even (fe'i), before mutes, but became so
before sonants, as white ^ wide (wa'tt,
w&td^ . — down town house j at first hearing
this oiphthong sounded to me as (o'm) and
it was not tul after close examination
and continual repetition that I was con-
vinced the sound was (odVi*). See the
remarks on Iddesleign (p. 158) ; the
action of the mouth was identical with
that there described, wide open for the
[ 1699 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
168
THB WEST SOUTHERN.
[D ll,Vii, iii.
fint element, with the lips closed nearly
and projected for the second. — house
with final (s) not (z), to doctor's house
to fetch him for him.
3. her^ used either for he or she. Mr.
B. did not know of the distinction («,
vk) hsy she. — wisht^ whished, poorly,
haggard. — toldy here I think the diph-
thong was {9*u) or (tfii), it was certainly
not ^'yi). — rohtHy the bird.
4. <irau^fi^, i.e. pulling up, ^MTMtjw. —
thought y the form (thaft) with (f ) is Tery
common. — tit onecy the sound seemed
more like (wonst) than anything else.
5. ^ ofM^ ^tf, ^MUiu^itXsmaU public-
house or beershop.
Vak. iii. e.Co.
Camelfobd (14 w.Laukceston) dt.
pal. by AJ£. from dictation of Miss Ada Hill, natire, student at
Whitelands, June, 1881.
1. zoo &i zee^ m6«ts, ju zii m^'u dhtit ii bi xkii isbe'tit dhat Itt'I
gSRL kamm from dhekt sku^l.
2. aB)z 9 gu'tn da'tm dh« r6«d dhsB thniu dhv rsd g^ on dh«
Isft han 8d»d q dh« wee.
3. shooB Bnoou dh« i^d)z g&n street ap te dhv doBB v dh« roq
9'uz.
4. wubxb)! bi 14tk to f&ind dhekt diaqk'n diif wtz'nd fslQ v dhv
n^Bm « :tom98.
5. SB AAL no0)«n vBrt weI.
6. want dliQ ool t^ap zun teetj [lasN] an not te du)it vgtii [«g^],
puoB dhtq !
7. l«k ez)'nt [Kl)'nt] »t trwi* ?
Notes,
1. ma(M, (ssni), not (ztm), is com-
monly used in place of ' mate,* even to
old people. — nowy I wrote (9'i#) from
dicti^on, but do not feel at all certain,
because of my initial mistake for Mill-
brook (p. 167 note on doum)^ that it
was not (ao'yi^), here and at St. Colomb
Major notwithstanding the different
anaiysiB. — / be^ so gei^rally, Miss H.
never heard Vs (see Cardynham) nor
/ arcy but she knew we^m you^m for
we arCf you are, — ^tr/, Miss H. had
heard (gniD*l), (meed) maid, is common
enouffh for a younf girl under twelve,
(t|iila) is only used for children before
they can speax properly, and she did not
know of its exclusive confinement to
girls. She, however, uses it generally
The two following dt. are given with much hesitation, but they
are the best I could obtain, and the writers had taken so much
trouble that I thought it best to insert them.
in par. 3. — that, (dhekt) a very common
word. — school, not (8kyy,l), there was
a tendency towards (u) shewn by (u^).
I got schule sheur from Padstow.
2. through, Miss H. was confident
that it did not become ^druu n^J^t
although (DRii) takes the place of (thni),
see also Millbrook. I got drew from
Padstow.
3. enough, ''(«na*f) is also heard,
not (toH)."
4. wizened, shrivelled not known,
but (shr-) initial is used.
6. chap is properly a young fellow
who works in the quarries, called also a
** quarry nipper.*' — thing, think, both
have imtial (oh).
[ 1600 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 11, V iii.]
THE WEST SOUTHERN.
169
Caedt^nhaic (3i ene.Bodmin).
dt. from a verj careful translation in io. with long aq. by Mr. Thoe. H. Cross,
national schoolmaster, not a native, but much of my interpretation remains
conjectural. The pronunciation was obtained by Mr. Cross from an old
labourer whose family had been 150 years in the parish.
1. zoo vfi zee, boiz, j^ji zii iie'ii, vt a't)m rait b^ dh»k» let'l
meed kamtm frsm dhe skuiil JindoE.
2. sai)z vgdm dE'un dhikt rovd dh{«E thru dhe rad gfvt vn dhe
lift been sdid «y dhe wee.
3. shoOT tmrf dhv t|il vz gA'tm strM op te door w dhe raq b'us.
4. wf«E eE wil t^na te vend dhtkt droqken dif wizend felBE by
dhe nivm w :tsnn«8.
5. VLB ool nooz VR wvri wel.
6. w^^t dhtki 6tfld sinf b^ud. teet| shi nat tv d^yi)et gen, puuE
th»q!
7. lak 8» ! Ed)'n)ft truu ?
KoU8.
1. $0, 9ay, The initial (s) was
written in these two words only, not
in §oon and tide. This may haye been
an oy^rsight. — hoys, written bo'Oifs,
which, judging from other spellings,
may mean (boiz), but (b6iz) seemed
the more prooable sound. — yoM written
ya-ew ana explained '* a as in hater, u
as French «, ya-M quickly." — notr, ex-
plained *'same sound a, Ofc^ as in cow,
pronounced ouickly, the a yenr distinct."
— that, the abridged form (ti), said to be
" yery common." — / am written <n um
with the yariant /'«, which is also stated
to be *<yery common, more so than <n
um:* In 1865 TH. heard (di)z)a*d) I
haye had, from a miner from Gwennap
(3 se.Redruth), but that is in D 12. I
conjecture that ot, which was used in
riffkt tide, meant (a'i). — wehool written
tkole, altogether doubtful. — yonder, Mr.
C. says he neyer heard yinder till he
came here, but has often noticed it.
8. ** ehsel is the term for girV*
4. Jind, the form vefid was unex-
pected.— drunken written dro-un-ken
and said to be so pronounced, which
is so unlikely that I haye not yentured
to giye it. Mr. C. may haye meant
that 0 was substituted for ti, as in
the next note, see also (op) written
op for up,
5. all, *' there is a remarkable
presence of the letter o which giyes
the word the sound of (h)ole," but he
writes o-all, so his dro^un-ken may
indicate a vubstitution. — very, Mr. C.
has neyer heard (w) for (y) in anj
other word, *'ana in this case it is
only in slight use," it is probably
an error.
6. MMiiy, commonly used as an address,
but said to haye been obtained from a
labourer in this phrase.
The r I haye left unmarked before a
yowel, from pure uncertainty.
St. CoLuiCB Majob (11 wsw.Bodmin)
and about ten miles round ; dt. written by Mr. T. Bogers of the St. Wenn
National School, Bodmin, with the help of the members of the Beading
Boom, in which each portion of the dt. was discussed. The original io.
was difficult to understand, and although Mr. B. kindly furnished yery full
explanations, I cannot be quite sure that I haye always interpreted them
xi^tiy in the following pal. translation.
1. SI zoo 6i Bizee, komrw'dz, d)i sLzii nodo dhwt di)m rdtt hodot
dhtki itVl me^ kamtn frBm dh« sk^ouiil JAAndvr.
2. 8hii)z geen. dodon dhv rood dhfiBE dniu dhv rEd geet on dhv
lift haen B|^z^id ov dh« wee.
[ 1601 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
170
THE WEST 80UTHERV.
[Dll,Viii.
3. B(^ziuB naf dh« f^d)z gon strdit Kp ts diks duvR oy dks raeq
4. wivBB, Bh)»l i^eens te vdin dhtkt dsaqkin dfisf skruuad Mb oy
dhv neeBm ov itomvs.
5. wi aal nA tm wEl)B)fatn.
6. wsent dh)ool l^p 8[^zuun t^ vb iiEt te dau)9t vgEn, puuvR
7. Ittk! Edynt)et triu !
Kote$.
1. «o «ay Mtf. These were said to
begin with (s) followed by a faint
sound of (z), in that case they would
form the transitional sound from (z) to
fs). — / right. The phonographic sign
lor (&•) was given, but the actmd
analysis of the diphthong is conjectural.
^eomradca^ witn the accent on the
second syllable, the usual word for
' mates.*— now about^ etc. The diph-
thong, written nHSvo^ was exploinea as
<*o in not or innorate, but rather
short, ow as sparrou^.*' This gives the
transcription (nooo). For bout^ down^
AouM,Mr. R. used these spellings, and
said of house '* om as in sparrou^, with
the 0 prolonged slightly.^ It seems
to me that the analysis is certainly
wronff, and that (a'w), heard from
Cameiford, is more correct. But the
explanation was so explicit I felt bound
to adopt it.— i'm "is used in such
sentences as * I'm ^n iA town,' / be
in answering questions, as: 'are you
one ? e«s I be,' not * I am.* ''^ right.
*^ The r is trilled in many cases, droo
for instance. A big boy in school once
said to me, * how many dree hapences
in dreppens,* with a trill on each r,
the pomt of the tongue touching the
^ums of the front teeth of the upper
jaw and then vibrating. But when r
occurs at the end of a word, it is not
trilled, as far as I am aware, but the
tongue is withdrawn back to the throat
in pronouncing it. In droo there is a
trill, in drunken not, the tip of the
tongue touching the teeth [for d ?] and
then withdrawing. In etriie and trew
there is a slight trill in the first word,
and a strong one in the aecond.—etrite.
The front part of the tongue touches
the roof of the mouth in front ; the tip,
the top of the gums in the lower jaw,
and the ton^e is drawn backwards,
and the tip lifted upwards at the same
time.
2. trew. The tongue (tip) touches
the |^:uins in front in the upper jaw,
and is then quickly withdrawn back to
the throat past its normal position in
the mouth.^' This would generally
indicate (r,, b) with occasionaJ (r, ^r).
Under these circumstances I have re-
tained (r^ before a vowel, but used (r)
final.— yrom or (vrwn, f i vrwn) .— school.
This was written «A^d2, and explained
to be 0, as in not^ but ver^ short,
followed by 0, as in hoot.* This I have
endeavoured to render by fsk^atiul),
but I think that this is probably wrong.
Perhaps he meant (ska;'uul), a gene-
rating sound of (skyy,l), but everything
is uncertain. I gBuerally got sehule,
ekewl in io. firom Co.
3. enough^ * the /strongly accented.'
6. her^ ^she \B but rarely used fw
her.'
Although these examples of e.Co. leave mucli to be desired, they
evidently shew a dying out of Dv. forms, and the characteristic (r,
yi) are more or less implied.
[ 1602 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 12.] THB WB8T SOUTHERN. 171
D 12 = w. WS. = western West Southern.
Boundary. On the e. the w. b. of D 11 from Ealmouth Harbour
to Pirran Bay (p. 156) b. are made up of the bw. coast of Co.
Area, The w. of Co., to the w. of Truro, together with the
Scilly Islands (24 wsw. Land's End).
AuthorititM. See County List under the following names, where * means ty.
per AJE., t per TH., ** in lo.
Co, ^fOwennap, *Marazion, * Penzance, °St. Just, ®St. Stithians.
Character. None can be given. The mode of speech is said to
Tary much from place to place, not more than ten or twelve miles
apart, and most of the WS. characters seem to have disappeared.
Down to 200 years ago some Cornish was still -spoken in these
regions. How the change to English came about, I do not know,
but it was clearly not imported from the e., because we find
scarcely a vestige of Dv. phraseology or pronunciation. The
miners, who abound, are a mixed race. Many words of Cornish
origin remain. The phrases used are picturesque, and the spelling
which the dialect-writers of west Cornish have adopted is also
rather picturesque than phonetic. It would be necessary to study
the pronunciation of each neighbourhood on the spot from the
mouths of natives, and for such a haphazard speech as appears to
prevail, this would be hardly worth while. At the same time, any
tolerably complete view would demand too much space.
Tregellas, as quoted by Mr. T. Q. Couch ("East Cornish Words"),
remarks on the peculiar sing-song of the West Cornwall speakers,
and its lessening and alteration in character on proceeding east-
ward, through Trevednack (? Towednack, 2 sw. St. Ives), St. Ives (7
Bsw. Penzance), Hayle (4 se.St. Ives), and Camborne (4 wsw. Red-
ruth), and says that, ** e. of Camborne, even at Eedruth, the
natural accent has died away, nor is it again heard from the more
guttural speakers of Bedruth, Gwennap (3 se. B.), and St. Agnes
(6 n-by-e.R.). But . . . the miner of Perranzabuloe (7 nnw. Truro)
expresses himself uniformly in a full note higher than his adjoining
parish of St. Agnes, and no sooner have you passed Cranstock (8
wsw. St. Columb Major) and Cubert (2 s.Cr.), and entered into St.
ColomVs," than you begin to hear Tz-) for (s-), in first to a small
and then to a large extent. This agrees precisely with Mr.
Hodge's b. of e. and w. Cornwall passing between Cranstock and
Cubert, and here adopted (p. 166).
Mr. William Noye kindly wrote me a version of the cs. for
Penzance, and I took it down from his dictation in 1873. In 1876
I went over it with Mr. Bawlings, of Hayle, who was exceedingly
well acquainted with the speech of his neighbourhood. He differed
from Mr. Koye in a great number of particulars, and foimd the cs.
so ill adapted for exhibiting the west Cornish peculiarities, that he
re-wrote a portion of it, which I pal. from his diet, in Feb. 1876.
It seems, therefore, advisable to limit any examples to this par-
ticular specimen, which, as will be seen, is founded on the cs. He
locates his yam in Marazion (3 e.Penzance), and entitles it
[ 1603 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
172
THE WEST SOUTHERN.
[D12.
JaCKT TbBSISE, a MaBAZIOIT SPECDLEir.
1. :d|8ek'i :t«zaiz sEd: oo\ 'hii
leeaef ! hi dtd*'nt Isesef wen q rand
vwee* l&Bst krez*m9B frem thv
giiz-d^ensBz, vn ssd tu an :m8el*i
iptilgreen, dhvt hii)d slid v pis'kt.
*hii Bd'nt wath v snaf !
2. sid)'n, dtd'shi ? draqk it
spooz? krdi'mtu? zeek'li Id^'n ! !
niu, 6i)l tsl'i :d|^«mz, &i nsv'o
ldik)'n — AA-lez krdid m dh«
roq pl^^I
3. &i w«z ddirn tu imidhitsn
m»t''n l^vst sandtf, «n aqk'l :tom
:TE8'nt priit|t vbaiit dhv p^iis
:8Bm8ertt«n — ^wi hsBd v klab fiist
dhc dee vtoo\ «n •Bam)«v)Bz iit
«naf • fe djEn-t'lmen — wi dh«
woz'nt a drdi &i en dhv mit'n,
SBpt *hiiz.
4. 800 di Bsd tu* Bn : **hau8Br)'i
800 ankBnsaa*nd ?"
5. vn SBZ hii: *':d|8ek*i, « do'nt
bmsaa-n *mii, kAAz &. do'nt hV m
jo' pser'ish. 6i oo*nli st^ afte
dhv klab fiist, kAAz &i w«z a U'tl
f«d'ldw»biw."
6. 8BZ tc 8ii-«n ob)'m, hi wud'n
kam mtB *m^ hdus «n not bi
siid ! 6n' :meeTi tdold mi oo-nlt
:man*de iib'min,hii'*rm obaut dho
tsen'tnsmz « ktkt sp ddun to
:1^a1^ :tdiui ;
7. " ez**nt hsesef « maen," sez
8hii, **hii-l gaz'l aaI dhB ltk« hi
kvn hft^ tsn skr^, vn o d« p^
noo'bvdt. sam d« s^tf hi sd'nt
paattk'lB «baut t^'ktn whot sd'nt
ez oon. dhv klooz « heed on o
nBy*9 -peed dha psekmeen fA.. on di
wttd'nt," 8EZ shii, "tras'n »n
iuT eel l^Mm'bB b&i isself.
8. "di bliiv »f hii-d noth-m
iit'm A dit'qk'in, hii-d t^k « lamp
« shttg'Q int 9 dhe n(«rtz k«^.
ii neT*9 siid e fBl'o IdikVn f9\T
iit'tn, 8Ept ditqk'm, 6i bhiv hii-z
laik « kloom'sn kast, hii-z hol'v
ddun tB htz tooz."
1. John Tresise said: Oh! he
Uugh ! he didn't langh when he ran
away last Christmas ntnn the Kuise-
dancers, and said to annt Molly
Pol^rain, that he*d seen a piskey.
He isn't worth a snuff !
2. Saw-him, did-sheP dmnk, I
suppose? Crying too P Exactly 1^-
him! Now, I'U tell)yoa, James,.!
never liked)lum— always cried in ihe
wrong place !
3. I was down at Mithian meet*
in^, last Sunday, and uncle Tom
Vincent preached about the poor
Samaritan — we had a cluh feast
the day before, and tome of us ate
enough for gentlemen ->and there
wasn"t a dry eye in the meeting,
except he's.
4. So I said to-him : " How are*
you so unconcerned P"
5. And says he : <* Jacky, he doesn't
concern me^ because I don't live in
your parish. I only stayed after
the club-feast, hecause I was a little
fuddled with beer."
6. As to seeing of)him, he wouldn't
come into my house and not be
seen ! Our Mary told me only
Monday evening, hearing about tho
tantrums he lacked up down to
Church Town ;
7. *' Isn't half a man," saTs
she, "he'll guzzle all the liquor ne
can hitch and scrape, and he do pay
nobody. Some ao say he isn't
particular about taking what isn't
his own. The clothes ne had on he
never paid the packman for. And I
wouldn't," says she, "tmst-him in
our hall chamber by himself.
8. **l believe if he'd nothing
eating or drinking, he'd take a lump
of sugar out of the canary's cage.
I never saw a fellow like-him for
eating, except drinking, I believe he's
like an earthenware cat, he's hollow
down to his toes."
[ 1604 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 12.] THE WBST SOUTHERN. 173
NotM,
1. guite daneer$. Christmas mom- and the trill of r, and h^r is used for
mers, dancers in fancy guise.~at<ii^ he, a southern importation. Of course
This '* aunt ** is said to haye been the the joke is a very ancient one, Cornwall-
usual mark of respect for the Virgin ised for the occasion.
Mary. It reminds one of the American 6. Church 7W», the name always
negro Uncle and A.}mt.-~piskeif, meta- given to the place where the church is.
thesis for (pik'si) ptxy or fairy, as 7. pttekmany the pedlar who carries
(waeps) for waspy etc^tnuf^ namely, round a pack of cloth for sale. — hall-
a candle-snuff, the most worthless chamber, the chief room of the house is
thing he could think of. so called, however small it may be. —
3. Mithian is a small curacy 6 nnw. himself , but written '* A^rself.'* See
Truro. — meeting^ that is, a Non- her for he in par. 6.
eonformist chapel or preaching house. 8. ifhe^d nothing, etc., that is, if he
— unelCf a title of respect, see aunt, was not engaged in eating or drinking
par. l.^pooTt a little confusion be- someiMng,^ earthenware, (kloom) is
tween the *'good** Samaritan and the a common Cornish word for earthen-
unfortunate man he relieved. — he's ware. A common red earthen pitcher
apparently for hie, but it may have with two handles is called (b kloom
been only (biz) for (htz) ; the common bMS'«), where the ^w) is |>eculiar, per-
'isaen is not used here. haps a («, '
5. Se, the (v) is her, less the aspirate it like an \
hisaen is not used here. haps a (mJ, and I occasionally heard
As this was a w. specimen of pronunciation, I have extracted
some of the principal words, and I have also taken those given by
Miss Courtney in the introduction to her "West Cornwall Glossary."
But I am quite unable from both, and also from looking over many
books of West Cornish tales and rhymes, to make out any satis-
factory characteristics. There appear, however, to be some traces
of D 11 from e.Co. and Dv., as 1) the metathesis of s and consonant
in (ptskt, klceps, hseps) pixy, clasp, hasp ; 2) the use of (*n) for
ace. him, it; 3) (tjil) for a girl ; 4) the neutral infinitive in (-i) as
(digi, hseki, peenti, WAAki) to dig, hack, paint, walk. Miss
Courtney also adduces the use of (bii, beent, ii hi, bii-i ?) for am,
is-not, I am, are you ? ; but they do not seem to occur in the
literature, and the disuse of he was one of the marks by which Mr.
Hodge was enabled to draw the line between e. and w.Co.
West Coshish cwl.
Unmarked generally or marked R, words from Mr. Rawlings^s example.
C words for the Land*s End and adjacent districts from introduction to Miss
Courtney's Glossary, conjecturally palaeotyped.
I. Wesskx and Nobse.
A- 8 C haeaBV. 30 C kin. 34 l^twt. A: or 0: 61 C wno-q. 64 roq.
A'- 92 C UAA. A': 123 nothtn. -5:- 141 C n^cl. 143 C t^el.
^: — C hieps [hasp]. JE'- 182 C see. 193 C kl«Ti. M: —
iihmin [evening]. 249 C wIb [according to Westlake]. — iit [eat]. 251 C
mM. E: 263 «wee. fr- 290 hii [strong], b [weak]. 296 C bleev.
302 C mit, R mi-t'n [meeting]. E': 314 hiBd. EA: 322 \scsit. 334
haesBf & C. 338 C VsmsL EA'- 348 C ki. — An [ear]. EA': 366 C
geet. EO; — j»1b [yellow]. 406 C«ath[ Westlake, also (Icrth)]. EY: 439
tras)'n [trust him]. I: 466 C t|il. 482 Ed)'nt [b*nt]. — trips [crisp].
[ 1605 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
174 THE WBST SOUTHERN. [D 12.
I': 500 l&ik. 0: 626 ob)'m [of him]. 633 C diiL 641 C WMtt. 646
fA. 0'- — C gTAA [grow]. 0': — C huiik [hook]. — C huud [hood].
U- 603 C Inium. U: 636 nvth. U- 641 hau. U': 668 d&tm.
Y-' — kiit [a kite].
n. English.
A. — nlBTt [canary]. — C klfiepa [clafipl. E. — C biit fpeat]. — C
ekiin [skeinl. I. and Y. — piekt [pixyj. — BhsTB [sbiverj. TJ. —
fwdUd [fuddled]. 804 draqk. — pMzT [to puzde].
m. Romance.
A" 811 pl«8. — pd* [pay]' — C msBiBstv [master]. — C eiijvl |
possibly (eenjvl)]. 849 C strronjv [poseibly (streenjv)]. 860 d6«n8. 861 an.
— tikwU [square]. 866 piluv. E- 867 C tee. — C seehnt [secret], —
— siin [a seine, net]. — rvleev [relieve]. — brMm [bream, fish]. —
ankunsaa-nd funconcemedl. 891 fiist. 896 C risee-v. l-andY*- — rsvB
TriTor]. 0- — Ckalwn [column]. 933 C frant. U- — shugar
[sugar]. — giiz [guise].
The Scilly Isles.
Miss Courtney in her West Coimisli Glossary makes the
Scillonian dialect different from that of Co., instancing tread tree
for * thread, three,' (o'l) for (a'i) in (po'int o'»lz) pint, isles, and
conversely (pamt bdtl) for point, boil. She also draws a distinction
between the speech of St. Mary's island containing the capital
Hugh Town and the speech of the " Off-oislanders," as she
writes them, who inhabit the smaller isles. This w^ in 1880.
Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma, vicar of Newlyn St. Peter, Penzance,
kindly wrote to Mr. Dorrien Smith (proprietor, and familiarly
known as "the King of Scilly"), who, in reply, dated Tresco Abbey,
Isles of Scilly, 7 Aug. 1883, says, "I know of no place in the
British Isles where the Queen's Ehiglish is less massacred by the
lower classes than it is in these islands. There is no dialect or any
peculiarities of speech worth mentioning, and I can find no recoid
of any having been spoken." Mr. Lach-Szyrma says compulsory
education has prevailed for forty years and stamped out dialect,
and that the people are mostly Cornish, some are said to be
descended from the Cavaliers of Charles II. who settled there, and
others from sailors from all parts (Scillonia once was a pirate
station). The population is quite hybrid in all points, in appear-
ance, physique, ideas, and language ; a sort of gathering from
the coast population generally, but with a strong Comu-British
element. Under these circumstances no dialectal value can be
attached to any pronunciations there heard. I am indebted to Miss
Toulmin Smith for the means of obtaining the above information.
[ 1606 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 13.] THB SOUTH WESTERN. 175
n.
"WESTERN DIVISION OF ENGLISH DIALECT
DISTEICTS.
Boundaries. The w. b. is the CB (p. 9) from the Bristol
Channel to the point where the n. sum line 1 breaks from it. The
n. and part of the e. b. are the n. sum line 1 (p. 15), from the
point of its deflection from the CB to the point where the reverted
ur line 3 (p. 17) joins the n. sum line 1 on the w. The rest of
the e. b. is formed by the reverted ur line 3, from its w. junction
with the n. sum line 1 to the Bristol Channel. The s. b. is the
Bristol Channel between the CB and the reverted ur line 1.
Area, Portions of Mo., He., Sh. in England, and of Br., Bd.,
Mg. in Wales. This district represents on the e. comparatively
late, and on the w. very modem invasions of the English language
on the Welsh.
D 13 = SW. = South Western.
Boundaries, On account of the absence of detailed information,
the n. b. is rather arbitrarily assumed to be first the b. of Rd. and
Mg., and then of Mg. and Sh. as far as a little w. of Bishop's
Castle (8 se.Montgomery) ; next, turning to the s. between Chui
(13 w.-by-n.Ludlow) and Craven Arms (7 nw.Ludlow), nearly in
an e. direction to just n. of Bewdley (3 wsw.Kidderminster, Wo.).
This is merely meant to imply that at least a few miles n. and s.
of this line the speech is sensibly different. The other b. ore the
w. e. and s. parts of those of the W. div.
Area, The e. part of Mo., almost all He., the greater part of
Bd., the e. of Br., and a narrow slip to the s. of Sh.
Authorities, See the County List under the following names, where * means
TV. per AJ£., t per TH., || systematic, ** in io.
He. ** Almerley, t Dinmore, || Docklow, || Hereford, t Leintwardine, f Leo-
minster, lit Lower Bach Farm, .® Lucton, t Stockton, t Wacton, ** AVeobley.
8h. t Clun, t Ludlow.
Mo. * Caerleon, ° Chepstow, * Llanover, ** Pontypool.
Wales.— ^r. *» Brecon, ♦ e.Br., ** Builth, ** Crickhowel.
Rd. ° Boughrood, ** Llanddewi Ystradenny, ** New Radnor.
Character, S. English spoken by Welshmen or their descendants,
the e. side being more English and the w. side more Welsh, in fact,
on the w. the speech is most like book Eng. spoken by foreigners,
with occ. dialectal influence. The whole is very imperfect dialect,
even in m. and e. He. marks of Welsh influence abound. In D 1 3
the groundwork is 8. English, which has been altered by Celts in
[ 1607 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
176 THE SOUTH WESTERN. [D 18.
a different way from D 10, 11. The initial (a, v) for (», f) is
almost extinct, and the initial employment of (dr) for (thr) is lost.
The reverted (r) exists, but is generally inconspicuous and often
uncertain, so that it would not be possible to correct line 3. The
use of (ai) for AG, EG is uncertain. Some of the fractures A-
(cb), A' (itB) remain. The fine (a) rather than (a) has developed
itself for 0' as well as U. The form (eth) for toith is striking.
The diphthongs for I', TJ', are mildly (a'«, a'u).
For examples I am mainly indebted to specimens obtained by
Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, which he passed over to me, from Docklow,
Hereford, Lower Bach Farm and Weobley in He., and Llanover in
Mo. TH. also went over most of the ground, and brought me
valuable information ; he visited the sons of Mrs. Burgiss, of Lower
Bach Farm, who were very polite in communicating their know-
ledge, which enabled me to understand better the information of
Mr. Woodhouse, of Docklow. As these give the best idea of the
dialect, I place them first, and then give a mixed cwL, which shews
the n.He. habits of speech. Mr. "Woodhouse's examples are full of
local colouring. For Hereford itself, the speech had become too
much like * received ' for me to cite two cs. obtained for me by the
Prince, and that from Weobley could only be conjecturally inter-
preted. It must be remembered that all se.He. belongs to D 4, in
which it is treated (pp. 68-75). The w. of He. becomes more
like Welsh English, and is treated afterwards. Of Bd. I know
too little, but it is probably very like Mo., which will be noticed
further on.
Illustrations for n.He. and s.Sh.
Lower Bache (:bf^j) Farm (3 J ene. Leominster) dt.
pal. by TH. from diet, of sons of Mrs. Burgiss.
1. na'u 9'i)8af, m^«ts, ju si na'w a't bi ra'it Bbo'tit dhat liVl wensh
kamtn from dh^ skuul jandnr.
2. sr)z ogt^ain da'un dhv rood dhe«r thra'u dhv rsd giBt o)dh9)h'ft
ond so'td o)dhB)wat (wa'i).
3. ba't gom ! [shuBr Bnof J aR)z gAn strdtt tB dhB roq e'ws.
4. weBr, lo'tk Bnaf aR)l fo'md dhat draqk'n dent dwld :tam.
5. wi aaI n6u im wkI Buaf.
6. o'i)l bak 1)1 laRN aa bEtBr)'n du)»t Bgjan pdiBT wEntj !
7. luk ! jant)tt truu ?
Notes,
1. mates (ladz, t^aps), if one person (sz'ri) sirrah. 4. (dent) deaf.
[ 1608 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D13.]
THB SOUTH WB8TBRN.
177
DocKLOW (5 ese.Leominster).
Examples written "as near as possible how one of bis farm-labourers would speak"
hj Mr. R. Woodhouse, Newhampton, Leominster, Hereford, acquainted
with the dialect 30 years in 1876 ; pal. by AJ£. from his indications, and
the information obtamed at Lower Bache farm, about 2 miles off, by TH.
Okioinal.
1. pliiz, mtiBis, dliB mfvstBB teld
mi tB a'ks ju ts send :tam«s vn
id^i-smz da'tm tB »m m dhv i&i f tld,
«z Butm Bz dhdt by den ma^gi tm
dhB shtp, tB elp im tB tasn dhB
da<, Bn tm sedBz dhat wbz tB brtq
sBm pa'tks ath Bm, bz sambBde
BY A tuu BZ WBZ left dheeB
last na'it fs ga^Bsnes, bt stool Bm.
2. Bn :bil %z tB Uek b okshBt
Bv w^^BtBr, intB dhB sidz fBr dhB
kAAvz, Bn f tl dhBr trAA far Bm,
Bn dhen brtq dhB wa*g*n tB dhB
dai f tld. ii most put dhB ft'lBr
AS, BZ idAArbt Bd bii tuu resttV
fs dhB bwdat tB dra'tV ap dhB
AAB^it, BZ pra^ps i ud ran
Bwdai Bn spwa'il t'zself , Br samBt.
Bn if JB wa^nts en» t^^Rz fsr
dinBr, mfBstBr teld mi tB d»q sam.
ii sed BZ sam on jb ud pa'mt
a'ut dhB framest tB mii, Bn tel mi
e'u menf ja'u)d wa'nt.
3. JB mBst pliiz tB aV dhB pfgz
pend ap, fsr dhdi wbz tn dhB
wiit f «ld BZ aV kam ap, bu dhdi
Bv wa*z'ld it da'im vert ba'd,
djest thra'u, dhB g(Bt, Bn fa'in
wBRk a'i a'd tB get Bm a'«tBga*n-,
spesBh' dhB nisgal, i ra^n mi aaI
OYBK dhB f tld BfdoBB d'i kttd get
•m a'tit.
4. maV AAld umBn teld mi tB tel
JB BZ aB iz gwdatn tB :lemstBr
tBmoFB, if JB wa^nts tB send, bb
B gat sam fa'tilz tB sit. ar Bd
intended Bm fa spa'rBgras l^t kt'nz,
bat dhdai waaant fram Bnaf,
800 aB B aM tB kip Bm tel na'ti.
mfBster iz gwdain tB send m dhB
bfBuz i tild last wik, Bn bb thtqks
B getin B ra'id ba'k in dhB wa'gin,
Tbanslation.
1. Please, Mistress, the Master told
me to ask you to send Thomas and
James down to him in the hay field,
as soon as they have done maggotting
the sheen, to help him to turn the
haj, ana he said that they were to
hnng some pitchforks with them, as
somebody has hid two that were left
there last night for mischief, or stolen
them.
2. And Bill is to take a hoeshead
of water, into the seeds = cloverlor the
calves, aud fill their trough for them,
and then bring the waggon to the
hay field. He must put the thiller
(shaft) horse, as Darby would be too
reetiye for the boy to drive up the
orchard, as perhaps he woula run
away and spoil himself, or something.
And if you want any potatoes for
dinner, master told me to diff some.
He said that some of you womd point
out the ripest to me, and tell me
how many you)d want.
3. Tou must please to have the pigs
penned up, for they were in the
wheat field as I came up, and they
have wasselled it down very badly,
just through the eate, and fine
work I had to get them out again,
specially the youngest, he ran me all
over the field b^ore I could get
him out.
4. My old woman told me to tell
you that she is going to Leominster
to-morrow, if you want to send, or
have got some fowls to sit. She had
intended them for asparagus chickens,
but they were not forward enough,
so she has had to keep them till now.
Master is going to send in the beans
he tilled last week, and she thinks
of getting a ride back in the waggon.
B.B. Proa. Part Y.
[ 1609 ]
103
Digitized by LjOOQIC
178 THB SOUTH WESTERN. [D 18.
«n if BE fa'ulz biIz wel, vr miinz and if her fowls sell well, she i
brtqtn v b»tB bif, «2 wii bi ewdatn bringing abit of beef, as we be going
ts a-v dh, ,3q)«. knVnd , ^uS. "/^y-dS^'bS
sandt, m gra'nt m gra^ndshw bi coming to dinner with m. I mean
kam»n ts dinvr «th wii. e'l miinz to beg a bottle of cyder of master,
t« beg B botl B 89'tdBr « mfvstBr, and have a bit of tobacco for the old
TO a'v B bit « ba^kB fw dhB AAld 9^P' " ^ '^^^'^^i S"® ^ ™^® ^^'^^^
ija^p, BZ a'.- shBd lev k t« mwk toi ^^^^ "^^ comfortable,
^olf Bn kamfBrtBbl.
Note, par. 2. (frsm) is much used for early and ripe in He. Note, par. 3.
(jkiml)t called (nizgal) in Miss Jackson's glossary, is the youngest of a brood of
fowls or litter of pigs. Mr. Woodhouse thinks it comes from nett gosling (ntst
g9l) in He.
w.He. and $,Br, Mr. Stead (p. 142), who lived for 6 or 7 years
at Christ's College, Brecon, has kindly famished me w. with some
of the principal peculiaritieB of the pronunciation of the e.Br. and
w.He., which chiefly affect the following classes of words.
1. {H) verging on (^*ti, /v), but with both the vowels extremely short and
difficult to catch, evidently the fracture which appears as (^ ^, in iv) in D 4,
but peculiar from the great shortness of the first element; found in A- bake
take make sake cake tale lame name tame same shame nuine late bathe, A'- lane,
M' dray hail nail snail tail again slain brain, where in He. generally (&ai, ki) is
heard, and in blaze, M\ egg day, he lay, may dale, M'l clay, EG- sail rain play,
EG: to lay say way, where the 8. practice wavers between («, §ii), E'l nigh
nigh, EA- gape, EA: gate, EA'- eye, EA': sky great, EI- they nay, £1- their ;
EngUsh A. trade drain sale frame mate wave, £. scream cheat ; French A •• face
phi^ lace mason fade age rage gain train danger change stranger dance case
prace chase paste taste, £ •• fiint. All of these words (except £nce) have (««,
ie^j) or (ee) in received speech, shewing the extremely modem form of the usage.
2. (6,ti, ^hB, £^«, ^utB)» the extreme shortness ol the first element rendering
appreciation very oifficult ; the first element sometimes sounded as {u) and some-
times as Ou), but (mJ seemed to be the nearest ; found in the wonb A: comb,
A'- go no toe so toad more clothes cl<yUie road rode loaf whole bone stone
those ghost boat goat, M: most, 0: coal ; 0'- nose ; English 0. load ; French
0** coach rogue coat. All of these words have {po^ od'w) in received speech;
another mark of modem development, though the fracture itself represents the
S. (6b, CLb) common in D 4.
3. (go'i, o'i) it seemed to me that (so'i) was the nearest sound as in the Forest
of Dean (p. 60), and it seemed to have been developed from Welsh yi — found in
mile while mine wine ice wise, T: to buy, a kind, mind, T- sky why hire,
Y'; fire lice mice; French I" andT** mce fine dine violet advice, U- quiet.
Here every word, except the wind, and even that practically, has (a'i) in rs.,
another proof of a veiy modem form, even the existent He. and Sn. (ivi) ivy
not being used.
4. (a> M, 9'u) evidently the same first element as in the last case, similar to that
in D 4, Forest of Dean, and, as in the last case, pobably derived from Welsh
yinvw; found in the words U: pound sound (« healthy) found, XT'- cow now
our thousand, XT': brown down town shower house louse mouse out proud mouth
south; English 0. bounce; French EU- fiower, 017 •• allow doubt, that is,
precisely those words which have (a'u) in rs.
Although, then, these fractures are highly dialectal in character,
[ 1610 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 13.] THE SOUTH WESTERN. 179
tbey are merely the representatives of the received {ee^ oo, a'i, a'u),
aiid hence shew that the pronunciation is merely book-English
with a slight dialectal tendency. In Br. the people speak English
with each other, especially towards the east, and as the He. border
is reached the English is more and more dialectal. Going farther
w. the English is more and more bookish, clearly a foreign lan-
guage. From Carmarthen Mr. Spurrell has sent me very interest-
ing specimens of this English, which is of an old-fashioned type,
and probably sounds very pleasant when spoken with a Welsh lilt,
but is certainly not an English dialect, and hence has no place here.
Hd, From Kd. I have no specimens, but the Rev. Henry de
Winton, vicar of Boughrood (19 sw.Presteign), says, "The English
spoken being an acquired language is more free from provincialisms
and purer than that of the neighbouring English counties." It is
therefore a foreigner's English, and embraces nearly the whole
county.
i/b., though long a part of England by law, is essentially Welsh in
feeling. By Chepstow, on the borders of Gl., the pronunciation, to
judge from the wl. sent me by Dr. J. Yeats, approaches very near
to that of adjoining Gl., D 4. The use of auxiliary do and did is
the rule, as it seems to be among Welsh speakers. The main
characteristic is the intonation, which, as described by Dr. Yeats's
correspondent, is strongly Welsh in character. The same was very
marked in the cs. which, at the request of Prince L.-L. Bonaparte,
Lady Llanover, of Uanover (12 w.-by-s.Monmouth), wrote for and
dictated to me, representing the WeLii EngUsh of Mo. and Gm.
Lady Llanover spoke with much emphagis and apparently exaggerated distinct-
ness in order to assist me. I noticea that the utterance was rapid and jerked,
with ftiequently a compound pitch accent ; that is, in (l^ik-li) for the first syllable
the voice feU in a gude, and then rose suddenly on the second syllable, as in
Norwenan. The pure (i) was occasionally used finally as in this word, but when
dwelled on the long final (ii) often fell into {j, jh) as (siijjh) see. The (ee) was
medial, without any vanish, but (e) became occasionally (b). The a was usually
(a*), but at times reached (ffi). The h and wh were distinct. The r before
a vowel was trilled, but otherwise fell into ^v), which may have been an English
habit on Lady Ll.'s part, as she also used (o, oo), whereas in Welsh (o, oo) are
' ' She " " ■ ■' "'
employed. Sne used (s) not jz) in rbisnis), but kept (z) in (btzi). She used (w)
in (wi«d), but said (wmim). Generally her pronunciation was simply a foreigner's
English and not a dialect. A few S. sounds occurred as (tee, mkid) tea, maid,
ana (kA'«n-el) comer. On the other hand a Welsh word heol (hee-ol), a road,
occurred, as also a nondescript word written differ, and pronounced to me as
(klt'bn) or (kli'pB) meaning 'noise, row,' for wmch she said (uM-takh), another
unknown word, was often used. According to Prince L.-L. Bonaparte he was
informed by Mr. Meredith that other S. constructions and pronunciations were
used, such as him, us for he, we, un for <me, be for is, and the pronunciations
(dh&i, d&at, s&ai, w&ai) they, day, say, way, in place of Ladv Ll.^s (dhee, dee,
see, wee). The use of the periphrastic forms, as *did tell* for ^told,' was regular.
All these were probably the ' mgarisms * which Lady LI. purposely omitted.
The whole of Mo., like e.Br. and all Ed., belongs, therefore, to a
predominating Welsh form of English, with very little of true
dialectal English left in it, and in this respect they are totally
unlike D 2, 3, which are merely worn-out ^glish forms without
any Welsh influence.
[ 1611 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
180 THE SOUTH WKSTBEN. [D 13.
North Hbbefobdshise cwl.
B words obtained bj TH. from the Butgin family, and Bf words from lists
furnished by Mr. G. Burgiss, of Lower Bache Farm (3 ene. Leominster).
D words from Mr. R. Woodhouse, of Docklow (5 ese.Leominster).
H words from Hereford, collected by TH.
L words from Leominster, collected by TH.
Lu words from Ludlow, collected by TH.
Several of these letters before the same word show that it was found in all
the places. In such groups medial are not distinguished from short vowels.
I. Wessex Am) NOBSB.
A- 3BbdBk. 4DLte^k. 18 B ktBk. 21 B ndtmi, L n«»m. A: 43 B
ond. — B gander [gander]. 64 D wa'nt. 66 DL WBsh. A: or 0: 68 Lu
thram. 60 B loq, flaq. 64 D raq, BLu roq. 66 D soq. 66 D thaq. A'-
67 B gwdtn, B g&s. 82Dw9nst. 86 B <(vts, fwots. 92BLundu. 96 Bthriu.
A': 104 B rood. HOB nB[in], kouB, manv, uns, shann, ddUB, [but] bj9nt [can*t,
mustn't, won*t, shan't, don't, be not]. 114 D pAAL [pole]. 116 B w6m, L ws'm.
117 Lu wan.
jE- 138 B teedhm. — B siit [seat]. 162 BLu w«rtBr, D wievtm, M:
164 B bak. ~ D sdBr [adder]. 161 B ds'^t, H dee, LLu. dftt . 164 H miU. —
Bap'l. M- 183 Btiit;. 190 B ka't. 192 D miin. 193 Lu kliin. 200
B wit, Bf wiBt. M': — D sid [seed]. 216 Bf dsl, B disl, Lu dil. 218
DLu ship. 222 Bf jeea. 223 B dhdBR, H dhan, L dhs^BB, Lu dhiBR. 224
B W^BR.
£. 233 B spiik. 241 Lu rtttn. 261 B miit. E: — B a;an*st, BD Bnant
Sanent, opposite to]. 262 B w^i, L wftU, L wn'^t. 263 D Bw&at. 266 B strmt,
)H strBit. — BLLu f Ud [field]. F- 300 D kip, H kiip. F: 312
Lu fBR. 314 B iBrd. 316 B f tt.
£A- 320 B kiBR. EA: 323 Bf fa'iH. 326 B du\d, D AAld. 332 L
ta'Kld [? t6Mld]. 333 BD kAAV. 338 Lu kxxl. 346 BD giBt. EA'- 347
B ja*d. EA': 360 B djad, Lu da^d. 362 B rsd. 364 D skaf. 361 BtD
biBn. — Bf jap [heap]. 366 L gr^rt, Lu griit. — Bf djAA [dewl. EI-
373 D dh&i. EO- 386 ja'u. EO: 393 D bij»nd. 394 D fwndvr.
402 B liinn. 406 Bf janth. EO': 431 L Mbr. 436 B truu.
I- 440 D wik. 442 B ivi. 446 H na'in. I: 462 LLu at, Lu at.
468 D na'it. 459 BH ra'tt. 466 B tia'ild. — D f Has [thill or shaft horse].
469 Bt ut, wut [wiltl. — Lu windB [windowl. 477 B fa'tnd. 482 Bf Jant
taut biant [is not, Mr. G. B said these were tne most difficult words to utter].
r- 492 B sa'id. I': — B da'itj [dyke]. 600 B la'ik. 606 BLu umBU.
— D &ai, L at [hay].
0: — D trAA [trough]. 641 BD want, D ont. — BfD ka'ut Fcoltl. 660 Lu
wand. — D tham [thorn]. — D as [horse]. 0'- 658 B Ink, Lu [between
(luk) and (Iwk)]. 0': — Bt brak [brook]. — BfD ak [hook]. 679 B
Bnaf. 687 B da'n. 696 B fat. — tath [pi. (ttth) tooth, teeth].
U- — B wad [wood], BLu dd. 603 Lu kam. 606 B d^BR. IT: 612
DH sam. 616 L grdimd [or between that and [gr^tmd)]. 632 DLu ap. 634
BD thra'M. XT'- 643 DLu na'w, H na'u. U': 668 BDHLu da'wn. 663
L a'w, [pi.] a'ttz'n. 666 H ma'««. 667 D a'wt. 671 L ma'wth. Y: 691
B ma'ind. 702 D eth. Y: — fits [fleece].
n. English.
A. 737BmcBt. E. 749 B lift. 751 D piBrt. 0. — D pa'wBR [to
pour]. 79lDbw&ai. U. — Bf a'i<dji [huge]. 804 B draqk'n.
in. Romance.
A-. — B klBtBr [clear]. — D pliiz [please]. — Bt miBstBr [master],
860 B d^. — B pleBt [plate]. 866 B paBr. E •• — B thatjia, D faHjiz
[yet^'hes]. — B pnitj [preach J. 890 B blast. 896 D ris^<i. O- — D
bif [beef]. — io'in [join]. 920 D pa'int. 926 D spic^'il. — Lu oqk'l
[uncle]. 930 Bt l^qk. 941 D fal. — H push [push],
[ 1612 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 14.] THE NORTH WESTERK. 181
D 14 = NW. = North Western.
Boundaries, The s. b. is the same as the n. b. of D 13, p. 175, and
the other b. are the ne. and nw. parts of those of the "W. div.
Area. The greater part of 8h. and a small part of Mg.
Authoritie$. See Alphabetical County list under the following names, where
♦ means w. per AJE., t per TH., || in so., ° in io.
Sh. tBaschurch, f Bridgnorth, || Church Pulverbach, fClee Hills, fCorve
Dale, t Craven Arms, ||Ford, tHadnall, ^LUinymynech, tLongville, fMuch'
Wenlock, t Oswestry, f Shrewsbury, **\Vhittington.
Jfff. °Berriew, ^'Buttington, *Fordon, ^Guilsfield, **Kerry, °Llandrinio,
** Montgomery, ^Snead, °Wel8hpool.
Character. Observe that Sh. is much cut up by different b.
D 14 contains m.Sh. The n. belongs to two separate districts,
the nw. to D 28, and the ne. to D 29, and these are bounded on
the s. and w. by the n. sum line 1 . On the w. there is the CB,
with a small part of Mg., which speaks English, but more book-
English than Sh., because it has been much more recently over-
come. On the e., beyond the n. sum line 1, lies D 29, from which
in Sh. the information obtained is insufficient. On the s., in
Bishop's Castle, Clun Forest, Ludlow, and Cleobury Mortimer, the
dialect assumes the He. character, the verbal pi. in en being almost
or quite lost, but the line of demarcation cannot be exactly traced.
In this restricted area Miss Jackson, assisted phonetically by TH.,
has produced her admirable Glossary, about the best that we
possess of any dialect. To this work, to personal communication
and much correspondence with her, to TH.'s personal work with
her, and travels over much of the region, I am mainly indebted for
the view here taken, which, however, had not been formed or laid
down by them, but has been merely deduced from their collections.
In the introduction to the Glossary, pp. xxiii to xlii, is TH.'s
minute account of the pronunciation drawn up in Glossic with the
greatest care, for both Vowels and Consonants, under the personal
supervision of Miss Jackson, and from her indications. It is
perhaps the most searching investigation of the sounds of a dialect
that has been made. But as it is arranged in reference to the
ordinary spelling, and as the whole of the county was considered, '
much work was required to reduce it to a shape that could here be
used. Miss Jackson divided the county into 14 districts and 4 sub-
districts for the purpose of examination, and not with an intention
of distinguishing 14 phases of dialect. On the next page is their
distribution among the four districts here used, D 13, 14, 28, 29.
I give the names of the principal places only in each district, to
which she constantly refers, to shew that the word so pronounced
was heard in that district, without implying that it exists onl^
there. The letters n, s, e, w, refer to the extreme places in those
districts. Would that other glossarists had hit upon such an
admirable arrangement ! When Miss Jackson knows the word and
its pron. to be generally distributed, she puts " common" after it,
with a ^^Qy." prefixed, if she merely suspects it to be so.
[ 1613 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
182 THE NORTH WISTERN. [D U.
D 13. Bishop's Castle and Clim, Ludlow, placed in D 13 with some hesitation.
D 14. Shrewsbury, Pulverbach (rpa'wdBrbajtj, ipa'udhBrbnctj) or (-biti) [Miss
Jackson's native place], "Worthen, C'raven Anns, Church Stretton (suboistrict),
Conre Dale and Clee Hills, Bridgnorth s. and w. (on the line of separation of
D 14 and D 29, the n. and e. belong to D 29), Much Wenlock, Oswestry s.
D 28. Wem n. and w., ^\'Tutchurch (subdistrict), Ellesmere, Oswestry n. and e.
D 29. Wellington, Colliery regions, Newport n. and w., Wem s. and e.,
Bridgnorth n. and e., Newport s. ^Shiffnal). In this place only D 14 will be
attended to, other places are noticed in the proper order.
The whole of D 14 presents a remarkable mixture of S. and M.
The S. forms are much used. U=*(9) is carried considerably further
than in received speech, as in (fal, fal«r, pond, band, balek.), full,
a fuller, a pound, was bound, a bullock. Also more frequent 0'=
(a), as (brak, stad, raf, tath, fat, sat), brook, stood, roof, tooth,
foot, soot, but of course neither forms are carried out consistently.
S forms are (ki) in (da't, lat, l&in, rkm, plat) day lay has lam, rain, to play,
the use of Hhee bist* (dhii hist) for *thou art,* and be in the pi. But here
comes in the strongly M. forms of I am, he is, we you they bin, where bin (bin)
represents be with the verbal plural in -en. This ▼. pi. in -en is used througnout
D 14 with all rerbs, as (wi wan) we werew, (we shaan) we shall -m, (wi dan) we
do-m, (wiin) we have-n, (wi hted^n) we h&aden. The 8. forms {toojm wii;m)
you am, we am, may also be heard, as well as *er (or) for * she.* But the S.
{k) is quite absent, the regular trilled Welsh r (r) prevailing over the whole
aistrict, even when final or oefore consonants, and the trill in that case is always
more distinct than in the adjacent M. re^ons. This ]>eculiar Welsh (r] with
the sharp, crisp, highpitched, rising Welsh intonation which prevails, marcs the
region still as having been carved out of the Celtic settlements with a joint and
alternate action of the S. [Wessex] and the M. [Mercian] folk. According to
Green* s Maps in his Making of England^ while He. was under the Mercian rule
of Pcnda in 634, Sh. remained Welsh till included under the Mercian supremacy
of Offa in 792, and in 828 Egbert the West Saxon conquered Mercia. It must
have been in this early period that the M. peculiarities were introduced with
M. English, but they never eradicated the Welsh (r). The West Saxon (r) did
not reach beyond He., and is now not very strong or marked even there. TH.
believes his Midland r, used in Db., Ch. and St., to be **the common English
r'* (on which see Introduction to the M. Div.), then he hears the Welsh r "with
stronger vibration and retracted ** in n.Sh., *< verging in m. and s.Sh. with still
stronger vibration to reverted r,'* which it reaches at Bewdley. The (a) for U,
0', is of course modem, but the fine (a'), "still very general but gradually
passingaway,** and becoming quite (ae) in Miss Jackson s speech, may have been
either Welsh or Ws.
TH. in his elaborate investi^tion has often distinguished (a, a^) and (e, b),
and also (a, a), and sometimes m accented syllables (y, t), where I write («„ t),
writing (i) always in unaccented syllables. He also gives three sounds of i,
(khi), which I now write (d't) by preference, in m.Sh., (&i) in s.Sh., and (at) in
ne. and e.Sh. In my notes of Miss Jackson's pronunciation I used (fiit), though
I remarked that it varied with (©'t, E't), and I now prefer to use the unanalysed
form (a'i). TH., who has been over much of the ground and heard native
speakers, considers (dhtc&U) the true fine Sh. t, but as he heard U' as (o'm) in
(fca'M, ha'Ms) cow, house, it would seem that (a't) would be the correct older
form of I', whence the other forms easily flow. In fact, the difference between
(&'i, a'i) is often difficult to seize. These forms (a't, a'w) would then be strictly S.
The formation of the negatives (amnB, bins, wauB, a'uB) am-not, be-en-not,
wereft-not, haven-not, is remarkable, but the real forms have a (d) final, the (ub)
being a contraction for (nsd) when final or before consonants, as shewn by the
reappearance of the (d) before vowels, as (ffimnsd a'i ? wanvd-B? uuBd-B hi r) am
not iP were-n not-theyP will-not-they be? and the fact that *not, what,* when
emphatic, are called (nad, wod).
[ i«i* ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
D U.] THE NORTH WESTERN. 183
The conBonanU otherwise as a rule present nothing peculiar except in using
(d|) for d in deal dead death dam dew (disl djsd d^sth djoam djid'^) which must
have arisen from inserted (j), as in (jeq JBp jaar ja'^l) head heap hair howl,
with a similar change in (tjem tjuun tjuuzdi) team tune tuesday, and (shuut
shuuit kBUshuu'm) suit suet consume, with the obsolete forms (sham shEro) for
seam. But (sh) presents a ditticulty before (r) as (srtqk srab) shrink shrub,
while the county-town Shrewsbury is (rshroozbrij onlv ** in classical and educated,**
(:sroozbrt) **in semi-refined,** but (:soozbri) in tne common pronunciation of
** country-folk,** for which (isuuzbrt) is a ** vulgarism.**
Names of places always fare ill. Here are a few given by Mms Jackson,
pp. 515-519, the usual spelling being added in italics {.ee'hurVn Albrxghtonf
:ku;3'rdttk CaradoCf :kdndiir Cotidover^ :dt'dltk Diddlewiek^ :jdrbn Eardingtoity
:aark8l Eirall^ :ecmv.XL Haughmond^ imamfort Montfordy :wdk*nJEts Oaken-gales^
:dqket Offoxey^ itrosbsn itrospBU Oabaston^ ro'zestri rD-d^estri Oswestrg, :8hr<vd*n
Shrawardincj :8tddhBrt*n StotUsden, u*SBS*n Woohtastottf ivluu :Edj Yew Edge).
Illustrations, I select two of the examples written analytically
by Mr. Hallam in Miss Jackson's Glossary, and one which I wrote
from her dictation myself in 1873. To these I have added a cwl.
containing almost all the words in D 14 cited in Mr. Hallam' s
treatise on Shropshire pronunciation in Miss Jackson's Glossary, all
made under her own superintendence, and also most from a long
list of words which she read te me on 11 July, 1873, and of which
she subsequently revised the Glossic writing. These will, I think,
sufficiently illustrate the character of this very interesting dialect.
Illustrations in Miss Jackson's orthography abound in her Glossary,
which also contains the pronunciation of each single word in
Glossic.
Of the strictly Welsh parts of D 14, comprehending a slip of
Mg., I am not able te give any specimen, but it may be regarded
as book English with Sh. tendencies and a Welsh intenation, just
as in Mo. we have book English with Welsh intenation and He. or
Gl. tendencies.
ExAKPLBs, PuLVEBBACH (7 sw. Shrewsbury).
I. Betty Andrews relates how her little boy fell into a brook, 1873. The words
are run all together, no stops, no pause, **but,** says Miss Jackson, *'no
written characters of any kind — no * want of stops *— can convey an idea of
the story as poured forth by Betty*s voluble tongue— it took away one*s
breath to listen to it.** From Mr. Hallam*8 * analytical * Glossic in Miss
Jackson's Sh. Wordbook, I. xcv.
6}i iBrd B skrd^ik mom vn i}i I heard a shriek, ma* am, and I
ran m dhlw iH s^d :fra»qk Bd ^^ ^^ J^^F^ ] ^^^ ^F^^ ^^
pekt .• dhB brak .n da^kt and.r Sif w^ri^,"'aif f
xm WT8Z oraimatn vn a*« djampt after him and got hold of him, and
a^ftOT tm Bn got a'tit o'n im «n lu^ed him on to the bank all sludge,
lagd tm on in dhB bo'qk a\ slEdj and 1 got Wm home afore our Sam
widVgotimwoemBfdBra'wBr:sa'm ??™« ^"r"* ^.j''^ ^\ ^^ ^""l
, ^ . ^ J J V -i. ^ Sam as he wasn t there, and as Frank
kamwi m— B gud djob tt waz fer wasn* t drowned. For if he had been,
:sahnBZiiwanBdhlBrBnBz:fra'qk i should have torn our Sam all to
wanB dra^tmdfd for «f i a^d btn,
a*» shBd B tder a'tiBr -.sa^m a1 tB
[ 1616 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
184
THE NORTH WESTERN.
[D14.
windOT ra'g£, «n dhen \)d « bin
djE'd Bn :fra^qk dra'wndid, vn iH
ehsd B bm a^qd. 4U' ta'ud isa^m
wen i tuk dhtt a'tis bz dU' dfdnB
la*ik ft. * bles dhB wensh,* i sed,
* wo)dn)« want ? — dhlBrz b ta4'd»
o'us Bn B g\^d gclrdm Bn b ran
fBr dhB ptg.* * d^V ^*« sed, * Bn b
giid brak fer dhB tjtldBm tB pek
tn.* sd tf :fra*qk a*d bin dro'wndfd
iH shBd B bm dhB dp:'th b b'ubt
:8a*m. iH wbz 'dha^t fnt'nd mBm
dhBt a* I dtdnB sp^k fsr b na^uBr'
a^ftBF iH got woem Bn :8a*m sed bz
i a^dnB st'id mi kw6}ivt sd la^q
sens wi wan ma*nd Bn dha^t wbz
•aH't'tiin Ibf.
window-rags, and then he)d have been
dead and Frank drowned, and I
should hare been hanged. I told Sam
when he took the house as I did not
like it. * Bless the wench,' he said,
* what)do)Ye want ? — there's a tidy
house, ana a good garden and a run
for the piff.' *Aye,' I said, *and a
^ood brook for the children to pitch
m.' So if Frank had been drowned,
I should have been the death of our
Sam. I was that [so much] frightened,
ma'am, I did not speak for an hour
after I eothome, and Sam said as [that]
he had not seen me ouiet so long,
since we were [were-enj married, and
that was eighteen year.
II. Betty Andrews, talking fast as usual in a railwaj train, was thus addressed
by a passenger and made the following reply.
* wt mtsis, 6}i shBd thi'qk bz
jd man b a*d j&st taqg aHld
dhis mAmm BfdBr jd startMi.'
* nd tndiid sbf,' sed Bet«, * kH
a*nB, fBr ii it 'M b bm dU'ld, tt
ud nEVBr b stopt. nd -da^ndpr ! '
*"Wliy, missis, I should think as
you)mu8t have had yoiu- tongue oiled
this morning afore you started.'
*No indeed, sir,' said Betty, *I
haven't ; for if it had have been 'yiled,
it would never have stopped. No
danger ! '
III. ' Adam*s Api)le,' or Larynx, here called * Eve's Core.' See Eve's Scork in the
Glossary. This example was pal. by AJ£. from Miss Jackson's dictation.
Meedi, wod)z dh«s lamp « jat
nEk?'
* wt, it)8 :iivz skAArk, tjce'tld,
dud madhBr :iiv iit dhB a?p'l BrsKl,
bat Br gfd dhB skAArk tB f^^lhBr
:a)dBm, sen tt stak tn iz thruBt,
son aal mEn)z a^'n dhts lamp
xvBr sens.'
* Daddy, what)s this lump in your
neck?'
* Why, it)s Eve's core, child.
Old mother Eve ate the apple herself,
but she eave the core to father
Adam, and it stuck in his throat,
and all men)have had this lump
ever since.'
Mid Shropshire cwl.
Unmarked, rearranged from Mr. T. Hallam's Glossic in Miss Jackson's Glossary,
Vowels, pp. xxiii to xixv.
Marked ♦, rearranged from a list of words dictated to AJE. by Miss Jackson,
11 July, 1873, the pronunciation having been subsequently revised by her.
In these words the unanalysed form (a'i) of the diphthong has been used
throughout, see p. 182, 1. 14 hom bottom.
I. Wessei autd "Norse,
A- 3 b^k. 4 ta'k. 6 ma»k. — ♦kr^^'l [cradle]. 13 nA\ 19 t^l. 21
nem. 25 •nwrn. 34 ♦la^. 37 klxA, kl«rz [claws]. A: 43 ♦ond. 44 ♦land.
45 unt, *tfnt. — kan [can]. 51 *m3n. 54 want. 55 ss. 56 wssh [common],
[ 1616 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 14.] THE KORTH WESTERN. 185
wash [Clee Hills]. — kaet [cat]. A: or 0: 60 loiq. 62 strdiq. 63 ♦threcj.
64 rol q, nB|^q. 65 sa^q. 66 *th9q [Mr. Hallam finds the (q) very weak in this
group].
A'- 67 'gfiB, gwoen [gone], gwifin [going]. — ♦slo, [pi.] ♦sldn [sloe, sloes].
69 no, ♦nAA. 70 ♦tooB. 79 *u [(uuz'n) whose]. 73 so, ♦sis. 74 ♦tun. 76
timl. 82 wanst. 84 mCiuvr, *mooinr. 86 ^ts, wats. 91 moo. 92 *noo. 93
*8noo. 95 *throo. A': 101 wok. 102 *®k8, ^lest [hoth for present and past].
104 rod ♦rwBd. 105 ♦rid. 106 ♦brxAd. 107 lof. — ♦drov [drove], drooviw
[drover]. 108 ♦doo. 109 ♦loo. 110 not, nod. Ill ♦xAt. 115 woem warn
♦woom. 117 ♦won. 118 bwoBn, ♦bwan. 122 ♦non. 124 stt/cen [common],
? stiran stan [a weight]. — rop [a rope]. — wa'r [hoar, white]. 134 wath,
♦6ueth. 135 ♦klooth.
JE- — ♦«rtj [an ache]. 138 f^^dhwr [com.], f&dhw [Clee Hills]. — ladhw
[ladder]. 139 dr&'i [dray, a squirrel's nest]. 148 faar. — ♦staarz [stairs, in
Sh. people go up the star* to see the stairs ^ see No. 404]. — ♦ent [am not].
149 ♦bl/!«!. 160 ♦Iwst. — lezB [leasow, pasture]. — s^t [a seat]. — rseVl
[rattle]. 152 w«ftBr.
Ml 154 bask. 155 theh. — sed fhadl. — gJEdhw [gather]. 160 ♦Eg.
161 d&'i, ♦da'i [common], dai [Craven Arms]. 163 la'i. 165 sed. 169 ♦wbu.
— ♦wtq [wing]. 170 ♦senwt. 171 ♦baarli. 172 ♦gwes. 173 waz, wauB. —
♦glffis [ghiss]. — ♦h^z'l fhazle]. — ♦Ies [less]. — ♦kaart [cart]. . — »p'l
[apple, common], op*l [at Craven Arms]. 177 dh©t. 178 najt. 179 wod.
JE'- 184 ♦l^. 185 ♦riid, ♦red [past tense]. — spr^^ [spread], ♦sprsd
[past]. 187 *\eeY. 189 ♦wm. 190 Vjee. 192 ♦nwm. 200 wiBt [common],
w/srt Tocc.]. 201 ♦f«ih'n. — sM, [to heat], aet [heated]. M': — mwlB
[meadow]. -^ ♦spr^ [to spread]. — ♦iivnin [evening]. 213 a'idhsr. 214
na'idhBr. 216 diBi. — *mee\ [repast]. 218 ship. 222 jaar. 223 dhiBr.
224 wiBr. 227 ♦wBt. — j»iBth [heath]. 229 brEth.
E- 232 ♦brwfk. 233 ♦sp^wk. 234 ♦n^^, ♦nxd [kneaded]. — ♦tr<!«l
[tread]. — ♦widhBT [weather]. 235 ♦weev. 236 f^vvBT. — Evi [heavy],
240 l&tn [Shrewsburyjj l&tn [Craven Arms]. 241 r&«n [Shrewsbury], ratn
[Craven Arms]. 245 ♦nwrl. 247 ♦wwn. — ♦baar [to bear]. — ♦taar [to
tear], ♦tlBr [a tear, rent]. 248 maar. — ♦bsri [berry]. — ♦iit [to eat], JBt
[atej. — ♦fidhBr [a feather]. 254 IsdhBr. 255 ♦wsdhBT. — ♦wBb [web].
— *eey [heave]. — faeti [fetch]. — ♦netj [vn^tch].
E: 259 ♦wadj. 261 Wi. — •bsd [bedj. — wsd [to wed]. 266 ♦wiil.
— fi,ld [field]. 267 tld. — sildBm [seldom]. — ♦twBlv [twelve]. 270, ii.
bfieli. — seI [to sell]. 276 thsqk. 278 wensh, ♦wEut^. — ssnd [to send],
— ♦pin [a pen]. 284 thrash. — ♦nist, ♦niist [nest], niiz'n [nests].
E'- 290 I. 292 mi. 293 vrt. 296 bi.li.f [beUefJ. 301 ♦iBr. E'; ♦aU.
306 kii, — ♦bra'iBr [briar]. — bles [bless].
EA- — ♦ AAk [hawk]. — ♦d [ale], jbI, jbI. — ♦shoo [to shew].
EA: 322 laf, ♦laef. 324 fc'ittiin [eighteen], ♦^it. 326 J'uA, 327 ♦ba'«d.
328 k(J0Bld, ka'fid. 329 fa'ud, fa'wd. 330 o'Mt. 331 sa'ud. 332 ♦ta'ttd. 333
♦kAAf. 335 VI. 336 fA'l. 337 ♦waaI. 338 kA'l. — ♦mAAt [malt]. —
♦sAAt [salt]. — shaar [share]. — ♦bjaard [beard]. 840 ♦jard [court],
jaard mizBr [measure]. 342 ♦aarm. — ♦aann [Wnn]. 343 wirm. —
♦shaarp [sharp]. — ♦fjaam [fern]. — ♦jAAm [yaml. 345 ♦daar.
EA'- 347 ♦jBd. 348 ♦a'i, ♦a'in [eyes]. — ♦da'i [to dye], — iBr [ear].
— b^ [beat]. 349 fja^w, ♦fiii. ILA/: 350 dp'd. 351 Isd. 352 rsd.
355 ♦diBf. 356 liBf, Isf [Shrewsbury]. 359 n&ibBr. — btiiBm [beam]. —
}aeem [cream]. 360 tjem. 361 bin [Pulverbach], biiBU [com.]. 363 tjEp.
— ♦jED, lEp [neap]. — Ubt [year]. — tioz [chose]. 366 gr^d;. 368 d^E'th.
— dja« [dew], jia'w [obsolete]. 371 strA, str^briz [strawberries, obsolete].
EI- 372 8Bi, •ki, 373 dh«r. 376 b^. EI: 378 wEk, ♦werk. 382
♦dheer. EO- — ♦wik [a wick]. 386 jo'm. 387 ♦ni6.
EO: 389 ♦jook. — ♦Bm [unemph. *em, hem = them]. 394 jantBr. 395
♦jaq. — ♦daark [dark]. — ♦Itaarv [carve]. 398 ♦staarv. — ♦faarm [farm].
402 laam. 403 •ifeer. 404 ♦steer. — ♦shArt [short]. 406 ♦jaarth. EO -
409 ♦bii. — ♦nii [knee]. — ♦trii, ♦triin [wooden]. — ♦kra'wd [to crowd].
416 ♦diBT. 418 bruu. EO': 422 ♦sik. — thiif [thief], 423 nha'i. 424
[ 1617 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
186 THE NORTH WESTERN. [D 14.
♦ref. 426 ♦fa'it. — wU [wheel]. 427 bin [pi.]. 428 sin [seen], ♦»!. 430
♦frBnd. 433 ♦brwt [breast]. 435 •too. 436 truu.
I- 440 wijk. 441 8IT. 442 t.vii. — senoe [sinew]. — i^s [generally],
IBS [Newport], jaas, kis [Church Stretton, yesj. — ♦pwx [pease]. 449 get.
460 tuuadi tjuuzdt. 451*800. I: — therd [third]. 457 •ma'it. 458 ♦na'it.
460 wait, ♦w^tt. 463 tri. 469 ul [will]. 473 ♦bla'ind. — windB, ♦winder
[(r) distinctly trilled]. 476 ♦ba'ind. 478 •gra'ind. — Hpm [a chum]. —
•r9n [run]. — ♦resh [a rush, plant]. 485 nhis'l ♦fis'l. 488 *it. — 'dart
[dirt], —♦wit [wit], — sens [since]. 1'- 491 »sa'ik. — ♦gi ♦gid ♦gid'n
[give, gave, given]. — 'paip [pipe]. 498 ♦ra'it. I': — ♦da'iti [a dyke].
600 l&-ik. 602 ♦fa'iv. 603 ♦la'if . 605 ♦wa'if . 506 umwi, •lanBn. 608 ♦ma'd.
511 ♦wa'ind [with (d) added].
0- 520 be'K. 523 ♦oop. — ♦smedhwr. 524 ♦world. — ♦thrtitrt [throat].
0: — traf [trough], tn>t [occ.], troo [for kneading]. 527 bAt. 528 thxt.
631 dA'tvr. 632^kool. 533 ^dal. 536 guuld [obsolete], ♦go' wd. 538 ud. 639
bool, ba'ul [for bowling, a hoop, to trundle]. — ♦ka'i4 [ft colt]. 544 ♦dhmi.
646 far. 647 biiBrd, b«7S*rd. 549 urd. 650 word. — thxm [thorn]. —
mAmin [morning]. — ♦broodh [broth].
0'- 655 8h«M. 556 ♦tw. — ♦uu [to woo]. 562 mun, ♦maun. 564 ♦sim.
— •groo [to grow]. 666 odhmr. 568 ♦brodhnr. 0': 569 ♦bwk. — brak
[brook]. — shok [shook]. 570 tuk, ♦twk. 571 gwd ♦g«d. .573 ♦flod. 576
♦stad. — raf [roof]. 677 ♦baV. 578 ♦pla'«, ♦dIaa [to plough]. 680 tof,
♦taf. 584 ♦stuul. 589 spun. 690 flsr. — boozvm [bosom]. — tath.
595 fat. 697 sat
U- — ud [wood]. 600 U'v ♦bv. 602 ♦sa'w. — ♦hal [hull or sheUT. 603
♦kam. — ♦ptm [to pound, thrash]. 606 ♦san. 606 dar, ♦door, U: —
shuwdhBr [shoulder] shuudvr [Church Stretton], shoodsr, sha'udBr [Shrewsbury],
sha'Kdw [occ.]. 609 fol. 610 ul. — puul [pulll. — ♦falw [a fuller]. 612
♦sam. — on- [un-]. 616 pand. 617 ♦sa'«na. — ♦band [was bound].
619 fond. 620 grand. 621 ♦wond. 625 taq. — tarf [turf]. — Ibt [a
firl. 634 ihi^u, nhruu. — dhos.
U'- 640 ka'«#. 643 ne'a. — ♦sak [to suck]. — ♦mo'u fa mow]. 646
♦ba'M. 648 a'tivr. 650 ♦vba'ut. 652 ♦kwd. 653 bat. U': 656 rum,
♦r«m. — ♦sa'tivr [sour]. 663 a'MS, ♦a'ta'n [houses]. 665 ma'i«. 667 a'wt.
668 pra'fd.
Y- 673 ♦matj. 677 ♦dra'i. 679 tjart|. Y: 686 \AH. 689 bi,ld.
— gijlti [guilty]. — shilf [shelf]. 694 ♦wartj [work -throb]. 697 bsHn
[a burying]. — frit'nd [frighteneaj. 701 ♦farst. — shBt [shut]. 702 vth.
Y- 705 *ska'L Y': 712 mli'is. — ♦wish [to wish].
n. English.
A. 726 tA'k. — boqk [bank]. 733 ♦skaar. 784 diaam^daam. E.
— ♦pM [peat], — maar [mere, accented ; unacc. (mw)]. 751 ^i«rt. —
kliver [clever]. — srood [shrewd]. I. and Y. — ♦skra'ik [a shnek]. 754
pig. — 'wip [whip]. 758 gErld. — ssnip [«Ynip]. — pek [to pitch or
fatll. 0. 761 ♦16Bd. 769 ♦ma'wdiwaarp. 773 doqki. — ustiid [worsted].
— lot [to lose]. — dra'tmd [to drown]. 791 bwA'i [obs.J. U. — ♦pKdin
[pudding, called (padin) in ulossary]. — dak [a duck, bird], da'wk [to ouck].
— ♦a'i#dj« [huge, compare after 791 p. 180]. 796 bluu. — bal rbull]. —
beldj [to bulge]. — tjuun [a tune]. — tap [a ram, tup]. — ♦karl [curl].
807 ♦pM. 808 pat.
m. BoKANCE.
A- 810 ieez [gen.'
m«8*n. 822 m&U, ♦m^.
— ♦aar [air]. 833 paar. . ^ ^
mefstm [master, com.]. — feeipgr [feature]. 847 d&^indji?r. 850 da^ns. 851
♦«it, neeDi. — ♦daent [daunt]. — raar [rare]. 855 gserit. — sk^, skaars
i scarce]. 856 ♦part. — ♦kaard [card]. — ♦saas [sauce, Corve Dale]. 862
Beet, 865 ♦fAAt. — •stee [to stay].
a.]. — ♦kstj [catch], ♦kstit [caught]. 813 ♦bfk*n. 814
aee. — •p&^, P«* [pay]» 824 ifivsr. — khe'i'Br [dear],
paar. — ♦pWz [please]. 835 r«ez*n. 836 8«fz n. —
[ 1618 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 14.] THB NORTH WBSTERN. 187
E" 867 iee. — krertw [creature]. — ♦r^l [real]. 869 tmI. — BteViit
[secret]. — kmaee-t [conceit]. — sk^^m [scheme]. — •jaarb [herb]. —
^klaari [clerk]. — ^saartj [search]. — ♦faar [a fair J — ^kvnsaam [concern].
— saaroint [seipent]. 888 saartin. — ♦saanr [senrej. — kvmplM [complete].
— miznBr, *mwBr [measure]. 890 biwt. 891 ♦fJ«t. 894 ♦dis^^'v, dis«»*t
[deceit]. 896 •ris^-v, ris^^-t [receipt]. I- and Y- — •kr&'i [cry]. —
stnubU [syllable]. — *ma'izBra [miser, with added (d)].
0 .. — b»if [beef ]. — 'dreg [drug]. 916 kHninn, — nkUni [anoint].
— d^kUn [join]. 926 spfe'tl. — plim [plumb]. 928 Vwm. 929 kB'ukvmvr
[Shrewsbury], kd'MkvmbBr [com.]. 930 Win, 933 ^^nt. — kthrrd, ku^srd
rcordl. — farin [foreign). — *i*i^ [forced]. 940 *VM. 942 botjOT.
943 ^t|. 946 *ma'il. 951 *kdp*l. — suup'l [supple, to make supple]. 953
♦kaz'n. — *posh [push].
IJ.. — tjub [tube]. — •wa'it [to wait!. 965 6M\, 966 frtit. — ptlptt
[pulpit]. — ♦pa'fitis [poultice]. — «c'«l [howl]. — ntetvt [nature], —
kt(iu*rtyz [curious]. 970 d|Bst.
[ 1619 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
188 THE EASTERN. [£. dlT.
III.
EASTERN DIVISION OF ENGLISH DIALECT
DISTRICTS.
Boundaries, Begin on the e. coast, where 8. b. of Li. falls into
the sea about 3 e. Sutton Bridge. Qo w, along the Li. b. to Rt. —
the peninsula containing Stamford Li. must be practically con-
sidered as part of Rutland. Pass by the b. round Rt. to Rocking-
ham, and continue on the b. of Np. to the b. of Wa., and then
continue along b. of Np. to opposite Crick Np. (4 se. Rugby, Wa.).
Then pass through Np. e. of Watford, through Long Buckby,
where turn s. and pass e. of Daventry and Weedon, turning more
se. near Fattishall. Then pass s. of Blisworth and e. of Towcester,
and continue to the b. of Np. near Hartwell, Np. Then go by the
w. b. of Bu. to the Thames. Go down the Thames to the coast and
round Es., Sf. and Nf. to the starting-point.
The w. b. of Bu. is, perhaps, not the absolute b. of the District,
but it is the best that could be determined.
Area. The whole or greater part of the eleven counties, Bd.
Bu. Cb. Es. Ht. Hu. Mi. Nf. Np. Rt. Sf.
Character. A closer resemblance to received speech tnan in any
other div. It is the region from which rec. sp. was taken, and
contains the greater part of London. The pron. is, however, not
quite uniform, but the differences are so slight that it has been
found extremely difficult to obtain satisfactory information, and
many years elapsed before materials could be collected for even the
approximative account here subjoined, which, drawn up from actual
observation by my informants and founded only on existing usages,
differs materially from what has been hitherto given. The northern
part of this district, as already mentioned, is intersected by the n.
sum line 1, which passes through the length of Np. and n. of Hu.
and Cb., while the s. sddm line 2 lies to the s. of all the s. part of Np.,
the n. part of Hu. and Cb. and the nw. part of Nf., so that a
considerable part of the'E. div. is in the mixed sum s66m or som
region, and a smaller part in Np. and Rt. is in the pure s66m region.
This materially modifies the pron. in respect of IJ in those places,
as will be seen. But the change, as already observed in Wl. and
Gl., seems to be without influence on the remainder of the dialect,
and in respect to the rest of the pron. it was found impossible to
relegate n.Np. and Rt. to the M. div. In fact, as has been already
said (p. 16), the (u, u) sound of U was the elder. It is the
(o, a) sound which is aggressive, and the mixed regions merely
shew the process of change which has gone on independently of
the other changes and almost unnoticed, even by dialect speakers
themselves.
[ 1620 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 15.] THB WEST EASTERN. 189
D 15 = WE. = West Eastern.
Boundaries. Begin where the Chiltem Hills cut the w. b. of Bu.,
about Eadnage (10 ssw. Aylesbury). Go w. across Bu. s. of Prince's
Risborough and n. of Chesham to Whelpley Hill (12 se. Aylesbury).
Cross the w. horn of Ht. to Gb^at Gaddesden, Ht., and then by the
b of Bu. all round the n. and s. to the starting-point.
Area, The little projection of Ht. into Bu. by Tring and all of
Bu., except the extreme s. part, which belongs to D 17, and has no
dialect proper.
Authorities. See Alphabetical County list under the following names, where
*means tt. per AJE., tper TH., ||80., °io.
Bu. ♦Mr. Wyatt, ♦f Aylesbury, fBucldngham, ^Cbeddington, fChackmore,
°Edlesborough, ^'Great Kimble, •Hanslope, ^Mareh Gibbon, °Mareworth,
tStowe, °Swanbourae, °T3rringham with Fiferove, ♦fWendover, fWinslow.
St. ""Berkhamstead, ^Little Gaddesden, ""Long Marston, ° Tring.
Character. The main point which distinguishes Bu. from Ox. or
D 15 from D 6, 7, is the entire absence of reverted (k) or retracted
(r^). In the whole E div. the r when not preceding a vowel is
purely vocalised. After (aa, aa) it disappears. A native who can
read thinks that he " pronounces r " in part short, because it is to
him a symbol that the vowels become (aa aa) as in (paat shAAt),
and if he wrote pat shot without the r, he would say (pa*t shot)
with quite different vowels. To hear (part short) witii real short
vowels and a truly trilled r would be shocking to him. He may
occasionally * drawl* the words (as local authorities term the
change) into (pdct sho'ct), but that is not usual. After (a, a) the
r is merely a symbol of lengthening; culled^ curled, are really (kald,
koold), or (kald, kaald), and the speaker again thinks he ^pronounces
r ' in the second word because it causes him to differentiate it from
the first. After other vowels, or finally, he uses («), as (ii5, keu,
bwtB), here, care, butter. But before a vowel the case is different.
Then he may trUl r slightly, but the general practice seems to be
to use the imperfect (r^), that is, the point of the tongue rises as if
to trill it, but it does not effect its purpose, and merely produces a
maimed effect. Both («, r^) in this connection arise from ('b), of
which they are simple degenerations. They are not imperfect
trills. But a gentle trill may always be used, and hence I have
introduced (j) as a * permissive trill ' in writing received speech.
Here I generally abandon it, and write (r) for (r^) as a matter of
convenience before vowels, writing (r^) or using (b) in other cases.
Throughout the whole E. div. this ta^atment of the r is general,
not merely among peasants (where there are any), but among the
most educated and refined townsmen. As (b) is the mark of the
8. div., this (r^, b) is the mark of the E. div. When final r has
been lost after (aa, aa, asr, b), or degraded to (b), and a word com-
mencing with a vowel follows, the r reappears as (r^), to avoid the
hiatus. This is * euphonic r,' just as we have ' euphonic v ' in
Greek, and just as in French a lost final consonant reappears under
[ 1621 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
190 THB WEST EASTERN. {D 16.
similar circumstances, as ' il fai(t) froid, fai^-il froid ? il a(), a-^-il ? '
(il is frda, fEt-tl frCia? il)a, at)il?). But peasants, and even
educated people, are apt to introduce this ' euphonic r ' after final
(aa, AA, Ha, b\ even when no r had originally existed, as (dho
lAA+rQ «)dhB land, dhi a'ldii'B+r^, ov tt, b it^'inB+r^ onndj), the
law of the land, the idea of it, a China orange. This is a truer case
of euphonic (r^) than before, and quite organic, but is much resented
bv those who have painfully learned not to use {+Tq) under such
circumstances.
In giving the pron. noted by TH., who used final (r), but states
that he considers it a " weak r" (lO, I retain his writing, but do
not agree with his appreciation, for so far as I can hear there is no
semblance of a trilled (r). See introduction to the M. div.
A- remains {hi), aa in moat of the S., aa Qhm, a6«m), lame, same, and A'-
remains ((is), as (ttivd), toad, with the usual yariants.
JEQ maj also be (fn), or be recognised as (sn't), as (snM BOEa^ti), snail.
r seems to have aoandoned the (s't^ and rarelj even reaches the (9'f) form, it is
usually {ki, di), the last of which diners but slightly from (a't) on the one hand,
and (o't, a'») on the other. My informants uraally select (at, A't), that is, as
they write it, oy, to express this sound. But my obseryations on Bu. peasants, as
weU as TH.*s, are against this change, thougn it may possibly occur in D 16,
where A- degenerates to (6t, n't, ki), so that a distinction is reouired.
U. Althoujg^h this was ayowedly (a, 1) at Aylesbury, ihe following exceptions
occurred, which I conoeiye as (m), because of the local separation from the M. (mJ *
(Imr, kwm, btitv ; uglt, druqk, trnda, toq, oqgv, tip, tnuni : dwy, «bwy ; mM§),
loye, come, butter ; ugly, drunk, under, tongue, hunger, up, thorough fbut m
thnni) also occurred] ; doye, aboye [which had U'l and mutj [which had YJ.
At Wendoyer (5 sse. Aylesbury] I did not find these. From Buckingham n. -wards,
(u^ was the rule, or some mixture of (t^^* d), or of (0, t«), and past the n. stmi
^(«^
line 1, as at Watford and Weedon < , . _
IT' is rather uncertain firom want of 'suMcient instances, but (b'm) seems the rule,
altiiough (o'u, s'u) also occur. This diphthong is specially yariable in D 18. Of
course (o'm) is a sunriyal of S.
The consonants are treated generally as in receiyed speech. The initial (z, y)
baye been replaced by (s, f), the aspirate is yery uncertain, and (wh) always
becomes (w), as in pobte London conyersation.
Particulars are furnished in the following word lists, where, as
shewn, large portions were heard by me or TH. from natives, and
in the two annexed short examples, which indicate at least two if
not three varieties of existing pronunciation.
Atlbsbuby Example.
pal. by AJE. from dictation of Mr. B. R. Fowler in 1881.
1. a'« hi [a'« Br] B)gu-fn tB sii 1. I be [I are] a)«nng to see
tm siiBn, a'» tBl)i [tEl)jB]. ^^ »o<»» ^ *«")y« IJ'^l
2. bttt, a'» Bee, fedhBr fffBdhBr] 2. But, I say, father and mother
Bud madhBr B Wbth ©n em tarBb'l ^ ^^ "^^^^f ^^^« ^*^ ^*^
,, ..J, _j. ,. J the rheumatism to-day.
lievm wt )dhB ruu'mBtiz tsd^. '
3. a'»Im(aV Br)olmoostrolmuuB*st 3. I be (I are) ahnost afeared they
BmiiB-st] Bf{iBddhewantbiB)gettn ^o^^'* ^, a)getting about at)aU for a
BbE'u-tBt)olfBr)BloqwA'flsttak5nn. ^^ ^^*^ ^ ^"^•
[ 1622 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D15.]
THB WEST EASTERN.
191
4. vn dutmt to noo ? dhee)u\ bi
AAf vgi'n «fuB wihtBr, «n W7
mi bIoobil t )dhB ool e'ub.
5. wiBT b1 dhe guu tB ?
6. a'« ddoBnt hegz8e*kl« [tBzsB'kli]
noo; 63m w6eBz dB'tm « )dhB BE'tft,
A'f hhey,
7. dheeyi bi hera sb loq vwM.
8. SB iiBd B dhset ji'stBd^.
9. did)jB nE'ti? u ta'tild jb?
10. mtit^ gud m^ tt dau)Bm.
11. JB shBl iiB drEklt 9s noo
dihes biB)kannfn oo'm [wam] Bg»n.
12. 800 gud nA'«t.
4. And don't yon know ? they)*ill
be off again before winter, and leave
me alone in the old boose.
6. Where will they go top
6. I don*t exactly know; some
ways down in)the south, I believe.
7. They'll be ever so long away.
8. Us [we] heard of that yesterday.
9. Did you now f who told you?
10. Much good may it do)them.
11. Ton shall hear directly us know
they be a)coming home again.
12. So good night.
NbUi.
1. J. Mr. RRF. said distinctly (A't),
but I generally heard (&i, di) from the
labourers. / art is more frequent than
/ be. The (r) is euphonic before a
following vowel, here and elsewhere.
2. father, though Mr. RRF. used
(8d), I heard rather (a^ from tiie labourers.
4. ititou; was distmct (00), not (n^<m).
The negative (no) is quite short, house
(■'us) was inclmed to (kus).
6. exactly. (hegzaB'ldt) is emphatic,
(tBZSB'kli) is the common form.
7. ever, the (h) is prefixed for em-
phaais only.
9. told. This (s'm) diphthong is kept
quite distinct from (b'u).
Chackmorb (1^ wnw.Buckingbam) dt.
pal. 1881 by TH. from diet, of G. Gave, 71, gatekeeper to Stowe Park, native.
1. 9V set, m6tt8, ju si na^u, 9'f )m ra'tt Bba'tit dhat Ift'l gjal kanntn
fnmi dhB skuul jandBr.
2. 8lii)z gu'tn da'tm dbB roBd dhfBr tbruu dhB rsd g^ on dhB
Isft and S9'& B)dhB r6Bd.
3. luk JondBT ! dhB tj8'tld)z gAn strs'tt w^'p tB)dhB roq a'ws [roq
di^Br],
4. wfBT Bhi)l YEri 19'tklt fa'tnd dhat draqk'n dEf 6tfld t|ap by dhB
nSf'm B :tom.
5. aaI ov)bz now ha veti weI.
6. W9nt dhB otfld t^p silin tit^ Br not tB ksm dhfBr BgJE'n, puBr
th*q!
7. luk ! dtd'nt 9't tEl jb 86u.
PhroMS, (ju Alt B)gu «n :dar8l), you are-not a-going [to, omitted
dialectally] Dayrell (3 n.Buckingham). This omission of *to*
is gen. in the E. division as well as in Ch.
Mem. ** r half reverted," possibly (r^).
[ 1623 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
192 THB WEST EASTERN. [D 15.
B.Bu., Aylesbury and Wendoter cwl.
Unmarked, word list written io. by Mr. John Eerselej Fowler, Prebendal Farm,
Aylesbury, and his son, corrected from diet, and pal. by AJ£. with additions
marked £, heard by AJE. from farm labourers at Aylesbury, and a few words
marked H noted by TH.
W words from Wendorer (6 sse. Aylesbury) pal. by AJE. from diet, of Miss Beeby.
** &W " means that the laat given pron. was heard at Wendover.
WH WendoTer from Mr. Hallanrs obsenrations chiefly from Vamey 82, and
Higgs 63, who generally corroborated Vamey, and from some others, (r) was
once heard from a woman.
(+r) means that euphonic (rj was specially stated to be inserted before a
following TOwel.
I. Wessex akd Norse.
A- 3 b^k. 4 t^k t<Bk, W i/hk [both (^) and (in) are used in these doubly
written words, as they are in D 4]. 5 meek mt«k, W m^sk. 6 m^od m/ed, WH
[old] mM, [now] mdid. 7 sdvk stsk. 8 W eev. 9 bthEs'tT. 12 saa, W sAA+r.
13 naa. 14 draa. 16 daan. 17 laa, W lAA+r. 18 Wk^k. 19 t^ ttnl, W
te'tl [?]. 20 l^nn l/vm, W l^m &WH. 21 ndvm, WH n^mn niom. 22 t^vm
tiBm. 23 s^Bm siBm, W s^sm &WH. 24 sh^Bm shlBm, W sheBm. 25 m^BU
mSBn. 28 ^Br. 32 baadh. 38 rA^B. 34 last. 36 W thAA. 37 klaa.
A: 41 theqk. 51 maan, Wmon. 54 wAAnt, W wfrvnt. 57 as. A: or 0: 58
Wfnrai. 69 lam. 61 Bmoo &W. 63 thneq. 64 W roq.
A'- 67 guin, W guu &wH. 70 W too. 72 W uu. 73 W soo. 74 E tin,
W tuu. 76 tuBd. 81 l^BU, W l^n. • 84 m6uB &W [E (mdv ub dh&t) more nor
that!. 86 wats, W <JBts ats, WH ww^ts, WH wots. 87 W tlooz. 89 W booBth,
WHbaBth. A': 101 W 6Bk. 102 ast, eeks. 104 rdBd &WH. 106 W
brAAd. 108 daf doo. Ill W AAt. 113 W uul, W wmI, WH wwj. 115 woBm,
H 6wm, WH oom. 121 H gAAU. 122 W nan. 123 nothBU, W nothiqk.
124 £ stCiBU &W, WH staBn. 125 out &W. 129 g6oBst.
JE' 138 ftedhB fiBdhB, WfeedhBr. 140 ^1. 141 nSnh 142 sn^l &WH,
W suBE'il &WH [Vamey gave (sn^l) and Higgs (snB'Wl)]. 143 t^l, W tBE'il.
147 br^BU, W brEB'in &WH. 149 W bl^BZ. 150 llBst. 162 waatB &W.
JE: 165 thetj &W. 161 aatB. 160 W eeg. 161 dfie [see 438], W dBB'i.
163 lee, 164 mee. 166 m^ W mBs'td. 167 d^l. 169 wen. 170 W
aer«t. 172 graas, W gneaes. 174 W eesh. 176 faast. 179 wot &W. 180
baath. JE'- 182 see. 182 teetj [common], &W. 184 leed. 185 r^.
186 bret. 187 leer. 190 kee &W. 191 iil. 193 kliiBU, W tleen. 194 W
eeni. 197 W tjeez. 199 bl«H &W. 200 w6eBt. 201 eedh*n. 202 eet.
JE': 203 speeti. 206 tred [occ], W thred. 207 W niid'l. 213 «HdhB, W
iidhB. 216 deel &W [but meaning wood (diil)]. 217 iitj. 218 ship &W.
219 W sliip &WH. 223 W dh^B. 224 wIb &W. 226 [(BnuJBst) almoet].
228 swetswiB'ft. 230 fot.
E- 232 br6eBk &W. 233 E sp«s^k &W &WH. 236 W wiiv, WH w^.
236 W fiivB. 241 r6eBn, W rBB'«n, WH r^n. 247 ween, W wiin. 261 meet
&W, WH ms^it. 252 kit'l &W. 253 W net'l. 266 wedhB, wedB. E: 262
E w6b [frequent, sometimes (w^)], W wbb'i &WH. 268 /eldest. 272 elBm
&W. 281 leqkt, W Isqkth. 282 streqkt, W strBqkth. 284 throsh, E thresh.
287 bezBm biisBm &W. E'- 294 fuBd, W feed. 299 W green. E': 306
ha't. 306 hekth [very common], E hekt. 307 na't na't. 308 W need. 314
I'iBd. 316 W f^eit. 316 W neks.
EA- 319gaap&W. 320 kcB. EA: 322 laaf &W. 323 W fo'wt. 324
Aft, W BB'tt. 326 w^k. 326 ool [but (ool;d)tanBn}], W ool. 327 ba'^ld. 328
koold. 329 foold. 330 oold, W oolt. 332 ta'uld. 333 kaaf &W. 334 aaf
&W. 336 aaI. 336 f aaI. 337 waaI. 343 W waam. 346 d^B. 346 g^Bt
&W. EA'- 347 ed &W. 348 W o'». 349 W M, EA': 360 W dBd.
363 H bi^, W brBd. 365 W dsf. 369 neehB. 360 tiiBm, W tiim. 361
bi^BU, E b^^nz. 363 tjeep. 366 grat. 368 W dBth. 370 W raa". 371 straa.
W straai. ej. 375 b(?rBt. JET: 377 stsB'Bk. 378 W wiik.
[ 1624 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 15.] TUB WEST EASTBRN. 193
EO- 386 joo &W. 387 W ii6u. EO: 893 bwient, biTO-ii ftbe latter rare,
the (ifi) should probably be (a)], W bijend. 394 jinda jenda [I heard the last] htnda
[all used], W enda, wH EndBr[occ. jBudar]. 396 waak, W wak. 397 sQuad.
400 aanest &W. 402 E laan. 407 faad*n. EO'- 41lWthrii. 413 W
dival. 417 t^AA. EO': 426 W lo'it. 426 W fo'tt. — E belt [held].
428 H sfi, W sii. 430 W frmd. 436 W triu. 437 W triuth. EY- 438
dx'i &W [(dhat p»g)'l dx't ta d^et ) said Mr. F., but (dh&t pig u\ dii ta d6ea) agrees
better with what I heard from the labourers].
I- 440 W wiik. 443 W fro'idi [see 512]. 444 "W sto'tl. 446 W no'tn. —
peez*n [pease, occ.], E p«M!. 449 W gtt. 450 W tuuzdi. I: 452 E kH &i
[once only heard], aW &W, WH a'i. 468 no'it &W. 459 ro'tt &W. 462 ao'tt
iW. 465 W 8ftj. 466 W tp'ild. 468 W tjtlda. 472 W srtqk. 480
enithtqk sathiqk nathtqk [anything something nothing the two last are also]
sathtn nathan. 486 W tWl. 487 Jiistadt. 488 W Jit. I'- [I heard
(oi) not (o'») from the people! 491 so't. 494 to'im &W. 499 biit'l. I': 500
wlo'tk. 506Woom8n. 607 W wtmin. 508 mo'il. 514 W A'is o'ierfis [the
diphthong apparently yaries as at Aylesbury].
O- 521 fool. 624 W wa'al. 0: 626 kAAf &W. 627 bAAt. 629 brAAt.
631 daata &W. 532 W kool [no Tanishl. 533 dal dM^l. 536 guuld [but]
goold'n. 639 bol. 541 H wont. 643 E ssmthtqk an am [the (ee) of Mr. ¥.
was rather (a) in the labourer's mouth]. 547 biiuad. 650 woad. 561 W stAAm.
652 kAAu &W. 653 aau. 0- 559 madha, W mudha. 564 86an, E stm.
O': 669 b«k. 570 tuk. 573 flad. 679 ana'u- [never (anaf )] &W. 596 firt,
E fat fuut, W fat. 596 rtiat. 597 sat.
U- 599 abwT. 600 Imt, W lav. 602 8b'i#. 603 kam kiim [both are used; the
driver stands on the near side of the horse and says (kimi t'dha) for go to the left,
and (djii AAf ) for to the right ; the ploughboy will be directed to (pumm a l»t*l m(ia
taad) pull him a little more towards, i.e. to the left]. 606 dfiua & W, WH d(iar.
607 birta. U: 608 «gl«. 609 fwl. 610 wmI &W. 611bttlak&W. 612
sxm. 613 drt<qk, W draqk. 614 a'trnd [apt to be nasalised, as (a'^tind) and so of
the rest] &W. 615 pE^tmd. 616 E gra'tnid, W grB'tm. 617 sB'wnd. 620
gra'und. 621 WE'tmd. 622 tmda. 626 toq. 626 Dqga. 630 wan. 632 ud,
ap [(ap) is the rule, I heard the groom say fkup, kup) i.e. come up, to the horsej.
634 thun thara [(tharat) throughout], W thruu. 635 wath. 636 faada. 637
tash. 639 dast.
U'- 640 ka'u kja'u kea'K [uncertain]. 641 e'ii [verging to 9'«]. 642 [not
used]. 646 duv [(mm) on the Chiltemsf. 660 E abK^ut. 663 bwt, W bwt [occ J.
U': 658 E da'tm, WH de'im. 669 WH te'im. 663 b'ms. 666 ttzband, W
Mban. 672 sa'ut [not (th)].
Y- 673 mwtj &W. 674 E ded. 676 W lo't. 679 W tjati. 682 liit'l
[occ.]. Y: 686 rid|. 690 W ko'ind. 691 W mo'ind. 696 W bath. 700
was. 701 fast &W. 704 wiks'n. Y- 705 W sko't. 706 W wo't.
Y': 709 W fo'ta. 712 ma'Mzaz [used].
n. English.
A. 722 dr6an &W. 737 mM. E. 744 W meez'lz. 746 briid [always
with {d) not (dh)]. 748 [(ksela) callow, unfledged, applied to birds only].
1. and Y. 766 W srimp. 768 W gael. 760 shriv'ld lad baali [shrivelled eared
barley was used for chevalier barley]. 0. 761 h^ W 16ad. U. 808
pat&W.
m. BOMAITCB.
A.. 810 Wf^. 811 pHaspl^&W. 813 biak'n^ b^k'n. 816 W
f^ad. — E frtf^l [flail]. 824 tjUa. 827 eega. 828 W eega. 830 tr6ean.
834 sh«*j r&W for a perambulator]. 836 reei^n. 836 se«5*n. — WH wbs'1
[vessel]. 847 W d^and^a. 862 cpan [by old people]. E- 867 t<»*i.
— thetiez [vetches]. 874 r6an. 886 WH wari. — f ia [a fair]. — terab**l
[a common intensitive, occasionally (terii*Vl) to increase the effect]. 888
saattn. — WH siLrvant [servant]. 890 W beest biist. 891 f^vst. 894
dis<!*-v&W. 896 b*»va. l-andY" 898 W no'ia. — wilt j [village],
S.B. Pron. Fart Y. [ 1626 ] 104
Digitized by LjOOQIC
194 THB WEST BASl-BRX. [D 16.
— wins^ fvinegar]. 901 w«»«lft, "W vd'tlit [not (o'i) not (w)]. — WE
wiVlz [victualBl.
0 .. 913 W k6Bti. 914 "W brt«tj. 916 rftnmi, W ■'injOT. 918 W feeb*l.
920 paint [and *pint^ is (po'tnt)]. 929 W ka'ukwnbn. 940 W k6Bt [an nnder-
petticoat]. 947 Wil W ba'il. 948 ba'wl. 969 W krawee-mis. U- 965
ail, W a'il. — H art [hurt, TH. found the (r) was "efeonRer than at
Dunstable, on the way to rererted, something like n.Sh.*' I failed to hear it,
and should have written (aat)].
£ Note, d approach (a) rather than (se) ; (e, b) were used uncertainly ; (o, o^
I could not feel siu-e of, nor of 6», s) ; the t approach (t|). I think rather {u\
than (mJ, (h) occ., wh = (w). I aid not hear (w) for t ; (ee^ ee) uncertain, aid
not hear (m*j), and heard (oo) not {oo^%d) ; (b'm) had no prominent (b), but it was
not (s'm).
n.Br. cwl.
B Buckingham and Clackmore {\\ nw.B.), wn. in 1881 by TH. (u^^)
is a sound intermediate to (u^, o) and most like (mJ. TH. hears a Tery
faint (r^, which he calls ** common English r *' ; sometimes he hears a faint
reverted r (i^k) ; and he heard reverted or retracted (l) in ale, bell. Bill,
children, girl, he'll, milk, silk, tail, possibly an individuality. UMget^ I
are (=am), you be, they be. The I' IT are very refined, as {&% q'u) in place
of (o'i b'«).
H Hanslope (10 ne. Bucldngham), pal. by AJ£. from diet, of Bliss Cox, native.
T Tyrinham (13 ne.Buckingham), from Bev. J. Tarver's wl. io.
I. Wessex AiH) Norse.
A- 21 T nam, H n^vm, B ndimz nitnnz. 24 T sham, H sh^vm. 31 IM.
33 HT r^dhB. A: 43 T bond, H send, B and. 44 T lond. 60 T taqz. 61
HT man, B m&n. 64 H w&But. A: or 0: 61 T tnnoq, H vmaq. 64
Brog'. A'- 67 B gu g6fi. 76 T tdBd, H tiiud. 86 T dnts, H 6«ts ats.
89 H biivth. 92 B ndw. 96 B thr6tf. A': 102 T aast. 104 T rdvd,
H niBd, B rdwd. 110 B 9'% shint [I sha'nt]. 113 H wmI. 116 T hzm, H
6Bm, B 6m. 117 B wdn. 121 B gAAU. 122 B ndu. 124 T stxn, HB stiiBU.
126 H oont. 130 T b6Bt. 131 T gdvt.
M' 138 T feedhB, H faadhBr. 143 B t^BL. — B st^^nz [stairs]. 162
HTwaatB. M-. 166 HT thek. 168 T aatB. 160 H eeg. 161 Bd^.
163 T b'i. 166 T m^ H mEB'id. 170 T h6eBvist. 171 HT b^Bli. M'-
183 B t^tj tiit|. 190 B kdt, HT kee. 194 HT ani. 196 HT meeni. 200 B
wdit wiBt [occj. A'; 213 HT eedhB. 218 HT ship. 223 H dhiiB, B
dhiBLR. 224 HT wiiB, B wiBr. 230 T fot.
E- 233 HT sp^k, B sp^ik. 236 T f^^vB, H fiivB. 241 H r^n. 243 B
pl&i. 262 H kiri. E: 260 B lei. 261 B sdi. 262 HB w^. 263 B
Bwdi. 266 H str^Bt. 272 T helBm [F h]. 280 B iBb'm. 281 H iBqkth.
282 H strBokth. — H nlBstiz [nests]. £'- 299 B griin. 300 T knp
[? kept]. E': 306 T beet. 312 B iBr. 314 B SBid. 315 HB fit.
EA- — B 6iBl [ale]. 319 HT gaap. EA: 323 HT fa'wt. 324 B «t.
326 T a'Mld, H ool, B 6«ld. 328 T kaW. 330 HT oolt. 332 T ta'wd. 333
T k^Bf, H kaaf. 334 T h^f, H haaf. 343 T waam, H wAAm. 346 HT
g^Bt, B giBt, [middle class, usual] g§tt. EA'- 347 T liBd, B bM, H Bd. EA':
355 B dEf . 361 B Mbuz. 366 B grBt. 370 H rAA+r. 371 T straa, H
strAA+r.
EI- 373 T dho'i, B dhei. 374 T naa. EI: 377 T st^Bk. 378 HT
week. £0- 383 B SBb*m. 386 HT too, 387 T nuu.
£0: 388 B ma^Lk [reverted (l), and the Sm. intermediate between (e, i)p.
146]. ^BsaiLk [silk, see 388]. 398Tst^v. 400 T dBuest, H aanest. 402 HT
laan, B Udn. 406 T aath, H ath. 407 T f^adhin faad'n. £0'- 411 B frii
[very often!. 420 T fa'uB, H f(JB, B f6««Br. £0': 426 HT lo'it. 427 B
b/i. 436 H triu. 437 H triuth, B tra'uth. EY- 438 HT do'i [P (da'*)].
I- 443 HT fn>'idi. 444 T sto'il. 449 HT git. 450 HT tuuzdi. I:
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D If), 16.] THE WEST AND MID EASTERN. 195
462 HT o'f, B o'f di, 458 HT no'it, B na'it. 459 HT n'it. 465 HT stti.
466 T tp'ild. 468 B tjuLdrwi [(u) Yergin? to (mJ and (l) revertedj. — B
Tuji ran [run, some rowel intermediate to (m^, 9)J. 482 B Ent ^nt [am*t, is it
not?] I'- 490 T bo'f. 494 T to'tm, B ta'im. 496 T o'ira. 498 T ro'tt.
I': 500 HT lo'fk. 502 T fo'tr, B fa'ir. 503 HT b'tf. 504 T no'if. 505
T woit, 506 HT lonvn.
0- 519 B 6tfTvr. 0: 525 B AAf [off]. 531 T daatv, H daatB dxAtv
[bat my {gmh is more nsnal]. 541 B o'i want [(9) approaching (tfjl. 543 B
an An. 0'- 555 B shnu shiv'a. 559 T midhv [rj, H mxm mMgdhv. 564
B BM^. 0': 579 T tmin, H mxf [was the only form known]. 587 B dii^n.
592 HT 8^.
U- — B dd [wood]. 603 B kam. 605 T eon, B siji [when used]. 606 B
dilBLB. U: 610 T id. 612 B w^'m. 614 T and fn. 615 T pan. 616
T grand. 622 T onds. 629 B BO*n\ 632 B ujp. 633 B ku,»p. U': 658
H ds'tm [and so on for the rest, but the diphthong is rather uncertain, and may
be (a'u). Miss Cox used (B'tf) herself, and was unable to decide]. 663 B a'us.
667 B a'»t.
Y: 700 T was. 701 HT fast. Y- 705 HT sk^t .
n. Ekoush.
A. 737 B m^t miat. £. 749 B laft. 0. 761 HT 16Bd. 767 T
na'iz. 790 T gi'imd. U. 803 B d|i#«mp. ^ B fdn [fun]. 808 T pat.
m. BOKANCE.
A.. 810*H fSw. 811 H pl^ [pi. pl^'n]. 813 T blak'n, H b^k'n.
824 T tj^, H t^Ca. 827 H eego. 828 KeegB. 840 T ^mbB [not a bed-
room, but any other room]. 852 T «fpvn. 862 H sM. 866 H pdB.
£ •• 867 H tee, B tdt. 878 H saelvrt. 879 HT iee-meeL 888 H saattn.
890 H biast [pi. (biastiz, bias)]. 896 T biiva [in common use]. I and Y.
898 B no'is. 904 T To'ilet.
0 .. 913 T kati. 914 brCLab. 920 H pa'int. 923* H mo'is. 926 H
spa'U. — B U^ojj^l tuji'l [tunnel]. 939 H kldas. 940 T kdst, H k(iat [under
j^coat, the outer is skirt]. 942 T batia. 947 H ba'tl. 954 T kash*n.
U.. 963 Tktra'tt. 965 Ba'tl.
T (wat|ed) wet-shod, (ankid) wretched, a few broth. B {di hr) I are. TH.
hears a faint (r), but to me it was quite inaudible.
D 16 = ME. = Mid Eastern.
BoundartM, Begin at Harwich at ne. comer of Es. Go along n. b.
of Es. till you reach Cb. Go along first the s. and then the w. b.
of Cb. to Peterborough, Np. Go w. along n. b. of Hu. to its nw.
comer about Wansford, Np. (In the map the line accidentally falls
a little 8. of this border, and does not quite pass through Peter-
borough.) Go wsw. across Np. to Eockmgham^ Np., at sw. angle
of Rt., passing s. of King's ClifPe, Kp. Go sw. along the n. b. of
Np. to Watling St., near Crick. Then go se. across Np., by the b.
of D 6, passing e. of Watford, through Long Buckby, where turn
8. and pass e. of Daventry and Weedon, where turn more se. near
Pattishall, and proceed s. of Blisworth and w. of Towcester, and
continue to b. of Np. and Bu. at about Hartwell, Np. Pursue first
the n. and then e. b. of Bu. to Gt. Gaddesdcn, Ht., and then pass
8. across the w. horn of Ht. to strike the b. of Bu. again just about
[ 1627 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
196 THE MID EASTERN. [D 16.
Wbelpley Hill (4 ssw. Gt. Gaddesden). Go e., passing s. of Hemel
Hempstead, Hatfield, and Hoddesdon, Ht., n. of Waltham Abbey,
Es., ne. of Epping, and w. of Brentwood to the Thames at Tilbury.
Then go down the Thames, and round the e. coast of Es. to the
starting-point, Harwich. It will be observed that borders of
counties are much followed, betraying imperfect information. The
line which forms the s. b. is quite uncertain, see D 17. The two
lines through Np. are fairly correct, being founded on TH.'s
numerous observations. The line across the w. horn of Ht. is
rather conjectural, but I have been informed that that horn does
not differ from Bu.
Area, Most of Es. and Ht., all Hu. and Bd., and the middle
of Np.
Authorities, See Alphabetical County List under the following names, where
♦ means tv. per AJE., t per TH., || in so., ^ in io.
£d. ''Ampthill, ♦||Bedforf, fDimstable, ^'Edworth, ^Tlitwick, fOirtford,
®Harrold, °Hatley Cockaine, °Melchboume, *Ridgmont, t Sandy, tShambrook,
°Thnrleigh, fTilbrook, °Toddington, t Upper Dean.
Es, °Black Notley, **Bradfield, fBraintree, ^Brentwood, ^Brightlingsee,
tChelmsford, ^'Elsenham, fGreat Chesterford, °Great Chishall, ^'Great Clacton,
♦f Great Dnnmow, °Great Easton, ''Great Baling, °tGreat Shalford, tHenham,
H Ingatfietone, ♦Maldon, tNewport, ''Paglesham, °tPanfield, ^Raj-ne, **Southend,
°Stanway, tStebbin? (Bran End], ♦Thaxted, *»Witham.
Ht. ^Anstey, ^'fArdeley, rBisbop's Stortford, **Boimoor, fBraughin,
fBuntingford, °Fumeaux Pelham, ^Gilston, ° Great Gaddesden, ° Great Hormead,
tHadhara, *'Harpenden, t Hatfield, ° Hemel Hempstead, t Hertford, t Hertford
Heath, ^'Hitcbin, *'St. Albans, °Sandridge, °t Saw bridge worth, ^fStapleford,
♦fWare, ♦^Welwyn, '^Weston.
Hu. °Alconbury, fGodmanchester, ® Great Catworth, fGreat Gidding, ** Great
Paxton, °tGreat Stukeley, °Hamertbn, °Hilton, ^fHolme, *»Houghton, fHnn-
tingdon, *» Keystone, tKimbolton, f Little Stukeley, tOld Fletton, °Pidley, tSt.
Ives, «*tSawtry, °Somersham, fStaneley, °t Stilton.
yp. tBliswortb, tBrixworth, fClay Coton, f Denton, *'Duston, *EastHaddon,
fGreat Houghton, f Hackleton, °Hannington, f Hardingstone, °Hargrave, °Har-
rin^n, f Irchester, fislip, ^f Lower Benefield, f Lowick, f Nether Heyford,
♦f Northampton, ^'f Oundle, f Sibbertoft, f Stanion, f Sudborough, f Thrapston,
f Welford, f Wellingborough, ^'West Haddon, f Yelvertoft.
Character, This is a long straggling district, and between the n.
in Np. and the s. in Es. there can be little or no connection. But
I have found it impossible to divide the district by any definite
lines, and have felt it best to consider the different counties in-
volved as forming * varieties,' and very slight such varieties are.
The general character is
A- remains {^) only among very old people; but becomes (fei, e*!, kh) in different
parts among tne younger people. Thus, a Mrs. Clarke, about 73, at Ardeley
called apron (B'iprvn), but said her grandmother called it {evpvn). Sometimes the
women nave made the change only, thus at the last-named place both Calvert 77
and Clarke 73 said (nu-rt) mate, in which the (b) is merely omitted ; but their wives
said (mE'it m^it) respectively. It is certain then that this (^, b'i), which is now
80 characteristic of D 16, is of recent growth, and has arisen from (^), which
with (Ib) is prevalent all over the 8. div., just as {ki) in the M. has grown out of
(kB), an alteration of (ku). Alphabetically, the letter a is called (a'i).
A' is still occ. (dv) as an old form, but falls into (6b|, and thence into (6m, 6m).
I' becomes quite (A'i), and the letter t is so callea alphabetically; it is thus
practically distinguished from a (E't).
[ 1628 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D16, VL] THE MIO EASTERN. 197
U' has similarly to be distiiij^hed from (611), and hence (sV, du) were ousted
by (b'm, 6m}, which is the genml form.
These charactere appear pretty generally in all the varieties,
which I propose to pursue and exemplify in the order Var. i., Ht. ;
Var. ii., Bd. ; Var. iii., Hu. ; Var. iv., Np. ; and then, starting
from Ht. again, proceed to Yar. v., £&., which leads directly to the
e.London variety of D 17.
Yae. i., Hebtfobdshibe.
There were three principal centres of informatioQ. 1. Ware,
where I had a w. cs. from a native, checked by TH.*s observations;
2. Ardeley, where I had first much information from Kev. C. Malet,
and then had it checked by TH. in a journey made on purpose; and
3. Welwyn with Kitchin.
1. The Ware speech is well exemplified by the following cs.,
with the cwl., which includes the words observed by TH.
2. Ardeley was recommended to me by the gentleman who gave
me the cs. of Ware, and with much difficulty, owing to want of
phonetic knowledge on the curate's part, I obtained a sufficiently
intelligible version, but this was excellently supplemented by TH.'s
visit, when he had the good fortune to be assisted by very old
peasants, whose information is embodied in the cwl.
3. Welwyn I had hoped to have settled by a w. from a native
student at Whitelands Training College, but it was spoiled by the
peculiarity of her education, and I am indebted to an old college
friend, lilir. C. W. Wilshere, who lives at Welwyn, for a dt. for
that place and also from Hitchin; but as they were written in
unsystematic orthography, there is much that is conjectural in my
pal., the interpretation being often derived from the other sources.
Finally, I add a few words from Harpenden and Hatfield, to '
shew the nature of the dialect at the borders of D 17.
There are very few points to be noticed. One is the partial use
of (w) for (v) more developed in Es. and D 19, which we also met
witii in D 9, p. 132. The use of 'together' in addressing several
people, and * it do ' for * it does,' are more developed in Cb. and D
19. The use of the aspirate varies, but it is generally omitted.
Wabe cs.
pal. by AJE. in 1876, from the dictation of Mr. J. W. Roderick, a natire
of Amwell (1 se.Ware), who considers that the specimen he gave applied to
a district from Great Munden (6 n.Ware) to Broxboume (4 s.Ware), and from
Watton (6 nw.Ware) to Widford (4 ene.Ware). Drawing lines e. and w.,
n. and s. through these extremes, we ^ a large district including Hertford and
Stapleford, but excluding Welwyn and Ardeley. TH. endeaTour^ to verify the
indications here given. At the end I collect the principal words of this cs. in
a cwl., adding the words obtained by TH. at Ware, Hertford, Hertford Heath,
and Stapleford. The introductoryji) was found at Ware by TH., but the
nasalisation was not observed at ware, and neither were observed elsewhere.
TH.*s chief time had been devoted to Ardeley, and he was unable to do much in
the other places.
[ 1629 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
198 THE MID BASTBRK^ [D 16, Y L
0. w6f rd^oOfii Bz ndoB d6utB.
1. ws'sl, nisbB, j{a vn ii mB hduMi l^&af vt dhts nfiu « ni6tn.
{a kiivTz ? dhaat)8 nadhsr (is n« dhiis.
2. ffu msn d6i k«z dhee)^ Uiait «t, wii n^ties, d^Bnt)B8 ? WAAt
ahiid mivk sm ? t)ii)nt wert lotkli •iB)t ?
3. 6uemax'jr9 dhbs ii'B)z dhs trfuth b dhv k(«8, soo dpst 6«id jb
r6f«, m^, Bn bi ktroret til 6«)b dan. lis'n.
4. 6t)m 89t'n 6f (iBd Bm 81^6^1, — som b dhee piip'l in we^nt tluiu
dhB ^tral thtq frBm dhB £i8t dhB8Elf»— dhaat 6» dt^ siBf es^aef .
5. dhaat dhB jsqgert flsn tmsElf, b gritt bdi b n6m, nfu tz
fg&ifdhBZ YOfBs Bt wvans, dhoo t)wAAz sb kwiiBr Bn akinikBii, Bn
6» Bd)tri8t)Bm)t spiiBk dhB trfuth ant dt^et, aa, ot 'wvd.
6. Bn dh)6iMl wnmBn bbeU, '1 tsl snt oy jb dhat Kdaf iHi^Uy Bn
tsl JB strfBt AAf tin, Br6tft nB boodhB, ef Ji\i)l ooni fl&kB)By duB w^bmt
fthf?
7. HBstwfBz 8h» tunld Bt 'mil wen 6» 8ek8t)B, t{a)B thrfiB tof'mz
UBTB, 8h)ditd, Bn 'shii dtiBt noot tin bi ri>q on 8tt| b pdint eez dhim
— ^waat dfu 'jfu thifBqk ?
8. wsl, BZ 6» WBZ B)8ee-Bn 8hii)d tBl)jB 6tf, wiiBr, Bn wEn shi
f 16tmt dhB dixqkBn bfiBst shB kAAlz bt azbsn r6ud maen].
9. shi siiUB 8h)8td}Bm w» bt ooBn 6iz Bl6f*Bn stHBi^ at funl
IfBqkth oon dhB gri6fmd, tn «z g^bd sa'ndB k^mrt, kl^wBs b6« dhB
[bB dhBj diLwsT B)dhB Is'ms dY6ifn Bt th)k^tmnBr B)dhB IfBn tndB.
10. ii WBZ B w6tnBn n^ulBn] bw^, eez shii, hr aaI dhB wzld
16f k B siiBk i^6«ld [i^dtld] bt b Ut'l gjsl b fr^Btsn.
11. Bn dhaat aapBnd bz shii Bn bt d^ifBtBr)tn)Iaa kiiBm thHn
dhB bleek jYaa^d in aeqBn \eut dhB wiBt kl^tiBZ tfu drot on b woshBn
d^e«,
12. wotl dhB kfVl WBZ b bdtlBn fs ttV, won fotn brott sxmBr
aatsnunn, ^tiBnlt b wfok Bguu* ksm neks thazdt .
13. Bn d)jB n^MB ? ot nsvB laant sni m^tiB dhBn dhiiBS, b dhaat
btznts op tin tB deet, bz 8h{uB)z mot n(Bm)z :d|aak :8hfpBt, Bn b
d^MBnt woont tin nadhB, dhfiB n16i«.
14. Bn 800 6f)m g^tiBn ^UBm t(u sa'pB. gii)n6tBt, Bn d^tiBnt bi
SB kioiBk tiu kr^tiB ^wbtbt b Mbt Bgf 'n, wen i tooBks b dhiiBs dhaat
B t)adhB.
15. ii)z B witBk fdtral, dhat d^U'Bz Brt6t^ kliA'z ts. Bn dhaat)8
mot Itaast wad. f aB jb weI.
yoUt to Wm a.
1. neighbour f the final r is entirely emphatic aasertion, and (ii)ti) he are
aheorbed in the rowel, here and else- are common, so also thou» we, yon am,
where. (dh6«)m wii)m jiu)m) ; they ie some-
2. it it not, distinct (tiint) not times, but in answer to a question
(tiiimt). — twry, v is constantly pro- they're, them and it's me (dhee)«dhBm,
nounced as u?, but not conversely. it)s mil) are used.
3. this here*s ; Tery short fracture in i, lam with an adjectire predicate,
(dhitn). — hold, doubtnil whether (■'udj not / are. — certain, not (sat'nj. — wy,
or (6Md) and may be (^Md). — row, noise. the nasality occurs only wnen the word
— / are done, I are for I am and that is very ^Toionged.— people, folk is not
for / have, as usual. (6i *aaii) I are, an usual. — enough, this was the best imita-
I 1630 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, y i.] THE MID EASTERN. 199
tion I could gire, the (t) rery short, the mrat] joint, oil, ointment, (ihnr ii\)
(09) long, but I was not eaiiafied with hair oil, and similarly (riivn, diiivn,
the busi Towel. riivlw^et triiim) rain, drain, railway
5. grtat (g99t) is noTer used. — knew, train.
(niu) distinctly, not (niu). — voice, 9. yonder is very commonly called
though this is a common word, (w) is ftuds). We hare the yarious forms
not used. — day, the (ee) is not nasal, (Jondtm jandtm JtndBR^ in S. dialects
(diiv) occ., the prefixed (1) was not and (jends, jtndB, indv) in E. dialects,
heard in par. 11 and 13.— ay^, also but whether (indv) represents yofM^^r or
(jltn) yes. hinder is not clear.
6. a$k, distinctly (seks), not (aks^. 14. goodnight, almost (p)n6i't].
At Albury (8 nne. Ware) (jis^ks) is 15. fare ye weU, good-bye would not
heard. he used except for a long absence,
7. .^oiit^, distinctly rp&tnt] while j9iii< (tataa*) may be heard, but it is not
is (p6int) similarly (c^nt, kil, &tnt- yery common.
se. Ht., Wabe, etc.
Unmarked words from Mr. Boderick*s cs. for Ware, with others giren by him.
W wn. by TH. at Ware from Oolditone 29, and W, Saunders 12, natiyes.
H wn. by TH. at Hertford from Seymour 71, and HH. Hertford Heath
(2 se.Hertfonn.
8 wn. by TH. at Stapleford (3 n.-by-e. Hertford). All in 1884.
I. WSSSEX AND NOBSB.
A- W. Qetter A = (§i»)]. 5 mi«k, W mn'tk. 8 W mr, W, By, H. ^t
Riave not]. 17 laa, W Iaa. 19 HH ts^iBl. 21 niwn, W, UB^im. — f&a«
[fare]. 34 ll&ast. A: 39 kliimi. 49 leq. 53 W, Wn. 64 woont. 6ii
wosh. A: or 0: 60 loq. 64 r6q, HH roq.
A'- 67 gwMvn, W [between] vgOM'tn, vgdu'in, Ws g6M*tn. 69 W n6tf.
72 iu, Wa uu, W uu ilu. 74 tin, H ttu. 79 <$aim. 81 lira. 82 wxsns.
84 muuB, H m^. 87 Ummne. 89 biMivth, W Uvth, W, b6Mth. 92 ummv.
94 kriiw. A': 102 eks [at Albury (jTsIcs)], W Ask. 105 H Hivd. 106
H brAAd. 110 noot. Ill «W. 113 muvI, W oo,1. 115 ituvm, W 6wm, H
00m dm. 117 wan, HH bIoou [alone]. 120 Bguu*. 122 n6oB, 125 oonli
tiMTOlt. 137 nxdh«, W nsdhB.
M' 138 fe&a,dh«, WW,H faadhv. 144 vgtn. 150 liBst. JE: 154
bTek. 155 HH thsti. — tBgJB*dhti [together, addressing several persons].
— WW [had], W, Bd. 151 aatw. 161 d.6e», d6ef, diB, W da"*, Wj da»,
Hd^. 169 wnn. 173 waaz. — kaatTcart]. 177 dhaat[?(dhit)]. 179 waaI.
JE'- 194 Bni. 200 HH wit. M: 209 ubvb. 220 shtpvt. 222 Ub.
223 dhiiB, W dhAi. 224 wiiB. 227 wiBt.
E- 233 spiiBk. 241 riiBU, W rB^in, Wa nltn. 244 wb'bI. 252 ktt*l.
E: 256 striBtj. 261 sT^e^t, Bsee-BU [a-saying], W sb^i. 263 Bw6eB, W
BWB^t. 265 striBt, W strB'it. 276 thuBqk. 279 we.nt. 280 W IbVu.
281 llBqkth. E'- 297 fBlB. E': 307 HH ndi. 312 liB. 316 neks.
£A- 320 kliBr. £A: 322 l^&af IT&af, WWaHH laaf . 326 6ud, W
6m Id, Wa 6Mld, H [between] dtd 6ul. 330 6wd, W (m{\d. 332 tuuld. 335
aaI & H. 338 kAAl. 340 Jlaa.d. £A'- 348 6i. 349 ffu. £A': 357
dho0. 359 n^ba. 366 grfBt, W gn'it. EI- 372 aa. 373 dhee. EI:
378 wiiBk.
EO- 383 W sBy'n. 387 niu, W nit & W,. EO: 392 jsbIb [yellow].
394 indB, W jandB [mostly, occ.] jindB, Wa jandB [old (JtndB)], HH JindB.
399 br6tt. 402 laant. 408 niu. 411 thriiB. 412 shi sh-. EG': 422
aliBk. 435 Jiu, HHW ju. 437 triuth. EY- 438 d6», W dA'^t, H
[between] diid dA'^td. £T: 439 trmst.
I- Wa [letter I = (AA'f)] 440 wiBk. 446 n6in. I: 452 6t, W di,
463 ktrfsk. 458 gu)n6iBt [good-night]. 465 sit^. 466 t}l6tld, tiiaild, Wa
^AA'ild. 469 wmI. — windB [window]. 480 thtq. 482 tiint [it is not],
W B^int ii'nt, Wa B'int. 484 dhiBs dhitBS. F- 492 W, sAA'td. 494
t 1^31 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
200 THE MID EASTERN. [Dl6,yi.
t6»m» H [between] U'^tm tdim, HH U^tm. 495 w6tn. I': 600 16tk, W
la'tk & H. 696 wumvu. — W, [between] a», a^ifhay]. 608 HH [between]
'■' '"^ " n, Wa mAA'tn
nu'tldy mdild. 609 w6il. 610 m6in, W mA'^tn, Wa mAx'tn.
0- 619 {ntvn MMVTB. 624 wald, W wa*ld wsald. 0: 626, ii. Axf. 631
duMotB, W dAAt«, HH dAA^tB. 638 wud. 641 wuvnt, W% wdwnt [sometimes
(want)]. 650 wad, H wdd. 0'- 666 shlu. 666 tSu. 657 tin, H [between]
t/u, teu. 667 t)adhB. 0': 671 guvd, 679 miteef, W cnaf, W, [between]
Bnaf, tmdf. 686 diu dinrnt [don*t], W dun, H dtu. 687 dan. 688 nuun.
692 Bittm.
U- 603 kam & W. 604 samv. 606 san, HH so'n. 606 ditm. V:
609 fuul. 612 sdm. 616 grt^tmd, W grta'tm. 623 ii^uai, W fTe'imd. 627
sandB. 629 HH 89*n. 631 thazdt. 632 ap, Ws ap, H ap. 633 H [between]
kap kap. 634 thriu, HH thruu. U'- 641 ^. 643 M^u, W nWu, W^
[between] ns'^M, neu. 648 a'liBn [onrn, in ''our mode of pronouncing'*]. 651
m^tii erl6«rt [? U this there-ouf], W widhlfc>«t. XT'; 658 dl^tm, W dTa"«n, W2
diiB^wn, H da^un da'iin, HH da^wn. 669 W, tB^wn. 663 I^ks, W te'iis,
HH [between] e"m8 a"tt8. 666 azban. 667 t6irt, W ■"wt, H a'wt.
Y- 673 H matj. 674 dttd. 677 drW. 681 btznts. 682 litU. Y:
692 Jaqgeet. 694 H wak. 701 fast, WW, faast. Y'- 706 w6t, W
WA'^i.
n. Enoubh.
A. 722 drliBn. 726 t6oBk, H tAAk. 732 aapBn. 737 m^Bt, W mB'it.
— djlABZ [jaws]. E. 652 fr^Bt. I. and Y. 768 gjid, W ga'l, H gjal,
W, gjaU. 0. 767 W ndtz. — H w4b [worn]. 781 boodhB. 789 r^«,
W riaitf. 791 b6i, HH b^. U. 797 skuiikBU. 798 ku^UB. 803 djamp.
804 draqk*n.
m. EOHANCE.
A.. 811 H pl^. 830 triiBU, W tre^tn. 841 H ^aans. 867 kiBs. 862
slBf. 864 klAA'z [cause]. — si flpae'Tidj [savage], E- 867 tit &H. 886
wEri, W VBT* [no w used for v], W, vsri, H [no w used for r], HH & S [ir
used for p]. —ptaeaB'tridj [partridge]. 888 sat* n. 890 biiBst. I- and
Y- 901 f6tn, Wj fA"»n. — W vt-nigB [vinegar] & W, [with v only],
— p6»nt [pint], W [between] p6int pc/tnt, W, pa'int. — vit*lz [victuals],
& Wj [addmg, some say (wit'lz)], HH & S wtt*lz.
0 •• 919 ftintmBut. 920 point, W, pdWnt. — dj&int [a joint]. 925 v6iBS,
W v6,is. 938 kutfBUB. 939 kliiMBS. 940 kuuni. 941 fiitiBl. 947 b&tl.
950 sa'pc. 965 d^, W dm^trt. U- 963 ktrdtBt, W kiTA^iat. 966 kih
— \M [howl]. 969 shluB. 970 d^ist.
Akdelet OB Yabdley (8 e.-by-s.Hitcbin) dt.
written by Rev. C. Malet, son of the Vicar, and palaeotyped by AJ£.
from indications given by him. Mr. Roderick of Ware, Ht., said that
(:jaa*dli :wwd :iina) or Yardley Wood End ^as a famous outlandish place for
the dialect. From TH.'s observations it appears that long vowels are too
freely used in this translation.
1 . 800 o'» B^^z, meeBts, j(u sii n6ett, dhaat o'l bii ro'it, tBg»dh'«r,
obeewt dhaat 6eB liit*l gaal B-kom*tn from dhc skfiul jaaii'd«.
2. shii)z Bgoom deewn dhu rdaod dheeB thrfu dho ree^d gfiBt on
dhu Left aand so'id b dhB weet lo'ik.
3. Bh(uB naf dhB tp'ild b gAAn stro'tt ap t(u dhB duuBr b dhB roq
eeu8,
4. weeB shii b1 moo8t)Bii)im fotnd dhaat draqk'n deeBf stiBd
l^aap nBem b :tAA*mos.
[. 1632 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D16, Yi.] THB MID BASTSRN. 201
5. wi aal ndoBz «n rwi weI.
6. want dli)AAl t^aap sii'un laan 'b not tB diu lit 9giiBn na'idliBy
p^tiB thtq !
7. Ifuk! eeBnt «t tru'u.
Very drawled. 4. mott on tnd, sure that (vn) for (vm) or ftm) was
generally, sorely, tearedf shrivelled. used. No other authorities aomit this
6, w€ all knows him, Mr. M. was strictly MS. form.
Abdelet Wood Ekd (:jaadlt :wt<d :imd, ukrl* iwud. :iiii),
(li se.Ardeley), cwl.
TH.'s obserrations on Darby and wife 48, Brown 86, Calvert and wife 77, Clarke
73 and wife 62, these are not here generally distinguished, as that would be
descending to personal differences, when there was substantial agreement, but
it was obsenred that the men inclined to older and the women to recent forms.
Darby used * together* as an address to several, as (wiB|^r jb gu-in, tBgjsdhB?)
where are you going, you people ? Common in D 18 and 19.
B a few wn. by TU. at Buntingford fjba'nifBt) about 4 ne.Ardeley, chiefly from
F. Kjmpton, labourer, 72. Mrs. !K. said (it du) for it does. All wn. in 1884.
I. Wessex and Kobse.
A- 6 vaeek. 21 niBm n^Bm ns'^tm, B [between], n6e(_Bm n^^tm. A: 43
and. A: or 0: 64 [between] roq roq [or something between (roq, roq)].
A'- 67 guu go-in. 73 B sSu. 74 tiu. 81 lemn, Wn, 1b" in [Mrs. Clarke,
whose mother said (l^am)], B ld|_in. 86 6«ts. 92 now. A': 104 [formerly]
rilBd, [now] rdud, [Brown and Mrs. Calvert], rood [Calvert]. 115 oom. 117
WMU.
-E- 138 faadhB. JE: B thEtj. 161 ddi, 6te [Calvert], dxTi [Mrs.
Clarke], d^i [Clarke]. — st^l [stales handle]. — WAps-iz [wasp-s], 170
fi|^rvist-iz. — ghias [glass]. — Icjaat [cart]. iE'- 125 oni. ^': 226
mos vn iin [most on end, generally].
E- 241 r«m [Calvert] rB" in [Mrs. C.]. E: 263 Bw^r. 265 strn'it streit
str^ B strait. — f ild f ilz [field fields]. E'- 299 griin. E': 314 isd
&B. 315 fit.
EA: 326 6«ld, B 6«1, 6«lLd. 328 B k6Mld. — jaim [earn]. 346 g«?Bt.
EA'- 347 B^id. EA': 355 dsf. 371 straa [Mrs. Clarke's grandmother].
EO- 383 SBv'm. EO: 394 jinds [Darby], jaodB [Brownl, [both at B.J.
396 [between] wnk wok. 402 laan, [between] Iebu l99n [Mrs. Clarke].
I: 462 ai, — bad [bird]. 459 rait ro'it ra'it. 466 i^dild tjE^il.
469 wi«l. 477 fa'ind fA'ind. 482 ^t [aint, is not]. I'- 492 8a"id sx'id
[nearly], 8<Jid, B sVid [and all long i at B = (A"i)], B sd'id. 494 tVim & B.
1'; 603 BlA'^iv [alive]. 610 mA"in.
0- — b^iBU [bom]. 0: 631 dAAtB. 641 wimt wont wont. — fAAk
[fork], 660 wad. — a"bs [horse]. 0'- 656 ti'u. 660 skuul & B. 662
muun. 664 s/iin suun so^'un. 0 : 586 d/u. 588 nuun.
U- 603 kam. 605 Bu^n, 606 diiUB duB di^B dot'uB [between (dilB, d6v)].
XT: 613 dm^qk, draqk. — wimdB [wonder]. 632 ap ap. 634 thrtu. U -
643 [between] na'u, ub'u, [Darby and CalvertUnd^M [Bro^vn], nE"tt [Mrs. Clarke].
648 a' mm [our'n, ours], 650 vhd'td. U': 658 da^un [between that and
(dB'un) Mrs. Calvert and B ; between the two, Mrs. Clarke], B dLiB"Mn. 659 B
iliBTmif B tB'^tm. 663 a'us [between that and (b'us) Mrs. Calvert, B b'ms].
n. Ekglish.
A. 737 nwtft [Clarke, Calvert], mB"it [Mrs. Calvert], m^it [Mrs. Clarke].
E. 749 iBft. I. 758 gjM gjal. 0. — gra'ul [growl]. U. 803
B [between] d^amp, d^amp. — tauBps [turnips].
[ 1633 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
202
THE MID EASTERN.
[D 16, V i.
m. EOMAKCE.
A« 810 few. — d^evm [dame]. 852 plira. Clarke's grandmother said
/upvii, but the present pronundatioii is B'ipnm]. I •• and T •• 898 nats. 901
fdiu. 0 .. — Mf Tbeef ]. — B pamp [pump]. — f(ut [forced]. — tan
[turn]. 956 [between] da^ut da^ut [CalvertJ.
MU. Bno(w)for (y).
Welwtn (8 s.-by-e.Hitchin) dt.
pal. by AJE. from notes and indications by C. W. Wilshere, Esq., of the
Frythe, Welwyn.
1. 600 di SEZf mMs, 8BZ di, jfu sii ii6m «z 6« ^t )m itftt ob^iit dhat
liVl gffil Bkamin fram dhB skuul jandv.
2. 8hii)z vgoo'in deuD. dho rdovd dheeB thruu dh« nsd gdtt on dhs
fidliB [dhfs] Bdid «y dh« wdi,
3. smur vnai dhv t|df Id %z gAAn stitfit £p tB dhii duuor av dh«
roq 6tts.
4. weB shii)! I^aans fdind dhat draqk'n dsf wtz'nd fslvr av dhs
neiim "b itomas.
5. wii aaI nooz %m yjsri wel.
6. woont dhs ool t^p sunn laan)8 not to dau it «gen«
7. luk'i dheeB, «^t it d^Est «z di sEd ?
M%9ceUan$ou9 Welwyn NbU» from Mr, WiUhere,
r not sounded except before a Towel.
h initial almost unknown except
in hisn hem.
I be was constantly in use about 1850,
and beant is universal now among old
people.
unked (aqktd), uncomfortable, dreary,
— common.
like (b'ik), a common qualifying
addition to adrerbs. She lookea at
me quite strange -like ; I thought she
knew him, they seemed quite mends-
like?
do (d/u), (o'i aaIvz dtu tt, sdM o't
dtu), I alwajB do it, so I do. ^i toenz
in dh^ putt rsgltn* B)n3'»ts, i a/u) he
turns in there pretty regular at nights,
he do.
gave. In Welwyn {jgiy), in Hitchin
(gav).
audaeioue (^Mdeet'shBs), impudent, —
common.
who {\u). " I be-ant a-goin ther
ter-day.^' "They people over at Har-
ford aint [anciently beant] like tr^,"
*' Lookee, there, if that aint [or beant]
our Jim, dooant e jist look spry [fspr&i)
not (spro't^ since ee*s biin Wpin
company witn Jane," universally used
for courting.
•efty in yearn hisn hem theim ous^vi
ros^ [at Welwyn].
touMt up town, down town, always
without the article.
d<mef ** it was im as done it, she done
it, its er as done it, it's them as done it."
favour f **e (the os) favours is off
leg wus than yesterday,** does not rest
on it being lame ; ** bless me ow she
dew favour her mother sure-lie,** how
like she is to.
shut (shst), shrink (snqk), put (put),
foot (fat).
donkey female ass, the male being a
jackass, clock is feminine.
The indications were not sufficient for
me to give the pronunciation fully in
these notes.
[ 1634 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
I) 16, y i.] THB MID SA8TRBK« 203
HrrcHDr dt.
pal. bj AJE. from notes obtained hj C. W. 'Wilshere, Esq.,
of the Frythe, Welwyn.
1. 800 oV 8EZ, m$et8, sez oV, ju sii to ^if o'f)m rott 9b^iit dhset
Ittl «n l^dheet jsq gSBl] «z iz «)kann'm 6tit)« skuidd jeen'da.
2. ^hii-z vgoo'in deua [dsB'tml dhaet es ruu«d dh^B, thruu dh«
red g(vt «)tE&« ra)dhf s] s&id « dh« wee.
3. shior tmaf * if shi emt «)gAAii ro'tt sp te dh« duuw v)dh« roq
fins.
4. blsst tf shi woont [bst b pEiL*» shii)!] fo'md dhaet draqkn ool
t^p dh^, wtz-'iid ool '.torn.
5. wi aaI nooz tm put't weI.
6. woont dbB ool t^sep suun lBm)B tB U$k k^eBr eu shi daz it
BgEiif puuB thing !
7. luk'i dheB I t^VBld jb boo.
I is distinctly broad (o'i). (mu^M) is said wben it refers to the plural.
HARPEin)£N (4 n.St. Albans) cwl.
words from Mr. T. Wilson's dt.
I. Wessbx and Nobsb.
A- 21 rJim, A: 43 end. A: or 0: 68 fro [P], 64 roq. A'- 67
en-in. 92 n6M. A': 104 ra«d. 121 gAxn. JE- 144 «gi*n. JE: 177
Shot. JE'- 183 t^. M': 223 dhiv. 224 wis. £: 261 SAt.
262 wdi. 265 strM. 266 wsl. F- 293 WAf. 297 fffih fslB. £A:
326 6m1. 346 giBt gM g»t. EA': 355 dsth. £0: 394 jsndv.
ECy- 412 8hf» [?]. EO : 428 Bee [P]. 436 jb*!*. 436 triu. I: 452
di [probably, uncertain]. 459 rVtt. 466 tp'tld. 469 wmI [will]. 477 fo'tnd.
480 fiqk fiq thiqk. 482 Mnt [is not]. I'- 492 so'td. 0: 541 wimt
wsnt. 0'- 560 skuuld. 564 sion. 0': 579 mn'u. 586 diu. U- 606
dauti. U: 634 throo. U'- 643 ns'ti. U : 658 dls'im. 663 s'ms.
n. English.
I. and Y. 758 gssl. U. 804 dn/qk'n.
m. BOMAKCS.
A- 841 t^AAns. E*. 886 wnrt. U- 969 shiuB.
Hatfield (6 wsw.Hertford) cwl.
wn. in 1884 by TH., chiefly from J. Hart 62, and his wife.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 4t^k. 6m6ik. 8 «it [hasn't]. A'- 74 t«'u. 82 wans. A': 104
rd*Md [old form (rClBd}]. 121 gAAn. 128 dhd>MZ. M- 144 Bgjdn. £A:
326 6m1. 346 gjrit. £0: 394 JsndB. 402 laan [old form]. £0'- 411
I 1636 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
204 THE MID EASTERN. [D16, Yi, ii.
thrii. I: 466 tjiftl. 480 sntthiqk [anything! — ttm [hitting]. T- 492
said. 0: 541 w6tmtwwnt. 0': 586 oas'u. 587 [between] da'n, da'n.
U- 606 d($«. U'. 650 Bba'tH. U': 663 [between] o'ms, s'ws.
n. ElfGLISH.
A. 714 liUi [used more than boy]. I. and Y. 758 gild [old fonn, Mrs.
H. said between] gj&l gjie'l. 0. — lAAst [lost]. 791 ^i [more often lad].
m. EoMAircB.
A .• — gaad'mn [gardening]. 0 •• — pimp [pomp].
Yar. ii. Bedfobdshibe.
The Bd. var. is scarcely distinguishable from the Ht. We have
Batchelor's account written 80 years ago, and it scarcely differs
from the present pron., as shewn by the following dt. from Ridgmont
and the cs. from Bedford. It is sufficient to leave these to tell
their own story.
T. Batchelor in 1809 wrote an " Orthoepical Analysis of the
English Language — to which is added a minute and copious analysis
of the dialect of Bedfordshire,** 8vo. pp. viii. 164. This differs
from ordinary writing about dialects by being written in a systematic
character, and therefore I deviate from my usual habit of disregard-
ing printed books. All is here given in the best pal. interpretation
I could assign. But of course difficulties and imcertainties aboimd.
Thus, (e, e) are quite uncertain, and hence (6ti, isfu). Similarly,
(a, a), and hence (oV, a't), are also uncertain. The simple (e, o)
are therefore alone used. B. has no other way of expressing (ii,
uu) but by the equivalents of (iJ, «w), which might mean (ii, 6u),
but I interpret them as (ii, uu) for simplicity. B.*s r is said to be
always ** smooth," and that means most probably, as generally in
E. div., before a vowel (r) or (r^), and when not before a vowel
simply (b) ; but to indicate his usage, * permissive r ' or (j) is
here employed. For the simple («) see the following cs. and
dt. B. gives a very long list of principally "accidentcd" errors
of pronunciation, and a large number of "colloquial phrases or
low vulgarisms." The first I give to a small extent in a cwl.
and a few of the latter are also added. But to go into the whole
would be to give undue prominence to the district. His rules for
pronouncing the dialect in 1809 amount to the following, the
examples and pronunciation are his own.
1 . ow generally = (6u), this refers to the words with XT' (n6w )l6u dh^u f^l
6ul), now cow thou foul owl, and 0' (pl^uj plough, and with the French OU •• (t^u,
vtlC'u) vow, allow. He takes the receivea diphthong as {6u),
2. I^ng M is generally (iuV as (trtM, tri'ws) true, truce, and in French words
(miMK, rt'u'tn, ntuzvns, krtM'tl, situs) muse, ruin, nuisance, cruel, sluice.
3. at ay = {6ei) in (d6et w4e» s^ n^l r6eil) day way say nail rail and French
(pc(>i p6etl^, but a followed by a consonant and final e is (6«, ^, ^ev), for which I
usually wnte (6e), as (s^evl s^l) sale sail, (t^evl t^tl) tale tail, (m6e«l m6e«l)
male mail, (p6evl p6etl) pale pail. This corresponds to the treatment of A-,
JEi}', £G, to which other Saxon and French words are letelled up, thus he
[ 1636 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, V ii.] TUB MID EASTERN. 205
gives also (w^eu t^eu g^evt) wear tear gate, and (gr6evs pl6eBS sp^eBS peevj)
grace place space, pear & pair. And be says (n^eBshon steewbBn) nation station
occur in n.Bd.
4. ea and long e before r = (itB), for wbieb I usually write (Sb), tbese words are
from various sources ^biBt miBt swiBt biBt f Ibj :d|lBniz piBi biBj) beat meat sweat
beat fear James peer oeer.
6. oa and o before a consonant followed by « = ((ib), as (mtiBn gr6Bn tbrtiBt biiBt
t6Bn sBp6BZ, bef(iBr mQBJ Aubj) moan groan tbroat bougbt tone suppose before
more floor ; here whatever has (ooy oo^w) in received speech is levellea up. But
B. adds lu?^ in '* hope home rope spoke oak told mould sold soul roll,** and not in
(n6ou dh6oi« d6ow krdoM) no though doe crow, so that each word would have as
usual to be separately acquired.
6. 0 short oefore (k, g, q) is (o), as fbrok strok spok fok) broke stroke spoke
folk, iAo^ hog 10^) dog hog rogue, fsoq loq roq) song long wrong. This nue is
difficult, the o being (now at least) often long in rs.
7. (oq, oqk) of rs. hecome (wq, Mqk), as (smo dwq htiq dn/qk mwqk truqk st/qk
btiq mtiqgril Bmwq) sung dung hung drunk monk trunk sunk bung mongrel among.
8. 01, oy become (e'tj in (bro'tl spa'il fa'tl be'il sa'tl a'tl o'tntment na'iz tajmajl
ra'ial) broil spoil foil Doil soil oil ointment noise turmoil royal; but is (a'i) in
enjoy noise [as well as (na'tz) ?] voice choice toys boys = (bD'tz).
9. r is not pronounced before 8 followed by « or by a consonant, as (f^st dast
wast kfiBS ftiBs AAs bAAdBJ both weth wiistid) first duiit worst course force horse
border birth worth worsted. Here we have not always simple omission.
10. 'Ow final is often (bj), or more probably (-b) except when a vowel follows,
(elbB melB naeni wtndBj elbow mellow narrow window, also (o'idiiB pBteeitB :aj-frikB
:tj^nt) idea potato Africa Chinaware.
11. -nge final = (nzh) not (nd|) as (str^etnzh r^tnzh m^tnzh spnnzh twinzh
stnzh swtnzh) strange ran^ mange springe twinge singe swin^.
12. 'ing of participles is (tn), as (siqtn) singing, (gutn) gomg.
13. wh initial is simple (w), as (wot) what.
14. A initial generally omitted, as (i »z im) he his him, but sometimes inserted
in the wrongplace, as (hAAl \iku\ hAAdBJ hsekshffi'uda'i'Bn) awl owl order axeandiron.
15. -aw final generally = (-aa), but the custom is disappearing, (laa saa klaa)
law saw claw.
16. #r, ir followed bj a consonant is (oj), meaning really (oo, aa), and unaccented
seems to be (bj) or smiply (b) ; (pBjhaps pBisw^Bd poit mosifMl pojs^n) perhaps
persuade pert mercifid person.
17. unaccented (b) takes the place of long o and even a in initial, middle and final
unaccented syUablee, as (i'UBSBns Bkoi* Bfe'nd bI^bu Bk^imt) innocence occur offend
alone account.
/ are for / am is common, he*m she*m we*m you*m they*m, are used by a few.
On b. of Bu. I be, ye be, are heard.
Batchelor's Bd. Sentences. Only a few are given.
1. (wot B vaas sa'it «v fok), what a vast sight of folk.
2. (9'tl bi wu)jB nekst we*z), I'll be with)you next ways, i.e. 1*11
come soon.
3. (hii)z loq « dhv bak an im), he's long of the back on him, i.e.
he has a long back.
4. (dhfez BJ gttd wfsts, baaah'z), these are good wheats, barleys,
etc., i.e. good kinds of wheats, etc.
5. (a'f kaant meBk nothm «v tt, nedhw bed n«i t^i 1 an)t), I can't
make nothing of it, neither head nor tail of it.
6. (g»v mii « iiu brAAth, pondj), give me some broth, porridge.
7. (h6u ment brAAth ? iz dhe\?r tinfu), how many [much] broth ?
is there enew. [Broth is always in the plural.]
[ 1637 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
206 THB MID EASTERN. [Dl6, Vii.
8. (:mi8trB8 :m. iz n^'shvn, mAAitol, deusid rtt^, puiu, 1 1, gud, bad,
hansvm, agh', etc.), Mrs. M. is 'nation, mortal, deucid rich,
poor, ill, good, bad, handsome, ugly.
9. (dh^Bi w^z B da-ns he'mvnt ), there was I don't)know how)many.
10. (aaIbs gu'in to UwLZ «n sit^), always going to fairs and such like.
11. (evuri n6u «n tan), every now and then, (dhen) with (dh)
assimilated to the preceding (n).
12. (dhi wedhQi)z pinBJ kamfoitBhl oovBr it wor), the weather)is
pure comfortable over it was.
13. (a'f he)n« W9ts ttw{»r), I have)no oats to-year [this year].
14. (ft)s pBitf gudtsh, babtsh, la'ik), it's pretty goodish, bobbish,
like ; the ' like ' qualifies the meaning similarly to the usual
as it were, it is ah&ut pretty good.
15. (ft stanz tB sens, hii want bi sed), it stands to sense [it is
clear] he won't be said [stopped by words].
RmeicoHT (9 ssw.Bedford) dt.
ptL bj AJE. from the dictation of MIm Susan Wheck, natiTe, student at
Whitelands, June, 1881.
1. 900 aV s^e«, m^Mts, ran sii ns'if a)« rA'tt sbs^Mt dh&t lit'l gsl
[gsel] kam'tm from dh« skfil JondB.
2. ar)B goo'tn ds'tm dh« ruuBd dh6ee, thruu dh« rsd g6eBt on dh«
Isft a*nd sA'fd bv dhB w^*.
3. shaar anaf * dhB t^'fld)z go'n str^M sp tB dhB duuBr B)dhB
roq s'ms.
4. waa 8hf)l Ufik'li fAVnd dha't draqk-'n dsf sriqk*'ld fElBr)BV
dhB n^^Bm bv ;tam*Bs.
6. wi aaI nooz Bm vBr*t weI.
6. want dh)oold t^a^p stm t^ [laan] b not tB duu)t Bgin*, pitiB
thtq!
7. lttk)i, wnt »t trhi [trfu].
Notet.
2. A^-arv eshe is (nr)«). — thou is phatic (aH)ib) or (A)a), and emphatic
not usual. I he we they knowa is U'i aa). — (geevt) is commoner than
common. Has not heard A« <fo. The (^at) .--pai<^ ^o^ are sometimes dis-
tp and V are neyer confused. The tinguished as (p^l, p6«l) by the
euphonic r is freely introduced, as peasantry. — homey shmb are (am,
(sAATtn) for sattittfff out final r is the snib). The Hi] is constantly omitted,
same as in London, ettrth hearth being and (w) is usea lor (wh) initial. — enough
(asth aath). The pi. of nouns in '$t is pronounced as (imaf, mm'ti}, but with
is -etfses, as (biis*testz). — / are is no distinction in meaning,
commonest, pronounced when unem-
Mn> Bedfordshibb cs.
pal. in 1877 by AJE. from diet, of James Wyatt, Esq., St. Peter's Green,
Bedford, not a native, but who had resided 40 years in the county, and
<* knew the country talk pretty well.** He had not observed any strong
mark of separation between n. and s.Bd., but in extreme s.Bd. / 6f is used,
not in n.
I 1638 3
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, V ii.] THE MID EASTERN. 207
0. wo'f :dpn «2 noo d6«t8.
1. wel, n^tsba, jiu tm ii ms buvth laaaf «t dhts nfuz « mo'in. (u
kiiiz ? dhat)s nadliBr 1« n« dli6«.
2. f{u men do't koz dh« bi laaft «t, wi noo doont wi ? wot shtwi
meBk)Bm ? «t »zn*t vert lo'tkh', t z it ?
3. 6t«zrya dhiiz)« dh« faks « dhB kfBs Hc^bs], boo d^tist oold jb
no'iz, fnnd, «n bi ktro't«t tel [wo'»l] o't)v okn. aar^ki.
4. o'i)m eaat'n o'» d8d)Bm see — sam s dhcm dh^B fook u went
thriu dhts hal th»q from dhs fast dhBSElvz — dhat did o't , sM [s(Bf ]
Bnaf —
5. dhBt dhB Jtiqgist ssn izsElf, b gaat bu» b no'tn, nood iiz fadbBz
To'is Bt wans, dhoo it wat^ sb ku^iBr Bn skudikin lo'tk, Bn o't Bd
traat nn tB speek dhB trfuth ant dee, aa o't 'ud,
6. Bn dhB ool;d)KmBn BS£lf)'l tEl ant b jfu dhBt laaaf neti, Bn tsl
j(u street AAf t(u, vj6ut mat^ bodhBr, tf so bii bz j(u)1 oont aks Br,
00 want shi ?
7. liistweez shi tsld it tB mii, wEn o't ak8t)B, tiu b thrii to'imz
oovB, dtd 'shii, Bn shii AAt not tB bi raq an stt^ b po'tnt bz dhis (b,
wot dB • Jiu thf'qk ?
8. wel, BZ o'l wBr B)8ee'ni, 'shii b1 tsl j{a, d«, wfBr, Bn wsn shi
fan dhB druqk'n bfBst, bz shi kAAlz Br azbsn.
9. shi BUB shi siid tin wii bt uBn o'tz leetn strEtjt Bt fal lEnth
an dhB gr6imd tn iiz gud sandi k^cBt, kloos hi dhB duBr B)dhB)dtt8,
d6im Bt dhB kAAnBr b dhat dh^B l^Bn.
10. ii WBr Bwo'intn Bwee% sez shii, fsr aaI dhB waald lo'ik b
Btk tp'tld Br B Itt'l gsel B)frEtin.
11. Bn dhat ap'nd bz shii Bn b dAAtsr m Iaa'b kam thrfu dhB
bak jaad from B)aqin 4ut dhB wst kluBz tB dro't an b woshtn dee,
12. wo'il dhB kft*l wBr b ba'tlm fB tii, wan fo'tn bro'tt samBr
aatBnuun, oont b wiik Bgau kam nekst thazdi.
18. Bn dB jriu noo ? o't ntvB laant ant muB nB dhts b dhat dh^B
btzntz ap tB tBdee*, bz shfuBr bz mo't n(Bm tz :d^on :shipBd, Bn o't
doont woont tin adhB, dh{B neu !
14. Bn 800 o't bi Bgu*th ham tB aa mt sapB. gtid no'tt, Bn doont
bii SB kwtk tB kroo oovBr b t^ap Bgtn, W£n • tiAks b dhts dhat b
tadhB.
15. tt)s B wfBk fuul BZ pHBts B;6-trt; reez*n. Bn dhat)s mo't laast
waad. gtid bo't.
Notes,
0. irAy, for the long t Mr. W. some- more than (rj, of course it was in no
times said (at, ki), the {o'i) which he wise trilled.
wrote was not consistently pronomiced ; 2. male, (m^kmivk), "two persons
but it was omte (A'i) at Ridgmont. — in the same house will pronounce the
doubts, Mr. W.'s (6k) was probably a word in different ways."
refined form, as I got (s^m) from 3. eaee^ double pronunciation as for
Eidgmont. make, — harkf here Mr. "W. considered
1. neiahbour, Mr. W. treated r in that there was an r, but that it was not
the London way ouite Tanishing except '* quite trilled.** I failed to hear it.
before a Towel. TH. finds a decided r 4. My, (see) and distinctly not (s^et
in Bd., but Tery moderate, probably not aee'j), which Mr. W. did not recognise
[ 1639 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
208
THE MID EASTERN. [D 16, V ii.
at all. But I got it from Kidgroont, 9. /m//, the (fal) was clear, but they
and it is fouud iu Batthelor. — xchole, do not say (bal). — o», the (an) was very
(hal) with the aspinite clearly pro- distinct. — lane, see make par 2, for
nounced. — tafe, see make par. 2. yon(Ur they would use (jindB).
5. Ai«, specially dictated as (iiz), quasi 11. UiWy the pronunciation i
he^s, law to become lawr.
6. u'ithota, apparently a form of 12. ^^-a, observe (tii), not (teej.
(nrdt/t) arout — athout (udlieMt). 14. hotne ; the aspirate well pro-
8. If^astf plural (biustcz). nounced.
Miscellaneous Words and Phrases furnished by Mr. Wyatt.
1. (o'» wttl), I will.
2. (hi had'nt a At), he should not.
3. (e«z*on), houses.
4. (tB Empt), empty.
5. (Bnfw), enow,* more general in the north, (wiaf ) enough, in the '
south.
6. (dabth), depth.
7. (dizaa'v), deserve.
8. (on'giV'in), ungiving, (on-) is usual for un.
9. (d'i gov tm TJ d*q*«r on dhB tjop, boo i sun. gon oovb), I gave him
a stinger, strong blow, on the chaps, so he soon given (gave)
over, or discontinued.
10. (shi gAAnd at mi), she stared, gimed, at me.
11. (i ot mi t) kh'qkvr an dhv bak), he hit me a clinker on the
back.
12. {o'i kttd'nt ap-iui bv ant noledjBbl man), I could not happen-of
(=meet with) any knowledgable man.
13. (an b'ikmz), on liking or approbation.
14. (o'j lo'«k u fiu brAAth. o'l beent soo imsti rapt ap in spuun
vtt*l ; gj'mi plEn U « gwd biif bu mastBQ, dhat iz sam-at for
B ffilB tB lol ogm), I like a few ( = some) broth. I be-not so
much wrappcnl up in spoon victual ; give-me plenty of good
beef and mustard, that is somewhat for a fellow to loll ( =
lean back, rest) against.
15. (o't beent), is used on the Bu. or w. side, (o't eent) is n.
16. (moo8t)'n)iin) ?(muB8t), most-on-end= generally.
17. (AA-kBd, pU^zun, pte^t), awkward, pleasing, pert « saucy, full
of spirit.
18. (i fcim pAAltj-m ro'tt an mo't fat, f?'t), ho came poltering right
on my foot, feet ; to pakh is used for walking slowly in
Dv., but pakh in is a fish spear.
19. (rots Bn miis), rats and mice.
20. (skuB, skrat, so'j'th, s«d'BZ, spo'rt»k*lz, t(om, to'tt, fonjdB), score,
scratch, sigh, scissors, spectacles, team, tight and forwarder
=tip5y.
21. (ii)z dhB vEk'smest bu ewd^^shBsest bu»), he's the vexing-est
and audacious-est boy.
22. (jfu)B bin iB-etin arBwVg po't, jii)B sb shaap), youVe been a-
eating earwig pie, ye are so sharp.
[ 1640 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, V u.] THE MID EASTERN. 209
23. (i AA'loz tjEts pu3 iocik 6utv dho ro'fts), he always cheats poor
folk out of their rights.
24. (jfu-1 bii tB gEt dhat dheB pf«pB dan eut), you'll be to get that
there paper done out = you'll have to get that document
copied.
25. (i did luk noo weez uz plez wnt lo'ek), he did look nowise as
pleasant, like.
26. (o't doont sEt noo stuti bo'i gtelz, o'i)d raadhu av bu/z), I do-not
set no ( = any) store by girls, I'd rather have boys.
27. (wats, war, jaabz, hilt, wotshod, bab'i), oats, our, herbs,
held, wet-shod, baby.
BEDFOBDsnrRE cwl.
B from Batchelor, but not nearly all his words.
D from TH.'s Dunstable obsenrations on a railway porter, a native, representing
extreme s.Bd.
R from Miss ^\^leck*8 dt. for Ridgmont.
W from Mr. Wyatt's cs.
H Mr. Rowland Hill's word list for Bedford generally confinns the above, I give
a few differences, or new words.
In Hatley Cockayne (12 e. Bedford), the dialect has been nearly exterminated
by the action of a former Rector, the Hon. and Rev. H. C. Cust, and his wife.
I. Wessex ajjd Norse.
A- 5 W mevk. 8 W aa. 11 B maa. 12 B saa, H saa. 13 B naa. U
B draa. 17 B laa, W Iaa'b. 20 H l^«m. 21 W nS«m, RH n^ecm, D ns'im.
23 H s^Bm. 24 H sh^m. 35 B hAAl. 36 H thAA'B. 37 B klaa. A: 43
R a'nd. 44 H laand. 42 W aq. 50 H tdoz. 51 H man man. 54 W woont,
H WA'BUt. 46 W wosh. A: or 0: 60 B bq, H laq. 61 B Bmii-q. 62 U
atroq. 64 B roq, R roq, D raq, H raq. 65 B soq.
A - 67 W gu-tn, R goo- in, H gu. 60 D n6«i. 72 "W Su [interrogative, (u)
relative]. 73 R soo. 76 H tCiBd. 79 W Gbu. 81 W l^on. 82 W wans. 83
B m6Bn. 84 W mCiB, H mAA. 86 BW wats. 87 W kl6B8. 89 W b6Bth.
92 WR noo. 94 W kroo. A'; 103 BW aks. 104 R rCiuBd. 107 H Ificf.
110 W doont [donH]. Ill W AAt. 113 W hal, H hal wal. 115 W ham, D
Sum. 117 W wan. 118 B bCiBn. 120 W Bguu. 121 R go'n. 122 W noo,
Dn6M. 123 B nAAdhon natbin. 124 B stCiBU ston. 125 Woont. 129 H
gfiBst. 134 B wMth, H outh. 136 W adhw. 137 W nadhB.
JE' 138 W fadhs, D faadhsLr P'ln e.Sf. Cb. no r in these cases, in Bd. r
certainly but very moderate,*' says TH. but probably [r^ would better represent
the sound, if he was not mistaken]. 141 H n^Bl. 142 H sudvl. 144 W Bgtn.
147 H brcBU. M: 154 W bak. 155 B thek. 157 H rEEv'n. 158 W aatB.
161 W dee, D ds'^i. 169 BW wen. 173 [(wArJ used]. 179 BW wot.
-E'. 183Rteetj. 184 H Had. 187 B ISbv. 189 H w<v. 190 B km. 194
W ani. 199 B blaat, H bli^t. 200 BH wSnt, D wiit. 202 B hint. M': 209
W nivB. 213 H eedhv, 221 B fSBJ. 223 W dh^ dhSB, D dhB^BLr, R dh6eB.
224 B w^BJ, W wiB, R waa. 226 H m6B8t. 227 W wEt. 228 swlBt.
E- 233 W speek, D spuk. 236 H fiivB. 239 H ss'il. 241 H rB'tn.
243 H plB'i. — B t^BJ [tear]. 249 B w6bj. 251 mlBt. 252 BW kit'l.
E: 261 W see, R s^ei, DH se'i. 262 R wm, DH we"». 263 W Bwee-.
264 H B'il. 265 W street, R str^eBt, H striiit f?]. 272 H helm [generally].
— BW iind [end]. 281 W lEuth. — B gajn [grin]. 284 H thresh. E'-
290 WD u. 293 W wi. 297 WR Mv. 299 D gr/in. E': 312 W U.
314 W 9od, D tBird [see 138]. 316 H neks [frequently, without the i].
EA- 320 W kiBZ. EA: 322 W laaaf, D ta&i, 323 H fit. 324 B &it,
^^. Pron. Part Y. [ 1641 ] 105
Digitized by LjOOQIC
210 THE MID EASTERN. [D 16, V ii.
H eet, 326 W ool+d, R oold, D df4d. 330 B hSoult, W oold. 336 R aaI.
338 W kAAl. 340 W jaad. 342 B ^mn. 346 B gent, R g6eiit. EA'- 347
D bM. 348 W o'i. 349 W flu. EA': 352 R rBd. 366 B deth, R dsf.
357 W dhoo, 359 W n6Bb«. 360 WH tlwn. 361 H blim. 363 H tjiup.
TV tiap, R tia»p. 366 W gaet, D gr^t. 370 raa. EI- 372 W aa, H
9'i. 373Wdh6B. EI: 377 H st^Bk. 378 W wink.
EO- 386 B iiu, 387 W nlu. EO: 390 W shwd. 393 B baend.
394 B jendei endsi, R Jond«. 399 W hro'it 402 B laajntn lamtn, RD laan.
406 B 6Bith iith J9th. EO'- 411 W thrii. 412 W shu. EO': 422 W
W 8tk. 426 H b'it. 428 R di. 430 BW frtnd. 431 B blu. 434 B Mvt.
435 W Jiu. 436 BR ixiu, 437 W tduth. EY- 438 W do'i, D dA"t.
EY: 439 W trast.
I- 440 H wiBk. 446 W no«n. — B iifl 'ms 'mofi [y^. 449 H gtt.
I: 462 W o'i, R a'i [practically the same soimd]. 458 "W na'it, D n^tween] nx'it
nflit. 459 R FA'it. 463 W tel. .465 W sttj. 466 W tio'ild, R tiA'ild. 469
BW w«l [wiU]. 473 H bb'ind. 477 R fA'tnd. 478 H gr^tnd. — B hinm»t
[hindmosfl. 480 W thiq. 483 W iiz. 485 B f ts'l. 488 B Jtt. I'- 491
B sa'ith, W 80'ith. 492 R SA'id. 494 W to'im. 499 B bet*l. V: 600 W
b'ik, R lA'tk. 603 H b'if. 606 W innim. 608 H mo'il. 609 W wo'il.
610 W mo'in.
0- 619 W ooyh. — B drap [drop]. — B smodBi [gmotherl. 624 W
waald. — B thrfiflt [throat]. 0: 627 B b6iit bot. 631 B daatwi, W
dAAtB, D dAAtBLr [see 138]. 636 B fok, W fook [but the length of Mr. W.'s
vowel was not particularly obeerred]. 636 H gdidd. 638 W i#d. 541 WR
want. 642 H b(iBlt. 550 W wxad. 661 B staaim. 654 B kraas. 0'- 555
D shoi'u. 656 Wtiu. 668 WR \uk, 560 R sVu^. 662 D ma'un fH says
it is (miun) **soft,*' as the (mflp'un) often sounds, but I think this (cp'u) at
Dunstable was an individuality]. 564 R sim. 665 H n^BZ. 0': 569 H bek.
670 H tak. 571 W gud. 678 B pl6u. 679 WR Buaf [in the s. ; but (buIu)
more general in the n., H gives it]. 583 H tOBl. 584 H st^Bl. 686 R duu.
687 W dm, D da*n. 588 D noj'un. 589 H sp(iBn. 590 fl^Bi. 691 B m<iBi.
692 W 86«. 695 W fat, H fot. 597 H S9t.
U- 603 B kam, k)op [come up], RD kxm. 604 samB. — B muqk [monk]*
605 W san, D sa'n. 606 W d6B, R d6uB, D d<$BLr [see 1381. U: 609 W
fal. 612 W som. 613 B drtiqk. 616 W grB'tmd. 619 B f^tmd, fand, W
fan. 632 W ap. 634 W thriu, R thruu. 635 B woth. U'- 640 B k6u.
641 W 6u [H. says that this diphthong is *' broad and flat," and seems to mean
(a'u), but he may mean (I'u) after alJJ. 642 B dhdu. 643 BW n6u, R ni'u.
647 B h^wl. 648 W war^. 650 R wbs'ut. 651 W B)6«t. XT': 656 B feul.
658 W d^un, R ds'tm. 663 B h^ws [the kitchen where the family sit], W 6mb,
R b'ws, D [between] o'ms, b'ms. 666 w azbBU. 667 W 6i4.
Y- 673 matj. 675 W dro't. 682 B liifl [intensive form], WR lit'l.
Y: 692 W jwqgist. 696 B both. 700 B was. 701 BW fast. 702 W wii.
Y- 706 W wo'i. Y': 712 W miis, H mo'is.
n. English.
A. 726 W tAAk. 737 R meeit. 738 W priBt. E. 746 W l^Bt. 751
B pajt, WpiBt. I. and Y. 758 B gal, WR gsel, R gal. 760 B sHv»l.
0. 761 H iQBd. -— B dog [dog]. 767 B na'tz, W no'iz. — B muqgril
[mongrell. 790 H£adds a (d) gownd]. 791 W b6», H bo'i. U. 804 W
dTMqirn, R draqk*n [perhaps Miss W. did not know the word well].
m. ItOMANCE.
A .. 811 B pl6B8. — B fi^il [flail]. 824 B tjSBj. 833 B p^BJi. — B
pldizhar [pleasure]. 835 B r^iz'n, W reez^n. 840 Bt^aambBJ. 849 Bstr^inzhaj.
— B wAAudht WAAntp [warrant you]. 857 W klBs V^m, 862 W s^Bf sSaf.
864 W koz. 866 R p/MB.
E .. 867 W tii. 886 WR vart. — W jaabz [herbs]. 888 BW saaitin.
890 BW biBst. 895 B rislBt [receipt]. — B weks [vexj, W vaks. 901 W
la'tn. 910 H d|a'tst.
[ 1642 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, V ii, iii.] THE MID EASTERN. 211
0- 913 H k6vti. 916 B iiuvn tqtm. 917 B rog. 919 B o'tntmimt.
920 W po'tnt. 925 W vo'is, H ve'ia. 926 B gpe'il. — B i«qk*l [uncle].
938 W kAADB. 939 W klewe. 940 W k6Bt. 941 W fuul. 944 B «16u-.
945 B T^u. 947 BW Wtl. 950 W sapB. 952 B k6t». 955 W d^Mts. 956
BktTBJ.
U .. 963 W Vwo'ivt. 965 B 9'il. — B nMu [nature]. 969 W shluB, R
sliar^. 970W(j^wt.
Var. iii. Huntingdonshire.
All 8. of the n sum line No. 1, which passes just s. of Sawtry (9
nnw.Huntingdon) and n. of Eamsey (10 nne.Hontingdon), the
pron. is thoroughly ME. in every particular, that is, it practically
coincides with that of the Ht. and Bd. varieties, and n. of this line
the change seems to be confined to the treatment of U as (a) in the
s. and («) or (u^) in the n. But as all the (a) are modernisms, this
difference, as before observed, p. 16, cannot be considered to
determine a difference of dialect which is preserved in all other
important particulars.
Without TH.'s investigations, in which he was so kindly
assisted at Great Stukeley by the late vicar's daughter. Miss
Ebden, I should have had a most imperfect notion of Hu. pron.,
but these have enabled me to appreciate other information, and to
determine the general homogeneity of the E. forms throughout the
m. and s. part of the county, and the change in the n. part with
respect to the treatment of U only, all other M. characters being
absent.
Gt. Stukeley (2 nnw.Hu.) dt.
written io. by Miss Ebden, daughter of the late Vicar, but corrected by the
results of TH.*s interviews with old inhabitants as given in the adjoining wl.
1. sou a'i sE't, mE'its, ju sii uew dhwt A'»)m rAVt ish^ut dhwt
li't'l gja4 kamm from dhB skuuul jmdB.
2. shl)z gu'tn dxfun dhu r(iBd dhev, thriii dhB rsd gJE^tt an dhB
Mt (hand sAVd B)dhB we'i.
3. shuB Bns'f dhB t^'tld)z gAn str^tt op thi dhB doB B)dhB roq
|h^us.
4. wIb shi)l i^ans tiu fA'tnd dhat draqk*n dEth [=deaf] srtv'ld
fslB B)dhB nfiVm b :tdmas.
6. wi aaI on as nouz im vEr» weI.
6. wont dhB owld tjap suun tiitj)B not tB diu ii Bge n, poB thtq !
7. Iwk, etnt »t triu.
Great Stukeley .cwl.
wn. by TH. in 1881 from William Johnson 77, and James Valentine 75,
natives and labourers, to whom he was introduced by Miss Ebden, daughter
of the late Vicar.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 21 nE"im. A: — k^int [cannot]. 67 fta. A: or 0: 64 roq.
A'- 67 Bg^in Bguin. — si a" «n [pi. sloes]. 69 n6w. 73s6«. 74ti^uu. 92 dh^
niHMl [they knowedl. A': 105 riivd. 116 6m. 122 n6. 130 biivt. 132
atod [hotted, made hot]. JB- 138 faadhv. 144 «g^-n. M: 168 kttB,
[ 1643 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
212 THR MID EASTERN. [D 16, V iii.
161 ds^t. — Wig [bag]. — [hBp"l [apple]. 173 wAxTewor]. — [between]
dl^ dlfls [glass]. — kaat [cart]. -- sot [sat]. JB'- 183 titj. 200 wit
wiHt. Ml 218 ship. 223 dhB"«. 224 wiB+r.
£. 233 spiik spB'tk. 248 iue^b. 261 mint. — fsdhv. E: 261 sB'^t.
262 we"». 265 streit strB'it. 278 WEntj [occ. usually (gjal)]. 280 BlEb*m.
E'- 290 i. 299 griin. E': 312 ic. 314 iBd. EA: 322 [between]
luf \ai laaf. 324 E'»t. 326 Owld. 332 tEld. 346 gj6it. EA'- 347 M.
EA': 355 dsth dEf. 366 gr^, grM grst. EI: 382 dhB^ra. EO-
383 8Ev*n sEb'm. 386 [between] b'Ci a'u. £0: 394 jondv jandu Jtndo.
402 laan laan [(a^R, &r) written, but then Johnson did not pronounce (r) when not
before a vowel] Ie'^bu [Valentine's pron.]. EO'- 412 shi. EO': 428
8i. 435 ju, jilra [yoursj. 436 tr/uu. 437 trt>th. EY- 438 drfi.
I- 447 aan [hem, wntten (a'm)J. I: 452 a'i rft. 468 UA^it. 462 tdii.
480 thtq. 482 eint [ain*t, is not]. 483 iz*n. 488 Jtt. I'- — ongji'vin
[ungiving, said of the frost giving way], gji)m» [give me]. 494 tx^im. I':
617jtuu. 0- — forod [forward]. 6: — frag [frog]. — srabz [shrubs].
627 bA't. 631 dxAtB. 632 kiiBl. 541 want. — os'iz [horses]. 0'- 655
shuu. 0': 679 Bua-f [sg., but pi.] unt'^uu. 686 di,u, d^nt [don't]. 687
daii. 688 nuun. 695 fat.
U- 603 Bkamm [a-coming]. 605 8a*n. 606 d<5B. IT: — dM^m [dumb].
— tamb'l [tumble]. 632 ap. 634 thr/^ii. 636 faadB. . [TH. considers that
both speakers used final (-Btr).] XT'- 643 ue'^u. 648 fc'mm e'ubu [ours].
XT': 658 dB'*tm. 663 e'ms, [or oetween this and] o'ms, B"iiz'n [pi.]. i: —
shat [shut].
n. English.
A. 714 lad. — trAAutn [a tranter, carrier, buyer and seller of com].
I. and Y. 768 ga*l, gjal [generally, occ. (wEuti)]. 0. — tbk [clock].
— tbg [clog]. — do,ff [dog]. 791 bdt. U. — tab [tub]. — skaf 1
[scuffle, to rough harrow] . — lamp [lump]. — gan [gun]. 804 draqk'n.
in. Romance.
A •. 811 plE^iz'n [pi.]. 841 i}km. — g^'n [garden, TH. writes (gAi.r-)].
— paalB [parlour). 866 p(iB. E- 869 viol. — priutj [preach]. I ••
andX" — bA"il [bile, bilious attack]. 901 fVin. 903 dinB. 0-. —
taBst [toast]. U- — dli>u [glue]. 969 shiiB.
Word*. (A'»)ni bA't')tt) I am=have bought it, (fltd) fledj^ed, (e)jb) dan)it) have
you done it, {h)i, dan)t^t) is = has he done it, (miBt Bna*f, tettBz Bn/,uu), (trAAutB)
tranter, (dokt) food carried with workmen, (ra-kltn) youngest pig of a litter,
(skrash) crush, (o'pBZA'it) opposite, (do-sBti) audacity, courage, (frit) frightened.
Sawtrt (9 nnw. Huntingdon) and Holme (10 nnw.Huntingdon).
TH. was also introduced by Miss Ebden to John Harlock, aged
81, a Sawtry man, who had left his village in 1816, and worked in
other parts of Hu. and Cb. His speech was mainly the same as
that of the other old men at Great Stukeley, except in one im-
portant particular, the treatment of U. Harlock used the M.
vowel (Wq), and the others the S. vowel (o). Thus I find noted
(rw^n, b1Wo<1» J^o^'^^» ^o^» ^^o^i shwot, tt^ob, tu^h% fw^t, skrw^sh,
sttoU, srw^bz, wnw^f, dw^m), run, along, youngest, wrong, done, shut,
tub, tumble, foot, crash, sun, shrubs, enough, dumb. Only the
words (op, don, ga**n, kamm), were otherwise noted, of which (ap)
was queried. To check this sudden transition, within a distance of
7 miles, which Miss Ebden had also observed in a maid-servant
from Sawtry, TH. went to Holme (:h6tmi), about 2 n.Sawtry,
where he found (wiM^dhB, kw^ntrf, sii^m, tw^mbU, thw^ndB, «oP,
[ 16** ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, V iii, It.] THB MID EASTERN. 213
gw^d, si^qII, nioq, stiot, tUoP), another, country, some, tumble,
thunder, up, good, son, wrong, soot, tup, and only (won, ondred,
ksnnin, wast), one, hundred, coming, worst, with anything else but
(«o), where one belongs to the class A', tcorst arises from the r, and
(kam) seems to be common in many («q) regions. Hence I have
drawn the n. sum line 1 through Hu., just s. of Sawtry. I think
it unnecessary to cite TH.*s careful work at Holme and Sawtry
more particularly, as it only confirms the pronunciations already
obtained for Great Stukeley.
Tab. iv. Mtt) Nobthamptokshibx.
This variety differs from Ht. by the use of (Uq) for U, and
scarcely in any other respect, although it is so- far removed. The
example from East Haddon is, however, evidently tinctured slightly
by ALLdland influence. From this Hannington, Harrington, and
Lower Benefield are free. The researches of TH. were made in
a large number of places chiefly for the sake of determining the
8. limit of (Hq), hence the results are not very complete in other
respects, but words enough are given to shew the strongly E.
character of this comparatively remote district. The remarks on
Lower Benefleld will shew this distinctly.
East Hadbov (7 nw.Northampton) cs.
pal. by AJE. in 1873 from diet, of G. S. Hadley, then a railway porter at
St. Pancraa Station, an intelligent man and native of East Haddon. In con-
■eqnence of TH.'s information from Watford and Weedon, Np., between which
E. Haddon lies, I wrote to the long resident vicar, Rot. W. P. Mackesy, in
1886, and he informed me that in the two points I specially inquired after, (sh^
kat) she cut, Hadley*8 pron. was correct. The (sh^i) seems due to M.
influence, and was observed also in Rt. As East Haddon is in the mixed
region, we have the intermediate sound (o) in (fol bolvk) full bullock.
0. sb'ii it iz :djon bz ndu dae'uts.
1. wal, neeber, juu tm tm mae't booth laeaef nt dhts nfuz qv
nufin. wot duu di k6eB ? dhaets niidhB ira wb dhire.
2. fiu msn ddi b«ko*z dhaa)« laaft aet, w6t nou, dotmt w4«?
wot)«d meek sm f ft)s not vEr» kftklt tz »t ?
3. tefumrnsw, dhts iz dh» tro/uth qv tt, soo djtst oold jb n6»z,
w»l)jB, tin ha kwdint wdil di)Y frntsht. hVn.
4. d$)m sh^tiBr di lied mn sas'i — sam ov dhsm f6uks u wsnt
thrtfti dli» ol thtq frsm fasst t« laast dhBss'lvz — di did dhset, seef
tma'f.
5. dhaet dbs jxqgfist ssn tzsE-lf, b grett Wi w ndin, ndud iz
faadhBz v6iiB bz soon bz ^ iivd it — Aldhoo it wbz b6u kwi»B «n
skw^tkm, tm di wud trsst tm t« 8p6«k dhi trauth aem dss'i, 'dhset
dt wtid.
6. and db)dMld wtimtm tusE'lf wu\ tsL aaI «v;ju dhset ti IsBseftn
nae'ti, tm tsl ju street U/vl wijSB'ut mat^ bodhv, tf m)l oon» ast)^,
00 ! wtitmt 8h6i?
7. aeniwsBVz sh6» tduld -m^t wbn di aast)« ta'u ti thr^t tdimz
oovB Bh6« dtd, tm-sh^' aedn't AAt tti b> roq on sat^ ti meett^r tiz dhts,
wot d)ju thtqk ?
[1645]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
214 THE MID EASTERN. [D 16, V W.
8. weI bz di WBZ sae'm, 8h4i)d tEl ju, 8b'u, wiiBr tm wEn she*
foB'tmd dhi draqk'n skajmp dhset sh^i kxAlz t?r azbBn.
9. shei Butm shei sii tm wi ^r otm m'tz \diin aaI iz lEqkth, on
dhu grse'imd, «n «z bfist 8End» tlooz, tloos te dha duMBr bv tz 8b'«s,
daD'wn Bgtn dhB kAA'BnBr bv dhaat leen.
10. ei wBz wdmin Bwae'i, shei sez, fBr aaI dhB waald Idik b stk
tjaAd, Br)B Itt'l gael b wartttn.
11. Bn dhoet sepBnd bz sbei bii)b dAAtBr m Iaa kam thvuu dhB
b8Bk jaad from aeqin sefut dhB tlooz tB drdi on b wAshm dae't,
12. wail dhB ket'l wbz b botlm fs tei, wan fdm samBr aaftBnoon,
ooni B wik Bguu* kam neks thaazdi.
13. 8Bnd duu jn noou, di uevb laand aeni mooB dhBn dhts by
dhsBt bizn^'s ap til tBdae'i, bz sh^tiBr bz mdi neem)z :d|on rshEpBd,
Bn di ddunt want tB iidhB, dhiiB.
14. cend soo ai)m Bgum oom tB sapB. gwd n<i»t, Bn d6tmt ju bi
BO kwik tB krow cover senjbodi, wEn e» tAAks b dhis Bn dhset.
15. it)s B puwB fuul dhBt tAAks wt;8e'ut reiz*n. Bn dh8et)8 m*
laast waad. gwd bdi.
Phrases from the same speaker.
1 . (dhee hV tn dhEm sb'mziz), they live in those houses.
2. (w^i Idik dhB m«n weI Bnaf ), we like the man well enough.
3. {ai)m Bgu-tn dse'tm oom uEkst wik), I'm a-going down home
next week.
4. (juuBr Bn oold frEnd by mdtn), you are an old friend of mine ;
thou art scarcely ever used.
5. (uuz kaavz Bn afsz aa dhee?), whose calves and heifers are they?
6. (wot)s JiiB neem ? spet k dhB tro^'uth), what's your name ? speak
the truth.
7. (faadhB)z dhitB, cent 6t ? aast madhB, sh6i nooz), father's there,
ain't he ? ask mother, she knows.
Holes to the Eeut Haddon cs.
1. neighbour is used in addressing. familiar. — friend^ (frEnd frEns) are
— may (raae'i). I noted at the time Mso^.—Jinishedy a common word here,
that (6i ffi'i) were occ. difficult for me But very probably {di)\) should be
to catch, and that 1 heard them much (ai)m).
better when conversing with Hadley, 6. soon, with {oo) and so afternoon,
and that then (ae't, ffi'w) came out very par. 12, they also use (nt-wans) at
well. — / (ff't), this at times approached once without any following (t). — that
closely to (o'i), but (o'ij or (A't) when / would, (ae'i) is used for aye, but is
it occurred was very oistinct. — laugh not so common as yes.
(loDcef) here and (l&a^) in V^- 2. It 6. all, because any (sent) would not
is very probable that (®) was often be used.
used for (a) ; as I wrote at the time, 7. ma/^, point, pron. (p6tnt), would
I retain it, but it is very probable that not be used here.
I appreciated incorrectly. 8. scamp, beast (b^ist) would not be
3. truth, though at the time I wrote used in this sense. — husband and neife
(tr^^'uth), I noted that it was difficult are the expressions always used,
to catch and not sure, and I now think 9. all his length, stretched (strEtrt),
it was a false appreciation for (troj'uth), full (fol) rather (fwol), and so (bol
with which I was then not sufficiently botjB) buU butcher, shewing that the
[ 1646 J
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Die, ViT.] THE MID EASTERN. 215
place is in the sum tSSm region. — 12. taeek, observe (wik) not (wik),
clothety but (kHoot) coat ia also used. — weak is (w^ik).
that lane, yon not used (jonds) is 13. knou\ (n6oM), but «om? (n®'M). —
heard. thephfrd, observe the^ (ship), thip
10. ichiningy this word is used; girl (ship).
is the usual word, (wEnsh) in a bad 14. Vm a-going, this prefix a- to
sense, (Ises) not used, (mffi'td) is an old the participle is regular. — tk%9 and
maid. that ; V other is not used.
11. wet clothes^ the wet, not in the 16. good-bye is used only on leave -
text, is pron. (wett). taking for a considerable time.
Ea5T Haddon, Np., cwl.
Words from the above cs. and a wl. from the same speaker.
I. "Wessex and Norse.
A- 1 s6m. 5 meek. 17 Iaa. 21 neera. 34 laast. A: 39 kam. 49
ffiq. 64 want. 66 WAsh. A: or 0: 60 loq. 64 n>q. 65 soq. A'- 67
guu, Bgu'in [agoing]. 73 soo. 74 ta'u. 79 bwn. 81 leen. 84 m6oii. 86
oots. 87 tlooz. 89 booth. 92 n6w. 94 kr6M. A': 101 ook. 102 as
[in pres. as well as past tense]. 104 rood. Ill AAt. 113 ol. 117 waau.
120 Qguu*. 122 Tidu. 126 oont. 130 b6{ct.
JB- 138 faadhB. 140 ffi'tl. J£,: 164 bsek. 161 ds't. 164 mee't.
166 mae'id. 169 weu. 179 wot. M'- 182 sei. 190 kei. 194 aeni.
200 wett. M': 209 uevb. 213 iidhB. 214 niidhB. 218 ship [not (ship)].
219 sl^ip. 223 dhtiB. 224 wiib. 227 weit.
E- 233 speik. 241 ne'in. — p6eB [a pear]. E: 256 strstj. 261 s»'i.
263 Bwie'i. 266 street. 276 thiqk. 278 wEush. 281 lEokth. E*- 290
^ [is as nearly as possible the sound]. 292 met. 293 wet. 294 fdtd. 299
^n. E': 311 tsn. 312 /tv. 314 tivd. 316 nsks.
£A- 320 k^. EA: 322 Isecef, laaf. 324 s'tt. 326 6u\^. 330 oold.
332 t6t<ld. 338 kAAlz. 340 ja«d. EA'- 348 ao't. — I6ip[leap]. 349 fiu.
EA': 357 Aldhoo. — afB [heifer]. 359 neebo. — kr^tm [cream J. 360 teim.
366 gr6it [but grate is (ereet)]. — din [dew]. EI- 3/3 dhaa [before (b)
meaning they're"). El: 378 w6tk. EO- 383 ssv'n. 387 niu. EO:
394 jand«. 396 Jaq. 399 bratt. 402 laan. 408 {knew, replaced by preseut
tense know (n6«)]. EO'- — nki [knee]. 411 thret. — trei [tree]; 412
shdi. 429 ioon. EO': 422 stk. — wetd [a weed, plant]. 426 kit. 426
fait. 427 b6i, hi. 430 frsnd, frsnz. 436 juu. 437 tro^'uth. EY- 438
6tii, EY: 439 trast.
I- 440 wik [not (wik)]. 446 nain. — p6»z [pease]. 449 gAt [got].
I: 462 oi. 455 la'i. 467 mdii, 468 nait. 460 w6it. 462 sait. 465 satj.
466 tjciild. 473 blaind. 477 faind. >- ship fa ship]. 487 J£st»dee [(-dt)
in names of the weekdays, see 631], — siks [six]. I'- 494 toim. 495
wain. I': 600 hiik. 602 foiv. 606 wi/mBU. 609 wail. 610 nw'in —
mdii. 617 Jin.
0- 619 oovB. 624 waald. — rAt [to rot]. 0: — kraaft [croft].
— AAf'n [inclined to (o^fn), often!. 631 dAAtB. 635 f6wks. 638 w«d. 641
wwtmt. — tAp [top J. 650 waaa. 0'- 657 ta?'u. — food [food]. 562
moon. 664 soon. 0': 571 gwd. — saaft [soft]. 579 Bna-f. 686 da'u
d6«nt [don't]. 688 noon. 692 sw'wb. 694 boot. 696 fot [verv, never {iuji)'],
U- 604 samB. 606 san. 606 dttt«a. U: 609 fol. 611 bobk. 612
sxm. 615 pffi'imd. 616 grai'imd. 619 fro'und. — andBd [hundred]. 631
thaazdi. 632 ap. 634 thrMw. U'- 640 Vm'u. 641 k'u. 643 me'^.
661 wi;8e'u't. U': 658 dae't^n. 663 ee'us. 666 azbsn. 667 ffi'wt.
Y- 673 mat|. 674 did. 676 drdi. 676 lai. 682 litU. Y: 690
k<^ind. 691 mciind. 692 jaqgist. 701 fxast.
n. English.
A. 726 tAAk. — sksmp [scamp]. I and Y. — trai [to try]. O.
[ 1647 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
216 THE MID EASTERN. [D 16, Y iy.
— kib [a hob]. — cUg [a dog, noTer (dng)]. — ikg [a fogl. — hAg [a
W]* — ^_t* lo?]' <^< i^3'»z. 776 gttd Wt. — pAt [a potj. 781 bodhti.
791 bA't. U. 804 draqk'n.
804 draqk'n.
BoKAirCE.
. 822 m»'i. — Wt [^y]. 824 ^^«. 833 p^. 835 r^z'n. —
_ [to pare], 862 seef. E- 867 tH^t. — pie^in [pain]. 886 TEri.
890 Uist. 891 f6t8t. I'-andY" — kn/t [cryj. 900 pral. 901 fain.
910 diA'tst. 0 •• — diA'in [join]. 920 pA'tnt. 926 TOta. 938 kAAOv.
939 iioos, — roost froastj. — toost [toastj. 940 knoot. 942 botp. 947
bA'il. 960 sapv. 966 dsBut. U- — wse'tt [wait]. 963 kt^aivt. 969
ehutfv-l-r. 970 d|tst.
HAimnsQTOK, Np. (5 nw.Wellmgborough), dt.
pal. by AJE. from indicatioiis giTon and the io. of Miss Downea, daughter of
the Vicar, written 1878.
1. e&s k*% sSt, m^Bts, ju sii no'u dh^t AA)m rAVt Bbo'u't dhat 1»V1
gSDl kamin frvm dh» skuul dhe«.
2. 8hi)z B)go*in do'tion dhB r&Bd dhlv, thrfu dhB rivd geBt on dhe
left ant SA'td «)dh« wei.
3. 8h6« tma'ti dhB t^'tld b bm vn. gAn str^ot ap tB dhB dA'^Br
B)dliB roq e'fw.
4. wIb Bhi)l hap'n on dhat draqk'n del sntV'ld felB B)dhB neBm
B :mabBt.
6. wi a'bI n6t# tm yen wel.
6. woBnt dhi ould tjap siliBn l99n)B not tB ddiB tt Bge*n, pooB thtq.
7. ICiBk ! eent it tHu.
ybUt io the HanningUm dt.
1. rda'vvn) for ^da'tm) is doubtful. 4. snivelled naed tor ihrivelUd^ (shr-)
2. (rivd) is doubthil, written re^ad, initial becomes (sr-). — Mabbutt was
— left. This word was left unmarked. written in by Miss D. in place of
3. ttraightf this is conjectural, Thomas.
written ttraiert, 6. doit, {dHn it) is suspicious.
Miss D. also gave me the following words, which I have pal. as
well as I could. The italics mean received spelling.
A ndtnn namey bMl take,
A' l^BU lane, 6vts oaU, gn ^o, vldvn alone, bdsnz bones, mJULV more, 6«k oak.
M BpM spade, Iftet late, rot rat, sot sat.
JE! wivt wkeat, kdi key, ladh« ladder, sht sheep.
EA gftvt gate.
EA' gret ^r»a^ btvnz beans, bitnn d^oiit, btsst 6eM^
£0 laan learn,
I stt| t%teh.
0 hAAl Ao^.
U toq tongue, dAA'v (foor.
U' ba^t but.
A. bdvbi ao^.
0. bwA'i boy [written buoy], duug dog [written doog"],
U. srob shrub.
A •• k^Bd| cage, l^ba Ai^otir, stdvb*l «to^20, H\)'\ able, w^Bsted wasted.
E •• Ui tea, kimsaa-n concern, saavis service, saatin certain, and gare the
plurals housen plaoen closen postes crustes brere, the last pi. of briar.
The words s&ong long wrong, she possibly meant to be pronounced with (e) or
with (nj.
[ 1648 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, V iT.] THE MID EASTERN. 217
HABBDTGTOir, Np. (6 w.Kettering), dt.
by Miss Tollemache, daughter of the Rector. The numerous words marked
to be in rec. pr. are here given in ordinary spelling and inclosed in square
brackets [] ; no doubt the peasants pronounce slightly differently.
1. [so] a!\ [say], mcBts, [you see] nE't# mz A't)in TAfwt [about
that little] gal vku^mia throm [the school yonder].
2. oa)z Bgoin dE'im [the] rtJed [there through the red] gcBt [on
the] left and sAVd [of the] roBd.
3. shuuB «niu, [[the] t^'»ld)z bin «n gAU [straight up to the
door of the wrong] E'tts.
4. we« [8he]*l tmans fA'tnd [that there drunken] diif wtz'nd
fel«r [of the] nlBmj[of Thomas].
5. [we allknowTtm [very well].
6. woTOit [the old chap soon] laan)B [not to do it again, poor]
thm.
7. [look], 6Vnt [it]triu?
JVbtot to the Harrington dt.
1. J, "Tery much drawled.'* 3. up must have been (MqP).
2. roadf at the end, is repeated 4. chance ox {jaMy
because way Would not be used. 7. ainU or aren*t (aant).
The Hector himself added a wl. as follows :
HARBINOTOir Cwl.
by Hon. and Rct. H. T. ToUemache, Rector, conjecturally pal. by AJE.
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A- 36 thAA. A: 55 ^rahtz. A': 102 haks [occ.]. 105 [always* he
ridden']. 113 wool [occ. w sounded and h omitted]. 127 h^Mst [written hourtttX
M' 188 flBdh« [written /wWAer]. 152 wM« [written " w5ter, not worter^'X
M: 155 thak. 174 Msh. 181 pad. M'- 190 \ee. 195 memi. E: 287
bez'm. EA: 335 aaI. 336 fAAl. 337 waaI. 343 waam. £A': 355
diif. EO: 402 kan. 407 faad'n. £T- 438 dA'i [occ.]. I: 468
titld'n. 486 jest. T- ^94 tA'im. I': 500 U'ik. 501 wA^td. 503 U'if.
504 uA'if. 505 waU 608 mA'il. 509 wVtl. 511 wA'«n. 0: 533 dtiJ.
— AAs [written or«tf]. 0'- 559 muudhv ['asin ^^m']. 0': 569 buuk.
572 bluud. 579 »niu. 593 mMjrt. U- 600 1« ▼ [*as in/wwA,' that is, with
(«), but I have used (mJ as TH. heard in Np.J. 603 ka^m. 607 b«oto.
638 Wogli. 609 felT'asin Am//']. 618 wa'imd. 622 M^ndv. 629 sm^u.
632 M^. 633 kM<,p. 632 du^st [<as m ihmA']. U'- 640 ks'M. 641 hnV
643 nB'«. 647 hn'^l. 653 huji. Wi 658 ds'im. T- 673 mujn^,
676 U'l. 677 drA't. Y: 684 brig. 621 mA'ind. Y- 705 skA'i.
706 WA't.
n. English.
I. am/ Y. 758 geel [*as in whirVX 0. 767 na'ix. U. 808 pot
['as All/'].
in. HOKANCE.
A** 841 t|aans [written chSnce, which should be (t|Mns}, but Miss T. wrote
ehamet], 843 braant|. 848 tf>nd|. 850 daans. 854 baal [written barrl}.
[ 1649 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
218 THE MID EASTERN. [D 16, V !▼.
E- 878 salBTt. 888 saattn. 892 nevi. I-andY- 910 dja'ist. 0-
915 BtM^f. 916 inJim. 919 a'intmBnt. 920 pa'int. 926 spa'il. 942 batp.
943 iujt}. 947 ba'il. 948 h^'uh 950 smjib. 953 kw^'n. 954 k9sh*ii. 958
kivB. IJ.. 965 a'il.
Notes,
(w^^nkid) lonely, dull, frequently used; (sin, aid) saw, waa took^ he toW, he
for very well they often say * deadly given it, it was gavej more frequently
well*; 'chilled* for *wann* water; Cgov). *Iam read that book ^ usual
ifrtz) froze frozen; (frtt) frightened; tor 'I havey etc.*; a few broth \ his'n
wed) weeded ; (kWoma) came ; housen whos*n theem ; he hadn't used to do
placen ; (eld*n^ elder tree ; (wib) our ; so. Many of these provincialisms are
(wlBse-n) ourselves ; them there = those ; gradually disappearing.
LowKB Benefebld, Np. (3 w.Oundle), dt.
pal. in 1881 by TH. from the diet, of Mr. C. H. Wykes, national schoolmaster
there, native of the county, but not of the place, who believed himself, and
was stated by Mr. Reade, of the Oundle Grammar School, to be perfectly
well acquainted with the pron. of the district.
1. %bu it SE'^iy t^ps, Jii)8ii niTu bz d»)B [di)m] rdit ish^ut dhat
lit'l wEnt| kamm £rBiii)dhB skuiil dheti.
2. 8hl)z gii'm dE^wn dhv roud dhes thruu dhB)rEd gja't't on dhB
Izft and sa^'d B)dhB wa4'.
3. bi aq^d, »f dhB tj4^»ld d'nt gA'n stra^it w^p tB)dhB roq d6«B [roq
e'^ms],
4. WE^B 8hi)l VET* IdHls, [mc)bt, praps] tdind dhat drttQqk'n dzf
skjf'n* tjap [fElBJ B)dhB neim b :tom.
5. «q8 aaI na*w im vErt weI.
6. wtt^nt dhB 6Mld tjap suun Hn)B not tB)du')it Bg]E*n, ptJe
thjq [wEntj].
7. luk)jBT hityttriii.
Notes to the Lower Benejield dt.
This pronunciation agrees on the drttf^Qk^n mjb wM^nt) and in subsequent
whole very well with that of the Islip words (dM^l, M^dhsz, shu^dn't, nw^thii^k,
group, including Thrapton and Oundle, TOM^f , nM^t, bw^tB, dt* n, mM^k) that is,
and is therefore sufficiently accurate, always («J, which Mr. W. said was
though it is somewhat uncertain. In pronounced with pouted lips. As this
a previous correspondence with Mr. W. is a native sound to TH., and as it is
he said that the four cardinal points of the regular M. vowel of this part of
the local pronunciation are the treat- the country, there can be no doubt that
ment of 1. long a, 2. long o, 3. short these wonu were correctly heard. But
u in buty 4. long i in mine. Now Mr. W. considered it to be the first
these were heard by TH., in the dt. as element of his long t, which ^jeatly per-
foUows. 1. long a (sE"i, gj6.Ut, wfe't, plexed me before TH.*s visit. 4. long
str&Wt, n^tm fut), and in words sub- t in mine. In the test this occurs
sequently given (plfez*n gritt, n&Wm in (di tdii s&'id ti&'ild l&Wk), and
6&'i), so that he used (fc^t, B"i, dt, ^, in subsequent wonfe {di) frequently
ee) for this sound. 2. long o, in the fm&tnd said idVl fcftnd, n&'it tcfim),
test (86u rowd d6MB nk*u 6Mld p<iB), trom which we may conclude that (q»),
and iu subsequent words (6wt8) oats, as in other places, is the regular form,
labourers (^Bts), (gu'in) going, (n&'u) and the rest are slips. In no dialect
no, (k'Mld) old; so that the sound is could (kH) represent both long a and
represented by (6m, fii*u) sometimes in i, which must be differentiated in
the same word. 3. short u, (M^p, speech. Mr. W. did not dwell on ou,
[ 1650 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, y It.] the MID EASTERN. 219
This, in the test, is {laTu vbs'^tit ds^im meant to pronounce it, other speakers
b'Vs), and in subsequent words (s'Mz'n shew he was wrong, and even when
fn'tind), that is, (b'm) reg^ularly. Hence before a Towel it is probably no more
the district has the regular £. forms, than (rj. I attach no weight to Mr.
(e'«, b'i, u'i) for long d, (du) for long Wykes^ medial vowels, which TH.
0, (at, A'i) for long f, and (b'w) for ow, observed, and have, as usual, omitted
but being beyond the n. turn line 1, to note h^ occ. lengthened final conso-
has the M. form (wj for «. nants. TH. was not able to interview
In transcribing TH.'s version I have, any natives, but a boy who shewed him
as usual, put (t) in unaccented syllables the way to Mr. W.'s said (its 1 dw^z,
for his (t^, v), a mere matter of appre- M^p dhat In^in), yes he does, up that
ciation, and have omitted the (rWhen lane, thus veri^fing two pointis.
not beifore a vowel, as, if Mr. Wykes
Mn) NOBTHAICPTONSHIRE CWl.
from wn. by TH. in three groups, distinguished by the initials I, N, Y.
I words from Islip (:A'tsl«p), with Lowick, Thrapston, Sudborough, Stanion,
Oundle, and Lower Benefield, a group adjoinmg Hu., all lying n. of the
n. sum line 1, and hence in the pure (uj region.
N words from Northampton, with Nether Heyiord, Great Houghton, Harding-
stone, Brixworth, and Wellingborough, a group adjoining Bd., all lying
s. of the n. 8t*m line 1, and mostly n. of the s. sd5m line 2, and hence in the
mixed «iiin, »53mf and som regions.
Y words from Yelvertoft, with Clay Coton, Welford, and Sibbertoft, a group
adjoining Le., visited by TH. in 1886, all n. of the n. mm line, and hence
with U = (uJ. In Yelvertoft one instance of verbal plural in -en was
observed (dhi kAAU it i«r) they call-en it here. In Sibbertoft was heard
fa)mni tlooz'n) how many closes = fields. In Welford (dh8r)z « WM^ndBrfol
ail V difsmns « tAAktn tn dhv shivrz) there* s a wonderful deal of difference
of talking in the shires.
Final (r, ir) are written in where TH. so appreciated. I should myself have
most probably omitted the signs altogether. They indicate a real trill made with
the tip of the tongue, and my feeling is that natives are quite unable to utter such
sounds. See introduction to M. div.
I. "Wessex and Norse.
A- 3 Y bAik b^k b6ik. 4 I t«k, Y t^ik, N mistE^ik [mistake]. SYmdtk.
6 I m^id. 20 Y Mvm leim. 21 I nktm n^vm, [between] nn'^tm, ndtm ; nB"»m,
N n^tm, Y n^m. 23 Y s^Bm. 33 Y mdhm*. A: 66 Y wash [old], wash
[new]. A: or 0: 60 I iM^q. 61 Y vmw^q. 64 I roq roq, N roq, Y roq
n#^,q. A'- — I &'• [name of the letter AJ. 67 I g6M gu'in go'in g6M'tn,
N gii-tn. 69 YIN u6u. 73 I [between] s6m so^m, N s6«. 76 Y idxtd. 81
lY letn, N [between] 16«n Win, l^n. 84 Y mQw. 86 INY 6wt8, NY dvis,
92 I noo, N n6w. 93 I [between] snoit smlw, N sndu. 94 I [between] kr6w
kratt, N kr6w. 95 N thr6w. A': 104 I rood, N [farmers (r<5Bd)], riiBd [from
men from the country], r<5Md. — I k'idt [lady]. 109 I 16a. 110 I ktint
Bhkni dont [can^t shan t don't], N kBut klsnt sh^t shfnnt. 115 INY dum,
N om, Y oom oom wo^m, 117 I wa'n wA*n, N wa'u. 118 Y b^im bdBU. 121
I gA'n. 122 I noM nA*n. 123 IN UM^thiqk. 124 I st6Mn, N st6im stA*n, Y
stdMU. 128 I dh6uz.
^- — I 6ik8 [achesl. 138 YIN faadhw, Y fwdhw. 139 I dr^. 152 lY
WAAtBir. JE: 160 N hg. 161 I dkH dii dB"i, [between that and dei],
YN dB"i dSi, Y d<^. — N t^p [tape]. 171 Y bArli. 172 Y gras. — I dlis
[glass]. — I k&t [cart]. — Icit [late]. ^'- 183 Y t/iti. 193 N klinn.
194 1 oni ani. 200 IN wiit, N wlet, Y wict wit wiit. M^i 209 lY nivB.
223 I dh6iB dh^B, N dhiB^r, Y dhi'iBr dhB'iir dhlBLr. 224 I w6iB, YN wiBtr.
226 I mdtfst.
E- 233 I spiik spiik. 241 N rSin reen, 243 I pls^i. 248 Y m^.
E: 251 Y mn'^it. 261 N sb'S, Y see sat. 262 I w&i, N wa)"i, Y wee. 263
[ 1661 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
220 THE MID EASTERN. [D 16, V It.
IT vwB^t, N [between] Jtwdi, vwi^t. F- 295 I brad. 299 I ffriin, Y
grlin. 300 Y k/ip. F: 805 I A^i, 312 IN Ib. 814 IN Uird eXi^
EA: 322 I IMlaaf. 324 I &tt, Y s'ltiin [181. 326 I [between] b^uld,
INY 6tild &i«ld. 328 I k6iild. 329 I ft&id. 333 N Uif [pi.] kiiTz, Y kili.
334 Y aaf. 348 Y wAAm [P new]. 346 I gjs'ite, Y gjSt gj^t. EA'-
347INYkl. EA': 350 Y ds'd. 353 INbrM. 860 NYthrai. 861 NY
bivnz. 366 I gi^t grart, N gr^t grst grM. EI- 373 N dhA>i. EI.
382 N dhB^tm. EO- 883 lY sBv'm. EO: 395 INY su^q. 402 I
k'lm lei m, N lira, NY laan, Y [between] lern lorn. EO'- — I trii [tree].
413 N dET'l. 420 Y Uv^r, EO': 425 N U'tt. 428 I d, Y 8»'i. 431 N
Wblf, Y Mot. 435 N j^oti [your'n]. 437 I [between] tre'uth, tri^^uth [first
element of dipbthong very pecnliar in one speaker's month]. EY- 438 IN
dA'^t, N dai, Y [between! d/fi, dA'^t.
I- 446 I ni'^in. — N shiBLr [abire], — I jis [yes]. — N pi'^t* [peas].
I: 452 I A'^t dt, N A't rft. 458 INY nA^tt, NY nrfit, no'tt. 459 N rA'tt
ro'it. 465 N sm^^, Y sit|. 469 N wm^. 481 N f tqgB. — I ren rti^ N
ron ren rti^. 482 I I'lnt [ain*t, are not, hare not]. T- — I A'^t (name
of the letter I]. 492 N sA'^td. 493 N drA^iT. 494 I iATim [and between
that and (trftm)], N U"im. I': 500 I Wik, N UMc. 502 N fA'iT. 506
I w«omim, N wum«n. 508 I mA^il, 509 N wA'tl, Y w4tl. 514 Y dis,
0- 519 I 6mvb. 522 N 6«p'n. -- I bA'i m [bom]. 0: 527 Y bAAt.
529 Y brAAt. 531 lY dAAtw, Y de'^otw [occ.], N de'iits. — I tn'nl [toUJ.
— Y krap (cropl. 551 Y stA'rm. 554 N Wu fnearfy (la-ooe.)l 0'- 555
I shun. 559 IN modhv, medhv, NY madhvi r. 662 i [between] ma^tm mdun,
munn. — I mw^nth [month]. 566 I ti^dhB. 568 I brt<«dh«, Y brti^dhOT,
N brK^dhBi r. — I grJw [growl. 0': 571 Y gn^d. 578 Y [between] piai#,
pl&^tf. 579 IN vnM^. 586 IN ddimt [donH], dM^vnt. 587 I da'n. 588 Y
nuun. 595 N fM^t.
U- Nwdd. 603INkam. 605 IN siion se^n. 606 IN d^L^^, N d(i«Lr. 607
lY bi#otOT, N [between] bK^tOT botw. — N net [nut]. U: — N [between]
dem dom [dumb]. — I iujnaVl temb'l [between] tomVl tomb*l. 613 N
r^tween] dTM^qk dreqk. 615 Y p&imd. 622 N n^ndv. — I thwondv. 632
xl u^, N nj> op ap. 633 I [between] kep kap ; Kuja kop, N kv^p kop kap,
Y kw-p. 634 Y thra'u. 639 Y dM^pt. XT'- — I [usual pronunciation
{e^u)]: 640 N kjaii, k&Mim [cowhouse]. 641 I m'u, N iu. 643 I nsX N
na^M n^w. — N plomz [plums]. 648 lY k'm, N s'uim. 650 I yMk^ui.
XT': 658 I ds'^im da'im, IN da'im, N da^im da'^n, Y d&im. 659 N ta'^tm.
661 Y sh&uOT. 663 I b^ws a'us t&*us, N a'us, Y kus kum, &«z'n [Sibber-
toft]. 667 I a'Bt, N rut a^Kt.
Y- 673 lY mw^ti. 679 Y tpnrti. Y: 691 N mA'^tnd. 699 N [between]
Tdii rA'it. — I shat [shut], N shM^t. T: 709 I fai«.
II. English.
A. 713 I bad. I. and Y. 758 IN gjal. 0. 773 N doqki. U.
— I [between] tab tob [tub], N tii<,b tob. 794 I ^ujg djog [and between the
two]. 803 INY djMoinp, I ^amp ^onip. — N iujii [funnyj. 808 IN pw^t.
III. BOKAKCB.
A .. 811 N pl^, Y plMz'n. 814 I m^'n. 822 I m^. — N p&W [pay].
— I pldin [plam]. 830 I trdin. — N plivz [please]. 836 Y SMZ*n. 851 N
aant. E .. 867 Y tn"! tu. — N pre'iti [preach]. — N kUt^rk [clerk].
— N paas'n [parson]. I- amd Y - 898 N [between] ua^is nits. —1
krA"i [cry]. 900 N pn'twi [prayers]. 901 IN fA^tn. 903 IN diUB. —
N prA'^s ijrice]. O •• 916 N anjra, Y ujuvn, 920 N po'tnt. — IN p«omp
pomp. — N «oqk'l [and twice] aqk'l. — N ni'^wnd. 933 I frK^nt front.
939 I tl6M, N Uim [pi.] tl<$«s*n. — brash [brush]. 940 N [between] k6Mt
la'ut. — I bot*n [button]. — I mi#ot*n [mutton]. IT.. — N pWoblik
[pubUc]. 965 N ^I. — N HLrt '.hurt!. 970 I djK^s, Y djw^st, N diis dj«^.
Utagti, I (ai)m da*n) I hav4 done. N (gu'tn :kJBtOTin) going to lettering,
regularly. No euphonic r.
[ 1662 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, y T.] THE MID EASTERN. 221
Var. V. Essex.
Coming s. again, we proceed from Ht. to Es., where the E.
characters are most marked. But the greatest difficulty was ex-
perienced in obtaining information. And after all, most of the
information obtained failed to bring out the chief peculiarities.
Hence, until I had obtained the Maldon specimen, and TH. had
made a special journey through the nw. of Es., I could feel very
little confidence in the meagre accounts I obtained. But the result
is that the ME. characters are all identified.
A- becomes (e'i m'i) and eren {kH, ki), so that it seems at first hearing to
displace i, and as an alphabetical letted is called by some form of (a'i).
A'- is Tarionsly treated ; (6«) and (<$«) seem to be lost, but the latter snrriTes in
a few words as (6i« dw). TM. heard (s6m) so, at Stebbing (1 1 n-by-w.Chehnsford)
and (ndv) know at Braintree (11 n-by-e.Chelmsford), ont on the other hana
home, oats, appeared there as (6m, die) mixed with (em, ets tits), and so on.
The transition to (6i«) seems therefore not to haye taken place, and there is an
occasional rerersion to (oo, o). This applies also to 0 when usually lengthened.
I' and I usually lengthened, as generally in E.diy., is much broadened and falls
into (a'i, dt, o'i, A'i), Most writes of the dialect use oi, oy, as toim^, »oid4, but
I think that fs't, di) are really the most common pronunciations. TH. gires
(tA'tm mi'tl) from Braintree, (kftkli kwA'i'vt) from Gt. Shalford, between (mA'i,
m6f ) from Stebbing, (ma'i ma'i, Idtkli) from Great Easton, and I got (dA'ik ddiV,
mbin) from *Gt. Dunmow, but quite (b'iklt fo'tnd) from Maldon. 1 do not, how-
•rer, entirelytrust any one of my own authorities on such a delicate point.
As to the XT' and the U usually lengthened in 8. sp. , that is, the usual (a'u) sound,
there was much uncertainty. TH. gives (b'ms ts'im ds'un s'tft) house town down
out, from Braintree, (rs'im e'ui'n nx'u) and between (do'un ds'un), round housen
now down, from Panneld, with (e'Ms'n u^m) and the intermediate («be'«t vbs'ift,
gra'tmd gi^trnd) from Gi. Shalfwd. This intermediate sound causes the difficulty,
as also tne occasional prefix of (1) <» (nt^'u) Maldon ; but as (b'm) was frequently
heard, and I got it from Gt. Dunmow and Maldon, I think that (b'm) must be
taken as the general sound. This will be found to harmonise with the other
Tarieties of D 16 and with D 9.
As to the U sounds, they are regularly (a, s), but some exceptions seem to occur.
The Yicar of Panfield sUted that the following words had '< German n" (m),
''dust, loTc, abore, hunger, tongue, imder, some, but, b«tter, c«p, nmi, roof,
enough, drtmken, coming,'' and eyen '* about.'' It was principally for that
reason that TH. spent some time in Panfield and the neighbourhood, but he
could find no trace of this pronunciation. The same vicar eaye *' mo as in new "
for the sound in ** school tnr#io sure too soon do poor tru^,' and said that French
ft was not heard. TH. found no confirmation of this in the neighbourhood, nor
did I from Gt. Dunmow or Maldon, though the Vicar of Rayne (3 s. Panfield)
gave me a similar list, just reversing ordinary usage, which I attributed to his
exactly misunderstanding the sicns I asked him to use. I therefore conclude that
U is treated as in received speech.
Another salient point is the use of (w) for (v^. TH. got (wit'l wtnvgv) victuals
vinegar from Braintree, (wsri wit'lz wiuBev} but (v^its) voice, from Puifield
(where the Vicar had acknowledged fo#rry), but (vsri winvgv wdts) from Gt.
Shalford, and (wit'ls wintMrer tM} from Stebbinj^. On the other hand, an inn-
keeper and an old man at tii. Dunmow assured him that (w) was not used for (v)
there, but my Gt. Dunmow authority, a native, gave (wo'is) voice, and my
Maldon authority eave (wert), and from Southend I obtained (westrt wseli) vestry
value, from Paiglesham (6 nne. Southend) and Stanwav (3 w. Colchester) and
BrighUingsea (7 sse. Colchester) (weri ), while from Bradfiela(9 ene. Colchester^ came
rwes'lz) vessels, with the remark that the people could not pronounce (v). In
Clark's Glossary to his **John Noakes and Mary Styles,''^ the classical Es.
" 1 believe a corrup-
i vfwrtUy loike to
[ 1668 ]
dialect specimen, I find " loark foarld foarrain toarses loaiBley " (I believe a corrup-
tion of uni«or«a% that is, altogether, for Clark used ** I shudnH i
Digitized by LjOOQIC
222 THE MID EASTERN. [D 16, V ▼.
troy," I s^ionld not altogether like to try, compare the ' Varnty for UmTersity in
the boat racee^, *' u^nteroome u^erry u^esVit tnsit." Hence we may conclude that
(w) is generally used for (v), and tnat where in isolated cases (v) is heaid, it is a
modem refinement. But does (v) ever occur for (w)P Dr. Chamock in his
Glossary has t;ae ven idte fH)t=way when white what, but I have had no con-
firmation from any of my authorities. Compare D 9, p. 132.
As in E. div. generally, r, when not preceding a vowel, becomes («) or dis-
appears altogether. £v^ dialect writer nuts in the r, however, even where it
never was aiM never could have been sounaed, as Clark's baccar (bsDkv) tobacco,
bargun (b«g9n*) begun, bellar (belv) bellow, boamt (Ix^ovnt) bonnet, carl (kaal)
crawl, charmber (tjaambv) chamber, darter (daats) daughter, fellar (fel«) fellow,
hort (hAAt^ hot, lorss flxAs) loss, marster (maastn) master, morrar (marv) morrow,
naarbour (naabv) neighbour, of^an (AAfvn) often, scrarl (slmeuil) scrawl, squarls
(skti;aalz) squawls, thurrar (thorB) furrow, uster (juus tB) uised to, was accustomed
to, yallar (j8b1«) yellow. Ajid in addition I find in Chamock arrar (aerv) arrow,
aHer faatB) after, harve fhaavj a haw, or small piece of land by a house, smu^
(snaath) snath, long hanole oi a scythe. The acme of this mode of writing was
reached by my Southend authority, who described the clerk's pronunciation of
amen as **rmen rmon, rrrmon," that is (aaa*mim] with the first (aaa) very
prolonged. In my phonetic printing-office at Batn with London compiositors
the confusion between the names of Uie types for (aa, r) was so great, that I was
forced to have the latter called (6e«) or [lee). Thu writing in of r in such cases
shews that the writer habitually neglects it in speech, but its insertion is very
confusing to the reader occasionally. It serves only as a diacritic to modify the
meaning of the preceding vowel, and when such modification does not occur it is
omitted by the writer. Thus we find in Clark com (koos, k^] course, foce (foos,
foBs) forced, fust (fast) first, gal (gel) girl, boss (hos) horse, hull (hdl) hurl, suppas
(sBpiaa's) surpass, twnnips (tontps) turnips, wwsser (wbsb] worse-r. What the
frecise sound of r was before a vowel was not recorded eitner by TH. or myself,
t was certainly a li^ht r, but whether lightly trilled (ir) or lightly buzzed {\r^ I
cannot say ; theoretically oertainlythe latter as a degredation of (n), but (r) edone
has been written by both of us. When faa, aa, sh, «) precede a vowel, a euphonic
r is always added, even in the same word, as (sAA-r-iq) saw-r-ing, (drAA-r-»q)
draw-r-ing, whether the syllable- or word did or did not originally end in an (r).
Hence the country people were accused of adding on an (r) in places where they
could not pronounce it ! !
Clark gives (AAldoo*) although, which would be remarkable if certain. Other
slighter peculiarities will be found in the following word list.
Of constmctions the only striking usaee is putting the plural verb to the
singular subject, as : he ^ (i doo), my head wim (ma'i ed swim), usual in all the
E. div. But I have no example of the reverse, or putting the singular verb to
the plural subject as : we does. Be is apparently occosionaUy used 'mhebe, not in
/ be. Without hey belong to we, a S. constmction, is sometimes heard. Of
peculiar words which are not also found in D. 19 there are few or none.
Mawther (mAAdh«) is here used in a depreciatory sense, as a coarse wench.
Together is a common form of address to several persons. Come to mim^, means
to my house, and so in other persons. But all this is more developed in D 19.
At Brightlingsea master is used in the sense of r^y, an intensitive adverb.
Snaee (sn^^s) the snuff of a candle is (sniis) in Cb.
Tlluatrations, ,
Gt. DxTNMoyy (10 nnw. Chelmsford).
Abridged cs. pal. in 1873 by AJE. from diet, of Mr. J. N. Cullingford, a native
of Great Dunmow, who when it was made had been several years absent,
and had been endeavouring to forget his dialectal tendencies. But the
uncertainty which would therefore cUng to it has been mostly dissipated by
TH.^s investigations in the neighbourhood.
1. weI, necbB, ji/u Bn ii mil booth laaf, uu k6eBz ?
[ 1664 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 16, V t] the mid eastern. 223
3. diis
4. 7i)
2. wi noo, dooBt wi ?
'^ist ooldp rE'u, t»l at dan.
i)m Baatm it led vm sSei, dheet di ded, s^tf Bnaf.
5. dhset dhB jaq-gest san tself, « gret buo'i by no'in niii iz
faadhBz wo't's Bt wans, «n d» ud trast *tm tts spiik dhB trt^th em
det, ^t, dt 'uud.
6. tm dhB s'ud inntm srself ul tel eni 9n)jt »f jb'u)! om seks)^, oo
woont shi ?
8. e'u, ^^*^ 911 wEn shi fs'tai dhB draqk'n biist shi IlaaIz Br
azbBn.
9. shi sAAr)nn widh bp oon iiz 16«'Bn strEtjt on dhB grs'trnd, »n
iz gtid sandt kooBt Bgtn dhB dAAr)BY)dhB e'im, ds'tm Bt dhB kAAnBr
BY dh8et)6eB 16»n.
11. dhset aep'nd bz shii)Bn)B daatBr)in)laa kam thn'^ dhB baek
jaad frBm seqBn E'tit dhB WEt klooBz tB dra't on b woshBn de'»,
12. wo'il dhB ktt'l WBz bo'tlBn fe tii.
13. 8Bn diB noo ? it niYB laant ent xxujl dhBn dhts, Bn it doont
want it eednB, dhtB nE'u !
14. Bn 800 ii)m gu'Bn oom tB sapB. gud no'»t.
Not09 to Great Jhtnmaw 08.
2. don't (d6o«t) for (doont) is doubt- (<1aa) would be most usual before a
ful, compare don*t, par. 13. 3. hold consonant, compare (uiaa) par. 13.
ffour row till I done^ possibly Pve done, 1 1 . daughter-in-law ^ euphonic (r) .
6. ffounaeaty great. I am not auite 13. d)i/ou know.
sure of having correctlj separated (e ■, Mr. Roderick, see Ware, Ht., told
a s) at this early penod of my work. me he heard at Great Dunmow (sh«
9. eaw him with euphonic (r). — evei, diaad &f, tm ki diaad *a9 bek «gi*n),
(a't a'i) seem to have been confused. — sue jawed I, ana I jawed her back
door of the, the (r) is euphonic, (dAx'v) again,
might be said if no word followed, but
Maldon (9 e.Chelmsford) dt.
pal. by AJE. from the diet, of Miss Wing, a natiye of Homsey, six years at the
ifational School, Maldon, as pupil teacher, at the time of diet, a student
at Whitelands Training College, Chelsea.
1. b6u o'i sse't, mte'tta, t&'u sii nic'ti dhBt o'«)m ra'tt BbE'tft dha*t
hi gEl [g8Bl] B-kam*Bn fram dhB skuul Jon*dB.
2. Bt hi B-giiBn dE'un dhB rooBd dhiiB thruu dhB rEd gaeVt an
dhB lEft a*nd sa'id b dhB wee't.
3. shiSctfBr anal* dhB t|o'»ld bz gAAn strse'it ap tB dhB d^WBr b dhB
Toq e'us,
4. wfiB shfiBl lo'tk'l* fa'md dha^t draqk*'n dEf srtv'ld Mbp, b dhB
nse'tin a :tam*as.
5. as aaI noo «m wer*» weI.
6. oont dhB cold t|a*p suun ieet} [laan] b not tB dun tt Bgt'n,
pooB thi'q !
7. Iwk, eeni it trfu ?
[ 1656 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
224 THB MID BA8TBRN. [Dl6, Yt.
ybte$ to tk0 MaUoH dt.
1. »0f this is one of the very few an E. fonOi possibly hindtr used in
instances collected of this pron. — I am place of yondtr. As to the final r I
most nsual. I be va used more than I felt unc^tain, as Miss Wing bdng
ar$f but I are Sm also used. Nerer from Homsey might have imported the
heard we i$y or thou. He do, we woe, London use ; but it has ieea fully
and theirtelves are used. — now, this confirmed.
inserted (i) was given me in (fia'tind 3. eftough (tos'm) was not known. —
gris'imd pix'imd fis'iil Idx'ii shis'u'B door, this (d<iUB) is suspicious, the (r) is
mia'tfth misMS tia'tm ia'i«t pris'iid) by euphonic.
the Vicar of Panfield, but he also eave 4. ehrivelled, $kr' becomes (sr-) as
me («buu*t) about, and reiterated it, (snk) shrieked. Generally, the Toice
though it was not heard or known in is pitched hi^h with a final rising
the place when TH. visited it. — inflection, which runs very high in
yonder^ probably an error for (indti), questions.
Essex cwl.
As the dialect seems homoffeneous, I have not distinguished the places whence the
words came. Those obtained from TH. are plaioed first or are unmarked, and
those from other sources are preceded by — .
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- Sm^km^k. 10 — haa. 13 — naa. 14 — dria. 21ndimnB^tm, — niemn.
n&im. 33 — r^dhv. 34 — las. 37 — klaa. A: — kjiint Tcan't].
A: or 0: 64 roq. A'- 67 gu*»n [going], — go'u. 73 — bom sfu. 76
~t6iid. 86 ots 9ts M^ts, — <Ms. 91— -m/ii. 92 ndti. A': 104 rood rOiid,
— rtfosd rB'wd. 110 — nirt. 115 om i^Hom, — ham om, — kiAmli [homely].
117 wVnwin. 118 — bon. 121— gAAn. 122 — na'im. 123— UAAthm.
124 stoon, — ste'un. 125 — out.
^. 138 — faadhv. 140 — ha'il. 141 naUl. 143 — tss'ivl tM t^#«l. 152
WAAtB. M: 158 — aatB. 161 ddi djTt. 171 baalt. 179 T9t [this, 224
and 266 are the only examples of (?) for (w) actually heard from an innkeeper at
Panfield, and they are very doubtful as he was merely stating his opinion].
JE'- — reti [reach]. 183 — tiitj. — eenrnd [errandj. 199 — blM. 200
w6ftwiit. Ml 213 — iwdhw. 217 — etj. 219 — ship. 224 Ti'r [see 1791.
£- 241 r^n r&i«n rftin, — ra'in. 252 — kit*l. £: 261 sdt s4>t oTi.
262 wiU WB^'f. 263 vwit. 265 str^t strB'it strcfit. 266 tb*1 [once given, see
179]. — ftl [field]. 273 — mtn. 278 — iind [end]. 282 — gson [grin].
E': 305 — ho't. 306 — hekth. 307 — no'i. 312 It. 314 — haad. 816
— fit.
£A- 319 — gaap. 320 — ki«. EA: 322 laaf. 324 — a'it alvt. 826
fc^Mld, [between] 6iid s'lid, — e'l^ld, ood. 327 — be'uld. 828 — ko'iild. 329 —
food. 330 — hood. 331 — sood. 332 ttL^nd, — tood. 333 — klvf. 384 —
h^f . 346 — gJit. £A': 355 — diif dif . 359 n^bi nii^ibi ndibi ns'ibi.
361 b^nz biinz. 369 — s16m. 370 — rAA«. 371 straa, — strxAV.
EO- — sev'm. 384 — hev'm. EO: 388 — melk. 393 — biie-nd.
394 indB [see top of this page, col. 2]. 396 wak wJtk, — wok. — aal [earl].
400 — aaneet. 402 kan. 406 — aath. EO'- — fra'ii [freeze]. EO^
430 — frin. 435 laa [your]. 437 tnhith trorHith. EY- 438 ds't.
I- 444 — sto'il. 446 niin. — piiz [pease]. — iis [yes]. I: 452 di,
458na'it. 459— ro'it. 468 traldBm [approaching (^ildsrn)]. 469 —wul [will].
477 — fa'in. 483 — his [not (hi«)]. 488 — it. — dat pfirt]. T- 491 —
salth. 494 tA^im t«'im, tA^im [verging to t6im]. — rep [reap]. 499 — biidU.
I': — dA'ik d</ik [dyke]. 500 Idikli, — lo'ik. 501 — wo'id. 502 — fo'iv.
505 ws'if. — ha'iv hMhSei [hay]. 508 mx^'il. 510 nulin mdi,
0- — smak [smoke]. 524 wald w61d. 0: 527 — boot. 528 —
thoot. 629 — broot. 531 — daatB. 533 — dvl. 535 — fak. 641 ^nt. — 80
[ 1656 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Dl6,Vy;D17.] THB BOD AND SOUTH EASTERN.
225
[bone]. 0'- 5d0 8kiiul. — gmniis [guniB]. 562 muun. 0': 583 tunl.
686 dooz [he does], — doo [doee]. 687 ^'n. 688 ndra nflun. 693 mas-t.
XJ. 602 — sia^u. 603 kxm, — kirn. 606 sa'n. 606 d<$«. U: 614 — >
hi'im. 616 gra'wnd. 623 — fa'un. 632 9p ap, — i#p [at Stanway]. 634 thniu
thraj'u, — thrtw. 636 — fodB. U'- 640 — kia'u. 643 nru [Tarying to
na'w]. 660 vbo'^nt vbi^'iit, — vbia'at. U': 668 da'tm da'wn dsun [between]
(dB'^Mn, do'^wn), — di&im. 669 ti'iiii. 663 a'us hus if us, 667 s'nt.
Y- 674 — ded, dent [did not]. — hiiy fhive]. 679 — tmatj. 682 —
liit'lltdU. Y: 684 — bredj. 690 kjdind. 691 — mo'ind. Y': 711
— liifl. 712 — miifl.
n. English.
A. 722 — driin. 737 ms'it. I. and Y. 768 — g»l. 0. 761 —
lod. 767 — na'iz. 790 — ga'und. 791 Wt, b6i. U. — mag [mug].
— gin [gun]. — kaal [curl].
m. BOMAXCE.
A*. n&*l [pail], ~ pse'ivl p<Ml p^l. — pUUn [plain « dialectal]. 840
— ^aamov. 846 &Wn8h«nt. 849 str4'tnd;. — sIlmb [scarce]. — sle'tt
[slate]. 862 s^f. £ •• 886 msri tbti. — k«nsaa*n Tconcem]. 888 —
saatin. — saavis [senrice]. I- andY- — wilBdi [tillage]. 901 fa'in.
— winvgB TtnBgB [vinegar]. — wit*li vit'ls [victualsj. 0 •• — koti.
— dp'un [join]. 926 w6»8 wdts Tdts. 926 — spa'il. — rS'tm [round].
940 — kot. 947 — be'il. — d^aani [journey]. — mer [move]. 966 —
kfTV. 963 kwA"i*vt kwdi-vi, 966 — a'il. 970 — djes.
D 17 = SE. = South Eastern.
Boundary, To the s. the Thames R., being the b. of the S. div.
To the n. a sweeping semicircular line, from the b. of Ox. from
10 S.Aylesbury, Bu., s. of Wendover, Bu., and of Hemel Hemp-
stead, Ht., of Hatfield, Ht., and Hoddesdon, Ht., and just n. of
Waltham Abbey, £s., and then passing through Epping, Es., and
w. of Brentwood, Es., to the Thames R. at Tilbury, opposite
Gravesend. This line is, of course, very roughly and conjecturally
drawn, the parts of Bu.; Ht., and Es. to the north, not being
perceptibly oifferent from those immediately south of it. But to
the n. of this line the speech of the people seems to be really
dialectal, while within there are so many causes for interference
with the natural development of speech, and the population is so
shifting, that it would be misleading to suppose that there was any
real hereditary dialect or mode of speech. But there is a decided
tendency to E. as distinguished from S. feeling, and hence the
district is considered to be a mixture of Metropolitan and Eastern.
Area, The whole of Mi., the se. of Bu., s. of Ht., and sw. of Es.
D 17 SE. and D 8 sBS. are the two halves of the Metropolitan
Area, n. and s. of the Thames R., where the enormous congeries of
persons from different parts of the kingdom and from different
countries, and the generality of school education, render dialect
nearly impossible. Nevertheless, D 17 is even more distinctly E.
than D 8 is 8. Almost all the so-called ** vulgarisms " of London
are of E. and more especially metropolitan E. origin. And this form
of speech has become prevalent also in Australasia (see p. 236).
X.Z. Pron. Part Y. [ 1667 ] 106
Digitized by LjOOQIC
226 THE SOUTH EASTERN. [D 17.
Character. This must be collected from the following sections,
especially the first.
§ 1. Mr, jyOney on London Totcn Speech.
The Rev. A. J. D. D'Orsey, B.D., Professor of Public Blading
at King's College, London, with large experience in correcting
errors of speech and defects of utterance, in writing to the School
Board for London, 4th December, 1882, said :
** Such words as paper , shape ^ trairty are pronounced piper, thipe, trine, — the
Tery first letter of the alphabet being thus wronriy taught. Cab is keb, bank is
befiky strand is strend; light is almo^ loyt ; the snort i is made ee^ e.g., * second
ed<?«8hon ; * no is now ; mountain is meowntain ; stupid is stoopid, and many
more. The final consonants are so feebly uttered that it is sometimes impossible
to tell whether the pupil says life, or like, or light. * H * is constantly
transposed. *G* is dropped in such words as coming, going, etc., or is turned
into k in nothink. Most pupils cannot trill the r, burring it in the throat, or
making it a U7, as dwink for drink. In many cases r appears improperly at the
ends of words, thus Maida-hill as Mgder-eel, Maria Ann as Maria ran.
In ptper, sh*pe, trme, the i probably means (e'») or (seV), and
only rarely (d4) ; if so, this is only a fully developed Es. form. It
is found all over Ht. and Es. as already shewn, and is strongest in
East and North London, being as yet comparatively little developed
in North West and West London. But it is recent, as will be
shewn in the following sections. I was myself bom in North
London in 1814, and cannot recall it.
We have seen that when long a has developed in (i/*, ae'i, a'l),
long i develops into {di a'«), but in London I have not myself
observed anything beyond (di), and that very rarely. This is
perhaps the sound which Mr. D'Orsey alluded to by saying " li^ht
is almost lot/V^
The correlative of the change of long a into (a'i) is that of long
0 into (a'u), but to my ears it seldom reaches this in London,
though I have heard * ladies in a boat * in Hyde Park spoken much
like (la'idtz fn)B ba'ut), but I think it did not go beyond (lae'idtz
m)a boMt). This is common ME, D 16, etc. For London it is not
mentioned in Walker or Smart (see § 2), or in the * Errors of
Pronunciation 1817' (see §3), or in * Pickwick* 1837 (see §4),
or Thackeray 1845 (see § 5), and must therefore be recent. For the
received {oo'w), which is quite different, see Part IV. p. 1152.
But when o tends to (6m), the ow diphthongs tend to (ew, e'm) as in
the whole of the E. div., and this is most probably the sound meant
by Mr. D'Orsey's meowntain.
The use of keh, henky etrend, probably (kEb bsqk strEnd) for (kseb
baeqk strsend), may be growing. The use of ed^eshon, often heard
as (idnshBu), seems confined to newsboys, and is merely emphasism.
The use of (uu) for (iu) in stupid n^M?8, etc., is by no means
confined to London or E. div. The * transposition ' of ** H " is very
common, though its simple omission is still more common, every-
where. The use of comin' goin' etc. in the participle is historically
preferable to the received coming goin^, and is almost universal
[ 1658 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 17.] THE SOUTH EASTERN. 227
dialectally, but becomes (-iqg) in s.La. and (-Jqk) in Ch. The
received sound is (-tq), which of course is what Mr. D'Orsey meant.
"We find nothimt (nxth»qk) in several dialects. The London treat-
ment of r belongs not merely to the whole E. div. but to the whole
e. coast of England from Ke. to Nb. The feebleness of the pron. of
final consonants is so far as I know insufficient to characterise London.
Mr. D'Orsey's examples, therefore, do not seem to characterise
a peculiar mode of speech, but merely show a grafting of some
E. habits on our received speech.
§ 2. Walker (1792-1807) and Smart (1836) on London Speech.
These two well-known anthore of Pronouncing Dictionaries have each ffiven
a section on Cockney Pronunciation. I quote Walker from the stereotj-pe edition
of 1814. He enumerates foiu* faults only. 1) post/^, fist^, mist^, etc., for posts,
fists, mists [mentioned in § 3 under P, p. 228^ ; 2) interchange of (?, tc as treal,
trinegar, line, rind, for veal, vinegar, wine, wind, the two latter are spoken of as
common ; 3) not sounding h after w to distinguish ichiXe trile, uhai wet, ir/iere
«?ere [now firmly rooted even in educated speech] ; 4) interchange of h as art,
Aarm, for Aeart, arm. There is no hint at pronouncing <t, o as F, ow.
Smart in his Hints to Cockney Speakers nnds it almost unnecessary to remark
on the interchan^ of v, tv. But notes wooid coold shooldy would could should.
Enow never heard] ; chick* n^ LaCn^ novU, parcH^ but swivrl, heavni, evil, devil,
the last of which is scarcely heard now but in the pulpit]. Other errors he notes
as arerthmetic, charwiter, writi;i*, readin*, spile sile for spoil soil, Uweday, dcx/ty,
pernMt-rate, affin«t-y, pro>'idMnce, education ; boa*rd fo^m coM for board form
cora, lawr, sawr, 'and, 'eart, honour, Aouest. There is no hint of sounding
a, 0 as" I, ow. But he says that the a of ** a well-educated Londoner . . . finishes
more slenderly than it begins, tapering, so to speak, towards the sound of <?** (ii) ;
and that o **in a Londoner's mouth is not qmte simple . . . finishing almost as
00 in too.'** These are the «e'j, oo^w of rec. sp. which are quite different from
the I, ow sounds.
§ 3. Err or % in London Speech in 1817.
In an anonymous book called ** Errors of Pronunciation and
improper expressions used frequently and chiefly by the inhabitants
of London" (Lackington), 1817, not one example of the pronuncia-
tion i, ow for d, 6 is adduced. As this little work is probably not
accessible, the following extract may be of service. Wrong pro-
nunciations only are extracted, the author's orthography is adopted,
and any explanations are given in [ ]. The order is alphabetical,
arranged by the initial letter.
A advert/«tfment, arter, airy [area], alablaster [alabaster], felly [ally*], angola
[angora, now usual], any-think, arr^angel [^A = (tj)] arcAetype, architect, arrAi-
tecture, architrave, arrAives, aristocrfesy, amt [aunt ant], kirac [now usual],
arrant [errand], arrer farrow], ast Task], attainer [attainder], axe [ask].
B bebby, bag^onet [bayonet], bfelcony [now usual], basilicum (basilica], beadle
[beetle], bile [boil], Bishergate St. [Bishopgate], botherdash [baloerdash], brachy-
grfephy, brile [broil], broach [brooch, now generally with [oo^ not (uu)], broccolo,
Brummagem, Burgamy [Burgundy], burnfire [bonfire], bemn [burying], buzzum
pronounced boosom [seemingly meaning (buuz mj bosom].
C chaney [China -ware, obsolete], charmber foos.], chimley [chimney], chisscake
[cheesecake], comforts [comfits], crow'd [crewj, curossety.
D demociiifly, drugs [dregs], dysentery.
[ 1669 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
228 THE SOUTH EASTERN. [D 17.
£ eddication [obflenre not edJictMoTk] i-thur [oldest form, still in use], -er for
-ow in arrer beller feller holler narrer piller swaller wilier, ere pronounced are
[not clearj, ewe is pronounced yeo [this must be common provincial {too) now
unknown m London).
F f eater [feature J, Febberwary [February], f fgary [vagary] .
G earp [(gaap) gape, common proT.l genus fgenius], geogr&phy, gobble
[cobble], gownd [gown]. Gracious St. [Gracechurch St.], grassplat for — plot
both usual].
H omitted in 'eart, put in in Aarm, etc., hankechur Aarbour [arbour], hare
rhyming to cave, Aedge, Aeir [A with abnormal aspirate], Herkerlis [Hercules],
his'n, holler [see -er],
I idear Mariar Louisor, ile [oil], imminent [eminent], Ingia [India], ingenious
[ingenuous], instid [instead], irrep&rable.
J janders [jaundice], Janniwery, jeesamy [-mine], jest [just], jine [join].
K kittle [kettle, common provincial].
L lam larning, least [lees], leef fsub. leave], leeftenant pronounced levtenant
neftenant, now usual], leetle [very little], lickcnrish [licorice], line [loin], lingo,
live for lief, lozenger [lozenge].
M manifacter, mamfacterer, marrew [nuurrowl, massacree, materals [materials],
meller [mellow], Mepomen^ [Melpomene], meracle maracle for miracle, mercantile,
mez^um, miscn^vous, muckenger [muckender, obs. for mockadour, Fr. mouchoir].
N narrer [narrow], nater [nature], necessitate, newy, noways fno wise].
0 obstroperous, oman ''this error is constantly committeid By the ordinary
class of people,*' otherways [-wise], otter of roses, our'n.
P pantomine [-mimej peashuks [peashells], Penelop^, pertikalar, piller, pint
[point|, pi-son [poison] post-es persist-es and other words in -ist, preambulate,
prejudiciary [prejudicial J, pronounciation, pudden [pudding].
U redikerlous [ridiculous].
S salary [celery], salitary [salutary], sartin, sarve, sarvice, sawder [solder],
sentry [century], set [sit], shay fchaisej, shemmy [chamois, applied to leather J,
shet [shut], shou/d, cou/d, wou/o, sitteation [situaaonl, spairow-grass [or grass
only, asparagus], spear [sphere], sperrits [spirits], spile [spoil], statute TBtatue],
stenogr&phy, substraction, successfully [successively], sicn [such], suodun, to
summons, superfluous, supperate [suppurate], sur^on for Sir John, to svniUer.
T taller [tallow], Teipsi-chore m three syllablee, terrestial [terrestrial],
Th&lia, Toosoay, topogr&phy, tow&rds, trow [trough, a common provmcialism].
U umberella, 'un [one], uvola [uvtila].
V & W constantly confused, weal, wine^, vine, vind.
"W wamt, Wensaay, wilier [willow], winder [-ow], wurt [wart].
T your*n.
Z called izard in place of zed.
It is observable that in this list the ^at number of cases are not at all dialect,
but are false appreciations of unfamiliar words. Sometimes they are genuine
survivals, as arrant ags. ee'rende, in place of errandy falsely derived from errandum
in imitation of errant. On the whole these are not Londonisms of the present
day and are in that respect noteworthy.
§ 4. IHckens* London Speech, 1837.
We do not find the peculiar pron. piper for paper in Sam Weller's speeches in
Dickens's ** Pickwick,^* 1837, where it would have been immensely picturesque,
and we may therefore infer that Dickens did not then know it. Indeed 11 years
later in his Haunted Man, p. 66, 1st ed. 1848, where there was a splendid opening
for it, it never seems to have occurred to Dickens. Adolphus Tetterb^, the news-
boy, varies his calling out of Paper! by changing ''the first vowel in the word
paper aud substituting in its stead, at different periods of the day, all the other
vowels in grammaticar succession." The effects are written as **pa-per, pepper**
not pe-per, *' pipper ** not pi-per, " popper, pupper." All this is natural supposing
Qkv'pv, pp'B, pip'B, popB) pap'e) to be used, the second and third being regular
degradations of the first, but (pa'i'pv) would not come in anyhow. We may thus
conclude that the pron. pi-per was not known 40 year* ago in London.
[ 1660 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D17.] THE SOTTTH EASTERN. 229
In Sam Weller the principal fun is made out of the interchange of w and v,
and while (w) is constantly naed for (y) in D 9, Ke. and D 16, Es., and also D
19, Nf ., I nare not found a certain example in the pronnces of (▼) being used for
(w), and though I haye for many years oeen on the look out for it, have never
heard (v) used for (w) in eamMt m London (see p. 132). Now Dickens's Sam
Weller, who caUs hmiBelf YeUer, and says he spells his name with a uee^ is full
of this. I have noted the following examples of y for w : vaggin, vouldnH, vy
[why], yos, vurth, vhite, vidower, vidder, veskit, ve, yay, vile, vun, vimce, vich,
Fidmck, VeUer, Valker, vide, vhen, yen, vheel, Bamvell, Vellingtons, vom,
svear, yare-ever ; and the foUo^ving w for y : dewotion, wery, inwest, conwert,
rewerse, wictim,- wisit, wessell, inwention, woter, wentilation. Sometimes, but
rarely, w is preserved, as in weU, widder, washus [wash-house].
The other wordi of S. and T. Weller have no great peculiarity, as : babby
dooties, most of them common in all dialects. Most of these are merely conven-
tional literary cockney, and it is only the absence of f, ow for a, o which is of any
importance.
§ 5. ThaekerayU London Footman' 9 Speech, 1845-6.
In Fu9%eh for 1846-6, W. M. Thackeray first nublished his Jeameit [not
Jime^»\ Diary in highly picturesque spelling, founded, of course, principally on
phonetic habits, or it would have had no point. Now here I find no hint of ^, o
oeing called i, ow. He uses v for unaccented a, that is, (t) for («), in gyzett,
myjestick, jyponica. myommidn [Mahometan], and also nybobb inibab*), the
accentuation (n^'bob) for nau>au'b being quite modem, and from an Indian point
of view incorrect. For & he either uses a, as infamotion, gave, able, place.
pone, hate [eight], chosely [chastely], phomously, shampone, fate ff^te], lazy
lose, ffrosefly, Iflbor, istote, gocing [ganngl, sitawoshns, A [=hayj, tofy toty
[tSte a tdtej, or employs aiy ay^ as awatled, hordayshis, plait, payges, haypix
[apex], goyy, loyt, orayy, sayle, straynger, say, beayviour, sayber, fainted,
narratt, ffaytors, layborer, royge. For o, which occurs seldom, he has aa in
roag, poaker, noas, toon. The u; f or t> is not very conspicuous in «^ry, trul^]
8mt also imlffar], inirite, trisit, contrussing, irealue [vehicle], preirents, ditnne.
f f for u; I nave found only one instance, visper, twice repeated. The euphonic
r is common, porring, pawnng, hideer of, drtmn^, sor *em; and the interchange
of or and atr, as por, lors, dror, enatrmous, spatrtmg, taun. The use of j for </,
and rA f or ^ is conspicuous in ho/ous, yuice, treemeiyeeous, assyuously, yewties
[but also dooties], eq/urance, and cos<;Aewm, cree^rAurs [cosftime, once spelled
costowm, and creaAu^]. The i for <n occurs in pint, adjinin^, enjy. Thackeray
seldom marks -tn* for -iiiy, but this was mere carelessness. Much more might be
cited, but the above will suffice to shew the common errors then, and to prove his
ignorance of f, tno for 4, o.
§ 6. Mr, TuM^e Cockney Almanac.
Eetaming to recent times, in 1883 Messrs. Field & Tuer pub-
lished " The Kaukneigh Awlmineck, edited by *Enery 'Arris,
down't-tcher-now,'* in which what are supposed to be cockneyisms
of pronunciation are for fun conspicuously exaggerated. It is
therefore worth while examining these.
The principal fun of the book is made from the d and o, which become (a'i, a'u) .
Thus we have for a : sy [say] tyken eyenH [ain*t] myke ^unrged operyted relytions
adjityting lydees [ladfes] gnrlas [gratis] py^ [p&^] iUe wy plice dize [days]
fltal [fatal] fyver [favour] stySnints nsm* [raising] dy sitoovshun pytient
edoocyftaon [education] brines [brains] py myde pice [pace] nykea wites [waits]
[ 1661 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
230 THE SOUTH EASTERN. [D 17.
gryte waist [? an error for wyste] nyture rite [rate] 'a-penny ipnee [both half-
penny] tyste flyver [flaTour] 8tairki»B pline pint [paint] vyper [vapour] pypers
pline sime fyth [plain same faith]. Then for o, I find : knou own*y [only] tould
moust ould now [no] stoun noutice [notice] gous gows [both meant for oom] down't
sou grous bouth sowp [soap] nowsiz [noses] sowl oun lown [loan] bonus owm
[home] smoiike jonke wows [woes] Owb^n [Holbom] spouken. But the author,
partly perhaps for lack of a convenient spelUng, does not notice the corresponding
changes of i, oWf but writes : minds lie eye nres nice, and thousand pound *ow
[how] down out cloud round, with the usual spelling of the diphthong.
Two vowels sa are both represented by e. The first must be (b), but I am
not at all sure what the second is, as different from my own (9]. These both
occasion strange combinations. Thus for d : bed men bellence eajityte [agitate]
ket peck ven etteckin* [attacking] rets [rats], Elbert medder leshir ev [navel et
[at] then execly beck kebbijez pession tremwize [tramwise] smeks kebs eccidints
kerrijez Clep'em [Claphamj fet bees 'ets [hats] metches enxiety grend veccinitid
feet gremmer. And for m ; sembdy [somebody] kentry [country] metch [much]
dezzin [dozen] nethink trenk Lendm [London] yeng nethir eneff enkenoiterble
ether [other] shewing [shoving] tetch ekkemj)need sem [some] entil screbbed
bleddy ren 'beases [omnibuses) Jen&;8hin [Junction] glevs teng [tongue] semmers
inselt ^ent [also spelled front] themb enderstends motherly epstairs kezzin
[cousin] brother pebucytion pesshed [pushed for (pasht)]. But either by accident
or design u is written in : wuz [was], uv [of], cmink, *ungry, *unts ^tm *underd
gluttid, and » in sitch. I do not recognise the sound at all. It is, however,
quite a novelty so far as neighbouring dialects are concerned. But see TH.*s
cwl. p. 232, Nos. 632 and 633.
The d before «,/ becomes aw [aa], a common Es., form as : crawss auf [off]
aufen kauffey lawst crau8sin*s tauss, to which the writer adds: dawg [dog,
common], faiigy [foggy, unknown] daunkey kaukneigh and faund ^fon(Q. On
the other hand short unaccented 5, Hu? become -er [o], as innercent serciety ; widder
winder yeller [P yaller] sparrer barrer [barrow], which is common in every S.
and E. dialect.
The use of (uu) for (t fi) is quite customary everywhere, as : dooly gredooal doo
[due] accoomoolyte faccumulate, evidently inferrea] noozpyper [newspaper, one of
the commonest words] amooz valoo [value, P valley].
^ is of course regularly omitted, m fact it is now so universally omitted, and
has been for so long a time in old literary English, that its retention has be^come
a mere artificial mark of breeding, so we expect : *eard *orses *int *evin [heaven]
'ow *arf [half] *ed *i [hi^h], and again : wot wair wite [what, where, white],
these last being admitted m polite S. speech.
The i^ is of course not pronounced except before a vowel, thus : fust cowidly
wuth wuss [first cowardly worth worse] and paw yaw [poor your], but it is
euphonically introduced after (aa) as in all the E div. as : sawr-a, draw-ring,
jawrache [jaw-ache], strawr'et [straw hat]. Of course -ore {609, 609) becomes
simply (aa).
M^j V, These are not interchanged at all in the Cockney Almanac^ though w is p»ut
for V in one passage, apparently lor the sake of a pun. It runs thus: ^'Yeccinite
from the calf direct if yer tralue yar infant*s u'eal (veal)." In no case is v used
for w. The contrast, then, between Mr. Tuer's and Dickens*8 Cockney is
complete and very curious. In Dickens's the fun is made out of the interchcmge
of V and Wy and there is no hint of using i, ow for ^, 0. Here the fun is made
out of the latter, and the former is ignored. This shews a change in London
habits as viewed by humourists in the last 50 years. Still more curious is it to
note that the Amencan humourists examined in Part IV. pp. 1224-1230, namely,
Mr. Davis (Major Downing 1836), 0. F. Brown (Artemus Ward 1860), Judge
Haliburton (Sam Slick), ana Bret Harte, make no fim at all of either interchange.
§ 7. Mr, JBaumann^s Zandamsma.
Mr. Heinrich Baamann, head-master of the Anglo-German School,
Brixton, a German who is thoroughly acquainted with English,
[ 1662 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 17.] THR SOUTH EASTBRK. 231
in 1887 brought out his book called '^ Londinismen, Slang und
Cant " (Berlin, Langenscheidt), which, besides being exhaustive on
Slang and Cant, gives the pron. of every word on the Lagenscheidt'sch
system of notation. On pp. xc-xciv Mr. B. gives a summary of
popular London pi-on., which I have still further abridged, adding
brief observations in [].
A. Consoftanta. 1. A omitted and inserted [general dialectally]. 2. r vocalised and
inserted [all the east coast]. 3. np for « in a few words, kitcht;?^, goldm^,
certiw^ precjueut in literature, but I have not heard it, probably at moat a
misappreciation, not dialectal], and n for tip in participles [regular in dialects].
4. mn becomes mbl in chivoioleY [frequent provincially]. o. ni becomes np in
uuaanSf ingam onions [which Mr. B. pron. (aqgBnz, iqgsnz) in place of (iq*«nz),
I do not know (aq-vnz)]. 6. gn reduces to » in reckonise. 7. w often omitted,
as old ^ootnattf west^ardf innard [to which he adds hoi^un hot one, whereas here
the w was the insertion] and used for t; [as in all the Land of Wee, see D 9,
D 16, B 19]. S. V final omitted in have [general when unaccented]. 9. /
omitted especially before m and w, on*v, d'moat, certn^y^ Lwr'AUnighty [common
everywhere]. \0. d final nearly inaumble, as ole husbin* [common after n] and
drefie dreadful [a special word, common in literature, merely assimilation].
11. diass (dji) in Ingee India, $oger soldier [both common everywhere] . 12. Final
t lost in brekfu8ffac [breakfast, fact] and medial i in genUman [the o\d gemman
of literature is not named^. 13. ^ians (tpm) in Christian [common educated, as
in question]. 14. th initial omitted in *em for them [old English hem] moreen
harder* unj more than harder than [quite common], th final omitted icV sou* wester
[common everywhere], th medial becomes d in furder, far den further farthing
common everywhere], ** isolated th becomes r in wirrout without'* [arout known
provincially, but not the other], ''with old people becomes / as nujin nothing'*
[also common]. 15. k occ. for q as ekal equal [I have heard this, but take it for
an old and not London pron.]. 16. y added in yearn earn, omitted in ^ears years
[common].
B. Vowels, 1. Long vowels shortened, agen, babby, eraddle^ mebbe, thripund,
fippenety tuppenny, I dun know, again baby cradle may-be three-pounds five-
pence, twopenny, I don*t know [common, except eraddle, even among better
speakers]. 2. « for a in keb, ketch, Stendard, cab, catch, Standard. 3. per in
par tickler particular, (i ) for a in extry, bony Jide [misappreciations of foreign
words]. 4. jest sech, jist sich just such [common]. 6. (ee) is very commonly
{iei), [already discussed], ea becomes (i) in airey area [this is merely an abbrevia-
tion, like ide (e'idii) for idea, final a omitted, belongs to No. 3]. 6. ar for ear,
er in am sarve earn, serve [still common, but ^oing out]. 7. a obscured to (a) in
(mam) for ma* am [merely unaccented obscuration, common]. 8. (i) for (a, a) in
tciver kimplete [not confined to London]. 9. heerd for heard [^common]. 10.
tie, pint, hist, oil, point, hoist [common old]. 11. ** 5 [the o in bom] is very
common for au (aa) as in eort (kaat) for caught ** QlaaI) [this I do not quite under-
stand], <' conversely aw (aa) is used for 9 h) as dawg for dog** [not confined to
London]. 12. (oo) becomes generally (oo-a) as road, pronounced (roo-adj, unac-
cented 0 becomes (b) as pertato fP pertater, tater] potato. 13. doo lor dew,
insinivate, eoweumber [the last old]. 14. oo for m, Sooshan, Froossian [old],
(poo, shoo) poor sure [imknown, but (pAA, sIiaa) known].
This is sufficient to shew that although these pron. may have
been heard in London, they generally did not arise there, but
were importations, or misappreciations of non-Saxon words common
throughout England.
§ 8. Mr. T. SaUam^s London Observations.
When TH., a Derbyshire man resident in Manchester, on different
occasions visited London, he noted, as usual, differences of pro-
[ 1663 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
232 THE SOUTH EASTERN. [D 17.
ntmciation which he heard from the middle and lower classes. His
notes are not complete, but they possess the value of observations
made by a phonetist who was not a Londoner, and therefore I
collect the examples without distinguishing the different speakers
or occasions, as he has done in his notes. It will be found that his
experience is far from yielding such pronounced results as the
Awlmineck. The d becomes {6i, ^t, E^t), the d yields only once to
(^), the d is (6w, oo'w), the word road as shouted at railway-stations
by porters (who were very possibly not Londoners) giving a singular
variety of forms, the I becomes generally (d*), but once reaches (a'i)
She^ a very near approach to (6i) from a boy in Kensington to-
y, 30th March, 1886), the H is generally (a), rarely reaching (a),
and the ow varies from (o'u) to (ae'w). These pronunciations are,
however, such as ME., D 16, would lead us to expect.
I. Wbssex and Noese.
A- 4 t^k. 6 m^k ms'tk. — mistdtk [mistake]. 24 sh^iim. 31 bi^it.
84 laast. A: — [between] h8B*m, Wm [haml. — st^d fstand]. —
kiflB'n, kaant [can't]. A'- — (m oo'i* [oh !J. 67 g«Ji«, gao'w [lonff o seems
often to be (a) w) perhaps (so)]. 69 nao'w. 92 n^. A': 104 [between]
r6iid, r&ud ; r^tid xtJitfd ; [Detween] rdud^ re'tfd ; [between] ro'iMd, roo'tia ; no'wd ;
re'iid. 117 wen. 122 n?w. 132 ot. — rao'w [row rank]. JE: 160 kg
[nearly (^)]. 161 dsfi, — bae'g [baff]. — [between] aep'!, bdM. 172 gra's.
— [between] ae't h [hat]. 179 wod [what, before (dn)], wot [oefore a vowel].
JE'- 196 menii. JET: 223 dh&«. 224 we«. — strit [street].
£- 231 dh«. £: 261 ss'l. — bed [bedl. 262 wb'i. 263 bw^i • vwB^i.
266 WBl. — fivls [fields]. — SBll^in [seUing]. £'- 290 ii. 300 kiip.
F: 311 1^. £A: 324 ^t. — shaant [shanH] shae**!. 334 oof. 336 aaI
aaUwiiZ [always, (aa*) "with a peculiar pursed rounding"]. 340 toad. —
paak[park1. £A'- 347 vh^ [a-head]. £A': 362 red. 364t|8ep. 366 ni«r
[near,? (r)]. EI- 373 dhif. £0- 387 n/d. EO: 388 miBlk. 396
w«Lrk [the (r) doubtful, possibly (waak)]. £0'- 420 foB. EO': 428 sii.
431 Mb.
I. _ llT[liTe1. 446 Jidain, 448 dhiiz. 449 git [*' even middle class
tie say^ (gtt on) 'M* 460 tijiizdii. I: 462 di [on one occasion, long t like
di], ^betwe " " *" " ' '
"I ^mt ^t fain't].
igl. 620 :ba'* ^
[before]. 0: 626 [off], AA*f, AAf oof ; [of] ov. — mooiUiiU [morning ***the
(6t), nearly di], [between] o'U di, 469 rait, [between that and (r&it)]. 466
setj. 477 ft^ind. 482 ^mt ^t [ainHj. I'- 494 U'tm. V: 600 Imk.
610 main. 0- — sma>'Mkiin [smoking]. 620 :bs'M [the town]. — bi^fdv
[before]. 0: 626 [off], AA*f, AAf oof ; [of] ov. — mooiUiin [morning ** the
analysis for these depresised vowels seems to be, tongue for (o), lips for (o) pursed " ].
664 kroozs [or] kroozs ; [between] krA's, kros f" say (krosj with pursed lips '* 1.
0'- 666 ts [unerophaticl. 667 tCi. 669 msdhvr [P (r)]. 0': 671 gifd.
676 wenzdij. 686 d<{|imt [don*t]. 687 dan, du'ijU [doing].
U- 603 kom. U: 612 sam. 631 thzrzdi [? (r)]. 632 RMtween] op,
BD ; ep. 633 [between] kop, kBp. 634 thonrfsB^i^r [thoroughfare]. U'- 643
[betweenl n&ae n&a*e ; n&^e, no m. — plam [plum, when intensive (pla^m)].
660 Bb&at. U-: [(a'u) was heard as (&ad) approaching &aB]. 666 mum. 668
dse^im. 663 &a*as." 667 fra'tft; [between*) fraat, ^a'at"; fra'at ; [between] e'lft,
&>iit; e'Mt. T: 689 biUdiiUz [buildings]. — t'l tsl [hill]. — shetvrz
[shutters].
n. English.
A. 727 djflB'm. — sae'ndwi.tj. — bflem [barrow]. — 6ist,B'i8t [haste].
I. and T. — idimiin [tirinirj. 0. — [between] oof n aaT n [often].
II. — ftmii [funny]. — kresh [crush]. — shetBrz [shutters].
m. BOMANCE.
A- 811 pl^ispls'is. 822 m6l. 833 tr6in tns'in. —dor [air]. — paliiS. —
[ 1664 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 17.] THB SOUTH EASTERN. 233
puTmar rPall Mall, generally (yel :inel)]. 841 tjkna, — baecend [band]. —
rbetweeiy niAAtiiin, maat|tin [marchingj. — djOB'kt'it [jacket]. — gaird'nz
[gardensj. — Kjari}^ [carriage]. — paast [past]. — pl®tfoom [platform].
— rtB'f [stay]. E -. 869 vul. — Bkd^u [Echo]. — Bt6nd [or f-Jnd)]. —
kTOtentijd [contented]. — t6nt [tent]. 886 tbt*. — goze-t [gazette]. — &a»MB
[hour], fiiadrz [? r], ©"o'rz [? Londoner]. I .. andx -. 898 [between] nrfts,
n&is. 903 [between] diltni^n, dA^tni.n. — mrniits [minutes]. O-* —
grambliin [grumbling]. — manij. — rf,Lrdor [order, ? both (r), possibly (AAd«)].
— foriist. — pooshon [portion]. — transpo^iz [transpose]. — grooser [grocer,
at Bermondsey, no (6m), r (n) J. 942 butpr [P (r) at Bermoudsey, must have been
(r) almost]. — kolOT [P (r)]. — taom [turn, P (r)]. U .. — «kM?*'niWn.
§ 9. Mr, J, O. OoodchiWt East London Pronunciation..
Mr. J. G. €K)odcliild (;gtitjd»rLd), who i8 an East Londoner by
birth and education, has been at the pains to write a very long
wl. of his own * colloquial * as distinguished from his * studied * pro-
nunciation, as in lecturing, and as distinguished from low East
London talk. As this was carefully written in pal., it is a document
of considerable interest to shew the middle-class pron. of the district.
It is not, however, dialectal, as is shown by the same pron. being
regularly assigned to vowels of very different origin. Hence it
seems better to give it in classes founded on received pronunciation.
1. Long il is always (txi) except before (n), where (^i) is deeper than (e) and
more like (e) or Te) even, than (^), the circumflex shews the diphthong and
medial length of tne first element. But JGG. does not consider even the first
element to be uniform ; he thinks rather that beginning with [e^ he glides to
(e) and thence to (t ) ; all this is, however, avoided before (b^ representmg final
written r, and the Towel is then {ee) simply as in iien) air. This long 4 occurs
in A- (b^itk) bake, etc., A: (k^iim) came, M- (or Jit) dray, (h^i»I) hail, etc.,
Ml (d/.i) day, etc., -ST- (n^ii) neigh, etc., M'l (kl^i) clay, etc., E- (br^«iik)
break, ^jil) sail, etc. ; E: (Icji) lay, (s^jt) say, etc., EA- m^i) flay, EA: {iyii)
eight, EA': (gr^iit) great, etc.. El- (dhtf,») they, etc., EI: (st^,tk) steak, etc.
I: (w^iit) weight, etc. A. (tr^^itd) trade, etc. A- (^,ib'l) able, etc. E-
dj^ii, etc., where the etc. refers to other words in the class in the wl. thus
heaided, which have 4 in awJ. sp., but not to those otherwise treated. Tliis long
4 is evidently of E. origin. Biefore (ti)=r we have A- (h^ hare, M- (f«^)
fair, M'' (neat) were, M': (nem) hair, (w^ct) where [but (ahce'ii) there], E-
{meeB'S mare, (w«ni) wear, (sw<««) swear, EA- (lw<^) care, [but EA: (dsBB) aire],
EI (ah«ra) their. A- (meeB) mayor, (p<»b) jwiir, E- {eext) heir. [Observe
(#ra) and not the rec. (6e«). My own pronunciation has oeen subjected to so
many influences in different parts of England, and abroad, and has been so
artificially cultivated, that though I am a Xorth Londoner, I refrain from citing
H ; but refer generally to Part fV. pp. 1090-1167, 1168-1173, 1206-1207, where
Bell's, Haldeman*s, 8weet*s, Smart s pron. are also considered.]
2. Short 4 is sometimes (ah) [which JGG. considers to occur in the local
pronunciation of Both (baahth), where I hear (bflseeth), a difference of appreciation
simply, for both of us are well used to hear the name from natives], and some-
times (sb). Thus he has A- (Hahv) have, A: ^thahok hahn*d lahn*d) thank hand
land, etc.. A: and 0: (lahm) lamb, etc. A. (bahd Dsed) bad, etc.. A- (bsBrgU)
barrel, (kahr^vt ksr^nt) carrot, etc.
8. Long ^, M'' (sii) sea, etc., M'l (diid) deed, etc., E- (niid) knead, etc., E:
(jiiTd) yield, etc., E'- (rii) ye, (fiid) feed, etc., E': (mil) heel, etc., EA' (tiim)
team, EO (btnlth) beneath, EO'- (bii) bee, etc., EO' (sii) see, etc., I- (dhiiz)
these, etc. E. (skrJim) scream, etc. E** (ti) tea, fviil*) veal, etc.
4. Short ^, E: (ecl|) ed^e, (men') men, etc., EA faed) dead. E. (beg^ beg, etc.
£ •• (sens) sense, etc. Observe always (e^ and not (bj ; this is metropolitan.
5. Long f, diphthong, is always (&t) wnich is broao, but not nearly so broad as
[ 1666 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
234 THE SOUTH EASTERN. [D 17.
in Ht. and Ea., EY (dki) die, I- (&»Tt) ivy, etc., I; (St) I, (m&it) might, etc.,
I'- (tkim) time, etc., I': (l&tk) like, etc., Y'- (sk&i) sky, etc., Y': (mkit) might,
etc., I'- (t&im) time, etc., I': (l&iik) like, etc., Y'- (skfiii) sky, etc., Y': (mSt/s)
mice, etc. I. (t4mt) tiny. I -. (u&es) nice.
6. Short • is regularly (i), I- (git) get, occ. I: (witj) witch which, etc. Y:
(hndj) bridge, etc. I. (p'g) pig, etc. !•• (sistn'n) cistern.
7. Long o, this is invariably (^mJ, except before (B)=r, », /and M occ, in
which case it is (aa, V). But this (ou) includes at least three sounds (as in the
case of long a), it '* begins with (0) and goes on through (0) to end in (w).'* This
occurs in every case, thus A'- (gOa) go, (m6«n) moan, etc.. A': (6Mk) oak, O-
(6Mp*n) open, etc. 0'- (nowz) nose. 0. (poimi) pony, and it even occurs un-
accented as (tael6«) tallow — before r, », /, th it falls into (a, aa), the (r) becoming
Ob) when final ana being omitted before another consonant, as A'- (lAAd) lord,
(mA'B) more, (sa'b) sore. A': (gAAu) gone, (hAAs) hoarse, (klA'thVcloth, EA:
fwA'm) warm, EO: (sAAd) sword, EO'- (fAo) four, (fAti) forty, EO': (UAth) fourth,
0: (kA'f) cough, (bA't) bought, (thA't) thought, (br^A't) brought, (r„A't) wrought,
(dA'te) daughter, (bAAd) board, (fAAd) ford, (hAAd) hoard, (stAAm) storm, (kAAu)
com, (haau) horn, (kr^As) cross ; 0': (sVtJ sought, (Aaab) floor, (mAA«) moor,
(swAAB) swore; U- (dAAc) door. 0. (cfA'd) afford. A-- (pAAB)poor; 0- (Ica's)
course coarse corse.
8. Short S is almost always (o), as 0: (hdIi) holly.
9. Long u LB regular (juu), and is so written after a consonant, as (njuu) new.
10. Short M is i-egularly (9), but becomes (bb, b') before suppressed r, as EO:
(Ib'u) learn, (B'th] earth ; 0- fwBBl'd) world ; 0: (wBod) word ; U: fwBBth)
worth, (fBBdnB) further. E. (pB't) pert ; I. Ml) eirl, while all tne un-
accented final -«r, -^, -ir, -yrj -or^ 'ur become (b) unless a vowel follows and
determines (Br J.
11. Incidental ah seldom arises [as in A- (r^&dhB) rather, JE- (f^hB) father],
without a suppressed r, but it is the regular form of ar^ as in EA: (jaad) yard,
faam) arm, £0: (staav) starve, (faa) far, (staa) star, (naath) hearth, (faadbtq)
larthing.
12. Incidental aw is regular for or, as in the examples to No. 7, but sometimes
occurs otherwise, as EA: (fVt) fought, (wVkJ walk, (fAAl') fall, (waaI*) wall ;
EA': (jpAA) raw, (str^AA) straw. A. (bAAl'd) oald.
13. Diphthongal oy is regularly (A'i) or (a"*).
14. Diphthongal ow is regularly (&*u), excluding the cases in which it belongs
to No. 7. It is curious that diphthongal f, ow have a different first element, (a)
in the first and (a') in the second, the first apparently to distinguish the sound
from (^|i), and the second as a reaction against the common (6m).
15. The sounds (1, n) are lengthened before a following consonant, as (bAAl'd
lahn'd) bawled land, and often when final, as (aaI') all. This of course is most
conspicuous when the words are taken singly, and less so in connected speaking.
16. The r is at most (rj when preceding a vowel, or between two vowels.
This imperfect (rj when vocalised and made syllabic as ('rj is very difficult to
distingmsh from (b), and when no vowel follows is regularly suppressed ; but on
a vowel following, either in a new or the same word, it recovers its power. Now
as the r when suppressed converts ar^ or^ ur into (aa, aa, bb), it follows that
when these sounos have otherwise arisen, the speaker inserts an (rj before
a following vowel, thus saw, sawing, saw him, become (saa, sAAr^iq, SAAr)tm).
This has been here termed "euphonic r,** and it produces an unpleasant
effect, which J6G. avoids, but the natural <*£ast-£nder'* and £astem
Counties man regularly introduces. The unaccented (b) usually written er ought
not to insert a euphonic r, but even persons of high cultivation will often talk of
(dhta'idi'Br^BVBthi'q) the idea of a thing.
§ 10. Rural Speech.
For the rural portions of the SE. district, I have very slender
information. My informants find a shifting population, and nothing
distinctive to record. They imagine that if there is nothing different
[ 1666 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 17.] THB SOUTH EASTERN. 235
to their hearing than uneducated London speech, there is nothing
to report.
In Bu. the late vicar of Henley-on-Thames after 60 years experience had
nothing to say. From Penn (se.High Wycombe) the Viciir after 17 years writes,
** It would be useless to attempt to go systematically through the following list
[wl.], as the dialect of tliis neighbourhood is of a very natural character, i.e.
apart from a few vulgarisms there are very few (if any) pure provincialisms or
archaisms. The only instance of the latter that occurs to me is housen for houses,
and that is fast dying out." But he marks I, we, you, they be\ I, he were ;
they, we, goesy those not ased, he do, he Uve, theirsell, didnH ought, which shew
a mixture of provincial Bu. With regard to the use of / ^ it disappears gradually
8. of Penn (10 nnw.Eton) ; it is occ. heard between Beaconsfield (7 n-by-w.Eton)
and Denham (7 ne.Eton), but further s. it seems lost.
In lit. the late Rector of Bushey (2 se. Watford) says : " This place oflFers no
opportunity of assisting your work. The inhabitants come and go, from various
places, ana remain but a very short time, but chiefly from London. I will not
call this place a eollttvies omnium gentium, but very much like it, and hence has
no special language or dialect." But from Bickmansworth (3 sw. Watford and
hence very near Bushey) Prince L.-L. Bonaparte obtained a few notes. I be ia
not much in use, / arc is more common, and we am, am you ? I, we knows are
heard occ, / says frequently, w for v rarely if ever heard. The National
Schoolmaster, who gave this information, kindly wrote a dt. for me where some
ruralisms occur, as (a't Ho'it kumin skiCil gu'tn roBd aand so'td gtn ti(i wen fa'ind
weri wal woiut *ngm hceni trlu) I right coming school going road hand side
gone to where find ver}' will won*t again be -not true. He notes also on, wrong
nearly like an, rang. All these have a stronger provincial tinge than might have
been expected, but this does not represent the general language. From St.
Albans, Ht., which I place on the borders, my informant after 8 years had only
noticed tale pr. as tile. From Es. I could get no information beyond the border-
line marked. Even at Brentwood very little was obtained.
In Mi. from Harmondsworth (7 w.Brentford) the Schoolmaster gives me (aatti
want ftl sa'il htl hiz*n a'uBU Juuon dheetsn miiin ni6n spiiin di(i bin ee waa kitU
va'is) after won't feel soil heal his ours yours theirs moon noon spoon do been
have was kettle voice, and the phrases, I or we wants, or does, make they come,
we bin [have beenj, I is [very doubtful], we was, I, he, were, they is, for to do
it, -in ioT participial -ing. And he says that ** leasing is usea for gleaning
exclusively,'^ which is the only strict rurahsm in the list.
From Ashford (7 sw.Brentford) the Vicar writes : " The inhabitants of this
locality are mainly strangers from every comer of the country who have settled
here for a brief space and never remain long. They represent any and no special
pronunciation."
From Hanwell Rectory (3 nw. Brentford) I am informed that "the ^ple
speak what is commonly called the cockney dialect, the chief pneculiarities of
which are inability to pronounce a or o correctly. The former is turned into
ah-ee, (&i), the latter into a-oto (I'w) and a tendency to add r to words ending
m aw {1 sawr a man, the lawr of). These defects are common in the
lowest class, particularly the boys, but are less observable in the better edu-
cated."
At Willesden (5 nne. Brentford) Prince L.-L. Bonaparte made attempts to
find native pronunciation and construction from the Yicar. He found be not
used, but I are OR well as / am, I wur, we was, I loves, they loves ; day say hay
may cake gate home, with the vanishes, he even writes "cike gite"; wiper,
tdnegar, vocalised final r ; euphonic r ; I seen for / saw, better nor me. Hence
there was nothing distinctive, nothing rural. It was common London SE., as
was to be expected.
From <<the chief mason at Enfield" [(6 e.Bamet), sometimes called (:e*nff«l,
:e*nri)], Prince L.-L. Bonaparte notes that lbe,l is, I are, we am, are not found,
but only I am, I loves, we says, they gives, they was a aoin ; I got 'em, he do
(rarely, better nor me; and, as pronunciations, (AAksra shAAn) awkward sure,
(lisBm, g6tt k^ik d^i s^ met h6i) lithesome, gate cake day say may bay, (ktt'l
[ 1667 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
236 THB SOUTH BA8TBRN. [D 17.
t|tmblt kettle chimney. Hence this has fuUy the London S£. character, with
no distinctive rurality.
As South Myms (3 nnw.Bamet) lies in a comer of Mi., projecting into Ht., I
hoped to find more of a rural character, but no perceptible differences from
Enfield were found. The Vicar, however, noted that the village being on the
old high road to the north, ** the population has a large proportion of families
originally from a distance.'*
This examination will shew that in so far as this northern part
of the Metropolitan Area has any dialect at all, it is essentially
ME. in its character. Even the (a'i, a'u) forms of long a and long
0 have an Eastern origin and are comparatively modem, within the
memory of persons now living. They have of late years rapidly
advanced in all the SE. district and in our Australian colonies.
They threaten to become predominant in received speech, for habits
of pronunciation work upwards, and in another hiindred years the
* polite * pronunciation of a, 6 may hecome (a'i, a'u), while I, ow
sink to (o », b'w), just as our received (w, oo) have ousted (a, k) and
our received (a'i, a'u) have replaced (ii, uu). It is only quite
recently that in such words as hoil, jointy the present (o't) has
replaced Pope's (a'i). We now think (o'l) "polite" ia join and
(a'i) "vulgar." Pope thought just the reverse. And to all old
people, like myself, of all generations, modem changes such as
those just noted are simply excruciating.
Australasian South Eastebit.
English colonies, including the United States, whose independent
government has of course not changed their origin, necessiariljr at
first speak the English which they carry with them. That might
have been originally any one of the forms of English contained in
this book, or else of Irish English. This English alters in genera-
tions, and is much interfered with by constant immigration from
the mother country. And now, when education is so prominent
both in the mother country and the colonies, the speech of the
colonists is modified artificially by teachers aiming at what each
considers a " good " pronunciation, and the test of this " goodness "
must necessanly be the habit of persons of " consideration," that
is, social position, first in the motiier country and secondly in the
colonies themselves. Now the centre of EngUsh is London, which,
as far as pron. is concerned, lies in the E. div., and, as we have
seen, is at present, at least in its middle and lower strata, distinctly
modified by the habits of the Eastern Counties. The habit of
speech among the educated classes in London may be looked upon
as the basis of " received speech and pron." It is, therefore, to be
expected that the pron. of the colomes would, as a whole, tend to
resemble it. On examination we find that the colonies speak
generally such a form, with modifications belonging to a less
artificial stratum. Thus, in the eastem United States, New York
and Massachusetts, there is a tinge of Norfolk. In the Australasian
colonies, that is, those in Australia, Tasmania (or Van Diemen's
Land) and New Zealand, there is more than a tinge of what is
[ 1668 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 17.] THE SOUTH EASTERN. 237
commonly called "cockney," as exhibited in pp. 239-248. On the
whole, therefore, a viBitor ^m England to Australasia finds great
resemblance to the mode of speech he has left behind him, and,
stmck by that, does not much observe the differences. So Mr.
Froude says (according to the Australian Daily Telegraph of 29th
March, 1886) that Australian English is " free from provincialism,
not Americanised, of soft tone, good language and correct aspiration."
And a letter in the same paper on the following day says that
" after listening to the * colonial ' of various degrees of education in
all parts of Australia, in the street, the coach, the steamer and the
train, and particularly in the schoolroom, Mr. Sala's opinion is con-
firmed that their only peculiarity of speech is a very slight drawl
in the school-attendant, which wears off and becomes imperceptible
in manhood."
After such opinions from such well-known literary men, one
might almost stay any further inquiry and put Australia on a par
with London. But it must be remembered that, as just shewn,
there are marked peculiarities at present in London ampng the
mercantile and labouring classes at least, and the question arises
whether these peculiarities exist in Australasia and to what extent.
Persons who have visited Australia declare that there is a marked
** cockney " element in its speech. Mr. Samuel McBumey, who
was for several years principal of the Ladies' College at Geelong,
Victoria, and has travelled much about the Australasian colonies,
where he has had the opportunity of examining schools and large
classes of Tonic Solfa singers, is decidedly of the same opinion, and
he made numerous observations in Victoria, Tasmania, New South
"Wales, Queensland and New Zealand, from January to November,
1887, for the purpose of ascertaining real Australasian usage. The
result of these observations he tabulated and sent to me in Bee.
1887, from St. Francisco, so that I received them in Jan. 1888, on
Surpose that I might insert them here. They are so full of con-
ensed original information that I feel unable to do better than
present them almost in their original form, transliterating the
Glossic into palaeotype. His plan was to take a number of test
words, and record the pron. in glossic, and then mark by symbols
whether these were general, in the majority or minority, about
half, or sporadic. In some cases he has even found it expedient to
separate the habits of boys and girls in schools.
The following extracts from an article by Mr. McB. in the
Lyttelton TimeB, Christchurch, New Zealand, will form a fitting
introduction to these tables, and will explain their general tendency.
I have introduced a few words in [], and given some pron. in pal.
"... It is generally snppoeed that two main influences affect pronunciation
— -parentage and the teacher. In the bush, where children hear only their
parents, we may find broad Scotch, Irish, or provincial English, but in almost all
other circumstances the influence of parentage is very slight, and generally acts
by modifyinff the general usage, not oy consening the original type of speech,
lliis decided variation from the parent speech is easily account^ for in some
cases, as the universal tendency of all speech-alteration is towards what mav be
called 'the line of least resistance.' . . . Where the young colonial nnds
[ 1669 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
238 THB SOUTH EASTERN. [D 17.
himself understood by half the oral exertion necessary, he forthwith abbreviates.
... * Do you hear me ? ' becomes jeer me ; pudding, pudn, etc., and the strong
trilled final r is aroided as an unnecessary exertion, when it is noticed that the
majority of arrivals habitually neglect it. It is therefore quite common for the
children to call farther fahthu (m of bwt) (faadhi)) when the parent says farrthurr
with a very loud trill (fa.rdhv.r) ; world, wu'ldf (wald) instead of wurruld
(wa-rBld), and so forth. The insertion of r where it is not wanted, as in
idea-T'ofy is also explicable, as it is easier than to make the necessary hiatus
between the two tongue positions of the several vowels. But why there should
be a general tendency, as there undoubtedly is in Australia, to a Cockney
pronunciation ... is a mystery still to be explained.
'*The modem Cockney ... is of comparatively recent date, and is, I think,
not to be found in Dickens ^see p. 2281. Its leading features are — (1) The
omission of the aspirate, and its occasional wrong insertaon ; (2) clipping ing^ as
singin*, shillin* ; J3) alteration of a in fatey to nearly % in bite ; (4) alteration of
0 in hope^ to nearly ow in how ; (5) alteration of the first factor of otr in eoWj so
that it is written kyow^ or eaow (kJE'w, kaj'u) ; (6) a general drawling of the
vowels, so that dog becomes dawg^ coffee, kawfy^ etc. ; (7) insertion of r between
the vowels, I MW'T^im.
<* In Australia and parts of New Zealand, (1), (2), and (7) are of frequent
occurrence, as in all parts of Endand, but they are decidedly less frequent in
New Zealand, where (1) and (7) are rarely to be met, at least in flagrant
positions. Idea-t'of, however, is pretty general. (3) and (4) are to be heard
pretty often in Australia, but seldom in New Zealand. ... (5) has nearly
naturalised itself in Australia, and is extremely hard either to express or to get rid
of. The first part of the diphthong is often so short that it is difl^cult to fix it.
The ordinary English ow b^ins with a of M>/a, u of nwt^ or a of father ^ tapering
off to 00 of woo (b'u, e'u, &«<T. The Australian begins with a of cat^ or e of get^
prolonged (ajae'u, ee'u), while the New Zealanders give all sorts of varieties, but
are, I think, settling down to a sharp a of father ^ followed by oo (&'m). One
has only to hear <*down town,** *' around and around,*' said by Scotchmen,
Englishmen, and Colonials, to notice at least that there ie a difference. The
tendency to drawl the short vowels is noticeable in parts of Australia and
Tasmania, ha"ndy da-'ug^ etc. (ha^send dxAg), but not, so far as I can discover,
in New Zealand.
There is a strange development in the oo in food, school, room, to be found in
Australia, the true sound being introduced by something like the French eu, forming
a diphthong [(^'uu, oo'uu) or possibly (of'uu)], but tnis is ^uite absent in New
Zeai&ndj although there is in its place a peculiar shortening of the sound — of
Scottish origin— ^oorf food being both given with the short u of puil [g«d, fwd],
the first rightly, the second wrongly [not at all uncommon in London].
One thing in common with Australia is the broadening of t in die, which is a
diphthong formed by a very broad ah, tapering to « (a'i). This in Tasmania
and parts of New Zealand even approaches oi, I die sounding oi doi {/>!% dA't).
There is also in some places a pecimar final r, with introverted tongue modifying
the previous vowel, especially e and u, as fern, furnish, taking the place of the
rougn Scotch r [apparently reverted (r)].
The only point tnat has struck me in New Zealand as peculiar is the short u in
but, tub, etc., which has a much more open sound than 1 have been accustomed
to, approaching the a in father, but difficult to describe [T)etween (a) and (a)].
Throughout the schools a fair amount of attention is being paid to pronimciation,
and I am told by the teachers that common errors eradicate in the lower classes,
give very little trouble among the older children, and that the good habits formal
in school are generally retained afterwards. I think, therefore, that we may hope
for a very fair average pronunciation throughout the colony, which will compare
favourably with that of any home district.**
These conclusions are established in the following Table, itself a
mere condensed abstract of many observations which it would be
too lengthy to give in full. After the table will be found full
explanatory notes relating to the separate entries and pronunciations.
[ 1670 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 17.] THE SOUTH EASTERN. 239
COMPAKATIVE TaBLE OF AUSTRALASIAN PRONIJNaATIOX
Containing the results of obserrations on the pron. of each particular school
with different classes, examined where possible in every town visited. These
results have been condensed, and the main features of each district only are given.
Where the pron. is nomialy i.e. received in England, no note is made except
where it is contrary to colonial usage.
The arrangement of the table is as follows :
In the first column in each page is a numbered set of words used as types, in
Italics^ the different pron. as estimated by Mr. McBumey being added in pal. in
separate lines below each type.
The seven other columns in each page refer to the districts examined, and each
column is headed by an abbreviation of the name of the district referred to.
The seven columns on the left-hand page refer to districts or towns in Victoria,
the first two relating to Melbourne. Mr. McBumey drew up a smaller table
of observations in this colony in Gippsland, made in July, 1886, for the towns
of Sale, Maffra, Stratford, Travalyon, Walhallal, Warragul, and afterwards
Melbourne, Geelong, Ballarat, Castlemaine, and Sandhurst, which he had visited,
or resided in, and examined. But this table is superseded by the left-hand page
of the present one.
The last seven columns of the right-hand page contain notes of the two
Australian colonies of Queensland and New South Wales, as represented by
Brisbane and Sydney, and general observations in Tasmania, with particular
observations in New Zealand, in which the districts examined were large,
occasioning the necessity for marking variations. In the W., Na. (Wellington
and Napier) column, notes inclosed in () refer especially to Napier. In the
Ne., Ch. ^Nelson and Christchurch) column, notes in ( ) refer to Christchurch,
but those in [ 1 to other unnamed districts, and in the Sydney column notes in [ ]
refer to similarly unnamed districts in New South Wales.
The notes shew about the proportion of those school children examined who
used the pron. in the given tine. As a rule boys and girls are taken indis-
criminately, but are sometimes distinguished.
Notes used in the columns,
Knim ( ^7* ^^'^ ^^ frequently vary much ; in some cases the o ytete^finer^ as
o ^is 1 ("^ ^^^ (®^' (^) ^^^ (^*^)» (^*» ^'*) ^°^ ('^*)' ^ ^*^®^ ^'^^ ^^^y
^ ( were broader.
g general or almost all, more than three-quarters.
m many or more than half.
e equal proportion, and hence if only one or two pron. are mentioned, half.
8 some or several, but less than half.
/ few, two or three, less than a quarter.
? doubtful if the proportion is rightly estimated.
indicates no note made, and serves to guide the eye across the page.
Contraction of names of places at the head of the columns, in alphabetical order,
A. Auckland, New Zealand. Me. Melbourne, Victoria.
Ba. Ballarat, Victoria. Mo. Momington, Victoria.
Br. Brisbane, Queensland. Na. Napier, New Zealand.
Co. Collingwood, Me., Victoria. Ne. Nelson, New Zealand.
Ch. Christchurch, New Zealand. 8. Sydney, New South Wales.
Dn. Dunedin, New Zealand. T. Tiismania, general.
Dy. Dunolly, Victoria. W. Wellington, New Zealand.
F. Frankton, Victoria. Y. South Yarra, Me. Victoria.
Ma. Maryborough, Victoria.
[ 1671 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
240
THE SOUTH EASTERN.
[D17.
Types.
Y.
CO.
Mo.
F.
Dy.
Ma.
Ba.
1. plea$e
plt'tz
2. here
-~
/
M.M
/'
/
/
M.M
hiiB
9
#
^
9
e
^
9
ttB
...M
0
MM.
MM.
e
liai
M.M
.....
».«
M...
M.M
M.M
MM.
B
«...
/
/
MM.
MM.
M...
..».
3. simplicity
-i
M.M
»...
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM.
4. city
Bttt
y
9
9
8
9
9
9
Bttti
f
f
Bi,tii
7
...»
M.M
MM.
M.M
5. ft^ii', tune
nun, tuiin
MM
M...
M.M
MM.
MM.
.«..
,, „
6. day say
deedUi
s
m
B 0
MM.
B m
Btf
tf
d^
f
«
e
M...
og
9
a
dses't
M~.
og
9
a
f
f
7. <fertf
d^VB
MM.
M.M
MM.
MM.
M.M
MM.
dto
M...
M...
M.M
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM
8. tfttf
difi
9
9
9
9
9
9
^ m
dA'i
f
f
a
9. my might
mdi
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
mdi TokHi
f
f
f
f
mA't niA'tt
f
MM.
f
MM.
MM.
m&i ma't't
„.-
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM.
10. no
noo
9
9
9
Bg
#
^
U
n&itf
MM.
am
a
«
11. toe
too
^9
MM.
B m
M.M
.MM
9
9
i6}u
og
«...
o^
og
o^
12. ^ortf
tAA
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
tAA'«(r)
t6oB(r)
».«
MM.
MM.
M.M
M.M
M.M
MM.
UOB
.~»
««,
•MM
MM.
MM.
M.M
M.M
13. now, toum
6et#
9
^
^
9
9
?
9
aeffi'i*
M...
MM.
/
MM.
MM.
bP^
M.M
&a*tf
».M
MM*
/
M.M
MM.
M.M
fLU
...-
MM.
MM.
M.M
MM.
MM.
9'U
..«.
M.„
M.M
M...
MM.
MM.
MM.
14. woman
^o
.....
M.M
a
MM.
MM.
M...
MM.
15. i^tJ/
"o
*
Tig
f
/
..M.
«
M.M
«
#
.M..
9
9
MM.
m
MM.
16. pool
p^'uul
9
9
f
e
m
#
9
puul
f
9
e
a
*
pnl
«.«
.MM
MM.
.MM
[ 1672 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D17.]
THB SOUTH EASTERN.
241
Types.
T.
Bb.
8.
A.
W,Na.
Ni,Ch.
Dn.
1. pleate
plttz
2. hert
/
••-
—
.....
--
MM.
MM.
hii«
fe
e
tf
m
a
^
9
tiB
e
e
#
a
m
«
iiai
.«..
...«
..«.
..».
.....
«
«...
K
.....
.....
««
a
««.
MM.
M...
3. 8impl%e%ty
-i
...M
y
w^
9
^
m
9
4. city
sttt
9
9
^
9
9
9
9
sitt'i
f
f
/
f
f
8f)tti
f
«...
M.M
f
5. neWf tune
nuu, tuun
f
M.M
m,^
/
«M
/
f
6. day, say
cl«rdin
e
?«m
e
By.Qe
[<.]m
9
9
d6et
e
a
e
e
(
oa
o «
dmm'i
e
a
a
..M.
/
M.M
MM.
7. dare
d^B
....
«...
„^
.....
„.„
M...
/
d^
.....
——
»...
.MM
..«.
/
8. ifuf
ddi
t
9
f'}
ay
om
o^
see
dx'i
m
By
BIN
B m
note
9. *»y mt^A^
mdi
s
„^
9
Qa e
tf
o #
M.M
mdi mkUi
a
„..,
8
M...
o #
o m
mx't mA^t
m
.....
W
am
Be
B m
By[oa\
mki ma'tt
...M
«.«
«...
• M..
.M..
om
10. no
noo
m
^
e
9
9
9
9
nk^u
a
a
f
O'
11. to#
too
m
a
a
a
f
W'
m
t&itf
a
m
m
m
9
om
a
12. tare
tAA
9
9
9
9
a
9
MM.
tAA'«(r)
a
MM.
t6oB(r)
Ta
...»
fa
...»
a
.....
9
i6(n
«.«
.M»
MM.
....
M.M
MM.
B m
13. notr, toim
^
9
e
9
a
m
m
(Pom)/
8MB'|*
e
f
a
«
'/
/
&aiu
„^
e
f
a
/
^•i
(B)m
0fi
...«
.«..
M...
a
/
'•i
«
e'w
...«
~...
««
a
/
*»/
a
14. w<mum
««o
/
/
a
M.M
MM.
MM.
MM.
15. pifZ;
«*o
«
a
a
/
.....
/
MM.
u
m
9
m
9
9
^
^
le, pool
p^'uiil
e
e
m
f
M.M
o/
MM.
puul
e
e
8
9
^
^
9^
pul
^
—
—
f
E.E. Pron. Part Y.
[ 1673 ]
107
Digitized by LjOOQIC
242
THB SOUTH EASTERN.
[D17.
Types.
Y.
Co.
Mo.
F.
Dt.
Ma.
Ba.
17. rtOe
ruul
9
9
^
9
9
#
9
r^
#
9
IB. food
fund
MM*
M.M
..M.
.MM
MM.
MM.
fwd
M~.
M...
.MM
m
MM.
/
M...
fo'uud
9
y
9
9
9
y
9
19. law paw
pAA
9^
^
?
^
9
y
9
Paa'b
f
/
/
/
/
MM.
20. Jloor
Aaa
..M.
MM.
9
MM.
0
MM.
y
Aaa'v
9
9
f
9
m
9
9
fl6o«
M.M
fi609
...-
MM.
MM.
MM.
M...
M...
— B
«~.
MM.
MM.
MM.
M.M
MM.
MM.
— r
»«.
M.M
MM.
MM.
M.M
M«
MM.
21. poor
PAA
^
9
e
«
0
$
MM.
p6Q«
tf
e
^
tf
$
MM.
peittB
.»«
M.M
MM.
M.M
MM.
M.M
M.M
PMMV&
..«.
M.M
MM.
.M..
MM.
MM.
.M..
22. jmr#
pjAA
/
/
#
9
Ptf
9
pjWttB
9
9
$
MM.
0
MM.
MM.
pj^ueB
...M
M...
MM.
..M.
MM.
MM.
23. f»r»
BhAA
.....
M.M
/
MM.
9
...M
M.M
shtittB
M...
MM.
g
M.M
g
9
shClUBB
.MM
«.„
M.M
M.M
24. mor#
mAA
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
moo
.....
...M
MM.
M.M
,....
M.M .
M.M
m6o«
9
^
^
^
9
y
9
m6o9
mAA'VB
..».
...M
MM.
MM.
MOT.
M.M
M.M
25. morning
mAA-
9
9
^
^
9
9
9
mAA'—
.....
MM.
MM,
MM.
MM.
.....
mAAR —
MM.
M.M
MM.
MM.
M.M
MM.
...M
26. danc$
dsBiis
/
MM.
/
M.M
M.M
MM.
MM.
dsiui
#
9
9
m
9
tf
O^
daiRS
MM.
/
M...
dffins
0
MM.
M.M
MM.
$
B^
27. hand
liBBnd
MMa
M...
MM.
g
MM.
MM.
MM.
hmd
MM.
^
#
f
.MM
B m
o^
hend
M.M
0
MM.
#
Bg
.MM
MM.
M.M
.MM
M.M
...M
28. taw him
8AA;tm
9
?
9
tf
9
^
9
BAA-r-im
MM.
/
*
f
/
MM.
BAA-R-tm
.MOT
M.M
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM.
29. drawing
AAjtq
^
i7
9
9
9
i7
^
AA-r-tq
/
f
f
/
M.M
[ 1674 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D17.]
THE SOUTH BA8TERK.
243
Types.
T.
Br.
8.
A.
W,Na.
Ne,Ch.
Dn.
17. ruU
nnil
9
9
m
9
^
9
MM.
i^ul
a
a
MM.
IS./oorf
fund
MM.
a
f
9
9
is)fn
^
fud
.....
M...
f
f
f
/
f>'uad
m
m
9
f
f
(/)'
19. law paw
PAA
PAAV
mg
9
9
g
M/
'f
'f
m
'f
20. floor
flAA
9
f
[ml a
.MM
w/
9
M.M
Aaa'v
m
m
a
MM.
m
M...
fldOB
.«.
MM.
g
^
...M
^
fl<km
....
/w
M.M
/
.«M
P
— K
MM.
M.M
MM.
MM.
MM.
P
— ^r
.M..
M.M
21. poor
PAA
«
/
H/
...M
M...
,,,,
MM.
pOnv
MM.
[B,]
MM.
M.M
M.M
p4i«
m
9
9
9
9
M...
MM.
puimB
M.M
[/]y
9
22. jmrv
pJAA
«
f
MM.
...M
,....
.....
MM.
pj^lAI
m
9
9
9
9
9
9
pjvimB
.MM
W
23. Mir^
shAA
$
f
/*
o m
a
MM.
M.M
shlfttB
$
9
m
BUft
m
^
9
8h(lUB&
M...
MM.
[/]
MM.
[.]
24. mor»
mAA
9
9
^
M.M
9
...M
M.M
moo
9
.....
MM.
•M..
m6o«
g
MM.
9
9
M...
^
m6oB
MM.
f
MM.
9
MM.
^
mAA'VR
MM.
MM.
•MM
9
25. morning
mAA —
y
9
MM.
9
M.M
M...
9
mAA' —
MM.
•—\
^
M.M
.....
M.M
mAAB—
M.M
.MM
«...
MM.
9
9
26. liafMv
dBEDS
m
/
m
«
dsiui
f
a
a
0/
MM.
7
daii8(?ai)
f
9
9
o^
(/7«
^
MM.
dffiiis
f
a
f
B^
«
m
27. hand
hBEnd
m
f
g
tf
hrad
f
a
f
O^
a
#
«
hffind
f
9
f
B^
0
«
m
hand
M.M
MM.
/
28. iaw him
8AA;tm
m
9
9
9
9
^
^
8AA-r-tm
'f
f
f
8AA-B-tm
M...
M.M
7
M...
29. drawing
i.
AA;iq
9^
9
9
9
9
9
AA-r-i<j
f
f
f
f
.....
[ 1675 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
244
THE SOUTH EASTERN.
[D17.
Ttpbs.
Y.
Co.
Mo.
F.
Dr.
Ma.
Ba.
30. Ada has
d«;hnz
9
e
9
^
MM.
MM.
o^
«-r-aB«
.^
e
.MM
e
/
/
Bg
B-B-IBZ
——*
MM.
MM.
.MM
MM*
•Am
MM.
31. idea of
a'idii«;oT
«.«
MM.
?
MM.
.MM
MM.
M.M
— ^B-r-OT
9
9
/
9
9
^
OB^
— B-B-OT
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM.
32. pearl*
pa>a)h
MM.
MM.
Qg
MM.
MM
MM.
MM.
P9h1z
.MM
MM.
MM.
..M.
MM.
MM.
•MM
33. /mw
foeoens
^
^
B m
y
^
9
u
34. — tfig
— iq
9
y
^
MM.
m
.MM
MM.
— tn
/
M.M
MM.
/
•MM
35. anything
— thtq
-thiqk
MM.
•MM
MM.
MM.
•MM
MM.
•MM
MM.
M.M
/
MM.
s
/
MM.
36. dog
dog
y
^9
o g
Qg
og
9
9
dAAg
/
^9
B «
^9
^9
f
dohg
MM.
MM.
•MM
37. H omitted
7
7
/
m
7
/
MM.
38. wh^
wh—
MM.
e
og
ag
m
MM.
MM.
w —
9
e
^9
^9
f
%
9
39. wet
W9t
M.M
f
MM.
•MM
MM.
f
.M.^
40. «
th,
MM.
M.M
MM.
MM.
MM.
•MM
41. tub
tab
■ ^,.j
M.M
MM*
M.M
MM.
MM.
42. water
oh
MM*
•MM
MM.
M.M
MM.
M.M
MM.
43. etar
SSB
MM
MM.
M.M
MM.
•MM
M.M
MM.
44. hoy
6i
MM.
. MM.
.MM
MM.
MM.
MM.
MM.
JVbtM to the above Table.
The numbers refer to the nviinben of the word types. The columns are,
when necessary, indicated by the initial letters at their head, tibe pronunciations
referred to are giren in palaeotype.
1 • pleaee, (plttz) was only heard from
a few children, and I think always in
singing, when it is much easier to take
(ji) than (ii)^ There was a line to say
that ee was (u) generally.
2. here, tnree sounds are entered, of
which (iin) seems the most popular,
though (iiv) is not unfrequent. In rs.
only (Si«) is acknowledged, but (u«) is
more frequent. The sound (fiaS lia],
which is giTen only in Ne. and Ch., is
well known as either an affected or
vulgar sound in London, as heeah ! for
here! from a "swell,** who has a
diflSculty with his r*s. The appearance
of reverted (b), if rightly obserred,
here and in 7, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26,
28, 30, 81, 82, is highly interesting,
[ 1676 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D17.]
THE SOUTH EASTERN.
245
Types.
T.
Bb.
s.
A.
W,Na.
Ne,Ch.
Du.
30. Ada has
dBjhez
«
^
m
9
^
m
M.M
»-r-aBZ
m
/
[i^]«
MM.
/
8
M.M
B-R-SBZ
~...
.M..
M...
.MM
.MM
MM.
MM.
31. idea of
a'idiiupT
/
?m
M...
#
e
8
9
— «-r-0T
y
8
9
8
{m)e
[,]«
Of
— »-B-OT
MM.
M«.
M.M
...M
M.M
MM.
M...
32. pearh
pa>a)h
/
^
/
MM.
8
MM.
MM.
p9Rl2
...»
MM.
M.M
MM.
MM.
8
m
33. /mw
foMBns
m
0
9
9
9
{9)*
GOT
34. — iV
— *q
m
m
9
9
9
, ^,
^
— in
/
8
f
f
M/
3^. anything
— thiq
-thiqk
36. dog
dog
i§:
7
7
MM.
'f
M/
7
8
9
m
^
9
^
m
dAAg
m
f
f
f
B m
MM.
dohg
„^
M.M
.MM
*
37. HomitUd
m
p7
F/
MM.
7
MM.
MM.
38. wA—
wh—
f
8
/•
/
{■Bg)e
^.5:
o^,B»n
w —
m
m
m
9
B 8
39. wtt
wat
MM.
..„.
M.M
M.M
MM.
MM.
MM.
40. «
th,
MM.
MM.
/
B«
B»/
/•
41. tub
tabta^b
MM.
MM.
MM.
/
MM.
MM.
M.M
42. ira<0r
oh
MM.
MM.
MM.
/
MM.
M.M
.M..
43. 8tar
ffi»
M.M
MM.
...M
/
MM.
MM.
M.M
44. boya
\>6iz
MM.
MM.
M.M
—
(/)
M.M
.MM
but is possibly due to some colonists
from our D. 4 or 11. See note on 24
JlooTf col. Dn.
3. •ymplicity with final y as (-i, -ii)
and not f-i). This was not tested by
Mr. McB. till he came to Br., and
there he found it very common in Br.,
S., A., W. and Na., Ne. and Ch.,
and Dn. His attention had been drawn
to it by two Englishmen as a colonial
peculiarity.
4. city. There is a schism among
English speakers as to the pron. of the
i, y in this word. My (tj) here is used
for a sound between (i, e), which I am
loth to identify exactly with {y)y the
equivalent of tne symbols Mr. M. Bell
and Mr. McBumey use. Hence the
observation on the great predominance
of (siti) is interesting.
5. new, tune, the pron. (nuu tuun),
which was found with comparative
rarity by Mr. McB., is very common in
London.
6. sau day includes all the words
usually having (ee) sounds, see p. 233,
and forms one of the chiefly ** cockney"
tests. No. 3, in Mr. McB.'s article, p.
238. The sound dven as (4et) in the
table may be, Mr. McB. says, (bb'i) or
[ 1677 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
246
THE SOUTH EAfiTTERN.
[D17.
probably (s't). In England certainly
the soiindB so vary. Mr. McB. also
gives from Ba. (diese'i grEB'v?) day
^raye, with (i), and in idl cases long
first elements. In England they are
heard with the first element quite short,
as(dB'i,dse't,d&U,d&i)a8shewninD. 16.
Mr. McB. says the (ee) is purer in New
Zealand, although the (6et, asee't, bb'*)
are still to be heard. In Napier Mr.
McB. did not notice any strong tendency
to make (ee) into (a!\V but two Scotcn
teachers there tola him that the
children used to be ?ery bad, reading
(dht a'ikAAu gra'uz an dht sta'itli a'uk;
the acorn grows on the stately oak.
7. dare^ on the (r] see 2.
8. die^ under Dn. ne notes o seem to
have more (&i), perhaps (&W), b (dai).
At Ba. the g m for (drfi) probably refer
to different classes. The (dat) of o
was frequently (dAA't) or (dlih'i), Mr.
McB. could not be sure which, but at
any rate more (A't) than (ki).
9. my might contrasts the treatment
of (a'i) in open and close syllables,
from which it appears that the latter
generally have the finer sound.
10. HO, and 11. toe. Mr. BcB.
considers that the forms (n&*w, t&^w)
which he wrote were xmcertain, and
that they may have been rather (&u) or
something else. In no, go, home as a
general rule it seems to be some form
of (a'u) ; but in 11. toe there was
generally a marked change, especially
with o.
12. tore. About final r see 2.
13. now town, this is another test
diphthong (a'u), see No. 6, in Mr.
McB.*s article, p. 238. The first
element in (6eM) may be rather (bb),
as in No. 6. sag dag. **In New
Zealand," says Mr. McB., "this
diphthong (a'u) was very varied. Tou
never could guess how the nert child
would pronoimce it, and (ae'u, dau,
frati, &>M, ese'w, eb'w, eeti) I think
were all to be heard, but not, or rarely,
(6ou, dhu), which I have heard from
Americans here [St. Francisco, Dec.
1887]. In New Zealand the (sfle'w,
£eu) were not so marked as in Australia.
They did not dwell on the first syllable
with a drawl, but went rather quickly
to the (m) . ' * [In reference to this drawl
Mr. McB. says: *'A youn^ intelligent
American, who had travelled a good
deal and walked 2000 miles through
Europe, etc., told me that no English-
man could pronounce the a of nastg
properly — laugh fast, etc.!!! He
pronounced it (nssse^sti) to the best of
my hearing, with a nasal (ee) well
drawn out . '" ] " The American [meaning
the St. Franciscan] (a'u) is totally
opposed to the colonial (6eu). I hear
(Maws, hdaus), and pernaps (hsese'us)
around me, but nothing like our
Australian Hibb'us). I am so far
utterly bewildered in my attempt to
analyse and localise American pron.
People from all parts of the States and
every nationality are here, and I feel
thoroughly in a foreign land. I have
a difficulty in understanding the people,
and they evidently in understanding
my simplest questions.'* On the east
siae of the continent in the States of
New York and Massachusetts the case
would have been different.
14. woman, and 15. pull, with (m^)*
I almost fear that Mr. McB. got his
notion of (uj from my Pronunciation
for Singers, where it is written [Ci]
in ^lossic and described as the result of
*' giving the tongue a mid-back position
and rounding the lips as for (u).''
This I have subsequently found to be
slightly in error, the tongue is still
high-back as for (u), and the lips are
placed as for (oo) . See the introduction
to the M. div., where it is fully con-
sidered. Hence I do not feel sure about
this vowel, and it may be (//,) rather
than (t#J. To find this peculiar tran-
sitional vowel (r/J in Australia is more
than could be expected, although
according to TH. it exists n. of the
s. 995m Ime 2 in the n. of Cb. Hu. and
Nf. in the E. div., but quite out of ken
of London.
16. jPM>/(pi»'uul)andl8./oo<;(f/uud).
Mr. McB. writes the soimd (os'u) with
(ob) short but accented, for wmch I
have substituted {0), which is the finer
form of {ass) . He says that it is common
in AustraUa, especially in the word
food (although not in afl 00 words), and
was very marked in a Paramatta school
(Sydney), but almost disappears in New
Zealana, and becomes replaced bjr (fwd)
or (fudj. This shortened form is not
unfamiliar to me in London. The
longer form (/uu) I suspect to be one
of the forms of my (a'u) discussed in
the introduction to M. div., which
seems to have generated the Nf. (y,).
In its mildest form I hear it not
unfrequently in London, especially in
the words too, afternoon, wnere it is
apt to generate (iu). At Ba. Mr.
[ 1678 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D17.]
THE SOUTH EASTERN.
247
McB. notes (f^ud) singing in a large
coUectiye class. The sound is always
difficult to analyse and necessarily
unstable.
17. rule (rs'ul), and hence one of the
forms of (a'uj in place of (iu). The
form is remarlcable, and does not occur
very widely. I do not know it in
England, but (riuul) is common.
18. foodf see note on 16.
19. paWf the only thing to be noted
is the form (paa'b), which immediately
suggests, peniaps occasions, a euphonic
(r) as in 29. drawing,
20. JkxMTy here we have both (Aaa,
Aaa'b), where instead of («) having
been developed from the (aa), the latter
was obtained by throwing off an (b),
which replaced an (r), probably through
(a), which still occurs ooc. At Dn.
Mr. McB. notes ** final r throughout
(a, r, «), each from several speakers.*'
We have similar cases in Nos. 21, 22,
23, 24.
21. p<wr, the pKiron. (paa) is known
in London. The title of Mr. Bumand's
burle9()ue • of (pAA :klAA'dtBn), poor
Claudian, written paw Claudiatty was,
however, little understood, and had to
be explained in the newspapers.
24. tnorgf 25. morning. Mr. McB.
says ** final (r) or (b) is common,
especially in Dn., and the difference
between mwre and mom^ oar and aur
and aUy is quite distinct, while they are
almost indistinguishable in Australia
and Tasmania. In Ne. district final
(n) was very marked with a peculiar
vowel preceding, perhaps « m /«r,
pearl, I have heard it before from
Birmingham and elsewhere.*' This
may have been merely (b) as modified
by the following (b).
26. dance, 27. hand, both (b) and
(as) were frequently nasalised in the
colonies, as (ds^ns ds ns, hB^nd hse^nd),
but the two words belong to entirely
different categories, dance is French
and hand Ws., though the (n) has
affected both alike.
28 to 31 are cases of inserted
euphonic (r) which may be (b), the
insertion of (r, r J is regular at many
places in the E. div. and often heard
in London.
32. pearh, 33. feme, Mr. McB.
has apparently appreciated the two
vowels differently, but they may be
only two different attempts to figure
the same vowel. Probaoly I should
have written (poelz feenz) or (poBlz,
fennz) as he writes for the first at Ne.
and Dn.
34. 'ing, and 35. anything, Mr.
McB. did not hear (-»n, -thtqk) him-
self, but took it on trust from the
teachers in Ba., who gave both as used
by several.
36. dog, 42. water, the writing
(dohg) is rather an uncertain attempt
to symbolise the sound heard. Mr.
McB. calls it ''an open o in hot dog,
and sometimes also m water — like the
Irish and American.** He thinks it
must be (oh), and says ''it is quite a
marked difference. * * It approaches (a) ,
and he was about to write it (&^) at
first.
37. H omitted, as he heard in sing-
ing God save the Queen at Ba., " on *^
be pleased to pour.**
39. wet, written in the table [e + u]
glossic. But Mr. McB. says : "In
some cases it seemed to lie between (e,
a), perhaps (waH), at another between
(e, a), perhaps (wet), as his ' Scotch
ear,* '* ne says, " inclines, perhaps, to
the broad (a) for (e).** But I Know
no such English sound for wet,
40. « (th,), Mr. McB. says : "A
peculiarity in the « struck me frequently
in New Zealand, which I write «* but
without certainty. The natives have
no 8, and they also produce frequently
a strange » more approaching fsh), while
the other «* approaches (th).*^ I have
therefore written (th ), the symbol for
the Spanish z, which becomes (s) in
Spanish America. He goes on to say,
"The Maori o is, I think, in reality (o).
The ^ = (,t) or (,,t) generally, although
some districts have the English (t).
wh was at times decidedly m, and at
times, I think, a lip -/** = (ph).
Although, as he says, this is not
English dialect, it is worth preserving.
41. tub, " The u of tub struck me
as very open, almost (a|, in a large area
of New Zealand, probaoly (a*), as (ra>b
B da^b), rub a dub.** The Germans find
our u m tub the nearest approach to
their a in mann (man), and so, possibly,
they hit this sound in saying tub,
42. water) see note on 36.
43. star, " A strange (a) was to
be heard in Auckland. The boys caU-
ing the Evening Star shouted out
ata , , , , perhaps (steetes). It had a
strange effect.*^
44. boy, voice, " oy most unfor-
tunately escaped my notice, I know not
how, but I nave not heitrd anything
[ 1679 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
248 THE SOUTH AND NORTH KASTERN. [D 17, 18.
peculiar except in rare cases. Two y^oistz), boys' Toicee. I have noticed
teachers (Scotch) in Na. said it was {6oi) but rarely.*'
habitually pronounced [ooi), as (b<^z
This examination, conducted entirely by one man over such a
large range of country, is entirely unprecedented, and furnishes the
first trustworthy account that has been rendered of Australasian
English. Mr. McBumey is a Glasgow man, but his parents
belonged to Dumfries and Edinburgh ; he lived in the Isle of Man
for some years, and on his voyage to Australia studied Mr. Melville
Bell's Visible Speech, and, subsequently, my Pronunciation for
SingerSf adopting my glossic-writing in his reports, as most con-
venient for writing and pointing. This phonetic training was, of
course, indispensable, and adds much weight to his testimony. I
feel under great obligations to Mr. McBumey for his kindness in
enabling me thus unexpectedly to complete my account of South-
Eastem pronunciation.
D 18 = NE.= North Eastern, so called in opposition
to D 17 = SE.
Boundaries. Begin at the sw. angle of Rt., near Rockingham,
Kp. Go ene. across Np. s. of King's Cliffe to the nw. angle of
Hu., near Wansford, Np. Pass along the b. of Hu. to Peter-
borough (in the map, the line has been accidentally drawn a little
B. of this border). Go all round Cb. to the ne. angle of Np., then
proceed along the n. b. of Np. to the entrance of the inlet of Li.
containing Stamford. Cut across that inlet to the opposite point of
Rt., and then pass round Rt. to the starting-point.
Area, The whole of Cb. and Rt., ne. Np., and the Stamford
inlet of Li.
Authorities, — See Alphabetical County List under the following namee, where *
means w. per AJE., tier TH., Q in systematic spelling, ** in io.
Cb. ♦general (Mr. Perkins, Prof. Skeat), tCambndge, t^Chatteris, fEly,
"Haddenham, ^tMarch, tSawston, tShelford, **Soham, fWhittlesford, fWil-
lingham, ^fWisbech, ♦°Wood Ditton.
Xt. t Stamford.
Np, fAilesworth, t Castor, tEye, fPeakirk, ♦fPeterborongh, t Rockingham,
fWakerley, fWerrington, fWryde.
Bt, * Cottesmore (: kotjm6oti) , ^Empingham, ♦ Oakham, ® Stretton, ® Uppingham,
^'Whitwell.
Character, It is curious that Cb. differs from Hu., especially in
the A- words, which are no longer (6i) as a rule, though of course
there are exceptions near the b. of Hu., Bd., Ht., and Es., but are
simple {ee)y and this is also frequently the case for the JEG, EG
words, though these more frequently admit of (ee'«)> or some such
form. This astonished me very much when I first became aware of
it, but it is an evident approximation to Nf. and Sf., across both of
which Cb. lies.^ The A' words have also (oo) rather than (da, 6ou).
* It is, howeyer, not quite miiform. (dB*^!) day, at Ely (strE'tt, nl6ts, wei,
TH. noted at Willingham (8 n.Cam- m^, ffy kj6iz) straight, place, way,
bridge), (ds'^t rs'^in, t6ib*l ms'^BstB) made, letter A, because, and at Cam-
day rain table master, at Wisbech bridge (Btnt) is-not P
[ 1680 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
J) 18.] THE NORTH EASTERN. 249
The TJ' words take the general E. form (b'u) or thereabouts. The
U, however, changes, for the n. »um line 1 runs across the n. part
of Cb. in a straight line from Sawtry, Hu. (9 nnw.Huntingdon), to
just n. of Ramsey, Hu., and s. of March, Cb. (12 nnw.Ely), and
then, turning suddenly^ northwards, passes just w. of Wisbech and
proceeds to the ne. pomt of Cb., whence it pursues the b. of Nf. to
the sea. All n. of this line is therefore in the tddm region. But
the s. 9ddm line passes from Hu., goes s. of Bamsey, Hu., and
passes between Chatteris (9 nw.Ely) and Ely, then passing ne. to
Downham Market, Nf. (6 s.Eing's Lynn). The intervening part
of Cb. is therefore in the mixed region, so that s. of the s. sddm
line we have pure (o, a), in the mixed region (o, a, «q, o) and
other intermediate forms, and in the n. part pure {%)', But this
seems to have no effect upon the rest of the dialect.
Remembering this, I was struck by the great resemblance of Rt.
to Cb. pron. There are the same A- (w). A' (<w), I' (dt, a'i ), the
same TJ' (s't^). On the extreme of Rt. I noticed a slight tinge of
M. in the use of (sh^) for (shii), as I had found in E. Haddon,
Kp., D 16, p. 213). This satisfied me that the portion of Np.
intervening between Cb. and Rt. must present the same peculiarities.
But my information from this region was far too scanty for me to
judge till TH. at Easter, 1886, took a rapid phonetic survey of
the country, and finding there the Rt. characters, I included it
in D 18.
Cb. has many usages like those of the adjacent Nf . and Sf., such
as * together' as an address to several persons; 'come to mine,'
that is, my house, * he do ' for he does. Also the words ' to do '
are frequently (t(u d(u), which is half-way to (t(yi d(yi), which
will be considered in D 19. These do not appear to occur in ne,
Np. and Rt. Hence we must distinguish three varieties, Yar. i.
Cb., Var. ii. ne.Np., Var. iii. Rt.
YaB. i. Mid r!AirR-Rmft-B«irTTHt dt.
pal. in 1879 by AJE. from the diet, of Ifr. John Perkins, of Downing College,
Cambridge, who was very familiar with the peasant speech, but he could
assign no particular localify.
1. 600 di SE, meets, nfu ai ns'u dhst di)m rdit vh^ut dhast Ift'l
gsel kaontn frem dhti skuul ht ndti.
2. 8hi)z «)go*tn ds'im dh« rood dh^«, thriu dh« red gsfvt on dh«
left hand adtd B)dh« wee.
3. shUiVT sno'f dhB i^dild)z gin street ap to dh« do'vr B)dh« roq
hs'tfs,
4. w^ 8hi)l bi sh^B ts idind dhset def wtz'nd f61« ti)dhB neem «
:tom9s, dhaBt)s olas t^tt qz b dram.
5. we aaI noo tm vErQi wbI.
6. woont dhi 6«d t^p suun tiit^ [laan] « not tB duu tt [diu)t]
sgE-n.
7. Itfk ! emt tt truu.
[ 1681 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
250 THE NORTH BA8TERK« [D 18«
NoUi to m. Cambridfftthirs dt.
1. «0, noted as nstial pron. — mate$, certain. Mr. P. ga?e (shrtmps artmpa,
no Tanish noted here or in other cases. ram srab, shruu ms'ifB, snigd) shrimps,
— yonder, the aspirate is not nsoally rum shrub, shrew mouse, shrugged. —
dropped, but often wrongly inserted. that is always tight as a drum, the
3. child, pi. (tpldim). people object to the word drunk,
4. wizened, the word shrivelled not 6. teach, * learn ' is much more
in use, the use of (shr-) seemed un- usual.
8.Cb., Sawstoit (6 sse.Cambridge), dt.
pal. in 1879 by TH. from the diet, of Mr. John Mullett, natiye, 18, and 8 years
latterly in Nt., son of the foreman to a paper mill.
1. nku di Bee, meetiz, jvfu si di wvTq rdit vbaiit dhat UVl gjal
vka'intn frBm Jon skuul.
2. Bhi)z Qgu'fh ddtfn dhv rood dli6« thruu dhat rsd gjM v)dhB
Mt and s^id.
3. wdi dhti tj0tld)z gon strs'tt to^dhv ddB B)dh« roq iua^
4. WEfv sht )1 prapa fdtnd dhat oud draqk'n dsf laqk» t^p «y)«
:t9mtiz.
5. ju aaI noo)im wbI tmd'f.
6. dnt dh)6«d t^ap suun tiit^)«r not tB du)tt BgJE'n, pdo th»q.
7. Hk JB ! ft)8 rdtt, jb eii.
Notes to SawstoH dt.
1. now, the diphthong (ku) is rery 5. road, obsenre the absence of
doubtful. It most probably should be Tanish.
{e'u) as in the surrounding districts. — 6. won't, the absence of (w^ is
say, no yanish written. — that, the (a) noticeable. — old, the absence of (1) is
for (8b) is doubtful, and may have bcNBU suspicions,
a slip here and elsewhere.
se.Cs., Wood Dirroir (3 sse.Newmarket, 13 e.Cambridge, on the
b. of Sf.), dt.
pal. in 1879 by AJ£. from diet, of Miss Walker, natiye, daughter of the
then yicar.
1. Jisfu aV diu see, toge'dhv, J9'ti sii nxfn aH bi rA'tt vibEfut dhset
6&B lit*l gEl [mAdhti] kEmvn fran dhset 6eB skiiU [dhB skiul Jandv,
hind©].
2. shi bi gootn ds'tm dhv rod dh6B, thriu dh« red gdtt on dhv
left haen sA'id s)dhB rod.
3. shiuB vnvfu dhset 1^'f ld)z [dhv Itt'l Bn)z] gbn strA'tt [rA't't]
ap tB dhB d&B B)dhB roq hE'ws,
4. wIb shi)! hsep'n fA'tnd dhaet draqk'n dtf wfz'nd fslB, B)dhB
neBm b itxmos.
5. wi aaI noo Bm weI BnE'u [weTqI weI].
6. oont dhB ool t^p siun teetj [laan] shi not tB diu dhet Bgi-n,
poB thiq !
7. Ittk, tBge-dhB, beent it triu.
[ 1682 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 18.] THB NORTH EASTERN. 251
Note$ to Wood DitUm dt.
1. now I say, (soo) as it is called ihor, they say (pa'wB, fs'uQ) pour,
would not be used here, they (si(!i a four.
drsB vn 960U dhn kjro'n) they sew a 4. Ao^m, used for * it may happen,*
dress and sow the com,— together y the perhaps.— :/Sm^, the (A't) was dictated
regular address in Cb. to more than clearly throughout, (« SA'tt « piip*l)
one, (meets) is also used.-—/ ^, *I a sight, great number, of people. —
am* IS also used, Hhou* is not in nam^, also pronounced (na)fe'tm). The
use. — i^rlf mauthtr, the latter word alternative forms (gd«t ga'it, ndvm
imported from Sf., wench is not used. nsese'tm) recall the succession of (e't) to
— that there school is the usual phrase. (^) observed in Ht. (p. 196 et).
2. roadf with a short vowel certainly, 6. verytoell^ given as an alternative,
but doubtful if (o) or (0). — gate clearly is the only example of (w) for (v) I
dictated as (s&tt), possibly due to have foima in Cb., and it may be like
adjacent Sf ., out (gevt) is also used. mawther^ an importation from Sf .
— of the road Of (web) way. 6. teach the for her is a suspicious
3. enow, * enough * is never used. — S. form.
Miss Walker also dictated the following sentences and words :
1. (hindB hit b ds'w), yonder is a dove.
2. (we'b tijdu f) goo'in tiu, bo ?), where are you going to, bo ? [lad,
man, a Sf. word].
3. (aV hi glad tiu sii shii), I be glad to see she.
4. (hEM shi diu grA*h), how she do grow, with an amount of wind
following, like a guttural.
5. (diu ja'ti goo vwee*, doont tekt soo ffuultsh), do you go away,
don*t act so foolish.
6. (8hi)z dhcet bfled), she is so ill.
7. (tB kop), to throw, (miz'n, miis), mice, the latter rare, (peez 'n
beenz), peas and beans, (tamBts), turnips, (woz'l), wurzel,
(f jst, bast), first, burst, (kidjd), only convalescent, in Nf.
brisk.
n.CB., March (12 nnw.Ely), dt.
by the Rev. J. W. Green, Rector, paL by AJE. from his notes ; the words in
[ ] were marked rp. and are retained in ordinary spelling, as the exact
pron. intended could not be assigned.
1. [so I say, mates,] jo'w [see now that I am] rQciit [about that
little J g«l komtn fr^Bm [thej skiul jtndBrQ.
2. shi biz goo-m^down the] T6<md dhaar^ [through the red gate
on the left] haend [side of the way],
3. [surej Bn(u [the] t^tld hez [gone] strait «p tiu [the] ddoBT^
[of the] r^aqg [house].
4. waar^ shi)! t^n^ [to find that] ^dr^aqVu [deaf] ^droiz'nd felB
[of the name of Thomas].
5. [we all] noo [him] vflerQi [well].
6. uunt [the old chap soon teach her not] tiu diu [it] gin, pdoBr^
th»q!
7. lok, iint[it]triu?
[ 1683 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
252
THE NORTH BASTBRN.
[D18.
ybtst to March dt.
1. yoii, rh. now. — ripht, "the tip of
the tongue is merely raised,*' this
must be (rj in all cases before a
Towely otherwise it is probably omitted;
hence as the Rector always wrote the r,
I haye inserted (rj always. — eoming^
** first syllable as in Aum, second
sounded in." — tehool^ * * pronounced
tkewl as in aketoer.** — yondtr " yin is
the word used, and yinder.^*
2. She iSf **bo is mostly used, she
heeey — yoing^ ** a is prefixed when the
first person is used before it, as Vm
a goinJ*^ — road **roh-ud." — there,
rh. tar,
3. enough^ ''one form enew always
used.*' — childy "the yowel *i* has a
diphthongal sound as if W 'cheild.*'*
I have taken the {di) from TH.'s
obsenrations at March. — Am, ' hez ' as
in * fei,* 'have * as in * heay-en.' ** —
straight, " 0i as in the Greek diphthong
oi,** as pronounced in England. — up,
' * yowel as in /« W.* ' Mr. Green marked
the following words as haying u in dull
(o), us husband dust loye doye aboye
hunger tongue sun under but butter up
cup jump gun tumble thunder, and
with « in fml (w) bullock full. Thus
he niye up differently in the list and
the dt.— /o "as in tew^ — door "as in
oary — wrong "sounded with double
gg, and the yowel as in rung.** — house,
"and home are not commonly used,
the pronoun ours, yours, mine, bemg
commonly employed alone, as ' come to
mine,* instead of ' my house.* **
4. where, "A not pronounced, the
yowel sounded as in far.** — she'll, " if
emphatic sounded as wul** (wel).
— ehanee, pr. ehaneh. — drunken, **dr
sounded with the tongue against the
teeth, N as in sunk ; ** this dental dr
mustapparently bean error.— tfAriW^/^
"the word used is dritzend; shr is
sounded in words of that beginning.*'
5. know, * we know' is the form used,
yowel as in over. — verv, "like Harry,**
this is a Very remarkable form.
6. teach, ** learn, used instead of
teach, is pronounced lam** (lar^n, laan).
^poor, "as in oar.** — thing, "some-
times k instead of g, and sometimes g
dropped, sotnethin, any think.**
7. look "as in luck."— mw'^ "as
Sent:*— true "as treuw.**
The treatment of U from the account
of the Rector (except in the word up in
the dt.) appeared to be the same as in
rs. But TH. on yisits made with the
express purpose of yerifying this point
in 1881 and 1882, found generally (mJ
for short u and short o treated as u,
as in tumble stumble thunder gun up
sun jump pump cup tub jug mutton
some son crumM couple another colour
supper other sum duck brother (mu^uB]
[mustn't] honey monkey trumpet plimder
run stomach. Once he got (o) in each
of the words ttnnble, ctip, colour,
others, and once a yowel between
(Mq) o) in onion (%^xni). Hence I
haye placed March on the n. sum line
1 itself.
With regard to other sounds TH.
found at, ay m (m) in way day say, with
no yanish.
i, y longe:(4») in die while time
behind.
0 long, 0-0, oto generally {oo) without
yanish.
ou and oto generally (b'u), sometimes
fe'u), and sometimes an intermediate
diphthong.
ne.Cs., Wisbech, owl.
Herbert J. Little, Esq., of Wisbech (:w»zbitj), kindly filled up
one of my old wl. • He marked by far the majority of the words as
having rp., and only those which follow had any indication of a
dialectal change, except such minor points as to for tvh, g and h
omitted in ynaw, ^ow, ^ead, etc., which are not distinctive.
These now follow in the order of the cwL
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A- 14 drAA+r [before a following yowell. 38 r^^dhv. 36thoo. A: 47
wandB. 54 want. A': 102 eeks. 105 rtd. 115 ham. 118 ben. 123
nathiq [? ua-]. 124 sten. 133 rit. .ffi- 144 «gt-n. M\ 166 thaek.
173 WAA. 118 peed. M'l 218 shtp. £- 233 sp<»k. 236 ieen. 248
maa. £: 265 strait. 270 belsz. 272 elm. 273 mtn. E': 306 ha'tth.
[ 1684 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D18.]
THE NORTH EASTERN.
253
314 hivd. 316 neks. £A- 319 gaap. EA: 323 foot. 324 a'it.
EA': 356 diif. 366 gret. 370 ri« [wntten rear], £0- 386 ja'u. EO:
389 jelk. 396 W9k. 397 sClvd. 400 Ernest. 402 laan. 406 ^h [written
airth]. 407 faad'n. £0': 434 bet. I- 441 stv. 442 a'ivmrt rwritten
ivory], 0: 537 ma'uld. U- [whore rp. was eepecially marked, tne word
is given in Italics in ordinary spellin^J. 600 love [a very slight approximation of
the oto {u)f scarcely perceptible ; this expression must refer to one of the soimds
intermediate to (a, u)j. 603 come [yeij slight approximation to (m)]. 605 son
[rp.]. 607 butter [rp.]. U: fwhere rp. was especially marked, the word is
given in Italics in ordinary spelling J. 608 ufffy [very slight approximation to {u)^
612 some [very slight approximation to (m)]. 618 wa'und. 625 tongue [
626 hunger [u approximates slightly to (w), not (hnuqgB)]. 629 sun ~
approximation to (m)]. 630 won [slight approximation to (u)]. 631 Thursday
[rp.]. 632Mp[rp.]. 633«#prrp." ^^' '
dust [rp.]. y- 653 but [rp.l
wora IS
to Ml.
9 [rp.].
[sl^tt
635wath. 636 fsdv. 637 tash tosh. 639
U': 662 «* [rp.]. 666 husband [the
N approaches (m) sometimes]. " " Y: 684 brig. 685" rig. 688 biuld [written
beuid], 696 both. 697 biuri [written bewry], 700 was. 701 fast.
n. English.
0. 767 na'iz. 769 mal.
790 ga'und. U. 808 put [rp.].
m. KOMAKCE.
E- 892 new. I- and Y - 910 dja'ist. 0- 916 tqjro [written
ingyon"]. 919 a'intmvnt. 920 pa'int. 923 ma'ist. 924 tja'is. 925 ya'is.
926 spa'il. 947 ba'il. U- 965 a'il. 968 a'istv.
Usages, I am, I are, we yon they are, I be, I is [this most be imported], they
is, he do, he Uto there, I am a-going.
Note to Wisbech cwL
Ifr. Little says : <' In a district like
this, with very little dialect proper,
one has to consider whether incuyidual
pecnliarities are not often due to some
connection with either Norfolk or
Lincolnshiro, which approach so very
closely, and which have distinct modes
of speech. I was much influenced by
this consideration. I therefore dweUed
(mentally) as much as possible on the
speech of a typical labourer or two of
my acquaintance, rather than marked
the numerous peculiarities of those who,
in my opinion, or to my knowledge,
had Dorrowed accidentally from our
neighbours.*' Mr. Little, however,
kindly went once more over the words
which have (w, a) in rs., and the result
is given under U- U: U'- U': . Here
he frequently recognises a tendency of
(a) to pass, more or less, generaUy
sbghtly into (u) and the consequent
occ. generation of (o), see No. 637
tusk. This is the distinctive mark of
the mixed area, in which therefore
Wisbech is situate, the n. sum line
passing just above it. TH., who visited
Wisbech in 1882, must have fallen in
chiefly with those who in Mr. Little's
opinion were affected by neighbouring
li. and Nf., both of which have (uj,
Wisbech being wedged between them,
so that it could scarcely keep an (a)
in the younger generation. Thus from
a boy of 13, a native, TH. heard (eij
in lump [with at one time a blending
of (o, a)], pump, cup, tub, jur, tumble,
mutton, sun, son, duck, crumbs ; but in
some he heard a mixture of {u^y a) and
in colour a mixture of (o, aj whUe in
couple the sound was completely (o).
From a man of 39, a native, he heard
(Mq) in jump, cup, mutton, some, sun,
son, duck, couple, crumb, but a mixture
of (Wq, o) in tumble, and complete {o)
in pump, tub, jug, colour. Tue
phenomenon was almost the same at
Chatteris, which is 15 sew. Wisbech,
and hence not exposed to the Id.
action, and is 9 m. from the Nf. b.
Here TH. from a native, aroadman of 73,
noted (mJ in nothing, tub, some, crush,
wonderful ; but also (a) in nothing,
just, a mixture of (tf^t ^) ^ jump, cup,
and of (o, a) in crumble, crumbs,
crumbly, but pure (o) in juff, tumble,
mutton, gruffer, couple, colour, sun,
son, scholar, and so on from others,
shewing that Chatteris is in the mixed
region, but just at the limit of (mJ.
[ 1685 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
254 THE KORTH EASTERN. [D 18.
Mr. Little says that " the fen country generally is the home of
pure speech, hy which I mean, of language hut little differing from
the ordinary literary English." It is an opinion held hy many that
'^ receiyed speech is pure, and dialectal speech impure," forgetting
that received speech has heen highly "doctored" in the course <rf
ages from some form of dialectal hereditary speech, and hence is
really the impurest possihle form of speech. Eeceived English,
however, prohahly descended from E. speech, especially the inland
variety, and that would account for the marked resemhlance hetween
the two.
Vae. ii., ne.NoRTHAMPTON cwl. containing :
Pt Peterborough, wn. by TH. at Peterborough and Werrington in 1881-2,
Pe those obeenred by AJE. from Miss Fumess, student at Whitelands,
and the following wn. by TH. at Easter, 1886.
A Aileswortb (6 W.Peterborough).
C Castor (4i w.P.).
E Eye (3 ne.P.).
P Peakirk (6J n-by-w.P.).
R Rockingbam (8 n.Ketterine).
8 Stamford, Ii., from a Rutland man.
Wak Wakerley (16 w.P.).
Wer Werrington (3i nnw.P.).
"Wr Wryde, in pansh of Thomey, Cb. (9 ene.P.).
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A- 3 PWr b«fk. 8 ARE by. 18 P ki<vk. 20 PPe ]eem (with no
Tanish). 21 WakEPWrS luem. A: or 0: 68 A thram. 60 AWerP iK^^q.
64 ARWr roq, WakEWerS rw^q, R niq, EP roq. A'- 69 WakREP noo.
74 C tifu tuu, R tuu. 76 Pe tood. 81 WakR 1«cti. 82 A wu^. 86 Wer
oots, AEPWr 0ts, CE 6«ts. 92 E nooz. 93 AWak snoo, P sn^u. A': 104
AWak rood. 116 CP dwm, AWakREWerWr oom, Pt ^m, CPt 6«m, P 6ium.
117 C WA'n. 118 Wak boon. 122 WakREP no. 124 WakP stoon.
-E- 138 AWakREWerPWr faadhi. 142 APWakE 8n«fl. 162 ARE
WAAt«. M: 162 CA dei, AWakREWerP 6m, 172 Wak grss, RE gras.
181 Wak pad. -E'- 197 CAEPWr tpiz. 200 CREPWr wit, AEP wiit.
-E': 209 WakPE niv*. 223 CWakREP dh^B. 224 REP wl«4.r, E w^
we'«.
E- 233 CTWakREWerP sp^, A spA, RP spiik. 241 C r^n, AR teen. 243
8 pl«?-in. E: 261 A srf, WakREP see, R sii, E see. 262 WakREWerPWr
vreey E wee. 263 P vwee, 8 «w6i. 278 A wmtjOT. E'- 290 AREPWr i.
292 R mti. 299 WakREWerPWr griin. E': 314 A e'lird, E » ird,
WakREP i«d, R eod.
EA: 322 WakREPPtWr Hif . 324 EP n'tt. 826 WakREP 6fild. 828 Wer
k6ttld. 336Aaa1. 338AkAAlin. EA'- 347 AWakEPWr fed, R M, Pt. ltd.
EA': 361 AWakEWer biin. 366 WakPWr groft, E grst. EO: 394 C
J3nd«, Wer jond«, AEWak jendi. 396 ARWerP jk^q. 402 Wak la['Lmi,n,
REP laon, E Wer laan. EO'- 411 C thrii. 412 R shi, EPWr shi. EO':
428 A sii. 437 Wak triuth, PWr tr»>th. EY- 438 RE d£i, WakWer
[between] dx^i drfi, P dx^i drfi.
I: 468 WakREWerP ndii, Wr no'tt. 466 WakES si^. I'- — [name
of the letter] A di, Pe a'i. 494 P U'^tm, WakEPWr t^tm. I': 600 AWakE
latk.
0: — Pe srw^b [shrub, shr- neyer used]. 631 CAREWerPWr dAAt».
0'- 666 AEP sbuu. 669 PE mAdh«, A [between] nudhB modhv, E modh«,
Pt modhB, Wr modhu. 662 WakREWerPWr muun. 664 P suun. 668 AR
[ 1686 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D18.] THE NORTH EASTBRN. 255
bm^dhB. 0': 679 WakE muj, Pe raid. 687 WakREP din, Wr di^n.
688 WakREWerPWr nnim.
U- 606 WakREWerPS Bu^n. 606 AWakREWerP A5ti+r. 607 R bu te.
U: — P Ujoih'l [tumble]. 629 Wer sm^ii. 632 AWakRPS uj^. 633 Wr
kMjp. U'- 641 Ab^m, Vre'f*. 643 AE iuIk. 660 S «bdi#t. U': 668
R dann, E d&im, P diB^nn. 669 E iktm, P tiB^im, Wr [between] ts'tm
td'im. 663 AWak e'us, WakWerWr [between] b'vs, b'ms, RE &m, P nit^tm
[A i^itt'n, Wak 9'«8*n].
Y- 678 WakE muj^. T: 712 AWak mats.
n. IhfOLiBH.
l.andY, 768 Pe gjel [Hias F. had not heard toeneh']. 0. 791 ARE
b6i, WakP b6». U. 794 Pt d^u^. 803 Pt d^w^p.
m. BOXAKCB.
A.. 810 A fas. 866 Pe p60B. l-^andY" 901 AE fain. 0*.
— CAPWr Ui [beef]. 947 AR b6»I, Wak b6il. V .. 966 A 6il.
Vab. iii., EuTLAim.
The short u as dictated to me in En. seemed to be rather (u^)
than (f*o), due perhaps to the neighbouring Li., but as a com-
promise I have used only (tt). Bu. is quite distinct from adjoining
Le., where according to TH. {%) prevails. See Introduction to
M. diy.
GoTTBSHORE, Et. (4 nue.Oakham), dt.
pal. by AJE. £rom diet, of Mr. T. E. Cattell, native, who resided there till 14,
but had been absent 14 years, and was then teacher at St. MarVs Coll., Chelsea.
The r was not particularly observed.
1. 800 a!% see, btfttz, jb 86« na'u dhst A!i)m TA!it leiba'ut dhat Itt'l
gsl kfimBn from Jon [jEn] skliuul.
2. sh6«)z go"Bn da^tm dh« rood dheB thruu dhv rsd geet on dhB
Isft and SA'»d «)dhii wee.
3. shliiivr vmd dhB t|A'tld «z gon street up ts diro d^iBr B)dhB
roqac'tis,
4. wIb sh^')l t^^ns to f^'in dhat drwiqk'n dsf sriVld IeIb «)dhB
neem b : tomtro.
5. wi aaI noo im wsnf weI.
6. wuunt dhB ool t^p siiuun tiii^ b not to duu it vgrn [agE*n],
pdB thtqk!
7. luuky eent ft truu.
MUs to Cottetmore dt.
1. «o, «ay without Tamsh ; whether par. 4 (shii) wrs also given.— 0fi rather
(see) or {Bee) was said is not absolutely (on) than (on).
certain, but I have generally marked 3. enough^ * enow ' is not used.
lee), and so I retain it in preference to 4. ehrivelied, the word is conunon,
lee)f as there was no trace of a following and so is (wtz*nd) wizened,
m. — tee, both (s6i, sii) seem to be used, 6. knowy occ. knowe, — very, inclined
the (s^) is of course a M. encroach- to (wnrt), but not very certain, (witUz)
ment. — girl, (wsntj) wench is used victuals is the only instance of (w)
af ectionatelv. for (v) quite certain.
2. ihe, (sn^i) was heard here, but in
[ 1687 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
256 THB KORTH EA8TBRN. p 18.
Oakhak, Rt., dt.
pal. by AJE. from the writing of Mias Eemm, native, teacher at Whitelands,
assisted by her wl. which had been corrected from diet.
1. 600 di s^ei, meets, jn sii nafu dhBt di)m rdit libs'at dhat-eB
h't'l gEl, ki^mm thrtfm dli« skuol.
2. 8hii)z)«go*m daftm dhv rood dhev, thrfa dhB rsd g4eit on dhs
Isft and Bdid «v d]^ w6et.
3. shhvT vntdf dhv t|dtld iz gon strEt up ts dhB doBr bv dhB
rtiq x'uB.
4. wiB Bhi)l i^aansh tB idind dhat driiink'n diif [def] anVld Mbt
BY dhB neem bt :tom9s.
5. wi hAAl [ovil] noo)im vee» weI.
6. wnunt dhB hoold t^p sunn laan)B not ts dun it Bge*n, poB
thtq !
7. luuk ! eent)it trfu ?
ybtet from Miu Kemm,
R as Miss K. pron. was when initial Many is called (m^it) by old and
a decided (r), when final it was untrilled antiquated people,
and mostiy like the Towel (b) as in cl^ Gl initid become (ti, dl).
London. Old, well-educated peeople say (fift
The cwl. is made up from Miss K.*s stkst M ndini) flftn sixth eighth
observations on old people, especially ninth,
shepherds, which she had obeerved from Koiae is used for sound,
childhood. Proud is expressed by {di to lofti)
H. is generally omitted in the right hidbi and lofty,
and inserted in the wrong place, the Thoufh ointment is not used, they
latter especially when the speaker is speak of (« nx'tnted raasksl) a 'nointed
emphatic and slow, and is anxious to rascal, one who has been well thrashed,
speak well, as (hoT koos) of course. To addle^ earn, is not common, but
Irregular (strong) verbs are often has been heard,
made regular (weak). %* I cannot be sure of my notes for
Th and F axe not confused, we have (^, ee), as they were not distinctiy
neither (throks) frocks, nor (fts'lz) separated, and hence have generally
thisties [but observe (thnon) from, used (ee) even when perhaps (m) or
par. i]. (m) was said.
RUTLANI) cwl.
C Cottesmore (rkotjmdn) wl. pal. by AJE. from diet, of Mr. T. E. Cattdl in
1882, as above.
0 Oakham (luukvm) wl. pal. in 1877 by AJE. from diet, of Miss A. Kemm, as
above. This is town pron., and in some respects refined. Miss K. says :
<* The provincialisms are not glaring, thev consist chiefly in the use of old
Saxon words, and the peculiar sound of u'^ as (u). Oaknam was celebrated
for its holm-oaks, as at Ashwell (3 n. Oakham) there are beautiful ash-trees.
S Stretton, as given by the then Rector, Rev. E. Bradley (* Cuthbert Bede *).
I. "Wessex Ain) NoBSE.
A- 3 0 btf^k. 4 C tEk. 6 CO msk. 6 0 m«fd. 7 0 se«k. 8 CO bv.
9 C bi;Ev, bi/eev. 10 0 6b. 12 0 B6«-<-r. 13 0 nSB+r. 14 0 dr6«+r.
17 0 loB-l-r [sometimes]. 18 0 keek. 20 CO \eem. 21 CO neem. 22 0
teem, 23 CO ^ecm. 24 CO tStieem, 28 ^. 32 C Wvdh. 33 COS r«0dh«,
0 radhv. 36 0 thdv. 37 0 kld«+r. A: 39 0 knum. 66 0 wssh, 0 wosh.
[ 1688 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 18.] THR NORTH EASTERN. 257
A: or 0: 58 C thrnn [has been heard from poor people], 0 throra thrmn.
60 C loq, 0 [between that and] \uq, 61 CO vmuq. 62 0 [between] stroq
8tri#q. 64 0 [between] roq rMq. 66 O [between] thoq thwq.
A'- 67 0 ffoo+ « [in the pause]. 69 0 noo-^u [in the pause]. 70 0 too + m
[in the pausef. 71 0 woo+m [in the pause]. 72 C oo. 73 0 soo + m [in the
pause]. 74 C too, 0 too +« [in the pause]. 76 0 strook. 76 0 tdcd. 77 0
Iditd. 81 C Uen. 82 0 wems. 84 0 md« [like 12]. 85 0 sdv [Hke 12].
86 C oots. 87 C klooz, 0 tlooz. 89 booth. 92 0 noo. 93 0 snoo. 94 0 kroo.
A': 101 0 ook [but old-fashioned people call Oakham (niukHm)]. 102 0 aast
[both pres. and pret., old people say (aks)]. 104 CO ^bod. 105 CO rood.
106 CO brAAd, O brdcd. 107 C loof, 0 laf, ltd, 108 0 dfie [(peest) more
common]. 1110 ^Bt. 113 CO al [Awr/ is not so pronounced, as it is in Nf.l,
0 hal. 115 0 ton [with or without (h)], S wwm. 116 0 uum [rarely used].
117 0 WAU [never (wim)]. 118 C booon, 0 boon. 122 CO nim [fnon) m
Le.]. 123 CO noot, nwthiqk. 124 0 stan. 125 0 oont, oondt. 126 0 dB [like
12]^ 127 C 6b8, O 6«8ti [occ.]. 129 0 goost. 132 0 ot. 134 0 6Bth.
2B- 138 C faadhB, OS feedhv. 139 0 dree. 141 CO neel [no Tanish]. 142
CO sneel. 143 CO teel. 147 C breen. 148 0 fdv. — a>nt [ant, oftener
(ptsm&iB)]. 149 C bleez. 152 C watB. JE: 155 C thak thsk thxt|. 158
0 haatBnuun [afternoon, very common]. 161 CO dee. 163 0 lee. 164 CO
mee. 166 C meed. 171 0 b^eli. 172 C grEs. 173 CO waa. 181 CO pad
[regular form]. JE*- 182 CO sii. 183 C teetj, 0 [(laan) learn, used]. 184 0 Bid.
186 C reed, rad [pt.], 0 riid, rsd [pt.]. 186 0 brBdth. 187 C leev, 0 liiv.
188 C nee [(wini) more common], 0 n^ wini [both used]. 189 C wee, 0 w6ei.
190 CO kii. 191 iil. 192 C meen, O miin. 193 0 kluq fheard from an old
lady near Uppingham, who was 90 when she died]. 194 C ont, 0 eent sni.
195 0 meent foM], S mant. 196 0 at waa, wi waa, dhe waa [I was, we they
were]. 197 C tieez, CO tiiiz [C both used]. 199 0 bliit. 200 C wiBt, 6
wiit. 201 CO iidh^n, C eedh*n [C both used]. 202 0 iit. JE': 204 0 diid.
205 C thrid, 0 thrad. 207 0 niid'l. 210 C klee, 0 kl6e*. 211 C gree, 0
gr^. 212 0w6ei. 213 S^mUib. 216 CO diil, Cdxl [0 both used]. 218 0 ship.
219 CO sliij). 221 0 f !b. 222 0 dB. 223 CO dhdB. 224 CO wib. 226 0
moost. 227 0 wst. 228 C swot, 0 swBt.
E- 232 C br««k. 233 C sp^k, 0 sp<;^k, spok [pret.]. 234 C niid. 235 0
wiiir. 236 0 fiivB. 238 0 Bdi [always, compare 257j. 239 C seel, 0 setl.
241 C reen. 243 C plee, 0 plei. 246 0 ktdin. 247 0 wiin. 248 0 meB.
249 0 w^. 250 0 sw^. 251 C meet m^Bt mut [all used], 0 miit. 252 O
ket'l [never (kft'l)]. 253 0 nSt'l. 254 0 ladhB. 255 0 wsdhB. E: 257
hsdi [(h) frequent]. 258 0 [(flagz) always used]. 260 0 16e«. 261 C see, 0
B^. 262 C wee, 0 w6e«. 264 C eel, 0 ^1. 266 C street, 0 strst. 268 0
[(ooldest) used]. 272 0 hslm [in one syllable, not (hslBm)]. 273 0 num. 276
0 thtqk. 278 0 WEnt| [in a good sense for grown girls]. 280 0 Isb'm. 281
OlBokth. 282 OstrBqkth. 284 C thrssh. 285 0 kriis. 287 CO biis'm.
288 0 Iset.
E*- 290 C i, 0 [(htm) more frequent]. 291 C dhi, 0 [not used]. 292 0 mi.
293 C wi, 0 wi. 294 CO fiid. 296 C bileev, CO biliiv fC both used]. 298 C
fiil, 0 fiild. 299 0 griin. 300 C k^p, 0 kiip. 302 CO miit. 303 CO swiit.
E': 305 C hA't, 0 di. 306 C 6ett. 307 C nA'i, 0 nai, 308 CO niid. 309
0 spiid. 310 C iil. — 0 br&»B [and (briB) about Belton (7 asw. Oakham) m
briar]. 313 0 haak at. 314 0 iBd. 315 CO fiit.
EA: 322 0 Uaf. 323 fdBt. 324 0 eei. 325 0 waak. 326 CO ool. 328
0 koold. 331 0 soold, SBld. 332 C tsld. 333 0 kaaf. 334 C AAf, 0 aaf .
335 0 6b1 [(aaIbs) always]. 336 fdBl. 337 0 w6b1. 342 C aam. 343 C
waam. 346 0 dSB [pres.] d^Bst [pret.]. 346 CO geet. EA'- 347 C jsd,
0 ud. 348 0 di ralmoet (A't)]. 349 O fi(i. — 0 sriik rshriek]. EA': 350
C diBd, CO dsd Hast commonest]. 351 CO Lsd. 352 0 rsd. 353 CO brsd.
354 0 shiif . 355 C dBth dsf [mixed], 0 diif [old and common]. 367 0 dh6ou,
359 0 n^bB. 360 C tiBm, O tiim. 361 C biBU, 0 biin. 365 0 niB. 366
CO gTBt. 367 0 thrBt. 368 0 dEth. 370 0 r6B. 371 0 strdB. EI- 372
0 ki. 373 0 dhM. 374 0 nte, 375 0 Ten. 379 0 heit. EI: 377 0
$UA, 378 0 wiik.
I.B. Pron. Part Y. [ 1689 ] 108
Digitized by LjOOQIC
258 THE NORTH BASTERX. [D 18.
EO- 385 0 biniith. 387 0 nia. EO: 388 0 mtlk. 390 0 shrid.
394 0 indo. 396 CO WMk, O w^bIc. 397 0 sdjtd. 399 0 brait. 402 C laan
Qwed for teach]. 403 CO faa. 404 CO staa [also to (staar ut piip*l)]. 406
C aath. 407 0 faad^n. EO'- 409 CO hit. 411 C thi6i, 0 thni. 412 C
shei. 413 0 divtl [jocular], dievU [angry], dEvel [solemn]. 414 C Aa'i, 0 Hat.
415 Olai. 416 O (&«. 417 0 t|Su. 418 0 brSu. 420 0 fOB. 421 0 foBtt,
fAAti. EO': 423 0 thai. 424 0 rtd [(ruuf ) roof]. 425 0 la'it. 426 C
fA'it, fit [fought], 0 fait. 427 CO bi. 428 C s^i, 0 sii. 429 0 Bind. 430
CO frend. 431 O^U. 432 fOst. 434 i bst mi Bt kriket [he beat me at
cricket]. 435 0 JiM[u8ual], joo [from old people], ja'u [in contempt]. 436 C
truu, O triu. 437 0 triuth. EY- 438 C dA'i, 0 dai. EY: 439 O trust.
I- 440 C wik. 442 C Vivwri, 0 diyiy S iYt. 444 C stA'il. 448 0 dhiis in
[alwap]. 450 0 tiuzde. I: 462 C a'i. 455 C U't, 0 la'i. 457 0 m«it.
468 C UA'it, 0 nait. 459 C rVit [never (rs'tt)], 0 rait. 462 0 sa'it. 465 0
Bitj, 0 sitti. 466 C tiA'ild, 0 tjaild. 467 C WA'ild, 0 wa'ild. 472 0 sriqk.
473 C bU'in, 0 bkrin [occ. (bla'in)]. 477 C fA'm, 0 idiu [occ. fa'in]. 484 0
dhis iB [always so]. 486 6 thi8T[not with (f)]. I'- 490 C bVi, 0 bai.
493 C drA'iv. 498 C rVit. 499 0 but'l. I': 600 C U'ik. 603 C U'if,
0 la'if. 505 C WA'if, 0 waif. 506 O [(oold «mm) old woman, rare]. 608 C
mA'il, 0 mail. 614 0 hais. 617 0 Jiu.
0- 620 0 ba'M. 622 CO ap*n. 623 CO <wp, 0 hup [also]. 524 waald.
0: 526 C kof kaf [both used], 0 kof. 527 CO bAAt [0 children say (bovt) at
times]. 628 0 thAAt. 629 CO brAAt. 631 C daatB, 0 dAAtn. 632 0 kool.
536 0 goold. 537 0 moold. 638 0 wuuld [in reading]. 639 C bool. 540 C
oli. 642 0 boolt. 645 C op. 647 0 bdud. 549 0 O^d. 550 0 waad weed
[not (wad)]. 652 0 k6»n, kAAn. 653 0 ora. 654 kros. 0'- 655 CO shun.
657 C tuu, 0 [(bu aaI) much used]. 568 CO luuk. 659 CO modhB. 662 C
mt|U\m, 0 muun. 663 0 mtmde. 564 C st^uun, 0 suun [more frequently 'after
a bitn. 665 0 nooz. 0': 669 CO buuk. 670 O tuuk. 671 0 gwd.
672 CO blwd. 673 CO flwd. 674 0 bruud [generally * a hatch ']. 575 CO
stttd. 676 0 WEnzde, C wBUzdi. 677 0 ba'u. 678 0 pla'u. 679 0 Buwf,
Bnlu fpl.]. 580 0 tMf. 581 O soBt. 582 0 kuul. 683 0 tuul. 684 0 stuul.
586 CO duu. 587 0 dim. 588 0 [noon is always spoken of as * dinner-time *].
689 C spijuun. 690 0 fl6B. 692 0 8w6b. 694 O buut. 595 C fat, 0 iid.
596 0 ruut. 697 C SMt, 0 sat.
U- 699 0 Bbuuv. 600 0 \uv, 601 CO fa'wl. 602 0 sa'«. 603 0 ktmi.
606 CO sun. 606 C dftB, 0 d6B. 607 CO bwtB. U: 608 0 h«gli. 609
C fal, 0 fMl. 610 0 wwl. 611 C babk, 0 bMbk. 612 0 swm. 613 0
drwqk. 614 0 s'lmd [? (a'«-)]. 615 O pae'imd [? (a'w-)]. 616 C gra'im.
619 C fa'ttn, 0 faa'imd [? (a'w)]. 622 CO wnda. 626 0 toq. 626 0 MqgB.
628 0 nwn [same as 122J. 629 CO sim. 631 0 thcBrzde, thaazde. 632 C
f*p, 0 hwp. 633 CO kMp. 634 C thmu, 0 thriu. 635 0 waath. 636 C
fadB, 0 faadB. 637 0 ti«k. 638 0 bwsk. 639 0 deist. U'- 640 CO
ka'tf [not (kB'ti), which was repudiated by C, and so throughout]. 641 C a'u,
0 le'tt [P]. 643 0 na'M. 644 0 dwv. 646 0 ba'«. 647 0 ha'wl. 648 0 a'uB.
649 0 tha'MZBnd. 653 CO bwt. U': 654 C shra'tid. 655 0 fa'td. 656 0
mum [sitting-room called houses bedroom chamber'], 657 CO bra'wn. 658 CO
da'im. 659 CO ta'im. 660 0 ba'wB. 661 0 sha'wB. 662 0 hwz [when
emphatic at the end of a phrase]. 663 CO a'ws, 0 ae'uz'n [houses]. 665 0
ma'Ms. 666 0 wzbBud. 667 CO a'lit. 670 0 buudh [rarely usedj. 671 C
ma'wtb. 672 0 sa'M wBst [south-west].
Y 673 0 muij. 674 0 dun [done used for did]. 676 C lig, 0 la't. 679
CO tjMtj, C tiGBtj [also]. 682 0 liit'l. Y: 686 C bVi, 0 hot. 689 C
bfld. 690 0 hlind. 691 0 mdind. 693 0 sin. 696 0 bcBth baath. 697
0 bsri. 698 0 mdBth m99uth [ihat is, tongue for (ao), lips for (u)]. 700 C
WII8, 0 wasB weBs waOuS [that is, tongue for (aaj, lips for (u)]. 701 C f«s
[(fog) first *go* at marbles], 0 fas fcBS feuS. Y'- C skA'i, 0 ska'i. 706 0
wai. Y': 709 0 f&iB. 711 C U'is [0 uses dicks], 712 C mVis, 0 mats.
n. English.
A. 718 0 treed. 722 0 dreen. 723 0 deBri. 724 0 bAxld. 725 0 seel.
[ 1690 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 18, 19.] THE NORTH AND EAST EASTERN. 259
728 0 sham. 733 0 skis. 734 O daan. 740 0 w/wv. 741 CO meez, 0
miiz. 742 C leezi. E. 746 0 briidh. I. and Y. 753 0 tit'l. 764 0
pif? [* swine * is not used]. 766 0 srimp [no (shr-) used]. 768 0 gsl. O. 761
0 lood. 767 0 nA'iz. 769 0 mooldiwaap [moldywarp]. 772 O bsranfa'iB
[? bnrn-fire]. 778 0 trfAcd. 779 0 oBts [rare]. 781 C bodhB. 782 C podhB.
787 0 sa'tts. 790 CO ga'wnd. — C tu dra'vnd [to drown]. 791 CO Ui.
V, 793 0 ug, 794 0 d^ug. 796 CO 5r«q [no (shr-) used]. 799 0 skwl.
802 0 rwm. 803 O d^wmp. 806 0 kdsdz. 806 CO (us. 807 C pi/s [(pas)
is purse]. 808 C pat.
HI. KOHANCE.
A.. 0 heeb'l. 810 CO fees. 811 CO plees. 812 C lees. 813 C bd^k'n,
0 beek'n. 814 0 mees'n. 816 0 feed. 818 0 eed|. 819 0 reed;. 822 CO
mee. 823 C bee. 824 CO t|dB tjiB [both used, the latter by old people].
828 0 eegi [old]. 829 0 geen. 830 CO treen. 832 0 md«. 833 0 pde.
836 C reez'n, CO riiz'n [both used]. 836 C seez'n, CO siiz*n [both used].
838 0 triit. 840 CO tieemb«. 841 C t|a»ns, 0 tjaans, tjaansh. 843 0
braantj. 846 C eenshvnt. 846 0 tjaandlv. 847 C deendp. 848 t;eend;.
849 C streendp. 860 C da'ns. 861 0 aant. 862 0 hspra. 863 0 baagtn.
867 0 kees. 868 0 brees. 869 0 tjees. 860 CO peest. 861 0 teest. 862
CO seef. 863 0 tjeef. 866 0 folt. 866 CO p6B.
E.. 867 C tee, CO tu [C both used]. 868 CO d|ee. 869 0 viil. 874 C
reen. 876 0 feent. 877 O hdo. 878 0 saleri. 879 C fiimeel. 880 0
Bgzaamp*! [or pattern]. 888 0 sdattn. 890 C biBst biisez [pi.], 0 biist. 891
0 fiist. 892 O UEvi. 894 C diseev, CO disiiv [C both used]. 896 O risii-v.
I.. andY" 898 0 n&ist. 899 0 niis. 900 0 pree. — C pA'int [pint].
904 C vA'ilet. — C wit' Is [victuals, about the only word in which (w) replaces
(t)1. 910 Od|A'wt. 911 OsistBU. 912 0 r6»s.
0.. 913 0 kootj. 914 0 broot|. 916 0 sttff. 916 C anjBU, 0 unim.
917 0 Toog, 918 C feeVl, 0 fiib'l. 919 0 [(saav) salve used)]. 920 C p&int,
0 PA'int. 922 C bash'l, 0 bwshBl. 923* 0 niA'tst. 926 0 va'is. 926 C
sp&tl, 0 spVtl. 927 0 tm)k. 928 0 a'tms. 929 C ka't/kBmbB, 0 kiuksmbB.
930 0 lA*tn. 931 0 [(kwnchBrB) conjurer, used]. 932 0 Bma'wnt. 933 0
frimt. 934 0 ba'imtt. 936 0 ktmtrt. 938 0 kdvuB. 940 CO koot. 941
0 fuul. 942 C batiB, 0 biitre. 943 0 twti. 947 C b&tl, 0 bVtl. 948 CO
ba'Ml [also used for to (ba'wl) oowl at cricket]. 960 0 swpB. 962 0 koos. 963
CO kMz'n. 964 C kashBU, 0 kMshBn. 966 0 da'wt. 966 CO ktvB. 967 0
tmpl&i [old].
IT.. 961 Ogriuyil. 964 0 siu;tt. 966 C kil, 0 Vil. 966 0 frlut. 967
0 slut. 968 0 A'tstB. 969 0 shClB. 970 0 djust. 971 0 fliut.
JVb^. C no euphonic (r)i (nAA;iq, drAA;it) gnawing, draw it. / am, / are in
answer to a question, I (waa) for was, we poes^ he do^ he live, their«^ti«.
Intonation rough thick clear drawling, sinking at end. 0 in place of either they
say * one on em, one or t'other.*
D 19 = EE. = East Eastern.
Boundaries. Those of Nf . and Sf .
Area, The whole of Nf. and Sf., commonly known jointly as
East Anglia.
Authoritiet. See Alphabetical County list under the following names, where
• means w. per AJ£., t per TH., || systematic, ° in io.
^f, • County, t Ashfll, t Binham, t Brancaster, ° Biunham, t Buxton,
® Congham, fDiss, ° Ditchingham, f Downham Market, ^fEast Dereham,
fFakenham, tGaywood, t Great Dunham, •Great Yarmouth, tHardingham,
tHeacham, fHempton, "Hemsby, fHolme, fHunstanton, *^ Ingham, ♦Kimberley,
t King's Lynn, ♦lurby Bedon, fMarham, •Mattishall, t Middleton, fNarborough,
t North Ehnham, f North Tuddenham, °North Wakham, ***t Norwich, f Old Hun-
[ 1691 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
260 THE EAST EASTERN. [D 19.
Stanton, *'Ovington, °Ringstead, fSnettishara, •fStanhoe, fStoke Ferry, tStow,
tSwaffham, fXerrinj^u St. Clements, fThetford, tTivetshall, ^'Tuttington,
t Walsinghara, ° Warham, f Watton, t Wells -next- Sea, f Wiggenhall St.
Germans, "Witton, fWolferton, f "NVvmoudham.
Sf. ""Boyton, "Brad well, • Framlingham, f Great Bealings, ° Great Finborough,
''Hemingstone, • Orford, ♦ Pakenham, ♦ South wold, ° Stowmarket, ** Ufford,
^Yaxley.
Due attention has also been paid to R. Forby's Vocabulary of^ast Anglia^
whose prefixed treatise on Nf. pr., with all its examples, was revised with the
help of ReT. Philip Hoste (see p. 264), and to Moor's Suffolk JFords (p. 286).
Character, Every one has heard of the Xf. *drant,' or droning
and drawling in speech, and the Sf. * whine,* but they arp neither
of them points which can be properly brought under consideration
here, because intonation has been systematically neglected, as being
impossible to symbolise satisfactorily, even in the rare cases where
it could be studied. The next salient point is the French (y), of
which every one speaks. This sound, whatever it may be, certainly
replaces 0' in : shoe, too (and also the Ws. A' in two)^ school, bloom,
moon, soon, brood, cool, tool, stool, to do, noon, spoon, moor, boot,
root. When habit has shortened the long 0', this (y) effect is not
produced, as in : look, mother, Monday, book, took, good, blood,
flood, stood, done, foot, soot. Even when the vowel remains long,
it is occ. unchanged, as in nose, floor. Shortening does not destroy
a similar effect in L., hence the origin of this so-called (y) is probably
different in the two cases. It has in neither anything to do with
the old Ws. Y=(y). It is, indeed, of recent origin in Nf.
The author of the Promptorium Parviiloruniy 1440, says : ** Comitatus North-
folchie for as another MS. has it, * comitatus tamen Orientalium Anglorum ']
modum loquendi solum sum secutus, quern solum ab infancia didici, et solotenus
plenius perfectiusque coguovi," but he writes : schoo, scole, blome, mone, sone,
erode (the same spelling for brood and broad) j coolyn^, tool, stool, doon (inf.
form ol do)f noone, spone, moore, bote, rote. It is evident, therefore, that he
still pronounced long (oo) here as well as in the words where the vowel is now
shortened, as he writes : loke (the same spelling for look and forA), moder (the
same spelling for mother and tnawther)^ booK (or boke, according to another MS.),
goode, blode, flode, foot, soot. As oo was not used for (uu) till the xvith
century, it is evident that 400 years ago the vowel in these woros was (oo), and
that even the change to (uu) had not then taken place.
Now I was very much struck by the fact that in the numerous
words collected by TH. in Nf., not one case of the so-called French
(y) occurred. He not only found the usual (muun, suun), but
such forms as (mown, skowl), which remind us of the Promptorium.
He, however, also found (oe^n) in (da/u, na/un, moj'uzik), see his
cwl., p. 262, under 0'. Now this seemed to me the key of
the whole mystery. This (a'u) is a very common glide, arising
from beginning to say (uu) with the mouth too open and closing it
as the speaker proceeds. It is also unstable ; it has a tendency to
(lu, 9'u), and to unpractised ears gives at times not a bad imitation
of French (y). Then I reflected that all the authorities on whom I
relied for the sound were educated people, and that TH. had been
in direct communication with the uneducated, while he was, from
his Midland antecedents, quite familiar with (q?'u). Also I remem-
bered that the sound I myself heard in Nf . was certainly not (y), but
[ 1692 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19.] THE EAST EASTERN. 261
something much deeper, which I write (ji). Again, this sound is
apparently often fractured by beginning with the mouth too open,
giving to my ear (iyi), which, again, is readily confused with (iu).
All dialect writers represent it by ew or long «, as teto^ shues, too,
^oes, and sune, mune, aktUe, In 8f. as well as Nf. I found this
(yi> ^yO ^^^ nay authorities, educated natives, but in w.Sf. the
vicar of Pakenham entirely repudiated it, saying it was a Norfolk
pron. The exact analysis of this curious sound is still to be made.
When the drant and French M are passed over, there is very little left which
distinguishes D 19 from D 18. The general characters of both are as follows :
The A- words are (ee, bb) in place of {ee)^ and the ^G, EG words are (Es'i,
4ei), at least in ne.Nf.
The A' words have (oo) without the vanish, as (hoot) boat.
Many of the £- woras have (ee) as (speek) to my ear, others hear {ee).
The long I' words are uncertain, (o'i, b'i', a't, di) heing all found.
The long U' words also vary, as (v'tf, 9'm, h'm, b'm). See this discussed in
the notes to the Stanhoe cwl., p. 268, where Forby's remarks are particularly
considered, p. 270.
The r is treated as throughout the E. div. The h is generally aspirated.
The V in Nf. at least becomes regularly (w), while the (r\ for %p appears to be
a modem refinement, the speaker knowing that many ot nis (w) should be (v),
but not knowing which they are. This (w) for v has been given me also from
Sf., where it is generally repudiated, but as it exists in Ke., Es., and Nf., Sf.
could hardly escape having bad it, though it may now be 'corrected.' The
illustrations, cs., at., cwl., with the notes, will tell the rest.
There are many peculiar words, of which (mAAdhB) contracted to (mA), especially
when applied to httle girls, and with a euphonic (r) before a following vowel, and
(bA-|-r) applied to men and boys, and rarely to women, are remarkable. The
(mA), written moTy seems to me a form of mother y here often pronounced (modhi),
see p. 260, 1. 35. The (bA) is usually written bwr^ and associated with neigh^oMr.
This is more than doubtful. There is no trace of (bA) in the Promptorium. It
is amusingly said that ' together* used in addressing several people is the plural
of (bA). * Come to mine ' for ' my house,* and * he live there he do,* are, as we
have seen, pp. 197, 222, 249, by no means peculiar to Nf., but are there very
marked.
In this very large district there must be several varieties. We
may assume two principal ones, Nf. and Sf . In Nf. we may take
a ne. form and nw. form, and a s. or general form. It would,
however, be difficult to draw lines of demarcation or to formulate
the differences, except in the nw., where, thanks to TH.'s efforts,
we know that U becomes transitional, from (e) in the s. through (o)
to («q) in the n. This is an entirely new discovery, not alluded to
in any account of the dialect. Could it have escaped notice ?
Possibly. A woman of Middleton (4 se. King's Lynn) married a
man of Narborough (9 se. K. L.). The woman called cup (kap),
the man (kw^p), and they had never noticed that they spoke
differently, so that TH. had the greatest difficulty in making the
woman recognise the distinction. The b. of the nw. variety is,
therefore, the s. s66m line 2 as determined by TH.'s personal
observations. The ne. variety may be presumed to extend to about
Buxton (9 n. Norwich), and the s. variety to occupy the rest of the
county.
In Sf. it seems necessary to distinguish two varieties, e. and w.,
which appear to be tolerably distinct. At least the w. form, as
[ 1693 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
262 THE EAST EASTERN. [D 19, V i.
illustrated by the Pakenham specimen, diflFcrs materially from the
e. form as contained in the Framlingham and Orford specimens and
the Southwold cwl.
The order in which these rarietics will be treated and discussed
is : Var. i., nw.Nf., as neai'ost related to the n. varieties of D 18 ;
Var. ii., ne.Nf., of which I have the most complete account ; Var.
iii., s.Nf., where I first wrote dialect from dictation in 1868 ; Var.
iv., e. Sf., of which I have three accounts ; and Var. v., w.Sf.,
where I have only one example, but that is highly characteristic.
Vak. i. nw.NoEFOLK Form.
This was examined by TH. in 1B82-3 from three centres, King's
Lynn, Swaffham and Hunstanton. The dt. from Narborough, p.
263, gives the general character of the whole variety. As it seems
unnecessary to distinguish the places in this limited variety, I have
placed them in three groups, as marked by the letters L, S, H in
the following cwl. At first, of course, each place had to be care-
fully distinguished, in order to ascertain if there were any
differences.
nw.NoEFOLK cwl.
formed from wn. by TH,, in the neighbourhoods of King's Lynn, Swaffham, and
Hunstanton.
H Hunstanton with Heacham, Holme, Old Hunstanton and Snettisham.
L King's Lynn with Marham, Middleton, Terrington St. Clements, Wiggenhall
and "Wolferton.
S Swaffham with Ashill, Downham Market, Great Dunham and Narborough.
I. Wessbx Ain) Norse.
A- 21 L n^nn. A'- 67 LS gomi [going]. 81 H Is^in. 93 H sok^u,
A': 104 LS rood. 116 HLSoom [Holme is cafledfrolBm)]. JE- 138 HLS
faadhB. JE: 161 LS d«, H dB^i. JE'- 186 L riid. 200 L wiit, S w«rt.
JE': 223LdhB''v. 224Lwb''v. £- 233 Sspuk. 261 SmM. £: 261
L s«f, S se"!. 262 L wee, HS WE'^t. E'- 299 S griin. E : 314 S iwi.
£A'- 347 L [between] M B*d, S B*d. £A': 363 S br^. 366 LS grH.
EO: 396 L [between] joq juq. 396 H wsk. 402 L laan Wn. £(V- 419
L jaa [your]. £0': 437 L trtith, EY- 438 L doi, S [between] ddi dA^t
da'i. I'- 494 S [between] tdim U^im. I': 600 S Id'ik. O: 631 L
daatv, LS dAxtv. 0'- 655 LS shuu. 666 S Ud'vl. 667 L tiu. 669 S
madhv. 660 LS skuul. 662 H mStm, S muun. 664 H suun. 666 S odhs
M^dhv. 668 L bradhs brodhv bru^dhv. 0': — H [between] gr&'w grA'M
[grow]. 686 HL dm. 687 S dtin. 688 H nai'un, U- 606 S SM^n. 606
LS dd«. 607 H boto. U: 612 L sw^m. — L tarab'l tombU iujaih'l, 629
S sM^n. 632 L op op M^p. 633 L kap kop kw^p, H kwj), S kap kw^p. U'-
643 S nx'ii. W: 668 S da'im, H ds^'tm. 669 L to'un. 663 LS a'us.
n. English.
0. 767 S [between] ndiz juTiz. 790 L gja'imd. U. — L tob tob iujb.
796 L bla;'uu. 803 L djamp d^omp djUomp. — L Ub'ur [tune].
lu. Romance.
A- — S plftfz [please]. £•• 869 H wiil. — 8 pr*^j [preach]. 886
H wsn*. I- atSd Y - 901 S [between] fa' in fa'in. ()•• — L pamp
»mp DM^mp. — Lmat^n mot*n mttf^t^n. U** — S m/uzik, LS mcruztk
music J.
poi
[m
[ 1694 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19, y i, ii.] TH£ EAST EASTERN. 263
Notes to nw.Noi'folk cwl.
The uncertainty in the use of (9, 0, wj senre v not %o\ 1*11 kill yon, (a't WAnt
was very great, as shewn in seTeral jo'm t|ape tB go « da'tkmi) I want you
cases in the cwl. These pron. came chaps to go a diking or ditching,
generally from different people at the l^or the use of (w) for (t), TH. was
same place. See the case of the woman told the following at Holme (16 nne.
from Middleton (4 se.King's Lynn) and King*s Lynn), (NbIsbu wvz b WBri
her hushand, a native of Narborough walient m&n, at w&*(i, i s^tld in b
(6 se.Middleton, 9 se.King^s Lynn), on wsstl kx'ld dh« Wiktsri) Nelson was
p. 261, 1. 11 from bottom. In the a very valiant man, I vow, he sailed in
following dt. from Narborough only (a) a vessel called the Victory,
and not^Mj is used. From the same The omission of the $ in the 3rd
place TH. g^t the sentences (gjO">* ^ P®"* Bg< of verbs was shewn by (mi'i
top* ii)tii) give me a cup of tea, (kat shd ftt)mt^ m^ shoe fits me, (i liv op
dhat iri da'tm) cut that tree down, [opl dhfe) ne Uves up there, (a Ekspsn
{d%)\ fLee jb bIs'iv) I'll flay you alive, tt ocb'u) I expect it does. The last
(JB sko'undrBl, ju)1 kot Bm aaI ap) you word illustrates the treatment of 0' as
scoundrel, ^ou*ll cut them all up, fja TH. heard it. It would be usually
v^^mBn, d\)\ kjil)JB) you vermin [00- heard and treated as (dyyi, dtyj, diu).
Na&bobouoh (9 Be.King's Lynn) dt.
pal. in 1883 by TH. from diet, of Robert Cater, 70, native, who had lived there
30 years, and then at Swaffham 30, and at Norwich 10, farm-labourer, retired.
1. sd a'i 8^, tBgJB*dh«, luk &a^ jn)8i na'ti dh«t)a'«)m la'tt «Wtit
dhat litl niAAdhB knmBn frsm skuul jandB.
2. 8hi)z gi)Bn da'tm dhB rood dh^ tro^a dhB)r£d gj^ on dhB l£ft
and ra'id B)dhBWE^*.
3. a'i)! bi bldMd, dhB h't'l niAAdhB Bz)gAn strs'tt Ep tB)dhB)r9q
d^B [a:'t«8],
4. yr&Q shl)l tetb la'tkli faVnd dhat draqk'n dsf fslB bz)wi)aa1
kAAl 6t«ld :tom, \)z gjst'n lai'ik B)skJBl«t*n, tBgJE'dhB.
5. wi)AAl not* I Htm vetb w^L
6. w6nt dhB ould t^p 8uun tit^)Bro f8rQ)not tB)da)tt eni indB,
p(iB mAAdhB !
7. luk &a ! •t)8 tro?'u wot 2!% sK'd.
The following words omitted from 4. (tilins) chance, and for shr-, (shrtmps
the dt. were supplied afterwards: 1. shrrndj shrimps shroud; (n^^m) name,
(m^) mates, (gBl) girl. 3. (shfv'uB) 6. (thiq). The (a't) seemed at times
sure, (Bnaf) enough ; (t^tld) child. to tend to (&*t).
Vab. ii. ne.Np. Pobm.
For this I am principally indebted to the Rev. J. R. Philip Hoste,
vicar of Famham, Surrey, a native of Stanhoe (8 8w.Well8-next-
Sea), from whose dictation I pal. the complete wl. in 1877, and the
dt. in 1879, and with whom I went over all Forby's account of
Norfolk pronunciation, which I have introduced in the cwl. Mr.
Hoste was full of enthusiasm on the subject, and obligingly came
up to London expressly on two occasions and worked with me
many hours each time.
[ 1696 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
264 THE EAST EASTERN. [D 19, V ii.
Stanhoe (rstae'nB) dt.
pal. 1879 by AJ£. from diet, of Rev. Philip Hoete, native.
1. 80 it see'i, mEEts, Ja'« sii iib'u dhat di )m r^B'/t tjbB'ut dha^t
hVl mAAdhB kamBn frQom dhB skfy,l jondB.
2. 8hii)z Bgoo*Bn dB'wn dhB r^oo'd dheehs tir^y, dhB ^ed g)fEt on
dhB Itft ha*nd sB'td bv dhB we'*.
3. syyiBr Bnaf dhB mAAdhB hB gon strs'iit ap tB dhB diiwBro b dhB
r^oq b'ws,
4. we^ 8h«)l tjaajn8 tB faind dhaet drQaqkfn dE^f shrQtV'ld Mb b
dhB neetm b :tdmds.
5. wi aaI na'tt tin werQi we^l.
6. w(H)nt dhB 6uld tjsBp 8vyiii tMj bf^ not tB dyi)»t Bgen, puwB
thiq !
7. lMk)B eent it trKyi ?
1. coming^ but the a- reappears comes (mA'«) in calling. 6. won^t
in I see her a-coraing (&i su bt^ (woout) becomes (oont)' when not be-
vkamvn). 3. mawther (mAAdhs) be- ginning a sentence.
Stanhob cwL
pal. by AJE. 1877, from diet, of Rev. Philip Hoete, native, to which are added
the words from Forby's account of tne Norfolk pron. that Mr. Uoste
acknowledged (* prefixed), or for which he gave with a different pronunciation
^t prefixed). I cannot always be certain of (ee ee) or (e b) or (», a*). On
(6u, a'w), see p. 268. AU the (r) are really (rj. The frequent ** gradual
flottid ({)'* seems to have been a personal peculiarity. I retain it, but it may
e neglected. The (U|) is a deeper (u), see Introduction to Midland div.
Forby s name is contracted to F, and Mr. Hoste*s to H. There are also
added:
B words from Bumham (4 ne.Stanhoe, 6 w.Wells-on-Sea), given me in writing
bv C. H. Everard, Esq., native, acquainted with the dialect 28 years, then at
Eton Coll., only the differences from Mr. H. are noted.
W Rev. C. T. Digby, long rector of Warham (2 se. Wells-next- Sea), gave a long
wl. mainly agreeing with this, a few differences are inserted.
I. Wessex and I^obse.
A- 3 bsis'ik. 4 tsB'ik. 6 msE'tk. 6 mEEd. 7 sBB'ik. — tkreed'lTcradle,
F has (kriid'l)l 8 •hev ♦hsz [has; (hTav) W]. 9 bi^hBBv [bihieev W]. 10
hAA [.ho'izez) B, pi. only]. 12 saa [(sAA-tn) has no euphonic r]. 13 uaa. 14
drAAA. 16 dAAn. 17 Iaaa, lAA+r [before a vowel]. 18 keek. 19 tEB'il.
20 iBEm. 21 UBEm. 22 tEsm. 24 shBBBm. 25 mBBn. 26 webu. 27 ubbv.
28 h^. — •staa [Btare]. — ♦flaa [flare]. 31 lEEt. 32 bEEth. 33 frsedhB
[isdhv rffdhB B]. 34 la^st. 35 aaI. 36 thoo. 37 tlEB. A: 40 koom.
— ♦swBpn [swan]. 41 •thB<ik. 43 hrond. 44 tend •land [more gen. in Sf.l.
— ♦sondi [sandy, more gen. in Sf.]. 47 •wa'ndB. — •kin [can, unemphaticj.
61 mcen. 63 kaen. 54 twA'nt [(wsent) F and W]. 65 Eshez. 66 WEsh •waesh.
67 [(diaeki) used forowTI. A: or O: 58 ffram [(frwmj F]. 57 l»m. 60
loq. 61 Buui'q [vmo'q B]. 62 8tn>q. 63 thraq [troq Wj. 64 roq. 65 soq.
66 thoq.
A- 67 g6oi/. 69 n6oM. 70 t6oM. 71 w6oa. 72 hiyyj. 73 s6ou. 74
tiyy, [tiu BT. 75 str^MMiik. 76 tiiw,d. 77 16owi. 78 h'm. 79 a'lm. 80
olvdt. 81 iBEn. 83 moon. 84 m6ov. 86 86ob. 86 fivts. 87 tlooz. 88
tlooodh. 89 booth. 90 bla't<. 91 ma'u. 92 na'n. 93 suhw. 94 kr6M. 96
i\a^u [tra'K Wl. 96 sa'w. 97 sa'ttld [soold Bl. 98 na'im. 99 thrx'Mn.
100 sdMU. A'^; 101 ook. 102 asks. 104 rood. 105 rid W. 106 brood.
[ 1696 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19, V ii.] THE BAST EASTERN. 265
107 Ituiif. 108 ds'M. 109 Wu, 110 *nxt [especially by the women]. Ill
B'ttt [(a'ttt) F]. 113 ♦hiiil. 114 ♦mol T? if it is mole in this sense]. 115 tt«,ra.
118 *bM|n. 119 guiu, 122 nan. 123 nothtn [(na'ut) F]. 124 ♦8t«,n [stan
BW]. 125 winlt wan [only one, (ondlB) W]. 126 6ob. 127 h6o«s. 128 dhoooz.
129 gu«i8t. 130 boot. 131 goot. 132 hot. 133 root [generally (rit) W].
134 (^Bth [not (wath)]. 135 tlAAth.
M- 138 faadhv. — flaedhe [ladder, F. writes lutther, which may be
a misprint for latther], 140 hEs'il. 141 fnEs'tl [(n&tl) F]. 142 [(dodmnn)
used for snail], 143 tss'tl. 145 slBs'tn. 146 mBE'tn. 147 brBS tn. 148
[? (faa+r) F, see after 887]. 149 bleez. 150 iBst [iBsest Bl. 152 WAxtB.
153 88Bt9di. Ml 155 thEtj [thsBk W]. — ♦sta'f [staffj. 157 reev'n.
— ♦gBdhB [gatherj. 158 aatB. 160 Bg. 161 dE*! [dee W]. 163 Ieb'i.
164 mBB't Kmii) B, written mi\ 166 fmBB'td [(maid) F]. 167 :baanBn
idtbdtl [Bumham 'Dee^dale]. 168 tsBh [tolB B]. 169 wsn *w8en. — *w8Bsp
. irasp]. 170 aavBst. — ♦baa [bare], 171 baali. 172 graas. 173 woz.
174 Bsh. — ♦gla»8. 175 faa|8t. 178 nset. 179 wot. 181 paath.
M'- 182 see. — ♦bliti [bleach]. 183 teeHj. 184 leed. 185 reed. —
♦ridi [ready]. — fspriid [(sprawl) F]. 186 brsedth [brsth W], 187 leev.
188 naB*!. 189 fwEB'i [(w4t) F, not known to HI. 190 kee. 191 hiU.
192 mee%. 193 Ideen. 194 snt. 195 msni [msnB W]. — *8erBnd [errand].
196 weeB. 197 t^^a. 199 bleet. 200 weet. 201 h^^dh'n [hsedh'n Wj.
202 heet.
M': 203 gpee^^ 204 diiid. 205 ♦trid. 206 rsd. 207 nid'l. 208 ♦•¥«.
210 klBB't. 211 tgrBB^f [(gree) and (gr&t) F, not known to H]. 213 *eedha
[(iidhB) F, not known to H]. 214 *needhB. 215 tAAt [(teetjt) used]. 216
dtij *ieeh 217 *tti. 218 shtp. 219 sliip. 222 h6eB [(hUB) written W B].
223 dh^. 224 w^. — *a4t •eeU [early]. 225 flash. 226 mooet. 227
WBt. 228 swBt. 229 breeth. 230 faet.
E- —ttrEd[(triid)F, tread]. 233 speek. 234 need. — ♦wadhB ♦waedhB
[weather]. 235 weev. 236 feevB. 237 bls'tn [usually called (kB'ibz)]. 238
hBd^ [hidi W]. 239 SB'il. 241 rs'tn. 242 ttwEB'in [^tw&in) F]. 243 pls't.
246 kuiin [queen, but quean is not used]. 247 ween. 249 w£eB [wUb W].
250 8w6eB [swliB W]. 251 meet. 252 ♦ktt'l. 253 n»t*l. — •fadha
[feather]. 254 •IsedhB [F says often (ladhB) especially in Sf]. 255 [(wadha)
wether sheep, according to F, not known to H]. — [(batB) better Fj.
E: 257 Edi. 258 sBdj. 259 wadj. 260 bi't. 261 ss't. 262 wB't [wee
W], 264 B'll. 266 street. — ♦fild [field]. 267 •jild. 268 Eldest. —
*8t1dBm [seldom]. 272 aim. 273 *mtn. 274 bEnl^. 275 stanti. 276 thiqk.
278 want|. 280 Isbt^u [BleeVn B]. 281 leeqkth. 282 strseqkth. — •htn
[hen]. 283 mart B [written ^^merreTf so final y always"]. — fmash [marsh
F, (mffish) as I got from Enfield, Mi. p. 235]. 284 thrash [here (thr-) u used,
not (tr), but (trosh) Wl 285 kriisez. — •baast [burst]. 287 hflwrB. 287
baasBm {besom not liised, B]. — *s8etn [settle]. 288 lat.
E'- 289 jii. 290 hii. 291 [^Aom, thee are not used]. 292 mil. 294 fiid.
295 brad. 296 bilee-y. 297 *talB. 298 feel. 299 griin. 300 kip. 301
hUB «h6eB. 302 meet. 303 sweeH. 304 bee tU.
F: 305 hB'i. 306 hB'it [ha'ith W]. 307 UB'f. 308 need. 309 speeM
spiid. 310 heel. 311 tsen. 312 h6eB. 313 {hearken not used]. 314 hiiad.
315 fit. 316 nsekst.
EA- 317 flaa[fliiB written >0]. 319 gaap. 320 «kjaa'B. £A: 321
8AA. 322 laarf [(laaif) F]. 323 fa'vt. 324 aat. 325 WAAk. 326 fa'uld,
[oco.] «i'tid. 327 bs'Mld. 328 fka'Mld *ka'tid. 329 fa'tfld. 331 tsa'»ld
*8a'«d. 332 ta'iild •ta't^. 333 •kaaif. 334 aa^f. 335 aaI. 337 waaI.
— *b6eBd [beard]. 340 jaad. 342 aa^r^m. 343 WAAm [waam B]. 345
♦daa. 346 gaat. — ♦waks [wax].
EA'. 347 •hid. 348 b'*. — ♦aa + r [ear]. 849 hfu [F.'s third
sound of <m, (fyy.) B]. EA': 350 fdeed [(diid) Fl. 351 leed. 352 rad.
353 breed. 354 sheef [shoft W]. 355 fdErf" [(diif) FI. 356 fleef [(liif) F].
357 tha'w. — *xfB [heifer]. 359 fna'iba [(neeba} and (nkiba) F, not known
to H, (niaba) W]. 360 teem. 361 *been. 362 slaa. 363 tjeep. 366 grit.
367 trit. 368 dath. 369 sla'u. 370 rAA. 371 straa.
[ 1697 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
266 THE EAST EASTERN. [D 19, V u.
EI- 373 dhEB ♦dhee. 474 iibb. 376 raM. 376 biist [bait W]. EI:
377 steek. 378 week. 381 swBsn. 382 ^dhtca? dhaaS *dh6eB.
EO- 383 B»v*n. 384 •hiv*ii. 385 btnee-tb [binee-n W]. 386 ♦ja'uu.
387 my,. EO; 388 milk. 389 Jook (jalk Wj. 390 sbwd, ♦shad [occ.]
— •sElvB [silver], — fjseU [yellow, F (jiIb)]. 394 JEndii. 396 wak
[\Tak W]. 397 swad [B merely says "pronounce u?*']. 398 staav. 399 bni'it.
— baa*n [bum]. 400 *aanest. 401 jaan. 402 *laan. 403 faa. 404 staa.
405 baath8tu,n [not used without 9/ofK?]. 406 *^eBth taHh. 407 faad*n.
EO'- 409 bee*. 411 trii. 412 shu. — •bEd [bid]. 413 divil. 414 fl«'i.
415 U'i. — [(frB'iz) freeze F, not known to H]. 416 decB. 417 tja'u W.
418 briyy,. 420 fa'wB [fdm W]. 421 f6oBti [f6uBt» W].
EO': 423 th»'i. 424 rsf •ra^w. 426 Wit 426 h'it. 427 bii. 428 see.
429 find. 430 •frtnd. 431 •b^eB. 432 fdoBth. 433 •brist. 434 beet.
436 jnfu. 436 tnyyi triyyith. EY- 438 dB'i [do'i BJ. EY: 439 brast.
I- 440 wik. 441 siv. 442 B'ivi [(a'ivBri) always B]. 443 frB'idB. 444
ste'il. 446 nB'tn [no'in B]. — •jis [yes]. 448 dhiiz. 449 git. 460 tyyjzdi.
451 bb'u.
1: 452 B'i. 464 witj. 465 Ib'i. — ♦thaa^d [third]. — ♦baaM [bird].
457 mvit. 468 UB'it. 469 rv'tt. 460 WEBt. 462 sB'it. 464 witj. 466
8i,t|. 466 tre'ild. 467 WB'ild. 468 t|ildrBn. 471 timb«. 472 shriqk.
473 bla'ind [no d W]. 474 rx'ind. 475 ws'ind [not (wind)]. 476 baind
[no d W]. 477 fa'ind [no d W], 478 gra'ind [no d Wj. 481 fiqgB. 484
dhis. 485 thisU. 486 Jist [jEst B]. 487 ja^stBdee [jistBdee B]. 488 «Jft.
— ♦sBt [sitj. — •daaH [dirt]. — ♦tit [teat].
r- 490 Wi. 491 BB'i. 493 drB'iv ^>ret. ♦(drav) drove, not the noun
(droov)]. 494 tB'im. 496 B'i-Bn. 497 BrB'iz. 498 rBtt. I': [B "all the
i*s=6y" (o'i)]. 600 Wilt. 601 WB'id. 602 fa'iT. 604 UB'if. 606 WB'if.
606 wttimBU fwamBnW]. 607 wimin. 608 mB'ild. 609 WB'il. 611 WB'ind.
612 sps'ir. 613 WB'i'B. 614 B'is. 615 WB'is. 616 wizdBm.
0- 620 h6u. 621 fool. — ♦dra»p [drop]. 622 oop'n. 623 hoop. 624
wald [wald B]. 0: 626 koif [\uudB]. 627 bAxt [(ba'«t) Fl. 628 thxAt
[(tha'wt) F]. 629 brAAt. 630 rAAt. 631 daatB. 632 kool. 633 dal [d«l Bl.
634 hMMjl. 636 ga'ttld. 637 ma'wld. 638 wwd ♦wad [occ.] 640 holi [m
e.Nf. (halvB)]. 642 bojlht. 646 hop. 647 b6oBd. 648 f6oBd. 649 h6oBd.
650 ♦waM [wad WI. 661 stAAm, 662 kAAn. 663 hAAn. — nuAnin
[(maanin) morning Fj. 654 kraas.
0'- [B says : "all ti*s pronounced in correct Engl, oo, Norfolkers pronounce
M."thati8, 0 =(yy,)]. 666 shyy,. 666 tB. 657 tyy^ 668 l«ik. 669 majdhB.
661 blyyjm. 662 ♦mtyy,n. 663 mandi. 664 ♦styyin. 666 nooz. 666 adhB.
0': 669 b«k. 670 tuk [(took) F]. 671 gud. — ♦had [hood]. 672 blad.
673 flad. 674 bryy,d. 676 stwd^ 676 WBnzdi. — •sa'ft [soft]. — •raf
•«;»«
61
bi«
is not known to HI. 686 cfyy,. 687 dan. 688 niyy,n. 689 ♦sptyyiU, •span-
f«l [spoonful]. 690 fl6oB. 591 [(mtyy^B) F, H says not in use, F. also gives
(m6oBj]. 692 sw6oBd. — ♦giyyjS [goose]. 693 mast. 694 byi[t. 696 •fat.
696 ryyit. 697 sat.
XJ- _ ♦wad [wood]. 699 Bboov. 600 lay. 601 fa'ul. 602 8b'i#. 603
kam. 606 san. 606 dwwiB. 607 batB.
U: 608 agli. 609 fwl, ♦fal. — ♦pal [pull]. 610 •wal. 611 bttlak.
612 sam. 613 draqk. 614 hB'tmd [heoune W, perhaps (hs'im), and so for 616,
617, 621, 601, 602, etc., see p. 268]. 616 pB'tmd. 617 sB'imd. 618 wB'imd.
619 fB'wnd. 620 grB'imd [gran W]. 621 wB'und. 622 andB. 626 toq. 626
haqgBr. 628 nan. 629 san. 630 wan. 631 thazdi. 632 ap. 633 kap.
634 triyyi [ = 436]. — ♦kaa's ♦kaas •kas [curse]. 636 wath. 636 •fada
[but F considers this as an alteration of farther], 637 task [toshez, pi.].
638 bask. 639 dast.
U'- 640 kB'w. 641 \Wu, 643 ub'm. 646 da'u. 646 ba'if. 647 b'mI.
648 a'uB. 649 thB'wzBnd. 662 k«d ♦kad [occ.]. 663 bat. F: 664
shra'tid. 666 fB'Ml[«=601]. 666 rwmm. 667bnoai. 668 da'tm. 669 tB'im.
[ 1698 ]
[roof]. 677 ba'M. 678 pla'u. 679 anaf [sg.], bub'k [pi.], [(Bna'i*}, and (anlu)
Fpl.]. 680 ta'u [rare], taf. 681 86oBt [(sa'ut) F]. 682 ktyyU. 683 ttyyjl.
684 sttyy,l. 686 ♦bryy,m [F. also has * a barren brum ' = (b ha'r'n bram), but it
nrp
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19, V ii.] THE EAST EASTERN. 267
660 be'vB. 661 shaw'v. 662 is. 663 v'ms, v'ifses. 664 Wtm. 665 mu'ws.
666 hszbimd. 667 «'«t. 666 pn'tid. 669 dnkjyjith. 670 byy^th. 671
mv'uth. 672 sv'ifth.
Y- 673 mati. 676 l«'i. 677 dr»'t. 678 din [(dais) dolour, used for im»w].
679 hsti. 680 btzt. Y: 683 mind| W. 684 brtdi. 685 rtdi [Hndi WJ.
686 Wi. 687 fl«'tt. 688 bild. — ♦kEl [kiln]. — ♦mnl [mUl]. 690 kB'tnd.
691 m«'tnd. 693 sin. 696 baith [bath W]. 697 bsri [bare Wj. 698 maith.
699 w'it. — ♦haanet [hornetj. 700 was [also (waa^s) Fl. 701 fapt. —
*8hBt [shut, F also gives (shtt)]. 703 *pBt. 704 wtkstn [only applied to a
woman, the animal is called by the labonrers a (btt| faks)]. Y • 705 ska't.
706 WB't. 707 thattiin. 708 ha'ra. T: 709 tfi-«. 711 la'is. 712
ma'ts [but I haye (miis) from s. and e.Nt].
n. English.
A. 713 bted. 714 lied. 715 psd. 716 fed*l [to thrive as plants]. —
•waed'l [waddle]. 717 djeed. 718 treed. 719 taedpool. — •ra'ft [raft].
720 fseg. 722 drBs'in. 723 d^eart. 724 bAxld. 725 seel. 727 ^aem. 728
shiem. 729 freem. — ^swsemp [swamp]. — *gla'ns fglancel. 730 kanta.
733 skliad [scared]. 734 daan. — *hs8n [harsh]. 73o snuesn. — ^gra'sp
[grasp]. — *draaift [draught]. — *8aa'ntv [saunter]. 739 miAdha. 740
weey. 741 meez. 742 leezi.
E. — ttnstMd[(tnstii*d)F,in8tea4fl. 743 skreem. 744 meez* Iz. 745 tjeet.
746 breedh. 747 t sndt*ya [(andii'va) F]. 748 anflsdjd [the negative mh- is always
(on)]. — *tj!^ [cheer]. — •h^ea [to hear]. — *8n^ [to sneer]. —
•fl6e« [to fleer]. 749 hit. 750 bag. — •mala [mellow]. — ♦alda [elder,
tree]. 751 pliat.
I. and Y. 753 ttt'l. 755 f ilbat. 756 shrimp. — ♦stant [stint]. 757
ta'tnt. 758 gtel. 759 fit.
0. 761 lood Ruud W], 762 ook'm. 763 room. 764 kodU. 767 na'iz.
768 kDok. —•skaKid [scold], 769 moL — rol[roU]. — [(skrol) F, scroll].
771 fond. 772 bonfa'ia. 773 diki [compare (djaeki) 57]. 774 hobi [the form
used]. — ♦niyy,z [noose]. 777 shop. — •sla'p [slop]. 778 af6oad. 780
djosU. 783 pooltri. 784 ba'iflis. 786 da'us. 787 saus. 789 ra'u. ""*
m. EoMAlfCE.
A.. 809 eeVl. — *sBk [sack]. 810 fees. 811 plees. 812 lees. —
*kst| [eatch]. 814 meesana [sim. (myizi'shana) musician]. 815 faeks. 816
feed. 817 •radish. 818 eed|. 819 reedi. 821 dilaa'i. 822 maai. 823
bn'i. 824 ti6ea *tma. 826 eeg'l. — [(d&in) deign F, unknown to H.]
827 eega. 828 eegBt-827]. — tfaa'il [(fiil) FJ. 829 tgaa'in [(g&in) FJ.
— • plu'in [(pl&in) Fj pl^i^ 830 traa'in. — [(t|im) chain F, is, H says, goin^
out of use]. 832 meea jT gives (maa-fr) generally, but the (m^ea+r) ^
Norwich, and Lynn]. 833 paa+r. — * plaza [pleasure]. — ffaa'zant
[pheasant, (fozant) F]. — *plazant [pleasant]. 835 reern. 836 seez'n.
837 lees [of birds, but (leesh) of hounds]. 838 tre*[t. 839 heel. 840 t|amba.
841 ^aans. 842 pleeqk. 843 braant|. 844 trantj. — •paa'nti [H nasalises
(aa*)J. 845 anshvnt. 847 dandja. 849 strand|a. 850 •daains. 851 •aaint
[H nasalises (aa')]. — ♦(hi-niwari [January]. 852 eepan. — ♦maatjant .
merchant]. 853 baagtn. 854 baral. 855 karat. — •a]ues [scarce]. 856 •
paat. 857 kees. 858 brees. — ka^sk [cask]. 859 t|ees. 860 peest. 861 •
teest. — tnetyiral [natural, F (n^-)]. 863 heef. 864 koz. 865 ixAt, i
866 tp6ua [(p6oa) F].
£•' 867 tee. 868 djai'i. 869 weeU [(wiU) written weel B]. 870 byiTti
[blutiB]. — tgl6eib [glebe (gla'ib) F]. 871 agrii. 872 tjif. — [(vfein)
[ 1699 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
268
THE EAST EASTERN.
[D 19, V ii.
Tein F, not known to H]. 875 fapiht. 876 deentt. — [(ob&i) obey F, not
known to HI. 877 6eB. — tpsE'tn [(p&in) F]. 878 saBlwri. — •trimbU
[tremble, (diaa) didder used]. 879 feemeel [not in use]. — •tsempB [temper].
880 effzaa'mp'l. 881 bbus. 882 psenzt. 884prBntt8. — fsa^it; [(s^tp F,
searenl. 887 tlaadp. — *waamtnt [yermin, F does not mention tbe initial w
or final nt, see p. 263, col. 2, I. 1]. — *saamtnt [sermon]. — f^ [a fair,
(fii«) W]. 888 saattn. 889 see^s. — •mazv [measure]. 890 beest. 891
feest. — [(lEtB) letter, Fl. 892 nBve. — •fB'tl [foil]. 893 fla'M-B. —
[(bms&iv) conceive F, not known to H]. 894 disee-y. 896 risee'v [(ris&tt)
receipt F, not known to HI.
I" and Y" 897 dil«tt. 898 nn'ts. 899 nee^s. 900 pree. 901 fv'tn.
902 m«'tn. 904 wv'tlet. 905 rafivi. 906 w«'tpB. 907 tre'ts. 908 tidwv't's.
909 bree^z. 910 djv'tst. 911 *sB8t«n. — *8trsy [strove, a false pret. of
itrivef whicb should be ttrived or $triv]. 912 rtfis.
0.. 913 k60Btf. 914br<^j. — •sB'il [soil]. 915 staf. 916 iujto. 917
roog. 918feeVl. 919 v'tntmont. — d|B'tnfjoinJ. 920*pB'tnt. 921 aeku^^etnt.
— •pB'iz*n [poison]. 922 ^bashsl. — uI^-zb) leisure F, unknown to H].
923 ♦mB'wt. 924 ^b'i's. 925 vm'is, —\{6x^\) drole F]. 926 ♦sDB'il. —
[(bsm) bomb, F]. 927 trxqk. 928 s'ims. 929 kH'ukmnlra. 930 Iv'tn. 931
d^glv. 932 tnns'Mut. 933 «fr8nt. 934 bs'trntt. 935 kantrt. 936 •fant.
937 kok. 938 kAAUB. 939 tl6oz. 940 koot. 941 *ftyyil. 942 batp. 943
tatj. 945 wa u. 947 ^bs'tl. 948 ba'ul [(t« ba'ul b hyy^p) to bowl a hoop].
— *nas *naas [nurse]. 952 k6oB8 [coarsej. 953 kaz*n. 954 kash*n. 955
dB'ut. — •prav ♦praf [prove proof]. — •mav [move], F has also occ. (miiy)J.
956 kiVB. 957 vmplB't*. 958 frsB't. 959 kimwee [(konw^i) F, not known to HJ.
U.. 960 kii [m e.Nf.]. 961 gryyjBl. 963 ku;B'it. 964 syyjet. 965 b'iI.
— ♦distni'i- [destroy]. 966 frlyyit. 967 slyyit. 968 B'istB. 969 syyiU.
970 dpst. 971 fllyyit.
Mr. Everard (B) says intonation ** thin, dear, rising in pitch at end,** and that
<Hhe high key, the length of time they dwell on the accented syllable, are the
most marked characteristics."
Notes made from interview with Bev. Philip Hoste, 15 Nov. 1877.
The aspirate is very fairly pro-
nounced, but is occasionally put in the
wrong place. Mr. Everara (b) says it
is always rightly used.
cl'y ffl' become (tl-, dl-).
(w) is always used for (v), but not
conversely.
205. (Thr-) is frequent enough, as
(thrsD'shald), but (tr-) is regular in
some words, as (tr^^i trotp'imt tr^idz^
three threepenny threads. 367. (hi
trot't*nd mt bae'oli, ht d'd), he threat-
ened me badly, he did.
£ is generally treated as in London,
final and before consonants, and is at
most (rj before vowels.
The diphthongs (a'i, a'u) seem to
have several different forms. The (a'i)
when standing for I' is {kt) or 6b'»), and
the latter seems the regular lorm. I
could not determine whether (&i) was
used by mistake or not. When stand-
ing for -ZEG, EG, it was generally (n't,
BEt), as 141, 262, (nEB'il, wn't), nail,
way. The word pay was generally
(pBB), but when joined to a word gave
(pB'i)mt), pay me; again, (fB'i n'ut dhe
holj, fay [or clean! out the holl [or
heoge]. The (a'u) has the forms (b u)
and (a w) as nearly as I could distinguish.
The (b'm) seems regular for U', EOW,
EA'W, and (a'«) regular for A' W, thus :
(shi sffit oo'VB dhi fB'ir B-8B'«'»n b
pdkot-haqkBtiB, bu dhi faa'dhB hii wsnt
B't<t tB BB'u dnt k6oBn^, she sat over the
fire a-sewing a pocket-handkerchief,
and the father he went out to sow the
com. The (a'u) is sometimes difficult
to distinguish from (6u), thus to throw,
to sow, when compared seem to give
(thra'M, s6ii^ Generally (b'm) sounded
like a faint (^u), but at other times I
found it difkcult to distinpiish (b'm,
a'tO, as in 645, 108, (dB'w, aa'«), dove,
dough. Mr. Hoste, however, seemed
to have no hesitation, and was consistent.
See Forby's remarks, p. 270.
0' regularly generates (iy,) or fyy,),
a deeper (y), sometimes begun with the
moutn open. Mr. Shelly, a Nf . man,
long resident in Plymouth, finds Nf.
(yi) resemble Dv. (y,) p. 163, but in Dv.
{iji) does not occur. I use identical
symbols in Dv. and Nf . because I cannot
[ 1700 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D19, Vii.]
THB EAST BA8TBRN.
269
f onnulate the difference. The A' words
%pho two, owing, perhaps, to the in-
fluence of w on the vowel, become
(htyyi, ttyvi) occ. (tyy,). I noted {656
Bhjjif 567 tjj,, 661 blyy,m, 662
miyy.n, 664 8iYy,n, 674 bmid, 682
kiyyil, 688 tiyy,l, 684 sttyy,!, 686 dyy„
688 ntyy,n, 689 8piyy,n, 694 byjit,
696 lyyit) shoe too bloom moon soon
brood cool tool stool do noon spoon
boot root. 686 broom was (bryy.m)
wheal alone or initial, as in (bryyimstik>,
but (bram] final, as (h^bram) hair
broom. It the vowel 0' had become
shortened or compounded with (gh),
this effect was lost, as (668 Iwk, 669
ma;dh«, 663 mandt, 666 adh«, 670
twk, 671 gMd, 672 blad, 673 flsd, 676
stud, 677 ba'u, 678 pla'M, 680 tx'w,
696 fxt, 697 sat) look mother Monday
other took good blood flood stood bougn
plough tough foot soot, and (679 myB'u
an)mn, ima'f)im)it) enough of them,
enough of it.
The numerals (wan tyyj tr^ii fa'un
h'iY sik sffiy'n Bst nv'in teen lieVn
twaelT thati handred).
The following words and phrases
were also noted.
(rno-rofdj, batt, la'stwaz, bsB'v,
:s8Bndrtnimi paak) Norwich, butty,
leastways, beer, Sandringham park.
(hi aid B sttm aet^vm) he hurled —
pitched, chucked — a stone at them.
(tvK^ ItVl mAAdha) fete or pretty
little girl.
(laete, noo'T8B*mb«, disffi*mba, tsBmoB,
brsed an t|ee^z) letter, NoTember, De-
cember, temper, bread and cheese.
(«*« d)j» nea ta dyyi P) how do you
fare to do P
(a r6eB fantii'g) a rare state of
(a fa'M brAAth) a few » some, broth.
(raf, a hAiUi 9 biia, tp*mblt,
bramb*lz, kmaa*dha, wasiiz) roof, a
hand of barley, chimney, orambles,
come hither, (go) ways ; these last said
to horses to order them to come to or
go from the driver.
(a t^atonan, a lees a baadz, a leesh
a Wimdz) a churchman b a clergy-
man, a leash of birds, a leash of
hounds.
Examination of Forby's Pronunciation.
In Forby (contracted to F.) it is said
that '*in the neighbourhood of Lynn
all short a are ^ (a), as a bed mm, a bad
man.** TH. obsenred none such there,
but heard (a) in back, apples, under-
stand, that, man.
The yowel marked (a^) is described
by F. as midway between (aa, ee), and
* * like the bleat of a very young lamb * * ;
this would be rather (sesB) than (a^), but
I take the pronunciation of Mr. Hoste
(contracted to H.). Using b for before
and a after a number, it occurs in 6167
staff, al74 glass, 333 calf, a719 raft,
a729 glance, a736 grasp, 860 dance,
0861 cask.
F. gives tnare 9par$ apparently as
(sn^ sp^ea). I nerlectea to obtain
Mr. Hoste*B pron. of tnem, but judging
by care (kjar a) , they would probably be
(snaa'a spaa'a).
F. says the pron. of '' pit kiln silver
stint bia mill dstem sit,** with (a) or
perhaps (e) in place of (t), is not very
general, and more in Sf . than in Nf .
F. pron. Nor-folk with (naa-), H.
with (n6oB-). TH. heard (nA^r^-fik).
After saying long o in $hrove, drove—
^a), F. adcU, *^It has the same sound
m hither and wither,** unintelligible
unless /< be a misprint for /.
F. states and H. agrees that negative
im- is always (on-).
F. says tnat (shat) shut is universal
in Sf . and Nf .
F.*s Italian ai in plain gain pain fail
nail twain snail, where H. has (aa't)* is,
H. thinks, due to F.*s deficient know-
ledge of Italian, and as for (Wit) bait,
H. has never heard of it. F.*s (aa)
in may play pray stay, is H.*8 (aa'i),
and similarly in pay=(paa) in Sir T.
Smith, ana as was given me at
Norwich, H. hedrs only (paa'i). F.
also says that (&t) is occ. found in
deign, either, leisure, conceive, vein,
weigh, neighbour, receipt, grey, con-
vey, obey, but these S. nabits are un-
known to H. F. does not mention in
what part of East AngUa t^ey are
found.
F.*s account of the pron. of etraw
law is unintelligible, but may mean the
actual (straa laa) with, before a vowel,
euphomc (r^), which he seems to
think is represented by the w. U.
does not allow euphonic (rj unless
there are separate words, thus (saa'tq),
but (saarjit).
F. gives the (tji) words as having
long u ^iu), which I assume to
(•yi)-
[ 1701 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
270
THB BAST EA8TBRX.
[D 19, V ii.
F. gives three soimds of on, ow^V,
which are di£Scult to understand hj his
description. H. knew only two («'»,
a'w), hut I also constantly heard (b'm,
ssu'). F. says: ''1. A hroad twanging
sound somewhat) hut not exactly, as u.
it were written a«i-tr." This should
he {d'u)j and prohahly means (a'u),
which H. used in Ha'tf, da'M, ms'M, a't«,
sa'tild) low, dough, mow, owe, soul,
which are some of F.'s examples ; his
ouffhtf however, seemed to he (v'tit),
which may be an error, as this was his
sound of out. **2, The second con-
siderahly narrower, and may be at-
tempted by endeavouriuff to sound the
open a with w after it.'^ This should
give (&m). Of the examples he gives,
* shower, our ' were (sha'tm, a'inj) ac-
cording to H. Hence this wotUd be
the same as the last. His other
examples are power sour devour scour,
not given by H. ** 3. The third is
narrower stili, and may be described as
about midway between the legitimate
sound of ou and that of long w,** that
is perhaps between {a'u) and (iuj, which
might be very various, tor the
''legitimate sound of om,** whatever
that be, is itself very various in the
mouths of different speakers. His
examples, cow sow (pigF) how proud,
are given as (ts'u sb m hv'ti prv'tid) by
H., but plow (plough) is (pla'«), and
crowd does not occur in H.'s words.
Hence the three are to H. 1 and 2 (a^u),
3 (v'u) as given above. But this does
not exhaust the question. At Mattishall
I had uniformly (o'li), at Kimberley
(e'w), and at Kirby Bedon (ee'tf), (k'u)
occurring in you. At Buxton (8| n.
Norwich) TH. «it (na'u, tiba'ut), at
Diss (16 e.Thetford) on the border of
Sf., TH. had (kjs'u, ds'tm) cow d6wn,
at Downham Market (10 s. King*s
Lynn) TH. chiefly records (o'ti) as at
MattiBhall, from Narborough TH. got
(^u). At Old Hunstanton (14 nne.
Eing*s Lynn, and 9 nw. Stanhoe) TH.
heard (dn'tin), and at Stanhoe itself
he heard (dn^tin JoTu). Hence the
sounds of (a'u) «s U' must be considered
variable, (Vm v'w) may be meant for
the same sound, (a'v) is a variety of
(b'u)^ and (b'u) seems to be a variety of
^v'u). But the information at my
oisposal is not sufficient to localise or
classify these sounds, and F., whose
observations extend over all East
Anglia, rarely localises.
In Uie consonants F. and H. hear
(f) for V in vane, vetch, vat and [F.
not H. inl vagary.
F. finos Hff = iqg) medially ap-
parently in bringing, m^i^ing (brtqgin,
ntqgtn), and finally before a vowel, as
(fliqgiqg)a'ut) flinein^ out ; H. does
not know it, ana it has not been
heard w.
F. finds / dropped in old, cold, told,
sold, hold, and H. also occasionally, ol
becoming (a^v).
F. and H. both find thr- invariably
(tr-) as in throat, thread, threaten,
through. See p. 268, note 205.
F. finds V ana w ** uniformly substi-
tuted for each other,'* H. only finds
{w) uniformly for v initial. F. adds :
'* In general n; f or v is used by rude
rustics, and t^ for n; by those whose
diction has been polished by town
breeding.** This means that (w) is
the only hereditary sound, and (v) is a
new one, and the latter once acquired,
is throu^ ignorance used in the wrong
place. From Ke. to Nf. is the land
of Wee,
F. then gives a nmmber of words and
corruptions that I have not been able
to verify, but many still exist. I
palaeotype his spellings as well as I can.
(ssshvp Bsh«p ash«p) ash-heap, (mak«p)
muck-heap, (uEtss nsetBs) neat, or
cattle,house,(daf8s da'u;Bs) dove-house,
(wadw) woodhouse, (se'tdBs) sideways,
(:braid*l) Bridewell, (diss oltnt) always,
(wanm*l t|iiz) one meal cheese, (shaaW
shsea>nt), shan't, (kaa^nt keeeent) can't,
(oont woimt) will not, (dint dsnt deent)
did not, (shant) should not, (want)
would not, (maa'nt mtesBut) may not,
(waant) were not, (iint) is not, (eent)
am not, (heent) hits not, (ha^nt hsent)
had not, (tot) to it, (dot) do it, (w9t)
with it, (hst) have it, (tBbtn) it has
been. Final -ive (-a'iv) with stress, as
expensive abusive na^ve. Final -abU
(-ee'bBl), as lamenta'ble abomina-ble.
Final -/y' (-la'i')» ^ continually* cer-
tunly'. Final 'le^ul (id), as possible.
These words not having been written
phonetically, I can only conjecture the
value of tne illustrative syllables and
cannot make a guess at the others.
Corruptions as given by F. mostly
affect Romance words ; only a few are
given in the wl. when recognised by H.
and are marked *. I do not attempt
to phoneticise them.
1. -(^, 't added, attac-t, close-t,
drown-d, epitaph-t, gallon-t, •gown-d,
margen-t, nic^-t, pacagraph-t, regi-
[ 1702 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19, V u.]
TteB BAST BA8TBRN.
271
men-t, scholar-d, *fermon-t, 8imon-t,
*8oal-d, 8urgeon-t, talon-t, *Tenniii-t,
•wine-d.
2. 'tr added, *mason-er, musician-
er, pliyaician-er, team-er.
3. <- prefixed, s-nooae s-notch
s-qnsncli s-oaink s-quit.
4. first syllable changed, the usual
form prefixed: bay- bagonet, ca- com-
padty, coat- coart-of-arm, in- discom-
mode, di- disgest, de- dismoliflh, im-
eminent, mo- mislest, pro- perdigious,
per- preyerse, stark- starnaked, va-
Tocation.
5. last syllable changed, the usual
form snbjomed: agash -gast, ballat
-ad, becase -cause, bedisle -dizen,
chaply -el, chimbly chimly -ney, dash
-88, conquest -course, delightsome -ful,
dnu^r -gist, effidge -igy, fancical
-ful, flustrate -ter, launders -ice,
luxurious -riant, moral -del, notage
-tice, otherguest -guise, portmantle
-teau, quite -et, refu^ -fuse sb., rheu-
matics -tism, successfully -ively, timor-
some -rous, topsitiyy -turry.
6. superfluous letters inserted, italic-
ised : lMu;hehA>r, bin^, caval^, com-
monality, confis^tcate, destolate, dilan-
tory, dispostal, dub^rous -bious, enor-
m^rous, flagi^itious, frairy, fur^flow
-lough, industrrous -trious, nuuuiers
manner, partflufer, proprietor, ruina/^,
solmtaiy 8 solitary, spreckled, stu-
pendifous, stuprify, sud^asssuds, tre-
mendtfous.
7. letters omitted, inserted in paren-
thesis : ^to)bacca -o, chai(se}, christ(i)an,
cur(i)08ity, curvi)ous, debili^t)ate, fic-
(ti)tious, mgen(i)ous. neceB8i(tjate, ruf-
fi(a)n, ted(i)ous [probably (tiijBs)], ye-
(he)ment, (uni)yerBal, yolum(m)ous.
8. Latin corruptions, correct in italics:
arcyfarsyrui^f^MS, cayy j)M«avi, cersa-
rary certiorari^ crissy erisis^ davy affl'
davity diddimus dediwma, hizy-prizy fii«i
pritiSf hoxy-croxy oxycroeeum, hoizon
horiton, nolus bolus nolen* voUni^ non-
plush nonplunge nan phis, primmery
primminery premunire,
9. Unclassed. F.*s phonetic spelling,
which I cannot alwajrsaecipher, prefixed,
usual form added in italics: acquese
aequisiee, artiflexy apoplexy ^ bewiddle
bolder, blather MrMii^, bref kee breaks
fast, cartract etUaraety coalese (in two
syllables) eoaUeee, crowner crounier
eoroneTfCutiimeniBaceoutrementef farisee
/airy, farrago fairing, fidcy effigy,
fishorateq^ttnattf, gashful gashly^Aa«%,
hobble hovel, howsomedeyer howsoever,
hume hymn, inquiration inquiry, intos-
sicate intosticate intoxicate, intrust m-
terest, jocotious Jocose, juggler's yein
jugular vein, liceners license, nuscom-
fortune mi^ortune, miscomhap mishap,
narrow-wnffgle earwig, neckthom nec-
tarine,nBweityn.eweitry novelty, nottomy
anatomy, numpoet imposthume, obligate
oblige, odious odorous, obstropmous
obstreperous, oudacious audacious, pala-
riitock paralytic, penmscous promis-
cuous, plumpendicular perpendicular,
porpus pauper, porting portugal,
^waigeneipomegranate,([mTy equivocate,
rale re€U, sembUtudo similitude, sinnable
syllable, sinni-fy (-fire) singa-fy (-fire)
singma-fy (-fire) signify, scrummage
skirmish, speciously especially, spettade
spectacle, surficate snufficate suffocate,
tater tate potaioe, timinate intimidate,
trinkle trittle trickle, turpentine walk
serpentine walk, yimment vomit, yiper's
dance St. Vitus' s dance, imbombinable
abominable, upper hand apprehend^ up-
perlet <^paM/ift,wagabone vagabond, who-
what- when- somedeyer, who- what-
when- soever.
It is eyident that all these forms 1 to
8 are not distinctiye of any dialect.
They were, at least origuuuly, mere
mishearings and misrenderings of un-
familiar words quite out of the speaker's
range, and though they may haye been
handed down from parent to child, they
are not the property of any one locality,
but are more or less common property.
Haying been collected, however, prob-
abljr from actual hearing, by F. and
his informants, they are wortn repeat-
ing, to shew the extraordinary way in
which words can be disfigured and
twisted when unfamiliar.
F. adds something about Nf. gram-
mar. Some of the things may be
noted.
the, omitted before familiar objects
after prepositions ; walk into house, go
up chamber, put the apples into basket,
turn the dog into yara, come out of
bam. H. says this is going out of use.
substantiye pi. in -en, housen, dosen,
cheesen, only.
adj. in -en, homen spoons, tinnen
pots, glassen bottles, eldem berries,
Eastern Sunday.
superlatives : leesest, worsest, littlest,
as old as old, bone-dry, gall-bitter,
slug-slow, frog-cold, dog-mW.
pronouns : tne woman what came ;
let us go, shall us go, my missis and
me is going, Mr. S. he came, his
[ 1703 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
272
THE EAST EASTERN.
[D 19, V n.
family they are all out, tbem are the
women I meant, I saw Uiem boys, give
me them there books.
be in indie, rare except in here he be,
used in subj.
war for was.
Nf. folks say (n sell seUed, tell
telled, catch catched, teach teached,
seek seeked, work worked; (2) snow
snew snown, mow mew mown, row
rew rown, sow sew sown, hoe hew
[which H. has heard] hown; (3) rise
ris, ride rid, rive riv, stride strid, smite
emit, driye driy fneyer drove^ sometimes
druv) ; (4) bid bod, give gov, sit sot,
swim swum ; (5) giv gav gov, gin ^
gon [H. hears: giv giv gin], mmg
mung [to knead bread, affs. mengm\
ding dung [to throw or nurl], weave
weft, save seft, wave weft fH. does not
know the last three], and come, bid,
see, run, are used as pres. pret. and pp. ;
steal, staul [H. (sttA)], shriek shruck :
(6) taking taken not distinguished;
kiit — killed, spilt s spilled, spUt =
spoiled.
Nf. Notes and Sentences by TH.
TH. having visited Stanhoe in 1883,
a few of his observations are added.
Stanhoe was called (:sta*nB). The
general use of (9, a) for U: was con-
firmed with variants between (dok, dok)
duck, between (gan, gan) gun and
(di/^mpr n) dumplmg. Tfl . newd (snfiw)
not (sna'u).
Instead of (yi, lyi) in this district
also TH. heard (uu, cb'm. In) as (djuun
dja?'uun) June, (:ra'us'l)Ru8hall, (bt^utt)
beauty, (jts it da'u) yes it does, not
(d/yy). He also heard (pls^os) for
(plees) place, (p^k) pork, and from a
woman of 89, Hcam ju ev, mx') come
YOU here, maw* ; (pl«ra) please ; (a'»
kjEtjt sa'tt on tm), I caught sight of
him.
ne.Np., NoETH Walsham (14 imw.Norwich).
Test written by R. S. Baker, Esq., J.P., who had lived there all his life, pal. by
AJE. from Mr. Baker's own orthography and notes, bearing in mind w.
information. The (r) = (rj .
1 . BOO e't SEE, tagt'dhc, ja'w sii nE'« dhct e't cm ra'it cbE'iit dhaet
lit'l gsel (mAA'dihB) kam*m frcBm dh^ skyjil Jtndt).
2. shii iz tsgoo'iii dE'un dhv rood dheev trE'tf dhts rEd gEEt on dha
left haend sa'id B)dhB -wii,
3. shyyiT enaf dhB l^e'ild hev gAAn strdt't ap tyi dhB doow B)dliB
roq ha'tts,
4. weeB shii)! tjaens (haop) tjj fa'md dhset draqk'n diif shrtVld
faelB B)dliB HEEin b :tainas.
5. wi aaI noo him wKr*f weI.
6. oont dhi ool tjflep syyiii laan hB nat ty, dyji it (da)t) Bgi'n-,
p(5oB thf q !
7. Ittk, eeni it tryji ?
Notes to North Walsham dt.
1. I am, you are, he is the man, here
he be, I aan't, *taant. — now (ub'm) ow
like owl, lips nearly closed, lower teeth
thrust forward. This description being
incomplete, (b'h) was taken from else-
where.
2. hand, "The habit is to pro-
nounce the aspirate correctly in all
cases.** But " h is never sounded
after w.*' — ** W never becomes V, but
V always becomes W. We cannot see
any difference between the letter W
and the letter WE," = V.— «ww^A
(«naf ') with sg., (vub'm) with pi. nouns.
[ 1704 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19, V iii.] THE EAST EASTERN. 273
VaB. iii. S.NOEFOLK FOBM.
Mattishall, Kimbeblet and East Debehah cs.
This version was originally written by Miss Buckle, a natire of Mattisball
(.-msBtsM) (12 W.Norwich), acquainted with the dialect from childhood, and pal. by
AJE. from her w. explanations Oct. 1877. As I pal. in 1873 a yy. version of
the same from Kimberley (10 wsw.Norwich and 5 s.Mattishall) by George Ashby,
who, however, had been 33 years away from his county, then gardener to Prince
L.-L. Bonaparte, and had obtained a careful version in his own orthography, with
elaborate explanations by Mr. 6. A. Carthew, 60 years acauainted with the dialect
as spoken at East Dereham (:dd«rBm) (16 w-by-n. Norwich and 4 nw.Mattishall),
and a version by Miss C. M. Day, of Kirby Bedon (3 se.Norwich), supplemented by
long explanations and a w. wl. given ebewhere, I take Mattishall as a centre, and
give the variants of the other versions, when the difference is marked, in subsequent
notes, in which K. means Kimberley, D. East Dereham, and B. Kirby Bedon. I
have no guarantee that the pron. w&s purely local, but it must closely resemble all
s.Nf. The (r) was not particularly observed, but was probably (rj.
0. wit :djon 2d)noo dQ^uta.
1. wael, naa'bB, Ta!u Bn hii ma booth laaf vt dhis niuuz « mdim
ht'yi kjleeB ? (ih8B)8 naadhn lieeu iib dhh'B.
2. fa'u mm dai bikoz dh)aa laaft set, wi noo, domt wi? waet
shtid meek)OTn ? t^«it wet* larklt, t8)t ?
3. ha'tt'svmde'VB dhiiz a dho faeks b dhB kj^ra, boo [so, so] d^ist
ha'ud ja noiz, frtnd I bAl on be kwd«t til it haB)dan. liVn.
4. ii)m saa'tin at hii*d om see — sEm o dhsm fuks dhBt waent
triyi dha hwl [bal] th«q frsm dhB fest dhimsElvz— •dh8Br)d« d«d.
5. dh9e)dhB Jaq'ges san hizse'lf, b grat boot b ndin, iiood)fz
faadhBz wois Bt)waii8, dhoo t)waz so kweoBr Bn sku^ee'kin, Bii)a'wi
trast 'hfin tB speek dhB trijith E-nt dee, aa, &i -wwd.
6. Bn dh)ool waman hasElf wu\ IeI Eni on)jB dhBt laaf na'u, Bn
tEl JB street of, tiyi, dro'u't mat| bo'dB t)ja)l oonii aask ha, oo !
oont sht ?
7. liistwdrz shi to'ud it 'mii wEn it aast ha, tiyi b trii tdtmz
oo-vB, shi dtd, Bn 'shii o'tt-fnt tB bi roq on 8tt| b pdint bz dhts,
wor)B jo'm thtqk ?
8. W8b1, az a'f weer asee'tn, •8hii)d tEl ja'w ha'u w^cbt b wEn shi
fond dhB draqk'f'n b^^t dhse)shi kAAl har)3z*bon.
9. shi swooB she sii hf'm wr)ar)ooim d»z, lee'tn stretit Bt f«l
laeqkth B)dhB gra'tmd, tii hiz giyid san'dt kuut, tlus mi dhB
dAAr)B)dhB a'Ms, da'tm i)dhB kAA'nBr B)jon y^n.
10. hi waz blaa-nn awaa*, sez shii, for aaI dhB wee^Bld la'ik b stk
Ijdtld or)B lit'l gael (nuAdhBr) in)B tEmpB.
11. Bn dhsBr)8ep'nd, bz shii Bn ha daatBr)t)lAA kom triyi dha
baek-jaad frBm haeq-in a'«t dhB wEt tlooz ta drdi on a wosh'f'n dee,
12. wdil dhB kitl WBz bdrh'n fA. tii, wan fain brdit sam-B
aatBniyin oo*nlf b wiik agoo' kt'm nEks thaezdee. '
13. Bndlyi JB noo? a't na'VBlaand En-i mooB nB dhis b dh8D)biznts
ap tiyi tB-dee, bz shiyiBr bz ma'f neemz idjon :sh£p'Bd, Bn a'* doBnt
waent tiyi didhB (aa dhB), dheeB (dhitB) na'« !
14. an 800 dt)m goo-Bn huum [ham] tB haB)mB sap'B. giyid ndit,
Bn doBnt bi sb kwt k tB kroo oo*vBr b bodi Bgrn, wEn hi tAAi a dhis,
dhaet b tadhB.
B.B. Pron. Part Y. [ 1705 ] 109
Digitized by LjOOQIC
274
THE BAST EASTERN.
[D 19, V iii.
15. t)iz B week iijil dhvt g08*p w»)9'ut rMzn.
laas weed, giyid bd>.
Notes to Mattuhall cs.
«]i dli8e)B ma'f
0. ufAy (wii), this diphthong (&tj
was not always steadily pronounced ana
at times sounded (o't), but I got (&i)
from K. and B.— Am, (sb) or (a^) (it
was difficult to say which Miss B. said)
short and run on to the next word for
have used for Ao*. This abbreviation,
which occurs frequently here, was not
given me elsewhere. B. insists on (has)
with Yi, ^doubts (da'ffts), this diphthong
(9'u) was given me as (e'u) at Eimberley,
and (b'w), or more frequently (ffi'w), at
Kirby Bedon. I think this (sb'm) or
(mm'u) is what was meant by the sound
written (naew) for know at East Dere-
ham.
1. well (wael), in others (wsl). —
neighbour (naabv), so also D., but E.
save only (b6oTi) or (bx), B. had
(njaabB) and (bAA). — mau^ B. (m&t).
— both (buth) B. — who (h/yi), as far
as I could make out the fracture arose
from commencing with the mouth open
and then dosing, it was therefore (»y)
or (t'lyi), but the first element was in-
distinct, and so I have marked it only
(ly,). From D., who do through noon
fool were reported to ''resemble French
eu or long w,** but the information was
on paper only. At B. I heard (byyts,
sh^, U tjy, styl, stjyptd) for boots^
shoesy two J ttooly stupid. From E.
I heard (huu) simply. — cares (kjt^eB),
at E. (kj6e«), at D. apparently (kaa),
written ear^ but the wnter employed ar
for (aa), at B. (k^evz) with the (z) at
the end, but Miss B. said they never
used that form if they could avoid it.
2. few (few) was (favi) apparently at
E. Possibly the difference was only
in my perception. — because (bikAAZ,
BkAAz) D. — know {noo) B. — donU toe
(ddontwi) was written ddnt us (doont
as) at D. This very Southern (asj is
certainly doubtful. I don* t c^t it else-
where in Nf . and Sf . But Forby talks
of 'shall us go.* — tnake them (meek)tnn),
whether (meek) or (m^k), must be con-
sidered doubtful. At E. the speaker
insisted on (dhem). — veri/ (wE'n), the
short e was, I think, generally rather
(bJ than (e). The (w) for (v) is the
rule among peasants, says Miss B., and
both D. ana E. rive (waVs) in par. 6.
Miss B. says (wsd; bv hset) is the verge
or brim of a hat.
3. f/our (ja) for unaccented f/our,
was insisted on nere and at E., and simi-
larly (ha) for her.
4. heard (hiivd) D., but (haad) E.,
(h^cd) B. The initial (h) is insisted
on by most Nf. people, but often
vanishes. — sag (s^), from E. (s6ei)» but
my D. informant insisted on (saa), as
also on (maa) for may, and made dag
into (d&ai). In xti th century we had
(saa) regularly, at present there seems
to be much confusion, and the received
(s^, oee'jf Beei) are approached ; also
(se'j) at Stanhoe.— /o/Ar< (fuks|, so also
at E., from D. I got/o*^«, which may
or may not mean the same thing. —
through (tr»y.),but (thrs'ttj D., (trE'w)
E., (trs'n) B. It would seem as if
(tre'tt trB'u) were older forms and (trtyi
thrty,) more recent. — whole (hul, hal),
both were riven, (h«l) B. ; (hul) as a
remnant of (n(iBl), the regular S. change
from A', is perhaps the older form, and
(hsl), which may come from (hool hoi),
or be merely the regular change of (»)
into (a), may be more recent. — safe
enough was allowed to stand at the end
of this paragraph by others, but Miss
B. said the phrase was not used as an
affirmative, and that enough was not
said. — that I (dh8er)&i'), and afterwards,
par. 7, (wor)B) = what do. This r seems
to be a mere euphonic insertion, the t
or td being omitted, so (gBr)«p) =get up
in Leeds, D 24, where more examples will
be quoted. In Nf . and Sf . this omission
of the final t is fret^uent in (dh(e)s) for
(dhsBt)s), with which compare par. 0
(8D)noo), par. 3 (h8e)dsn), and par. 5
(dh8e)^B). The insertion of euphonic
r, asin (sAArtn) ^saunng^ is almost uni-
versal in £. div. Compare also (ara'M't)
^athoutts without in par. 6.
5. youngest (jaq'ges) comes from D.
in the form (jBO-garest), my authority
saying that "Nf. people are fond of
inaulring in ultra-superlatives,'* but
probably they are seldom heard. — truth
(tr/y|th) distinctly so pronounced, but
E. seemed to give (tr?<ith), possibly
meant for (tra'uth), (truth) D. looks
like a modernism for (truuth), the
vowel being shortened to save it from
falling into (tyi). — dag (dee) distinctly,
(d6i) E., (d&O D. and-B., probably
stages of variation from (daa) — age (aa).
[ 1706 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D19,Viii.]
THB BAST EASTERN.
275
K. (JBS), D. (-dhet), Miss B. sajB ay$
is noioBed.
6. ufiU (wid) K. (w^iil) P D. ri).—
of y<m (9ii}ja), so at D., but K. ^f
ra'n), a syllabio form. — off (of), K.
(o'f), D. (on).— *oay (bo-dB) or (bAA-dB),
but D. and K. (bodha).— a«i (aask),
K. (teks), D. {jBb}ai).-^u>%th<mt (oro'tit)
B o^Atfif^, wiihfdh) omitted and euphonic
r inserted. !K. and D. give without
simply. — wohU (oont), so the others.
At &e beginning of a sentence (woont)
would be used.
7. told (ta'ttd), so D., but (toold) K.,
evidently modern. — «A# <^Vf (shi did),
the original had did she^ but all agree
in the other order, Miss B. stating that
<« dialect does not allow the nominative
to be placed after the verb.*' — three
(trii), aU a^pree in tr^ for thr^ initial.
—point (p&mt), so D. B., but (po'int)
K., modem jform. — what do you
rw9r)« jsni), but D. K. B. have (wot
dfyi 19' u),
8. <AtfUHMii;tf(*shii)d),soD.,but(shi
wi'vld) IL,— found (fond), D. /rotrmf,
which may a (fs'imd) K. — drunken
(dra'oktn) looks like an error for
idraqK*n^, as in the others, as if con-
fused with (driqkin). — her hueband
(har)sz'ben), the r is quite euphonic,
owinf to the omission of A in hueband,
whi^ is as common as my good man,
9. eaw (aii), common, (siid) D. »
eee^d, — with her own {wr)ar)doiai),
the r is euphonic, the syllabic division
being (wt-a-r^oiin). — lying (lee'in),
laying is always used for lying ; so the
others. — ground (gro'imd), (sT>'und) K.
B., greownd D., probably the t
my informant could not analyse the
diphthongs on paper better than eu^w,
—tloee (tius), of course (tl-) for (kl-)
was not acknowledged, but was heard ;
the vowel agrees with D. B., but K.
has (klo0s). — door (dAAr)s(f0or, the r
is euphonic, D. and K. eive (d6ov+r).
— Une (W«nK I notea that the Ue)
was very light, more like (tt), but tois
was probably accidental, for K. has
(leen), which is more analogous. D.
gives lokOf a common East Anglian
word for a lane without a thoroughfare.
10. whining (blaa*rin). ''Calves,
sheep, asses, and children are all said to
blare." Moor, D. gives i{7ifiiit«fi from
Forby*s ' ' Whinney^ snivel and whim-
per like a child." K. has (p4*'ntn), B.
has (wfit'nixi, pxnstn, p&tntn). — away
(awaa*), this is a remnant of the
old (waa)«i<Hiy, K. (vwee*). — world
(wsB'vld), (wold) D., (weeld) K. B.—
child (mAA*dh«+r), the rM^ukr Nf.
and Sf . word for eirl, the (dh) is weakly
pronounced and orten quite lost.
11. that (dhsBr), euphonic r. — hap"
pened (lep'nd), (hssp'nd) K., (h»pt) D.
— daughter (oaa'to^, eiq>honio r, so D.
B., but (dAA'tvr) K.—mmm (kom),
(kxm) D. K., which is most common,
(kxmd) B.—elothe$ (tlooi), the (tl-)
not acknowledged.
12. tea (tii), so K., but (tee) D. B.
—come (kim), but (ksm) D. K. B.,
which is more regular. — thuraday
ithffi'sdee), the. finu syllable dMnA
ee), not (t), but K. and D. have
(thaaxdt).
14. home (huum, hsm), Aoin#, prob-
ably the correct form is (hum) B. for
A', modernised to (ham) D., (boom) K.
is quite modem. From Stanhoe, p. 265,
No. 115, comes («Miin). — have my
(h»)mB), these wonds are omitted in
£. D. and K.
15. good bye (gtyid b4t) said only
when parting for a long time. £. D.
has (gu)\A{}y which is more regular.
' I are to go ' is common. The Nf.
drant (draant) is rough, thick, glib and
quick, yet drawling, and the piteh does
not rise at the end of a sentence.
Ejbbt Bedon, Nobfolk.
Words pal. in 1868 by AJ£. from diet, of Miss Cecilia M. Day, daughter of
Rev. Edward Day, then rector of Kirby Bedon (3 se.Norwich). where she
had resided from childhood, and had n^uent opportunities of conversing
with the peasants.
K is added to words given by Mr. Keith, of Norwich.
L is added to a few words from Miss Day*s sister, Mrs. Lusoombe.
I. WsflSBX AUD NOBSB.
A- 5 miUc [?]. A'- 74 U [(tjyi) K]. 92 noo.
8'tft. ll5htmi[(h(nn)K]. 117 win. '124ston.
161 d&at. 173 WAA WAAut [was not]. JE'
[ 1707 ]
A': 102 aks. Ill
^- — staas [stairs]. JE:
208 sevs. 213 eedhs £. 214
Digitized by LjOOQIC
276 THE BAST EASTERN. [D 19, V iii.
needhB E. E- 232 briik. — pliB [a pear]. — biiB [to bear]. 251 meet.
E: 263 tiwfer. 266 street. — twaelv [twelve]. 270 brira. 273 min. 280
Iffiv'n. 281 Iffiqkth. — trashU [tbreehold]. £'- 301 h^. £': 312 b^
[I bave beard (Ub)]. 316 naeksi. £A: 324 Bst. — aan [earn]. EA'-
347 beed. — ^ [tbe ear]. EA': 353 breed. 369 nssbB nJBba njaabs.
361 been. £0- 383 ssev'n. 387 niji L. £0: -^ banBn [burning].
402 laan. £0'- 411 trii. 416 d^. 420 fa'tiB. £0': 431 b^.
I- 446 na'in. I: 462 ki [I have beard (6i, di, ■'♦)]. — liid lid [lidj.
— bad [bird, (bad) K]. — winds [window]. — fiisb fisb [fiab]. — siks
[six]. r- — tbott [tbirtv]. T: — diik dik [dvke]. 602 fa'tv. —
Wi [bay]. 0- 624 wmald. — trot [throat]. 0: — trffi'u [trough,
same as through 634]. 627 bsfut. — bore [borrow] borBrtn [borrowing]. —
sore [sorrow]. 0'- 666 sbpz [shoes, probably (sbV|Z) was said]. 0': 677
bae'u. 684 styyil. 692 sw6ob. 694 byyit. 696 M. 697 sat. U- 603
ka)bA L [come, bo']. U: 616 ps'tmd L. 618 wee'tmd [or 621]. 621 we'imd
[or 618]. 634 trse'tf [same aa /rott^A after 624]. XT'- 640 kseV Y- 679
i^}. Y'- 707 tbat*n thot'n [(thot*n) K]. — driip drip [drip].
n. English.
A. — sn^eBst [snast, burnt wick or snuff of candle]. — tjeetB t^eBtB tj^eBtB.
739 mAAdhB L. £. — malB [mellow]. — indjt'n [engine]. — kkevB
[clever]. 0. — doog [?(do'g) dog]. 791 bwo'i [has heard (b&i)]- U. —
onls's Tunless]. — ta-uBp [turnip]. — bash [bush]. 808 pat. — krot|
[crutch].
ni. EoMAircE.
A •• 824 tjliB. — kl^cB [clear]. — pleez L [please]. 840 tjambB tjaambB.
848 tiand|. — rand| [range], Bra*nd; [arrangeT. — JPi®®?* P^^^'P' pj^eBpB.
— tos^l [tassel]. — saelwee-sbBn [salvation]. 862 staf [?J. £•• 869 weel.
870 b^^tfBl [beautiful]. — env&res [envious]. 885 WBrt. — saavBut saavis
[servant service]. 890 beest L. — wBks [vex]. !•• ondY - — winigBr
vinegar! 910 dja'ist. 0 •• — dia'tn [jom]. 920 pa'tnt. 923 ma'tst.
129 ka'MkBmbB. 938 kAAUB. 947 ba tl. — deen [dean]. U •• — trAAut
[truant]. — stjyipid [stupid].
Euphonic (r), (a't sAAr)tm tn dhB drAArtn nan) I saw him in the drawing room,
fm- negative always (on-).
Examples from the Neiohbotjbhood op Norwich.
mostly pal. by AJE. from oral and written communication of various informants,
1968.
I. Diet, of Dr. Lomb.
1. (e'l see, bA, dyji sjx sii dhat dhc mee'vish a-naep'in dhat dhB
dodmBn on « ston ?), I say, bor, do you see that there thrash
a-napping that there snail on a stone ?
2. A. (d(?o)n)s*n halm !), don't stand hurling or throwing !
B. (hyy,)z B'halm ?), who is a-hurling ?
A. (ja'tt WBz B-hal'in), you was a-hurling.
B. (a'l wAA)nt B-hal-m), I was-not a-hurling.
A. (tEl jau JB 'waz, fo jai'u htt)mB m dhB ^% w*dh)B gyyyi'z-
beri), tell you, you was, for you hit me in the eye with
a gooseberry.
3. (wAAt)B JB goo'in tB)dhB faa, bA, widh dhEm)dhB ship ?), what-
are you going to the fair, bor, with them-there sheep ?
[ 1708 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19, V iii.] THB EAST EASTERN. 277
4. dhB ship tz plsenvsen, wen it fees tyi bii kaind)B daz t), the
sheep ifl "plaignant'*= unwell, when it fares to be kind of
dizzy.
II. From Mn. Lnscombe.
5. (of wAAnt)jB, hi ka*nt da)t), I warrant you, he can't do it.
6. (duu)t raa^n, bA ? jes, tt dyyj)> do it rain, bo' ? Yes, it do.
III. Dictated by a middle-aged passenger in the omnibus going horn Norwich
to Cromer on an expe£tion during the British Association, 27 Aug. 1868,
a dialogue which he said he had overheard between two farmers at a pot-
house, when he was a boy.
7. A. (wd« doont-JB paa)mi dhat)dhB tyyi pE'tmd JB)oo)mi fe
dhEm)dh« tyyi shtp?), why don't you pay me that
two pound you owe me for them-there two sheep ?
B. (a't doo)nt oo •ja'u noo tyyi pE'tmd), I don't owe you no
two pound.
A. (ja'tt dyyi), you do. [Pause, A. goes on smoking.l
B. (e'f )d nok dhat)dhB pa'ip E'tit)« jo'« mE'ttth, it a't dda«), I'd
knock that there pipe out of your mouth, if I dare.
A. (aax ! Jau)B daak wiaf , :hi*ndr», bA, ja'u)B bla^k wiaf . Tsfu
•wttd, 'ee ja'u -ddae, bat Ja'u daa'8)'nt). Ah! you're
dark enough, Andrew, bo', you're black enough. You
would if you dare, but you dursen't. [Brings down
his fist on to the table, which he upsets, spiUs the
liquor and breaks the glasses.]
B. (dhaa, bA, ja'u)v da-n)it uE'a, ee)nt-J9? JB'ti)l ha*v tB)paa
fB)dhat ue'u, bA !), There, bo', you've done-it now,
have-not-you ? You'll have to-pay for-that now, bo'.
[A fierce altercation ensued, during which the listener
decamped.]
ly. Communicated by Rev. T. Bumingham, formerly Rector of Charlwood
(6 s.Beigate, Sr.), conjecturally pal. by AJE.
8. (a'f k<imd)v shak so), I kind-of shook so.
9. (Iaa, mAA, doos'n blee-rBu «)dha-t)n«), lawk, girl, don't stand
bellowing of that-way.
10. (wfiel, o'f W9 fa'skaa* jUb laas fa-sgwu tyyfzdt, we-da tB)jfiB hi
ha*»)n B l(w)n), well, I was four-score year last Paschal
Tuesday, whether this-year be high-'un or low-'un, i.e. leap
year or not.
y. Street cries heard repeatedly at Norwich by AJE. in 1868.
11. {niji bloo-tBz fiB, idin blo'tBz, :jaa'mBth hlditBz Hb!), new
bloaters here, fine bloaters, Yarmouth bloaters here !
S Observe three different pron. of * bloaters' from three dif-
erent men]. (mitBlk ! ma'Blk fom !), milk, milk fine.
[ 1709 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
278 THE EAST EASTERN. [D 19, V iii.
VI. Notes and Sentences from TH., m. and s.Norwich.
12. Buxton (8 n.Norwich). (wbI, :b»l, bA^B, ar)jB gd*«n laoom),
well, Bill, bo', are)you going home ?
1 3. Diss (19 ssw.Norwich) . (iiiAAdliBrQ)z mdst v dhc waad), inawther)i8
most of tbe word, the word most generally used. — (n<J da'ik
nBr Jtt B dreen), no dyke nor even a drain, at Diss. — (ir
JB kamm dhis waa ?), are you coming this way ? — (me'tt
w kJEp « hoom), might have kept a home. [The man
from whom this was taken was a native of Diss, where he
lived 24 years and then lived at March, Cb., 45 years, and
he seems to have lost much of his dialect. I doubt, there-
fore, his furnishing true Diss speech.]
14. Nonoich, h not aspirated in the city of K.
15. JFynumdham (9 wsw.Norwich). TH. finds that a majority of
U- words have (a), but older men use (tt^) and a small
number use (o). Of course (u u u^) are the older forms, and
gradually lead to (o), and thence to (a a). This seems the
direction of change, but we cannot consider the sporadic («q)
of any value against Mattishall and Kimberley, knowing
nothing about it. Compare (nuun nof'un), leading to (nyyiU
niyyiu).
Gt. YaBMOUTH, S.Nf. AND u.Sf.
dt. written by Bey. Dr. Raven, then of the School House, Gt. Tarmonth, since
1885 Rector of Fressingfield (8 n.Framlingham), Sf., pal. by AJE. in 1879
partly from tt. directions.
1. suu a'* sdi, bAAz, tb sii ue'u a'i)m i^ft Bbs'Mt dh8et)dh« liVl
gSBl «komwi frem dh© skyyj [skful] hindB.
2. shii)z Bgo'm dE'uN dhB ruud dhe^ trg'u dh« rtd geet on dhB
Izft hsnd sa'fd « dhB wdt.
3. shyyir Bnxf dhv t|a'ild)z gAAn strait op tB dhB dAAr b dhB roq
hE'us,
4. w^B shi)l titans tB faVnd dh8et)dhB draqk'n dsf shnv'ld fslBr
B dhB neem b :tomBs.
5. w» uubI noo)tm vers weI.
.6. ooni dh)a'Mld tjap siyyiU teel^ Qaan] har not tB diyyi tt Bg»*n,
pooB thtq.
7. Iwk, cent tt trJyyi ?
Note, — The ' aristocracy ' in Yar- The manner of speech seems much the
mouth say (6o« fl6oBz) our flowers. same as over ne. and m.Nf.
(bA) is used for women as well as men.
[ 1710 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
D 19, V iii, i?.] THB BAST EASTERN. 279
S.NOBFOLK CWl.
collected from TH/s obeenrationB in 1881-2-3. wn. at
B Buxton. Nt North Taddenham T Thetford.
D Diss. (4 nw.Norwich). "W Wymondham.
E East Dereham. N Norwich.
TH.'s (r) not before a yowel is at most (rj.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 21 T ndm, W un^im. A: 66 D wAsh. A'- [T (&i), letter AT. 74
DTtf'iUU. 91 D moo-TO [mowing]. A': 102 Daks. lOAWrood, 116 Dom,
NtW oom. 125 D «mli. — D r6p [rope]. M- 138 D faadhB. 162 B
WA'tur. JE: 161 D d«r, Nt diTi, Je'- 187 D l«?v. 193 D kliin. 197
D tjiiz. 200 Nt wit, T wiit. M'l — D miil [a meal]. 223 T dhcB.
224 Tw^. E- 233 T spiik. 241 Dr«?n. 261 mmeet. 262 Bkjit*l. 254
D ladhB. E: 261 Nt sb'^i. 262 D waa, Nt wB^i, T wa»t. 263 D vwer.
— D filz [fields]. — B nin [hen]. F- 299 DT jpiin. 301 E hes+r, Nt
&+r. E': 306 D hdi, 314 D kmA, Nt aad. EA: 326 D 6ud. EA'-
347 BW HEd, D M. EA': — D Ib [year]. 366 TW gr^it. EO: —
B ban [bum], 402 B laan, T laan. EO'- 419 B jfiw, N jaa. EO':
428 B su. 431 DNt biiir. 436 N ja'ti. 437 D truuth, T tra'uth. EY- 438
D d4i, Nt da"i, T [between] drfi dA^. I- 446 T nA'^th. I: 462 B aV.
468 D no'it. 469 B ra'it. I'- [T (a"*), letter I]. 494 D te'imz, T
[between] tA^im t<lim. — D riip'n [reaping]. I': 600 B la'ik. 0: 631
D dAAtn*, F dootB [nearly (aa) with pursed lips], Nt dAAte [and in some
Tillages] daatB. — B uas. 0'- 666 D shuuz, T sha;\ W shop'ik
[decidedlT]. 667 B tti. 669 D madhv. 660 D skuul. 662 Nt muun, TW
666 "^ ...... ^ ... , . ,.
muun. 666 D tma'dhBr [another], E tmMjdho [oneperson]. 668 Nt brodhs.
0': 679 D raof. 687 DT da'n. 688 NtT nuun, W naun nwun. U- 603
D kom. 606 T so'n. 606 NtW d^. 607 D bo'tw^, W hotrt. V: 612
ET S9*m, Nt sdm, Nt sw^m. 616 D grE't^nd. 629 T san. 633 E ka^p kon)
kop [ooc.] kwj). 636 N fxdBr. U'- 640 D kjVM. 641 B ^u. 643 B
nri». 648 D [unemphatic] wvr. 660 B [between] vba't^t, vba'^t. XT': 663
D b'kss, T o'«s, W LHa'tts. Y- 673 B matj, TmuJL}, 679 N tjatj.
n. Ekolish.
A. 722 Ddr««i. l.andY, 768 D eialz. U. 803 Ed|d^pdjo»mp
d|omp [occ.] djUgmp. — T t/|Uun [tune], W tai'un.
in. EOMAKCB.
A .. 811 D pl^esez. — B pB"i [pay]. — Nt. pl&'inli. 862 D s^. E ••
867 B iii. 869 N wiil. — D fstjez [vetches], — N wsntB+r [venture].
I.. ondY'- 901 D fa" in. O- 936 D kantri. 960 D sapw, Nt. sopw.
XJ.. — W dla'd [glue]. — D weei*n [waiting]. — W. m«uzik. 970
DdjM.
Vab. iv. e.SxTFPOLX Fobv.
FsAMiiNOHAX (18 n.Woodbridge) C8.
written by Mr. Jas. B. Grant, native of Eettleborough (2 ssw. Framlineham),
and a frequent visitor at Woodbridge, when a ooy, and Ion? resident at
Stowmarket (14 nw. Woodbridge), pal. Dec. 1881 by AJE. from ms dictation.
0. wii :d|aii hiint got no dE'tfts.
1. wrly naabB, is!u vn hii ma btith laaf vt dhis hiiv niyiZ b mam.
hiji keeB ? dli8e)8 nadhB h(iB db dheeB.
[ 1711 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
280 THE EAST KASl'ERX. [D 19, V iv.
2. fiyi mm dat koz dliee)^ laaft tJt, wii noo, doorait wi? wot
shisd meek)'m ? tiint wer*» latk'lt, iz it ?
3. hEuse-vB, dhiiz iivr v dks foeks, su djes hood jb noiz, b^'B, tin
bi 'ktciit til ai b dan. l£s*n.
4. B)m saattn at huBd 'm seeB, sam b dhsm ft4ks Bt w£nt thra'tf
dhB hwl djob from dhB fast dliBse-lvz, dhoet b did, siyjB vn^u !
5. dhut dhB jaqgVst san htzself b greBtbut b naiBn, niyi)z faadhuz
vol's dhecBr Bn dhkn, dhoo tB'woz su kwitBr Bn skuiBkBn Bn a)d
trast)*m tB sp^Bk dhB triyith, ^ni deei, dhaet a wwd.
6. Bn dh)ood wtnnBn ase'lf '1 tEl m*t on-ju Bt IdaBf nn'w, Bn tel
JB rait A% tiyi, Bdhi/wt matj bodhB, ef j6)n\ o-ni a'sk)B, oont shi ?
7. liistweez shi tood mi wen a« aa8t)B tiyi b thrii taimz wva, Bn
shii a'ut'nt tB bi roq on sttj b point bz dhis hfiBr, a'wt shi, wot d)ja'M
thtqk?
8. weI, bz &i WBZ B)8ee*Bn 8hii)d tEl)jB hs'u, wIeBr Bn wEn shi
fE'ttn^d dhB draqk'n biist shi kAAl b hazbsnd.
9. shi swooB shi 8ii)im Bdh Br oon a*z B)lee*Bn strEtjt iu\ leqkth
on dhB gTE'tmi^d in iz san-di kluuz klus bi dhB duuBr b dhs iftia
dp/tm og/n* dha kAAnBr b dhB leeBn hinda.
iO. hii wT?z B wa/nBn BweeB, sez shii, fsr aaI dhB wdsld laik «
Bik t|dild Br B liVl gsel b frEtun.
11. Bn dheet dheeB hsep'nd djES bz shii Bn n daa*tBrmlAA kam
thra'tf dhB baekiaad aatB dhcc)d haq E'ut dhB wEt "kluuz wan woshBn
d^CB,
12. wail dhB ki*t*l wbz v bdil'Bn h tii wan fdin sam*Br aatBniyin
o-ni B wiik Bgu* kam thaazdi.
13. Bn dii jb ndu ? ai nivo hfiBd no muuBr b dhaat biznts ttl tB
dec, BZ siyiBr bz mai neem)z :d|on ishEpBd, Bn ii doont wont nadhB,
dh^B nE'tt !
14. Bn 8{5m B)m b gooBn hwm tB sapB. gwd nait Bn duBnt ja'w bi
SB rid'i tB droo uvvt b tjajp Bgin* wen i tAAk b dhis, dhtet b tadh-B.
15. hi )z B wiik fiyil dhBt preeBt BdhE'wt riiz'n ; Bn dhiE)8 mat
laast wad. gw)bai.
j^otea on the Framlingham cs.
0. has not (biint) for have not, they 2. know (noo), I did not always hear
use the plural form in the singular, and (noo , but sometimes (noo), sometimes
nerer omit (h). — doubts (dE'Mts), the (uolm''. — it is not (tiint). — (wer*i^, this
sound was decidedly not MomIs, da'wtfl) , use of (w) for (v) is very genenu, but
but whether the first element of the not used in every case ; tio&^is (wktlet).
diphthong was quite (b) I could not I could not be certain whether Mr. G.
feel certain. Mr. Grant has been many intended (e) or (b) throughout.
years in London, and this may have 3. Aor (da*) and (bV, da a'), accord-
affected his utterance of the sound, ing to circimistanc^ often sinks to (bA)
But the approach to (e'm) is noticeable when spoken rapidiy. — / have di-ne (fa
in respect to South wold. « dan), properly I are done, ^6i dxn it)
1. you (ja't#) was clear, and quite is often used for I did it.
different from (jb'm). — netcs (nty,z), 4. that (wt), relative. — enough enow
this was the nearest representation I (enaf,ena'M) are sometimes distinguished
could five of the diphtnong; it was for singular and plural nouns,
certainly not (ntuz). — that m, (dhro-s). 5. mm is not distinguished from sun.
The (a)) throughout is rather uncertain, — boy (biii), or nearly (bdi) at times. —
as there was a suspicion of London it (tB), this form of it is curious, and
influence. is recognised by Forby. — day (d^^*)
[ 1712 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D19,ViT.]
THE BAST BA8TBRN.
281
▼ery distinctly here, bat it may have
been an error, as Mr. 6. would not
allow that ** y was sounded in day,'*
(d6e«) seems more usual, see last word
of jpar. 11.
6. you will (jo)«l) was meant to be
a shortened form of (js'w*l), produced
by absence of emphasis.
7. three (thrii) not (trii), as it is
generally in Nf. and at Southwold. —
ofvr (MT'a) oyer, Mr. G. perhaps said
(ot), but he insisted on (a) not («). —
point (p<^'nt), like (t^) and not (p&tnt),
which IS reserved tor pint,
8. found (fs'imid), Mr. 6. insisted
upon a suspicion m a (d), without any
recoil, ana just touched ; that is, the
nasality of the (n) was momentarily
lost.-'hueband (haz'bimd), this word
Is in common use.
9. clothes eloie (kluuz Idus), observe
the distinction of vowel length. Mr.
6. sometimes made it (klooz klos), but
I believe the first to be most correct.
I have used (klma) in par. 11 as a
compromise. — yon (bin) is also used for
yofi, yonder (hinds), is generally an
adverb, and then we have (b dhs Iobu
ht'ndv).
10. world (w&Bld) or (werjd, war Id),
the word was rather uncertain, perhaps
fwaald), at Southwold (wald).— ^iW
(gffil) IS more common than (mAAoha)
now, but the latter word is still used,
and old farmers apply it to grown girls
of five-and-twenty.
12. boiliny (b&tl'tm), and so (sp&il
&ts'tB frint-msnt), but not (p&tnt) for
point.— Thursday (thaa'zdt), the ac-
knowledged sound for er, ur in Sf.
seems to be (aa), hence perhaps
(waald) in par. 10 as there suggested
would be more correct.
IS. do (dii) is an abbreviated way of
saying (dty. j«) when asking questions.
— know (no m) is the best representation
of what I heard, but I think it is not
quite right ; see (noo), par. 2.^natne
(neem) not (n&aim) as 1 got from Paken-
ham.
Southwold, and 12 m. round (on the coast 12 ssw.Lowestoft) cwl.
pal. 1877 by AJE. from diet, of Miss C. M. MaUet, teacher at Whitelands
Training College, Chelsea, who had known the dialect all her life.
Words preceded by H were obtained by TH. in 1876 from an old native of
Great Bealings (6 ne. Ipswich), then living in London.
I. 'Wessbx and Norse.
A- 3 bdnk. 4 t^k. 5 m^k. 6 mMi. 7 sdvk. 8 ev. 9 bB;eev. 10
hxA'ti. 12 SAA. 14 drAA [(drAArtn) drawing, H (drAA*«rz)]. 16 dAAU. 17 Iaa.
18 k^k. 19 t^Bl. 20 l4tmi. 21 nevm. 22 t^vm. 23 s^vm. 24 shdtnn.
26 wdim. 27 ndw. 28 6«. 31 IM. 32 biidh. 33 ndhv. 34 hiast. 35
aaI. 36 th^. 37 tlaa. A: 39 kxm. 40 kiim. 41 tha^k. 43 a*nd.
44 Wnd, 46 ka^ndU. 47 wa>nd«. 48 saq. 50 taqz. 51 ma^n.
64 wont. 55 a'shez. 56 wBsh [H (wosh)]. 57 aas.
A: or 0: 58 firom. 59 la*m. 60 laq. 61 imiaq. 62 strooq.
64 rooq. 65 soq. A'- 67 guu. 69 nuu. 70 tuu. 71 wuu.
73 suu. 74 tyy,. 75 strwk. 76 tuud. 77 Luid. 78 ^un. 79 4un. 80
olvdtf. 81 l^BU. 83 mthm. 84 moos. 85 a6o9. 86 ifts. 87 tlooz. 89
b»th. 90 bl^u. 91 mdu. 92 n^u. 93 sn^u. 94 ladu. 95. tra't* [(al) hurl
more used]. 96 sdu. 97 a6M. A': 101 uV. 102 ast. 104 rwd. 105
rwd [(rtd) gen.]. 106 brAAd. 107 lt<f. 108 d^. 109 1^. 110 not. Ill
a'ut. 112 ^1. 113 htil. 115 Mm. 116 yyi. 118 htm. 121 gAAn. 122
nim. 123 nothvn. 124 stun. 125 tmlt. 126 609. 127 aa'bs. 129 gust.
130 but. 132 at. 133 rut. 134 wth. 135 UAAth.
JE' 138 faadhB. 139 dr^. 140 ^1. 141 n^l. 142 sn^l. 143
t^eil. 144 vgi'u. 145 sl^n. 146 m^ein [<= the sea, not used for very]. 147
br6e»n. 148 iem {? meant for "a fair," after 887]. 149 bl^». 150 leeest.
152 wAtv. 153 sa^dvdi?. JB: 155 thsetj. 157 r6w*n. 158 aatv. 160
^. 161 d6eet. 163 1^. 164 m^. 165 ssd. 166 m^etd. 167 d^.
168 taUv. 169 WEU. 170 a^wst. 171 baalt. 173 waz [(4i WAAnt) he was
not]. 174 a*sh. 175 faast. 178 na>t. 179 wot. 181 pa'th. j£'- 182
sdv. 183 tMj, 184 liid. 185 r^Bd. 186 br^tdth bneUh. 187 \Hr. 188
[ 1713 ]
Jn. 52 wa'n.
63 troq.
72 wyyi.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
282 THE BAST BA8TBRN. [D 19, Y it.
n^. 189 w6et. 190 kdv. 191 ill. 192 m6«n. 193 kldvn. 194 mi.
195 mmt. 197 ^&B2. 199 bl^. 200 wdst. 201 dudh'n. 202 eet. ^':
203 gp^. 204 ddBd. 205 tr^td. 206 r^aed. 207 nSnd*!. 210 kleet. 211
gr^eei. 213 &tdliB. 215 teetit. 216 ddvl. 217 ^h, 218 sh^. 219 sl^.
221 f^. 222 ^. 223 dhdB. 224 wev [H wivr]. 225 flsesE. 226 musi.
227 wst. 228 swst. 229 br^eeth. 220 fa>t.
£- 232 br^dBk. 233 sp^Bk. 234 nM. 235 w^. 236 fdvYB. 237
t}ilbI6etn. 238 6et<h [sr:257]. 239 8^1. 241 r^^etn. 243 p)6et. 246
ktreim [queen]. 247 wSvn. — p^ [a pearl. 248 mde. 249 wd«. 250
0w^. 251 m>. 252 kit*!. 253 nffitU. 254 Ixdhv. 255 wadhs. £:
257 6etd^. 259 wffidi. 261 8^. — leeg [leg]. 262 w6et. 264 eeil. 265
street. 267 Jild. 268 seldBS. 270 bslostz [a pair of bellows], bfleli [belly].
272 selvm. 273 min. 274 bsnti. 276 thtqk. 277 dnntj. 278 wsBnti [a
term of reproach]. 280 l8BT*n [(lseT*nztz) beer and cake at 11]. 281 IsDqkth.
282 str^aHikth. 283 msro*. 284 tr^osh. 285 krjis. 286 serB. 288 Iffit.
£'- 290 ^. 292 m6t. 294 fdvd. 295 brad. 296 bsldBV. 298 fdBl. 299
grdvn. 300 kdvp. 302 mdiit. 303 swdvt. 304 b^tU [mallet]. F: 305
di. 306 6etth. 307 luit. 308 n^Bd [s knead in sound]. 308 sp^Bd [ex spade
in sound]. 310^1. 311 teen. 312 W 314 M. 315 fM. 316 nseks.
£A- 317 flii. 319 g^. £A: 321 sii [pres. tense gen. used for past].
322 laaf. 323 fa^vt. 324 &i;Bt. 325 WAAk. 326 ood. 327 boold. 330
O0d. 331 sood. 332 tood. 333 kaaf. 334 haaf. 335 aaI. 336 fiLAl. 337
waaI. 340 jaad. 342 aam. 343 wAAm. 345 d^ [(jx'w dxs*nt) you dare
not]. 346 g^. £A'- 347 htd [town], hdBd [country]. 348 ki, 349
fry I [or (f^'yl), perhaps there is a slight movement of the tongue, possibly (fcs'u)].
£A': 350 d^Bd. 351 l»d. 352 red. 353 brdBd. 354 shW. 355 d»f.
356 IdBf. 357 dhoo. 359 ndBbB. 360 t^Bm. 361 b^BU. 362 sI6et. 363
t|dBp. 365 n^. 366 grM. 367 tr^. 368 dseth. 369 sldif. 370 nkm.
371 strAA.
£1- 372 ee, 6ei, 373 dh6et. 374 n6et [rare]. 375 r&n, 376 bM.
£1: 377 stdBk. 378 w^k.
£0- 383 8sv*n. 384 SBy'n. 385 sndBntfHh [underneath]. 386 ra'u.
387 nuu. £0: 388 milk. 389 Jalk. 390 shiMl. 394 indB. 396 waak.
397 bM, 398 staay. 399 br^litt. 400 aanest. 401 Jaan. 402 laan. 403
faa. 404 staa. 406 aath. 407 faad'n. £0'- 409 b6ei. 411 tr<^. 412
sh6i. 413 dsev*!. 414 fltfi. 415 Wt. 416 ddB. 417 tjoo'u. 418 brs'ti.
420 fAA [wan tyy, trii fAA«l, 2, 3, 4, H (f^)]. 421 fAAti. £0': 423
thki. 424 raf. 425 l&it. 426 fliit. 427 b^. 428 s^. 429 find [an
angry name for a mischievous teasing child]. 430 frind. 431 b^ [but (b baal
B biB) a barrel of beer]. 432 fAAth. 433 brist. 434 bM. 435 ja'u. 436
tra'u [Miss M. had maraed this and the next as having French m, but this was
what she dictated]. 437 trooath. £T- 438 d<^i. £T: 439 tr^st.
I- 441 siv. 442litVBri. 443 frftidi. 444 st&il [(b filstfri) a field style]. 446
nfcin. 450 tuuzdi. 451 boo, I: 452 ki, 457 m&it. 458 n&it. 459
r^&tt [(rJ gen. before vowels]. 460 weeit. 462 sliit. 466 t|&ild. 467 w&ild.
468 tjildBU. 471 timba. 472 shr^iqk. 473 bl&ind. 474 r^in [of cheese,
apple peel (Ayipil)]. 475 wind. 476 b&ind. 477 fGiind. 478 gr&ind. 481
ftqgB. 484 dhis. 485 this'l [children (fis*l)]. 486 Jist. 487 Jtstadt. —
ettSa [six]. I'- 490 H hdi. 491 sai. 493 dr^liiv [dr^iv, dr^av]. 494
t&im. 496 &i;Bn. 498 r frit. I': 500 Uiik. 501 w&id. 502 f&iv. 504
nfrif . 505 w&if [not mu^ used, gen. (is mists) his missis]. 506 wtanan [but
(ooi;d)MmBn)]. 507 wimen. 508 mltil. 509 wfril. 511 w&in. 512 spfri'B.
513 w&iB. 514 &ts. 515 w&iz. 516 wizdam. 517 Juu.
0- 520 b<^u. 521 fyyl [csfool in sound, inclined to (f^yil)]. 522 i<p*n.
523 up, 524 wald. 0: 526 kAAaf. 527 boot. 528 thoot. 529 broo^
530 root. 531 daata. 532 \l6o9'1 [H. (kuul)]. 533 dal. 536 gcJoald. 538
wwd. 539 ba'ul. 540 [holly is only called a (krizamas bash) Christmas bush].
542 boot. 545 op. 547 bAAd. 548 fAAd. 550 waad. 551 stAAm. 552
kAAU. 553 AAU. 553 os [horse], 554 kr aabs. 0'- 555 shyy.. 556 ta.
557 ttyi. 558 Ink. 559 madha. 561 bl^yira [camomile blows (bl6oifi) used
for blossoms]. 562 myyiU. 563 mandi. 564 syyiU. 565 nuui. 566 adha.
[ 1714 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19, V ir.] THE BAST BASTBRN. 283
0': 669 bilk. 570 ink. 571 gud. 572 bkd. 573 flad. 574 brtid. 575
stud. 576 irapnBsd*. 577 ba'ti. 578 pls'ti. 579 vns'f [sg.], vns!u [pi.].
580 taf. 581 sot. 582 kyyil. 583 tyjil. 584 styyil. 585 br^iin. 586
dyy,. 587 dnn. 588 nyy,!!. 589 spyy^n. 590, flooB. 591 mAA. 592 swdon,
593 mast. 594 byyit. 595 fut. 596 ryy^t. 597 sat. 598 stith.
U- 599 vbdY. 600 lay. 601 fa'wl. 602 sa'ti. 603 kam. 605 san.
606 dAA'B. 607 batti. U: 608 aglt. 609 fal. 610 wtil. 611 bal«k. 612
Bam. 613 dr^aqk. 614 a'wn. 615 pa'un [H. p&tmd] 616 m'tmd. 617
Ba'imd. 618 wa'fmd. 619 fa'tm. 620 gra^und. 621 wa'und. 622 ondv.
625 toq. 626 aqgo. 628 nan. 629 san. 630 wan. 631 thazdt. 632 ap.
633 kap. 634tr.a'ii. 635 wath. 636 fads. 637 task. 638 bask. 639 dast.
F- 640 ka'ii [H. (kliii)]. 641 a'n. 643 na'u. 645 dav. 646 ba'u.
647 a'ul. 648 a^iB. 649 tha'nztmd. 652 kud. 653 bat. XT': 654 srytid
[in both senses]. 666 v'yim [Prie'mn]. 657 broa'utm. 668 da'wBn. 669
ta'uBn. 660 baa. 661 shaa. 662 as. 663 a'us, [pi.] aVzan. 664 la'tis.
666 ma'tis. 666 azbra [mj man, my old man, my husband, haye all been heard ;
the kst is refined]. 667 a'tit. 668 pnt'tid [gen. (stak ap)]. 669 ankuth.
670 birth [not in sg.. but (byyidhi) in plural], 671 ma'uth. 672 w'uth [(sath
dust) south-east, (sadhan bki sau) southern by south ?].
Y- 673 motj [H. mn^tj]. 674 [(dan) used for did], 676 IW. 677 dr^W.
678 dtn. 679 tiatjtja^. 680 bizt. 682 lit*!. T: 683 midi. 684 br^idi.
686 b&t [H. bcffj. 687 fl&it bv badz [flight of birds]. 689 btld. 690 k&md.
661 m&tnd. 693 sin. 696 bath. 697 beer^i. 698 math. 699 weelr^^it
[wheelwright]. 700 was. 701 fast. — H. tjist [chest]. 703 pit. 704
wiksBn. r- 705 skdt. 706 wai. 707 thattiin. Y': 709 idit, 711
liis. 712 miis.
n. Enoubh.
A. 713 bed. 715 p«Bd. 716 asd'l [adj. bad, only]. 717 dj^d. 718
tr^. 720 feeg. 722 dr^n. 723 ddBr^i. 724 bAAl. 726 sSbI. 727 dpom.
728 shssm. 729 fr^am. 733 skda. 734 daan. 735 smseh. 737 meat. 738
prM. 739 mAAdha mAA. 740 w^by. 741 mdas. 742 l^zt.
£. 743 skr^dam. 744 meaz'lz. 746 tjdat. 746 br^adh. 747 endse-ya.
748 onflsdid [all un- become (on)]. 750 beeg. — mala [mellow]. 761 paat.
I. and Y. 763 titU. 764 Mg. 756 filbat. 756 srtmp. 767 t&tni. 768
g»l. 759 fit.
0. 761 luud. 762 ukam. 763 r^umn. 764 kad'l. 767 nliiz. 768 ktik
[same as cookl. 769 muul, muul-ilz [molehills]. 771 fond. 772 bimf&ia.
773 [(diki) used for donkey]. 774 puuni. 776 buubi. 777 shop. 778 afAA-d.
779 AAts. 780 dpsU. 781 bAAdha. 783 pootr^i. 786 land|. 789 ra'ti.
790 ga'tmd.
U. 792 skwoVl. 793 ag. 794 [(gotj) used for^ti^]. 795 srig. 799 skal.
800 skal. 801 r^^Bm, 802 r^am. 803 d|amp. 805 kadz. 806 fas. 807
pMS. 808 pat [used as a subst. for an old-fashioned labourer, a putt].
m. EOKAVCE.
A.. 809 ^Vl. 810 f^. 811 pl^. 812 Idas. 813 b^k*n. 814
mdasan. 816 feeks. 816 f^. 817 radish. 818 dadj. 819 rdBd|. 822
m^. 823 b^. 824 t^Sa. 825 wdaf [(wipe an strcBz) occ. for waife and
strays]. 826 eeg*L 827 eega. 828 eega. 829 f^n. 830 tr6ein. 832
mda. 833 pda [H paar]. 834 a puu shM [a poet chaise, (an os an sh^) a horse
and chaise]. 835 rlazan. 836 sSazan. -- H. was'!. 838 trdat. 839 bdat.
840 t^eemba. 841 t^aans. 842 pl^k. 843 broaant|. 844 tr^SDntj. 846
danshant. 846 t^aandla. 847 deend^. 848 t|eend|. 849 straandfB. 861
aant »nt. 862 eapan. 863 baagin. 864 baal. 866 kaat. 866 paat. 867
kdas. 858 br^. 859 tjeas. 860 pSast. 861 t^ast. 862 sdaf. 863 ^eef.
864 koz. 866 fait. 866 daa.
£•• 867 t^. 868 dj4i. 869 wM. 870 byyjti [(bHyyr) i>Bed, sounded
yenr like (buu-)]. 871 agi^. 872 t}M. 874 rlan. 876 feent. 876 d^nti.
877 ^. 878 selari. 879 fiim^. 880 egzaa-mpU. 881 sens. 884 prsB^tt8^
[ ni5 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
284 THE EAST EASTERN. [D 19, V iv.
8S') lI.vEn. 887 tlaadp. 888 snatm. 889 sous. 890 bcosfc [pi. not known].
801 tiMst. 892 u:vv/. 893 rtAA'u. 894 diseuv. 895 risCuv.
I" rtnit Y- 897 <lilurt. 898 nftis. 899 ncBS. 900 preei. 901 f&in.
902 ma/u. 904 \\di\ci. 905 rdi'ut. 906 w4tpo. 908 wiwiirs. 909 brcBZ.
811 ^hXxiM. 912 ra/s.
().. 913 VuXy 914 hvni}. 916 staf. 916 anJira. 917 rtm. 918 fcBb'l
[=t:il)le]. 919 amtmunt. '920 paint. 921 nkwee-nt. 922 basiri. 923*
ma/st. 924 t.iais*. 925 wa/s. 926 spCwl. 927 tToaqk. 928 a'ims. 929 ka'M-
kumbii. 930 lam. 931 dp^lu. 932 Bma'imt. 933 frant. 934 ba'imtt.
935 kautr/. 936 faut. 937 kak. 938 kAxnc. 939 kl/«. 943 k//t. 941
fvvil. 942 b/ftju. 943 tatj. 944 wla'f#. 945 wa'w. 946 mo'tl. 947 b&il.
948 ba'Kl. 950 sanv. 951 kap*l. 953 kaz*n. 954 kasb'n. 955 da'ut.
956 kivB. 957 imprai*. 959 kuwee'OTis [conveyance].
r- 960 kii. 961 j?r^uu-»l. 963 skwot. 965 ki\, 966 frjryit. 967
8}7it. 968 aistu. 969 sUmmb. 970 d;Est. 971 flyyit.
Xotes and Examples to the Southwold owl. by Miss Mallet.
1. (marlB petjz), mellow pears, always used for ripe pears.
2. (gyyizbrez, rAAsbrez), gooseberries, raspberries.
8. (b geul fr^vm dh« sath eust), a gale from the south-east.
4. (jau das*nt, ^i wAAut), you dare not, he was not.
5. (aa JEu agAA'n t« tpX} tBdeet?), are you a-going to church
to-day?
6. (wyyi)z dhaet? dhtj neushcuBl skyyil te^tju), who's that? The
National School teacher.
7. (8hei)z dn'pBn wajt !), she's dripping wet=drenched.
8. (hst, ww1)jb), listen, will you.
9. (ai)m BgAA-n Bmaa'keton tBndit wi mai owd majn), I'm a-going
a-marketing to-night with my old man— husband.
10. (hae ja'u s«n mat jaq)Bn ? he»)B bin B-plm'Bu t^n truuntBn is
mAAUBu), have you seen my young one = child? He has
been a-playing and truant-ing this morning.
11. (mdi madhB keep m6» Vjum tB nas dh« betibt), my mother kept
me at-home to nurse the baby.
12. (pat dhjs kilB tn dh« wEshBs), put this cooler («washtub) in
the wash-house.
13. (gtt dhB bfg ba»lB tc pat dhB syyip m), get the big boiler to
put the soup in.
14. (et aid b stun Bgm dhB bAAz bu mAAz), he hurled [= threw] a
stone against the bo's and mo's. Bo' is used for either sex,
chiefly male, and for any age, together is its plural in address-
ing people. Mo', a contraction for mawther^ is used especially
for a young girl.
15. {ki)m « goo-in «m), I'm a-going home.
16. (wa8)Bn set), worse than that.
17. (b trip«nt tnd, doont trEd oovb dhB trosh'l), a threepenny thread,
don't tread over the threshold).
18. (wttl ja'u paa)me fA dhEm tyyi sh^Bp ?), will you pay me for
them [= those] two sheep r
19. (teent noo foot b mdm), it)ain't no fault of mine.
20. (at iz leeg), hurt his leg.
[ 1716 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19, V iv.]
THE EAST EASTERN.
285
Usages, I am, we you they ore, I bcant [not I be], he is, I he
we they was, he do [common], he live there, I am a-going,
theirsells, he didn't ought [never, he hadn't ought].
Intonation. Suffolk people drawl very much, and their voice rises
in pitch towards the end of their sentences. [This is the Sf.
whme.]
Xotea on Southwold from Miss Mallet.
1. At (rwD'lBwig) "Walberewick {\
§. Southwold) **they spenk frightfully.*'
(:«»*n ihrAAd) Easton Broad [piece of
water] is 1 n. Southwold.
2. « is distinctly (w).
3. (tjsm) chum is used rather than
mate at work.
4. (a'uzen) houses is used, hut Miss
M. had not heard />/a<«-n. •
6. There is no reverted (a), hut the
r entirely disappears after (aa, aa)
when a consonant follows, and at most
becomes (b) after other vowels and be-
fore consonants; before vowels it is
the imperfect untriUed (rj and then
very light indeed.
6. A hale old man (see p. 281, No.
112) is a (ksdj) kedge.
7. The negative un- is always (on-).
8. (u ma'utlif/fl) is a mouth which is
full, [a ma'iif '1] is a mouthl'ul.
9. Initial thr- shr- are always (tr^
srj respectively.
10. In broom [br^yyim] there is said
to be a little action of the throat which
makes it more like (brgUum, br^Mu) ;
perhaps it is the (rj.
1 1 . cow (ks'u) has never been heard
from a Sf. man, but has been noticed
in Nf. people.
12. shoe (shyyO, do (dyvi), the sound
is deeper than the Frencn (y], and is
certainly not (I'u', with which it is con-
fused, (gtv mt tyyi, tjryj) give me two,
too.
Obpobd (6 ssw.Aldborough) near the coast, with SuDBorwrB
(2 n.Orford) and neighbourhood, dt.
pal. by AJE. from diet, of Mr. C. Davis, the son of a native, and frequent
visitor, at interviews in 1879 and 1881. The (r) is (rj.
1. 800 di BEE, ood falBz, n sii ns'tf dhot dt)m rdit vbfi'tit dha'tliVl
gjaU [mAAdhv] kxmtm frem dh« skuul hEndB.
2. 8hii)z gu'9n dE'un dhv rud dhsE'ii thrfyi dh« rEd gM v)dh«
Isft ha^n sdtd dh« wee.
3. shyi'^OT «naf dhB \;^i\di)z gtm rdtt [street] ap to dhtj dAA*«
B)dhB roq hE'us,
4. wee'b 8hi)l ha*p'n on dha*t draqk'n daf shrtv'ld Mb B)dhB
n^^m B :tomB8, [hii liv dhEE'B, hi dKyi].
5. wi aaI noo Bm wErt weI.
6. oont dh)ood t}a*p stm laan hB not tB d!yi Bt Bgrn, puuB thi'q !
7. Ittk, ii)nt tt tryi\
Note$ on Orford dt.
1. /, either (&H) or (&t) here and
elsewhere. — mno (ub'u), decidedly not
(ns'u). — ^/*m, use of / ^ not re<»lled.
— rights the initial (r) or (rj very
Hffhtly touched, throughout. — that
(Auet} at the first and (dhaH) at the
second interview, when all the (») were
made fa'). — school^ originally dictated
(skiyi*!), but afterwards altered to
(skuul) and stated to be an exceptional
word. — yonder (hB*nd«^, this is a some-
what unusual form. Tne (h) preserved,
though at Southwold it was uniformly
omitted.
2. three, (tr-) for (thr-) not admitted
here or elsewhere, (thrid) not (trtd) for
thread,— gate, the fracture (^) very
short. — \cay (web) very broad and witn
[ 1717 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
286 THE EAST EA81ERN. [D 19, V ir.
no yanish in («, t), but in ^G words 6. very well, right well (r&^tt wbI)
as tail (tBB'tl), (i) was admitted. is more usual.
3. ffone (gun)t Bho used for mve, 6. ^r;i, not ^^orA, in Sunday Schools
given ; A' regularly becomes (m), as the children say (tiitjB). — do (dTyj), at
{rud, sttm, rvp, hinn), road, stone, rope, the first interview (duu), but at the
home. — dooTf (dAA'«) without euphonic second (dtyi), at the same time (skiyil)
(r), though a vowel follows, similarly was made (skuul), the pret. of to sow
(drAA'Bn) drawing, not (drAAren). seed, to mow grass, was also given as
4. he live f* J there, he do(ee), this (syy,, mTy,^ ; and in (?yi) the sound was
was introduced to illustrate the use of certainly diphthongal, the (i) very short
the plural verb with the singular noun, and the (yj deeper than French (y).
e. Suffolk cwl.
Some of Moor's "Suffolk Words*' collected from specimens riven in the Glossary
so called, and conjecturally pal. by AJ£., the original spelling being pre-
fixed in italics. Only such words as have an altered spelling are selected,
and the pron. is conjectured from w. specimens. But Moor is on the whole
very phonetic in his orthography, espeoally in often not writing the r when
not pronounced.
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A- 8 heent hiint [has not]. — etar staa [to stare]. 33 rutha radhv. 36
thow th<i<m [* rh. mow *] thew thyyj [pret.]. A: hanepeke ha'nspiik J|hand-
spike]. A'- 72 hew hyyi, hcwes \a!uz [whose]. 82 noonee nuns [in the
phrase /or the n<mee^for then once'], 90 blew blyyj [pret.]. 91 mew myyi
[pret.]. 93 tnew snyyj [pret.]. 94 crew kryyi [pret. J.
M' 144 ayinnwi'n, jE: — A^KhEft[haft]. 168 oatoniiit^aatimyy.n
[afternoon]. 163toAlaa. JE': — muMa mtdv [meadow]. 205 Mru^ thrtd.
208 iwa iwer *VB+r. 209 niwa niw. 218 ihip ship.
E- — heevy hiivi [heavy]. — brumble bramb'l [bramble]. — hutta bat«
[better]. E: — neb UBb [nib]. 261 tah saa. — r«rf rsd [to rid]. 262
wah waa. — thill shtl [shellj. 273 min min. — ind ind [end]. — hin htn
[hen]. — pin ptn [penj. 284 throth thrash [to thrash in the sense of to drub].
— neeet niist [nest]. E'- 297 >/te falw. E': — blias bits [bless].
EA: 328 eowd kx'wd. 330 howd ha'ud. — bard baad [beard]. — ex
sks [axe]. EA'. 347 hid hid. EA': — lick lik [leek]. 354 thoof
shuuf. — tares ikvz [tears, sb.]. £1- 372 aah aa. £0- 384 hivvin
hivin. 386 yow jr'u. £0: 397 9wid swa^d. — bawm hAAm [bann, yeast].
— brunn bran [bum]. £0'- — frize frfeiz [freeze]. — shute shyy.t
[shoot]. £0': — hild hild [held]. 428 Hn sin [seen=saw or have seen].
435 ya yah yar jaa [your, * rh. a in far '].
I- — iit iim [yes, "long and drawly"]. I: — bahd haad [hir^. —
led Isd [lid]. 465 tich sitj. — feller fnlB [filler, or thiller, that is, shaft-horse].
469 tuool t)wMl [it will]. 488 yii jit. — $et sst [sit]. I'- — thahty
thaati [thirty]. I': 507 wimmin wimin. — whiteter witstv [whitesmith].
0- — iheoto ihow shau [to shovel, * rh. «<m>,' a shovel is shorn (sha'ul). —
^ore iikA [afore]. 0: 532 daata daat«. 536 yowd ga'ud. — cowt la'tfi
[colt]. 544 thin dhin. 0'- 555 shtte shyyi [this sound written ew never
occurs before final rf, /, Ar, m, p ; but is sometimes tound before /, », *, t, but not
in wool, full, bud, foot, loan, moan, root, love]. 557 tew tyy^ 559 mooda
muds [mother]. 560 skuU skyyj. 562 mune myyiU. — moonth munth
[month]. 564 sune syyiU. 565 nuse nyyjZ. — stnuthe smyyjth [smooth].
0': — ruf raf [roof J. 582 euU kyyil. 583 tuU tyyjl. 584 stuU styyil.
^85 brum bram [see Forby's harren brum, p. 266, No. 585]. 586 dew dyji^
588 nune nyyiU. — yuse gyy.s [goose].
U- — spahs spaaz [spurs]. U: — sheawder shx'ndB [shoulder]. 634
threw thryy,. U'- 645 dow da'M.
y- 674 ded dEd. — heeve hiiv [hive]. — boondle bimd'l [bundle]. — r«
t
[ 1718 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
D 19, V iv, T.] THE EAST EASTERN. 287
ts [hiss, "short and sharp"]. Y: 684 bredae hndj, 686 redffeTEdi. —
fell fEl [fill]. — kell kBl [kSn]. — meU mxi [mUl, but] mulla malBTmUler].
— then thsn [thin]. — hahnet haanet [hornet]. — brusaeh bras' Iz [bristles J.
— shet shEt [shutl. 703 pet pEt. Y- — d^e dii? [dive]. — dreep driip
[drip]. 711 leecema, 712 meecemiia,
n. English.
A. 714 tef Isd. — kiddier kidyer ki^er kidro ked|B [cadger]. 722 dreen
driin. — btuk bask [to bask]. — epraaowU spr&OKbs [sprawls]. — greeze
griiz [graze]. I. and Y. — stelt stslt [stilt]. — stent stEnt [stint, or allotted
day's work]. — glent glsnt [glint]. — sturrup starBp [stirrup], — thiwa
shtTB [a shiver, or sliceT. 0. 769 rnawl uiaaI. — 9nuze snyyjZ [snoose].
— taiotah tAAtQ [totter]. 791 baw bAA [but in the Sf. sense of any man]. —
frawn frAAn [frozen, but this is from the proper pp. froren], — boke book
n)ulk]. — boonch bwntj [bnnch]. — pqonch ptrntj [punch]. — reeaty riisti
[rusty, applied to bacon].
m. EOKANCE.
rh. bn
A •• 820 gah gaa [applied to coloured pictures in a book]. — pah paa [to
— ■]. 828 agah eegB. — cheen- tjiin [a chain]. — taae saas [sauce, said to
brass]. — keevelaiv [cave]. E- — pill pil [peel]. 874 r^ww riinz
[reins], — hahnaey haans^ [heronshaw], — concite kons&tt [conceit], I ..
and Y .. — hurne hyy.m [a hymn]. 0 •• — aint aaint &int [anoint, to
drub]. 926 spile sp&il. — crunya kranjv [coroner]. — pahpus paapas
[purpose]. 941 fule fyyil. — j'ahney d|aant [journey, or day's work]. —
meeve miiv [to move]. 956 kitwa kiro. TJ -> 965 oyle 4il. — ttry str^i
[destroyed], ttryance str&t'BUs [liability to be destroyed]. — coneimtnd kcnsi'md
consumed]. — ponish ponisn [punish]. — tnoaick moosic [music, pron. quite
uncertain].
YaE. v. W.SirFPOLK FOBM.
Pakekham cs.
originally written by Rev. C. W. Jones, native and vicar of Pakenham (6
ene.Bur^ St. Edmunds) since 1861, and revised from his diet. 24 Oct. 1873,
and again 19 Oct. 1886. Some of the points in which this pron. differs from
that of e.Sf. are mentioned pp. 288, 289.
0. wa» :dpn Mnt got nB dB'«ts.
1. wel, bA, ja'w tm hii mv booth Bn jb Wi ct dhts nfuz « mdin,
biu keeB ? dhset bccnt nadhB hiiB nB dhecB.
2. fiu fooks d<l» tbrfu bm la^ft a*t, wi noo dhat, doont es, tBgf-dhB?
wot shBd meek)Bm ? yiklt bii Bt ?
3. hE'usBms'VB, dh»s I'z dhB truBth B)dliB d|ob, boo j^vl d^est ha'tfd
JB ndizy tBgi'dhB, Bn bi ^tovdt tul di)B dan.
4. di)m saa-ttn b h(iBd)Bm sae' — sam b dhem fooks wot gon thrfu
dhB hdl dpb frBm dhB fast dhBse'lvz — -dhaet b ded, sfuB Bnis'u,
5. dhBt dhB ja'qes san izse'lf, b grtt b6« b ndi'n JBr a'ud, nood iz
fa'dhBz taq Bt wanst, dhoo 'dhaet wBr 'dhaet kfuBros, Bn skriik*, Bn
d* )d trast -hii tB speek dhB triiBth ent dat, -dhat b wtid.
6. Bn dhB a'ud «-mBn hBself b1 tfil ent on jb bz 14*f ns'u, Bn tel
JB rdit Bwae^', shB wwl tfu, BdhE'ut no noree'shBn, ef ja'u)l ont ak8)B,
sii ef shB doont.
7. liiswrfiz shB ta'ud mi dhaet tfu b thrii idimz ovb, shB ded, Bn
'shii dooht e'ut tB bB roq by Sf t| b pdmt bz dhis hiB, dfu shB ns'u ?
[ 1719 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
288 THB EAST EASTERN. [D 19, V T.
8. weI, tjz di wort)s» 'fn, shii)d tel ro Iie'u wecu un wen she iv!tm
dhat draqk'n bccst slni UaI tj moD'n.
9. shu swAA sliu sii h/m ov ur oon rf/z, lectn strEtjt k'uI fwl lEnth
tJ dlio gfTE'ttn 111 vz gud sandi ko<?t, kloos Tigm dhtj dAr tj dim Iie'us,
(bsfim V dho kAAUBr tJ hm lam.
10. Hii WOT B wamm uwajee, shB sflDce, 8Tj)shii*, fur aaI dhu wald
Idik n s/ k tja/ld tir b lid'l niAAr bv)b frEt.
11. tin -dhat hacp'n nz shii Bn b da'utBla'u kom thn'u dhB bak
jaad frBm ha^qm E'wt dhB wEt klooz bv b wa sh/n clai,
12. taim dhB kiVl wBr b baHm in tec, wan brd*t idin samBr
dtBnwn on I b wiik vqw kam nEks thazd*.
13. Bn di oont tcl noo Idtz, b n/vB.laant nB mAA nB dhis b dha?t
dhecB dpb to dhts hfiB da/, siuBr bz mdi naimz :d^9n :sh1c'pBd, Bn
B doont wont tin nadhB, dhecB nE'u !
14. Bn 800 dt)m. Bgu'tn hoom tB git mB sapa. gt<d ndit, tBgrdhB,
Bn doont Ja'w bii sb kwik tB kroo ovBr b tjap Bg/n, wEn i tAAk b
dhts B dhat b tadhB.
15. dhat)8 B week ful, wot preet BdhE'ut reez'n. Bn dhat)8 mat
las wad. feeB dhB weI.
Note9 OH the Fakenham cs.
On my remarkmg to Mr. Jones that On the other hand, (sffise, vwsese) for (saa,
this specimen was yery different from Bwaa) belong to (paa), got from s.Nf.
the e. of Sf., he wrote, '*I should have and also in old times to Li., and see
been quite ashamed of mynelf if you JIToor, p. 286, Nos. 261, 372, and p.
had not found a marked difference be- 287, No. 820 and next word. But
tween my pronunciation and that of (Bw&i*) was also used.
Framlingham, South wold and Orford, I' was regularly (c/t), which Mr.
supposing these latter to hare been Jones wrote oy, but careful examination
well reproduced to you.*' Whence it seemed to shew that it had not reached
appears that Mr. Jones himself recog- that point, which, however, I have to
nised a great difference between the w. admit in D 16, 18. The sounds are
and e. of Sf., and he continually, also, certainly difficult to distinguish. On the
drew attention to the difference between other hand, {ki) was used for boil^ point
w.Sf. and Nf. As here presented, the (b&d, p&tnt), being decidedly different,
absence of (y^) and the presence of (iu) U' was (k'm) regularly, but (s'm) was
in its place, and the use of * together,' used in you told (ja'n ta'ud), this is a
resembles Cb. The use of (l&tn n&«m) common distinction. In (da'MtBla'w)
lane name is like Hu. or Es. The use daughter-in-law, the first (a'ti) is usual
of (d&t) day looks S., but may have been enough, the (la'u) for law looks like a
similarly aeriyed to the other two. Still, variation of (la'ti), but Mr. Jones was
the use of 6# and don't ut are also S. very particular about it.
The following are the principal differences between w. and e.Sf.
P Pakenham, F Framlingham, 8 Southwold, 0 Orford.
A hamot, P h^nt, F hiint. home, P hoom, F hum, S inn.
law. P la'u, FS Iaa. whoU. P hoi, FS hwl.
name, P n&tm, F neem^ S ndvm. Une. P l&tn, FS l^vn.
waehing. P WAAshin, F woshim, JEt day, P d&i, F d6et, S d^t.
S WEshvn . £ «ay . P sseae, F s^, S seet, 0 sbb.
A' both. P booth, FS birth [Stan- away. P«W8e8e«w&i, F«w^, S
hoe and Mattishall], booth. Bw6ei, 0 bwbe.
who. V bin, F hi'yy,, S wyyi. tpeak. P speek, FS spduk.
two. P tin, F t/}7i, S ty)'i. length. P Imth, F lEqkth, S
ought. PFS a'tft. heqkth.
[ 1720 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 19, V v.]
THE BAST EASTERN.
289
EA old. P a'wd, FS ood.
hold. P ha'ttd, FS ood. U
^oW. P ta'wd, FS tood.
EA' /fi/?. P fiu, F fiy, S fyy, i»»y,.
EO ywi, yonder. P hin, F hindu, S
inds.
«A*. P shii, F shi, S shet, 0 shi.
you. PFSja'u. A-
truth. P tTfiath, F trty,th, S
tr<^aBth, [Stanhoe] tr/yy,th. E • •
woman. P tnnvn, FS wmrnin.
folks. P looks, F fttks. 0..
ioorld. PS wald, F w&bW.
or^'. P ovB, F mm.
<oo. Ptiu, FSt/y|.
•wore. P bwaa'b, F 8w6ob, S
SWOOB.
EO'
0
«o<wf. P nun, F nty,n, S nyy,ii.
through. P thriu, F thra'w, IS
tra'«, 0 tbrty,. '
door. P (Iaa'b, F d6u«.
tongue, P taq, S toq.
Thursday. V thazdi, F thaazdt,
S thazdi.
reason. P reez'n, F riiz*n, 8
rcBZun.
tea. P tee, F tu, 8 t6B.
irffa^ P beest, F biist, S beBst.
eoat. P koot, FS kwt.
elose. P kloos, FS Ums.
/oo/. P fuul, F f«y,l, 8 fyyil.
rf(wA<. PF dB'«<t, S da'ut.
««•<?. P siuB, F 8«yiB, 8 sbtiuB,
0 shy'iB.
E.E. Pron. Fart V.
t 1721 ]
no
Digitized by LjOOQIC
290 THB MIDLAND DIVISION. [Introd.
IV.
THE MIDLAND DIVISION OF ENGLISH
DIALECT DISTRICTS.
This comprises D 20 to D 29 as shewn on the map.
Boundaries, On the s. first the n. sum line 1 from its w. com-
mencement on the Dee to Watling St., Np., and then going ne.-
wards by the w. b. of Np. and round Rt. to the b. of Cb. which
pursue to the sea. On the n. the n. theeth line 5. On e. and w.
the sea-coast.
Area, All Ch. Bb. Le. Li. Nt. St., the n. of Wo. and most of
Wa., 8. and m. La., the ne. of Sh., all detached or English Fl.,
a small part of main or Welsh FL, and of Dn.
Sections. Dialectally this area falls into two distinct and ap-
parently unrelated sections, an Eastern comprising Li. D 20, and
a Western comprising all the rest. The several districts of the
Western Section have a strong family resemblance, but they never-
theless fall into three tolerably distinct groups, the Northern, Mid
and Southern. The Northern comprises s. and m.La., s.Yo., and
n.Db. ; the Mid contains Ch. and n.St., s.Db. and Nt. ; and the
Southern contains s.St., English Fl., and a small part of Welsh
Fl. and Bn., ne.Sh., n.Wo., most of Wa. and Le. Nt. was more
related to the other Mid M. districts forty years ago than it now is.
Districts and Groups. As will be seen by the map and key, the
M. div. is separated into ten districts, D 20 to D 29, all provided
with geographical names. These districts form four groups. L
The BM. or Border Midland comprises D 20 only. 2. The NM. or
Northern Midland comprisc^s D 21 to D 24. 3. The MM. or Mid
Midland contains D 25 to D 27. 4. The SM. or Southern Midland
contains D 28 and D 29. Particulars of each district are given
below.
Character. The M. div. not being homogeneous, we cannot look
for any one pervading character. It is best defined by negatives.
It is decidedly different from its neighbours, the W, S, E, on the
8., and the N on the n. The basis of the language spoken was not
the Wessex, but the speech of various tribes scattered over a large
country, and most probably differing considerably in different parts.
The following are some of the most important points to which
attention should be directed.
YowEL Forms (w, «i, u^. cr'u. fii, a'i).
(m, f<i, II J. At the present day one of the characters which first strikes a
Southerner in Midland speech is the total absence of (o, a) for umw^, called (ap)
in educated London, and (ap) in the provinces, and in these regions representee!
by t*.in fwll, or nearly so. A similar representation of this vowel frequently
occurs s. of the M. div., between the transverse lines 1 and 2. In that region,
however, the sound of (a, a) is still more or less heard. Again, for the greater
[ 1722 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Introd.] THB midland DIVISION. 291
part of the N. div., s. of the transverse line 8, there is a similar total absence of
(9, aj. Hence the mere absence of this sound is not enough to characterise the
if. oiy. In fact, we are rather concerned with accounting for the presence of
(a, a) anywhere than for its absence somewhere. There can be no doubt that
short U was originally some variety of short (u) universally in English Britain,
how then did it become (a, a) ? Are there any existing recognised intermediate
sounds between (a, u^ ?
In the M. div. as nere defined we must distinguish at least 3 forms representing
short U and its congeners. First (u) as in f«ll, which is not (u), the short sound
of 00 in fool ; cunipare French fowle powle (ful, pul) with Eng. ioo\ pool, ftill pwU
(fuul puul, fwl p«l). The sounds (ful, pul) are even difficult for an Englishman
to produce, and a Frenchman finds equal difficulty with (ful, pul). The mfference
between the two consists in what Mr. Melville Bell calls *wiaening,' the * physical
cause * of which he finds in the ' retraction of the soft palate and expansion of the
pharynx ' (Visible Speech, 1867, p. 71). On the other hand. Dr. Sweet says * in
forming narrow sounds ' [such as (u)] * there is a feeling of tenseness in that part
of the tongue where the sound is formed, the surface of the tongue being made
more convex than in its natural wide shape, in which it is relaxea and flattened,*
and he does * not believe that the shape of the pharynx, the approximation of the
palatal arches, etc., have any distinctive effect in producing distinct vowel sounds *
(Handbook of Phonetics, 1877, p. 9). That there is a distinction between the
two vowels of each of the pairs (i t, « e, b as, 0 0, u m) is undoubted. The first
of each pair is called by Mr. M. Bell * primary * and by Dr. Sweet * narrow,* and
the second is called by both * wide,* but whether the distinction is of the same
nature in each pair, and in what it really consists, has not been at present satis-
factorily ascertained. It is sufficient for our present purpose that such a state
exists.
There is also a state of higher and lower^ generally supposed to result from
obtain the form (mj) as a very low or deep form of (m).
Lastly, there is the different effect of ' rounding,* as Mr. M. Bell calls it, that
is, of the greater or less closure of the lips. Mr. M. B. distinguished only 3
degrees of rounding, those for (a, 0, u), but there are of course any number of
such roundings, ana especially we may endeavour to speak vowels with other than
their usual roundings. Thus {u) has the lips drawn closely together. Let them
be more opened. The result is written (kJ, where (,,), the inverted mark of
degrees (**), is not meant to be the letter (0), but merely a sign that (m) is uttered
* with more open lipw.* From numerous observations on himself and others, TH.
thinks that the position of the tongue is halfway between those for (0) and (m),
and the position of the lips tha:t tor (0) but slightly flatter. Whatever it be
precisely, the effect of this wider opening of the lips is to alter the value
of («) considerably. In fact, (u^ is a very unstable transitional form, which,
according to the consonants with which it is connected, simulates (a, 0, u).
To TH. the sound is native, and he has kindly allowed me to study it from
his lips on several occasions for many hours. At different times the resemblance
of (ttp) to one or other of these sounds seemed to vary, and on the very last
examination his {u^ sounded to me very much like German 0 in konnen,
Botticher, that is, closely resembling but by no means identical with (oe). I
seemed never able to hit the sound to TH.'is satisfaction, but I succeeded best
when bearing this sound of (oe) in my mind, and giving it more of an (u\ flavour.
I got TH. to say (u^, Mp, ap) and so on for many words, and the distinction of
one vowel from the other was complete. Then I got JGG. to observe this uttered
vowel carefully in my absence, and he considered it as "a higher and rounded
form'* of (a). According to Mr. M. Bell, (0) is the natural rounded form of (a),
hence the amount of rounding used by JGG. must have been different. He says,
indeed, that in his imitation of the sound he does not round more than for (a, o),
which is very little. He places it second in the series of sounds (not positions)
which he wrote (a, m^, 0*, «„ «), shewing his views of the passage from (a) to
(m), and of the natural transitional character of this remarkable vowel. TH.
[ 1723 ]
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292 THE MIDI^ND DIVISION. [Lvtrod.
recognised in actual speech while travelling over the region between the transverse
lines 1 and 2 man^' intermediate forms between (a, uj, so that, allowing for the
natural difficulty arising from the sound being native to his own organs, and hence
likely to be recognised when not precisely used, there was continually some hesita-
tion as to whether a sound heard was (a) or (»„)> ^^^ there was so much difficulty
of separating (u^, m), that notiKithstanding that he made several journeys for the
purpose, he was unable to determine any boundary between them.
In order to print my book it was of course necessary to come to some practical
conclusion respecting the use of {u^f u, u^). Those who have not an opportunity
of carefully studying the sounds from native speakers and hearing them in |^neral
use, may be contented to use (u) as received (m) in full in all cases. I wnte (»,|
in D 20, and (m) in D 24, and also in Ru. D 18. In the rest of the M. div., ana
in the intermediate zone between the transverse lines 1 and 2, I write ^J, as this
is the usage of TH., to whom I am mainly indebted for information, ^ut it can-
not be supposed that in such an extensive region this peculiar transitional sound
(u^) remains absolutely the same as TH. uses, and hence, of course, hears it, or
that it is formed always by the same precise action of the organs of speech that he
employs. I mean then merely to imply by the use of (uj that throu|^h this region
generally the sound is transitional between (a) and (m), and is sufficiently like the
sound used by TH. to be accepted by him as the same. TH., as stated above,
heard many other transitional sounds, and is under the impression, founded upon his
observations, that there is a mixed region within which both (m, wJ are heard,
bounded on the n. by a line from about Gainsborough, Li., to about Ulverstone, La.,
and that northwara of this line (u^ and its congeners disappear and (u) remains.
This will be furthered considered in D 24 and D 31. The use of (a, a, u^ u)
does not separate dialect districts, as we have already found (d. 16).
This delimitation of {u^, ii, Uj) would require long special study to settle, and
must be accepted as simply the nearest approximation to the truth that my present
materials allow me to make.
((s'u). As {u^ appears to be a variant of (m|, caused by keepina the mouth
too wide open, so {(b'm) is a variant of (uu) caused oy beginning it with the mouth
too wide open, and gradually but rapidly closing it down to the position for (u).
I met with a similar action in Ledbury (a'ou), p. 73, note to par. 9, and it is very
common among rec. speakers in such words as oA ! no ! (aasoo, naeado). While
uttering (uu), open the mouth suddenly quite wide, the result is a sound something
like (^) or (oe), which I therefore write (<v). If we take various smaller openinn,
the sound approaches {u^. Now begin with (<s), tongue as for (u), ana rapidly
close the lips to (u). An intermediate gliding sound is heard connecting the two
extremes, represented as usual by (')) so that (ce'u) represents the whole phe-
nomenon. When I studied this souna from TH.'s lips some years ago, I repeatedly
observed that his lips distinctly did not touch one another in any spot at the
beginning of his utterance. In later observations I found that he began with a
partial rounding. He himself writes (,t«o^), believing that the tongue is a little
more advanced than for (m^), and the vowel is wide, while the opening of the
lips is that for {o) and the lips are slightly flatter. But, except on pp. 322-329,
I retain my ola symbol with which I had written all the examples, and which is
based on what I consider the complete phenomenon. It must be remembered
that the initial (cr) is very short, and the final (u) often long, as («'uu), but as
this varies horn time to time according to circumstances, no notice is taken of it
in writing. The ordinary dialect speaker generally considers that he says (uu).
The result of JGG.^s examination of TH.^s pron. of 6k'u), his (.m^u), was that
it sounded like (^/tni), '*that is, a low form of the Frencn e in *qu« i« m# r^pent^'
[Volney^s example], accented and sliding through (u) to (u) pure, * and he does
not consider that the initial vowel was [u^. The first element is, however, not
always low, it is sometimes quite high, aepending upon the extent to which the
mouth is opened at first.
Althougn not entirely peculiar to the M. div. ((v'u) is a very distinctive
phenomenon. It is extremely unstable, varying to (iu, iy, yy, 9iS or thereabouts
on the one hand and (a'u) on the other. It attacks principally 0 - words, which
must have been first reduced to (uu), but it does not at present attack ori^;inal
U'- words, which will be considered presently. Hence it must be a comparatively
[ 1724 ]
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IxTBOD.] THE MIDLAND DIVISION. 293
recent phenomenon in England. In France some snch intermediary possibly
changed Latin u into French u, that is, (uu) into (yy). The change into (iu iy
F) occurs in D 19, into (*) in the L. div., into (yy,) in D 10, 11, into (a'u) in
26. It is kept pure in D 21, 22, 26. It does not seem to affect D 24 or the
N. diT. I have not observed it in D 20. Sporadically instances of it occur in
D 6, 7, and even with careless speakers in rec. speech. This is an example of
inehoant diphthongs, arising from altering the commencement of some long vowel,
of which tne conclusion is retained. Such diphthongs are a fertile source of
change, and their actually observed occurrence solves many riddles in the altera-
tion of words.
(li, a'i). Another inehoant diphthong is (/i), the first step in the change of
(ii) to (a'i). This sound (ti) is difficult to appreciate at first hearing, and is
liable to be taken for (ti) or (ii). The speaker usually considers it as (ii). When
once set in motion the subsequent changes are rapid, as (ti, /,i, ft, 6t, s't), all
actually in use. This is the utmost extent to which £' is affected after becoming
(ii), and hence, as in the case of the change of 0' into ((c'u), I consider it to b«
recent. This theory of the generation of (s't) from E' through (li) does not
exclude the generation of (6t) from (ce) by terminal addition, as seems to have oc-
curred elsewhere very recently in (^' j), sometimes appreciated as (et) . See especially
D 1 6, 1 7 (pp. 196,218, 226) . But the initial change must have affected orinnal V
long before, so that at present this appears already in the stage of (n't) and passes
on to («'t, fcU, fct), and thence to (at, Vt), all of which occur, while (&*t, d%) vary
as (9't a't), common forms in the S. div., with various other forms of the same
kind as (a»'t, «'t, cs't).
When, however, the form» of (a'i) have once been reached, the dialectal changes
are not over. The final (t) may be degraded to (v) as (&ii), and then the (o)
altogether omitted, so that (aa, oa, aa) result as an alteration of (ii), an almost
incredible but completely established fact.
(a'u). The change of U' to (a'u) through (ti,u) will be considered in the N.
div., although it seems to occur in the M. and even £. div. as (uu). We may,
however, consider in the M. div. that we begin with (&t<), as in D 23. This falls
into^ &a &b), and on arriving at (&b), another transformation is ready. As in
the £. div. (l^vm) became (l^tm), so here (&b) becomes (&t). This remarkable
form of U' is dominant in D 25. But it goes no further, it does not become (r/t,
a'i), which would clash with the representation of V. Another chan^ of (&n)
arises from the omission of (b), so that U' is represented by (aa). This is strongly
marked in D 24. Hence botn I' and U' tend to become (aa) in the same div., but
not usually in the same district. It would seem that confusion could no further go
than that I' and U' should both be confounded a» (aa), which, however, does not
represent A', for this original sound becomes (6b, ob, uu, oo). But, in fact, the
changes are not ended. In (&b) the (a) becomes thinned to (&*), and (&'b, sd'b,
b'b, Ib) and even (Ib) result as may be found in D 22 and w.D 24. In at least
some of these forms (b) becomes lost, and (aa^ ese, be) result. These are the
forms most prevalent in D 22. The (ees) is the proper representative of the La.
spelling eaWf invented, I believe, by Mr. Collier {Tim Bobb%u)y in whose region,
however, at present they do not say (aea)), but (a'wi, another variety of {ku). The
U' s (sBfB) and I' = (aa) are compatible and are usea together in part of D 22.
These are the principal vowel changes in the M mv. and they are interesting
for their preservation of forms which explain the trausitiou fiom the old to the
new value of the letters.
Consonant Fobhs (f, h).
(r.) The letter r, when not before a vowel, is entirely vocalised in D 20 as there
explained, in the other districts it is asserted to have consonantal value, yet from
several informants I got ewrf as the phonetic form of ca\f meaning (kAAf),
which shews that they at least did not hear an r. Mr. Darlington, D 25, a
native of s.Ch., acknowledged that Ch. r, when not before a vowel, had very little
power, and was more felt by speaker than listener. TH. says he has paid par-
ticular attention to educated pronunciation, and has, during observations, continued
for many years, recorded special points from more than 400 public speakers, and
[ 1726 ]
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294 THE MIDLAND DIVISION. [Introd.
is thus enabled '' to say confidently that tbe Midland r before a vowel is the
standard English r, and likewise that r before a consonant and r final are
generally the same as when before a vowel in n.Db. Ch. La. and St.*' Conse-
anentljr he writes (r) in every case. Although entirely disagreeing with him in
tnis opinion, so far as standard English r is concerned, I have necessarily been
unable to take any other course but to follow his examnle with this explanation.
In discussions, however, I shall use (r^ both before ana after a vowel to indicate
TH.'s sound, considering the printea (r) as (r^ with the left-hi9ind top comer
removed (r) so 'as to be imperfect, and I write r with a stroke over it, f . This new
symbol I call the Midland r, without pretending to define, because I have not
ascertained, the exact mode of its generation. The '* imperfection" of (r) is in
respect to the ''perfection*' of the Italian r, the true value of (r). Certainly
when not before a vowel the use of (r], without some explanation, is grossly
misleading, to any one who reads phonetic writing according to its professed rules,
or say to a Scotchman or Italian. The r in such cases is very much like a coarse
(«), and even in Yo. Cu. We. and Du. it is hardly perceptibly consonantal — at
least to my ears.
I thought it best to take JGG.'s opinion on the r used by TH. He says :
" his r is to my ear an inner buzzed r=(r^), identical with the r I have heard
wherever I have been in -Ch. St. Db. or La.** • After mentioning two persons,
whom he knows well, that use it, JGG. proceeds to say: "The place on my
series is between the WL r and the n.We. or Swaledale r, and also my own r
before a vowel. I should say it is exactly intermediate between these two."
JGG. concludes by sajing that he hears TH. ** pronounce the tatne in initial,
medial, and final positions, with a few exceptions." TH. says that as he is a
native of Db., and has resided 42 years in La., he is " in a much better position
to say what is the analysis or formation of the Midland r than any one who is not
a native, and who has not resided in the district or whose visits have been only
occasional.** But it is well known that it is extremely difficult to shake off one's
original habits of speech, and that without great practice in acquiring facility in
using new sounds, the ear is apt to be misled. Owing to this initial " personal
eauation,** the same sound wul be appreciated differently by different ooservers
wno have studied the subject. Thus TH. and AJE. differ materially as to " the
standard English r.*'
Generally r causes great difficulty to the phonetist. Mr. Melville Bell
defines it as made by '* the point of the tongue contracting the oral passage
between it and the upper gums.** This entirely eliminates the conception of
trilling, and he therefore has a separate mark corresponding to my h) called
** vibrator** and ** trill** and defined as ''vibration of the organ symbolised."
(See the discussion in Part lY. pp. 1341-4, especially p. 1344, %.) For myself I
consider vibration or trilling, or as I now prefer to call it JUtpping (caused oy the
passage of air over a loose flexible body, as linen flaps on a clothes-line or a flag
flaps on its staff), the essence of all r sounds. This flapping may be produced by
many organs, and the statement of the oigans specifies the lund of flap. This is
preosely the converse of Mr. Melville Belrs and Dr. Sweet's views. In England
where no vowel follows, the flap is usually replaced by an obstructive position of
the tonrne which does not flap, but yet is not hard and rigid. Of course the non-
filappable is somewhat different from the flappable position. When flatus only is
dnven through such a passage with non-flapping tongue, we have simply a hiss,
one of the very numerous tribe of (o) ; when voice passes, we have a sound
approaching in various ways to (o, b, sd) or even (z). These replacers of (r) are
usually syim)olised by (a, r^^, etc., shewing what form of (r) is replaced, ana for
convenience the (o) is usually omitted after the replacement has been explained.
In England we must distinguish at least Italian (rj, Scotch (.r), Irish (r) [written
kt) in Part lY. p. 1232], the Southern (r). Midland (r), Northumbrian (r» »^)»
fferent from the hard metallic Parisian and guttural North German uvular (r,
r ). All of these may be flapped or unflapped, and flated or voiced, and among
ttie unflapped forms, produced by keeping the tongue or uvula in approximately
the same position as if it were intended to flap but stiffened so that it cannot do
so, are the Southern (r^) degenerating to the Eastern (r.) , for both of which the
tip of the tongue is raised, and the Midland (rj. This list is very far from
[ 1726 ]
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ImnOD.] THE MIDLAND DIYISIOy. 295
exhaustiTe. There is probably a Korthem imflapped (!<>), a Btronglj flapped and
a ** soft " Spanish r, oi which the latter may be the same as the JNorthem un-
flapped (r«), an alveolar and dental r (^r, ^ r), an American r, various French and
German r, besides the Polish rt (zrh) ana the oriental mixtures of (1', r*), the
defective Up r, the North German glottal ('i) and its Arabic form (g) with (krh,
ffrh) and the corresponding Dutch ff and Greek y, and others. Many of these
have still to be analysed, and the mode of production of the un-flappea replacers
of flapped r presents problems of extreme difficulty.
This difficulty is seriously increased by the habits of reading, where the one
symbol r is naturally associated in the speaker's mind with the soimds, or various
sounds which he from local habit assigns to. it, and hence as naturall3r hears from
all others. In my JPronunciation for Singert^ pp. 136-8, I distinguish 26 cases
which reauire consideration in received English spsech. They are here given in a
condensea form, illustrated merely by examples, which the reader may exercise
himself in distinguishing, and det^mine if possible what is the value of his own r
in each case.
1. word journey furnish spurn. 2. myrrh guerdon. 3. recurring spurring purring
blurring slurring demurring. 4. preferring conferring referring erring £terrin^.
6. near beer here we're pier. 6. eyry era weary peeress. 7. care pair air
prayer there their bear mare mayor. 8. canary fairy therein bearing. 9. boar
o'er door floor borne torn sore corps pour towards. 10. glory soaring pouring.
11. poor moor tour sure lure allure. 12. poorer surer assuring tourist. 13. cure
pure endure immure your ewer. 14. fury purer enduring immuring. 15. hard
clerk heart guard. 16. starry tarry (adj. not vb.). 17. wax ward swarm
extraordinary George order bom. 18. warring abhorring. 19. fire lyre quire
choir chorister hire. 20. wiry wiery fiery. 21 . hour power ourselves ours flour
flower. 22. dowry flowery snowery. 23. paper circuitous answer martyr altar
alter grammar particular (last syllable) peculiar spectator tailor razor orator.
24. azure flssure measure nature feature stature figure. 26. barbarian par-
ticular (first syllable) partake marquee. 26. ornate ordain organic orthography
(h) The aspirate is altogether neglected in the M. div. The speaker has no
sensation of omitting it, any more ths^ a received speaker thinks (notwithstanding
the orthogpraphy) that he is omitting A in his pron. of Aour, Aonest, Aonour, it.
In the last word indeed few of even received speakers are aware that an h has
been omitted. This omission of (h) is also the case in Antwerp, Flanders,
Belgium, Brabant, see Part lY. p. 1421 <f . Of course wh is callea (w), though .
this is a different case, which is phonetically (not historically) similar to the use
of (z) for (s) initial. This absence of a^iration penetrates to well-educated
elates, and may be even heard from the pulpit. In Le. the aspirate is, however, *
occ. wrongly inserted.
CoNSTBucnoNAL FoBxs [the, --en, I am].
Uh4\ The definite article th4 has four forms, (dhti dh th t'), in the KM
ana MM groups, D 21 to D 27, but they are differentiy employed in different
districts, and m the SM group D 28 ana D 29 only (ah«) seems to be used.
The rule is that (dh) is heard before vowels, and (th) before consonants, while
** suspended /"or (t*) occurs by assimilation, ana (dhv) is employed only in
particular cases. Botn (th, t') are common in D 21 and D 22. In D 24 (t*) is
almost solely employed, except on the borders of D 22 on the w. and D 26 on
the 8. The is sometimes asnmilated to other letters, as (fnmi)s)sk0'u) from the
school. This power of assunilation is interesting as still existent in dialectal
speech. Numerous examples occur in the subsequent illustrations.
[-m]. The chief constructional peculiarity is the verbal plural in -m (wi noon,
JO noon, dht noon), we know-en, you know-en, they know-en. This is universal
in D 21, D 22, D 25, D 26. In D 23 the people think that it is not used, but it
still exists in a few contracted forms as (an jo P dv^n jo P) have-n you P do-en
you P In D 24 it is only found at the oorders of D 22 on the w. and D 26
on the s. In D 27 it seems to be practically lost, but there is evidence that it
did exist some years ago. In D 28 it is plentiful. In D 29 it chiefly exists
[ 1727 ]
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296 THE BORDER MIDLAND. [D 20.
in contracted fonns, and more in the w. than the e., but even in Le. there are
traces of it.
[/ am]. The verb substantive is / am, which separates the M. from the N.
div. where for the most part I is ib heard. / ^^ is seldom used, and most
frequently in the negative / benU, and is confined to SM., which borders the S.
div. / are seems to be unemployed.
Peculiar "Words' [Aoo, shoo],
[Aoo, fhoci]. In vocabulary, the use of hoc pronoun, variously called (mm,
d^'u, a'u, iu), the Ws. hed, she, is prevalent in D 21, 22, 25, 26, although it is
superseded, in several constructions, by what at least is assumed to be her (ar,
Bf), both for nom. and ace. But in D 24 appears the form shoo (shuu, sho, shs),
which, like she, is usually referred to Ws. se6. I am inclined, however, to
believe that shoo is also a form of he6f through some such form as (gjhoo). In
the other districts she or rather her are in general use. For girl, wench is most
usual, without any offensive suggestion.
Negative Character.
There is therefore no one -particular character, phonetic, con-
structional or vocabularian, by which the whole M. div. (even
excluding D 20) can be separated from adjoining regions. But
there ai-e very numerous even merely phonetic characters by which
any district can he separated from non-Mid. divisions, as will
appear from the following details. The M. div. is therefore, as
already stated, rather negatively than positively characterised. It
has not the S. "W. E. or N. characters. But it has generally the
vowel (tt^) and occ. (m, Wj) for U and wonderfully varied forms of
XT', r, with occ. peculiar 0' (a^n) and extensive, but not universal,
use of the verbcd pi. in -en. Collectively these form very dis-
tinctive characters. The striking uses of (ii) for A-, JEG, EG
and (6i e'i ) for E', ECG are too much confined to portions of I) 25,
D 26, D 28, D 29, to he relied upon as a general M. character.
D 20 = BM = Border Midland.
Boundaries^ those of the co. of Li.
AreUf the co. of Li.
Authorities. See County List imder ithe following names, where ♦ means w. per
AJE., tper TH, || in systematic, **in io. Li. ^Aisthorpe, **Alford, °Axholmo
Isle of, " Bamoldhy-le-Beck, t Barrowby, ** Beckingham, ♦ Billingborough,
®Blyton, ** Bracebridge, ♦Brigg, °Brocklesby, ^Caistor, *» Coningf»by, ^'Crowle,
♦Epworth, ** Faldingworth, °Fillingham, ° Friskney, °Fulstow, ^Gainsborough,
♦Grantham, ° Great Coates, ** Great Grimsby, ♦ Halton-Holegate, °Haxey,
•» Healing, *> Horbling, ° Homcastle, *» Keelby, ^^ Killingholme, ° Kingerby,
*»Laceby, f Lincoln, ^t|| Louth, ° North Hykeham, *» North Kelsey, *'Saxby,
*> Scartho, ♦ Scotter, ° Scunthorpe, ° Skellingthorpe, f Sleaford, ^ Snitterby,
♦Somerby, **tSpil8by, ** Springthorpe, ** Stallingborough, f Stamford, ^Thorse-
way, •» Thornton, ^'Ulceby, °Usselby, °Waltham, ♦Winterton.
Character. There is a certain degree of homogeneity of sp.
throughout Li., which renders it difficult to suhdivide the district,
hut we may roughly distinguish three varieties : Var. i. s.Li.
Form, prevailing to just a little n. of Sleaford (11 ne. Grantham),
and Boston, and perhaps as far n. as Fripkney (3 sw.Wainflcet).
Var. ii. m. Li. Form, prevailing over the whole county from the last-
[ 1728 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D20.] THE BORDER MIDLAND. 297
named places to the s. hooae line 6, which cuts ofP the n. of Li.
Var. iii. n.Li. Form is very clearly marked by the use of (uu) in
IT' words, n. of the s. hoose line 6.
Li. more closely resembles the E. div. than the M., although it
is quite distinct irom the E., as it is from the adjoining Nt. and
Yo. The great and. peculiar character of the whole district is the
marvellous quantity of fractured vowels. There are plenty of
fractured vowels in Yo., but, as will be seen under Var. iii., they
are of a different nature from the Li. fractures.
The latter are regarded by the natives merely as 'drawls/ and several, in
writing to me, indicated this drawl hj an added r. Thus Mr. Bogg (:boog) then of
Lonth, writinjg in Glossic, and meamug that air eer our should sound as in pair
peer roar (pcB pfu tSb), not (taa'b), in ordinary received speech, without the
shadow of a trill (for trilled r is unknown in Li., except, perhaps, before a vowel,
and then it is very light), writes consistently throughout his translation of Lord
Tennyson's Northern Farmer New Style awair sair paimz braimz airdher
toodair faimtt tairk mairka kwairker laird mair-be maird tairl nair mairz
brairk sairtn f airdher laizi for Lord Tennyson's awaay saay paains braa'ins
eather todaay saaints taak maakes (^uaaker laaid maade taail naiiy mays [= makes]
break saame feyther laazi. Certainly this expresses the sound perfectly to a Li.
man or a Londoner, though it renders the look of the words umntelligible. Mr.
Bogg has also weerk $peerk beem aeerd weemt deerd breerd reerxen eerd ateerlz
meerlz leertt seer theer meemz leerv for Lord Tennyson's weeak speak bean [been]
seea'd [see'd for saw] weant [won't] dead bread reason ead [head] steals meals
least see thee means [the fracture immarked in these three words] leave. Also
icoar boarth goar doamt thoart noart oart noam koarU noar noars/ienz for Lord
Tennyson's woa [cry to stop a horse! boath goa doant thowt nowt owt [fracture
not marked in these three words, and not usual] noiin coats noa noations.
These words carefully pronoimced will give an excellent notion of the peculiar
Li. fracture. Compare aware away, daro day, bairns pains, — seed sear d, reed
reared, — oh ! oar, moan mourn [avoiding London (mAAn)], coat court favoidini^
London (kAAt)]. Londoners have quite lost and vocalised the r, so nave Li.
people, but the vocal (b) glides closely on to the preceding vowel. Thus in
London brewer poor (bruu^B p^B) do not rhyme, and idea near (&*tdii;B uIb) also
should not rhyme, though Ihey often do ; in * the prayer of a prayer ' (dhB pr^tf^Br
BV B prdB), the two words * prayer' have different sounds as well as meanings, the
ir) due to the following vowel ina^ be disregarded, but observe the vowel cnans^
ee ^), and the absence of a glide in the findt and its presence in the second. In
the S. and £. div. we have had numerous examples of f&B), as in (IdBm^ lame,
without the disappearance of an (r), but not of the other tractures except tnrough
such a disappearance ; in Li., however, there is a constant tendency to this
development after every vowel. The fractures elsewhere seem to have arisen from
initial alterations of the vowels, but in Li. from mere additions, more comparable
to the ' vanishes ' of the south, and exactly equivalent to its * numerous diph-
thong.'
It is a singular thing that the vowel on to which this murmur is tageed is, as a
rule, the same as in received speech, and may be ' widened ' as for the murmur
diphthongs, thus (wiik) becomes (wiBk) or (wiBk), (stiil, stiBl) or (st^Bl), and so
on. And it is no doubt to this cause that the Li. conception that the vowels are
merely drawled is due. The Li. speech is edow and drawly, but here we have not
the mere drawling of a vowel, we nave the real addition of another vowel on to
which the first glides, and part of the length of the first vowel seems to be
absorbed into the glide in the process.
This peculiar fracture, and the vocalisation of r into (b) or its
omission after (aa aa), are the main characteristics of this district.
The U, as explained on p. 292, is taken to be (t/,). The A is un-
certain ; as a rule it is disregarded luiless the speaker is excited,
[ 1729 ]
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298 THE BORDER MIDLAND. [D 20, V i.
and then often wrongly inserted. Particulars are given below, as
I have been able to illustrate the dialect very fully.
Tab. i. South Lincolnshibb Pobx.
Ebiseket (3 sw.Wainfleet) spec.
Examples written by Rev. H. J. Cheales, Ticar, and conjecturally pal. by AJE.
from the informant's indications, who describes the intonation thus : **The utter-
ance is loud, full, and coarse, with strong hard emphasis. The roice rises in*
pitch towards the end of each period. It is also slow, a broad heavy drawl with
an unpleasant nasal twang (specially in the ow sounds [? uI&m], in the case of
women it amoimts to a whme). In exception to the slow nasal drawl, in the
words in om, as kus gkus, the a is short and sharp, as in our mass [(la^ dla^s)].
Long Towels and diphthongs and compound yowels always drawle<t the former
generally and the latter always resolved into two vowels.*'^ This is illustrated by
the following words, those marked * being considered as exceptions :
A- 6 m^k, 33 ^r^mlhv. A'- 67 g($«, 104 tM, M- 138 *fdiidh«. 152
♦watn [almost (wDt«)]. Mi 166 mgol, 176 ♦fast. Mi 218 ♦sh»p. F:
312iB+r. £A: 338 kAA'Bl. £1- 373 dhAPS. £0': 428si«siBn. I: 452
▲▲'». U: 614hlLtnmd. £•• 89(» risiw.
1. (hood jaa n6«z, i jaad me), hold your noise, he called me ; yak^
in place of you, as a sign of contempt.
2. (hi;z got'n thru^f ), he has got throughahe is dead.
3. (mfu, snfu, gevn, bak End), mowed, snowed, near, autumn.
4. (wot dh« pletm dt^ist dhu m1«n ?), what the devil do you mean?
5. (wat'l d^^z, rEmVl, huig), weekdays, move, carry.
6. (tt tiBmd Bn saild « retm, tt)s strStrndj mtfikt h6uri wedhv), it
emptied and sieved of rain [the rain came down as if poured
out or run through a sieve], its strange mucky dirty weather.
7. (J9n)z 8 streBudj BmeBzin pivt betm v jaan), yonathat is a
strange amazing pert bairn of yours.
8. (ut nobBt akst tm t« tak dhis ivr ood prAAukvs d(5tm dhi smuBt),
I nought-but«only asked him to take this here old donkey
down the lane [narrow covered alley],
9. (bu f ntpt ttip Bn staattd b ledhBrfn dh)ood hss bu m^Bd tm
htfik'l on BbtfiV b bVt, bu ru^n striBt Uip dhB ra^mpB), and he
jumped up and began beating the old ass, and made him jog
on above a bit, and run straight up on the high road ; ntp
is a word very variously used, but TntpB) nipper is a little
boy that runs errands ; (hwik) buck is the hip-bone ; ramper
is the ramparty always used for turnpike-road in Li.
10. (a m^Bd SUB i)d a tompookt dhB liVl lad &&v Vz (Bd), I made
siire he'd have capsised the little lad over his head.
11. {i)z B wak'n h't'l tjap, ot )1 wpjood i)\ teBk noo payment), he's
a wide-awake little chap, I'll uphold he-1 take no harm or
damage, common expression.
12. (6t kuim, tuBUB frotdB or ssthBdB), I come either Friday or
Saturday, Peacock writes toner, the one or the other.
13. {pi thtqk noot tu)tt), I think nothing of it.
14. (did JBr ad'l oot ?), did you earn ought ?
15. (shi)z B wa^qk'l ItVl wEntj), she is a wankly little wench.
[ 1780 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D20,yi.] THE BORDER MIDLAND. 299
BiLLINOBOROUOH EXAMPLES.
Words and sentences by Mr. T. Blasson, resident surgeon, native, pal. by AJE.
from his dictation.
1. Alphabetical names of A, E, I, 0, TJ (ets ii 6t oo \\i\
2. Counting (won tuu thrii f^B fo'tV 8»ks sEv'n eBt nom tEn lEv'n
twElv that't iooti t<indBd).
3. (duiZ dhB 8e«m l^Bm man b^Bk dh« brEd vn. kesks Bt dhB ood
pleBs jt'it? i duu), does the same lame man bake the bread
and cakes at the old place yet? he do, occ, but only in
answers; more frequently (i d«iz).
4. (wot's »z neBm ? 6% diiBut noo), what's his name ? I don't know.
6. (6t seB, bA, wIbz dhB mwidhB ? JondB), I say, bo', where's the
mother ? yonder. The word ho* is occasionally used by very
old people, and was actually heard.
6. (»z feBdhB dhiB ? noo — JtVs), is father there ? no — ye^,
7. (wti^ weB aa dh^ go*m tB dcB ? 6% ka'nt seB, 6t ^nt — ^b^nt —
shuB), which way are they going to-day? I can't say, I
am-not — ^be-not--sure. The use of / he not is uncommon,
but exists.
8. (dhlB)z B gn't sndf 1 m dhB pa^d, aa)jB froit'nd [fnt] ? 6V aa),
there's a great snail in the path, are you frightened ? I are.
(sndVl) is invariable, but this does not occur in any other
^G-words. I are \a rare, and used only in emphatic
answers.
9. (goo Bn hot B thrtpnt thrtd), go and buy a threepenny thread.
10. (uu siiz dhlBz griin trlBz ?), who sees these green trees ? Here
(griin) is used, but in * the trees are green ' (grtBu) would
be said.
11. (i brAAt ham dhB hunts i bAAt on iz ffit), he brought home the
boots he bought on his feet.
12. (wlBt (iBts baalt bu blBuz), wheat oats barley and beans.
13. (doont stand aim stanz Bt mot wmdBz), don't stand hurling
stones at my window, exactly the same use as at Nf. (p.
276, I, 2), but (don't stand) distinct and not reduced to
(doonstsn).
South Likcolnshire cwl.
The unmarked words are chiefly from Mr. Blasson for Billingborough, corrected tt.
in 1886, but some are from Horbling (16 e. Grantham) by Henry Smith,
Esq., and Friskney (3 sw. Wainfleet) by Rev. H. J. Cheales, which are
Srouped as being^ practically identical.
L indicates the late Dr. R. 6. Latham^s Folkinffham (9 e.Grantham), his natiye
place, given in his English Languagty 5th ed. p. 391, and conjecturally
pal. by AJE.
H gives some wn. by TH. at Barrowby (2 w.Orantham).
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 8 b^Bk. 4tEk, LtEk. 6 msk. 7 s^sk. 8 hsv. 9 bihSirv. 10 hoo.
11 mAA. 12 SAA [with euphonic (r)]. 13 naa. 14 drAA. 16 dAAU. 17 Iaa.
18 k^k. 19 t^l. 20 l4inn. 21 ndsm. 22 t^vm. 23 s^vm. 24 shdmn.
[ 1731 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
300 THE BORDER MIDLAND. [D 20, V i.
25 mdm. 26 wdBn. 27 n^. 28 heB. 31 lS«t. 32 besdh. 33 reedhv
r^BdhB. 34 la'st. 26 aaI. 36 thoo. 37 UIaa.
A: 39 ktiiiQ kBtn. 40 kCiBm. 41 tha^qk. 43 haind. 46 ka>nd*I. 47
wa'ndB. 50 tti^qz. 51 ma'n. 52 wa'n. 54 wa'nt. 55 a^shez. 56 wash.
57 a's.
A: or 0: 58 [accented] fr«,m, [unaccented] frem thrBm thBm. 59 la*m.
60 loq. 61 BniM^q, L Bmu.nst. 62 stroq. 63 throq. 64 roq. 65 soq. 66
thoq [it sounded to me most like (o), not (o), but it may have been (a) aa in other
caaesj.
A'- 67 goo. 69 noo. 70 too. 71 woo, 72 uu. 73 boo. 74 tuu. 75
BtHiBk. 76 idvd. 78 oo. 79 Obu. 80 haUvdt. 81 16Bn. 13 mCiBn. 84
m6B+r. 85 sfiB+r. 86 ficts. 87 klfiBZ [Mr. B. insisted on (kl)], H tluBZ.
88 klQBdh. 90 bloo. 91 moo. 92 noo. 93 snoo. 94 kroo. 95 throo. 96
BOO. 97 sCiBl. 98 niivn. 99 throon thrClBD. 100 sCiBU.
A': 101 ClBk. 102 a'sk. 104 rttsd, H riiBd. 105 HiBd. 106 brood. 107
kf. 108 doo, 109 loo. 112 hdBl. 113 hsl [(h) always pronounced in this
word]. 114 [both this and the animal are calledj m^Bl. 115 ham, n <iBm.
118 bClBn. 121 gA*n. 122 nu,n. 123 nM^thtqk. 124 stasn. 125 (iBnlt.
126 (iB+r. 127 CLbs. 129 giiBst. 130 b^Bt. 131 g^Bt. 132 oi. 133 rdvi.
134 <iBth. 135 tlAAth.
J&- 138 f^dhB. — IsdhB [ladder, same as leather]. 139 drftf. 140 hdBl.
141 n^I. 142 sndtl [commonest], su^bI. 143 tcBl. 144 BgEU. 145 sldBU.
146 m^n. 147 br^BU. 148 f^B. 149 bl6BZ. 150 liust. 151 list. 152
waHB, H watB+r. 163 sa'tBdt.
JE: 155 thBt|. 157 r^Bv'n. 158 aatB. 160 Eg. 161 dee. 164 mic9.
165 ssd, Lssd. 166 m^Bd. 167 dsBl. 168 ta4B. 169 wsn. 170 haBVEst.
171 baali. 172 grEs. 173 WAAr^ [an (r) was felt and was most like (rj]. 174
Esh. 175 fa'st. 178 naH. 179 wot. 180 ba»th. 181 paHh pa'd.
J^'- 182 su. 183 tSvij. 184 UBd. 185 rfBd. 187 Hbv. 188 Hfe. 189
wee. 190 kii. 191 hfBl. 192 mfBU. 193 tlfBU, HL tliBU. 194 Bni. 195
roEni. 196 waa [as in (dhB waa dhfB) they were there]. 197 tjiBZ. 199 blfBt.
200 wfBt. 201 h?Bdh'n. 202 hfBt. 203 spfotj. 205 thrsd thrid. 206 rsd.
207 niidU. 210 tl6B. 211 gr^B. 212 wee. 213 r^hB 6BdhB. 215 toot.
216 d^l. 217 ivt}. 218 shfBp. 219 slfBp. 222 h^B+r. 223 dhfB+r.
226 m^Bst. 227 WEt. 228 swEt. 230 faH.
£. 232 br^Bk. 233 sp/Bk. 234 nivd. 236 wtBY. 236 ihnrv. 237 bl^sn.
238 hEd|. 239 s^l. 240 l^n. 241 r^BU, L r^n. 242 twrBD. 246 kwfBU.
247 w(bu. 248 meB. 249 wtB+r. 250 swtB+r. 251 mlBt. 252 kEt'l.
253 nstU. 254 lEdhB. 255 wadhB.
E: 257 Ed;. 258 SEdj. 259 wEdj. 260 1^. 261 bSs. 262 weB. 264
6b1. 265 streBt. 267 iiBld [the (j) distinct]. 270, i. bElBs, ii. bElt. 272 elsm.
273 mEU. 274 bEnsh. 275 stEnsh. 276 thiqk. 277 drEnsh. 278 WEnsh.
280 lEv'n. 281 lEuth. 282 stnmth. 283 mEri. 284 thrEsh. 285 krss.
286 ha'rB. 287 biz'm. 288 Ist.
E'- 290 hii. 291 dhii. 292 mil. 293 wii. 294 «Bd. 295 brEd. 296
bBUBV. 298 f^Bl. 299 grlBU, L grfBU. 300 kiip. 301 hiB+r. 303 swfBt.
304 biBt'l [the insect also so called].
E': 305 h6i. 306 ait. 307 not [(n6i Bn duu) nigh and do, a common reply,
meaning * I should think so, rather ^^ that is, very much, completely]. 308 niBQ.
309 spfBd. 310 h(Bl. 311 t£n. 312 hfs. 314 hfBd, LMBd. 315 fiit. 316
nEkst.
EA- 317 dee. 319 gdBp. 320 kaa+r.
EA: 321 SAA. 322 laf. 323 foo^ fit. 324 6Bt. 325 WAAk. 326 ood.
327 biiBld. 328 kood. 329 iood. 331 Bood SEld. 332 tEld. 333 kAAf
[exactly like couffh ; a doctor asking a man if he had a couffh^ was answered yes,
a fine one to sell ; (kti^f ) is Li. for cough, see 526]. 334 cuf. 335 aaI. 336
fAAl. 337 waaI. 340 jaad. 342 aam. 343 waam. — L ISBptn [leaping].
345 daa+r [and you (das^nt, daad'nt) durst not]. 346 gdst, H gcBt.
EA'- 347 hEQ hfBd. 348 di ["this and / are pronounced very like the
(English) Greek oi, only broader '* ; this ought to make it (a'i)]. 349 flu.
EA': 350 d^Bddsd. 351 Isd. 352 rEd. 353 brsd. 354 sh(Bf. 355 disf
[ 1732 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 20, y I] THE BORDER MIDLAND. 301
dsf. 356 llsf. 357 dhaf. 359 n&tb«+r. 360 tlmn. 361 htm, 362 siee,
363 i}(vp. 365 n(B+r. 366 grd«t grtt. 367 thht. 368 dsth. 369 eHoo.
370 FAA. 371 StTAA.
£1- 373 dhee. 374 nee. 375 r^z. 376 b^. EI: 377 dt^Bk. 378
wtBk. 379 ^b1 [same as 140, used only in Bible reading]. 381 swdvn swien.
382 dhiv+r.
EO- 383 8BT*n. 384 liBT*n. 385 bButoih [but (Mindmiivn) underneath].
386 Joo- 387 nlu [very distinct (i)].
EO: 388 mtlk. 389 jslk. 390 Bhu,d 8bt<,Id. 393 bBJO-nd. 395 L JMiq.
396 wak. 397 swad swaad. 398 staav. 399 br6tt. ^02 laan. 403 faa.
404 staa. 405 aath. 406 t«tb, L (Bth. 407 faad'n. 408 niu.
.EO'. 411 tbrii. 412 shii. 414 flai. 415 Idi. 416 dfB+r. 417 tj!u.
418 briu. 420 fta^B+r. 421 {cii.
ECY: 423 thki. 424 r«,f [or (ra«f) between, (raf, rM,f)]. 425 Wit. 426
fait. 427 bii. 428 sii. 429 ffsnd. 430 frBnd. 431 blB+r. 432 footb,
foot. 433 brsst. 434 b(Bt. 435 H jaa [(jb) unempbatic ; when used in anger,
the (aa) is much prolonged, with a significant intonation]. 436 triu. 437 triuth.
EY- 438 do'i [between (a'», d'»), but most like (6t)]. EY: 439 trtijst.
I- 440 wiBk. 441 sty. 442 6m. 443 fr6tdt. 444 st6tl. 446 n6tn.
448 dhfBZ. 449 git. 450 tiuzdi [see 387]. 451 boo,
I: 452 di. 454 witj. 455 lig. 457 m6it. 458 n6it. 459 r^'t. 462
86it [see 438]. 465 sitj. 466 t|6ild. 467 w6ild. 468 tiildBU. 471 timbB.
472 snqk. 473 bl&ind. 474 riiind. 475 w6ind. 476 b6ind. 477 f6ind.
478 gr6ind. 479 w6ind. 484 dhis. 485 dhis*l. 486 (Bst [no initial (j)].
488 Jit.
r- 490 b6t. 491 a6t. 493 dr6iT. 494 t6im. 495 w6tn. 496 6iBn.
497 Br6iz, L Br6iz. 498 r6it.
I': 500 16ik, L I6ik. 501 w6id. 502 f6iT. 503 I6if. 504 n6if. 505
w6if. 506 wu,mBn. 507 wimin. 508 m6il. 509 w6il. 510 L m6in m6in.
513 w6«B+r. 514 6is. 515 w6iz. 516 wizdBm. 517 Jtu.
0- 519 L OYB. 520 boo. 521 fM. 522 op*n [?(ap*n)], H 9p*n. 523
hdvp. 524 wald.
0: 526 kof ku|f [see 333]. 527 bAAt. 528 thAAt thoot. 529 brxAt. 531
dAAtB, L daatB. 532 k^Bl. 533 duih 534 hM. 536 gdBld. 537 ma'wld.
538 WM^d. 539 bM. 542 boot. 547 bilBd. 549 haad. 550 wad. 651
stAAm. 554 hAAn. — hos [horse, not (aas)]. 554 knw. — faks [fox,
(hiidhB) male, see No. 704].
0'- 655 shuu. 557 tuu. 558 luuuk. — L fodhBd [fothered]. $59
mw.dhB. 562 miisn. 563 muiudi. 564 adm, 565 nClBz. 566 UidhB.
0': 569 buuk. 570 tM,k [never (tuuk)]. 571 gu^d. 572 bluid. 573 flCid.
574 brCiBd. 576 WBd'nzdi. 577 bB'w. 578 pfis'w. 579 nw,!. 580 ttt,f.
582 kilBl. 584 stiiBl. 585 brCiBm. 586 duu. 587 du^a, 588 uCLbu. 589
spiiBU. 590 fldB. 591 mClB. 693 muist mu^t. 694 buut. 596 ruut. 597
sud. 598 siiBth.
U- 599 BbMiT. 600 lM,y, LIuuY. 601 fs'ul. 602 se'w. 603 kti|m kuum,
L kw.min. 605 sM^n [see 629, the difference not quite certain]. 606 dds+r.
607 bwitB.
U: 608 Migli. 609 fiiil. 610 wni/. 611 btijlBk. 612 SNim. 613 dnf,qk.
614 B'toid. 615 ps'und. 616 grs'und. 617 ss'imd. 618 ws'tmd. 619
fs'imd. 620 grs'imd. 622 Minds. 625 tM,q. 626 hw^qgB. 628 nw^n. 629
SM^n [see 605]. 630 wujn. 631 thasdi. 632 M,p, L Uip. 633 ku,p. — L
M)PBn [up-]. 634 thraf. 635 WM^th. 636 fuidhB ftiidB. 639 du^st.
U'- 640 ks'w. 641 hB'M. 642 dhsV 643 ns'ti. 645 dwiT, L dw^y. 646
htfu. 647 B'wl. 648 s'uB+r. 649 ths'uzBnd. 653 bwit.
U': 654 srs'Md. 655 fB't«l. 656 rClBm. 657 brB'im. 658 ds'tm. 659
ts'un. 660 bB'uB+r. 661 shs'MB+r. 662 M|1. 663 hs'ws [pi. hE'wz*nz}].
664 Ib'ms. 665 m^us, 666 hu^zhBud. 667 s'wt. 668 prB^MoT 670 baBdh.
671 mi'tfth. 672 sB'tith.
T- 673 mwitj. 676 Ut. 677 dra'i. 678 din. 679 tjatj. 680 biz*i. 682
lit*'l [(b lit'lBu) a little one, suspend (t*)].
Y: 684 brig. 685 rig. 686 bdi. — H mwik [muck]. 687 fl6it. 689
[ 1733 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
302 THB BORDER MIDLAND. [D20, Vi,ii.
btld biuld. — kwimlf [comely]. 690 katnd. 691 motnd. 693 sin. 696
bsth [rh. with death], 697 bm. 698 msth. 699 rciit. 700 was. 701 £ut.
704 raks shiidhti [(hiidhs, Bhiidh«) are applied to the genders of animals].
Y'- 705 ska». 706 wdi, 707 thattiin. 708 Un.
Y': 709 fdtv. 711 lats. 712 mdis,
n. English.
A. 717 di^Bd. 718 trdvd. 719 ta>dp6id. 722 drlvn. 723 divri. 725
s^bI. 729 frenm. 733 skaa. 737 mM [commonl. 740 w^ [Mr. B. con-
aiders that all such words involve r, but his r is simply (b)]. £. 743 skifmn.
744mBz'l2. 745t}{vt. 746 brlsdh. 748 flxgd. 750 bsg. I.andY. 753
tttM. 756 srtmp. 757 tatni. 758 gBl. 761 lAvd. 762 Hvikvm, 763 r(iimi.
768 k&Bk. 769 m(iBl[8eell4]. 774 pCiBut. U. 792 skiraiVl. 793 hu^.
794 d}Uig, 799 skMil. 800 skM^l. 801 rMjm. 803 diM^mp. 805 kxdz,
kruidz. 806 fujS. 807 pt<iS. 808 pMjt.
m. EoMAlffCE.
A-. 809 dsbU. 810 f^. 811 pleBS fpl. (pldBz^nz)]. 812 1^. 813
b^BVn, H bB'Bk'n. 814 meBs^n. 816 feBd. 817 rBdish. 818 §Bd|. 819
rdBd|. 822 m^B. 823 b^. 824 t}tji. 828 h^vge, 829 g^BU. 830 tr^n.
831 distrdBn. 833 p^. 834 sh^B. 835 riBz'n. 836 siBz'n. 838 triBt. 840
tjdumbB. 845 ^Bnahsnt. 847 d^mdjB. 849 8fr6Bnd|B. 851 a*nt [same as
ant, for which pismire is used only by old people]. 852 ^pBU. 853 baagtn.
857 k^BS. 858 br^Bs, L embr^Bsez [embraces}. 859 t^lBs. 860 p^Bst. 861
t^Bfft, L t^Bst. 862 s^Bf . 863 tj^Bf. 864 bikoz. 865 folt foot.
£*. 867 tii. 868 djdB. 869 viBl. 870 biuti. 871 Bgrii. 872 tjiBf.
874 r^Bn iIbu. 875 fdsnt. 876 d^sntt. 878 saUBrt. 879 fii*mAB-l. 884
prsntts [in the ▼. to (prBntts) always ; in the noun (BprEnt«s) occ.]. 887 klad^i.
888 saatin. 889 sfBs. 890 biBst, H biBS* [com.]. 891 fiBst. 893 nzft. 894
disfBV. 895 risiBV. 896 b(BVB.
l- andY" 897 dila'tt. 898 ndia. 899 ntBS. 900 prdB. 901 fain. 902
mdin, 903 ddin. 904 v6tlet. 908 vdvc^ts. 909 briBZ. 912 rats.
0- 913 k{LBt|. 914 briiBt|. 915 stMjf. 916 MiUJBn. 917 HiBg. 918
ffBb'l. 919 6intment. 920 p6tnt. 921 Bku^dBut. 922 bwish'l. 925 L T6i8.
926 L sp6tl. 929 ka'ukBmbB [heard, but (kwiqgs) most common]. 930 loin.
937 kak. 939 kiss. — L rdBZ. 940 kilBt, H k(iBt. 941 faBl. 943 iu^^.
948 bB'Ml. 952 kdvn. 953 kM^z^n. 955 ds'ut.
U- 960 kiB. 961 griuBL 963 ktr6tBt. 964 sSuit. 969 shdB.
Var. ii. Mid Lincolnshire Form.
Great interest attaches to the pronunciation about Somerby (13
nw.Wainfleet) as the birthplace of Lord Tennyson, whence he
derived the dialect in which he has written OS. = Northern Farmer
Old Style (in the vol. containing the * Enoch Arden,' 1864), KS.-=
Northern Farmer New Style (in the vol. containing the *Holy
GraU,' 1870), NC. = Northern Cobbler, and VW. = *The Village
"Wife or the Entail ' (both in the vol. of * Ballads and other Poems,'
1880), and SS.— The Spinster's Sweet-arts (in the volume con-
taining ^Tiresias,' 1885).
In view of the present work Lord Tennyson (then untitled, to
whom I shall refer as T. simply) did me the favour to give me
an interview lasting l^- 40"- on 23 Mar. 1881, in which he kindly
read over to me most of OS. and some of NS., referring me for
other information to Mrs. Douglas Arden, daughter of the Bev.
Mr. Raunsley, late rector of Halton Holegate (8 nw.Wainfleet), who
he said had much more recent knowledge of the dialect than he had.
[ 1734 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D20, Vii.] THE BORDER MIDLAND. 303
The information which this lady kindly gave me in two long
interviews will be added hereafter. On account of the copyright,
it is not possible to transcribe any one of T.'s five Li. poems at
length ; bat I am permitted to give short extracts, and I prefix
certain notes and observations which I made at the time and
extended immediately afterwards. The poems are referred to by
the above initials, the stanza and line of &e stanza.
OS.«NoRTHKBK Farmer Old Sttle.
T. pronounced the diphthong written ot not quite as (▲'«), but
rather as (<f») ; Mrs. D. A.'s sound was much finer, rather (d», dV).
All the long t in the poems are {di, di, dai).
T. pron. the diphthong ow as (a'«) in nawt OS. ii. 1, x. 3, mowt
vi. 2, xiii. 2, y(w«=»ewes x. 4 (the cow, now x. 1, 2, xiii. 3, ^ow
xiv. 1, were errors for coo, noo, ^oo),plow xi. 2, thowt, owt v. 4,
howd XV. 2, owd xvii. 2. Possibly this was a Southemism, as T.
has lived so long in the S. div. It varied at times to {du\ but this
he repudiated. In NS. all his ot^^ were (s'u). Mrs. n, A. used
(dtt) as (n£tf hdus) now house.
The un used for im in OS. iii. 4, v. 2, vi. 4, viii. 2, 3, 4, ix. 1,
3, etc., is a Southemism, which, as T. pointed out to me, should be
corrected. Similarly thof iv. 3 T. said should be tho (dhoo), but
Mr. Peacock gives thoff in his Glossary for n.Li., and Mr. Blasson
gave (dhaf), p. 301, No. 367, in s.Ii.
Throughout, d is used for diphthongising («) as OS i. 1 hedn
med alodn, viii. 3 modst (blBu m^B «16«n moBst), in such words as
sady awady ladid v. 3, 4, vi. 1, nadil ix. 3, tlie d is pron. last
(sSb BweB lead ne«l). But loodh x. 1 (which should have been
looHky compare hoodk in Y W. xi. 1 and elsewhere) only means that
the 00 in both words is to be pron. long, as (luuk buuk), or possibly
very long (luuuk buuuk), and not with a short vowel as in rs.,
nor as (luik btiik). But od and aw are used in the same sense (6b,
6b), and not (aa), hence OS. i. 3, says that I modnt '0 naw moor
yadle (which should have been adl, T. said, as in VW., and in the
same way yedd v. 2 should be edd) means (seBz dhBt di moBnt b
noB miiB ^1).
The short u in these poems was always (ui), much thicker than
(u) in T.'s speech, as also in Mrs. D. A.'s.
The fracture (Kb) began with so deep an (t'l), as in sedd (siiBd),
that I often mistook it for {e), and in the case of unfractured (mH\
8»Vj) me see, NS. xiv. 3, 4, I quite did so.
The h was generally omitted, but introduced emphatically in the
wrong place. In the 1864 ed. of OS. xiv. 3, 4, we have ^All all
ihyming ; in the new ed., as T. pointed out, it is *All haU, meaning
.Hall all, the last emphatic.
As for final r not before a vowel, I heard no trace of it either in
T. or Mrs. D. A., but T. thought he heard or felt a trace of it in
OS. iv. 1, 2 lam ham (laaj^r^n baa^rQu), certainly with no trill, but
this seemed merely an orthographicaL suggestion, and at most
[ 1736 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
304 THE BORDER MIDLAND. [D 20, Y h
resulted in (\&&vn bdaBn). Mrs. D. A. says that (b^Bii) and not
(baan) is the word.
OS. was originally written with aw for all the TJ' words, the
custom of T.'s own district from Homcastle to Spilsby being to use
(a*!!, dw), but T. said that a friend (not named) persuaded him to
change ow into oo as giving the poem a more antique and northern
flavour. Unfortunately the change was not made consistently, as
T. himself pointed out to me. Thus we have oo in aboot, oot viii.
3, 4, doon ix. 2, x. 4, doot xiv. 2 ; but ow in cow, now x. 1, 2,
now, cows plow xiii. 3, 4, where observe plow is not (pluu) but
(pl(u) in n.Li.
T. said he did not know the dialect of n.Li., but, as we shall see,
except as respects TJ' words, which have (uu) in the n., the pron. is
practically the same.
The peasants speak slowly, and T. read vi. 3, 4 very slowly,
with lengthened flnal consonants.
(st'vBr di ksp tm, di kap fm, mdt las', dhB mt^n KiudBstond,
at dtiiU mdi diutt hdi *tm — nz di — ^b duiOL — hdi dks lon'd.)
PLOwever I kept him, I kept him, my lass, thou miiAt undentand,
done [hare aone, did] my duty hy nim, as I have done by the land.]
ix. 2. enemies' was a joke of T.'s, and should have been emenieesm
anemones,
ix. 3. (moBks b rthimb'lbt — toon.'ST vd shot tm «z di^vd bz b u^ibI) ;
meaning : Nokes or Thimbleby, toner '=^ one or the other, had
shot him as dead as a nail.
X. 4. (suim on tt duun in siiBd), some of it down in clover,
xii. 1. (duu :godBm<it'ti noB wot b)z duutn BteB'ktn b m^iB), does
God Almighty know that he's doing a taking of me ? This
was actually said by an old bailiff,
xiii. 2. (Br B ms'tit b teBk'n :robtnz — b ntvB msnded b fsns), or he
might have taken Eobins, he never mended a fence. This
was actually said,
xiv. 1-4. (luuk u ku^olBtt smdtlz wsn dhe stt'iZ mB b pastn hdi,
SEZ tB dhBSEn noB duut 'wot b man b bt'i siiiBldt* ! '
fBr dhe n6BZ wot di bt'iU tB tsktrdtB stn ft^st b kt^md tB
dhB aaI,
di dfiiU mdt diutt hdi :skw(ltB, Bn — di duiH — ^m<ft dfutf —
hdi whAAl 1)
[look how quality smiles, when they sees me a passing by,
says to themselves no douht, ' what a man he be sure-ly ! '
for they knows what I (haye) been to Squire since first he came to the Hall,
I (have) done my duty by Squire, and — I (have) done — my duty — by all !]
XV. 4. noither a modnt, now altered to nod, nor a modntt^nOy nor he
mustn't.
NS.«= Northern Farmer New Style.
In 1871 Mr. Bogg, a surgeon, native of and at that time
resident at Louth, assisted by his brother, who had studied the
[ 1736 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 20, V ii.] THE BORDER MIDLAND. 305
pron. of a labourer from Donnington-upon-Bain (5 wsw.Louth),
had the kindness not only to write me out the pron. of ^S. in
glossiC) but to answer a long string of questions upon it. From
this I obtained a very correct conception of m.Li. speech, but as I
have since had the advantage of referring all doubtful points to
Lord Tennyson himself, I give the notes I made on reading portions
of this poem with him.
i. 1, 2. (duiz'nt dha'u iiS mdi odsez lEgz «z dhe kantvr bwer'b ?
propfi,tt, propttiti, propKitt ! dhat)s wot di i^Bz vm see's.)
DoesnH thou hear my honee legs as they canter away ?
Property, property, property ! that's what I hear them say.
T. had actually heard a Li. farmer make this comparison between
the sounds of his horses feet and word * property.' T. used (o)
always and not (o) as far as I could hear, but he made no state-
ment concerning it. The word horse T. writes Wse, there is no
trilled (r) or buzzed (r^) in his pron., but to my ear only the long
vowel, which was fine like (aes) and not coarse like (aas). The
sound in other words, however, varies.
vi. 2. laald hy (16eBd, 16Bd, Is'sd^, the length and quality of the
first element was very vanable.
vi. 4. a loss as ^ant nowt (v la's' bz aant na'tit), (aant) means has
not, (tf«it) is not.
vii. 1, 2 (paas'nz la*s' aant na'iit, vn sht'i wiivnt b na'ut wEn i)z diiod,
muiH hi B gtijvnes, lad, « si«imvt, «n ad'l b briiBd.)
Parson's lass has not nought, and she won't hare nought when he's dead.
Must be a goyemess, lad, or something, and earn her oread.
(sh<iB) is more common than (shf) for she, T. never said pure
(slui), though he thought he did.
vii. 3, 4. (wdt ? fBr i)z nobBt b kluret, bu wfcnt nivB git noo rf»B,
Bn i msfvd dhs bEd bz i It'gz on viHts % kuimd tB dhB shdtB.)
Why P for he's nought but a curate, and won't nerer get no higher,
And he made the hSd as he lies on afore he came to the shire.
I asked T. whether the people of Li. ever said (sh^iB), he said
he hoped so, for the sake of the rhyme, but admitted that only the
educated would say so, and he uses the right sound (sh<iB) spelled
sheremY^. iv. 6:
(bu di oBps BZ t biiBut buuk-laand, bti|t i di^iz'nt ktiim fro dhB sh^iB,
w^)d Bufu B dhat w» dhB iskwdrsr, bu wi hcBts buuklaantn fiB.)
And I hopes as he be-not book-learned, but he does not come from the shire,
We'd enow of that with the Squire, and we hates book-learning here.
And SS. iv. 3, 4, where it is also spelled shere :
(jis dh6B dhe kAAd mf i bz prEti bz oni Ws t dhB shiB,
Bn dha'u hi bz prstt b :tabt, buid :robt di su'id thrtiif jb dhlB.)
Yes, though thou called me as pretty as any lass in the shire.
And thou be as pretty a Tabby, but Robby I see'd through you there.
K.E. Pron. Part ▼. [ 1737 ] HI
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
306 THE BORDER MIDLAND. [D 20, Y iL
The pron. (shdre) is very recent ; before Shire Lane by Temple
Bar (now the ** Griffin "^ was pulled down for the new Law Courts,
it was always called (rshiB -.b^nV The usual indistinct (-shv)
-shire, derives from (shiv) not (shdiB).
viii. 2. (m i aant got shiht on tsm jxt), and he has not got shot —
quit— of them yet, which should be (ji'it) for the dialect,
yiii. 4. (wi^is" nor b faa*wslted) or (fs'uwslted Ja'u), worse than a
capsised ewe, lying on its back in a furrow and unable to
rise. I could not determine whether T. said {rsfu) or {j6u).
z. 1, 2. {'M, Bn dhdi mUidkB ssz dhs'ii wants t« mart dhB la's,
ktfimz BT B dpnt'lmBn laa°n, bu w» b6Bth on i^s thiqks
dhB BU a's.)
Aj, and thy mother saTB thoa wants to marry the laaa,
Comes of a gentleman oom, and we both on us thinks thee an ass.
lam. The writing (bax^) should imply that the sound was
chiefly (ax), but that there was a tinge of (u) running through it,
but I could not properly imitate the vowel ; it wotdd require a
prolonged study, and the hearing of it from many people to do so.
Similarly (maa"n) mom (NC. viii. 4), but I appreciated (m^iBUtn)
morning from Mrs. D. A. in NC. vii. 1. T. writes all these words
with (ur), bum, mumin, thum (NC. viii. 3, VW. xiii. 1)— bom,
morning, thom.
z. 4. (dhB biiz iz bz fsl bz x'ut), the flies are as fierce as anything ;
Jlies are always called bees, and rooks are called crows, so ^e
erows fly from a rookery in Lockesley Hall, v. 68.
zii. 2. regular, so written for the metre is called (rsglB).
xiii. 3. (li^MlhBr Bd o'mBst na'tit) father had almost nothing,
ziii. 4. iued sounded very like (tyyid) or (t/iBd) at tunes, but
never (tfud).
ziv. 3, 4. see, thee (stVi, dhtVi), almost (see, dhee), and quite distinct
from (sii, dhii).
XV. 3, 4. (ktfim up, propt^itt, kantBr bu kantBr bwee'b) come up,
property, canter and canter away.
These notes and extracts contain everything of interest in Lord
Tennyson's own pron. The difficulties of NC. and VW. I inquired
of Mis. D. A., but they are all included in the above. The S8.
was not then published. Instead, then, of going further into T.'s
poems, I proceed to the special information obligingly communi-
cated by Mrs. D. A.
Haltok Holbgate (1 e.Spilsby) dt.
pal. by AJE. from diet, of Mrs. Doufflas Arden, daughter of the late rector, who
bad paid great attention to the oialect and ma& many notes before she had
married. Her dialect bad the true ' ring ' in it.
1. s6b ki s6b, m^Bts, jb sb niu dhat ^t)m reet vibitft Jon litl
gtfl kuimm frB d^B skuul JondB.
[ 1738 }
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 20, V ii.]
THB BORDBB MIDLAND.
307
2. 8lit)z gu'tn diua dhi rtmd dhfB, thrt«if dhB rsd g&st on dhB
left and sdtd dhv w^.
3. shuuvr [sfuBr] Bnuif dhB bSvn «z gon str&^t Uip ts dhB di^Br
B dhB Toq hiua.
4. wIb me)bi shii)! famd [me hap tB Mtnd, tB Hit on] dhat
druiqk'n dsf wtz'nd ood tjap b dhB n§Bm b itihmBs.
5. wi aaI nAAz tm tM weI.
6. w^mt dhB ood i^p [man] sunn laan b not tB ga dhto Bgsn,
p<iB th»q !
7. luuk ! emt it tniu ?
Note$,
1. i$$. All the (^, ^, Sa) were
decidedly less broad than Lord Tenny-
son's, wnich seem to haye been rather
strained. — mate9^ a common word. —
now varied as (n&«, n^w, na'u), but
was not not (nrf«). — righty probably
(r§ft), see cwl. p. 309, No. 469, but I first
wrote (r«rt) and then (reet) without any
(ik),— yonder y more common than that,
— going, Mrs. D. A. said (go, gu, g6B,
ff;M at different times, apparently ac-
cording to construction. — handy the (h)
is pretty correctly inserted except from
nenrousnees.
3. turey (shdvr) was diet, with (shii),
but subse<)uently the word cropped i^
with distinct (sin). This seemed to
depend on the position of the word. —
iwmghy (woku) was known, but not any
distinction of sg. enougky pi. mow,
4. thrivelled was not known, but
(shr-) initial falls into (sr-) generally,
asTsrimp) shrimp.
5. we knowsy in conjugating the
Terb the 2nd pers. sg. ends in (st) and
the rest in (s, z^. T. uses Tst) or (s)
in *Mto=hast tnou or has thou, with
(th) assimikted to (t) after (s), OS.
i. 1, but he has ^Aoor^ethou art OS.
i. 2; tha knawe^thon knoweet OS.
vi. 1 ; d^ga moindsido you remember
OS. Tiii. 1 ; whai atta etatmin* theer
for and doem bring ma the aa/«what
art thou standing there for and dost
not bring me the ale OS. xvii. 1 ; donCt
thou 'Mr = dost not thou hear NS. i. 1;
thou's an oMsthou art an ass NS. i. 3;
<AoM'M=thou wilt NS. ii. 3, xiv. 3;
thou think»-i\iOXk thinkest NS. iT. 2;
thou can /Mwvsthou canst love NS.
ix. 1 ; thou trofitesthou wantest NS.
X. 1; wiltha^wli thou NS. x. 4;
tha eeet » thou see'st NS. xiii. 1 ;
}f thou marries ^a thou marriest NS.
XT. 2 ; if tha eeeae *im an* tmelh 'tm
ssif ^ou see'st him and smellest him
NO. zi. 6 ; ^ tha wants^it thou
wantest NC. xx. 3 ; thadoen* knowo
thou dost not know VW. iii. 1 ; thou
knawe^Qkon knowest, VW. y. 4. It
is evident therefore that T. does not
follow Mrs. D. A.'s rule for the 2nd
pers. s^. — rettl welly the common
affirmative adverb, (n^Bshvn) damna-
tion is also used, but verg is not
common.
6. learn (laan), I could hear no (r)
or even (rj.
Test Sentencbs.
1. (l^B dhB iiulz ditm if jiu pltez), lay the fowls down if you
please, emphatic (jdu), enclitic (jb, b).
2. (8h<B)z dhhs ! wte ?), she's there ! where ?
8. fdjB sIb duB thrfe trfez ?), do you see our three trees?
4. (ii hi ood bu leBm, t^k mi hoBm), I he old and lame, take me
home ; the last word is pron. in several ways, but (hoBm)
is most common. I be, I am are used indifferently, but I
am seems most common. T. uses be&nt freely, hut that,
like un (ace. hine for Atw), may he a Southemism.
5. {ii seB, ladz, niiU BweB Bn pl^B), I say, lads, run away and
play-
[ 1739 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
308 THE BOBDEB MIDLAND. [D 20, T ii.
6. (wlsv got'n niiin, irsv dwiii, wii in«s g^), we have gotten
none, I have done, we must go ; shonld it not be (wii rnvn)
or (mwin) ? see 8.
7. (hi ka^nt vn sha'nt, it wivnt tvndtt, ^i di^i^nt m^md), lie can't
and shan't, I won't to-night, I don't mind (remember).
8. (hi rnuiH ddi [dot] tsdes, so dhe s^), he must die to-day, so
they say.
Fragments of Spilsby talk from Mrs. D. A.'s note book, pal. from
her diet, by AJ£.
1. Chasing the Snn.
A book called *' Chasme the Sun, or a Yoyage due West,** bad been lent to an
old woman by Bfra. D. A.^s mster, and this was the comment :
(di dtd'nt Idtk dhat buuk vtM bz jiiv ststo broot mb. rt wvs
* i^Ssstn dhB sfiin,' «n dt doont thtqk nM]thiqk tu i^^sm dhB snin.
I^lvstn dhB suin, tndiid ! di thtqk :godBmdt*tt b1 suun Ist fooks
nov «z tjtTBZ tm. hiil bt tevktn vn pt^itt'n tt sf«imwl«r sis, di
rEk'n. I^eisstn dhB st«,n, tndiid ! di doont Idik sttj weBz.)
I did not like that book at all as yonr sister brought me. It was ' Chasing the
Snn,' and I donH think nothing to [hare no ^pood opinion of] chasing the snn.
Chasing the snn, indeed ! I think God Almighty will soon let folks know as
chivies [chases] him. He'll be taking and putting it somewhere else, I reckon.
Chasing the sun, indeed ! I don't like such ways.
2. Two old crones meet.
(1. SOB piiB :d<itnB)z dlBd. 2. Jts, Bn di)Y djtst kt^md fni Itgtn
on Br dtit, Bn dhB)z nobt^t wtf|n tht'iq miisr, Bn 'dhat :mr. :raansli
wtl duu fBr)Br. hii)l djtst hap Br u{p.)
I. So poor Dinah's dead. 2. Yes, and I've just come from laying her out,
and there^s nought but one thing more, and that Mr. Raunsley [the rector] will
do for her. He'll just heap her up [bury her].
3. For the Baby.
(if dhB kahit kart nB m(iB dhtsEn, dh^ti mdit tlam ood on b pfos
te dhB b^Bbi, di tEl jb.)
If thou can'st carry no more thyself, thou might clam [seize, snatch] hold on
a piece for the baby, I tell you.
4. Independence.
(nee, dtV noo kAAl to bt bthoold'n tu fooks, <ii)d reedhB kamp in
dhB ptnfoald, stvB.)
Nay, I've no call [desirelto be beholden to folk, I'd rather camp [lodge] in
the pmdfold, howsocTer. The last word is constantly added, as whatever is by
Welsh speakers, as it were, ' at any rate, in any case.* The ' pindfold ' is the
Tillage pound (pind), under the cha^ of the pinder.
5. Nervous as a Cat.
(dtm 80 naavBs! gtt bw^ wi jb! ka^nt BbtB jb. shtt)z bz naavBs
Bz Bn oold kot.)
I'm so nervous ! get away with you ! I can't abear [abide] you. She's as
nerrous as an old cat.
[ 1740 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 20, V ii.] THE BORDER MIDLAND. 309
6. A butter-woman says of a customer :
(8h^)z f/t fu noot bU|t m/s/n b dsts. sb^z dbv bAAksdEst, bAAtȣst,
bAAf 'lE$t w{f,mun tn dbutaun, kMimin tm fliqfn dbi bti,tBr «batit mdi
sbop biko'z di wtf,d'nt tevk it bak weu b nastf beBnz «d bin bu,gtn
on it. dbsn bevf vn Aubt afto, sbi ktf,mz mtnsin «n greQStn Idii «
beond^'l fur enU|dbB beef paund.
She is fit for nothing but missing of debts [Pnot paying them]. She's the
awkwardest, haughtiest, awfulest woman in the town, coming and flinging the
butter about my shop, because I would not take it back when her nasty bairns
[not (boanz^, as T. said] had been carrying of it. Then half an hour later she
comes mincing and gracing like an angel for another half pound.
7. Old epigram on Boston, Li.
(oo ! :bo8'n, :bos'n, dhdu)z nM, ts boost an
btiit B gdkn sliiBs tm b hdi stiBp'l,
Bn B k^Bst Bz edwalz b lost Bn.)
Oh ! Boston, Boston, thou hast nought to boast on [of]
But a grand sluice and a high steeple
And a coast as souls are lost on.
Mm LlWCOLKSHIRE cwl.
wn. in 1878 b^ TH. from ReT. William Jackson, native of Spilsby (14 sse.
Louth), Prmcipal of Didsbury College (4 S.Manchester), and three students
from Sleaford (16 sse.Lincom), Lincoln and Lonth pI&Mvth]. There was
a fourth student from Brigg, but his special woros are omitted. The
informants ail spoke rec. Engush, and hence the dialect was a reminiscence.
TH. wrote the equivalent of (m^), which may have been due to Manchester.
I change it to (iii) to agree with my own observations.
TH. marked in the (r) final constantly, but it is certainly not pron. in Li.,
and hence has been omitted.
Fhraaes, (l;z tx'vn is*En^ of), he-has taken himself off ; (ijz gon r^vin mad*),
he's gone ravmg mad.
I. WSBSEZ AND NOBSE.
A- — ts'tm [ta*en, taken]. 19 t^l. A: or 0: 60 laq. 61 tnnaq.
62 stroq. A- 86 wats. 91 moo. 92 uaa. A': 104 r6«d ro«d. 110
m^tft* [nought, P (nx'ut)]. 124 stdBU. — r6vp\
^- 138 f^BdhB+r fadhB+r. M: 156dlad*. 160 Bg\ 161 d^f dee. 172
gras'. — kar-t kAt'. 178 nat'. M'l 208 ivb. 209 uivb. 210 Wee.
218 ship. £- 241 re^BU. 251 miBt.
£A- 320 V\ie9, £A: 324 M' B'tt\ 326 ^Md. 328 \M»A. 331 MA,
832 tald. 8H8 kAAl. EA- 347 iBd. EA: — kr^wn [creaml. —
iBp* (heap). 366 grSBt. £0- 386 too, £0'- 411 thrii. 419 j&b ikt^
[your]. £a: 422 sik'.
I- 445 t[(dh« iwM mBu) hie thee away man]. I: — tha*r^d [(thaad)
third]. 458 nit. 459 r^t- — drtqk [drink]. T- 494 ta'im. I': —
ds'tk [dyke]. 517 iil.
0- — sUw [stolen]. 0: — srtijb [shrub]. 527 h6ui\ 528 ih6ui\
538 WM,d. — t6i«l [toll]. 550 wrn'r^d Kwaad) "with a little rounding"].
— mA'r^^tn. — osiz [horses]. 0'- 569 madhB+r. 562 mMiin. 0 :
588 nwim. 595 f<it\
U: kvip. IT- 648 {IwB+r. 650 Bb<mt. U': 658 d6t<n. 663 6tis.
667 6i#t. Y: — mi#jki [mucky].
[ 17« ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
310 THE BORDER MIDLAND. [D 20, V u, ui.
II. English.
A. — tcutiz fpotatoes]. l.andY, 756 srimp. 0. — dog*. IT.
— ttth tMjb [tubj. — nianv [manure].
III. BOMANCE.
A-- — pcBd [paid]. 830 tr^«i. 851 ant. — g^r^d'tt [gaad'n]. E-
— icb [berbl. 0 •• — biBf [beef]. — djA^inB+r [joiner]. 939 tl6B2iz
[closes, fields]. — rooziz [roses]. — brttjsniz [brushes]. 947 bA^il. —
between] taan toon [written between (ta'm tdm) turn]. U" — WB^ctcd.
965 A"il. 969 siuo+r. — miuzik.
Vae. iii. n.LiNCOLNSHiHE Form.
This is well marked by lying to the n. of the s. hoose line 6,
which was traced with great care with the help of numerous
clergymen, as already described (p. 19). But the change of (a'«)
or (aw) into (uu) does not affect the dialect in other respects ; the
nature and multiplicity of the fractures is not at all changed. The
inference from this is that the dialect was established before the
change of (uu) into (a'u), €uid that this n.Li. variety is a nearer
approach to the old speech. Hence I have been forced, here, as
also on the w. of Englsmd, to disregard this line for divisions of
districts, as I did also the n. sum line 1 through Np. and the s. sddm
line 2. They shew how far the change of (XT' U) from (uu u) to
(a'u a) has proceeded northward, leaving the dialect otherwise
unchanged. Unfortimately Gill, though a Li. man, is of little or
no assistance. The only examples of his northern dialects which
refer especially to Li. (supr4 Part IV. p. 1250) are (toaz hoaz),
meaning probably (toBz hoBz) toes hose, indicating an existing
fracture. His other northern words are not necessarily Li., but
his (dhow jott) thou you, may refer to it, and if so would indicate
that the (a'u) diphthong was fully in use in his time. But he
may be referring to Nf., and his (gyyd kyyk) good cook may
belong to that locality, as well as (paa saa) for (pat sat) pay say.
Sir T. Smith (suprd Part I. p. 121b) says that (paa daa waa maa
laa) pay day way may lay, were used by the Scotch and those living
beyond the Trent. I have only once got (paa) pay from Nf., and
never heard of the other words either in Li. or M.
As the pron. (uu) for ow would naturally lead to the supposition
that the n.Li. variety was more related to the N. div., and hence
to class it under that rather than the M. div., the following com-
parison between Brigg in n.Li., D 20, and Holdemess in s.Yo., D
30, where the speech is also full of fractures, will shew the striking
difference of the dialects. It must be recollected that the broad
Humber rolls between them, with no possible bridge.
A- tnade tale thaw
Brigg, m^od t^ thoo
Holdemesi, miod t«Bl th6M
A' no toe so stroke oak home
Brigg, n(^ t^ s^ 8,t,r($«k 6Bk dvm
Holdemeu, n»« ttv sib ethrtivk jak worn
[ "42 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
D20, Viii.] THE BORDER MIDLAND. 311
0- foal hope nose
Brigg, fdal dep n^cz
Hold^meee, i(vA wop dAbz
0' hook took foot
Brigg, buuk tuuk fuut
Moidemess. bt'tik tiBk f/st
Brigg has, with no great certainty, (.t,r-, fi^v-). Holderaess has (thr- dhr-).
Brigg uses (dhB) generally for the aef. artiele, and (f) rarely by assimilation.
Holdemess generally omits the def. art. altogether, or at most uses (f).
Brigg has always / am (a)m). Holdemess always / is (a)z).
Mr. Edward Peacock, F.S.A., of Bottesford Manor, Brigg, the author
of the Glossary of Manley and Corringham Wapentakes, Li., has
fully illustrated the n. Li. form, and he and his daughter also most
kindly went w. through a wl. for me, and furnished me with a dt.
Miss Mabel Peacock has subsequently published "North Lincoln-
shire Dialect : Taks and Rhymes in the Lindsey Folk-speech," 1 886.
In Mr. Peacock's Glossary, first ed. 1877 (the second was announced but not
published when this was printed), a large number of words are spelled with ou, ow^
apparently directing them to be pronoimced with (a'u), and in several instances
this pronunciation was added in glossic by Prof. Skeat. I therefore took the
trouble of extracting all such words as were not derived from -o/, -ough^ etc., and
sent them to Mr. Peacock, who kindly marked them for me, and at the same time
said that they had been so written inadvertently. But as the pronimciation (a'w)
or {6ti\ or (&«, du) is prevalent over the greater part of Li., that is, s. of the s.
hoose line 6 which cuts off only a small portion of n.Li., it is veiy necessary to
bear the distinction carefully in mind, and persons who consultea the glossary
might consider that the cwl. here given is incorrect. The following is the result:
1. («,) written oo in flood, hood.
2. (uu) written oo in coo [cow], cool [a lump on the head], coop, coot, crook,
:on], doot [doubt].
crookled, croon [crown], croopy, dogmooth [dograouth =snapdiwon], doot [doub
floor, foot, hoos [house], to nooze [to house], i'noo [just now], loonging [shoi
u J' u J' 1^ J' o '[should
have been loongin* = lounging], moo fhellow as a cow), moon, moose [mouse],
mooth [mouth], moozles [stupid] noodle, nook, oot [out J, boors [hours J, shoot,
smook [smokeT smoor [smother], to smooth, smooting and smoochin [narrow pas-
sage between nouses], soot, stooks [sheaves of comf, stool, tooken [taken], tool,
tooth, tooth-houd [(tuuth a'wd) = tooth -hold = something to bite], toozle [touzle],
Wroot [in Isle of Axholme (8 e.Doncaster, Yo.)l.
3. (uu) written om, ow in benow, be out, bouncing, bounder, bow, breast
plough [pluu ^liu], brown [clock, linnet, study], to butter down, by now, a or to
clout, clout-nails, count, countess-closes, court, to cow, cow-cotton, cow-gate, cow-
grass, cow-lady, cow-hck [observe a eow is spelled coo], cowl [for chimneys], crowle
[crawl], crown [also written croon\ crownation, crowner, dogmouth [also written
-mooth], to do out [to clean out], to doubt [=to fear], to dout [extinguish],
dowel [an u*on pin, and also with (a'u)], down [ill], downcome, downfall, down-
Iligging, down to the ground [completely], :do\v8abell, dowse, to drownd, drownded,
enow [just now, also written i' noo\ flout, flowter [flutter], foul, foul-tongued
these were marked as both (fa'wl, niul)], hound, house, house-boot, house-row,
lousen, how, howerly [dirty, muddy, indecent], lout, louting, *lowance [allow-
ance, and also with (aw)], nows and thens, out and out, outcasts, outing, at
outs, outwen [backwater], to owse [to bail water], to plough (ploo, pliu), powse
[(pa^uz, puuz) rubbish], proud, round, rousin, rout [noise], rout about, scour,
shroud, souter-hole, a sow, to towel [to beat], a towil [a troublesome boy], a
town.
4. (oo) written ou, ow in bout [a struggle], bowk [the belly], fower [fomr], goule
[outfall of a drain], gowl Hump or swemng on the body], grout [thin mortar for
concrete], growsome [fit for growing], growze [to eat noisily], Iiowle [wooden
water tunnel], howler [the alder tree],nowmswever [howsoever], insouling [outfall
[ 1743 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
312 THE BORDEB MIDLAND. [D 20, V iu.
of a ditch], knowl [toll a bell], koush [skewsee hemlock^, loup [leap], to low
[blaze], and adj. low [both also (aa}], lowse [loose], nowstnl [nostril, a blow on
the head], owen [over], ower [over], oweralls [overallsl, owertaken [overtaken],
owler [alder tree, also written howler}, powl [pole], row! [a roll of paper], rowler
[a roller for crushing], rowly powly pudding, a snowier [something larffe and
powerful], sou^hinc^ [noise of the wind], to sowle [to assail], stour and daub [also
stud and mud, builmng of laths, wattles and mud], stowp [post], to thow [thaw],
V tow, a yow [ewe].
5. (aa) written ow in know, to low [and also with (oo)], to own, throw.
6. («i) written ou in double rough (n#|f).
7. (au) written ou or ow in bouge out [bulgel, bough-jwt, boulder [a bolder],
coulter, dowdy, dowly [weak], to dowk [duckj, aowel [an iron pin, and also witn
(uu)], Howbeck dale [probably], Mowance fallowanee, both (a'tt) and -(uu)], a
power, to power [to pour], a rowel, sour [said of hay and clover], souse, towze, to
yowl [howl], yowls [lands in certain parishes].
8. (9) written ow in knowledge-box.
NOETH LiKCOLNSHIBE dt.
Manley Wapentake, about Brigg (24 nne.Lincoln).
Written by £. Peacock, Esq., of Bottesford Manor, Brigg, and pal. by AJE.
from his indications and w. wl.
1. eds &i se«, m^vts, jb 6f« nuu, dhvt ii)m rett Bbuut dha't ItVl
la's kfiiintn fra f skuul jondti.
2. 8liii)z ngo'tn duim dhB rded dhlB thnf Jon rEd jM v)dhv left
and sdtd B)dhB weB.
3. sfuBr Bii»f dhB bevn bz goBn streit uip tB)dhB diiBr B)dliB
roq UU8,
4. wlB shi)! t^antj find dhat dhB drMiqk*n dlBf wiz'nd Mb kAAd
:tomas.
6. wi aaI nAA tm vet* weI.
6. wiBnt dli)s'ttd t^ap suun laan)B not tB duu dhat BgiBn, puB
th*q!
7. luuk, iz'nt tt trfu ?
ybtes to n.Li. dt.
1. I{kt) apt to run to (a» a'*). — (thru if), —hand, in his wl. Mr. P.
/ am, "is, are, be, not used," but always inserted (h), here he notes ** (h)
(b^nt) be not seems to be occasionally never used, but in anger." Rev. J. P.
used.— /rom the, the (f) is very doubt- Faunthorpe, a native of n.Ii., always
ful, and (dhB) is more probable. — yon omitted (h) in dialect.
^49n) is commonly used lor that, yonder 4. chance, maybe would be more
18 not so common. usual. — called more usual than («;dh«
2. through, this form is also given n^mn %) of the name of.
in Mr. P.*s Glossary, Brogden gives 5. very, also called (vart).
WiNTERTON (22 wnw.Gt. Grimsby) cs.
written by Rev. J. J. Fowler, sometime curate of Winterton, and corrected from
his diet, in 1873 by AJE.
This cs. was also read to me by the daughter of a labourer from Epworth (9
nnw.Gainsborough), who was servant at Mr. Spencer's Hotel, King's Cross,
London, a lincolnshire house. The servant had been a year only in London, but
her dialect was not certain and was confused, partly apparently from original
[ 1744 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
D20,Viii.] THR BORDER MIDLAND. 313
proximity to Doncaster (14 w.Epwortb), which probably affects the whole of the
Lde of Axholrae, partly from London speech, ana gi*eatly from inability to under-
stand what was wanted. Hence I subsequently felt that her version was not
sufficiently trustworthy. Mr. Fowler himself was not always quite certain.
Under these circumstances I give only an abridged form of Mr. Fowler's version.
1. wkI, neBbB, juu tm ii mB bduth lof. iix) keBz ?
2. dhat shtsl bi tria. ft iz'nt v vart laiklt th/q, juu rnn psnd.
3. djEst dhau od dht dm, mun, wail a)m tJtElm dhu.
4. a)m BiuB ii tsd «m seti— dhat a did, sfuur cnif —
5. «t-t'-Jttiqgc8t 8M,n izsE'n, b grivt lad n nam Jior ood, nfu iz
f^odhQz tWjq t«rEkl» [directly], tm a»)d trt^st •rm te speBk tnuth
oni dee, ei, dhat wod)i.
6. Bn dh)o<Ml wKiintm Bse'ii '1 tEl oni on jb, tf jb)1 nobBt ak8)B, 6f
'dhat shB wil,
7. tun B thrii t&imz ovbt Bn aaI.
8. uu tt WAZ Bn wIbt it waz Bn wEn tt waz Bt shB iuji dhat
dhtB dn^iqk'n bfBst bz shB kAAlz Br UizbBn.
9. shB Biid)tni wt bt AAn iiz, ltg»n u,p)B)dhB gru,nd t iz gu^d
BM,ndB kuBt, kluBs BgfBn dhB duB st^Bd, duun bt )dh kAAnur Bt Jon
dhfB l^Bn End.
11. ft waz dpst BZ dhB :btl watf Bn aa wbz b ktf,m»n uut o)dh.
t4vti gath [potato yard] fre «q»n uut t' kloBz, — dhB)d djEst bin
duu'in B bit B wEshm, Bn Bd aadlinz gEt'n dhBr anz uut b dh wEsh
tu,b,
12. Bn)dh kEt*l waz b6ilin, Bn dhB wbz djEst b goin tB ey b
ku,p B tiB.
13. Bn if juu)l bBlii'v 'mii, a nivB nAAd noo mdBr, ub deo'z'nt
want tu n^BdhBT, sdB nuu jb uaa.
14. a mtiin Bwee* oBm tB git b bit b 8u,pBr A;rTB, bob a mt^n bi
wishin JB gii|d niit.
North Ldtcolnshibb cwl.
written by Mr. Peacock, and corrected from his diet, in 1877 by AJE. Rev.
J. P. Faunthorpe, Principal of Whitelands Training College, Chelsea, also
gave me a wl. for Scotter (19 nnw. liucoln), which I corrected w., and
when the pron. differed from or supplemented Mr. Peacock's, the words are
here annexed with F. prefixed.
I. Wessex Ain) NOBSE.
A- 4 ta^k t^k. 6 ma'k m^vk. 6 m^vd. 7 sa^k s^Bk. 8 hBv. 9 hihfer,
10 hAA [no tendency to euphonic (r)]. 12 saa. 13 nAA. 14 drAA. 17 Iaa.
18 k^k. 19 t^l. 20 l^m. 21 n^vm. 22 t^imi. 23 s^vm. 24 sh^m.
25 m^im. 27 F n6nr. 31 levt. 32 b^Bdh. 33 reedhB raadhvr. 36 thoo.
A: 39 kom kwim. 41 thsqk [occ. probably a modem vulgarism]. 43 ha*nd.
44 la'nd. 46 ka^n*!. 51 ma'n. 56 WEsh. A: or 0: 58 fra». 60 loq.
61 wnoqst. 62 stroq. 63 throq. 64 roq. 65 soq.
A'- 67 g«5«. 69 nSv. 70 i6v, 71 w<Jb. 72 uu. 73 s^. 74 tuu„ F Uhi.
75 s,t,r^k. 76 t<l,»d, F t^. 78 aa, b aabz mv [he owes me]. 79 aau.
81 lesn. 82 [no (wtf.nst) is heard]. 83 m^im. 84 m($B+r. 85 s^+r. 86
<5ct8 wots. 87 U«5bz [(U) for (kl) mitial, always]. 89 Wuth. 90 blAA. 91
mAA. 92 nAA. 93 suaa. 94 krAA. 95 thrAA. 96 saa. 99 thrAAU. 100
BAAn. A': 101 ^k. 102 aks. 104 r<$vd. 105 tM, 106 brM. 109
[ 1745 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
314 THE BORDER MIDLAND. [D 20, V iii.
Ua. Ill x'tft. 113 <$b1. 115 dvm, 118 h^m. 121 g^ro. 122 n^im.
123 F HR'ut, 124 sUnn, 126 F 6tb. 127 [(s ($Bst) a cough]. 128 (UkJbz.
129 g^Bst. 130 b<$Bt. 131 g<$Bt. 133ro&trM. 134 F <$Bth.
iE- 138 f<7^dhB+r f^sdhB+r. 139 drcB. 140 6b1 [ale, ail pron. in same
way]. 141 n^I. 142 sniil sd^bI. 143 teBl. 144 F Bg^Bn. 145 sl^Bn.
146 F m^Bn. 147 F br^Bn. — a^nt [(ptsmkiB+r) more common]. 149 F
h\em, 152 wa\tB,r. 153 SB.tB^rdi. JE: 155 tha<k. 158 sf.tB+^r. 161
dcB. 164Fm6B. 166 m^Bd. 168 ta^B. 169 wa^n. 172 grss. 173 waa+f.
174 E8h. 179 waH. 181 paM. JE*- 182 F sIb. 183 tiBtj. 191 ibI.
192 miBn. 194 sni. 195 msnt. 199 bliBt. 200 wiBt. J&': 205 thri«d.
210 tL?B. 213 6BdhB+r. 215 F tAAt. 216 diBl. 226 mOsst. 227 wiit.
228 swiBt.
E- 232 brlBk- 233 splBk. 234 niBd. 240 IcBn. 241 rcBn. 242 F
twcBn. 243 pldB. 247 F wiBn. 249 .wiB+r. 250 swic+r. 251 miBt.
E: 260 F Icb. 262 wdB. 266 str^-rt. 267 Jiild. 270 bnlas. 274 btntj.
284 thiBsh. E': 314 hiBd. EA- 319 g^Bp. — kcB+r. EA: 321
[(sid) used]. 323 la^f. 323 fa'tit. 326 ood. 327 bood. 328 kood. 330
ood, 331 BEld. 332 tsld. 333 kaaf, F kAAf. 334 M. 335 aaI. 340 F
jaod. 343 waa^m. 345 daa+r. .346 jM. EA'- 347 hisd. EA': 350
diBd. 351 liBd. 354 shiBf. 355 diBf. 356 lief. 357 dhc^B. 361 biBn.
362 sl^. 363 tjiBp. 366 gilBt. 367 tbiiBt. 368 diBth. 369 sIaa. 371
strdB, F stTAAB. EI- 372 &i, ee, 373 F dh^. 374 F n^. 376 bs'Bk.
EI: 377 stB'Bk. 378 ws'Bk. EO- 384 hBT'n. 385 biniin. 386 joo.
387 niu. EO: 388 milk. 390 shwid. 397 swe^nd. 399 brdit. 402 laan. 405
aath. 406 fBth. 407 faad'n. EO'- 413 divU. 414 flii. 421 fott. EO':
423 thii. 426 F fett. 430 frend. 432 f6Bt 434 bEt. EY- 438 dii.
I- 442 kiiin. 444 stiil, F st&tl. 446 n&in. I: 452 lit [(b) nnemphatic].
455 lie. 458 niit. 459 reit. 461 Bliit. 462 siit. 465 et^. 466 ti&ild
[but (b'BBn) bairn, used]. 468 tjilds+r. 471 t»mLbB+r. 472 srtqk. 473
blind. 475 w&tnd. 476 bind. 477 find. 478 gr&ind. 479 tB wind. 486
iBst [F (baam) used]. 487 JistBdi. 488 F jit. I'- 491 F s&i. 493 F
drftiv. 494 F t&im. 496 &iBn. 468 F r&it. I': 500 F l&ik. 501 F
w&id. 502 F fWv. 504 F n&if. 505 F w&if [occ. (woif WA'if)]. 506
wu.mBn. 507 wimin. 508 m&il. 511 w&in. 512 F sp&iB+r. 515 w&iz.
0- 520 ba'M. 521 IobI. 522 ap*n. 523 h<5Bp. 524 w6Bld waald [first
commonest]. 0: 526 kaf. 527 ba'tit. 528 tha'ut. 529 bra'tit. 530
ra'wt. 531 da'MtB+r. 532 k6Bl. 534 hSiA, 536 ga't/d, F guuld. 537
ma'wd, F muuld. 538 WM,d. 539 buul. 540 F oU, 542 ba'ut. 550 wod.
0'- 558 luuk. 563 F muiudi. 565 n^BZ. 566 F M^dhB+r. 0': 569
bunk. 570 tuuk. 571 F gu,d. 572 F blu.d. 573 flu,d. 575 stuud. 576
wenzdi. 677 blu. 578 pllu [always, never (pM)]. 679 Bni*f [sg.], buIu [pi.].
680 tof. 681 sa'irt. 687 dw^n. 592 swaa'b. 594 buut. 695 fuut. 597 snut.
U- 699 Bbuun. 600 F \u{v, 601 fuul. 602 suu. 603 kw^m. 605 8M,n.
607 bf/itB+r. U: 608 F tt,gli. 612 swjm. 613 drwiqk. 616 pwiud.
616 CTM^n. 618 wa'wnd. 619 ftijU. 621 wmjU. 626 t«jq. 629 BU{a, 631
thozdf . 632 U|p. 633 ku^p, 634 thrif, F tbrM|f. 635 wath. 636 faadB-(-r.
XT'- 643 knu. 641 F huu. 642 dhuu. 643 nuu. 646 bun. 649 thuuzBud.
652 kwid. 653 bw^t. U': 654 sbruud. 658 dunn. 659 tuun. 662 F UiZ.
663 huus. 664 luus. 666 muus. 667 uut. 668 pruud. 671 muuth. 672 suuth.
Y- 677 F dr&i. 679 t|Btj. Y: 685 rig. 686 F hki. 689 biild
[rarely, and (byld)]. 690 m&ind. 691 k&ind. Y: 700 wos. 701 fost.
Y'- 705 skfei. 706 w&i. 707 F thottiin. 708 WiiB-|-r. T: 709 f«B-|-r.
711 l&is. 712 m&is.
n. English.
A. 713 F bad 714 F lad. 717 dj(?Bd. 718 tr^d. 719 [(b«,lhed) used].
722 driBU, F dr^BU. 723 F d^Bri. 725 s^bI. 729 fr^Bm. 733 F sk^B-l-r. 736
F smBsh. 737 F m^Bt. 738 F prcBt. 742 F l^i. E. 743 skriBm. 744
mEslinz. 746 tjlBt. 748 Kiufliffd [unfledged]. 751 piBt I. and Y. 756
simp [occ.]. 758 gsl [(WEnt|) mucn used]. 0. 761 lovd, 763 F roBm. 768 koBk.
[ 1746 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
D20,Vm. D21.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 315
769 ms'tfdiwaap, ma!ud. 772 boonf&iB+r. 773 [F onlj (djak-as) jack-ass
used]. 774 p(Smi. 778 ydM, 779 F 9ts [usually aiBWnz)]. 780 F d^osM.
783 p«,ltri. 784 F bwius. 786 F duus. 787 F suus. 789 F riiu. 790
gnun [(d) nerer added], F g&im. — drnund, drnundod [drown, drowned]. U.
792 F skwab'l. 793 F Uig. 794 F d^u^g. 795 F sru^s, 801 F rM,m. 802
F ni|m. 803 F d^Wimp. 805 F kr^idz. 806 F fM^s. 807 F pMjS. 808 pM|t.
m. EOMANCE.
A .. 810 F fifBs. 811 F pl<fw. 812 F \ha, 813 F Wek'n. 814 F m^'n.
815 F fa^ks. 816 feed. 817 rBdtsh. 827 F eeg9+r. 828 F eegB, 834 sh^ez.
838 trM. 839 hSvii. 840 tjaambv+r, F tj^mnbv+r. 852 a^pim. 853 baagzn.
857 F kh», 858 F brrm. 859 F t|iB8. 860 p^Bst [used for dough]. 861
Unst. 864 btkas. 865 fait. £•• 874 rs'im. 875 f^t. 876 dHnii.
878 8ailOTt. 887tlaad|t. 888 saattn. 892 UEri. 893 flauB+r. l-andY"
898 n&tst. 899 nils. 904 F T&tlet. 910 djkisi, F di&is. 911 sBstBU. 0 ••
913 koBtj. 914 br(JBtj. 915 F stMif. 922 F bwiShBl. 927 F tnijqk. 928
UiQB, 929 F kunkBiuB+r, lafu-, 931 d|WiglB+r. 935 F kuuntrt. 939 Horn,
940 ktfBt. 942 bMjtjB+r. 943 tw^tj. 944 F b1uu\ 950 F su^pB+r. 951
kM|p]. 952 b$BS. 953 F kw^z'n. 954 F kuishBU. 955 duut. 956 F
kwiVB+r. U-. 963 ktr&iBt. 966 F fruut. 967 F sunt. 969 saBR.
970 F djMist. 971 F fluut.
D 21 = s.NM. = southern North Midland.
Boundaries Begin at the confluence of the Irwell with the Mersey, then go
n. orer Chat Moes just e. of Astley and Tyldesley, through Peel (3 s. Bolton).
Turn ne. and pass se. of Bolton, nw. of Bury and se. of Bacup to the b. of La.
at Todmorden. Then go s. along the e. b. of La. to Oh. just n. to Moeley.
Turn across Leatherbed Moss, Ch., to the ne, b. of Db., and pursue the e. b. of
Db. to Stanedge or Stanage. Oo. w. to the s. of Bamford ana Hope, but n. of
Castleton, and by Back Tor to Man Tor. Here turn s. along the e. b. of Veak
Forest liberty to Hay Dale, and then w. to Black Edge (1^ n.Buxton). [This b.
from Stanedge to Black E^ge is also the b. between (.d^, ,t^r) on the n., and (dr,
tr^ on the s.] Go nw. over Combs Moss to its nw. pomt; then just w. of
Cnapel-en-le-Frith, and keeping n. of Combs Edge township go nw. to the b. of
Db. at Whaley Bridge (9 se. Stockport). Pursue the w. b. of Db. to the ne.
horn of Ch., just at the junction of the Etherow and the Goyt near Marple, Ch.
Then cross the ne. horn of Ch. to lust w. of Stockport joining the Mersey and
pursuing it to the starting-point at the affluence of the Irwell.
Area. The se. comer of La., the ne. horn of Ch., the High Peak
or the nw. of Db. The s. slopes of the Peak are in D 26.
Authorities, See County list under the following names, where * indicates tt.
per AJE., fper TH., ^'in io.
Ch, t Stockport, partly in La., f Stalybridge, partly in La., and incidentally
with t Glossop Db. are given Woodhead, Tintwhistle, Hollingworth, Hattersley,
etc. to CompstaU.
Lb, t Chapel-en-le-Frith, fEdale, t Glossop (including Hadfield, Padfield,
etc.), t Hope Woodlands, t Peak Forest.
La. tAsnton-under-Lyne, •Bury, fFailsworth, ® Manchester (twice), "Moston,
t Oldham, fPatricroft, f Rochdale, f Rayton, t Stalybridge, partly in Ch.
It will thus be seen that practically I am almost entirely indebted to TH. for
information on this district, and he is the only informant who was capable of
giving the necessary minute information.
CharacUr. This district lies in the middle hetween the NM.
group, D 20 to D 24, and the MM. group, D 25 to D 27. It is not
itself perfectly homogeneous, but very nearly so. Two principal
varieties may be distinguished. Yar. i. Uie La. Form which
[ 1747 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
316 THE KORTH MIDLAND. [D 21.
prevails in La., Ch., and the s. bank of the Etherow, and Var. ii.
the Peak Form. Var. i. is strongly distinguished from the sur-
rounding districts, by the use of (a'u) for XT' in place of (aa') in
D 22, the great variety of sounds for U' in D 24, and the use of
(df ) for XT' in D 25. Var. ii. is not so strongly distinguished as
Var. i., because it uses {iu) for XT', which is not an unfrequent
variety of (a'w) everywhere, and as already shewn (p. 293) is
really on the way to (aa) and (a») through (^b). In the present
participle Var. i. uses (-«^qk), a very characteristic La. form, but
Var. ii. has (f^), for the usual form (-tq). In the three interlinear
cs. given presently it will be seen that these are practically the
only points of difference.
For the meaning of (m^), which is here uniYerml, see p. 291, and for (a'u) see
p. 292. Both are here pure, and as D 21 is TH.*s native district, his pron. of
these sounds must be received as normal. On (r), which must be considered in
the illustrations to represent (r), following TH.*s writing, see p. 293. On (h)
see p. 296. The final -ng becomes generally (-qg), except in participles, where it
is usually (n) i^ 1^^* ^ ^ ^^ places, but occ. becomes (-qk) m Uie La. and Ch.
portions of D 21.
The foUowing peculiarities of TH.*s notation, but not his (mqU), have been
strictly observed in this his native district :
1. TH. has been very particular in nuirking th4 medial lenatk cf vowel* as dis-
tinguished from long or short, both when occurring independently and as the last
element of a diphthong. But this is by no means a peculiarity of any particular
district, as app«irs from his continually marking the same kind of prolongation in
every place which he visits. It is very rarely that I find any inducement to make
this distinction in my own writing, but, except in the final element of diphthong
which is fre()uently prolonged at pleasure, I foUow his orthoftraphy when quoting
him. TH. is very anxious to have it understood that the meotal len^hs he maru
are strictly dialectal, and that to use either short or lonff Quantities in their place
would be inaccurate. Old John Hart, 1569, considered tne second element of all
diphthongs long, as (iiii kuu) , and certainly whenever a diphthong is much prolonged
or emphadzed, the second element is necessarily lengthened, an elocutionary device
by which its character is not altered, whereas ito character is always much changed
by more or less lengthening the first element, as (Ai 6ai, ftn ftan). Hence I
mark initial but do not mark final lengthening of the final element of a diphthong,
just as I do not mark elocutionary derices in general.
2. TH. much insists on his notation of unaeeented («), as I write it, which he
considers should be (i) or retracted (t), especially in final syllables. Thus he
would write infinity as (»nfin*i,ti ). Here I do not foUow him, but write
^tnftn'ttt), considering that any difference of sound is an accidental, neither
intentional nor invariable, effect of the absence of accent, which always obscures
the sound and makes it difficult to appreciate. At first I thought it was a local
peculiarity, but when I found that XH. recognised it from all roeakers, peasant
or educated, local or general, and in myself also, where I failed to perceive it,
I concluded that it was a mere difference of appreciation and ceased to use (i J,
which as contrasted with my own habits of writing would have produced the
impression of a difference of pron. which did not tetHXj exist. A glance at the
following cs. will shew the undedrability of such a notation.
3. TH. not only marks the medial length of vowels, but the prolongation qf
Jinal consonants, especially '* (1) in the pause after short and sometimes medial
vowels, and diphthongs naving both elements short, and (2) occasionally in
connected speech.** In the case of (f v, th dh, s z, sh zh, r, 1, m, n, q) of course
they can be prolonged and often are prolonged even in received speech, especially
in the pause or when dictating isolated words and aiming at distinctness, as
(looth*) loth, (h>odh\ loodhHh')loathe, but this is elocutionary and not dialectal
or permanent, that is, the consonant is not invariably so prolonged whenever the
word is used. Again in the case of mutes as (p, t, k), which of course having no
[ 1748 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
B21.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 317
sound cannot liave their sound prolonged, the configuration may be suspended
and released on flatos, thus (noot* t') note, for which {nooi') would be written.
[The French release on voice as (not*).] But this again is elocutionary, not
permanent, and its more or less frequent use does not belong to any special dialect.
in noting down a person's pron. it is unobjectionable to mark it, as well as other
passing usages, but in printmg dialectal specimens it would be misleading, because
it woiud acquire the appearance of pennanence, which it does not really possess.
Hence, as a rule, I omit them altogether. Of course TH. holds a mfferent
opinion and says that in all cases where he marks this prolongation of consonants,
the phonetic representation of the dialect would be imperfect if they were not
prolonged. Nevertheless I prefer not marking prolongation, but leaving it
optional.
For a specimen of TH.'s complete style of writine palaeotvpe, which I do
not find it right or convenient to adopt generally, see the Chapel-en-le- Frith dt.
and cwl., pp. 322-329, which being written by himself after consultation with
his friends there resident, is worth preserving as a portrait. I have also used
his marks of prolongation and retraction in the three interlinear cs. here ^ven,
in the eight interlinear cs. of D 26, and the Combs Valley dt. in the four inter-
linear dt. in D 25, so that the full effect of these (to my mind individual and
not dialectal) prolongations and suspensions may be readily seen. But beyond the
particular specimens named, I shall omit them.
The suspension of consonants, however, is quite different from the suspended
(t*) for the definite article, which here occurs sparingly, but is universal in D 24,
30, 31. The mode in which it makes its presence felt is peculiar. When it is
possible it hangs on by a glide to the preceding vowel or consonant, as (inif kart)
in the cart, but in (t'jKart;s kMjnin) the cart is coming, this is impossiole. It
then modifies the position of tne organs for (k), so that the glide on to (aa) in
(t'jkaa) is quite different from that in simple (kaa). Before (t, d) as (t* tM^q,
t* dag) it intensifies the (t, d) in a remarkable manner. It never properly runs
on to the following vowel, (t* &ud t^ap) the old chap, and (t6wd t* tpp) told the
chap, have different effects as well as meanings. The (t*6M) then more nearly
resembles (t*t6t<), but is not so intense. In no case must voice or flatus intervene.
To say (t'dag, tt(i«d, t'kaat) the dog, the toad, the cart, with introduced (')
or (*), would be quite wrong. It is aunost hopeless to understand (t*) without
Btuoying its effect from native lips.
Thbeb Interuneab C8.
8 Stalybridge, Yar. i. pal. by TH. in 1876 from the dictation of John Marsland,
Esq., J.P., b. 1817) cotton s])inner, native and resident.
G Glossop, Var. i. pal. by TH. in 1874 from the dictation Mr. Samuel Lyne,
native of HoUingworth, Ch. (4 wnw. Glossop), b. about 1808, who has resided
in the neighbournood all his life, lodge-keeper at a large cotton-mill. Wood-
head, Tintwhistle, HollinsT^rorth, Mottram, Hattersley, etc, to Compstall, in
the ne. horn of Ch., ana Hadfield. Padfield, etc., on tiie Db. sicte of the
Etherow VaUey, have all the same peasant speech.
G Chapel-en-le-Fnth (5 n« Buxton, Var. ii. pal. by TH., native, from personal
knowledge. In tlus version the roman superiors •• b> c. etc., refer to the
variants for Combs Valley and Dale of Goyt, which are also given in D 25
as variants from Pott Shrigley ; they consist chiefly in tibe use of ((U) for
(&m). The italic superiors '• *> ^' give the variants for Edale, Hope Wood-
lands, etc., on the Veak, For both see notes, p. 321.
0. 8 Stalybridge. wdi :d|on)z nd da'ttts.
G GloMop, wdi :dpn(z na/u da'uts.
C Chapel-en-U-Frith. wdi :dpn)z nfl/u 'dduts.
S weI, m^'n, bu«dh tm u^ dhl m»^ laf «t wot
^ " m im ]
(n im 1
[ 1749 ]
m
G weI, mon, dhii mi im mo buBdh laf vt wot A;m
C weI, lid, joo «n im ms ^buudh laf «d dhtz ni.uz
Digitized by LjOOQIC
318 THE NOKTH MIDLAND. [D 21.
S tEliqk)j8. A dUf^v kJEET. dhat ma te r)z nd,Mt\
G ba'fm)t tEl)jB. u« kJEErz ? dhat)s noodhBr fBr n^r dhfBr.
C vi)mdin, "^uu kJEETZ ? dhat)8 noodhBr (Br nBr dh(Br.
2. S dhBr)z na mont^ fdk' diin hi^kooz dhv^r laft at, wi,(no(mf
G dhBr tzJnB mom^ bz diin bt^ooz dhBjr laft At, w» )nooii,
C dhBr »z;nB moni, bz diin hi^ooz dhB)r laft At, wijnoon,
S dtfo)nB wf^? wot shti^d mak^Bm? tt)8 noon, sb Icitklt^
G dMQ)nB wt, ? wot shti^d mak)Bm ? tt iz)nB vErt^ latklt^
C •d«o)nt BZ ? wot BhBa mak)Bm ? tt tz)nB veti, Idtklt^,
S tz^t?
G fzkt?
C tz)»,t?
3. S BhWoZ) a'w it)wBr B)dlifVn. sb dju^st diud
G Bt ant^ rwt tt)wBr B)dh«Vn. sb di^u^st a'tid
C Bt ant^ reet dhiiz Br th)fak8 B)tli kj^^. bb diti^st x'wd
S dhf, ndiiz, nun, UqII shti^t' dht^ ma'iitli wdtl A)y dUt^n,
G dht, dhi, mo^n, Bn bt, kwdiBt ttn a)v dtipii.
C JBr *nB'tz, mBn, Bn bt, kwdtBt ttl a)v ^da\m.
S JBT)dhi,?
G iBr)dh*; ? [jEKr)dlit; ?]
C fBr)JB ?
4. S aJ.
G A^:
im sbAu'Br a Jfi'rd Bu^m b dhiu'z fdk' Bt
m sArtt^ A (Brd Bm bee — ^a infBn su^m b dho/uz fdk' bz
C A')m sArtt^n a (Brd Bm see — ^a '^miin stf^m b dho/uz fdk' bz
S rEk'nt tf noo 6 Bba'iit t^t see —
G wEnt thro/u thWi^Ql kBnsAm far tli)fs8t dbBrsElz— dbat a
C WEnt thro/u th^wK^l kBnsAm 'frB th)&[st dhBrsElz— dhat a
S
G did flha/uBT Bnii^f
0 did sho/uBr Bntf^f
5. 8 u^t th)jtfo<1^3^ 1^ t^ssE r B big' lAd b ndtn, nood i^
G BB th)jUo^^/^^ ^^^ t.BBEr B btg' IM ndtn (Br a'M, nood t^B
C BB thyu^qgi^ lid 't^ssEl* b btg* ]M ncftn iBr a'ud, nood t^
S f^tfdhBrz v<JitV tn b krak\ fBr oo tt wBr sb kt^Br t«Qn
G f^tfdhBrz VE'ts' bb Ba?'un bz H (Brd t,t, bv tt wax kt^^^Br Bn
C f^tfdhBrz^vE'tV dt^klt^ bv tt 'war sb ktrfBrBn
8 8kfr^kV,qk, ti^n a noo th)lAd Bd aaIbb tEl t* ^t riiu*th,
G 8kf£7iBk*t,qk, Bn aW Bhes'uBr li)l tEl ^t' ,t roj'uth,
C 'skt^ik't]^, Bn A;d .t^ru^st 'im t' tsl Jt' ^tWuth,
[ 1760 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
B21.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 319
S A)m 8hAu*r.
G anif tdim.
C ant^ tdim, 'dhat a wA^d,
6. S uja. th)d,ud -^UqUvsh vtseT tsl tEl ant^ on n tfot)s laf 't^qk,
G 9n th)a'ud wu^jxtbh sn*8El' vl tsl ani, an jb vt nr laf V^qk,
C vn tli)a'«d wu^mmi ^vtseT b1 tsl an»^ on n bz Laf ''n naa,
S uji B t^rE'rt* a'ttt\ wi oo, WAt ant, bodli«r, »t ja)n
G «n tfil JB s^t rg'ft' a'iit\ Wu, ba'i^t m»^ bodli«r, bv ja)n
C Bn tfil JB s^trB'fV foret, toj'u, 'bai^t m»tj bodhBr, bv Jo)n
S nabBr aks bt, oo! w»)nt Au*?
G nabBr aks Br, oo I w»)nBt o/u ?
C (wnlt, aks bt, oo ! w» )nBt b ?
7. S shu^zj I'll, Au tdiM ml wzn a ak8^t)B^r, mon», b
G Bt ani, wH, an tai'M »^t mii wEn a ak8t)B r, W^ Br tbrll
C Bt ani, wet, o/u ta'Ad t^t mii wEn a ak8^t)B r, ta/ii bt thrll
S tdiin, u^n Aii)d no)bt, rti^qg b dhat pditnt A)rEk'n,
G tdtinz dsr, Bn a/u 8hiiod)nB b», raqk Bba:'Ad
C tdimz dsr, Bn o/u dtfoZ)nB ^ut t' bt, ni^qg 'Bbdi^t 8tt|
S wo)d»n -m thtqk ?
G dhtV, wod dw^n jb thtqk?
C B tbtqg Bz dh»s\ wod du^n jb thtqk ?
8. 8 weI, bz a wBr sE^qk Au')d tEl jb, a'li wfBr ti^n
G weI, bz a wbf 8EB-t,qk a5'u)d tEl jb biSBdh a'li Bn wivr Bn
C weI, bz a wBi' sEE't^n a^u)d tEl jb ''buudh dtt Bn wfBr Bn
^^zbBnt.
^zbBnt.
^zbBnt.
9. S ^u' SWEET ^u* slid t,m wt, Br oor iin, ft^^l Isqkth
G o/u SWEET o/u siid t,m btseI", ldt*t,qk d by b Isqkth
G o/u SWEET o/u stid t,m wt, Br oor tin, Idt't^n a' t,z Isqkth
S on th) flAu^ir tn t,z gtl^d a'lBdt, kuBt, tW bt,)th
G t^oPB th) gra'tind tn t,z sWondi, kuBt, tloos Bt)t,z
C u^pB th ^grdtmd, tn t,z gtl^d sti^ndi, ^kuut, tloos bt'JUi
8 a'tis* dar, daAn bt,)th kAmBr B)th loon.
G oon dar, da't^n Bt th) kAmBr B)th loon.
C ""duz dar, 'ddiin Bt th) kAmBr b ^jond loon.
10. 8 Au* ssd \ WBT makt^qk b dhi, far oo th)wald
G ti WBT makt^qk b din, o/u SE'd, fsr oo th)wald
C ti WBT makt^n b din, o/u sE'd, Ibt aa th/wald
[ 1761 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
320 THB KORTH MIDLAND. [D 21.
8 Idtk B puOTlt, tfdHty OT lrf»k « Itt'l WEnt^ frEt'i,qk.
G Idtk B badlt, i^dtlt, Br « UVl weii4 krrfri^qk.
C latk « badlt^ tjdtlt, «r « Itt'l wsnt^ krrfrt^.
11. S WqIi dhat war, «z An' «ii ot d<5iut\r t^ Iaa k^n'm
G Bn dhat ws'r, bz a r Bn Br da'tf t\r t^ Iaa kii/uiii
C Bn dhat ap'nt, bz ar Bn Br da'u^t^r t^ Iaa ko/um
S thrAu* th)bak* jArd frB aqg»/qk th)wit' tluBz
G thro/u th)bak* jdrd af te,r Eqgt^qk t*)tluBZ
C thra'u th)bak' j4rt win dh»^)d bin fqg»^ th)wiit "tluuz
S a'fit' B)th WEfi8h\qk dee
G a'ttt' B)th wEsh't.qk dee
C iuC t^y^d/tfi Bv B wEsh't^ dee
12. S wdti th^ttftf kJEt'l WBr bdjtlt,qk won
G wdtl th^ kiEt*! WBr bEVh'^qk fsr th)bagV^qk won
C wrftl th) kjEt'l WBr 'bE'ilt^ far tii)"'t^, won
8 f^itn brlt* BU^mm af^tB^m^u^, nabBr b wik'
G stf^nshE'tnt^ af^tB^mo^un, nabBr b wiik
C idin briit af tB^mo/un i, stf^niBr, Bn tt'l ooDli, bi b "wlik
S stn' t" nsks tharzdt^.
G 8tn' f n£ks tharzdi^.
C Btn' t' nEks tharzdf^.
13. S u^ df<on)j8 noo? Bsh) shdu^Br bz a'W kood :d|ak'
G Bn dtt^nVB noo? Bsh sho/uBr bz Am for,
C Bn dti^n^JB noo? Bsh sho/uBr bz mdi neem)z idpn
8 :8hEpBrt, a js'rd ndiut' nB muBr Bba'iit t^t
G A nsTBr iBrd ns^tit' aba'i^t t'^t stn'
C rshspBrt, a mvBr gJKt t" noo nB mtiBr b dhat kBnsam tB
8 «oP tB na'ti, ti^n a dtfo)nB want f din* noodhBr, n8e)dhEn' !
G Bn A dtfo)nB want noodhBr, na)dh£n' !
C dhtz dee, Bn a dtfo)nB want noodhBr, nd)dhsn' !
14. 8 %n 8B)na'n A)m gu-t^qk) k* mt^ bag\qk. gii^d n1t\
G Bn na'u aW gu't^qk wa'm)p' mt^ siioPBr. gu^d nfit\
C Bn naa A)m gu'*^ warn tB mt, su^pBr. gn^d niif ,
8 uja, diio)nB bi sb rEdt, t' kroo 6bt anibodf^ BgEEn, wEn
G Bn duJjwB kroo &bt nfi^bd*' BgJEEn, w£n
C Bn duQ^WB bi sb rEdt, t' kroo dsr ant^baat, ^gj^'n, wsn
8 dhB)r tA'kt.qk Bba'wt d,wt\
G dht, tAAk'n Bba'At a'wt\
C dh*; tAAk'n "Bbd'wt a'wt\
[ 1762 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D21.]
THB NORTH MIDLAND.
321
15. S \)z nabBr « iuxi^ «t tAAks ba'ut ssna. sb iaa^u a
G a iz B soft icefxi Bt pr«^ ba'wt SEns. a)8)8e)ii«
C it)8 B "wck f(^u Tjz pw^ **bdtit riiz'n. Bn dliat)8 mi,
8 dti^n. gw^d nit\
G muBF uba'iit t^t. gw^d niit\
C last ward. gw^d niit\
Note9 to Stalyhridge cs., p. 317.
1. man or {liuja^y 'bir), etc. — thte^ .
the 2nd pen. sg. is employed in the
usual way. TH. writes (ahn, but says,
*• In this and other words m which (i
ii) occur, the sound, when not a pure
vowel, is a slight fracture nearly = (l|i) ."
This is in other cases written (ti) or
(I'ii) ; but I here retain TH.*s notation.
— telling. •* The termination (tqk) is,
in the town, restricted to elderly people.
It was generally used about 1836-46.
Mr. Marsland*8 father {A, 1864) in-
variably said (tqk)." He also said
(rv^kh) rough, (l&ikh) laugh.
3. ehoou how, a common phrase, for
'at any rate, take it as you like.' — shut
thy mouthy or (shar kj) J or (shujr w^p')
shut up, the final (t) before a vowel
becoming (r), as very frequently here
and elsewhere, see par. 12 (nabm* «
wik) nought-but a week.
4. sure, the * in (a'u*) merely means
"with protruded lips,*' as near Old-
ham, only not qmte so much pro-
truded.
6. you will-en (ja)n), the tut// is
lost and only the you-n remains.
9. by tile house or (osa'td «)th-),
aside of the-. — comer of the lane or
(loon kArnur) lane comer.
14. going to my (gu*t^qk)k' mi), Ht')
to, assimilated to preceding (qlc].
— tea, bagging. Most work-people
have tea at six, which they call
bagging, and have no supper. This
word is used also over D 31. At the
printers' of this book, in Hertford, a
similar word, iMirAtfty, is used for dinner.
Notes to Olossop cs., p. 317.
1. man or Tom, Bill, etc.— M^ used
for thou, as at Stalyhridge.
3. until Vte done, (ttn)isaCh.word.
4. certain or (shee'uBr) sure.
6. if (i.e. although) t^ were queer,
6. nought 'but or (oonlt,^ only.
7. two or three or (t^v'utnri). — wrong
8. slotch, sottish, or besotted fellow.
14. /'m going hotne to my supper,
the (p') is (t^) to, assimilatea to pre-
ceding m.
15. / shall say no more, the (s) is
(sh) for shall, assimilated to the follow-
ing (s).
Notes, to ChapeUen-le- Frith cs., p. 317.
Variants for Combs Valley and Dale
•d&ite. »>b(iiidh. «6«. ^miim.
•skwivk'in. ^b&tt. K«b6tt. I'b^vdh
&i. 'gr&tnd. JkCiBt. ^kiz, 'd&tn.
°»tl(!iBZ ait. "Bb&it. ^bkit riwe'n.
Variants for Edale, Hope Woodlands,
etc. :
"daJuB wt,? *din. *^dM<,n. ''frB
th)far8t dhiirsEnz. 'i^sseu'. /vo'ts'.
/"OTSEu'. *tlBkrAt//otf/:]. »jond,Jon^dB,r.
/warld. '*,d,r(ii. 'ba'ili^n. '"tii. "wik*.
General Notes.
1. lad. The contracted Christian
name is generally used, as Tom, Tommy,
— you or (dhti) thee ; used as before.
3. these are the facts of the case, or
(tt wvr « dhis'n] it was of this fashion.
— your, or familiarly (dhtj thy.
4. from the first, or (bi^i-n*i^) be-
ginning.
5. youngest, or (ja^qst). — directly, or
(tn a mtni^t^ in a minute, or («s sos'un
Bz «i itrd t^t) as soon as he heard it.
6. laugh-en, or (lafs) laughs. — too^
or (bu aa) and all.
10. crying, or (rfiBri^) roaring.
11. yard, or (jx'rt).
\Z. do you know / pi., if sing. {Au^f^)i
uoo\ dost thou know.— /oA« or (:djak')
JacK.
S.E. Fron. Fart V.
[ 1753 ]
112
Digitized by LjOOQIC
322 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 21.
Chapel-kn-le-Frith dt.
pal. from personal knowledge by TH. 14 April, 1888, and checked on the spot
the next day with a cousin, about 60 years of age, a farmer, who has
resided in the immediate district all his life. On (.MqU) for (ce'u) see p. 324,
No. 1.
1. A se\ ladz [tjaps], jo siin naa sz A)m Hit' isbawt dhat ItVl
WEntj kzm«^ fn?)s )8k m^u jond.
2. UoU)z gu-* n daim th)rood dlilBr thr A^u th)rEd' jeety w^pB th)lift
ond sdid «)th)r<M>d.
3. sii jb! th)tjdilt)8 gAn s^t^rE'tV u^^' tB th)rwQq' dn'r [ru^qg ills'].
4. wiBr ,^o^)l ap'n fdmd dhat ^d^rw^qk'n (fif ' w»z*nt IeIb bz dh»^
kAAn a'wd ituJDo^,
5. wi [w»J AA noon hn •veti^ will.
6. wi)nB tn)a['«d tjap' B^i^Qun tiitj)Br nAn for t*)d A^u «^t BgJE'-n,
puBr th«qk !
7. lWok\JB ! ♦z)'nt ♦> ,tr>oii?
iVb^ triM M* pronunciation of toordt omitted from the dt.
1. 90 (s^^qU). — mates (m^, nwets). — irroi^. Observe (rw^q) before (d), and
^-girl (gjBl'), half refined. ^o^% before few).
2. Aa/i^ (ant) in pause. — M'ay 4. chance (tjans). — shrivelledy not
(w^**). used r»Ar = (8r) ; shrimp (sn'mp)]. —
3. sure (sh^M^jUwr). — enough [vmu^), nameXjxeem),
Sotjth-East La. aio) North-West Db., cwl.
constructed from wn. by TH. in
R Rochdale (:ratjd« :ratjtt) and adjacent villages. La.
0 Oldham, La. Ex. youth looking at a picture of a wolf pursued by dogs : (tt
tz)nB V faks, shw^ s'u, a kon^B gAAm tt, wat tt Iz) it is not a fox, choose how
[=at any rate,! I cannot understand it, what it is.
P Patricroft (6 W.Manchester), La. Ex. (sti^m fok'sE*n, dht)n gon t' balrart rood
SB Iw^Qff) some folk say-en, they have-n gone the backward road so long.
H Hope Woodlands (10 ese.Glossop), Db.
E Edale (7 se.Glossop), Db.
F Peak Forest (6 ne.Buxton), Db., collected in 1866.
S Stalybridge and 0 Glossop are prefixed ta a few words from the three inter-
linear cs. on p. 317-321. The Chapel - en -le- Frith words are given
separately in the next cwl.
The principal phonetic difference between Oldham neighbourhood and Staly-
bridge, Gorton (3 ese. Manchester), Openshaw (2 e.Mancnester), consists in the
abnormal protrusion of the lips at Oldham in (6m*) in bold, cold, etc., (au*) in
moon, noon, that is, in £AL and 0'- words.
I. Wessex jutd Noese.
A- 23 0 s«m. — 0 8t<?Br [to stare]. A: 43 R &Wnz fhands]. 44 F loud.
— E goner [gander]. 61 0 mo'n. 66 RS wE'ish, G wEsn. A: or 0: 60
P iM^qg. 64 SG rw^qg, G raqk. A*- 67 R gu*tn [going], F guu. 69 R
ua'w, nA'a, 0 nA'o. 74 0 tfle'u*. 81 EFSG loon [F giring place to \een\.
84 0 mQBr. 87 SG tlaBZ. 89 SG b^odh. A': 104 RP rood. 106 F brood.
[ 1754 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D21.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 323
115 ORF wa'm, OR WA'm. 117 R wa'd, t' toon [the one]. 118 E boon.
122 RO noon, S no, G n«'u. 124 E stoon, F stuun. — F rtip' [ropej. 137 G
noodhw. JE- 138 SG f^wlhrnr. — P siet [seat]. M: 164Rbak. 168 R
i'fthBr, mjL^^. 161 F <W. 172 R graa's. 177 PE dhat [** demonstrative
pronoun final, characteristic of E, F, etc." TH.]. M'- 187 E liiv. 200 E
wiit. M': 218 F shiip. 224 RSG, wiw. 226 0 mfiist.
£. _ 0 wf Aft'n [we eat]. E: 261 P sbb. — R bdd [bed]. 265 SG
8,t,ra'it. — F fB'ilt [field]. 279 R wB'tnt. F- 291 F dhB^i. 292 R mii.
301 R A JKr')Br [I hear her], S JB'r, G iBr. E': 312 F b'iot. 314 R jErd.
EA: 322 E lakjh [said in 1873 by an old woman]. 326 R a'ud, 0 6M«d,
S rfi«d, G a'ttd. 328 F ka'wd. 330 S o,Md, G a'lid. 332 R t6iiM. 333 R
kA*f. 334 R Arpni [halfpenny]. 335 RO oo, 338 RSG koo. — R shan* it
[share it]. 346 R damt [dare not]. EA'- 347 R JBd. EA': 360 R
tiBm. 366 R grr^, F griit. EI: 382 0 dhier. EG: 394 R Jand. 396 R
jji^qg. 399 E bri'it. EO'- 410 RF m'xL [nearly (nu)]. — F ^t^rti [tree].
420 0 fto. EO': 424 E rti^kh [old]. 426 R fs'tt. 428 S ss'-tqk, G
8ii-*qk [seeing]. 437 S i,r6u*th, G ,t roj^uth.
I- 440 E w/ik' . 444 R stiil. 449 P gJBt, 0 giit [got]. I: 468 R n/ 4t,
[nearly] nit, OE niit. 459 R riUt. 469 F wwj [wiU]. 479 R wAAnd. 485
HEF fts'I. 487 R JWoS.tB.mlt [yesternight]. 488 R js'tt. I'- 492 R sood,
P said. 494 R tAAm toom. — K poop [pipe, normal, deviating in dir. of (pAAp),
this sound for I' occurs also in D 22, Prescot, Samlesbury, "West Hoi^hton,
Wiwin, but is rare out of Yo.]. 498 R root. I': 602 R fAAV foav. 505
R [between] WAAf, woaf. 510 R [between! mAAn, moon.
0- — R brok'n [broken]. — H smatt [smoked, old], F smok [smoke].
518 E anibadi. 0: 525 OR A'f [off]. 627 R bVt. 528 R thA't, 0 th6uH.
629 R brA't. 531 S d<J,ui'«,r, G da'M,t'B,r. 636 P fok. 538 E wa'wld ^formerly
taught by a schoolmaster]. 0'- 555 F sho^'un [shoes]. 657 O tau*. 658
F la'uk. 559 R mi^jdhBr. 560 R skiii), skuu. 662 E mo^'un. 566 P Modhcr.
0': 669 0 biu»k, F ba'uk. 671 0 gu^d. 586 R diu, 0 d«u*. 587 RSG
dd^n. 588 R nosuhi. 589 0 spuun, spuuhi. 694 E ba'uts.
U- 603 R kw^m, kamin [coming], F kam. 606 OR da'r. U: — E po'w
[pull]. 612 PsMqUJ-, FsM^m'. 616 0pa'tmd. 616 G gra'imd. — Rtt^n^dB^r^d
rtundred]. 632 R K^p'. 634 S thrim, G throj'u. if- 641 SG a'«. 642 0
aha [unemphatic]. 643 RO na'w. 652 E ka'uld [formerly taught bv a school-
master!. U': 668 R da'tin daa^n, E dtl'/n [with elongated horizontal opening
to lips J. 659 R ta'tm. 663 RS a'MS, E km, 667 PROSG a'ut.
Y: 686 R boa [(A)st boa noon), I shall buy none], F b«i. 701 RE farst.
Y'- 706 SG wai.
n. English.
A. 714 F \kt [more frequent] Wr [in salutation]. — HF plod [a plaid,
the same at Chapel -en-le-Fnth]. O. — R dag [dog]. — E tlWokh [clough,
old]. U. 804 E ,d,rwj,qk'n. 808 R pw^^t.
in. EOMANCE.
A.. 8l0 0 {eez, 811 E pl^. 830 R thr«m ,t,r<?<m. — R vaa't [from boys
reading inscription on Tim Bobbin* s tomb, where it rhymes to (:ma Vi) Mary,
obs. reverted (r)]. E .. 867 OR Ue, F tii. — E lE,t'B,r [letter]. I .. and Y ..
898 0 UA'is. 0 .. 939 E tlos. 940 F kuut, SG k6Bt. 941 S f/m\
947 S bo,tl, G bE'il. — H d^'mi [journey, it is (ar) in D 22, 24, and in
most of D 21]. 955 SG da'Mt, R dkui. U .. 965 6il [in the mill any one
saying (a'tl) would be charged with * talking fine *], E ail. 969 G shce'um'.
Chapel-en-le-Frith (5 n.Biixton) cwl.
Applying also to the township of Bowden Edge, e. and n. of Chapel-en-le-
Fritn. TU., who was bom in Dec. 1819 at Rnf^low (U e. Chapel), wrote this
cwl. especially to show the peculiarities of notation which he prefers, many of
[ 1755 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
324 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 21.
which have abreadv been indicated. As one to whom I am to much indebted for
assistance in the M. counties and thoee bordering upon them to the South, it
seemed right for him to shew, in recording his own native pron., the full forms
that he advocates. But it would be eyidenSy impossible for me to alter the whole
of my book in accordance with them, even u I desired to do so. I have in the
introauction to the M. dir. (pp. 291-4), and especially to this district (p. 316),
indicated the reasons of my dissent. Here it is necessary that the reader should
bear in mind the following among TH.'s spocial habits of palaeotyping.
1. (^MqU) is written for my («'u). The sound intended to be conreyed is
identical in both notations, namely, (uu) commenced with too open a mouth,
which rapidly closes to the proper position. But in (,wj ^^® tongue is supposed
to be slightly more advanced than for (uu), and the mouth is supposed to he open
at first only so wide as for (o). The ultimate effect is very like (»'u). See supr^
p. 292.
2. (i) represents (i) with a slightly retracted tongue, and is insisted on by TH.
in all unaccented svllables where 1 write (i). ^ p. 316. I have elsewhere
sometimes written the result (iij. But in truth I do not hear this difference of
unaccented syllables from myseli or any other speaker, whereas TH. hears it from
all speakers.
3. TH.*s extensive use of the notation for medial vowels I find mostly un-
necessary, and the intended effect would often be more intelli^bly rendered by
long vowels. But when a writer has once got the habit of using medial vowel
signs, the lone vowel mark seems to indicate for him altogether an abnormal
lengthening which he shrinks from using. At any rate I found that effect on
myself when for a time I gave in to their employment.
4. The lengthened or suspended final consonants, as (bak^ dhuT), see p. 316.
5. The treatment of r, using (r) simply, without any indication that TH. does
not mean the genuine trill, but rather (r), see p. 293.
Bearing these points in mind, the r^er will appreciate the minute care and
unceasing search after phonetic accuracy which characterise all TH.*s palaeotypio
writing, and are yerj conspicuous in the cwl., a work of immense labour, scrupulously
check^ in every point, and hence of great value.
*P* The hyphen (-) after a word, as in Noe. 4 and 6, shews that this form is
used only in connected speech when another word irome^tely foUows.
t before a number in the cwl. shews that the word having that number is not
us^ in the dialect. In this case the word used is frequently added ; and even
when a phrase would be required, it is occasionally given.
I. Wessex and Noese.
A- 1 8,1/ u. 3 heeV, 4 tak- tAk- [generally]; iee^ t*'- [sometimes]. 5
mak- mik- [generally] ; nw*- m*'- [sometimes]. 6 nus^d. 7 s^k. 8 av- kv-.
9 hi,'M'Y, 10 ur, til [(krap') used]. 12 saa. 13 nAA. 14 .drxA. tl6
[(AAfcl) occ., (tHTBb'l) ofteuj. 1 16 [sb. [brBk' «)Aw) break of day, usedj. 17 Iaa.
18 kjeeV. 19 ieel. 20 l^^m. 21 neftn, 22 t^fm. 23 seem, 24 sWn. 25
meen, t26 [the moon's (past f iuA\ gu't^ Ibs^) past the full, going less, used].
27 neev, 28 BBr. 29 ^r. 30 kJBBr. 31 W. 32 b^^dh. 33 nsB^dhOT.
34 last. 35 aaI. 36 thoo. 37 tlxA.
A: 38 kZf bz. 39 k^M^n'm. 40 kam\ 41 thaqk. 42 vn [(d) always
omitted]. 43 ont [(lift ond 8<ftd)l. 44 land. 46 kja-nd'l. 47 wan^der. 48
SM^qi g. 49 aq'Lg [to execute by hanging], iqLg [to hang, or to hang up clothes,
etc.]. 50 tw^q'z. 51 mA'n. 53kjan'. 64 want. 65 es'. 56 WEsh. 57 as'.
A: or 0: 58 fm- [generally], vcm^m [in pause]. 69 lam'. 60 li«oQL?' ^1
tB'mM^qLg. 62 s^tTttoqi g. 63 unWoqk [adj.]. 64 rw.qLg [sometimes (raqk)]. 66
^qi g. 66 [(Is'ahBr Vs, lash), leather lace, or leather lash of whip, usedj.
A - 67 gun. 69 ns'ii. 70 tuu. t71 [(sorB, Bujvri^) sorrow, suffering,
used]. 72 uu. 73 sjk^n s^iA^u, 74 t^w^u' [qmte distinct from 701. 75 s^tjook.
76 tuud. 77 U'rd. 78 oon, 79 oon. 80 a*l«di^. 81 loon. 82 WMoUst. 83
muun. 84 roClBr. 86 bUvtU, [sorely]. 86 wti^ts tU. 87 tluuz. 88 tloodh.
89 buudh. 90 bloo. 91 moo. 92 noo. 93 snoo. 94 kroo. 95 throo. 96
BOO. 97 ss'mI. 98 noon. 99 throon. f 100 [(sood) used].
[ 1766 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
8«,
J) 21.] THE KORTH MIDLAND. 325
A': 101 ok*. 102 aks. 103 akst. 104 rood. 106 rid. 106 brood. 107
Iof\ 108 dof*. 109 loo. 110 i. ub'uV ; ii. fgenerally (ns) unaccented, and
preceded by can, have, must, shall, will, etc. ((^n«, a'OB avnB, m«(^B, shans,
wtn«), etc.]. Ill H'l/t*. 113 ww^l. IH muul. 116 wi*m. tll6 [(uu) the
nominatiYe, used]. 117 wVn. 118 buun. 119 guu gd gu-. 1 120 [(sin*) »
since, used]. 121 gA*n. 122 i. nA*n ; ii. n^M^u-. 123 nti tht^. 124 stuun.
126 oonlt,. 126 6m. 127 tis\ 128 dh^iijiz [those gen., (dhB*m) ooc.]. 129.
^oost. 130 bot*. 131 got\ 132 wxt\ 133 rit-. 134 oth*. 136 tlath. 136
1. oodhvr ; ii. vr- [genially unaccented]. 137 i. noodhur ; ii. ntn*-.
j£- 138 fi^hsr. tl39 [(wa^ n) used]. 140 eeh 141 n^l. 142 sn^I.
143 t«fl. 144 BgJB*n. tl46 [(kjtit) used]. 146 m^fn [principal adj.].
147 bn^CTi. 148 fBBr. 149 blMZ. 160 list liist. 162 W0»,t«.r. 163
sB,tii,rdf,.
JE: 164 bak*. 166 that;. 166 dlad* [frequently (f^n) fain]. 167 r«^'n.
168 af.tB^r. 169 az-, hz, 160 Bg*. 161 dee. 162 t«.d#f. 163 Wi. 164
mx- [(msB) in pause]. 166 8B*d. 166 meed [meaning gen. a maid servant or
young single woman]. 167 d«fl. 168 tain. 169 wbu*. 170 an»t [old form],
anri^st [modem form ; but the forms hay-time («#-t4tin) and corn-time (kA*m-
t{tm) are ^n. used]. 171 b&rit,. 172 gnss*. tl73 [j[wi*r) emph., (w^r) un-
emph. both sg. and pi., used]. 174 ash. 176 fast. 176 at-, hi [emph.], vt-.
[unemph.]. 177 dhat-, dhkt [in pause]. 178 naf. 179 wxt-, wa t [m pause].
180 bath. 181 path.
JE'. 182 SM. 183 tntjr(lB*m) also used]. 184 liid. 186 rtld. 186 bratth.
187 liiv. 188 [(winij whinney used]. 189 ws't. 190 Vjee. 191 iil M^p'.
192 miin. 193 tliin. 194 ant. 196 m/int,. 196 wa*r (emph.], wvr [un-
emph.]. 197 tpiz. 198 Isr [gen. before : 'imshim, *emsthem, it], lE,t [gen.
before- 'er=her], 1b- [gen. before- me]. 199 blert. 200 wiit. 201 lidh'n.
202 iit.
M': 203 sptitj. 204 dAd. 206 thrad. 206 rsd*. 207 nfild. 208 t'yvr.
209 niyvr. 210 tlM. 211 gree. 212 wee. t213, t214 [the forms 136, 137
gen.]. 216 [(tHt|t) and sometimes (iBmt) used]. 216 diu. 217 B'it| [rare,
gen. (tip^*, AA on vm, tjvri wau on «m) apiece, all of them, eyery one of them,
used]. 218 shlp\ 219 sltip*. 220 shspvrt. 221 Hot. 222 inr. 223 dhlvr.
224 wIot. 226 flesh. 226 mdst muust. 227 w^*. 228 swat* [sb.]. 229
briith [occ., but (wilind) wind, is gen. used]. 230 fat*.
£- 231 th- [gen. form ; (t*) as (on t*top*) = on the top ; also yarious forms of
assimilation to a foUowing consonant, as (s^sdnn)^ the same]. 232 br^k. 233
sp«fk. 234 need. 236 weev. 236 f^yvr. t237 I (kjdtbz) kibee, plur. used J.
238 Bd;. 239 satI. 240 Utn. 241 rAm. 243 pU. 244 wtU[ = 266]. 246
m<vl. 246 i. kwtin. 247 weea. 248 mBsr. 249 WBBr. 260 sweet. 261
nu!^. 262 kJBtn. 263 nst'l. 264 iBdhvr. 266 WBdhvr.
£: 266 s.t.rEti [also (rat;)]. 267 sdj. 269 wsdj. 260 Ue. 261 sbb.
262 WAf. 263 BWA?. 264^1. 266 s.t n'tt*. 266 wtU[=:244]. 267 Jild jiild iUd.
268 [(a'lidt.st) used]. 269 [(sbI*) used, plur. (sbIz)]. 270 i. balt^s, u. bait,. 271
tEl- tnl*. 272 Blm. 273 ms^n. 274 bBnt|. t276 [(sttqk)= stink, used].
276 thtqk. t277 [(sook) soak, used]. 278 wEut;. 279 wsnt. 280 vlxv*n.
281 lEuqth. 282 s.t^rsqth. 283 msri. 284 thrBsh. 285 krss*. 286 anr.
287 btizimi. 288 iBr lB,t- 1b- [see 198J. — sBt-, sBr- [set as sheaves of com
into kiver* of 12 sheaves or ridere of lOj.
F- t289 [you 436 used] 290 /i. 291 dh/i, dhi, [unem.]. 292 m/i [un-
emph ]m/,. 293 wii[em.]wi w/,[unem.]. 294 f/)d. 296 brxd*. 296 bt^/)y.
297 fnlB. 298 f/il. 299 gr/ln. 300 kjiip. 301 itir. 302 miit. 303 sw/it*.
t304 [(mslt.t), mallet, used].
£': 306 a. 306 B'it'. 307 n/i. 808 n/id. 309 sp/id. 310 ai. 311
tB*n. 312 imr. 313 lirk'n. 314 inrd. 316 f/it\ 316 UBkst.
£A- 317 fl/l. 318 laft. 319 gjeep. 320 kJBBr.
EA: t321 [(s/id) used]. 322 laf\ 323 fa'irt'. 324 B'tt'. 325 WA'k.
326 add. 327 ba'wd. 328 ka'wd. 329 fa'ud. 330 a'tid. 331 sn'itd. 332
ta'«d. 333 kAAV. 334 aav. 336 aa. 336 fAA. 337 waa. 338 kAA. 339
km [em.] )m [unem.]. 340 i. jkrd. 341 marv. 342 arm. 343 ifknn.
t344 [never used]. 346 diir. 346 jM [for a garden, field, etc.].
[1767]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
826 THE KORTH MIDLAND. [D 21.
EA'- 847 n'd. 348 /i [pi. (/in)!. 349 f/,ii [raie (t,»oVthn,) toothry gen.
used as (t.^foUthrt^ broth) a few = some broth, too few = not enough (vn^«o^)J.
£A': 350 dud. 351 liid. 352 rBd\ 353 brB*d. 354 shif. 355 dif.
356 lif*. 357 dhoo [rare and half refined, gen. (fmr aa) for all, (iv) if, used].
358 n/i. 359 n^fbiir. 360 tiim. 361 biin. t362 [(kjil) used]. 363 1^p\
364 tiap\ 365 nar* [nearer]. 366 grB't- grBt- [often {gnd big*) J. 368 £th.
369 sloo. 370 too, 371 s.t^rtf^.
£1- 372 aa. 373 dhM[em.]dhi,[unem.]. 374 n^. 375 r^fz. 376 b^\
EI: 377 st^k. 378 wrt. 379 eel, 380 dhs^m [em.] m [uuem.]. t381
382 dhBEr [em.] dh'r [unem.].
£0- 383 sBv'n. 384 nrn. 385 [(w n^dvj) or (bi^oo-) nsedl. 386 ji,t
[used e. of Chapel and in Peak Forest, but (Ja'tr) in Combs Valley, Dale of Goji,
etcj. 387 ni,uu n',u-.
£0: 388 milk. 389 jok'. 390 shu^dshfid. [em.] shod sh*d [unem.]. 391
km [em.] )m [unem.]. 392 jond. 393 bi,Jon*d. 394 jan.d. 395 Juqie, 396
wark. 397 sdLBrd. 398 stinr. 899 br/it'. 400 imi^. t401 [(la^q^ f^r) long
for, used]. 402 li'm. 403 ikr, 404 star'. 405 aastra [hearthstone, hearth
not used without stone]. 406 jath [old for the earth, (wnld) world, gen. used,
(Bthli ) earthly as opposed to heavenly, half refined]. 407 ftirdhi,n. t408
[(nood) used].
£0'- 409 b/i. 410 ,u^VL, 411 thr/i. t412 [410 alone used]. 413 div*!
dET'l. 414 fl/i. 415 m Hi, 416 i. and ii. diOT [a^j. and <&.]• ^^7
t|/,uu. 418 br,f»,uu. 419 j^l«^ [em.] j*r [unem.]. 420 iSim. 421 fArti,
fA'rti,.
. £0': stV [about or inclined to romit, or Tomiting, (badlij is used for ill, un-
well]. 423 th/ii. 424 thJ\ 425 IfiV, 426 fs'it'. 427 bti [em.] hi,- [un-
em.]. 428 s/i. 429 f/ind. 430 frsnd. 431 Mot. 432 f^ivrt. 433 brsst.
434 biit. 435 too [em.] j» [unem.]. 436 ^t^r^w^t^. 437 ,t,r^i}„uth.
EY- 438 d/i. EY: 439 ,t,rMJt.
I- 440 w/ik\ 441 siV [also (ndi) for milk]. 442 tW^. 443 :fraid*«.
444 st/il. 445 <ft, di Udi dhij hie thee, occ., but (mak M) make haste, occ.1.
446 notn mltn. 447 s r [em.] vr [unem.]. 448 dhiix. 449 gJB*t [in pause],
gjsrgjst. 450 t/uzdi,. 451- soo.
I: 452 AA, A* \em,] a Tunem.]. 453 wik*. 454 wit|. 455 lee [reflexire,
as, lay roe, thee, him, etc., down]. 456 «▼. 457 mdit*. 458 n/it\ 459 Tfit\
460 wb'iT. 461 It'it* [anything thrown or falling 'lights on the ground, but they
(gJEr of ) get off a horse, and (gjsr kui) get out of a vehicle]. 462 s/it'. 463 tt^l
ti^. 464 wit|. 465 stt|. 466 tjailt t^ilt. 467 woild w4ild. 468 t|il,dv^.
469 wtl wil [em.], )1 [unem.]. 470 tm [em.], i^ [unem.]. 471 timbBr. t472
[(rM^* up'] run up, or (rwV in*) run in, used of nannel, etc. ; (skrindi^ as from
a hot poker ; to be (tsnibli, fivrt b) terribly afraid of]. 473 blo'ind bUind.
t474 [they use (s^LBrt) Ws. tweardy the swara of bacon ; (pil') peel, of orang^es,
potatoes, etc. ; (KTMJBt) crust of cheese, etc.]. 475 w<^ind w<?ind. 476 bcrind
b^ind. 477 faind Mind. 478 grc/ind griftnd. 479 wdind wdind, 480 thiqk
[gen. ; plur. (thiqz)J. 481 fiqgw. 482 tz [em.] )s, )z, iys, i^ [unem., viz. : (s)
after words ending m/>, t, *, /; (z) after vowels and voiced consonants except «,
and zh ; (i^s) after «, 2, «A, < A, x, x (gz) and before unvoiced consonants ; and (i.z)
after a, e, aA, cA, ;r, x (gz), and before vowels and voiced consonants]. 483 iz-
iz* [em.], i^ [unem.]. 484 dhis* dhis- dhiz- [em.], dhi;B- dhi^- [uuem.]. 485
fis'I. 1 486 [(birm) =barm used]. 487 Jis^tB^rde*. 488 Jit'. 489 it [em.], i>
[unem.]. \
I'- 490 [(tlos' brfi)= close by; (nA)enigh or near; (to' sdid B)=at theside
of ; by, for the instrument, is (wij with, as (kjilt wi, Ifit'ni^, Bt'n wi^ b t^figur)
killed by lightning, eaten by a tiger; but (bij used in: by daylight, by moonlight,
etc., as (dh^- dhi,- ple^ Bt f^o^utbAA bi^ m,tioUnl/it') they played at football by
moonlight]. 491 sdtk'. 492 said s^id. 493 ,d,rB'iv. 494 t<itm t^fim. t49d
[a dog (wiz*nz), a man (muunz, gruunz) moans groans]. 496 B'iBm. t497
(WEt «^p) or (gjsr «pP) =get up usedl. 498 rrfit.
T: 500 Ui\L k'tk. 501 yt&id w</td. 502 f<fiv fatv. 503 Uif k/if . 504
nrfif noif . 505 wrfif wrfif . 506 ww^^bu. 507 wimin. 508 mrfil mrftl.
509 wntl w(/il. 510 nuJin nuftn; xbu&x max [em.], mi^ [unem.]. 511 w4in
[ 1758 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D21.] THK NOBTH MIDLAND. 327
wain, 512 8p4^tOT. 513 wdim. 514 di$t. 515 wdiz waiz. 516 wizd«m
[if uaed]. 517 vi>-,t,rri.
0- 518 badi.. 519 6im, 520 W. 521 fool. 522 op*ii. 528 oop. 524
wald. 0: 525 i. b fgen. ; but {on) is used in phrases uke ** enough of (on)
it; I heard of (on) it*^; ii. of. 626 kaf. 527 \m'ut\ 528 tha'wt'. 529
bra'Mt'. t530 f(warkt) usedl. 531 dawt'B.r. 532 koolz, kool. 533 duji\
534 ool. 535 fok\ 536 gs'tid. 537 m&wlt^, m&wit [mouldy, become moulded,
said of the mould fungus on cheese, fruit, etc.]. 538 wuji [em.] )d [unem.].
539 bs'ttl. 540 altn. 541 wtuB. 542 ba'trt*. 543 on* [em.l b [unem.l. 514
i. ttJi dhBU [the first gen., the second oco.] ; ii. dhBn\ 545 op'. 546 fA*r
[em. J, far [unem.]. 547 biiBrt. t548. t549 [(o,d,dB.r « p') to hoard, used].
550 wa*rd. 551 sU'rm. 552 kA*m. 553 Vm. 554 kros'.
0'- 555 sha^f [old], shM^uu [plur. (»\x^ujixn)'\. 556 t^y^n [em.] tB t'
funem.]. 557 t^ti^u. 558 l.ttoUuk. 559 madhsr. o60 sk^M^uu. 561 bl^K^uum.
562 m^ti^uun. 563 rmM^ndi,. 564 s.u^iin, 565 nooz. 566 M^^Br. 567
t'ModhBr. 568 brw^dhBr.
O': 569 bAuk\ 570 t.ti dk. 571 gUod. 572 blw^d. 573 fiuj^. t574
[(ati) hatch, used, that is, birds hatched at once]. 575 stM^d st.iiodd. 576
wwTnzdi.. 577 hjUJi, 578 pl^w^ti, [old (pl«/)]. 579 bum/ [plural
(Bu^i^uun. 580 taf. 581 [(s/itjt) searched usedl. 582 V.u^nni. 583 t^^uul.
584 st.M^u. 585 br^ti^uum. 586 d^M^^. 587 d.tioUun. 588 n MoUun. 589
sp^M^uun. 590 fl.fioUBT. 591 milBr. 592 swBBr swiBr. t593 [(mit^n) used,
(mWoUB) must not]. 594 b^tl^uV. 595 f,t»oUt*. 596 T^u^ut\ 597 s,t»oUt*.
t598
U- 599 Bbtf^y. 600 laV. 601 tiul fkul, 602 tsSut s&mm. 603 ka'm [em.],
kam kBm [unem.]. 604 sM^mBr. 605 sm^u. 606 da*r. 607 bw^^t^B^r.
U: 608 M^li, [but (fkuu) foul 655 gen. used]. 609 fwJ. 610 ww^. 611
bw^Bk. 612 sit^m. 613 ^d^rw^qk^n. 614 &imd[this and the next four (&») or
(&M)]. 615 p&tmd. 616 gr&imd. 617 s&tmd. 618 w&tmd. 619 fn^n*. 620
gfM^n'. 621 WW n'. 622 ti^n^B^r. 623fMon'. 624 grWo'^'. 625 t«j,^Lg. t626
[(»oq^), if used ; but the aaj. (Wo<lg^J would gen. oe made use of in the con-
struction]. 627 :9ujadi,, 628 nti^. 629 sw^n'. 630 wu^n*. 631 ithorzdi,.
632 «oP'. 633 k«op'. 634 thr^^ii. 635 wath. 636 far'. 637 iujek. t638.
639 dujst.
XT'- 640 kj&Mkj&t«. 641&M&i#. 642 dhaa ^em.] dha [unem. : affirmatiTely,
as (dha]rt IM) =thou art late ; but (t) interrogatiTely, as (wil)t gnu P)=swilt thou
gof]. 643 naa nJk, 644 SM^k*. 645 dooy. 646 Utt, 647 Stil 648 aar hi
[em.] Br [unem.]. 649 thiUzBut. 650 Bbfttft. 651 wi^dhftdt. 652 kM^dku^d-
rem.J kBd [unem.J. 653 bBr [this form always used, as (aa bBr Im, bBr m/i) all
out him, but me ; (na'wt bBr, nsbBr) nought but, the fint occ., the second gen.,
in Peak Forest (nEpir)].
XT': 654 sr^tid srkud, 654* tuJ\ 655 ^uu [meaning ugly, aa in 608 ; not
used for dirty! . 656 riUnn. 657 bHU^n. 658 da«n. 659 tSofn. t^60. 661
sh&MBr. 662 uji [em.] bz [unem.]. 663 &U9\ 664 UUm*. 665 mftiis'. 666
w^zbBnt. 667 awt*. 668 priltfd. t669. 670 b.M^tidh. 671 matith. 672 s^Mth.
Y- 673 mitj. 674 dJd did-. 675 fi^n'L 676 Ui UL 677 fijB'l. 678
din. 679 tjartj. 680 bizt,. 681 bfz*nz. 682 lit'l.
T: t683 [(natM gnat, used]. 684 brtd^. 685 rtdi. 686 bn't. t687. 688
bild. 689 int|. tb90 [they use (s^LBrt) sort; (br/id) breed]. 69\ mdind. 692
iujf\gijst. 693 sin*. 694 wark. 695 &rk'n. 696 bith. 697 bsri,. 698
mnth. 699 [only in composition, as (w<il-r/it*) wheel- wright]. 700 was* [and]
war'. 701 fast. 702 w/i [in pause] ; widh [gen. before a yowel] ; wi wi,
[before a consonant]. 703 pit'. 704 yiks*n [used by a few in scolding a girl ;
perhaps half refined ; may be used for a bitch-fox].
r- 705 skja'J skdi. 706 woi. 707 thartiin. 708 i'Ibt.
Y': 709 fn'iBr. 710 Ark»n. 711 IbW. 712 mB'is'.
n. English.
714 ]kd, 715
1. t719 [(bMj
[ 1759 ]
A. 713 bad*. 714 lAd. 715 pad*. 716 adU [iuh\ occ. r*., to earn]. 717
djMd. 718 .t,rtf0d. t719 [(bu/jB'd) bullhead, used). t720. 721 lag" [to
Digitized by LjOOQIC
328 THE KORTH MIDLAND. [1)21.
weary]. 722 ,dTMn fgen. (sii^*)^ tough]. 728 dssri,. 724 bAxd. 72^ smI.
726 tAAk. t727 [(pBwiv) preserve used; tojam(d|am')]. 728 sham*. 7'19 tteem.
730 kjfewi,tB.r. t731. 732 ap'n. 733 pn Chapel to (fiw) gen., (fr/lt'n) occ.,
both to frighten ; in Peak Forest (skar*)]. 734 dB*m. 736 smash. t736
[(wBntj) swench used]. t737 [(btfotij butty used]. 738 prM. 740 w^rr.
742 Uen [seldom, gen. (rf»dU) idle].
£. 743 8kriim[(8kn/tk] shriek, often]. 744 miiz'lzmAz'lz. 746 t^t\ 746
briidh. t747 ind«?-vw [naif refined, usuaUy to (,t^r<li, oe') try, oss or offer].
t748 [fledged and unfledged not used, but stages of growth d^tinguished bv
different words, as: 1. {oami^ doon on^) only down on; 2. ffBdhvrz aat groon)
feathers half grown; 3. (f«J-fEdh«rt) fuU-feathered]. 749 ltft[hand]. 760 bsg*.
I. andY, 763 ttk*l. 764 ptg'. 766 filburt. 766 srtmp. 767 tdtni,. 768
gJBl' pudf reflned, (wEnt|) gen. J. 769 fit* [a^;. suitable]. t760 [(wtx*nt) untmed,
or (riqk'lt) wrinkled, usedL
0. 761 luud. 762 ookTOi. t763 [(r<wy)=rove used]. 764 kad'l. 766
.•(hA'n. 766 mn'i dB rt mB'»dhBrt. 767 nn'iz. 768 ka'nk' [gen. in pi. (ka'wks)].
t769 [(m,6ondt\warp) numldv-warp used]. 770 itujaivz, 771 fond. 772
huji'iE'ivr, 773 ooqki^ [fd|ak-i^*) jack-ass gen. used]. 774 poont,. 776
b.ifoUbt [if used]. 776 gM^a hdi [now partially used for a long parting, gen.
(gtf^d-cUtf, gti^d'nnt*) good-day and good-night, and when people take leare for a
considerable time (fsBr dh<^ wb'1) ffu^ thee well, or (fsnr j« wbM) fare you well,
used]. 777 shop'. 778 9id\vTd, 779 Vts. 780 djos'l. 781 bodhw. 782
pM^dhOT. 783 pa'Nl,t,riV 784 bfrwns. t786 [(lol, s4id*l), loU, sidle, used].
786 d&ttz. 787 s&ms*. 789 n'u, 790 gj&tin gjatm. 791 bit [half refined,
(Hid} used].
U. 792 skwab*!. 793 u^j^ [to canr with some incouTenience, to soueeze or
cuddle]. 794 d}u^\ t796^(Mot| ti^p) hutch up the shoulders, used]. 796
bl/,uu bl^o^u. 797 skwik'i.n. 798 kwiw. 799 sk«J'. 801 tu^\ 802
rK^m*. 803 d^Womp. 804 .d.rM^qk'n. 806 kru^dz. 806 iuji\ 807 ^ffl\
808 pttot-.
m. BOMANCE.
A •• 809 <«b*l. 810 {h\ 81 1 pies* pUm^ [occ. for a situation for a serrant,
etc.]. 812 1^*. 818 bfek'n. 814 m^'n. 816 f^d. 817rBdtt;. 818 Mdj.
t819 [(pashim) passion gen. used]. 820 gjee [possibly, applied to oross]. t821.
822 :m#e. 824 ifim, 826 iigU. t827. 828 eefti,. 829 gj^vn. 830 .tj^m
[of railway carriages]. 831 s.trMU [di- omittea]. 832 msBr. 833 pnyr.
834 shMZ. 836 tuz'u. 836 siiz^n. 838 ,t,rit*. 839 i. b^rl [if used], ii. bxA.
840 ti^rabinr. 841 t|ans. 842 plaqk. 843 brantj. 844 ,t,rEnt|. 846
AfntjBut. 846 talv-t|andlBr [e tallow-chandler]. 847 d«nid^. 848 t}«nid|i.
849 s,t,rMnd^. 860 dans. 851 eeni, 862 aptnrn. 863 hkrgi;a. 854 bart^
866 kjarvt. 866 pdirt. 867 ki^\ 858 bras'. 869 tjkf. 860 pM. 861
Ust. 862 stf . t863. 864 bt>ooz. 866 fot*. 866 p^Br.
E.. 867 Ue, 868 dj«r. 869 riil. 870 b/,utf muti,fBl]. 871 tigr/1.
872 t|fifli, [occ. = gen., mostly]. t873. 874 reeni [pi. {reeniz) reins]. 876
d^ntt,. 877 BEr. 878 salvri,. 879 f^^-m^l [infrequent]. 880 Bgza'mp*l.
881 SBus. 882 panzi,. 883 da-ndi^tii-im. 884 prsntiz. 886 TErt,. 886
fr<ii-Br[ifused]. t887. 888 s&rtt^. t889. 890 blst. 891 fist. 892 nsfi,.
893 fl&Mir. 894 dijBeev, 896 TijaeeY,
I .. ondY" 897 di^cfit* [as (/i ten v di}dit' i d.M^U'i^ mistj/if ) he takes a
delight in doing mischief]. 898 nc^is*. 899 n/is\ 900 prw. 901 fain Uin,
902 mdtn mdiu. 903 fi. ; ii. dtner. 904 jdilvt. t906. t906. t907.
908 adY</is\ 909 brtiz. 910 d^Bts*. 911 sBs,tQ,m. 912 rdis'.
0*. 913 kootj. 914 brootj. 916 stM^f . 916 u^mim. 917 roog. t918
[(weV) weak used]. 919 B'intmimt [or (saay) salve]. 920 ps'tnt. 921
vkwB'tnt [half refined]. t922 [(8,t,ratk^)= strikes 4 pecks, used]. 923 8,t,rBt*.
t923. •f%23». 924 tis'ts*. 926 vs'ts'. 926 spB'il. t927. 928 kuuB, 929
kja'-kMombw. 930 Is'tn. 931 d^u^'lifr, 983 fm^nt. 936 kMon,t,rf,. 937
kok\ 938 kA*minr. 939 i. and ii. tlo's'. 940 kuut. 941 f.v^uu. 942 bM tjBr.
943 Utjt}. 944 [see 198]. 946 Tiiwti [sb.] [for the Tb. (swEBr) used]. t946.
[ 1760 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
B 21, 22.] THE KORTH MIDLAND. 329
947 bi ill. 948 b&iMil. 949 ma'tild [or f] mi'iMfd m^M^aad. 960 su pir. 951
kMoP'l. 952 i. kftw*; ii. kh\ 953 kw^z*!!. 954 kw^hvn. 955 ilaM daut.
956 V%WT. t959.
U.. 960 Vjee. 961 ffrfi^ui). 963 Vwditt, 964 8b,WoU»,t. 965 8*1!.
966 fT,u^ui\ 967 shjii^nV [a suit of dothea]. 968 diajLvj. 969 8h,6oiiOT.
670 d|«ort. 971 fl,io«t' fl/,utf.
Principal Variants for Comh$ Valley.
Combs Valley (se. of Cbapel-en-le-Fritb) properly belongs to D 25, Var. iv,
wbere a dt. will oe found in the same peculiar notation as this cwl. But as it is
in the parish of Chapel, and differs from it chiefly in three points, TH. has here
furnished a list of the principal variants. Ch. = Chapel -en-le- Frith ; C. e Combs
Valley.
First point, Ch. (uu, d) become C. (il«), rarely permissibly ((xb).
A'. 76 taod. 86 Ma, 87 tlClBZ. 89 b&odh. A^ 118 bAra. 124
stilBn. 127 dns*. M'l 226 m(ii»t. 0. 761 mud. O..940 kdirt.
952 i. kilns'.
Second point. Ch. (ii, \) become C. (!«), rarely permissibly (1b).
M- 150l!i»t. JEf' 184 lisd. 186 brisd. 187 livr. 191 $«1. 192 mivn.
193 tliira. 200 wiot. 202 i«t. M'l 216 diBl. E: 267 iiild. EA': 350
diod. 351 lisd. 354 shivf . 355 disf . 356 ItBf . 360 ttum. 361 btim.
363 t;!«p\ 368 diuth. £0': 434 bint. E. 743 skrivm. 745 tjfvt*.
746 briBdh. U. 793 [(skwinz) used]. 797 skwt»k't> A- 835 rluz'n.
836 siBz'n. 838 ^t^rist'. ^ E- 869 vIbI. 890 biust. 891 finst.
Third point, Ch. (hi^ &ji, fei<)become C. (4i, &J, 6i) respectively.
U- 601 fail. 602 sdl. U: 614 &tnd. 615 p&tnd. 616 gr&tnd. 617
(4tud. 618 w{Ltnd. F- 640 kj&t. 641 ki ti. 647 ail. 649 thaizimt.
650 vbatt. 651 wt -dait. XT': 654 snlld sriitd. 656 ratm. 657 bnltn.
658 dain. 659 tain. 663 ats\ 664 UUs'. 665 mais'. 667 ait*. 668 pnlid.
671 mkith. 672 saith. A. 730 kj&tn.t«,r. 0. 784 b&ins. 786 d&iz.
787 s&ts\ 0.. 928 atns. 948 b&tl. 955 da'lt.
Also EO- 386 Ch. (j/,Ci) is C. (ja'(^).
D 22 = w.NM. = western North Midland.
Soundaries, Begin w. at the mouth of the Bibble and go up it to the ne. as
far as its junction with the Hodder on the b. of To., just s. of Great Mitton.
Then proceed along the b. of La., going first e. and then s. to Todmorden. Then
turn sw. along the nw. b. of D 21, se. of Bacup, nw. of Bury and se. of Bolton,
w. of Peel and e. of Tyldesley and Astley, and then turn s. over Chat Moss to the
junction of the Irwell and Mersey. 60 down the Mersey to the sea, and take the
coast round to the month of the Kibble.
It has been thought advisable to pursue the La. b. against Yo., but it will be
seen that the neiKhbouring D 24 greatly resembles D 22 on its w. side, and I
formerly attempted to include Halifax, Huddersfield, Marsden, and Saddleworth
with the e. parts of D 22. But on further examination these have been included
as a variety of D 24.
Area. The whole of s.La., s. of the Kibble, with the exception
of the se. portion in D 21.
AuthoritieM. See Alphabetical County List under the following places, where *
means w. per AJE., f per TH., H in systematic spelling, ^ in io.
*»t Blackburn, °t Bolton, '^f Burnley, fChorley, °Clitheroe, fCliviger Valley,
**Colne, tEarlstown, fFarrington, tHalliweU, fHaslingden, **Higham,
tHoddleeden, "Leigh, *'tLeyland, 'Mellor, fNewton-le- Willows, fOrmskirk,
t Penwortham, t Prescot, ** Sabden, ** Samlesbury, f Skelmersdnle, t Walton-le-
Dale, t Warrington, t Westhoughton, "Whalley, "fWigan, f Worethom.
These notes have superseded the numerous printed books, which were neither
local enough nor precise enough for my purposes.
[ 1761 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
330 THB NORTH MIDLAND. [D 22.
Character. There is a very fair amount of tmiformity, but in
Buch an extensive tract of country with large towns and outlying
manufacturing districts, many varieties may be expected, and I
have been induced to consider six, Var. i. Ormskirk, Var. ii. Bolton
and Wigan, Var. iii. Chorley and Leyland, Var. iv. Blackburn,
Var. V. Burnley, Var. vi. Old Colne Valley. The differences are
often very minute, and they are here illustrated by a cwl. for each
separate variety, by four interlinear versions for Var. i, ii, iii, v, by
two interlinear dt. for Var. iv, and by a dt. for Var. vi.
The general character for the whole district is as follows :
A- generally {ee) as (neeoLS name.
A' normally ((iv) as (r6Bd) road, occ. (oo), and the adv. no is often {ja!u),
E- often (s't) as ^sps'ik) speak.
E'- (ii) or (/i) ana occ. (s't).
I generally (t)> but occ. treated as I'. In the unemphatic prononn I the sound
is regularly (a).
I' normally ^ai), usually assumed as (a't), but not unfrequently (aa) in Var. i,
ii, iy, and in \ ar. iy. botik (di) and (aa) are used.
0 often becomes (6») in Var. iy, y, as in D 24.
0' seems naturally inclined to (uu) in the form (a;'u), but ooc. becomes (6t),
probably as a variant of ((i«).
U is regularly (mJ, see p. 291, but in a few words, as (kam) come, reaches (a),
a sound otherwise well known in the district for (dag tlag fag) dog clog fog.
U' becomes generally (aa aa^) ; the transitional form from (ku) in D 21 was
evidently (&a), which occurs in Var. v, vi, with the first element thinned in Var.
iv, as (&*at) and even (6at) out, and from Haslingden, Yar. iv, I obtained (t^nm
d^'e^vn) town down. But the regular sound in this part of La. is (aa), as it is in D
24, 26, or its refinements (aa^, a^se). It is this sound which is meant by the I<a.
8]>elling eaWj invented by Collier (Tim Bobbin), and used by all La. dialect writers,
whatever be the pronunciation of their district. In Collier*s district at Eochdale.
D 21, people now say (a'ut). The forms (a'M 6u) are in D 22 reserved for EAL
and OH words, as (a em 6Mld, b6t4), old, bought, and are never confused with (aa).
In spelling, dialect writers use ow for this sound, in contradistinction to eaw.
Among consonants -.t,r -,dr -^tv^r -,dv^r) are used as in D 21, which may be
considered as containing those legitimate forms throughout that have been degraded
and altered in D 22. Otherwise (r) has the same values as in D 21, that is, (r),
p. 293. It decidedly affects the preceding vowel, as (dar) door. The r is also
at least occasionally reverted to (r) in the words our Mary vary cares queer
shai^, and even sometimes there where.
In the w. parts of D 22 (q) final becomes (qg) as (ni^qg), but this seems to die
out eastwards.
The gutturals (kh kjh) were common in Var. vi. in 1840. Cases still occur in
other {mrts of D 22, where old people use (kh) in rough tough (rM^kh tM^kh), but
as a rule it is lost, though Lei^h (5 se. Wigan) is stated to oe pronounced as
(ilB'ikjh).
The definite article seems to be normally (th), but (dh) occurs before vowels,
and even (dhn) is heard. The article is frequently assimilated, and becomes (t\
s\ k', p'). The form (V) is much more common than I had anticipated, and will
he founa in all the illustrations. But it is decidedly not the normal form here as
it is in D 24. The final (s, f, t) frequently become (z, v, d), as (dhiz r(iad, b
kAAv, nad), this road, a calf, not, but I do not know the law of change.
Medial or final (1) is sometimes omitted, as in (6ud ia'u sIue'u) old fool school.
There is a large number of very characteristic words, which are
not within the scope of this investigation, but may be seen (mixed
with those of m. and n.La.) in Nodal and Milner's Glossary, where
also a list of numerous printed works in the dialect is given.
The speech of this district is sufi&ciently homogeneous to render
[ 1762 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D22.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 331
it difficult to formulate the differences of pronunciation which
determine a variety. Of course those dialect-connoisseurs by whom
a man from each of the five modem varieties is immediately
distinguished, rely on much beside pron. They are guided by
intonation, and the use of certain words and peculiar constructions,
none of which can here be considered.
Yar. i. Ormskirk has a fine (aa*, sssd) for U', as (daa^n dasmn) down, (daan)
at Skelmersdale, and a broader sound (aa) or occasionally (aa) for I' in (toom,
faav) time, five. The 0' words have (/<u) as (duu) do, and the 0 •• , OU •• words
are treated in the same way.
Yar. ii. Bolton and Wiajan have generally only the finest (bbsb) for U' words as
(daeffin) down, and often the broad (aa) or broadest (aa) in the I' words, as (taam
tAAm) time. The 0' words are uncertainly treated with (uu, a'a) as (stuu, da$'an)
stool, done, and if it has been rightly appreciated, (daamt) don't, TH. feels
certain of the (r). The French 0 •• is (dia) in OtCi«t) coat.
Yar. iii. Chorley and Leyland. is more distinct. The U' words have the form
(&*a) as (d&'an), which on trial will be found to be a transitional pron. from
(d^^tm) to (daa'n). The I' words have the distinct form (di) as (Wi'm) time,
continually conceived as (ta'tm). The 0' and Fr. 0 •• words as before.
Yar. iv. Blackburn. Here the U' words pass back to (aa>) through (kh)
as (d&^vn daa'n), but the (di) remains or at most becomes {ko) as in (soid, saad)
side. The 0' words vary as (uu, a'u), as (skuu, bIub'u) school, the French 0 ••
in (k6vt) remains.
Yar. V. Burnley. The XT' words have {^k) again as (dfe^an), and the I' words
continue to have (at), as {idim) time. The 0 words are variously treated as
(uu, 6u), but also most peculiarly as (n6in, sp6in) noon, spoon, which appears for
O: as (6tl) hole, and for French 0 •• as (k6tt, tl6ts) coat, close. This form seems
an alteration of {Cm) through Urn). We shall find it very distinctive in D 24.
Yar. vi. The old Colne Yalley pron. is mainly distinguished by the constant
use of the guttural (khj as shewn below.
The extreme difficulty in finding phonetic differences, and the fading of the
slightly different forms mto one anotner, shew the propriety of considering these
forms of speech as insignificant varieties of one main dialect. I have selected
above merely those forms which shew some difference, the other forms are
practically identical throughout, as the following examples and cwl. will shew.
Illustrations. Through the labours of TH., continued for many
years, I am able to give satisfactory illustrations of the first five
varieties in the following interlinear cs. and dt. Only those who
have tried to represent dialectal pron. with accuracy can sufficiently
appreciate the difficulty of procuring and writing such specimens
as are here given, and the long time and attention that they have
demanded. The interlinear representation will enable the differ-
ences in the varieties to be more easily perceived. The notes shew
variants or explain differences. For the old Colne Valley Var. vi.
I am indebted to a correspondent who himself spoke the dialect in
his youth, and witnessed the loss of (kh) and the substitution of
(6m) for (okh). The five cwl. which follow have been chiefly
drawn up from wn. by TH., without introducing words from the
cs. They are all necessarily incomplete, because they contain
words actually heard and noted at the time, and speakers S'equently
did not make use of such words as it would have been desirable to
register, and constantly repeated other words, or made use of new
words comparatively imimportant for our purpose. In Var. ii. I
had valuable assistance from Bolton, and in Var. iv. from Samlesbury
by other informants, but the want of TH.'s accuracy and phonetic
[ 1763 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
'33^ fTHB KOBTH MlMJkND. [D 22.
knowledge was much felt. Precise indications are given in the
heading to each cwL
ForS iNTERLnnBAB cs.
Four Teraom of the cs. obtained and written from dictation by TH.
8. Skelmeradale {lakivvoMndil) (7 n-by-w.St. Helens, 4 ese.Ormsldrk and 12
ne.LiTerpool), representing Ormskirk or sw.La. speech, taken in June, 1878,
from dictation of BilTcster Pye, joiner, natiye, b. 1823, and his wife. This
illustrates Yar. i.
W. Westhoughton (4 wsw.Bolton and 11 e.Skefanersdale), and representing
that speech, except for V Y* words taken in July, 1876, from dictation of W.
Winward, formeny a mill-hand, then a derk, natiye, b. 1846, assisted by his
mother and sister. Westhoughton is called (:a'iif *n), the (f) replacing the old
guttural, and in refined form is (:a'tft*'n). This illustrates Yar.ii.
L. Leg^and (6 s.Preston) written in 1887 from diet, of Miss Susan Maria Ffariiu;-
ton, of Worden in Leyland, bom 1807, and since deceased, an extensiTe lan£d
proprietor, who took great interest in the language of the people, and endeaiK>ured
to give the speech as she knew it in her youth. The omitted words and pBrases
aro giyen at the end of the notes. TH. subsequently read Ids Torsion to natires
of rairington (2 n.Leyland), referred to as T and £, and one who had been
long resictent at Leyhmd, but himself a natiTe of Ambleside, We., a working
man, b. about 1827, referred to as W. Their suggestions will appear in tbe
notes. This illustrates Yar. iii.
B. Burnley (20 ene.Leyland), written in 1876-6 from dictation of James
Fielding, cotton operatiTe, D. alKmt 1846, natiye, speaking the dialect ordinarily.
This illustrates Yar. t.
The correctness of (in) for (cs'u) in 8 was ascertained by TH. in special risits
in 1888. Westhoughton had both (in, m'u).
0. Yar. L Skdmersdale, web' :d^'n bz no daats.
Yar. ii. WiMthou^htim, waa :djpn)z noo dse'ts.
Yar. iii Zeykmd. wdt :d^^n iz no dd^ats.
Yar, V. Burnley. 'wki idjon [:djA^n] az nu« dd'ats.
1. S wx'l, Ud, dhii «n fan mv butrth laal «t wot
W WB^l, :ttf^, im «n dhii m^ bu«dh la'fif «t dhtz
L wb'1, 6iMLtipip\ jd «n im m« buBth laf «t) tts
B wll, :d}ak\ hn «n dhii m« b^vdh laf «t wot
S A)m ga*tn te tBl)jv. uv kia'sz f dhat)s noodh»r ivt n«r
W nk^z V maan. {xb kjxB^z ? dhat)s noodhvr {«r nur
!L ni&z « mdhi. bUod dhad)z noodhvr f«r nur
B A)m bd^ ts BM. bur A kj^ n6tit' vbd'at tt. dhat)s
S dhfvr.
"W dh{«r.
L dhfBT.
B noodhvr {«r nvr dhfvr.
2. S dhor^z nod bb mon* «z diiz wt bl'tn laaft kty w«
W dh«r;z not bb moni fdk' dilz thro/u bl'tn k'tift cLt, w«
L Tars f hi^ fdks diin kooz dh«)r laft it,
3 dhBr)z nuun sv moni dilz btkzz dhv)r laft it, w»
I 1764 J
Digitized by LjOOQIC
1)22.]
TUB NORTH MIDLAND.
333
8 noon, ddnt wi ? wot ahtid mwk «m ?
W noon dh^t, dUonet wi ? cbsb -ktiQd dhi dii wi bl*in k'uft dt ?
L wot BBd m^k «m ?
B noon, duvnt wi nd4 ? wot shu^d dhi dii fA.'r ?
8 »t »z'nt vETt Idt kh' iz)tt ?
W it)8 not B loaklt thfqg, iz)tt?
L »d)z nod varu Idtklt, •z)fd?
B It tz'nt laikli, iz it?
3. 8 ^ ani r^ tt.wvz v dhtz rood,
W ee'EVBr it w«r djWpSt « dhtVn,
L d^asBmsvOT dhiiz is tiaks «)tli kd^s",
ro djtfoSt otfd
SB djMoSt a'dd
SB Olid
B a^ETBr dhis I'z wot A)m hi^sn to sm, sb d^u^sit old
8 dhi ndiz, mA'n, Bn bi ku^dtot dhBn a)v dil^n.
W dhi nE'iz, mA'n, Bn bi keoaat tin aa)v dt^Qn. d^u^fit
L JBr din Bn b» k^^diBt dhBn di)n dil^n.
B dhi din', m^'n, Bn bi ktrdit til A')y dil^n. nd*a
8 oLKk'n !
W aa^rk'n)dht!
B drk'n.
4. 8 A)in sErtm a fBrd Bm
B dhtcnz fook bz
W aa)m sErtin a JErd am t' see — sMqUi b dho/nz fdk oz
L di)m sart'n di iBrd Bm see — Bu^m b dhEm
B
A noo van wiil a jsrd Bm see — su^m b dh£m
BZ
BZ
8 WEnt thi^n th)wool thiq^g frB)th)fo8t dhBTSElz — dhat a
"W WEnt throf'n AA)t thiq dhBrsEl frUo)t' —
L nood it oo iro)V lost dhBrsElz —
B WEnt thrun t' wul d|ob frB)t' farst dhBrsElz —
8 did, seet vnujt.
W bigiVin tB)th iind,
Ij
B
5. 8 Bs)s) jtf^qgist lad isse1\ b grE'id lad ndin (bt 6id,
W Bs t' jw^qgist s^qU isseI', b grs'id lAd b naan jir a'ld,
L dhBt t' JM^qst sO^n isseI", b btg Idd b ndin
B dhBt th) jtioqkst lad isseI", b ga^ lad ndin JBr otid, H
8 nood 18 f^^dhBTz ydis in b minBt, by it wu^s sb
"W nood 18 f^^dhBrz ve'is in b mmit, fBr a a bz it war sb
L nood IS ftf^hBrz tois Bt wonst, dhd it WBr sb
B nood is f^MihBrz yois Bt wti^ns, dho it wa'r sb
[ 1765]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
334 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 22.
8 kM?88LR vn sktraakin, vr a had ^^vu^st im tB sps'ik
W raeaestt «ii kw^aai a, an a hihiv «z ii)<i spe'ik
L IlwIbt vn skweekinj «n di)^d .t^rtt^st Jon lAd tB spE'ik
B ku^^r Bn sb sku^^ktn, Bn ▲ kBd f^ptQsi im tB spE'ik
8 ^ ,tjiiuth ant dw, dhat a ki^^d.
W ^t' ,t^ra?'uth ant dw, dhat a d{i.
L ,t' ;t^rAuth on* dee,
B ^t' ^t^rluth ont dee^ di^ a 'kt^Qd dhat.
6. 8 Bn th)6wd wtt^mBn btseI b1 tEl ani on jb bz laafs,
W Bn tth)a'Md WM^mBn btseI b1 tsl an» on jb oz tzk'ttf'tn
L Bn dh)6M wWoUiBn BrsEl '1 tsl ont b jb
B Bn th)6Md wWoUiBn bpskI b1 tEl on* b joo Bt)8 laf 'm
8 Bn s.t.rE'tt fored, Bn aa, baat mttj bodhBr, iV Jo)l
W SB mttj, Bn lil tEl)jB rit ^Yree baa't an» bodhBr, bv jb)1
L 8;t,rEVt of, bd*at oni bodhBr, if jb
B na^, Bn td JB s^t^nt'tt fored, t^u*, bd'at ont bodhBr, ii jb)d
8 bod aks bt, weeni liu?
W dju^st aks bt, a noo ^ wil.
L aks'n Br.
B dnlt ak8)Br, wti^d^nt uu* ?
7. 8 Bt IfBst iiu toAd 'ml wEn a ak8;t)B^r oodhBr iiiM Br
W oz CB8e)t iz A ta'tld 'mii wEn a aks;t B^r tun Br
L dju^st Bz ^ toihl mii tuuthri idimz 6Br,
B Bt IfBst 1&U* tEld 'mii wEn a' ak8^t)B j b tuBthrt
8 thrii idimz (fer, Bn '{lu dtd'n but tB bt rw^qg
W thrii taamz dsr, Bn 'uu a'ut t noo,
L Bn -uu shWod'nt bt rti^qg
B i&imz (5Br, ^u* did, Bn ^u out tB noo
8 B stt^ B thtqg BZ dhtV, wod'n joo thiqk ?
W wod'n joo thtqk?
L thf'qk JB, Bbd^at sti^t^ b thtqg bz dhiz.
B n Bbd>at tt, wot thtqks)td^a?
8. 8 we'1 bz a wbs 8E';tn, •iiu)d tEl)jB wo^k Bn wEn tin
"W we'1 bz k wBr 8<;^;in, -uu)! tEl)jB aeae wfcr Bn wEn il
L we'1 bz di WBr s^^jm, 'uu Bd tEl)jB wiBr ^
B wb'1 bz a WBr swjtn, •i5iu*)d tEl)jB a'1 Bbd^t wfBr iku
8 fond ^ ^d^n^Qqk'n thiqg, bz Au kAAz Br t^oZbBnt.
W ff^^n ;t' <d,r«Qqk*n pig' bz \x kAAZ Br ^QzbBnt.
L ft^Qn ;t* ^d^rw^qk^n biBst bz il kooz Br ttQzbBn.
B f w^n dhajt (l^rw^Wn bEger [d'and] Bt liu* LaaIz Br fjelt.
[ 1766 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D22.] THE KORTH MIDLAND. 335
9. S du sw&BT ^u sii tm wtdh vr can. Hn 6,t,rEt|t aa V
"W il Bwciur li siid im wt Br oon iin Idijin sjb.rEt^t
L u swour u siid »m w* vr oon iin ldt;in 8^t,rEt|t
B itu* Bwour iiU* sii im wi «r oan iin ld»;»n l^Qq)
S Izqth on th)fluUT)r, tn iz bEst kuBt, tlds
W Bltt^qk MqPB t' graeaend, in iz gd^d BM^ndi kuBt, tick
L [IfwlJ UopB th)grd*and in iz gti^d sWondB kuBt, tWs
B leqktn on)V grd'and, in iz gti^d suQiidi k6«t, tlots
8 hi V door, daan Bt t' kA^niBT b
W bt)t th)aBaBz da'r, daeaBn Bt t' kA'niBr B)t*
L b» t' diiBT B)th d*E8, dd^ Bt t' kx^niBr b
B tu iz oon da'r, da^an Bt t' ki'mBr B)t'
S Jon loon.
W loon Jon'.
L Jon luBn.
B 16in.
10. 8 li WBZ rdBnn Bn bEl'tn
W i wBr m^^kin b ns'iz on mlBnin isseI, li sE'd, fsr AA)t'
L i WBT wdinm bwm, il se'z, far oo)th
B ii WBr mlBnin isseI
S Idik B grs'tt soft kAAT.
"W warld laak b tjdlt bz iz piiBrlt, Br b litl wEnti bz iz pw^t ae^t
L WAVld Idik B badli tjdilt, Br b litl WEnsh in b frE?.
B Idik B liVl tjdild Bt WBr puBrli, Br b ItVl Wi Bt wBr m^Lrd.
8
W B)t^ rood WI swQmBt.
B
11. 8 Bn dhat ap'nt B)th wasbN'n dee^ bz tin Bn bt
W on AA dhat ap'nt, o)t' wAUWin dee^ bz a'r Bn Br
L Bn dhat ap'nd bz ii Bn Br
B Bn aaI dhia ap'nd bz a'r Bn Br
8 d6ii^t^B^r)in)lAA kuum thrda t^ bak^ jo^rd, wEn
W da'u^t^B^r)in)lAA kuum tbruu t^ bak^ JA'rt, d^w^st bz
L dow^tB/ I loo kuum thruu tf bak' foild, ire
B ladz wdif k^um thruu t^ bak jcl[rd frB
8 dhi)d bin iqgin th)tluBZ dt,
W dhi)d bin Eqgin t^ tluBz »t h ^ drE'i,
L iqpra'n d^at f^ wit tluBz tB ^d^rdi on(f wEshN'n dee;
B iqin t^ tloiz £*at Bt^ wEsKin dee,
[ 1767 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
336 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 22.
12. S \ro/l f kEt'l WBZ hdilin for t^^, WA^n fom
"NV \raal t^ kEt'l \rur bE'f Im fsr t^ bagin, WA^n gr^^t
L wd/1 [t^] kjrt'l wtjn?b6<lin fer [t^] t^tf, on a brit
B wol f kEt'l \nir boilin fBr t^ tw, won rE'tt
8 aftBm/iun i ) sttQmur, oonl* « wiik'^ t^ nEks
W faan 8«QmtJr af^tB^muun, na'wbBt « wtk^ sm f nEks
L fdm sw^mur af^tu^muun, nabvt « wtk' sm t^ neksLt
B fdf'n af tB^r ji^un t stimBr tdim, nabBt n wik sm f nEks
S thA^rzdB.
W tharzdt.
L thAVzdB.
B tbarzdt.
13. S Bn, ddnt jb noo? a ntrBr (Brd nB muBr Bbaat tt tB
W on dii^n joo noo ? a nE^-Br lE^mt nd muBr t»n dhis
L Bn iBTn JB ? at nEVBr {Brd ont muBr b dhiz
B Bn dtf^n jb noo ? a nEVBr j£rd nuB muBr on tt frB
S dhiz dee^ Bsh shuuBr bz
W BbscsDd dhad biznt'z fro dhad dM t^ dhtV, osh shc^uBr bz
L biznBZ Uq'p tB tBdtftf, Bsh 8buBr)z
B dhat dee tB dhtV, Bsh sh^UBr bz
S mdi n#^m)z wot it iz, Bn a ddnt kj^ Bbaat it,
W maa n^tfm)z :djak rsliEpBrd, on a ddnt want t' da'u
L mt n^tfmlz :d|An :wA't"n, Bn at ddnt want noodhBr,
B mAA n^«m)z :d^ak, Bn a duBnt wa*nt tB diliu
8 dtion)jBnoo?
W noodhBr, sWq neece jo an tt,
L dhfBr- naa !
B noodhBr, sit^ naa dhen\
14.
8 Bn naa A)m gu-tn
W a)m gu-tn
L Bn Bu dt)m gutn
woom tB)mt)8WQpBr. gw^d
wiiom)p^ mt st^oPBr niBaB. gw^d
_ ,^ „ uBm tB mt st^opBr. gw^d
B Bn na^a a)1 bi pdt kin of wa^m tB mt sn^pBr. sti^ gu^d
8 nit, Bn ddnt bt sb rEdt tB kroo (Jlbt anibodt
W nit, an dtiQ)nBt bt sb sbae'rp ot^ kroo-in <fer b tjap
L n)t, Bn duQ)niQt bt sb kt^tk tB kroo dBr b bodt
B nit, Bn duBnt bt sb BEdt BgiBn Bt takin fok of,
8 BgJE'n, wEn ii)z tAAktn Bbaat 6iit.
W f nEks taam bz iz tAAkm Bbajfiet a'tit.
L BgJE'n, WEn i tdks b wod i nooz on.
B WEn dhB)r tAAktn Bbd^at out.
[ 1768 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D22.]
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
337
15. S ii vru^d bi v Baft fuu «8 tclkt baat an» reez^n, vn
W dhuyr wck fa?'uz bs prMs bceoDt sehs. tin
L 101)2 wek fuu t?8 prets ba*at wtfz'n. vn
B l)z nab^ b gart fuul ut tAxks ba^at seus. bii
S (Ihat)s AA Bz A^ Ev tu SEE tjbaat ft. so gw^d nit.
"W dhat)s AA «z k av fur V si. gt^^d nit.
L dhad)z mi last wA^rd. gw^d nit.
B dhat)s aaI vt aa)v tu see uba*at tt. bWq gw^d nit.
JVo/^« /o SkelmersdaU cs., p. 332.
1. lad ox iiiti^m), etc.
4. M/f or (shttuor) sure.
5. that the youngest ^ there is an
assimilation of (th) to (sj. — queer or
(kicaaLR), observe reverted (a). — trusty
observe deutality.
6. uithout much bother or (wtdhaat
ant bodhBT).
%. a» J was saying f or {vz a SE*d) as
I said. — thing or hg') bo^, pig.
9. best or (sWonaB) Sunday. — door or
(dAAT).
1 1 . daughter-in-law or (dhEsr .-djnk's
waif) their Jack*8 wife. — yard, possibly
with (r).
13. to this day or (stu) since. — as
sure as my nanui^s what it is^ or (vsh
shwuTjr Tjs tMop)8 mWot'n) as sure as
tup, i.e. ram, is mutton, or (ssh sh^uvr
T!Z m{Li neem)z :diak .-shspurd) as sure
as my name's Jack Shepherd.
14. / am going hotne, or (a)1 gu
woom) I'll go home.
ybtes to West Houghton cs., p. 332.
0. whyy at "Westhoughton (waa), but
at Bolton generally (wc/t), and so for
other long r, Y' woros.
1. Tom, (:djak) Jack, etc., represent
the plainest peasant speech, (:t«jjni,
rdpnt) Tommy, Johnny, etc., used to
cMldren and youths ; adults in * quiet
and homely' speech say (rtw m^z,
:wtl*iBm, :d|<?^mz) Thomas, Wifliam,
not (:wil*JBm), James, etc. — thee.
Children -and young people thou each
other generally, and adults Mom children,
parents thou their children of all ages,
husbands and wives and older people
who have been familiar from youth,
thou each other ; to thou a senior would
be an offence. This is a general custom
in the NM. group. — laugh, more rudely
(l<Ji«#f). — cares, or (kj^Rz). TH. sayi
\V. ^ve the latter and his sister the
one in the text, and that he also wrote
(kje'Rz) and found it the most difficult
word to analyse.
2. there^s not so many folk dies, or
(dhBr)z « vsri tuth'ri fok* «z d/iz) there
is a very two-three [small number of]
folk as dies. How could they die,
4. all the thing, or (th)wool thiq)
the whole thing.
6. rusty, between (rajajstt^ and
(raa^stt), it stands for the dialectal
form rousty.
7. as how it is hoo told, observe (ii,
uu) for hoo = she.
10. he were making a noise and
moaning himself,
11. yard, also (jic'rd).
13. till this, sometimes (tEu). — so
now you have-n it,
14. aught, or (anithin) anything.
15. say, here (st) but (s^) in par. 4.
Notes to Zeyland cs., p.
0. doubts, (&^a) apnears to be the
normal form for U' and ou- words, but
in L. and Farington villages TH.
observed several examples witn the (a)
very faint, and in two or three heard
(aa*) only.
1. you, (dhi) is the ordinary form
used as in Chapel, D 21. — him. Miss
Ff gave (1), but both T and E believe
(tm) to be the normal form, and also
TH. thinks the proper form of both is
(bfiBdh).
2. die-n. Miss Ff said (dam) in error,
probably both (diiz, diin) are used. —
lauohed at. Miss Ff wrote and said
(laf'n)).— wAa<, Miss Ff had (wat).—
S.I. Pron. Part Y.
[ 1769 ]
113
Digitized by LjOOQIC
338
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
[D22.
mak€y TH. savB rmak) most probably,
W adds * by elderlv people.*
3. howsoever^ Miss Ft had (&*H6«m-
nEVBr) corrected by T. — the facts, (th)
assimilated to (f), inserted by TH. —
pourj (dhi) is the ordinary form. — until
I have doMy for (at)n), W would write
fai)v). Can (ai)n) be an alteration of
(dtW), the (m) assimilated before (d) P
* I m done * for * I've done * ia not un-
frequently heard.
4. certain (sart'n), ^erally. — I
heard J unemphatic. / is oftener (a)
than (di)\ all " (oo) certainly," TH.;
(aa) Miss Ft^Jirst (fast), T.
6. fathers, (f^^fdhBrz) T., (fadherz)
Miss Ff. — voice, (va'is) Miss Ff. — Fd
better (A)d). — sqtteaking, (skwakin) T
and W, or (skriitinj W. — speak, (spB'tk)
T, (sp^rk) Miss Ff .
6. if you ask'Cn her, or (if jo aks
w), or (iv JB n6Mt bwi aks^t B^r) T, if
you nought but asked her.
7. wrong, (roqg) Miss Ff, (rw^qg,
raqe) W.— wirA, TH. thinks that
probably (stt|) is the normal sound,
and says that he has heard (mtti) twice.
8. as I, or (bz k),— beast (blBst) is
sg. Miss Ff said (Mbs), which is
plural.
9. eyes (iin) E, (diz) Miss Ff. —
stretched laid upon the ground, or (Bt
fw^ lEqkth ont' gr&'and) E.Sunday,
this is E's reading, (best sw^ndB kfint)
is also used, "W ; (sw ndi) Miss Ff . —
close by the door, or (tlos tB)t' dfiwr) E.
10. whining or (0Bl*tn) bellowing,
W, --world (wA'rld) E ; (w^ld) Miss
Ft^badly, E's reading; (stk) Miss Ff.
— little wench in a fret, {Jibuti wBnsh)
naughty wench is much more idiomatic,
E
11. happend, (ap*nd) E ; (ap'nt)
Miss Ff. — her daughter-in-law, or (ar
:ditmz waif) E. — came (kw m) Miss
Ft. : (kuum) F^.^clothes, (tlCiBz) E ;
tl6iz) Miss Ff, which seems impossible.
—dry, (,d.rii) Miss Ff; (,<rai) E,
who prefers tne following rendering of
the end of this paragraph, (fro iqgtn t'
tl(iBZ k'at B)th wBsh^in ^), from
hflngipg the clothes out on the washing
day.
12. boiling (b6tltn) E; bc/tlin Miss
Ft.'-tea, also (bag' in, ,d,riqkin) used at
farms Vf.— bright, (o b bro'it') Miss Ff ;
(on B brit*) E.— woAiM<=only, (nabBt)
E ; (nobBt) Miss Ff. — thursday,
(thATzdi) Miss Ff ; (thA'rzdB) E.
13. hear-en, by elderly people.— 7
never, I donU, (a) is more usual than
Uli),-^sure, (shiuBr) W. — John want,
Miss Ff. adds (tu) to, which E
excides.
14. so I am, (su {di)m) E, (so di)z).
Miss Ff, which is n.La. — hoHtc {dvm),
E. — do)not, (damd) E, where (r)
seems an error if pronounced.— ^uirXr,
(sharp, rEdi) "E. — again, (cgiBn) E,
but W confirms the text for Leyland.
E would render par. 14 thus, (bu naa
A)m gu'in (kBm tB mi sfi^pBr. gtiji
nit, BU damd [(r) distinct] bi sb rsdt tB
kroo 6Br b boot Bgisu, weu i toks b wad
i nooz si/gmBt Bbk'at) .
15. it is, («t)8) Miss Ff. E would
render the paragraph thus : (id)z n6irt
bud B fuu Bs prrts D4*at seus. bsd V)l
SE n6t/t UB mCiBr. s6b g/i^d nit).
Omitted Words.
As will be seen in the version Miss
Ff omitted many words and phmses in
the cs. TH. questioned her and ob-
tained the following results.
1. neighbour, (uBbBr) " used by
elderly people, W'* or (niibur),
which TH. thinks should be (n^bur).
— who cares ? (woo kj^KZ P), T says
(fiB).
2. men, mE n. — we know, don t we f
(wi noon, du^B wi ?).
3. hold, (6«d) Ff and W.— «oiw,
(n6iz) Ff and W. ^friend (frEnd).
4. folks (foks).
6. great boy ijgreei hoi). — aye, I
would (ki, di WM^t). W corrects to
(ww^d).
6. too (tun). — only (oonli). — oh!
wonU she? (oo\ wiuBt uuP). — fnuch,
(mit|) W.
7. leastways (liist w«ra). — when I
asked her (weu di aks t)B,r). — did she
(did uu). — ought not (6irt'ut). — point
(p6int). — what do you think? (w3d)'n
joo thtqkP).
8. how (&'b). — when (weu').
9. at full length (Bt fw^l lEOth),
<< sometimes (iBnth),*' but this TH.
doubts.
10. girl(gsi\),
11. yard(ikid).
12. one (wa'u). — only, see 6. — come
13. do you know ? (dw^n jb noo P)—
learned (lAmd). — Shepherd, (ishBDBrt)
MissFf ; (:shEpBrd)T. — either [oodhvr) .
14. this, that, toother (dhis, dhat,
tu^dhBr).
15. goodbye {gujd bat), used only for
a long leavetaking.
[ 1770 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D22.]
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
339
Miss Ffarington also gave the follow-
ing account of an Easter ** lifting,** as
overheard by herself between 1827 and
1837 from an eyewitness, probably a
servant or labourer, speaking in the
Leyland dialect, and written down by
her at the time.
wsn id^eemz wa. itu^mBZ vn :djak* vn
when James and Thomas and J nek and
^ii^tB^r \iu^m U lift :Elin, ti pM^nsht
Peter came to lift Ellen, she panehed
im ti skrif wa. ix ntpt wa. ii
and she shrieked and she nipped and she
skrat* ; vn ti kjtkt :d|0nnz, tm Ci
scratched ; and she kicked James, and she
b^Bd .j)ii,tB,r, bu d iM^gd itu^mvZf xm.
basted Peter, and she lugged Thumas, and
£i 8tamptt/oPB)th*fl6Br,Bn d skrlt
she sttmped upon the floor, and she shrieked
mVrdhBT !
murtherl
Here basted means beat violently,
luffffed pulled by the hair. This speci-
men was said by W to be (gr^edlt :mos),
that is, exactly in the Leyland Moss
dijilect.
Notes to Burnley cs., p. 332.
1 . Jacl% theey salutations and address
as in the other places. — him and tKee,
the fracture (ti) is said to be not so
marked as inCh. D 25, (i) being nearer
(i), perhaps fPi) majr be meant, most
persons woula hear simple (ii). — but I
care nought about it, the {t) of but be-
coming a (r^ as very usual.
3. /*m boun to «ay, meaning am
going to say.
4. through^ the sound has now been
ascertained to be (6u) not ((s'u). In
many words the lips are rather pouted
or projected for the (u) in this fracture,
thus (ttu^), but not so much as at
Oldham, see par. 6, tuu, hoc (t^',
ttu*) etc.
8. beggar or hound—fellow,
9. coat, eloaef lane, the last taken as
lone; these (6t) forms will be found
again in D 24.
10. laes that were marred^ i.e. a
spoiled child.
11. and her kuTt wiffy or (bu dh^Br
:d}tm w&tf) and their Jim^s wife, the
's omitted.
13. as my name's Jaek, or (bz AA)m
iBr) as I*m here.
14. piking of!, stealing off, going
away quietly.— teAriii^/o/*©/; mocking
people, or m the sg. (taktn b ^p af,
wsn t)z tAAktn BbS'st (mi) taking a
chap off when he*8 talking about any-
thing.
Two IirrEBUKBAB dt.
illustrating Yar. iv. Blackburn, both pal. in 1879 by TH. from dictation.
B Blackburn, from a moulder, a native, b. 1850.
H Hoddlesden (4 se. Blackburn, 2 eee. Over Darwen station), from a collier, a
native, b. 1858.
1. B 8<}, A SEE, ladz, 30 sii naa* A.)m rE'tt Bbaa't dhat liVl
H 8u«, A. BEE, ladz, J« 8l iid'a dh^ A)m rit vbd^at dhat liVl
B las kM^intn frBin)8 skuu jond.
H las ktiomtn fn)t^ sk^u jond.
2. B tL)z gu)in daa^n th) ru«d dhfw thniu)t' rEd g]eet on)t' lEft
H ii)z gu)fii dil*8ii)t' ruBd dhfer thruu)t^ rEd gjM on)t^ lift
B and Bdid,
H ant saad B)t^ ru-vd.
[ 1771 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC J
340 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 22.
3. B 6ii)ji?, th)tjdilt)8 gon [gA^n] s^t^rEVt w^p tB)V duw t?)t'
H 8ii)ju, th)tja|_ald)z guon B^t^ni'tt «oP' ts)V duBr B)t'
B n^^q a's,
H raq a*os.
4. B wftjr u)l ap'n famd dhat ^d^rw^qk'n dEf' falu t?t)8 pcftnin
H TTiur u)l ap'n fa^and dhat .d^rw^qk^ii diBf wiz'nd Mu
B vwee; iz iieem)z :tom.
H vz dht koon -.tWoin.
5. B wi 00 noo im vEri \riil.
H wi 00 noon tm varB wiil.
6. B w^«it th)6Md t^ap suun tE'ftjt nr not ts du it Bgitin,
H wamt dh)6Md tjap sunn tE'itj «r not t« du it ugiun,
B puBT thtq !
H putjr th»q!
7. B 8ii)ju! tVnt-ft tniu?
H 8ii)jB ! f z*nt tt ,t,ruii wod a bm tEltn jb ?
Vak. vi. Old Colne Valley.
Colne (:k6«n) (6 nne.Bumley) has now practically the same
speech as Bumley, but in 1840 it was different. The district
considered extends through Colne from Pendle Hill (:pEn'l :»1) to
Boulsworth Hill. My informant, Mr. Hartley Stuttard, was in
1878 national schoolmaster at Plympton, Dv. (4 e.Plymouth). He
was a native of Pendle Hill, and states that when a boy he had
*' special opportunities of hearing the hand-loom weavers who lived
in the small farm cottages in the hill-side in what was known in
old times as Pendle and Trawden (2 se.Colne) Forests. During
the 20 years he had been away the dialect had completely changed
and become a bastard Yo., from the mechanics who were engaged
fitting the mill machinery and from the ^ hands ' who cross and
rccross the Pennine chain."
The following table shews the pronunciation of a few words in
1840 when Mr. Stuttard was a child, and in 1855 when he left the
place. He says that in 1877, when he revisited the place, he was
able to speak the dialect of 1855, which his brother who had
remained there all the time hardly recognised, and also found many
words extinct which he remembered in use. I am indebted to Mr.
John Shelly of Plymouth (see D 11, p. 162) for obtaining this
interesting information from Mr. Stuttard.
[ 1772 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D22.]
THB NORTH MIDLAND.
341
in 1840.
CJoLNE Valley TRomrsciATiov.
in 1855.
fot
foti
th6ut
thokht
ntkjht
niit
raklht
rokht
FE'lt
rE'tkt
bokht
b6Mt
sikjh
sakht
Mi
86/(t
sakh
BU,\ih
shnukh
BhuA
tr6ukh
drokh
r6ttkh
n)kh
t6iikh
takh
rec. spelling,
fetch
thought
night
right
reached
bought
eigh
sought
sough
shoe
trough
rough
tough
CoLNE Valley dt. 1840 pron.
Mr. Stuttard wrote the following dt., in his own orthography, to represent the
1840 pron., and gave such ample explanations, that I tliink my interpretation
gives a very fair representation of the soimds he meant to convey.
1. sUqB a se tjaps JO si naa'a Bt A)m rfi'ikjht «bd*at dhat liVl Ws
Bt wur kamm frB)t' skutl jondhsr.
2. uu)z ba'an da*an t' loin dhiw thruu t^ red jM B)t' Isft and
BB'td «)t' ruBd.
3. siuBr Bnokh t' tjdi\d)z guun ra/ikht M^p to t' dar B)t' raq d^as.
4. wfBr uu)l apBn fcfmd dhat dhru^kliBn diof wtz'nd Mi kauld
5. aaI on UqB noon tm will Bnokh.
6. wfBnt dh)6tid tjap sum laam vr to nutm duu)t Bgiim, puBr
thiq!
7. sii JO ! did'nt a t£l sub ?
JVb^ to Colne Valley dt.
1. 80f the vowel here written (nj is
said to be '^ a cross '* between (nu) and
(m). — «ay, with emleg^ which in these
regions I interpret as (b). — matetf
recently come into use ; chaps, lads,
lasses, folk, were common. — you, (joo)
plural only, (jaa) was eanally common
in 1840, bat was generallv used for the
singular. There was tne customary
use of tJiou and you, — Mf, (si) ''shorter
than ee but longer than « in piny —
nowy ** long a as in land ** followed by
(a). — rightf "r as in Scotch.*'— /rom
the tehool, Mr. Stuttard writes the
equivalent of (fret* t* sktiuil), saying
*' the becomes (t*) suspended from the
last word, but there is also added a
ver^ slightly-sounded and almost in-
distinguishaole (t) to the next word,"
see p. 317. As (f). represents that the
position of the tongue for (t) is undLs-
turbed till the next word be^ns, I have
not written the (t) twice over. — yonder,
the (dhm:) was possibly Mr. Stuttard' s
interpretation of dental (.de.r).
2. ehe)8, (uu) ''like the oo in fool, h
is used when emphatic.'* In the em-
phatic form (tz), similarly [k am, a
war, A Ev bin, a sd bin, a sol hi, a sol
«v bin). — therCy " the-ur would rhyme
with tee-ur not •ee-evy'* this distinction
I do not understand. — through the red,
" with a slight aspirate before r,'»
which I do not hear of elsewhere, pos-
sibly (Lrhrsd). — gate^ {teet) was the
common form. — on the, (B)t') with the
n omitted and the (t*) suspended. —
handy the aspirate generally omitted
[ 1778 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
342 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 22, V i.
and rarely inserted. — side, **a Tery on the other hand, within the district
pure and fine long i, obtained by draw- Umffs, long^ prong , are called *' (taqz,
ing back the comers of the lip, not as laq, praq). — Jind, **like fined, p.t.
in 10., where the word becomes si-id J* ^ /and, pp. fun '* (Wind, fand, iujo), —
I have endeavoured to represent this, drunken, with (kh) as in L., " drunk
probably unsuccessfully, by the form is not used, but / have drunken, they
(B'i), but elsewhere in La. it is (rfi) in are drunken.** — wizzened, (sr-) not
this word. — road, with a slight sound (shr.)used,<Arimp* = (8rtmps). — called,
of v> after r, possibly (ijwfiBd). It " natne is a new word in the district,
may be merely tnat the (u) begins before pronounced ' * {jieem) .
the (r) ceases. 5. him, the (») never omitted (a tsld
3. ture, ^s) very sibilant, not (shj. — im) sg., (a tnld «m) pi. — well enough
enough, ** hke ou in tough, which is or very well (vart wiil|.
pronounced toch like loch,** — right or 6. u:ofi*t, (wintit) is as common as
straight (sthrB'tt). — up, '* Lancashire (wiont). — teach is (tB'it}),but (laam) is
i#." — door, "rhymine with cur,** — commoner. — her, **r not trilled.*' I
wrong, "w suppressed" but he does write (r) final as explained on p. 294, 1.1,
not hint at (raqg) or (ra^qg). but, as there shewn, believe the sound is
4. chance, (apBu) happen is given as at most (r) or some form of (t J. — not
the common word, but {ipxtss, amOT, to do it is rendered to none do it.
pan), chance, hammer, pan, as the 7 look is (luuk) with long (uu). —
pron. ''on the skirts of the district ; %sn*t it true i^tntit it thrhir').
Vab. i. Obhskibk cwl.
constructed from wn. by TH. for
0 Ormskirk (7 se.Southport). In 1888 TH. found (uu) to be normal.
£x. (it a'Ibz dti z jifuz w<rtin b dhat ^t^r^, it always does use waiting
of [to wait for] that train.
S Skelmersdale (7 nnw.St. Helens), see also the Interlinear cs. p. 332.
Ex. (dha mA'nt stt sv nim: f waa «r dha)l d|6ii dht jsd vgJKU f waa w»
puujin Bt dhffit iuj. [tof ] b/if), thou mustn't sit so near the wall or
thou' It jolt thy head against the wall with pulling at that tough beef.
P Preecot (4 wsw.St. Hdens). (tr dr) not (^t^ ^d,r) probably through influence
of Liverpool.
£x. (i SBZ dha)r gu;tn f pl^ su^m klag soolz tmnont), he says thou-art
going to play some clogsoles [ao work] to-morrow. — {po o ! kA'm ^jsr
Bm stri'it Bt AA^, o-oh ! can t [(r) certain to TH.] get them straight
at all. — (so)Bn jo tu), so have-n you too.
N Newton (4 e.St. Helens), the dialect was reported by a railway porter (from
St. H.) to have altered considerably since he came there 13 or 14 years before
1874.
W Warrington, generally (^t,r), but occaaionallv (tr). It was stated that the se.
and ne. suburb varied in speech, thus se. (dk^n dog' boon b&'il), ne. (taa^ns
iind daa% dag' b6Bn bs'tl) town's end down dog bone boil, confirmed in 1888.
Ex. (ft wA'ks on it JBsd, bu it wA'ks on it t^^l, Bn aa), it walks on its head,
and it walks on its tail, and all. — (kam on, dha)l stf ), come alon|^,
thou'It see. — {ii UBsr wil bti, bz Iw^qg bz dhaa)l kiip im fBr tharttiin
shilin B wik), ne never will be, as long as thou'It keep him for thirteen
shillings a week.
I. WeSSEX AlO) NOBSE.
A- 19 0 tAfl. A: 43 P onz [hands]. 55 0 th)BB')ool [the ash hole].
A:orO: 60 S lii^qg. 61 8 S-tTii^qg. 64 Wm^q. A'- 67 N giu, S gtiB.
69 S na'ti. 72 OP 6b. 74 OS tuu. 76 SP t6Bd. 81 S loon. 84 0 m^Br.
87 0 tl6BZ kl6BZ. A': 107 W lof . 115 0 w6m, ON wa'm, S woom, W wA'm.
118Sb(iBn. 122 S noon. 124 OSPstoon. 137 P noodhBr.
[1774]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 22, V i, ii.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 343
-E'- — 0 ra'ttj [to reach]. 190 0 kJB'J. M'l 209 0 niw, devbt.
213 P wdhOT. 214 P n^fdhBr. 224 S BniwatR. 227 S wiit.
E- 232 S brB'ik. 233 0 sps'ik. 236 S ws'tv. 243 P plw. — OPW
B'it [to eatl. 261 OP mi'tt. E: 261 P see, 262 W w«». — P iu^V'*,jan
stksptfoiis [twopence sixpence, last (wj distinct]. E'- 290 S /i. 292 P
mti. F: 306 S ti. 306 S I'tt. 312 P ior.
£A- 320 0 kjaB*. EA: 324 0 s'tt. 326 0 w&k. 326 0 a'ud, P 6ui.
334 0 ee^i [halfpenny]. 342 S o'LRm. 343 S wa'tRm. EA'- 347 SP
iBd. EA': 350 S dl«d. — 0 biem [a beam]. 360 OS tiBm. 366 S
gTB'tt. — S da'tt [dew].
EI- 372 P aa» [inclining to (eeaB)]. EO: 396 P jn^qg. 419 P jor
[your], EO'- 410 W4u. 411 Pthni. — S ,t,r/i [treeT. — 0 shiut
[to shoot]. EO': 423 S thti. 426 W lUt. 426 SP fs't?. 428 S sii.
434 0 bJBt. 436 P jo.
I- 442 S ivtn. 444 S still. 446 P noon rinclining to (naan)]. I: 468
0 nB'it nfit, OS nJt. 469 S rit'. 461 W lirt Uvs jb lat"n on im, /i)l stik tin
JB AA ntit) if you light on smeet with him he* 11 stick to you all night, that is, till
you go home]. r- — P rood [to ride]. 492 P sood [inclining to (saadVl.
494 OW [between] toom taam. — 0 woop [to wipe]. — P thaati. T:
600 0 U\%\i, P loak. 602 P foor. 608 P mail [probably refined for (moal)].
609 0 woal. 610 OP moon.
0- 622 SW op^ 0: 660 S WA'rd. 0'- 668 P liiuk. 669 P
mii^dhBT. 660 SPW sk^. 664 P sihm. 667 P t'tM^dhBT. 0': 669 P
b^nk. 680 S tii^. 684 S stuu. 686 P dicu*. 696 S fuut.
U- 603 0kam,Wki*^in. 606Wd6uBr. 607WbWo»tB^. XT: 616 08
Sut^nd. 632 W w^ U'- 640 S kjaa [pi. (kiaaz)]. 643 0 naa^ mes. 660
SP BbaaH. XT': 668 OP daa n, S daan, N daa^^n d&«m [a youth said colliers and
country people at N. say fdaa*n), and so for the U' words, out Tillafe people say
(d&tm) ; to TH. in 1874 tne boys and youths of the Tillage seemed generally to
use (i!u) or a sound between that and (&u), but that (aa^ a*) cropped up oc-
casionally and unconsciously, and was the normal sound]. 669 0 teffiuz. 663
0 8B*s [as in (wsshje's, Ml;8e*s) washhouse, alehouse], N &us, W I'm. 667 0 se't.
T- 682 S \d%i [a few, a small quantity of]. T: «91 OP moond. 701
0 lujii, Y': 709 0 fi'm.
n. Ekolish.
0. — P fag [fog]. — SP dag [dog]. — SP tlag [clog], 766 S mrfi ,dB,r,d.
— 0 shaaH [to shout], U. 806 S kn#odz.
m. EOHANCE.
A .. 830 0 thr^fli [rather than (»t,r^], W tr#fli ,t,r#fli. 839 P bxA [ball].
861 S ant Ueeni) oldl E .. 867 SP t**. — S :niubrBf fatB [Newborough
fair, 2J n. S]. 890 JP Wbs [cows, the sg. is (kjaa»)]. I .. aitrf Y .. — P
sari [surah]. — P raa^nd [round]. — P mw^nB [money]. 947 P brfil. 948
S bru, P b6ii. — W kraan [a crown], U • 963 W kii^at. 966 P d%\,
Var. ii. Bolton and Wigan cwl.
B Bolton (:b6t<t*n), from the wl. in io. furnished by Mr. Charles Rothwell*
surgeon ; conjecturally pal. by AJE. with the help of Bh and W below.
The (o/u, i\)f if they occur, have been confounded with (uu, ii).
Bh Bolton from wn. by TH.
W Wigan (:wt^tn), from wn. by TH. (r) frequent and of medial length, but
not so specially marked,
Ex. (A)shBa)B btn tii'too'tBl naa\ bt «t ad)nB btn fBr :an, ^u)z sb shA'rt),
I should haye been teetotal now, if it hadnH been for Ann, she*s so
short [hasty-tempered] — (wt)n gJBt*n b ysri gu^d stant), we haye-n
gotten a yery good start. — {ii fayBrz sw^Br wait), it fayours
[= resembles] summer well-nigh.
Wh Westhoughton (4 wsw. Bolton), wn. by TH,, see also the interlinear cs. p. 332.
[ 1776 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
344 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 22, V ii.
I. WeSSEX AJn> NOBSE.
A- 4 B t«rk, tak. 6 B m^^k, mak. 16 B doon. — WTi n^jeet [ajrate,
going onl. 20 B loom [rare]. 21 BW n«rra. 23 B soom. 24 B shoom.
32 B bath [same as noun]. 33 B rnwlhBr. 36 B thoo. A: 39 B kuum.
40 BWh kOTi. 41 B thEqk. 43 B ont, Wh ont ond. 44 B bud lont. 47
B wan,dB^r. 60 Bh tw^qz. — Wh kA[^nit [cannot]. 61 B mon, fEli. 64
B Wh want. 65 B th)E8. 66 B wEsh. A: or 0: 60 B Iw.q?. 61 B
vmu qg Brnw^qk. 62 B s.t^rWoqg. 63 BBh thr«^,qg. 64 B rw^q^. 66 B sw^qg.
A - 67 Bh gu, B g6B. 69 BW na'u. 76 B t6Bd. 83 B miBn. 84 B
mdm. 86 B oois. 87 B klCiBZ. 89 B bdBth. 96 B throo. 99 B thrt/.t.
A'- 102 B aka. 104 B rood. 106 BW brood. 108 B da'wf. Ill BWh
a'ut. 113 B wu^. 116 B wM^m, W ws'm woom. 122 B noon. 123 B naut,
Wh naqk [obs. expression for (nathiqk) nothing, with its correlative (aqk) any-
thing]. 124Wh8toon. 128 B dhuuz. 136WhtlA'th. 136 B oodhcr.
£' BBh fMtlhBT. 140 B eel. 141 B n^d. 142 B smvl. 144 B BgBn.
160 B llBst. 162 B wa.tB.r. 163 B sa.tB.rdt. M: 166 B thstj. 160 B
hBg. 161 BBh dfe. 172 B graas. 174 ssh. 176 B faast. 179 wot is)t?
[what is it Y]. JE'- 182 B ss't, Wh see, 183 B tE'itj. 187 Ubv. 190 B
kE't. 192 B mlBn. 194 B oni. 196 B mant. 202 B jst. JE'i 216 B t6tit.
216 BWh diBl. — Wh niE'il [a meall. 223 B dhiBr ["a rarer form, used
when a job is completed satisfactorily,'' (ohE'tJBr, *dhat)*l anu), there, that will
do, (dhBr) unaccented]. 224 BBh wiBr. 226 W fls^tsh. 226 B mtiBst, W
mdtst. 227 Bh wst.
E- 231 Bh tth [often, P(,tth)]. 232 B brBik. 233 BWhWspE'ik. 284
B ni'id. 236 B wb ir. 236 B t><rVBr. 246 Wh mB'il. 247 B ween. — Wh
s'tt [eat]. 261 B ms'tt. £: ~ W B'tv [heave, raise]. 261 B see. 262 B
wee. 266 Wh wiil. 269 W misE-l [myself]/' 270 Wh i. baliz, ii. bait. F-
301 BjBr)im [hear him]. E': 806BLE'i,"Whii. 306 BWh E'it. 312 Bh iBr.
EA- 317 B flii. 320 B kEir. Bh kisEr. EA: 322 B la'uf. 323 B
fa'Mt. 324 Bh s'ltpBns [eightpence], Wh B'it. 326 BWh a'tid. 327 Wh
ba't<d. 328 BBh ka't#d. 329 B fa'ud. 330 BBh t'ud. 331 B sa'ud. 332
BW ta'Md. 383 B kxAf. 334 B aav, Bh eepni [halfpenny]. 336 BW aa, oo.
336 BW fAA foo. 337 BW waa woo. 338 WhBhW kAA. 340 B jsrd.
342 B arm [(ar) in 340, 342, 343 is conjectural, the sound is written er and
thus described '* a slightly extra stress on the vowel, a prolongation of sound as
thouffh the voice had to reach the saddle e from the horse-block a, a touch with
one boot-toe and you are on, viz. tgerm^ yet they are one sound.** I get (ar) at
Blackburn]. 343 B warm. 346 B daar dBBr. EA'- 347 BWh JBd [the
informant at Wh noticed that there was a habit of prefixing (j^ to words
beginning with a vowel in singing]. EA': 360 B dSBcl. 363 B brsd br^d.
364 B shiBf. 366 B diBf. 366 B lisf. 367 B dho dh6Mf. 369 B niibBr.
360 BW tiBm. 361 BWh biBU. 366 BW grs'tt. 368 B diBth. 371 B
stroo. EI- 372 B aa, Wh &i. EI: 378 B week. EO: 393 B biJont.
■— dw'rk [dark]. 396 Bh waark. 399 B briit. — Wh brw^n [bum]. 403
Bh fa'r. 406 B aarth. 407 B faardhin. EO'- 410 B uu, Bh iu*, W d.
411 Bh thrii. 413 B div*l. 414 B flii. 417 B tjuu. EO': 423 B thu.
424 B ruuf. 426 B liit. 426 B fs'tt. 434 B biBt. 436 B Joo. £Y-
438 B dii.
!• 440 BBh wtk. — Bh gjtv [give]. 444 B stiil. 446 B no'tn. 449 Wh
gJBt'n [gotten]. I: 462 8 a. 458 BBh niit, BhW nit ntit. 469 B riit.
462 B fflit. 466 B stt|. 468 B tjtldBr. 473 B Mint. 476 B th)wtnt. 487 B
jEs^tB^rdi. r- 492 B sfe'id, Bh said, W SAAd. 493 B drs'iv. 494 B
taam, W tAAm. 496 B BtBrn. I': 600 B laak, W lAAk [inclining to
(liwk)]. 602 BW fflov. 603 Wh laaf . 604 B naaf, Bh nAAf . 606 B wA'if
waaf, "W WAAf wrfif . 608 B maal. 609 B waal. 611 B wo'in. 616 B wo'iz.
0- — Wh a'un [oven]. 622 B op*n. 624 B worlt. 0: — Wh fag
[fog]. 626 B ka'wf. 627 BWh ba'wt. 628 BWh W tha«t. 629 BWh
brawt. 631 B dati,tB,r. 636 B ra't<d. — W ta'M [toll]. 639 B [not used,
always basin, jug, or potl. 642 B ba'«t. 647 B b6Brt. — Wh as [borse].
0'- 666 B shuiSf. 664 W sa'un, B suun sanner [in sense of lief, liefer] . 666
B oodhBT. — grt£i)tn [growing]. 0': 669 Bn ba'uk. 671 Bh gu^d bo«
[ 1776 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D22, Yu, iii.] THB KORTH MIDLAND. 345
[good bye]. 679 B ronnf, Bh ma'vd, W muj, 680 B ta'iif. 681 B i«'iit.
584 B stua. 686 Bh daarnt [dp. not, distinct (r)]. 687 ditjOL. 690 B Mnm,
W flce'uOT. ft93 B [(mMgn) used, occ. (mw^t), (mst) might, is common].
U- 699 B obn^^T. 600 B Im^^t. 606 B SK^n. 607 B bn^^tOT. U: 608 B
Koglt. 612BsUom. 613BdrtiQqk. 616 Bhpaeaendpaa^nd. 617B88Mend. 618
B wa'wnd. 621 B vrujnL, 622 B tf^ndnr. 626 B tM^q. 626 B %qgm, 620
B stf^n. 630 B WK^n. 632 B ti^p. 633 B ku^p. 634 B thniu. 639 B
dHjtt, F- 640 B keie. 641 B hroae, Bh vsac, 642 B dh®aD. 643 BBh
niese. 645 B dM^T. — Wh kiieaer [cower, (kjseier dht daesen) sit thee down].
648B(eaB'«r. 649 B thoeoezBnd. 650 Wh«b(eflet. 651 W baaH. U': 6o7
B trjBBen. 668 BhB dasson. 659 B tceaen. 661 B shasffiOT. 662 B uji. 663
BWhBh ffifos. 665 B mseses. 666 B tf^zbimd. 667 B eiet, WhBh a% Bh
aB'vt, WaaH. 668 B pnesed. 671 B msaBth. 672 B sasffith.
Y- 673 B miti, Bh mti^tj. 677 B drB'i. Y: 686 B bB^t. 691 B maand.
699 B riit. — Wh spai b [to speer, inquire]. Y'- — Wh kjait [a kite].
Y': 709 B fs'iOT. *- «■ ^ *™ ^ -»
n. English.
A. — W markit [market]. 0. 761 B IfiBd. 767 Bh nB'iz. — Wh
kJB'it [quoit]. U. 796 wh bla'u [old people say (hliix)'], — Wh tja'un
[a tunej. — W ori [hurry], — juur [hair, old hure nead covering, uncertain
origin]. 808 B pxr it deesen [put it down], pxr}tm [kick him].
m. EoHAKCB.
A.. —WpUwi [plain]. 830W^t,r«ni. — Wh tjitm. [chain]. 860Bd<Hm8.
£ •• 867 Bwh Ue, 874 B rs'tninz [almost always in pK]. 890 Wh bios [pi.
for cows]. 893 B flasarar. I- and Y- 898 W na'ts. 901 Bh fcfin, Wh
foan. 0- 924 tjats, tjB'ts. 925 Wh TBts. 932 B vmaBsent. 934 B
bflBiBntt. 939 B kluus. 947 BWhW bB'tl. 948 B ba'ulz [for the game only,
a ball is (bAx)]. — Wh rx'tf [a roll or_pad], rx'Mlar [a roller]. 966 B dasaet.
U.. 963 Wh kiraat. 966 BW ■'•!, B [also] oil. 968 B flistur. 971 Wh
flo'ut* [old people say (fltuf )].
Tab. iii. Chorlbt astd LETiAin) cwl.
constructed from wn. by TH. in
C Chorley (10 ne.Bolton).
L Leyland (il^lim) village. The dialect of L. Moss is said to be much 'broader,*
see also the third interlinear cs., p. 332.
F Farrington (2 n.Leyland). Differences said to exist between L and F —
1. faledt k6vt, sw^ndB ktint), both at F, second only at L.
2. f«»lst(iB'nin) hailstonin^ F, ^Itn) L.
3. (A)m nat bz wos bz dhiij F, I am not as worse (til) as thou, (badlt) L.
4. (a)v WBlt it) F, (wild) L, I have wheeled it.
6. (BgiBu) F, (agJB'n) L, again.
6. (rB'it) F, (rit) L, right.
W Higher Walton (2 se.Preston).
£x. man (Bt :darBn dhvr)z noodhBr mB*n UBr a*s*bz), at Darwen there's
neither men nor horses, wife (na'i/, bor dhBr)s fslBZ Bn tits), no,
but there*s fellows and tits, a very common word for small horses,
properly small birds.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A: 64 L want. 66 W as. A'- 74 C toothri [two or three, a few]. 76
L t(iBd. 81 F l6Bn. 84 L m6Br. 85 sdm. A': 101 L ok*. 104 L
rCiBd. 106 C broo.dBJT [broader], L brood. 110 L tt6iit\ 116 F dvm. 118
L b6Bn. 130 L b6Bt. 131 L g(iBt.
[ 1777 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
346 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 22, V iii, iv.
-aE- — L 8to« [stairal. JE: 177 C »dha-tii«ji [in tbat way]. JE!-
186 F bi^d brE'id. 192 T rnivn. 193 C tUin, PtlSim. 198 C lut. 200 F
wi«t. M': 211 Lgr«*. 216 W dS«l.
E- 233 CL eps'tk. 236 C wbivot [weaver]. — LF B'»t. 261 CF ms'it.
— F ma'uOT [mere, lake]. E: 261 C 8b'. 266 F s.t.ra'it.
EA: 328 L k6fid. 336 L to. £A'- 349 L f/u. £A': 360 L deiid.
— W kriBm [cream]. — W stlBm [steam]. 366 W nir [nearer]. 366 L
gTB'it gTBt. 368 L mtrth. — L da'w [dew, this should give (fa'tf) for 349].
£1- 372 C aa^ &ai«. EO: 392 C jond, ^ji^in \ii jand rood an [dost thoa
lire along that road F]. 394 CL jand. 399 F brit. £0': 426 C fn'tt.
I- 440 C w»k. 449 F riit [got], L gJBt'n [gotten]. I: 458 L nit.
469 L rit. 466 C tidtlt. I'- 494 F tatm.
0- — C brok'n [broken]. — L nun [oTen]. 0: 627 L b6i»t. 628 C
tha'at, L th6irt. 631 F d6« t'a/. 644 LF dhim [for until (d livd wi u^ dhra
ik wBnt tB :prBst'n), she livea with us till she went to Preston]. — W tvmA'm
rto-morrowj. 0'- bbb L shuun [shoes]. 668 L Uukin. 669 L mu^^dhBr.
660 L sk^tt. 664 L suun. 0': 669 L btik. 687 L dw^n. 690 C fliiu«r.
U- 699 F Bbuun. 606 C da'r. U: 636 C for' [(tin mrfil for' nw wiw
•AA Itv) two miles further than where I live]. XT'- 660 C Bbfe^nt. XT':
666 C f&<« [ugly]. 667 C braa>n. 668 CF daain. 663 L a^as. 667 L k^at.
T- 673 L mttj. 681 F biznw. 682 C Wit' [few]. Y: 700 L woe'.
T: 709 C fo'tOT [(a kom bit t' foiw) I canH beat, i.e. light, the fire, (r)
« quite prominent '^ in (kom)], L fs'tmr.
n. English.
A. — C stant Fto start]. 0. 761 L ItiBd. — F dag« [dogs]. U.
798 C ktcBBr. — CL ori [hurry].
in. EOHANCE.
A.. — C .t^«rl [trail]. E- 886 L vara. O- — C srfil [soil].
— C raa nd [round]. — F sfiwt [sort]. 940 L kfivt. 947 C bail, bc^iil. —
C U'm [turn].
Vab. iv. Blackbubn cwl.
B Blackburn (:blBgbiim), wn. by TH. in 1878-9, see also dt., p. 339.
Ex. (tt)s sit; « litU too, iz dhat «) :samz), it's such a liUle taw, is that of
Sam's.— (aa, b«t jb kA'mt), aye, but you can't. — (ii kwum h}i wi
B'it'tin sandwitnrz, wau in iz and), he came out with eighteen sand-
wiches, one in nis hand. — (i)z smak''in iz 1/ps at vm naaS lad), he's
smacking his lips at them now, lad.
Bf. Blackburn, according to Fielding, given in io.
Hs. Haslingden (7 se.Blackbum), wn. by TH.
£z. (:dJAAn « :tiiJiiz « :diks « t' :t6«d :6il), John of Thomas's of Richard's
of the Toad Hole farm.~(gu t' r6ud vt' kroo)z fla'ukh*n), go the road
that the crow has flown.
Hd. Hoddlesden (4 sse. Blackburn), see also dt., p. 339.
S Samlesbury (rsamzbmri) (6 w-by-n.Blackbum), complete wl. in io. by TTra.
Harrison, Esq., F.8.A., native, which I have rendered into pal. with the
help of B. and Hd., omitting medial lengths and the use of (/i o;'u^ which
will be replaced by (ii, uu), and also not marking any dental (,t,r ^a,r), for
these points were of course not indicated.
W Whalley (3 ssw.CL^theroe). A few variants for this place furnished by S.
I. Wessex Am) NOBSE.
A- 3 S b«fk. 4 B t^rk, S tak. 6 S mak. 6 S mad. 7 S s^k. 8 S ev.
9 S bi;0^. 10 8 ag, h^ ^mg. 11 S mAA. 12 8 s^g. 13 8 nrcvg
[ 1778 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D22,VW.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 347
[commoii]. 14 S drAA. 17 S Iaa. 19 S tee\, 20 S hem, 21 S neem. 22
S Uem, 23 S aeeta, 24 S shmn. 25 S 1110011. 26 S [(wiz*n, gEd Ibs bii Ies)
used]. 27 S u^^r [(wastnl, j>6iis) wastrel, pouse, used]. 28 3 ebt. 31 S lat.
32 S bath [to foment]. 33 S r^^dhur [usually (liifOT)]. 34 S la^st. 35 S aaI.
36 S thAA. 87 S klAA.
A: 39 S kuum. 40 S kom. 41 8 thsqk. 43 S and. 44 S land. 46
8 kand'l. 47 8 wandtsr [(raimb'l) ramble is most used]. 48 8 [not used]. 50
8 toqz. — Hs k3n)tB [can'st thou]. 51 8 mon. 52 8 [not used]. 54 BS
want. 55 8 a^s. 56 Hs8 wssh. 57 8 a^.
A: or 0: 68 B ftir iw [from here], 8 fr«tf. 59 8 la}m. 60 8 Xoqg [{u^i^)
rather than (oqg, aqe;) was expected]. 61 8 timaqe. 62 8 stroqg [(yarn ^'1,
▼are kant) often used]. 63 8 [(thraqg, kraad) used for a throng] . 64 8 raqg.
65 8 soqg. 66 8 thoqg [(lash) often used].
A'- 67 BS gti«, Hs gu;in [going], dhi gK^n [they go]. 69 B uaa, HdS
n6w. 70 Hltm, 71 8 woo. 72 BS 6b. 73 8 s6b. 74 Stuu. 75 8 stra^k.
76 8t6«d. 77 8 lord. 79 Soon. 80 8 a-ladti. 81 BfS I6»n. 83 8 m6on.
84 8 m6OT. 85 8 stiVT. 86 Hs fiirts. 87 8 UQbz. 88 8 [(drBS, don tz klOvz)
used]. 89 SbCiBdh. 90 8 bloo. 91 8 moo. 92 Snoo. 93 S snoo [(daau foo)
down fall, often used]. 94 8 kroo. 95 8 throo [(thrw^t) often used]. 96 8
[(sEt) used]. 97 8 sool. 98 8 noon, 99 8 thrw^t. 100 8 [(sst) used].
A': 101 8 dJik, 103 8 a^ks [but see speer, after 699]. 104 BS rtind. 105 8
r6«d. 106 8 br6«d br^d. 107 8 IdvL 108 8 d6vf. 110 BS n6wt f
8 nod [not]. Ill 8 6Mt. 112 8 [(kant) often used]. 115 B 00m, BS 6Bm.
116 S Civ. 117 B wVn, du^t' itm [do the t'one]. 118 8 bara. 121 8
g6«n. 122 BS nAvn. 124 8 stCinn. 125 8 oonlt [(nob«t) often used]. 127 8
6b8. 128 HdS dhuuz.' 129 8 gtiBst [(bogmi) often used]. 130 8 b6«t. 131
Sgavt. 132 Sot. 133 8 r6«t. 134 8 6«th. 135 8 IdUvth. 136 8 oodhvr.
iE- 138 HdS fMdhvr. 139 8 dr^ 140 S th)if0l. 141 BueeL 142 8
BD0e\, 143 8 iM. 144 BS Bgira. 145 8 sl^Ai. 146 8 m^m. 147 8 br«^.
148 B fal B. 150 BS ISvst. 152 B wa,tB.r, 8 w^Hsr. 153 S satvrdt.
JE: 154 B b&tk\ bak. 155 8 thak. 157 8 r0^*n. 158 8 aftvr. 160 8 Eg.
161 BSdiV. 163 8r(iw9rkrMod'lddaan)hewaslaiddown]. 164 Sme^. 165
8 SBd. 166 8 m00d [(las) often used]. 167 S d^l [(klu^f) clough, often used].
168 StaHB. 169 8 wsn. 170 Sa^t. 171 Sbaarlt. 172 BSgrss. 173 S
[(wor) used]. 174 8 Bsh. 175 8 fast. 178 8 nat. 179 8 wod. 180 8 bath
[as also 32]. 181 8 pad.
iE'- 182 HdSslB. 183 8 ts'ttj. 184 8 liBd. 185 S riid. — B sprs'id
[spread]. 186 8 brs'td. 187 8 Ubv. 188 8 n^ [(wini) much used]. 189 8
WAf. 190 8 kB't. 191 8 IbI ujd. 192 8 misn. 193 B tls'tn, 8 kls'tn. 194
8 ont. 195 B moni. 197 8 t|U2. 199 8 hleei, 200 8 wSBt. 201 8 iidh'n.
202 8 iBt.
JE': 203 S spiit;. 204 8 diid. 205 8 thrsd, [to thread (thriBd)]. 206 8
rsd. 207 8 midn. 209 B ^iBVBr. 210 8 kW. 211 8 gree. 212 8 wBg.
215 S t6iit. 217 Siitj. 218 HsS shiip. 219 8 slup. 221 8 fiBr. 222 S
[jiuBr ? (j<5Br), rhymed to (6Br) over, by Waugh is used, from old hure, head-
covering, not related to hair]. 223 B dhiBr dhE'ii^Br [see p. 344, No. 223],
8 dhiBr. 224 B whir, HsS wlBr. 225 8 flssh. 226 8 mCiBst. 227 8 wiit.
228 8 swlBt. 229 8 brEth. 230 8 fat.
£- 232 BS brs'tk. 233 8 spE'ik. 234 8 nB'tBd. 235 8 we'Iy. 236 8
ieeym, 238 8 sdi. 239 8 s^I. 241 8 r<^. 242 8 tween. 243 8 pW.
244 B wiil. 246 1. 8 ktriin. 247 8 w^bu. 248 8 nu^^Br. 249 8 wiBr. 250
8 l(ko9) curse used]. 251 8 ms'it. 252 8kBtU. 253 8 n£t*l. 254 S IsdhBr.
255 S wsdhBr.
E: — BHs fotj [fetch]. 258 8 sEdj. 259 8 WBdj. 261 8 we. 362 BS wee,
264 8 [(is fl, is badli. Tare bad) used]. 265 B s,t rs'it. 267 8 [(gBT »n, giY
n^p) used]. 268 8 [(dwdBst) oldest used]. 270 8 i. bBlBs, ii. bait. 272 8 Elm.
273 8 mBU [(febz) much used]. 274 8 bsntj. 276 8 thiqk. 277 8 driBnti.
278 8 WEuta. 280 8 tlsv^n. 281 8 lEqkth. 282 S strEqkth. 283 8 mEn.
284 8 thrEsh. — Hs baa^m [baml. 285 8 krss. 286 8 are. 287 8 bEz'm.
£'. 289 8 Joo. 290 8 ii. 291 S dhii. 292 B m/i, 8 mii. 293 Bf w6t,
8 wii. 294 S flid. 296 8 btliiv. 298 8 fiil. 299 S griin. 300 BS kiip.
[ 1779 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
348 TH£ NORTH MIDLAND. [D 22, V W.
301 S Jar. 303 S swiit. £': 305 S s't. 306 S B'tt. 307 S [not used,
replaced by (naar)]. 308 S niid. 309 S spiid [(bat) much used]. 310 S iil.
311 StEn. 312 IIsiiOT. 314 S ivrd. 315 S flit. 316 S nskst.
£A- 317 S fiee. 318 S_gAAp e^rp. 320 S klBr [(tsnt) much used].
EA: 321 S saa. 322 Hd lakjh [said by a man who died about 1873],
S lakh. 325 S wAAk. 326 S 6ud, 327 S b6wd. 328 S k6«d. 329 S [(lap)
used]. 330 BSHs 6ud, 331 S B6cid. 332 BS tdi«d. 333 S kAAf. 384
S AAf. 335 BS 00 AA. 336 S too. 337 S woo. 338 Hd koo. 340 S jaid.
343 BS warm. — B shatRp [sharp], 346 S d^. — BHs pli'rk [park].
'&U\ S JEt.
EA'-: — HdHs jaa, Hd aa [yea]. 347 B I'id, S Sud. 348 S ii. 349 S fin.
KA': 350 BS diod. 351 S liBd. 352 S rEd. 353 S brivd. 354 S shUd.
3o<3 S diBf. 356 S \Ut 357 S dhoo. 359 S niibtsr. 360 S timn. 861 S
biun. 362 S slr^. 363 S ifivp tpp. 365 S naar. 366 S grst. 367 S thrivt.
368 S dieth. 369 S sloo. 370 S rAA. 371 S strAA.
£1- 373 S dhee. 874 S JUf^. 375 S r<^. 376 S bM. EI: 877 S
sttrk. 878 S week, 379 S [(hE'i) often used]. 381 S Bvr«en. 882 S dher.
EO- 383 S 6Ev*n. 384 S Bv'n. 385 S btniith [(t«>l«r) is often used].
386 S Jiu. 387 S niu [(bran niu) often used].
EO: 388 BS mtlk. 389 S jCink. 390 S Shuji. 393 S baand [(fAAr) for far
often used]. 394 B jond. 396 S waark. 397 S sfiwrd. 399 B brtt, S briit.
400 S iBFUBst. 402 S laam. 403 S for. 405 S aarth. 406 S iarth. 407
S faard'n.
EG'- 409 S bii. 410 Hs 6u', S uu. 411 B thr/i, 8 thrii. 412 S shun.
— Bf kma'd [to crowd]. 413 S devU [thjawd lad]. 414 BfS flii. 415 S hw.
41G S divr daar. — B shuuH [shoot]. 417 S t^iu. 418 8 briu. 420 8
fooT. 421 S foortt.
£0': 423 S thii. 424 Hd rujsh [said by a man who died about 1873],
S rut. 425 HsS lut. 426 S fsit. 428 S sii. 429 8 fiind. 430 8 frend.
431 8 biur. 432 8 foort. 433 8 brsst. 434 8 bst. 485 BfS Joo. 436 8
triu. 437 S triuth.
EY- 438 BfS dii. EY: 439 8 trujsi,
I- 440 S wik. 441 8 stv [(sail) used]. 442 8 cm. 443 8 frdidv, 444
8 stiil. 446 Bf no'tn, 8 m/tn. 449 B gJBt'n [gotten], 8 gsd. 450 8 tiuida.
451 8 [(stifi) stitch used].
I: 462 S o'i. 464 S witj. 455 8 [(kaar) cower used]. 457 8 mK^t. 458
B nit, 8 niit. 459 8 nit. 460 8 ws'tt. 461 8 [(glit daan) used]. 462 HsS
siit. 464 S witj. 465 B su^tj, BS sit;. 466 Hd tj&t.sld, 8 t|otld. 467 S
wald. 468 HsS tjil^da^r. 471 8 timbmr [(wM^d) often used]. 472 8 shrtqk
[(wiz*n, ratlin) sometimes used]. 473 8 blaind. 474 8 [(t ptPn) the peel,
used]. 475 S t' wand. 476 8 boind. 477 Hd fdiKudy 8 fdtnd. 478 8
groiud. 479 S 6»8t. 481 8 ftqgar. 482 B tz. 484 8 dhis. 485 8 thts'l.
486 S jEst [(b^<^rm) much used]. 487 8 jM^stBrda. 488 BS JBt.
r- 490 S [(naar) used]. 492 B sdtd, Hd sflad. 493 8 draav. 494 B
tcfira, Bf t6)m, S taam. 496 '8 aiam. 497 8 aratz [(gsd uj^) used]. 498 8
roit. 499 S [(klok) used].
I': 500 8 laak. 501 8 waad. 502 Bf fo'iv, S faay. 503 B vldiv [alive],
8 laaf. 504 Hd ndaf, 8 naaf. 505 8 waaf. 506 8 wtioOian. 507 8 wimin.
508 8 maal. 509 S waal. 510 Bf mo'in. 511 8 waan. 513 8 wa'iar. 614
8a»s. 516 8 waaz. 616 S wizdam. 617 Bj/utrii, 8 viu.
0- 520 8 boo. 521 8 f6tl. 522 BS ap*n, Hd op'n. 523 8 6ap. — B
aluor [afore]. 524 8 waarld.
0: 626 S kAAf. 627 S b6ut. 528 B th6wt. 629 8 br6ut. 630 8 r6Mt.
631 B d6M,t'a,r i loo [daughter-in-law], HsS da'ii.t'a/, 8 d6Mtar. 632 BS k6fl.
633 8 du^l [(gAAmles) used]. 534 BS6tl. 636 Sg6<id. 637 Smuud. 638 8
wad, B wodnH [would notj. 539 S bool. 640 8 alt. 542 8 b6Mt. 546 8 op.
B skCiar [a score]. 647 S b(iard. 548 8 f(iard. 649 8 6ard. 660 8
cankered is sometimes used].
0- 555 Hd shuu^, 8 shw^. 557 8 tun. 558 B Idk, 8 Itijk. 559 BHdS
waard. — B madhard [murdered]. 661 8 stAArm [(blWpStari bltioStards)
stormy]. 652 HsS kAAm. 663 8 AArn. 554 8 krAAS [for the adj. (kaqkard)
^57 8 tun.
[ 1780 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D22, VW.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 349
mwodhnr. 661 S blmiiu. 662 S mnun. 668 S mtijadv. 664 BHs siiun, S
tuuii. 666 S n&vs. 666 B untf^dhsr, S ff^dhvr. — Bgrbon [grown].
C: 669 S bi#Jc. 670 S t«^k. 671 S g'/^d. 672 S blw^d. 673 8 flw^d.
674 S bnrad. 676 S BtM^d. 676 S wudciwdB. 677 S bira. 678 S pluu.
679 Hs vn^uS S mm. — lis fla'ukh'n [Hownl. 680 Hd takh [said by a
man who died about 1873], S taf. 681 8 86ui. 682 8 [not used]. 683 8 tuul.
684 8 stnu. 686 8 bruum. 686 8 duu. 687 8 dtf^n. 688 8 nuun. 689 8
spann. 690 8 fl6vr. 691 8 m6«r. 692 8 bwClvt, 693 8 [(man) used]. 694
B bjit, 8 bnut. 696 8 iuj.. 696 8 niiit. 697 8 swJ. 698 8 suuth.
U- 699 8 tibuun. 600 S lov. 601 8 faal. 602 8 ran. 603 B kti^m kam,
8 kam. 605 8 buji. 606 S daar d(iBr. 607 8 hujtm,
U: 609 8 iuji. 610 8 \ruji. 611 8 bw^. 612 8 sw^. 613 8 drti^qk.
614 8 aand. 916 8 paand. 616 8 graond. 617 8 soand. 618 8 waand.
619 Hd iujn, 8 iu^, — Hs. hk^m [boim, going]. 620 8 grii^D. 621 8
WM^n. 622 8 u^dvr. 626 8 tw^qg. 626 8 %qgm, 628 8 nuji. 629 8 sw^n.
630 8 WM.n. 631 8 thands. 632 BUaS t«^p. 633 8 kti^p. 634 8 thrun.
636 8 woth. 636 8 Iaat. 637 8 tw^sh. 638 8 bw^sk. 639 8 dw^at.
XT'- 640 Bf k^ kiaa, 8 kaa. 641 8 aa. 642 8 dhaa. 643 B naa^ 8 naa.
644 8 duu. 646 8 boo. 647 8 u^lBt. 648 Bf aa>r, 8 aar. 649 8 thaaztmd.
662 8 ku^d. 663 8 b^.
U': 666 8 faa. 666 8 raam [following the regular analogy, and not (mum)].
667 8 braan. 668 B daa^n, 8 daan. 659 Hs Wm, 8 toan. 660 8 baar.
661 8 shaar. 662 8 uj., 663 B &'d8 h^^ un, S aas. 664 8 laas. 665 8
maas. 666 8tioZb«nt. 667 B li't*. Bf. 669 8 M^nkM^th. 670 8 buudh. 671
8 maath. 672 8 saath.
Y- 673 B mujtj, 8 mttj. 676 8 drdi. 676 8 Idi. 678 8 dtn. 679
8 tx^ovrtj. 680 8 btxt. 681 B btzuBZ. 682 8 lit*l, smoo.
T: 683 8 m% 684 8 br/di. 686 8b</t. 677 8flaat. 689 8bild. 690
8 kaand. 691 8 nuiand. 693 8 sm. 694 Bf wartj [to ache]. 696 8 barth.
697 8 bBri. 698 8 marth. 699 8 riit. — 8 spar spiivr [speer, used for ask].
700 8 wor. 701 BHd8 fost. 703 8 pit. Y'- 706 8 slu/i. 706 8 wrft.
T: 709 B8 fs'nir. 711 8 Wis [(ttks) more common]. 712 8 nufis.
n. English.
A. 713 8 bad [(n6i«t) often used]. — Hs baqk [bank]. 733 8 sk^r [(friifn)
used]. 734 8 daam [oltener (mBud)]. — B start [start]. 737 8 mM [(komrvd,
btfoti) used]. 740 8 we^. 742 8 l<vzi [(bdhvr) frequently used]. £. 743 8
skriim [(skrrfil) often used)]. 746 8 briidh. 747 8 end^^vmr. I. and Y.
767 8 tuni. 768 8 garl [Gas) often used]. 0. 761 8 IfiBd. — H»Hd dog
[dog]. 767 Hs nSiz, 768 8 ki^vk. 769 8 [(muudvwarp), used]. 772 8 buoU-
faar. 778 8 wfawd. — B 16iz [lose]. 780 8 [(dj6«l), jolt used]. 783 8
raltri. 786 8 laand;. 787 8 saas. 788 8 flaat. 790 8 gaan. U. 806
kni^dz. 808 Hs pWot, 8 pM^d.
m. EoMAKCB.
A " 810 8 lees, W fitw. 81 1 8 pWs, W plStw. 814 8 nww'n, W mi«s*n.
816 8 teed [dtkldm wtVn widhvr]. 819 8 ree^ [(tantnmz) occ. used]. 824 8
tjUvr. 826 8 eeg^l, 827 8 eegm. 834 8 shee. 836 8 rivz'n. 836 8 sf«z*n.
837 8 Hash. 838 8 triot. 840 8 tjAfmbvr [(raam) room often used]. 860 8
dans. 861 8 ant. 862 8 [(brat) used]. — B ra(,R. 863 8 baarg/n. 869 8
^fs, W ^iM. 860 8 pMrt, W piast. 861 8 Uest, W tivst. 868 8 tiAAf
^▼. 864 8 hikee%. 866 8 fAxt. 866 8 pfinr.
£•• 867Hd8tM. 869 8 vial. 874 8 r«Ai. 878 8 salan. 881 8 sbus
[also (gfff^him)]. 884 8 aprantas. 888 8 saarttn. 889 8 [(stop) used].
890 8 blast [(pi. (biuVl. 891 8 fiast. 892 8 nxri. 893 8 flaar [^6as) for
posy, often UMid]. — jiikr [hour]. 894 8 dts^^. 896 8 ris^^.
I" andY" 897 8 dikat. 898 B ncfis, Hd nd^as, 8 naas. 901 8 faan.
902 8 maan. 904 8 T</tl«t. 905 8 raat. 906 8 Taapar. 908 8 advaas. 909
briis. 910 S d^^fist. 911 S sastam.
[ 1781 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
350 THE NOBTH MIDLAND. [D 22, V W, ▼.
0.. 913 S kCiv^. 914 S br6t^. 916 S ujum, 917 8 rfivg. 918 S
[(w^k) weak used]. 919 S 6mtmTOt [(saat) often used]. 920 S p6int. 926 Hs
T^'8. 928 S aans. 929 S kaakvmbvr. 932 S vmaant. 934 S baanti. 939
8 kli^OT. 940 BHdS Ydtt. 941 S fuu. 944 8 alaad [allowed]. 946 8 mAAl.
948 8 hoo\ [F (ba^wl)]. 949 8 maald. — Hs U'ln [turn]. — B d^A^mt
[joumev]. 962 8k6OT8. 964 Sktf^hvn. 966 B daa't, 8 daat. 966 SkM^Twr.
959 8 [(tBk) take used].
U •• 963 8 kuwt. 970 B d|M^
Vak. v. Bubnlet cwl.
From the following sources :
Burnley (:bam]i)» wn. by TH. especially from the family of Fielding, who
dictated the Burnley cs., p. 332.
I UeVin
na aaI
iWwn
tn gn im gJEt shA^d), I am boun [starting] to ffo and get sWed. —
(a 8ii.d)v,r i)Y kroft dhts mA^mtn mdid « a*r f^Bics), I saw her in the
croft tins morning, aside of our folks. — In reply to asking the way
to a certain street, (jo)n f</tnd tt V gM^ d&i|^in dhts first opntn, va
dhsn gt«o st^n'tt daa^n), tou will-en find it to go down this first
opening, ana then go straignt down. — (not ka*m wdtl ndin vtbk*), not
come while [suntO] nine o'clock.
B' Biumley, from a wl. in io. by Mr. Healey, native, only a few supplementary
words are given.
C Cliviger (:tltvttpn:) and occ. (:tlmd|Br) Valley (2 se.Bumley) and extending
to Holme (4 se. Burnley), wn. by TH.
£x. Mother to child, (dha)d s'tt *mii «▼ a wvr m^ « spcfts), thou wouldeet
eat me if I were made of spice. — (uu)z brA*t vz « Buja «)th bs t« r
stivrt), she's brought us. a sup of the better sort. — (d tlapt mr tlook
d&'sn TO d UETvr jnrd onH frv dhad dee tc dhts), she clapped her cloak
down and she never heara of -it from that day to this.
W Worsthom (:wsrBthA*m) (2 e.Bumley), wn. by TH. from a native b. 1818.
Ex. (/i ad «s vgjM « dig' in), he had us agate [astir] of digging.
I. Wessex ajstd Noesb.
A- — W aa» [A letter]. 4 B t^n [takenl B' tak. 8 B b'v [have, emphatic].
10 B Mg [obs. g]. 12 B' [occ.lMrg. 21 B m;rai. A: 39 B kw^m kwuhn.
40 B' k(i«m. 60 B' taqz. 61 W mk^[iji, 64 B want. 66 B' as. 66 B wssh.
A: or 0: 63 B' thraq. 64 B' raq. A'- 67 B gtiv. 69 B n6t«. 70 B'
t6«. 73 B s6«. 76 F t6«d. 81 B 16in. 83 B' m^TO. 84 BW m6«r. 86
B' sOot. 86 B' tiBts. 87 BB' tl6iz. 89 B' bfivth. 91 B' mAA. 93 B' suaa.
94 B' UAA. 96 B' thrAA. 97 B' s6f<l. A': 101 B' ti«k. 104 BB' rOvd.
106 B' brtiBd. 107 B' l<i«f. 108 B' d6«f. 113 B' w«J. 116 B' wom, W
woom. 118 B'W b6TO. 121 B' gtiTO. 122 B noon, B' n6TO. 124 W stliTO.
127 B' tm. 128 B' dh(i«z. 129 B' gdmt. 130 B' bti«t. 131 B' g6tt. 138
B' r6«t. 136 B oodhvr. 137 B noodhvr.
JE- 144 W wiTO. 160 B' lisst. 162 B wa.tB.r. JE: 161 B d^. 172
Bgsrs. — BlatTlate]. 181 B' pad. JE'- 182 BB' siv. 183 B' ti'ttj.
184 B' li«d. 187 B' li«v. 190 BB' kis't. 191 B' jeI. 192 B' mira. 193
B' kllTO. 194 B' oni. 196 B a)mnt [how many?], B' mont. 200 B' wist,
202 B' JEt. 206 B' thriid. 216 B' di«I. 223 B' dhitsr. 224 B' wivr. 226 B'
m(iBst. 228 B' swivt. 229 B' bri«th.
£- 281 B t*th [as] gi m«)t' th)orfnd|. 232 B' brB'ik. 233 B spB'ik.
234 B' nnid [(pad'n) kiieadedj. 236 BB' ws'iv. 238 B' Edj. 247 B' w««i.
249 B' w/Br. 260 B' swi'ot. — B B'tt [eat]. 261 B' mKtt. E: — W
[ 1782 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D22, Yt, D23.] THB NORTH MIDLAND. 351
{yti [fetch]. 266 B s.t.r.Btt. 270 B' i. baits, ii. bait. 284 B' thnsh.
E'. ~ W ii [letter £]. 290 B a. 206 B btliiv. 800 B kiip. 301 BB' jar.
E': 306 BB' e'L 306 B' B'it.
EA- — B shMY [shaTe]. 317 B' flii [(Am^) means frighten, properly to put
to flight]. EA: 324 B [from elderly people] Ekht. 326 B' kdwd. 328 B'
k6Md. 330 B 6ud, old. 333 B' Uat. 334 B' aat. 846 B' daar. 346 B gjeet
[older pron. (j^rt)], B' jM EA'- — BW l« [yea]. 347 B lad s'td, BB' JB'd.
EA': 360 B^ dSwi 361 B' IW. 363 B' briod. — W krinm [cream]. 360 W
iivm. 361 B'W bimi. 363 B' tjsp. 366 C nlOT. 366 BW gsrt, B' grst
368 B' diBth. EI: 378 B' week, EO- 384 B' BT*n. EO: 389 B'
jiiBk. 396 B jw^q. 896 B' waark 397 B' savrd. 402 B' laam. 406 B'
aarstftra [hearthstone]. EO'- 410 B' uu. 4l3B'dBY'l. 414 B' flii. 420
B f6MBr. EO': 423 B' thii. 424 B [from elderly people] rM^kh. 426 B'
Hit. 437 B' ,t,rinth. EY- 438 B' du.
I- 444 B stiil. 446 B n</in. 448 B' dhivz. I: 462 B a [mostly], a.
468 B' niit. 469 BB' rs'tt. 462 B sit. 476 B wind. — W vadiBti [nusty].
I'- — B Itkmid [liked, desired, also] Idik. 494 B Uim.
0- — B nun [oyen, as (sin^d«T-6imz, p3t-6tmx, ppt-6t<nz) cinder or coke
ovens, pottery OTensl. 0: — B fag [fog]. 631 B d6i#^t'Br. 634 B 6/1.
636 B f&vk. 644 B dhs'in, dhim. — B Ts [horse]. 0 - 668 B lunk.
669 BB' mtfodhvr. 660 B skiiaH [only half pouted] sknoL 662 B' muun.
663 B' mand'. 666 B' na«z. 0^: 669 B biiu^k. 671 B' gw.d. 672 B'
bl//od. 673 B' flw^d. 677 B' bun. 680 B' tof. 686 B d(iBnt [don't]. 688
B ndtn, B' nuun. 689 B sp6tn, B' spuun. 69 L W m(i«r.
U- 603 BW kam [pp. (kam)]. 606 B' dar. 607 B* bUotthw. U: 616
B psa'and, p&^and. 616 B' p&itmd, B' gr&*tmd. — W b&'an [boun,_going].
619 B' fM^n. 620 B' gm^. 634 B thruu. F- 643 B Jik\ BW n&*a.
660 C «b&>at U': 668 B d&<an. 667 B a^at' M. 671 B m&iath.
Y- 673 B' mit;. 677 C ,d.ra<. Y: 684 B' brig. 691 B m4ind. 694
B'wark. 700 B' waar. 701Bfar8t..
n. Ekgli»h.
A. 7l4Wl&»Lid. E. 749BlBft. I.amfY. 767 B' tiini. 0. 761
F Ifind. — B tlag [clog]. — B dag [dog]. 767 B n6iz. — B spfiiirt
[sport]. — C sh& at [shout]. U. 804 B .d^rtf^qkh^n [very often with (kh)].
m. EOMAKCE.
E .. 867 B Ue. 886 B vart. — W eknnm [sermon]. — W riUrrot
[serTant]. 890 B' bisst [pi. (bins)]. 891 B' fSvst. 893 B fl&'ar. — B &iar
[hour]. 0- 913 B'kfiBtj. 914 B' br6itj. — B d^'in [join]. 936 B
kH^ntri. >- B Vdhw [order]. 939 B tl6'S. — B rtisst [roestj. — B t^tnt
[toast]. 940B'k6it U- 963 B' kM^M.
D 23 = n.NM. = northern North Midland.
This forms the borderland at the extreme n. of the M. div.,
adjoining the N. div. in La., but preserving much of the character
of D 22. This applies to the mainland district. But the Celtic
Isle of Man seems to have acquired its English chiefly from La.,
and hence I include it under D 23, making the mainland Yar i.
and the island Var. ii. Of course the English of the Isle of Man is
not an independent English dialect. It is entirely impoi'ted and
indeed recently acquired, the Celtic Manx not having entirely died
out. But I could find no better place for it than this.
[ 1783 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
352 THE NOBTH MIDLAND. [D 23, V i.
Vak. i. The Ftlde, La.
Boundar'es. Begin at Cockerham (8 ene.FIeetwood) on the n. coast of 1a., and
go ne. and e., passing just n. of Wyersdale (6 sse. Lancaster) and Abbeystead (2
e.Wyersdale) to the b. of La., and then follow this b. to the Hodder and pursue
that rirer to the Ribble, which follow to the sea, and then go n. round by
Fleetwood to Cockerham.
The n. b. from Cockerham is rather conjectural, as I have no information
immediately n. of it, but it cannot be Tery far from ri^ht, and it is only a little to
the n. of tne boundary of Amoundemess and Lonsdale hundreds. At Wyersdale
the pron belongs rather to D 23 than D 31, that is, is rather m. than n.La. It
cannot be supposed that pron. follows the co b. precisely, but in the absence of
direct information I am ooliged to assume that it aoes.
Area, m.La. being the whole of the hundred of Amoundemess,
with a small portion of the s. of Lonsdale s. of the Sands, and that
part of the hundred of Blackburn which lies n. of the Kibble. The
last portion is doubtful from want of information. Mr. Bellows,
writing to Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, says, on the one hand " the Fell
dialect,'' that is, the N. dialect, extends as far s. as Longridge Fell
(11 ne. Preston), and on the other hand that "the Fylde dialect
covers all the country between the Wyre and the Kibble, and up to
the Cocker as far e. as the railway,'' we shall see that it is quite
distinct at Goosenargh (6 n.Preston), which is 3 miles e. of the
railwayj "and then, modified, right to the foot of Longridge Fell,
Goosenargh, and Claughton" (:tl<fit"n) (8 n.Preston, and about
one mile e. of the railway). Mr. Bellows also says, "s. of
Chipping (10 ne. Preston) comes in the low Lancashire dialect
(Blackburn, Bolton, etc.)." This is not distinct, and in the
absence of better information, I think the area I have assigned
the most probable.
Authoritiet, — See County List under the following names, where * means tt.
per AJE., fper TH., || systematic, ° informants* orthography.
La, t Abbeystead, ° Blackpool, t Cockerham, ° Fylde district, fGaretang,
t Goosenargh, t Kirkham, t Poulton, t Preston, t Wyersdale.
Character. Yar. i. This m.La. district is a transition from the
M. to the N. div. Much of D 22 has disappeared. The exceedingly
characteristic verbal pi. in -w is generally supposed, even by dialect
speakers, to be lost, and certainly seems to exist only in some
common phrases. But it will be found in the Poulton cs. below,
par. 2 (dw^n dhs ?) do-n they, par. 7 (wot)TOi 'jaa thf qk ?) what)do-n
•you think ? par. 13 (dw^n n noo?) do-n you know ? And in the
Goosenargh cs. par. 2 (w»)n nuBn on)Bz fcrgJEfn) we have-n none
of us forgotten ; par. 7 (dw^n ra thtqk ?) do-n you think ? par. 13
(dw^n jaa noo ?) do you know ? Also in the Poulton phrases 17 (an
JB btn) have-n you been, and 19a (ja noon) you know-en, with Mr.
Lawrenson's attempt to account for the double use of (noon, noo)
p. 358, No. 19. These shew that the verbal pi. in -en still exists
in an almost evanescent and not very recognisable form. TH. heard
one example from a Wyersdale farmer at Lancaster : (wtn dhs Ist
dhB gu intB :wdi-«rzd'l), will-en they let thee go into Wyersdale ?
The chief mark of distinction between D 23 and D 22 to the feeling of the
natives of the Fylde is the treatment of the U' words, as shewn in Poulton phrases
[ 1784 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 23, y i.] THE NOBTH MIDLAKD. 353
6, p. 357. That is, in D 23 the normal form is (&«), as in Chapel-en-le-
Frith D 21, avoiding the (aa aa* »s fia) of D 22. But this is also the same as
about Lancaster, and characterises Lonsaale s. of the Sands. It is therefore here
a transitional form.
But TH. finds (aa^) to be <' a distinctive sound in the Fylde.'* Writing in
1876 he says : ''At present I hear it as a higher position upon the normal (a).*'
He states that at thai time he had known the sound for 16 or 18 jears from
natives of the Fylde, but had not previously analysed it. In connection with tliis
there is another sound he hears in this district which he writes (oj) in the cs., in
U^ud t6iud) old told, that is, £AL words like those in which (aa*) occurs in (aa4
1aa4 kAA4] all fall call The {6m) diphthong is also written in (6iUi d^yufn^r)
ought daugnter, and the (aa*) in (Iaa*) law. x^ow it is di£Scult to conceive that
(a* Oi) should differ materiallv from each other or from (o), and probably I should
have appreciated both sounos as (o) and written (6t<d t6wd 6ut d6« tB,r ool fool
kool loo). What the real sounds were which had the effect of hiener (a) and
lower (o) to TH. it is impossible to say. I have, however, followed his writing.
But I would call attention to the Leyland (koo) call, (fo) fall, (kdwd) cold, p. 846,
and to the Blackburn (oo), p. 348, all given on TH.U authority in D 22, and to
a similar treatment of (aa) in Hexham, Kb. It is sometimes very di£Scult for
an Englishman to distinguish (oo, aa), and Prince L.-L. Bonaparte (supra Pt. IV.
p. 1303, col. 1) appreciates the Italian o aperto as ^Oi) when accented and (o) when
unaccented, shewing the very slight difference which he attributed to the signs.
This (o^ occurs also in D 23 in the forms (i6fi. k0|tl) foal coal, p. 359, which in
D 22, Blackburn variety, appear as (f6il k6tl} and similarly (6tl} hole, p. 348.
These examples tend to connrm my suspicions. Prince L.-L. Bonaparte also for
a long time did not distinguish (0| o). It is much a matter of appreciation.
The fractures (<b'\x\ or (uu^ and U'i\ so common in D 21, 22, 26, are here written
simply (uu ii), thougn TH. is carerul to say that there generallv is a slight initial
fracture, see notes to Poulton cs. pars. 1 and 4, p. 356. It is to be observed that
'^tt ii) or fttiU I'li) occur in the Kdiv. D 31, ana that the form of the fracture in
^ 23 mav be an intermediate one.
The m when not before a vowel again occasions difficulty. TH. notes that
it was oecidedly ' strong ' at Poulton. The precise meaning he attached to this
term is not clear, but hu remarks in Poulton cs. notes to par. 1, cares^ shew that
it was not a degree of strength of trill, bat of a buzz similar to those of (r^ r rj.
It is therefore possiblv (r), p. 293.
There is a remarkaole iform (dw^d) for did, see Poulton cs. notes par. 4, p. 356,
and also (sa'utnr) sure, and (da'u) dew. The guttural (kh) is still found among
oldpeople, but is fast perishing.
Tne characters generally are :
A = (d») as (mion s«nn) name same.
A'r=(6«) as (ta«d 6Bk) toad oak.
-SG, EG = (ee) as (d«f w^) day way.
M'^iM as (IM i^) to lead, heat.
E s (b^ or (n't) as (spn'ik) speak.
£* == (ii) or nearly {ii) as (gnin) green.
g
£AL==(aa>) or perhaps (oo).
rs(dt) as (satd) side, never (aa).
0 = (^i«) or perhaps (6t), a form of (6v^, but O: is generally (o).
(y = (uu) or an unknown approach to (ttu), written (Oju).
U«(Mja8inD22.
U' = {jaM) as (d&tm) down.
This really differs from D 22 only in the treatment of U' and occ. I'. For
particulars see illustrations.
lUuatrattons. Mr. Bellows, the printer, of Gloucester, first wrote
out a cs. for Poulton from Mr. Lawrenson, to send to Prince L.-L.
Bonaparte, but as Mr. B. had not a sufficient knowledge of phonetic
writing, I prevailed upon TH. to see Mr. Lawrenson himself. The
IL^. Pron. Part Y. [ 1786 ] 114
Digitized by LjOOQIC
854
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
[D 23, V i.
result was all that could be wished, and the palaeotypic transcript
of the cs. is given below. TH. also stayed some time with the
Lawrensons, and thus obtained from them a set of phrases, see
p. 367, and words, now put into a cwL, p. 368. TEe same year, 1876,
he was also fortunate enough to obtain a cs. for Goosnargh, which for
easy comparison is given below in double columns with the Poulton
version. This shews that in the e. of Amoundemess hundred the
dialect was identical with that in the w. Mr. Kirk (who dictated
the Goosnargh version) also furnished a considerable list of words.
These, exclusive of the cs., are recorded in the cwl. together with
some wn. by TH. at Kirkham. The hundred of Amoundemess is
thus well represented, and as already stated the small portion of
the hundred of Blackburn n. of the Bibble is here assumed to be
practically the same, as an inference from Mr. Bellows's remarks.
Two cs. IN Parallel Colttmns.
1. Poulton-in-the-Fylde (:pfi,Tit'*n »)th rfatld) (13 wnw.Preston), pal. in 1876 by
TH. from the dictation of Mr. T. Lawrenson (ila-rens^n), b. in 1833, general
dealer, of that place, natiye, and accuBtomed to use the d^ect daily with hiB
customers.
2. Goosnareh {leiiuzim) {6 nne. Preston), pal. in 1876 by TH. from the dictation of
Mr. Edward Kirk, editor of the JEcclea Advertiser ^ Manchester, b. 1 832, native,
who spoke the dialect till 1858, and was closely connected with the district
till 1863. Mr. Kirk has so much altered the cs. that it was impossible
to give the two versions interlinearly, and hence they have been arranged
paragraph by paragraph in parallel columns.
On the (r) see Poulton, notes, par. 1, p. 366.
Poulton.
0. wdt :dpn)z nB)ddwts.
1. weI, tm «n dhii m« buvdh
laf vd dhiz niuz b main, ub
kjbrz? dhat)s noodhsr f Br nvr
dhiBr.
2. nat mont m£n dii hr bljm
laft at, dtt^n dhB ? wot shBd
mEk)Bm? »t)s nat varB Idi'kli,
iz)id ?
3. Bd ont Teet dhts is^f fakt
B)th ma^tBr, su Oittd dht nditz,
Bn hi ktt^aat dhBn di)Y di^^n.
ark'n.
Goosnargh.
0. wdi :dpn)z no ditda,
1. w<ii, niA'n, dha mB grtn*
Bz &rd Bn Bz bq bs tB left ks, Bn
buBdh on) JB puu* jBr f^z • bz
loq BZ B bkm duBr Ek' Bt wot
dt)v tOi«d JB, fr)oitit)s di kJEEr.
tt)s AA^ nditit tB mi n^^dhBr wee
Jar grmVn.
2. dhfBr)z nabBt b varB tuBthri
fuBk dii w» bi;m grtnd 4t. di)%t
thtqk wt)n nuBn on)Bz fergJEt'n
th)oittd wu^mBU Bt :blEgbrBn bz
WBr laft ^t, en Itvd mont b jfBr
Bt af^tBT. dfBr)a mii ! wot)s
dhBr i laf m tB msk fuBk dii
th»qks)tB? dtfQs)t thtqk diUt
B)th suBrt)s Idikli tB Lhap'n i
dhditdim?
3. btliiv mt Br btliiv mt UA't,
«t)s B fakt wot fl*)v tdiud jb, sub
od dhi din Bn bt kti^aa't ttn a^
tEl)ttdhtAA^ IwJdhB.
[ 1786 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 23, V i.]
THE NOBTH MIDLAND.
355
4. di)m. sirt'n di {Brd)tmi see
— sWqIIi B)th fuBk Bz wEnt thrA
A*')th thtq frB)th fATst dh^rsElz
— dhat di di^od sa'wBr vnujt.
5. dlivd)th Jtf^qkst l^d tssEl, «
gTEt Idd nam ji«r diud, mu ts
fad^rz tu^q bs suun «z ii {«rd
tm spE'ik, dho id wiss sb kt^^lBT
«n skt^^iBk'tn, vn di)d ^tnst hn
tB tBl)th ^t muth on» d^tf, ai wAd.
6. Bii)dh <5i«d wttoiDBn btseI
b1 t£l oni on jb bz lafs, Bn tEl jb
s^t lE'it of tu,wtdhdtit on» bodhBr,
«V jb)1 nabBt ash Br, -dhat \i wil.
7. vdomTeet^t6iuditm\wmx
di asli^t)B^r, tuuthr* tatmz ubi, {l
dti^d, Bn u diut nat tB bi raq on
s/tj B pdiint BZ dhis, wot)Bn vaa
th/qk ?
8. BZ di WB8 see)iTLj ii)d tEl)jB
buBdh au, wibt Bn w£n u fuQn)th
^d^rtt^qk^n ptg u^z b kAA^z Br
«QzbBn.
9. ii swfBr {l si im wi bt oon
iin, ldi)in s^t^rEtjt Bt)tli f«ol
Ifqkth B)dli gratmd, tn iz gu^d
sti^ndB kuBt, tlds Bsiitd B)dh aiis
duBr, ddwn Bt)th ki'-niBr b jond
luBn.
10. i WBZ wdinin vwee^ u be'z,
fBT AA*)th wA'rld Idik B mart
tyiildy Br b U*t*l las frEtVn.
11. Bn dhat ap'nd bz aV Bn
Br ddiU^tB^r i \aa} ku^m thruu)th
bak JcLrd ins f'qtn thWit Hubz
dtit tB ^drdi on b wEsh tn dee^
12. wdtl)th kEt'l w^r hdiilin,
won fd«n sMQmBr af^tB^muun,
nabBd b wik)8'n kw^m thirzdB.
13. Bn dw^n) JB noo ? di nEvsr
g^t tB noo ont muBT dhBn dhi's
B dhat btznBz w^p tB tBd^, bs
sac'uBr Bz mdi ne«m)z :d|ak
4. di)m sdrtm Bn Bs^tmr di
fBrd Bm s^tf— dhat)8 su^m B)th
fuBk, di mixm, bz WEnt thruu
AA*)th boz*lgjaq on)t dhsrsElz,
dhat a^ dt^^d bs aiei bz Egz iz Egz.
5. B8)th JM^qkBt sti^n isse!, b
btgtsh mak bv)b 14d ndin j{Br
diudy nm ts fadh^Brz ydiis in b
krak, tv tt WAr sb ktrEEr Bn
ske^^iBk'm, Bn a* dkr ^t^rw^st im
tB spE't k)th ^t^ruuth ont dee, -dhat
di dkr,
6. Bn)th Ojtid wti^mBn BrsEl,
nu)l tEl)jB dfu^Bt mit)th bEst on
JB BZ iz laf 'tn, Bn w^«nt ii tsl jb
s^t rs'tt Bn AA^ dhBLr)z nd tuu
w^^zBbdwt-A'r: jaanabBt aks)Br,
w^^nt ii tfil JB ?
7. 'oniwee u lit mi ev tt rit
Bnti^f tii Br thiii tdtmz dsr ii
dt^QQ dhdt, Bn li ditit'n)tB bt fdr
raq b sti^ b pditnt bz ^t, dWon)jB
thtqkiishilod?
8. we'I bz dt)r s«^;in, •uu)d
tEl)jB, wEn Bn wlBr Bn iu Bn
AA^, ii f t«on)th dji^d swalBktn thtq
bv)b WQzbBn Bv aVz.
9. ii swfBr ii si tm wt Br oon
iin, ldt;m B)th f i>q1 ratj B)th giiin
swiird, tn tz sM^ndB kuBt, niBrlt
dBmt'nst th)dt^ duBr, datm Bt)th
b£nd B)th luBn Jon.
10. i wvT frdtntn Bn wdtntn,
ii SEZ, BZ n{Br bz ndit«t Idtls b
mfird tidtld bz tz badl» B btt,
Br)B Itt I las i)th pEt.
11. an AA* dhts' ap'nd B)th
WEsh'tn d^ BZ ii Bn dhssr :d|Emz
wdtf wBr kt^Qmtn thrii)th bak
idiud frtf tqtn th)tluBZ dtrt,
12. wdtl)th t^^kEtl WBr bd,tl«n
fBr)th af^tB^muunz ^driqktn,
won gr^^t fdm stf^mBrz af^tB^r-
nuun — ^lEt)s si, tt/1 bt djt^^st b
wik sEn' B thA*rzdB.
13. en dt^^n jaa noo ? di nEVBr
l^mt Bni^^dhBr WA'rd on't fr^ dhat
dee tB dhfV, bs sa't^ur bz mdt
ntf^m)z :d|ak rshspBrd, Bn d/)I
[ 1787 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
356
THE NOBTH MIDLAND.
[D28,VL
'.shEpnrd, tm di d())nt want tB
noo noodhsTf n& dh£n !
14. vn BU di)m gujin u«m tB
mi sKoPur, gw^d nit, wi d<J)nt
bi SB shdrp tB hcoo uBr b bbdt
Bgj^itn, wEn I tAA^ks b dhts dhclt
Bn)dh tf^dhBr
15. i)z B w^k fuul Bz prMs
widhatit HBz'n. Bn dhat)s m»
last WA rd. gti^d nit.
Notes to
1. wellt omitting neiehbonr, which
Mr. L. says is not used after well in
iiddresses, nor, so he said, would the
Christian name or other familiar word,
as (mA'n, UUl). But TH. oheerved
when familiar acquaintances came into
Mr. L.*s shop, he would say: (wbU,
liHjnam; weI, :rob«rt), etc. — thee,
there is the usual employment of thou,
as on p. 337. As to tne yowel, it is
** very nearly pure (ii).** There is
sometunes a slight fracture, hut it does
not reach («i) as in D 21. It might be
(i,i) or (iH), hut as TH. is contented with
writing (li^ after making the ahove
remark, I follow him. — cares, (r) gene-
rally when not before a Towel, is ** mod-
erately strong, but in caret prayer, etc.,
it is considerably stronger,** says TH.,
''the end of the tongue being somewhat
retracted, and approaching, but not
reaching, the cerebral (r) of the sw. of
England.** This would give (r , r^,),
and this must be borne in mind, though
only (r) is written, see D 21.
2. — not (nat), less frequently (not),
not many, or lyte (latt) tsfew. — die (dii)
or (dii). — do they, the (^jo) is an
example of the verbal pi. in -en, which
is nearly extinct in this district.
3. at (tid).--Mw u the fact, {{) for
the assimilated to the following (t). —
quiet, observe (aa) as in D 22, Bolton.
— till (dhvn), possibly an alteration of
(tin) rather than of then.
4. through, TH. says that the sound
is not quite pure (uu, h), but might be
b« haqd «V a^ kJEEr eedhmy bb
niul
14. d«)l bf pdfktn of ^ tiiBm niu
tB mt 8i«ppBr. SB gUgd nit, Bn
nEVBr dhii bi tn b on Bg^ii'n tB
tol^dB r dBT B tjap, wEn i)z tElm
is teA,
15. ii)z nabBt b vaiB shalB
fuu^ Bs pr^fts bdiit i nooz wot
fjLT. dhat)8 AA^ gti^d nit'.
Poulton cs.
vrritten (6,u) and might reach (itn).
He, however, contents himself with this
note, and writi's (uu), saying ''some-
times there is a slight fracture," the
lips being " rather opener in the first
element, and closing to the normal (u) in
the second." — did, the form (dw^d) here,
and in Ooosnargh, is remarkable, it
recalls the old lust list lest, auster sister,
ffult guilt, hulUe hills, put pit, etc.,
see suprji Part I . p. 298. — eure, the form
(ss'u«r) is Strang.
6. and the old, (dh) is used for the
definite article as well as (th), with the
general rule, (th) before consonants and
(dh) before vowels or silent A. But
this rule is not exact, as shewn by (ii)dh
gr&tmd) in par. 9, and by numerous
(th) before vowels in the G. version. —
ask, or (aks).
7. asked, or less frequently (aks^t). —
onyht not to be wrong, or (0|Wt* tn bt
rit) ought to be right. — what do-n you
think, another instance of the verbal
plural in -en,
8. piy, sometimes (blvst). — husband,
the (n) was lengthened, but is weaker
than in an accented syllable; this is not
written.
9. lane, (Kkmi) would descend from
either Ws. form Idne lone,
10. a marred child, that is, a spoiled
child.
13. do-n you know, another example
of the verbal pi. in -en. — want, or
(wont). — neither or (oodhur) either.
Notes to Ooosnargh cs.
1. man, thou, greetings and use of
thou as on p. 337.— fw//, pNeroeptibly,
but not much protruded lips. — pull
your faces as long as a bam ' heck,* or
weather-board at a bam door to keep
out the rain.— /or aught as I care — all
nought^ the vowels (0|, a>), which are
practically identical and probably = (o),
nave been considered on p. 353. —
neither (noodhur) also used.
2. two or three, few. we have-n
none of us, instance of verbal pi. in -en,
Blackburn (: blBgbnro) . — afterwards,
perhaps literally that «ift0r= after that.
[ 1788 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 23, V i.] THB NORTH MIDLAND. 367
3. qui4t (kwaaH), obs. (aa»).— «// people.— 5i«iMtoy <Joa< or (tudhur k6it)
(tin). — look thou ! the other coat, a workman being sup-
4. mtu4, or gypsy-track, see Pea- posed to have only two, working and
cock's n.Li. glossary under BoswelL bettermost.
6. father, either (ladh'nr) or (fa» fim) , 10. frining and whinina, whimper-
— tqueaking or (skweAtn). ing and whining. — badly , lU.
6. juit meet the beet of you, meet U. their Jim' » wife, Mr. Kirk says
means precisely, exactly. — aek, (ash) daughter-in-law is not nsed, bnt Mr.
used by elderly people. L. at P. uses it.— /o«, courtyard.
7. do-n you think, an eiample of 12. gradely, Tery, truly, properly,
8. / woi, the {di)T\ stands for / 13. from that day to this, or (£r#
wor (di yray—and all, too, also.— dhm' tn jAu) from then to now.—
•wallowing, the form (swalvktn) seems /a^Aror (:d^3n)John. — either, oroodhvr.
to preserve the original guttural age. 14. piking off, taking myself off.^
iwolgen, to tolder over, this wora is not in the
9. TMtf A (rah), hence sketch.— ^r«m glossaries, but its meaning **to crow
iward, called (griin sAvrd) by elderly over*' is clear.
PouLTOir Phbases.
from Mr. Lawrenson*s kmOy, noted by TH. ; those marked * were taken from
the aunt, b. 1797.
1. (a do)nt fiil % gi^od fBt'l), I don't feel weU.
2. (uu)z varB kant), she's very well and lively, used of old people
only.
3. (ar)tB gu;fn tB f^t dh)uun tvd^ ?), art thou going to heat the
oven to-day ?
4. (brtq)th ka^d«^r {«r), bring the cradle here [the common word,
but (krBd'l) is also used].
5. (di)m. hiuD. d^tm)th tdtm, tB hdi b rdtmd pdtmd b bti^^^tBT, Bn
fotj B ku^pfs B SA^t wajtBjr), I am boun (i.e. going) down
the town to buy a round pound of butter, and fetch a cupful
of salt water. [This is a sentence concocted by Eylde {liaild)
people and pronounced by them as above, to laugh at the
s.La. people who come to Blackpool, and who are accused of
sayin (A)m gu)»n daan t' taan, tB hdi b raand paand b bu^^tB^r,
Bn fEtj B ktf^pfB B SA*t wwtB^r).]
6. (l)z B gr^^t gu^d mA'n, Bn ahat)8 b gr^^t bad bu, gr^^t »1),
he's a really good man and that's a really bad one, really ill.
7. (dof dh* tluBz, — ^kuBt), do-off [=*take off] thy clothes, — coat,
not applied to shoes.
8. (i)z gJEt'n dh)AAmz bu dh)9rtndj), he has got the alms and the
orange.
9. (hn Bs kips b shop Bnlnst mdin), he that keeps a shop over-
against mine.
10. (as)tB sd dht bns'ikfBst), hast thou had thy breakfast [for (sd)
over the Wyre, at Pilling (6 nnw.Poulton), they use (eu)].
11. (tV)*t r?th koosB] gJBts Bw^ frBm)f frtt^nt B)dh iua, iVjs ♦)tn
ruBch, if it [?the causeway, paved space] gets away from
the m>nt of the house, it's [said to bej in the road.
12. *{di)m bod mtdlm), I'm but middling, in health.
[ 1789 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
358 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 23, V i.
13. *(ja)r n vast grEt wdtl tjfuur j^m ka'm), you're a vast great
while afore you come. [Observe (kam) not (kw^m).]
14. *(th) kiith struijk mi), the cold struck me [the (th) not quite
certain],
15. *(/t)s vast plEZBnt if tdk hi wiil), it [the weather] is [vastly]
very pleasant if folk be well. [Obs. subj. mood.]
16. *{di sarft t' ptgz bu sarft t' kAAvz), I served [regular word for
attended to, applied to domestic animals] the pigs and served
the calves.
17. (an JTJ bin badli aa dee dhEn' ?), have you been ill all day then ?
[Obs. (an) verbal pi. in -en,'\
1 8. (wo)dBn n want ?), what do-en you want ? [Obs. verbal pi.
in -en,']
19. a. (ja noon dht)z dhrm w^dhcr thiqz), you know-en there's
those other things [something rather remote, pointed out
by (noon), Mr. L. thinks], h. (weI ja noo A)m Idik ts gu
tc)th tjErtj), well, you know [something present, and hence
(noo) not (noon)], I'm like [am obliged] to go to the church.
[It is not at ali likely that Mr. L.*8 opinion about this
distinction is well founded. The verbal pi. in -en had, he
thought, died out, and he was probably endeavouring to
account for a particular case.]
Wtersdale, La. (6 se. Lancaster), dt.
pal. by TH. in 1881 from diet, of Mr. John Gonial, Border Side Farm.
1. ndtf JO si, t^aps, di)m. Ttfit «baut dhat Itt'l las ku^mui fm th
skuul.
2. 8hu)z gu-f'n dawn t' rficd dhfiw, thr^u t' rod geet, on tf lEft
and satd.
3. konsAm «t ! tt)8 gVn s t^rE'iit %'p tB)t roq dAuw.
4. wiBr shB)l ap'n f dtnd dhat ^d^ru^qk^n diof wt'z'nd IeLb kAAd :tom.
6. wi AA* noo tm varc wiil.
6. mdi word ! bst w^t th oud tjap suun lAm «r not t« du it
TJgjeen, piiBr dhtq .
7. si JB ! iz'nt it ^t^ruu ?
Notes to WyertdaU dt.
1. tchooly or (jon sknul).
3. \V$gone^ or (tjkild)z ffo'n), child has j^ne. — %orong rfoor, or (roq' &«s).
4. happen, or (tBn tn wa n), or (vare Idtk).
The Fylde (:fa»ld), La., cwL
From the following sources.
P Ponlton, wn. by TH. in 1876, from the family of Mr. T. Lawrenson, of
Poulton, and a visitor there, a working man, b. 1821. Those marked*
were from an aunt, b. 1797, and illiterate. The (uu, ii) were not quite
pure, see notes to Poulton cs. p. 356.
[ 1790 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D23, Vi.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 359
K Kirkham (ikjarkiim), (8 w-by-n.Preston), wn. by Til.
G Goosnargh (5 nne. Preston), wn. by TH. from dictation of Mr. E. Kirk, see
also C8. p. 354. Garstang (rgjaa'sttn) is said to have the same pron.
W "Wyersdafe, wn. by Mr. TH. in 1881 added here for comparison. The pre-
ceiding dt. shews that (at)m) and not (at)z) is used, and that (th) occurs for
the def. art. These keep the dial, away from D 31.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 8 P ET. 14 G drAA^. 18 P ^ukreVn [pancakes]. 19 G ieel. 21 W
nmn. 23 K 8<f<?m. A: 40 G kam'. 43 P and widfeut dh) ^ti [hand without
the H]. 44 G land. 61 P mVn [used for husband, see 297], VV mikn. 64 P
want, want. — G kiat [cat]. A: or 0: 64 W roq raq.
A'- 67 G gu;m Tgoing]. 69 W noo. 76 G taud. 81 W \ikm. 82 G
wonst. — G sOsp [soap]. — G rliBp [rope]. 86 W ^wts. A': 101 P
6«k. 104 PG rfind. 106 P br(i«d. 107 PG l(i«f. 109 [W older speech
(IAot U'khBr) lower]. — G dawl [a dole]. — G fOwn [foam]. " 116 GW
tivm. 117 K WA*n, G Mm [alone]. 118 G b6Bn. 122 W n68, nCiBn. 124
GW stdBn.
iE- 138 W fadhBr fa^dB^r. — G ladhw [ladder]. 140 G «1. 144 'P
«gi6i«n. 146 G raArp [see 4671. -ZE: 161 GW d<?#. 172 W gras. — K
kS^rt, kae'rt. 181 P pad. M'- 182 P sis. 184 WliBd. 185 P riid. 192
K mSwi. — mira [mean adj.]. 194 ♦P out. 200 W wiet. 202 P int.
210 G tW. 211 G gree, 221 P fiw. 222 G iu«r [this is probably not the
same word as hair, written hure and various other ways in Prompt. Parv. p. 249
and 262, meaning 'head covering,* or 'cap,* avs. h(ifa, and is probably omy the
hair of the head, not horsehair for ex.]. 223 K dhinr, W dhiiw. 224 W wiur.
E- 231 P th dh t', G th t'Tno (dh)]. 233 W sps'ik. — P e'H [eat].
E: — K rs'itj [reach]. 261 W see. 262 GW wee. 270 ii P bnli. 274 G
bBnsh. 277 G ,d,nnsh. 278 G [not used, repUced by (las')]. E'- 290 W
i. 297 P fBli [used also for husband, see 6 1 J. 299 G griin, W grt in. E':
— P brlw [briar], 314 W !«rd. — G tait [tight, (tii it ta'it) tie it tight].
EA: 322 W kf . 326 K a'ttd, PW 6ad. 328 ♦? th)kiith [the cold sub.].
336 PG ajlK 336 PG fAA». — P Amrnt [almost]. 338 PG kAA». — P
SA't [salt]. EA'- 347 P I'id, W E'Ud. — lisp [leap]. EA': 360 W
divd. 366 P dhif. 369 KG nBbvr. 360 P tfvm. 361 P bfim. 363 P tii«p.
366 P grst, W gort. — da^i* [dew]. 370 G too. EI- 372 ♦P W.
EO- 387 Gn/uu. EO: 392 K Jan. 396 GW w^rk[sb. see694]. — kj^rv
(carve). 398 G stiUrv. 399 G brit. 402 W l^m. 403 K fi>r, faV. EG'-
— G ,tri [tree]. — PG hdnk [choke]. 417 G tra't*. EG': 423 K thiii
thiji. 424 W [older speech] r^ikh. 426 G lit. 436 'P ja jftw. 437 W
,t.rihith. EY- 438 W dii d»i.
I- 446 G nrfin. 448 P dhSwz. I: — P bard [bird]. 467 G mit
tm m^m [mieht and main]. 468 GW nit. 469 P rtt, W rslt. 462 G sit.
— G bi>nd [behind]. 487 W jM^s^tB^r^dB. I'- 492 G said. 494 W trfim.
I': 601 G wcfid. 606 P wM^im. 613 G wdim, 617 G v»uu.
0- — PG smtik [smokel. 618 G bodi. — P uun [oven]. 621 P f<^|tl.
— P »fft«r [afore] — P tfint [a cote, as a dovecote]. Q: — p frag
[frog], G frog. — G fog [fog]. 629 P br<J,«t. 631 W ^ufn.T. 632 G
16 fi, 641 W whit. — PW skfimr [score]. 660 PG WA'rd. — G mA'r.dBr
[murder]. — P twnA'm [to-morrow, TH. noticed the (r) as 'rather strong*].
O'- 656 W shiu. — GW fodhw [fodder]. 669 W mtt^dhBT. 660 K skuu.
662 G mt< nth [month]. 666 G n6vz. 0': 676 E Btitd. 679 W muj.
— P puu [pool, nearly pure (uu)]. 687 GW duji. 688 W nuun.
U- 600 G lit^T. 603 'P ka'm, K kamin, G k«omin, k«^,m. 606 KGW
Wrf^n. 606 W dii«r. U: — Kpuu» [puU, incUned to (p6u*)]. 612 G sM^m.
— G w«^,dB^. U'- 640 W [pi.] kfli. 646 'P Bbuun. tJ': 668 P d&im.
663 W &MS.
T- 674 W du^d. Y: 686 P hdi. — P shtif [shelf]. 694 P wark,
warti [in sense of ache], G wark [verb, see 396]. — G wari [worry].
— 0 WA'rm [worm]. T': 709 G WiBr. 712 G mats.
[ 1791 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
860 THE KORTH MIDLAND. [D 23, V i, n.
n. English.
A. 714 W lAd. 718 K ,t.r«d. 736 W las. I, and Y. 758 W garl.
0. 763 G Tocm. — PG dag [dogl G (dog). — GP tlag [clog], G (tbg».
— P mwooki [monkey]. if. — P t»un [a tune]. — G Li r [a cur]. — G
on [hnrryj.
m. Romance.
A" 811 •P pltf,8 [TH. asks whether the vowel were formerly deeper {ex)
than now (^V]. — Q we [pay]. 824 W ti^BT tjiw. 830 K ,t,r«fn. 841 W
tjans. — GslM [slate]. — G pl^ft [plate]. — Pkoosv [causeway]. £••
867 PK tee. 890 W Mbs [pL cows]. I- andY- 901 G fain. O -. —
PG r6B8t [roast]. — PG tfiBst [toast]. — G rdm [rose]. 940 P kfint.
941 P fuul [nearly pure]. 947 P bo,il. — f Vr, fxr [fur]. — P tAA>rn [turn].
954 'P WKoShra. IT .. 965 P 6fi, — PG A'rt [hurt].
Vab. ii. The Isle op Man.
Authorities. See Alphabetical County lists, under the following names, where
t means obtained by TH.
Ma, fKirk Christ Lazayre, fKirk Christ Rushen, fKirk Patrick, fPeel.
Area. In March, 1879, the Rev. W. Dnuy, vicar of Kirk Braddan
(2 W.Douglas, Ma.), wrote to me : " The Manx peasantry are
remarkable for their good English. Indeed, it has often been
observed by Englishmen resident in the island, that their accent is
much more correct than that of the English peasantry generally.
The Manx language is fast getting out of use, but still in many
parts it is very generally spoken. It will not be what we call
extinct, for two or three generations yet." The English, therefore,
extends over the whole Isle, but it is an English spoken by
foreigners, and, as is the case with Welsh-English, is not entirely
book-learned, but more or less tinctured wiA the neighbouring
dialect.
Character. The dialect is mixed. It is by no means the remark-
ably " good," that is, " received," speech, which Mr. Drury seems
to imagine, possibly from intercourse with the better educated.
The use of / am in the form (a)m) separates it from D 31, which
uses (a)z) Its. The use of the (dhs^ as the def. art. again separates
it from D 31, which uses (t'), but also separates it from D 23, Var.
i., which uses (th) and occasionally (dh) before a vowel. This the
is, however, almost the only important mark distinguishing Var. ii.
from Var. i., and the use of (dhc) is of course strictly inculcated in
the schools, so that it was to be expected. The U' words have one
of the diphthongs (a'w, a'w, 6w, d*w), at any rate it varied in the
pron. of the informants examined, but there was no approach to
the (^lU) of part of D 31 lying to the n. of s. hooe line 6, and though
the small part of D 31 s. of this line uses {6u) in Lonsdale n. of
the Sands and (dti) in Lonsdale s. of the Sands, the Isle of Man, or
D 23, Var. ii., is separated from both by / am and the for / u and
f. Var. i., however, has (dw), which is nearly reached in the {&^u)
of Var. ii. There is no approach to the peculiar sw.La. (aa*, 8B8B)
for XT', r words have (rft, di) in both Vars. i. and ii. The words
[ 1792 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 23, V u.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 361
with A-, A:, A', JE, M\ E, E', EA, EA', EO, EO', and probably
U, are troaUnl substantially alike in both varieties. TH. appreciated
and wrote (Wq), but the palaeotyping was done in Manchester, where
(Wq) is general, and most of the persons interviewed had been in
Manchester some time. Hence the Manx sound may be (m), although
(Wo) is here recorded. Hence phonetically it is impossible to regard
the speech of the Isle of lilan as anything but a variety of m.La.,
having numerous points of agreement and only one point of real
difference — ^the treatment of the def . art. the ; for the absence of
the verbal plural in -en, already nearly extinct in Var. i., can
scarcely be considered in Var. ii.
Illustrations, Mrs. Roscoe, of Kensington, a native of the Isle of
Man, having given me an introduction to Miss Cannell in Man-
chester, TH., who lives there, very carefully pal. her version of
the dt., and subsequently he discovered other natives of the island,
residing in Manchester, whose account of the pron. at home, assisted
by that of friends who came over, he was also enabled to pal. Thus
I have obtained three dt. and several wn. from the n. m. and s. of
the island, shewing slight differences, but substantial agreement.
As the speech is no true dialect, the localisation of the differences
has no dialectal value, and the interlinear presentment of the three
dt. points them out at a glance. But the occasional use of (^t) for
(th) especially before (r) in the n. and m. of the island, and the
regular (th) in the s., should be noted. Thus in the n. and m. we
have (^t^roon ^tra'd ^t^rEt ^tm ^t^ruu) thrown thread threat three
through, and in the n. (^tiik ^tiq ^ta^rtiin) thick thing thirteen.
This is in some respects comparable with Orkney and Shetland
habits.
Three Interlinear dt.
L. Kirk Christ Lazayre (2 w.Ramsey, on the ne. of the I. of Man), dictated
by Mr. T. Curphey, joiner, b. 1853, who was brought up there, but had resided
several years in Manchester, when this was pal. in 1881, and revised three times
in 1884 by TH.
P. Peel^ above the middle of the island on the west coast, dictated in 1881 by
Mr. F. Kaye, joiner, native, b. 1853 ; having resided several years in Manchester,
he took the opportunity of having it revised by his sister, about 25, and a friend
of hers, about 19, residents in Peel, who came to Manchester for a few days in
1884, and the dt. given, as thus revised, was pal. by TH.
R. Rushtn (:rwjBhvn), the most s. parish m Man, dictated to TH. (in Sept.
1881, and revised March, 1882) by Miss Cannell, head schoolmistress at St.
Mar^u^*8 Day School for Girls, Whalley Range, Manchester, then about 27,
and Miss Cuboin, also a schoolmistress in Manchester, then about 30, both
natives.
1. LcoLayre. ni^u di 6ee, hoiz, ju si nd*tt dh^t dim ra'tt isMut
Feel, weI, hoiz, Ju si dhw A)m ra't t Bba'ttt
Husken weI, boiz, jb sii dhor a)m raVt ub'u vho'ut
L dhat 111 gjel kom^n frBm)dhB)8kuul jon^do^r.
P dhat \il gj^l komijn jandc^r frem skuul.
R dhat hi gje[^Bl jan^dvr komvn frsm skuul.
[ 1793 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
362 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 23, V ii.
2. L p1u)z ghxm do"tm dhu)r6ud dhtur ^t^ruu dhB)rBd
V shi)z gmm da^tm dhujrood dheor ,tmu dhB)rEd
R dhc'ur slii is goon do'toi dliu)rood, thruu dhB)rEd
L gjeiit, on dhn)lEf and BaiH «f)dhu)r6nd.
P g]Vd;, on dhu)lEf an sa'^id xiy)dhv)rood.
R gjet on dliD)lEf Han sa'id.
3. L liik, bo/z, dhu)1^dil Bz)gA'n roVt w^p tc)dh«)roq
P weI shuurunMof, dhu)tjo"fl nz gAn s^trE'/t WQp'tB)dhB)roq'
R ffrt shuur ontf^f dhu tjo'/ 1 b g<in sthrE'tt WqP' tB)dhB)ddBr
L dof'uBr.
P iho'us,
R B)dhB)roq liaW.
4. L whtBT slii)! m^^bi idin dhat ^drWoqlnin def
P kwinr A)m thiqkBn 8lii)l)ap*n fdm dhat ^dn<oqkBn def
R an' nicvi shi)! idin dhat dcf ^d^rw.qkBn
L p(iBr lukBn ffilBr Bf)B rtoma^s.
P 6«1 krw^tB^r rtomi.
R hWi ov)b :tomB8.
6. L wi aaI noo (Him veti weI.
P wi aaI n(M))Bni we'1 Bnu^f.
R wi aaI noo him weI Bnw^.
6. L wdnt dhB)d*wl IeIb sunn ldni)Br not tB)du)Bt Bgjeen, puBr
P wdnt dhB)6wl IeIb lam)Br not tB)du)Bt Bgjeen, puBr
R wdnt dh« o'wl fElB lam)Br not tB)du)Bt agj^wi, dhB
L ,tiq!
P tja^tl !
R bA'kh !
7. L si ! tz'nt)Bt raVt wot A)wB8)8tf^Bn ?
P WE 1 no'w ! iz'n)Bt ^t ro/u ?
R Ink' ! iznBt ^t^Wu na ?
Nctet to Lazayre dt.
1. a5o«^,or(BbE'ut). — little ox i^ii^X), 6. 2Mirfi= teach, or (tBl va) tell her.
3. right, sometiines (B.tjrs'tt). — dow — thing, or (t|rfil) child.
or (h6|W8). 7. what I was aaging, or (wat A)t&*Ml
4. maybe or (praps) perhaps. n) what I told you.
Xotea to Feel dt.
1. t?Mty the form (dhut) conrerted 4. happen, or (praps, m«m) perhaps,
into (dhsr) before a rowel. maybe.
[ 1794 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 23, V ii.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 363
Hotet to Ruihen dt.
1. thatf see note to Peel. — boya^ mates not used in the dialect.
2. gone, or (gon).
4. A/y, a good-for-nothing, lazy, do-less, etc., creature, or (w^^t.nil) waistrel,
apparently a Manx word.
6. the baehy the little thing, apparently a Manx word. ^A=little in Webh.
Isle op Man cwl.
from wn. hy TH. from Mr. T. Curphey, who dictated the Lazayre dt., and his
wife, who was bom and lived chiefly near Peel ; from Mr. F. and Miss Kaye
and Miss Leece for l^eel ; and Miss Cannell and Miss Cubbin for liushen,
in addition to the words in the dt.
L Lazayre (:1«z^^r). P Peel. R Rushen (:rMoiBh*i}n).
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A- 21 L n^Bm, P n^^m n^%, R n^rm. A: 43 P han an. 46 P
kjand'l. 51 R mse'n. A'- 73 P soo. 86 L dvts. 87 L klooz. 99 P
,t,roon. A': 104 L r<5Bd. 115L<$Bm. 117PwA'n. 124 L stoon.
M" 138 LR faadhw [when used, generally (d«r) dad]. 148 P fiOT. —
P hBnra [herring]. 162 L waa^tB,r, P WAA^tcj. M\ 161 LR d/v. 172
Pgrw. 179PkirAt. M'- WlVaee. 183 PR t^-rtj. — P stiorz [stairs].
200 L whiBt wheBt, P wh<rrt Yweeiy PR wh^. M'l 205 P ^t^rs'd. 222 P
hiw. 223 P dhcBr. 224 P whiwr, R wh^.
E- 233 L sp«k. — P M. 262 L kJBdU kJBt'l. E: 261 P we. 262
LP wee, 265 L 8.t,rB'ft. — P fiil [field]. E'- 290 R hi. 299 LR grin.
E': 312 P hiBr. 314 PR bird.
EA: 322 R M. 326 L &'ul. 328 L Wu\. 331 L sa'ul. 332 LP t&^wl,
P ta'ttl. 334 P ^ni [halfpenny]. 336 P fAAl. EA'- 347 L Lhs'd, R hM.
EA': 361 L heenz, 364 R tjap. 366 L grdBt, R gT«f<rt. 367 L ,t,rEt.
EO: 394 L Jon,dB,r, P JondhBr. 402 P lAm. — L sis^tB.r, P sisthBT.
EO'- 411 LP_,t,rii. — LP ,t,rii [tree], EO': 436 R ^t^ra'u. 437 K
,t,ra'uth. ET- 438 LR d/Si.
I- 440 L wik'. 442 P ibBn. I: — L ,tik [thick]. 458 P no'it.
464 P Vwii}, 466 L tjrfil, P tja^il. 480 L .t«q, P thiq. 487 P JtsthBrd^?.
I'- 492 L said. 494 LPR t4im. 498 L ra^it. I': 604 L n^if. 605
LP W9'tf. 514 P di».
0- — P shKjf 1 [shoyell. — P ,t,raot [throat]. 0: — R shrw^^b.
531 R dAA.tB.r. 540 P hdhm. 0'- 555 P shuu. 562 L muun. 568 L
brodhBr. 0': 571 P gw/. 584 L stuul, P stiidU [Uttle stool]. 587 LP
dtf^. 588 R nuun. 590 L flte'uBr.
tJ- 605 LR sw^n. 606 L da'uBr, P dClBr. 607 P btf^.tB^r. U: 612 R
wyn. 613 L ^d-ni^qkBU. U'- 634 L ,t,ruu. 640 L kaV 641 L ^. 650
LP Bbe'Mt. U': 654 P shra'iid. 657 L br«'un. 668 P da^im. 659 L
ta'im, P ta^im. 663 L i hx'ms hdus. 667 P a'tit. 668 L pr^'ud.
Y- 677 L ,d,rrfi. 682 P lil. Y: 691 L mcfind. Y'- 707 L ^ta^^tiin.
n. Enolish.
A. 714 L \h>\r. — L prtnizs, P prtdBzs [potatoes]. I. andY. — P
whip kwip'. 0. 791 LP h6i boH. U. — P li#omp [lump].
m. ROJCANCB.
A.. 811 LplSBS. 824 L tjcBT, P tjlBT. 830 P ,i^een. 841 P ^am,
R t|«n8 tjans. — L pagBd [packet]. E •• 867 LP t*e. — P la\tB,r Qetter].
— P sirv [serve]. — P pmkBt [petticoat]. I- and Y - 898 P na'is
na'is. 901 L fain. O- — P .t^roon [throne]. 935 P kw^ni^ri. 939 L
kl00. 950LstiobBr. U-. 970 L^ d^u^s.
[ 1795 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
364 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24.
D 24 = e.NM. = eastern North Midland.
Jfoundaries. Begin on the n. at the b. of La., at a point 4 ne.Colue, La., and
following the 8. tee line 6 so across the deaner}' of Craven, Yo., between Skipton
in Mid Craven and Keio^hley in South Craven, keepin^f nearly due e. to about
Burley (8 n. Bradford), where the n. thecth line 5 joins the s. hoosr Hue 6. Turn
along this line 6, following the Wharfe to Harewood (7 nne.Leeds), and then
deflecting to the se. pans e. of Thomer (6 ne. Leeds), Aberford (8 ene. Leeds),
Sherbum (11 e.Leeds), and Gateford (14 e.-by-s. Leeds), where the line tumsjiearly
8., through Haddesley (15 ese.Leeds), w. of Snaith (11 e.Pontefract) and w. of
Thome (S ne.Doucnster), and e. of Doncaster to the n. point of Nt. Then follow
the b. ot Yo. past Nt., Db., Ija., till reaching the starting-point near Colne, La.
Area, The whole of the s.Yc, comprising the great industrial
centres of Huddersfield, Halifax, Keighley, Bradford, Leeds, Dews-
bury, Bamsley, Sheffield, and Rotherham on the w. and s., with
the country towns of Wakefield, Pontefract and Doncaster on the e.
A most diversified country. The w. parts inhabited by a great
manufacturing population, rejoicing in their dialect. The e. parts
popidous, but not manufacturing.
Authorities. See Alphabetical County List, under the following names, where •
means w. per AJE., t per TH., J per JGG., § per CCR., || systematic, ** io.
Yo. llAnnitage Bridge, ^Bamborough, t Bamsley, fBirkenshaw, §t Bradford,
°Brotherton, tCalverley, "Campsall, °§Dew8bury, ♦f Doncaster, ^East Hardwick,
tEUand, jt Halifax, fHaworth, "Holmfirth, *j|l Huddersfield, *»t J § Keighley,
j Leeds, fManningham, ^^fMarsden, fOsset, fRipponden, ^Roesing^n, {Rother-
ham, IIRoundhay, °Saddleworth, ||t Sheffield, f South Owram, tThomton, **tTick-
bill, tUpper Cumberworth, fWakefield.
Characters, In such a wide and varied region there must
necessarily be considerable differences. I have found it best to
distinguish nine varieties. The Western Group containing Var. i.
Huddersfield, and Var. ii. Halifax, in many respects greatly
resembles the adjoining parts of La., and has particularly the
verbal pi. in -w, mildly but clearly developed, the article (th) occ,
and (uu) hoo=8he, more or less used, (shuu) the general s.Yo.
form for she, also occurring. The North Central Group consists
of Var. iii. Keighley, Var. iv. Bradford, Var. v. Leeds, Var. vi.
Dewsbury, in which the peculiar character of the district is most
developed, but there are diversities, and Dewsbury has affinities
with Halifax as well as Keighley and Bradford. These names of
large manufacturing towns are used, but of course the real dialect
is heard in the surrounding villages. The South Central Group,
containing Var. vii. Rotherham and Var. viii. Sheffield, is distinctly
related to the adjacent Db., D 26, and has evident traces of the
verbal pi. in -w, of which there are none in the n. central group.
The Eastern Group consists of Var. ix. Doncaster and the whole
e. slip, has Nt. affinities, evinced by a great absence of fractures,
the (d«) treatment of U', and the absence of (shuu) she.
The particulars of each of these groups are given further on.
The main character of the whole group centres at Leeds, and
[ 1796 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 365
reducing it to the smallest and most distinctive elements, we may
take
0, 0'=:(6i*, ut) as in (oil, spuin) hole, spoon.
TJ'=(etJ, aa) as in (ecs, aas) house.
Somewhere in D 24 the use of (Wq), which is a mere transitional
sound between (a) and (m) (sec p. 292), ceases, and (u) alone is
used, and of course for some intermediate distance between the
borders of the (Wq) and the (w) regions there is a mixed region in
which both may be heard. The difference between (Wq, u) has
escaped most obsen'ers, and I am obliged to take the authority of
TH. exclusively. CCR. probably -was quite unaware of (u^) as
distinct from (w), and hence gives (u) only. TH. made several
journeys on purpose to discover where the change occurred and
where the mixed forms prevailed, but his observations were
necessarily incomplete, b»?cause he was able neither to examine
places enough, nor people enough in each place, to determine with
any amount of certainty what '7as the prevalent usage. Still his
observations, as I have stated, ore my only guide, and hence the
following results obtained from Lis note-books are valuable. I
make 4 classes.
1. only (ii) heard at Skipton, D 31, and in D 24 at Kdjrhley, Haworth, Thornton,
Bradford, Calverley, Halifax, Sci.t^ Owram, Elland, Kipponden, Osset,
Sheffield.
2. prevailing (u) but some (ti ) notice* nt Wakefield, Doncaster, Tickhill, Fin-
nin^ley, Nt. (but half in i o.), and e* en in D 30 at Hull and Hornsea.
8. prevailing (wj but some (u) at Marsden, Upper Cumberworth, and Bamsley.
4. only {%) heard at Manningham (close by Bradford in the midst of an (ti) region,
and hence possibly because too few people were observed, see p. 389, 1. 18),
and Thome in D 30.
My own information derived from other sources gives (w) only
and entirely ignores (Mq). It is as follows :
CCR. Skipton, Keighley, Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Dewsbury, including
Bam^ey, where TH. found prevailing (i#J, and Rotherham.
Mr. Stead, Hull and Hornsea in D 30.
Dr. J. Wright, Windhill (2 n.Bradford).
Dr. Sykee, Doncaster.
Prof. Parkes, Sheffield.
Where this information conflicts with TH.*s it only shews that both {%, u) are
heard or that my informants did not discriminate them. But the exclusive hearing
of (Uf) at Manningham, almost i part of Bradford and surrounded by Shipley,
Idle, Calverley, Bradfoid, Tiioiuton, where (u) alone is heard, shews that TH.
was unfortunate in the perst as observed, and that at any rate his observations
were not extensive enough. Marsden (between Huddersfield and Oldham, La.,
and hence in an (mJ region), which has alt<^ther a La. character, seemed at first
to have exclusively (t<j, but TiL on making a second special visit, found that
while {%) was almost universaLy used, cases of transition from (u) to (t<.) occurred
in old speakers, and occasionally {u) itself remained, shewing that (u^ was a
recent development.
Under these circumstances I shall assume that (n) is used in all
D 24, but that there is frequently an intrusive (w^) on the borders
[ 1797 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
366 THB NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24.
of La., Db. and Nt. This practically assumes the b. of Yo. as the
s. b. of (w), but does not assume any n. b. for (Wo), that is, it assigns
no precise area to the mixed use of (w, u^). It is quite possible
that the sound of {u^) in the s., as in D 28, 29, may in future years
pass over into (a), and that the (Uq) in the n., as in D 21, 22, may
spread even into Yo., preparing it for a similar change of («) through
(Wq) into (a). The spread of education and the (at least attempted)
inculcation of rec. pron. in schools may produce even greater changes
within a century. Here, however, we have only to discover so far
as possible existing habits, and must leave the future to take care
of iUcU,
Illnst rations. Through the kindness of CCR., author of the Leeds
and Mid Yorkshire Glossaries^ I obtained eight glossic versions of
my cs. for this neighbourhood. These when written were very
carefully considered by me, and all points of doubt were queried,
giving rise to many interesting communications from CCR. For
better comparison I give sev6n of these cs. intcrlincarly, so that
the eye can at once observe the differences. The eighth, which
gave the refined town speech of petty traders at Leeds, I have
reduced elsewhere to a comparison with received speech, but I have
added a new eighth, given me by Prof. Parkes, for SheflSeld. These
interlinear versions are placed first. Afterwards I consider each
variety separately, giving first an introduction containing some dt.
which I have recently obtained and a portion of a cs. from TH.
and also a dt. from Dr. J. Wright, which are important checks on
CCR.*8 work. These relate to Upper Cumberworth Var. i., EUand
Var. ii., Keighley Var. iii., WindliiU and Calverley Var. iv., and
Bamsley Var. vi. Then the notes on the corresponding cs. and
dt., and' finally a cwl. made up from the Iw. and wl. that may have
been furnished me by CCR. or other informants for further illustra-
tion of the variety in the neighbourhood of the chief centre. In
the case of Leeds itself I give a remarkably complete cwl., carefully
written in glossic by CCR. himself, with some wn. by TH. from
Calverley, near Leeds. I give also an incomplete wl. compiled
from Mr. Banks's Wakefield Glossary. The last variety, Doncaster,
is illustrated by a tolerably full cwl. pal. by me from the diet, of
Dr. Sykes, of Doncaster, who paid me two visits for the purpose.
The numerous comic publications, such as the Baimsla Foaks^ Annual
(published at Leeds) and the Saunterer*s Satchel and West Biding
Almanac (published at Bradford) are neither accurate nor locid
enough to be of any service in such an investigation as the present.
But the account of the pronunciation prevalent at the borders of
these unexplored regions shews within narrow limits what the
pronunciation within them must be.
E 1798 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24.]
TUB KORTH MIDLAND.
367
Eight Interiikeak cs.
These cs. have been arrnnged interlinearly for ready comparison, forming a
conspectus of pron. in D 24. The side numbers indicate the numbers of the
varieties already explained. The notes for each version are given subsequently.
As Mr. Robinson in his desire to record idioms has sometimes dealt very freely
with the text, the lines do not exactly correspond, but sulliciently so to make
reference from one to the other easy and rapid. The following is the meaning of
the numbers of the lines.
i Huddersfield (:tidhiizftl), or, according to TH., (rM^dhOTsftld), and adjoining
villages. See also the cwl. for Var. i. including Holmtirth, Morsden, Saddle-
worth, and Upper Cumberworth.
ii Halifax (:^lifeks) and adjoining villages, as Ripponden. See also the
parable of the Prodigal Son in the Halifax dmlect in Part IV. p. 1400, in which
some of the palaeot}'pe forms are now superseded by those here used, but this
will occasion no difficulty to the reader.
iii Keighley (:kiithlB) or Lower Craven. Mid and Upper Craven belong to
the N. div.
iv Bradford (:bradf«th) and adjoining villages.
V Leeds and its district already described, country speech.
vi Dewsbury and its neighbourhood, excluding Wakeneld, but including Bamsley.
vii Rotherham.
The above seven were written by CCR in Glossic.
viii Sheffield, written in 1876 by Mr. D. Parker, formerly President of the
Literary and Philosophical Society, and Prof, of Hebrew at the Wesley College,
both of Sheffield, who had been well ac(|uainted with the dialect for 60 yeare, and
had lectured upon it before liis Society, in a systematic orthography, supplemented
by notes and correspondence. Nevertheless in many common unaccented words
there is an element of uncertainty in this conjectural pal. translation.
Of the Doncaster variety I can only give a cwl.
0. i HudderBjield, w6« :dpnf az no doats.
ii Halifax, wat for :djont az no d^Bts.
iii KeighUy. wat for idj^Bn ez nim daats.
iv Bradford. wat for :d|oni ez nim daat.
y Leeds, wat foQ :djon» ez niva daats.
vi Bewshury, wot for :djoni bz ndos dects.
vii Rotherham. w6« idjonB ez nuB daats.
viii Sheffield. wo'i :d|on az)'nt nv daats.
1. i will, neebBr,
ii wiil, neeb^r,
iii wiil, n^Bbw,
iv wiil, necBbBr,
V wiil, n^eBbur,
vi wiil, neebBr,
vii wiU, neebBr,
viii WM, nwbBr,
joo Bn fm mB b^Bth)Bn)jo lef
joo Bn tm mB b^Bth b jo leesf
JAA Bn f m mB b^Bth Bn jo laaf
jii Bn tm, titi, mB b^Bth b jb laaf
jii Bn «m b 6b1, ji mB b^Bth on jb laf
JOO Bn im mB buBth o Jo leef
JO Bn tm Bn oo\ jon booth mB laf
JOO Bn ii mB biSiBth laf
i Bt dhis niuz b motn. wiiB keBz ? dhat dli(B)z
ii Bt dhts nE'uz b mt oon. wixb keeBz ? dhet dhb)z
iii Bt dhts niuz b motn. w^b k^eBz ? dhat)s
iv l&tk, Bt dhts neetiz b mt 6Bn. w^b keoBz ? dbatjs
V lat k, Bt dhts neeuz b mt 6Bn. ^tiB)8)t keeB ? dhat dliiB)z
vi Bt dhts nfuz b matn. w^b kecBiz ? dbet)8
vii at dhts niuz b moin. w^t^ keeBrz ? dhat)s
viii Bt dhts nfuz b mo'in. wuB k^CBiz ? dhat)8
[ 1799 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
368
THE KORTH MIDLAND.
[D24.
i nodhur h ws dhlc.
ii nodhur iin n« dhiiw.
iii nicBdhur iin nti dhhi.
iv notjdIiBr it's nv dhitw.
V noodliur iin no dhhu.
vi noodhur iin nn dhiinr.
vii noodhur iin nu dhifV?.
riii noodhnr iin nn dhiinr.
i mon, it)8 nobct t?
fill
V
men
tJt
diiz
ii 9z nooz tt)s nobut n
fE'u
n
men
ut
diiz
iii ft)8 nobtjd n
fiu,
wot
diiz
iv mun, tt)s nobxrt; «
feew
n
men
tJt
g&nz
vn diiz
V mun, it)8 nob«t ti
f6QU
n
men,
ut
gdwsz
Tin diiz
vi mon it)s nobBd «
iiu
n
meen
wot
gdonz
nn diiz
vii 9z nooz tt)s nobur n
fiu
wot
goonz
nn diiz
viii
fiu
men
dii
i biko's dht))r left ot,
ii kos dhB)r leenft Bt,
iii kos dhnSr laaft at^
iv kos dht?)r goond at,
V fo)bikos dhu' gaand at,
vi d^usi Tiko's dhe laft at,
vii bikos dhe' laft ut,
viii bikos dhB)r laft Bt,
wm noon dbat, dM)nBt wi?
dont ez ?
win nooB, du)n«t wn?
oz numi)z baat n6oBtii dhat ?
advnt nz Biunr n dhat na?
dhat uz nooz, du)nBt nz, nee ?
doont nz ?
wi noOf duBnt wt?
i
wat sBd mak vm?
tt)s not var«
ii
wat svd mak nm ?
tt)8 net van*
iii
wot snd mak Bm?
tt)8 nwt van
iv
wat SBd mak Bm, naa?
tt)8 niit vart
V pre)dhB
na wut SBd mak Bm ?
tt)8 nut van*
vi
wot sttd mak Bm du)t, pr^iB
? tt^s nut van*
tt;8 not van
vii
wot shBd mak Bm?
viii
wot shBd mak Bm?
tt)8 not van*
i 16»kl«,
%Z it ?
ii Mtklt,
%z it n^eB ?
iii lotk,
iz it naa ?
iv Ut^li,
iz)t naa ?
V latklinz.
t8)t na?
vi Idtklt,
iz it nee ?
vii IdiklB,
♦zit?
viii lo'tklt,
♦zit?
[ 1800 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24.]
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
369
3. i Jec)a*vtjr dhiz iz th)matBz B)th trfuth B;th
ii aa)rvar, dhiroz iz th)matT?z Ti)th tn'uth T?)th
iii amsBinrvBr, dhiiBZ tz)t' faks B)th
iv aarvcr, dhif'BZ iz)t' reei'ts B)t'
V amsBmivB, dhiivz HB)z)t' feetir odmBnts B)t' trecwth B)t'
vi ee)ivBr dhiiBz iz trit/dh Bn)t' iiiatBZ B)t'
vii oo)a-vB dhitBZ tz)t' matBz B)t' trooth B)t'
viii aa'SMmrvBr dhiiBZ «z)t' faks B)t'
i k^Bs, sAb d|tfst od job dm, frend,
ii kees, s^b d^ust 6ud jor dm, frend,
iii keeBS s^b djust dhii 6ud tB dm, frend,
iv k^eBS, 8^B naa dhen aa)tB baan tB od dht dm, frend,
V keeBS, Biiim dp*st dhi od dhi dm widh dhB, if
vi keez Bn ool BbeeBt konsaan, thru)t' thrid tB)l)t' niid'l, si^b
vii kees, boo d^ust 6ud dhe noez, h^nd,
viii kees, sub d|tfst dud jbt na'iz, frend,
i Bn bi ku?6tt wol o)v dwn.
ii Bn bi kwitvi wol o)v don.
iii Bn bi ktreBt wal o dim.
iv Bn djws wish tB wol o dwm.
^k JO na!
eeBkBn n^eB!
aakBn naa!
naa aakBn !
Hbz tB hudz na!
V dha kan8)tB latk, Bn wVsbt wa a dim.
vi d|t<st JO owd JOB nootz frend Bn wisht neB wobI ev d«m.
n^eB dhen Hb jo!
vii Bn bi gtroit wol oo)v dim. iBz)ta naa !
viii Bn bi kwo't;Bt wo'f 1 aa)v dtm. aark I
4. i o)m saatBn oi jhid dhBm see — swm b dh6V fuBk Bt
ii 6B)m BtuT 0 Jhd Bm Bee — swm b dhem fdak Bt
iii o)m BiuT vi o jbd Bra s^eB — swm b dhem fuMBks Bt
iv 6B)m sittT Bt a iiBd Bm s^eB — swm b dheBm f6uk Bt
V &i)m B^euT Bt a iiBd Bm secB — swm b dhem f<5wk Bt
vi ee)m siwr e tiBd Bm see — swm b dhem fuBks wot
vii 6t)m saatBn o iiBd Bm sen — swm b dliem fuwBks Bt
Bm Bee — swm b dhem fuBks Bt
viii AA)m saartBn Bt a iiBd
i g6Bd
ii went
iii went
iv went
V went
vi went
vii good
viii went
thru th)wol
thr« th)wiiBl
thrw)t' w6b1
thriw)t' ^wbI
thrw)t* wbI
thni)t* i4b1
thro)t' wAbI
thru ool t'
thtq fro th)fost b
thf'q thro th)fost
thiq fr^B)t' fast B
thiq frw)t' fost
th/q thru)t' fost b
thiq thr6B)t' fost
thiq thru)t' fost
thiq thrw)t' forst
dhBse'lnz — dhat
dhBse-lnz — dhat
dhBrse 'Inz — dh at
dhBse-lnz — dhat
dhBsemz — dhat
dhBseenz — dhat
dhBsenz — dhat
dhBsenz ^-dhat
I.B. Pron. Part Y.
[ 1801 ]
115
Digitized by LjOOQIC
370
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
[D 24.
i 6t dfd
scef
Bnuf —
ii did 0
scef
Tsnui —
iii 0 did
siwr
in/f —
iv t did,
siuT
tnif, om t —
V did)i
si«urltnz inif —
vi e did
sittr
in/f —
vii o d»d, om) shittr vnid —
viii A dwl, shiur vnui —
5.
i Bt th)
juqis sun
izse-ln.
B gret led b noin.
ii B)th
JOBqts Sim
tzsehi,
B gat led B nam.
iii B)th
Jttqis swim,
B goot lad B noin,
iv Bt)t'
jwqis swn
tzse*n.
B got lad B nam.
V Bt)t'
juqis stm
tZSC-n, Bt)!
3 B gdt lad B nam,
vi t?t)t'
joq/st stm
tzseen,
B griBt led B nam.
vii «t)t'
juqist SMn
tzsen,
B gret lad b nom.
viii «t)t'
JMqest stm
tzsen,
B gret lad no' in
jiir 6ud,
i nood
iz fadhB
VOfS Bt
wons, dhoo
it
•wor
ii nE'u
iz feedhBr
vots Bt
wons, dhoo
it
wor
iii niu
iz fadht?r
VOtS Bt
wtms, dhoo
tt
•wor
iv nee«)t
' fadhB
VOOJS
dhAA
tt
•wor
V n^eM)t
' fadhB
vol's, Bt
wuns, let BluuBn tt
•WOOB
vi nood
iz feedhsr
VOIS Bt
wims, dho
tt
•wor
vii nood
iz fadhB
V6l8 Bt
wons, dho
tt
•wor
viii nood
iz fadhBFz
VOIS dtrektli, dho
tt
•wor
i stkim
B kf^br
sku^eckin
Bn, Bn 6t)d trust
•tm
tB
ii 8it|Bn
B kirh'Br
skireektn
Bn, Bn o)d trost
•tm
tB
iii stt^n
B ktriiBr
sku7h'Bktn
Bn, Bn o)d trust
•tm
tB
iv sttj
B kiriiB
8kM?eBktn
Bn, Bn o)st trust
•tm
tB
V sitjen
B ktvUv
skuTetlLtn
Bn, Bn a)d trust
•tm
fB)tB
vi sitjBn
B ki^iiB
skireekin
Bn, Bn o)d tncst
•tm
tB
/ii 8B
ktrh*B Bn
sk««?eektn,
Bn o)d trost
tm
tB
viii SB
kt^^h'B Bn
8kw?iiktn,
an A)d trust
tm
tB
i spetk
th)triuth
on* dee,
jee, 6i 'wod.
ii sp^^k
th)triuth
ont dee,
iB, 0 'wod ['wnold]
.
iii spet'k)^ triuth
ont deeB,
itB, 0 'wod.
iv spetk
triuth
ont deeB,
ee, a 'wod.
V 8pefk)t' treetith
L ont deeB,
ii, a 'wod.
vi spetk
triuth
ont dee
0 -wood.
vii speek)t' trooth
ont dee, i
Eia mare o -wod.
viii spetkjt' truuth
ont dee,
dhat A 'vrud.
r 1802 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24.]
THE NORTH MIDLAND,
371
6.
i Bii tli)owd
ii Bn th)dttd
iii vn th)dud
iv «n)t' dud
V Bn)t' 6wd
vi «n)t' OMd
vii Bn)t' dud
viii \iii;t' uud
wumvn
w«nn«n
WMmBn
wtnnBn
wttmBn
WMmBn
WMmon
wwmBn
Bscln
Bse*ln
Bse-ln
Bse*n
BSC'Il
Bsee'n
Bsen
BPsen
tel oni 0 Jon Bt
tel oni o joo ot
tel on« o JOO Bt
tel oni 0 JB Bt
tel one on jb
tel on« 0 JO
tel onB 0 JO
tel on/ on jo
lefs niiu,
leeBfs nee,
lafs naa,
lafs
lafs
Bt
wot lefs
Bt lafs
Bt laf
naa,
naa,
nee,
naa,
naa,
i Bn telBn Jon
ii Bn tel Joo
iii Bn tel yo
iv Bn tel)t JB
V Bn tel JB
vi Bn tel JO
vii Bn tel jo
viii Bn tel Jo
strei't of, tu,
street of, tu,
streit of, too,
r6ft streit of, tiu,
streit of, tiu,
reit of Bn ool,
strei't of, Bn ool,
streit aat Bn ool,
bhBt
beeBt
beBt
fuBr 6ut)s lat baat
dhaatBn
w/dheet
widhaat
widhaat
i met| bodhB,
ii mitj bodhBr,
iii mitj bodhBr,
iv mttj bodhB,
V mitj bodhBr,
vi mitj bodhBr,
vii mftj bodhB,
viii mitj bodhBr,
♦f Jon b1 nobBt aksBn b.
if Joo)l
if JOl
ii J« )1
Bn)jt)d
ff J0)1
if Jo)n
if J0)1
nobst aks
nobBt aks
nobad aks
nobBd as
nobBd eks
nobBr aks
nobBt aks
Br,
Br,
Br,
^,
ur,
Br,
00
00 ! wi l)Bnt uu ?
w»)nBt sho ?
we)nt shB ?
wh'B)nt shu ?
wltBnt shB ?
wtl)Bt shuu?
weent shB ?
w(B)nt shu ?
!
!
AA*!
uu!
00 !
00 !
o'l!
i lIlBStBZ
ii onigeets
iii onir^Bd
iv on* ruBd
V liroslinz
vi ont roodz
vii onB rodz
•uu teld it 'mii
u tdud 'mii it,
sho teld 'mii it,
shtt tclt 'mii
wen Of akst b,
wen 0 akst Br,
wen a akst Br,
wen di akst Br,
sho teld 'mii Bbaa'tBn)t, wen a aast b,
shu teld 'mii it wen e ekst «r,
shu teld 'mii wen o akst b,
viii Bt oni r^H, shu teld it 'mii
wen A akst Br,
ii toothn*
teoBm:
iii t^Bthri
toimz
iv t^Bthri
tatmz
V tiiBthri
tdimz
vi t^BthrB
taf'mz
vii t^Bthn*
toimz
Bn 'UU
ovBr, u did, Bn o konsee'ts -shuu
dt/Br, sho did, Bn 'shuu
6uT, shu did, Bn shuu
OMB, did shB, Bn a konseeBt 'shuu
ovBr, shu did, Bn -shuu
6uT, did shB, bu 'shuu
viii tuu or thrii to'imz doBr, shu did, Bn
*shuu
[ 1803 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
372
THE NORTH MIDIAND.
[D24.
i 6ut not tc hi raq
B
siknn b po/nt
Bz dhis,
wat)Bn
ii 6ut net tB bi req
B
srtpn B point
Bz dht's,
wat)Bn
iii 6ut net tB bi raq
B
sitpn B point
BZ dhts,
wat dB
iv 6ut nut tB bi req
B
sitj B point
BZ dhtSy
St)
V oudBnt tB bi req
B
sitjBn B point
BZ dhis,
aa)s)t
vi 6ut not tB hi raq
B
sitjBn B pooint
BZ dhis,
wot dB
vii 6ut not tB bf raq
B
sitjBn B point
BZ dhis,
wot)Bn
viii 6ut not tB bi raq
t<pB
sttj B po'mt
BZ dht's,
wot dttn
i -joo thtqkBn?
ii JO thtqk?
iii joo thiqk?
iv -jii thtqk, naa?
V JB thiqk?
vi JO thiqk?
vii JO thf'qk?
viii JO thiqk?
8. i will, BZ 6* wBr see; in, •uu)d telBi
ii wel', BZ 0 wor Beejin, '8huu)d tel
iii wiil, BZ a wor 8ee;m, •8huu)d tel
iv wiil, BZ 0 WBr see; in, "8huu)d tel
V wilz, BZ a WB see; in, -shuujd tel
vi weel, bz o wo seejin, •8huu)d tel
vii wiil, BZ 0 WBr see;in, -shuu^d tel
viii wee^ bz a wBr 8^;tn, 'shuujd tel
JO
ool bHBt it.
JO
ool beeBt tt,
JO
ooB beBt it.
JB
oobI bat.
JB Bt
6ob1 cnz.
JO
ool beet
J0)t
ixmbI istrB
i BZ tB j6eB, wiiBr, Bn wen uu
ii eey Bn wiiBr, Bn wen u
iii st aa, Bn wiiBr, Bn wen it wor Bt sho
iv b^Bth aaB, Bn wen, Bn wiiBr it t^onst Bt shu
V biiBth aa, «n wiiBr, Bn wen it tjonst Bt sho
vi konsee'n, Bn ee, Bn wi/wr Bn w^n it wooBr Bt shu
vii Bs)t aa Bn wiiBr Bn wen it wor Bt sho
viii aa, wen, Bn wiiBr, shu
i ftm th)dri^Bn
bflBS
Bt uu
koolz
Br wzbBn,
ii fan thjdrwfBn
biiBs
Bt u
koolz
Br i«zbBn,
iii fMn)t' dfttkBn
biiBS
Bt shu
kooz
Br iizbBn, Bn 6oB)t*
iv fan)t' drtfkBn
bllBS
Bt shu
kooulz
B «zbBn on.
V fun)t' drtiktjn
bh*B8
Bt shB
kooBlz
B iizbBn«
vi fan)t' drwfun
birBs
Bt sho
koolz
wr wzbunon,
vii ffm)t' drttkBn
bh'Bst
at shB
koolz
Br Kzbun,
viii f«n)t' driiqkBn bCiBst Bt shu koolz Br wzbBud,
[ 1804 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24.]
THE I^ORtU MIDLAND.
373
i — ^u wt 1, 6i bim f o)t !
ii — o)m beewid u "Wfl!
iii ngmBrdul, — ai)z be hun h)t shu w«l.
iv — a)l bi bwn on)t, shu w«l.
V
Ti — di, e)m him fo)t, shu w«l.
vii — o)m bwn fo)t sho wtl !
viii
. i uu thrept u
ii u thrept u
iii sho thri/«pt «t
iv shu thi'ept Bt
V sho thrept wi went at it, vi
vi sho thrept vt
vii shu sweeBr tit
viii shu BwdoBT
soo tm wt Br oon iid,
soo f'm wt Br oon iin,
sho soo tm wi Br oobu iin,
shtt SAA im WI Br ooBn iin,
shu sid)im w* Br oobu iin,
shu siid im, wt ur oon iin
sho-siid im wi Br oon in
Bt aa shu siid tm w» Br dun iin,
i If gtn stretjt j6eBt Bt wol leqth, tip B)dh grHBnd,
ii 1/gm stretjt Bt wAbI leqth, tip B)t' grecBnd,
iii Itgm stretjt aat oo iz buk Bn leqth, Btap B)t' grtmd,
iv l*gm stretjt slap oobI iz leqth, B)t' greeBnd,
V 1/gin stret^t endleq Bto'p Bn)t' gremd,
vi Itg/n stretjt eet)t' ubI bu iz leqth, Bto'p B)t' greend,
vii Itgtn stretjt Bt wutiBl. leqth tipB)t' graand,
viii ligtn 6tret][t aat Bt iul lenth tipB)t' graand.
i i iz g6?'d stmdB kott, tlots bt )th h*Bs d^Br otl,
ii tn iz got'd stmdB kott, tlots bt)th deBS di!cBr otl,
iii t iz gold stmdB kott, tl6/8 bt )t' eeBs dicBr oil,
iv dond t iz stmdB koit, tlois bt)t' 6b8 d^Br otl,
y dond t iz gut'd stmdBr kott, tloiz bt)t^ aas dutiBr otl,
vi dond i tz good stmdB koo/t, tlots bt )t' 6eBs d^uB st^id,
vii dond t tz good stmdB kdoit, tldts bt)t' aas d^B stSiBd,
viii f iz gtid stmdB kuuBt, d^tist bt )t' aas duB
i B)th koOBUB
ii deeBU B)th kooBUB
iii dcBn B)t' kooBnBr
iv daan Bt bodhBm
V daan B)t' kooBUBr
vi deen Bt)t* koouB
vii daan Bt')k6oBnB
viii daan Bt)t' koruBr
B Jon leen,
B Jon l^^n.
B jond 16/n.
B Jon 16 m.
B jon loin.
B Jon leen.
B jon leen.
B dhat 1^^.
[ 1806 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
374
THB NORTH MIDLAND.
[D24.
10,
i ii WOT Bgee't « woinin,
u sez, • fOT ool)tli wald
ii ii w«r «geet b wamm,
u Bee-z, far ool)t' wald
iii ii WOT gi^t « woinm,
shu sez, fOT 6oB)t' wald
iv i wBr «geeet « wamin,
sbi* sez, fer 6oBl)t' wald
V i WOT BgeeBt b watnin,
sho sez, fOT 6oBl)t' waald
vi i wttT Bgeet b wdm/n,
seez sho, for ool wwwrld
vii i WBr «geet b womtn,
shB seez, fBr ool wald
viii i WBr wo'mm bww, sez shu, far ool wurld
i loik B badlf
tioih
OT B let-Bl las t B jfumB.
ii lai^k B becBdlf baan,
Br B let-Bl las • b JiumB.
iii loiknn b badU'
baan,
OT B IttBl las 1 B mooBk.
iv seeom Bz b badl«
baan,
Br B litBl las 1 B moBndj.
V la/kBn B badlt
baan,
Br B IttBl las m b moBndj.
vi la«k B bedl*
beeBn,
ur B li'tBl lees »n b jijnnBr.
vii 16 ik B badlt
tjotld,
Br B litBl las t B j'lumvT,
viii lo'tk B badlt
tjo'tld,
OT B LtBl las B fretin.
H. i Bn dhat apBnd bz 'uu Bn)th d(5titBr)/)loo
ii Bn dhct apBnd bz -uu Bn)th ddiitBr)iiloo
iii Bn dhat dhitOT apBnd Bz)th d6tttBr)i;loo Bn Brse'ln
iv Bn dhat apBnd bz shuu Bn)t' d6MtBr)i)16oB
V Bn dhat apBnd bz 'shuu vn)t' d6MtBr)i)16oB
vi Bn dhat epBnd bz 'shuu Bn)t' d(5iitBr)iiloo
vii Bn dhat apBnd bz 'shuu Bn)t' d<5iitBr)f jloo
i-iii Bn dhat apBnd bz 'shuu BnOT dcJMtBr)t)loo
i kwm
thro)th bak
jard fro
aqth
th)wet
tluBZ
ii kuum
thru)th bak
JeeBd thrw
eqm
th)wet
tl^BZ
iii kuum
thrtt)t' bak
JCBd free
eqin
t')wet
tliiBZ
iv kwm
thriw)t' bak
jaad frw btn
eqm
t')wiit
tlliBZ
V kam
thrw)t' b^
jaad thru
iqm
t>it
tliiwBZ
vi kwm
thrtt)t' bak
jaad, thru
eqm
t')wit
tluBZ
vii kwm
thrM)t' bak
jaad, thro
aqm
tjwet
tlwBZ
viii k^^m
thru)t' bnk
jard, wen Bhu)d
fiq
t>et
tluBZ
i jeBt
tB drot on
B weshin dee.
ii ^Bt
tB drat on
B weshtn dee,
iii aat fB tB drii on
B weshm decB,
iv
tB drdt Bv
B weshm deoB,
V aat fo)tB drii on
B weshm deeB,
vi eet
tB drat on
B weshin dee,
vii aat
tB droi on
B wesh'n dee.
^iii aat
tB dro't Bt)t'
weshin dee.
[ 1806 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24.] THB NORTH MIDLAND. 375
12. i w6il)tli ketel wv boilm fo)tli tee,
ii wolUh ketcl w^r vgee't boilm fB)th tee,
iii waljth ketsl wot boelin for)t* drMikm, «
iy wol ketBl wot g^«t v boilin fB)t' dnqkm, v
V wal)t* ketul wot Bgeeet b b«')f Im io)V dnqkm, b
vi wol)t* kett?l wa botlm fo)t* dnqkm «
vii w6il)t' kettjl wb boilm fB)t* tee dnqkm,
viii wo'«l)t* ketBl wbf » bo'ilm f8)t' tii
i won fom broit aftBndm i stimOT nobBt « wiik
ii won fam biiit aftBntJm i somtnt nobBt « wtk
iii wtm fom briit oftomdin t stmiBr nobBt sb latlt b wik
iy wtm aftBndin i stmiBr ta»m, « wik
V wtm fam briit aftBnAwm t stnnBr, nobBd « wiik
yi wtm fam briit aftBnc^om t swrnBr, Jtt nobBd b wik
vii won fom brott aftBn<^m i stmiB, nobBr b wik
viii won stmsbo'mt aftBnoon t stmiBr, nobBt b wik
i sen ktmi)th nekst tharsdB.
ii sen kuum)th nekst thozdB.
iii sm kuum)t* nekst th«zdB.
iy sm nobBt ktmi)t' nekst tbtizdB.
y sm ktmi)t* nekst thaazdBr.
yi sin ktmi)t' nekst thtizdB.
yii sm ktrai)t' nekst thaozdB.
yiii sm ktmi nekst thaozdB.
13. i Bn, dim jo noo* ? 6i ntvBr laant ont mdwn
ii Bn, doo jo noo? o ni'vBr laant ont m^Br
iii Bn, n6oBz)tB nobBt? o nivB Ihmd oni m^Br
iy Bn 8t)n6oB naa, Bt a niVB imd ndtd ws m^r
y Bn dt^)tB nooB, na? a niivr Uiwat nout nB m^tm
yi Bn dtt8)tB noo, o nivBr laand noat nB m^BT
yii Bn dtmjo noon? o nivB laand onB m^tiBr
yiii Bn dtm jo noo? ▲ nt'yBr laamd nu« muBr
i Bn dhfs B dhat btznis tip tim tB dee,
ii Bt bd B dbBt beznis tfp tol tB d^,
iii dhen dhts « dhBt mak b btznBs tip tB tBdeeB,
iy B dhat dhliB deew up tBy tBdeeB,
y dhen dhts b dhat diu up tBl tBdeeB,
yi Bn dhis b dhet biznBS til wol tBdee nee,
yii Bn dhis o dhat btzBUBs tq> woil tBdee,
viii dhen dhts Bbaat dhat btznis tip tB tBd^,
[ 1807 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
376
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
[D24.
i Dz shuuT vz mot neem)z :cI|om ishepoid, on
6i du)not
ii nz stur vz mi neem)z :djoni :8hepod, Bn
0 di«)ont
iii vz BiuTir vz mi neeBm)z :dJiiBn ishepBd, on
0 d«)not
iv oz HiunT oz m» necTnn)z :(1^3m :shcpod, nar
noodhor
V tjz sittolmz Tjz mi neeom^z :dJom rshepod, on
vi oz shittT oz mt neeom)z :d|oni -.shepcd, on
a di!eo)nt
noodhor
vii oz shiuT oz mo neem)z :^ono ishepod, on
0 dont
dii oz shiur oz niA neem)z :d[ak zshepod, on
A duont
i want to duu oodhor, dhlror nf to-na !
ii want to duu nodhor dhio dhen, neco
,
iii want to diu oodhor, dhiio budz naa !
iv diu i want,
V want fo to diu
vi duu i want to dw,
vii want to doo
viii wont
naas to !
nooodho, naa mon !
nee dhen.
nodhor dhio)z to dhen !
noodhor dhCor naa !
14. i on sdws 6t)m go'tn
ii on 8UU0 o)ni been
iii on 6UUB af)z beon
iv on 8W0 o)mon hi beon
V on siiuiB a)mon filcost
vi o 800 o)m been
vii on 800 o)m goo)«n
viii on suo A)m gu)tn
ogee'todz wilom to
ietiom to
ogeeotodz ^uom naa to get
a^m naa, laf k, tol
to guo ^ttom
^unm Idi'k to
{iiinm to
^om to
i mi 8tq)or.
gold niit,
ii mi 8wpor.
gdid niit,
iii mi 8t<por,
16tk.
gotd niit to dho,
iv mt 8ttpor.
gdid niit to dho.
V mt 8ttpor,
naalaik.
gufd niit to dho, o pre)dho mdinds to,
vi mi 8tq)or.
gdid niit to Joo,
vii mo swpor.
god nit to dho.
viii mt stipor.
gud niit,
i on dtt)not hi so Bhaap to kroo ovor o bodi ogit'on
ii on duo)nt bt so shaap fo to kroo ovor o bodi ogen,
iii on dw)not b« so shaarp to kroo 6ur o bodi ogi«on, 8)t)ito
iv on duB)nt hi so shaap to kroo 6ut o bodt ogh'on
Y on diiont bi 80 kin fo to krooo ot^r o badi oghon
vi o duo)nt bi so shaap to kroo ovor o bodi ogiion
vii on dont bi so shaap to kroo 6ut o bodo ogiion
viii on duont bi so shaarp to kroo door o bodi ogCon
[ 1808 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, V i.]
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
377
i wen i tooks "b t)oon
ii wen t looks « i)oon
iii na? — wen t tooBks b t)^tfBn
iv wen » toovks « t)uBn
V wen i tooBks b t^tiBn
vi wen i tooks b toon
vii wen i tooks o toon
Bn
Bn
Bn
Bn
Bn
viii wen i tooks b dihis dhat Bn)t' ttdhB.
t)wdhBr thtq.
t)odhB thtq.
t)udhB thiq.
t)MdbB thtq.
t)MdhB thiq.
t)t«ihBr th«q.
t)odhB thtq.
15. i it]8 B week fdtl Bt preets bM reezBn,
ii tt)8 B week toil Bt prMs beeBt reezmky
iii «t)8 B weBk idil wot prewts becBt riiBZBn, dhaa)t siuBr,
iv it)8 B weeBk fdf 1 Bt prats dhaat ri/BZBri, dhaa)t nuBn
T tt)8 B w^Bk full Bt preBts bidhaat rh'BZBn,
vi it) 8 B week fdoil wot preets widheet reczBn,
vii tt)8 B week foil Bt preets Bdhaat reezBn,
viii •t)s B w^^k full Bt preets widhaat rfBZBn,
1
ii
iii
iv baat goBmin *dliat, k)tn ?
V
vi
vii
viii
Bn s^tiB dhat)s moi last
Bn s^uB dhet)8 mi last
Bn suuB dhat)s mi last
8UB naa dhen, dhat)s mi last
8UB naa dhen, dhat)8 mi last
Bn 800 dhet)8 mi l^st
Bn 800 dhat)s mo last
Bn dhat)s mA last
i wad. g<5id boi, led.
ii wad. gdid bdi, led.
iii wod. gold bai tB dhB, lad.
iv wad. feB tB wiil, lad.
V wad. f^B dhB wilst, lad.
vi word, Bn o)l see, gdid b&i tB joo.
vii wad. god booi, lad.
viii wad. gwd bo'i.
%* The Notes to these different cs. are given under the separate
varieties below.
YaB. i. HUDDEKSFUXD AITD KeIGHJBOURHOOD.
Comprising the country to the sw. up to the La. h., Golcar (:g6//kcr), Slaithwaite
!:Fl^*it), Marsden, and then (separated hy Diggle Edj^e) Saddlewurth, Holmfirth
in a neighbouring valleyj, ana Lpper Cumben*'orth. Ihe speech is well illustrated
by CCR.'s C8. for IXuadei-sfield, a dt. for Upper Cumber%vorth» and a rather
complex cwl. for Hudderslield, Holmfirth, Upper Cumberworth, Marsden (as obs.
by TH.), and a few words from Saddlewortn, which to a considerable extent
agrees with Marsden.
Huddersfield is a large town, and necessarily contains speakers of various shades
of dialect. Hence anything like perfect agreement in the several accounts of its
[ 1809 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
378 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V i.
speech which I have collected was not to be expected. While, therefore, there is
a great practical unanimity, there is considerable diversity of opinion. On refer-
ring to the cwl., which contains details, it will be seen that from A- to £Y there
is not much diversity of appreciation, and at the same time great resemblance to
D 22. The chief differences relate to I', 0', U', and the short I, 0, U, in the
cases where they are usually treated as Ion?.
I' is always represented by (6t) in CCK.*s cs., although he admits the form
(6b), thus, (t6tm t6BmJ. ^ow the relation between these sounds is close. In
the £. div. we found (Uim) lame as a result from (l^m). The Ch. (&t), D 25,
seems to be the sharper sound of (&b, &a) for {ku) in U' words. But when the
form with (b) is once reached, the way is opened for numerous other changes and
especially for its omission, thus, (tdmn, toom), whence (tAxm) is an immediate
alteration involving also (taam). CCR. is, inaeed, of opinion that (aa) for I' ** is
foreign to the genius of town dialect,** and thinks that it does not *' occur at all in
(daan) dialects, but only in (duun] dialects.'* Of course in no dialect are we
likely to hear (dnan) pure and simple, for both down and dine. There is a change
of vowel, a mere shadowing, which is sufficient in speech, (daa^n, dtcacn) for one
and (daan, daan) for the other. This we have already met with in D 22.
0' is always very variablytreated. CCR. has (g6td) good, which would make
his 0' and V clash. Miss Hibbard has (g6td, st^il, hdit) good, stool, boot, and
agrees with Messrs. Dowce and Tomlinson in (spQtn, f6tt, rOit, sCiit) spoon, foot,
root, soot. However, for hole Miss Hibbard agrees with both CCR. and TH. at
Marsden in giving (6tl, dtl). But for book, took^ Miss H. has simple (buuk,
tuuk), with a long^or medial vowel. We shall find similar treatment of 0' in
other varieties of D 24, as we have already done in D 22.
U'> is also variably treated, see notes to Huddersfield cs. par. 3. CCR.
considers (mb) to be the distinctive sound in this variety, but he also occasionally
uses (aa, ee). Miss Hibbard has generally (6b), which CCR. says he has heard
in common speech, but had been led to disregard. Now at Burnley D 22, Var.
v., this was an alternative form to (fe*a), and curiously TH. got (fe^o, 6.W, &'«)
at Marsden, which would readily give (6b) or (aa), and other Marsden informa-
tion gives in fact both. Upon the whole I should say the (6b) was the most
prevalent form in this variety, that (ub) was antiquated, and (aa) occasional.
Notet to the Huddtrafield C8., No. i on p. 367.
0. why (w6t). CCR. says such a ancestors had always lived in the dis-
word as /ifn^ would be pronounced both trict, and whose forms of speech never
(t6im) and (t6Bm). Tnis is instructive varied.**— yow, CCR. allows (o) gene-
as to the interchange of fractural (b) rally, but finds (o) sometimes necessary,
with (i), as afterwards in (k6tl) from and very prominent at Leeds. The (*o)
(k6Bl) coal. Of my other correspond- in this cs. was specially written by him
ents, Mr. Dowse writes o«, u*oi/e, toim^ as a correction of (a).
loikcy indicating (d't). Mr. Tomlinson 1. laugh (lef). In transliterating
has u'orle^ morle^ lorfe^ worde^ while CCR.*s glossic, I have rendered glo&sic
mile, life, wide, indicating (a a), and e by (e), which sound it was originally
she\ving that r was considered merely meant to symbolize, while tte re-
a means of affecting the meaning of presented (b), which CCR. uses oc-
the preceding letter, and similarly he casionally. It is most probable that
has «Hr, ichoTy sky, why, but suddenly TH. would have heard (e) in all these
changes to at< in /awr, lauee^ mauce, cases, being his usual vowel. — cares
fire, lice, mice, with no r. Miss 0^^^)^ ^^^ ^t ^^^ *' ^ ^^y vocalised.
Hibbard indicates {aa) in all cases, in This will be found the general writing,
her numbered word-list. These last but CCR. sometimes admits Glossic r,
two seem to approach CCR.*s (6b). See evidently considering it more than a
Var. ii. Halifax. CCR. says, **The mere vocalisation, perhaps as Midland
town of Huddersfield has progressed at (r), and sometimes writes Glossic r\
a very rapid rate, and there has been which means decidedly trilled (r).
an influx of people from neighbouring Curiously enough the Glossic r occurs
districts. My renderings reproduce the chiefly, not always, at the end of words,
pronunciation of people who and whose It will be sufficient to write (r) as in D
[ 1810 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, V i.]
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
379
22, bearing in mind that it is possibly
f) when not before a vowel. But the
will be omitted or vocalised when
i
CE. so vrrites.
2, tee do know that^ donU we ? (win
noon) we do-en know-en, not only the
verbal plural in -«i, but the infinitive
in -en ; the last is very doubtful.
The verbal pi. in -en is much more
certain. We have it here (wi)n) for
{vti dtm) ; in par. 7 (wat)Bn joo) what
Qo-en yon ? and CCR. says the de-
liberate form (wat dim jo) may also be
used. This greatly increases the M.
character of Huddersfield speech.
3. how-evevy (6eB) would have been
the expected form for the first syllable,
then (jceB) with the common prefixed
(j^, and finally the clipped form (jee).
Tne representation of U' and the cor-
responoing lengthened U and French
ou seems to vary. We have (0. daats,
3. jee naa, 6. ntt« buBt, 9. grtiond t'tiis),
doubts, how, now, now, without, ground,
house, and (13. nttB-naa) in the re-
duplication now-now. Of my other
Huddersfield informants, Mr. Dowse is
indistinct, writing naaWy caaw, haase^
maas, which may possibly all point to
(h) ; Mr. Tomlinson gives aaneey
kddcumberj ounce, cucimiber, which also
point to {&o\; and Miss Hibbard has
(ja', taS neB na*, k^B, Ja*r), how,
thou, now, cow, our, and (^) in other
U' words. CCR. considers (/tn) typical
of Huddersfield and (^) of Halifax. —
the matterty the use of (th) for the def .
art. as in La. seems prevalent in this
variety, though (f) is most common to
the e. — hark you, now.
6. youngest^ sometimes (jo(jts). —
father 8f oos. the omission of sign of
the possessive. — trusty the dental (^t d)
were designedly omitted by CCR., wno
says '* they are not a characteristic
feature." But TH. heard them at
Marsden, and so still in most words.
6. »hey (ua) and not (shuu) as is used
further to the e.
11. yard (jord), CCR. vrrites glossic
yur'^dy indicating a fully-trilled (r).
12. thursdayy (tharsOB) or (thorsdB).
CCR. writes the first with the same
fuUy-trilled r* as in yur'dy but the
second as untrilled aor, I cannot lay
much store by the treatment of r, find-
ing it so difllcult to elicit.
14. /*m going agatewardt hotne.
Mabsden (7 Bw.Huddersfield) dt.
pal. by TH.in 1888 from the diet, of Mr. John Schofield (:sk(iBftl), b. 1804,
native and life-long resident, woollen weaver, then postman till 1888, and
then retired ; assisted by his sister, Mrs. Hill.
1 . a)8e\ ladz, JO sKn jAH «t A)ni rE'it Bba^ dhat Itt'l las komm"
tlirB)8 sk^itl Jon dB^r.
2. ^u)z [i!i)z] gu-m da"TOi th)ru«d dhlw thritiuu dhat rEd jeet
on th)l£ft and sood e)th riiBd.
3. sii JB, th)tjaald)z gilBn stra'it ti^p tB)tli raq &'bs [a'as].
4. wiBr iiu)l ap'n f/umd dhat d^rM^qk^n dlBf wfz*nd Mb «t dh^
kAAU 6t<d :tom.
5. wi aaU noon hn vart wftl.
6. wfl*nt 6«d :tom sdt'n Ifem ot tB moond bE^fti r th)nE'ist tflom,
puBr las !
7. luuk ! it)s d^tt^st Bz A thoMt »t WAd bii.
Notee to Mareden dt.
1. tehooly the vowel written (mj) was
marked as between (w, o).
2. dowrty the first element of the
diphthong in (da*'Bn) was marked
as lying between (a*, e) or doubly
high (a).
3. wrong house or door (da'r, da^V),
where (a,) lies between (a, o).
Omitted words: 1. so sw- s(ib way
wee, 3. sure enough s/^U'Br tnU|kh,
[(m,) between {u^^y o)J. 4. name ueem.
6. teach iE' it}.— again BgJB*n.
[ 1811 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
380 THB NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V i.
Upper Cttmberwouth (6 se.Huddersfield) dt.
pal. by TH. in 1881 from diet, of Mrs. Ann littlewood, b. 1824, native, and 26
years resident ; here (tij and (u) were both heard.
1. A, MCy ladz, J9 siin na^3 A)m rett vb&'Bt dhat ItVl las ku^min
thrw)8)8k(Jil jondisr.
2. 8hu)z gu)Bn da'tm)t' rfisd dhlcr thruu)t' rad' gjM on)t* lEft
and saod B)t' ruvd.
3. luuk ! [sii !] t' tjaald)z gujBn strc'tt w^p tB)t' raq aSis,
4. wiBr sfiu)l ap'n faand dhat druqk*n dlof wtz'nd oud Mi vt
dhr kAAl :tom.
5. wi aaI noon ^m vdr/ will.
6. wiPnt t' oud t^p sd/n teitj tir not te du it Dglon, puw thiq !
7. luuk ! -^^nt It triuu ?
iS'j^*. Words omitted: 2. fc?fly (w*»). — 3. door {da'wtr).
HUBDEBSFIEU) AKI> NeIOHBOURHOOI) Cwl.
For comparison characteristic words are here given for the following forms.
li C0R.*8 cs. for Huddersfield, merely a few principal words.
]) Words from the Huddersfield wl. of Mr. Dowse, who had been 10 years
acquainted with the dialect, as well as they could be interpreted.
T Words from the Huddersfield wl. of Mr. Tomlinson.
n Words from the carefully numbered Huddersfield wl. by Miss Mercy Hibbard,
who had lived there the first 18 years of her life.
h Holmfirth (5 s. Huddersfield) numbered wl. bv Mr. Beardsell, 40 years ac-
quainted with the dialect, as well as the words could be interpreted, bnt the
meaning of the numbers was probably not always riehtl^r seized.
Mh Marsden (7 sw. Huddersfield) wn. by TH. in a speciiu visit. The verbal pi. in
-en frequent, and also in a printed specimen. Here (mJ was heard.
i. J) Marsden words from a wl. by the vicar, assisted by the schoolmaster, Mr. R.
Bamford, here (w) is assumed.
S Saddle worth words from a wl. by Mr. G. H. Adshead, 40 years acquainted
with the dialect, as well as they could be interpreted. As Saddleworth lies
between Marsden and La., I have assumed the use of (mJ.
C Upper Cumberworth (6 se.Huddersfield) wn. by TH., here (mJ was heard.
I. Wessex and Norse.
.'3D beck. 4 HT tak. 6 HT mak. 7 H sak. 10 Mb eg [this in La.T.
12 B saj? [this is quite La.]. 14 H droo. 16 H doon. 19 Mh t««l. 20 DS
! m, Mb. 1^«TO, S loom. 21 R neem, D n^vm. 23 D 8^«m, Mb s^rm. 24
M « fi^Kvm. 31 Mb lat. 32 Mb bad [especially in (went « badtn) went a
bathingj. 36 H ool. 37 H kloo. A: 39 R kum, T kam. 40 H ktkvm.
42 Mh u n [unaccented, said three times by the same informantl. 49 R aq.
51 Mh ma>n, S man. 64 T want. 56 RTS wesh. A: or 0: 58 MhC thra.
60 HS Iwq. 61 TMh umaq, 8 vmu^q. 62 Mh s.t^roq. 64 RDHT raq.
A'- 69 T n(nt, Mh nee, H n&M. 70 H t&u. 72 H woo. 73 RH swmb,
T 86b. 76 DT tawd. 77 H Ifiwd. 80 Mh a-lwdi. 81 R leen, DHTB b'ln,
C lOtn. 84 HTC ma«r. 86 HB s(iot. 87 R tlQvz, T Uaai. 88 HT UQBdh.
89 RH btiBth 92 R noo. 97 H s&iil.
A': 101 HMb (iBk. 102 R aks. 104 H rQwi, Mh nSwi. 106 HT brood,
C brikvd. 107 HB I6iif. 108 HT doof, Mb d6uvf. HI H oot. 113 R wol,
Mbwol. 115 R w6Bm, HT wam, C wdm. 117 Mh wa'u wdn. 118 TMb
[ 1812 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, V i.] THB NORTH MIDLAND. 381
b6im. 121 T gCkim. 122 TMb nfiim. 129 T gdxtst. 130 T b6tit. 131 K
gdvt, 132 Mb wat\ 135 Mb tlatb. 136 D AxdbB. 137 R uodhvr, C
noodhOT.
JE- 138 R faadbti, T fadbur. 144 RDT ngum, Mb «^'in. 150 11 liwt.
162 T watirr, Mb wa^tu.r. JE: 156 Mb dlad. 158 T eftw. 161 R di«
[in a printed Marsden specimen constanUy dee (dii)]. 164 Mb mee. 172 T
gaas. JS'- 182 BMbMbC sio. 183 H tM(, B tcttj. 184 B liod. 185 11
riBd. 187 HB llBV. 190 D kci, H Vee, 191 B id. 192 HB miwn. 193 IIB
klira. 194 RHT oni, T oni. 195 DHTMb raoni. 197 H tjiwz, Mb tjiiz.
200 DH wiBt. 201 B i«db'n. 202 HB Int. JE': 216 Mb diwl. 218 C
sblp. — Mb «r A)m bak' [ere I'm back]. 223 RT dbti«. 224 RT w/iu.
228 DH swiBt.
£- 231 R tb, Mb tb, [and assimilate (s-seem) tbe same, (a m^rkt t* mi)d*l)
I marked tbe middle, tbejij) was nearly (i)» (wt t' top') at tbe top]. 232 T brcik.
233 RHT speik. 234 T neid. 235 HTB wciv. 236 HT fever. 241 Mb
reen. 244 R wiil. 247 H wian. 249 T wiiw. 250 T swiiw. 251 TBMb
me*t, C mB'it. E: — C rs'tk [reacb], 261 R see. 262 C wee. 269 R
-seln. 271 CMb tsl. E'- 291 R u. 301 HT jao. E': 306 T bei,
Rhee, 306 U eet, 311 Mb ts'tn. 312 R to. 314 T jaad.
EA- 317 Mb flii [to skin; but (fiee) frij^btenl. 320 R k^e. EA: 321
H BOO. 322 R lef, D laf. 323 T (out. 326 RHT 6ud, Mb old. 328 HTMb
koNd. 332 C tBld. 333 Mb koof. 334 Mb oof. 335 HTMb ool. 336 HT
fool. 337 HT wool. 338 RH kool. 340 H J^sd, MbMb JB'rd. 342 T 6rrm,
H airm. 343 TMb waarm, H wa^irm. 345 HTMb daar. 346 D jat. EA'-
— Mb JAA r veal. 347 HT jed. 348 D ii. 349 RH fin, C fa'wM. EA': 350
HT diBd, Mb dlnd. 351 T liwd. 353 HTC biiwi. 355 HT di«f. 359 R
neebmr. — Mb bism [beam]. 360 Mb tiwn. 361 T bion. 363 T tjiiip.
366 RH gret, T gddt. 367 H tbrlnt. 368 HT divtb. 370 H roo, B ree.
371 BstriB.
EI- 372MbaLi. EO- 387 Rniu. EO: 388 C milk. 392 R Jon.
394 Mb Jon,dB,r. 396 T waak. 397 T s^Brd. 399 R br6it, T briit. 402
HTB liurn. 405 Mb aarston [beartbstone]. EO'- 410 RS uu, D buu
sbuu. 412 DH sbuu. 417 H tjiCi. 420 H f&wr, Mb f<$iBr. H foti. EC:
424 H Tui, 426 DHTB liit. 426 DTB f^t. 436 RjD joo. 436 H triu.
EY- 438 RDH dii. EY: 439 R trwst.
I- 444 HT stiil [and] st^wl. 446 R n6in, H noan. — C jm^s' [yes] — C
psiz [piwse]. 449 Mb gJBr)M^p' [get up]. 451 H s^m. I: 452 D o'l, H a,
Mb A. 467 T mAAt. 458 DHTMbMb niit. 459 D raat, T i^it, H reH, Mb
rs'tt. 461 Mb liit [in tbe sense of meet with]. 462 TMb sut, H so^rt. 465 C
sttj. 466 TMb t^d, H tiald. 467 H wald. 468 M tpl^ds^r. 475 T
WAAnd, H woand. 479 TMb wAAnd. — Mb rM^n [run]. 487 Jt/studB, C
jao8^tB,rdf. — Mb mVtst mA^isti [mist, misty]. I - — Mb bAAd [bide].
492 Mb sAAd. 493 T drAAT. 494 R t6tm t6Bm, D to'tm, TMb tAAm, H iaam,
C taam. 495 R w6tn. — taaz [to rise], I': 600 R 16tk, T lAAk, H laak.
601 T WAAd, H wood. 602 TMb fAAV. 504 T UAAf, B noBf. 605 D wo if.
606 R wwmsn. 608 T uiaaI, H moal, B moBl. 609 TMb waaI, H woal, B
wo'bI. 510 Rm6tn, Mb mAAU. 617 H Jiu.
0- 622 H op*n. 623 H wop. O: — Mb fag [fog]. 627 HB ba'wt.
628 H tba'tft. 529 HB brawt. 631 RDB dowtor, H da'utBT, Mb d6w,t'B,r.
632 H k6il. 633 H dwl. 634 RH 6«1, Mb 6tL 638 H wod. 547 H buud,
Mb biiBTdz. 560 R wod. 0'- 558 H luuk. 559 H mwdor. 662 DH
m(itn, Mb mdin. 664 HMb s(kin [B, by some error probably, writes (sy'in), and
so for 671, 588, 589, etc.]. 665 H nQoz. 666 H wdbB, Mb M^dhor. (V:
669 H buuk. 670 H tuuk. 671 R g6«d, Hgaid. 578 H pl^. 579 R Bn/<f.
681 HBsa'wt. 684 H stOtl. 686 Mb dv^ [^do-en, v. pi. in -en]. 687
RH dim. 588 DHT n6in, C nCin. 589 DHT spfiin. 690 H flawr. 693
[Mb (mw^n) used]. 594 H b6it. 696 DH f(iit. 596 DHT r6it. 597 DH si'iit.
U- 599 Bbuun. 600 HB iwr. 601 D f^l. 602 U seo. 603 II k/mi» Mb
kamn [past part.]. 604 R sMmer. 605 RH s/m. 606 RH di/ur, C d«''uur.
607 H bt.tBr, C bM^t'ir. U: 608 H wgli. — C sbtUdor [sboulder]. 612 H
Stan, Mb aujn, 613 H dmqk. 614 H esnd. 616 H peBud. 616 R gx/ivud,
[ 1813 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
382 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V i, ii.
Dnjrrccnd. GlTIIs^ond. — Mh Man [boim=g^iiig to ; (batn), a reg^ar altera-
tion of (lubn), was ffot from Stainlaud (4 s-by-w. Halifax), as also (Vj&i) cow].
619 H itm. 622 H undm. 629 H aim. 632 R up, Mb u^. 634 R tbro.
639 H d//8t. U'- rU', C=d'«]. 641 H ja>. 642 H taSlSlh dba. 643 R
naa ni'io, D naa ndc, II n^ na*. 645 H dwv. 648 H ja'w, Mb Jaar Unz
nrrmz) our names], C Jiar. 660 Mb «b&'at. 651 R b/tet, Mb b&'nt. X':
655 H fcul. 657 H breim. 668 R dttim, H deen, S diun [? see 659]. 669
H t^Bn, S tiiin H^ TH. beard {ts'tm), and says Saddlewortb resembles Stalybridge,
p. 317]. 661 HMbsbder. 663 R uto, UH 6b8, Mb &'az«z [bouses], Mb^
fin Mb U' is alwajj (eo)], S 6us, C Jla's. 664 H Urn. 666 DH mdro. 666
H iwbend. 667 H ^et, Mb jM [printed specimen bas (jaat)]. 668 H pr^vd.
671 H meetb. 672 H s^b.
Y- TC mitj. 676 R dr6». 676 T lii. 677 T drxA. 679 H kaati. 682
Mb ma [a few], C kat. Y: 686 T brig. 686 T bxA. 690 TMb kAAnd.
691 TMb mAAnd. — C sbw^t [sbut]. Y'- 705 T sIcaa, B sko'u. 706 R
w6t, T waa. Y'; 709 T lAAr. 711 T Iaas. 712 T mAAS.
n. English.
A. 724 H bold. 726 R took. — C pvteetiz [potatoes]. E. 743 H
skriBm. 744Hma8*h. 745 Htji^. I. c/irfY. 766 Mb8ri,mp. 758 Mb
gErl [but (wEnsb) used]. O. 761 DH Ifiwi. 786 H l^imdj. 790 H geim.
791 Mb bui. U. 794 H d|ug. 797 sktreekin. 798 R kfrw. 803 H
d^ump. 804 R drufvn. 806 H iua, 807 H pus. 808 H pt«t.
in. Romance.
A.. 811 Mb pl^. 813 C b^^k'n. 836 R reez*n. 836 Mb siszvn. 840
Mb t|ffmbOT. 864 R biko-s. 865 H folt. E .. 867 HMb tiB. 886 Mb
VETi Tari. 888 R saatBU. 889 H sira. 890 T biBS. 891 HT fiBst. 892
H nefi. 894 H disiBv. I- amfY- 897 H diloat. 898 H n/ws. 901t
R f6in, H foon. 902 H nuum. 903 H datm. 905 H root. 908 H Bdvotfs.
909 H briBZ. 912 H raaz. 0 •• 913 H kuBtj. — C biif [beef]. 915 H
st«rf. 917 H r6Bg. 920 R p6tnt. 923* Mb mdist. 928 T fejus. 929 HT
kdBktnnbBr. 938 R k6oBnB. 939 RC tl6t8, H kl6Bs. — Mb rAAst [roast],
C rost. — Mb t6B8t [toast]. 940 HT ka'ft. 941 HR foil, DHT fdit 943
H twtj. — Mb torn tA^om [turn]. 952 H k^BS. 965 R daat, H deBt. 966
H kMYB. U .. 961 H griuBl. 963 H kwaai, 969 H siuBr. 970 U d|uust.
Yau. ii. Halifax and Neiohboxtrhood.
An examination of the interlinear cs. (pp. 367-377) will shew that
the difference between Var. i. and ii. is very small, and this difference
is rendered smaller by CCR.'s statement that there are two varieties
at Halifax, the one given in the cs. and the other with (iu) for XT',
as (iu, Mut, dSun, iut, riund, biun, ius, fml, fLmnz, siimd, thiuzBn,
thiu, kHud), how, about, down, out, round Fr., boun= going, house,
foul, flowers Fr., sound, thousand, though (EA'), crowd (EO'), and
even (kiu) cow. CCR. finds the same in Lower Nidderdale, Yo.
(N. div.), but there it docs not extend to cow. Now this (iu\ ih
the form (b), was taken by CCR. as the principal characteristic of
Huddersfield, where we foimd Miss Hibbard recognised (eB) only.
That is, the same two forms of U', (iu) with (hi), and (ec), itself a
form of (eu), occur both in Huddersfield and Halifax, and in both
places (b) or ({u) is supposed to be the older, while in both places
(eB) is the present dominant form. CCR., however, says he has
** often listened to the well-mouthed distinctions '* (i«) Huddersfield,
{6n) Halifax, "in the company of clothiers from the respective
[ 1814 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24, Vii.] THB NOKTii MIDLAND. 883
diBtricts." TH., in the EUand dt. on p. 384, has (naa, «baat,
daan), now, about, down, but (sood, foond), side, find.
In Halifax, however, this (6b) often sinks to (m), as (been) boun,
going, a usage according to OCR. occ. at Seighley, but prevalent at
Hali£ix and Dewsbury, and also at Bamsley, hence it is chiefly a
difference from Huddersfield and a very slight one. On the otlter
hand, (en) appears in many places where it would not have been
expected, especially in T, (t^etnnz) times, which, however, OCR.
says varies with the Huddersfield (toBmz) ; but the Fr. fine becomes
(f&m) apparently, and from Bipponden (5 sw. Halifax) TH. got (fd»v
mdil) five mile. We have also EA (1^) laugh, and (b^dlt)
badly, a Celtic word.
On the differences of (o, o) it is needless to dwell, they may be
merely an accident of writing or memory. But the important point
is, according to OCR., the absence of the verbal pi. in -tf», which,
however, appears, possibly in error, p. 372, 1. 2 (wat)Bn), see notes.
Though the expression yau noun, you know, which occurs in the
letter of 1759 cited below, may shew that it formerly existed.
The definite article in this cs. varies as (th, t'), but (f) is rare and
(th) the usual form.
The feminine she is always rendered (uu) by OCR. in Hudders-
field, where Miss Hibbard only recognises (shuu), which in Halifax
OCR. allows to alternate with (uu). The form (uu) is certainly
dying out, and (shuu), which is characteristic of D 24, is becoming
prevalent.
Mr. J. C. Clough, formerly of Aspatria, Cu., lent me some
extracts from J. Crabtree's "History of Halifax," 1836, in which
are two letters in the Halifax dialect, the first dated 14 Mar. 1759,
and the second supposed to be in answer to it. The spelling by no
means gives the sound with certainty, but from it I have made a
short cwl., giving the original spelling in italics, words in the
second letter having * prefixed, and then my interpretation in pal«
Halifax cwl. from Cbabtbee.
A'. 81 loin 16tn. 92 nau noo. M- 143 teil t^l. ^'- 194 <mne
oni. 196 monne moni. 198 laaU IM, JE'i deol divl. 223 aaeto ^vrtuu*
Sthereto, in addition]. £- aware %ifwt, £: 261 Mi 86f . 263 aum «w6».
I' I 316 •neiat nitst. £A- 817 Jteid fl^id [frightened]. £A' 866
grut grot. £0: 396 umrk wsrk. £0': 435 yaw joo. T- 440 wik
w>k. 469 reiaht r6tt. 466 titeh sttj. 477 fomtd f68nd. T- 492
hetaed bifl^«d [beside]. T: 600 laek l^Bk. 606 woef wM, 609 whoa
w5b1. 0- 618 4o««#bodf. — i»y/ k6tt [cote, shed]. 0: 638 iroW wuld.
0'- 664 ^8oyn s6tn. (T: 671 gooid g&id. 686 doo dmi. U: 614
haaend 6tmd. F- 648 aaer km, 660 abaet vbM, ^abewt vb/nt. U':
667 braaen br^vn. 663 ^hew» htiu. 667 aaet 6et, *ewt /ut. Y- 673
mitek m»t|. T- — praed pr§Bd [pride]. 0. — loiie 16fz, laaeze l£m
Rose]. £ •. 886 vorre Tart. — porton pAAs'n [parson]. — aarea imz
rhonrs]. I •• — ero kroo [cry, for (kr6B)]. — ohleege oblii*d|. 0 ••
fooil foil.
If mj interpretation is correct, these letters confirm CCR.'s account of the
prommaation with (in) as an older form of (6v).
[ 1816 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
884 THE NOBTH MIDLAND. [D 24, Y ii, iii.
With regard to the relationship between Halifax speech and
Friesian, as intimated in the couplet prevalent at Halifkx, which
has its counterpart in the Friesian districts of Holland, see Fart lY .
pp. 1397-1405, where it is fully exemplified.
It is seen that the difference between Halifax and Huddersfield,
add between both and the e. parts of D 22, especially when the
(uu) she and verbal pi. in -m are admitted, is extremely minute.
There may be more difference in vocabulary and intonation, which
I have not investigated, and as OCR. considers Halifax to be
independent of, although much resembling Huddersfield, and to
have influenced Var. iv. Bradford, and Var. vi. Dewsbury, it seems
better to retain it as a separate variety. But for some time I
included both Huddersfield and Halifax in the e. of D 22.
Ellakd (3 sse.HaHfax) dt.
pal. 1887 by TH. from J. T. Lee, 11, Almahonses, Halifax.
1. A* SM, IMz, j« sii naa «t A)m rs'tt «baat dhat lit'l las komth
thrB)t sk(itl JondBr.
2. shu)z glim daan t^ rtlBd, thruu t')red g^it, on)t' bsft and aaad
« th) w^.
3. sii JondOT, t')l»t*l thtq)z gA*n strs'tt up t«)t* raq dilHn*.
4. wlBr shii mM)b» iaand dhat drvk'n dlvi fT-thr»v'n f bIb Bt dh^
kAAl :tom.
5. wl aaI noo ha. wbI.
6. wtTnt t')6'«d min sOim tsfii^ vr not tv du)ft Bgimi, piivr las !
7. luuk ! iz'nt »t trliuu ?
Words omitted : 3. tmif, ^oald, ^. 4. tians, nMm.
Notei to Maltfax os., No. ii on p. 367.
• 2. thouldf the forms, emphatic (wttid supposes the common relatiye («t) to
suld kuld) and unemphatic fwBld, svld, be an nnemphatic form of what, — the^
Md), are, savs OCR.,'* mostly employed (shuu) the common s.Yo. form, see
in the populous old clothinr villages p. 296. — tibout (h^evt) which is used
between Halifax and Eeigmey.** — is for tcithout in par. 6 and 16, pp. 371,
it HOW f 377.
3. mattertf when fact is used, it is 7. I emoeity imagine. — irron^, (req)
called (f^evkt). or (raq>. — what do-n you think, as
4. through— fromy the word (thrv, this is the only instance siren of the
thro) seems used in both senses ; in par. rerbal pi. in -m in this Halifax cs., it
11 it is (thn<) for from ; probably the may have been a slip of CCR.'s, who
exact vowel varies at different times, may have intended (wat)Q JO thiqkP)
without diBtingnishing the meaning what do you think F
except by the context. 13. ai i^oir under) the head of that
7. what (ot) used as relative, CCR businete, concerning it.
Var. iii. Keighlet.
This differs materially from the last two. She is now represented
by (shuu) emphatic, and (shu, sho, she) unemphatic, (uu) has quite
disappeared. There is no yerbal pi. in -en. The definite article
[ 1816 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24, Vlii] THB NORTH MIDLAND. 886
is still occasionally (th), which OCR. has traced even into the
N. diy., hut so sparingly that it is not generally acknowledged in
print. The preyailing and only recogni^ form is (f). Another
N. sign, if CCE. hasr remembered correctly, is /ii, not exclusively,
but mingled with / am, V is usually (ot ), but (ii) is also heard.
(y is very frequentlj (^i), but a sound which JGG., writing from
Mrs. Foster's dictation, records as (iii) or (iiA) in cwl. p. 388, Nos.
558, 570, may be meant for the (a/u) of D 21, 22, 25. JGG. also
occasionally hears (d|U) (ibid. No. 569), so that the representation
of (y is uncertain. U' is chiefly (aa), but OCR. heaid especially
(d6Bn, 6eBs^ down, house, where JGG. got (d&'im, i^us). Mr. Brigg
gives (aa) in many cases, and in others contents himself by saying
' not (uu),' thus separating it from the N. Riding of To. JCfG.'s
{6}u), obtained through Mrs. Foster, a native, is distinctly an
approach to the pron. of m.Craven ^Skipton, etc.), where (iu)
prevails. This is the first form in which we become independent
<^ La. ; but it is not till Yar. iv. is reached, that we obtain genuine
8. To. culminating in Yar. v. Leeds.
OCR. does not notice dental (^t^r), but JGG. heard it from Mrs.
F., who, however, might have acquired it during her n. residence,
to which also her (^, iii, ^lU) may be attributed. JGG. heard U:
as (o'), which differs scarcely perceptibly from (tii). As for the
differences (aa oo, o o, oo 00) I lay very little store by them. Li no
case are they consistently carried out, and in no case can I feel
sure of the correctness of appreciation, which is at all times very
difficult, and which it generally requires a very careful study of
native dialect speakers to determine at all.
TH. obtained in 1887 some fragments of a cs. from a native of-
Keighley, a machine fitter, b. 1859. As this is quite independent
<^ OCR., I annex it here interlinearly with CCR.^s writing of the
same passages.
TH (4) A)m sluBr «t a i^i^rd tsm see — dhat a d^d si^uBr thff.
OCR o)m siiir tit o jii«d «m s6e«— dhat o d»d sitnr tntf.'
TH (6) vt t' dud wumm vrsB-ln tsld j« (7) titvthii tdtmz 6u«r
OCR «t th)6wd wtan«n bsb-Iq teld jv td«thr> t6tm2 6u«r
TH (8) vt she fan* ^d^rtik'n bl«st, (7) wat ds j« thtqk? (9) sh«
OCR vt sho f iin)t' drcik'n biivs wat d« joo thiqk ? sho
TH SAA f'm widh «r aau iin If'gtn daan on f grtmd tlo/s bt )f aas*
OCR 800 tm wt Br oovn iin ligtn d^Du B)t' grtoid tl6»8 bi)t' ^s
TH dfiw 6tl. (13) «n d« jb uaa? (11) dhat dhlw ap'nd
CCR duOT 6d. m n6ovz)tB nobtst ? dhat dhh'Br ap«nd
TH «s)t' dud wtnn«n «n wc dotitBr t Iaa kum thruu)t* bak ji\Td
CCR «z)th dotttor t loo «n Brseln kuum thr«)t' bak jML
B.B. Pron. Part T. [ 1817 ] 116
Digitized by LjOOQIC
386
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
[D 24, V ill
TH fre tqf ii)tf WBt tlfi«z aat tB cWi on tf wEshm d^«. (1) A«
OCR free eqm)t' wit HAbz aat fe tv dr&» on « wEshtn d^. wu«
TK k]Vi3[rz? (14) A)ni baan &Bm tv mt Btipor.
CCE k^evz? &i)z b^isn Bg^eBtodz ^UBm tB get mt siipBr,
TH
CCR
gt^ niit.
16»k, gold niit.
Mte$ to Keighley cs. on p. 367.
2. we'do^en know (wt)n ii6o«}, if
this is correct, it implies the expiring
use of the verbal pL in -mi: it is
probabl J a mere slip for (wt n6o«) we
Know.->/iA0, the pron. (Uttk) is also
prevalent, and CCR. so wrote it at
first, here, but not in par. 10.
3. hold thou (<$ud8)ts), Uterally hold-
est then. — whiUf for until ^ as usual in
the N., though used properly in the
S. sense in par. 12.
8. M to how (s)t)aa.— &AM^ (hfivs),
this is usually the plural form. — lahaU
he hound (di)z U^, this is common in
the regions of J*fn, and it could not
here nand for / it, the common N.
form, but see helow, par. 14.
9. threaped, CCR. in his Leeds
Glossary makes this word entirely
equivalent to ewore,^ as in the phrase
(ii)z aaIus thr/ivpin «g/Bn t)oon «
t)Mdh«r en «m), he's always swearing
against the one or the other of them ;
but Wright gives two words, threpe, to
speak, to shout, to maintain in coniara-
fflction to another, and threap to urge,
fa beat, to cozen or cheat. It is ofSsn
used for <to talk down,' to asseverate.
^hOk rbtiik], even in the S. (hwlk),
may be neara. — ^ood coat (gdid k6tt),
the latter originally written (kAA'tt^. —
AoMM, door, hole, down, ohserve (eess,
^Mu whcve (aas daan) is given by
Mr. Brigff (see cwl.]. CCR. says that
he neverh^jxi anytnine else but (6e«8,
d^Bu) from the lips of old clothiers, but
that these forms are not invariable.
liji observant native, who is not a
dialect speaker, would, says CCR.,
from hearing, write such words as
down, town, how, house, ground,
time, no, as dahn, tahn, haa, haaae,
grund, time, noa, meaning (daan, taan.
6e«, gnmd, t&tm, n&MB) ; in time he
would have no appreciation of the
diphthong. CCR. uunks (^) its most
characteristic form, and says it was in
gneral use at Keighley witnin his own
Lowledffe. TH. (see p. 385, 1. 6 from
bottom) neard (daan).
10. in awk, ** peevish state of
temper," also a <*mag^t," in rec. sp.
maggot is used as a whim or caprice.
11. yard (j^ed), CCR. says that this
(68) in yard, day, name, prate,
also used for U', does indeed conflict
to the eye, but nothing more. ** X
Keighley man could not utter the words
indicated, bereft of his (6eB, 6v) ." But
TH. heard (jaajrd).— to dry, this par-
ticular word as (ai) and not (di) . CCR.
says this exceptional sound has often
arrested his attention.
12. #0 lately a week, for 'so lately
aa a week,' a local idiom.
13. mak, make or kind — there but'
at now, a peculiar local expression.
14. I M boun, I am going. The
peculiarity is in the use of J m (ft*)z,
which generally occurs only and refifn-
larly in the N. div. in place of I
am. CCR. here mixes I am, / m, in
the same border dialect, and he does
so likewise at Skipton, in Mid Craven,
which is quite in the N. div. He says
that he has ** repeatedly heard these
forms and seen them in the dialect
tracts which some years aso were
issued by the local press," ana that he
has subsequently verified their exist-
ence with an intelligent young farmer.
— doeet thou hear (8)t fn), a mere
colloquial contraction.
15. thou art (dha)t), contracted with
the vowel short.
[ 1818 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, V in.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 387
Keighlet cwl.
made up from
11 CCR.'s cs., only a few words being extracted.
F Mw. Foster's wl. as pal. from diet, by JOG. Mrs. Foster was a native who had
known the dialect 40 years, but at the time the wl. was taken down, had been
living some years in Cu. and We. She used no (h) or (wh), but her (r) was
distinct where written. There are several small niceties that CCR does not
note, such as (<;,) nearly (b) for 0, occasional (tji) for (ii) and dental (^t,r,
jd,r). This wl. comprised only the first division or Ws. words.
B Mr. B. Septimus Brigg*s wl. Mr. B. is a native, and sent me a complete wl.
in his own orthography, which I interpret as I best can. His information
applies to the town of Xeighley and valley of the Aire as far as Bradford.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 3 B b«f k b6Bk. 4 B tak. 5 RB mak, F ma,k. 7 B SAfk s^k. 10
F BEg, B ceg. 12 B 6eeg. 13 B netg. 17 R loo, F Iaa. 19 FB t<rl. 20 F
lEEm, B Item. 21 R n6b9m, F n6«m, B mvm. 24 F sh<Vim, B sh«<fm. 31 B
lat. 32 B heed. 33 B reedhtr, 36 F thAA. A: 39 B kam. 49 R eq.
51 F main. 64 RFB want. 56 RB wesh, F wa^sh we^sh. A: or 0: 58
R free frEB, F fr«?, B fr^. 60 FB log. 61 B wnoq. 64 R raq, F ra,q, B req.
A'- 67 F goo. 69 FB n6u. 70 F too. 72 R wfiB, F uu. 73 U sbms, F
soo. 74 F t*«iU. 77 F lord. 79 R 6oim. 81 RB 16tn. 82 R ww^ns. 83 F
moon. 85 F s<$ot. 86 FB 6ovt8. 87 R tltiMVZ, F klc^z [B (dadz) used].
89 R bMvth, F b<Jo«th. 91 F moo. 92 R n6oB, B uaa'b. 93 F snoo. 94
B krAA. 95 B thrAA. 98 B uaa'bu. A': 101 F 00k, B o'ok. 104 FB
r6<md. 106 F rftf^d. 106 B broowi. 107 F loof, B \6isf. 108 doof. Ill FB
6td. 112 Bool. 113 R vrtivl, F oobI. 115 R duvm, Foam, B dosm. 118
F boon, B bovn. 122 F noon, B ndvn [and (noon) when meaning noQ. 124 F
stoon, B stdvn. 127 F 6ot». 130 B boost. 131 B gdovt. 137 R n(i«dhBr.
JS- 138 F fa.dB.r, B fodhsr. 140 B eel. 141 B neHl. 142 F suft^^Bl,
B Bueeil. 143 F t^^^Bl, B ieeil. 147 B br^^n. 150 B l/Bst. 162 F wa.tB^r,
B watOT. JE: 168 F af^tu^r. 160 F Eg. 161 R d6eB, F dee^. 164 F
172 F gawors. 174 B esh. 180 B bath [(8) very short]. 181 B p&th
r(a)"very short]. JE'- 182 F bU% B sHb. 183 F tUirtj, B t6itj. 184 B
1/Bd. 185 F n'lid. 187 B h'mr. 189 F wee^i. 190 F Lf<f,i, B k^i. 193 F
klt't>Bn, B kl/BU. 194 B oni. 195 FB moni. 197 F ti^iiz. 199 B bl/ivt.
JB': 210 F kl«ri, B Wtfev. 213 F eejdhw. 216 B d/«l. 223 RB dhtw.
224 RB wttOT. 227 F WEt. 229 B brttvth.
£- 233 R sp^ik, F B^^e^iV. 235 B w^v. 236 B Uiynsr. 239 B Beeil.
241 B r<^n. 243 [B (Wk) used]. 248 B mttBr. 249 B w/tvr. 250 B
switor. 251 B mi'«t. E: 265 R strait. 284 B thresh. £': 306 B 6/t.
314 R jttBd, B ticrd. 315 B fit.
EA- 320 F k«f,«r. EA: 322 RFB bif. 323 FB {6ut. 324 F ee^it.
326 R 6ud, FB 6iid. 327 F bduld, B bduld. 328 FB k6ud. 330 F od. 333
F kAAf, B kAAV. 334 F AA'f, B aav. 335 R 6ob, F aaI. 337 F waaI.
340 R j^Bd, F joo'rd. 342 F aarm. 343 F waarm. 345 FB ,daar. 346 F
iiBt geevt, B g«. EA'- 347 B liBd. 348 B ii. EA': 350 B di'iBd.
351 B ItiBd. 352 B r/tBd. 353 B bruBd. 355 B dtBf. 360 B t/Bm. 361
B biBU. 363 B t|/Bp. 366 R gaat. 367 B thrtBt. 368 B drBth. £1:
377 B st^k. 378 F w^,k.
EO- 387 F nexm. EO: 395 R J«*q. 396 B waark. 397 F siiiBrd.
399 B briit. 402 RB I/bu. 406 B aarth. EO'- 412 R shuu shu sho shB
[the first emphatic, the others unemphatic], B shuu. 413 B dtvtl. 420
B fdwBr. EO': 423 B thii. 424 B rwf. 426 F Imt, B Hit. 426 F fae'it,
B fett. 432 B {Suiih. 433 B brtst. 434 B b/tBt. EY- 438 RFB dii.
EY : 439 R trwst, F ,t,rw,8t.
I- 440 B wrk. 444 B stiil. 446 R n6in, F n&atn. 451 F s^'uu.
[ 1819 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
•J88 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V iii, ir.
I: 4o> R o, ft [interrhnnpreablv]. 458 RB niit. 459 F rre'it, B r6it. 461
\\ la. 4&1 B mt. 4Co K :*/t,|i'm, B s/tj. 473 B blind [the short (i) in these
and ftUhminj* word.-* is quite NJ 474 B r/'nd. 475 B wind. 477 B find.
479 B w/nd. 485 B thisul. F- 498 B r6it. I': 600 BB loik. 501 B
w6id. 508 F nmnil, B m6il. 609 R wal, B w6il. 610 R ra6oin.
0. 522 B op'u. 0: 527 F b6/d;. 528 F th6Mt. 629 F br6tft. 631
R doutur. 532 FB k6il. 534 RB 6tl. 541 R wi)nt. 663 F oorra. 0'-
555 F shuu [pi. (shuuz)], B [pi. shuiml. 658 F leuk, B hiiV. 660 F skvtl.
562 FB m/iin. 663 F mondv. 664 FB SMtn. 0': 669 F bM,uk. 670
F tf>/<k. B itiik. 671 R goid, B sitid. 672 FB bl^d. 673 F fliitd. 674 FB
briiid. 575 F stwiud. 677 F b6M, B bun. 678 B pluu. 679 RB mtf.
580 B tot. 681 F Bbfd. 682 B kiitl. 683 F twtl taul. 684 FB stifd. 688
R Qotn, FB nutn. 689 FB spi^m. 690 F fl^iuvr. 694 FB butt. 695 FB
tiiit. 696 FB riit. 697 FB suit
U- 600 B luuT. 606 F d«iiiBr. U: 610 B wmI. 612 F SM,m. 616
RB gr/md. 635 F waKDrth. U'- 641 R aa. 642 F dhk'M. 643 R naa,
Vnktf. 645 F d«iT. 648 F 6f/r a»ur. 650 R beot. 651 R beBt [obH. this ia
the same as 6501. U': 656 B raam. 657 B braan. 658 R deBn» F d&^mi,
B daan. 659 B taan. 663 R decs, F k}ua, B aas. 664 B kas. 667 RB aat.
672 F Biihdh,
Y- 673 RB m/ti. 675 R di^i. 682 R litBl. Y: 684 B br/p. 685
B Tig. 688 F biijld. 700 B waar. 701 F foworst. Y'- 705 B skii, 8k6i.
n. English.
A. 722 B dr^Wn. 730 B konim, 742 B Wzt. 0. 761 F l«ii,«d, B
\6<rBd. 767 [B uses (dtn)]. 769 B m({iidtwaarp. U. 804 R druk'n.
in. KOMANCE.
A- 810 Bf<v9. 811 Bp^ffl. 813 BWek*n. 817 Bredish. 824 Btj/»OT.
838 B tr/Bt. 841 B tions. 847 B dcendfvr, 848 B iymd}. 849 B strrrtidjBr.
850 B dons. 852 B aprm. 867 R k^ei». 860 B ^est. 863 B tjAxf.
E .. 867 F t/t'B, B tli«. 869 B viiBl. 886 R Tan. I .. and Y •• 901 R
i6m. 902 B m6in. 0- 920 R p6int. 925 R vdts. 939 R tl6is, B
kldis. 940 RB k6it. 941 R f<iU, B fi^U. 947 R b6ilin. 963 B ki/ztn. 954
B wishBU. 966 R daat. U •• 963 R ku^st.
Vab. iv. Bradfokd.
There is a decided difficulty is assigning the phonetic characteristics
of this variety, as distinct from the preceding or following. U'
according to CCR. has two distinct sounds, never confused, (an,
eetj), but the last in only a limited set of words, which he does not
give ; in the cs., however, I find (daat naa daan baiit), doubt Fr.
now down without, and (gree^nd beun etjs), ground U, boun=
going, house.
Now B. Preston, the Bradford poet, uses daht aba hi ar aght ahaght doubt
about our out about, but aaucc haaucing iaan haase tnaase graatid daan ounce
bouncing town house mouse ground down, and he makes s/taat abaght shont nbout
rhyme, and also abaght aht aat about out. CCR. wrote to him to know if he
meant different sounds by ah agh aa. In reply, in March, 1882, he wrote:
** There are I think no rules for the guidance of dialect writers. Each one docs
what seems good in his o^ti eyes. Take for instance the two woi-ds grand and
tand,** meaning (j^nd sand), not the Loudon (gnt'nd sa^nd), **and by Icnjrthening
the sound of the vowel as in the interjection oh ! you get the two dialect wortls
for ground and sound.** That is (giaand saand). ** This long sound of the
vowel occurs in aht and abaght, and we sometimes introduce the h and at other
times double the a, but in either case the sound is the same.** In this case U' is
[ 1820 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, V iv.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 389
always (aa), and there is no recognition of a peculiar set of words with (4e«) a»
CCR. believes. But Mr. Preston sometimes uses aa for (^), as in faat (fdeBs)
face, laakin (l^evktn) pla}ing, ttaai (steevt) state, fraam (fr^evm) frame, $aam
(bcevm) seam.
From the notes it will be seen that there are some turns of
phrase, and probably words, which are peculiar to this variety, but
phonetically I am unable to separate it from Vars. iii. and v.
Subseciucntly I was fortunate enough to obtain the assistance of
Dr. J. Wright (now of the Taylorian Institute, Oxfonl), a native
of Windhill in the township of Idle and parish of Shipley, lying
between Shipley and Bradford, who spoke the dialect in his youth
and is still remarkably well up to it, while his philological know -
ledge, acquired during a long residence in Germany, gives him
great advantages in such studies. His dialect is only a variety
of that of Bradford, but there are a few slight differences.
With regard to the vexed question of the representation of U, he
was absolutely unacquainted with (m^) and his (m) was at times
very deep, like (mi, o*). He thinks there must be a mistake in
assigning to Manningham (p. 365, No. 4) any other form but (w).
His short o was distinctly (o), not (o). He dictated to me a dt. and
the greater part of a cwl. The words of the latter have been
annexed to the Bradford words of B. Preston below, the dt. follows.
The vowel system which he recognised is given at the end of the
notes on his dt., p. 390.
WnffDHiLL (3 n.Bradford) dt.
from the diet, of Dr. Joseph Wright
L in the township of Idle ana parish of Calverley.
pal. in 1888 by AJE. from the diet, of Dr. Joseph Wright, native. Windhill is
a hamlet in the township of Idle ana i: ' '
1. SUB a seB, metjts, jb sH naa, Bt t)m t)t' r6tt Bbaat dhit lft*l
las, ktnuf'n frB)t' skill JondBr.
2. 8huu)z gwtn daan)t' r^d dhbr thri«)t' red geBt B)t' left and
sdtd B)t' weB.
3. siwBr tnif t' baam)z b g^Bu strait tq) tB)t* rEq aas,
4. wter 8hM)l tjons tB find dhat drMk*n diBf wiz'nd fKls B)t'
neBm b :tamBS.
5. wi 6b1 noB tm vart wiil.
6. whint t' 6o«d tjap siin teetj Br nBt tB di«)t Bgbn, puBr thtq !
7. Hwk ! tz'nt it triw ?
Notet to WindhiU dt.
1. «o, in all the (nv) fractures the 2. road there^ the r is gentle, ap-
(u) was deep. — / (kt) accented, (a, i) parently (r), hut sensible even when
unaccented, the (t) considered as (i). — final. — redy I have left (e) as I could
tatjy in all the (cb) fractures the (e) was not hear (b) with any certainty. — ttay,
deep, but not equal to (b^, so I have might be used here,
left (e). — maiesy the wora is common. 3. enough^ *enow* is not known. —
— that Vm in th* right ^ this is the up^ here, perhaps owing to the (p), the
phrase, not Fm right. Obs. the (i) (m) was very deep, quite (w,p). — wrong y
unaccented form. — coming always with here I think the (e) became quite (b) ;
(u) and not (a) in this word. — yonder, it appears that (-oq) becomes regularly
no dental ( ^dv ;c) . (-sq) .
[ 1821 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
390
THE KORTH MIDLAND.
[D 24, V iv.
4. ehoHcCy and similarly (dons) dauce.
— icizencdf initial (shr-) is used, but
uot the word 'shrivelled.*
5. ff//, possibly (a'«1), but I thought
(6k1) was nearest, Dr. W. recon^nised
(o'ul). — Inow him (n6)*m), the («)
omitted when the two words are spoken
close tojrether.
6. old, possibly (6?<d) only, the first
element probably lenpfthened in dic-
tating?, Dr. W. reco|ornised (o'«d), and
generally used (o) when I thouglit he
said (o).
Dr. W. recognised in his dialect
C short toaeh in wick ( = quick, alive),
gH, Iffte, frozen, kiss, b«t (wtk, get,
lat, froz'n, kws, bud), the last word
only imemphatic ; 4 loitg voireh in
night, hoMse, above, grin (niit, aas,
Bbuun, gaan), of these (uu) occurs only
in above, shovel, wool (nbuun, shuul,
wuul), not in * gum ' of the teeth see p.
393 after No. oGO ; and 12 diphthongs
including fractures in head, nnme, eai^
mine, old, talk, home, bam, drir, do
doom, foot, coal (tud, neom, cit, m{iiu,
o'?/d, ta'ek, own, b&tm, da'w, di« di/mi,
foit, ka'il), corresponding to "NVs. EA'-,
A-, E-, I', EAL, A', EA, EA'W, 0',
0 respectively. These relations are
best shewn in the following Bradford
and Windhill cwl., p. 391.
Calverlet (:kA'rolTj) (4 ne.Bradford and 6 wnw. Leeds) dt.
pal. in 1887 by TH. from B. Hall, newsa^^nt, b. 1845, absent from Calverley
for 4 years only. This should be specially compared with the Windhill dt.,
p. 389.
1. di see, ladz, jb sH naa Bt di)m raVt Bbaat dhat ItVl las kumtn
thrB)t' skuf 1 Jon dB r.
2. 8liu)z gu«n daan t' rdod dlilcr thraM)t' rsd gject on)t' left and
sd/d.
3. ui)\ bi Eqd, t' bdm)z gden st^rE'it wp tB)t' ra'q diW [as],
4. wiBr 8hu)l ap'n find dhat ^d^rwk*n di^f aI 'Id owd t^p, Bt dh^
kAAl :tom.
5. w«^' aaI nAA im vart wiil.
6. wiBnt [wil"Btj t' owd [tjap] soin i&'^i vx nat tB diu it Bglim,
piiBr bam !
7. la'wk ! tzn't it tra*^w ?
Notes to Calverley dt.
1. schooly but hole^ eoal^ coat (6il,
kdiljk^tt), and (sk6il) was also heard.
2. dowHy also room (raam), the U'
asserting itself. — way is (weo). —
through^ the {jl'u) inclined to (o«).
3. ril be hanged for sure enough
(s/uOT inif ).
4. shrivelled not used, but (shr-)
pron. as (shrimps, shroud), the last
probably an error for (shraad).
6. soofty at another time it was dic-
tated (sQin), the long 0' becoming (di),
the short 0 becoming (oi).
7. looky the (a'tt) inclined to (6u),
Notes to Bradford cs., p. 367.
0. no, two forms of the negative
(uttB, noa) occur sptematically in this
variety, and are casually heard in the
neighbouring localities and up to Dews-
buiy, Var. vi.
1. too (tm). — /iA'^ = as it were, a
constant qualification of any statement.
— news (ndcBz), CCR. first wrote (nE'w)
here, and in par. 2 few^ and seems to
think it more correct for Bradford.
2. few J see par. 1, new. — they are
grinned at, CCR. omitted (r) here. —
ive are not, without knowing that^ a
singular phrase, us for we, with the
verb in the sing., and applied either to
sg. or pi., (bz nuDn)z) us none)is,- (baat)
without, as asual.
3. so now then art thou hound to hold
thy diny friend, and Just whish'thou
until I [have] done, CCR. says this
peculiar construction is only heard at
Bradford ; another example is (ser)it
[ 1822 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, V iv.]
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
391
til daan), set it thou down. He also
cit«?8 {f^oo B ti))t boan li/k) p^ if thou)art
bouu [j^oing] like, as a jieculiar Brad-
ford version of * go if you're going.'
4. am /, the unaccented pronoun,
pronounced (i).
5. ffrrat (got) for the usual (g^at). —
father'* » roitr^ observe short vowel in
faOwr and absence of possessive 'a. — /
ihall trust. Dr. Gill 1G21 (supri part
IV. p. 12oOA) interprets (d/st) as I
will and (dh6//st) as thou wilt, (hiist,
j6/«t, dheist) he you they shall, calling
it the sign of the future, but gives no
explanation ; i» to seems possible.
6. br/ore aught is late, that is, im-
mediately; the word (lat) is "a pe-
culiarity chiefly of the Bradford district,
as (dha)t 6m -or lat tu IdnkJ, thou) art
over late to play, (dha)l bi lat t«v)t'
miln) thou'lt be late to the mill."* Obs.
a manufacturing mill is always (mtln).
TH. found (lat) at Marsden and else-
where.
7. hoiv)i8)it ye think now f This
gives my own conjectural interpretation
of the (st), which CCU. cannot explain,
though he says it is common.
8. all about ^ the use of (bat) with a
short vowel, and the absence of the
object of about^ are, says CCK., com-
mon peculiarities. Similarly flat) for
late^ par. 6.— found (fan) or (fwn). —
beastf I think (b/tBst) with (t) is the
usual singular form. — she^ unemphatic,
is (shu, shu, sho), see (shw) immeaiately.
9. shp^ having fallen slap down,
and 80 stretched to the uttermost. —
ground or (plat) plot, here CCR. in-
serted the phrase (tn mwk vn miit) in
muck and might, as he rendered it.
But he withdrew it, wishing, however,
to note the pron. (miit) in this and the
neighbouring districts among broad
dialect speakers, but the meaning of
this might is not clear in connection
with muck.
10. maunge, a fit of ill -humour ;
*raaungy* is explained in the Leeds
Glassary as 'ill-natured, ill-tempered,
and peevish,* applied to children.
11. happened or (tpust) chanced. —
daughter^ (dowthnr) also, this should
imply that the otiier form is (d<)»i,tu,r).
— gardy occ. {jend).—from [having]
been hanging.
12. while [the"] kettle were; obs. the
omission of the def. art. Similarly
(aa)l set dho ketcl on if tB)l st^s bu ev
dht driqktu), I'll set thee [the] kettle
on, if thou)lt stay and have thy drink-
ing. Observe that (dhe) could not be
the def. art. which is never used in this
form. Here (dhe) means thee^ and the
def. art. is omitted. — afternoon^ a
second form (aftliBuc^in), possibly
(-n(iin), probably shews that there had
been a dental (,t).
13. dost) thou knoWf the a and t are
pronounced rapidly, and dost thou is
represented by a passing hiss. — do or
bu8in«\ss, the pron. (ddew) is very
singular. — up to today ^ in the rural
part of the district (twv) is heard, but
this is impossible in the town. — now
hearest thoUy here (st) has another in-
terpretation, suggested by CCR.
14. good nighty this (g6id) seems to
be an error for (guid). — again^ both
(Bgi'iBU, Bge*n) are used.
15. without^ here (dhaat) is used
instead of fbaat), which is employed in
the next line. — thouWt not without
gauming [understanding] that
Bradfobd Ain> "WiyDHn-L cwl.
Unmarked words deduced from B. Preston's Dialect Poems, which are generally
praised for their dialectal accuracy ; the original spelling in italics followed
DY my interpretation in pal. is annexed : mere dialect words are disregardecf
Mr. Preston's orthograpny is on the whole very careful, and I have seldon
been at a loss for the interpretation, but see p. 388. It will be found that*
this cwl. in the main agrees with CCR.'s cs.
W marks words pal. by AJE. from the diet, of Dr. J. Wright, of Windhill ; at
the end of Ireston's words, * & W means that Wright used the same form.
C Calverley (:kAA*vBlB) (6 wnw.Leeds) words pal. by IH. from a newsagent,
native, b. 1845 ; * k C* after Preston's and Wright's words means having
the same sound.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 1 W siiB. 3 W b^k. 4 W tak. 5 mak mak, W mak. 8 ev ev. 12
W s^Bg. 17 W [not used]. 18 W kcsk [wheaten bread, (br/Bd) being used for
[ 1823 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
392 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V ir.
oat bread]. 19 W teul. 20 W l^mn. 21 W n(nsm. 24 W sheBm. 31 lat
lut & AV. 33 rayihcr re-wihur, AV reudliBr.
A: 39 W kom kam. 41 W tlwHik'n. 43 W and & C. 44 W laud. 45
"W [uot used]. 49 hnig iq, C Eq. oG wesh wash, W wesh. 67 AV [not used].
— aate gat grd; [gat, got]. A: or 0: 68 W fnj, C thre. 69 W lam. 60
W lEq. 63 threHg threq. 64 wro*/; req, W fbo, C raq. 65 Httg seq.
A'- 67 W gM-en [going], C guin. 69 W n6o, adv. 70 toa it\
W fin. 73 8oa s«u & W. 74 W t«w. 76 W twod. 82 W [not ased]. 84
moar miiur & W. 86 "W wets. 87 W klicz. 89 Aoc/A buuth. 92 knaw noo,
AV n6B [may be (ua'b)], C uaa.
A': 101 W ii,Bk. 102 W aks, as [pt. (ast)]. 104 W rii,Bd, C r«5Bd. 105
W r6Bd. 106 W bi^Bd. 108 W dtf,«t. 110 nut n«<t, C not. Ill owt 6fii,
113 W uv\. 115 hoain uura, W owra tt,Bm. 118 AV b«,Bn. 119 C gtJ«n. 122
i. noan nvBU, ii. fwa nuB, AV nuiV. 124 atoan stu^Bn, W sttficn. 127 W [not
usodj. 133 W reut. 136 W AAdhar. .
JE' 138 W f;uidhur. 140 W eol. 141 W u^bI. 142 W su^bI. 143 W
tcBl. 144 C BgiBU. 146 \y m6un. 147 W bieun. 148 W leur [& also used
for fair = a market]. 149 blcBz. 152 tcatter watBr, W wotur. 153 W setBrdB.
M: 154 W bak. 158 AV aftur. 161 W doB. 162 W [not used]. 164
W m6B. 165 W sed. J 66 W [not used]. — rf/<M* dlas [glass]. 177 a^ Bt,
C Bt [conjunction], dhat [pronoun].
M' 182 W 8/b. — rryc/*/ reitjt [reacbed]. 183 C tB'it;. 184 W liBd.
187 W 1/bv. 189 W w6i. 190 W ke/. 194 W oni [(ev on» on)i oui 3n)i?)
have any of you any on you ?]. 195 mony moni & W. 197 W tjiiz. 202 "W hii,
M'l 203 W [not used]. 205 W thr/Bd. 208 irt'^ ivBr. 209 nivver
nivBT, 210 tlay iXee, W klcB. 211 W grcB. 223 thear dhw & W, C dbiBr.
224 W wiBr & C. 2i6 W m^Bst.
E- 231 < t' & C. 232 *>rA- brek & W. 233 «p<?yi- sp^ik & W. 236 W
fcBVBT. 238 W Edj [as 257]. 239 W scbI. 241 W reBU. 242 W [not used].
243 W pleB [the regular word is (lesk)]. — beer b/Br [bear endure]. 247 W
rasn [grin]. 248 W m/BT. 260 aueear swUbt & AV. — A<^^tii 6<tin [eating],
W^itfeatJ. 251 meyt meii.
E: 257 Edj [as 238]. 260 lig lig [used], W 1^ [of bens]. 261 W a^, C
see. 262 W weB, C wcb. 263 W bwcb. 265 strti/t sti^it & W, C s.t^rE'it.
266 WW/ will & W, C w/il. 269 wrwtt misin [myself]. 286 W am. 287 W
biiz*m.
E'- 289 JB. 290 i b. 292 mi mB. 293 C wi [unaccented], we wb. 294
fiid [I did not record whether (ii) here and below is pure, probably not]. 298
W fill. 299 W griin. 300 W kiip.
E': 306 hey h^, W 6». 306 W 6it. 307 n6t. 308 W niid. 311 W ten.
312 W iBT. 314 eard ivrd & W. 316 Jit fit & W.
EA- — shop shap [shape]. 320 W kcBr.
EA: 321 W so'b. 322 W 18f. 323 W f^Bt. 324 W e'H. — V sh'l
[shall]. 326 aud dud & C, W o'l/d [I heard (6oMd)]. 328 eoud V6ud, W k6oiid
L'Md. 330 Aorfod& W. 332 W [(tsld) used]. 333 W ka'Bf. 334 aw/ oof, W
o'Bf. 336 C aaI, W o'bI. 336 W fo'Bl. 338 C kAAl, W ko'Bl. — aad hard
and [hard]. 342 W aarm [or (fiiaBm)]. 343 W waarm [or (w&aBm)]. 344 C
btlrn, W bfiiaBn [occ.]. 346 C gjcFt, W g/Bt.
EA'- 347 heead M & W. 348 ee ii. 349 W fs'tf [I was not c^uite satisfied
with this analysis, it was often like {is'uju) ; he considered dew = {dE u)], C fa^K.
EA': 350 decad d/Bd & W. 351 W Vjtd. 352 W red, C rEd. 353 breead hrivd &
W [but for oaten bread only, see No. 18]. 356 W dtBf, C diBf . 367 thau dhoo [W
not used]. 369 W n^BbBr. 360 W tiBm. 361 W b/BU. 363 W t|/Bp. —
lowse ]6u8 rioose]. 366 W gaat. 368 W diBth. 371 W strA'B.
EI- 372 W ki. 373 W dh^B dhB, C dhe-. 374 W n6B.
EI: 377 Wst^Bk. 378 tt-aA:* w<vk weik, W w^k. SSO thame dheem dh6im.
EO- 383 W sev'n. 384 W ev*n. 386 W b'u [rhymes to 349, and no (j)
prefixed]. 387 W n/w.
EO: 388 W m*lk. 390 sud swd SBd. 392 W jond. 396 W waark. 397
W SMBrd [present form, an older one is (sward)]. 402 W liin [no (r) heard].
406 W iBth.
[ 1824 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24, Viv.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 393
EO'- 409 W bii. 410 W [not used]. 411 W thrii. 412 W shuu. 414
W tlii. 420 W fo'MBF.
EO': 423 W thii. 425 het liit & W. 426 fei/t Uit & W. 427 C b/i.
428 C 8/i. 430 AV frend. 433 W brest. 435 C jb [unaccl. 436 W triu.
EY'- 438 deedhk AV. EY: 439 tri/st.
I- 440Wwiik. 444 Wstii-o'il [ladder-hole]. 446Wii&in. 447 Wot [un-
acc.] & C. 449 W gEt. I: 452 ah aa, W &i, a, i [see dt., p. 389], C at. 453
W wik. 457 ww»^ miit & W. 458 #w»/ niit & W . 459 i#y/ reit & W, C
lE'it. 465 Weitj. 466 W [not used]. 468 W tjildw. 472 W shriqk. 473
bii/nd blind. 475 W wind. 476 W bind. 477 fund ikind [past tense fan
fan], W find & C. 479 W wind. 482 C iz. 485 W thisM. 489 C it.
r- 490 be hi, 492 W said, C Bdid. 494 W t&im. 496 W kiBrn.
I': W Ikik. 503 W laif. 504 W nfiiif. 505 W wkif. 506 W WMm«n.
511 Wwain.
0- — W sliuul [shovel]. 519 uwor lip wrsr lip [over or upper lip]. 521
W fo'il. 522 oppfftt op*n & W. 523 hoap 6Bp. — afoar itfitm [afore] . 524
icnrld warld, W waalu.
0: 526 eof kof . 527 bowt h6ui & W. 528 thowt th6wt & W. 529 *»oic<
br6Mt & W. 530 roM;^ r6wt & W. 531 W ddwtw. 532 koil ko'il & W. 534
hoil D'il & W fused for prison]. 535 fowk fdwk. 536 W g6Md. 541 C wiont
wilBt. 543 C on. 547 W Uxnrd, 548 W [not used]. 549 W [not used].
552 W k6Bm [or (kAA'«m)]. 553 W 6Brn [or (AAcm)]. — W k«s [kiss].
0'. 656 W sh/M. 556 C tB [unemph.]. 557 W ilu. 558 Uwk hike l/wk
& W, C la'«k. 560 akooil skill & W & C. — gown [Dr. Wright says that
Preston pronounces (g/wra), as also (dmm) doom]. 662 mooin miiin & W. 564
eooin stiin. & W, C soin s6in. 565 noas nuBZ & W. 566 uther wdhBr.
0': 569 W b/«k. 570 tuk te/k, W t/wk. 671 ffooid gM & W. 572 W
blwid. 579 eniffivLii & W [W the form enow is not known]. 582 kid. 583 W
Uih 584 W stuil. 686 dew diu & W. 687 doin d6in, W duiU. 688 noin
n6in. 689 W spam. 591 W muw. 593 [W (mwn m«d) used]. — tooith
tmth. 594 bott bait. 695 fooit iuit & W. 596 rooit Tttit & W. 697 eooit
suit & W.
U- 699 aboon Bbuun & W. 601 W faal. 602 W saa. 603 eum kwrn
& W & C. 606 W Btm [not distinguished from 629]. 606 doar dfiw, C dUm,
W diwOT.
U: — baan baan [going]. — pool puul [pull]. 610 W wuul [with a long
vowel]. 612 8ttm sum & W . 614 haand aand &W [in W not used for a dog,
except as by way of insult]. 615 paand paand & W [ = 20«.], W pwnd [ = 16 02. J.
616 graand eraand [CCR. has grecBnd]. 619 W fwn. 620 W grwn. 625
tung t»q & W. 626 W MqOT. 629 W stm. 632 W up [almost (wip) see dt.],
C tm, 633 W kttp. 634 W thr/w, C thra'u. 639 W dost.
IT- 640 W kaa. 641 hah aa & W. 642 thagh thaa dhaa. 643 nah naa.
647 W aal. 648 [emphatic] are ar aar, [unemphaticj wur wot, wee'ae hate
warten we all wur meet wii)z eei WBrsem wi ool war miit [wejshould hate our-
selves with all our might]. 650 o^oA^ abaght Bbaat, C Bbaat [see p. 388,
1. 2 from bottom]. 651 W baat. 663 *ik< bwd & W, bad [unaccented] W.
U': 654 ehraad shraad. 655 W faal. 656 roam raam & W & C. 668
dahn daan & W & C. 659 loan taan & W. 663 haaee aas & W [CCR. has
(^Bs)]. 666 maae maas & W. 667 aht oat aght aat & W. 671 W maath.
Y- 673 mieh mitj & W. 674 W did [never (did)]. 679 W tjaati. 682
C lit*l. Y: 684 W brig. 685 W rig [a man*s back]. 694 W wark.
697 berry beri. 699 W riit [distinct from 459]. 700 W waar. 701 W farst.
Y'- 705 W skii. 706 W w&i [(wot fA) more used]. Y'; 709 W f«r.
712 W m&is.
n. English.
A. 714 C lad. 722 W dr^BU. 726 tauk took, W to'Bk. 728 W sham.
732 C ap'n. E. 745 W tilBt. I. and Y. 766 W shrimp & C. 758
W.fnot used]. 0. 761 W lihid. 766 W mo'idBrd [much used]. 769 W
m&fddwarp. — poyt p6<t [a pot, pusher, poker]. 783 W [not used]. 788 W
[not usedj. 789 W L(nor*«hBn) used]. 790 gaan gaan. — draand draand
[ 1826 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
394 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V It, t.
[drown]. IT. 793 W i/g [to carry in the arms]. 794 W djwg. 799 W
skwl. 804 C .d^rttk'n. 807 W pi«. 808 W p«t.
in. Romance.
A.. 810i</w»f)t'f6TO[mtheface],Wf6B9. 81lWpl6iM. SlSWb^k'n.
820Wgeo. 822WmeB. 830 W trdcn. 835 W rtWn. 836 AVs/Wn. 840
W tjoumBr. 841 W tpns. 842 W ploqk. 847 W dcDnd^OT. 849 W str^radjor.
850 W dans. 852 W apnra. 860 w p^Bst. 861 W t^vst. 865 /air< foot.
866 W pwBr, C pdw. — favvur fkvBr [favour, resemble].
E.. 867 W t/B. 869 W v/b1. 874 W r^ni. 875 W fdsnt. 877 W^.
886 tarry vart & W & C. — earbs iBrbz jaabz. 888 W saartin. 890 W
b/Bst [pi. (b/Bsts), not (b/Bs), and used for cows]. 893 W flaar. 895 W ris/BV.
I- am/ Y.. 898 W nkia. 901 W fa»n. 903 W dmBr. 910 W [not
known]. 912 W rkts.
0" W kwBt|. 916 W imJBn. 917 roag rwBg. 918 W fiBb'l. 920 W
p6int. 923* W mo'tst. 924 W tp'/s. 925 vo'ts. 926 W spo'il. — aaand
saand [a sound]. 928 aance aans. 929 W kaakBmBr. 939 W klo'is [and also
sb.]. 940 eoi/t k6it & W. 941 /ooi/ fi»l & W. 942 W b«ti«r. 943 W t«t|.
94o W vaa [used only as threaten]. 950 W 'sf/pBT. 952 i. W kaans, ii. W
kttBfs [as a race coui-sel. 953 W Kfiz*n. — pesht pesht [pushed]. 964 W
wtshin. 955 daht daat & W.
U .. 966 W 0 il. 968 W o'tstBr. 969 8uar s/mbt & W.
Vab. V. Leeds and its Neiohboubhood.
CCR. being a native of Leeds, familiar with and speaking the
dialect from infancy, his account of it is of great interest. Of
course it is in the villages and not in the town that peasant speech
is heard. In the town a peculiar attempt to speak rs. is made by
the smaller tradesmen, of which an account will be given on p. 396.
The Leeds variety, which is the most important and character-
istic, extends over all the ne. jmrt of D 24. It reaches on the w.
to Churwell (3 ssw.Leeds) and Kirkstall (3 nw.), but not to Pudsey
(5 w-by-s. Leeds), which belongs to Bradford, but the pronuncia-
tion scarcely differs perceptibly from Leeds. On the e. it includes
Aberford (8 ene.Leeds) and Sherbum (12 e.Leeds). On the s. it
extends to Wakefield, with numerous but unimportant differences,
as is shown in a special cwl. Pontefract is similar to Wakefield,
XT' being generally (aa), but often becoming (Jku). In Variety ix.
Doncaster, for which a separate cwl. will be given, {ku) is the
regular form. Although Dewsbury is only 5 w. Wakefield, it
speaks differently, see Var. vi.
This variety is well illustrated, not only by the interlinear cs.
which shew how little Leeds differs from Bradford, but by an
almost complete cwl. kindly filled in by OCR. in glossic, here
transliterated. This cwl. will have to be compared with a similarly
extensive cwl. for Mid Yorkshire, with which CCR. was equally
familiar from childhood. In transliterating CCR.*s Glossic, I have
retained i* and also used (e) for the glossic [e], where probably
I should now hear (e). But CCR. occ. distinguishes gl. [e, ae]-=
(e, e), which shews his own feeling. The fractures (eew, h*B, 6ob,
iiwa^ iiui) seem to have superfluous length in their first element,
but as CCR. sometimes distinguishes the length of their first
[ 1826 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24, Vv.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 395
element, I have felt bound to follow his indications. Here, how-
ever, in stating the characters, I shall use a short first element for
convenience. For minute particulars reference must be made to
the cwl.
A- generally (6b), as (n^sm) name, a following G or "W induce (6b) as (s6b)
a saw.
A: is generally (a), in a few cases (e), as (theqk) thank. The A: or 0: words
in NG have all (eq), as (len) long.
A'- and A': have regularly (Cib), as (iiBts) oats, but a following G and W induce
(6b), as (6bu) own, (kr6B) to crow, and sometimes (6m), as (6m) to owe, (16m) low.
JE- is generally (cb), especially where followed by G, as (snesl) snail, for which
(sniil) is also used, but in (fadhB watB) father water it becomes (a).
JE: is generally (a), but followed by G is (6b), as (aftB d6B) alter day.
£'• as a rule gives (et), as (t6ttj) teach, but varies as (is, ii), as (s/tB) sea,
(t^iz) cheese, and we have even (ant) any.
M': is also variable within generally tne same limits.
£- is often (6»), as (n6td) knead, (6b), as (r6Bn) rain, and (Ib), as (w/ib) to wear,
but sometimes remains (e), as (brek ledhB) break leather.
£: is regularly (e, s) and has few variants.
E*-, E': are regularly (ii).
£A- has ^6b).
£AL as usual has peculiar forms implying an original form AL, as (6t<d) old,
{(ml) all.
£A' has generally (Ib), as (Ui*Bd) lead metal, but a following W induces (6b),
as (8tr6oB) straw.
£1 is generally (6b), as f6eBl) to hail a person.
£0 as usual varies much, but (l/«Bn jubu) learn yearn are tmcommon ; £0R
is generally (aa).
£0' is mostly (ii, Ib), but varies a good deal. The form (shun) she is said to
be derived from Ws. ted^ but may after all come from Ws. heo.
I- is generally treated as I'.
I: is generally (t) even in blind, rind, to wind, bind, find, but singularly enough
^rtW becomes (grwnd).
I' is regularly (ki at), not (f/t)«
0 is regularly (a), but foal, coal, hole, have (6«) ; a following H or L induces
' ) in (th6Mt) thought, (b6t«lt) bolt.
y changes regularly into (uui) as (kintil) cool.
U becomes regularly (u) even in pound ground, but is (aa) in hound, sound a
healthy, a wound.
XT' is regularly (aa), as (daan) down.
T before B gives rise to (9, a) in (both bori math fast) birth bury mirth first.
For consonants initial h vanishes, and r not before a vowel also generally
vanishes or can scarcely be recognised : t, d preceding a vowel and after a short
vowel become? very vulgarly (r), see notes to cwl., p. 400, No. 449. With this
compare the use of (r) for (d) in (nar. Hare) hadde m Low German, see first line
of examples 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc., in Part IV. pp. 1378 1380, and in
numerous other places. The final 'ture has its older form 'tur (-tBr, -tB), and
not the modem D.-(;Aur (-tjui), as (ptlctBr), not ptktpr) picture.
On comparing the Varieties iv. and v., Bradford and Leeds, the
differences are scarcely perceptihle. The following may be noted :
(6^i
B di^tn
6e)m
s/ur thr/M
iTU
dhBse-lnz
skM:6Bk
trhdh aks &aB
Ldim
"^Z
siei/r thru
thrM
dhBse-nz
sktt'6tk
tr6eMth as aa
done
ture through
from
themselves
squeak
truth ask how
B gr6eBnd wald d6t<tBr kujm eqtn wiit wol f6tn d6eM f6tl.
L grtmd waald d6oBtBr kam tqtn wit wal f&tn diu futl.
ground world daughter came hanging wet while Jine do fool,
[ 1827 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
396 THE NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V v.
These difFerences are of no account whatever. The reasons for
peparating iv. and v. must therefore be sought in the different use
they make of certain words and phrases, of which some specimens
are given in the cs., but which otherwise lie beyond the scope of
this investigation.
Leeds Refined Form.
The petty shopkeepers of Leeds speak a refined form of speech,
which cannot properly be called a dialect, but is an attempt to
speak rs., continually frustrated by dialectal tendencies and youth-
ful habits. CCK. was so good as to translate the cs. into this town
speech. It is so far from being a genuine dialect that I do not
think it right to print it, but it may be worth while to note the
dialectal remnants it contains.
The U' and I' words have {kUf &t), the short U remains (u), the (r) final disap-
pears, ahe is (shs *$haa), {i) remains for the, (h) disappears, (wh) becomes w.
And in addition the following pronunciations are used, each referred to its para-
graph in the cs.
0. (wat) what. — 1. (both laf) both laugh, short (o) being common, {oo nisdhB)
who neither. — 2. (noo 6«nli dont m6e«k niit) know only don*t make not. — 3.
(&.?<8wme-vB dh/Bz 6«d) however these hold. — 4. (dd foks thrw a) heard folks through
=from I. — 5. (jtiqist griBt sp/iBk) youngest great speak. — 6. (6wd ool ladhkui
68nli) old all without only.— 7. (liBstweez t6ud ast taBthri 6vw 'shaa) leastways
told asked two or three over -she. — 8. (w/iw a)l fo)t) where 1*11 for*t. — 9. (lee;tn
fuul k6Bt tl6BZ d6Bstra) lying full coat close door-stone. — 10. (wald, p6Bli) world
poorly.— 11. (d6oBtBr keum) daughter came. — 12. (t/«) tea. — 13. (lant sh6Br
dont want) learned sure don't want. — 14. (took) talk. — 15. (ful wad) fool [and
observe (fwMl) full in 9] word.
I have received specimens of refined speech for York also, but the
above specimen is probably enough.
Notes to Leeds cs., p. 367.
1. Ami 0//, merely equivalent to also, See cs. to Var. iii. end of par. 13,
or, etc. — w to, seems the proper inter- p. 376, and note, p. 386.
pretation of (st) here. 4. through usea for from, the form
2. feWf {ieeu neeu) are used here (fru) is considered childish at Leeds,
as at Bradford. — for because they* re but is heard at Bradford, (fnmi) would
grinned at. — hcuTnl us sure of that not be understood, but (fruum) is
now, the grammar is shaky ; CCR possible ; there is here an attempt to
considers (ad'nt) to represent (art not), use (thrw) for through and (thru) for
but art not us seems impossible ; and from, but (thrt<) is used in both senses
hadnU seems inexpUcable. CCll says in par. 11, p. 374, so that this breaks
the phrase is more common in Bradford down. — did /, obs. enchtic form (i) for/,
than in Leeds. — likelg, CCR introduces 5. great, the short (gat, gat) in this
this adv. in line several times as here, sense is not so frequent as the long
par. 4 and 13 (s/imlinz), 7 (1/iBslinz). (pst) taken as {gQri)— father voice,
3. oddments or items. — so just thee the possessive father^s is Uttle used,
hoid thy din with thee, if thou canst, observe short (a).
thou like and uhiskt until I (have) 6. without (dhaatBu), the Tbu) as in
done, peculiar idiomatic phraseology "Ws. wi)?6tan, compare par. 7, p. 371,
according to CCR, but not in frequent (Bbaaten). — ask her,
use. — hearest thou but) as now, huts 7. how is it you think f
seems to be ^/ a«, and to mean only. 8. at aU ends, in every particular.
[ 1828 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, V v.] THB NORTH MIDLAND. 397
9. Sunday, altliongli final (r) is 14. and to I mutt forced to go, the
illy omitted in Leeds, it seems to construction is diificult, meaning * I
be added with a real trill to week-day must go, I am forced to go/ — kern,
names, see Thurtday, par. 12, p. 375. with short perhaps medial (i), or
10. world, (waala wald) are both (sh6Bp) sharp,
used. — maunge, see Yar. iy. notes, p. 15. without reaton, or, to use a
391. common expression, (bidhaat g6oBmin
IZ. do (dm), business or concern. 6oBt) without understanding aught.
Leeds akd Neighbottbhood cwl.
written in glosaic by OCR., transliterated by AJ£.
* before any number of a word refers to a following note, pp. 400-1.
I. Wessex A2n) Norse.
A. 3 b^k. 4 tak. 6 mak. 6 m^od. 7 s^evk. 8 ev. 9 bi;6e«y. 10
6o«. U m6o«. 12 86ob. 13 n6o«. 14 dr6o«. 15 6ob [awful]. 16 d6oBn.
17 16o«. 18 k^evk. 19 t^l. 20 16e«m. 21 n^enm. 22 t^evm. 23 s^m.
24 sh^eimi. 25 m6eim. 26 w^A. 27 n^y. *28 ^eu. 32 b^emlh. 33
reeB'dhvi reevdu. 34 last. 35 6ob1. 36 thbu th6oB. 37 tl6o«.
A: 39 kam. 40 kirnvm. 41 theqk. 43 and. 44 land. — wand [he
wound]. 46 kan«l. 47 wand«. 48 saq. 50 teqz. 51 man. 63 kan. 54
want. 55 as. 56 wesh. 57 as.
A: or 0: 58 [replaced by through (thm), see notes to cs., p. 396]. 59 lam.
60 leq. 61 nneq. 62 streq. 63 threq. 64 req. 65 seq. 66 theq.
A'- 67 gituB. 69 UttMB. 70 tuuv. 71 wmws. 72 wmmb. 73 suub, 74
tuu. 75 siruuvk, 76 tuuBd. 77 l6oBd. 78 6u, 79 6oBn. 80 alidB. 81
I6tn. 83 mtfmm. 84 miittou. 85 s^t««j. 86 Ma wiivts. 87 tlvwBZ. 88
tlKUBdh. 89 buuvth. 90 bl6oB. 91 m6o«. 92 n6oB. 94 kr6oti. 95 thr6oB.
96 s6o«. 97 b6m1 [s6ob1 has been heard from indiyidual old people]. 98 n6ovn.
99 thrdovn. 100 s6oim.
A': 101 itmk. 102 as aks. 104 riit«wi. 105 x^evd. 106 hrdfotd, 107
liwst. 108 duiiBf. 109 16m. 110 nut. Ill 6ut. 112 6eBl. 113 iuBl
114 mMtnil. . 115 itumn. 116 ^tnrai [seldom used]. 118 buMen. 121 guuvn,
122 niiMvn. 123 n6Mt. 124 stutiBn. 125 fused only in refined speech and
then called] uuvnii, [in dialect they use] naW. 126 uwbjl. 127 uf<Bst ituva
[seldom]. 128 [used only in refinea speech, otherwise (dhem)]. 129 guumt,
130 hiiuti. 131 gvtivt. 132 ^MBt. 133 i^evt. 134 fSvth. 135 tUat [used,
but this is clout, from Ws. cldt]. 136 6wdhBJ dodhiu Cudiu oBdBJ.
^- 138 fadhtufadBif^eBdhuf^emlBJ. 139 drecB. 140 4eBL 141 u^cbI.
142 sniil sn^l. 143 t^eBl. 144 BgitBU Bg6eBn. 145 ftleeBU. 146 m^n.
147 br6eBn. 148 f^cBJ. 149 bl^cB?. 150 laBst [often without (t)]. 151
[not used]. 152 watBJ. 153 setBdB.
M: 155 thatj. 157 r^eBVBU. 158 aftB. 161 d^cB. 163 l^Bd. 164
m^. 165 sed. 166 m^CBd. 167 d6eBl. 168 talB. 169 wen. 170 ^Bvtst
aaytst. 171 baalt. 172 gras ges goas. 173 woi [used, generally written
(WAJ)]. 174 esh. 175 fast. 178 nat. 179 wat. ♦isg becBd. 181 path.
M'- 182 s/iB. 183 t^tj t^iti. 184 1/iBd 16id Idid. 185 riid. 186
br//Bdh breed braid. 187 1/tBV [sb. (}^iv)], 188 ndt. 189 we». 190 kei.
191 /sbI. 192 m/iBU. 193 tl6tn [vb. (tl/iBn)]. 194 oni. 195 mant. 190
woj. 197 tjiiz. 199 bl^Bt. 200 wiBt vfivi witBt [the last rare]. 201 ZtBdhBn.
202 /»Bt.
-$:'; 203 spiitj. 204 did diid. 205 thriid. 206 red. 207 niid*l. 210
tl^CB. 211 grceB. 212 wdt. 213 ^eBdhBJ ^eBdBJ. 215 t6Mt. 216 d/tul
[the y. is (deil)]. 217 /iBt| [in refined speech, but seldom used]. 218 sliip
shiip. 219 slip sliip. 221 1/tB. 222 6eB. 223 dh/tB. 224 w/iB. 225 fiesli.
226 matMBst. 227 wit wet. 228 sw/ut swfst sw/iBt [the last rare]. 229 br/isth.
230 fat.
£. 232 brek. 233 sp^ik spdik. 234 nSid n^eid. 235 w^iy. 236 UiiBVB.
[ 1829 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
398 THE KORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V t,
237 ^ilbl^eim. 238 ed;. 239 s^evl. 240 16eim. 241 r6emi. 242 tw^emi
Fwhen read, not naed]. 243 pleeB [when read, otherwise (l^k) lake used]. 246
ktnin [queen], Vwhjm fqueanj. 247 wiivn, 248 m^. 249 w/tB. 260 sw/tv.
251 m^t mdtt. 252 ketBl. 263 netvl. 264 ledhB. 266 wedhv.
£: 267 eg. 268 seg sed|. 269 wed;. 260 Itg. 261 s^ev. 262 w^.
264 ^1. 265 8tr6tt. 267 Jild. 268 [not used, (dBdis) oldest, said]. 270
belBs belt. 272 elm. 273 men. 274 beqk biqk. 275 [replaced by vsttqk)].
276 thiqk. 277 drensh. 278 wensh. 280 vlewn. 281 leqth. 282 strcN^th.
283 mart. 284 thresh. 285 kres. 286 are. 287 biiz«m. 288 let [often
(16ot) before a vowel].
£'- 289 Jii. 290 ii. 291 dhii. 292 mii. 293 wii. 294 fiid. 296 bred.
296 btliiy. 298 fiil. 299 griin. 300 Idp klip. 301 /tu. 302 mit miit.
303 swit swiit.
F: 306 dt. 306^ttdtt. 307 nii [only used by "old-charactered people'*].
308 niid n^td. 309 spiid. 310 il. 311 ten. 312 /to. 313 aaksn ^ksn.
314 livd. 316 fit fiit. 316 nekst.
EA- 317 fi^. 319 g^. 320 k^eiu.
£A: 321 86oB sid. 322 laf. 323 f6t«t. 324 dtt. 326 w6o«k. 326 dud
6ud. 327 bdfild b6Md. 328 kdwd. 329 fdwld f6f/d. 330 3d. 331 seld. 332
teld. 333 k60Bf. 334 6oBf ^etsf. 335 6o8l. 336 fdoBl. 337 w6ob1. 340
jeBd j^CBd jaad. 342 ^om ^enm. 343 waam. 345 daj. 346 g^eut.
£A'- 347 /tBd. 348 ii [(iin) pi. and also sg.]. 349 feeu.
£A': 350 d/tBd. 351 litBd. 352 red. 353 br/iBd [(br^) is dialectally
Tulgar and rare]. 354 sh/tBf sh^tf. 355 d/tBf. 356 1/tBf. 357 dhf/B [rare].
359 necBbBJ. 360 t/tBm t^tm. 361 b/tBn. 362 8l6eB. 363 tjiBp t|iiBp. 366
p/tB. 366 gat [(gr/iBt) refined]. 367 thr/tBt. 368 d/tBth. 369 8l6oB. 370
r6oB. 371 8tr6oB.
£1- 372 &at. 373 dhdeB. 374 neeB. 376 r^eBz. 376 b^CBt.
£1: 377 st^CBk. 378 w6eBk. 379 6eBl. 381 sw^cbu. 382 dh^eui.
£0- 383 sevBU. 384 cybu. 385 bin^etdh [considered affected, and
(wttdBU^idh) gen. used]. 386 j6m. 387 n^ niu.
£0: 388 milk. 389 ithgk. 390 sud. 393 bijond. 396 waak. 397 suvBd.
398 staay. 399 briit. 400 ttBntst. 401 j/ibu. 402 I/ibu. 403 faaj. 406
aath [some old people (^h;]. 406 /iBth. 407 faadtn. 408 n^eu [refined
(ntt«)J.
£0'- 409 bii. 411 thrii. 412 shuu shu sho shB shoo. 413 dtvBl.
414 flu. 415 Bt. 416 dm. 417 tj^M ip'u. 418 breen [refined (br/m)].
419 tkuBT. 420 f6wB. 421 fott.
£0': 423 thii. 424 mf. 426 lit [short (i), not (t)]. 426 f^tt [short diph-
thong]. 427 bu. 428 sii. 42^ fiind. 430 frend. 431 bi<B. 432 f6tfBt. 433
br/ivst. 434 bet. 435 jii [in gen. use, (juu) refined, used in addressing
superiors]. 436 tr^ew [refined (triiw)]. 437 tr6eMth [refined (tr/iiith)].
EY- 438 dii. EY: 439 trust.
I- 440 wik [(i) not (t)]. 441 siv. 442 &tTtn. ^443 fraidB. 444 st&iL
446 6et. 446 n4<n. 448 dh/tBZ. *449 get. 450 tewzdB tii/zdB. 451 sci«
86tf sdu.
I: 452 &at aa;t. 454 wt'ti. 465 h'g. 457 mdtt [generally, (miit) by
individual old people]. 458 mit. 459 ritt. 460 w6tt w^it. 461 Hit. 462
siit. 464 wtt|. 465 sit;. 466 tj^ild [when read, the spoken word is (baan)].
467 wdild. 468 tjildrin [when read, the spoken word is (baanz)]. 471 ttrnw.
472 shriqk. 473 blind. 474 rind. 475 wind. 476 bind. 477 find. 478
grt«nd. 479 wind. 481 fiqB. 484 dhis. 486 thisnl. 486 j/icst Jast. 487
jastBdB. 488 jat.
r- 490 bjit b&at. 491 sjU [some old people say (sii)]. 493 dr&iv. 494
t&im. 496 atBnm. 497 rsliz. 498 r&it. 499 biit'l [in fine reading, (bla-k
klak) in dialect].
1 : 600 laik. 601 wild. 602 faiv. 503 Uif. 604 naif. 605 w&if. 606
wtnuBU. 607 wimin. 508 mtlil. 509 wal. 511 w&m. 512 spdiB [(stiipM)
often used]. 613 waiB. 514 His. 615 wtltz. 516 wtzdBm. 617 j6m.
0- 520 baa. 621 fOtl. 522 opBU. 523 iiasp. 524 wal waald [both
equally used].
[ 1830 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, y T.] THE NORTH MIDLAND. 399
0: 526 kaf. 527 b6vt. 528 th6ift. 529 hr^vt brdut [also (bm) braq)].
530 r6tft. 531 d6MtBJ. 532 kdil k6otl k6tl. 533 cImI. 634 dtl. 536 gdticl.
537 mowd moold. 538 wad. 539 bdal. 540 alin. 542 b6Mlt bdwlt. 545
op. 647 bicMBd. 548 fiiiiBd. 549 6t<«d. 550 wed wd'd weed. 551 fit6ovm.
552 kdonn. 553 6o«n. 654 kroe.
(y- 656 8hua [pi. (8htfMin)1. 566 Uats [but (tul) most usual]. 557 Uu.
558 1/ttk. 559 mMohiu. 561 bluum. 662 iii«i«iii. 563 miindB. 564 suuin.
565 n&wu, 566 Mdhu.
0': 669 biitk. 570 tittk. 571 gilitd. 572 bUtd. 673 HM. 574 br^td.
575 stutd. 576 wedimzd«. 577 baa. 578 plua. 581 86tit. 582 \um\. 583
tuuil. 584 sUuil, 585 bnram [tbe broom brash is (biizvm), No. 287]. 587
dun. 588 nuwin. 589 sputttn. 590 fLkuu, 591 muwu. 592 sw^evi [used,
bat it is a different fOTmJ. 593 man [is the form used]. 594 biiMt. 595
{uuit. 596 r^Mtt. 597 suwtt. 598 Stfutdh.
U- 599 vbuun. 600 Imy. 601 faal. 602 saa. 603 kum. 605 sim. 606
Akuv, 607 bMtv.
U: 608 Mgli. 609 tuL 610 wtil. 611 bvlsk. 612 sinn. 613 druqk.
614 aand. 615 pimd. 616 grtmd. 617 saand. 618 waand. 619 ftm fan.
620 gru^n grund grtmdtd. 622 trndu. 625 tuq. 626 nqv. 628 ntm. 629
Sim. 630 wttn wan. 631 thazdn. 632 up. 633 kup. 634 thrua. 635
W9th. 636 faadhiu faa*diu [bat this is another word]. 637 tMsk. 638 busk.
639 dMst.
F- 640 kaa. 641 aa. 642 dhaa. 645 dur. 646 b6M fsubst. (baa)]. 647
aal. 648 aa aaj. 649 thaazro. 652 kud. 653 hud bvd but bvt.
XT': 654 shraad. 655 faal. 656 T&um [(raam) is less used]. 657 braan.
6o8 daan [and also down, the feather]. 659 taan. 660 b&ai^vi [r very often
dropped]. 661 shaai. 663 aas. 664 laas. 665 maas. 666 Nzbim. 667
aat. 668 praad. 669 Mnkaath. 670 btiwidh bwidh. 671 maath. 672
saath.
Y- 673 mttj. 674 did. 675 drdi. 676 l&ai. 678 din. 679 tptj. 680
bizi [if read, but (threq) No. 63 regularly used]. 682 lit«l.
Y: 683 midi. 684 brig. 685 rig. 686 bdi b&ai. 687 fl&ait [seldom
JiBedyjflite to scold, also so, but often (fltt)]. 689 bild. 690 kaind. 691 m^ind.
693 sin. 696 bath.* 697 bori. 698 math [rery often short', and a mere snap].
699 riit. 700 waas. 701 fost. 703 pit. 704 viksBn.
Y'- 705 skili sk&ai. 706 [never used, replaced by (wot fov)]. 707 thotii'n.
708 ai«. Y': 709 fai«. 711 Idis. 712 nuUs.
n. English.
A. 713 bad. 714 lad. 715 pad. 716 ad'l. 717 d|ee*Bd. 718 tr^od.
719 tadp6Ml. 720 feg. 721 feg. 722 dr6eBn. 723 d^ewri. 724 b6oiild. 725
s^e«l. 727 d|am. 728 sham. 729 fr^Bm. 730 kantv, 731 wanton. 733
sk^evi. 734 daan. 736 las*. 737 m^evt. 738 prdevt. 739 [not used]. 740
weoBT. 741 mtoz. 742'16eBzi.
E. 743 skr/iom. 744 mez'lz. 745 t|^t t|dit. 746 briiBdh. 747 indevB
[little used]. 748 imfltgd [unfledged]. 750 beg. 751 p/iBt.
I. afid Y. 753 tikU. 754 pig. 755 filbBt. 756 shrimp. 767 taint. 758
[replaced by (las)]. 769 fit.
0. 761 ItitiBd. 762 i^uBkBm. 763 r^tmm. 764 kod'l. 766 mdidBd. 767
nOiz. 768 k6Mk. 771 fond. 772 bonffeij. 773 doqki. 774 pittBni. 775
buubi. 777 shop. 778 vUuMd. 779 6oBts. 780 djosU. 781 bodhB. 782
padhB [rare]. 783 paaltri. 784 baans. 785 laandj. 786 daas. 787 saas.
788 flaat. 789 raa. 790 gaan.
U. 792 8kM?ab»l. 793 t/g. 794 d|i*g. 795 shr»#g. 799 sk^d. 800 ski/l.
801 rimi. 802 rum. 803 divmp. 805 kri^dz. 806 fws. 807 pus. 808 put
[varies to (p«r) before a vowel].
in. BOMANCB.
A- 809 ^bBl. 811 pl^eBS. 812 l^eBS. 813 bdeBkBU. 814 m^sBn.
815 faks. 816 fdoBd. 817 redish. 818 ^eBd|. 819 r^esd;. 821 dildeB.
[ 1831 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
400 THB NORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V T,
822 m^. 823 b^. 824 tj^eei. 825 w^f. 826 ungnl, 827 /tugoi.
828 ^evgtu. 829 g^evn. 830 treevn. 831 dtstr^esn. 832 m6eiu. 833
p^eiu. 834 sh^eBZ. 83d r/tBzim. 836 s/tezBn. 837 l/iBsh. 838 tr^t tr/tut.
839 b6eBl. 840 t|66vmBr. 841 tjons. 842 pleqk. 843 bransh. 844 treush,
845 eeBoshviit. 846 t|eQlv. 847 d^e^nd^B. 848 t|6eBnd|. 849 Btr6eBnd)v.
8d0 dons. 8dl ont. 852 apTBn. 853 baagBn. 855 karit. 856 j^^evt. 857
keeBS. 858 br^eBS. 860 peeBst. 861 t6eBst. 862 s^eBf. 863 ^^esf. 864
btko6. 865 fait. 866 p«mbj.
£•• 867 tuB. 868 dj^eB. 869 v/ibI v^il. 870 bMi. 871 Bgrii. 873
fr6eB. 874 rdtn. 875 f^eBiit. 876 deeBntt. 877 6eBJ. 878 solBrt. 879
fiim^I. 880 egzamp'l. 881 sens. 882 panzt. 883 dandtl&iBn. 884 prentrfl.
886 fraiB. 887 klaad^i. 888 saatBn. 889 s/tBS. 890 bliBS [often so used ia
the singular] b/tBst. 891 fuBst. 892 nevt. 893 flaai. 894 dts/iBT. 895
ris/iBT. 896 [not used].
I- andY" 897 dilit. 898 nats. 899 nis [short (i), not(i)]. 900 pr6eB.
901 f&tn. 902 m&tn. 903 dflin [not used in converration]. 904 Y&«BlBt. 905
r&i;Bt. 906 viiipBr. 907 [not used]. 908 advais. 909 briiz. 910 d^ais
d^istn. 911 BtstTBU. 912 r&ts.
0- 913 kN"Bt|. 914 bri<ffBt|, 915 st^if. 916 frnjBU. 917 r6wBg. 918
fiibBl. 919 6tntment. 920 pdint. 921 Bku-^eBnt. 922 bushil. 923 m6i8t.
924 t|d»8. 925 vd«8. 926 spoil. 927 Ujuqk, 928 aans. 929 kaaknmB.
930 Idotn. 931 d|//glB. 932 Bmaant. 933 frunt. 934 baantt. 935 kuntri.
936 faant. 937 kak. 938 kOanB. 939 tldis. 940 k6it kdit. 941 fii«tl.
942 bMtjB. 943 t«t|. 944 Blaa. 945 Taa. 946 mdoil. 947 boil. 950
8/ipB. 961 kupU. 952 k6'*B8. 953 kuzBU. 954 k'fshin. 955 daat. 956
kiiTB. 957 tmpldi. 958 fr^OB. 959 kouTeeB.
U-- 960 kit-^eB [only used in the name of the place, Bridlington Quay
f:b99ltntBn :ku-4eB)]. 961 gr/iftl. 962 miuz, 963 ku;&i;Bt. 964 s/wit. 965
Oil. 966 fri'it [^fre»t) old people]. 967 s<Mt [(s^ut) old people]. 968 distB.
969 si«B. 970 d^dst. 971 tlut ({Uui) old people].
ybtet to Leeds cwl. p. 397.
Referred to in the wl. by • before the number of the word.
No. 28. On final r, OCR. says, [[past tense of eat, as, he eat it, ate it,
'* Though permissible, yet, in all cases, is called (^cBt^], (i her) it),
the (r) is discarded to a far ^eatcr 3. in i<, hit, sit, flit, split, little
extent in Leeds than in the Mid Yo. Qnir*!), bit.
dialect." Hence in this cwl. it is 4. in ot, got, sot, shot, blot, spot,
represented by (a), the permissive (r) ; slot.
but whether when heard it is the real 5. in ut and oot, but, stut, mutty
trilled (r) or the M. (r), I do not (mHwri) = calf, glutton (glHumn), foot,
know, i suspect the latter. shut.
180. bath is used only in fine speech; This change also takes place with
baihf the utensil, would not be thought words in d.
of in connection with (tB ey b b^eBd) to Q. va ad, glad, swaddy (swHari) =
take a bath, but would be associated soldier, bad, shadow ^shnarB), dad^ mad.
with washing. 7. in ^rf, wed, lea, bled, shed, fled,
443. Friday^ **in all the days of the Bled= a slipper,
week r is often heard as an additional 8. in idy lid, slid, bid, hiddy (hf'n)
letter; some speakers habitually employ =to hide, smiddy (smH/ri) b a smithy,
the r in this way.'* did.
449. gety the (t) becomes (r) before 9. in orf, ho'd (hor)=hold, sod, nod,
a yowel, and the (g) is strongly post- plod, shod, modem (mnanm).
aspirated, as 'gneevr t/p). CCK. fmds 10. in tui and oorf, mud (miiwr) =
this peculiarity in the following words: might vb., good (ra»<r), stood, huddle
1. in at, sat, chat, what, spat, cat, (h'Tul), budding (bHwrin), sud (sHwr),
hat [past tense of hit]. should.
2. in tf/, let, get, set, met, wet, et CCR. considers these forms to be
[ 1832 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, V v.] THB NORTH MIDLAND. 401
the product of lazy, corrapt habits [the words in 'ture^ usually pronounced with
post-aspiration is anything but lazy]. (tjvj) in rs., all of which end in (-toj)
They are, he says, the vulgar of the or rather {-U) at Leeds, such as (kwlt«,
TulgpEur who chiefly resort to them. yents, kaptB, past«, djestv, f/utv), etc.,
Compare the hearing of potatoet in D culture, renture, capture, pasture,
10, p. 147, as (t^BRtz). g^ture, future, etc. ; and similarly
To this list OCR. adds another of (s/tBZB s^izv) seizure.
Wakefield cwl.
Compiled from Mr. William Stott Banks's List of Provincial Words in ute at
Wakefield^ 1866. Mr. B. uses a tolerably systematic orthography, from
which, with the help of previous investigations, I have been aole to give an
approximative pal. representation of the pron. as gathered rather from his
examples than nis headwords, which may be compared with the Leeds cwl.
I have retained (r) final as it is not marked to be silent by Mr. Banks, and
TH. says that he heard it as a decided consonant in all cases, presumably (r).
Of course this cwl. is very incomplete, but it suffices to shew that, if I have
rightly interpreted, there are a number of minute differences between Leeds
and Wakefield, quite as much as between Rotherham and Sheffield, although
the general character remains identical. The author's ortho^phy is pre-
fixed in Italic*, with Roman letters to represent his Italics, as reigh^,
shewing generally by A a written unspoken A, by eigh (b'i), by ow (6w), etc.
H wn. by TH. from which I extract a few differences.
I. Wessex Am) NOBSB.
A- 3 haak b^ok. itaiee, 6 maa mak m^ mak. 6 maad mMi, 10 haag
ag. 13 naoff n^. 18 caake k^k. 19 taale t^l. — gam gam [game ganChg
game leg]. A: 65 om as. A: or 0: 61 ameng Bmsq. A'- 67 goa
g6«. 69 noa n6B, H noo. 71 [woe worth thek (wbb warth dho) woe be to thee].
74 toathre t6Bthrt [two or three], tup* nee (t«p'n8), **we say thrip'nce^Jip'nct;,
and so on"]. 76 tooadi(k^ 89^oaMb6«th. 92 knawmuL, A': 102 aki
aks. 103 akat akst. 104 rooad r(iBd. 106 hrooad br(iBd. — laadg l^vdi
Pady]. 108 doa/ddvt. -— /row/ fr6«it [for aught]. 116 hoamCma, H (i«ra.
121 aoan goemn. 122 ftoait n6oBn. 124 stoans aidvnz, 126 o^nlg oovli [mean-
ing lonely, otherwise (nalnit)]. 130 bo^at hdovi. .136 awther Axdher [more
£r^auent than 213]. 137 nawther nxAdher [more frequent than 214].
JE- 138/a-fl'/A^r f6tidh«r, H fadhwr. 145 [slafterYiahse slaftw aas]. 152
icatter watw. Mi 161 daah d^B [daahtalicark (d^B'tBlwaark) day-work].
174 ^Aesh. M'" — reicAr^itj rocArak [reach]. 183 /eirA t^itj. — Uan
li«n [lean]. M': 209 nivver nivBr. 213 aather eed\vBT [see 136]. 214
naather n^Bdhmr [see 137]. 223 /A«ir dhiBr. -— heeath iBth [heath].
£- 233 »pe\k sp^ik. 237 blaan blevn. 241 raan r^tni. — st&J st^il
[steal]. 246 m6il. — eit kii [eat]. 251 meit m6tt. £: 256 ratehmi}.
269 $en ssn. 286 cresh la^h. £*- 289 ye yeh jii n \J* eh, this sign is to
be sounded like er in s^rvM "]. 290 ii 8. 291 theh thee dh« dhii. 293 %ceh we
WB wii [we* me bahn (wii)m baan) we are going]. E': 306 hei/ hE'it.
EA: 323 /ow< f6Mt. 326 owrf 6«d. 330 hod od. 324 hawf Aid, 338
eaw'cl kA'«l, H kAAl. 344 bam bam. 345 [athersaah (a)dhtir)saa) I dare
say]. 346 gaate gate g^iit jM. EA'- 347 \eead i«d. 348 [pi. een iin].
349 faew fs'ti. EA': 353 breead brivd. 355 deeafdivi. — lovise \bus
[loose]. 366 ^ert gart, greeat grict.
EI- 372 aye [** sounded /, yes, our commonest affirmative"] ei ki e'i.
EO: 394 yonder Jandvr [a word often used for a place understood, are yeh
goin up yonder /]. 396 wahrk waark, wahterdeha waa'tBrdvz [working-da vs].
" ■ ■ * I [to '^ ' ..-•-.
402 Jahrn laam [to teach]. 405 haratou aar).stmi [hearthstone]. 406 eearth
ivrth. EO'- 412 shoo aheh shu shs. AW Jlee nii [fleas are called lop$ —
jumps]. 417 cA«r/i« tiavlin [as horses do oats]. EO': 425 leet liit. 435
yer yahr ivr jaar [yourj. EY- 438 dee dii.
B.E. Pron. Fart V. [ 1833 ] 117
Digitized by LjOOQIC
402 THE NOKTH MIDLAND. [D 24, V ▼, vi.
I- 442 ivin feivin, H iyin [?]. 444 stee stii [ladder]. I: 462 lahki a,
[i in p<tl, t. 458 neet mit. 469 reigh^ rs'it. 461 fof^owliit on[toTneetwith].
468 tjildur. 469 tcittth f wi)tc ? [wilt thou ?]. 477 Jtnn'd find. 488 yii jit.
I'- 496 i'Cron kivrsvL. I': — lilcken lik n [liken, probably happen]. 207
haah mow ^b muu [the pile of hay put in the nay chamber]. 609 whal wal
[until]. 610 mine vakin.
0- — shoot shuul [shovel]. 619 ovver ovBr. — afoar trfdtnr [afore]. —
throit thr6it [throat]. 0: 628 thoy^t i\\wd. 632 coil k6tl. 634 hotl 6il.
637 mahldy manldi [mouldy]. 641 wecant w/wnt. 0'- 655 shummakker
shMm'akOT. 659 muther mr/dhvr. 660 schooil skCitl. 662 moo-in mCitn.
664 ioo'in sdin. — amooithnin iron smCiidhnin kievn [smoothing iron]. 666
uther ffdhor. 667 tuther tudhcr. 0': 678 ploo slots pluu stots [farm ser-
vants begging on Plough Monday]. 679 «ii/Bnif [but (enfif ) more conmionly ;
pi. enew (oniu)]. 684 stooil sttiil. 588 nooin niiin. 693 [mun (mem) usea].
694 booits baits. 696 fooit f (lit. 696 rtiit. 697 sooit sfiit.
U- 699 ahoon ubuun. 602 sew sah slu saa. 606 doar d^OT, H dClBr [doar^
steid Sloans (dotirstE'id stocnz) doorway -stones in front]. TJ: — baan [boun
gping]. — *a//»rf iwwbaandbim [bound]. 619/««fwn. 623/wn*ffm. U'-
641 hah aa. 642 Ihah theh dhaaahv. 643 tio/i naa, enah Q)naa* [the now]. 647
ullot Mint [howlet]. 648 ahr wer ehzy aar ww «z [ehzse'm (Bzsenz) ourselves].
660 ahaht wbaat. 661 bahl baat. XT': 656 fahl faal [ugly]. 668 dahn
daan. 663 hahse aas. 666 mahs maas. 667 ahl aat. — elahl klaat [clout].
668 prahde praad. 671 mahth maath.
Y- 673 mich miti. Y: 683 midge midj [a gnat]. 684 brig brig. 685
rig rig [a man^s bacKl. 689 beeld bild. 694 wark waark [ache or work said of
head, oelly, or tooth (t6ith)]. 699 reel riit [a wheelwright only, see 459]. 700
war warse waar waars. 702 tcee [emphatic, when not] wi [i as in hit] wii wi
[sahnt goa wee him, Ihah wor wi meh (saant g6B wii im, dhaa 'war wi)mQ) shan*t
^ with him, thou wast with me]. Y'- 706 wah waa [term of doubt, not
interrogative].
II. English.
A. 729 /raflm<? fr^wn [to set about doing a thing]. E. 748 ^i^'rf fligd.
0. 768 covfke k6»k. 769 mouldewarp m6wldiwaarp. — soil ebiX [sole of
the foot]. — draand dr^^nd [drown]. U. 793 hug ug [to carry]. 804
drukken dr«k*n.
in. Romance.
A •• 810 faaee f^BS. 812 laaee lens [to beat, hide]. 840 charmer tjaamOT.
Sil chonee tpns. SnO donee dons., 8o2 roare resr [very much, great]. E-
— garbs jaarbz [herbs]. 890 becas blBS [pi. homed cattle]. 893 Jahr flaar.
I'-andY" 910 Jgst djiiist. 0 •• 929 caJteumfner kaaktanvr. — rahn'd
raand [round]. 939 c/oi*^ kl6i8 [sb. field]. 944 teA«<» laans [allowance], 966
kivBr [a set of com sheaves built up in the field to dry].
Vab. vi. Dewsbuky.
Dewsbuiy is only five miles w. of Wakefield, yet the dialect
differs much. Dewsbury is a manufactuiing town, and has a
special trade connecting it with Halifax, Bradford, and Leeds.
Wakefield is like a county town, with no manufacture, and, as we
have seen, has practically Leeds pron. CCR. says Dewsbury is
most nearly related to Halifax, hut has several distinctive elements
characteristic of liotherham. And hence its position among the
varieties.
The main phonetic difference from Ijeeds is in the treatment of I' and U'. In
the C8. (mkin iCiik n&iu ta*m w&m drai bdi) mine, like, nine, time, whine, dr}',
b^ye, are treated like as at Leeds. But CCR. says the dialect \& most characterised
[ 1834 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24, Vvi.]
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
403
in the neif^hbouring villages, and there I' is but * casually * (&»), and * commonly *
(d»), the length of the first element varying in each case. "Thus the name of
one of the chief villages, Heckmondwike, is f:e*kBnw6o/k), or to a native with
a habit of contraction to (:e-kBnwook], whicn is the form usually employed."
Hence he adds, " It is a difficult thing tor a Leeds person to follow a Heckmond-
wike speaker, the long (oo) [almost (aa)] so transforms the words. The two
varieties v and vi are in excessive contrast to the ear, and the Leeds native is
prone to pity and be amused at the loud more imcouth speech in which the
Heckmondwike native indulges." Although CCR. generally retains Leeds (&i), in
the cs. he has (w6b1 wol) while, and the personal pronoun I is sometimes (o, e) in
(o)m, e)m) I*m.
But the treatment of XT' and its congeners is entirely different from that at
Leeds, as shewn in (d^ats, nee, widheet, eet, greend, 6eBS, deen, been) doubts,
now, without, out, ground, house, down, boun (going). -This deviation from the
uniform Leeds and Wakefield (aa) must needs tend to render the Heckmondwike
speaker still more unintelligible. In this respect Dewsbury resembles Halifax
and Bradford. On account of my surprise at the great difference of treatment of
U' in the contiguous towns of Wakefield and Dewsbury, CCR. wrote to a printer
at Wakefield to rive him the pron. of half a dozen words at these two places.
I give the result in the printer's orthography with CCR.*s interpretation
(translated from glossic into pal.) to shew the exceeding difficulty of understanding
local spellings, which are read off at once by natives. See also Mr. Banks's
Wakefield spellings, in the cwl. p. 401.
CpMMOX
Spelling.
Wakbfibld.
= PAL.
Dewsbury.
«=PAL.
down
dahn
daan
dadn
d^sn
town
tahn
taan
taahn
t^era
house
hahse
aas
haahse
^e«s
ground
grahnd
graand
graahnd
gr^evnd
time
time
taim
tahm
t^oem*
no
noh
noo
noah
num^
' not [laam)f CCR.
« qtUte as frequently withoat the («), CCH.
Mr. Ridgway, who had resided at Dewsbury 37 years, sent a cs. in io. to
Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, which, as interpretea by CuR., gave similar results in
most cases.
The other differences need no particular observations. They will be clear from
the interlinear cs.
Baenslet dt.
As CCR. included Bamsley in Var. vi. (seep. 367), I annex a dt. obtained from
Mr. Widdop, a native, b. 1816, by TH. in 1887, in which observe the use of
(wj in (k«#onitn w^p drw^qkBu).
1. A se, ladz, joo sii naa Bt A)m rE'it Bbaat dhat liVl las kwQinm
tliro)t skull jondur.
2. 8hu)z gum daan)t' rood dhlw on)t' left and mid B)t' roud.
3. sii Jt5 ! t' tjo/ld)z gon strE'it u^j) tti)t' raq' d^Br, [aas].
4. "w(t?r shu)l ap'n faind dhat dn^^qk^n di^f wiz'nd Mb, bz dhe
kaal :tomi.
5. wi aaI noo \m van' wiiiL
6. wbnt t' ottd tjap sum tiZ/tj [lam] Br not tB du)»t Bglsn, puBr
tliiq !
7. sii JB ! tzBnt it triuu ?
[ 1835 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
401
THE NORTH MIDLAND.
[D24,Vvi,Yii.
Notet to Detoabury C8. p. 367.
0. what for. There is a form why,
(wee) at Dewsbury and Halifax, (woo)
at Bradford, but generally (waa) in the
8. Tarieties ; this, however, is used like
icell, (waa, dhaa siiz a wm: fwBst t«
gMMv), why, thou seest I was forced to
go, (wi)tB kum ? waa)wilt thou come ?
well. The rural form is (w&a«B), the
(b) very distinct. — doubts, see intro-
ductory remarks p. 403.
2. they are laughed at, there is no
are in the dialect. — we know don't we ;
the dialect is here remarkable. — should,
(shirfd, swd) and other forms used. —
not, both (ntit, not).
3. however, (Emsvmi'TOT^ also used.
— these are, the (dh) initial is sometimes
omitted, etc., more frequently at Leeds.
— all about the concern from the thread
to the needle, a common phrase in the
neighbourhood introduced by OCR.
o. great or (pot). — father, the
possessive '« sometimee inserted.
7. two or three also (tMhre).
8. concern also (konsaa'n). — aye,
either (oo, ee). — I am bound for it,
the short (a) is used for the pron. J,
but it does not extend beyond Dews-
bury. The Bamsley dialect literature
has it, but it is really quite unknown
there, says CCR. Yet in TH.'s
Bamsley at. p. 403 (a) occurs for I.
9. stretched or (reekt) = reached. —
ground also (grtmd), which is the
normal form. — Sunday or (be*tBmi)
bettermost.
10. in a humour or (in b frat|
[thrati] wi Bsee'u) in a quarrel with
herself.
11. hanging or (iq»n). — to dry or
(fo drwftin).
13. until (ttl wol), till while, and
(tf-ntBl) also used.
14. ^* other thing, here CCR. inserts
the phrase, for which there waa no
room in the 8 cs. (f best kumz lat Bt)8
nwt wantBd), the best, or most welcome,
come late who are not wanted [the
sense is not very clear] ; obs. the last
syllable of (wantBd) ; this pron. is quite
unknown at Leeds, but becomes pro-
minent in conversation from Dewsbury
to Rotherham, remarks CCR.
YaB. vii. BOTHERHAH AJSTD SlTRROUNDIKG YlIiAGES.
This form differs materially from the last. The I' is generally
(6i) and the XJ' (aa), while 0' is not so frequently (6» 6% u»). The
great difference consists in remnants of the verbal plural in -en and
a suspicion of the inf. in -en, see cs. notes, par. 1. The ap];)earance
of {oo) in many words is also remarkable as (noodhur, noo, oo;b-vo,
trooth, thro, kool, oo\, toolk), neither, know, however, truth, through,
call, all, talk. It reminds one of the difference between Hexham
and Newcastle, Nb.
CCR. says he considered the Kotherham purer than the Sheffield
form of the dialect, and hence selected it.
Notes to Rotherham cs., p. 367.
1. who cares ? this might have been
rendered (wot)s az k6eBr) what does us
[ = do we] care.
2. make (meen) is also used and
(mee) before vowels ; in tliis case
(meen) would be an infinitive in
'Cn. ecu. says, *'I used frec^uently
to hear the infinitive in -w in the
Rotherham district. I found the
dialect, as usual, in greatest character
in outhiug Wllaffcs, and there I
familiarised myself 'with the dialect
of the inhabitants of Ra\«'mar8h (2
n-by-e. Rotherham). The verbal plural
in -» I often heard.*' I think that the
supposed hearing of the inf. in -it, of
which I have got no confirmation, may
have arisen from some confusion, see
p. 379, par. 2. The occurrence of the
verbal pi. in -en on the La. and Db.
borders is very remarkable in connection
with its practical absence elsewhere. See
introductory remarks to D 24, p. 364.
3. the matters of the truth, (fnkt) fact
is used, hut is commonly avoided in
conversation. — hearest thou now /
[ 1836 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D24,Vvii,viii,ix.] THE NORTH MIDLAND, 405
4. I heard them sat/yOaoiheTinstsLnee for {jo wilvn) is another instance of
of the inf. in -n, and in this case any the verbal plural in -», but see par.
action of the verbal pi. in -n seems out 13.
of the question. 7. what do you think, here in (wat)9n)
5. youngest, or (joqt's), according to for what (doon drm) we have another
CCR. short (Oy 'i\ in closed accented verbal plural in -n, out it is not in this
syllables, generally rare, not unfre- case followed by the inf. in -n,
quently occur in this variety. Perhaps, 8. the whole history as to, as (Bs)t)
however, they may be medial (o, i). — is interpreted by CCR.
trust, (trost) is also used. — Marry ! \Z do you know, here (dwu) is the
(man) this is a singular usage, it is verbal pi., and (noon) the inf., both in
also found at Wakefield. -n. In the text (noon) is misprinted
6. if you will only ask her, (jo)n) (noou) p. 876.
Yab. viii. Sheffield and Keighboubhood.
This is practically identical with Var. vii. The little differences
between CCR.'s Rotherham and Prof . Parkes's Sheffield (p. 367)
probably arise from my having, in the latter case, to interpret an
orthography which, although systematic generally, left many words
in the ordinary spelling. Prof. Parkes obligingly answered numerous
questions, but unfortunately several little points were left unex-
plained, and the spelling of the unaccented and common words and
syllables and the use of the (r) is open to doubt. TH. heard " con-
sonantal r " always.
The dialectal short a in man. Prof. Parkes stated to be ''not like Fr. chotte,
but exactly like a in man," which he said ''is certainly pronounced by 8i)eaker8
of the Sheffield dialect as in English proper," adding that " in Db. even within a
few miles of Sheffield, man is pronounced mon, the o like o in not, and cannot,
c6nn&.'* It seems to me that the Sheffield sound was an error of appreciation, as
the presumed Db. sounds certainly are. Hence, on the authoritv ox OCR., who
was often in Sheffield, I have used (a) throughout, and not (se). TH. heard
chiefly (a), but occ. (a'), and once even (fe).
Then V he heard *' nearly like aw in eaw, and ee in seen conjoined," and I
have therefore rendered his long i bv (o'i), which is after all possibly an error for
(at) or (6»). TH. generally heard (k'%, a"*).
Prof. Parkes admits the verbal pi. in -m in (wot dim jo thiqk P dim jo nooP).
I have found this construction also in "The Sheffield Dialect in conversation,
' uppa are hull arston * fupon our grinding room hearthstone, by the Are in our
«««^;«^ room], written be a Shewild chap," 1834, as *' wee» bed enuff o this ;
yo heeardP ween letten [we have lighted] uz poips ; ween bed a vara foine
swatch [sample] at march o intellect ; ween ole been sca*rd hate on uz wits fwe
have all been scared out of our wits] ; ween had a noist [nice] mess." But
neither Prof. Parkes nor the other writer have the inf. in -en,
VaK. ix. DONCASTEB.
On comparing the Leeds and Doncaster cwl., it will be found at
first sight that they are considerably different, although CCR. con-
sidered the Leeds dialect to stretch down as far as Doncaster with
some modification. The main distinction is in the XT' words, which
have (aw) at Doncaster, and (aa) at Leeds. But CCR. admits that
at Pontefract (dw) is heard, although I obtained (aa) from East
Hardwick (2 s.Pontefract). Dr. Sykes says that the frontier of
(aa, dw) occurs about Conisbrough (5 sw.Doncaster), nearly half
way between Doncaster and Rotherham, and 14 sse.Pontefract.
[ 1837 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
406 THE KORTH MIDLAND. [D 24, \ ix.
It would appear then that this usage occurs in a narrow slip to the
e. of D 24, running 6 or 8 miles w. of its e. b. Dr. Sykes says
(att) is heard at Amthorpe (3 e.Doncaster), though 4 m. further to
the e. we come upon (uu). The {&u) also runs s. into the n. of
Kt., see D 27. It is very difficult to place this {iu) region, but it
is most convenient to consider it as a variety in D 24, of which it
retains some peculiarities.
For example, the 0 words, hol^y coaly are called (hotl, koil) with
a secondary, probably original form (ku«l), with which (fuul) foal
may be compared. All these words have (6f, ut) or thereabouts in
the other varieties. But the C words, which have elsewhere also
the same form, here are simple (uu) or (w), as (gwd buuk) good
book. In this respect they resemble Nt. I) 27, from which this
variety may have sprung, but at any rate it has been long affected
by D 24, of which it is locally i)art.
A comparison of the D(oncaster) and L(eeds) words gives us
roughly the following results :
A- D. iee), L. (6eB). EOR D. (aa), L. (ub), both omitting
A: 0: D. (oo), L. (eo). (r).
A' D. k L. gen. (6nJ. EO' D. (sbii), L. (shuu). This is
M D. & L. practically the same. a difference in a cardinal
M' D. (ii), L. (ub). point.
E- D. («), L. (6b ^»). r D. & L. practically the same.
E' D. & L. practically the same. 0 D. & L. in some words (6i, (ii).
£A D. & L. much the same. 0' D. (uu), L vwi).
. (ii) gen. with few (ub), L. IT D. & L. alike iu]
gen. (mb). XT D. (&«), L. (aa).
Of course there are numerous individual exceptions to these
general statements. The similarity is therefore confined to the
treatment of A', M^ E', EA, I', U, and part of 0 ; the differences
appear in A-, M\ E, KA', 0 part, 0' arising principally from
Doncaster mostly rejecting fractures, and also especially U', where
the fracture is in iJoncastcr, while L. is simple. If we suppose
that the few existing fractures had been acquired by contact with
the other varieties, the resemblance to n.Nt., and in fact to D 27
generally, would be much closer.
DONCASTBB CWl.
from a wl. pal. in 1877 by AJE. from the diet, of Mr. John Sykes, M.D., who
had been acquainted with the dialect since 1841, but was not a native. The
aspirate is quite lost. Dr. Sykes coidd not be depended on to distinguish (w^
u) and is credited here with {n). He seemed to use (b) and not (e). When
not before a rowel, (r) is omitted rery much, and here I have omitted it
regularly, but before a vowel it is * rough * from Wakefield to Skipton, and
of course the omitted (r) reappears before a following vowel, as (m(iB, m(i«r
Bv)it). This cwl. has such a rt'iined look in many parts, that I particularly
inquired, and was assured that the pronunciation was that of the poorer
Seasant people, but possibly they may nave refined it in conversing with their
octor.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 3 b^k. 4 tak. 5 mak. 7 seeV. 8 av. 9 bi;«»v. 12 saa. 14 droo
[ 1838 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 24, y ix.] THB NORTH MIDLAND. 407
[ooc.]. 15 AA. 17 Iaa. 21 nMin. 22 Um, 24 sham. 84 last. 36 aaI.
36 thoo. A: 39 kom. 40 kom. 43 and. 46 kan'l. 47 wandv. 50
toqz. 51 man. 54 want. 66 as. 56 WBsh. 57 as. A: or 0: 58 thru
ihrtf. 59 lam. 60 loq. 61 vmoq. 62 stroq. 63 tbroq. 64 roq. 66 saq
Boq. A'. 67 g6«. 70 t6«. 72 woo. 73 86«. 74 tan. 75 Atook. 76
tawl. 78 AA. 79 AAn. 80 alidtff. 84 m6«r. 85 s6«. 86 wots. 89 bikvth.
90 blAA. 91 mAA. 92 uaa. 93 soaa. 94 krAA. 95 thrAA. 96 saa. 98
nAAn. 99 thrAAn. 100 saau. A': 101 ook. 102 aks. 105 rtnA. 106
brood. 107 IM. 108 dof [P at Doncaster]. 110 not n6<it |non^bt]. Ill
out, 115 wom. 118 htiwi, 122 ntitm. 124 stfitm. 125T(nob8t) used].
127 6«st. 128 dh6BS. 130 b6«t. 132 ot. 136 AAdhv.
M' 138 fMdhv. 144 vgfni. 150 Uwt. 152 wa.te^. 153 setvdv. iE:
158 sftv [bnt(at aftv)]. 160 mg. 163 1m. 168 talv. 171 baalt. 172 gns.
173 was. 174 Bsh. 175 fait fM*n [fasten]. 179 wat. 181 path. M'-
182 sii. 183 ttf^. 184 Ufd. 185 nid. 186 bradth [(d) hMrdl. 187 liiy.
188 [(wint) whinney, used]. 189 wee [not (w6ei)]. 190 k6et. 191 ill. 192
miin. 193 kliin. 194 en* oni. 197 tmz. 200 wivt. 202 lit. M': 204
diid. 205 thrad. 206 nd. 207 niidU. 210 kW. 211 jn6i. 215 toot.
216 dul. 218 shiip [not (ship)]. 221 fiiv. 222 &S9, 223 dhiiv. 224 waa.
225 flssh. 226 m&n^. 228 swst. 229 brftrth. 230 fat.
£- 232 bnk [(briik) supposed to be collect, p.p. (brak)]. 233 sp^ [ooc.].
237 blMm. 238 Bd|. 239 stA, 240 Uea. 241 fmi. 243 pl^. 246 kiriin.
247 wiin. 249 wliv. 250 swliv. 252 kotU. 254 ladhv. 255 wndhv.
£: 257 sd|. 258 8Bd|. 259 wnd|. 260 1m. 261 sm. 262 wm. 264 m/.
265 str<:a. 268 sldtst. 270 bales. 272 al'm. 273 man. 280 tlar'n. 281
lanth. 282 stranth. 284 thrash. 287 bii2*m. 288 lat. E'- 289 jii
[tiTen when addressing a single person]. 290 ii. 291 dhii. 292 mil. 293
wii. 294 fiid. 298 till. 299 griin. 300 kiip. 301 iiv. 302 miit. 303
swiit £ : 305 td. 306 kit. 308 niid. 309 spiid. 310 iU. 312 tiv.
314 Uad. 315 flit.
£A: 321 [(siid) used]. 822 laf. 323 {6ut. 326 ood. 880 od. 831
[(said) used]. 332 [(tald) used]. 383 kAAf. 884 AAf AApni [halh>enn]r].
335 AAl. 345 daa)nt [dare not]. 346 ieet. EA'- 347 iad. 348 ku
£A': 350 dad. 351 lad. 352 rad. 354 shiif. 356 liif. 359 n^bv. 361
Man. 363 tilvp. 866 grot grit. 368 dath. 369 sIaa. 370 rAA. 871
BtTAA. £1- 372 SH. 374 nM. £1: 378 w^k. 382 dh^. £0-
886 joo. 387 niu. £0: 390 shiid. 393 btjont 897 sOad. 399 bridt.
402 laan. 403 faa. 404 staa. 406 aath. 407 faadin. 408 [(nAAd) used].
£0^- 409 Mi. 411 thrii. 412 shii. 413 dmL 414 flii. 416 dlia. 417
t^ou. 418 br^u. 421 fott. £0': 423 th^. 424 nd. 425 liit. 426 f^it.
427 bii. 428 sii. 430 fraud. 431 biia. 436 trtu. 437 tr/uth. £T- 438 dfci.
I- 440 wiik. 442 kirin. 443 frtLtda. 444 si4ftl. 448 dhiOnz [?]. 450
tiuxda. I: 452 a, i. 454 wttj. 455 lig. 457 mkit. 458 n&»t. 459
i^t. 460 wUit. 462 sfiit. 464 witi. 465 sit}. 468 t^ildt. 471 timba
[(b) pronounced]. 472 sriqk. 475 wfrind. 477 f^nd. 481 fiqga. 486 list.
487 Jisttda. 488 Jit. T- 491 s&i. 496 &inm [(r) distinct]. 497 ar&is.
T: 500 UUk. 502 tkiy. 503 l&if . 504 n&if. 505 w4if. 506 wtoan. 507
wimin. 508 mka. 509 w&il. 511 wfrin. 513 w«d«. 514 &is. 515 w&ic.
516 wizdam.
0- 520 boo. 621 f6al. 522 op*n. 523 (ktp. 0: 526 kof. 527 b6Nt.
528 ihM. 529 br6Nt. 530 rtftft 531 dMB. 582 k6al k6il. 534 6il. 536
goold. 538 WMd. 540 olin. 545 op. 550 wod. 651 stAAm. 552 kAAU.
653 AAn. 0'- 666 shuu. 557 tuu. 559 mwdhv. 563 mimda. 665 ntim.
566 tidhv. (T: 569 bunk. 670 tuuk. 671 ga<d. 572 bind. 573 fluud.
575 stuud. 576 wad*nzd«. 577 buu. 578 pliu [Tb.], pluu [sb.]. 579 vnnf.
680 tiff. 581 B6ut. 582 kuul. 583 tnul. 584 stuul. 585 bnium. 586 duu.
687 dim. 590 flCiuv. 691 m&uv. 592 s6a«. 594 buut. 595 fiit. 596 ruut.
597 SMt.
XT- 599 vbtfT. 600 linr. 601 f&id. 603 kimi. 605 sim. 606 d6uw. 607
biftha. U: 608 tigli. 609 ffil. 610 wmI. 612 smu. 613 dryqk. 614
kitod. 616piaid. 616gninl 617 s&vnd. 618wfciaid. 619 fim. 620 grim.
[ 1839 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
408 THE NORTH AND MID MIDLAND. [D 24, 26.
621 w&/md. 622 fmdi?. 625 twq. 626 wqgo. 628 ntm. 629 Btm. 630
w/m. 631 thaozdu. 632 f/p. 633 hip. 634 thruf. 637 tusk. 638 busk.
639 d/^t. U'- 640 kku. 641 kit. 642 dh&/«. 643 nkw. 645 dMT. 647
a^d. 648 &//U. 649 th&f/zcnd. 652 kud. 653 but. U': 655 ikuL 656
Kuim. 657 br&rm. 658 d&;m. 659 t&zm. 660 hkuis. 661 sh&tfB. 662 mz.
663 km. 664 l&^is. 665 mSiua. 667 &wt. 668 pr£u<d. 670 buudh. 671
mkidh. 672 skidh.
Y- 673 m?rt|. 676 Iki. 679 tjetj. 680 b»zi. Y: 683 mtdj. 684
br/g. 685 riff. 686 b&t. 689 biild [pp. (bslt, biult)]. 690 k&ind. 691
muind. 697 deW. 701 fost. Y'- 705 ski*. 706 wW. 707 tbaetii-n.
708 kiv. T: 709 ffiie. 711 ]kis. 712 m&is.
n. English.
A. 724 bAAld. 733 sk&aB. 737 mM. 740 w«^. E. 743 skriBm.
746 brtBdh. 761 pi«t. I. and Y. 766 srimp. 0. 761 Idusd. 762
okom. 768 kowk. 769 modi. 778 vfCmd. 782 pudhv. U. 792 sktraVl.
799 skill. 802 rMxn. 803 d|Mmp. 806 krudz. 808 ptit.
in. KOMANCB.
A-. 828 fiegi. 840 ijeemm. 845 emfihvnt. 846 tianlB. 847 d«?ndp.
852 aptiTBii. 864 kos. 865 fxAt. £ •• 878 salm. 886 friiv. 890 biost.
891 fivst. 892 nsvi. I- aW Y- 898 n&tst. 910 diktat [the verb (tu
d|{iist) to put cattle out to feed]. 911 sEstrvn. O** k(i«t|. 916 onjon.
917 rtiBgr. 921 vktt-ent. 922 bwshtl. 925 vA'is. 926 spo'tl. 929 k&ukfonbv.
931 d^MglB. 933 frtmt. 940 k(iBt. 942 huim. 943 tut}. 944 vldu. 947
bo'tl. 950 stfpBT. 952 k6B8. 955 d6tit. 956 ktiTB. 967 empb'i. U-
961 griu-el. 963 ku-&»t. 964 slujit. 966 o'll. 966 friut. 967 slut. 969
siuv. 970 d|Mst. 971 fllut.
D 25 = wMM. = Western Mid Midland.
Boundaries. Begin at the mouth of the Mersey, and nursue that river to just w.
of Stockport, then cross the ne. horn of Ch. to the confluence of the Etherow and
the Goyt, at nw. comer of Db., and continue along the b. of Db. to Whaley Bridge,
then entering Db. proceed se. over Horwich, keeping n. of Combs Edge township, and
just sw. of Chapel -en-le- Frith. Then pass along the summits of Combs Moss,
Long Hill, and Burbage Edge (lying n. ana w. of Buxton, Db.) to Moss House on the
b. of Ch., and enter St. at Quamford between Flash and Leek Frith, passing over
the hills called the Iloaches (:ree'ut|Bz), and, sweeping on the w. of Butterton
and Wetton, e. of Grindon and through Blore e. of Stanton and EUastone, and so
pass sw. to Rocester. Then go w. along the s. teeth line 4 to the Dee, first
parsing wsw. to n. of J^igh, which has ^&«), and probably through Hilderstone
to Stone. Then pass just w. of Norton-in-Hales [ki) in the ne. horn of Sh., and
go nearly n. by the n. of Audlem (&m), to the b. of Ch. s. of Burley Dam (just s.
of Combermere Park). Then keep s. of Marbury, w. of Malpas, and Broxton,
and e. of Famdon to the Bee about Aldford, and follow this river and the sea
round to the mouth of the Mersey. The part of the nw. horn of Ch. which
lies n. of Bebington, Higher and Lower (3 s. Birkenhead), is affected by
Liverpool and Birkenhead influence, that is, it has no dialect proper, but is in-
cluded in D 25 for geographical reasons, just as Scilly and w.Co. in D 12 were
considered to belong to the S. div. For the whole description of this boundary I
am indebted to the personal observations of TH., confirmed in part by Mr. T.
Darlington.
Area. Nearly the whole of Ch. (except its ne. hom, and a narrow
gtiip at the sw.) with a small strip on the nw. of Db., and most of
St. lying n. of a line drawn nearly e. and w. through Stone,
including "the Potteries," with the exception of the narrow slip
adjoining Db.
[ 1840 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D26.] THB MID MIDLAND, 409
Authorities. See County Lists under the following names, where * means vv.
per AJE., f per TH., || systematic orthography, ° io.
Ch. II Altriucham, fAlvauley, tAudlem, tBeeston, *Bickley, fBowdon, fBroxton,
tBuerton, tCougleton, tGreat Neston, fHatton Heath, tHelsby, fKuutsfoi^,
tLvmm, tMalpas, fMarbury, fMiddlewich, °Mobberly, fMovihlsworth, tXaut-
wich, tNortheuden, fNorthwich, fPott Shrigley, fSaudbach, f Stockport, tTar-
porley, fWaverton.
M, tCorabs Valley, fFemilee.
Sh, tNorton-in- Hales, fPipe Gate.
St, °Audley, *'Betley, °Biddulph, fBlythe Marsh, fBurslera, °Cheadle, tFrog-
hall, fLeek, fLeek Frith, fLongport, tMadeley, fOakamoor, fRocestcr,
°Shelton, f Stoke -upon- Trent, f Stake Gutter Farm, t Stone, fTunstall,
°Wolstanton.
Character, The general and most striking characters to a stranger
are the treatment of
U' in {kis d&tn t^itn) house down town.
I' in (ta'im) varying to (tA'im) time, and always distinct from the last, with
-^ ''n a few words, as (wb t bE'il) why boil.
as (mi'i) me, varying to (6i), especially in m.Ch., and to (b'i) in St.
(b'i) in a few words, as (wb t bE'il) why boil
E', as (mi'i) me, varying to (6i), especially
A- in (tiil) tale, except in ne.Ch. and St., where it is (tccl).
MG and EG (tiil wii) tail way, becoming (t«fl yree) in ne.Ch. and part of St.
0', most frequently (oj'u), as (moj'un), varying as (ma'/m) in St.
These may he taken as the great characteristics, of which (a*)
for U' is chief.
We may consider that there arc three varieties in Ch. and one in
St., hut the differences are very minute. TH. draws two lines
through Ch., (1) from opposite Warrington, La., w. of Knutsford
and e. of Northwich, just w. of Siddington (5 wsw. Macclesfield),
and e. of Lower Withington (1 sw. of Siddington) and n. of Bosley
(5 B.Macclesfield) ; and (2) from Frodsham (4 s. Runcorn on the
Mersey) through Delamere Forest, e. of Tarporley and Calverley,
and w. of Wettenhall, to 2 n.Nantwich, and then e. by Crewe to
Church Lawton (5 ssw. Congleton). All e. of (1) may he termed
e.Ch., and uses (d^^, t^^l) day, tail and tale, and (mii, ti, dhziz)
me, he, these ; aU w. and s. of (2) may be termed w.Ch. ; and
the part between (1) and (2) m.Ch. In the s. parts of w. and
m.Ch. they say (met, ^t, dhefz), and in n.St. these arc (mK'<, e'i,
dhE'fz), but in the n. parts of w. and m.Ch. these become (mii, a,
dhiiz), as in e.Ch.
TH. has made a thorough examination of the pronunciation of received long
& (ee, et^j) in these districts, and gives the words he actually heard used. These
words are very varied in origin, and it b best perhaps to leave them in TII.^s
order, marking only the Ws. or Norse forms ; the rest, the majority, being
English or Komance.
Var. i. wCh. The following words had (ii): (1) bacon, conversation, M-
father, newspaper, relations, station, *tatoe8, JQ- water, Waverton; (2) cane,
crate, escaped, estate, face, facing, female. A- game. A' lane. A- late, lately,
A- name, often (n^nn), place, plate, sale, mostly {sceV}^ A same. A- take, taken,
wake, often (wrrk), AVales ; (3) entertaining, explain, fail, faint, laid, -SJG nail,
paint, plain, EG rain, EI raise, EG sails, train, wait ; (4) EG away, -^G day,
^'G gray, I'G hay, jay, lay, leastways. May, Naylor, pay, EG play, EG say,
stay, EG wav. TH. also remarks that <r-, rfr-, or -iet\ -dcr become (^t,r, ,d^r)
or (-jtB,r» -,(Ior^ in e.Ch., and are ordinary English (tr-, dr-) elsewhere.
Var. ii. m.Ch. The foUoAving words were heard with (ee) : JE- father, station,
*tatoes, EA: gate, A' lane. A- make.
But ail the folloi^ing had (ii) : (1) baby, bacon, A- baking, crazy, Davenham,
[ 1841 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
410 THB MID MIDLAND. [D 25.
father [which had hoth {ee) and (ii)], grandfather, potato [also (w)], Rayenscroft
(:riinzkroft), station [also {ee)\ mi wakened, m- water; (2) agate, Bates,
A- cake, change, crape. A- game. A'- lane [also (««)], A- late, A- made,
A- name, place, plate, platelayers, safe, A- stake, trapes ; (3^ drain, £6 laid,
paid, plain, EG rain, MQ tail, train, wait ; (4) EG away, MO clay, -EG day,
2E'G grey, I'G hay, hayfield, -EG may, pay, platelayers, EG pky, EG say,
EG way. TH. says that the words in (1) ana (21 haye M in the s. of m. Ch. at
Congleton, Sandhach, and Lower Withington and neighbourhood.
Yar. iii. e.Ch. With yery few exceptions all rec. \ee) remain («9), and do not
become («*'j) or (6tJ.
Var. iy. n.St. Here the change is slightly more considerable. A- is (m). A'
commonly fnu) or {po)y -E- {ee) in father, water, but -3iG (ii), M' generally (ii),
EG is (ii), long E'- is (e'«), apt to sound to a Londoner as his a, thus green grain
pron. (grsSn griin) sounds nearer to grain green, the words being just reyeraed.
This belongs also to m.Ch., but it is more marked in n.St. ; long EO^- is also
pron. (b'«| in three, tree, etc. I' becomes almost (x'i) though intended only for
\di), 0' IS still occasionally {a'u), but this passes into (lu), as (dtu) do, on the
one hand, and (a'w), as (ma'tm) moon, on the other, shewinj^ clearly the iijstability
of the combination (a?'u) and its aptitude to generate fy, r'u) forms, by a direct
process, which must haye j)layed a great part in the mstory of langua^. Of
course U is (mJ, but come is singularly enough (kzm), elsewhere also it is often
an exception. W is (&t), but r becomes (s'i) the same as E, hence we haye
mtmeey mice (m&is, mB'tf), which has a singular effect.
In all these yarieties tnere is a peculiar form of the negatiye auxiliary yerb, as
(konv, k«odnB, aznv, mu^nv, shanv, shatnv, win«, wioiv, WMpdnv) can't, couldn't,
has' n't, mus'n't, sha'n't, shall not, won't, wouldn't, all of which receiye a euphonic
(r) when a yowel follows, according to the obseryations of TH. He has also
pointed out the singular omission of the preposition to in Ch., which extends also
to n.St., thus in sentences actually heua, fgw^bs^d) go to bed, (ii)l kam kt fcts)
he'll come to our house, (vy a gn ikres'u) if I go to Crewe, (fast «z a kam wark
iim) first as I came to work here, ^art ^« gos'uin iva rkristts timfit*) art thou
going to hear Christies (the Christy Minstrels) to-night P £yen in the common,
uiough not at present literary, form /or to, the to is omitted, thus (f«r gu vn-) for
to go, and, (ka*m fur ku^t jst) com for to cut yet, (t was for sti) he was for to
see [all oyer the forest, as steward of the Crown], (ty an* bad* kamz far Ixft),
if anybody comee for to buy, (wt ad f «r gn Htind) we had for to go round.
Illustraiums. First, four dt. from Bickley, w.Cli., Sandbach,
m.Cli., and Leek, St., all obtained from diet, of natives, and from
Combs and FemUee, Bb., from the personal knowledge of TH.
Next, five cs. placed interlinearly in order to make &e minute
distinctions of the varieties more distinct. As they were obtained
at difPerent times, and from difPerent people, there are little dis-
crepancies in the versions, but there is a surprising agreement of
pronunciation. Tarporley Hlustrates Var. i. w.Ch. ; Middlewich,
Var. ii. m.Ch. ; Pott-Shrigley, Var. iii. e.Ch. ; while the Dale of
Govt variants shew the ve^ slight difPerences in the Db. strip
(which is also shewn in the Combs dt.), and the Burslem illustrates
Var. iv. n.St. Also cwl. are appended from w.Ch. and n.St. The
differences in m. and e. Ch. being regular, no cwl. have been made
for them. I am also able to give a very complete cwl. for the
neighbourhood of BickW, s.Ch., arranged from Mr. Darlington's
Folk-Speech of South Cheshire, communicated to me in MS. In
the L. div. I also give the first chapter of Buth, written in glossic
by Mr. T. Darlington, and transliterated into pal. by AJE. It
is given there in connection with three L. and one S. version of
the same chapter. I wish here to express my obligations to Mr.
[ 1842 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D25.] THB MID MIDLAND. 411
T. Darlington, and to refer the reader to his excellent Folk-speech
of s.Ch. printed by the English Dialect Society, with its numerous
examples in Glossic, and its prefixed essays on Grammar and
Pronunciation.
FoTTS Lttebiinsab dt.
B. Yar. i. Biekley towDship, Ch. (5 nnw.'Wliitchurch, Sh.), pal. in June and
July, 1886, by AJ£. from the dictation of T. Darlin^n, Esq., native of Bur-
lana (3 wnw.Nantwich), who was perfectly familiar with Biekley sp.
S. Yar. ii. Sandbaeh (4 ne.Crewe], m.Ch., pal. in 1881 by TH. from diet, of
J. Capper, native, b. 1823,«boot ana shoemaker, his sister and her family.
L. Yar. iy. Leek, St., pal. in 1880 by TH. from diet, of Mr. Y. Daniels,
native, b. about 1836.
C. Yar. iy. also. Combe and Femilee, eroedally the Db. valley s. of Chapel-
en-le-Frith and n. of Buxton, written 1882 in pal. by TH. from his own know-
ledge and consultation w. with his relatives there, see also D 21, p. 321, 1.
16 from bottom. In this case I have deviated from the usual plan here pursued
isee p. 317, 1. 16), and have inserted suspended consonants, and TH.^s own form
>o«)
for my (cb'u), and retracted (tj, but no peculiar mark for fr), as tlus
speciiinen represents his own personal observations upon himself and relatives.
1. Biekley. sd 0 sii, m^ xb s^m [siin] n^if, «2 6i)m r6ft [riit]
Sandbaeh. a sii, t^ps, Jo s6in naa, «z a W r6ft
Zeek, A sii, ^ps, tb s6in naa, A)m rs'tt
C<m^. a)sr\ ladz, Jd)8Hn naa, V2 A)m riit*
B «bd«t dhat Itt'l wEnsh iLu^miiU frmn)th sWu jandBi^r^.
8 vtbih dhat Itt'l wsnl^ komm fn3m)8 skWu jondor.
L Bbdit dhat U't'l weuI^ kamm fnsm jondvr skjVii.
C vbiii dhat Itt'l w£n^ kamm hir)8)8k^{LQik jond.
g»Vt
at|
jeet
jwt
B v)dhv)lfft and sdtd «)dh wiL
S on)th lift and Bdid B)dh bm.
L on dh)l«ft ond sa''^ B)dh rood.
G ti^pB th)lfft ond sdtd «)th rood.
B 8hyur vnuj, th)tfdilt)B gon stris'it WqP tB)th do/uBr
8, ltiok)j«! th)4dflt)8 gA'n strB'iV u^p tnjth m^qg
L lMpk)j«! th)tjA''fl)z gA'n strE'tt u^p tB)dh rw^qg
C sli)jB ladz ! th)t^cfflt)8 gA'n s^t^rs'tV w^p* tB)th raq'
B v)th raqg dts.
8 d^'uBr [dts].
B <b'u)z
S «'a)2
go/ti'tn
ddm
th)rood dhfBi r^,
throf'u
th)rBd
go/u*m
ddm
th)l<^ dhiivr
thra'u
th)rEd
dh)rBd
Lir)z
gutn
d&in
dh)rooddhlB
thra'tt
C >„«)«
g^'ifi
d&f»n
th)rood dhlBr
thr^u^u
th)rBd*
L da'r.
C da'r [d»8'].
[ 1848 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
412
THE MID MTDLAND.
[D25.
4. B wntJLrQ flj'u)l mii)bf idind dhat drw^qk'n djEf didid
S wiior os'xl)! mii)bet frfind dhat drw^qk'n dif wtdhurd
L vriuT Tir)l ap'n fA^md dhat drw^qk'n dif wtdhBrd
tttoiriBs.
itWoin'.
B UqP tjlap «)th niim b
8 a'ttd mA'ii us dh» kAAn
L a'tid tjap' tjz dht kAAn a'wd :twQm',
C ffilB Bz dh»^ kAAn rtUoiii*.
5. B wet A noon tm teti weI.
S wi AA noon im weI Bntt^f.
L we'i aa noon »m
C wi [wtj AA noon im vet*, will.
6. B wWo)nB dh)a'ud t^tap soj'un tHtj blf^ nTj)tT?
S ww^nBr ei so/iin tHtj ur not fBr
L WMonu dh)a'ud tjap sa'tin shtft ur ? e'i)1 stop)Br frBm
C w»nB th)a'td tjap' b u^un tiit|)Br non)t*
B do/u tt BgEn, po^'uBLFo thiqg!
S dflf'u it BgJEn, pa'uBr th^'qg!
L gu'in dhiBr BgJE'n, puB thjqg!
C d^WQu)»^t BgJEn, p(iBr th«qk !
7. B U^k JB ! »z)nB it tro/u ?
S iM^k JB ! f nBr it tra'uu ?
L l«ok JB ! A ta'td jb.
C l^iioTik ! ♦t)8 ,t r Ao^f ^^ ^ •
I^ote$ to Bickley dt.
1. maUf butty (bttoti), is frequent,
but not in addresses, (nifts, mtits, miita)
are all said, the last rare, the regular
form is (la'dz). — about (cbdirt), is also
heard.— m;Aoo/, the (1) is not always
omitted. — yonder^ they sometimes say
*}onder school,* but not * von school/
The final (r) was felt by Mr. D., but
not hy me. It was not at all trilled,
and I coidd not myself hear it. Hence
I mark it as a faint (i^r^).
2. #Atf, (au) hoo, is the regular
form. — ffoingy in very rapid utterance,
is heard as (j^-finj, not ouite (y) as it
struck me ; this change aoes not seem
to cKcur otherwise, but it points to the
orijfin of the change from (uu) to (y)
thniu^rh (w'u), — yatCy for a large field
^'i\My hatch for a small garden gate;
thr- sound of (g»it) is mostly natural at
iJiikley, but at Nantwich (:na-ntwE'ttj)
this and other long a are pure (ii), as
bl
in the phrase invented there to shew it,
(tB JEt tiittiz BU biik*n of « bla'u Bd|d
iliit) to eat potatoes and bacon off a
ilue-edged plate; this is comparable
to Gloucester habits. — handy (bond,
bant) are < traditional * forms, they
seem to have been used by the an-
cestors of the present generation, and
old people if asked wiU give them as
the sound, but Mr. D. has not observed
them in actual use; han^ is most
commonly used at any rate, (h) is
frequently omitted. — «u^, observe the
difference of the diphthong in (n&t)
now, (said) side, which approaches
(so'id), and is often written oi. — tray,
this would not be used here, they would
repeat road ; observe the sound in the
pause is fw/i), but the (i) was short
and slightly touched.
3. door (d(D'(rJ, like (bond), is a
traditional sound, no longer used. —
[ 1844 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
D25.]
THE MID MIDLAND.
413
inoHit, (mq^ i* the asual, (rM^q) a tra-
ditiouiil toi-m. Mr. D. could nlnuMt
name the tVw families who still use it,
(•q«r) iiciMiTj* iu the uniise.
4. ivhercy nlso, nut less commonly,
(wt'ruLro). — <fcaf (d|Bf), the nlterntious
of <>A are as iu Sh. — shrivelled is not
used, (shr-) not used, shrub = (8r«ob|.
— ttame^ both (uiim, neem) are used,
but (uiim) is commonest.
5. tccy this is a rapid unaccented
form, the emphatic form is (wi,). —
knoiCy the Terbal plural in -en is used
regxdarly in present tenses, except in
can, may,mun (obliged to), must (which
is rare) ; but verbs in -t <, -<?/, lose the
t always ; in the past tense the -en is
only used by old people, the younger
have lost it.
6. trill not, sometimes ^ww^nvt), and
rarely (wM^UBd), where it is affected by
Sh.— <Mk;A, learn (laa^^roU) is also used ;
the master of a school is termed the
fsWugafBLrJ, (tiitjBLrJ may be used
lor Sunday-school teacher, but it is not
common. — not to (nB)tii), or (naj^rjtti,
na)tB, nat)tB). The use of <o is un-
expected, see the Sandbach dt.
7. look you ! (Ifiok)jB) has an ex-
ceptionally short Towel, but this is only
used in this phrase, to look is Qce'uk). —
see thee (sij dhi) might be usea, but not
in such a connection, it is rather ** do
you understand, "or * * mark my words, ' *
not ''look in that direction." Thou is
always used to the very young, between
brother and sister, from parent to child
(not conversely), between husband and
wife, used from master to inferior
servants, by fellow -servants. School
Board chiloren generally thou one
another, the usage varies in different
districts.
Notes to Sandbach dt.
1. eominff, the vowel seemed to lie
between (o) and (wj.
2. throtiffh, the diphthong seemed
to lie between (o'u) and (<b'u). — hatch,
a small garden gate.
Notes to Combs dt.
1. «o (8,ioU)=r(sa'u) omitted. — lads,
mates, is not used in direct address,
workmen sometimes say 'my mate*
(imzi m^), but (^uj,i) is generally used
in this sense. — wench, usual wora, girl
(gJEl') is used in half-refined speech. —
road used twice, way would not be
used here, but in which way is he gone
(wit| wee iz i, gx'n ?).
3. see you lads, sure enough when
used would be (sh.fioUw ymujt).
4. happen, chance would not be used
here, but they say 'a good chance'
(v)gWod tjans). — wiztend, shrivelled is
not used, and Mr- becomes (sr-) as
(srtmps) shrimps.
Observe that generally in translitera-
ting TH.'s pal. into AJE.'s, (i, q?'u)
are used for (i,, ^i/^u), the final lengthen-
ing of consonants, and i^nerally of tlie
second element of oiphthou^ and
fractures are omitted, as explained on
pp. 292, 317, 324, for the i-easons there
given, and they are used iu this
example as a specimen only.
FOXJH IiniERLINEAB C8. WITH VaMANTS IN A FlFXn.
T for Taiporley (9 ese.Chester), Var. i., pal. in 1877 by TH., from the dictation of
Mr. John Clarke, b. 1848, native of Burland (3 wnw.Nantwich), whence he
removed when 13, having since lived at Tarporley, and of his wile, then 26,
a native of Tarporley.
M Middlewich (9 nne.Nantwich), Var. ii., pal. in June 1878 by TH. from the
dictation of Mr. Thos. Nightingale, b. 1832, joiner, native, and (except lor
2 years) constant resident ; paragraphs 1 to 9 had been first dictated by Mr.
T. Whittaker, then 60, sawyer, and Mr. John Hutchinson, then 35, slater,
both natives, and the result suprvised by Mr. Nightingale.
5 Pott-Shrigley (4 nne. Macclesfield), Var. lii., pal. about 1874 by TH. from
diet, of Mr. John Jackson, native, b. 1833.
6 Variants from Pott-Shrigley in the Dale of Goyt, Db.
[ 1846 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
414 THE MID MIDLAND. [D 26.
B Bursloni (3 unw.Stolve-iipon-Trent), Vnr. ir., pnl. in Oct. 1877 by TH., from
till' dirt. o{ Mr. AV. I^Uimer, b. 1831, pottor, native, perused and vurinnts
atUliHl by Mr. J. Bollnud, pari:«h clerk, resident about 40 years.
Tliost^ t'onr version? cannot bo accurately compared word by word, on account
ot' siliirbt ditfereuces in the reudoring, but they arc given interliuearly for facility
oi rct'cn'uce, and to show the substantial resemblance, T, M, S represent the
three piiucipal forms of Ch. pron., the w. and s., the m., and the n. and e.,
while B represents Potteries of U.Staffordshire.
0. Tarparhy wifi :djAn az)iiti ddtts.
Middhwich we'* :djAn az nof'u datts.
Shrigley we'» :d|on)z no'u datts.
Goyt wdi
BursUm we'» :d^'n)z nof'u daits.
1. T weI, Ud, A rEk'n jii)n Wutjth laf ct wot
M tteI, lad, dhii un im mu Wucth on jtj laf «t wot
S weI, Ud, dhii «n im mB)but>dli laf Bd)dhtz
G
B weI, Idd, dhE'f tm hn kon buth laf «t)th
T A)m gafwin sii ; bOT)fl5'uB kJEErz ? dhat)8
M A)m go/u'tn f tEl)jB; bBr)(»'uB kJEETZ? dhat)8
S ni^iiz V main; un kJEErz ? dhat)8
G
B nii^z «z A)m t£lm jd ; uu kJEsrz ? dhat)s
T nu matwr « md«n.
M niidhcr Hot nBr dhHw.
8 noodhOT {ot ni3r)dhitir.
G
B niidhOT {ot uot dhfOT.
2. T JB dtt^nB of n Hot bv)b niA'n dH-m btkjVs k\)z laft &t.
M dhBr fz)ni3 niEni «z dhn btkos dbv)r laft dt.
8 dh^r fz nB mom bz diln bt'kooz dhB)r laft ^t.
G
B dhcr iz rm msni m£n vz «d dE'tV btkA^uz dhT})r laft Sit.
T we'» shttod dh»? tt)s na
M wE't shtt^d dhi? tt)s nA
8 wt noon, dw^nB wt ? wot sbw^d mak)Bm ? tt)tz)nB
G dttont)Bz ?
B WE't noem, dttQnBr)ez ? wot shBd m^^k Bm ? it mu
T vETf IdiVXiy iz)ft nai?
M Miklt, iz ft?
8 VEn laiTdt, «z)ft [»s)t] ?
G
B VET* l(i*kl«, iz)«t ?
[ 1846 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 25.]
THE MID MIDLAND.
415
3. T btJr)a?*;EVt?r dhis iz di it \ra'z, sn
M a/;EVTjr clh/s tz a* it waz, su
8 aavur [«t ani r^^^] dh/s tz ai it war, m
G wt am* red; ft wur tjclhi's'n,
B a;aa*vtir dhE't z tir th)faks t))tli kj^, su
T (^yiQ^t a'wl dh* iwi/z ti bit, tJii h* k«<?at til a)v ta'id dhi
M dj/i^st a'rnl dlu* n«/z, tm bi kii^iit t/n a)v di^Qn, un
S d^w^st a'wl dill iie'iz, mtm, un bi)kirK'it3t tm)A)v du^n,
G k/rai'ut til a)v dfl^'un.
B d^Wo*^ ^^^ ^^^ ndizj mmi, en bt kt^e'it, til a )v du^n.
T aa Bbdit It.
M dhEn dba)l noo.
8 (wrdhi!
G
B ark'n.
4.
T A)m YETi sai-tin
A
licrd
mn sii —
8u^m
M A)in Bkrtin
A
iinrd
wm sii —
sw^m
8 A;m sdrtm
G A^)in
A
furd
tjm SEE — ^A)miTjn
sw^m
B A)m s^rti'n
A
ftjrd
tnn sii —
BU^m
V dhEm
n dhEm
u dhoj'uz
M th)
T f()k Tjz wEnt throj'u dh)a?'uT)l tbiqg frum fost dhcrsElz
M fcJks Bz \rEnt thr^'u AA)th kunsam dhBmsElz
8 idk nz wEnt throj'u tbjwtiol kBiisdm frB)tb)fast dhersElz
G for
B fdks vz WEnt tbra^'i^ tb)wool tbtqg from th)fost dhmnsEl z
T
M
8
G
B
— dhat a did sha'utir
— dhat A did Bhcefuvr
—dhat A did shoj'uur
—dhat A did sH
xmujt,
[sef ] nnu^f.
mu^t
5. T tJZ^dh JWoqgist Wd imsEr, gJEnn on' for lidin, nood
M Bs th)jiiQqgist Idd imsEr, gJEnn on* for ndin — H nood
8 t{8)th jw^qkst l^d isseI', b big' lad ndin Ibt a'ttd, nood
G T?Z J«o4o*^^
B Bz)dh jw^qgist Idd tmsEl', v big Idd ndin for a'tid, nood
T
IS fii-dhurz
ve'is
in
tj mrni't, tjv tt
•wa'r
SQ kwiinr im
M
IS fii'dhtirz
ydis
in
a mm it, vv it
•wa'z
SB ktriiOT Bn
8
is)f<?edhtjrz
vats
in
TJ minit BT)it
•war
SB)ki^{Br Bn
G
y^is
B
IS feedhcrz
xdis
TJt
wWo^st for AA it
[ 1847 ]
wus
SB kt^;{Br Bn
Digitized by LjOOQIC
416 THB MID MIDLAND. [D 25.
T 8ke<?aVtii, tm a)d trt^oSt 'dhat lid t' spiik t' tre^uth
M 8kt^;ankln, T?n A)d tn^^st 'im fcr tEl)th troj'uth
S sktrivk'f'qk, tjn A)m sh^uBr H)d tEl [spe?^k] ^t') t^ra^uth
G skM^iwkVn, A)d ,t rw^st 'im t' tEl ^t' ^t roj'uth
B skerikm, vn. A)d tr^Qst 'im for spiik) th trauth
T ant dii, at -dhat a wH^d,
M ant dii, 'dhat a wi^^d.
S ant tdim [dee] •dhat ii wiiod.
G A
B ant dii, 'dhat a wi^od.
6. T T?n dh)a'tid wWomtjn ufseI tjI tsl ant on)jB tjz laf n,
M tm tli)a't/d wt^oDivn nrsvl b1 tEl ant on)jii bz laf 'n,
S tm tli)a'i«i wt<om«n tJrsEl tjl tEl ant on)jtJ «z)laf' n naa,
G
B vn dli)a't<d wt^Qmtjn utseI «d [tjl] tsl ant on)ju cz lafs naa,
T Bn pratt strE'tt foret ta/u, tm wtdhdtt mt^otj bodhw
M Bn strE'tt fared ta'u, bdtt mu^i^ bodhBr,
S TOi tfil JB s^t^re'ttforBt ta'u, batt mttj bodhtn:,
G [yn. aa]
B Bn tEl)jB strE'tt faret ta^'ti wtdhdtt ant bodhwr,
T en AA, «v jii)n oonlt aks)OT — ^aa bw oe^u wHqI,
M «v Jo)n ooni aks nr,
S Bv)jo)n oonlt ak8)t?r, oo ! wtntjt cs'u ?
G \rtnBt B ?
B tf JB)n (wmt aks)tjr, wiionOT)Br?
7. T aniat Vu ta'i«iJ)mt wEn a ast cr, ta'u vr
M ant at oj'u ta't^ 'm^tl^mH] wEn a akst tjr, t<j?'M ur
S Bt ant rM o/n ta!ud tt 'mii wEn a aks^t Br, ta?'t< t?r
G
B ant&t 'ar ta'ud m£'t wsn a akst vr t(u Br
T thrH tdimz d^Br, Bn Vu dtd)nB a'td; f bi
M threV [thrii] tdi'mz d^Br, Bn 'as'u a'irtnB bt
8 thrH tatmz dor, nn)'oe'u dttoZ)nB a'tit)t')bt
G
B tbrE't tdimz dor, ar dzd, Bn a r dtt^nBr a t' t' bi
T rt^oQo * "^'^J ^ thjqg bz dhis, wot)n 'joo thtqk ?
^ rMoQo * ^*^J ^ ^^^^qS ^z dhts, "wot)n 'Joo th/qk ?
S i'Wq^o Bbdtt 81*4 B)tbtqg bz dbis, wod dw^n jb thtqk ?
G
B n^^qg WqPB s/t^ B pE'tnt bz dhts, wot dw^n jb thtqk ?
[ 1848 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D25.] THE MID MIDLAND. 417
8. T weI bur bz a wtir sii-m, Vu)d tEl)jB ba'ucth at
M weI «z a WTJ8 8ii-«n, -a'u^d tEl)jB WuBth wHtir
S weI Bz)A')wBr sE'iqk, •aj'u)d tEl)jB bu^dh ii tm)w{tjr
G sEE;tii aa
B weI bz di WBB sii-m, a r)d tEl)jB buth &« wiw
T TJn wiitjr o/u f^Qiid t' drw^qk'n biiBst bz fl?'u
M Bn WEn' flj'u fi^^nd t' drw^qk'n pig [slotj] bz os^u,
S Bn wEn' OB^M iu^n t')^drwQqk'n bi'Bst Bz)a/u
G sloti
B Bn WEn' ar f w^nd [f^o^] ^' drw^qk^n talBk bz ar
T kxAz Br w^zbBnt.
M kAAz Br M^zbBnt.
S kAAz Br)uQzbBnt.
G
B kAAz VT fi^zbBnt.
9. T a'u 8W(fBr o/n siid tm w«dh Br oon diz,
M oe^vL swd^Br oj'u sJid «m wi Br oon diz, Idrin
S osfvL swfJur a'u Biid tm wi)Br oon iiin, Idriqk
G SWEET Idi'in
B aV swdBi ar SE'td »m wii Br oon diz Idrin strEtjt
T AA fttol lEqkth on)th grdind, tn iz gw^d BWond*
M B)th iu^l TEtj on)t' grdmd, in iz gw^d sw^ndt
S A* bv)b) lEqth WjjpB)th)gramd, m iz gw^d stt^nd*
G a' iz
B Bt th)f?<Ql lEqth on)dh grdtnd, w«dh »z bEst [sMondt]
T ka'uBt, tloj'us' B)8rf«d B)dh fifs doj'uBr, dAin b«)tb
M kof'uBt, tWus' B)sd»d B)tb dts doj'uBr, dam Bt f
S djak/t [kuBt],tlcJ8' bt )th dts da'r, dam Bt)tb)
G kuBt tB)th iiz
B kuut on\ tlds' bf)db dis di^Br, dam Bt)th
T kA'mBF B JondBr leen
M kA'mBr b JondBr le^n
. S kA'mBr B)jDnd loon
G kA'mBr
B kA'mBr B)db lem
10. T H WBZ bEldBrm Bwii*, far AA)tb warld lefj'k b
M ii WBZ blaatm for AA)db wold Idik b
S ii WBr makiqk b nE'iz, o^u SE'd, tB)AA)tb)wald Idik b
G makm din fur
B e'« WBZ r^LBrm Bwii far AA)dh wold Idt k
X.B. Pron. Fart V. [ 1849 ] 118
Digitized by LjOOQIC
418 THE MID MIDI^ND. [D 25.
T ijdilt.
M kA*f, Bn Ta!ulm Bbatt Idik v pig' tn b f/t.
S badl» t|cfilt, Br)ti)lit'l wiaitj skraik'iqk.
G krdrm [ruwin].
B dli)a'ttd gremd^ H^l.
11. T mi dhat ap'nt vz aV 9iidliEEr:d|aks
M 911 AA dhts ap'nt v)dh wEshtn dii, vz a'r tin Br da'vt vr
8 vn dliat ap'nt, «z ar tm)Br)da'«t*«r
G
B tm dhat ap'nd on)dh wEshtn dii, bz ar vn «r dA'tiitor)
T wE'tf kam thra'u)th bak jkird — dht)d bm Eqgtn
M in Iaa kam thrc^u tb)bak' jard W£n dhi)d btn Eqgtn
8 fh Iaa kcv'um thrce'u th)bak jard, w£n)dlit )d bi'n)aqg/qk
G jdrt tqg*n
B fjUTu kam thra^'ti dh)bak jkrd from tqgt'n
T iX th)tWutJZ on)th WEshtn dii.
M th)tioE^wBZ iit for drdt.
8 ait th)tluBZ fBT)f^')drBfi B)th)wB8h'f*qk dee,
G tf tluuz dtt)^t'),d^rE'i WEsh'm
B dh)wEt tluoz diV for drdi.
12. T WEfil th)kEt'l WBZ bE'tlin fer tii, WA*n ndis
M wb'iI th)kJEt'l WBZ bdtltn fcr tii, WA'n f4*n
8 WE'tl th)kJEt'I WBr)bE'tleqk fBr)th bag'tqk [t^], won briit
G wdtl WBr bE'tlin bag'tn [t^J tdin britt
B wE'tl th)tii kst'l wbz bE'tlin, wAn ^n
T aftBrnof'un t)th sWomBr, oonlt b wi*k* sm
M aftBmo/un t su^mBr, oont b wtk' stn
8 af^tB^mof'un t)th sw^mBr, Bn)tt)'l oonlt bi)B wtk* Bin'
G i wiik
B aftBma^'tm •)th sUomBr, oont b wtk' sm'
T f nskB tbarzdt.
M B tbarzdt.
8 t')n£k8 tbarzdt.
G
B nEks tbarzdt.
13. T Bn duQn)jB noo? a iiEVBr iiBLrd nB ma/uBr b dhat
M Bn dtton)jB noo? a nEEr iiBrd ant me^uBr b dhts
8 Bn dttQn)jB noo? a nEVBr £Brd nB muur Bbdit ft
G ntvBr B dhat
B Bn d«on^JB noo? a' ntv^r iBri notu muBT Bbdtt ft
[ 1850]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 25.] THE MID MIDLAND. 419
T fnim dhat dii te dhts, Qsh Bha^wsT «z
M djoV, vn A dw^iiB want t' doj'u, esh shoj'utjr «z
8 sin' [from dhad dee tB dhis], vsh sho/uBr bz
G ktms^m tB dhiz dee
B from dliat dii ts dhis^ Bsh sho/uBr bz
T mtU iiiim)z wot rt iz, Bn a dtt^iiB want t' noo
M mdi niim)z :djak' zshEpBrd.
S m()n^An)z :d|ak' :shEpBrt, Bn)A)d«o)nB want
G A)m ivT t* da/u
B mdi neem)z wot it izy Bn a du^nB want
T niidhBr, Bn dhat)8 fEV)jB !
M
S noodhBr, naadhEn*!
G
B niidhBT, Bn 30o)n got)ft dju^^st bz a*)v got it.
14. T Bn SB n&L« a)1 gu wA'm tB mi sWoPBr.
M Bnjnaa A)m ga/nin wA'm tB mt BtioPBr.
8 Bn;naa A)m gu-iqk WB'm tB)m«)8tijjpBr.
G gu'tn wa'm)p*)mt
B Bn A*)m gu'tn woom — mdi 8iiopBr)z wiitm on m«.
T gu^d nlitf, Bn du^nB hi bb shirp fsr kroo (ter
M gw^d nSit\ Bn dti^nB hii sb rEdt b kroom drer
8 gw^d niit', Bn d«Q)nB bi)8B)rEd> fvT)t)mee gjam Boatt
G lus'tt" t' mag)gjam b
B gM^d lus'tV Bn dtf^nB bs'i sb sbkrp vt kroo'in dBr
T B bodt BgJE'n, wEn dht tAAk'n b dhts dhat Bn dh)tiodhBr.
M B bodt BgJE'n, WEn i tA'ks Bb&tt a'ut.
8 wo'n BgJE^n, w£n dht)teln Bbdit anttbiqk.
G ant bad»BgJE*n, tAAk'n a'ut.
B ani bodt Bgjsn, w£n e'«)z tAAktn Bbdit anithi'qk.
15. T tt)8 B po/uBT ios'u B8 t^ks wtdhdtt sEns.
M ii^z B kriizi h^ii bz tA'ks bait Bsns.
8 tt)8 B)8oft icefii Bz)tAik8 bdit SEns.
G pr^ rfBz'n.
B it)8 B wlk' [soft] fAu B8 tA'ks [pi^s] w«ihdtt sens.
T dhat)8 wot -a* th«qk Bbdtt tt.
M Bn dhat)s aa bz a*V gJEt'n t' sii Bbatt it,
8 Bn)dhat)8 aa bz)a;v gJEt'n t' see.
G av [(gjat'n) omitted],
B Bn dhat)s wot a')v got [got'n] fBr sii Bbdtt it n&i.
[ 1861 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
420
THE MID MIDLAND.
[D25.
T 8T> guji niit.
M g«od nSit [niit],
S gttod niit.
G Idd.
B 8U gu^d iiE'tt tB joo fooks.
ybtea to Tar. t. Tarporley cs., p. 414.
1. yow wilUeny (jii)n) or (jiijn. —
going to say^ the ^o idiomatically omitted.
— but^ in all M.English there is a great
tendency to alter t into (r) under such
circumstances, as (gJBnn on) getting
on, par. o, p. 415.
2. thegy shortened to (dht) unac-
cented, in the same way as thee is thus
shortened in par 3, p. 415.
A, from thejirsty the def. art. omitted.
— that I did, the unaccented / becomes
(a) or (o) uncertain, here and often.
5. though it were, the («v) is in-
tended for if.
6. and aU=2^BO or too, a common
addition in several dialects.
7. any how she, for she, hoo is em-
ployed, which always becomes (ce'u) in
this dialect.— frA«^ do-en you think,
only the n of do-en remains.
8. found the drunken, the the assimi-
lated to suspended (t*), only the silent
position being suspended and not the
voiced (d) continued, although it occurs
between two (d). Hence the (-d t' d-)
shew a continuous position, first with
voice, secondly witnout, and thirdly
with voice agam, and the effect of the
(f) is very clear.
9. good Sunday coat or (bEst Va'wai),
— close, with initial (tl) for (kl) as usual.
— lane, although this word is A'- it
generally follows the analogy of A-, and
hence we should have expected (liin)
instead of {]een), which is found in T,
M, B. S has (loon) from the ags. lone,
another form of lane.
10. beldering or (wtznm) whizzening,
seem to be lo<»u words. Holland*s Ch.
Glossary has bedderin, bellowing, heard
at Macclesfield, Darlington has belder.
12. while, boiling, oroerve the (s't)
and compare (ve'iV), par. 5, p. 415, and
(wE'i), par. 0, p. 414 ; in the case of
while, (wail) would have been antici-
pated.
14. for to crow with the to omitted
as usual.
Notes to Tar. tt. Middlewieh cs., p. 414.
3. tin, a regular Ch. form of tilL-
thou wilt, here (dha) where (dh&t)
would have been expected.
5. any day that J would, or (aa noo)
I know with / emphatic, given as a
variant.
6. if you wiU-en only ask her, the
informant gave as a variant (on bv j«
[jo] wMj^b bil^'v mei [bil/iv m/i], gu
OTi aks -a'r), and if you won't believe
me, go and ask *her. The double
forms («i, H) are both in use, and the
former often becoming (/ji) at Bickley,
is then difficult to distinguish from the
latter.
7. ought not to be wrong with the
to suppressed.
9. retch, reach or stretch, dialect
word.
11. fw dry, that is, to dry, Ch.
idiom.
12. a week since on Thursday, or
(« wik sin* t' nsks thxrzdt), a week
since the next Thursday, to express
future time definitely.
\^. .night or (n/it).
Notes to Var. Hi. Fott-Shrigley cs., p. 414.
\. lad or (itw^mBZ, liujoi, sari)
Thomas, Tom, Sirrah. — thee, the em-
phatic form of you is (joo, jo), whether
used as singular or plural. Children
and young people ^nerally thou each
other whether familiar or not; older
people only when familiar from youth ;
out adults thou children, and parents
their own children of all ages ; husbands
and wives generally thou each other.
To thou a senior is an offence.
[ 1852 ]
5. in a minute, or (vs) 8a/un)irz
i)ivrd)it) as soon as he heard it.
7. two or three, or (ta'uthri) two-
three.
14. home, the words (ws'm, ks'm)
home come, are peculiar, they approxi-
mate at first to (wE'm kfim) "the
vowel, however,** says TH., "is slightly
on the way from (b ) to (9'), and these
words have the same pron. at Poynton,
Norbury, and Disley, Ch."
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 26.] THE MID MIDLAND. 421
Note* to Var, iv, Bursleni cs., p. 414.
2. becau9e or (bikOfiz, bikAs, btkos). is exploined by Darlington as **a ^ood-
— do notf the (r) euphonic. — is not, or for-nothing idle person, arajramuffin."
(•znB). — iikefy or (U^ikli), and gene- 10. wor/df (warld) new lorm. — the
rally the diphthong printed {at) shades old Grange huU^ refers to a Ifxral history
into (A'*t)i <ui^ would be so beard by of a dangeroas bull kept at the Grange
many. farm near Burslem.
4. through, the form assigned is 11. daughter, the form here given
probably a mere individuality for the mast be individual. — dry, here and in
usual (thrs'M). — «a/!? or (sh^e'uBr). many other cases not noted {di), as
6. too, or (t^'u^, the other must have already stated, par. 2, shades into (Vt).
been an individuality. — ask, (Eks) newer 12. Jine, or (orE'it) bright.
form. 13. you, or {too). — and you)have'n
7. asked, (skst) newer form. — two got it just as Vve got it.
or (ta'tt). 14. hotne, — my supper* s tcaiting on
8. beast, or (blst), the word (tal«k) [/or] me.
West Am) South Cheshibe cwl.
from wn. by TH. from Alvanley (:AAv*nli|, Ashton, Beeston, Broxton, Churton,
Great Neston, Hatton Heath, Helsoy, Nantwich, Tarporley, Waverton.
The places ore not distinguished. See also the cwl. for Bickley on next page.
I. WeSSEX Am) NOBSE.
A- letter A (aaj. — tiin [ta'en, taken]. 21 niim. 23 siira. — giim
[game]. 31 liitli [lately]. A: 64 want. 66 WBsh. A: or 0: 64 rM^qg.
A'- 67 goz gA'z ga'uin. 72 a'u op'ub. 74 toeii, 76 toe'wsd, 81 1«ti. 84
ma'iaT. 86 w«>. 87 tlof'uuz. 89 bof'uBth. 92 noo. A': 106 rod. 113
a'u«l. 116 wVm. 118 boon. 122 me'u. 124 stoon. 126 oonlt.
M' 138 fiidh«r. 162 wiitvr. j£: 161 dii. M'- 194 ani. 197
t|iiz. M': 214 niidh«r. 216 dn«l. 223 dhtinr. 224 wtiw.
£. letter E (ii). 232 briik. 233 spiik. £: 261 su. 262 wii. 263
Bwii. 266 strs'tt. — fi'ild [field]. 269 -sbI. E'- 290 li E'i. 292 ms't.
293 wti. 301 »i«r. £': ^06 A^i di. 312 /i«r. 316 nsks+t [in pause].
EA- 320 kpnr. EA: 326 a'ud. 330 a'lfd. 332 ta'ud. 334 iiv. 338
kAA. EA'- 348 diz. 349 fta'M. EA': 369 niibmr. EI- 373 dht
[unemphatic]. EO: 399 hrdit br/it. EO'- 411 thr/i. 412 [hoo (op'u)
used]. EO': 426 l/it. 426 fs'tt. 427 b/i. 428 s/in [seen]. 436 too.
437 trof'uth. EY- 438 d/i-tn [dying]. EY: 439 trw^st.
I- 446 ndin, I: 468 niit ntit natt. 469 r/it. 466 sttj. 466 txatlt.
480 thtqg. I'. 494 t^imz. — bait bVit [bite]. I': 600 la'tk. 602
friiv. 606 WB'ff. 606 WM mwi. 610 mA'tn m2«n. — swa'tn [swine].
0: 628 tha'tft. 636 fok. — mA'tiHrntn [morning, from Huxley Greenl.
0'- 667 t<i;'u. 668 Wuk. 669 mw^dhBr. 660 sk/d sk«'ii. 0': — k«'uk
[cook]. 679 Bnu^f. 686 do^'u. 688 na'tm. 694 bo^'ut.
U- 603 ka*m. 604 8i«omBr. 606 dos'uBr. U: 609 ftf^l. 616 griitnd.
619 fv^d. 634 throf'd. U'- 641 ki, 643 naa n&i. 660 Bb&tt. 661
wtdh&tt. U': 668 d&tn. 663 &». 666 t<.zbBnt.
Y- 673 m«oty. Y: 701 fost fast. Y'- 706 wb'i.
n. English.
0. 761 luud. 767 ndiz. U. 797 sku^^'tn.
m. EOMANCE.
A- 810 fiis. 811 pliis. 813 biik*n. — siidj [sage]. — tltivr [clear].
— kiin fcan©]. — sliit [slate]. — pliit [plate]. — stiishBU [at MouldsworthJ.
— rsliisliBn. 866 por'uBr. E- 867 tii. 890 btisst. !•• andY- 898
nrfts. 0 .. — b/if [beefl. 926 vb'is. 938 kA'mBT. 939 tlos. 940
k«'uBt. 941 iw'ti. 947 bs'tl. 960 buj^vt. 966 d&its. U •• — trop'uvnt
[truant]. 963 Vwiit. 969 sho^'uBr.
[ 1863 ]
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
422 THE MID MIDLAND. [D 26.
North Staffordshire cwl.
from wn. by TH. from Burslem, Froghall, Leek, Leek Frith, Longport, Rocester,
TunstaU. The places are not distinguished.
I. "Wessex and Norse.
A- 6 m^^k. 17 1a' «. 21 neem. 22 t^fm. 23 s^oti. A: 40 kom.
56 wBsh. A: or 0: 60 l«oqg- 64 rw^qg. A'- 70 tun. 72 uu. 73
8UU. 74 iiti. 81 \een, 82 WM^nst. 84 mamr ma'wOT. 87 tluuz. 89 bdth.
92 noo. A': 104 rood. Ill Vt. 113 wool. 115 woom WA'm wa'm. 117
wAn- [connected], wA'n [in pause]. 122 na'u. • 124 stuun.
^- 138 ieedhvr. lo2 wv<ftBr. M: 161 dii. -E'- 183 tE'tti. 195
niBni. 197 tp'/z [(tjiiz) at Leek Frith]. 200 wiit. M': 210 tlii. 214
niidhw. 223 dhi«r. 224 wiwr.
£- 233 spiik. 241 riin. 244 wb'1. 251 miit. £: 261 sii. 262 wii.
263 Bwii. 265 strE'it. — fE-ild [field]. 287 bB'izBmz. E'- 290 b'i.
291 dhE'i. 292 hie'i. 293 WEi. 299 grB'in. E': 312 iw.
EA- — shiik [shakel. EA: 326 a'Md. 328 kja'wd. 331 sa'wd. 332
ta'ud. 334 AApcth [halfp'orth old, new {eenvih)']. 338 kAA. 346 teei.
EA'- 347 JE'd. 348 diz, EA': 360 diJd. 369 niibwr. — iw [year].
366 griit. 371 strAA. EO: — br«ont [burnt]. EO'- 411 thrE't. 412
[(a'r) her used]. EO': 426 fe'it. 427 bB'i. 428 ss'id [8eeM=3aw]. 437
tra'uth. EY- 438 ds'ii. EY: 439 trtt^st.
I- letter I (a'i). 440 wik. 446 ndin, 448 dhs'tz. I: 462 4», a-. —
brid [bird]. 458 ns'/t. 469 rs'it. 467 ws'ild. 480 thiqg. T- 492
sA'fd. 1': 600 la'ik. 606 WB'if. 609 ws'tl. 613 WB'm. — WB'tt
[white].
0- 624 wold. 0: — sru^h [shrub]. 631 dA'trt'iir [Burslem], ds'uta
[Leek], da'wt'Br [Froghall]. 635 foks. 637 ma'ud. 652 kAAU. 0'- 656
shoju. 658 la'fJk. 559 madher [Leek Frith], modhsr [Rocester], mA'dhw
[Longton]. 660 ska'wl skTa't^l sk/uu. 662 ma'un [Rooester]. 0': 669
W'uk. — ka'Mk [cook]. 679 muj, 683 ta^'ul. 686 d/u. 687 duji. 688
na*'«n na'tm. 591 mOBr [by Mr. Daniels, of Leek, who called more fmauwr)].
TJ- 603 kam. 604 sm m«r. 605 SM^n. 606 daar, da'r [an old form at
Leek]. TJ: 616 gr&ind. — bM^n [bound, as a book]. 623 fu^nd. 634
thra^^u. IT- 640 kjSi. 641 ki. 643 naa n&«. 660 vbkit 661 widh&it.
XT': 668 d&tn. 663 §its. 666 m&ts. 667 tit,
Y- 674 did. 676 didi. Y'- 706 ws'i. Y': 712 nuTis.
n. English.
A. 714 Uld. l.andY, 766 sHmp. 0. 761 luud. 767 nrfiz. U.
797 skwikin. 798 kiriBr. — - ort [hurry].
in. Romance.
A" 811 pWz'n [places]. 824 tjlw. — tiilw [tailor]. — griin [grain].
85l2intaant. 857 ki^. 862 sM. E- 867 tii. 890 bis [beasts =cowsJ.
I" andY- — mishE'in [= machine]. 0- 920 ps'tnt. 926 ydia. 939
tlos. 940 kuut. 947 bs'tltn. 955 ddits. U •• — wiit [wait, at Burslem].
963 kweit 964 Bha'uii. 966 b'iI. 969 ehce'wsr.
South Cheshire or Bicklet cwl.
by Mr. Darlington, of Bickley, written in glossic for his Folkspeech of s.Ch.,
pp. 15-29, and here transliterated and rearranged by permission.
A- 3 biik. 4 takt^. — wak*n [to make awake, get up]. 6 makm«f. 14
drAA. 16 AA. 20 liim. 21 niim. — skrAAp [scrape]. 28 eer. — skitirr
[scatter]. 33 riidhOT rsEdhor. 35 uaaI. 36 too. A: — om [ham]. 39
lue'um. 41 thEqk. 43 ant Eqkitj [handkerchief]. 44 land. — stand [stand].
[ 1864 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D26.] THE MID MIDLAND. 423
46 kandU. — gondvr [gander]. 47 wandw. 48 su^q, 49 Bq. 60 iu^qz.
— Von [can]. 61 mon. 62 iveen. — pan [a pan]. 64 want. 66 bs. 66
WBah. A: or 0: 68 from. 69 lam. 60 Iw^q. 61 vmu^q, 62 siru^q. 64
rang Tu^q. 65 B%q, 66 thw^qk. A'- 69 na'«#. 70 too, 72 a'nB. 76
tos'uBd. 81 liin. 83 moon. 84 m«'uBr. 85 soor. 87 kla'uBZ. 89 bce'uBth.
91 moo. A': 101 ook. 104 rood. 106 brood. 108 dof. HI a'ut. 112
oj'ul. — AAf [an oaf]. 116 worn. 117 «WuBn [alone]. 122 nos'u. 124
Bton. — 134 loth [loath]. 136 kloth.
JB- 138 fiidhBT i^f^hBT. 141 niil. 143 till. 146 miin. — ts'tBm [teem,
pour ont, empty]. 160 Is'iBst. 152 wiitsr watBr [as a vb.] waater fas a sb.]
•weeivT. 153 sBtBrdi. — prati [pretty]. JEl: 154 bak. 155 tuEtj. —
atjBrn [acorn]. — sh^ [a shade jT 156 sdhsr [an adder]. — gEdhBr [eather].
161 dii. 163 Ib'i. 166 miid^n. — baarfwt [barefoot]. — Bwaa-r TawareJ.
172 ms. — rot [a rat]. 180 bath. JE'- 184 In'tBd. 186 rB*td. —
spriid [spread]. 187 Is'iby. 188 nil. 189 ws'i. 192 ms'tBn. 194 ant.
196 mem. 196 won [ = (wor-en)]. 199 blaat. 202 jst. ^': 204 d£'td.
206 thnd. 207 ns'td^l. 210 klu. 212 wii. 216 dsl djel dn'tBl. 217 E'tt|.
218 shB'ip. 219 alB'ip. 221 fs'iBr. 222 j^'uBr [see No. 222, p. 3473. 223
dhB'tBr. 224 WB'tBr. 226 moj'uBst. — ros'l [wrestle]. 228 swat sw/it. —
jEth [heath]. — shEth [sheath]. 230 fat.
E- 232foTiik. 234 n«^. — triid [tread]. — sUd [stead]. 236 we'ibv.
237 bliin. 239 siil. 247 w^^. — Et'n [eaten]. — fidhBr [feather]. E:
— fatj [fetch]. 260 lii. 261 sii. 262 wii. 264 ill. 266 stra'it. 267 Jtld.
269 sbI. 270, ii, halt. 278 WBnsh. 284 thrsah. 287 bE'izBm. E'- 289
iee, 290 b1. 291 dhB't. 294 fB'td. — stEtl [steel]. 299 grB'in. 300
kiip. — shn'tt [sheet]. F: 305 hdi, 306 B'it. 307 uai, 308 nB'td.
310 E'tl. 312 B'tBr.
EA- 317 Ae'i. 319 gAAp. EA: 323 fEt'n fa'ttt*n. 324 s'tt. 328
ka'tid. 330 a'tid. 331 sa'ud. 332 ta'wd. 333 kxxf. 334 ed iif. 336 aa.
336 fAA. 337 WAA. — a'«p [holp= helped]. 340 Joord. — soord [sward,
rind]. 343 waarm. 346 doar. — joom Ly^^^n]* 346 giit. EA'- —
shad^n [past part., shed], shs'id. 347 JEd. 348 di [pi. (s'ln)]. — Ie'ibd
[leap]. — ja'u [hew]. 349 fla'w. EA': 360 djBd. 354 shof. 355 djEf.
866 Ik'tBf. 369 niibOT. — shBm [seam]. 360 tjEm tB'tm. — bB'tBm. 361
bs'iBn. 363 tjEp. — stsVp [steep]. — loos [loose]. 365 naar. 366 griit.
368 d^Bth. — (ha'N [dew]. 371 strii. EI- 374 nii. 375 riiz. 376 biit.
£1: 379 ill. EO- 386 ja'w. 387 nto^'u. £0: 390 sht^^d. 394 jandBr.
396 ju^q. 399 brB'it. — bAArm [barm, yeast]. 402 laam. £0'- 409
bB'i 410 (u'u. 411thrB'i. 413 dcv'l. 414 flB't. 416 lig. — Bp [hip berry].
416 dB'tBr. 417 t;a'u. 418 bra'u. 419 joor. £0'; 423 thai. 425 lB<t.
426 fB'it. 427 bB'i. 431 bB'iBr. 434 bBt. 436 joo Joor [your]. 436 tra;'u.
437 trw'uth. ET- 438 ds't. EY: 439 truest.
I- 440 wik. 442 tvi. 443 fra'idt. 444 stE'fl. 446 ndiu, •— SBnB
[sinew]. 447 or. — sh^r. 448 dhB'iz. I: 452 di, 453 ski^atj [cowitth
grass]. 464 wit;. 466 \di, 45a nB'it. 469 rs it. 460 WBit. 462 sB'tt.
466 8it|. 466 tjatlt. 467 WB'ild. 469 willan [to will], wti^l. 473 blamd.
476 WB'ind. 477 faind. — bi;hint [behind]. 478 gra'ind. 486 f/sM. 487
jrstBrdu. 488 /at. T- 491 satk. 494 Uim. 498 ro'tt. 499 bst'l.
I': — da'ttj [ditch]. 600 laik. — WB'itj [-wich in names of towns, as Nant-
wich]. 601 WB'id. 602 fa'iv. 603 l<««f. 605 ws'if. 607 w^^mBn. 608
nufil. 609 wb'iI. 610 nuitn. 611 ws'in. 612 sp<//Br. 613 wcer. 614 a'ls.
616 wb'iz.
0- [Here Ch. almost nniversally follows the standard En^i^lish and only
exceptions are marked.] — brok [broke]. — sha'KV [shove]. — sta'im
8t«'ul*n stoon [stolen]. 0: r()nlyexceptional pronunciations noted.] — kraft
[croft]. 626 [(a'ws) is used, Ws. hw6sta]. 528 tha'wt. 529 bra'wt. 631
oa'utBr. 636 ffos'uld. 638 wu.d. 539 oa't*. — swou'urn [swollen]. —
a'up^n [holpen, helped], 642 ba ut. — krap [crop]. 646 far. 647 bo-'uBrd.
— tham phom], — os [horse]. — grssflat [grasaplot]. — goth [girth].
0'- 566 sho^'u. 669 mWoOhBr. 660 sk^'u. — ga'um [)?um of a tooth]. 563
mwondt. 666 M^dhBr. 0': 669 ba;'uk. 570 tcr'uk. 671 gujA. 672 bluod.
[ 1855 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
424 THE MID MIDLAND. [D 25, 26.
676 Biuji, 677 Wu ba'u. 678 pl«'u. 679 mur'u. — pa'u [pool]. 584
fte'u [stool]. 687 df/gii. 695 ia'nt. 696 rcr'ut. 597 siiot.
U- 699 BbM^T. 600 Im^v. 601 fa'ul. 602 s&i. — tham [thumb]. 603
kHjoi, 606 dar da'uBr. 607 bw^^tBr. U: 609 fuj. — p<jp'u [puU, same as
for pool, top line above]. 614 &tnd. 616 gr&tnd. 617 s&tnd. 619 fu^nd. 620
fr« n. 621 wtign. — ocndvr [undem]. — bore [borough]. 634 threc'u. —
Ds [curse]. 635 WDth. — r^/st, ra'wst [rust]. 639 dM^pt. IT- 640 kfci.
642 dh&/. 644 sw^ [suck]. 645 duT, 6 16 ba'v. — sUe'up [stoop]. 648 aar.
650 BWut Bba'ttt. U : — ba'wk [bucket]. 656 f&t, fa'i# [ugly]. 656 rs'um.
657 hrkin bra'im. 658 d&m. 661 shkunr. 662 u^z. 663 kiB. 665 mkis
lUH'tts. — kl&ft [a clout]. 671 m&tth mx'ifth.
Y- 676 \di lig. 677 drdi. 680 bizt. -— du^T.i [dizzy]. Y: 686 hki,
688 sit;. — shilf [shein. 690 kB'ind. 691 moind. — dEnt [dint or blow].
700 woe. 701 fast. Y'- — kJE'i [ky, kine = cow8]. 705 ska'i. 706 wbi.
707 thartE'in. 708 aiBr. Y': 709 faiBT. — pismkiiBr [pismire]. 711
Ie'lb. 712 ms'is.
n. English*
A. — m«fgBt [maggot]. 723 diiri. 733 skjaarkroo [scarecrow]. — sks'tt
[skate]. 741 mAAZt. E. 743 skrilBm. — taligrajft [telegraph]. I.
and\. — skratk [shriek]. — IsmbBr [limber, limp?]. — splRnt [splint].
757 tiint. — stsrup. 0. 7ttl la'uod. 7t3 rAAm. — sK^k [sock, a
ploughshare ; either Fr. soc. or "Welsh swch]. — n«#od [nod]. 766 ms idhn^.
— hi'mI [to roll]. 771 fandU [fondle]. — k'«p [loop]. — flw^ [flop]. —
\ooz Hose]. — gBsltn [gosling]. — nat; [notch, a cog]. — p&iiBr pa'uBr
[pourj. 790 bsc^n [bedgown] . U. — da'uk [to duck, bend down]. 797
sktraak [squeak]. — trindU [trundle]. — pAAUsh [paunch]. — AAUsh, AAUzh
[hunch]. 805 krti^dz. — on [hurry]. — skori. — is'l [to move along the
ground, to hustle ?].
m. EOICANCE.
Oenerally only irregular words are given.
A- — kst| [catch]. 824 t|E'tBr tjiiBr. — nuA [a mall]. — msstBT
[master]. 852 apBm. 866 pa'uBr. £•• 868 djii. — pil [peel]. —
rikBmpBns [recompense]. 871 BgrE't. 878 salsn. — jaarb [herb]. — rt'fo'r
[refer]. 887 klaardp. — jaam fheron]. — mtZBr [measure]. 893 fl&tnnr.
I •• and Y -. 898 ns'ts. — SEOg 1 [single]. — rsns [to rinse]. 909 brs'iz.
911 SEstBTU. 0" — pE'«tj po poach]. 920 DEtnt. 921 BkwE'int. 924
t|B'is. 926 SDE'il. — katimfBrt. 929 kkikMombBr. — koord [cord]. 939
klos'us. 940 WuBt. 941 fa'u. — a'i# [a hoej. 944 Blii. 945 va'u. 949
ma'ttld. 952 luv'uBrs. 9 )5 d&tt. — r&tt [route, which many people call (ra'ut)
in rec. sp.]. U- 963 kurr^'Bt, ktcM. 966 frcc'ut. — ptlptt [pulpit]. —
sktt^Brtl [squirrel]. — iSiLweet [a squire].
D 26 = e.MM. = eastern Mid Midland.
Boundaries, Begin on Combs Moss, opposite Black Edge (U n.Buxton, Db.),
and pass s. along the summits of Long Hill and Burbage Eoge to Moss House
on b. of Ch. Here go ssw., taking in a small strip of Co., and enter St. about
Quamford between Flash and Leek Frith. Pass over the hills called the Roaches
(vr(e'jxinz)t and sweep se. on w. of Butterton, e. of Grindon, and through Blore.
Then turn s. to the e. of Stanton and Ellastone, and proceed sw. to Rocester
(:roostBr), through St. : this is the e. b. of D 25. Then follow the Db. b.
along the Trent to Repton, just s. of the river, and then probably (but not with
absolute certainty) across the s. peninsula of Db. to the Trent again, where it
forms the b. of Db., and pursue this boiiier e. and n. round to Stanedge. Then
turn w. passing over Bamford Edge, s. of Hope, but n. of Castleton, and by
Back Tor to Mam Tor [misprinted Man Tor on p. 315], where tiun s. along the
e. b. of Peak Forest Liberty to Hay Dale, and then to the starting-i)oint. From
Stanedge this is the a. b. of D 21. This minute description is due to TH.
[ 1856 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
I>26.] XHB MID MIDLAND. 425
The 8. part of this h. from Repton across the Db. peninsula is uncertain, the
country not having been well explored. But the malect has a s.Db. or Le.
character.
Area. This district comprises all Db. s. of the line which divides
the North from the South Peak, with the exception of the peninsula
between St. and Le., and contains also a narrow slip to the e. of St.
Authorities. See County Lists under the following names, where * means yt.
per AJE., t per TH., || so., *» io.
Db,' fAlraston, tAshboume, tAshford and Bakewell, tAshoTer, fBamford,
t Barlborough, fBelper, fBolsover, fBradwell, fBrailsford, °tBrampton,
tCastleton, fChellaston, fChesterfield, **Codnor, fCodnor Park, fCombs Valley,
fCrich, fCromford, •fDerby, fDoe Hill, fDronfield, fEckington, fEyam,
fFoolow, fGreat Hucklow, fHathersage, t||Heanor, fHigham, fldridgehay,
tllkeston, fLittle Hucklow, tMatlock Bath, fMiddleton by Wirksworth,
tMiddleton by Youlgraye, fMilford, f Morton, ® Norton, fQuamdon, °t Repton,
fUipley, fSandiacre, fSouth Wingfield, fStenson, fStretton, fSutton, fTadding-
ton, tTideswell, tTwyford, fUnstone, fWest Hallam, fWhittington, fWinster,
*»tWirksworth.
St. tAlstonefield, fFlash, tRocester, fStake Gutter Farm.
It will be seen that the whole of my information for this district comes through
TH., who is a native of Db., and has frequently travelled over the country on
foot and by rail during many years for the purpose of examining the dialect. In
fact I am able to give only a very small part of his collections.
Character. As a whole the character of this dialect may be given
as : A- (ee)y A' (u«, uu, oo), E' (e'i), I' (df ), C (a'tt) most distinctive,
and TJ' (aa\ aa). But there are many slight differences. It seems
best to distinguish at least four varieties, though the distinctions
are neither strong nor always consistently marked, Var. i. northern,
or the South Peai, Var. ii. western, Var. iii. eastern, and Var. iv.
southern.
Var. 1. The Northern, or the South Peak form (the n. Peak is part of D 21),
generally has (dii) and not {dee) day. 0' is regularly (s'm), though foj'u), which
probably generated (s'm), is still heard. U' is occ. (fl«), but regularly (ja*). This
oialect extends over all the s. and sw. slopes of the Peak as far s. as Winster.
Var. ii. The "Western has regularly (dii, sii) day, say. 0' is regularly (s'm),
but ooc. {(g'u). U' is reg^arly (aa^), but occ. (ku) in Db., and regularly (&ti)
in St.
The (kh) was heard here from the fathers and grandfathers of living people.
The dental (Xx-y ,d,r) has also been heard here sporadically. This variety
extends from Nvinster to Ashbourne, and over the small slip of St.
Var. iii. The Eastern shades off to D 24 and 27. In the n. port (dtbe) is
regular, though (dii) is found, but at Ashover and further s. (oii) becomes
regular. I' seems to be reg^arly (o't), a degeneration of (ai). Singularly
enough XT becomes (&•) in a few places, as in D 25, and (It'o) has been heard,
which is intermediate between (&i, &a), and is found also in D 27. But (&ti, ki)
are exceptions, and (aa) is the general form. This variety extends from the n. b.
on the e. of the ridge of hills which runs down the middle of Db., as far s. as
Ukeston, but the separation of (d^, dii) indicates a difference at a few miles s.
of Chesterfield. There is another ridge passing n. to s. through Bolsover, and
to the e. of this the verbal pi. in -m does not extend. It is doubtful whether
that portion of D b. should not rather be included in Nt. D 27, as the
configuration of the country also suggests, but in the absence of sufficient
information the county b. has been followed. Northward, Chesterfield, Unstone.
Dronfield, and Norton approach very closely to D 24, which at Kotherham and
Sheffield has the verbal pi. in -m. The chief distinction is therefore in the
treatment of 0' as (o't) in D 24, and its treatment as (a'w) in D 26. Though in
deference to the feeling of the inhabitants that their speech differs materially
from \o., I now include the whole of this region in D 26, 1 at one time included
[ 1857 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
426 THE MID MIDLAND. [D 26.
Dronfield and Chesterfield in the same district with Botheiham and Sheffield.
As far as pron. and grammar are concerned, the distinction seems to be very
sUeht.
Yar. iy. Southern. There are only two points in which this variety is clearly
distingoished from the others. 0' is regolarly (lu, t'ln), and V regularly {Sku,
%ku), a triphthong arising out of (&»), according to TH.*s obserrations, by
lengthening the transyerse opening of the mouth, which action in my own speecn
leads rather to (fit^M, b'u). The tnphthong is yery neatly utter^ the first element
beine remarkably short, so that (dif&un) down approaches (djkun). The (lu) is
another deriyatiye from (a'u), such as we haye m D 19, ana hence can only be
regarded as a variety like (k'u) itself, neither (/u) nor (a'u), having entirely dis-
placed (cv'u). But for some time I was inclined to make the part of Db. s. of
Quamdon (3 nnw. Derby), at which the s. character seems to commence, a part of
what is now D 29.
Throughout all these varieties, except perhaps to the e. of
Bolsover, the verbal pi. in -en is heard, the definite article is fth),
sometimes (dh) before vowels and voiced consonants and (s, i, t )
by assimilation, but in the n. parts of Var. iii. (f) seems to De used
exclusively, as it is in most of D 24.
Illustrations. TH. had with great pains and trouble obtained for
me eight cs. and six dt. to illustrate this s. and m. part of his
native county, as a contrast to his native region Chapel-en-le-Frith,
in the North Peak, D 21. These I give first, arranged so as to bring
their resemblances and differences prominently forward. And I
adopt for this purpose most of TH.'s minute oistinctions. These
shew the relations of the four varieties very clearly. But I have
added also seven dt. similarly arranged bringing out the character
of Yar. iii. in especial. Then follow some specimens chiefiy for
Var. ii. and the Bolsover form of Var. iii. Finally I add a cwl.
for each variety arranged from the wn. by TH. at the places men-
tioned.
Eight iNTEBLmEAB Derbtshxre cs.
The following eight cs. were written in pal. by TH., mostly from direct
dictation. In conjunction with the following dt. tney illustrate the principal
varieties of Db. pron.
Var. i. South Pbak.
1. BradweU (:brad«) (9 ne. Buxton), lying almost immediately south of the n.
b. of D 26. This was pal. in 1876 from the diet, of S. Dakin, b. 1831, assisted
by his father and brother, all shoemakers, natives and residents. ThLs is the
only place in the district which caUs wait day pay (wM d^ ptf^) in place of (wiit
dii pu), etc.
2. Taddiftffton (itad'ntmi) (6 eee. Buxton), pal. by TH. from his own know-
ledge, but corrected by Mr. T. Oldfield, native, resident in Manchester.
3. Ashford (:ashfert, rashfud) (9 ese. Buxton), pal. in 1874 6 from dictation of
Mr. Joshua Birley of that place.
4. Winster (4 nw.Matlock Bath)^al. in 1874 from his own knowledge by
TH., and submitted twice to Mr. Wm. Rains, native, resident in Manchester
26 years, his cousin, Mr. W. Foxlow, grocer, b. 1830, and Foxlow's assistant,
b. 1850, the last two of whom had only just moved from Winster to Manchester,
and spoke the dialect purely.
Var. ii. "Westbbn Db.
5. Athboum (lashbOTU, :ashb«n) (10 sw.Matlock Bath), first version pal. in
1874, from diet, of B. Plant, sexton and native.
[ 1868 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D26.]
THE MID MIDLAND.
427
6. Ashboumt second yereion pal. in 1876 from diet, of J. Coxon, b. 1800,
then a fann-labourer, and his wife, b. 1819, both natiyeft and constant residents.
Yar. iii. Eastbbn Db.
7. Brampton (Old 3 w., New 1^ sw. Chesterfield), pal. 1873 from diet, of Mrs.
Bennett, b. abont 1825, and her hnsband, b. 1823, both natiyes of New
Brampton, who resided there and spoke the dialect till 1848, yisiting the place
frequently afterwards. The dt. was subsequently corrected where necessary &om
inquiries made by TH. at New Brampton m 1873. This specimen is peculiar in
nsuif {ki) for U , found in yery few places. But TH. informs me that in 1883
he found (&t, ki) for U' at Dore (3 nw.Dronfield), Totley (3 wnw. Dronfield),
Holmsfield (2 wsw. Dronfield), Dronfield Woodhouse {6 nw. Chesterfield), Chester-
field (from an elderly man). Old Brampton, and Brampton Moor, and also,
together with (aa, aa^], at Ashoyer. This shows a small district near Chesterfield
in which this peculianty occurs.
Var. iy. Southsbn Db.
8. ^ton (.rsp'n) (7 ssw.Db.), pal. in 1876 by TH. from dictation of Mr. G.
Smedley, natiye, once oyerseer and i^eying officer, and always a constant resident,
b. 1808. Smedley gaye the refined form (&t«) to U', but TH. has used (^u), the
common form in the neighbourhood.
*0* To shew the great resemblance between the seyeral cs. here considered,
when a word is exactly repeated in a following line, it is represented by (,,) only.
Hence wheneyer the reader sees (,,), he must take the next printed word aboye it.
Sometimes the passage has been altered, so that there are no corresponding words,
and some lines or parts of lines are therefore entirely blank. But this will occa-
sion no difficulty. The seyen dt. which follow are treated in the same way. In
these two sets of illustrations all TH.'s suspended final consonants are inserted,
and the (,,) is not used if two words differ in this respect.
. 1 BradwelL
wdf :djon)z
na'tt daats.
2 Taddington.
)) ))
noj'u (Mwts.
3 Ashford,
waa „
na'fi daa^ts.
4 WinsUr,
wdf „
,, daats.
5 Ashbourne i.
)) )}
„ d^^ts.
6 Ashbourne u.
n }i
}} )»
7 Brampton.
wo'» „
no ddfts.
8 Eepton.
wdf „
no d^dtits.
. 1 weI, lar,
J9
m« buudh
laf
BZ
J8)n
2 „ :tWom«z, joo «n hn „ „
))
«d
dhiz
3 „ :iu^m\
dhEE „ ,
, „ buuth
))
))
i}
4 „
dhE'f „ ,
, ,, buudh
on JB
l>
>>
>>
5 „ mM,
dhu'f „ ,
> » ji
»
M
Bt
wot
6 „ :djim,
>> n >
) n n
71
n
n
7 „ itomBZ
, JOO ,, ,
, „ buQdh
laf
«d
dhtz
8 „ :djim,
^o' „ ,
, „ buudh
lof
«t
>>
1 B mcfhid,
A dWo)nB
k6OT
fer dhatf.
2 nit^z
« m&in.
uu
kJEETZ ?
3
>> i>
))
i»
4
>i »>
M
kj^rz ?
6 A)m gu;in)
t' tEl)w.
1}
))
6 „
tElin JB.
)}
kJKKTZ ?
7 nICiz
« mo'in.
(xn
J)
8
,, main.
uu
t*
[ 1859 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
428
THE MID MIDLAND.
[D26.
2.
1 dhat)s noodhsr B'ror
HOT
dhto.
2 „
3 „
>j n
i>
n
1) >>
9)
)i
4 ,,
s ,,
6
7 ,.
8 „
niidliOT for
1)
noodhflr „
niidhBT „
11
>>
1
nobdf
diiz thra'u bi)tn
laft ^t.
2 dhOT
iz nB moiif
QZ
diln bfkAAz dli«)r
„ „ dhat
3 „ )
z nA'n „
}>
dfi'iz kAAz „
91 )l
4 „
iz)w3 „
dliQt
„ bikAAZ „
„ „ dhat
5 „
6 „
1) 1) ))
«z
TTlEn
diiz „
dE'iz btkos „
loft „
7 „
1* )) ))
vz
diln kAAz ,,
laft „
8 „
>l )l >)
>)
dilz btkAAz „
loft „
1
wot shvd inak)«m
? it)s non
2 w» noon, d«o)nt)Bz
?
„ shWod „
„ iz TVST
3 we'»
„ wi
?
fi »> 99
„ )8 non
4 „
>i t> n
>> >l >>
„ fz)nB
6 ,»
6 „
7 w»
8 „
„ dhat\
It n M
„ shw d „
f, shvd inMk)tni
i> »> >>
91 >l >>
n » >>
L? „ „ nBr
1 B Idiklf thtqg vt
2 vETf ld»kl» iz «t ?
3
4
5
6
7
8
>> >9
„ f8)t?
lo'fklf iz ft ?
IdMi „ .,
3.
1 weI
2 vt ont
3 a;aa*v«r
4 aasmnitir
5 vt oni
6 » »
• >> »»
r^ ft WBr tj
rM
ap'nt
8 ^aisTOifVBr dh»s ts f fakt „)tli mattir, su
dhtVn,
b«r
SB
lE)mf tEl)dhf
djW^st SC'ud JBT
8UU
)}
a'lid dhi
6B
8U
8B
si-id „
a'tid jur
mattir,
SU
n
si'dd „
[ 1860 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D26.]
THE MID MIDLAND.
429
2 nd\Zf rnvn,
3 if i,
4
5
6 „ lid,
7 ns'iz, mBn
8 ndiz, „
wtfrt t«l)f)v
VD. bf ku^divt
,, „ kwdit
ktroVvt
ktrdiBt
dx'iin.
d/ihi.
«)v dtioii.
A)v ta'M dh».
„ dt>
dV-
ark dhf !
drk'n!
ark^f!
du^n JB (vr !
4. 1 A)m sho^uBT A fBrd em
2 'A')m BtLrttn a) „ „
3 'k)m „ a „ „
4 Ajm shee'uBr a) „ „
5 „ sarttn „ „ „
6 A^m „ ,, „ ,,
7 A)m „ „ „ „
8 A)m ,) ,, ,) ,,
sii — ^A)miin BU^m vn
vm vz
-A)
8U
B dhfiVz fdk 8
B dha/nz ,,
B dhai'tiz „
B dhzm f dk'
B dhooz idkB
V dha'tiz
wBnt
11
11
Bt nood AA Bbaat «t — aa! Bsh
thrown th)wtiQl kBnsdm
thra'ti th)uiil thtqg
„ th Wttol „
II II II kBiiBam
thra?'u dli)wttol thiqg
„ t* wiIqI. kBnslbii
th
thtqg
frB)th farst dhBrsEl z, —
,, ,1 II dhBTSEn'z —
frBxii)th fast
,1 )th farst
from
1 sho^uBT BZ A*)m wik\
2 dhat)« did shis'uBr vnu^.
3 II )ft II II
^ II )* 11 II
" II A II II
6 farst tB last.
7 dhat A did Best
o ,1 I, II SCI
Bntt^f.
II
6. 1 Bt)th JM^qkBt lad t88En\ b griit)Bn b ndhk \vr a'tid, nood
2 Bz) II Ju^qgist Idd f8SEl\
8
4 >» II
5 II II
6 BS) „
7 BZ)f
8 „
fSSBQi
big; lid
griit II
W 11
II II
grEt)Bn
btV lad
nfifii (Br
nam
no/n
nam
[ 1861 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
430
THE MID MIDLAND.
[D26.
1 18 ieedihvr tti^qg m « mmtt,
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ftf^dhBTZ vdtB
vd»s*
vdtV
dtTEklf, «v it
OS sx'tm oz e'* ford tt, „ ,,
•n V mmft, ,, „
«s sa^Tm Bz ti „ y, „
in o mmt't ,,
"war
war
•war
war
WAT
>>
•WA^r
1 ktr{Br oz tt
2
on A)m shd/uBT •E'ld
4
5
6
7
8
Bn sktrlk tn, 'en A)d trtf^^st 'hn
skwA'kVn, „ a)d
skwikVn,
1, „ a^d
bak*
skwiskhi „ ,,^d
ektt'lkVn ,, ,,)d
A kodtrtfoSt
spMk)f triuth
tf)tBl)„ „
„ fB)t spiik),, tro/uih
„ fwp tElin),, „
„ t' spiikUh triuth
„ te tEl)t* troT^uth
„ fBr)tf 8piik)tli „
1 ont aa, 'dhat • wt^^d.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
dii
99
»
»»
dee
dii
dhat a
99 » kt^od.
•dhat „ wi^od.
dhat\
dhat.
6. 1 jd m* laf , bOT)th I'M wWoman «rsEn^ ol tsl j«,
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Bn)th
Bn)dh
«n)tf
Bn)dh
otseI'
vrssn^
a'd)l
TO,
Hr)d
JOT,
«1
oni
2 on JB vz
3 „
4 „
lafs naa, on tsl jb str^itforBt,
lE'ft k%
strs'it aat
,, iz lafm naa\
„ lafs naa,
6 ,, JB dhvt
7 „ ,, «z
bfs naa', ,,
»> >> 19
laf' n naa, „
lofs nMu, „
dtt
of
ta'w,
vn AA,
ta'w,
t^u
tlu
[ 1862 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D26.]
THE MID MIDLAND.
431
1
»V J«)n ga BE
2 uat
mft^
badh«r, «v join o<mlf
«daa, »V Jo)l „
3 widhaa^t
ont
4 widhaat
II
bodhor, «v „ „
6 w»dhaa*t
11
II II Jo)d „
6 „
mtt;
vda'u, ff Jo)n o mdtndt^
7 widhih
mwotj
badhvr, tV „ nobot
8 widhiiiit
ont
„ »f Jo)l oonl*
1
2
wujat OT?
aks)tsr —
3 SWUVT S'« WMgl, W«o)llt
4
6
7 w»)n«t
8 w«ont
00 1
„ — a)m
II —ool
Ek8)Br — „
II 11
aks OT — „
7. 1 Bt
o'm rtf^, ^u tsUid *ins'« wan a akst)9r
■* >»
II
i>
II II
»t ,,
>» yi
II II
3 „
II
II
II II
•mKK
on)t „ a
II II
4 ,,
II
II
If II
•ms'*
II A
II II
^'..
i>
II
II II
II
11 »
Ek8t)Br
6 aa'ivBT
a'r „
i>
II II
II II
7 «t
II
II
a'u „
„ -mH
II II
akst}Br
8 #d«)tVOT
a'r „
•mKi
II II
II II
1 ta'iithn
idimz dor,
9n
V« fAAZ)f
2 ta'fi «r thrB'i
1 II
19
„ 8hwQd)n«r
3 ta'tithn
y dBTf ^u did, ,,
„ a'iit)n«
4 ta'u Br thrB'i
1 II
II
„ wWo)n«
5 11 II
»i
1 11
II
aV 8huQd)n«
6 II ,>
II
> II
II
•ar „
7 Wii „ thrft
toVmz „
II
Vu „
8 tiuthri
idimz f,
II
•a'r Bd)n«
a't' t8
1 noo fv
onAK>d« daftiz,
wod)'
n joo
2 bf rw^qg
' »
Bit} «
thtqg m
5 dhfV, „ dw^n jb
3 „
«baa>t
8Wot? 1,
II II
„ wot
4 „
»
8ft| ,f
ly ft
1, wu^t)
„ wod (
'n j«
^ II »
II
ft *f
•1 II
i«o^ II
-B?
6 „
cfer
9f II
II If
„ shw^d
„ wod (
7 „ roqg
tjbait
II II
t> if
iu^n JB
8 II rwoqe
' on
8«otF „
tf II
„ wot
II II
[ 1863 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
432
THE MID MIDLAND.
[D26.
1 thiqk?
2 „
8 thiqk'n jb ?
4 th»qk ?
5 „
6
7 „
8 „
8. 1 WA* «z A* WBr tElm j«, a:'fi)d tri jb
2 weI
3
4
5
6
7
8
„ a
>» »»
siijtn
ft
»
ar)d
af'a)d
a^r)d
wfBT
buudh &u
«n
it
„ aa'
wlBr
„ aa
wfOT
„ aa'
t»
l> >»
>t
buQdh aa
»l
JBT
«dff
2 Bn WEn^
6 „
7 „
8 ..
s'u f M^n" tm
>»
fttQiid tf dm^qk'n slotj
■ ' bist
biist
iuon'
diu^qk vz inffQk\
t» >> 9t
ar f«ond) „
>i ti i}
ar fMon)th
diV'l
blst
kAAz vr
2 tt^zbtrnt.
3 MQzbond.
4 „
5 „
6 „
7 tt^zbond.
8 tt^zb^nd.
9. 1 a'l* dfjtleBrt a'ti sE'td tin wi Br oon E'in,miE'f WBrl(li;m
2
3
SWEET
Bwdur
4 „ swcfer
6 a'r
6 „
7 (k'u
8 a r
Bz ar „
ar ,,
o^vi sHd
a r SE'td
wtdh „
wt „ „ diz,
wtdb „ „ „
wi
wtdh ,
O'tZ,
i>
liid,
ldt;in
Itg'tn
l<ft;tii
[ 1864 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 26.]
THE MID MIDLAND.
433
1 AA «y fz lEqkth «)th rood, m iz giijA suQiidi
2 a' „ „ «opB)th grdimd, „ „ „ „
3 AA >» »> on)th graa^nd wt „ „ „
4 A „ „ oii)t' graand «n „ „ „
5 „ „ „ «oP«)th graa^nd „ „ „ „
6 strstjt aa)z j, 9n)th „ » )z bEst
7 00 „ „ „ )t' grdtnd wi iz „ „
8 strEtjt aaI „ ,, „ )th gr^atmd m „ g^od ,,
1 kuut tliis Bt)t*
2 „ ^ tliis B)8)8dtd «)tli ddz
3 „ on , tlii8)tu Br oon
4 „ tlus* tti)th
5 tluuz, „ tt3)th
6 kuut, „ «gJE*ii)dli
7 ku«t on, ag]En)t'
8 kuut, „ b«)dli ^tfs' duvr.
dar,
daan
«t^t*
iHz
1)
datkn
„;th
diiOT stuun.
daa^n
i> it
aaz
duOT,
daan
7* yy
aa's'
dder.
daa^n
i> »>
4'8'
duBT,
»>
>i >»
dtV
ddBT,
dahi
»)f
d/fdtm „)th
1 botom t})th loon.
2 kornvr „ jondsr l^m.
3 kA'mBr ,, jonz ,,
4 kArnur „ jondw ,,
5 botom „Uh ,,
6 kAratnr „)th „
7 komvr ,, jond ,,
8 bot'm „)th „
10. 1 B'f WOT ruOTtn «n bErtn
2 „ „ maktn o ndiz, ^u sE'd, hn* aa th)
3 „ „ frEt^in «wii, „ se^z, « bu^^ « wii
4 „ „ maktn « ndiz „ sB'd, „ „ „
^ »» >> >i ^ >» >«^^ ^^ >»
6 ,, „ gruunm «wii
7 ii „ makfh „ ns'tz
8 e'« „ wdimn «wii „ „
„ dh
6o)V
AAl)tll
1 IJtk V griit soft
2 warld „ „ badlt t^ilt,
3 djw^st Idik „ „ „
4 warld Idtk „ ., ,,
5 i> n btk 1.
6 ,. „ ,, p«g [flwdin].
7 wald b'f k „ badli tjo'ild,
8 „ Wtk „ „ t^tld,
kVf.
OT « IfVl wsnl^ krat;iii.
>» »>
„ skriimtn
las* kro'i;in.
wentj in « tEmpor.
S.I. Pron. Pan Y.
[ 1865 ]
119
Digitized by LjOOQIC
434
THE MID MIDLAND.
[D26.
11. 1 tm it wvT d^w^st
2
,y dhat
ap'nt,
vz
3
„ tt djU^st 8UU " „
tt
4
„ dhat
tt
„ bii
5
tt 9i
tt
tt
6
it tt
WAT,
tt
7
tt tf
ap*iit,
tt
8
tt »
ap*nd
tt
1
»)Iaa kiVikm
tlira't^)th
bak'
2
„ ka'tmi
tbree'u),,
bak
3
„ ka'iim
thra'il),,
bak'
4
„ kj^CTn
thra'w) „
5
„ kam
thra'ii),,
6
^'n „
thra'w),,
7
f „ kamd
thr(»'u)f
„ th
8
„ „ kam
«8)th a'M wWoDiBn «n «r d5i'«t'«r)
ar
fE'iid,
fre *qg«'n
Art wEn
dh*)d bin „
Jdrd
fTB
frum „
l» M
dht)d bm „
frwm „
tt aqg»'n
If »qg»n
1 tb) tluuz ki WEn dbi)d wEsbt «in.
2 „)wiit „ dwt tf drdi B)th wEsbVn dii.
3 „)wEt „ d*t f8)t „ on),, „ „
4 aat t' „ ^ ^ f8)t' „ b) „ „ „
6 „ „ „ t' „ «)| db WEsb' „
7 t' wEt tluBz dft t« dro'i on)t' wEsbVn d^^.
8 tb) „ tluuz „ drdi on « WEsb* dii.
12.
1 weftl)tb
2 M M
3 wail),,
4 wd«l),,
5 )» tt
7 wo'tl)t^
8 wdil)tb
kJEt'l wi5r ba'tlin fBr)tb dnqkin, won fefin
tii-
WBZ
bdfU'n
bdilm
bdilm
tt
bdtld,
bo'tlm
bdilin
tu,
tt
tt
WAn
won
WAn
SMoUiBr Aee t)tb aft«ma'i)n, wn it)'l bi «
1
2 briit afterna'ttn
3 brE'iV sM^mBr aftBmatin,
4 sWoDiBrz ,,
5 aftuma'em ,, s^QmBr,
6 bra'fV s^QmBrz aftBma'tin,
7 bro'»t (bnit) aftunoj'un ,, sttQmtir
8 sw^mBi aftBnoj'tin
oonlt
[ 1866 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D26.]
THB MID MIDLAND.
435
1 WEVk^
8«V
t'
2 WTfik
t»
It
3 WE'tk^
)>
4 „
)»
5 w»k^
>»
tt
6 M
>t
»»
7 wHk
)»
kam
8 wak'
i>
f
nsks tharzd/.
13. 1 Bn
JO noon, A n»VBr furd na'wt^
Tjbaat it stn'.
1
„ dw^n JB noo? „ ,, ,, na'w muBr b
„ dtt^nt „ SEE? a niBr lamt ont muBr abaa't
„ dttQst diiE't noo ? A ntvBr iBrd na'w muBr on)t
dhat
tt dtton
JB
nB
2 kBnsAm tB dhtz dii,
3 bizniz WqP' til tBdii,
4 frcm dhad dii tB dhiV,
^ tt tt tt tt tt ^
6 ttl tBdii,
7 kBns^to tB dhfz dee,
8 frBm dhat dii tB dhiV
tt B
„ on)t
tt
mat iieem)z
wot ft
mi
maa ,,
:djon
:d^ak'
mdi f,
tt
tt tt
A)m iBr
wot it
mo'i n^fm)z
mdi
:djak'
tt
1 iz, Bn A d«o)nB noo, Bn a dw^nB kj^r na'/zt' nB
noodhur, naa dhEn' !
fB)t daa noodhBr, dhat)s
t* da'w ,, , naa dhnn' !
niidiiBr, naa* ,,
tt t> tt »f tt
noodhur, dliE'ur
niidhur, A)m
2 ishEpBrt, „ „
3 ishEpBd, „ a
>>
„ )nBr
want
tt
4 }) »> tt
5 h, „ A
tt )nB
tt tt
tt
wont
6 „ „
7 -.shEpBrd, „ „
® tt tt tt
tt tt
do)nt
dw^nB
If
want
wont
1 muBF Bbaat «t.
2
3 sartin.
4
5
6
7 naa!
8 sha'uBr.
[ 18C7 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
436
THB MID MIDLAND.
n)26.
14.
1 Bn naa
2 ft ))
3
4
5
6
7
8
>»
ntia*
naa
n^au
A)in gu;fn wJ)m)p')m» sw^pOT.
A)m „ wam)p')ra» „
a)m „ wA*m fB)t ^ m» „
A)m of tB mi „
„ gu;tn „ „ „
of
gu;m
warn
t' ee m»
gttod iik'iV,
ft
naa'
weI
nE'fV,
ndH\
nE'fV,
nhV
ndit\
vn dMQ)nB bi ot rEdt
1
2
3 „ dw^)nOT „
4 Idd, tm dttQ)nB „
5 Idd, Bn „ „
" >> >» >»
7 „ do>t „
8 „ dfio)nB „
tf mag
„ „ t* kroo dir
., kwtk* Bbaa^t kroo;»n dBr „
„ TEdt t' mag gjam*,,
)) I, B maktn gjam* ,,
,, ,, t kroo 6bt
„ sMq) tB „ 6bt
,, TEd* t' „ 6nr
gjam* B ont bodi
no/ubdi
bod»
«obd»
ontbodt
)f
wo*n
ontbodt
15.
1 BgJE'n, wEn dbt tAAk'n Bbaat a'tit'.
3 Bg]EEn, „
4 BgJKn „
5 n 9*
6 BgJEEn, „
7 TJgJE'n, „
8 «« If
Bbdut
E't tA k8 Bbaa't dhiV dhat Bn)t' ttt^dhBr WHt dhi .
dbt tAAk'n Bbaat a'ttt'.
dht )r tAAktn Bbaa*t „
•)^ >» >i >»
H tAAks B dbtV BT dbit Br)t* t«odbBr.
dhB tAAk'n
1 E't mw^d bi B
2 tt)9
kwiBT
3 E't)z
[)<iBr
4 „
twiBT
5 »
soft
6 E't IE
})
7 ii f z
»>
8 E't Jz
pn'ti
wiv
}>
>f
„ tModhBr.
ibod'
Bt te'M
SM^mBt W1
Bz pr^s
baiit
fa'iil
9» 9>
wtdhaa^t
tjBp'
„ tAAks
wtdhaat on
))
)i )i
wtdhaa*t „
fa'di
BS „
97
Ml
BZ „
wtdb^tt
»
BS priHs
wtdb^tit
1 na'w sEns tn)t. a rmuV ws muBr t)8i ta't^ jb.
2 riiz'n. Bn dbat)s mt last ward.
3 «onbttbtqkin tssEn' B bit', a dMQ)nBr noo bz i)v sfuV m<i«r
4 riiz'n. Bn dbat)8 aa bz a av f sii.
6 ,, „ a)v na'u muBr t' sii.
6 SEns. ,, dhat)8 aa di)Y got'n t^ sii.
7 rfBz'n. „ „ 00 BZ AA av tB see,
8 riiz'n. „ „ aaI dt)n got f sii.
[ 1868 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D26.]
THE MID MIDLAND.
437
1
g^'o^
. DE'it:
2
i»
99
3
fB)t
8ii
naa^.
8U „
99
ta'tl dht.
4
)l
19^
Ud.
5
19
lUifty
99
6
Ba ,,
ns'ft^
7
1)
nHt\
8
f}
iui«t\
mu$ to No. 1, BradweU os.,
P-
426.
0. MO doubts, the forms here are
regular.
1. lad, and similarlj but, par. 3,
witii (t) chanffed into (r). — mind,
(di) or {n'i) is the regular long I' form,
ana henoe form of short I T bSore (nd) .
2. through, although not a 0' word,
is treated as such, and becomes regu-
larly {w!u), but see par. 4 in Kos. 2, 6,
7, 8, p. 429.
4. mtff, and subeeqnentlj da^, haye
(o$), but the regular form would be
,u). — 9ur$, this word is the only word
m the eft. which retains {<b'vl) instead of
using (s'm). — wiek^ quick, aliye.
6. that, either Itt) or (tn). — in a
minuts, or (tn srim «i im i ivrd
im) as soon as CTer he heard him.
— I^m ture Md spook the truth amy
day, 'that he would, or («n A)m shoi'iivr
*i'«)l nA*n til « \dl, 'dhat i wwjn«) and
I*m sure he'll not tell a lie, 'that he
will}not.
Notes to No. 2, Taddington cs., p
7. tufo or three, or («bWoT wn^nst «r
twrfts*) above once or twice.
8. she found him drunk as muck, or
(«n ■'• wvr VI drtf^qk «i mwok*) and he
was as drunk as muck.
9. deOmred (d«)tlBBrt).
10. crying and bellowing, the par.
was translated at Eyain, (n't wvr rCivtn
«n bildtmn latk « griit soft kAT), he
was roaring and bellowing like a great
soft calf.
12. drinking or Oai) tea.
13. as my namrs what it is, or («i
im A wvr OA^m) as erer I were bom.
14. Vm going home to my supper,
the {if) represents a (t) for to, assimi-
latea to the two M oetween which it
stands ; the sonna is the same as in
' thump me ' (themp* mi) ; there is no
Toicelessness of the first (m) . A rariant
is (A)m baan t* mi SMipvr) I*m going to
mj supper. — makegaene, or {mee gjam*) .
16. that, (tn) aa also used.
426.
0. no (ms'u) should probabW be
(na'n). — doubts, etc., 9. ground house
down, etc. The di^hthoiu^ j4m) for (aa)
haTinff created suspicion, TM. eroecially
risitea Taddington in Dec. 187o, " and
after conversing with and making in-
auiries from several natives, found that
the sound was (&m, ku) ; among the
persons interviewed three were of 60,
70, and 80 jears of age." This, there-
fore, is a similar peculiarity to Chapel-
en-le-Frith, D 21, which is only 9
nw.Taddington, but on the other side
of the PcAk, and differinff in many
respects. Adjoining Chapel, the Yale
of Goyt had (&f), and we shall meet
this again in No. 7, Brampton cs. The
forms (aa, ku, &i) are strangely mixed
in these regions.
1. Thomas, the usual address is by
name, or lad.
2. is not, observe the (r) added, al-
though not before a vowel ; '* euphonic
(r) is much used at Taddington, Flag,
etc.,'» TH.
4. through, sure, these are not (^
words, and apparently for this reason
have not (m!uJ, but {a'u\ but from the
analogy oi otner words this itself should
give (a'n).
1. thee or (joo) yon.
2. donU we or (di#^)n« wi P). — is it
or (i8)t).
3. of this way (b dhis'n)— My or
Cnr) your. — done or (ds'im). — thee or
(nr) you.
0. any day, or (vs ss'tm «x anibodi)
as soon as anybody.
Notes to No. 8, As^ford cs., p. 426.
6. right out or (stn'it of) straight
oS.—ado, this (tklxa) should analogic-
ally be (eda'tf), as do, done, are properly
{wu, cIx'mi), but (dsi) is used again,
par. 13, p. 436.
8. botn how and where and when she
found, or (aa BbaaH aa^ m!u iujoi) all
about how she found.
[ 1869 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
438 THE MID MIDLAND. [D 26.
N0U9 to No. 4, Wtmter os., p. 426.
0. doubttf (daats) with difltinct (aa) following word. — anybody f{uJbdt\Bee(mB
and not (aa^), and so elsewhere. to have been coined from (nw^bai) no-
3. hearken, a before r={d) as in body, by omitting the ft.
yard are part bam mden etc. here, 16. chap or (fx'ttl) fool. 'With
and at Middleton-by-xoulgraye. regard to this diphthong, Foxlow and
4. My or (si snn] say so. Salt, who were fresh m>m the spot,
7. what do-en f tne remarkable pron. said (s'm) distinctly in hold, old, told,
(wMot)'n) was originally dictated, and no, done, too, two, etc., but Rains,
was confirmed by Mr. Aains, p. 426, who had been absent 26 years, used
No. 4, in Sept. 1888. another form, which TH. first re-
10. like a hadhf child or a little presented by (6<i) and afterwards by
tceneh crying j the simple (l<^k « ^ilt (o'ltf). As we find (s'm) cs., Noe. 2,
skriimin) like a child screaming, would 3, 6, this (^|N) is OTidently not the
be much more common. present pron. ; whether it was an older
14. make game, the (k) of (mak) is one, or a mere individuality, must
altered to (g) by the attraction of the remain uncertain.
Notee to No. 6, Aehboume cs., p. 426.
0. doubts, for U', OU** etc., the 6. any of you a$ laughe, the {n) tor
regular form is (aa^) or (aah^, as TH. you has the euphonic (r) before the
wrote it, or as I appreciated his own following vowel (xn* n), and this is
pron. (seflB). In one case at Ashbourne regular m the diistrict. The (r) not
ne heard (&m) as (br^n) brown, but before a vowel is constantly marked,
(braan) also occurred. and has the usual M . sound, probably (r) .
Seven IirrERLmsAB Derbtshibb dt.
These were all pal. from diet, by TH. The first five specially illustrate Yar.
iii, e.Db., which is not adequately represented in the eight cs., by No. 7,
Brampton, for it has the peculiarity found only in a few places near Brampton of
(ki) for U'.
Yar. iii.
1. Eekingtm (6 nne. Chesterfield), pal. 1880 by TH. from diet, of J. Antcliffe,
b. 1806, native, wheelwright.
2. Barlborough (7 ne. Chesterfield^, pal. 1880 by TH. from diet, of A. Cooper,
fitter at iron-works, b. 1832, ana his elder brother, both natives. This is
almost identical with the preceding.
3. Bolsover {ihg'um) (6 e.Chesterfield, on high ground), pal. 1880 by TH.
from G. Shacldock, b. 1820, native. This scarcelT differs from the preceding,
but has (d&Qu), which approaches D 27. The absence of the v. pi. in -mi is
remarkable in these three.
4. South Wingfield (6 nne.Belper), pal. 1883 by TH. from diet, of G. Hawks-
ley, b. 1810, native, parish clerk. The v. pi. in -en appears in this and the two
following.
6. Wett ffallam (6 ne.Derby), pal. 1880 by TH. from another Thomas
Hallam, b. 1809, native, collier. There is rather a remarkable coincidence of
names here.
Yar. iv.
6. Braihford (7 nw.Derby), pal. 1880 by TH. from J. Hancock, b. 1836,
native, smaU grocer and letter-carrier, assistea by another native, a farm-labourer.
Yar. ii.
7. Flaeh (:flas') (7nne.Leek,St.),pal.l880byTH.fromthedict.of J.S.Coates,
b. 1843, native, small farmer, who used (,t,r-, ^dT-), which was not heard from
others in the same place, and hence is omitted in this transcript. As this is the
only St. specimen, it has been placed last, although belonging to Yar. ii ; it also
bean a vcny dose resemblance to No. 6, Brailsfora.
*«* The (,,) shews that the word is the same as in the preceding line.
[ 1870 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 26.]
THE MID MIDLAND.
439
1 Fcl'hipton.
2 Ihu'lhorough.
3 Bohorer,
4 South Wifiq field,
6 IVesf naJhun.
6 Braihfoi'd.
7 Flash.
A)m)rE'<V ubaat
Tibaa^t
uba*at
vbaa^t
vbatit
a)jv^
m<?ris,
jB)8ii naa
tjt
dtcin't A tEl)jn 800? J0)8i
A)8<'tf,
tjap8,
ladz,
tjaps
[Ittilz] „),, nnn, , ^
„ )»Km noa [na»j
jtj)8e'« nd'a uz
♦ »} »>
i>
jo)8E in naa*
»>
»»/ >»
>»
>») >>
dliat
l«t'l
las' kMoiM^n
fnnn)8*
ubaot^
>>
1 )>
>>
>>
>>
»>
>>
>>
wEnti kamm
WEnsh „
,, komm
in, „
fnnn)t'
„ y
19 *f
1 skuul
2 „
3 „
4 skja'wl
5 ska'ul
6 skja'ttl
7 ska'ttl
jondBr.
>»
jondu.
»»
jandBr.
1 8bB)z)gu'tn daan
2 sht „ „
3 shu,,
4 a'M „
5 l> >9
6 }» M
• >> »»
t')r^d dhlB thruu
daan „ „
daan ,, rood
d4*on dh) „
daa'n „ „
daim ,, ,,
thra'M
dhfB
dhiB
dhiBT
f)rEd
>> >»
dh)rEd
dhat „
db)rEd' j^
gjM on)t'
gjM „ )dh
1 Isft and sd/d
2 )} M »>
3 „ „ SA^id
4 Itft ,, sdtd
5 Isft ,, satd
6 lift „
7 ,, ond
B)t' ruBd,
rood.
B)dh) „
f )tjdild) z gAn
1 lWok)jB!
2 M M
3 „ „ „t^M|d„
4 la'wk ladz ! „ tjdiltjs
6 Iwq^) JB dhCBLr! th) „ „
6
7
M
>>
stra'tt
BtrB'tt'
WoP^ tu)t^
»> »»
tf
)dh
dh
r«oq
"<oq
[ 1871 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
440
THE MID MIDLAND.
[D26.
1
2
3
4
5 &'ds
6
7
du«r B)t' niq As.
„ „ rw^q aos.
»» If >> »»
duB.
tt
ddjj.
da*r.
4. 1 wiur 8hii)l ap'n fdmd dhat dni^qk'n ditrf wiz
2 wlu shi)!
3 witi 8ha)l
4 witjr a'w)l
5 wlBr „
6 wiBr bJI
7 whlor atf)l
fA^ind
fdtnd
nd
t^ap
fElw
dEf
diijf
dif
dEf
dir wfdhvrt IeIb, Im
mAn
1 vt dht kAAl
2 Bz dhB ,,
:tom\
3
4
5
6
7
dhe „ „
dht kAAn a'lid rtomt.
„ „ :tom\
5. 1 wi)AAl noo hn
* »» »> >» »>
8 jo) „ „ „ d6nt)jB
4 wk'» aa noon „
5
6
7 f. II i> »ni
it
99
VETI WeI.
„ weI «v)a:'ild.
„ we'1.
6. 1 wtfmt t*)a'Md tjap' suun tE'ftj)Br not
„ [Mb] „ tttj „ „
2 wM^d'nt „ „
3 wetnt „ „
4 w»nB „ „
5 WMonBT dh) „
6 WMiit th) „
7 wM^nB dh)„
tEl
sa'tm tlt| ,f
Ri'iin „ „
„ tE'ltj,,
tB)du)it
8«QmBt,
not tB)da'«)t
>> 99 » •t
>» « >» »l
for)t^ not da'M „
1 BglBn, pCkB thiqM
* » >i »f
4 BgJB'n 9, tidtlt!
5 „ „ thiq*!
6 „ „ thtq!
7 „ puBr thtqk !
[ 1872 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D26.] THE MID MIDLAND. 441
7. 1 lMok)jo! iVnt it trixi?
2 if ») }} M 99
3 naa dbEn ! ,, „ ,,
4 la'wk ladz! „ „ tr m^u ?
6 li«pk>re dhCti! „ „ triu?
6 l/iik! „ ,. tru^u?
7 lUok 4b! iVnt „ tros'iu?
JVb/^« ^0 M^ Seven dt.
1. tnA^«, No. 1, boys would say in 7. true. Til. writes tho diphthong
this case /o/fa, but addressing one only (/^d) in Nos. 1 to 3, but makes the
(sari) sirrah ! tirst element between 0/^, <•) in No. 4,
2. siffCf No. 2 the diphthong is said and between (i, o) in No. 5, while in
to lie between (rfi) and (A^t)). a mean No. 6 and No. 7 he writes his euuiva-
difficult to hit ; and similarly for par. lent for my (a;'u), taken with a deeper
3, chiMf No. 2. (cs^) in No. 7» though others said
6. veri/. No. 1, a few say (vari). — (tra'irth). TH. adds that he has often
jfou, the Bolsover informant has altered felt in doubt as to the first element, and
the phrase into a question, i/ou all know thinks it must be (a*) or (yi) of D 10,
himy donH yott^ very well f to which he p. 146. The diphthong is evidently
supposed there would be an answer: (aa, affected by the preceding (r), whicn
s^JlA^ik wi d(r'u) aye, its like we do. renders (riu) difficult, but I think
6. «)o«, No. 7, Tll.markedCoates's the intention is to say (rlu). The
pron. as lying between (sa'^n, s<s'un), r, printed (r) in the text, I presume
another speaker said (sa'ttn), which I to be TH.'s (r), p. 293, ns the
have adopted, as it harmonises with true (r) seems to be unknown in these
the following da'ti. — thitigf obs. St. regions,
(thiqk) in No. 7.
Further Examples ; all observed by TH.
Var. ii. Wbst Dbrbt.
1. MiddletoH'by' Wirkeworthy spec, concocted by people of "Wirksworth, to shew
how much * broader * the miners at Middleton speak.
(wIbt vrt gu;«n, ssri ? A)m gu;in daa^n t« :wasii ftnr « paa^nd « paaMv),
where art going, sirrah r [a common and not disrespectful address].
I*m going down to Wirksworth for a pound of powder. Compare
D 23, Ex. 6, p. 357.
2. Wirkeworth, nBn]z s't«t Bn)t; if dhi dti^s'^nv, a)1 tlaaU dh»), lend us hold on
it ; if thee does not, I'll clout thee, (dlia)z gjst'n v n/u psBr b ba'ats an),
thou hast gotten a new pair of boots on. (dhi Ilaau it :jiil :blok), they
callen it Yme Block = log.
3. Idridgchay (3 s. Wirksworth). (iz dhat s*r dw^n jb thiqk P), is that her do-en
you think? (nan t* hi ss'tn), none [s=not, as often] to be seen. (dh«)n
gjan it tBTB rw^qg wtigniBn), they have-n given it to [euphonic r] a wrong
woman.
4. Flaeh (7 nne.Leek, St.) (B'i)z b bad* mA*n, s'i wM^nst barsd thrM^pBus AApBui
of mB'i, Bn B't)z nivBr piid mi bak BgJB*n), he*s a bad man, he once
borrowed threepence halfpenny off me, and he's never paid me back again.
5. AlsUmeJIeld (9 e.Leek, St.) (a ths'tft b bB'i;in in* fBr b raid wi itti^m* t* ns'it*,
bBT A)m disift), I thot^ht of being in for a ride with Thomas [who has a
conveyance] to-night, but I'm deceived.
6. Martin ff ton (7 sw.Bakewell, Db.). The following very old joke was told TH.
at Ashbourne for Hartington as local, and pal. by him, and then inserted
by a friend in conventional spelling in the Derbyshire Advertiser and
North Staffordshire Journal of 16 Dec. 1887, as a dialogue between
two old women at Hartington.
[ 1873 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
442 THE MID MIDLAND. [D 26, V i.
(A. <*, ipaT, aa* dw st ds'u, tm aa* du z dh)a'tid rnVn da'w P — B. ee, wdi ■'•)b
dp'd.— A. d|B d ! Bn pridhi aa» lu^qg az i bin d|E'd ? — B. wdi, if R'»)d
Itvd til temaTB mA^rntn, B'i]d v bin d^sd v fiirtn/t. — ^A. vn pridhi wot
d|Eth did i dB'JP— B. wrfi, B'i 8it)im daa^n i)th ta'« innt t|iBr, un IbI
fast BslE'tp, Bn wBn i wak*nt, s'i wot stuun d|B*d. — A. :lard blss bs !
wB'i)OT E iBr tBdii Bn gA'n jistBrdii.) — A. Eh, Poll, how doet do, and
how does the old man do ? — B. Eh, why, he's d^. — A. Dead ! and
prithee how long has he been dead?— B. Why, if he*d lived till to-
morrow morninff, he'd have been dead a fortnight.— A. And prithee,
what death did he die P— B. Why, he sit him down in the two-armed
chair and fell fast asleep, and when he wakened, he was stone dead. —
A. Lord, bless us ! we are here to-day and gone yesterday.
Var. iii.
7. Bolsover. (aat i)t* km), out in the air. (i)t* m^kit aaI), in the market hall.
fed bi)t' kjariBr), go by the carrier, (r/id t' prrpBr), read the paper,
(raand t* taan), round the Uiwu. (ii WM^d)ut gJEt it wt/il dhiz ma'miu), he
would not get it till this morning, (stop Bt wazm), stop at home, (dhe
WOT tBlin JB, b'ik), they were telling you, like = so to speak, (i do)nt
kJBBr, as tB gJBtin it P), I don't care, nast thou gotten it P
Vak. i. Northern South Peak cwl.
compiled from wn. by TH. from South Peak, exclusive of those marked in the cs.-
B Bradwell (:bradB^ (9 ne.Buxton), pal. 1876.
Bd Bamford (rbAAmiBrt) (12 ne.Buxton), pal. 1876.
C Castleton (10 ne.Buxton), pal. 1873-9.
H Hathersage (:adhBrsit|) (12 ne.Buxton), pal. in 1876, mostly from very old
people, b. about 1810, 1794, 1793, and 1782.
E Eyam (:ii*im) (10 ene.Buxton), pal. 1876.
T Tides well (:tid2B) (6 ene. Buxton), where the dialect has altered within
twenty years, pal. 1865-77.
Notes. — (d|avBrBr) jabberer, (v) for (b) by a man b. 1810 at Hathersage. —
'» possessive usually omitted.— (kh) strongly pron. by grandfather of the CasUeton
informant, and lightly by his father.
£'
I. Wessex AND Norse.
A- 4 £ tak, t^d [took]. 6 B mak, mae, m^, B'i)z nx'wt' t*)m^ ns'nt' an'
le's nought to make nought on]. 6 CH m^. 20 B Xeem, 21 C n^m.
__] 39 B ka'wm. 43 B ant and. — B sand [sand]. 61 C mA'n. — B pan
[pan]. 64 B want. 65 B as. k: or 0: 58 B frH'tt. 60 H Iw^qg. 64 C
raqg, E rw^qg. A'- 67 E guu. 69 HCET xa!u. 70 C tuu. 73 BT sa'i*.
74 HE t«'Ci [from man b. 1782]. 76 BE tuud. 81 BH loon l<«i, C loon, E \een,
82 B A WHUst [at once]. 84 B m(iOT. 86 C uuts dts. 87 T tluuz. 89 B
buadh. 97 C sa'ifl. A': 101 H ilk [man of 66]. 104 B mud [old],
T rood. 106 C brtid". 107 C liif [pi. (luuvz)]. 108 C diif . 115 B wa'm,
WA'm, H wa'm, E w6m. 118 B buun. 122 B ua'u [=not]. 124 BHC rtuun.
— C ruup rdp [rope]. 132 B wat, C wat. 137 B noodhBr.
M' 138 CT«^Br. 144 H BgJB'n. 152 BCT wMw watsr. M: 161
BH dM, CE dii. 172 B grss. M'- 182 B sii. 192 £ nuin. 197 BE
tjB'iz. 200 C wiit. M: 207 E nB'id'l. 212 E wB'i. 214 B niidhwr.
218 E shBip. 224 H wlBr. 225 H flash. 228 E swiit.
E- 231 th [generally]. 233 C sp<t^k. 241 E riin. 243 ET pW. — B
eei [eat]. 251 B m^ft, H miit. £: 260 B Iii. 261 C s«e, £ sii. 262 C
wiL 263 H Bwu. — BC fB'ilt [field]. 270 £ baliz [bellows]. £'- 290
BH B'i ki fi. 291 B dhBB, C dhB^i. 292 B mBB, C mE'i. 293 £ wb'i. 299
CT gTB'in. F: 305 B di, 312 BE b'sbt. 314 C iBrd.
[ 1874 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 26, V i.] THE MID MIDLAND. 443
EA: 322 C laf . 326 B n'ud. 328 BET kja'wd. 330 H a'tid [the noun is
in T (a'«t) a hold]. 333 B kxT. 334 C aav, A'pni [halfpenuyl 337 E wa'm.
341 Bd maro Hw the souse of match, fellow], EA'- 347 B JE'd. EA':
350 B dE'd, C did'. 353 C hra'd. 355 E diif. 360 H tiim. 366 C griit.
EO- 387 B n/u jbz drc [New Year's dav]. E(>: — B a*m [liem =theml.
394 B jondur joud. 395 H jw^qg. 399 ET biB'it. 402 C iK'rn. EO -
410 BEH a'M, II «r'u [man of 82]. 411 BII thrs't. — B trsE [tree]. EO':
— E kiiiftd [crowd]. 425 BT lE'it, H 1/it [uinu of 94]. 427 H hs^i. 428 E
SEE sB'i, H sEi, B sB'id [see'd, saw]. 437 C tr/uth. EY- 438 BC dE'i.
I- 440 BH WBik. — ffji [give]. 444 B stiil. I: 458 BCT UB'it.
459 H r/it [man of 66], VE'd [niau of 82]. 462 T sE'it. 468 B tj*ldor. 469
E w/ij wuJjBi [will yn\i]. 475 B w«md I'- 492 II sa/d. 494 B Utm, V:
C dfl'ttj fditch]. 500 H Idik. 605 B waif. — BE c^ [hay].
O- — Be sma'uk [smoke], smE'tk [(smB'ikJ v. ap})licd to a chimney or
kiln, (sma'uk) to smoke a pipe of tobacco], T smook. 519 II 6\vt, 522 B op'n.
623 Bd oop. 0: — T kjawk [cook]. 625 Bd A'f of [offj. 628 H tha'wt.
631 H da'irt'tir. 637 B ma'wd. — B na'ii [knoll]. 641 CII ww )nB. 644 Bd
kara d£n [come then, speaking to children]. 0'- 655 C shtr'u shw^f, T
shor'un rshoesl. 656 B ta'w. 667 H taw [man of 66]. 668 BC la'«k. 659
B mujoivr, C madhar. 660 BTE skja'Ml. 562 BC ma'un, H mct'nn [man of
94], mice'un [man of 661. 664 B sa im, E sauBr [sooner]. ()': 669 E ba'wk.
670 C ta'ttk. 671 H jptji. 679 BE inuj, 680 C tai kh [old], tokh [older].
682 E kjatU. 586 BIIC da't#. 687 C da'iin. 688 BCT na cm, H mv'un [man
of 66]. 691 H mCkBr. — T gja'fffl [poose].
U- 603 BC kam. 606 BC daV„ E duur [at E. {ddwr) is gen., (da'r) rare].
607 B hu Vv^T [the dentals heard from several old people, out they have gen. died
out]. U: — H Wi«n, E baan. 616 BII paand. 619 T fw^u. 632 B w^P-
634 H thrcr'u [man of 82]. — C riiMsti [rusty]. U'- 641 E h. 643 B naa, H
ukii [men of 66 and 82], E inJudK [e'en now, directly]. 660 E ubaat. 651 C
bk/it. U': — H tikiid [cloudl. 655 C iiiu [ugly]. 658 BHE daan,
CUE d^Ltin. 659 BE taan. — H doon [down feathers]. 663 HC km [from
men of 66 and 82]. 667 B hi, 671 B maath.
Y- 673 B mitj. 679 H tjartj. Y: 686 H hdi. — E spard [speered,
inquired after, here meaning asked in church by banns]. 702 BT ws'i, wtdh.
n. Ekolish.
A. 714 C lar. — C baqk, ba(^z [bank, banks]. I. and Y. — E ^•/•iBk
[lilac, not (Wlek), a common older torm]. 0. 761 Hluud, Eluud'n [loaded].
— B dag [dog], C dag.
in. BOHANCE.
A •• 811 H pl^'vz [places, man of 82]. — T kJEtj [in the sentence (dhwrjz b
trap' d|w^8t Jifdvr, bur ioo kan)B kjstj it, jb noon) there's a trap just before, but you
can) not catch it, you know-en]. 822 E mii. — CE pii tpay]. 824 T tjiBT.
830 T triin. — C tllBr tlBiBr [clear]. 833 E jwHir. — B groon gion [grand,
in grandsire (groonsBr), etc.]. 8ol B eeni fformcrly (uoont)]. — C sooser fflaucer],
864 T bikooz. — B fVs [false]. — H t ravilin [travelling, the old dental
heard from a man of 94]. £ •• 867 BHC tu. — Bd fEsr [a fair]. I ..
mdX' 898 B nrfist. O- 913 C k»*^tjmBn [coachman!. — BC bs'tf
[beef]. — H sa'tl, E sail [soil]. 926 C vd%». — B sQurt [sort]. 939 H tlds.
— C tuust [toast]. 940 BT kuut. 947 B ba'il, E bdil. 965 M daa>t. U ..
— E wiit [wait]. 966 B a'il, E oil. 969 E sha'uBr. — H Jw'uat [used], E
dhi Jiiz'n [they use, man of 84].
[ 1876 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
444 THE MID MIDLAND. [D 26, V ii.
Yar. ii. Western Derbyshire and £a8t Staffordshire cwL
from wn. by TH. at
(I.) w.Db.
Mb Matlock Bath.
C Cromfonl (1 s.Matlock Bath}.
M Middleton-by-Wirkfiworth (2 sw. Matlock Bath).
W Wirksworth (3 ssw.Matlock Bath).
JF That part of W. taken in 1876 from 8. Simpaon, b. 1800.
I Idridgehay (lidiid^ee) (6 ssw.Matlock Bath).
(2.) e.St.
F Flash (7 nne.Leek), wn. 1880 by TH. from Pickford, b. 1835, and family,
and Coatcs, b. 1843, natives.
A Alstonefield (lA'rsfad) (9 e.Leek).
R Rocester (:rooetBr) (15 ese. Stoke}.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 4Ft<vtak. 8F«?. 19Ft«?l. 2lFnr<TO. — Wgjam [game]. A:
60 TFUi^qz. 61 F mA'n. 64 /Twant. 66 JFF wnsh. A: or 0: 64 FI
rttoOff. A'- 69 F na'i* nof'u nO«. 74 IFA ta'i*. 76 F tuud. 82 W ww^ns.
— F gruun [groan]. 84 MbF ma«r. 86 F (its. 87 I tluuz. 89 W bundh. 92
F noo. 93 TF snoo, F sn/ii [old people formerly!. A': 102 R sks. 104
F rood. 116 W woom, F wx'm «)whrm [at home] wdm. 117 M won, F t)A'n
[the one]. 118 JTF bunn. 119 C gun. 122 I (non). 123 R nu^thiqk. 124
MF stuun. — ?rF rop [rope]. 131 JF got.
M' 138 JTF fwdhtir. 143 WF tiif. 144 W tojto. 162 F w«ft«r.
M: 161 MbF dii. 172 MbF grEs. 173 Mb wo'r. JR'- 189 JF wfi.
196 Mb ms'/ni, WF moni. 197 MbFR tp'»z. 200 F wiit. j£': 207
F n6/ld. 210 TTtlii. 214 WR niidhvr. 218 TT shB'tp. 222 F hi«r. 223
^dhiOT. 224 M wiur, F whiw.
E- 233 F spiik. 241 F riin. 243 W plii. — F bsBr [to bear]. — IF
lit [eat], 261 W^miit. E: — MF fatj [fetch]. 261 W sii. 262 F wii.
266 W strE'it. 270 F bait. 287 F bB'izBmz. E'- 290 MFR b'i. 291
WR dhB'i. 292 WFR ms'i. 299 F grs'in. 800 WF kJBip, W kB'ip'n.
E': 312 W B'iOT. 314 F i«ird. — JF ts'/th [teeth].
EA- — W eel [ale]. EA: 322 ^bf , Flaf [(lakh) mother and grand-
father of Coates]. 328 F ka'wd. 330 WR B'ttd [sb. (a'trt)]. 333 F kx'f.
334 F AAf. 338 W kxA, F kJBl (dht WA'nkjsln «v raWodhm-) they [the children]
one call-en of=on another]. — F sA^t [salt]. 340 M Jord JArd. EA'-
347 Mb jB'd, F [(1/it jhsdBd) light-headed]. EA': 360 F dy^a'd. 366 F
dif. 369 }F niiW. 366 F grut. EI- 376 MbA riiz.
EO: 388 W milk. 399 F brB'tt. — JF ban [bunn, F bru^nt [bnmed].
EC- 410 F a'u, a'«. — F nh6» [knee]. — F flikh [flea, mother and_grand-
father of Coates]. 411 WR thrB'/. 412 I [(a'r) used]. 415 M Itii [a lie].
EO': 424 F rw.kh [mother and grandfather of Coates]. 426 F iB'it. 426 F
fBit. 428 MbFR sb'i. 437 F tre'wth. EY- 438 F ds'i.
I- — Fw<k'. — Wgji [give]. 442 F mz. 446 R nam. I: 462
Mit. — Fbr.d. 468 MF nB^t, R nA'^it. 459 FR rB'it. 461 F &« 16»U dha
konv [how lights-it, — happens it, — thou cannot]. 487 F Jtst^rdii. — JF dat
[dirt]. r- 494Mt<S«m. I': 600 F lailc. 604 F nhdif . 606 FwB'if.
— F hii [hay]. 608 MR nulil. 609 F whB'il.
0- — W smook [smoke, v]. 0: 526 F kakh [mother and grandfather of
Coates]. 627 Fba'iA. 628 Ftha'wt. 631 Fda'trtw. 632 Fkool. 635 Wfok.
— M ta'iil [toll]. 641 C WKjna. 644 F tin [(j«o<lgw tm dh^t) younger than
that]. — JF 8k(iOT [score]. — JF a's [horse more used than (t*t) tit]. 0'-
666 F shoj'un [shoon pi.]. 668 I Iti^k, F Wuk la'wk. 669 W»^FR modhw.
560 JF ska'Ml, F sk8*f#l. 662 JFR mawn, F mo'wn. 664 F sa'wn. 667 F
t)M„dh«r. 0': 670 F t<s'nk. 684 JTsta'wl. 686 F dfi^'n da'u. 687Fda'Hn.
688 MR na'tm. 691 A ma'ioir. — ^ta'«th [tooth]. 694 ^Tbx'ift, F be'tit.
[ 1876 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 26, V ii, iii.] TUB MID MIDLAND. 445
U- 603 V^ir kinn, F k.im n. 605 F sw^n. 606 MI d(iw, F da'r. U:
612 F BHjm. 614 /F an'nd, [Imt] v pnk' w dwnz [apnck of hounds]. 616 M
paa»nd. 016 //' f?ma>iul. 032 W itjn. — TF far [a fir]. U'- 640 Mb
k\(w, 642 AV dim. 643 WU imaS U naa. 648 R aa>r. 660 MI tjbaa t, W
tilKuit. 6.53 F bur. U': 654 F srawd. 655 F faw. 668 M^Fdaa'n, WU
[b(>t\vccn] daahi dann, FA diittn, AR daa^n. 663 IF iIm, III k\ F km, 667
WIR ii% F (ittt. 671 F m(i//tli.
Y- 677 F drrfi. 679 W tjartj. Y: 700 F was'. — /Fshat' [shirt].
702 M wb'i. Y'- 707 fF thattBin. Y': 709 F idim.
n. English.
A. — F baqk [bank]. E. 749 F lift ont [left hand]. I. and Y. 756
F sriinps, O. 761 7F luud. — W dog. 767 W uaiz. U. 805 F
krii^d [cheese curd]. — ^ kal [curl].
III. Romance.
A .. 810 ^y f^. 818 F «dj. — F pii [pay]. 824 7F tiinr. — F tiiin
[chain]. 851 W <rmt. — M stii [stay]. E- 867 MbFtii. — F «ir-
VBut sinriLZs [servant service], R sarv/s. 890 W bis [pi. cows]. — F lE.t'n r
[letter, Coates, Pickford had no dental]. — F kum [hoar]. 894 A disift
[deceived] I- and Y" 901 F f/iin. — M sari [sirrah, not a term of
contempt J. 0- — JT sail [soil]. — B bs'tf [beef]. — A maa'nt [to
mount]. 939 JT tlCis. 940 /F kdt. — M paa'dB [powder], U- —
WF wiit [wait]. 966 W fri'ut'. 969 F sha'uBr.
Var. iii. Eastern Derbtshire cwl.
wn. by TII. except when otherwise stated, exclusive of Brampton, which has a cs.
The places are arranged in order from n. to s.
N Norton (7 nnw.Chesterfield), from the Vicar.
D Dronfield (6 nnw.Chesterfield).
U Unstone (4 nnw.Chesterfield).
W Whittin^n (2 n. Chesterfield).
B BoUover (rba'uzor) (3 e.Chesterfield), no verbal plural in -m.
8u Sutton (4 ese.Chesterfield).
St Stretton (6 s. Chesterfield).
A Ashover (lashvr) (6 ssw.Chesterfield). Beardow, about 65, |)arish clerk, native,
gave (ut) in down tourn, and (at) in ro/md hoMse, but lus son gave (aa*) in
round houn dotm, this is therefore a later form.
M Morton (8 nne.Belpcr).
Hi nigham (7 s. Chesterfield).
Dh Doehill (7 se. Chesterfield, close to Doehill).
C Codnor (6 ene.Belper), and Cv from the Vicar.
Cp Codnor Park (6 ene.Belper).
R Ripley (3 ne.Belper).
Bp Belper (:b'IpB).
Mi MUford (2 s.Belner).
H Heanor (5 ese. Belper), dt. from Mrs. Parker.
I Ilkeston (8 ne.Derby) (:ils*'n), by most working people.
Only a very few words were obtained from each place.
I. Wessex and Norsb.
A- 8 BI b'v. 19 A t^l. 33 A rsBdhBT. A: or 0: 60 I Iw^qg. A'-
67 N g6B, B gn)tn [going]. 70 A tuux [toes]. 72 N \roo. 74 A ta;'u, I ta't#.
84 BR mfiar. 86 N « ts. 93 I snoo. A': 104 DU rQBd. 116 N (iBm, BA
waam, I wam. 117 IH wan. 118 DU b(iBn, R buun. 122 R nan [in the sense
of HoQ, 124 D stCiBn, R stuun. — A rCip frope].
JB- 138 I fffdhBr. 143 A tiil. 152 Cp watBr. JE: 161 NDB dee,
ACCpRI dii, Dh dii [and (ii) for JEQ in several words]. — D kj&rt. M'-
182 DR di, Cv ss'i [or (s^^)]. 193 I tliin. 194 BR oni. 197 D ^/iz, I t|B'ts.
[ 1877 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
446 THB MID MIDLAND. [D 26, V iii, it.
200 ND witit, Ct weet, B wilt. ^': 210 MoCp tlii. 214 A iuidh«r. 223
A dhiw, Bp dhiB-r.
£. 231 NDUAB t* [always;], Mi th. 233 N spB'ik. 241 N rtffn, A riin.
243 CpMil plii, I plB'i [both (ii, b'«) several times]. — A bBBr [a bear]. —
Sa B'tt [eatj. 251 Sa lUB'tt. E: 263 Cp vwii. 265 Cp strB'it. £'-
290 Bpl Et. 292 IBp mB't. 294 Ct fiod, B fs'td. £*: 312 Cp i«.
£A: 326 DCpB aVd. 328 DBAB ka'ud, 331 A Bt'ud. 332 B tsld.
333Nkoof. 335CpAA. 338 CpkAA. 343 A w&rm. 346 Cp gJB't. £A'-
348 A /in [eyes]. — N d6u [dewl. EA': 360 Cv timn. 361 Cv bi«M, B
biinz. EI- 376 A bit. EO: 392 Cp Jonz. — B dlirk [dark]. 396
CpwHk. 399 N broVt, A bwfit. EO'- 410 Mi .B'tt. 411 CpBthrB'i. —
C tTB'i [tree]. 412 N shu. — CvB ws'id. 4 16 N lo'i. 416 B d6w. EO':
425 N Iiit Firit, A Ifit. 426 Wit. 428 BI sil. 431 A bSur.
I- 446 N no'm, Dh iia"iii. — NDCv ps'/z [pease], B piiz. I: 465 N
1/g. 458 A n/it. N niit, P n/it, no'it, HDh ns'it, B [between] n<iit nx^'tt. 462
N so'it. 466 N tp'tld. 473 N bb'md. 477 N fo'md. 487 A JistBrdu. 488
B Jit. r- 492 Hi SA'^id. 496 U o'txnm. V: 500 NB b'lk, B la'ik. 502
N fo'tV, A fciiv. 608 U ma^il. 509 B wa'^il wrfil. 610 DW ma^in.
0- — A smook [smoke], 519 B avw. 0: — DB frag [frog]. — N
fag [fog, between u and oj. 528 B tha'Mt 529 B bra'iit. — B marram
rmoming]. 0'- 555 B shcp'n. 556 B tB [for the inf. not (t')], I ta'u. 569
B mw^dhBT, I madhBT. 560 B skja'ul, Mi ska'til. 562 N muun [that is, as
being rec. pr. no mark was put against, but (mor'un) would have been treated in
the same way], D mcr'Cin, Ct miun, BI ma'im, etc. 564 Mi sa'im. 0':
579 N vnuj. 586 CpB da'». 5K8 ACpI na'im, Ct nlun, D ncr'dn.
U- 603 B kw^min [coming], Cp. lu/p [come up, to a cow]. 605 A smji.
606 Cp. d(iii. U: — D b&MU [boun going, see 658]. 615 N p&imd, Cp
paa>nd!, U p6ind. 616 A gr&ind. — A ww^noOT [wonder]. 632 Bp w^p. 634
Cp throj'u. U'- [B (aa) normal (aa»)]. 640 N k&n. 643 NB naa, CpBp
naa^ 648 B aar. 650 B vWvtj A vb&tt [see 616, only two instances heoidt,
HCpI BbaaH. XT': [MoDh rather (aa>) than aajl. 658 D d&wn [from people
of good education], B w daan, StACpBI cha^n, I da'an, UA d&in. 669 D tkun
[see 658], BW taan, U t&tn. 663 N kus, H k^a\ BBp aa^s. 667 B aat, HiBpI
i»t, U kit, 671 I m^Hh.
Y- 679 Cp t|atj. Y: 690 N ko'ind. 691 N ma'tnd, I nulind. 694
Bp wark.
n. English.
0. — D dag [dog]. 767 I na'iz, D n6?z.
m. BOMANCE.
A •• — A UfVl [table]. 811 A pl^. — DB p«f [pay], ACvB pii. 866 B
p(iB. E- 867 Cv Ue, I tii. 890 N biust. 891 N fiBst, A fist. — Cp
SE'ip'l [people]. 893 Cp A&mb, fl^u. I- andY- — 900 N kro'i [cryj.
I .. — D b/if [beef], Mi bB'if. 920 Cp pa'int. — B vkaant [account]. —
B raand [roundj, I raa'nd. — NCv rtiBst [roast], AB riist. — NC t^Bst
[toast], AB tCisf. 940 A kuut. 947 B b6tl. — B kraan [crown]. \J "
966 t)B 6tl, I a'il. 969 B shw'uBr.
Vak. iv. SorTHERN Derbyshire cwl.
wn. by TH.
Q Quamdon (3 nnw. Derby).
A Alvaston (lAAVBstBn) (3 ese. Derby), said to be under refining influence of Derby.
C Chellaston (rtjBlistBn) (4 sse.Derby).
S Stenson (4 ssw. Derby).
B Bepton (rrBp'n) (7 sw. Derby), just s. of the Trent.
1. "Wessex Ain) Norse.
A- 8 B ^. A'- 76 B tuud. A': 118 S buun. 124 S stuun.
[ 1878 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 26, V iv. D 27.] THE MID AND EAST MIDLAND. 447
M- 138 S ff«ihB. 152 SR wftrtnr. JE: 161 A d« [refined], CSR dii [not
refined]. M'- 182 S sii. 200 S wiit. M'-. 218 Q sheip, R ship'.
— R stra'tt [street].
E- Q th, A th dh, S th dh [the latter before vowels and perhaps voiced
consonants]. 232 R br^k. E'- 290 R e'». 292 R mE'i. 294 S fs'td.
299 Sgns'tn. 300 S kJB'tp. EA- 317 R flii. EA: 322 R lof. 326
8 aW. 328 S ka'wd. 330 R [sub. (a't/t)]. 331 S sa'ud. 332 SR ta'wd.
333 S kA'f. EA': 360 R ^eM. 360 R tiira. 361 S biinz. — R d/uu [dew].
EG: — S daa^rk [dark]. 399 S brs'tt. EG'- — S trE'i [tree]. — S
WBid [weed]. 417Rtj/uu. EG': 425 R kit. 426 S fE'tt. 428 R sE'i.
I: 458 S ntit, R ndit, R nB'it. 462 S s/it. I'- [A a't]. 492 S said.
V: 603 R laif .
0- — S smok smCik [smoke]. 0'- 656 R tiu. — R f/ud [food, from
incumbent]. 559 R madhw. 662 SR m/un. 564 S s/un. 0': 578 S
pla'u pl6ii. 686 R d/u. 588 8 n/un. 589 R sp/un. 594 R btut [from
incumbent].
U: 615 R pe&and. U'- 640 Q kj&uz. 643 R n^&M [see p. 426].
U': [at A (^»«)]. 658 SR d^a»im, R daa'n. 659 Q tfctin, S ta'wn t^»i<ii,
R taa^n. 663 8 ek^m, 667 R l&tft.
n. English.
I. andX, — S kik [they kill-en for meat]. 0. — SR dog [dog].
U. — 8 ta'im [tune].
m. Romance.
A- — R pii [pay]. E- 867 A tii. O- — Q b^if [beef], S
bE'tf. 921 R Bkiromt. 939 AS tluus. — R tCist [toast]. — R riist [roast],
941 Sfa***!. — R tm^bn [trouble]. 947 8 bo'il. U- 965 Rail. 969
6 sha'wBT. — 8 ma'ttzik [music], It m/uzik. 971 8 fla'tft [flute].
D27 = EM. = Ea8t Midland.
Boundaries, Those of I^t. Sufficient is not known to assume
any other houndaries, and pronunciation is tolerably homogeneous
throughout the county, quite distinct from D 20 to the e., and
D 26 to the w., hut not sufficiently distinct from D 24 at its
extreme n., or from D 29 at its extreme s., to mark a line of
separation with any confidence. The resemblance to D 26 was
apparently much greater, in 1844 than at present. But no other
houndaries could be safely assumed.
Area. That of Nt.
Authorities, See County List under the following names in Nt., where * means
vv. per AJE., t per TH., || so., ° in io.
**Beckinffham, ♦f Bingham, ®Bl^h, tBulwell, tEast Retford, tEastwood,
®tFinningTey, ''Gringley, t Kirkby-in-Ashfield, ''Laxton, fMansfleld, t Mansfield
Woodhouse, °Mattersev, *'Mi88on, "Misterton, tNewark, tNorth Carlton, ° North
Wheatley, fNottingham, °Radcliffe, °Rempstone, fSouthwell, °Sutton, ^Walesby,
t Worksop.
Characters, The present pron. must he very modem, and due to
education, because it agrees so much with rs. TH. was, however,
fortunate enough to find from two families at Bulwell (4 nnw.
Nottingham) a direct proof of the change since 1844. He learned
that the words keen^ feet^ rain, lane, nighty which are now there
called (kiin, fiit, keen.^ Wn, ndit), that is, practically, in rp., were in
[ 1879 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
448 THE EAST MIDLAND. [D 27.
1844 called (IcJE'in, fE'it, riin, lE'in, nE'it\ of which the first three
really agree with 1) 26. It is principally lor this reason that I have
considered it proper to group this district with D 25, 26. In the
same place he also found an instance of the verhal plural in -^n, (if
w» worn tAAktn tu « shepord dag'), if we were-n talking to a
shepherd dog. The speaker was a labourer bom in 1801 in the
house where he resided in 1879. This was, however, the only
instance that TH. heard.
The characteristic pron. is that the U' words 8. of Worksop and
East Retford have (aa), varying occasionally to (ati, a*'a,) and
even (aa), but the first element is enunciated in a particular way.
According to TH.'s observations, the vertical opening of the lips
remains as for (a), but the horizontal length is abnormally in-
creased, and the teeth are (juite free from the side walls of the
mouth. The effect of this is, he says, to introduce a faint (i e)
before the (a), thus (dLeaan) down, and this was probably the
sound intended when I appreciated (difun) in Mr. F. Miles' pron.
from Bingham. Generally, I apprehend that it is not so much the
shape as the area of the ox)ening of the mouth which affects the
vowel sound, and I regard TH.'s description as rather that of his
own organs when attempting to imitate the sound, than the
practice of natives themselves. The effect can certainly be pro-
duced without this peculiar mouth opening. North of Worksop
and East Retford, U' seems to be generally (aw).
Nt. also lies in the teeth region, that is, where the def. art. appears as (dhv, t^,
th), and the (th) is sometimes assimilated to a following (s). The regular usage
is (dhv), then (th) and its (s) form, and finally (t*). Thus TH. heard at Worksop
(ii)th rM^q aas] of the wrong house, at Bulwell (A)m th^last &at «)th miurktt) I*m
tiie last out 01 the market, and at Kirkhj (Ist mi idi th)at on) let me tie the hat
on, hut (dh) is used occ. hefore a vowel, as (dh)&ai86) the house, heard at Mans-
field. Examples of the assimilated (s) form are, from Mansfield and Worksop
(frimi)8)8kuul) from the school, from Bulwell (tB^s)8kuul) to the school, from
Mansfield and Worksop (dont tEk)8)8ti«f,nt) don*t take the stunt, don't he sulky,
from Newark Q)zpW(^r»n)s signvl) ne*s pulling the signal. Examples of (t*) are
from Mansfield Woodhouse {V tjdtld, tB)t' duv) the child, to the door, {kw V
lu ng/st d^) have the longest day.
The r not before a vowel is practically lost, as TH. was told at Bingham, or
TocaUsed, but TH. very frequently writes it in. Such an (r) is, however, nearly
W or (0.
The A generally disappears.
There are very few pieculiar words or expressions, as (-ssn) for -M{/*and itfallt,
probably. Boys (jo) you, i,e, use you in speaking to each other.
The sp. is therefore like rs. without the vanishes and with (uJ)
for (a). It is almost entirely free from fractures, which abound in
the adjoining D 20.
NOTTIKOHAMSHIBE dt.
from Mansfield Woodhouse (2 n.Mansfield), pal. in 1879 by TH. from diet, of a
labourer, native, 59, and in all cases of oifferent usage compared with others,
also pal. by TH. from diet, of other natives from
B Bulwell (4 nnw.Nottingham), retired labourer, 78.
M Mansfield, patten-maker, 68 to 60.
[ 1880 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D27.] THB EAST MIDLAND. 449
N Newark, from a butcher.
R East Retford (7 e-by-n.Worksop), from the lock-keeper, 71.
W Worksop (rwasBp), from a porter at the canal wharf, 66.
1. [wE*l N, niu II] A see, tjaps [ladz R, m^ds M], jo [jb B] si
naa dhct A^m rE'it [rdtt BMNR] cbaat [abftwt R] dhat liVl gJEl
[gJErl MNW, gje*l fi, las R] kWointii frem Jon skuul LfrBm)8 skuul
JondBr N],
2. 8hi)z gu*m daan [dawn R] dh« rood dhfu [dh^r R, dh^B W]
thniu diiB rEd gjeet on dhB lEft and sdid n)dh rood [bv dhB rood
BM, N and R omit the words «v dhB w&t WJ.
3. hiuk ! rA)m shmr N, shuB muj R] f [dht? BWM] t|dt ld)z
gA'n strE'ft [strdtt R] w^p tB)t' [tB dhB BMJf, tB)th W] duB bv
dliB [d(JB B)th W] roq [rw^q BWJ fias [inclined to (aws ;].
4. wfB 8hi)l ap'n [mB^bi B] fdmd dhat dnioqk'n JeI [dlf B]
Wfz'nd [sloqkt Nj IeIb kAld :tom.
6. wi aaI noo tm vet* we^I.
6. wE'tnt [wdnt MRJ dh» a'ud [a'uld BW] tjap suun tttj [laan
N] Br nat tB du it BgJEn, puB thtq !
7. luuk [iM^k JB N, djttost luuk W] ! iz'nt tt trlh [tra?'u BM,
truu R] ? B toud JB shi wbf Tu^q N].
A few insi^ficant varianta have been omitted.
This eives a practical uniformity with only an occasional yariety of {(lu) for
Othee Examples Dictated to TH.
1. At Bingham, being an old woman's account of what she said
to a clergyman who asked her for subscriptions [(ju sii, sKr, sez dt,
d«)v BUtt^f tB d\i wtdh wot lit*l d< eV tB gjtv bw^^, bu a Idik tB gi
it mt'sE'n, Bn dhKn a noo dhB)l gJEt ft), you see, sir, says I, I've
enough to do with what little I have to give away, and I like to
give it myself, and then I know they'll get it.
2. At Mansfield (i)z got it on tm tBUA'^tt), he's got it on him — ^is
tipsy — ^to-night.
BiNOHAM (7 e. Nottingham).
fragments of the cs. (1) as pal. by AJ£. from diet, of Mr. Frank Miles, artist,
son of the former rector, marked M, and (2) as pal. in 1879 by TH. from
diet, of Mr. Henry Doncaster, a native and retired tradesman, marked D.
The numbers in ( ) shew the paragraphs of the cs. where the passages occur.
M (4) 6.i)m saattn it hiisd Bm see — dhaet d» d«d secf nnuj.
D d»)m saatin shuB[r at iBd Bm see — dhat di did set vnu^i
M — (6) dhaet dh)ood ww^mBU BSElf (8) fEund dhB drwqk'n biis.
D — dhBt dh)a'Md ww^mBu btseu f^^ond dhB dr^Qqk'n biis.
M (7) wot d)juu thiqk? (9) shi siid tm wi hBr oon o'lz lo't'iq
D wAr)B)JB thtqk ? shi siid tm wi Br oon diz, dE'd
M dsun on)th grn'trnd, tloos bo'i dhB duuur ba b hEUS. (13) bu
D drM^qk on dhB gra^and, BgJE^n tz oon a'os ddn. nn
X.X. Pron. Part V. [ 1881 ] 120
Digitized by LjOOQIC
450 THE BAST MIDLAND. [D 27.
H d)rB noo? (11) dhat hapt on « washtn dee vz sbii «n bt
D dhat ap'nd on dh)w£shin dee, vs shii isn tir
M da!utBT in Iaa kam thruu dhv bsek jaad frem iqin s'tit dhB wEt
D dafutBT in Iaa kam thruu dh« bak^ jaad frem iqtn d^at dhB w£t
M tlooz tB drii. (1) uu kiiBZ [k^eBz] ? (14) di)m b goo'in boom
D tluuz tB didi. uu kcBLrz Bbd^at joo ? A)m gu'tn bm)
M tB BupB. gttd no'it.
D p')mi sM^pBLr. gu^d UATit [ndit].
This shews a few points of difference, principally in the IT' and I' words. I
am not certain if I appreciated Mr. Miles correctly as (b'u) in place of (k'a) for
the first, and for the second, which varied from (ki) to (a'i), the (di) of Doncaster
was probahly more correct. But under these circumstances I do not consider it
adrisahle to give more of Mr. Miles* Tersion and words, with which he so
ohligingly furnished me. Transcripts from natural dialect speakers are always
more satisfactory than from gentlemen who can only speak from memory, based
possibly upon an originally incorrect appreciation.
NOTTINOHAHSHIBE Cwl.
Containing the principal wn. by TH. from natives at Bingham, Nottingham,
Bulwell, Mansfield, Mansfield Woodhouse, Newark, Southwell (.-sw^dhil),
Worksop, and £ast Retford. The general sameness, as shewn by the dt.,
renders it unnecessary to distinguish the places.
I. Wessex. aitd Norse.
A- 4 t&k. 8 b'y. 18 VjeeV. 21 n^vnn. A: — kjat [cat, observe
(k^t) cart]. A: or 0: 60 Iwpq. 64 rM^q. A'- 67 ^oo, gu, gu*tn. 69
n6o noo. 73 soo. 81 \een. 86 c/ts, ikts. A': 104 'rood. 115 oom 6m a'm
Hvm. 117 WAU won. 118 b^n. 123 nUothiqk. 124 st6on sto'sn.
JE' 138 faadhB fefdhv. — Isdhv [ladder]. — st^z [stairs]. JE: lo9
b'2. 161 dee, — kit [cart]. M- 193 Uiin. 197 tjiias. JE': 209
nivB. 212 wee. 224 wiB.
£- 231 th, dh«, dh, i\ 233 spiik sp^k. 243 pl^ple'i. 251 miit.
£: 262 wee. 265 stniSt strait. 278 wsnsh. £'- 299 griin. F:
312 in. 314 t«|.rd.
£A: 324B'tt. 326 a'ud. 328 ks'tid. 330 6f/d. 332 ta'ud [usually (tsld)].
334 fpBth [halfpenny worth]. 335 aaI. 340 jaad. 346 gj<>H. EA'- 347
B'd. £A': 355 dEf. 360 tium. 361 bun, bivu. 366 grM gTEt [usually
(big)]. EI- 372 aa. £1: 377 st4ik. EO: — jal« [yellow]. 396
wak. 402 laan. EO'- — tri [tree]. £0': 426 fE'it. 435 jo joo.
436 trtu, trifU. 437 truuth. EY- 438 ddi dx^t.
I: — bad [bird]. 458 natt. 459 roit rB'it. 465 sit;. 466 [between]
tp'tld t|a«ld. 487 JistBrd^. T- 492 [between] SA'id adid.
0- 519 OTB. 0: — traf [water trough]. 528 tha'frt. 531 dAAt«.
541 wont w^t WB'int. 550 wa^rd. 0'- 555 shuu. 658 luuk. 559
iodhn [fodder]. 560 skuul. 564 suun. 567 t' tM^dher. 0': 578 pla'ti
[with laterally elongated mouth opening, see p. 448]. 579 vnu^f. 587 dw.n.
U- 606 a£lB. 607 huAn. U: 612 sUomBt [somewhat]. 616 grLca/md.
629 SM n. 632 M^p. U - 643 n&a, [between] n^ n&^a (ai Bingham], nhi
uaa n&^ 650 nbaat. XT': 658 dl^tm [mouth as for 578], d&aan d[e&an
daan. 603 ftas [as for 578], iits. 667 Aet [as for 578], fiat k'at hi.
Y- 679 tjatj. Y: 694 [between] wokin wakin [workiug]. Y'- 706 wai.
[ 1882 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 27, 28.] THE BAST AND SOUTH MipLAND. 451
n. Enoush.
I. and Y. 768 gJBl [uncommon]. 0. 767 nfiiz. 789 mu. U. 796
bl/u. 805 kardz )auj^.
m. EOMANCE.
A- 810 tea, E*. 888 saatin. 890 Mbs [pi. cowb]. I- afui T-
898 [between] nrfist no'tst. 901 [between] frftn f?in. — Barn flari [sirrah].
O.. 947 b<J»I. 948 bdal. — tan [turn]. U- 966 dil. 910 d^uji.
D 28 = w.SM. = western South Midland.
Boundaries. Begin between Flint and Connah*8 Quay in main Fl., n.Wales, on
the river Dee, and follow the CB to Chirk, Dn., on the b. of Sh., and hence pass
in Fl. southwards, leaving Northop and Mold on the w. and Hope on the e.
Entering Dn., deflect slightly to the se., then, passing through Wrexham, go s.
to the e. of Ruabon and w. of Chirk to the b. of Sh. Enter Sh. on the n. sum
line 1, and go se. between Oswestry on the s. and EUesmere on the n. Pass
through Hordley and w. of Upton Magna till you strike the Severn by Atcham
(480. Shrewsbury). Then probably go n., passing e. of Upton Mafpw, Wem,
Whixall, and Frees, but w. of Hodnet, to Whitchurch, Sh., and Wirwall, Ch.
(2 n. Whitchurch). Enter the s. b. of D 26, and proceed along it sw. of Malpas
and e. of Farndon to Aldford and Eccleston, and then, avoiding Chester, to the
Dee, which pursue till the starting-point is reached nw. of Connah^s Quay.
Area, This small district comprises the se. of main or "Welsh
Fl. and ne. of Dn., with the whole of detached or English FL, a
small portion of the n. of Sh. and a still smaller slip to the w. of
Ch. It is a district not well known phonetically, but, thanks to the
exertions of TH., some vpry fair conception of its character may he
formed.
Authorities. See Alphabetical County List under the following names, where *
means w. per AJE., f per TH., || so., ® io.
Wales, Dn. *»Chirk, °tHolt, *»tWrexham.
England, Ch. fChurton, fEccleston, **tFamdon, fShocklach.
Wales, Fl. (detached). fBettisfield, °tHanmer.
Wales, Fl. ftnainj. fBretton, °tHawarden, ^'Hope, °Northop.
England, Sh. fEUesmere, fHadnall, ° Hordley, °J^ppington, "Frees, fUpton
Magna, fWelsh Frankton, fWem, fWhitchurch, "fWluiall, fYorton.
Characters, This small district, composed of ^Ye distinct con-
stituents Sh., det. FL, Ch., Dn., main FL, is not at all homo-
geneous ; even each constituent is not so. But it is chiefly under
the domination of Ch. A comparison of all the information obtained
leads to the following as the general characters.
A- (ii m), as (niim neem) name.
A' {oo uu), as (stoon stuun^ stone.
E* (ii), as (griin) ^^reen, slight leaning to (/i H).
IH (ii s't), as (niit UE'tt) night, the bst chiefly in good^night,
I' (e'i a'i di k'\), say about {dt).
0' {<b'\x iu), as (na'un niun) noon, the former observed by TH., the latter is
felt bv others.
U (Mq) this is regular.
U' (o'« a'w ku 6ii), say (few).
The whole of these characters together mark the dialectal pron. The U = (Mo)
distinguishes it from Sh. on the one hand, the U' = (kw) connects it with s.Ch. on
the other, and the U'b(9'u) connects it with Sh. A-= (ii) is a Ch. form. The
[ 1883 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
452 THB SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 28.
IH s (ii) is sing:tilar, but occuis in w.Ch. There is most scliiflm about 0', TH.
harin^ almost invariably observed (a$'u), as Mr. Darlington does in s.Ch., whereas
other informants give (^u^, a form we know in s. D 26 and D 29. But («'u) is a
remarkably unstaole comoination, as we already know.
The r.has become Midland, say (r), instead of Welsh, except in most of the Sh.
portion. The Welsh rising inflexion is uncertain. As a rule the Midland
character prevails. The detached Flint is called English Flint by the Welsh,
and, although the names of places are still Welsh, the language has been English
for nearly a thousand years.
Varieties, There is so much uncertainty of speech everywhere,
that it is not possible to define any particular varieties. It has
therefore seemed best to make the varieties purely geographical,
Var. i. containing the parts of Sh. involved, Var. ii. detached Flint,
Var. iii. the small part of w.Ch., and Var. iv. parts of the Welsh
counties of Dn. and main Fl. These are easily delimited. The
phonetic limits may be taken as JJ={Uq) from the U=(9) of Sh.,
and TJ'=(au o'u) from the U'=(dt) of Ch., and English as against
Welsh in Dn. and Fl. But the distinctions between the varieties
are difficult to seize, if only because of the non-homogeneity of
each variety. The e. b. as afready mentioned is not certain.
Illmtrations. The forms of speech in this district are illustrated
by four dialect tests, of which two were from dictation. The other
two are rather uncertain, though one was written by a native,
because of the difficulty in understanding the notation of the
writers without personal interviews. These represent varieties i.,
ii., iii., and are arranged interlincarly. It will be seen that the
Ellesmere and Hanmer forms are almost identical. Besides these
there are 4 cwl., arranged almost entirely fix)m wn. by TH. from
trustworthy sources. So far as they go, they give the best in-
formation possible ; but they are necessarily defective, because as
a general rule the information was obtained as it was offered, and
there was no opportunity for systematic investigation. We must
rather be surprised at the amount of information obtained, than
disappointed by its paucity.
FouB Inteelinear Dialect Tests.
These illustrate three out of the four varieties. I was unfortunately unable to
interpret the dt. sent me from Hawarden, Fl. Two of these were written from
dictation of natives by TH. The other two are my own interpretations of io.
Var. i. North Shropshire.
E. Ellesmere, Sh., pal. m 1882 by TH. from the diet, of the town-crier,
Davenport, b. 1809, native, and son and grandson of natives. See also cwl.
"W. Wliixall, Sh., written in 1879 by the Rev. J. Evans, vicar, not a native,
but resident from 1844 ^he was still so in 1886), who had much examined the
dialect and gave full details respecting the pron., by which the dt. has been pal.
by AJE.
Var. ii. Detached or English Flint.
H. Hanmer, written in 1882 by TH. from the diet, of Mr. John Heatley,
b. about 1828, bricklayer, of the Arowry, a hamlet of Hanmer. Another
dt. given me by Mr. Bateman, of the same place, could not be interpreted.
See also cwl.
Var. iii. Sovth Cheshire.
F. Farudon, written in 1879 by Mr. E. French, native, and pal. by AJE.
[ 1884 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D28.]
TUB SOUTH MIDLAND.
453
from his indications and the wl. I have retained his (lu), although he says the
sound is not that of u in muUy and TH. heard {a'n), Mr. F. says that Famdon
is not in the slightest degree affected hy Dn., hut rather the contrary, and thinks
that *' the first effect that the Welsh influence has on English is to destroy all
provincial pron." The pron. of Famdon is perhaps more correctly given in the
following cwl.
Yar. iv. Wblsh Flint and Denbigh is illustrated only hy the cwl. formed
from TH.'s wn.
1. EUesmere, a't sm, ladz, jb sii na'w dhct o'»)m rit
WhixalL suub di sez, t^aps, jb sin n)(au bz au d/)m riit
JEanmer. ofi sii, ladz, jb siin na'u bz o'»)m rit
Famdon suu k'% sii, miits, n s^ ndtf dhvt Ai)m riit
E Bba'ut dhat ltt*l wEnsh kamm frcm dhB skuul
TV Bbatd; dhat h't'l WEnsh bz iz Xiku^min fro dhB skiul
H xi\iQ'ut dhat lit'l wEnsh kMoinin frBm) s) skuul
F Bbdt4; dhat lit'l wEush kti^min from dhv skitil
E . jandur.
W jandBr.
H jandBr.
F jondBr.
2. E ar)z gt^jin ds'tm dhB rood dhlBr thruu dhB rsd wtkit
W ar)z Bgt^^iin dlfawn dhB lesn dhiwr thruu dhB rsd geBt
H ar^z go/ujm da'tm dhB nTd dhisr thne'vi dhB rsd wtkit
F lu}z gu;in daun dhB mud dhlBr thriu dhB nsd giit
E on dhB lift and sa'td b dhB rood.
W 0 dhB lift and said o dhB leBn.
H on dhB lift an' sa'id dhB nfd.
F on dhB lEft and SA'id by dhB wii.
3. E s^ ^i^uA dhB tje'nd)z g^'n strsW w^p tB dhB raq
"W s4rtinli Bnai dhB t^aild bz gM?on riit K^p tB duBr b
H luk JB ! dhB 1^o'ild)z gAU strE'it w^p tB dhB roq'
F shfur BnUgf dhB t^A'ild bz gon streit «qP tB dhB diur
E diiBr.
W dhB raq jhdMs.
H ddor.
F Bv dhB rw^q im.
4. E w^ ar mee fo'ind dhat drw^qk^n djEf
W wiBr ar)l mB ap feiind dhat dru^qk^n died
H m^ebii ar)l fo'ind dhat drw^qk^n djEf thin
F wiiBr iu)l tjans tB fA'ind dhat drw^qk'n dif
E a'wd tjap
W sn'vBld fElBr
H riqk'ld ffilB
F wiz'nd fElBr
kAAld :tWom.
0 dhB n^Bm o itWoiuBs.
dhlBr, Bz dh^ kAln itw^m.
B dhB niim by :tUomBS.
[ 1885 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
454
THE SOUTH MIDLAND.
[D28.
5. E wi aaI 1100 im rsri wbI.
W as aaI noon im vare weI.
H wi aaI noon im vet* we^L
F wi AA nuu »m VEn weI.
6. E wu^nB dhB a'wd tjap suun tct| Br nod t« du)»t
W wu^nBd dh)a'wd tjap siun 1dm «r nod to doo it
H wUqWb dhB a'ud l^p so/un 14m Br bstBr til do^'u it
E wtt^nB dhB x'ud t|ap siun ieet^ vr not ts diu it
E BgJE'n, pdlBT thtq!
W nod no moBi, piiBi thin !
H BgJE'n, po/uBr thtq !
F BgEn, pinr thiq !
7. E Ink JB ! th'Bd it trau?
W link, in-Bd it driu ?
H Ink JB ! tn-Bt it tro/u ?
F link, izn't it triu?
KoUi to EUe»mere dt.
2. wieket or (atpt) hatch-et, little
liatch, common low garden gate.
3. child or (jti^q vn) young one. —
door or (e'tis) house.
6. we all know him very weU, or
(xmBst Bwri bodi nooz tm) almost
everybody knows him.
#Ar- initial, is replaced by (sr-), as
(srtmps sr^obz) shrimps shrubs.
Notet to Whixall dt.
1. chaptf (ladz), or (to fehz), not
motet, — a eotninff, with either (wj
or (a).
2. left or (laft).
3. enough^ probably (tmwof). — child
or (brat), which means pinalore, and
hence one who wears a pinietfore. — right
vp tOf occ. (strivt m p til). — houeCf the
aspirate was especially said to be used.
4. may hap to Jindy to omitted. —
deaf or (djB^. — shrivelled f this word
was noted to have been heard. — name
or (nliBm).
6. uSf this looks like an error.
6. learn or (tMj), the («n) for (ot)
seems to be a mistake. — do, as (d<w),
was marked occ., perhaps (diu) is the
usual word. — thiny, possibly (thin) is
an error for (thiq).
7. truCf here (driu) looks like an error.
ybtee to Hanmer dt.
1. UuU or (tjaps) chaps. — eehool or
(ska'ul). — wicket or (atj) hatch.
3. door or (o'us) houte^ — n%ay he,
perhaps.
6. team or (Ui}) teach.
Notee to Famdon dt.
The IT' words are altered £rom {6u)
to (&m). TH. heard {ku) generally, and
sometimes (q'u h'm), but with no ap-
proach to {6u b'm), unlikely sounds m
this part of the country. The (lu) was
almost constantly heard by TH. as
(oj'u), but the two forms are often con-
fused), see 0' words in D 26, s.Db.,
and D 29, Le. Mr. French was rery
positive of the (lu), though he said it
was not u in mute^ and repudiated what
he understood by (a'u). The (x'i) was
heard by TH. as {di) ; the confusion is
common among (di a'i o'i 6t).
1. «jy, teCf Mr. F. wrote (s/i s^,
TH. (sii s/l) respectively.— fvA/, TH.
(r/it). — eominyt TH. (kamin) the (a wj
in this is always uncertain in this neigh-
bourhood.— yonder should probably be
(jandvr).
2. ihe*i (tu)z) should probably be
(Hr)z^, the customary form, but TH.
heara (a'u) once. — roadj TH. (rood). —
yate, TH. (gJB't).— way, TH. had
(wii), and F. nad (w/'i).
4. namCf TH. heard {neem) twice,
and (niim) once ; there is much un-
certainty of usage here, just as there
was a fight between (ee u\ m the E, E-,
£' words in received English in the
XVI th and xviith centuries.
6. know, probably (noon) would be
more correct.
[ 1886 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D2a, Yi.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 455
Vab. i. NoBTH Shbopshibb cwl.
£ EUesmere, wn. by TH. Said to have no verbal pi. in -tH, but {noo dbta kM^ntrt
du^n J« ?) know this country, do-en you P waa heard. No Welsh r ; that is
to say, (r), and not (r^, was used when not before a rowel. Negatives,
[shann, biuB, wm^^ub] shanH, ben*t, won't.
F Welsh Frankton (3 w. Ellesmere), wn. by TH.
Y Yorton (7 n. Shrewsbury), wn. by TH.
W Wem, wn. by TH. and t from Miss Jackson's Wood-Book.
L Loppington, wl. io. by Rev. J. W. Davis, Vicar.
H Horaley (13 nw. Shrewsbury), wl. io. by Rev. J. W. Moore, Rector.
U Upton Magna (4 e. Shrewsbury), wn. by TH.
I. Wbssbx Ain) NORSB.
A- 21 £U neem. 25 H mxAU. 28 £LH aar. 31 U IM. 33 L r^^vr.
A: 50 H tftf^qz. 51 £U mx^n, L man. 56 W wAsh, L wash, H wish. A:
or 0: 58 F frem. 61 L nmw^qst. 64 E raq, U rw^q' [occ.l raq. A'- 67
F goo, U gtriin. 84 £ miiBr. 86 L wu^ts. 90 L bl&ii. 91 L m&u. A':
104 YU rood, Wf riijid. 108 H duj, 113 £ uul. 115 £ oom w6m wa'm,
£FU wa'm. 118 U boon. 124 U stoon.
JE' 138 U£ faadhvr, [occj f«MlhBr, UFYL ietdhm, 144 L Bgin. — £
Btaarz [stairs], F sti'rz. 152 £ WAxtvr, w^e-, L w<^Br. M: 158 L aatsr.
161 £ d«» dee, 172 £ gras, EL grES. — E rot [rat]. 179 W wod.
^'- 183 F ihj. 190 £ ke<r, U kjer. 194 L eent, U ant. 195 L meeni.
196 H waar. 197 H tj«^, U tniz. 200 UE wM, Wf wM, H wiBt. — Wf
jethrheathl. JE': 216 £ d/><>I. 218Lsbtp. 219 F sliip. 222 L jeer.
223 £U dhlBT, H dhaar. 224 £U wisr, H waar. 228 H swe^.
£- 232 F brwfk. 233 EU sp^j^k. 248 L maar. 251 U m^H. E: 261
£ SAf* s^, U Bes, 262 £ wee^ w«f, U wee. 265 W strait. 270 L bait. 272
LBl'm. 278 UwBnsh. E'- 290 U i. 297 WfalB. 299 EU griin. 300
U kiip. £ : 312 W Ibt. 314 £ iwrd.
EA- 320 WLH kaar. EA: 322 UY \kt 326 EU e'wd, L ai#ld. 327
L bn'Mld. 328 £U ka'tid. 333 L kxxf. 334 L ssf. 345 L darst [did dare].
346 £ gjeet. EA'- 347 UEY js'd. EA': 350 E [between] dn'd ded,
LHU djBd. 355 L diif, U djnf. 356 Wf IibL 360 L tpm. 366 £ gr<?^, U
gr^. £0- 385 L bin^h. £0: 388 U milk. 395 £ joqg, U jM^q.
402 EYLHU lim. 404 E staar. 407 L fr^ihtq. EO'- 413 H div'l.
£0': 437 U trtith. EY- 438 £ ddi,
I- 442 LH tvt. 449 F gJEt. I: 458 £ ns'tt, FU na'tt, W nit. 459
£ ra'tt, W [between] ra'tt ra'tt, Wf rit. 478 E gre'ind. — E rw^n [run].
487 H istBrdi. I'- £ [between] a'i 6t [or] o'i eQ at, W kH di, 494 U
[between] to'tm idim, V: — da'i^ [ditch]. 500 H U'tk. 506 H wxmvn.
^ Eee [hay].
(): 526 H kBUth. 527 E ba'wt. 531 EU dAAtBr. 552 U kA'm. — E Vrs.
EU A*s [horse]. 0'- 555 E sha'u, U shuu. 558 E luk iCik \ujti, 559 £
mMpdhBr ma- ma-, F ma-. 563 E mw ndt. 564 E scp'un, U «uun. 666 F
ujxvar, 568 E brM^dhsr. 0': 669 E buk biik bw^k. 670 E tuk. 671 F
gw^d. 573 U fli«/. 577 H biu. 579 U tUM^f. 587 EU dw^n. 588 E
na'un, U nuun.
U- 603 £ kam, U karain. 604 U sm mar. — FYW thw ndsr [thunder].
605 £ s6n, U si^u. 606 EU d^Br, F d^LBr. U: 612 EU sm^k — Y
iMjaWX [tumble]. 622 U n^ndw, 626 U tw^q. 629 U sw^n. 632 EFW w^p.
633 EYW kw^p, F kop. 636 U fardhBr. 639 U d/i^st. U'- 641 EU a t#.
643 E na'u. 645 E cba'ut. 647 E wujiei, U': 658 EU dawn, F dawn.
659 EU taun. 663 F a'ws. 665 £ ma'us. 666 U w^zband. 667 E a'i#t.
Y- 673 EY muji}. 679 £ tjartj. Y: 700 L warsBr, U warst. Y':
709 £ fatBr.
n. English.
A. — Y baqk. E. 744 H mi^'lz. 745 H tj«rt. 751 H part. I.
[ 1887 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
456 THE SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 28, V i, ii.
and Y. 758 H gal. 0. 766 H mD'idhinred. 767 H na'iz, U [between]
na'iz nA'iz. 769 L mn'ul U. — E tw^b [tub]. 794 YW diw^. 803
YW djM rap. 804 WU drw^qVii. 805 H krM^dz. 807 W pw^. 808 F pat,
E pw^t, [between] pM^t pet.
in. EOMAKCE.
A.. 811 U pl^. 817 H FBdiflh. 824 E tjiw. 835 H r«z'n. 836 H
B^z'n. 838 H ixeet. 841 U tja'ns. 845 H anshvnt. 850 £ (Wns. 851
F nkit [old form], H aant. 852 H apmn.
E .. 867 UY t^. 868 L dpi. 869 UEH reel. 877 L aar. 878 H salBri.
887 H klaardii. 888 LH s^tn. 889 H wea. 890 E hest, H b^st. 891 H
feeai. 894 H diaeev. 895 H riseey,
0 .. — E biffbeef]. 916 H ujaim. 918 H f«rb'l. 922 H bash'l. 923
H ma'ist. 924 U t|a'LB. 926 H spa'il. 929 H ka'ukBmbOT. 942 H batjBT.
947 H ba'il. — Y kol«r [colour], W kwjBr. 950 F anjnir. 954 H Vu^in,
V " 965 H a'il. 968 H a'ister. 969 F sbo^'uBr.
Var. ii. Detached Flint cwl.
H Hanmer, wn. by TH. from several natives.
B Bettbfield (2^ s.Haumer), wn. by TH. from a native workman.
ybtet.
Construction, H and B both have verbal pi. in -m. B (dh^ milk*n, dh^
kiip^n ; an jv dUja. ? jtuai jb da;'u it? du^n jb noo ? a'u bin jb P), they
milk-en, they keep-en ; nave-n you done ? will-en you do it P do-en
you know P how be-n you ? H (wi)m ju)m) we am, you am.
Negatives, (wujqb kouB dtcUiB shauB biuB dWoUB) won't can t didn't sha'nt
benH don't.
Letter Names, Old A (aa), E (ii).
Intonation, No final rising inflexion.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- — B w^k [wake, feast]. 21 H neem n«0^m, B n^Bm. 33 H r^edhBr.
A: — H gondBr [gander]. A: or 0: 60 H \uj\. 64 H roq, B rw^q^.
'" " goes, is a characteristic form in w. and sw.Ch., and in tms
u;tn. 72 H (ib. 73 H so. 81 H leen. A': 104 HB
\ [between] wa'm w6m, HB w6m, H wa m.
M' 138 HB ff^Br, [many others said] H faadhBr iiidhBr. — H stsErz, B
staarz [stairs]. 152 H wiitBr. M: 161 H dii, B dr^ tBd^r. 172 H grss.
^'- 183 H ih}, 187 H \eey, 200 H wiBt, B wM. -E': 216 H d^nU.
223 HB dhiBr. 224 HB wiBr.
E- 231 HB dhB. 233 HB sp«k. 235 H w«rv. 241 B rcen. 248 H miar,
B maar. — H M [eat]. E: — B fatj [fetch]. 261 H sii aee, 262 HB
w^, H mee^, 265 HB strB'it. E'- 296 B brEd. 299 HB griin. 300 H
kip kiip. E': 307 B not. 312 HB iBr. 314 B tBrd. 315 B IH.
£A: 322 HB laf. 326 H o'ud, B a'ud. 328 H ka'ud. 332 H ta'fid. 346
H giit gj<^. EA'- 347 H jbM. EA: 350 HB d^B^d. 355 H disf. 360
A'- 67 ["JgA'z) toes,
district."— TH.] H gu;i
rood, Hr^J'd. 115 H[t
H tpm. 361 H b/iBUZ. 363 H t|^p. 366 H gr«e<t, B gr^^. EO: 394
H jandBr. 395 H jM.qg. 398 H st&rvd. 402 HB iSi '" ^ ^
EO': 428 H sii. 437 HB tra'uth. EY- 4:<8 HB dai.
I- 440 Hwik. 447 HHr[ = she]. I: 458 HB nit niit [but in the
farewell] gw d nE'it. 459 H rit. 466 B tje'ild. 469 H w«J [will]. 477 H
fa'ind. T- 492 H sd'td. 494 H tc/tm Uim ta'im, B [between] ta'tm t&tm
tfc'im. I'; 509 H weil.
0: 631 HB dAAt«r. — H kraps [crops]. — H as oe*tz, B a's [horse].
554 H Bkras. 0'- 655 B sha'u. 559 H mw^dhBr. 560 H skuul ska'ul. 562
B m«'uu. 0': 679 H Buw^f. 586 HB dar'u. 687 HB duju. 688 HB naun.
U- 603 H kwomin kw^mBn [pres. p.], HB kamin. — B thK^ndBr [thunder].
[ 1888 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 28, V ii, iii.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 457
605 HB sM^n. 606 HB ddnr, TJ: 634 H throj'u. U'- 640 H ka'wjBs'
[cowhoase], B kjkuz [cows]. 641 H &», B aw. 643 H uq'u. 650 HB vbo wt.
IF': 658 HB dawn, H dawn. 663 HB e'eis. Y: — B shw^t [shut].
n. English.
A. 737 H mM [occ.l E. 749 H lift. I. and Y. 756 H srtmp.
758 B garld, H gJB'rl [when used]. 0. — B frok ffrock, a woman's gownj.
790 B ga'und. U. 804 B drM^qk'n. — H bwott [butty, mate].
m. EOMANCE.
A- 811 H pl^. 841 B tpns. — B sl^^ [slate]. £•• 867 H tee,
885 H vETi. -^Btkr [fair for catUe]. 0 •• — B bif [beef]. 947 H be'il.
950 Bswoptnr.
Var. iii. South Cheshibe cwl.
S Shocklach (4 wnw.Malpas), wn. by TH.
CorutruetioH, (kos*) canst thou.
Negatives, {vfujM shan« kauB dtfoUB) won*t shan't can't don't.
F Faradon (78.Che8ter) (:farn), wn. by TH., t from W. Oronnow, a natiye, b.
1797-8, {from the same and others also.
Corutructiona. (am jb) am you ? verbal pi. in ^en (an jb gat'n b basktt
iBnd Bz T) have you got a basket to lend us P Omission of to (as in
last sentence^.
yiegativea. (auB snauB dw^UB wm^ub kan*)) haven't shan't don't won't can't.
Letter Name. J (di6i d^aa).
Vocabulary, No mom, no (wslt) well-nigh.
C Churton (1 n.Famdon), wn. by TH.
£ Eccleston (iBkltstBu] (2 s Chester), wn. by TH. The Duke of Westminster's
Baton Hall is called (:^'n).
Constructions. Verbal pi. in -«#.
Negatives. (kauB) can't, (ku^duB) couldn't.
letter Names. A (aa) originally, altered when the Bishop of St. Asaph's
daughters came.
I. Wbssex aitd Norse.
A- 4 F tak. 5 S miik, F m^k. 21 SF niim, Ft neem. A: or 0: 64
F Tu^q roqiK- ^t ^^' ^'- ^7 Ft gu;in. 69 FJ noo. 74 E ta'u. 80 8
obdi. — 3 siip fsoap]. 86 F wats. Ft WM^t+miil [oatmeal]. A': 102 S
aks. 104 SF rood, C ruud. 115 S wVm, F oom wVm wdm [and between the
two last]. 124 S stuun. — S riip [rope].
^- 138 SF faadhBr, FtE f^fdhBr. 152 F wiitBr. M: — E gJEdhBrd
[gathered]. 161 SF dii. 164 Ff mii. 166 S miid. -E'- 183 SF tiit|, E
tai. 193 E kliiBU. 194 E ant. 197 S ^(hz. 200 SF w/iBt, F wiBt. Ft
wilt we<?t. — S JBth [heath]. -E': 213 Ft niidhBr. 216 E dsM. 223 F
dhiBr, £ dhtiBr.
£. 233 FtE 8p<ffktn. 241 S riin. 243 S plii. E: ~ E rHj [reach].
261 F sii. 262 SF^C wii. E: 278 Ft wBush. F- 290 E S. 299
S gr^in, Ft gr/in. 300 Ft kiip. £': 312 E iim. 314 SFf SBrd.
EA: 322 S laf. 325 F waMc. 326 SFE and [they divide (b na'ud) an old].
328 S ka'Md. 332 £ ta'ud. 334 S If. 343 FE wkria. 346 F gj^. EA^-
347 SF JE'd, Ft M. 348 Ff diz. EA': 356 F dxf. 359 Ft niibBr. 361
SF btiBU, F biin [refined]. 364 F tjap. 366 S griit, Ft grfet. EO: 390
Ft sha'uld. 394 SFt JondBr, £ jan-. 399 F br/it. 402 SFJE l&m, F iB'm.
£0'- 410 SE a'u. £0': 425 F 1/it. 428 F s/i. 437 Ft tra'uth. EY-
438 Ft ddi.
I: 452 Ft di. 458 S n^tt, [between] natt UA'tt, F nit n/it, Ft natt, E ntit.
459 F riit. I'- 490 £ bat. 494 Ft t<fim. V: 505 £ WB'if. 508 F
matl. 509 EwB'tl.
0- 622 F oop'n. 0: — F srw^b [shrub]. 531 SFt dAAtBr. 538 Ft
[ 1889 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
458 THB SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 28, Y iii, iT.
wiuld. — B A*s [hone]. O*- 666 PfBho'n. 669 Pf mxdhir. 660
F skos'u ska'ul. 664 F sa'un. 0': — E hruJL [brook]. 686 SFf da'u.
687 SFf d«^. 688 Ft na'uii. 694 Ft Wut.
U- 603 Ft kam. 606 SFJ si^n. 606 S dilOT, FE da'uw. U: — F
dw^m [dumb]. 616 FJ p&imd. 636 £ fsrdnr. XT'- 640 F k&nx. 643 F^
n&a. 662 Ft kx'Mld. U': 664 F arfuid. 668 ¥% dkim, C d&ioi. 662 Ft
M^. 663 Ft &W8' o*W £ &I0*.
n. English.
A. — S biibi [baby]. 726 FE tAAk. — S book [bankj. — C at|tx
[batches, applied to the small gates themselyes, and on tnis occasion to the ralTes
of doable iron gates 4 feet wide each]. — S tiitsx [potatoes]. E. — £ mx
[ease]. I. and T. 766 F srtmp. 0. 767 ^t ndit. 770 F lUtjain.
U. 798 £ kwiim.
m. EOMAKCB.
A- 811 S pUs. — C wiidjiz [wages]. — 8 niitiT [natiTe]. — 0
stiishmi [station]. £•• B67 ¥Ut, — Ejpr^ [preach]. — ¥% piin[pain].
— Es2irTtzs[sernoe]. l-miuiY" 898 F} ndis. O*. — S b6if [beef].
— E diB'inBr [joiner]. 928 ¥% 6<ni8. — £ iktmA [roond]. 939 ¥% tloos. —
8 taet [toast]. 940 F k6«t. 943 F iujk^.
Var. iv. Welsh PLnrc and Denbigh cwl.
H Holt {:n'ui\ Dn., separated from Famdon, Ch., only by a bridge oTer the
Dee, wn. Dec. 1882 by TH. chiefly from Parish Clerk, 68, and wife, 67,
both natives.
Negative, (wM^nB) won't.
Peculiar (og). (sioein) singing.
W Wrexham (.nkstnnj, Dn., wn. Dec. 1882 by TH.
B Bretton (:brBt**n), Fl., wn. Jan. 1883 by TH. £rom 8. MitcheU, natiTe.
Conttruetuma, Verbal pi. in -en (an Jv got it ?) have-n you cot it P
Hw Hawarden (:krdin), Fl. (6 w-bv-s. Chester), wn. Jan. 1883 by TH. The
schoolmaster, Mr. Spencer, at the request of Bey. 8. Gladstone, wrote a
dt., but I have not succeeded in interpreting it, eyen with the help of this
cwl., and a few words given to TH. by Mr. Spencer, t marks words for
Buckley [:btioklt] (2 wsw.Hw.). Most of the Hw. words were from two old
men, b. 1798 and 1802, cutting fire- wood at Hw. Castle, who had been on
the estate many years.
Constructione. (dhi an ad tt) they have-n had it.
negative, Hw (wont) won't, t (wMoUS kanv shan« mw^nv dUoni) wonH
canH shan't mustn't don't.
Letter name. A (aa).
I. WeSSKX AND NORSB.
A- 3 H biik. 21 B niim. — Hw giim [game]. A: — B pon [pan],
44 B land. 61 B mVn. A: or 0: 64 H raq, B rw^qg. A'- e7 H
gu;in, B gnu. 69 B noo. 72 H w6«-f r. 74 Hw tos'u. 86 W wm ts. A':
102 W aks. 116 H wx'm, B w6m, Hw oom. 118 B boon. 122 B no. 124
B stoon.
j£- 138 HB faadhvr, HwB fA^hmr. 152 HB wiitm*. M: Ifil HBHw
dii. 172 HB gms. ^ - 193 B kliin. 194 Hw ant. 200 H wtivt, B
w/iut, Hw w<«rt wiBt. M'l 216 Hw dsl d«l. 223 W dhlsr, B dh/iw. 224
HWHw wiBr, B w/iBT.
E- 233 HHw sp^k. 241 HBHw riin. 243 H plii. 251 B meet. E:
261 H sii. 262 H wu. 278 H wsntj, B wsnsh. £'- 290 H /i, BHw et.
299 H griin, B gr/in. £': 312 H /i«r. 314 HBHw l«rd.
EA: 322 HB laf. 324 Hw s'/t. 326 BHw and. 328 B kx'iid. 332
Hw te'wd. 333 Hw kx'f. — BHw fiimfa fern]. 346 B git, Hw giit.
EA'- 347 H jB'd, BHw n'd. EA': 350 Hwt djaM. 365 Hw dif. 360 H
tiim tp'm. 361 H b/iiux, B b/ivn. 366 H grM, B griit. £0: 395 Hw
[ 1890 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 28, Y iT, D 29.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 459
jM^q. 402 HB larn. £0'- 410 HHw o^'d. 416 H diiir. 420 Hw {6\wt,
EC) : 437 B troj'uth. EY- 438 HB ddl.
I- 449HHwgJBt I: 465 B 8ft|. 466 Hw t|aild. 469 H w« 1. —
Hw rw.n [nm]. I'- {W U'i a*!) from rarioiis people]. I': — W da'tti
[ditch]. 609 H wail.
0: — BHw kraft [croft, field]. 531 H dxxtn dduVv, B dAxtiir. — B
krap [crop]. 552 B ka*ni. 0'- 556 H shun, B shor'u [pi. (sha^'un)!. 560
BHw b]l(b\ Hw skiu. 564 H Ba'un, 566 W w^dhBr. 668 H brM.dhvr, W
bradhw. 0': 669 H ba'uk. — W brak [brook]. 671 Hw mtji, 678 W
[between] pla'u pla'o. 586 Hw da;'ii. 587 HHw dw^n. 588 HB na'xm,
U- 603 H ksm. 604 H sujaivr [summer]. — HB thM,nd«r [thunder].
605 HBHw sw^n. 606 HB da'uw, Hw dftBr. 607 W betB huJLm, tf:
[W, both (o wj uaed, but mostly M], 612 W Bu^m, — Hw SM^mtrt [some-
what]. 616 Hw m'tmd, 629 H sM^n. 632 H w^p. 633 H kw^p, W kap
kop. F- 640 B ki&u [pi. (kJB'i) kine]. 641 B ku, 643 Hw nku. U':
658 HBHw d&im, W cbim [various speakers]. 659 H t&im, W t6im [various
speakers]. 662 Hw m^. 603 HB km. b67 H s'Mt. T- 682 B ltt*l.
Y: 701 Hw fast.
n. English.
A. 714 B ladz [often, (tjape) occ.] — W baqk. — 788 H Ueint, W Uitz,
B p«tiitBZ. 0. — H dog [dog]. U. — W tob [tub]. 794 W djog
d}ujg, 803 W d|8mp.
m. EOXANCB.
A.. — B tAfVl. 811 H pUs. 835 Hw r«a*n. 848 H t|iind|. £••
867Hwt«. — B piin [pain], I- andY- — W la'inz [lines]. O- —
B pMoinp [pomp], — W kJ«rd [cord]. — W soop [a sup]. — H muj!'n
[mutton] .
D 29 = e.SM. = eastern South Midland.
boundaries. Start from near Atcham on the Severn (4 i
proceed northwards to e. of Upton Magna, of Wem, of "NXTiixall, and ol'
out w. of Hodnet and just e. of Whitchurch, to the b. of Sh. near Marbury, Ch.
(7 sw.Nantwich). Then torn e. and se. along the b. of Sh. to Burley Dam, and,
following the s. teeth line 4, proceed ne. to n. of Audlem, Ch., round which turn
suddenly, re-enterine Sh. near Adderlev. Cut across the ne. horn of Sh., passing
s. of Norton-in-Haks and going ese. by Mucklestone, St., and s. of Ashley and
Standon to Stone, and then ene. to Rocester, on b. of Db. Follow the b. of Db.
to the s. and e. till just s. of Repton. Cut across the s. tail of Db. to the Trent
on the b. of Db. and Le. From this point circumambulate Le., foUovriug its
b. to the b. of AVa., which pursue till you strike the n. sum line 1, where it coin-
cides with the reverted ur line 3, and follow it to the w. and sw., passing through
Wa. s. of Southam and Warwick, e. of Henley-in-Arden, w. of Solihull. Enter
Wo., possinjgf n. of King's Norton and s. of Hales Owen and Stourbridge, but n.
of Kidderminster to the Severn, where quit the reverted ur line 3, but continue
the n. sum line 1 and go up the Severn to the starting-point, Atcham.
Area, Sh. e. of Wem and the Severn ; St. s. of Stone, a slip on
n. of Wo., the greater part of Wa., the s. tail of Db., and all Le.
Authorities, See Alphabetical County lasts under the following names, where
♦ means w. per AJE., t per TH., |i so., ** io.
Db, No authority, but this narrow peninsula is assumed to belong to the same
district as m.St. on its w. and Le. on its e., and from the analogy of Reptim,
Db., D 26, it, as well as the outljring parts of Db., probably rt'somble Le. more
than St., but this little peninsula has not been explored phoueticnilv.
Ze, tAnsty, fBarleetone, ''Barwell, IJBelgrave, ''Birstall, tBkby, ""Cottesbach,
[ 1891 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
460 THE SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 29.
♦tEnderby, tGlenfield, ''Harby, tlUnton-on-the-Hill, ♦t||Leiceiter, fLough-
borough, tMnrket Harborough, tMount Sorrel, "Normanton, ♦Syston, fXhur-
ca«ton, •Waltham.
Sh. tBolas Magna, fCoalbrookdale, f Cnidgington, fEdgpond, fHodnei,
tlronbridge, fMadeley, fMarket Drayton, ^Newport (also TH. in Mias Jackson*!
Sh. Wordbook), fShifnal, fWellington.
St, •°Barton-under-Needwood, ^Bradley, ♦fBnrton-on-Trent, fCannock
Chase, tCannock Town, "Codsall, fDarlaston, tEccleehall, f^EnTille, fHan-
bury, tHaughton, fHopwas, fLeigh, flichfield, °Newborough, fStafford,
*>Stretton, tXamworth, fTutbury, ** Upper (or Oyer) Arley, fUttoxeter, t Walsall,
fWednesbury, tWest Bromwich, tWillenhall, fWolTerhampton, fWootton,
fYoxall.
Wa, fAllesley Gate, ^fAtherstone, f Bed worth, '^Birmingham, fBrandon,
tBulkington, tCoventry, ^Curdworth, ^Ehndon, tLeamington, fNuneaton,
tPolesworth, fSaltley, *» Sherborne, t Warwick.
JTo, tCradley, "Dudley (locally in St.), tHa^ley, ♦fSelly Oak, t Stourbridge.
Notwithstanding this large number of authorities, there is a deficiency of eiact
information in the outskirts, which has rendered much of the boundary conjectural,
as through Wa., and has obliged me frequently to take refuge in county
boundaries, a confession of ignorance in itself.
Character, Although the speech of this district is at once recog-
nised in contrast with its immediate neighbours, it is difficult to
find one determinative character on which reliance can be placed.
The speech is on the whole very homogeneous, and I have found it
impossible to maintain a division into three parts, which I at one
time tried. But I have noted four so-called varieties, the first
three with several subforms. These are, however, scarcely more
than geographical, and hence I append to each a list of some of the
places from which information has been obtained.
Yar. i. ne. Shropshire and nm. Stafford.
iff in Sh., Edgmond, Hodnet, Market Drayton, Newport ; in St.,
Eccleshall, Woottou.
ib wm.St., n. of Watling Street.
Bradley, Cannock, Haughton, Stretton.
ic em. St.
Barton-under-Needwood, Burton-upon-Trent, Hanbury, Hopwas,
Lichfield, Tamworth, Tutbury, Yoiall.
Yar. ii. ne. and se. Shropshire, s. Stafford, and n. Worcester.
iia me. and se.Sh., Ironbridge, Madeley, Shifnal, Wellington.
lib S.St., Codsall, Darlaston, Dudley, Walsall, Wednesbury, West Brom-
wich, Willenhall, Wolverhampton.
ii<? n. Wo., Cradley, Hagley, Selly Oak, Stourbridge.
Yar. iii. Warwickshire.
iiia e.Wa., Allesley Gate, Atherstone, Bedworth, Brandon, Bulkington,
Coyentry, Nuneaton, Polesworth.
mb w.Wa., Birmingham, Curd worth, Elmdon, Enowle, Leamington,
Warwick.
Yar. iv. Leicestershire.
Belgrave, Birstall, Cottesbach, Leicester, Loughborough, Syston,
Waltham.
The main points to which attention has to be directed are the
treatments of A in open syllables, of AEG in both open and close
syUables, of EG, E', EO', T, O', U, U'. Now my information is
[ 1892 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D29.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 461
not complete enough to furnish an example of each of these cases
for each variety and shade of variety, but the following table
(p. 462) will show the general character and the extremes of
divergence.
In all these, A-ax(6«) is the older form; (ee ^) are modem
variants. AEG=»(ii) and EG— (ii) seem also to be the older form
(how old, of course, cannot be said), of which (6« 6i) are variants ;
the (di) form found at Selly Oak in (ndtl sndi'l) nail snail, seems
to be an importation from the S. div. But observe the change in
Var. iii., s.St., where (ei) is regular. In Var. iii. the (reen w6*)
seems to have been quite recent ; E', EC are more commonly (§f ).
In the 8. div. we say with our mouths and see with our eyes. It
might be pretty well said to be reversed in the M. div. The (6»)
form is particularly strong in Var. ie, em. St. The C (fu) has
become the regular form for CK, as in s.Db., D 26, but it is only a
variant or development of (o/u^ which also occurs, and the other
development (a'u) is likewise lound, as in m.Db., D 26. The U'
is not very^ certain, but any form except (iu) is merely local.
In addition to this the omission of (h) is universal, and even
pervades the better-educated classes. In Le. it is sometimes
wrongly inserted. The (r) before a vowel is mild, and probably
Midland (r). Whether it is really trilled or not I am not prepared
to say, but, following TH., who considers it to be ** the common
English r," as it is his natural r, I use (r^ for it, wrongly as I
believe. When not before a vowel, I consider it as the Midland
(f), which is readily slightly trilled and as readily produces an
effect like (v), although by a different collocation of the organ.
The definite article is always (dh«), I believe, though TH. gives
some cases of (th f ) in the neighbourhood of Cannock, m.St. See
notes on the Cannock cs., par. 3, p. 470.
In S.St., Var. iii., but apparently not in Var. iia., occurs a
very peculiar way of marking the negative in conjunction with
auxUiary verbs, tantamount to rec. / don't, etc. We generally
omit the vowel of not and alter the preceding vowel; they generally
omit the n and also alter the preceding vowel. This occurs, like-
wise, in Cradley, Wo. The following were heard by TH. at
Darlaston, Walsall, West Bromwich, Wednesbury, Willenhall,
Wolverhampton, and Cradley.
1. / a'n't {di (bt). 2. / haven't (at 4t). 3. it imH (it ^», ^int).
4. isn't it (it it ?). 5. / henH {di bit b^int). 6. I donH (di dut).
7. IshanHidi sh^, sh^^, sh^, sIiaa). 8. IwonH {di woo wou w6u
wit). 9. /(^fln7 (di koo koot, kiA kiH). 10. I wouldnH {^ u^d'n).
In the Dudley cs. we also fbid / donH care {di doo keesr), that
doesn't matter (dhat doo mator), won't she (woo Br ?), I don't want
{di doo want), don't you he (doo jb bi). This has not been noticed
in the Black Country district of se.Sh.
The Terbal plural in ^m is quite distinct in Sh. and St. It is yery little heard
in Wa., and it is now almost lost in Le., but was not so in the lifetime of the
late Dr. Arthur B. Eyans, who in his Leieester WordSf Fhrasft, and Ftoverbi,
1848, art. ten, p. 80, says: ''A shepherd said of some sheep, which did not
[ 1893 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
462
THE SOUTH MIDLAND.
[D29.
>
^
i
1 i
^
1
!
1
1
1
^
•a
1 1
1
s
1
1
1
1
CO
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^
1^
i '
21
i
t
5
1
n
ll
i§
1
1
1
^
1
1
ci
B
a
•M
1
9
.S
:a
:S ^
^ 1
i
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i
1
o
■<<•
s^
«
1
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a
t
1
3
i?
^
,
^
s
CQ
cc
00
i
1
4
1
i
1
1
1
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g
^
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•<
6
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t
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es ^
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P P
[ 1894 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
1)29.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 463
fatten so well as was expected : ' Lord bless ye, thej uf^rrin their mm to death
with ipormint, and I han baccared *em, bat its no use at all,' i,e, * They tease'
(present tense) ' and tonnent themselTes with yermin, and I haTe washed them
with tobaooo-water ; but it is of no nse.' The present tense is formed in this
way— * They wwrrin,' i.e. *They wonjr.' * They jNwAifi,' i.e. 'They push.'
* They puUin 'em up,' i.e. < They pull tnem np.'
Dr. Sebastian Erans, in re-editing the work, with additions, for the E.D.S. in
1881, omits this article, but in his preface, p. 27, inserts :
** A number of monosyllabio Terbs hare an altematiTe form ending in ' en ' in
the present and past tenses indicatiye, and sometimes in the infinitiTe. ' Pushen,'
'puUen,' 'looken,' * gotten,' * patten,' for • push,' *puU,' Mook,' 'got,' 'put,'
are of Tery common occurrence, but most common on the Wa. borders. *' An'
somehow ye looken sorry, too " — Adam Bsde, "I allays putten a spn^ o' mint in
mysen." — lb, ' What d'ye goo fur to pushen a thatns fur P ' 'loiown, seen,
gi^n, done, ta'en,' are always used instead of 'knew, saw, gaTO, did, took,' and
sometimes eren stand as the presents of these rerbs."
Neither of the two Dr. Eyanses seem to hare properly anpreciated the
grammar, and both write apnarentljr in ignorance of the usage of La., Db., Ch.,
St. Oeorge Eliot refused to be oonsiderea an authority on dialect, and quotations
from her are far from beinf condusiTe in Le. grammar. Here $fe lookm is rif ht
enough, but I putten could hardly hare been said. I should haye been glad to
see Dr. S. Erans's authority for ' to pushen,' the inf. in -m ^on which see D 24.
p. 404) ; knowHi «#m, ^t'lt, are probably neyer used except in the Tcrbal pi. in
-m in the present tense, in the past they use (nood, sMid, ^} know'd, see'd,
giTo'd, ' done ta'en ' lend themselTes to either use. Again, it is quite wrong to
suggest that dialect speakers haye ' an altematiTe form ending in #» ' in Terbs,
for this is the original form which rs. has omitted^ and when dialect, speakers omit
it also, they blinSy imitate rs. Dialects are not arbitrary monstrosities, they are
really liTinf growths, and the deformatiTe agencies are the results of an incursion
of ' receiTea speech ' by education and intercommunication.
I think that Dr. 8. Erans's statement that ' #» or nit is a Tery general sub-
stitute for Atm,' must be an error. I haTe ncTer found ^hbWs. kme out of the
8 diT. When giTen me from elsewhere, it has disappeared on inquiry. Of
course un (vn) for om# is common eyerywhere.
There is a common use of (&t^n duji) for I haye done, see aboye, p. 338, col. 1,
1. 8. Dr. 8. Eyans considers it to be Vn iar I Aon, and giyes also A# han, A#'ii.
We hoHf tTf'ii, IB of course quite right, but / han, he han, seem to be mistakfw
somewhere or another.
FlYB ImTBRUNEAE 08*
Yar. i^. west mid Staffordshire.
C. Cannock Chase, n. side ; pal. in 1877 by TH. from diet, of Mr. Thomas
Bowley, b. 1823, many years storekeeper to a colliery company, bom near
Bugeley (:nd^t) (8 ese. Stafford). In tne form of the definite article the Mr.
Bowley was not consistent, using (th, dh, dh«), which are preseryed as he dictated.
TH. considered that (th} was the normal form, and wished to use it throughout,
but I haye thought it oest to preserye Mr. R.'s mixed usage, which probably
preyails near the s. teeth line 4, p. 18. See further in note to Cannock Chase,
par. 3, p. 470, where the results of TH.'s examination of this region are giyen.
Yar. lib. The ' Black Country ' of South Staffordshke.
D. Dudley, locally in s.St., pmcticaUy in n.Wo., may be considered the centre
of the Black Countiy, or coal and iron districts. This &, was sent by Bichaid
Woof, Exchange Chambers, Worcester, to LLB. in 1875. It is not known who
made the yersion. The cs. was first transcribed in receiyed spelling, and then
certain pArts were strack out uid re- written dialectaUy in red ink, after which they
were reyised by another person who used purple ink. The yersion is careful, but
entirely in " io." I haye attempted to pal. it by help of the wn. by TH. in the
neighbourhood, and I think that it giyes a ^ood conception of the Black Country
speech. The peculiar form of the negatiye is well brought out.
[ 1895 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
464
THB SOUTH MIDLAND.
[D2^.
A'^i), the ou remainea inTariablj (ku).
Var. iiia. e.Warwickahire.
A. Atheratone (8 se.Tamworth). This Tenion was written in 1875 by Mr. R.
S. Knight, F.R.8.L., then residing at Atherstone, with the dialect of which he
had been 14 years acquainted, and in 1876 he roid it to me. He wrote %phoy,
daowtSf with a " extending oTer the aow^ and it was difficult from his pron. to be
quite sure how I should represent them. But in some wn. from natives by TH.
at Atherstone in 1886, which did not reach me till this page was in type, I find
long t and ou represented by (a'**, ku), and henoe I have adopted these forms.
The long t raried within the limits {di,
See the cwl. p. 487.
Var. IT. Leiceeterriure.
It was intended to insert a cs. for Leicester, which had been written by the late
Mr. Findley, a second-hand bookseller of that town, in Qloesic, and then read to
me. After much correspondence TH. went to Leicester to examine some of the
sounds, and his correction of Mr. Findley's writing made it so little different from
that of Waltham, while it still left some points in doubt, that I have unwillingly
omitted it. The cwl. for Le. contains Mr. F.*s words as heard by TH., marked
Lr. They were essentially town and modem pronunciations, •.
W. Waltham (16 ene.Louffhborough), in the n. of Le., just at the base of the
e. horn of Le., was written for me by Miss H. Ball, then a student at White-
lands Training College, a native of Waltham, and subsequently read to me by
her, in 1877, when I noted the principal points in pal.
£. Enderby (4 sw.Leicester). Miss £. Hirst, of Enderby, was present when
Miss Ball reaa her version, and gave the variants inserted in tne last une. Where
no words are found in the line £, it must be understood that the words above in
W are to be substituted. In the notes are several remarks obtained by ques-
tioning these students. These last three versions should be compared together
and with the cwl. for Syston, given and read to me by Mias Adoock, a native, and
one of the teachers at Whitehmds Training College.
0. Cannock Chase, wdt :dpn)z nd d^iits.
Dudley. wdt :dpn vz noo dduts.
Atherstone, wAf'i :dpn qz noo ddtits.
Waltham. wit idpn ez ndii dauts.
£nderhy variants,
1. C wbI, :d|ak, dhi «n hn mti bdtii lof «t wot
D wel, neehm^ joo «n tm bm buvth hi vt wot
A wsl, nivboTy joo kon booth on jv laf «t dhia
W weI, neebB, rau vn ii mv booth leef «t dhis
E JOO ee
C A)m gu;tn tB tri rs.
D di)m. tslm jv.
A nfuz 0 niA'^in.
W niuz B mo'in.
E nuuz mdin.
UU kJEETZ ?
'di doo k^eBr !
nu kfisrz ?
un kaaz ?
k^eBz?
dhat)s niidh«r
hUfyt dhat doo
dhat^s ncftdhvr
dhat;8 niidhvr
ndidhvr
C ivr nvT ShivT,
D mator.
A ivT WOT dhi«r.
W fs nB dh(B.
E
[ 1896 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 29.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 465
2. C xvsi fm raEn ddi hikkAz dhT?)r loft dt, wi
D dhur <»nit monj niEn ddiz kos dhF/)m laft at, wi
A dhur ^«it man/ t?z dA^i koz dheB)r laaft tjt, wi
AV iiii mEn da* koz dlm)r lajft Bt, wi
E we
C noon, d?fQ)nB w«? wot vd mf^k nm ? it fmt vEr*
D noon, dw^n wi ? wot sliud mak «m ? it <?^t vet*
A noo, duu)nt cs ? wot shnd mak um ? t;^mt vefi
"W ndw, dount wi ? wot shttod mak T?m ? t;tf<?nt vEr»
E mck
C ld«*kli, fz ft?
D Idfkliy wot)8 dht seV?
A lA'^f'klt, ez ft?
W 16f*kl«, t8)t ?
E U'lTdi,
3. C &u)i'YVT, dhiiz ot dhB faka, so
D ausvmEvTtr, dhiiz btn dhB rdita « dhn kevs, soo joo
A dtt;tVnr dhis »z dhi wii on it, soo joo
W au;tvB, dhiiz b dhB faeks b dhB kees, so
£
C oud dh« ndiz, mBn, Bn bt kwdivt til aiV f tntsht,
D djti^st shuj, UqP, frEnd, Bn bi ku?dtBt til di)n dw^n.
A djast oold jbt nx^iz, Bn bi kt^A^'iBt til A'«)n du^^n.
W d^tst a't/d JB ra'u, frEnd, Bn bi ki^aiBt tel a«)v dw^n.
E
C ark dh?!
D aarkBn !
A aarki.
W
E
4. C di)m Bho/uBr a fBrd Bm sii soo — ^sw^m Bn Bra
D di)m shnuBr di fBrd Bm se» — sw^m b dhEm fooks
A A''*)m sarttn bz a'* fBrd Bm see — stt^m o dhEm fooks
W a)m saatin a iBd Bm see — sWom b dhEm fooks
E
C Bz wEnt thro/u it aaI dhBmsEnz —
D wot noon dhB wtt^l th/q frBm dhB vEr« fast —
A bz WEnt thruu dhB hoi on tt from dhB farst dhBmsEnz —
W bz WEnt thriu dh)ol thtq from dhB faist dhBsa'nz —
E
E.B. Pron. Part V. [ 1897 ] 121
Digitized by LjOOQIC
466
THE SOUTH MIDLAND.
[D29.
C "dhat di dM, shay'iixn* vnu^.
D di i\m\ Bin sot dhis:
A dhat a' I d/d, siuf inu^i.
AV dhat a d/d, seef
E
Bnw^f.
5. C us dhB Ji/^qgi'st Idd trasEn\ u big lAd u nam it?r
I) dbi^t dhu JM^qg/st SM^n »z sElf, u btg tjap nd/n ibf
A Bz dbt? jw^qest IM tmsKn, m grEt bA"t tj nA^m,
TV dhet dhB ju^qgist sw^ii »z sEn, b grEt bo't b no'm
E nam
C oudf nood is I^Hbtz vdis in b mm/t. iv it
D oodf tteI, ^i nooz iz fiBdhBrz vcif's Bt ww^nst dboo it
A nood «z ftf^dhBFz va'^is Bt wons, dboo it
"W nood iz fs'BdhBZ vo't's Bt ww^ns dhoo it
E
C was SB ki^iBr, Bn di)d "warsnt
D WBZ soo rw^m Bn sktr^^km, Bn di)d trtt^st
A WBZ SB ktoiBr Bn sktriiktn, Bn A'«)d truest
W wa'b SB ku;{iBr Bn skuTiBkm, Bn a WBd trw^st
E
dhat lad
•im
•fin
'im
•tt^d.
C tB spiik dhB trJuth antwii.
D tB spetk dbB trfuth on« dei, dhat)s wot di
A tB spiik dhB trwwth oni dii, aa, a'» wod.
W tB spH,Bk dhB triuuth Ent dee, aa dhar)a wtt^d !
E speak dii.
6. C Bn dh)6wd ww^mBn BrsErf Bd tEl ant on jb bz lof *n
D Bn dhB ood «QmBn BrsElf b1 tEl oni on jb
A Bn dhB duld wu^mBn BrsEn b1 tEl on* on jb bz Isoref
W B dh)ool wM^mBn BSEn wil tEl En» b jb dhBt la^f
E
C ndw, Bn tnl jb streVt dwt', wfdhdwt ant bodhBr
D Bn tEl JB strett of wtdhat/t ont bodbur
A ndu, Bn tEl jb strEt of, tu, wi;aid; mw^tj bodbur
W na't*, Bn tEl je'i* street of, Bn aaI, wi)a't*t mu^t^ bodhBr
E JO striit
C
D
A
W
E
Bt aaI bv JB)d dju^Rt Eks Br, dt)l waiBnt.
tf jb)1 oonlt 'aks Br aa! woo bf? dhat)8 aaI.
tf Jtio)l oont aks Br, oo wdoBnt Br?
tf Jt*o)l ont 8Bks)Br, oo wiiBnt shi ?
[ 1898 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D29.]
THE SOUTH MIDLAND.
467
7. C ani'wii, a*r toud it 'mil WEn di ikst ot, tiii nr
D at/sumEvur, vt tood 'inii wEn a» akst ur, moni t5
A liistwiiz, shi too*ld 'mii wini a'» akst Br, tWothri
W Ent;a'u shi ta'ud 'mii Et WEn a tekst ur, tuu vr
E -mee t/'u
C thrii taimz our, a*r did, xtn 'aV A*t tn noo aaI
D ta/ui, tjr d/d, «n -oV a At to noo
A tA^imz o^ur, did shi, vn -sliii Ed'nt a At to bi rw^q
AV thrii to'imz, ovb, d/d shi, un -shii hEd'nt AAt to bi rxj
E tdimz
C Bbatit it, wDt)n *Joo thf'qk ?
D wot Br)z tAAkm ubawt, wot du^n jo thj'qk?
A o^ur sttj tJ th/q uz dhis, wot du 'Joo th/qk?
AV on 8«tj B paint bz dhes, hEd shi, wa)rB jau thtqk?
E wo)da JO
8. C we'1, bz di sE'd djWQst ndw, -e r)d
D weI, bz di wttz gu;m tB sei, ar)d
A weI, bz a'i wbz b sii;tn 8hii)d
W weI, bz di WBr b seeji'n, shii
E
tEl JB
tnl JB
tEl JB
ww^d tEl ja'u
JO
C wfBr Bn WEn a'r fwQnd dhB dn^^qk'n as bz
D dw wiBr Bn wEn Br fai^nd dhB drw^qk'n b^M bv
A m Bn wiBr Bn wEn shi iu^n dhs drw^qk^n biist bz
"W a'u wiBr Bn wEn shi ^tmd dhB drw^qk^n biBst bz
E
C ar kAAlz Br w^zhBud.
D B mon BV 'am.
A shi kAAlz Br w^zbun.
AV shi kAAlz Br w^zbun.
9. C a*r BvrdxtT a'r siid im wfdh bt oon diz, Idt'jin
D Br swcJoBr Br sm tm widh Br oon diz \di)in
A shi swooBr bz shi sid im wt Br oon a^iz, b U^ij/n
AV shi swooor bz a'n shi siid tm w» Br oon o'tz lee;Bn
E iiz lat;Bn
C aaI iz lEqth on th) grawnd, Bn t')mEnd t')matBr l)d
D aaI Blii^q on dhB grdt/nd,
A strEtjt aaI iz lEqth o) dhB grawnd,
W sprAAld Bt f WqI lEqth on dhB gra'imd
E
[ 1899 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
4G8
THE SOUTH MIDLAND.
[D29.
C g9t)s bEst koot on, tl(3s tu tz oon. doBr,
D in iz Bu^ndi knot, kloos tdi dhti duur
A wi iz god sw^ndi kuBt on, kluu«8 tu dhc duur
W tn iz gu^d Btt^ndt koot, tlos hi dhis doour
E
C dawn ut th)kA^m«r B)tli l^m jondcr.
D B dhB iuSy daim Bt dhu kArnnr B)dh« l<fm dhfer.
A B dhB a«*8, da«n Bt dhB komor o Jon leBn.
W B)dh)a'tt8, da'tm Bt dhB kAAnsr b jon leen.
E levn.
10. C »^'Bz groonin far aaI dhB wald Id/k
D 6* WBZ blaati'n Bwet, sez 'ar, for aaI dhB wald Idik
A ii "WBZ wA'^tniii Bwii, shi sez, for aaI dhB warld lA"ik
W ii WAAT B wo'inin Bwee, shi sez, far aaI dhB wald Idtk
E wainin
C siiom owd pig.
D a babt.
A a sik t^'^tld, Br b lft*l gEl m b frEt.
W a badl* tjdild tn b fret.
E
11. C Bn »t ap'nd djiipSt b« a^r Bn Br dAAtBr t Iaa wbs
D wiil, dhat ap*nd bz -ar Bn Br dAAtBr b Iaa
A Bn dhat ap*nd bz shiiBc ^r dAAtBr in Iaa wbz
W Bn dhaet eep'nd bz shiiBn Br dAAtBr b Iaa
E
C kamm throf'u th)bak jArd frBm iqgm th)
D kam thru dhB bak jard from aqtn itd dhB
A Bkomin thrtiu dhB bak jseserd from iqm dut dhB wEt
W kam thriuu dhB baek J8B8ed throm tqtn a'ut dhB w£t
E
C tluuz iut on th)wA8hfn dii.
D kluuz on B wEBhin det.
A kluuBZ tu drA''i bv b wEshin dii.
W tlooz tB drai on b wEsht'n dee.
E
12. C wail th)tii kEt'l wbz
D wail dhB tee kEt'l wbz
A WA^tl dhB kit'l WBZ
W wdil dhB
E
bdilm, WA*n idin
bdilin far tee, won fdin
bat I in for tct won fA'^in
ktt*l WAAr a bo'tlin fBr tii ww^n fo'in
tee
fdtn
[ 1900 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D29.]
THB SOUTH MIDLAND.
469
C SH^mnTz afttima?'un, un it)'l hi b wi k t'
D brJit SMQincr afttirniun, dj^Qst b wiik «guu kam
A brA"ft sw^mBr aattirnuim, ooni n wik «guu kom
W broVt sttQinBr aatunuun b wii^k sm kWoin
E brdtt niun
C neks tharzdt.
D nEkst tharzdt.
A la*8t thazd*.
W iiEks thazdt.
£ thaozdi.
13 C Bn dUf^ joo noo? di mvBr (Brd noo rndsr vibitet ft
D Bn wot) 8 thiqk? di nEVBr {Brd ont muBr b dhis
A Bn duu JB noo? bz aH mvBr lamd noo mooBr nBr dhts
"W Bn djJB ndu? a n»VB laant Ent moor nB dhis
E
C frsm dhat dii tB dhi's, Bsh sho/uBr bz mdi n^^m)z
D ti^p tB tBdef, BZ shuuBr bz mdi n^tfm)z
A B dhat btzn»8 w^p tB tBdii bz shuuBr bz mA^t n{Bm)z
"W B dhflBGB BfeeB tBl tBdee bz seeBf bz mo'* neeBm)z
E mai
C wot «t iz, Bn di diiQ)nB want tB noo niidhBr.
D :d}ak :8hEpBd, Bn di doo want tB noo n^^dbBr, dhiBr
A :djon rshfpBrd, Bn a"* ddoBnt want tu nA^tdhBr, dhi«r
W id^sdk :8h^Bd, Bn a dooBnB wont tB iidhB, dhf«
£ ndfdhB dh^B
C
D niul
A ndu!
W na'u!
£
14. C 811 niu di)l gu wai'm tB m* BiipPBr, gu^d ndtt
D Bn 800 dt)m gu;m worn tB es mi sWopBT, gw^d nett
A Bn 800 A'»)mB gujin worn tu sWoPBT, god nA^it
W Bn BOO a)m gu;tn om tB li8B)m» Bti^pB, gu^d no'it
£ natt
c
Bn dtio)nB dhii b»
SB
FEd* tB
D
Bn doo JB hi
BO
fast tB
A
Bn diio)nB JO bi
8B
'kwik tB
W
Bn duuBnt bii
BO
fast tB
E
m^tfk gj^^m Bv B f filer
kroo ovBr oni bodt
kroo 6hr b mon
krdotf &BT B bod}
[ 1901 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
A
470
THE SOUTH MIDLAND.
[D29.
C agJE'n WEn i U'ks vibiut a'tit.
D vgm, WEn t tAAks b dhts dhat Br ti<^^^^*
A BgEn, WEn i tAA«ks o dh»s dhat Br dhB todliBr.
W BgEn, WEn B UAks b dhts dhat Br dhB t)ModhB.
E
15.
C \ wti^d bi B
ta^xil BZ tA kt widhdiit
ani sEns.
Bn
D et)z B
sjI* fiul BZ rat*lz w*;atit
ont rwz'n.
Bn
A »t)8 B
weik fM BZ prtfd» wi)iut
rotz*n.
Bn
W tt tZ B
wlvk fuul BZ pr^Hs wi ja'ut
ri'z'n.
Bn
£
wiik fiul
riiz'n.
C dhat)8 aaI
di got t' sii Bbdtit ft. sw
g«od nait.
D dhat)8 aaI
di)Y got tB 8ei*.
gw d Ikii.
god bA^t.
A dhat)8 mA^i
laast ward.
W dhat)8 mi
laast w^cBd.
g^obbat.
E
waad.
Notes to the Cannock Chase C8. p. 464.
2. hiow-enf the ▼. pL in -#» is well
marked in this form.
3. are tfu/acU, TH. wrote (th) here
nnd in some other places, where the in-
I'urmant dictated (ahv), and that form is
liere restored ; similarly in par. 6, speak
the tntth ; and par. 8, found the
drunketif TH. changed the informant's
(dhu^ into (t*), which in these cases he
considered to be "the normal form un-
doubtedly/* and which was dictated in
par. 12, the next. In order to arriye
at some conclusion as to the usage,
TH. examined the whole of his notes
respecting m.St. for places a few miles
on either side of the s.teeth line 4, p. 18.
On the n. of this line the places were
llough Close near Longton, Barlaston,
Stone, lieigh, Uttoxeter, Oakamoor,
Rocester, and Alton. In these places,
out of 13 definite articles observed,
TH. found 7 (th) and 6 (dh), but no
(dhv). On the s. of the line in Eccles-
hall, Wootton, Haughton, Hanbury,
Tutbury, Burton-on-Trent, Cannock
Town, Littleworth, Bony Hay (n, side
of Cannock Chase), lichfiela, and
Tamworth, TH. obsenred 66 instances
of this use of the definite article. Of
these there were 10 (th), 17 (dh), 35
(dhv), and 3 assimilations to ^s) and (t).
This shows a mixed region, out a pre-
vailing (dhv) on the s., and a balance
between (th, dh) on the north. It was
not to be expected that there would be
r sharp delimitation of usage,
I regions were to be looked for.
It is satisfactory to find that the mixed
region is so narrrow in the present case.
This is another result due to TH.*s ex-
ceptional diligence and untiring powers
of collation, to which I already owe so
much.
3. quietf either (kuwiBt) or (kwA'^iiit) .
—Jinished or (dii^n),
9. best coat or (sM^ndi k(K»t, bnst
d|aktt, sM^ndt djakit).
12. Jine or (br&»t) bright.
14. fnake game or (gjam).
\b. he would be a fool €u talked
tcithout any sense^ or (tt)s oonlt fce'ulz
us tVks wtdh&wt ssns) it's only fools
as talk without sense.
Notes to Dudley es. p. 464.
1. / don^t carCf that doiCt tnaitet%
see p. 461, and the Darlaston note 7,
p. 476, and example p. 477, for the
j>eculiar method of expressing the nega-
tive in conjunction with auxuiary verbe.
I have not met with it elsewhere, but
Mr. Elworthy says he has met with it in
Sm. ; it is, however, so far as I Imow,
unrecorded.
2. they are, represented by (dh6t)m)
they am, is suspicious. u:hat)is it thoti
say' St, (dht) is unaccented (dh^) thee.
8. a man of hers.
Notes to AthersUme cs. p. 464.
0. why (wa'^i) . The exact sound wa?
not determinable. TH. found that it
lay between (A^i, £%) in this neighbour-
hood, and gave (A^t) from the pron. of a
[ 1902 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D29.]
THE SOUTH MIDLAND.
471
native, which perhaps agrees with Mr.
Kui«^ht*8 oy^ but Mr. K. did not
say (o't) except in a very few cases,
aa (u.)'tdhcr). — doubU (dkwta), this
diphthong was also quite uncertain.
Mr. K. had no clear idea of the sound,
and varied it. TH. finds (tavn) at
Nuneaton, and (a«t) at Polesworth,
and Mr. K. said (d(L*/m aeoD'ct) which
shews a mixture of both. I have
therefore selected tlie neutral {kti)
throughout, which, indeed, I now fina
that Til. heard at Atherstone.
1. fieighboury the final r seemed to
have the usual M. character, and as
Mr. K. always felt it I have left (r),
as in TH.^s notes, to be pronounced
probably (r), but very faintly. Indeed
as informants in this district constantly
wrote eorfe to indicate (kxAf) they
could not have much notion of a final
(r), unless indeed they meant (IcatQ. —
lauffAf the miners say (bf).
2. donU fM, this is a S. form widely
diffused, but here (d6ucnt wi) is also
used. — it is not, (t)<vnt) is a very
common form, as in many places (b«mt
bivnt) are not used.
3. / have^ {ai)Ti) is very common all
about, even when it might not stand
fur {di)m) as here, seep. 338, col. 1, 1. 8,
and p. 463, for Dr. £vans*s opinion.
4. certain f not (saartin). — say (sii,
see, s6i) are all heard. — latipk, (lajapfj
as pron., but compare par. 1 (lai) ana
(lof) in note and par. 2 (laaft^.
6. without^ here Mr. K. said (wi)&avt)
which is like Nuneaton.
7. the, it is very probable that (shi)
she, should be (sr) ner, throughout. —
trronff, (roq) was also said. I continu-
ally found it difficult to distinguish f o, uj
in Mr. K.'s pron. of closed syllables.
8. aauing, in such cases (8ii)tn) would
be used. — leasts Mr. K. has heard
(b^tst, thr6t), the two sounds (ii, ^t)
are not kept well apart, probably
through an intermediate (ti).
13. do you know, Mr. K. had never
heard (dtf^n jv), but he had heard (sn
io) have-n youF and also (wii)n bin
&ai?t tcfdii) we have-n been out to-day,
but as a general rule the verbal plural
in -en is not used. It is, however,
used commonly at Baddesley-Ensor
{^ n.w. Atherstone), a mining village.
The Atherstone fanners regard a
(:bad^i mou) Baddesley man as a
'foreigner,' and declare they cannot
tell what he says.
Notes to tk$ Waltham and Enderby cs.
p. 464.
0. Am, the villages use (&^z), (a^) is
about the pron. of the unlettered. — no
inclined to (ndii).
1. hi, me, W has (ii mii), E (ee
met) or {kei mdet), (sniil) snail, is
recognised in E, not in W. — »wy em-
Shatic is (meet) at E. — Heighboitr^ r
nal is not pron. except before a vowel,
but becomes a vowel («) as in London.
2. row, noise, (ra'u) approached (rB'ri).
3. friend (meet, i}Hjm) mate, chimi,
would be used rather than * friend.' —
till Vve done (w&il Li)v du^u) is more
common.
8. beast rbSest), nl. fbiisez).— The
plurals (s'uz n pleez^n) nouses places,
are found at both W and £, but (uEst
UEz'n) nest nests, at W only.— door
(ddoQstBd^ is used in W for tlireshold.
— yon (dnan) has been heard among
little cluldren.
10. whimngy squealing (wd'tn/n
skw/jBlin) are both used.— /r<r< used
in W, not in E, (bAAlin) was suggested.
12. boil, (ba'il) both W and E (p&mt
ktl d|&in), etc., point oil join, etc.,
used at W, not at E. — ago is seldom
used for (sin).
15. goodbye, made into one word
(gUgbbai), is used on all occasions, even
when the parting is but for a short
time.
EiQHT Ikterlikeab dt.
Var. ia.
1. Edqmond, 8h, (1^ W.Newport), pal. by TH. in 1885 from the diet, of D.
Pigott, shoemaker, native, b. 1818.
Var. ia.
2. Eccleshall, St. (7 n.w. Stafford), pal. by TH. in 1885 from diet, of T. Key,
native, formerly workman, b. 1807.
Var. ie.
3. Burton-OH' Trent, St., pal. bv TH. in 1879 from diet, of J. Hill, tailor,
b. 1820, native, ''as spoken when ne was young."
[ 1903 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
472
THB SOUTH MIDLAND.
[D29.
Var. le.
4. Liehjield, St., pal. by TH. in 1885 from diet, of E. Tredgold, labourerand
natiye, b. about 1840.
Var. iia.
6. Wellington, Sh,, pal. by TH. in 1881 from diet, of W. Oriffitba, working
man and native, b. about 1860.
Var. iia.
6. Coalbrookdale, St,, pal. by AJE. from the writing in io. with full indiea-
tions by Rev. F. W. Ragg, since 1880 near of Marsworth (15 wnw.St. Albans
and 2 n-Tring, Ht.), formerly of Ratling, Ke., see p. 142.
Var. ii*.
7. DarUuton, St, (4 ese. Wolverhampton), pal. by TH. in 1879 from the diet,
of H. Blackhouse, foreman ironroller, native, b. 1833.
Var. iv.
8. Belgrave, Le, (2 ne. Leicester), pal. by AJE. from the writing of Miss
C. S. Ellis (no connection of the author), of Belgrave, in io. with very full
indications and numbered wl.
Notes upon these tests are given immediately after the interiinear arrangement.
1. 1 Edgmond,
a) 8t,
tjaps,
jb) sHn uku
2 HccleshalL
A) sii,
tjaps.
JB sE'tn nau
3 Burton,
d% sii.
t^ps,
JO setn nau
4 Lichfield.
5 Wellington.
d\i sii,
9^ Bee,
t^aps,
JB siin
m^,
jd siin na'ti
6 Coalhrookdale, sou
8EZ (it, ]
tut bti^ttz,
ladz, dii
JO stn neu
7 Darlaston.
di set,
\JL JB si
8 Belgrave.
800
a'» B^ei,
t^ps,
JB see ni^u
1 dh«t)<it)m
Hit
Bbdtit
dhat ItVl
WEntj kamtn
2 A)m
lE'lt
Bbdtft
dhat ItVl
WEnt^ ksnntn
3 tsz dt)m
FE'lt
Bbdtft
dhat ItVl
WKnt^ kamtn
4 dhvt A)m
rett
Bb&ut
dhat ItVl
wsntj kamtn
wEiieii kamtn
5 9'«)m
ra'tt
Bba'ttt
dhat Itt'l
6 «2 cit)m
riit
Bbotit
dhat ItVl
WEntj komtn
7 di)m
FA^it nd^B Bbd^t
dhat ItVl
wEn4 komtn
8 dhvt 8)m
FA'tt
Bbd^tlt
dhAt ItVl
gEl Bkti^^mm
1 fnnn)dh« ske'ul jandw.
2 frem skd'til jandor.
3 fmui skiul JondBr.
4 frem ska'ul jondu.
5 frBm)dh«)8kiul jondisr.
6 frem dh« skiul jandBr.
7 frBm)s)skiul jandBr.
8 thrBm dhB sklul JondBr.
[ 1904 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D29.]
THE SOUTH MIDLAND.
473
2.
ar)z
ar)z
ar)z
a^)z
ar)z
6 ar)z
7 ar)z
8 8hei)z Bgo)iii
gja/u'fh datm
gum
gum
gum
gd'in
gwm
gu-m
dhB)rood
dawn dh«)rood
dHwn)dh rood
ddtm dh« rood
dhB rood
dhB Tdud
dbB rotid
dhB rood
dd'un
dotm
da^Bn
da^un
dhfBr
dhiBr
dhiB
dhiB
dhiBr
dhiBr
dhiBr
dhiiBr
thra'u dhB)rKd
thr«?'u dhByfEd
thra?'u)dh rEd
thruu dhB) rEd
thra'u dhB) rEd
thru dhB) rEd
thriu dhat rsd
thriu dhB rsd
wiktt
geBt
gjeBt
giit
on dhB)U'ft and
on dhB)ltft and
9n)dh Itft and
on dhB Itft and
on dhB Itft and
B)dh hftond
on dhB h'ft and
on dhB l£ft and
sdfd Bv)dhB)rood.
Bdid Bv)dhB)rood.
sdtd B)dh rood.
Bdid B)dhB)wii.
89'td B)dhB)rood.
said B)dhB)wej.
8A'*»d B)dhB)r6Md.
SA'td B)dhB wii.
3.
IiIo^Vb !
WukdhlB!
Itiok ^n\
luk!
J8!
dhB)tj(fild)z
dhB)t}afld)z
dhat t}dilt)B
dhB tjd»ld)z
dhB t}a'tld)z
6 shuBr BnWof, dhB t^d»ld)z
7 liiok JB ! ar)z
8 BhiuBr ma^ti, dhB 1^'t Id bz
gA^n strs'tt
gA'n strE'ft
gA n strE'ft
gA*n strE'tt
gAn strE'ft
gon striit
gAn strE'ft
gon striit
HqP tB)dhB)rUoqg
f*oP tB)dhB)rWoqg
f*oP tB)dh rii^qg
«<oP tB)dhB rt«oq'
fioP tB)dhB rw^qg
fi^p tB)dh doBr B)dh
fi^p tB dhB m^q
iIqP tB dhB ddBr b dhB
4.
1 ius.
2 ius.
3 ius.
4 ius.
5 o'us.
6 raq 6t<s.
7 6^8.
8 faqg ius.
1 wfBr
5ir)l bi Wfkli
2 wfBr
ar)l m^)ap*n
3 wfBr
5ir)l
4 wCbf
a*)l vm IdiW
6 wiBT
5ir)l TKTf la'fklf
6 wCb
ar)l tiaans
7 di shBd thf'qk
«)!
8 wliBr 8hi)l
t^aa'nsh
Idf kli Bnti^f tB f^itnd dhat
fdmd dhat
fdf'nd dhat
fdf'nd dhat
fe'f'nd dhat
tB fdtnd dhat
fA^f'nd oud drd
fA'f'nd dhat
[ 1905 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
474
THE SOUTH MIDLAND.
[D29.
1 drti^qk'n djEf w«lhBrd Mb bz dht kAxIn rtttQtn.
2 (IrtiQqk'n dif wtdhurd la?'ukin IeIb — dhtf kAAn)/m :tw^m.
3 dru^qk'n dif drdt-skjmd a'ud :tomi.
4 dru^qk'n dsf wtdhBd w^p mA'n uz dhi kAAl rtttgin.
5 drM^qk'n drd 1«nn nVld IeIb t3z)dhd kAAn o'tid itu^m.
6 drw^qk'n dj^Bf sniV'lm fpiB widh neBm u :tiiQmBs.
7 ivTtn skmt dru^qk'n ittioint.
8 drtf^qk'n diif snV'ld hlvt « dhB niim b itWoin.
1 wi aaI no<m)iin ws'l.
2 WI aaI no<m)tm VBnwE'l.
3 we'» aaI noon)tm weI.
4 J<3 aaI noon)fm, diiJnB jb? weI Biiw^f .
6 wi) aaI noon)im vEn' weI.
6 wi aal noon im vEn weI.
7 jotf AJkl notm »m rA^tt Bnu^.
8 wt aaI ndouz im yeti wrI.
6.
wti^nB dhB
a'wd
WM^nB dhB 6ud
dhat a'tid
ww;d)»nt dh)a'wd
wtto)nB dhB)o'ttd
6 wt^B dh)6ttd
7 w\!i)t i mak bt
8 wuunt dhB a}ud
3 wtt^nt
4
5
tjap Mf'un ldm)Br not
t^p Ba'un 14m)Br not
mA'n so/un tE'itj Br not
mA'n sa'un tlt^ Br not
tjap* so/im t^ Br not
t^p siun laan bi nw^t
h6wt, pdBr thiqg ! Br
l^p slim ttf^ Br not
d(B'u)ft
doj'ujit
ka m ta
d9'i«)«t
dlu)f*t
duu)t
wu)t diu it
tB diu it
tB
tB
tB
tB)
tB
tB
1 «g]Bn,
2 «gJE'n,
3 tz ius BgJEn, p(iB
4 BgJBn, p^«
5 «gJB*n, p^Br
6 BgeBn, p(iBr
7 tigJE'n!
8 vgEn,
po/uBr thiqi^g !
p^Br thiqLg !
wEntj !
wEntj!
thiq' !
thiq!
^davT thiq!
1 Wuk! tet)ittra'ii?
2 Wuk! t>Br)it tro'il ?
3 Wuk! tVntitrK'it?
4 lu k JB ! t)nBr)it dhB tro'uth ?
5 Ink at)Br ! i)z 8napt)Br !
6 luuk)i ! dmt tt truu ?
7 luk! di)t di tEl JB ?
8 liuk! tVnt it trill?
[ 1906 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D29.]
THB SOUTH MIDLAND.
475
Kotet on yd, I, Edginond^ SA.^ dt.
1. coming, marked as between
(kamm, kotniu).
2. road or (lem) lane, both here and
at end of par.
3. wi'ong hotue^ or (rii^q dee'uvr)
wrong door.
5. him, (im) or (Im).
7. imot (^nt).
SenUneet, (a am)n« klBmd), I am
not starred, (a WM^sh jb ad'n), I wish
^ou had-en. (pikt in jnd fast), pitched
in head first.
Note* to No, 2, EecUshall, St., dt.
2. road or (Wn), sometimes (loon)
old.
3. up (w^p), bnt (riM, druqk^n, :tiim,
wm^b), considering this inconsistency
to be an accident of transcribing, I
have used (wj throughout. — wrong
house or (rtt^,q oiivr), wrong door.
7. true, marked as between (tra'ti,
tr^'u).
Note* to No, 3, BurtoH-fm- Trent, St,,
dt., with otnitted words,
1. so, if used, would be (suu), as in
(torai, di ts'ud dht suu). Tommy, I
told you so. — girl, when used, called
(gJBl). — wag would be (wii).
3. sure (shoe'uB). — enough {vnujt).
4. chance {ijkjia), — shrivelled not
used, bat shr- initial becomes (sr-), as
(srimp, sittid) shrimp, shroud.— fiiim#
(n^m). — old Tbmmy.Decause they know
him well ; if they did not, they would
use some such phrase as (a'ud mVn bz
dh« kAAl :tomi) old man as they call
Tommy.
6. verg well, the very (vBr») seldom
used.
6, fellow (fBlB).
7. trtte (tra'u).
Notes to No. 4, LichJUld, St., dt.
1. so, (dhB smi sii)Bn)suu, Bt SM^tj b
pl^), they say-en so-and-so at such a
pl^ce,— right (i)z r^it, i)nBr)» ?), he*s
right, is'nt he ? . (jo noon it)s reit) you
know-en it's right.— wou? (nku).
3. child, between (tjdild tjA"ild). —
wrong house, or (rw^qdClB), wrong door.
4. chanee it]^Ti8). -- shrivelled, not
used, but shr' initial becomes (sr-), as
(srw^bz sn* bBri) shrubs shrubbery.
(pfiBr wtdhBa u^n falBr, B)nBr)t ?), poor
withered up fellow, isn't he ?^theg
call (dhi) or (dh^ kAAl), no verbal pi.
in -en here, possibly a slip, see (noon) «=
know -en, par. 6,
6. teach, or (lean laan), learn.
7. truth, between (tra^Mth tr«'uth).
Notes to No. 5, JFellittgton, Sh., dt.
2. wicket (w»kit) is in common use
for a small gate. — road, wag is used in
(dhat)s dhB wee ar)z gA'n).
3. sure enough (sh^r BnWpf). —
wrong house (ru^qg 9' us) or {tu^({ d<JBr)
wrong door.
4. rivelled- wrinkled or shrivelled,
it occurs both in Chaucer and Gower,
and is referred to Ws. ge-rijian, or ge^
rijtian, to wrinkle, as a diminutive of
to rive, to tear, to split. «Ar- iuitial
becomes (sr-), as (srimps sre'ud) shrimps
shroud.
7. m/zjET^s snubbed, or has spoken
snappishly to. To snap a person up or
short is a common phrase. TH. con-
siders it a form ot snape, or sneap,
which is widely diffused.
Notes to No. 6, Coalbrookdale, Sh., dt.
4. snivelling, my informant had
snivelled, which must be wrong.
6. the, the original has (f), which
also must be wrong, hence I have
written (dh), as in No. 4. There is
no tendency to (f) in these regions.
Mr. Ragg was not always quite certain.
We can really only trust uneducated
natives.
Notes to No. 7, Darlaston dt.
The text has been rather freely
treated by the translator. The (a"i)
throughout approaches {di).
3. wrong house, observe the diph-
thong (fe^B) for U' ; (rw^q diiBr) wrong
door, may also be used.
6, will not, (wCi)t) that is (wuj not).
— bolt, run away.
7. did not (di)t)=(did not), the
second (d) elidea with the (n). This
is the peculiar Black Country negative
form. For (di)t di tBl jb) it was sug-
gested to use (i)tar b6uttn u&'b), is)n't
she (the little girl) bolting (running
away) now.
Notes to No. 8, Belgrave, Le., dt.
1. so {boo, sb).— / (6», o», xt).—sag
{fUei see b'm), (sez 6i, sbz iij common.
^now. Miss Ellis says, *• «i in pat, re-
ceived English, and o5, is, I should
say, the most common form amongst
[ 1907 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
476
THB SOUTH MIDLAND.
[D29.
the working people of my district of
Le." I conjecture that she means my
(fe*M) rather than my (bb'k), and have
therefore so written it. — you (joo), em-
phatic.— that as («z) almost miiversally.
— / am (ajm) or (A)m). — riffhtf *r just
trilled witn the tip of the tonmie/ in
the wl. she refers to the ' urum rise '
(r^, but I suppose she means the
Midland (r) even before a vowel. —
that (dha't), *a in pass/ constantly
followed by (dhiiBr) there. — ytr/,
(wxnt|) is more common, (la^s) lass
less so. — coming, Miss £. thinks the
verbal noun -iny is distinguished from
the participle, but does not say how. —
from (threm, thrsm), regiilar. — sehooi,
**$kee)ool or F. *i«l,** this would give
(skiul skazl), I have used (/u), TH.
writes (y'u), that is, nearly (iiu), but I
translate him also by {in). — yondrr was
not given in the dt. or wl., but I have
addM (johdBr), which TH. heard at
Loughborough.
2. the, (shi, sh^^, shee) are given by
Miss £., for which (sh6i) is a compro-
mise; TH. at Loughborough heard
(shi't). — iSf (h| often inserted when
emphatic, as (sni hiz ▲ tsl j«) she f#
I tell, you.— ^oiii^ i$0)*T^ gu;ih).— on,
*o in nomme,* givmg (on) not (on),
constantly («) unaccented.
3. enouffhy *now as in allow,' which
must be taken as now in par. 1, (inuu*)
often, and also {vnuj}. — hat, emphatic
(bz), as (shi nz'nt got won) she *has*nt
got *one.— ^oHtf, *been and tpsnt are
commoner than gone, <*the child has
been" would be most normal.* — to,
emphatic (ttu) .—ifoor, Miss £. * thinkt
dour as our (db}wBT) is used, but dower
as ower in mower is perhaps most
common.* — wrottg, the (g) is added
only before a following vowel as (viri
raqg BV tm) very wrong of him. —
hout4, 'home is (oom) and often
(ivam).'
4. will, Miss £. has heard (wmJIj. —
thrivelled, ' wizened \&vtSG^ often of an
apple, and also (srtveld),' (sril srt^k
sfMob), Midland (r). — natiu (niim
nii«m), but TuMm) was to be expected,
see cwl. * The people here often say in
the name, for of the name,* both in
and of become (v) when unemphatic. —
Thomas, as the name was not supplied,
I have inserted (.'tw^m) as in the other
versions.
5. we, at times (ireei wee), and with
less emphasis (wt). — tUl, constantly
(hAAl). ** We knows, they knowB
.present, I we they known in the past
tense ; I known *im years ago, I seen
'im yesterday, I or we ((un Tk6ou)
don*t know.'^ That is, Miss Ellis was
entirely unacquainted with the verbal
plural in -m in Is.^verff sometimes
(vbtb).
6. iconU, sometimes (uunt). — ofd
'owed as in cow,* which she called
(Wu), but I think (s^wd) as TH. heard
at Loughborough was meant. The
£AL is never treated in the same way
as the U'. — tetteh may also be used,
but (lam) is more common, (r) slightly
marked. — do it, it is commonly used
for itt to A child or animal, as it head,
itfeet.
7. look (luuk) also used. — itnU {emt)
is the usual word.
(an
Additional Illusteations.
Yar. ia, Market DrayUm, Sh., noted by TH. in 1882.
JB dt^o^) have you done? — (1e)s gB skjiu) let's go [to]
Bchool. — (dhu iimer wii) the earner [shorter] way.
Edgmond, Sh., noted by TH.
(ar)z gA*n) she's gone. — (dw b«n j« ?) how are you ? — (Br tttoq)z
w^q t)dhB mtd'l, bu wagz Bt ^it^ Bnd) her tongue's hung in the
middle, and wags at each end.
UccleshaU, St., noted by TH.
(bz tf dhii kosuB star) as if thou could'st or canst not stir. — (wi
niBn av bz tii) we must have us [ = our] tea. — (a si, sari, i!i dti^s
thtqk A sE'fd last ni/tt bz spok ta'u m» ?) I say, sirrah, who dost
think I seed [-saw] last night as [«dhat] spoke to me ?
[ 1908 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 29, V i^-^i^.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 477
Var. ihy Haughton, noted by TH. in 1882.
(t^k ft 0dh)dii8') take it in the house. — (an JB dtl^n ?) have you
done ? — (dhtf mtlk'n, j« noon) they milk-en, you know-n. — (« SM^p
muBr ♦wtf^r on for bA'il) a sup [drop] more water on for [to,
omitted] boil. ♦ Not recorded, but supplied.
Var. i<?, Burtan-on- Trent, noted by TH. and*Mr8. WilloughbyWood.
(wi«(^r)z JOT modhw ? di noo dhB)8)8WQmBt ii^p, ot a r wtt^duB
bE'« Bwii : BD dhB)s sti^mBt u^p wi joo, for jd kouBr iit jot diuB).
Father at dinner to daughter, '* Where's your mother ? I know
there's something up, or she wouldn't be away : and there's some-
thing up with you, for you cannot eat your dinner," the girl had
lost £2, and the mother had gone to look for it. — (jo)n bm b f a'^iu
WA^tl) or between that and (fdin wdil), you have-n been a fine
while. — (E't)z gujin B)dh dws) he's going into the house. — {vfi ItVa
BgJEn dhfBr m dpaiBli) he lives against (opposite) there in general.
— ^tz'nt e'» gu;in tB da'tt it ?) isn't he going to do it. — (Jo)n brook b
wtndB, jo)n c't)t' pii fA'Lr)t) you have-n broke a window, you will-en
have to pay for it. — (it mB Jdsn, gi)t' mE'») it is not yours, give
it me. — (gJEr)iiop' ! jd)n gAr)tt) get up ! you've got it. — (not ot JB
n6«) not hot you know. — *{ed paest iit) half-past eight. — ^*(o'i)l
duu)t B dhatBUz) I'll do it in that way.
Yar. \e, Barton-under-Needwood,
Carol as dictated by the late Mrs. Willoughby Wood, of Hollyhorat.
(az o't stft on b sw^n* Ixiqk As I sat on a sunny bank
on ikrasBmBS dii Odh mAAum, , ^^ Christmas day in the morning,
/ • i.T_ ^ V. • 1 ••! • v^/ • I saw three ships come saihne by,
o'l saa threi ships kwrnsiilm bo t, q^ ChristmaTday in the moniie.
on ikrasBmBS dii i)dh mAAntn. And who should be in these three ships
Bn iu Stt^d bet in dhet z thr^i ships But Joseph and his fair lady,
but :dioozBf bu iz fecB lEd«, ^^ he did whistle and she did sing,
Bn e'» did wiVl BU sh6i did siq, i""^ ^^ *^^^i^ ^ ^"^^^^ ""^/
, liT 7 1 ^ _xi. J J • For loy that the Saviour He was bom
BU aal dhB belz on eoBth did riq, On Christmas day in the morning.
fA d^o'i dhBt dhB :8^5viBr oi wbz
^AAU, TH. thinks (saa, Isdi, aal) should
on '.krasBmBS dii i)dh mAAnin). have been (s^id, 1^>, aaI.)
Var. iii, DarlasUm. Sentences noted by TH.
{di koot diu tt, Bn di bit b gu)in tB diu it, nor di sh^d;, bikAAz di
du)t' now wot it f z) I can't do it, and I be not a going to do it, nor
I shan't, because I don't know what it is.^-(dObi shwdst tEl dhB
triuth) thou shouldest tell the truth. — (i)z d4t b wai Ek, bu i koo
gJKt HA n) he's out of work, and he can't get none. — (wi)m of dhis
aftBmiun) we am=are off this afternoon. — ',wi)m gu;i'n worn tiu Br
sM^purz) we am = are going home to our suppers. — (icr)z koukB
nw^t wot jb)v throiwi Bwei) here's cocoa nut what (s=that) you've
throwed= thrown away.
[ 1909 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
478 THE SOUTH MTDLAMT). [D 29, V iii, w.
Dialogue on the Darlaston " Wake Beef ^^^ between H. Blackhouse and
J. Reynolds, a fellow-workman, on 22 August, 1879, related by
himself on 29 August, and pal. by TH. The ** Wake " is an
annual feast and occurred that year on Sunday, 24 August.
Printed afterwards in the Wolverhampton Magpie, 20 Sept. 1879.
B. :las frx^td* UA^tt, WEn ml B. Last Friday night [(x'SJapproach-
m a}mT :tti.m wbh gu;in ujp in^ W] when me and our Tom were-n
:weBk :bif, wi WEut «s far bz White Lion, and turned again ; and
dhB rwA^tt dA^'tBn ; «n tamd coming through the Alley there was
BgJE'n, «n kamtn bak thrii dhB *^ree or four sitting at the door collier
:a-lt dh» WBS thrii Br f6t«r sftm ^^j^ ^^ tl^^L^S**^^' i^
Bt dhB dfiBr koliBr fashBn, ht'l [<^^ons], dog^-r^'L?
:djaki rrEUBlz, :dj6ii ikJErlts, Bn R. Where hast been, HarrrP
tin mCiBr bv iz palz, dog-rwQu'Brz. B. To have a look at the tieef .
R. wfBr Bs bin. :ar» ? , ?• ^^ }^l^'^ ^? to ^X? * ?ook
B. t)av B mk Bt dhB :bif . ** i*' ? ^ ?** f ""^/^^^.^iJ **^»f/
S »\ vi-! 4.\ 1^1, \ •* B. Ay, I reckon It IS. Oood-mght.
K. wi)n bm t)av b luk at tt, ^*
Bn dhat)8 i^uar sh^r, «z ft
dhA^n?
B. AA, di rsk'n tt iz, gti^d
UA'^ft.
Vak. ii^. Waleall
A senrant girPs account of how her brother Jim*8 leg was hurt, pal. at Cannock
from her diet. 1877, by TH. and two other sentences
(aar :djtm wa' kwQmtn bak frBm sijm iz dnt isali, Bn ♦ kti^m
BkrA's dhB filzj Bn gJEtm ovBr dhB st^tl, Bn i art)8 leg, bu it waa
bad EVBr sb loqi^g, bu shi got sti^m potiltts tos'n it, Bn tt waa ETer sb
muQti bEter), our Jim was coming back from seeing his aunt Sally,
and he came across the fields, and getting over the stile, and he
hurt his leg, and it was bad ever so long, and she got some poultice
to it, and it was ever so much better.— (jts, sBr, dhts tz tt, dju^st
6i«r dhB brtdj (Br), yes, sir, this is it, just over the bridge here.
— (^t wtiod'nt gi thii ^q)Bn8 foo jb), I wouldn't give three half-
pence for you.
Vab. ia.
North-east Shbopshibs and Nohth-west Staffoedshtrb cwl.
N Newport, all the words referred to Newport (:nuupBrt) in Miss Jackson's
account of Sh. pron. as prepared by TH.
B preceding a word from Newport snews that it was sent by Mrs. Bume;
foUowmg a word, that Mrs. ^ume gave the same sound as Miss Jackson.
The following are from wn. by TH. : —
E Edgmond, Sh. (U w.Newport).
Nh Newport in 1885 [as distmguished from Miss Jackson].
M Market Drayton, Sh.
H Hodnet, Sh. (5 sw.Market Drayton) in 1881.
£c Eccleshall, St. (7 nw. Stafford), including words given by Miss Bume, and
wn. at Wootton (1 J ssw.Ec.)
The line sepamting A ar. ia, b from Var. iia, seems to pass s. of Bolas Magna,
Edgmond, Newport, Sh., and n. of Crudgington, Wellington, Sh., and s. of
Cannock, St., but n. of WoWerhampton and Walsall, St.
[ 1910 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 29, Via.] THB SOUTH MIDLAND. 479
I. Wessex akd Nobse.
A- 4 N tsk B [before ToweU], tee B [before consonants]. 6 N niBk B
[before Towels], mee B [before consonants], M miik. — M griiv [grave]. 19
B tiil. 20 B leBm. 21 M niim, £c n^nn. 23 B s^vm. 31 B hit. 33 £ rBdhvr.
A: 39 BE kzm. 41 B thsok. 43 B ond, £o and. 51 B num, M£c mA*n.
64 EM want. 55 B bs. 56 NM wssh B.
A: or 0: 60 B 1« q. 61 B vm%(i, 64 BNhEc tu^q, EM rw^qg.
A'- 67 N gii'tn [going] B, E gjujtn g^'u^m, Ec gfu, H gun. 69 M noo.
70 Ec tnu. 72 B nu. 73 B soo sv. 74 £c tor'u. 76 B t6«d. 81 Nb lun.
82 XhEc wti^nst. 84 EcN m6u«r B. 86 BNbEEc ww^ts, M ots. 87 M
tlunz. 89 B bavth. 92 EEcU noo.
A': 102 B aks. 104 N rood, E rood, B r6«d. 106 Ec brood. 110 N nati
[naughty], B kans. 113 Ec oolsBm Twholesome]. 115 B ovm [P], EcNbE
wdm, EcXocc.] oom, M ws'm. 118 B bovn, E bo^'uBn, Ec bunn. 120 E ngoo,
123 N nMJthtn. B 124 N stoon [accented], -stvn [in composition and un-
accented], £ stae'wm, M stx^n, Ec stuun.
M' 138 BNhEMEc feedhvr, M fiidhvr. — E ffJBdbOT. 140 E iU. 141
B niil. 143 B tiil. 144 B vgen. 148 B fiir. — K lez-or fa leasow, pasture].
152 Nb wutm, M wiitsr. M: 155 NM thstj. — N gjndhn-. 168 B
aatOT. 161 NNh£MHEc du B. 169 E wni. 171 Ec b&rlt. 172 NEM
grEs B. 179 wot. M'- 185 £o rs'td. 187 £ liiy. 193 B kWn.
194 N eenttbtn [anything]. 195 B mont. 197 M ^iiz, t^iiz tpt'i%, Ec t|B'fZ.
200 N w^t, B, Nh w/ivt, ME wivt, Ec wiit. 202 B JBt. M: 207 B n^d'].
209 E niTvr. 213 N eedkm B, cftdhBr, B iidhvr. 216 N dti'l B. 217 B eetj,
E ditj. 218 E ship. 223 BMEc dhlvr, Eo dh/ivr. 224 BMEc witn:.
226 £c miist matnt. 228 B swat.
E- 232 N briik B, B br^rk. 233 B sp^k spiik, MEc spiik. 241 N rin
riiBU B, NhEMHEc riin. 243 BEEc plii. — N biBr [to bear]. 248 N miin- B.
249 N wIot. 251 B mM, EEc miit. ~ N fidhsr [featherj. E: 260 B
I^. 261 B 8^, Nh dhe)sBBn [they say], MEEc sii. 262 MEHEo wii. 264
B iil. 265 Ec strs'it. 266 H wnl. -- N f^ld [field occ.], Ec fs'tld. 270
bEli, B bali. 287 B biizvm. £'- 290 M /i, Ec B'i. 291 N dhee, 292
N nue, Ec ms't. 296 N hiUer B, N bil^rf [belief], Ec btl^y. 299 M gnin,
MEc gTB'tn. 300 M kiip. 302 E mUt. £': 306 Ec di. 306 EcN ait.
312 EcM tiw. 814 M isrd. — Ec gin'is [geese].
EA. — N Ji«l U [ale]. 820 B klOT. EA: 821 N siid [used]. 822
N bf B, M laf . 324 E s'lt. 326 B 6tid, EcM and. 328 N kod, B k6wd,
Ec kia'ud. 329 N fod. 331 N sod, B s6Md. 336 B aa, aaI, Ec aavis [always].
836 N fAA, fAAu [fallen or we fall, less usual than (fsl'n)]. 337 B waa.
838 NE kAA. — N shiitn: [share, portion]. 343 B waarm. 346 B daar.
346 B glvt, M giit, Ec gj<«t. EA'- 347 BEM JB*d, M B*d. 349 N f/oc
[nearly]. EA': 350 N dtB'd B, EMEc dp*d, Ec dsM [of a person liked (l)z
gA'n OB'd) he*8 ffone dead, of a person disliked (l)z djsd tm o'wd dtvU) be*s
dead, an old devfl]. 36? BEc duf, E disf [Ec says (du^m vn diif) in this
) N niibvr. 360 Ec turn. 361 Nh
order]. 366 N UA, 369 N niibvr. 360 £g tiim. 361 Nh b/iraz, EcM biinz.
863 N tjip, B tjewp. — Ec ficr [year]. 366 NEMEcNh griit B, Nh griid
big thtq [great big thing]. 368 N dtB'ih. — N duu [dew].
EI- 372 NEc di dai, EMEc aa. 376 N bit, B biit. EI: 377 B stiik.
EO- 387 N :nuupT?rt, E :nap'upBrt [Newport], E na'u. EO: 388 M milk.
390 N shod. 394 NEEc jandvr. 402 M lam lii m. 405 B aarth. 406 B
aarth. EO'- 409 B bw. 411 B thr«f. — N tr« [tr^, Ec ti€t. 413
BdiVl. 414Bfl</i. 4l5Blai. 417 N t^AA, B tiSu. £0': 425 B Wit.
426 B fait. 428 Ec sB'in SB't. 431 M hUm, — £c ns^i [knee]. 436 N truu.
437 M tros'uth, Ec [between] tro'tith tr/wth. EY- 438 BNhMEc d^i, M
dA"!.
I- — N sinw [anew]. — N jbs [yes]. 450 N tuuzd/. I: 458 N
ndit ndaii [I take B.*s oi to mean (di)']^ Nh nlt\ M ns'it n</it, Ec mfit
[approaching (uA^it)]. 469 N rrfit rrfait, Ec rs'it. 460 N wdd B. 467 M wn'tld.
1'- 490 N brfi hdai. — Ec strdik [(nr kwi rimxmbBr wiit bii'in « pdund «
Btrdik), she can remember wheat being a pound a strikes bushel, i.e. £8 a
[ 1911 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
480 THE SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 29, V w, h.
quarter]. 494 M Uim. 498 N tdait, V: 500 NEc l</tk Idatk. >- ££c u
[bay]. 505 B wdtf, EM ws'if. 507 Eo wu^misn. 511 B wdtn.
0- 519 Ec oowT dw. 522 B AAp»n. 0: — N tr«^ [trough]. 526
B kaf. 527 N bs'ut [coarse rou^h speakmg], bat [fine]. 528 N thaut that [as
in 527]. 531 N daatnr B, EcNhEM djudm, 533 B dii^l. 536 N ga'W B.
538 N wad. — EEc os [horee]. — N geth [girth].
(y- 555 B shtu, M sWu. 556 E tof'u. 557 B ttu, H t<B'u. 558 Ec
Icb'vUl, 559 B mtf^dhOT, MEc msdhBr. 660 N skiul, M skj^'u akia'w, Ec
skja'Ml skj^Ml sk/wl. 562 Nh [between] mas'tm ma'tm, M muun, Ec me'im
[at Wootton between (m/tm ma'un)]. 567 B tujdh«r.
0': 569 B buuk. — N shuk [accented], shak [unaccented]. — E brw.k
[brook]. 570 N tuk tak [as in shook]. 572 B blw^d. 575 B stad. 578 B
pluu, Ec pl&M. 579 B «nuu. 580 N iuj. — N plul [pool]. 584 B stiul.
586 B d/u, E do^u. 587 BM dw^n. 588 NhM niv'iin, EcM na'tm [at Wootton
between {niun na'tm)]. 589 M spa'im. 590 N flQuBr, B fliuvr. 591 B m6Br.
— N gus [goose emphatic], guzbrtz [gooseberries]. 595 B fat. 597 B sat.
— N iujk [tooth].
U- 600 1^ \%Y B. 603 B kujai^ Nh kamin, M ktyntn, E kamz. 604 E
BM^niBr. 605 B sM^n, MEc st^Ji. 606 N dQuBr B, M diiBr dce'uBr, Ec ddar
[formerly often (da'r)]. 607 BEEc huUr.
U: 608 B «^li. — N sha'wdmr sha'aldwr. 609 B fal. — N pal [pull].
610 B wal. 611 B bahk. 612 B sw^m. 615 B pan, Ec p&und. 622 B
M^ndBr. 629BEc8tfon. 632 BNhEc wj). 633 BUkw^p. 639 B dM^st.
XT'- 640 EEc kj&u. 641 B a' w (marked as received pron., I have given (a'w)
as gen. Sh., it might be (q'u &m)], EM ku, H q'u. 642 B dha'u. 643 B na'N,
Ec nau. 652 B k« d. 653 M bw^t.
U': 658 NhEc dSitm [at Wootton (!( s.Eccleshall) (dam) was heard twice],
M da'un. 659 E tfttm, M ta'un. 663 B k'us, EEc &m8, Ec &f<z'n. 667 MEc &Mt.
Y- 673 B mi<^t|. Y: 697 N bBBri. 700 H was. — N shi#^t [shut],
n. English.
A. 713 B bod. 714 B lod. — MH nil [rail]. 722 N drin driiim B.
723 B diin. 742 B laazt [PI E. 744 B m^'lz. 749 NhEc lift.
I. and Y. 767 B trfini. 761 N lood. 766 B [also] midhwti. U. — N
dtt^k [duck]. 794 BEH d^ujg. 796 N blu. 802 B Tujai. 803 BH dfu^p.
805 B kradz. 807 B pas. 808 B pat.
m. BOMAKCE.
A.. — M tiib'l [table]. 810 B f^. 811 Ec pWz'n. 813 B b^Vn.
822 BEc mil. 824 Ec tjiiwr B, E hiOT. 829 M giin. — Ec pliin [plain].
830 H triin. 833 B pivr. 835 B r^<<>z'n. 836 B SA!Z*n. — N msBstvr
[master, refined], mEster [usual]. — Ec d<?«n [dame]. 841 BEc tj^ns. 842
B ploqk. 860 B dans. 851 B ant. 852 aptsm. — M sliit [slate]. — M
pliit [plate]. 862 H siif . E •• 867 BM tee, EEc tii. 869 £ visl, Ec viil.
874 N riimiz. — J^ f ~
[ flisr. — Ec pB'tp*! [people] 893 M fla'wwr. I -. and
Y" 898 B n</«s, M nx'ts. 901 B fdtn, M fx'^in. 904 B vatltrt. O- 915
B stM f. — Ec bs'tf [beef]. 920 B paint. — N stuuri [story]. 924 B tjdis.
926 N spoil B. 929 B kuukBmbur. 930 B loin. 933 Ec Wnt. 940 B k6u«t.
941 N ftul B. 942 B batpr. — N oo [hoe]. 947 B bail. 954 B kashsn.
U" — N du [due]. — N duuk [dukej. — N muuzik [music]. 963 B
kwoit. 965 B oil. 969 Ec shiiBr. — N ktlwr [cure]. — N kuuri«s [curious].
— N just*n [we used, were accustomed]. 970 NE ^ujst.
Vae. ih. West Mid Staffobdshire cwl.
B Bradley (:br<«dli), (4 sw. Stafford), sent in io. bv Rev. R. L. Lowe, vicar.
Hn Haughton (:AAt''n), (4 wsw. Stafford), wu. by TH. in 1882 from T. Powell,
native, b. 1798.
C Cannock and neighbourhood, wn. by TH. in 1877.
S Stretton (8 ssw.Stafford), wl. and dt. by Rev. J. W. Napier, vicar.
[ 1912 ]
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
D29.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 481
I. Wessex axd Nobse.
A- 3 Hn b^^'kBT. 4 C tak, Hn t^k. 5 C meek. 19 S tiil. 21 S niira.
31 C ]eet. A: 51 BS mon, C rnVn. 55 B bs. 66 C WAsh, Hn wEshin.
A: or 0: 60 C lu^qie, 62 S strw q. A'- 67 Hn guiin. 74 BHn tm,
C ta?u, C t/uthri 76 C tood, S. tuud. 86 BS wats. 89 C both. 92 C noo.
A': 101 S uuk. 102 C Bks. 104 8 mud. 107 S luuf, Hn lof. 108 S duj,
110 C kouBr wu^wsT shonvr [can*t won't shanH], di ee*nt [I am not], shant
[shall not]. Ill C AAt. 115 B 6o«m, HnC wa'm, 8 dm. 124 BS stQen.
131 Sguut.
M' 138 CHn feedhm, 141 8 mil. 142 8 sniil. 143 8 tul. 147 B
briin. 162 B wMw. JE: 161 BSC dii. 172 B jrrBS. JE'- 193
C tliin. 194 B ont, C ani. 197 B tjeiz, C tpiz. JE': 209 C niTBT.
210 C tlii, [occ] th^, 8 klii. 214 C niidhw. 218 BSHn ship. 223 C dhlsr.
E- 241 BSHn riin. 243 BS plii. 248 B mliBr. — Hn iit. E: 260
8 lii. 261 CSHn sii. 262 Hn wii. 270, ii. B bait. F- 290 C ii. 291 B
dhei. 300 CHn kiip. E': 314 C iiml.
EA- 318 C loft, laft [refined]. EA: 322 C lof, Hn laf. 326 C a'ttd,
6wd. 328 C k6«d. 330 C 6wd. 333 B8 kxAf. 334 C ^f. 335 C aaI.
EA'- 347 B jBd. EA': 350 B8 d|Ed. 355 8 diif. 359 CS niibBr. 353
B tiip. 36r> C grit. 368 8 diith. — C d|/ii [dew]. EI- 372 Hn aa.
EO- 386 B ja'M. 394 C jonder. 402 Hn lorn. EO'- 409 B bei. 410
Hn a'u [?]. — C trfi [treel. 414 B flu. EO': 424 8 rw^. 428 C ri.
435 C joo [youths said you ana not thou to each other]. 437 C tr/uth. EY-
438 CHn dai.
I- 440 C wtk. 442 8 tyt. 444 B sto'tl, C statl. 448 C dhiiz dhtiz
dh^iz. I: 452 B o'l, C di. 458 B noit, C ndit, 8 niit? 459 8 riit? 464
Hn wft|. 469 C wmJ. 485 BC ftVl. I'- 492 8 sdtd. 494 C trfira.
I': 600 CSHn l«ik. — C ii, [occ] ee, [hay]. 608 B moil. 611 8 watnd.
614 Srfist. 517 Cam.
0- 524 C wald [often]. 0: 526 8 kaf. 629 Hn brxAt. 531 Hn
dAAtB. 550 B wad. 0'- 556 C tiu. 658 C iM^k. 559 BHn modhw,
C madhw. 560 C skop'ul, 8 sk/ul. 562 B m/un, C miidn. 563 C mWoUdt.
0': 569 B biuk. 586 C dm [often]. 687 Hn dw^n. 689 B spiun. 697
Hn sM^^t' .
U- 603 C kam. 606 C d<JBr, Hn di^B. 607 C huJtvT. V: 612 C sw^m.
619 C iu^nd. 620 8 ct« nd. 624 B grand ? 632 CHn ii^p. 634 C thrm
thra'u. U'- 640 Hn kjai/z. 643 C nefu, Hn nku. — Hn brcr'u [brow]
648 C kuiwm. V: 658 C dt&un dkitjky Hn d&<m. 663 C f&MS, Hn kuB.
667 C kut ffkut.
Y- 673 C mw^tj. 679 tjatj. Y: 691 SC mrfind. 692 C Juj[\gi8i.
701 C fast [oftenj. Y'- 705 B sko't. Y': 709 B fo'iBT, Hn iuim.
712 Bmo'is.
n. English.
A. 713 B bod. 722 BS driin. E. 744 B mBzMz. 0. 761 8 luud.
— C dog' [dog]. 767 B ukiz. 774 puunt. U. 804 8 drw^qk^n. 805
Bkrsdz.
in. Romance.
A- 813 C heeVn. 822 C mii. — C pii [pay]. 824 Hn tjtiBT. 862
8 apnra. 806 B fAAt. E- 867 C tii. 894 C d/siiv. ().. — C bif
[beef]. 925 C vai.s. 940. C koot. 941 B fiul. 947 C hdi\. 950 C
sWopOT. — C krTiun [crown]. 956 C diiKt. U •• 969 C shce'uw:.
E.B. tixtm Pftit T [ 1913 ] l^'>
Digitized by VjOOQIC
482 TH£ SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 29, Vitf.
Vak. ie. East Mid Staffobdshibe cwl.
sedwood, words communicated by the ]
The following were from wn. by TH.
Bn Bnrton-nnder-Needwood, words communicated by the late Mrs. Willougbby
Wood.
Bt Burton-on-Trent.
Ha Uanbury (6 nw. Burton-on-Trent] in 1880.
Ho Hopwas (lapvz) (2 nw.Tamwortb) in 1879.
L Licbfaeld.
Ta Tamworth (rtamBth) in 1879.
T Tutbury (:tidbBri) (4 nw. Burton-on-Trent) in 1874.
T Yoxall (6 nne.Ldchtield), wn. in 1879 by TH. from a native, b. 1805, and then
living at Tamworth.
I. Wkssex akd Noese.
A- 18 Ha kj<vk. 21 Bn niim, HaYTaHo n^vm, Bt nrim mrm. A:
39 Bn kam. 66 Bt bs. 66 Bt wish, T wosh [?]. A: or O: 68 Bt throm
thrvm, 62 BtL strw^qg. 64 Bt roqg, LBtTa rw^qg, Tallo roqg. A'- 67
BtL guu. 69 BtYHo noo, Ha na'tf. 72 Bn ru. 74 BtY t/'ii. 84 Ta m6m.
86 Ta sav. 86 BtHa tits, L outs. A': 106 Ho rood. 106 Y brood. 110
shu^dnBr ww^nB wanv shana knnv Ilowb [sbouldnH wonH sha^nt can't, these were
from several places in this variety]. Ta at etnt wont shint kj<rnt [not so often]
kiint. Ho wont wx'nt WN^nv kernt dont dM^nnr [by a few] shanvr [by a few].
113 Bt uul. 116 L wa'm, Bt [between] wa m worn. Ha wx'm, YTa ora. 118
L boon. 123 Bt n»othiqk. 124 Bt stuun, L stoon. — LrSitt^.
JE' 138 BtHaHoY f^-rtlhcr. TaL fdidhw, TaLHo faadher. 162 Bt w«t».
Ta WAAtBr. Ji: 161 BtHaTTaLY dii, Ta d«r dei, Ho dee dii. 164 Bn nui.
172 L gTBs. — Ht kjnat, L kaat [cart]. 177 Ta wlhat'n [of that kind].
-E'- 197 Bt tjeia. Ha tjn'a. 200 BtYTaL wit wiit. Ha WE'it, Ho wut
[a few say (wtct)]. M': 218 LY ship'. 223 BtYHo dhisr. Ho dhew.
224 BtHoYTa wiw. Ho wEEr.
£- 231 T th)w38h'tn dii [the washing day, (th) ?]. 233 BtHaHoTa spiik
[Ha p.t. (spok)]. 241 BtHaL riin, Ta nin, focc.] r«n. 243 Bt plii. — Ho
«ft [eat]. 261 Ta miit. E: 261 BtY sii, Ta see, Ho see [and occ. (sii)],
Bt SEt. 262 BtHaYL wii, Ta w6» wee wii. 265 Ta strBif. — I. liild
[field]. 284 L thrEsh. E'- 290 BtL s't, Y 6/, Ho 6i. L li. 292 Y mE'i.
293 Y w6». 294 Ta fiid. 299 BnY gr6m, BtHa crE'in, BtHo greiu eriiu, Ta
griin. 300 Bt kJE'tp*n, Y kiip*n [both with verbal pi. in -ett], 302 Y mE'tt.
E': 314 B iwl, Ho inrd e\rd, Y aad, aLrd.
EA: 322 BtHaL bf, Ta lof, [occ.] laf . 325 Y dh* WAAkn [thoy walk-en].
326 Bt [between] 6iid a't<d. Ha a'wd. 328 Bn ka'td, Ho kdfild, Bt [between]
ka'dd k6tid. 334 Ta dipm [halfpenny]. 336 Ta fAAl. EA'- 347 BtHoTa
JE'd, Y E'd. EA': — Bt lE'ik [a leek]. 360 Ha dp'd. 365 Ho dif dsf.
366 Bt griit, HaTa greA, Y grit, Ho giiit, L greit. 371 L strAA.
EO- 387 Ta tlcb'u [the first element was between (ce) and (t|), the transitional
form to (niu)]. EO: 394 Ta jander. 399 Bt brVit. 402 BtY laau luLm,
TaHo Idan, Ta le'm. — Ta shAAt [short]. EO'- 411 Y thrB'i, Ta thrii.
— Bt trei [tree], Ta trii [tree]. EO': 426 Bt lE'tt. 426 Bt fEit. 437
BtY tror'uth, Ha tra'i/th, Ho tro;'uth [and nearly] tmuth. £Y- 438 Bt
da't, HaHo da'i, YHoTa da*. •
I- 444 L [between] st^;il stA^il. 447 BtY a'r [used for she'], — Bt piix
[pease]. I: 468 Bt n^tt UE'it, ndit, Ha UE'tt, Ho n^t UA'it, L ndii ua tt.
462 Bn s&t. 469 Bt wuji. Ho wii [and by a few (wii 1)]. 484 Ta udhis'n [of
this kind]. I'- 494 BtL U"»m, HaL t4im. 1'; 604 Ta UA'if. 608
Ta mA'il. 609 Bt WA"il.
O- 619 Ta oov^r. 0: — Bt kroft kraft [croft]. 631 BtHoL dAAtmr,
Ha da'wto. — Bt krop ki-ap [crop]. 651 Ta stAAm. 662 L kAAU. — BtL
98 [horse]. 0'- 5d5 BtYTallo shcr'u, Bt shd'u shtigjn sh<B\u^ [the first
element very peculiar, it evidently varied towards gh.6it) see 662, 688], Ha sha'M.
[ 191* ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
D29, Vitf, iia.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 483
557 Bn t/u. 558 Ta Ice'uk, L luk. 559 Ho modbor, BtTaHo modhOT, BnLTa
madhvr. 560 Bt skTa'uI, Ho sk/ul, Ta skoj'u skuu. 562 Bt mdtiD, Ha ma'un,
TaL muun. 564 Ta sa'un 568 Bt brw^dhB. 0': 569 Bn b/uk. 579 TaL
vnuj. 586 Y d/u, Bt ds'u. 587 BtHaHo du^. 588 Bt no^'un n6</n, Ha
na'MD, TaHo n«'un, Ho n/un, L [between] na'wn noj'nn. 595 Bn fat.
U- 603 LHo kara, L kfi^mtn. 604 L sujnit. 605 BtTa sw^n. 606 Bt
d«fB|_r da«, HaY d<$B, Ta d<58r, Ho dam-. U: 611 Bn babk. 615 Ta
[between] p&'and pa'tind. 632 LBt M^p. — Bt [between] kas kos [curse].
U'- 640 Bn kj&u. 643 Ta n&ia. 650 Ha Bb&^at [with elongated lip opening],
Ysbawt, Ta [between] Bba'wt uba'ot. U': 654 Ta srkttd. 658 TaL daim.
661 Ta sha;'uBr. 663 BtYTaHoL kuB, Ha i^os' [with elongated lip opening], Ho
[pi.] kuziz kuz'n. 667 Ta [between] d'wt awt, a»9t, L kut. Y: 701 Ta fast.
n. English.
I. and Y. 756 BtTa srimp. 758 Ta [occ.] gJBl [which is (m(i« pBU'rtB)
more politer than (wBnsh)]. 0. 761 BtL luud. 791 Btbili.
in. II0M.VNCE.
A" — B^ pii [pay]^ — Bn griinz [gndnsj. 7-^Ta pliin [plain]. 830
Tatr^in. E- 867 Bt tii, Ha tB'i. — BnL piin [poinj. !•• andY-
898 Ta nVts. 901 Ta fain. O- 916 L ujiivnz. 940 BtTa kuut.
U .. — Bt wit [wait]. — Ta aat [hurt].
Vak. iia. Mid East and South East Shbopshike cwl.
All from wn. by TH.
W "Wellington (rwHlttwi), Sh., in Dec. 1881.
8 Shifnal, Sh. (7 ese. Wellington), in Jan. 1882, with verbal pi. tn -en (an j«?
9'u bin JIB?).
M Madeley, Sh. (6 sse. Wellington) (rmwdli), in Jan. 1882.
I Lronbrioge (6 sse. Wellington), Sh. (shanu, kon«, wu^nv) shanH, can*t, won't.
I. Wkssbx and NonsE.
A- 4 W tak. 21 W n^m [(naam) at Ketley, (1 se.W).], S n^m. A: or
0: 60 M \u iig, 64 W ru^os, S. roqg rit q, I roqg. A'- 67 W gx'z gotn,
M pi. 69 WS noo. 73 W soo, 74 W tiu. 82 W ww^nst. A'; 104
WSI rood, S r^«d [also, a modernism ?]. 115 W wM^ra 00m, S djffln, SI wa*m.
117 WS wVn. 121 WS gVn. 124 S stoon, I sta'un? 130 I hot.
JS- 138 W fwdhBr, S faadhnr, I fEEdhBr. M: 161 WSI d«. 179 W
wod [wDd)z JOT n«rra?], S wot. JE'- 182 WS aee. 197 I tjiiz. 200 W
wiBt, SI wit. iE': 223 W dhlw. 224 WSM wiw.
E- 233 W spe-^k, S spiik. 235 W weev. 241 S r^in, I rem. E: 261
W 8te. 262 WI wee. 265 W strE'it. E'- 290 W i. 297 W fils. 299
W griin, S griin. 300 I kiip. E': 312 I 5ot. 314 WS Ivrd, I ard.
EA: 322 WSI laf. 326 W o'ttd, S 61M. 328 S [betw.] ki'ttd ka'wd. 332
W td'ttd. 335 W aaI. 338 W kxA. 346 S gjeei. EA^ 347 WSI jB'd,
S B'd. EA': 350 WI djE'd. 351 I Isd. 352 W rBd. 355 I dBf. 365
S niOT. 366 W gr^rt, S gi^t. EO; 388 I milk. 395 SMI jw^q, I joqg.
396 S walk. 402 W lim, S lo'm, I la'm. EO': 428 W sii. 437 W triiuth,
I trauth, S trCith. EY- 438 W da'i.
I: 452 W a'i &'f. 458 W na'it, S [betw.] m/it nx'tt. 466 W tja'ild, I
[betw.] tp'ild, tjaild. 469 W ww^n [will-en]. 477 Wfa'ind. I'- 492 W
sa'id. 494 W t&'tm, S taim. I ta'im. I': 500 W latk la'iklt.
0: — W 8TuJ>TSTi [shrubbery]. 531 WSI dAAtcr. — S a's' [horse]. 0'-
655 WSI sha'uz. 559 W raadhOT m«-dhOT, S madhw. 562 SI muun. 564
W Kr'un. 566 M w^dhcr. 568 WM brti^dhw. O': 569 S btik. 571 W
gltji. 572 W bl«od. 579 W vnuj. 586 W da'u d/u. 587 WS dit^n. 588
W nce'un, SI nuun.
U- 599MTibtf^v. 603WSkam. 604l8/<,mOT. 605 WS sm^u. 606 WSI
[ 1915 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
484 THE SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 29, V iia, *.
ddvT. 607 W huAvT. — SI nM.t [nut]. U: — W pwj [pull]. 622 W
u^ndBT, 632 WSM wj). 633 WS kwj). 634 Wthra'u. 636 Mfa'r. U'-
640 W ka'M, S kjd'M. 641 W ku, SI o'm. 643 W ne'n. 660 I ^ba'ut. V:
654 W sra'ttd. 658 W da'im. 669 I te'im. 663 W e'wz'n, S 9'iw. 667 M
9'«t. Y- 673 I mujtj. Y: 701 W fast.
n. English.
A. — W baqk, [at Ketley (baqk), bank]. 737 W m^ts. E. 749 W lift.
I. and Y. 766 W srimps. 0. — S dog [dog]. U. — 8 da'iik [to
duck]. 794 WS djw^. 803 WSMI d|M„mp. 804 W drw^qk'n.
m. Romance.
A.. 830 W tre«n. 841 W tianfl. 866 W pfiw. E.. 867 WSI Uf,
1 tii. 885 WvEn. L. anrfY.. 901 S fain. 0.. 916 W stM^. 920
Wpa'int. 947 W b4il. U.. 969 W sIkJot.
Vae. iiJ. South Staffoedshhie cwl.
This is the Black Country proper.
Cs Codsall (6 nw.Wolverhampton), per E. Viles, Esq.
D Darlaston (rdurlts'n) (3 wsw.Walsall), per TH., 1879, chiefly from Henry
Blackhouse, b. 1833, foreman ironroller, and his wife, both natives.
Wa WalsaU (:waas'1), per TH., 1877 and 1879.
Wb West Bromwich (6 s. Walsall), per TH., 1877, with yerbal pi. in -en seldom
used.
We Wednesbury (iwBdjbwt) (3 sw. Walsall), per TH., 1879.
Wi Willenhall (3 e. Wolverhampton), per TH., 1879, from G. Dyke, keystamper,
b. 1825, and his family.
Wo Wolverhampton, by TH., 1879.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A'- 4 CsD tak, Wi teik. 6 Wo mBk, Cs mak. 8 Wo av jv, an jb [have
you? have-n you?]. 21 D nesm, WaWe nStm, Wi ncvm [old], neim [new].
23 Wo setm. A: 39 D kom, Wb krem. 43 Wb and ond, Wi ond [obs.J.
61 WbWi mx'n. 66 Wa wEsh, Wb WEsh WAsh. A: or 0: 60 Wa loqg.
64 D roq rw^q ru^g» Wi rt* qg.
A'- 67 D go. Wo gdu, Wi gu. 69 Wa mfu, We nou. 73 D sii. 74 Wa
t/u. 76 Wb tood. 86 DWa tits, Cs K^ts. 87 Wb tluus. 92 Wo now. A':
102 Wi aks [old], ask [new]. 104 DWi rdud. 106 Cs brood, t.— Wi letdi
I
lady]. 108 Cs daf. liotnegative, see p. 461], D at dt [have not], wow
'won'^t], ahee slwH [shan't], koo koot [can't], bit [Be not], di du)t* n6« [I don)t
inow], it it [isn't it], di [isn't], Wa di shant, shxA, kint, kAA, wdimt, woo.
We w6u kAA sh^t [won't can't shan't], Wb shee [shan't], Wi eintTis not],
Wi b^int. Wo di «it [am not], kAA [can't], ddtmt [don't]. 116 DWb w6m.
We 6«m, CsWb wa'm. 117 Wo wa'u. 118 WbCs buun. 122 Wa n6M,
Cs non. 123 DWb nw^thiqk. 124 Cs stuun.
^- 138 D faadhw f^Bdhw, We faadh^r, Wb f^^dhw, Wi fdddhwr [old].
-51: 161 DWaWeWbWo dei. 164 Wa mee. 172 Wi gras. — D kitrt
[cart]. iE'- 183 Wa titj, Cs t^-^tj. 190 Wo kj6i. 193 Wo tliin. 194
Wo Bni. 200 WaWeWi wiit, WiCs wist [occ.]. 201 Cs eedh'n. JE'i
209 Wo nivBr. 216 Cs dee\ [? deil], Wi djE*l. 217 Cs ecitj. 223 D dhitnr.
224 D wimr. 227 Wa WEt. "
E- 232 Cs brr<fk [?6i]. 233 DWeWi sp^ik. We spiik [first form occ. Wei.
236 Cs f^vBr [?6»]. 241 Wi rein. 243 We plSi. — We 6tt [eatj. 251 D
meit. E: 260 Wo lB"i. 261 DWaWeWiWo sei. 262 DWaWi wci,
WiWo Bwdi. 266 Wa strE'/t. 270 Cs boli. 278 DWe WEnsh. E'- 290
D i, ii. 293 Wb wi. 299 DWe griin, Wa gr/in. 300 WaWb kiip. E':
306 Cs &tth. 314 DWe ierd.
[ 1916 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D29,YiiA, r.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 485
EA: 322 D lof. 326 DWn 6*«1, Wi 6ud, Cs ood. 328 D kC«d, Cs kood.
331 Cs 8ood. 333 Ct» kAAf. 334 Wo cipiith [hnUjKnnjr worth], Cs Axf. 345
Wi dar fobs.], dEEr [uew]. 346 Wa giCwt, Wi ffjeut fobs.], pjcit [ucw].
EA'- 347 DWe E'd, DWn JE'd. 348 Wo a'i. EA': 350 Wb dsd fconrse
foiin (diE'd)], WoCs djE'd [oi-c.]. 355 Wa dif un d« m [deaf and dumb], Cs diif.
— WbWi krE'm [trearn]. 3C0 Wi tium. 366 DWeWi ^eit. 369 Wo sIu/<.
EO- 387Wiu«'u. EO: 394 DWiWoaandBr. 402 D la' m, We [between]
Ieed lean. 404 Wo star. — DWa shot ("short]. EO'- 419 D aa'//tiu
[youm = youi'8]. 420 Wa f6tfBr [approaching] fa'Mur. EO': 425 We 1 a" it.
435 Wa ja'w. 437 WeWi trdth. EY- 438 D d«t, We Wo dA"t.
I- 442 Cs i\i. 444 Wa stV'tl. 447 WiWo ar [ «=8he, frequent]. I: 458
We [between] UA'd nuit, Wi ndii. 469 WaWo rV'tt. 466 D tjA"ild. 469 Wo
wwj. 487 DWa j^sturdt. I'- 492 Wo [between] sa" id, s^id. 494 DWi iuim
[at D approaching (tVim)], Wi idim. 1': 602 WaWo fViv. 604 Wo ha" if.
0- 619 Wo 0/<vwr. 522 DWa 6/m'n. 0: — Wb k/uk [cook]. 627 D b6/rt,
Wb bA't. 628 Wb thVt. 631 1) dAAtar dootwr. 632 Wa k6ul k6al, Wi
kowl, Wb k6«l ka'Ml. 652 D kom [with a pursetl ronndingl. 0'- — Wo
Ou [name of letter 0]. 555 D shcc'u, WaWe shun, Wi fold] shcc'u, [new]
shuu. 656 DWo t/u. 658 WoCs Imik. 559 DWo raadhur, Wb mM^dhur.
662 Wb miCin. 664 DWi s/un. ()': 669 Wo bo-'uk, Cs buuk. 670 Cs
tuuk. 682 D kiul. 686 DWbWi dm, Wo do-'u. 587 DWo dw^n. 688 D
n»un, WaWi nuun, Wi [old] nos'un. 694 Wi bi'ut [by a few].
U- 603 D kam kom, Wi ka'm. 605 DWe sw^n. 606 We d^Jn, Cs diiB.
U: — Wo sha'wldwrz. 615 Wo pfi^imd. 625 Cs toqg. 632 Cs m^P- ^"-
640 Wa kjii^BZ, Wo kja'a [see 663]. 641 Wo ku. 643 DWo n4»a [see
663], We nu'a, Wb miiu. 648 D u/mm [ouni = oui-8, similarly (dhcum, fz*n
a'ni) thcini hissen hem]. 650 WaWiWo ibd'at [see 663], Wb vhlimi. V:
654 D sru'ad. 658 Wo du'an. 659 Wa ta'cn ta'iin. 663 DWa Wo a'as
[with elongated lip opening], Wi kuz'n [hoases, by many], Wo k}ua. 667 Wa
?u^/t dTO/it I do-out = put out], d'at [see 663], Wb \Ld, Wi k'at.
Y- 673 D mnjty \: 697 Cs bEri. 700 Cs v.-^. 701 Cs fast.
n. English.
A. 737 Wa mCit. E. 749 Wo lift. I. and Y. 756 DWb srimp.
0. 766 Wi maidhurd, dont maidhur, i)z mff'idhunn imsclf. U. — Wh
ija'uu [old form], t/uu [new, for tune]. 806 Wa f/r^s.
in. Romance.
A .. 809 Wi caVl 6/Vl. 811 Wb pl<vz*n fplacefl]. 822 Wb mei. — Wo
pci [pay]. 830 Wo trein. — D ticinz [cEiinrt]. — Wo niEstur mastur.
841 D tjaa'ns. E- 867 D tdi, We tii. O- — WbWo bif. — D
ra'and [round, see 663], Wa rcaud [and approacliing (rcwnd), see 663]. 940
Wa k6at. U .. 969 Wo sha'uBr. 970 Wa d^u^^U
Vab. lie. North Wobcestehsiiibe cwl.
Near Black Country proper.
C Cradley (:kr««ili), (3 e. Stourbridge), per TH. in 1880.
H Hagley (6 ene. Kidderminster), per 'TH. in 1880, and especially in 1882 from
G. Jsock, workman, b. 1816, and his wife, b. 1814, both natives. TII. notes
"speech quite Mid., (mJ common, verbal pi. in -<*w, (<r) in rec. sp. (ei), no
reverted (a) ; medial and final r more strongly trilled than usual Midland r,"
which to AJE.'s ears is not really triiled at all.
St Stourbridge (:8taiRbrfd^), per TH., " no reverted (k), speech quite Mid."
S Selly Oak (9 e.Stourbndge^, pal. by AJE. from diet, of Miss Sadler, native,
then student at Whitelanos, who knew not (b).
So Selly Oak, wn. by TH., 1885.
I. Wesskx and Norse.
A- 17 S Iaa. 20 S l^Bm. 21 S n^mn. 22 S t^irai. 23 S s^inn. 24 S
sheBm. 31 C Idit. 36 S thAA, thAAnn [euphonic (r)]. A: 43 S a>nd.
[ 1917 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
486 THE SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 29, V iie.
64 S wont. A: or 0: 68 8 frora. 60 H lu^a, S log. 61 S imioq. 62 S
stroq. 64 So rw^q. A'- 67 C g6M, HS run. 69 S noo [?u6u]. 70 S too, 73
S 800 [Yadu], 74 S tuu. 76 S t6oBd. 79 S o'ouii. 84 S mdm. 86 S 6<wt8.
87 S tlooz. 91 S m6M. 94 S kr6«. A': 101 S <Joiik. 102 S a»ks. 108
S daf. 110 [negatives] C kx't [can*t, said to be different 2 miles distant, but
not stated in what direction], H kA*nt [can*t]. Ill S AAt. 116 C WM^m.
123 So nwothtn. 126 S oont. 130 S boot. 131 S goot.
M' 138 CHS feedhm, H faadhw, S f^odhBr. 140 S ^1. 141 S n&il. 142
S sn&tl. 162 S weetm wMm. 163 S sEdBrdt. M: 166 S thatj. 161
CHS dSi. 166 S [little used, (gBl) not so common, (la's) somewhat used, (wEntj)
common]. — St glas' [glass]. M'- 183 S t^. 186 S r<>«d. 190 S Iwe,
192 S meea. 194 S But. 197 H tjiiz, S tj«z. 199 8 bWt. 200 HS weei. M:
207 Sn«d*l. 213SiidhOT. 217 S ««?tj. 223 HS dhiw. 224 HS wlw.
E- 233 S sp«»k. 234 S niid. 236 S weev, 236 S teeyvr. 241 S r^rm.
243 Spl^. 261 HS med. 262 S kit'l. E: 261 HC sdi, S see, 262 S
w&t. E'- 294 S teed. 296 S hiUey. 299 S grem, H griin. E': 308
S nee^. 314 HS ivrd. 316 S fot [same as singular].
EA: 324 S dvt. 326 H dud, S oo^, 330 ood. 333 S kaaf . 334 S aaf . 346
S g^t. £A'. 347 H jbM, S id. 349 S M. EA': 360 C d|M, S diid.
363 S brlvd. 364 S sh^. 366 S d>f. 366 S led, 371 S straa.
EI- 373 C dhe». EO- 386 S Joo. 387 S nun. EO: 396 H j%a.
399 S brfeit. EO'- 409 S b«. 411 C thrt, S thr«f. 413 S diVl. 414 8
flii [(fl<a?) = flea]. EO': 436 S Jau. EY- 438 H drfi, S dfeU.
I- 440 S wtk. 442 S m. 446 S n&ion. 449 S gtt. 460 S tuuzd*.
I: 462 S &t. So at. 468 8 n&tct. 469 S r&t«t. 462 S s&t«t. 466 S siti.
466 8 ^&tld. 468 8 tpldrsn. 472 S srtqk [always (sr-) for (shr-) initial].
I'- 494 H te'im, S tfeim. I': 604 S n&if. 606 C u^m, — S fei [hayj.
613C wrfiOT. 616 S wWa.
0- 621 8 f6Bl. 622 8 oop*n. 0: 627 8 ba'ut. 628 8 thawt. 629 3
bra'«t. 631 H dxAtw, 8 daatw. 632 8 k6Bl. 633 S dwj. 636 S guuld.
660 8 wod. 0'- 668 8 iM^k. 669 H madhnr, 8 mwodhvr. 662 8 muj[i.
664 8 SM^n. 0': 669 8 b«^k. 670 S IuJl. 671 8 gu^d. 672 S bla^d.
673 S Am d. 674 S brQwi. 679 So muj, S [enow not known]. 686 8 duu.
687 H dM^n. 688 HC nuun, 8 niun. 689 ^ sp/un. 696 8 fot [see 316,
where (fot) is the form used]. 697 8 sat.
U- — C Wgd [wood]. 600 S Iw^v. 606 8 d6OT. 607 St bw^tw. U: 609
8 fol. 610 8 tfj. 611 8 bolvk. 612 StSo su^m. 614 8 u^ni, 616 8 pti^nd.
618 8 waund. 622 8 u^ndvT. 626 S tu^q. 626 8 u^qffST, 628 8 nM^n.
629 8 sti^n. 631 S thazdi. 632 HStS u^. 633 HS ku^p. 636 8 wath. 637
8 tK^sk. 639 S d«oSt. U'- 640 8 kB'u. 641 S b'u, 642 8 dhE'w [not
used]. 643 So bSm, 644 8 du^j. 646 8 vhu^j. 648 8 B'umr. 663 8 bw-t.
U': 666 8 fE'ul. 668 StH dfewn, 8 ds'im. 669 St t&wn, 8 tE'wn. 663 H
o'ms 9'«z*n, 8 b'ms. 666 C WoZb«nd, S ['old man* common]. 671 8 msuth.
672 S sE'uth. Y: 700 8 was. 701 8 fast. T: 711 8 l&ts. 712 8 mkis.
n. English.
I. Y. 763 8 ktt'l. 766 8 srimp [see 472]. 0. 761 8 16oi»d. 772 8
buunffe/OT. 773 S dw^qki. 778 S viUvrd. tJ. 794 H d^ujg, 796 8 STK^g.
799 S 8k«J. 801 8 rw^^m. •— C tdn [nearly, tune].
ni. EOMAKCE.
A: 810 8 f^. 811 S pl6B8. 813 S b^Bk'n. — C p^ [pay]. 824 8 tjSBr.
827 S rfger. 836 8 Teez'u. 836 S s^^'n. 840 8 tmamW. 862 8 apvn. —
S maav'lz [marbles]. 866 8 fxxt. 866 S p6Br. £ •• 867 8 tii. 869 8 veeL
871 S Bgru. 878 S salBri. 879 8 f«<mi<^l. 887 8 tlaadji. 888 8 saattn.
890 S b^«8t [regular pi.]. 894 S diaeev. 895 8 rts^ev. l- andY" 899
S nees. 904 8 voVlet. O- 913 8 k6Btj. 916 S stu^f. 916 8 funjra.
918 S fiiVl f«rb'l. 920 8 p&int [ = pint measure]. 924 8 tjkis. 926 8 Tkis.
926 S sp&il. 928 8 u^ua. 930 S lain. — StSo mM^nf [money]. 936 80S
kM^ntrt. 942 8 batjOT. 943 S iuAj. 947 S b&tl. 948 8 haul. 963 8
kM^z'n. 966 8 da a. IJ.. 966 S kil. 970 8 dpst.
[ 1918 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 29, V iiia.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 487
Yah. iiiff. East Warwtckshike cwl.
A Atherstone (8 se.Tamwoi-tli), wu. in 1886 by TH. chiefly from J. lloUaud,
hntU'F, about 40, native.
Ajf Alleslev Gate (4 w.Coventry^ \vn. in 1880 by TIT.
B Bodworth (:bedutb), (5 uno.roventiy), wu. 'in 1880 by TIL, chiefly from
W. Jaques, b. 1808, liviufr in an almshouse.
Br Brandon o ese. Coventry), wn. 1880 by Til.
Bu Bulkinfjton (6 ne.Coveutr)), wn. in 1880 by Til., chiefly from IT. Smith, a
platelayer, o. 18.50, native, and his mother; also (marked t), two K«nvaiit3
there, natives, who spoke rather refined ; verbal pi. in -tn nearly extiuet,
(aujo duju), used, no h.
Co Coventry, a town refined speech, heard from Mrs. Cole, a tailor's widow, hy
TIT., iiavinj? a few dialectal forms, as («-) before prcseut partiriide, trilUti
(r) after drau; lnu\ etc.
X Nuneaton (9 nne. Coventry), wn. 1880 by TII., chiefly from a native labourer
of 18 ; ^:n/<onii*t*u) j^eneral local pron.
P Polesworth (4 ese.Tamworth, St.), wn. by TIL, 1879.
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 4 But/'^'k. — But weik [a wake, feast]. 8 AP k'v, Pan jo [have, havc-n
you :"]. 12 CosAAr. 14 CodrAAr. 17 Co lAAr. 20 Bu k'mu. 21 APX mvm,
B n'i!m, ABnf u/*im. 22 But t6/m. 23 BsOnm. — Blhi .miur [^Iianiiner]. 33
P TE'dhur, But rEEdhur. A: 39 Bu kam. 49 A /qiu. 50 AN wesIi. A:
or O: 58 P thrwm. 60 BuX l«^q. 04 APX r//^q, Br roq. A'- 67 X ^-u,
Bu ^00. 69 A woo, P now. 72 A uu. 84 Bu muur. 86 X ol\ Br 6nU. S7 A
klQiiz. 92 AX woo. A': 104 X rood, B n>ud. 110 X [mjratiyr] a riit [it is
not], A shant ki'int wont [shan't can't wou't], Bu kaa'ut shaa'nt wont «l')ut [can't
shan't won't don't], Co etwi [is uotl. 115 PBuom, AX worn, B wj'ni. 122 A
no, Bu n.V n. 123 A n«^th»qK. 124 N stoon, B stuun, .V stuun.
JFj- 138 A frrdhwr, P s^ianfeedhnr [jrrandfather], X faadhur feedhur, B
idhnr, Bu faadhnr [new], frrdhur [old], JJr f/alhor. — But ladlnrr [I; * *
152 X wiutur. --l-^' 158 X atnnuun [afternoon, jyonerally] att«rnuun
fi'cdhnr, Bu faadhnr [new], frrdhnr [old], IJr f/alhor. — But ladlnrr [ladder].
lui [afternoon, jyonerallv] altrrnuun [raivj,
A atnn«-'un. 160 P ej? IGI APXBBu dii, X drr, BuBr dew Inew tonn]. 177
B udhat'u [in that way]. M- 200 B wint, Bu wiit. >:': 20S P iw.v.
209 BP nivur. 211 Bu jfrii [most speak<Ts] pvr [soin«' speakers]. 216 Ihi d<l.
223 A dhew, X dhia, B dhier-in rthere-here, with euplmuir (r)]. 221 AX wiu.
E- 233 AXB si»iik. 241 A riin, But vcnx. 243 Mhi \)\rc. — Bu it' [.at].
E: 260 Bu Hi. 261 X see, XB uc. 202 APX wii, Bu wii [old], wiw wre
[new]. 263 Bu nwrf*. — P fCwld [field]. 278 A wEut;, B Aven^h. 2s.> Co kiis.
E'. 290 A /i, Bui. 292Bum»i. 293 P wci}n [we liave-n]. 297CotKlm-. 209
NBBu piin, A prr'in. 300 But kiip. E': 314 A ird [oec.] aad, N »i:rd, Br ,Vnl.
EA: 322 A l.if, X U'f. Bu lut^ laaf. 326 AXBu 6/dd. EA'- 317 BrP
E'd, AXB JB'd, Bu JEd [a few], fM [most], Co eed. 348 AX a'/. EA': —
NBu kriim, B krs'm [cream]. 360 X tiini. 361 But biitn. 366 A «rr/t [ocr.]
gTEt, X ^cvU Bu griit. 368 AX dEth. El- 372 AB aa. EO: 3^»4 P\
jandor, X jondwr. 395 ABu jw^q. 402 P la'm, X laau Kk>u. EO - 411
Buthrii. — Bu trii [tree]. 412 Bu shi. EO': 427 X ju uoo w.it dh<^
bii [ve know what they be], Br ai hi piijin [I be j^oinir]. 428 Bu si sii. 436
Bu Wu. 437 XB truth, AButr«'uth. EV- 438 AB dA"*, Bu i m// st
df/i todii [he must die to-day (tndii) old form].
I- 447 P ar [ = shf]. — Bu j/s [ves]. I: 452 Bu ai. 458 .V n/it n/Zjt,
X UA'^it, B wniX. 459 X rA"it. 462 X SA"it. 4(>5 AHu silj. 4(;9 )' w/V,l
[willj. — P wjndur [window]. 477 B f«ind. I- 4^4 XBu tA"<ni. 1:
600 Bu b/ik. 507 B w//,nnm. 509 Bu WA'il.
0: 531 BBr dAAtur. 532 Co ko«l. 552 X kAAU. — X os'/z [li(»rsos]. —
Bu UAAth [north]. ()'- ^b^i X shun. 558 P la'uk, X Ink. 559 X
mw^dhur. 562 A m<i?'un. — X mz/^^nth [month]. Air nw/ns [nnuit lis]. '^Ot P
B<]?'un. 666 Co tm//.,dhnr. ()': 569 Bu b/Vk. 587 B d/V,^n [in (</<in d/^^n)
probably (oi)m) I have done, see notes, p. 471, col. I, par. 3]. 694 A Uc'uts.
[ 1919 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
488 THE SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 29, V iii«, h.
XT- 603 N ksm, B kt<ointn. 605 ABN sw n. 606 FN ddvr, B dii« [except
before towcI, then (dfiw)], Bu d6B [old], ddv [new]. TJ: 612 N sw^m. 616
grfeimd. 632 AP M^p. 633 BBr kwj). U - 641 N &w. 643 N naa*. ABuf
nifi. 660 A [between] uba'et vibkai. 661 P widhant. F: 668 N dEsn,
ABut d&'in. 669 N iArni, Bu ikun. 663 N &«b &f<z'n [bouses], AB &W8.
Y- 673 N mM^tj. 682 AB Bu lit'l.
n. English.
A. — B boqk [bank]. 737 Bu mdtt fa fellow- workman on railway, (bt< tt)
in collieries]. I. andY. 768 ABBu gnsl [used at Bu]. 0. — N db^f
[dog]. 767 N luTit. 789 N Ab. — Co dr&tmded. 791 Bu f hdi.
ni. ROMAKCE.
A .. 811 P plMz'n [places]. 824 A tifBr. 861 N aa^t. 862 A s^. E ..
867 BrBu tii. — Bu piip*l [people]. I- and Y -- 901 PNB fA'*in.
0 .. — B [between] r&^ima refund [round, with elongated Up opening]. 9l7
ButbA^il. U" 963 P ku-AtBt. 966 But a'^iL 970 B d^w^.
Vae. mb. "West WABwicKSHms cwl.
G Curdwortb (7 ne.Birmingham), wl. and dt. in io. by J. Montague Dormer,
Esq., almost all the words in the old wl. besides those here cited were
asserted to be rec. pron.
Bi Birmingham. The wl. sent by Samuel Timmins, Esq., J.P., F.S.A., indicated
simply rec. pron., which he stated was ** probably often modified by s.St. and
e. Wo." It probably ^ye town pron. and hence is not here cited. CaUed
(ibrtiomtdjBm] at Leamington.
E Elmdon (7 ese. Birmingham), wl. in io. by F. J. Mylins, Esq., apparently
son or brother of tbe Rector, who had then been 14year8 there.
K Knowle (10 nnw. Warwick), wl. in io. by Bey. J. H!owe, M.A., Vicar since
1866.
L Leamington, a ye^ few wn. in 1880 by TH. from a mason, natiye, who
obsenred with respect to the dialect, ** we find it different aU the while."
The ^eral sound of the speech was quite Mid.
W Warwick, wn. by TH. in 1880, but no reyerted (b), and sound quite Midland.
I ^used.
I. Wessbx Ain> NOBSB.
A- SEb^k. 4Et^k. 6 E m^k, E mfBk. 8 L ly. 10 G aa. 12
G SAAT. 14 G drAAr. 17 G Iaat. 18 £ k^k. 20 C l^Bm, E liBm. 21 CE
n^Bm, E nlBm. 23 G£ s6Bm, K slBm. 24 E sh^Bm. 26 GE m^BU. 26 G
w6Bn. 31 E liBt. 33 K rivdhBr. A: 39 E k^Bm. 43 E ond. 44 K
lond. 60 E tM^z. 61 E mon. A: or 0: 60 W [betwe^ loq Iw^q. 61
E Bmv^q. 62 K stm^q. 66 K thf#Qq. A'- 67 G guu, Lw gd/in. 69 G
n6B. 76 K ttkBd. 81 G I^bu. 86 G wsis, E w6Bts. 87 G klooz. 98 G nood.
99 G throod. 100 G sood. A': 104 G rM, K rtiBd. 106 L brAAd. 107
E l6Bf. 108 G dxf [ocoj. 113 G wsl. 116 E w<(Bm, L 6m, i)z gA'n oom
[he's gone home]. 118 GbifBU. 124 GK st<iBn. 126 W onlt. 134 G (bth.
M' 138 E f^dhBr, K flBdhBr. 141 G nM, K uIbI. 142 G sn^sl, E sniBl.
143 G t^Bl, E tfBL 144 G Bgsn. 162 E waatsr. M: 166 G tiiak.
JB'- 183 E tM^. 190 E ktff [P kiX 193 E Umi. 196 E mont. 197 E
t^MS. MllL«0dh*n. M: 218 Cw ship. 223 LWdhtBr. 224 G wisr.
E- 232Gbriik. 236 G f«#yBr. 261 EKm«rt [P^i]. E: 262 G w^ [PI.
280 E lBb*n. 284 E thmh. 287 E btzBm. EA- 319 G g^. £A:
322 L IM. 323 E fn'iit. 326 E waak. 326 E s'lfld. 333 G kaaf, GE kAAf .
346 G g^ E giBt. EA'. 347 E jsd. EA': 369 E nhibBr. 363 EE
faBp. 368EdiBth,Wd^. EL 377 G siiik. 378 G wtf^k. 882 G dhiBr.
£0- 386 E too, 887 G nuu. £0: 394 G jaadar. 399 G bnjtt. 402
G laan. 403 W for. £0'- 414 E flyt. EO': 423 E tha't. 428 W d.
[ 1920 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 29, y iii^ iy.] THE SOUTH MIDLAND. 48d
I- 440 E wik. 442 C iti. 446 E no'in. 447 L i^r [esheT. 460 C
toozdi. I: 452 C di[* inclined to (o'i), but not miite eqnal to it '), £K o't [no
modifying statement], W kH, 466 C Ue, 458 G ndit, E na'it, W [between]
nArHudii, 462E8yit. 466C8iti. 466Ctj4ild. 467Cw</tld. 477 CLfJind.
I'- 496 C divm, V [From £ aU F words are written with oi, which may
be (o't, ii)]. 500 EK lo'ik. L l<//k. 603 C UH, E b'tf [possibly the same
sound]. 606 E wo'it 606 £ ti^im. 609 L w<itl. 610 W mkH. 614 E o'ts.
O- 621 C foold. 0: 526 K kmf. 0'- 666 C t/n. 669 £ mw^dhv.
660 C sk/nl, W skoul. 662 K mfwm, 0': 687 L dtf^n. 689 K sp/unn.
690 £ fltuBT.
U- 603 L ktfomin, W ksmtn. 606 E dtkvr. U: 618 G w^Mid. 622
W tt-ndwr. 626 C toq. 632 W w-p. 633 L ki»j)\ 636 E fardBT. F-
641 W &«. 643 W n^. U': 668 W dftim. 663 W km. 667 L o'wt.
Y- 676 £ b'l. 677 £ dw'i. Y: 690 £ ko'ind. 691 £ mo'tnd. 700
G was. 701 £ fast.
n. Ekolish.
A. 737 G mMy K mfvt. E. 744 E mMz*lx. 749 G lift, W Isft. I
and Y. 763 G ttg'l. 767 £ tiini. 768 £ rarl. 0. 761 EK Idnd. 763
G lAim. 772 G bnmfrfiw. U. — L tiiob [tub].
m. ROMAVGB.
A* 810 £ f^ss. 811 W pWsez. 813 GEE b6«k'n. 817 G ndtsh, K
rodish. 824 tfiivr. 837 G liis. 862 K apen. £- 887 £ klaad^t. I-
andY' 904 G yJtBlet. 911 G SBstvm. O- 919 G &tntmnit. 920 G
p&tnt. 926 G T&fs. 926 G spfrl. 929 GE kuokvmbvr. 930 G Uun. 933
Lfr«^t. 947 G Mill. — WWim [crown]. U- 966 G ill.
YaB. iy. LsiCESTEB cwl.
L Looghborongh (l:Nofb«ni) (10 nnw.Leicester), wn. by TH. 1878-9. Verbal pi.
in -m recently extinct.
Lr Leicester, wn. in 1884 by TH., see p. 464.
S Syston (:s6tstvn) (6 nncLiaicester), wl. written by Miss M. A. Adcock, natiye,
teacher at Whitelands Training GoUege, and read by her to AJE., who
palaeotyped it. Eyen before a yowel r is yery weaJdy trilled or buued
B BintaU (rbasttl) (3 nne. Leicester), Miss Allen, of St. Mark's Girls* School, a
friend of the aWe Miss Adcock, who had known the dialect aU her life,
gaye a few words in io.
£ Miss G. EUis (no connection of the author), residing in Belgraye, (2 ne.
Leicester), and purposing to giye the pron. at Leicester and 8 miles round,
wrote me a numbexW wl. Fot brerity, only the yowel of the word when it
differs from S and B is assigned.
O Glenfield (3 wnw. Leicester), wn. by TH., 1884, from Orme, the carrier, a
trustworthy informant.
G Gottesbach (;k9ttsbat|) (14 ssw. Leicester), a wl. by Bey. J. S. Watson,
rector, natiye. Only such words as differ from the aboye four are giyen, and
then generally only the yowel is written in.
M Market Harbro' (14 se.Leioester), wn. in 1882 by TH.
I. WiflfiEX Ain> NoBSi.
A- 3 S bak;i«^ rbakehouse]. 4 8E tsk. 6 LSE msk. 6 8 m«fd. 8
L tftf, G B, S ly. 9 8 bii^^y. 10 8 aa. 12 8E sAA+r. 13 £ uaa. 14 8£
drAAvr. 16 8 aa. 17 ȣ Iaa [+r before a yowel]. SE kink. 19 LS t^l.
20 SE Wm. 21 LG n^m, LrM n^im. 22 SE ttfnn. 23 S s^rm. 24 8
sh^mi. 25 8 nuCTi, £ ii. 26 8 w^n. 27 8 n^y. 28 8 eei r [slightly trilled].
SlSWt. 32Sbtf#dh. 33 8 rMdhvr, £ b, G a, o. 34 SE last. 36 8 thAA.
[ 1921 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
490 THE SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 29, Y iT.
A: 39 S kt/^md. 40 S kam. 41 S thaaqk. 43 L and, E o. 44 S land,
E 3. 46 S kandU. 48 S SK^qed. 60 S toqz, E 8. — L kjan [can]. 51 L
m&n, S man. 64 LE want, S WAAnt. 56 LSE wssh. 57 S£ as.
A: or 0: [C (q), nerer qg)]. 58 M tram. 59 S lam. 60 LEGLr U^q, S
bq, Lr loq. 61 S£ raiM^q. 62 S stroq, E %. 64 LLr roq, MS n>q. 65
S soq, Lr soq.
A'- 67 L gu;m, N g6u*in, SEG gun, Lr gd, C [goes, becomes occ. (gaz)].
69 SL noo, M nOi*. 70 SE too. 71 S woo, 72 SE lu [or yery like (/yOj. 73
LSE 800, E «. 74 SEG t/u, G toj'u, M tun. 75 SE strook. 76 SO tooiid. 77
SE brd. 78 SE oo. 79 SE oon. 80 S olodii. 81 SG Uen, 83 S moon. 84
S m6«r nvr Jau [more than you], G mdOT, E moor. 85 S soor. 86 S oots.
87 SE tlooz. 89 S booth. 90 SE bloo. 91 S moo. 92 L nH'n, LE noo.
93 SE snoo. 94 S kroo. 95 S [(alt, hurl, used]. 96 S soo. 97 SE sool. 98
S nood. 99 S [see 95]. 100 S sood.
A': 101 SE ook. 102 SE aks. 104 S rood, C rooml rQuvd, MLr rdwd. 106
S brood. 107 S bf, E oo. 108 SE doo. 109 SE loo. 1 10 S not. 11 1 S AAt.
113 SE xl [gen.VwBl, [occ.], G ool. 115 L a*m oom dm, SG ora, E a', a, Lr (Sum,
M Sum. 117 LE wa'u. 118 S booon. 121 S gon. 122 S nu^n, E nan, M nda,
UA'n. 123 LG nu^tbtqk, S noot [nought], E nathiqk. 124 S stM^n. 125 S oont.
126 S oor. 127 S 6ow, E 6ost. 128 S [(dhsm) used]. 129 SE goost. 130
E boot, Lr bdwt. 131 £ goot. 133 S r6tted [used], £ root. 134 S£ ooth.
135 SE klath.
M- 138 LSG tefdhm, E a\ M faadhv. 139 SE drii. 140 LS ill. 141
SELr niil. 142 SE sniil. 143 LSE till. 144 SE «gen, C vgin [adv.] Bgen
[prep.]. 146Emiin. 147 S briin. 148 S feer. 149 S bli^z. 150 S Wst.
152 SE wetw, Lr WBtB. 163 LS 8EtBrd«, L 8Etd«.
M: 156 SBE thak. 168 S aaftvr, E aftor. 160 SE Eg. 161 LSE dii,
G dii [old], Lr ds'^t, M ddi. 163 SE liid. 164 SGE m*, [emphiitic] mii, Lr
mee. 165 S szid, E ssd. 166 S m<^«d. 168 SE talB. 169 SE weu. 170
S eevist, E a, i. 171 SE b»»'rlt. 172 SG grss, E a. 173 SE waz, SB waa'b.
174 S aash. 175 SE fast. 178 S nat. 179 S wo& [but (d) assimilated]. 180
Eb&'th. 181 Spad. EkK
M'- 182 S seH, E su. 183 LE tiit|, S t<^t|. 184 S MM. 185 S ri*<nd,
E riid, Lr riid. 187 S Ueiy. 188 S mi. 189 S wii. 190 S ki«. 191 S
eei\, E iil. 192 S meexn. 193 S tlrVin, EM tliin. 194 S out, E b, C a.
195 S mant, BC mant, £ b. 197 L t|B'tz, S t|mz, £ ii. 199 S bl^t. 200
LSEGM wiit, G wiet [old]. 201 S mdh*n. 202 SE iit.
M'-. 203 S sp^^ch. 204 S dmd. 205 S thrtd. 206 SE nd. 207 E
niid'l. 208 G ivn. 209 G nivB. 210 SE tlii. 211 S grii, £ <v. 212 S wii,
E wee. 213 SC ^-zdhwr, £ ii. 215 S teetjt. 216 S 6ee\\, E diil. 217 S kii^.
218 S sh^fip, E ship. 219 S s^rtp. 221 £ fiir. 223 S dhio, M dh^, £ dheer.
224 LSLr wib, M wd«. 225 SE flssh. 226 £ moost. 227 SE WEt. 228
S swmt, £ B. 229 S brsth, £ e. 230 S fat.
£- 231 L dhv [rarely by assimilation (t')]. 232 S br^k. 233 LGMLr
spiik, S sp^fk. 234 S n^<?d. 235 S weey. 236 S ieevar, £ ii. 237 S bliin.
238 £ Ed|. 239 S we\. 240 £ liin. 241 SEG riin, Lr r^in. 243 LSE plu,
Lr plE"i. 246 SEkwfWn. 247 SE wwn. 248 S meer. 249 SE weer. 260
SE sweer. 251 SE meet. 262 S£ kEtU. 253 SE nst'l. 264 S£ ledhBr.
255 S wedhwr.
£: 267SBdi. 259 S WEd|. 260 SEGlii. 261 LM s^t, L s«», S sM. 262
L wet WE'i wii, SE wii, Lr we i, M wdi. 263 M bwbI. 264 S iil, E ee\. 265
LLr strE'it, S strrVit. 267 S J<vld. — L f^ild [field] fiild, G f^lz f/ilz. 268
S ooldist [used], £ hsld'st. 270 S bslBs, SE bBli. 272 SE Elm. 273 SE mEu.
276 SE thtqk. 277 S sook [used]. 278 LSE wEUsh. 280 S hsv'n. 281 S
lEqkth, £ Isnth. 282 S strEokth, £ strEnth. 283 SE mert. 284 SE thrEsh,
B thriah. v85 S knss. 286 S arB. 287 S b^'m, £ b, C ii. 288 £ Ist.
£'. 290 L E't, S iei, £ ii. 291 S dh<^, £ dhii. 292 L m(ti mB'i, S meet,
£ mee. 293 S wm, £ wee. 294 L fE'td, SE f^d. 296 S biUrtv. 297 L
felB [(tiap) not so common]. 298 SE Uei\. 299 L gr^in, SE gr^dn, G gr^m griin
grtin, M griin. 300 S k<^p, £ k^rp, G kjeip, M kiip. 301 S ivr. 302 S mmt.
£': 306 S 6t. 306 £ ait. 307 SE n6f. 308 L UB'td, S n^rid. 309 S
[ 1922 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
DiO, Viv.] THK SOUTH MIDLAND. 491
^u'tkl 310 S veil. 311 E ten. 312 S iw, G in. 314 LGLr lud, M ood
aad. 315 S I'mt. 316 E UEkst.
EA- 317 S ntu skill) used]. 319 S ^efn, 320 SE keer.
EA: 321 S [(sEEd) used]. 322 LGM h\f, B Inaf. 323 SE [(ftt)] used.
324 LG E'it\ S a/t, E iit. 325 S wank, E aa. 326 LG a'wd, S ood, E oold,
M 6/dd. 327 SE boold. 328 L ka'/rd, LrSE koold. 329 SE foold. 330 S
ood, [sb] tak ood ou)t [tjike hold of it], C oot [uoun]. 331 SE soold. 332 L
U'ud. 333 SB kAAt' [both spelled it ror/^ shewinnf that they did not feel the r].
334 S rt-f. 335 S al on wn [all of thenij. 336 SE fA,U. 337 SE waaI. 338
L kAAl. 340 SE Jiesi'd. 342 S eenn, E aa». 343 S WAAm, E aa', vcfD. 345
L dEELF, S dos'nt [dare not]. 346 L jjjVrt, S ^eejct.
EA'. 347 I.SEG B'd, M ed. 348 SE 6i, E ki. 349 S fuu, [fine. E (fiu)].
EA': 350 SEG dE'd. 351 SE Isd. 352 LSG rsd. 353 SE hiEd. 354
S shrtjf . 355 L dEf, S drev. 356 S Irrf, E ii. 357 S [(fwr d1 dhnt) for all that,
U;*ed], E dhoo. 359 SE uiibOT, B mrbw. 360 S teem, E ii, C iiu, G tiBin
[old], tiim [new]. 361 S b^m. 362 S slii. 363 S tjeep, E e. — G iur
[vearj. 365 S neer, E ii. 366 L gre-H;, SE gTEt, M gi-e^t. 367 SE thrEt.
368 SE dEth. 369 SE bIoo. 370 S rAA'Br, E rAA. 371 S strAA'wr, E strAA.
EI- 372 S [unused]- 374 S nee, 375 S riiz. 376 S bett.
EI: 377 C stUck. 378 S Y^eek, 380 S dhEm. 382 S dher, E ii.
£0- 383 E sEV*n. 384 S Bv'n. 385 S bsn^^^h. 386 E joo. 387 S niu
[modem], nun [gen.], E nuu.
EG: 388 SE milk. 389 S Jook. 390 SE shw^d, 393 S buJDnd. 394 h
jonder. 396 SE wak. 397 S soocrd, C sward. 398 SE stscsm-. 309 L
brait, S broit. 400 S amest. 402 LE laon, S laam, GM laan. 403 SE far.
404 SE steers [also for staira]. 405 S aarth, E eb. 406 SE ai-th. 407 S
fadi [used], E fnrdh'n. 408 E niu.
EO'- 409 S h^ci, E bee. 411 S threei, E three, G thret. 412 L [between]
shE'i sh^t, S shm, E ee. 413 S divil dE>-Bl, E dEvil. 414 S fiki. — L wE'id
[weed]. 416 S 16t. 416 SE dinr. 417 SE tjSu. 418 S briu. 420 S fdoB.
421 S (6cmU,
EC: 423 SE th6i. 424 SEC rw^f. 425 L Irftt, SE I6it. 426 LG fE'it,
S ieet [no (i) after H], G f«it. 427 L bB'i, S heeiy G bet. 428 S 9eci,
E see, G sei. 430 E frEud. 431 SE blcr. 433 SE biEst, Lr brEsizs [breasts].
434 LrS be^. 435 SE joo. 436 L triu, SE triu. 437 L tra'uth, SE triuth.
EY- 438 GLS d«i, E do'i. EY: 439 SE tr»*^st.
I- 440 S W£'<k [used for a feast, wake']. 441 S si v. 442 S divi, B 6ivt.
443 Efr6idi. 44t SE st6tl. 446 SE n6tn. 448 S dhm:, E ii. 449 S gar
[certainly before vowels, ? before consonants, E pit] 450 SBE tuuzdee.
I: 4o2 SE 6i. 454 S witj. 455 S l6i dann [written aarn]. — S bad
[bird]. — Lr thaad [third]. 457 S m6»t. 458 LM nu/t, SE n6it, G n/?it.
469 LM rait rA'it [almost impossible to decide between them), SB r6it. 460
L WB'it\ S wmt, E wiit. 461 S Bl6it. 462 SE s6it. 464 E vrdj. 465 SEG
sitj. 466 L tjd/ld, SE tj6ild. 467 S w6/d. 408 SE tjildon [commonly
called (kidz)]. 471 S timbw. 472 S shriqk, E sriqk. 473 S bl6'ud. 474
S pil [used]. 475 S wind, E a'i. 476 S boind. 477 L fain', SE f6iud. 478
S CToiud. 479 Sw6tnd. 481 SE fiqcr«r. 484 E dhis. 485 LB this'l. 486
S baam [barm, used]. 487 SE jistBrdii. 488 SE ait. — Lr [betw.] dat,
dot [dirt].
I'- [(6t) was the nearest approach I could make to Miss Adcock's diphthong,
which she identified with my h'i). Miss Ellis writes (Vi), but I use (6t for both,
TH once heard (a'i) Lr]. 490 SE b6i. 491 SE 86i. 492 L said. 493 S
dr6iv. 494 LM tdim, SBE t6ira. 496 SE 6iim. 498 SE r6it.
I': 600 SBE I6ik. 601 SE w6id. 502 SBE f6*v. 603 SBE I6if. 604
SE n6if. 605 SK woif. 506 8 wM^mra, E wam^n. 607 SE w/niin. — L
ii [hay]. 608 G mriil, SE m6il. 609 SE w6il. 611 L wrfin, SB w6in. 612
8E 8n6iBr. 613 S vfbivt. 614 S 6i8. 616 S w6»8. — G vfdii [white].
617 L j/u, E Jiu.
0- 619 G ovB. 621 SE fool. 622 S ap*n, Lr op'n. 623 S ap, 6i ap jb
mi gar it [I hope you may get it, (r) for (t), as frequently]. 524 S wald.
0: — M srw^b [shrub], — L kt'uk' [cook]. — L [between] fagi fogi [foggy].
[ 1923 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
492 THE SOUTH MIDLAND. [D 29, V iv.
oir. SKkaf, Ck.if. Lrlcof. 527 SE bAAt. 628 S tbiqkt [used! E thAAt. 629
S hvh\d [\\M'i\], K l.r Alt. 531 8 diatitr. MEG dAAtcr. 632 SE kool. 53« SE
<l/^l. uai S until [pitch ri^os nt end], E oo\. 636 SE goold [uot (used)]. 638
SK \v//,d. 639 SK hooh 540 S al*. 542 SE boolt. — G trap' [crop]. 647
SE Ixiomtl. 549 S ooud. 650 S wnd, EC ar. 661 S storvm, E stAAm.
652 LE kAAU, S karun. 553 S arun, £ aau. 564 SE kras, C aa.
()'- 555 L Aia''»t SE aIi/u, M shuu. 556 SE t/u, S [oniiUed before the name
of n i)lncts Fiu ffointf church'], obi SE tiu. 668 L liuk Icr'uk, SE luuk I/'uk.
559 \, inndhiir, S nijdhur, E mwodher, GM madhB. 660 L sk/id, M skinil.
501 S bl.wum fiisHl]. 562 LG ma'un, SBE mi'un, Enderby niaun. 663 SBE
ni/<^Dd/. 564 LSE si'un. 666 SE n&z, £ nooz. 666 LSEG ModhBr. 668
GLr br/r^jdhiir.
0': 569 LSE bi'uk, E buuk. 670 SE tuuk t»uk. 671 SE j^m^^ E gad?
672 SE bl/f d. 673 SE ^%^, 674 S br/ut. 575 SE stw^d. 676 S wEnzdi.
677 S ba'w, E brc'M. 678 S plau. E k'u. 679 LSE Bii«_f, S to/u. 680 SE t^^^f .
681 S 8^ajt, E 8AAt, 1/wkt. 682 SE kmL 683 S t»ul. 684 SE stiul. 685
S br/uni. 586 L da'M d<r'ii, SE dm. 687 SE dM^ii, GM ^uji, 688 L naVm n/un
na'uu, S n/un. 689 SE sptun. 690 S floovr. 691 C mdm. 693 S mf«.n [used],
E m(f^9i. 694 SE b/ut. 695 SE htji, C fat. 696 SE r/ut. 697 SE sM^t.
U- 599 SE wb/i^v. 600 SBE \u^v, 601 S faul, E b'«. 602 ES sb'k,
603 LM kam k/z^m. 606 SE sw^n, LGM SM^n, Lr aim. 606 LGM d^B, S
dAA'BT, E d6Br. 607 S bw^tBr, G bM^t^kHp.
U: 608 SE hj^M, 609 S Ittji, EC fal. 610 SE wmJ. 611 S bwjBk,
EC a. 612 LSEsM^m. 613 SE drti^qk. 614 S a'im. 616 S paund, E e'h.
616 L gr^&fmd, £ grs'trnd. 617 £ be tmd. 618 S w«f^nd, £ en. 619 3
f/z^nd, £ E'f#. 620 8 graundBd. 621 S WM^n. 622 SEG HoDdBr. 626 SE
t»q. 626 L «o9gr«» SE M^qgar. 627 G w^^i. 628 S nM^n. 629 SEG sw^n,
Lr SMU [no ditference between «on, 8un\. 630 S wi/^n. 631 S tbazdi, E ar.
632 SEGLr «j). 633 SEMLr kwjj, tr kop. 634 L tbra?'u, S thriu. 636
SE wath. 636 SE faadB. 637 S Xu^fk. 638 S bu^k. 639 SE du^st.
F- 640 S ka'w, E ks'ti, C \ku, 641 S a'u, E e'u, C I&m. 642 S dha'ti,
C T&u. 643 S ua'w, £ ns'ti, G n^M, C T&u. 646 S dM^v. 646 [S (kr/uk) used],
£ bffl'M. 647 S a'wl, E e'k. 648 L dir, S aarn [ours], C war [unemphaticj.
652 SE k«pd [med thua, * I used to couldn't*]. 653 SE b«^t.
XT': [Miss Adcock said (a'u) throughout, Miss Ellis gives the numbers for
(b'u) throughout, but very possibly she meant (&.m), which was accidentally
omitted from the numbered lists, ana it is most likely that the actual sounds used
by both ladies were identical. In her dt., £ gives nadtS^ *a in pot, 66* which
should be (aj'ti), but may be (ku). The actual diphthong meant is therefore
uncertain ; see 663 L. The C wl. gives the triphthong (i6u, j&u, eku) ; see
D 26, p. 426, 1. 9.] 664 £ srm'uS. 656 £ fic't<l. 656 S r/um. 657 S
bra'im E em. 658 LGMLr dfttm [(€&u) not used at L], C \ku, S da'un [see
669], £ dE'im. 669 LM tdim, S ta'un [with raised voice at end], £ E'lm. C \ktt,
661 8 [rarely used, generally a (pa'ur), meaning a pouring down of rain],
£ shae'iir. 662 SE m^. 663 L aus, [between] aas, ius ; das, S a'us a'Nz'n,
£ b'ks, G ku8 &MZ*n, M kua. 665 £ ms't/s, CTml&vs. 666 SE u zhvn^ man,
Lr M^zbBud. 667 S a'nt, £ E'ut, MLr ktd, 668 S pra'tid, £ b'u. 670 S btudh.
671 S ma'uth, £ b'u. 672 S sa'uth, £ b'u,
Y- 673 S m'/^t;. 674 S ded, E i. 676 SBE 16t. 677 SE dr6t. 678
S din. 679 L t;at|, Lr [betw.] tiati, tioti, SE i^}, 680 SE bizi. 682
SE hVl.
Y: 684 S brig. 686 S radj [common], ng, G rtdpz. 686 S b<J» [a slight
difference from 490], £ b6t. 687 S fl6tt. 688 C sitisetj Sdti. 689 SE bild.
690 SE k6fnd. 691 SE m6ind. 693 SE stn. 694 L wak, Lr wok. 696 S
sprk. 696 £ barth [? 99]. 697 £ bBri. 699 S r6»t. 700 LSE was, Lr
[between] was, wos. 701 CSE fast. — L shM.t. 703 SE pit.
Y'. 705 SE 8k6i. 706 SE w6i. 707 SE thart^in, G thartSin. 708 SE
6iBr. Y'; 709 SE fdiBr. 711 S Idis [usually (diks)]. 712 S m6i8.
n. English.
A. 713 £ bad. 714 E Wd, 716 E ad'l. 717 S d|^Wd. 718 S triid.
[ 1924 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 29, V iv.] THB SOUTH MIDLAND. 493
722 S driin. 723 E dfivrt. 726 S w«l, Lr sdtl [country] fire\ [with depressed
intonation]. 729 E friim. 733 S 6% wor xmoe skoevrd t/u dotli [I was nlinost
scared to death]. 734 S daxen, E be. 737 S nwft. — G ttviii [i)otato].
740 S w«fiv. 742 S liizi.
E. 743 E skriim. 744 S nww'lx, E b. 745 S ijeciU 746 S hrmdh, E ii.
747 S indivBT. 748 S fliffd. 749 L Izft. 750 E bEg.
I. and Y. 753 8 t*tM [more nswal], E tikU. 754 E p»g. 756 LSEM
BTimp. 757 S ttni. 758 SE gsl. 759 E fit.
0. 761 SE lood, C ooB. — L dog, Lr dog ddg [dog]. — L tlogz [clogs].
767 S n6iz, EC ki, 768 S k6iik. 771 SE f.ind. 773 S dw^qki, E h. 774 E
pooni. 775 S biubi, E uu. 777 SE shop. 779 E arta. 781 S ludhnr. 782
SE pw^dhB mwok [? a powder of muck, very dusty]. 783 S p«JoMltri. 784
8 ba^MM, bE'Mns. 789 E n'u, 790 S ga'im. 791 GLr bO/.
U. 792 S skwoVl. 793 SE u^, 794 LrM djM^. 795 S 8r//,g. 796
L blop'u. 799 SE 8k»/J. 801 SE r«^m. 803 SELr dj-^mp. — GLr g«„n
[guu]. 804 LS dni^qk'n [S *Tery broad*]. 805 SE kardz, kadz. 806 »E
iuji. 807 SE piioP. 808 LS pw.t [S fine, E (pat)].
il ^tb*l. 810 SE f^is [rising pitch], [country about Lr] iers.
[rising pitch], M plcis*, E [pi. plwz^i]. 812 S Iceia. 813
nVn, £ li. 814 S£ mees'n [usually (brik-liim-)]. 816 S fmd.
in. EOHANCE.
A .• 809 E
811 SE plr^
L b^rk'n, 8 W«l _. ^ _ , ,^ _
817 SE rsd/sh. 818 E hMid; Toftm]. 819 SE reeid^. 821 8 dilii. 822 SE
mii. — LG pu [pay]. 824 SE tiiiur. 827 8 eesBT. 828 SE cegu, 830
L tr6in, SE triin. 832 S miiur, E ee. 833 8 dIcot. 835 S reeiz'n, E ii.
836 S 8tViz*n, E ii. 838 8 tr^'t, E ii. 839 8 b^l. 840 8 tjmmbor, E s.
841 S tircfl?n8, E bP 842 S plaqk. 845 8 eenshm, E h-. 846 C tjaandlor.
847 £ df<md|Br. 848 SE ijeend^. 849 SE str^mdivr. 850 8 dnoicns, E aa.
851 SE aant, E b. 852 SE Bpvn. 853 8 baargin, E sr. 854 SE bind.
855 SE karuts. 856 8 pa^rt, E ». 857 S kms. 858 8 brms. 859 E tjees,
860 SE ^^eisi, 861 8 t<^8t. 863 8 tjEsf. 864 8E bekaz. 865 8 fAAt.
866 LpdB.
E-. 867 8 t«fi, E tu. 868 E dpi. 869 8 vUil [but Tail and veil (reel)].
870 8 biuti buutt. 871 8 ugr^«. 872 8 tj^fif, E u. 874 8 riin. 875 S fiint.
877 8 eeur, E h-. 878 SE salort. 879 [S never used by dialect -speakers, only
(wEnt|)], E ieemeel. 880 8 Egzroacmpl. 881 SE seus. 882 S panzt. 884 8
Bprantis. 887 8 tlaardji. 888 S saarttn, E 99. 890 8 b^vst hecsts, E ii. 891
E fiist. 892 8 uBfs ubvb, E uBvt. 893 8 flB'ur. 894 8 dismv. 895 8
ria^^'v.
I- attdY" 897 SE dvldtt. 898 SE n6t8. 899 8 n^/s, E ii. 900 8
pr«*. 901 SE f6in, Lr (din. 902 S m6fn. 903 S [uses only (tu ev jer diuBr)
to have your dinner], E ddm. 904 SE v6ilet. 908 SE Bdv6t8. 909 8 brmz.
910 Ed|B'i8t. 911 SEsBstBm. 912 8E r6t8.
0 .. 913 SE kootj. 914 E brootj. — L ba'tf [P (b6tf) beef]. 916 8 stw^.
916 8 u^npm, E s. 917 SE roog. 918 8 feeVl. 919 E a'iutment. 920 £
pa'int. 921 E skotnt. 922 8 hus'l, E bashU. 923 EC ma'ist. 924 EC
tpi'is. 925 8 v6i8, E a'i. 926 8G spdtl, EC a'i. 927 8 tni^qk. 928 SE
natms, E B'tms. 929 8 ka'ukti^robOT, £ ks'u-. 930 SE 16m. 931 8 d|w^l8r.
932 C tnnl&tmt. 933 SE fru^nt. 934 8 ba'trnti. 935 SE kti^ntrt. 937 £
kak. 938 8 kaamvr. 939 tloe bt, SE tlas, 8 [close the door (pa'r dh« d6Br t/u)
put "the door to]. 940 SE koot. 941 SE f/ul. 942 8 b«ot|«r, E batjOT.
943 SE tM^tj. 947 8 b6tl, £ a'i. 948 8 ba'tfl [this is also used for a hoop,
to trundle a hoop, is to (ba'id « ba'ttl)]. — GM Vujbs [colour]. 950 £ sM^pur.
951 £ kMoP*l. — L kr^fetm [crown]. — Lr nas rnurse]. 952 8 kMZ*n. 954
£ kash^n. 955 E dE'Mt. 956 8 ktwr tt uj^ [cover it up, as frequeut as
(kff^vBr)]. 967 E empla'i.
if.- 961 SE grfuuil. — L w^t tin [waiting]. 963 SE ktr6iBt. 964 8
8(iUBt siuBt. 965 8 61I, EC a'il. 966 8£ fr/ut. 967 S s/ut, £ sunt. 968 8
6r8tBr, £ a'i. 969 L sh<r'uQ, SE shi(iur [never used alone, but always after
(saatin)]. 970 8 d^ist nx'u [but] b djujst man, E ti^. 971 SE fl/ut.
[ 1926 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
494 THE NORTHBRN DIVISION. [Introd.
V.
NOKTHEBN DIVISION OF ENGLISH
DIALECT DISTRICTS.
This comprises D 30, 31 and 32. It is bounded on the s. by
the n. theeth line 5 (p. 18), and on the n. by the L. line 10
(p. 21) ; and on e. and w. by the sea.
Area. The entire North and East Ridings with some of the West
Riding of Yo. ; n.La., most of Cu. and Nb., all We. and Du.
Difttricts, Only three districts have been formed, with rather
numerous varieties, which, however, do not show any very important
differences.
Characters, In the greater part of the di\'ision XT' is represented
by (uu), which in n.La. and Craven becomes (6m, aw). But
through Cu. and We. at least if not in Du. and Nb., U' becomes
(uju) leading on to {6u), In the whole s. part, up to the n. tes
line 7, p. 20, the def . art. is simple suspended (t'), but beyond that line
(dhB). / is or (a)z) is the regular form in the s. part and even
in the n. part is more frequent than / am (a)m), which however
is there heard. The verbal pi. in -en is quite unknown. The
pron. in Cu. and We. seems to retain more of its original form
than on the e. coast, although the use of English in those counties
is certainly more recent than on the e. This is partly due no
doubt to the moimtainous formation of the w. regions.
Phonetically (uiu), which forms the transition from (uu) to (a'u),
is most important, and is highly developed on the w- and in the
n. It consists essentially in beginning the (uu) with a sound
much more closely resembling (oo) than (uu), and gradually sinking
to (uu), which is sustained. Thus JGG. observes that soup in
Cu. and We. sounds to a southerner almost like soap. Of course
this is an exaggeration. The native hears (suup), and hence
writes soop, the fact being that he associates the conception of oo
with (tiiu) and not Cuu). But (uiU, iii) are strictly analogous, and
are the means, or one of the means, by which (uu, ii) become
(a'u, a'i), see p. 293. Although my information on the e. side
gives me (uu, ii), it is very possible that (6iU, ix\) are said in many
places. In the M. div. (i|i) occurs freely, especially in the milder
form (ii), but (uiu) only occurs in the milder form (liu), and that
unfrequently. The variation of the (uu) sound we find there is
chiefly (a?'u), arising from beginning the sound of (uu) with the
mouth open, producing (05), which resembles (9). In reality how-
ever the sound may be and is generally produced with the lips
considerably closed through an effort of will (see p. 292). But
in (^lU) the sound of (uu) begins, as has been said, with a sound
closely approaching (00). There is therefore an essential difference
[ 1926 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30.] THE EAST KORTHERN. 495
of origin between (a/u, ^lU), though both are varieties of (uu).
The first (a'u) arises from 0', which is quite difFerently treated
in the N. div. The second (uiu) arises directly from XT'. It is
quite true that (of'u) extends to a few words which do not contain
0', and that in all cases 0' must have sunk to (uu) before the
change (oj'u) occurred. It is also true that (oj'u) as well as (uiU)
generates (^e*), but that is by direct confusion of (a?) with (o, a) ;
whereas (uju) passes through (6u), The treatment of 0' in the
N. div. is not at all (qj'u), but rather (iw, h?), which may have had
a different origin.
The letter r occasions considerable difficulty. On the e. as far
as the two Shields Nb. and Du. it practically disappears when not
preceding a vowel. Even on the w. its power is very small.
.The difficulty of ascertaining the fact is veiy great, because
the speaker, feeling the effect of the written r in modifying
the preceding vowel, insists on its presence. In the same
way in London people will assert that they pronounce r in part,
sortf which they call (paat, sAAt), because had there been no
r written, they would have said (pact, sot). (See pp. 189, 234 and
247.) But they will admit that they do not "rattle the r" as
in Scotland. In the n. part of Nb. and adjacent to Scotland,
the peculiar uvular (r) prevails, and it will be specially discussed
hereafter; but it seems to be rather a defective utterance than
a distinctive dialectal pronunciation.
The guttural (kh), which was sporadically heard even in the
M. div., has practically vanished from the N., though on passing
the L. line 10, (kh) as well as (r) is strong.
The fact that a small portion of n.Cu. and n.Nb. belongs to the
L. division must be particularly noted. The whole of the n. part
of the X. div. was for long renowned for its "Border" warfare,
but this portion has now quietly settled into possession of L. speech,
and mostly L. people, although politically a part of England.
D 30 = EN. = East Northern.
Boundary, fieginning at Middlesborough, To., at the mouth of the Tees,
proceed along the border of Yo. and Du. as far as Croft (14 sw.Middiesborough).
Then go sw. from Croft to Middleham (8 s-by-w. Richmond), passing e. of
Richmond and Leyburn. Turn s. and enter the West Riding just e. of
Middlesmoor (13 w-by-n.Ripon), when turn slightly se. and go direct to Burley
(7 n. Bradford), about where strike the s. hoose line 6 (p. 19). Follow this
line, passing along the Wharf e by Otley, to about Arthin^n (17 s-by-w.
Ripon), when quit the Wharf e, but pursue the s. hoose line to the s. of Tadcaster
(9 sw. York), w. of Selbv and Snaith, (passing 8 w.Goole) across Hatfield
Chase, se. to the n. part of Nt., and then by the b. of Li. to the H umber, at the
mouth of the Trent, and crossing the Ouse opposite Blacktoft (6 e.Goole), go by
the number and coast round to the Tees mouth and Middlesborou^h a^nin.
It must be understood that this line from Croft to Burley, separatmg LN. aD 30
from WN.=D 31, is merely approximative. The upper part of Swaledale,
Wensleydale, and Nidderdale belong' certainly to D 31, which, as we shall see,
differs distinctly in character from D 30, but whether the boundary lies slightly
e. or w. of that assigned has not been ascertained. Probably no definite line
could be drawn. The one proposed is very nearly the w. b. of the great plain of
[ 1927 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
496 THE EAST NORTHERN. [D 30.
Yo., and while it satisfies JOG., my authority for the adjacent part of D 31,
does not interfere with any of CCR.*8 indications.
Area, This district comprises the greater part of the North
Ricling, omitting the nw. horn of Yo., all the East Riding and a
small portion of the West Riding, a very large extent of country,
which has not been completely explored, although there can be but
little doubt of the general character of the parts from which no
information has been receiTcd.
This large area I have found it convenient to divide into four
main varieties, which are themselves divided into subvarieties as
follows :
Vab. i. The Great Plain of York,
(a) Mid Yo., (b) York Ainsty, (c) North Mid Yo., (rf) New Malton,
{e) Puteley Bridge and Lower Nidderdale, (/) Washburn River.
Vab. ii. The North East Moort.
(a) 8outh Cleveland, North Cleveland being spoiled for dialect by the
iron works, [b) North East Coast and Whitby.
Var. iii. The Wolds and South East Coast,
(a) Market Weighton, (b) Holdemess.
Vab. iv. The Marshes,
Goole, and Marshland.
Authorities. See Alphabetical Countv Lists for Yo. under the following names,
where ♦ indicates vr. per AJ£., f per TH., 1| in so., principally CCR.*8 Glossic,
°inio.
Var. i. (a) ||Mid Yo., ^'Ripon to Thirsk. (b) JYork Ainsty, ||York city.
(r) (North Mid Yo., ° Thirsk. (rf) || New Malton. {e) ||Pateley Bridge.
(/) II Washburn River.
S'^ar. ii. (a) HStokeslej for South Cleveland, ^'Skelton, ^^Danby-in-Cleyehmd.
{b) II North East Coast, 'Hackness, ** Whitby.
Var. iii. (a) ♦^'Market Weighton, ^Pocklinffton. {b) •f' Holdemess, tBurton
Constable, f Hornsea, fHull, tLeven, °Skeffling, || Sutton, f Swine, ^'Waghen.
Var. iv. **Dnix, **East Haddlesley, •Goole, °Hatfield, **8elby, *Snaith.
Character, Throughout this large extent of country, it is sur-
prising what small varieties exist. Although following principally
the lead of CCR., who was my first and has been my chief
authority for the central parts of this region, I have laid down
11 forms, it is very difficult if not impossible to say with even
moderate certainty (so &r as the information I have obtained
extends) what are the characteristics of each, and to discover any
but a geographical test to distinguish them.
The great uncertainty commences with the chief characteristic, the peculiar
mode of fracturing the vowels in the A-, A', JE, E-, EA', 0' wordis by prefixing
an accented (ee) or {ii) and reducing the vowel itself to indistinct (v) : thus A-
(n^evm) (n/ivm) name. A' (tweeB, tw/i«) two, M (d^, d/tB) da^, and so on.
All we can say is, that (6e«) is more atfected in the s. and (tt«) in the n., but
both occtu* everywhere. In case of A', 0', this is fui-ther confused with (kmb).
Numerous instances will be seen in the subjoined cwl. for Vars. i, ii, iii.
The next ^eat peculiarity is the treatment of I' as (aa). This also pervades
all the varieties, although it is certainly modified in Var. iii, especially in form b.
In this form (aa) occurs principally before voiced consonants, as (waad) wide,
but even in this case frequently becomes (ki) as (w&td) wide. Before voiceless
consonants, and even in other cases, the sound is (6i) or poaribly (e'i) as (n6tf
n&tvz) knife knives. CCR. cannot prevail on himself to oelieve in these (et)
forms, but the testimony of so many observers is overwhelming in their favour.
The treatment of the vowel in the U' words as (uu) is by no means peculiar
[ 1928 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30.] TUB EAST NORTHERN. 497
to D 30; we have already met with it in the n. of D 20, but it is characterifttic in
conjunction with the other marks. In D 31 we shall find it somewhat modified.
Here, however, it forms a strong contrast to the (aa) treatment of the same U'
in the adjoining D 24, and the whole course of the s. hoose line 6 should be
carefully observed. The vowel in the U words is (m) apparently, and not (u^.
But my w. authority for Market Weighton, Rev. Jackson Wray, seemed to
incline to an (M|) sound, and (««i) certainly occurs in D 31. See introd. to M. div.
p. 291.
The r before a vowel seems to be gently trilled, and when not before a vowel,
either to be entirely vocalised or reduced to a species of faint unflapped (r) of
some kind, but the special kind has not been determined, and hence (r) simply is
sometimes written, the value of which must be thus determined.
The definite article is generally reduced to the suspended (f), and in Holder-
nees is, according to its glossarists, reduced to nothing at all. Mr. Stead,
however, one of the glossarists, admits the occasional use of ^t'). Much more
remarkable is its transformation into (th), which CCR. finds in the Washburn
River form / of Yar. i, and which he has traced sporadically as far as Harrogate.
If this is confirmed by other observers, the n. theeth line (5) would have to be
modified at the point where it at present unites with the s. koo9c line (6), say at
Hurley (26 w-by-s.York), and would proceed n. for about 6 miles to Blubber-
houses, eo round by Harrogate, and join line 6 again about Arthington ^20
w-by-s.'^ork). But at present it seems best to preserve the line 6 with this
provisional statement.
A further characteristic which separates D 30 from D 24, and from the n. of
D 20, is the universal use of / •« (aa}z) for / am. But this is common also to
D 31, and xsmj even be heard occasionally in Dumfries.
Yar. i and ii I cannot separate at all, so far as pronunciation is concerned.
But there may be many differences in idiom and vocabulary, with which I am
not concerned, and as we have for Yar. i CCR.*s Mid Yo. Glossanr, for Yar. ii
Rev. J. C. Atkinson*s Cleveland Glossary for form a, and Mr. F. K. Robinson's
AYhitby Glossary for form 6, all highly elaborated, I have been induced to make the
distinction, which, so far as pron. is concerned, seems to me to consist principally
in the preference of (u«) to leeB), compare the cwl. below.
Yar. iii is characterised oy the threefold treatment of I' (taam, niif, n&tvz)
time, knife, knives, the absence of the def. art. and the use of (thr-, dhr-) for
( t.r-, (dr-), although TH. found only the hitter form, and Mr. Stead acunits
that on nis last visit to Holdemess, he found those dentals coming into use
among the younger people.
Yar. iv is stul less easy to separate than the others. It gives me the im-
pression of an immigrant form from m.Yo. In the cwl. for Yar. iii form 6, I
have marked all those words which were given me at H f Holdemess] in a fuU
wl., differently from those at S [Snaith]. They are certainly very few. In A-,
made cake tale lame same mane vrane, S used (6ev) for H.'s (H«). In A:
S (ki§e«m), H (kom). In A' S (gAA iiaa tun U^mbs) for H (g(iUB nSiB twiiv
tJ/iBs) go no two clothes, and bone none stone oar had also (aa), and so on. The
principal variants were: M' S (mem), H (mont) many. E: S (seg), H (sedj)
sedge ; £A'- 8 (fecB), H (flu) few; EA': S (shiiBf), H (shaf) sheaf, 8 (n^W),
H (n^ibBr) neighbour. EO S (br6it), H (briit) bright, I- 8 (stii), H (stfeil) stile.
I: S (n^tt Bl^it], H (niit liit) night alight, S (grind), H (grtmd) ; the hist was
the most considerable difference observed. For I', S has (aa| in place of (et),
and for 0', S (spiiNtn bNNtt), H (spiisn btiBt) spoon boot, are decidedly singular,
and approach u 24.
Mabkei Weighton and Masshland.
The following contrast of W [Market Weighton] and M [Marshland] was given
me bv Mr. Kirkpatrick (see Introd. to cs. No. 9, p. 601), in his own orthography,
whicn I interpret to the best of my ability. "VY is said to be *• gruff and hard,"
M *<soft, whining, and slightly sing-song." I write it interlinearly with R
[received speech].
E.B. Pron. Fart V. [ 1929 ] 123
Digitized by LjOOQIC
498 THE EAST NORTHERN. [D 30.
No. 1.
R Good night, Tom, I'll go home at once, and get into hed and
W gt^ niit, :tom, aa)l gan jani tjt Jans, un git intt bed vn
M gud niit, :tom», aa)il guuB uwam nt wons, Bn get ti bed, vn
R rest my old bones, for I am vastly afraid I shall never get
W r/st mi AAd hiinnZf for aa)z we'<fnt Bn &eed aa sal nivBr get
M rest ma» ood buenjnz, fur aa)z friit*nd aa shel ntvtjr get
R to Londesborough Park to-morrow.
W tB rlondcsbro ijieek ti niAAn.
M ti :usfl/t :pasthBr ti more.
Note* to No. 1. commonly used for frightened. —
Va^tltj afraid, the (w^t to) used Lmdeuhor oughts Park is 2 n.Market
for (w^rntli); and whent in Mr. F. K. ^ eighton.— 0«*e>^^ ^^^**Z' ^^-
Robinson'8 Wliitby Glossary is ex- "f^* ^^ ^ e.Goole, on the Ouse, the
plained as *va8t'; (fl^ed) flayed, is places are vaned to suit the speakers.
No. 2.
R Dr. Patrick, you've got upon a bonny-ish horse there.
W :doktB :pathnk, juu get«n pon b bo-nijish os dheee.
M 00 :doktB :patbBnk dbat's b ndfst aas' Juu)Br upBn.
R What's begotten with? How old will he be? I don't know
W wat)s i getsn wiV? uu AAd wil)B)bt? it diiBnt haa
^[ uu owd wil)B)bit?
\\ thai Fve [or, I haven't] seen such a pretty horse [of a very long while].
W Bt n)y siin saik b pratt os.
^l a* eeni siin sttj nB pratt aas bv)b vart loq wa«l.
Xotet to No. 2. M. nice horse, the pron. (aoe),
written hirae for horse, is Li., Marsh-
W. Dr. Patrick, he was a general land rather affects the adjoining Isle
practitioner of course, but in Yo. they of Axholme in Li.
style these doctors, and speak of the Mr. K. said that the dialect of
physicians as Mr., which is supposed Howden (of which he is a native) and
to imply a higher rank. He never had Blacktoft, both just opposite Marsh-
liis full name of JiTtrXpatrick given land on the other (or north) side of the
him. WhaVs he gotten mth '< what Ouse, is rather that of Marshland,
were his sire and dam? — seen should The speech of Goole and Snaith are
probably be seed, illustrated below.
Illiisf rations. (1) CCR. and other informants have kindly fur-
nished me with 10 cs. illustrating 10 out of the 11 forms previously
mentioned. These I have arranged intcrlinearly, by which means
their relations and differences are readily seen. The form not
here contained is Var. iv, Goolo. As I had been so much de-
pendent on CCR. for Yo., it seemed ad\'isable to check his pron.
by other information ; hence I give (2) a set of 4 dt. interlinearly
for Yar. ii, and (3) a set of 3 dt. interlinearly, two for Yar. iii,
[ 1930 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30.] THE EAST NORTHERN. 499
and one for Var. iv, written by different hands. I conclude my
illustrations by 4 very full word -lists, illustrating (4) Mid Yo,
Var. i, (5) n.c.Yo. Var. ii, (6) Market AVeighton, Var. iii, (7)
Holdemess, Var. iii. To the last the differences from Var. iv
have been added. These taken together give the completest accounts
of the pron. of this district which I have been able to procure. For
transliteration of CCR.'s Glossic see p. 394, 1. 6 from bottom.
(1) Ten Interlinear cs.
illustrating D 30, Var. 1, ii, iii, to shew the small extent of their differences.
1. Mid Yo. Var, la. The typical form with which the others have to l)e
contrasted ; embracing the area defined hy lines joining the towns of Ripon,
Ripley (7 s-by-w. Ripon), Wetherhy (15 sse.Ripon), York, Easingwold (12 nnw.
York) and Ripon ag^n* and extending slightly beyond this limit in every direc-
tion. This is the district to which CCR. s Mid Yorkshire Glossary refers. The
cs. was pal. by AJ£. from CCR.^s glossic, after a fall discussion. See also the
cwl. which follows, and which is likewise due to him. CCR.*s familiarity viM\\ this
speech was principally with the neighbourhood of Wetherby. He consideretl
that York Ainsty was also involved, but probably only the nw.Ainsty was meant,
and it and York City should be omitted, see No. 2.
2. South Ainsty ^ Var. \b. The Ainsty of York is an irregular Quadrilateral,
of which York City, the junction of the Wharfe and Ouse (8 s-oy-w.York),
Wetherby (12 w-by-s.York), and the junction of the Nidd and the Ouse, are the
angular points. A line from Wetherby to Kasingwold would therefore just avoid
the Ainsty, and Mr. Stead, headmaster of Folkestone Grammar School, a native
of the Ainsty and for 20 years there resident, thinks that CCR.'s Var. ia, cs.
No. 1, must have just avoided the Ainsty. The following cs. written by Mr.
Stead in gl. and pal. by AJ£. refers to the undernamed villages in the Ainsty, all
less than 6 m. irom York : to the s., Bishopthorpe, Nabum, Acaater, and
Appleton; to the sw., Dringhouses, both Askhams, Copmanthorpe, and Bill-
brough ; to the w., Acomb, and to the nw., Poppleton. The differences between
this version and CCR.'s No. 1, which will be seen at a glance from the inter -
hnear arrangement, formed the subject of an inquiry by me, the results of which
are given in notes to this version No. 2. Mr. Stead says that the forms in the s.
and e. part of the Ainsty differ in many points from those in the n. and w. villages
of the same district, as Nun Monkton (7 nw.York), Tollerton (10 nw.York), AJne
(4 8 w. Easingwold, 11 nw.York), which lie beyond the Ainsty. After the full
exposition in the notes to this version, I do not reproduce the complete wl. for
s.Ainsty with which Mr. Stead kindly furnished me. The whole district is
influenced by the refined speech of York Citjr on one side, and the ordinary
speech of the East Riding, as at Market Weighton, cs. No. 9, on the other.
Both CCR. and Mr. Stead gave me a cs. for the refined petty tradesman's speech
of York City, differing in minute particulars, and CCR. gave me a cs. for the
refined peasant speech of the whole country from Wetherby to Northallerton and
Stokesley, ranging therefore over cs. Nos. \\ 3, and 7 ; but although these are
interesting, they are such manifestly modem interferences with hereditary dialect
through education and received speech, that I considered they lay beyond the
scope of these inquiries.
3. North Mid Yo, Var. ir. This represents CCR.'s **Near North," that is,
the district lying immediately north of his Mid Yo. Draw lines connecting
Northallerton, Kirkby Moorside (20 ese.NorthallertonJ, Thirsk, Midditham
(19 w-by-n. Thirsk), and thence to Northallerton. This gives a flat ouadri-
lateral, beyond which the region is supposed to extend in all directions. To the
n. of this region up to Du. I have almost no information. Nor have I any
means of checking the present. But as it lay beyond CCR.'s immediate
observation, and depends upon memories many years back, some errors are
unavoidable. The notes are almost entirely due to CCR.
4. Xew Malton, Var. irf. This version for New Malton was written to ^hew
[ 1931 ]
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
A-
1 IceB 4 laa law, 1 feoB 4 faa
I-
fare.
I:
A:
1 geeiith 4 gaath garth.
r-
A'.
1 noo 4 noa know, 1 kr^CBk 4
kraa to crow.
I':
A':
1 t^evn 4 taan the one.
JE:
1, 4 w6a«, wor wa*.
0-
M':
1 dhiiB 4 dh&aB there, I wUbt
4 w&aB where.
Y-
EA-
I k6eBZ 4 kaaz earee.
A.
£A:
1 800 4 saa taw, 1 o6iid 4 aad old,
I..
UBBUaalo//, lk6oBl4kaal
0-
call, 1 and 4 shaap tharp.
IJ.
500 THE EAST NORTHERN. [D 30.
how (aa) prevailed in many words in this part of Yo. The dialect, so far as
I know, was not verj* familiar to CCR., but he endeavoured to convey the
impression he had received. It cannot be considtrod to be a particular study
of purely local Malton speech, but merely an exemplification of the u-se of (aa..
In other respects it agrees closely with cs. Xos. 1 or 3. The following is a
list of all the words in which (aa) occurs either in cs. No. 1 or Xo. 4, with the
corresponding sound in the other, arranged in the order of the cwl. The figures
1 and 4 refer to these versions.
1 and 4 naan nine.
1 8aak*n 4 s&ik*n eitch.
1 biv 4 baa bjf, 1 and 4 taara titne,
1 and 4 waan to whine.
1 and 4 laak like, 1 and 4 waal
while, I maan 4 m&tn mine,
1 and 4 waald world.
1 fijBA 4 ^dj:ki to dry, 1 and 4
laal little.
1 t6oek 4 taak talk.
1 and 4 faan^»i«.
1 nJiBk 4 kaanB comer,
I wisht 4 kwaat quiet.
There is certainly a singular preponderance of (aa) if all has been correctly
remembered, but there is no evident reason for it, and possibly the change is
modern.
6. Lower NidderdaU, Var. it. The lower portion of the valley of the Nidd,
including Pateley Bridge and Greenhow Hill, both 11 nw.Harrogate. The
pron. here, and in cs. No. 6, is transitional to D 31, Var. iii. The district of
Lower Nidderdale is not uniform, Lofthouses at the n., Ramsgill a little s. of it,
but still n. of Pateley Bridge, and Dacre 4, se. of it, have apparently slight
differences in the pronunciation of the long 0' words, soon noon done enough
plough, and the Fr. U-- word eure, which have (In) in the first, (iib) in tne
second, and (/u) in the last, supposing Dacre and Pateley Bridge to have the
same diphthong.
6. Washburn River district, Var. if. This extends from Blnbberhouses and
Fewston (6 wsw. Harrogate), to Otley (9 nw.Leeds), just on the border of D 24.
This dialect approaches to that of Skipton, D 31, \ar. iii, and is the extreme
w. form of D 30, Var. i. It is peculiar as having (th) for the def. art. the,
although Ipng in the midst of a (f) speaking population, and n. of the n. theeth
line 5. See p. 497. Otley, too, which is here included, seems geographically to
belong to D 24. The exact position of the line 5 and part of fine 6 along this
part has not been perfectly traced for want of such a precise phonetic survey as
TH. has made for lines 1 and 2. CCK. considers the northern district about
Fewston, Thruscross, and Blubberhouses, on the e. bank of Washburn River, and
the southern by Otley, to form two subvarieties, but he has not given me the
points of difference.
7. South Clevelafid, Var. iia. This ma^ be taken as slightly exceeding the
triangular area of which Stokesley (8 s.Middlesborough), Egton (20 se. Middles-
borough), and Pickering (20 w-by-n. Filey), are the points. North of Stokesley
the dialect has been corrupted by the development of the ironworks, of which
Middleshorough is the head. The line of railway from Stokesley to Egton may
be considered to form the n. base of this triangle. The east coast, giving form b,
is closely connected with this, which includes the Moors of Yorkshire, and has
been especially illustrated in the Rev. J. C. Atkinson's 'Cleveland Glossary,' 1868,
where he endeavours to trace a connection between these forms and the
Scandinavian. The difference as regards pron. between cs. Nos. I to 6, and os.
Nos. 7 and 8, is very slight indeed. This cs. is also by CCR.
8. Xovth-East Coast, Var. nb. This extends ''from Guisborongh (8 se.Mid-
dlesborough) eastwards and from Tees mouth southwards to s. of Filey,'* as
defined by CCR. This is esp^ially the district illustrated by Mr. F. K.
Robinson's Whitby Glossary. What facilities CCR. had for investigating this
[ 1932 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30.] TH« BAST NORTHERN. 601
dialect. I do not know, but there i» a great peculiarity in this yersion, of which
I find no indication in the Cleveland or Whitby glossaries, namel)% the use of
{6t) for the vowel in ye, here, there, we, themselves, himself, great, sickan=8uch,
nerself, eyes, me, did, she, well, beast, will, washing, tea, week, deed. This
affects only cs. No. 8. In other respects this v. agrees well with the preceding.
See ne.Yo. cwl. and dt. below, Ulustrations (6) and (2).
9. Market Weighion (:wiit*n), Var. iiui. This cs. was written in io. by Mr.
J. W. Kirkpatrick, of Market Weighton, a native of Howden (16 Bse.York and
II sw.Market Weighton, which is 10 w-by-n. Beverley), and may be considered
to represent the triangular area of which Pocklington (12 e-by-s.York), Beverley,
and Howden are the vertices, or the w. side of the East Riding. It was then
revised by Mr. H. Dove, of Market Weighton, and translated into glossic by
CCK., and finally, in 1877, it was gone over with the Rev. Jackson Wray (author
of an admirable Methoi^ dialect tale called NettleUm Magna) ^ and pal. by
AJE. OCR. considered it to be "a presentation of dialect in a refined form,
which is the general mode of speech in e.Yo.," and that it is '< faithful and
characteristic.'" Mr. K. also gave me a number of notes respecting this dialect,
especially as contrasted with tl^t of Marshland, Yar. iv (see p. 497).
10. MoUemssSf Yar. mb. This is the district on the se. coast of Yo. from say
Bridlii^gton southwards to Spumhead, the extreme se. point of Yo., and eastwarcb
through Driffield, Beverley, and HuU, the b. following the line of railway from
Hull to Bridlinffton (: bo'ltttni) . The authors of the Holdemess Glossary divide this
region ron^y into three, termed n., w. and e. Ho., by stau^ht lines connecting
Hornsea with Driffield (12 nw.Homsea) on the one hand and, Hull on the other.
The following cs. specimen was pal. by AJE. in Dec. 1873 f^om the dictation of
the Rev. Henry Ward, who had then been well acquainted with the country for
thirty years or more. His information referred especially to n.Holdemess, but
Mr. Stead, who is responsible for the e.Holdemees part of the Glossary, gave me
the variants for that region. This version was also submitted to CCIl., who
considered it in many respects refined , some of his observations are given in the
notes. To examine the peculiar use of (thr- dhr-) TH. visited Hornsea, Burton
Constable (7 ssw. Hornsea), Leven (7 wsw. Hornsea), Swine (5 nne.Hull), and
Hull. From the last, being thoroughly refined, he obtained (tr-, dr-), ana from
the other places he got (,t^r-, ^d^-), which Mr. Stead on a subsequent visit found
that it was the teimency of younger people to use in place of (thr-, dhr-), the
form he found to prevail among the peasantry. As in Market Weighton (thr-) is
constantly written when (,t^-J is said, it is the most natural substitute. But
Mr. Stead is quite familiar with both ( t^r-, thr-), and knows the difiference in
their character, and can pronounce bota, as I know by a personal interview.
He has also visited every village in e. Holdemess. Hence I have no hesitation in
accepting his conclusion, written to TH. on 20 Feb. 1878, namely, '* Amongst
persons of somewhat superior education or position there is a modification or
sliding towards (^t, ^d), and the same is almost invariably the case where the
rustics address strangers of presumably superior position and education ; but
where a free and unembarrassed utterance by a genuine native can be obtained,
we get decided (th, dh). And yet after all it is only in this latter case that we
get the true Holdemess sounds at all."
Another point is the regular and total omission of the def . art. the, which is
queried by CCR. In the Holdemess Glossary it is much insisted on for n. and
e.Holdemees. but the admittedly occurs (1) as (V) before vowels, as (t* egz), and
(2) as (d) added to prepositions, as (i)d uus, um)a gnmd) in the house, upon the
ground. In the Glossary Mr. Stead says, *' The peculiar effect on the pronuncia-
non of the onuasion of the definite article can scarcely be conceived bygone who
has not heard the dialect spoken.** And it must be recollected that Mr. Stead is
from birth familiar with suspended (V) for the def. art.
CCR. is also sceptical as to the sq>aration of (^) before voiceless consonants
from (ki) before vowels and voiced consonants, the latter of which, and not the
former, lias a tendency to fall into taa), and he thinks it must be a refinement ;
but it seems to be generally admittea by natives of se.Yo.
Much information respecting pron. is given in the Introduction to the
Holdemess Glossary.
[ 1933 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
502
THB EAST NORTHERN.
[D30.
Arrangement, In order to make evident the coincidences and differences of
these ten yereions in the clearest possible manner, they have been arranged
interlinearlj, and when a word in one line is exactly repeated in the next
following line, it is not rewritten, but its place is supplied by (,,). It must be
remembered that (,,) means '* the same word exactly as in the next preceding
line/' When a word in one line has no corresponding word in one or more of
the next following, ( — ) is inserted when it seemed advisable for clearness ; other-
wise the space has been left blank. Hence ( — ) means ** No word corresponding
to that in any preceding line/' Thus in par. 1. (tBgi.dv) occurs only in cs.
No. 6, and blanks are left in the other numbers. But nothing answering to (o tb)
occurs in cs. Nos. 2, 9 and 10. Hence (o jb) have to be rewritten in cs. No. 3,
but they are replaced by (,, ,,) being two wonls in cs. No. 4, then (on) supersedes
(o) in cs. No. 6, but (jb) remaining is represented by (,,). In cs. No. 6 (o)
recurs, and (o jb) remain through Nos. 7 and 8, as shewn by (,, ,,). On the
other hand, there is nothing corresponding to them in cs. Nos. 9 and 10. See
also the 8 interlinear cs. in D 26, p. 427***.
Very minute differences are thus pointed out, much more minute than perhaps
the versions were intended to imply. It would be incorrect, especially in the
seven cs. Nos. 1 and 3 to 8, which are all due to OCR., to suppose that any
slightly different form was always heard in the places named, to the exclusion of
that in a neighbouring district. But they were certainly his impressions, and he
carefully corrected his versions, after many written questions from me.
0. 1 Mid YorMire.
2 South Ainsty,
3 North Mid Yo.
4 New Malton,
5 Lower Nidderdale,
6 Washburn River.
7 South Cleveland,
8 North-East Coast,
9 Market Weighton.
10 Holdemess,
wat
vrii
wat
f8
:d|iitiBn
:di}on
:djutiBnt
i^iiwsm.
:d|on
BZ
ez
n6eB
nlre
n^
nire
>>
neeQ
>»
niiB
duuts.
duts.
duuts.
dfits.
duuts.
1. 1
will,
necBlm,
jii Bn
tm
mB
b^etJth
0
JB
2
wel,
net'bB,
JUU „
.!!
n
buwBth
—
3
wiil,
ntebB,
jii „
tm
9)
bi/Bth
0
JB
4
n
neBlm,
>> >»
»
beewth
0
5
1)
nibB,
Jet „
n
bireth
on
6
)>
niinbB,
Jii „
tBgldB „
beeuth
0
7
»
nbb«,
n »
»
bi/uth
>>
8
))
niiBbBF,
Jet „
f>
>>
»»
9
)>
nertm,
JUU „
jf
>»
—
10
>>
neebti,
JUU „
n
b^Bth
—
1 laf K»k Bt dbts nzBz b
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
laak
loBk
„ muz „
„ niiBz „
„ nfuz „
„ niiBz „
>» »> >>
„ nmz „
„ nh'Bz „
maa nCuz —
dbts ,, B
[ 1934 ]
maan, weB)
W«B
witB
s) t
ft
»>
keeB?
kecBz ?
kiiBz ?
kaaz?
moBn, y,
maan, ,,
„ wetB
— wat
maan, wins
k€eBz?
div a
kaoB?
kecBz?
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D30.]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
THE EAST NORTHERN.
'dhat)s nee«dhBr iiv ws dhfi«.
,, ,, ,, dheeBF.
503
nottdBF
n^eBdh^r
neeBd«^r
n(5ttahBr
niBdhOT
♦t)
dhat)s nottdUvsT
dhit'B.
dhaaB.
dhaa.
dhifB.
tt
dhetB.
dhh'B.
dh6eB.
2. 1
Jan
k§nz
It; 8
nubBd
B
Ueu
B min Bt
2
flu
fiiuBks —
3
jan
nooaz
ft; 8
n^BbBd
B
tt
B men Bt
4
naaz
tt tt
nobBt
I)
tt
5
nooz Bt
tt tt
tt
tt
«u
6
nooBz
tt tt
nobBd
tt
f(u
7
tt
tt tt
nobBt
tt
tt
8
♦>
tt i»
tt
l>
9
ft fz'nt
moni „
10
—
—
-— —
varf
ffu
fooks —
1
gaqz
Bn diiz
Bko-8
dhB)r
fLoutid at
di)nBt
2
""" »i
koz
))
laft
wiiniA dAAnt
3
gaqz
Bn diBz
BkO'S
dhi>
flifBd
dwJnBt
df)nBt
4
— diiz
f9
dhs
laft
5
ganz
Bn deiz
biko'8
dh&i)r
tt
du)nBt
6
gaqz
Bn diiz
koz
dh«)r
ga'nd
dttBnt
7
tt
koB
dh>)«
laft
dtt)nBt
8
gaqz
Bn „
Bko'8
tt
tt
dti)nBt
9
""" >>
kos
dliee)B
tt
wi n6oB diBnt
10
—
'M
—
B bijf'n
tt
Bt
wi noo diBnt
1
BZ?
pret
wat
SBd mak Bm
?
ft)s nut
2
WB?
—
tt
shBd „
tt
tt tt tt
3
BZ?
pre»B
tt
8Bd „
tt
ft bfi) Bnt
4
BZ nil
? —
—
_
ft)8 nwt
5
w6*?
pree).
FB wat
SBd „
tt
nuu
9
* tt tt tt
6
«8?
pi^t>
B tt
tt tt
tt
nuu
^ tt tt tt
7
WB?
—
tt
tt tt
>>
tt tt tt
8
we»?
—
tt
tt tt
tt
nuu
? ff ,, n^eBn
9
wi?
—
tt
stfd „
tt
„ fz 'nt
10
WB?
—
»»
tt tt
tt
„ )8 not
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
varB
varf
varB
tt
tt
tt
van
vara
van
tt
laakltnz iz
leiklf ,,
laakltnz b{Bz
laaklf fz
laakl tz „
Idtkh'nz „
laaklf ,,
ft nuu ?
tt ~~
„ nuu ?
„ nu?
,, nuu ?
nuu?
Uf'klf
la'f'klf
fs) t —
tt tt *"~
[ 1936 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
504
THB BAST NOBTHBRK.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
UUSBmt'TB
dhbz)b
dhh'Bz —
99 ^
uustonryv
USBintVB
n
Tiu)rvB
u)rvB
dhBr
it'B
)z tilinz
♦z)t' fakts
„ — ttlinz
>> >>
,1 t matBz
)z — ti linz
iz t' xnatBz
,, — teltnz
t8)f faks
♦z — ,,
o)f
trifBth
^t^rfuth
.t.HfBth
[D30,
„)th
1 kh'BS,
B6eB d|t8t ganz tB Bn
6oBd dhB dhuu
. dhi
dtn.
2 k6eBs,
B^tfB d|M8t
od JB
—
noiz,
8 khs,
8iB „
OOBdz tB
dhuu
dha
dm,
4 kh'BS,
8^eB „ -
- dhu -
-60Bd -
-
)»
9i
5 „
BirB „
ood -
- dhuu
dh6i
► II
6 „
» »
od
- jii
JB
II
7 „
BeeB dit8t
od
- dhuu
dht
>)
8 „
,, dji«t
OOBd -
- dhu
II
II
9 kbs,
bHb „
od
- —
JBF
tl^,
noiz.
10 k^8,
BOO „
ood -
- JB
1 fnnd,
Bn bt —
wiBht
— nu
waBl
aa)z
ditBU.
2 frend,
„ hi —
ktr^iBt
— —
t»l 1
aa)T
ft
3 „
>> """
wtsht
dhB nuu
waal
a)v
diJBn.
4 frind,
„ w -
ktraat
— nu
IT
a
diiBn.
5 frend,
II """ """"
wtsh
tB nuu
wal
a)T
dhin.
6 fnnd,
„ tak ood Bn wfsht
~~' 99
waal
a
dh'Bn.
7 „
II """
wtsh
tB —
1)
aa)T
II
8 frend,
„ w -
kiraat
— —
wal
a
II
9 „
II II
Btll
—
II
a)y
11
10 „
II »l
kwiijvt
—
til
&,-)r
d^.
1 99k tB btidz nu !
2 lisBn!
8 nuu dhen, aaks te ?
5 16l'8)tB
dhen!
6 nun den, aakBn !
7 aakBn
nuu !
8 aaknn
i!
9 aa^k jb dhH nun !
10 aak, nu!
4. 1
2
8
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
J — -
aa) z sbBF Bt a iiBd Bm seeB,
,, ,, BaaifVu ' " vLw ,, ,, see,
„ „ sHbi et a jiiBd -^«
II 11 11 * '*'®^ II
„ „ Btur Bt a ^tBd „
II II B^w „ „ hBd „
II II »o«»^** "~" »* yy ji OCVf „
„ „ shBr et a jiiBd „ bKb, „
II 11 ^ II * ^*^ II SBCI'f i>
„ „ Btur Bt a ^tBd „ ,, ,,
II II B»*w „ „ Hbg ,, „ „
„ „ saatBU „ „ jifBd „ „ „
,, „ sitBr Bt a iivd „ bHb, „
a) z ,, — a^ „ ,, BeeB, „
aa) z saaten — ^ >» »> n h
[ 1936 ]
Btnn B dhnn fooBk vt
„ „ dhem f^tiBks „
„ fiinBk „
„ fooBks ,,
II II
„ f^Bk
„ fdtlBkB
dhoz fooks
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30.]
1 went f>pd) t' jal
2 went ikrut) „ wol
3 „ .tpiT) „ jal
4 wtnt „ „ eeBl
5 went throw) „ irel
6 „ thrwf) „ Jal
7 g^eBd .t^riif) t' „
8 went ,, ff w^tml
9 „ thmf) „ wol
10 „ „ „ iinl
THE BAST NORTHERN.
thi'q fiE
frE) „
frEB) „
frev) „
frEs'B),,
freB) th
frEE) t*
fre) t'
fr^eB)d
frB
fost dhBsi'lz,
,, dhBse-nz,
„ dhBse'lvz,
„ dliBse'lz,
505
dhat
dhBsetlz,
dhBse-nz,
dhat
1 a
dtd, slef
enitBf.
2 „
>>
seeBf
99
8 „
>l
sM
99
4 ,,
>»
eSeBl
»9
« „
yy
BiM
enrf.
6 ..
f»
99
BniiBf.
7 d»d)
8 „
a,
99
99
>>
99
99
9 a
dtd
, Bhi
99
10 a
did
9 99
99
6. 1 vt
f
Juuq»8
sun
tzse'ly
Q grirat
lad B naan
2 „
>>
Juqist
99
tzse-n.
fi »>
99 ,9 ndm
3 „
99
juqis
99
•zsel,
,, „ gaq«n
99 99 niin
4 „
99
99
99
♦se'l,
»» H
,9 9, naan
5 „
99
99
99
tzse-l,
99 g9at
99 99 99
6„)
th
99
99
99
99 griiBt
99 99 niin
7 vt
f
99
99
99
99 9»
99 99 99
8 vt
juuc^ia
99
tzs6*l,
99 gr^wt
„ „ naan
9 dh«t
jtiqis
99
tzse-n.
99 l>»g
„ „ na«n
10 vt
juqist
9»
91
9. g99t
» » naan
1 itvr
ooBd, kend
tz
firadB
vh'BS Bt
Jans,
dh«f «t
2
niu
99
fadhv
vots „
dhAA „
3
19
99
&d«
vitBS „
dhlird „
4 iror
aad, niu
99
fiiBdhv
VOIS „
dh«f „
5
99
99
fadhB
99 99
dh6rf „
6
99
99
fad«
voots „
dhtd „
7
99
99
fww.dw
99 99
dhof „
8
If
)>
fivde
V6»8 „
dhi«f „
9 ji»OT oood, nood
99
fgesdha
99 99
dhof „
10
99
99
femlhs
99 99
fvrool „
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
'w^B setkBn b
'was SB
*waa saakBn b
'wdaB sdtkBn „
'waa sdikBn „
*waaB If ly
„ saakBn ,,
•wa« St —
WBZ ,, B
ku^itB sku^ecBkfn Jan laok, tsn
ku;iiBr en sku;itBktn — — .,
ku7^tB „ Jon — „
ktt^iiB „ „ —
ku7eiB
ku;liB
sku^eeBkin „ —
99 99
99
,, skw^ktn
\wiv«t isn sku^liBkm ,,
„ „ skwiiktn —
99
99
[ 1937 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
506
THE EAST NORTHERN.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
•a)d
a wvd
aa)d
ft 9f
99
99
a w«d
Jfc.rwst
.t.nst
thrtst
•im
tB spiiBk
— t^
„ t»v —
„ tBl)th
r, to t^
sphik
[D30.
,t,ree«th «v oni
truuth — „
triiBth ,,
^triiuth
.t^ryyith
thruuth
ooBnt
>>
oni
19
1
dee,
&i
mar*
a
•wad
2 deeB,
^
—
99
3 dItB,
&.%
man'
99
4 decB,
it
—
99
5
)i
&i
—
99
6
i>
>l
man
99
7
)t
hi
—
aa -wad,
aa
sh'B.
8 d/iB,
a
nu
a
•wad,
wad)».
9 deeB,
E't
99
)i
10 dec,
ei
—
99
t*
6. 1
Bn;t'
OOBd
wttraBn
Bsel
Bl
til
oni
jan 0
JB Bt lafs
2
)) n
AAd
>>
Bsen
99
tel
99
— „
9 99
3
n n
OOBd wliBn
Bse^l
99
99
99
jan „
4
n >»
aad
wtanBn
99
99
t.l
99
99 99
,' la£s
6
>> >»
60Bd
>»
99
99
tell
99
9 9,
6
„)th 6«d
>>
99
99
tel
99
Jan „
, lafs
7
Jf
OOBd wiiBn
99
99
99
99
99 99
9 99
8
)) ))
)f
>»
Bse'l
99
99
99
99 99
9 99
9
M )>
ood
WtanBn
BTsen
99
99
99
— on
9 99
10
)»
>>
n
Bsen
99
99
99
0
9 99
1
Bn flottts— nuu, Bn
til 0
JB
s^t^ritBt
of
Bn
ind,
2
— -
— —
>»
tel
99
s^t^reit
of,
99
AAl,
3
— flfiBZ —
>>
99
99
B^t^riBt
nut,
4
— -
— —
99
til
99
99
of,
5
— .
— —
if
t&il
9t
B^t^l^lt
ofBdz
6
Bn ganz on
>y
tel
99
s^t^riiBt
of,
7
t)
99
99
B^t^r^it
BweeB
8
99
99
99
s^t^ritBt
of,
9
91
99
99
8^t.r6it
of,
Bn
6ob1,
10
»»
99
»9
sthreet
of.
99
ool.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
tiiB,
tiiB,
99
tin,
tiiB,
Bduut
widhuu't
Bdu't
Bdhuu't
99
B^duut
Bdhuu't
Bdhut
biduu^t
wiVuu't
mitj bo^dBr, Bn
„ bodhBr, tf
99 bo^dB^r, „
„ bodhBr, „
99 99 99
99 H^OT, „
99 »9 9t
„ bodB, gtn
,, bodhBr, tf
99 99 91
[ 1938 ]
Jl)l
jb)1
jOI
jb)1
ji)l
99
99 )d
99)1
J.-)l
bt )t
onlt
neBbBd
nobBt
99
nobBd
nobBt
aksin
aks
,9
as
99
aks
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D30.]
THE EAST NORTHERN.
507
1 tV «r, 00 ! wt
>Bt shB?
2 — „ aa! wit)Bnt „
3 — „ ooB ! wi
>Bt „
^ it if
ti a
6 — „ WI
IM „
6 — „ oob! wit)Bnt „
7 — „ 00 ! WI
)nBt „
8 — „ wM)nB ,.
9 — „ wit)tjnt „
10 — „ 00 ! „
>» »>
7. 1 luBstmz sliByd tilm o)it is
•me* w«n
aa
akst Br
B
2 on* weeB shB
teld
•mii it, wen
ai
aakst B
3 lifBst liz shfB
„ It to
,, wen a
aks^t B
4 on* wiiBz shB
t,id
•m6i it,
If
aa
as^t B
5 „ gitBtS „
t^,ld
•mei it
a
a
II II
6 „ r^esd „
teld tt t8
•mii
it
aa
aks^t „
7 „ wilBZ „
)> 1) a
>>
tt
a
as^t B^r
B
" if if ti
if
•mei it
it
aa
aks^t B^r
II
9 UUjI'VB „
a
•mii
a
a
akst Br
—
10 liBst weBz „
„ It -
it
it
£i
aksth B
—
1 teoBt^r* taamz 6wjBr,Bd)8hB —
Bn
a
konseeBts Bt
2 tuu B thrii
}) a
„ did
II
3 twimjip
„ 6w;b, did
tt ~~~
II
aa
kons^eBts
4 teoB^t^rt
a ft
„ d.d
II
5 ttV^t re»
»> >f
Bh6» ,,
II
6 twiiB^tn* taimz „ dtd shB —
II
„ d,d
it
8 „
a ft
„ detd
„
9 twfiB Br thrii
a a
„ did
II
10 twiBthn
„ „ d/d
»>
II
1 shB ottd'nt
tB hi raq b
saakBn
B
mirot ma^tBj
BZ
2 -shii out nwt
„ „ „ 6tt;BSMtj
II
point
3 -shfiB ottd'nt
a ti »i ^
shikBn
II
II
4 •shet out nut
tt ti 99 tt
sdikBn
II
II
5 -shci „ „
tt bet „ „
If
II
i>
6 -shB 6ttd)'nt
» ^i ft *f
s&ikBn
i»
II
7 -shifB 6ut)'nt
ft i» tt »
saakBn
II
It
8 -she* ,, nwt
>> »» >» »>
seikBn
II
putnt
9 shB M)'nt out ti „ „ wp«
sdik
II
point
10 „ owt nwt
» tt it WpB
sitj
II
djob
BZ
1 dhis, uu)8)t JB
thtqk? —
2 „ wat di „
tt
3 „ uusfd „
»f
4 „ wat dB „
tWiqk nu ?
5 „ „ „ je»
thtqk? —
6 „ uu)d JB
»»
7 „ „ di „
>>
8 „ uu)s)t „
>»
9 — wat d) „
ii
10 dhts „ d) juu
L II —
[ 1939 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
508
8.
THE EAST NORTHERN.
will, «z aa WB 8ee;tn, 'shit )d ttl xe
wel, „ a WBZ „ 'Bhfi wild tel
[D30.
will, ,
»> >
w6il ,
will ,
»> >
will ,
„ WB 8t;tn, •8hiB)d „ „ Jal xibiivi it
aa wa 8ee;/n, '8hei)d ttl „ aal 'ebut „
„ WB „ „ teil „ iivl «b(ut „
tel ,, bireth
„ „ f Jal ma^tOT)«)t
,f B^eBjtn, '8h99)d
„ 8e;tii, •BhffB)d
„ „ -Bh^i^l „
WBZ Beejtn, •shii wad „
>i ft
tt »> »• >>
1 betith uu'gBts «n wh'Br vn wtn tt waavr vt shv fan)t*
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
uu
bitBth „
«z)t „
«Z tBY „
«z)tB „
bitBth ,,
>> »» >» wen
„ wuur „ ,, tt waar «t
„ wdaBr „ wm ,, waz
„ waar
„ witOT
,, uu«r
„ wiiOT
,, wen y, waar ,, 8li6t ,, ,,
„ „ „ „ „ ahs fand)t*
>» it tt >f tt >i ian)t
tt tt tt >f tt tt
— — — „ fand dhat
tt
II >»
>» tt
t* tt
tt tt
tt tt
tt tt
tt tt
bLb kAAlz
kooBlz
uzbBnd tni)t'
kaalz « uzbBn on
1* ^d^ruk'n bh'Bs Bt BhB)z tB kooBl Br t^zbBn on Bn)t'
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
bitBst
bitBS
^d^rwqk'n bitBst
dhrtfqk'n bitBst
kooBlz Br tfzbBn
tfzbBnd
«»
tfzbBn
Bn)t^
Bn)t
koolz
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
jal padt
aal)lbftbuund
8hB wil.
Jal padtnodt aa bt bunn „ wtl.
aa)l bt buund on)t „ „
itBl padtnodt „ „ „ buun Bli6t „
Jal Bbnut Bn)t „ „ ,, bim bLb „
tt tt tt bwn fB)t „ „
w^bI nar6eB8hBn „ „ ,, bun „ ,, ,, w^tl.
9. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
BbB ^t^ritBpt Bt shB BOO tm^ wtv Br 6eBn isn
„ BWAAr „ BAA „ wtdh „
„ ^t^ritBpt Bt „ siid „ wtV „
f« i^i^P** tt tt Baa f( (( 91
Bh^t Bwaar ,, ,, soo
shB tbritBpt II II «i o
„ ^t^rirapt „ „ siid
tt A^tpt »» tt 800
tt
tt
tt tt
[ 1940 ]
W^t
Wt
tt
tt
WtV
ft
AAn iiz
6oBn itBn
^eBn iin
ooBn II
it Bn II
ooBn II
6eBn 6tn
„ iin
oon I,
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
D30.]
THE BAST NORTHKRN.
509
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Itgin B^tn'ijt «t laq
lenth vtop vi)i grtmd
lenth on )t' „
laq B^t^retj «top «)t' „
6eBl lenth wpB )t' „
strivkt ff f, y, dond
leqth Btop tsjth „
ly Bt t
lenth wpB
Bthntjt ool iz „ upo
s^tntjt „
B^t^ntjt „
B^tret^ „
B^tntjt „
laq
ftd
JS'
1
f V iz
gitQd BundB kuuBt, tleeBS
btV)t'
us
2
>» >>
g«d M
„ tluUBS
tB „
uus
3
tn „
giiBd ,
„ tlilBB
bt „
us
4
♦V „
» >i
„ tleevB
baa,,
uus
5
* „
gwd II
tWBB
b6tn
i»
6
♦V ff
»> i>
,, tli«B8
hi )th
If
7
>9 >>
giiBd „
»> II
b»-)t'
If
8
>* 9t
)» >i
II II
»f
9
99 99
gwd II
„ tWoB
bOd
di/BrB)t
' UUB
10
>> »»
gud „
koBt, klooB
biV
UUS
1
diro,
— duun «tt* nii«k «
jon
Ion.
2
diver,
»>
II
„ kAAUBI „
II
l^eBn.
3
dhB,
— diiBn
II
— nitok „
jHum
IdBnin,
4
ft
— duun
«)
„ kaauOT „
J9n
II
5
diur,
— diun
«t
— niuk „
JondhB li^tfBn
6
dbaVf vwObz duun
«)
th nitBk „
jon
II
7
diiBT.
11
Bt
II II
II
i»
8
difB,
99
«)
« II II
II
WBnfh.
9
—
"""^ >>
«t
koOBUBT „
II
Hmn.
10
dhB,
»t
«t
— kAAUBr „
it
lifiBn.
10. 1
i wBr
QgitQt
B
waanin —
sez
BhB
fBr
2
„ WBZ
wdtnin BweeB „
shii
II
3
„ waar
«gh*Bt
wiiBntn —
II
shB
fu
4
„ w«r
11
waantn —
11 sez
far
5
„ waar
II
witBuin —
Bez
Bh^t
II
6
,. wwr
II
vrkinin —
II
BhB
fs
7
ii ,1
11
waantn —
II
II
II
8
99 y)
«g6eBt
II
II
?i
fur
9
i, WBZ
—
plkntn BweeB —
—
II
10
>9 >)
—
greBntn —
—
shB sez
If
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ieBl t'
aal „
jal „
aal „
oobI „
jal th
II t'
aa'bI „
oobI „
ool
waald
wold
waald
II
wold
waald
wold
woold
laak tBT
lef-k
laak
II
l^tk
siiBm Bz
laak
II
le»*k
le'tk
[ 1941 ]
B siiBk beeBn
badlt „
BitBk biiBn
„ beeBn
„ baan
,, beBU
siik beeBn
sirek b6eBn
badlt ,,
Br
els
Digitized by LjOOQIC
610
THE EAST NORTHERN.
[D30.
1 laal las %y « ttV».
2 hVl „ „ „ triivt.
3 laal „ „ „ tm.
4 „ ,, ut) 8 plrBVish.
6 Mil „ ♦ B tjonfm.
6 laal ,, „ ,y j(um«.
7 latl „ „ „ puuk.
8 lihl ff ff ,f in^Biid|.
9 laat'l „ wtmprtn.
10 „ gjel fretm.
11. 1 vn 'dhat ap'nd vz
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
f9
f}
shi Bn t* doupsjt
sliii ,t « dotitor
8li99 ,f t' doupsjr
shet •, ., ,,
shea
»»
sh4%
th
f
16eB kam dho
Iaa kom
lliQ kam
laa „
looB kom
16b „
looB kam
16CB yf
looQ kom
,, doMthtsr ,, loo
y^iivz f'Ttd) t' bak gecBth frev aqm — t' wit tl^z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
thrttf
>»
thrdu
Xxut
19 >>
tbruf — ,,
jaad „ »qni — „ wet tlduBZ
geeBth „ aqm — „ wivt tliiBZ
gaath „ ,, — „ wit tl6eBz
gfiBth frE ,, — ,, wet tl^nQZ
geeBth fre „ — th — tlU'BZ
gaath frev tqm — ^t' wet „
jed „ aqm — „ „ „
jaad fr^ iqtnuutt* ,, ,,
„ frev aqm „ — „ „
I
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
uut tB ^d^raa bv
— „ ^drii on
„ „ ^d^raa bv
ut „ ^d^rat —
uut
BV
„ „ ^d^raa BV
„ „ ^d^raai „
— „ dm „
— tt dhrai „
B w^tshm ditB.
„ weshin deeB.
„ „ dItB.
B w^fshm deeB.
jaa weshm ,,
B ,, diiB.
„ w^tshm „
„ weshm deeB.
„ w6t8hm dee.
12.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
waal)f
$9 it
9t ti
tf tt
wal „
„ th
„ t^
waalt'
»» ft
wal —
ktta
ket'l
kiVl
tt
keVl
kctl
WB booBlm fB)t' tilB
WBZ botlm
wa boBlm
,, boilm
jan
tt tt
tt tt
tt »>
it tt
tt tt
It
tt
— Jaa
„ — jan
t^ — Jaa
^dnqkm b jan
„ boBlm
WB boojtlm fo „ tiiB —
„ biitlm fB „ teiB —
WBZ „ „ — tJlB —
fi ti ft — til —
Jaa
[ 1942 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D30.]
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
THE EAST NORTH ERX.
511
faan briit
♦ftBniiBn i sumB, nubut « wiik
fam bre«t stanvr ef teniiBn — — nobBt
faan brbt
„ briit
fern ,,
fain ,,
faan ,.
BumB,
nobtjd
nobBt
fein
fam
Bummr
weik
wiik
efthflnitun — —
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
Bin lium )t* nekst thozdB.
niBst I,
)t' nekst „
y, n^ikst n
)th nekst th^tiBzdB.
)t' ,, thozdB.
,y niist thiliMBzdB.
nekst thozdB.
n
sen
Bin
sen
13. 1 Bn — — noo jb,
2 „ dt JB nAA?
3 yf die'B JB nooB,
4 „ d» JB naa?
5 „ — — noo dhu,
6 „ — — noo JB
7 ,, dt JB nooB,
8 „ di JB nA'B?
9 „ d) JB noB?
10 „ d«z dhB noo ?
beeBn?
bh'Bn ?
mwn?
nobBt, beeBn ?
Bt a
Bt
f*
Bt „
Bt „
nitB Ih'Bnt
ntYB loant
nitB litBnt
ntvB laant
„ liiBnd
i(Bd
liiBnt
leeBnt
laant
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
not^ nB
nout ,f
oni —
on» —
nout nB
ni
meeBr
mttuBr
nii«Br
meeBr
maar
miiBr
ni6eBr
Bn dhts B dhat
.. Bbuut „
i>
dhen
Bn
nB
Bn
ff
9t
Bbuut
>>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
tfV tBl
tB —
— til
tlV —
— tBl
tBd^eB, a siiBF, bz sh*Br bz mi
„ „ „ maa
— diid
— btznts
— diid „
— btznis ,,
dhaa btzBUBS ,,
— diid ,,
— b^'znfs ,,
— detd ,1
— btznts -
— mat;thBr ,
wp
tiV —
— waal
tf —
tBdiiB
tBdeeB
tBdetB
tBdeeB
»»
tBdh*B
tBdeeB
„ „ ma
M yt » mi
„ shiBr „ met
f, sztBr ff mt
nh*Bm)z id^uunn
neewm „ :djak
nh'um „ :djiit<Bn
necwm ,, :djon
nttum „ idjumni
„ „ idjuiAjn
i>
[ 1943 ]
„ „ idjjiun
sht „ mat neBm ,, icl^ak
>>
„ ma
Digitized by LjOOQIC
612
THE EAST NORTHERN.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
isbtptid, vn aa
ishepnd „ a
:8hh)pud ff y,
rsbipBd „ „
.•shepcd ,, „
ishf'pud ,, aa
:8biBpQd ,f a
dtB)'nt want t« dii«,
dAA)nt
ishrpBd
ft >»
dtt)n«t
dfz)'nt
dtt)ntft
d^tf)Bnt
di)nBt
du)n«t
dii)tnit
dzBiit
tB di»B
diu
dii«
tv noo
neeBdhB —
n6e«^dB —
n^eBdhti, s^
6fdliv, —
neendv —
6«dhOT —
n6eBdlra —
nhidhts —
noKdhti —
p)30.
dhfiv
dheeQ
dhitB
dhaa
dhaa
dhitB
dhecB!
dheeo
1
null dhenz !
2
nuu!
3
nuuz tB dhenz !
4
nu
!
5
nuu dhen !
6
nuuz!
7
nuu dhen!
8
9
10
nuu dhen!
nuu!
14. 1
Bn
see aa]
z ganm jam
tB
mt stfpB
. ghid
niit,
2
t}
B^UB a
)» of „
>>
—
)»
g«d
If
3
t9
81* „
„ gaajm „
>»
mt
19
girsd
19
4
M
seeB aa
„ „ Jt'ctnn ,,
tt
>f
g»Bd
t*
5
>>
82IB at
)f gee;in Uma
tel
•t
»»
g»d
»9
6
>»
„ a
,f gaqtn jam
to
ft
tt
»»
»9
7
)>
8ee aa
„ gaa;in jiiBm „
>»
ft
girad
»»
8
»>
secB „
,, gaqtn ttBm
ti
git
>i
ft
l»
II
9
sh'B k
„ gantn jam
»>
ee
>>
tt
gttd
»9
10
»»
8t*B „
,, ft cBm
)»
—
tt
>f
>«
1
Bn
— dt)nBt
bt
SB shaap
tB krceBk
oujnr
2
>»
— dAA)nt
ff
9}
ft
krAA
II
3
>»
— dt<)nBt
bi
ft
>»
krt
II
4
>♦
>»
bC'.-
ft
9)
kraa
19
5
>>
— dt<)nBt
t*
ft
tf
kroo
II
6
11
— ditB)nt
bi
ff
ft
ft
19
7
»>
— d«)nBt
bi
ff
tf
ft
II
8
>»
>♦
>>
»»
>»
>»
f*
9
>>
BUMdhBr taam dh')BntJUy,
St
>♦
>»
19
10
>>
—
— di)Bnt
f »
St
t»
>»
6ur
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
B bodt — BgeeBUy wtn t
„ ,, — BgitBn, wen b
— Bg6eBn,
— BgifBn,
99
99
^t
t
tooBks
tAAks
tooBks
toaks
tooBks
ont
99
— BgeBU,
ont meeB,
BgiBU,
99
i
B teeBn Bn
Bbuut dhts —
B th'Bn Bn
99 taan „
99 tit«n „
99 »9 19
ff t^eBn ff
„ tiittn „
„ dhis —
tooks Bbuut
[ 1W4 ]
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
D30.]
THE BAST NORTHERN.
613
1
tfdlis
- thiq.
2 dhat
B
ttfdhvr
.
8 tud'B
4 ti^hv
- thiq.
If
5 tudh«
ff
6
tMd«
7
tfdh«
>>
8 tudhB
}f
9 dhat
vn
ttdhB.
10
99
«
>»
15. 1
it) a
B
w6eBk
iiml
Bt
pratBz
preeBts
Bdhuu-t
on«
2
99 M
i>
II
widhuut
—
3
>> »>
»y
11
pHBts
B^duu't
—
4
>> »
»>
II
ganz
preeBtin
Bdhu-t
om*
6
>l »»
wirek
fiul
—
pr^eBts
Bdhuu't
6
» »>
weeBk
firal
—
pdtBts
Bduu-t
—
7
M »f
♦>
II
—
pr^eBts
Bdhuu't
—
8
>> >>
wirek
II
—
f$
_,
9
» >y
w^e«k
fhl
—
99
wfdhuu-t
10
>> >>
fond
II
—
t|at;thBZ
WfVUU't
—
1
rii«z'
n
— B^eB nuu
dhen,
dhat)s
ma last
—
2
>>
«n —
—
-
—
II 99
m» „
_
3
i>
— 86eB nuu
dhenz
f II II
ma „
4
»y
Bn
II
dhen
II II
mi „
—
5
»
— 8**« M
If
II II
m6* „
—
6
99
»
nuu
—
II II
mi „
—
7
>>
— B^eB nuu
dhen
II II
11 11
—
8
>>
Bn „
II II
mt last
—
9
9>
M —
-
—
II II
6ob1 dhat
a
10
»l
»>
-
—
II II
mt last
—
1
— -
—
wod,
Ubb
JB
wil,
gafB.
2
-
—
}>
gud Ui.
3
-
—
II
filBB
tB
wil.
4
-
—
19
faa
dhuwiil.
5
-
—
II
II
fi
II
6
-
—
w6Bd,
flev
je
II
7
-
—
wod,
II
tB
11
8
-
—
II
II
dhu well.
9
ee t9
s^eB,
gud niit.
10
— -
—
wod,
II
99
mtet to No. 1, Mid To. cs. p. 602.
0. what for; the word why is not
used in asking questions.
1. lauffh likey so to speak laugh, this
lik« is a common qualification ; obsOTre
(Uik), but (maan) mine. Mr. Stead
says QiSk) is xmiyersal in m.Yo., but
OCR. has (laak) elsewhere. — who is to
ears? apparently.
2. nought-hut, i.e. only.— ^fo»'^ us,
Mr. Stead considers (dt)nit ot) ** quite
impossible anywhere in m.Yo/' —
likely, the form in the text (laaklinz)
is not common.
8. meaning : ** howsoever, these-
here*s tellings of the truth of the case,
80 just goest thou, and hold thee [t.#.
for thyself] thou thy din, friend, and
».». Pron. Part V.
[ 1946 ]
124
Digitized by LjOOQIC
514
THE EAST KORTHERN.
[D80.
be whisht now, while [i.e. until] I is
[i.e. am, i.e. have] done." ** hark thou,
but now.'* OCR. says the addition of
« to but is "very common elsewhere, as
at Leeds." I suppose it means, *' hark
only now."
4. Meaning "Some of them ( = those)
folk (= folks) that went through the
whole thing from the first their ( = them)
selves."
5. yountfeety CCR. says that young
has four sounds (j//q jwwq, juq Juuq),
the last two being uncommon, but gives
no law relating their use. — ** a great
lad of mne year old."— /aMer, the
dental ( t, ^d) are preserved before any
place where (r) stood, even after the
(r) has been lost, as in the present case.
— voice^ the common form. — ntan-y !
this asseveration is said to be still
common.
6. womany (d/tmn) dame, is also
common. — and tell all of you straight
of an cftdy toOy nithont mttch bother^
an ye" II be-at asking of hei\ here (6b)
is ally (o^duu't) is one of the numerous
forms for without given by CCR. in
his glossary, of wliich he 8a}'s "the
dental d (d) fonns (w^duut wi\duut)
are especially employed by those who
speak the dialect broadly. Obs. that
this (,d) is a descendant of (dh), and
is not superinduced by a following (r).
— mnchy (niikulz) is also used over a
great portion of the north, but here
(mitj) would be used.
7. teastlyy at least ; this genitive
form of adverb is said by CC It. to be
common in -lins, -wards, compare
(jnlrt'diz, tcdtiu'z, s/tvuBdz, ut nz,
mcecstl/nz meeBstliz, s/uuliz, aadltz
eudliz, wtlinz, bilaa-ks) etc., already,
to-day, soonward, often, mostly, smely,
hardly, willingly, belike, etc. — she had
(the) telling of it to me. — a two (or)
three times over had she. — moot matter^
if this is the dialectal use of moot, it is
hardly correct. — how}is)it you think ?
8. hotv-gateSf in what manner. —
that she has to call her husband of and
the whole story. CCR. says : ** paddy
was a name given to the almanacks,
and hence note books, as (aa)l set dhat
duun i ma padt) I* 11 make a note of it,
and hence came to mean the note made
or any story. The word is very com-
mon, always on the tongue." The full
word is (pa'dmo'di), see cs. Nos. 3
and 5. In this form it is given in
the Cleveland, Craven, Whitby, and
Ilolderness Glossaries. Hence it is
widely distributed. Mr. Atkinson (CI.
Gl.) suggests its derivation from pali-
nodey or saying back, but this is not
a common word, and I would rather
suppose pater-noster to be the origin,
alliiding to long mumbling of prayers.
This would agree with CCR.'s (man),
Nos. 1, 3, 6, par. 5, also found
in the Cleveland and Whitby Glos-
saries.
9. she strongly asserted^ this is,
however, hardly the general use of
threap, which is not in CCR.'s
Glossary, though Mr. F. K. Robinson
in his Whitby Glossary has *' threeap,
to assert positively, ' he threeap'd me
wi* liquor,* prot^ted that I vria
drunk. * Halliwell has "obstinately
to maintain or insist upon a thing in
contradiction to another, e.g. *he
threaped me down it was so,* Li.
*I threpe a matter ujjon one, I bear
one in hand that he hath doone or
said a thing amysse.* — Palsgrave."
The Ws. bre&pian is usually explained
as 'reproWe, corripere,* and Strat-
mann gives 'arguere,* citing Orrmin
and several old works. Coleridge
translates * convict, refute.* In H.
Mr. Peacock has: "to argue, to
asseverate, to insist upon, *he*s alus
threapin* about summats.* * She
threap'd me down Sam was dead, but
I seed him last setterda.* * I wen*t
be threp by a bairn like thoo.* ** —
house door, the short (u) is often used
in tliis word.
10. That is, "he was agate, [going
on], a whining, says she, for aU the
world like to [or use (s/iBm nzj] same
as] a sick bairn, or a lile [little] lass
of [in] a tiff.'*
11. daughter 'in- law y came their
ways through the back garth, from
hanging the wet clothes out,
13. meaning "and know you, bairn ?
that I ne'er Teamed nought no more
than this of that deed up till to-day,
I swear, as sure as my name's John
Shepheid, and I doesn't want to do,
there, now thens.**
15. gafer, properly grandfather, a
common word of familiar address, like
'old fellow,* or 'governor*; gaffer is
used for the master also.
Mtes to No. 2, South Ainsty cs. p. 602.
In these notes to No. 2, for brevity
S. means Mr. Stead, R. Mr. C. C.
Robinson, and G. the latter*s Mid
Yoi'kshif^ Glossary. Unsigned pas-
[ 1946 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D30.]
THE BAST NORTHERN.
615
sages in inTorted commas refer to S.'s
statements.
1. neighbour^ 8. (n6i-), B. (n^-),
6. (n/t«-). 'The souna yaries con-
siderably, bnt (n6»-) is correct for the
Tillages named in p. 499, No. 2 ; (uObA
is yery uncommon eyen in R.*s district.'
— both, *(btttfBth) is uniyersal in this
district.* — new8^ 'R.'s (nim) almost
tmknown.' R. has certainly frequently
used uncommon forms and phrases, *' to
register their existence,*' which rather
defeats my object, but I belieye he
gaye no pronunciation, howeyer rare,
which he did not remember to haye
heard, but of course his memory may
haye been occasionally at fault.
2. few, * R.*8 (f^ almost unknown.'
— donU W€f 'R.*s (dmst) unknown in
s.Ainsty, but right for Boroughbridge
(9 ne. Harrogate) ; R.'s (vz) 'unknown
m m.To.'— /lAr^/v, R. (laaklins), S.
' thinks R. must haye been thinking of
Tillages more to the w. as Wetheroy ;
and that (16«k) is uniyersal in m.To.'
6. (laaks, l&hik, l^tk), the last refined.
See notes to p. 613, pars. 1, 2.
3. justy *R.*s (d|ist) neyer heard in
the district. *—/n^, ' R.'s (frind) heard
more to the n. and e.* — till or (waal^ S.
4. folk$y * We always say (fwMBKs),
and (fttwvk) without the (s) is de-
cidedly refined.' R. haa written
ifuuvk) first, and corrected it to
f6oBk). — whoU, R.'s (jal) *is known,
tut is extremely rare in the district.' —
themselves, * (-sen) is the only form
known to us, f-sel) or (-sil) would
create roars of laughter.* O. p. xxy
giyes both (-sel, -sen) but not (-stl).
6. knew, * (uAAd) is used occ* —
voice, 'R.'s (y/i«s) astonished me,
I neyer heard it in my life.' R. says
it's common. — trust, * occ. (^t,r«8t).' —
truth, 'R.'s (tr6eBth) I neyer heard
in my life ; Tt^ruuth) is said and occ.
(jt^ruuth), which is used oyer a yery
laige area in m., e., and se.Yo. In
some of R.'s yillages (Nun Monkton (7
nw.Tork) and E^ingwold), as I can
attest haying stayed there, (^t^riuth) is
all but uniyersal.'
6. straight, O. (bU^H, s,t^t),
and occ. (s^t^r^vt). 'I neyer heard
the last eyen in R.'s district.' — bother,
in such words as bother father, (^d)
would be yery uncommon indeed.'
7, me, * with us (m6t) is neyer used,
our emphatic forms are inyariably (mii
dhii shu) . ' ~ two or three, * our nume^s
are (jan, tnu, thrii, f6tiy«r, f&iy, stks,
sey'n, Hi, natn, ten, dey'n, twely),
etc.'
8. found or (fini). — beast, 'with us
(bi't'st) is singular and (b/ivs) plural.'
9. swore. * Of course we haye
threaped here also, but it means more
like maintained persistently, said again
and again, than said emphatically and
solemnly,^ See note on cs. No. 1,
par. 9, p. 614. — eyes, *we haye no
other form but (iiz), but (^n iivn)
are riffht for R.'s district.'— ^oorf, 'R.'s
(g/tBO) unknown, (guud) general,' but
S. wrote {gu^),--4ane 'or (I6utm),*
which is more regular.
10. whining, 'R.'s (waantn) is right
for R.'s district, and similarly in s.
Ainsty and e. or s. Holdemess we haye
(f&m, n&in, w&in, l&tn, k£itnd), but in
n. Ainsty and n. and w. Holdemess
(faan, naan, waan, laan, kaand).' —
world, R.'s (waald), 'we use (waak)
subs., and (work) yb.'— /i«^, 's.Ainsty
hardly oyer uses (laat'l), I neyer heard
it till I went to Eanngwold when
young.'
11. through, or (thruu), S. — hang*
ing, 'R.'s (aqin) is quite York city.'
— clothes, G. (tlitBZ, tlecDZ, tluwirz,
tl6oBz), second most used, 'with us
ftlMMoz) is the only form.'— ^y, ' R.'s
(dii«) for the e. and s. Ainsty (d^) is
the proper form for his distnct.'
12. one, or (jaa), S. — only^ O. (nobvt,
nMb«t), nought but. The second was
unknown to S., who, howeyer, uses
(uMt) for not,
13. more, 'we in s. Ainsty haye
almost dropped R.'s (m^CBr).' — sure,
or (shttttwr), 8. — name ' (n^emn) is
more common than R.'s (niitnn) s. of
York.'
14. Vm going, (aa)z gcfjtn) also
used, 8. — home or (6tnmi), S.
Notes to No. 3, North Mid To. cs.,
p. 602.
2. that, OCR. at first wrote (wat)
at full, considering («t) to represent
what, which he says is commonly
employed for that in Yo., but usually
contracted to (trt). — us, 'neyer (wz) in
the pause, it here means we,' R. —
is not (btttmt, hivz, biiz) is not, is,
< common, also at Wliitby.'
3. these (dhdw, dho'«r) occ. used. —
hold thee thou thy din, ' not frequently
employed, but curious enough to record,
I thought,' R.
6. walking lad, ' one that can stride
[ 1947 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
616
THE BAST MORTHBRX.
[D80.
bis way anywhere,* R. — hmc, caraally
pronouncea (ni).
6. quean f woman, without disrespect
by old people, with the initial (k)
omitted, like Yo. (wik) quick. See also
weean in Whitby Glossary. —/swt. —
withoMtf the vowel is often taken short.
7. how should you 'think ? * This is
the manner the emphatic clause would
be rendered, with the weight on think,
8. where^ this (wkwa) is a Bing:ular
form for (wmot), but both it and (miiot)
are given in CCR.*s Glossary. — tr«w
(waar) or (war| either might be used.
— husband witn short (u^ not (w), also
used in Mid Yo. and Malton way. —
paddynoddy^ long and tedious narration,
see notes on cs. No. 1, par. 8, p. 514.
9. house dooTf (us) with a short
Towel. — lane or (lihintn).
10. little, *both forms (1&a1> UaVl)
are common all over Yo.,* CCR.
13. notes thou thens or (nuuz t«
nobBt) nows thou only. CCR. says * not
knou:s thou thenz, tor (n6w) for know
is not heard in peasant speech any-
where ; it is a purely idiomatic phrase ; *
but his translation conveys no meaning.
The (to) might stand for to, and
perhaps nows to thens, nows to only
might be strained to have a meaning.
He says the second phrase is common.
Notes to No. 4, New Malton cs., p. 502.
5. youngist, CpR. says : ' there are
four pronunciations of young in the
rural varieties, and I distinguish each
readily, with (m mm, u uu) where the
last two forms are not much heard.
Thus {n) is looked upon as an old-
fashioned pron., and when a youthful
dialect speaker imitates the speech of
any person accustomed to speak the
vernacular at its broadest, you fail not
to hear this (uu) drawled and lengthened
in an elaborated manner. In house
the vowel is either (u) or (uu) . I have
the greatest hesitation in deciding on
the quantit]f, — the long and short are
so common in interchange.*
Notes to No. 5, Lower Nidderdale cs.,
p. 502.
4. / w or / am (:aa)m). — whole
thing, both whole and all appear as
iu«l) in par. 8, but all is given as
6ovl) in par. 10.
6. oj''' wards. — will not, the n of not
omitted, CCR. says 'singularly at all
times.*
10. chafing, a heat, passion.
13. to-day^ here (dei«), but (d^es)
in par. 5.
Notes to No. 6, Waehhum ^iver cs.,
p. 502.
1. together, CCR. marks (d)not(,d),
but in neither he has marked Td). —
like, mine, are heard with boui (&i)
and (6b), see (l&ikltnz), par. 2.
2. because (koz), not (koz). CCR.
says: '*I use (o) in this district, but
both in this ana the m.Yo. cs. No. 1,
(o) finds place in as sharply short a
character as possible, as (ma 'Wdd,
a)l)ev od o dhe I) my word, 1*11 have
hold of thee! In post, word, hold,
first, burst, hurt, host, stir, her, (past,
wod, od, fost, bast, ot, ost, stor, or) [the
last two I suppose before vowebj, and
in other words there is an undoubted
and a most frequent interchange of (o,
o). — grinned, laughed, jeered. — donU,
it seems as if (d/t«nt, dvMBnt dM)nBt)
were used rather promiscuously, see
par. 13.
3. of the case, throughout this dis-
trict (th, t*) interchange for the def.
art. — And take hold and whisht now
until I [have] done, **a colloquial
phrase, but not of any account.**— CCR.
8. and all about on it, the on seems
superfluous.
1 0. •» [a] humour, * *fret is only used
as a verb; as a noun, it is here and
elsewhere unknown,** CCR.
11. dry, or (.d^nift) drought, 'a
term I might also have used in cs.
Noe. 1 and 3, and, using (dr) for (,d.r),
in the Leeds cs.' D 24, var. v. p. 374.
13. don't or (dM)n«t).
Notes to No. 7, South Cleveland cs.,
p. 502.
4. lis, or lam (aa)m).— /row, CCR.
says * (frEE) is correct. There is a
wide difference between (ee, kb) which
are nearest allied. The (be) seems to
be associated with few words— from,
to, no, etc.— and but casually.*
5. / swear (aa sliw) ; if it were Pm
sure, it would be (a)z/t«).
8. beast, CCR. says: "I see that
Mr. Atkinson in his * Cleveland Glos-
sary * has a note on this word, saying
that (b/Qs) is the form the plural takes.
This must be merely a local usage.
In South Cleveland (b/ii») is exceed-
ingly common as the emphatic form.
It has seemed to me sometimes that
[ 1948 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30.]
THR BAST NORTHERN.
517
people eyerywhere bad a habit of saying
(b/Bs) on occasions, wben the singular
number was intended, and (bttBs) when
more than one was meant. Anyhow
(b/iBs) is the commoner pronunciation,
Doth as a singular and plural form.**
Out of To., except in sw.England,
(b/tBs), or some form without the (t), is
commonly used for the plural, the (t)
being added for the singular. See p.
615, par. 8.
9. by the or (ba)t').
10. *pook ana (pA'«k) in town dialect,
but they can*t oe rendered by one
spelling. I should write (1) pouk^ and
(2) pawk. They are both used as verbs
—to fret; CCK.
Id. my or (ma).
Notee to No. 8, North- Eaet Coast cs.
10. maunge is explained in CCR.*s
Glossary as * untoward, confused, acci-
dent,* perhaps < mishap * would be best
here.
Notee to No, 9, Market Weighton cs.
For abbreviation I use D. Dove, K.
Eirkpatrick, R. Robinson, W. Wray.
0. for, W. insisted on trilling the
(r), but this is contrary to the g(;neral
habit of e.Yo., and although the final
{t) was always clearly pronounced by
Mr. Wray, I retain the vocal forms
usually heard. — hoe no doubte^ or (dtz*nt
dvt). W. used (mi) rather than (w), but
he also used (t'l) rather than (t^. Hence
I consider these to be individualities.
The (e) may be (b) throughout, but I
retain xt.*B vowel, and he oistinguished
(e, «).
1. weU or (w&i). — you, R. signals
this as a refinement for (dhuu). — care,
K. wrote (kli«), which W. asserted
could never have been heard. — there,
old people say (dh/ni), yoimger (dh6e«).
2. know, K. wrote (ntB), which both
R. and W. corrected to (n6oB). — likely,
R. considers it should be (laakli), sayinc"
that if one long i becomes (aa), afi
must, and we have (taam). Neverthe-
less, W. says he has not heard (laakli)
half a dozen times, and E. writes
leikly, D. likely,
3. however, W, seemed to say
(&^Mi*wr], almost but not quite (&»),
but in the wl. he said (uu), hence I
retain (uu), which is most natural. —
tongue, is what E. substituted for
noise, but W. said (n6tz) is right. —
friend, W. never heard the (d) omitted,
both (frtnd) and (frend) are used. —
while for till, but (til) is also used. —
hark, E. wrote hack, shewing the
shortness of the vowel.
A. Vm sure, E. wrote a sear, which
should be / swore, but probably the
(z) was omitted by accident, the cor-
rection is W.*s. — through, W. says
(thruu) is also used by the broadest
speakers. — through the whole from the
first, the first the is (f), the second
(d), but also, I think, suspended (d').
W. endeavoured to find a reason for
the difference, and thought (V) was
initial and (d*) final. But in looking
through Mr. Wray's tale of Nestleton
Magna, I find plenty of (f), but no
(d'). R. says, however, that the (d) is
** nicely correct,** but that it is *'far
more of an habitual than a customary
sound.**
5. nine, (naan) has been heard from
older people. K. wrote nane, which
R. interpreted (n^n), and D. wrote
nine-, W. read n&tn. — ktiew, so E.
wrote, and R. interpreted (ntu) ; I owe
(nood^ to W.— father, or (fadh-w)
says E., but W. did not allow it ; the
*« of the possessive is never omitted
according to W., but Mrs. AVray said
it was never inserted, thus (:d|on w^if)
has been often heard. — though, W.
said (dhof) was not much used, and
(dhoo) more common. — was (waz) ex-
presses emphatic certainty. — so qtteer,
E. gives also (s/e). — tnut, E. writes
thrust, W. gave ( t;*-) ; E. gave the
variant (a)l «p)od- im) I'll uphold
him. — truth, E. wrote tUrewth, W.
pron. what seemed to me as some
variation of (^t,ryyth), but the mouth
was open for the vowel, and there was
no projection of the lips. — aye, the
pron. (E'i) is due to W. — enough, W.
observed that the verb to plough was
(pl/u), the subs, (pl/u) or (pl/Bf), and
observed that enow is not known.
7. however. See note, par. 3.
8. how and where and when, E. sa^
the expression would not be used in this
neighbourhood. — drunken, E. wrote
(dhr-), R. corrected and W. confirmed
l^A^T').— beast, W. stated that (b/iBsJ
was pi. — husband, W. says (ma ma'n)
is common for * my husband.
9. eyes, both (iin iiz), eaually
common, and (it iin, it iiz) would be
used for (its iin, iiz), Vi. — length,
similarly (s^t Tenth) W.— ground, E.
omitted (d), w. restored it; E. says
that in Marshland, Var. iv, they would
say (wpB dh gruund). — by the, E.
[ 1949 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
618
THE EAST NORTHERN.
[D80.
omitted the, W, restored it as (d). —
lanf, E. also gives (leevn), W. sa^rs
(l/tBn) is used, R. prefers (Umbii). This
MTord is never treated as having A', but
as having 0-, A-.
10. piaininoyi.e, complaining, suffer-
ing, suggested by W., K 8aid(waanin)
would not be used, and suggested
(gr/i«iin). — whimpering^ Suggested by
w. 9& fretting y was not diale€tal.
11. A^, the pron. (6«r) was given
by W., who constantly uses hor in
Kesileton Magna. — through back yardy
R. says "there is no real omission of
(t') here. The tongue moves for it,
however it may be lost to the ear. In
nearly every variety of Yo. dialect it
is lost when in this position followed
by (b) .* * It would prooably be the same
before any mute or sonant. But the
tongue being first put in the (t) position
and dwelt on, the effect on the ear is
different from that of an entire absence
of any (t).— c/oMm, W. had (klQus)
in par. 9, R. says that the present is
the refined and general form.
12. one, K. (wf#n), D. and W. (jaa).
-—fney W. has heard (faan), but gave
(f6in).— itnc?, D.and K. (sen), W. (sin).
13. ^0 you know, K. says thi^ phrase
would not be used, R. thinks he would
not have objected to («n noo jb, b6e«n).
— learned, k. had (laand), D. (Wnt),
"W. says (leeBnt) is the common form.
— until, D. and K. had awhahl, (waal)
is "W.*s correction.
15. iceak fool, K. wake fool, which
R. says is very refined. 1 adopt R.*s
(wecBk) and W.'s {iiMl),—pratea, W.
said *not (pr/uts)!' — without, K. wrote
wid'doot or bid-doot (wt^duut bt\duu^,
observing that they seem old, but are
still heard ; W. said (wtdhuut btdhuut)
were more common among the peasantry.
— good-night, R. says good bye (b&i) is
seldom heard, W. gives (g/rnit, tataa*)
as common forms, the last being used
even among men.
Kotes to JVb. 10, ffoldemesg cs., p. 602.
1 . Variants by Mr. Stead for e. Ilolder-
ness. These are placed first for
facility of reference, the others
follow.
1. tcell, WBi, argumentatire. — neigh'
bour, neebBT. — both, b/Bth. — neither,
niidhsr.
2. folke, f^insks. — of being, Bt biin.
— not, nwt. — likely, iB'ikli.
3. these, dhiiz. — of the ease, b kcBZ
no article. — gui^t, kws'tBt — / havi
don$, a)v dtn.
4. folks, fiiMBkB. — through the whole,
thrwf wol.
5. great, gnrt, n.H. gr/tBt.— ntnr,
Jkkiu. — squeaking, skwHnVin n.H. —
trttst and truth. Mr. Ward insists on
(thr-), but here and in other cases I
seemed to hear (»t,r-).
6. straight, sthr^. — without,
widhuu't, wivuut not heard.
7. / (&() is e.H., (a) would be n.H.
— times, t^imz. — you, jb.
8. well, wel. — found, fand n.H.,
fun e. H .
9. sware, sw6ob. — iriM her oicn
eyes, widh Br aau iiz, iin also used but
not so freqtiently. — up^n the ground,
fipu grund. — coat, kuvi. — close, tl/iBS.
comer, kxAUB. — l4sne, iHvn.
1 0. groaning, grhsnin. — world, wold.
— like, leik. — girl, las. — fretting,
riumin.
11. clothes, tli'tBZ. — washing day,
weshtn d6eB.
12. while, Bwal peculiar to e.H. —
tea, ti'tB n.H., Hi e.H.— ^«#, faan n.H.
— afternoon eftBUitBU was written. —
since, sin.
13. matter, mathvr. — my, mai e.H.,
maa n.H. — name, n/tBm. — neither,
niidhB, both e. and n.H.
li. so, sfB. — going hotne to supper,
g&t;m, buun wom ti ee mt sfq>B.
15. fond fool, w^k br^nd fiBl. —
chatters, t^athBZ. — without, wtdhuut.
reason, rftoz'n n.H., riiz*n e.H.
2. Notes other than variants.
1. you, refiued, vulgar form (jit),
CCR. — thafs neither here nor there,
a common phrase, but (ndwdhBr) be-
longs rather to Mid Yo., Var. i, also
(dh^CB) is refined form of (dhiii), CCR.
2. likeli/y CCR. again thinks it ought
to be (laakli). This is not the case in
the East Rioing, see p. 517, par. 2.
3. of the ease, the insertion of the
article here was probably a slip. I*ve
done, (aa) alwayB in n.H., (fei) before
a vowel in e.H.
4. those very refined, (dhem) is the
characteristic word, CCR.
8. found has (d) in n. but not in
e.H. — beast, S. made (b»Bs) pi. only,
which surprises CCR.
9. upon the ground, CCR. says that
this (-d) for the definite article is heard
as a casual form in all the other
varieties, and in D 24. — coat, CCR.
says (k6Bt) is thoroughly refined, and
[ 1960 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D80.]
THE BAST NOBTHBRK.
519
fk^Hvt) the peasant form.— d!oM (Uooe),
OCR. says is also refined, but yerj
much used ; and ** the refined phase is
really the dominant one over that section
of the East Riding nearest the coast,
with its important market towns.'*
10. waSf CCR. finds the constant
use of wat a sure mark of the refined
form ; and that the characteristic rural
types are (war wa war wo) long or
snort according to circumstances. —
frettinfft CCR. considers to be quite
non -dialectal.
11. ^ardf CCR. says this is refined :
** when a rural lirer uses yard alone of
an enclosure, his thoughts run on the
flagged and walled courts he sees in
town. There are no ^ardt in the
country according to his idea, and even
in such compounds as stable-yard,
church-yard, nis tongue is far more
ready to say (sthib'l-g^evth, kork-
g^eirth)."
13. Jack, CCR. says that he did not
use this in his cs. Nos. 1 and 3 to 8,
because even among the humblest
classes it savours of vulgarity, except
when used for children only.
14. to tuppety CCR. objects to the
omission of the personal pionoun my as
being refined. In his own versions cs.
Nos. 1 and 3 to 8, he has always in-
serted my ; in cs. No. 2, York Ainsty,
Mr. Stead has also omitted it.
Id. fondy CCR. thinks this common
word would convey a wrong notion,
and prefers <r#aA:, which he would
write (ws'isk).
(2) FouB Intkklinear dt. fob North-Easi Yorkshirb.
As the cs. for Yar. ii were both written by CCR., and I have been fortunate
enough to get four dt. from other writers, although in io., which I have been
obli^ to pal. from indications, or conjecturally, or by the aid of CCR.*s cs., and
in one instance by the reading of another native, it seems advisable to give them
also in an interlinear arrangement, as a contrast.
1. Lanby 'in- Cleveland (12 wsw. Whitby), written by the Rev. J. C. Atkinson,
author of the Cleveland Glossary, with many notes and indications.
2. Skelton-in-Cleteland (10 e-by-s.Biiddlesborough), by Mr. Isaac Wilkinson, of
liuffdale, Marske-by-the-Sea, with very full notes. Much of the neighbourhood
is l£e it for ten miles. This specimen was subsequently read to me in Feb. 1887,
by Mr. J. W. Langstaff, 6f Stanghow (.-staq-B) (3 sse. Skelton, and 12 ese.
Middlesborough), a friend of Mr. Wilkinson, and at that time a student in the
Wealeyan Training College, Westminster, and that is the pronunciation which I
have lised. I subsequently referred the chief points to Mr. T. D. Ridley, who
resides at Coatham, Redcar, and he agreed with Mr. Langstaff. Mr. Wilkinson
was, however, not quite satisfied with the result, but as I have not had an oppor-
tunity of hearing him pronounce, I have Jet my transcript of Mr. Langstaff*s
stana, and only re^t that I am not able to do justice to Mr. W.*s views, which
he was at great pains to particularise.
8. Whitby, by the late Mr. F. K. Robinson, author of the Whitby Glossary,
the second edition of which was published by the English Dialect Society.
4. Whitby, Malton, Fiekeriny, and the jfoors, by Rev. John Thornton, Yicar
of Aston Abbott, Aylesbury ; this is also in io. and with no indications, but by
the help of the others there is very little difficulty in interpreting it.
1. 1 Danhy. sire a sez, mB ladz, siiz tB nuu at a)z riit
2 SkeUon, st'i a sbb, Iddz, jv sm nuu dhot aa)z rtVt
3 Whithy. sire a sez, miiBts, jb sii nuu dliBt a bi riit
4 Moors. ladz, jb sii nuu a)m riit
1 Bbuut Jon laat'l las kumin fre)t' skitBl?
2 Bbi^t dhat IfBt'I las kimiin fre)t* skhil jandliB.
3 Bbuut dhat laat'l b^OBU ktnnin fre)t* skiul jondBr.
4 Bbuut t' laat'l las kmnm fre)t* skiiBl.
[ 1951 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
620 THR BAST KORTHBRN. [©30.
2. 1 BhiVjz gaum duun f r^tiBd dhiiiB f,Tul V rid jat o)t* left
2 shiiBZ gam dutm)t' r6o«d dh^eB t\iTuu V riiBd jat o)t' left
3 Bhii^z gat ;tn duun t' r&UBd dh6eB thrwf t^ riiBd jat o)t' left
4 shiijz gdt;m duun t' rdu^d dJiiiv thrwf t' jat o)t*
1 ond saad o)t' wiiB.
2 and saad o)f wee.
8 and sdtd o)t' rdtmd.
4 o)t'
3. 1 sitOT Bnkrf f becBn ev gand riit up ti)V dfiw o)t'
2 siinr OTiii^f t' b^e«n)z giitm s^trcfit «p ti)t^ dii'iBr B)t'
3 sh'cr BniiT?f t' b^eBU bz ghun s^tr^ wp tu)t' diivr o)t'
4 siter Bniref t* beeBn)z giiBn s^trM up ii)V dim o)t
1 raq uub,
2 raq ils,
3 raq uus,
4 raq uus,
4. 1 wh'« shB)! bap*n find dhat ^drttk'n dh*«f wbz'nd tjap
2 weeB 8hfi)Bl meb» ftn'd dhat ^d^ruk'n d^iwf wf\z'nd fel«
3 wuws 8hB)l tjans ti fmd dhat ^d^rvknn diivi dw»z*nd kaal
4 witB shii)l mebi find dhat ^d^ruqk'n di»Bf wtz'nd t|ap
1 Bt dhB kAA :tomBs.
2 bi f niiBm b :tomt.
3 dh^ kAAl itomBS.
4 o t' nitBm o :tumB8.
5. 1 wi aaI kenz'm van* wiil.
2 wfi AA*1 ken »m varti w/»il.
3 wi aaI ken im vart wiil.
4 ken [uaa] van' wiil.
6. 1 wh'Bnt V AAd tjap sh'Bn laan b n«t tB dii)t ub m^B,
2 wiiBut t' AAd t|ap siiBn lijBn b nut ti ditB)t Bgiran,
3 witBnt t* AAd t|ap sitBn tirst} B nut ti dh'B)t Bginsn,
4 wiiBnt t' AAd t^ap siiBn laan b nat ti ditB)t BgiiBn,
1 p^tfB tht'q!
2 puMB thf'q'!
3 piiMB th«q.
4 p^tfB kre^Br!
7. 1 ltiks)tB ! fz'nt it trfu ?
2 UiBk ! tz'nt »t ^t riiu ?
3 Ifuk! tVnt »t ^triu?
4 IhBk ! t riu ?
[ 1952 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D80.]
THB BAST NORTHERN.
621
IfoUt to Danby dt. No. 1.
1. /, (&t) emphatic, (a) unemphatic.
2. there. Mr. A. having given no
Bonnd, I follow OCR.— ya<# (jat) or
(jet). — left side, no sound given, I
have used (saad) therefore, as given for
other words.
3. enough. Mr. A. having written
eneugh without explanation, I follow
CC&,— gone (gand) or (geed).
4. whert^ no sound assigned. — that
they call more usual than, of the name
of (o t' nttvm «v), as a rule of is (mr)
before vowels, and (o, «) before con-
sonants.
6. old (ood) is also heard.
There was a schoolmaster at Castle-
ton, a hamlet of Danby parish, named
BuU, who was constantly called (:bel),
and the same sound occurs in other
words, as bushel (beehvl) or (btshvl).
Notet to Skelton dt. No. 2.
1. «o, also (sdB, s/|ir), the («) was
lost before the following (a). — ladtf or
(tpps), commoner than (msEts), which
however is used, (btitiz) is not used.
— littlef (laat'l) not usual. — Uue, also
(gUl) very short, but (las) most common.
—from the, (fre)^) was also used. —
yonder y or (joncmmr), r not before a
Towel very faint, but perceptible.
2. going y a distinct diphthong, not
(ga; in).— roorf, or (lonen), Mr. TWL.
used (o) distinctly, not (o), and in
ordinary speech he used (oo) in place
of (oo).— /AtfTtf, the (r) was not heard
except as («^. — through is {ji>p*f) on
the sea-coast oetween Lofthouse (.-loftus)
ri2 nw. Whitby) and Whitby.—^a^^,
(jat) usual, (gevt) also heard, (-gtt)
unaccented as the name of a street. —
way^ rather (r6o«d, lonvn] road, lane.
3. gone^ (gon) also usea.
4. may be, or (ap*n) happen ; (tjans
t«) chance to, scarcely used. — wiuemd
used, 'shrivelled* not used; (shr-)
initial, used as (shri|irb) shrub. — by the
name of a common expression, but
oftener (wi^ «z ntjtnnd), who is named,
the fwti) IB suspicious, perhaps I did
not near ngbt, (az)tz) seems more
probable. — Tommy, certainly not Tom
nor Thomas.
6. ken and know {D.609) are dis-
tinguished as connattre ana tavoir, —
very, (van) sounded Scotch to Mr. L.
6. toon learn, these two words really
rhymed by the omission of the (r|.
(tii«t|«), teacher, is used at school.
The (r) was scarcelv audible when not
before a vowel. The regular sound of
0' was (/,«) with the deep (t,). This
Mr. L. pron. in 'moon, soon, book,
look, blood, stood, plough sb. (pl/i«f),
toufh (t/,«f), cool, tool, stool [he stole
a stool (t stii&l « st/i«l) the fracture
differing, stolen (st6tm)J, broom [the
plant], do, done, noon, spoon, floor,
boot, foot, root, soot,* but 'mother,
bloom, nose, brother, good, plough vb.,
sought, moor,* were Tmifdher, hiuum,
n6BZ, brwdhar, gtid, pltiti, s6ut, m&vr),
'sought* was evidently assimilated to
'bought, thought, brought, wrought,
daughter,* all of which had (6«), ' coal,
hole* wererkivl, ^1).
7. look, tne forms (l/]«ks)t«, lt<)dh«,
lu)n) lookest thou, look thou, look you,
all occur. All the (ti) were very deep,
as well as all the (t), and perhaps (wj)
like (tj) should be used generally.
JVote» to Whitby dt. No. 8.
\, I be right for I is right, is strange,
and doubtful. Unfortunately there is
no grammar riven with the Whitby
Glossary, which only contains be in the
imperative mood.
2. going. In his Glossary Mr. FEB.
gives 'gangin, gannin, gying.* The
pron. here assigned to the last word is
quite conjectural, but reminds one of
the S. (gwd'in).— «ui^. Mr. FKR.
writes (s&id) here and in his glossary,
but (saad) is more regular.
3. straight, Mr. FKR. uses the
ordinary spelling both here and in his
glossary, hence I write (sjL^eet), the
dental (,t, ^d) is not marked, but must
be assumed.
4. where, the pron. {wuuwr) is not
given in the Glossair.
6. earl, explained in the Glossary as
"a coarse old man.*' Carltn is the
fem., and is used for a witch.
Ifotet to the Moore dt. No. 4.
2. ^otn^, spelled ^atii^, pron. assimi-
lated to No. 3; blanks are left in
many places where the sound was not
given.
6. not, " M as in tmut,** but perhaps
after all the To. pron. (smvt) may be
meant.
[ 1953 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
522
THB BAST NORTHERN.
[D80.
(3) Three Ihtebukear dt. pob Sotjth-Easi Yoseshirb.
In order to shew the doee connection between the Var. iii and It, I here
giye 3 dt.
1. Var. iii, £a$i MokUmMt, pal. by AJE. from dictation of Mr. Stead, see
pp. 499, No. 2, 601, No. 10, and Holdemees cwl. if^frd.
2. Var. iii, Sutton (3 ne.HuU), on the borders of £. and W. Holdemees,
written in gloesic by Mr. Edward French, of the Lead Works, Hall, long resident,
natiye of Famdon (see D 28, p. 452, last Une), and pal. by AJ£.
3. Var. iT, GooU and Marshland, written by the late Bey. Dr. W. H.
Thompson, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, formerly curate in that neigh-
bourhood, and corrected in pal. from his dictation by AJE.
1. 1 Fast Holdemess.
2 Sutton,
3 Gools,
bUv a 8^9, mfiiits, ju sii nuu ^t aa^z
Bu aa SEE, mEEts, n sii nuu dhat aa}z
BAA a SEE, meeBts, Ji sii nuu «t aa)z
1 r6it «buu*t dhat laat'l las kfimin fre skitBl jondhvr.
2 riit Bbuu't dhat laat'I las ktanm fre skh'Bl jondhBr.
3 riit Bbuut dhat laat'I gol ktant n free t* skuul jondv.
2. 1 8hB)z btm duun r^tfBd dh^eB tbruuf rsd jat a left
2 sbB)z ganm duun t' rAAd dheiBr tbrtif rEd jat on tB left
3 Bhi)z go-in duun tf rAA'Bd dbhB, tbrtif t^ rEd jat o)t^ left
1 and sd/d b wee.
2 end sdfd B)t' wee.
3 and sdul B)t^ wee.
3. 1 sMBr BnitBf b^eBn)z gh'Bn stbreet «p ti dliBr b
2 sifBr Bn(u' t^ tpald ez gan stbr^t't tip tB dlrsr b t'
3 sfuBr Bniu' t^ bi§eBn)z gon street up tB(t^ d^WBr B)t'
1 raq uus.
2 raq uus.
3 raq uus.
4. 1 wftB sbB)l me)b* f»nd dhat dhruqk'n diif shnV'ld fElB
2 wejBr 8hB)l tjons fdmd dhat dn/qk'n diivt sbrtV'ld fElB
3 whB 6bi)l mE)b» find dhat drt/qk'n diiBf wiz'nd f£lB
1 B niiBm B :tomBs.
2 B t' nfim B :ttmiBS.
3 B)t' neevm b :tamBs.
6. 1 wi aaI uaa im van* wiil.
2 wi aaI nAA im vari wiil.
3 WI aaI uaa im van' wiil.
6. 1 wiiBnt AAd t^ap sSiBn tiitj b nut ti dii it BgitBn,
2 wifBut t AAd tjap sttn tiiBtj b nat ti dii it BgiiBn,
3 wo)nt' 6«d t|ap siivn tiiBt^ B not tB duu)t BgEsn,
[ 1964 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D80, Vi.]
THB BAST KOBTHBBN.
523
1 'pduBT thtq!
2 p^trar thtq!
3 p^tiB thtq!
7. 1 lii«k ez)'nt it thrun?
2 Uvsk %zy nt it thHu ?
8 lii«k ♦z)'nt it triu ?
ybtet to Eiut Eoldem$89 dt. No. 1.
1. maUt^ fmtfevU) is refined. — right,
also (mi),—Uu$, teiel) often need.
2. ^MM^, (bMn)Doun, and (g&0*<i)
are iwed.— ^a<#, or (g/iBt).— «ufo, (saad)
in n.Holdemese.
4. may be, more usual than ehanet to
(t^ans U).
Notei to SutUm dt. No. 2.
4. drunken, probably a slip for
(dhniqk*n), compare (thilu) true.
2/btM to GooU dt. No. 3.
1. right or (i&tt), which should
probably be (r^t).— ^iW, this (gol) has
not been given me elsewhere. — §ehool
(sknul) is probably an erroneous remi-
niscence ; Dr. Thompson had not been
at the place for many years.
2. gaU or (giit).
8. stntight, here (street), sometimea
(str&it), as well as (omqk'n, trfu), are
Srobabl? errors, the dentality of (tr,
r) not naiing been noticed.
(4) Yab. i, Mid Yo. cwl.
Complete wl. for D 30, Yar. i a, or Mid Yorkshire, written in Olossic by
CCR., pal. and arranged as a cwl. by A. J. Ellis. '*The rule is yery
Sneral that when a word has (lt«) for Towel, the refined form is (^), and
e latter is at least in equal and rery often in most use.'* At the end
of a word the letters (-d, -r) are heard onlj before a following Towel.
CCR. says the intonation is *'a drawl in individual instances, but by rule
easy and deliberate, full of body, slow going, firm and clear in enunciation ;
sentences run short, and the way in which words are mouthed is
with meaning to an accustomed ear. There is hesitancy at times, 1
associated with purpose, and cannot be regarded as a defect. The 1
use of the dental (^ ^d), as it were, ^ckens the speech in a very i
way."
I. Wessex Ain) NOBSE.
A- 3 b^k btvk. 4 tak. 5 mak. 6 m6e«d mtvd. 7 stvk s^evk. 8 er.
9 btj6«T bulBT. 10 d«. 11 mdv. 12 86ob. 13 n8«. 14 d,r6o«. 16 6ob.
16 ddvn. 17 1dvl(i8. ISktvkk^evk. \9 Uinh 20 lltnn [often (Itivm)]. 21
n!«m. 22 t^evm. 23 sftnn. 24 sham. 25 m^vn. 26 w^etm. 27 nfirr. 28
te+r. 31 Ifvt. 32 b^evd -tu-. 33 r^,dir-r -t«-. 34 last. 36 6ob1. 36
th6ov th^. 37 tl6oir.
A: 39 kam. 40 k6«m kitnn. 41 theqk. 43 an-d. 44 land. 46 kanvl.
47 wan,d«-r. 48 raq. 60 taqz. 61 man. 62 wan. 63 kan. 64 want.
65 as. 66 wish w^t'sh. 67 as.
A: or 0: 68 fr^ [(fre) before a Towel]. 69 lam. 60 laq. 61 nnaq. 63
^tpraq. 64 raq. 66 saq. 66 thaq.
A - 67 gaq gan gdev. 69 n^ n/B n&u. 70 t^. 71 w^. 72 w6«.
73 s6e«. 74 twie« twht, 76 8.t,r^k s,t.rfBk s.t^Mtiek. 76 t^eed. 77 leed.
78 6o«. 79 6o«n 6o«nd. 80 alidB. 81 Imuvu \itumin, 83 m^mni. 84
m^-r. 86 s6e«-r. 86 dvts wots. 87 tl6e«z tli«z. 88 tl^evth. 89 b^evth
bivth. 90 bl6oB. 91 m6oe. 92 n6o8. 93 sndoB. 94 kr6ov. 96 thr6o«.
96 s6o«. 97 b6o«1. 98 n6o«n. 99 thr6o«n. 100 s6o«n.
[ 1966]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
624 THE EAST NORTHERN. [D 80, V i.
A': 101 jak. 102 as aks. 104 r^evd. 105 r^evd. 106 bi^evd. 107
IM l^eBf luwvf. 108 dttvf. 109 16ob. 110 nwt ntt. Ill 6tit. 112 6e«I.
113 jal wol. 114 mihil. 116 6e«m jam ttvm Jtiem. 116 w^evm. 118 b^en.
121 geera. 122 n^evn. 123 n6ut [used]. 124 st^vn. 125 uumii. 126
itun-r. 127 ^eBS kemt, 128 [use] dhem dhtm vm, 129 g^Bst. 130 h&tast,
131 g&uvt. 132 jat. 133 r^evt. 134 ^Bth. 135 tl^evth, tlut [rag].
]E' 138 f/i«.d«-,T -aa-. 139 ,d,m. 140 Ml agBlstevn [hailstone]. 141
n^l. 142 sntBl sn^l sniil. 143 I/bI Ue«l. 144 B^iB*n. 145 sIbii. 146
meeBii. 147 br6eBn. 148 f^-r. 149 bli<BZ. 150 ItBst. 151 let [not much
used], 152 watB-jF. 153 se^tBdB.
M: 166 thak. 157 r^v'n riBr'n. 168 ef tB-r. 160 tg. 161 diB. 163
liBd. 164 m/B. 165 sivd sed. 166 miBd mdevd. 167 diBl d^I. 168 taU.
169 wsn w6tn. 170 aavtst. 171 baalt. 172 gres ges gas gras. 173 waa.
174 Bshesh. 175 fast. 178 nit nat. 179 wat. 180 bath. 181 path.
M' 182 s/tB. 183 t/iBtj. 184 1/tBd. 185 r/tBd. 186 bridth bmBdth
briid. 187 l/iBv. 188 n/tB n6et. 189 w^i. 190 k/tB. 191 jubI. 192 m/tBn.
193 tltiBn. 194 tmt ont. 195 mtmt mom. 196 waa-r. 197 tpiz tjiBZ.
199 bltiBt bl^t. 200 w/tBt. 201 j/tBdhBn. 202 Hvt J</Bt.
JE': 203 splBta sp/iBt|. 204 diBd diid. 205 thr/iBd. 206 rid. 207
niBdBl n/tBdBl. 210 tl6eB. 211 gr6eB. 212 wet. 213 ^.dB-,r. 215 t6Mt.
216 d/tBl. 217 Htti. 218 shiBp sh^p. 219 sUbd sle/p. 221 ftiB-r. 222
6eB-r. 223 dhttB-r. 224 wtvuB-r w/iB-r. 225 flish flesh. 226 meeBst. 227
wtt wtBt. 228 swtiBt. 229 brith br«Bth. 230 fat.
E- 232 brek. 233 spttBk. 234 n/iBd. 235 w/ibt. 236 fiiBYBr. 237
tplblAm. 238 td|. 239 sdeBl s/b1. 240 l^eBU I/bu. 241 r^eBU riBn. 242
tw^n twiBn. 243 pl6eB pliiB [only in ref. sp., colloquially (1/Bk) laik]. 246 ktriin
[queen], kw/BU [quean]. 247 w/ibu. 248 muB-r. 249 wiiB-r. 250 swiiB-r.
251 miiBt. 252 kttBl. 253 nttBl. 254 le,dB-,T. 255 tthB-r.
E: 257 id|. 258 sig seg. 269 wtd|. 260 16eB 1/b lig [l&st much used in
pres. t.]. 262 w/»b. 264 j^cbI jibI. 265 8,t,r6it. 267 J/Bld. 268 tj^dtst.
270 btlBs belBS, bilt belt. 272 elm. 273 mtn. 274 btqk. 275 [(sttqk) only
used]. 276 thtqk. 277 .d^rtntj. 278 wenti wtntj. 280 BlttB'TBn -iv-. 281
lenth [often (leqth)]. 282 s^t^renth [often (s.t^reqth)]. 283 mart murt. 284
thresh. 285 kns. 286 arB. 287 b/tBZBm. 288 Itt.
E'- 289 j6t jii. 290 6i ii. 291 dh^ dhii. 292 m^ mii. 293 wet wii.
294 Aid. 295 br/Bd bnd. 296 btl/BV biliir. 298 fill f(Bl. 299 griin. 300
k/BD kiip. 301 j/tB-r. 302 mlBt miit. 303 sw/Bt.
£': 305 ii 6t. 306 iit 6it. 307 nii n^i naa. 308 n/Bd. 309 spfsd. 310
fBl iil. 311 ttn. 312 tiB-r. 313 aakBU. 314 j/tBd. 315 fttBt [with lonp
initial soimd to the fracture, see 6961. 316 ntist n/tBst nhasi.
EA- 317 fl^eB. 319 giBp. 320 k6eB-r.
EA: 321 86oB siid. 322 laf. 323 {6ui f^eBt. 324 fBt. 325 wttBk w6oBk.
326 6oBd uwsd. 327 b6«ld b6Bld. 328 k6oBd. 329 f6oBld f6oBd. 330 6oBd
od. 331 [form used] seld stld [sometimes with final ,tj. 332 [form used] teld
ttld. 333 kuBf kdBf. 3 H urd dvL 336 jal ^1. 336 futml. 337 wlhil.
340 j^d. 342 ^m. 343 waam. 345 daa-,r. 346 g/Bt.
EA'. 347 JitBd. 348 ii [(iin) gen. pi., but often sg.]. 349 fiiB.
EA': 360 diiBd [ref. (dtd)]. 351 1/tBd [ref. (l«d)J. 362 rtd. 853 br/tBd
[ref. (brtd)]. 354 sh/tBf shaav shaft. 355 d/raf. 3o6 1/tBf. 357 dhMf. 369
n/tBbB-r, neebB-r. 360 t/tBm. 361 b/tBU becBU. 362 s1/b. 363 tj/tBp tjtBp.
365 n/iB-r. 366 griivU 367 thr/Bt [ref. (thrtt)]. 368 d/tBth. 369 sl6eB
sI/b sldoB. 370 r6oB. 371 s,t^r6eB s.tjfB aJLjuuv.
EI- 372 E t EB't ^t ^ [yery much used]. 373 dh6eB. 374 n/tB n^. 375
r^cBz r^Bz. 376 b^eBt.
£1: 377 st^eBk. 378 weeBk. 379 ^1. 381 sw^eBn swIbu. 382 dh^eB-r.
EO- 383 stvBU s/tBTBn. 384 tvBn tBTBU. 386 btn/tBdh en/tBdh. 386
j6m. 387 ntB.
EO: 388 mtlk miBlk mElk [all very short]. 389 jook. 390 swd s/Bd.
393 biJMud BJimd. 396 waak work [? (r)]. 397 sword sward se'rd [? (r)]. 398
BteBV staav. 399 brit. 400 j/tBnest. 401 j/tBU. 402 laan. 403 faa-r. 404
s,taa-r. 405 eeBth. 406 j/tBth. 407 faadin [the (d) never dental].
[ 1966 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30, V i.] THE EAST NORTHERN. 525
£0- 411 tbr/B ,t,riB. 412 sbtB sh^i. 413 dil dtTBl. 414 flii. 415 lii.
416 d/tB-r. .417 i}nvi}ku, 418 brtiB. 420 f6t^B-r. 421 fott.
£0': 423 thti. 424 rusf. 425 Ut. 426 Uii. 427 Ui. 428 s^ s/b.
430 frtnd. 431 b/iB-r. 432 f6MBt. 433 brtst br/Bst. 434 bet bit. 435 j6m.
436 ,t,rn-B. 437 ,tj«Btb.
EY- 438 dii. £Y: 439 .t.nist.
I- 440 wtk. 441 8/bv. 442 aartn. 443 fraa.dB. 444 s^tual. 445 aa
aan [latter commoner]. 446 nin naan. 448 dhitBZ. 449 git. 450 tiBzdB.
451 86u.
I: 452 aa. 454 w/t;. 455 lig. 457 mit. 458 nit n/Bt. 459 rit. 460
weit. 461 lit. 462 sit s/Bt. 46 ^ witj. 465 sitj [but (saak s&ik) are more
used]. 466 tjaald Iwben read, (b^n) used in speaking]. 467 waald. 468
tj/l^d^rin [when reaa, (beeBUz) used in speaking]. 471 timB-r. 472 shriqk
sr/qk. 473 blind [ref. (blaand)]. 474 raand [spoken of as peel (piul)]. 475
wind. 476 bind [ref. (baand)j. 477 fin. 478 grimd [ref. (graand)]. 479
wind [ref. (waand)]. 481 fiqgB. 484 dhis. 485 thi^Hsl. 486 jist. 487
jis tB^OB jf*s tB^dB. 488 jit.
r- 490 baa. 491 saa see. 493 draav. 494 taam. 496 aarBn. 497
raaz. 498 raat. 499 blBtBl [when read, otherwise (tlok, blak'tlok) clock,
black clock].
I': 500 laak. 501 waad. 502 faav. 503 laaf. 504 naaf. 505 waaf.
506 wumBn. 507 wimin. 508 maal. 509 waal. 511 waan. 512 spaa-r
[ref. (sp6/B-r)]. 513 waa-r. 514 aas. 515 waaz. 516 wizdam. 517 J/ia.
0- 520 buu. 521 fMKBl. 522 odbu «p-Bn. 523 §Bp. 524 wold.
O: 526 kwf k/iBf. 527 b6i/t. 528 thdwt. 529 br6wt. 530 rdttt. 531
d6u,tB-,r d^eB,tB-,r. 532 ki/MBl. 533 dul. 534 trtiBl. 536 g6{/d g6oBd. 537
muuld muud. 538 wad. 539 b6wl. 540 olin. 542 bolt. 545 op f/p. 547 buMitd.
548 ford [ref. (foad)]. 549 iMBd. 660 wod. 561 storm [ref. (staam)]. 552
kdoBU ktfMBU. 663 6oBn uttvn, 554 kros krws.
0'- 665 sh/iB sbuun [the last both sg. and pi.]. 656 Uty, 557 titB. 558
l/iBklrak. 559 mddB-^r. 561 bl/iBm. 662 m/iBn. 663 mtm^dB. 564 s/ibu.
665 neeBZ. 666 ti^OB-^r.
0': 669 b/Bk. 570 t»Bk. 571 g'iBd [Mr. Stead sajrs he has never heard
(g/iBd) in Mid Yo. CCR. gives it in 30 i c, 30 ii a, b, in 30 iii a, see p. 496.
Mr. Jackson Wray knew it, but as very rare]. 572 bl/tsd. 673 fl/iBO. 574
br/iBd. 575 sttiBd. 576 widBnzdB. 677 b/iBf b/iB. 578 pl/iaf plwf plif
pl/uf pl6i/f. 679 BniiBf. 580 ttif t/iBf. 581 86{rt. 682 k//Bl. 583 t/iBl.
684 st/iBl. 585 bniBm [when read, otherwise 287, meaning a sweeping broom].
686 d/'iB. 687 diisn. 688 n/iBn. 689 sp/iBn. 590 flitB-r [casually (fl/uB-r)J.
691 muitn-T. 692 sweeB-r. 693 [(mwn) used]. 594 b/iBt. 595 f/Bt [witn
short initial vowel to the fracture, see 315]. 696 r/tBt. 597 s/iBt. 698 s/iBdh.
U- 699 BbiiBn BbwMBn. 600 1/iBV Itnr. 601 fuul. 602 suu. 603 kum.
605 stm s/bu. 606 d/iB-r [casually d/uB-r]. 607 buts-r.
U: 608 Mglt. 609 fwl. 610 wmI. 611 btilBk. 612 sum. 613 ,d,n/qk.
614 uund. 615 ptmd. 616 grwnd. 617 suund. 618 wuund. 6i9 fwn.
620 gruund. 621 wwn. 622 tmdB-r. 625 tta. 626 wqB-r. 628 nun. 629
sun. 630 wun. 631 thorzdB. 632 Mp. 633 kup. 634 thruf thr/tBf. 635
woth. 636 fo^dB.r. 637 tdsk. 638 busk. 639 dust.
F- 640 kuu. 641 un. 642 dhuu. 643 nuu. 645 d^Bv duv. 646 buu.
647 6«1 [occ. fuul^]. 648 uuB-r. 649 thuuzBU. 653 hut hud.
U': 654 shruua. 666 fuul. 656 r^CBm riivm. 657 bruun. 658 duun.
659 tuun. 660 bauB-r. 661 shiiUB-r. 662 dz. 663 uus. 664 luus. 665
muus. 666 tizbBU. 667 uut. 668 pruud. 669 tmkuuth. 672 suuth.
Y- 673 mitj mikBl. 674 did [mitial (d) slightly dental]. 676 lii laa.
677 ,d.raa. 678 ^din. 679 kork ]} (r), ref. (tjotj)]. 680 bizi [when read,
(,t,raq) throng in speech]. 682 laatm laal.
Y: 683 midj. 684 brig. 686 rig. 686 baa. 687 flaat flit. 688 b*ld.
690 kaand. 691 maand. 693 sin. 696 both. 697 bori. 698 morth [? (r)].
699 riit. 700 waas [ref. (wos)]. 701 fost. 703 pit. 704 viksBn.
Y'- 706 skaa. 706 waa [but never as an interrogative, for which (wat far)
what for is used; (w&ib) whya, is a form of assent mostly, but is also used
[ 1957 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
626 THE EAST NORTHERX. [D 30, V i.
interrontiTely]. 707 thotutni, ihrit-, thrvt-. 708 aar [meaning perhaps
(&aB-r)].
T': 709 faar [see 708]. 711 laas. 712 maas.
II. English.
A. 713 bad. 714 lad. 716 pad. 716 adnl. 717 dj6eBd. 718 i.r^cBd
i^iM, 719 tadp6iil. 721 fag. 722 .d.riiBn. 723 diimi. 724 bioold.
72o B^eBl 8/«l. 727 djam. 728 sham. 729 fr6e«m trivm, 730 kan.te-^r.
731 wantra. 733 skaa-r. 734 daan. 735 smash. 736 las. 737 meet.
738 pr^t pr/tBt. 740 w^ew w/tmr. 741 m/iBZ. 742 I/ibzi.
E. 743 skr/iBm. 744 m/>BZBlz. 745 ti'tet. 746 br/iBdh. 747 indivB-r.
748 Mnfligd. 750 beg. 761 port [? (i)6o»t)].
I. and Y. 763 ttkBl. 754 pig. 755 filbot. 766 shrimp [casually (srimp)].
767 taant. 758 gol rrarely us«i, replaced by 736]. 769 fit.
0. 761 l^sd. 762 6eBkBm. 763 r6eBm. 764 kodBl. 766 mfii^dud [more
used in the n. and sw. of Yo.l. 767 nd/s nuis. 768 kdwk. 769 m6ffdiwaap
m6Bdiw6Bp mdwdiw^Bp. 771 fond. 772 btm*faa-r bon'faa-r. 773 .dooki [{(i)
slightly dental]. 774 piiiBni. 776 buubi. 777 shop. 778 Bfed Bf6Bd. 779
6Bt8. 780 diMSBl. 781 bwdhB-r, bo-. 782 pwdhB-r. 783 puul^t^ri. 784
buuns. 786 loondi. 786 dnus. 787 snus. 788 fluut. 789 t6u, 790 gnun.
U. 792 skwabBl. 793 wg. 794 djwg. 795 shrwg. 799 skil. 800 [not
used, but the part, tkulling is (sktlin)]. 802 rtnn. 803 d|imip. 806 krifdz.
807 pus. 808 put.
m. EOMAKCE.
A.. 809 jabBi JiBbBl. 810 f(Bs. 811 pKss. 812 l^eBS I/bs. 813 b/iBkBn.
814 mlBSBU. 816 faks. 816 f/ivd. 817 radish. 818 iBdj. 819 riBdi. 821
dil^eB*. 822 ra^eB. 823 b6eB. 824 tj^-r. 825 w6eBf. 826 /iBgBl. 827
ZtBgB-r. 828 6eB*g/B. 829 g6eBn. 830 ,t,r(Bn .t^BU. 831 dis,t,r/iBn. 832
m^B-r. 833 p^-r. 834 sh6eB sh6eBZ. 835 r/iBZBn. 836 s/ibzbu. 837
1/iBsh Ubs. 838 ,tj/iBt. 839 b6eBl b/Bl. 840 t^^eBmBr. 841 t|ans. 842
plaqk. 843 bransh. 844 ,t,r/nsh. 845 ^BUshBut. 846 t|anlB-r. 847
a6eBnd|B-r disndiB-r. 848 t|6eBnd|. 849 s t,r^eBndpi-r -/tB- [vowel occ.
inordinately long]. 860 dans. 851 aan.t [(.t) distinct]. 862 japrBn. 853
baagBU. 864 baril. 856 kartt. 856 p^eBt. 857 k/BS. 858 br/BS. 859
ti/Bs. 860 p(B8t. 861 tiBst. 862 siiBf seeBf. 863 t|6eBf t|iiBf. 864 bikos
vkos. 866 f6oBt. 866 p«MB-r.
E- 867 t^iB t/iB. 868 d|4eB. 869 WtBl. 870 b//Bt''. 871 Bgrii BgrrB.
872 tjfBf tjiif. 873 fr/B. 874 rfBU. 876 fecBut. 876 drBntt. 877 ecB-r.
878 salBTt. 879 f/BmeeBl. 880 igzam-pd. 881 sins. 882 panzi. 883
,daa-ndilaa*n. 884 pnntts. 886 fr/tB-r. 887 tlaadj/. 888 saatBn. 889
s/iBS. 890 b/tBS [said of cattle]. 891 f/iBst [(t) often omitted, especially in
the first part of a compound]. 892 ntri. 893 fl6uB-r. 894 dis/tBv. 896
ris//BV. 896 [not usedj.
I- andY" 897 dilit. 898 naas. 899 u/bs. 900 pr6eB. 901 faan.
902 maan. 903 daan [not used in common talk]. 904 vaalBt. 905 raaiBt.
906 TaapB-r. 907 .t.raas. 908 advaa-s. 909 britBZ. 910 d|d s, d|&isin [last
both sg. and pi.]. 911 s/s^trBU. 912 raas.
0- 913 k^trBtj. 914 brvBt|. 916 st/Bf stvf. 916 inuBn. 917 Tutng,
918 f/BbBl. 919 <}tntmtnt. 920 p6int puint. 921 BVwiiwat, 922 bushtl.
*23 m6/8-t. 924 tj6o/s. 926 vdis viiis. 926 sp6il spill. 927 ,t,rMqk. 928
«ins. 929 kuu*kfmiB-r. 930 16oin luMtn. 931 d|MglB-r. 932 Bmuu'nt.
tfiZ frtmt. 934 buunti. 935 kim.t^rt. 936 fuunt [same t^ fount], 937 kok.
938 k6oBnB. 939 tluuBS. 940 kwuBt. 941 fihil. 942 btftiB-r. 943 Utt^.
944 bIuu. 946 vuu. 946 m6tl. 947 bdil biiil. 948 bum. 960 supB-r.
961 kwpBl. 962 kium. 963 kwzBn. 964 kushtn. 965 duut. 966 ki<TB-r.
957 »mpl6oB. 959 konv^eB.
U- 960 k/tB. 961 gr/i;tl gr/u;il. 962 m/ui. 963 ktraa;Bt. 964 siujtt.
966 6il uiL 966 fr/Bt Mitt, 967 s/Bt siivt. 968 6oi8,tB-^. 969 siiB-r.
970 d|i«8t d|tat. 971 fliBt fl/iBt.
[ 1968 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30» y ii.] THE BA8T NOSTHBRN. 527
(5) Vau. ii, Nobxh-Ea8t Yo. cwl.
D Danby, Yar. iia, £rom a wl. in io. written by Rev. J. C. Atkinson, of Danbr
Parsonage, Yarm, author of the Cleveland Glossary, pal. conjecturally by AJff.
Vf Whitby, var. ub, from a wl. in io. written by the late Mr. F. K. booinson,
author of the Whitby Glossary, pal. conjectarally by AJ£.
It will be evident from this wl. that the two forms of D 30, Yar. iia and b,
are practically identical, and that the two lists really supplement each other.
And again comparing this double list with the cwl. for Yar. la. Mid Yo.,
pp. 523-6, and remembering that in that dialect (dev) had a corresponding form
(/•Bh we see that the only real difference of that from this, is tiiat this has (/»«)
witnout in general any alternative form as (doB, «»-).
I. WSSSBX AND NOBSB.
A- 3 W b/tBk. 4 DW tak. 6 DW mak. 6 DW m/iBd. 7 W s/tsk.
8 DW ey, W ee. 9 D bi;^v. 10 D oo. 18 W kiiBk. 19 DW t/iBl. 20
DW IttBm. 21 W nuBm. 22 W t/»Bm. 23 DW si»Bm. 24 W sham. 26
W m/»Bn. 27 W n/iBV. 28 D /»b. 31 W l/iBt. 32 D bath. 33 DW
r^dhBr, W r^eBdhB. 36. D [{gi Bgen) used], W thoo. A: 39 W kam.
40 DW k/iBm. 41 W th«qk. 46 W kan'l. 60 DW teq«. 64 D want.
66 DW as. 66 DW wBsh. 67 D as. A: or 0: 68 D fro frev. 69 D
lam. 60 DW laq. 61 W Bmaq. 62 W 8,t,raq. 63 W thraq. 64 W raq.
66 DW saq. 66 JD waq.
A'- 67 W gan. 69 DW n/iB. 70 W t/iB. 71 W w/tB. 72 DW wiiB.
73 DW s/iB. 74 DW tw«B. 76 W tihid. 78 DW aa. 79 W aau. 80 W
alidB. 81 D bnin loonin, W IwuBntn. 84 DW m^. 86 DW s6eB. 86 D
wots, W wots. 87 DW kl/iBZ. 88 W kliiBdh. 89 DW b«Bth, D b*rth.
90 DW blAA. 91 W mAA. 92 W uaa. 93 DW suaa. 94 W krAA. 96
W SAA. 98 W UAAU. 99 W thrAAU. 100 W saau.
A': 101 DW jak. 102 DW aks. 104 W niwBd. 105 DW r^d [written
ridel 106 D br«d, W br/iBd. 107 W l/»Bf. 108 DW daf. 110 \Y nut.
ml) 6irt. 113 D wh/tBl r*(wh) whistied'], W ubI. 116 DW «Bm jam,
D Mm. 118 DW b«Bn. 121 W g«Bn. 122 D n^n, W n/tBU. 124 DW
st/tBU. 126 D onll. 126 W wwB+r. 127 W mwbs. 128 D dhMWBZ, W dh6B.
129 W gilwBst. 130 W bwKBt. 131 W guMBt. 132 D st, W /»Bt. 133 DW
rM. 135 W kl/iBth. 136 DW 6MdhB+r.
^- 138 W faadhB+r. 140 D Bg'l. 142 D sn&il [speUed snSihn, W snaal.
144WBg/iBn. 146Dsl/»Bn. 147 |%»ni usedj. 149 DAY bliiz. 160W16eBst
liiBst. 162 D wo^ta, W wa^tB+r [written tcat'ther, and said to be 'as near
the pron. as one can come *]. M: 166 DW thak. 167 W r/iBv*m. 168 D
ef^tB+r, W efthB+r. 163 W [liffp'd used]. 167 DW d«Bl. 172 W gres.
174 DW esh. -5)'- 186 W t')briid. 187 W liiBV. 188 W n^i. 191 W
[whole used]. 194 DW ont. 195 mont. 200 W w/tBt. 203 W sp/Bti. 206
W thrlid. 206 D r<wd, W red. 216 W t6Nt. 218 D ship. 224 W wmi+r
w6b. 226 D meest, W m/iBst. 228 W sw/iBt. 229 W britBth.
E- 232 D briik, W br/»Bk. 233 W sp/isk. 234 W n/»Bd. 236 W w/ibv.
236 W fiiBVB+r. 240 W [lipp'd used]. 242 W tw/»B. 246 W kii;/iBn [also
without (k), (wuBu) a quean or female, inoffensive]. 248 DW m/iB+r. 249
W w/iB+r. 260 DW sw/iB+r. 261 W m/iBt. E: 258 D seg. 268 W
[aiM^^ Boldest used]. 270 W belBstz [bellowsl 272 W AAm. 280 W
«l/B-y*n. 284 DW thresh. 286 D ar. 287 D biizBm. E': 313 W
aakBU. 314 DW iM, 316 D neksBU, W [neiet uncertain, possibly (nist)].
EA- 819 DWg/iBp. EA: 322 D laf. 323 DW f6Mt. 326 Dw a
328 DW kAAd. 329 D fod. 330 DW od. 331 DW [ielled used], 332 W
[teU*d used]. 333 DW kAAf. 334 DW AAf. 336 D aa. 337 D waa. 340
D laarth used]. 342 D eem, W ^eBm. 343 D waam. 346 W daa. 346
DW g/iBt. D jat Jet. EA'- 347 DW «Bd. 348 W [^#11? (kin)]. EA':
860 W diiBd. 361 W lliBd. 862 W rliBd. 363 DWbr/iBd. 364 D shaf.
[ 1969 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
528 THE EAST NORTHERN. [D 30, Yii.
356 DW d/iBf. 366 W 1/iBf. 367 Wdhof. 360 W Uima. 363 W tj/icp.
366 W naa. 366 D griivi, 367 D thriit, W thr««t. 368 W d«Bth. 370
DW r/i« [D written rear], 371 W 8,t,r/»B.
EI- 372 D &•. 374 D n/i«. EI: 377 D stiik, W st/iBk. 378 W
w/iBk. EO- 383 W 8/tBv'n. 384 W «bv'ii. 386 W btn/iwih. 386 W
j6«. EO: 393 W btjont. 397 W smiamI. 399 W briit. 400 W jenest.
401 W Jen. 402 W laan. 406 "W jeth. EO'- 412 W sh/iB. 413 D
diiVl, W dii«v»l. 414 DW flii. 416 DW lii. 417 [D ehia used, W chow
(^6tt)]. 420 D f6tt;«4-r. EO': 423 DW thii. 425 DW liit. 430 DW
frtnd. 433 D br/iBst, W briist. 434 DW bet. 436 D i6u. 436 D ,t,riu.
EY- 438 DW dii. EY: 439 W ^t.rwt.
I- 442 W kiYin. 448 W dh/f«z. 449 W git. I: 466 W l»g. 468
DW niit. 469 DW riit, W r^t. 464 W wilk. 466 DW s&tk, D sikra.
468 DW tjtld«+r. 471 W t/mB+r. 476 D w&ind. 476 DW bind. 477
D find. 478 W gnmd. 479 D wind. 481 W fiqB+r. 486 W jest. 487
W jestbBdB. 488 jit. T- 494 W taam. 496 D £dnm. V: 605 D
waaf. 608 D maal.
0- 621 W Uml 622 DW op'n. 0: 627 W b6wt. 628 DW th6iit.
629 DW br6f<t. 630 DW r6Mt. 631 D daftB+r [so also (slaftB+r) slaughter],
W dothB+r. 632 W k«tiBl. 633 D dwl. 634 W uuv\, 640 D oIbu. 647
W bawBd. 648 W fwwBd. 649 W liuvd. 660 D wod. 652 DW k««Bn.
663 W itwrn, 0'- 666 W sh/iBU [shoes]. 668 D liiBk. W link. 669 D
mttdhB+r. 662 W m/iBU. 664 W s/iBn. 0': 669 DW biuk. 670 W
tiuk. 672 D blwd, W bl/iBd. 676 DW stiiBd. 677 D hiivi, 678 D pU/Bf.
DW pliuf. 679 DW Bn/iBf Buiu. 680 D tiiBf. 682 W k/iBl. 684 W st^eal
[? st/iBlT. 686 W br/iBm. 686 DW d/iB. 687 W d/iBn. 688 W ninn.
689 Dw sp/iBn. 690 D fl/iB+r. 692 DW r(«w6eB) used].
694 W b/«Bt. 696 W f/iBt. 696 DW niBt. 697 W s//Bt.
U- 600 D l«v. 602 W siu. 606 DW duB+r. 607 DW bii>+r [W.
writes ' butther pron. like th in Mii#,' all an error]. U: 608 D «gli. 615
DW pwnd. 616 DW gnnid. 618 D wdwnd. 619 W f«nd. 620 W grunded.
622 W andB+r. 626 DW uqn, 631 D thazdB [see 679]. 632 D up. 633
D kwp. 634 DW thnrf. U'- 640 W kuu. 643 W nuu. 648 W liini+r.
V: 667 W bruun. 668 D duun. 669 DW tuun. 660 W b»wB-f r. 661
W shtiiiB+r. 662 D ws, W wz. 663 DW uus. 664 W luus. 666 D uzbBnd.
667 DW uut. 668 DW pruud. 669 D wnkuuth, DW wqkBd.
Y- 673 DW miti. 676 DW lii. 679 D tpt| [o as in botch with a suspicion
of r after it, here and in 631, 696, 698, 701, 707]. 682 DW laatU. Y: 684
DW bng. 686 W rtg. 690 D kaand, W k»n. 691 D mmd. 696 W aak'n.
696 D both [see 679]. 697 D bEri. 698 W moth [see 679]. 699 DW riit.
700 DW wars. 701 DW fost [see 679]. Y'- 707 D thottiin [see 679].
Y': 711 Dliis. 712 D miis.
n. English.
A. 737 W m/iBt. E. 744 W mez*lz. 746 W br/iBdh. 747 W mdiVB+r.
748 DW fl/gd. 0. 761 W liiBd. 769 D mdudiwaap. 790 W guun.
U. 806 W krwdz. 808 D pwt.
in. Romance.
A- 809DWjaVl. 810 DW f/w. SllDWpl/fss. 812 W l/nw. 818
D bak'n. 838 W tr//Bt. 840 D tjAxniB+r, W tj^nnB+r. 845 D XAnshBnt.
847 D dan(]^+r. 849 D s,t,randjB4-r. 861 W UAxnt. 862 W aprBU. 864
W bard. 855 W kartt. 866 W paat. 867 W k/.BS. 869 DW tjas. 860
W p/iBst. 861 W t/iBst. E.. 876 W denti. 884 W prent/s. 890 W
b#rt [' pi. beasts of the ox kind ']. 891 W fZ/Bst. 892 W ncTi*. 0 •• 913
W kMMBtj. 914 W hTtimii. 919 D §dntmBnt, W n6intmBnt. 921 W Bkwent.
922 D b/shBl. 928 W nuns. 929 W kuuk«niB-f r. 938 W kfii/BUB+r. 941
W f/»Bl. 942 D batjB+r. 954 D kashBU.
[ 1960 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D30, Viii.] THE EAST NORTHERN. 629
(6) Var. iiitf, Market "Weighton (iwiit'n) (10 w.Bevcrley) cwl.
W EeY. Jackson Wray, see 10 cs., No. 9, Introduction, p. 601, pal.* by
AJE. from diet. 17 Dec. 1877. The (a) was very fine, rather {$}), Mr.
Wray made all the (w, uu) into (u^ mmj). He also really trillea (r) in all
cases, but deeming that an indiTiduality, I have treated the r as elsewhere.
F Rev. J. Foiley, in 1877, of Market Weighton, and 20 years acquainted with
the dialect, io., conjecturally pal. by AJE. F makes his final -«- = -t«)r,
meant for (-wr) apparently, but this is so clearly a misapprehension, that I
have substituted (-w) throughout. Thus -thuor was probably really (-jtB,r).
In both W and F the (e) may possibly have been (e).
I. Wessex and Nobsb.
A- 3 WF b/Bk. 4 WF tak. 6 WF mak. 6 WF m/wi. 7 F sisk. 8 F
ev. U W mAA. 12 W SAA. 13 W uaa. 14 W drAA. 16 W oo. 16 W
dAAU. 17 AV Iaa. 18 W k/Bk. 19 F tf«l. 20 WF 1/Bm. 21 WF nfvm.
23 WF s/Bm. 24 WF sham. 26 F mfsn. 27 AV n/BV. 31 F liBt. 32 F
baath. 33 F r^CBdhB. 34 F last. 36 W th6M, F tha'«.
A: 39 F kam. 41 F theqk. 46 F kauBl. 48 F swq. 60 F teqz. 61
F man. 53 W kan. 64 W want. 65 F as. 66 F wesh. 67 WF as.
A: or 0: /»8 WF free. 60 WF laq. 61 WF Bmaq. 62 W s,t,raq, F
sthraq. 63 WF thraq. 64 F raq. 65 WF saq.
A'- 67 WF gan. 69 W n/s [adj.] noo [adj.], F n6oB. 70 W ih. 71
W woo. 72 W w/b, F waa. 73 W s/b, F s6ou. 74 W twiB. 75 W s,t,rook,
F sthriwBk. 76 W Und tiBd. 77 W 16Bd. 78 F aa [p.t. (j/ud)l. 79 WF
oon [(wi oonz dhB) who owns thee, whose child art thou ?]. 80 W alsdB, F
al*dB. 81 F IwwBn. 83 W m6Bn, WF m6Bn. 84 WF m6eB. 85 W seeB,
86 WF wots. 87 F kl/iBZ. 89 WF b/sth. 91 W moo. 92 W noo. 93 W
snoo, F suaa'b. 94 W kroo. 95 W throo. 96 F sdoB. 97 W s6ttl. 98
W noon. 99 W throon. 100 W soon.
A': 101 WF jak. 102 F aks. 104 WF r«Bd. 106 W reed. 106 W
br^cBd. 107 W liBf, F IM, 108 W d/Bf [also called (p/'sst) paste]. 110 W
nut. Ill W 6tit, F o'Mt. 122 W 6b1. 113 WF wol, F jal. 116 WF jam,
F wom. 116 W [not used], F w/b. 118 F biBU. 121 WF g/en. 122 WF
ufBU. 123 [W (n6«t), F na'wt used]. 124 WF st/BU. 125 WF [(nobBt)u9ed].
126 W 6oB. 127 W oost 08, F liwBs. 128 [F (dhem) used]. 129 W g/Bst
[(gooet) common]. 130 W hist. ;31 WF giat. 132 F jat. 133 WF reet.
134 Wooth. l;56 Fkle'ut.
M- 138 F feedhBT fadhBT. 139 F dr^. 140 W 6b1, F agBlz. 141 WF
n^l. 142 W sniil, F sniiBl. 143 W t^Bl. 144 WF Bg/BU. 147 W br^Bn.
149 W bltBZ. 150 F 1/Bst. 152 W wa.tB+^r, F wathBr. US F sethBrdB.
M: 165 F thlBk. 158 F efthsr. 160 W eg. 161 WF dcB. 163 F
Rl^eBd) used]. 164 F [(mud) used]. 165 F sed. 166 W [rare, (las) used, also
(wenti) in a good sense], F meeBd. 169 F wen. 171 W baali. 172 WF ges.
173 F waz. 174 WF esh.
JE'- 182 W sii [always], F s^cb. 183 W t^cBtj. 184 W liid. 185 W
riid, F r/iBd. 186 W bridth, F briid. 187 W Hbv. 188 W n6». 189 W
w6t. 190 W k6i, F kdcB. 191 W «b1. 192 Wm/sn. 193 WF W/bu. 194
F oni. 195 F moni. 196 W war [(w6oB-|-r) emphatic]. 197 W tniz. 199
W bl/Bt [never with final (k)]. 200 W w/Bt. 201 W iMh*n. 202 W iit.
iE': 203 W 8p/Bt|. 204 W diid. 206 W thr/Bd, F thriid. 206 W red.
207 W niid'l. 210 W tlEB. 2llWgree. 212 W w6i. 213F^eBdhBr.
215 W t6«rt, F ta'nt. 216 WF diiBl. 217 W I'Bti, /Bdha. 218 W shup, F
sh/iBp. 219 W sliip. 221 W f/tB+r [(fl<vd), frightened]. 224 W w/tB+r.
226 W fleeh. 226 F m/Bst. 227 W wet. 228 W swmt. 229 W br/Bth.
E- 232 W brEk [common]. 233 W spfBk. 234 W n/Bd. 236 W w^v.
236 W f/BVB + r. 237 W bl6eBn, F bl/iBU. 238 W edi. 239 W s^l. 241
W rficBn. 242 W twem. 243 W pl6eB. 246 W kwiin [quflen], kw^n
E.E. ProxL. Part Y. [ 1961 ] 126
Digitized by LjOOQIC
530 THE EAST NORTHERN. [D 30, V iii.
[quean], 247 W whm [F (sp^) spoon, nsed, P from spoon meat]. 248 WP
m/itB+r. 249 WF w/»«+r. 250 WF 8W««-f r. 261 W m^, F mint, 262
W ket'l. 264 W ledh«+r. 255 W wedhB+r.
E: 267 W edj. 268 W sedj. 259 W wedj. 260 W [(lig) used for both
lie and lay], F 16eB. 261 F 86e«. 262 W w6e«. 264 W eel, F §eBl. 266
W 8.t,r/.t. 267 W jiild. 268 W [(oodest) oldest used]. 270 WF beloe, W
belt. 272 W oom, F el'm. 273 W men. 274 WF b'qk. 276 WF [(stiqk)
used]. 278 W wentj. 280 W «lBv'n, F leVn. 281 WF lenth. 282 W
s^t.renth, F strenth. 283 W mert. 284 WF thresh. 286 F kriis. 286 WF
arB. 287 WF biizBm. 288 W let.
E'- 289 W jii, F juu. 290 W ii. 291 W dhii, F dhuu. 292 W mii.
293 W wii. 294 W fiid. 296 WF bil/BV. 298 W fill. 299 W griin. 300
W kiip fp.t. (kBp)]. 301 W /i«+r. 302 W miit. 303 Wswut, F sw/iBt,
304 W [not in use for a hammer].
E': 305 W ki, 306 W kit, 307 W n&Zst [used]. 308 W niid. 309 W
spiid. 310 W iil. 312 W iiB-f r. 314 WF iivd, 316 W nekst. EA-
317 W fl6eB. 319 WF giBp.
EA: 321 W [(siidjused). 323 W f6«t, F fa'wt. 324 W 6ett, F kit. —
W sal [shall]. 325 W w6oLBk. 326 W ood, F AA'vd. 327 W boold. 328
W kod, F kAAd. 329 W [(lap) used], F food. 330 WF od. 331 WF [(seld)
used]. 332 WF [(teld) usedj. 333 WF koof. 334 WF oof. 335 W aaI.
340 W jaad. 342 WF cBm. 343 WF waam. 345 WF daar. 346 WF
jat.
EA'. 347 WF /iBd. 348 WF ii. 349 W fiu.
EA': 360 WF d/»Bd [(diid) means died]. 351 W li'd, F led. 352 W nd.
353 WF br/Bd. 354 W sh/Bf, F shaaf [pi. (shaavz)]. 356 W d/tBf. 356
W l/Bf. 357 W dhoo. 3o9 W neibBr. 360 W tivm. 361 W b/BU. 362
W sleeB, [F (slafthBr) slaughter]. 363 WF t}iim, 365 W n/B+r. 366 WF
gr/Bt. 367 W thr/Bt. 368 W d/Bth. 369 W sloo. 370 W roo. 371 W
s,tT/B, F sthrfB.
EI- 374 WF n6eB. EI: 377 WF strok. 378 W weBk, F week.
EO- 383 W sBv'n. 384 W Ev'n. 385 W biuMh. 386 W j6m, F ja'n.
387 W niu.
EO: 389 W jook, F j6oBk. 390 W 8h«d. 392 W jon. 394 W jondB+r.
396 WF waak. 397 W swBd. 398 W staar. 399 WF briit. 400 W anist,
WF jan»st. 402 WF IdcBU [most common], 405 W aath. 406 WF aath,
W jaath. 407 WF faadin. 408 W [(nxAd) used].
EO'- 409 W bii. 411 F trii. 413 W div'l. 414 WF flu {jujlea is called
(b lop)]. 416 WF Iii. 416 W d/iB-fr. 417 W t|6u, F tja'u. 418 W bryyi.
420 Ffa'MB+r. 421 WF fot».
EO': 423 WF thii. 424 W mf. 426 WF liit. 426 W mt, 429 W
ffBud. 430 W frend, frtnd. 431 W MiB+r. 432 W f6«Bt. 433 WF
briist. 434 W b/Bt. 436 W tryyi, F trlu. 437 W tryjith. EY- 438
WF dii. EY: 439 F thrwst.
I- 440 Wwik. 441 W siv. 442 W fiifTi. 443 W fraadB. 444 WF
still. 446 W ukin. 448 F dh/iBZ. 449 W get [(ger uut) get out]. 461
Ws<Jm.
I: 462 WF aa. 454 W wit}. 455 WF l»g. 457 W m^t (m«d) t.].
468 WF niit. 469 WF riit. 460 W w^it. 461 W liit. 462 WF sut,
464 W wttj. 466 W s/tj, F sa'tk. 466 W [(b^cBu) used]. 467 W waald.
468 W tjil,dB+»r, F tj/ldhBr [(dh) slight]. 471 WF ti'mB+r. 472 W shrtqk.
473 WF blind. 474 W [(pecBrtn) paring, used]. 476 WF wind. 476 WF
bind. 477 W find. 478 WF grwnd. 479 WF wind. 481 WF fioB+r. 486
W thisU. 486 W jest, F jiist. 487 W jis^tBdB, F JisthBidB [(th) faint],
488 W Jit.
I'- 490 W hki. 491 W s&i. 493 W draav. 494 W taam. 496 W kirwi,
497 W raaz. 498 W r4it.
V: 600 W UiV. 601 W waad. 602 W faav. 603 W 16if. 604 W n^f.
605 W w6tf. 506 WF wWimBU. 607 WF wimBU. 608 W maal mkil. 609
W waal w4il. 611 W wfun. 612 W speiB+r. 613 W w6iB+r. 614 W 6t8.
615 W w&iz.
[ 1962 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 80, y iil] THE BAST NORTHBRK. 531
0- 620 W h(m. 621 WF £6«<b1. 622 WF op'n. 623 W wop, F w6oBp.
624 WF w6Bld.
0: 6-26 W kof. 627 W bdut, F Wwt. 628 W th6wt, F tha't^t. 629 W
hrtuiy F bre'Kt. 630 W r6iit. 631 W d6«,tB,r, F de'ttthB+r. 632 W kutni.
633 W dul. 634 WF uuvh 636 W g6«d, F ga'wd. 637 W m6Mld. 638
WF wad. 639 W b6«l. 640 W oIbii [known]. 642 W b6wt. 645 W op.
647 W be#M8d. 648 W f6o«d. 649 W 6oBd. 660 WF wod. 661 W 8torm
[(r) trilled, but I think only as an indiyidualityl. 662 W k6o«n. 663 W 6oBn.
664 W kroe.
0'- 555 W sbtm fpl. shoes]. 666 W tiy, F t» [before a consonant, {tir)
before a vowel]. 657 W [^ra aaI) used]. 658 WF livk. 659 WF mMdh«4-r.
662 WF mtm. 663 W mimdB. 664 WF shm, 665 W niiBz. 666 WF
MdhB+r.
0'; 669 WF bfsk. 670 WF tlsk. 671 W g«d [(glud) known, but very
rare]. 572 W blMd, F bl/ed. 573 W flwd. 574 W bniud. 575 WF sthd.
677 w b6« [generally, not (bfBf)], F b/u. 678 WF pl/nf, F pliu [also]. 579
WF TO/«f. 680 WF Uvf, 581 W s6iit, F so'ut. 582 WF kfBl. 683 WF
ih\. 684 WF stid. 586 WF drs. 587 WF d/ra. 588 WF nfra. 689
WF sp/TO. 690 WF fl/iBT. 591 W mi*M«+r. 692 W sw^en, F sw/iwi. 593
rWF (mim) used]. 594 WF hivt. 595 W fit, F ihgt. 696 WF rM. 697
W SMt, F SIBt.
U- 699 W Bbwn. 600 WF Imv. 601 W f6«l, F fool. 602 W 86w, F siu.
603 WF k«m. 605 W sim. 606 WF d/iB+r. 607 W b«iB+,r, F bfrthB+r.
U: 608 WF ugU. 609 W iuL 610 W w«l. 611 W bwlBk. 612 W
sum. 613 W ,dTi«qk, F dhniqk. 614 WF uund. 615 WF pimd. 616 WF
gnmd. 617 WF suund. 618 W wuund, F we'imd. 619 WF fim. 621
F wwn. 622 W •m^dB+^. 625 W t«q. 626 WF wqB+r. 628 W nim.
629 W Sim. 630 W wmu, F wan. 631 W thozdB, F thozdB. 632 W up.
633 W kwp. 634 WF thnrf, W thruu. 635 WF woth. 636 W fodhB+r,
F fedhB+r. 637 W tt«k. 638 W bwsk. 639 W dust.
U'. 640 WF kuu. 641 WF uu. 642 WF dhuu. 643 WF nuu. 645 W
dMT. 646 W b6i#. 647 W 6«1 jwlet, F djini t/let. 648 WK 6«B+r, W WB+r
[quite unemphatic]. 649 thuuzBud. 652 W kud. 653 WF hud,
V: 654 W shruud. 655 W f6ttl. 656 W nnn, F rom [?]. 667 WF
bruun. 668 W duun. 659 WF tuun. 661 WF sh^wB+r. 662 W «z. 663
W uus. 664 W luus. 665 W muus. 666 W wzbtn. 667 W uut. 668 W
pruud. 670 W buudh. 671 W muuth. 672 W suuth.
Y- 673 WF miti. 676 WF lii. 679 W tioti, F [between] iioii tieta.
680 F [(thraq) used]. 682 WF laat'l.
Y: 683 W midi. 684 W brtdi, F brig. 685 W rig. 686 Wfnot used!
687 W fl6«t. 688 F biild. 690 W kaand, F kfiiind [short]. 691 Wmaand, F
mkfnd [short]. 694 W wiBk. 695 W AAk'n. 696 W both, F both. 698
WF moth. 699 WF riit. 700 W wos, F waas. 701 F fost. Y'- 706
W sk^t. 706 W w6». 707 W thottiin, F thwttiin. Y': 709 W f^B+r.
711 W16t8. 712 Wm6i8.
n. English.
A. 713 W bad. 714 W lad. 716 W pad. 716 W ad'l. 718 W tr^eBd.
719 [W (bMljBd) used]. 721 W fag. 722 Wfirhm. 723 W d^eBTi. 726
W s/b1. 728 W sham. 729 W fr6eBm. 730 W kan.tB4-,r. 731 W wantBn.
733 W sklB+r. 734 W daan. 735 W smesh. 736 W las. 737 W m^Bt.
738 W pr/Bt [but in No. 9 cs. par. 15 note, p. 618, W said especially not
(prfBt)]. 740 W w6eBV. 741 m/Bz. 742 W leezi.
E. 743 W skr/Bm. 744 W m»Wlz. 745 W tifet. 746 W breth. 747
W indi-VB+r. 748 WF fligd. 750 W beg. 761 W plBt.
I. and Y. 753 W [(kiti) used]. 754 W pig. 766 W shremp. 757 W
t&ini. 758 W gsl [not much used, where * fine talk * is not usedl 759 W fit.
0. 761 W iSvBd [v.], WF l/iBd [sb.]. 763 W room. 764 W kod'l. 766
W m6t^dB,d [very common]. 767 W n6iz. 769 W mduthBd. 771 W fond.
772 W biBnf6iB+r. 773 W doqki [used]. 774 W pooni. 775 W buubi.
[ 1963 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
532 THE EAST NORTHERN. [D 30, V iiifl, iii*.
777 W shop. 778 W Bfo-d. 780 W d|oe'l. 781 W bodhB+r. 784 W
buuns. 786 W luiindj. 786 W duns. 787 W s6m8. 789 W t6u. 790 W
guun.
U. 702 W BkwAhn, 793 W «g. 794 W djug. 796 W shrug. 799 W
sVuL 801 W rimi. 802 W r«m. 803 W djianp. 806 WF krwdz. 806 W
fw8. 807 W p««.
in. KoMANCE.
A- 809 W jaVl. 810 W f/os. 811 W pl/BS. 813 W b^ak'n. 815 W
faks. 816 W fcBd. 817 W radish. 818 W ewdj. 819 W r^. 821 W
dilee. 822 W mee. 823 W bee. 824 W tiecB+r. 826 W w^evf. 826 W
eeg'l. 827 W ee^4-r. 828 W eegi. 829 W g^. 830 W ^t^r^CBii. 831
W d<8,t,r6eBii. 832 W m^CB+r. 833 W p6eB+r. 834 W shee. 835 W
r/BZBii. 836 W s/bzbd. 837 W I/bs. 838 w tn'Bt [very short (i)]. 840 W
tjeemB+r. 841 W tjaans. 842 W plaqk. 843 W braantj. 844 W trentj.
845 AV ^eBnshBut. 846 W t|anlB+r. 847 W deeBndiB+r. 848 W tj6eBnd|.
849 W 8,t,reeBiid|B+r. 850 W daans. 851 W ant fthe insect ant is called
(pismeiB+r)]. 852 W apren. 854 W baril. 856 W karit. 856 W p6eBt.
857 W k/BS. 868 W breus. 860 W p/ast. 861 W t/Bst. 862 W s/Bf. 863
W tj/cf. 864 W koos. 865 W fxAt. 866 W pittB+ir.
E- 867 W iiiXi. 868 W dje'e. 869 W v/b1. 870 W biuti. 871 W
Bgrii. 872 W tpif. 873 W free. 874 F riBn. 875 f6eBnt. 876 W d^cBnti .
877 eeB+r. 878 W salBri. 879 W {hsmenl. 880 W egzamp'l. 881 W
sens. 882 W panz». 887 W tlaadjt. 888 W saatin. 889 W s/bs. 890 W
b/Bst. 891 W f/Bst. 892 WF nevt. 893 W Uum+t, 894 W dis/BT. 896
W ns/BV.
I- flwrf Y-- 897 W dilett. 898 W n6*s. 899 W nils. 900 W pree.
901 W mn faan. 902 AV maan. 904 W v^ilet. 906 W r^iBt. 906 W
veipB-f r. 908 W adv^/s. 909 W briiz. 910 W di^ist. 911 W ststren.
912 W r6/8.
0" 913 W kiiwBti. 914 W br6oBtj. 915 W stuf. 916 W MMBn. 917
W rog. 918 W f/Bb'l. 919 W 6«ntmBnt. 920 W p6int. 921 W Bku-eesnt.
922 W bushel, b/shBl. 923 W mdtst. 924 W t|6/s. 926 W sp6tl. 927 W
,t,r/rqk. 928 W pus. 929 W kuukuniB-f r. 930 \V 16/n. 931 W djwglB+r.
932 W Bm«nt. 933 W frwnt. 934 W buunt/. 936 W kuun.t.n. 936 W
f/mt. 937 W kok. 938 W k6BnB+r. 939 W tl^BS. 940 W k»Bt. 941
W f/Bl. 942 W b«tiB+r. 943 W t/ftj. 944 W bIuu. 945 W yuu. 946
W m6a. 947 W b6/l. 948 W b««l. 950 W swpB+r. 961 W kwp*l. 952
W Uftvs. 953 W kwzBn. 954 W ki/sh/n. 955 W duut. 956 W kiivB+r.
957 W impl6i.
U- 960 AV kii. 961 W gryv,Bl. 963 W kwei;Bt. 964 TV siujit. 965
W 6*1. 968 AV 6»stB4-r. 969 W s/tB+r. 970 AV djwst.
(7) Var. iii^, HoLDERNEss, AND Var. iv, Snaxth, joint cwl.
N n.Holderaess (:6MdliBrnes), by T. Holderaess, editor of the "Driffield
Observer," 60 years acquaintecl with the dialect.
AV w.Holdemess, by F. Ross, lived there to 21 years old, but not since.
£ e.Holdemess, b^ R. St^ad, Head Master of Folkestone Grammar School,
visited every village of the region.
These are the three authors of the Holdemess Glossary of the EDS. N and W
were sent rae in MS. in io., with long explanations, and palaeotyped by me; E
was sent me as a numbered wl., but Mr. iStead subsequently visited me, and the
whole was revised by him with me vv. Probably all short accented (e) should
be(E).
Words to which no initial is prefixed are common to all three forms of
Holdemess speech ; when, in addition, some other initialled sound is annexed,
it means that it is aho that sound in the district named. AVhen only some initiala
are given, the word was imkuown for the others.
[ 1964 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30, V iii*.] THE EAST NORTHERN. 533
The pains taken bjr these three gentlemen to make me correct is most heartily
acknowledged. • ^ _
S Snaith (18 s-by-e.York), from a full wl. in io. by Rev. T. "W. Norwood, now
yicar of Wrenbury (5 sw.Nantwich, Ch.), but 40 years acquainted T*'ith the
dialect. As the Snai^ forms generally agree with one of those given from
Holdemess, I have ikJ.adfcfHwm. except where they differed. Differences
of (,t,r, ,d,r) for (thr^ phij 4Jp<|[ jf ojtpr. but Mr. a, always writes simply
iff dff and hence probably flMi(^tn Jii.j
I. "Wessex and Norse,
A- 3 £N biiBk, W bak. 4 tak. 5 mak. 6 m/ind, S m^evd. 7 EN s/tek,
W sak. 8 S av, NW ev, N e, ez. 9 be;6eBV [N with (h) if emphatic]. 10
AA [N (kat) used]. 11 EW uiaa, N [not used]. 12 saa. 13 EW nxx, N
[auite unknown]. 14 dhrAA. 15 S aa. 16 £ dAAn. 17 Iaa. 18 k/<vk, S
keevk. 19 t/tsl, S t^esl. 20 l/tBm, S leeom. 21 n/iem. 22 iiivm. 23 s/tem,
S s^eimi. 24 sham. 25 m/t«n, S m6e«n. 26 N w/tvn, S w6eBn. 27 n^eBv,
W [not used], N [hardly used]. 28 ^Br, N [(h) emphatic]. 31 l/»Bt. 32 E
b^cBdh, WN bMdh. 33 £ r^eBdhBr, W r/»BdhBr, N reedhm. 34 last [N often
omits final (t)]. 35 aaI. 36 NE th6«, W thAA. 37 tlAA.
A: 39 kom, S k^CBm. 40 NE k/ism, W k»uBm. 41 theqk. 43 and, H
hand [emphatic]. 44 land. 46 kanU. 47 wandhBr. 48 saq, N auq. 50
teqz. 51 man. 52 EW wan. 53 kan. 54 want. 55 ash, WN as. 56 wesh.
57 as.
A: or 0: 58 frs [N final before a vowel (frev), before a consonant (fre)]. 59
lam. 60 laq. 61 maq. 62 sthraq. 63 thrang. 64 raq. 66 EN [not used],
Wthoq.
A'- 67 E giw, NW gan, S gAA. 69 EW ni<B, W naa, N noo, S uaa. 70
NE tiiB, W Ua. 71 E WAA, W woo, S wee, 72 w/»b, S waa. 73 s«b, N se
SI, S Bum, 74 twi'iB, S tuu. 75 EW sthrtfuBk, N sthrook. 76 iumd. 77
EW 16oBd, N li«Bd. 78 aa. 79 NW aau, E 6oBn. 80 a-bdB. 81 luMBn,
W UiBn. 83 m«iiBn. 84 £ miiMB, NW m^eBr, S mAAr. 85 £ swMBr, NW
B^CBr, 8 SAAT. 86 wots. 87 tli/BZ, S Uumbs. 88 NE tli/Bdh. 89 biiBth.
90 blAA. 91 mAA. 92 uaa. 93 suaa. 94 krAA. 95 thrxA. 96 sAAn, £
86oBn. 97 s6m1. 98 uaau, £ n6oBn. 99 thrAAU, £ thr6oBn. 100 saau, £ 86oBn.
A': 101 NE jak, W uMBk. 102 EW ask, N aks. 104 Tuind. 105 r^.
106 £ br60Bd brAAd, W bniMBd, N brwd. 107 EW Uwaf, N l/»Bf, S LvAf.
108 N diif [if used at all, (p/iBst) used]. 109 Iaa. 110 NE nwt, W not,
111 6ut 112 [unknown], S ecBl 113 E wool, W wal, N umbI. 115 E worn,
N /iBm, W jam. 116 [not used]. 118 b/'BU, EW biinBn, S bAAn. 119 E
goon, NW g/iim. 121 S gand gi «Bn. 122 n/'BU, S uaau nuinm. 123 [(u6f/t)
used]. 124 st/'BU, S stAAn. 125 NE oonlt, W [(nabBt) used]. 126 NW oosr,
S AAr. 127 NE 6mbs, W tiuwi. 128 dhaz, NW dhoz [usual term (dhem)],
S dhAAS. 129 gtttnist, S gAAst. 130 buwBt. 131 NE gtfKBt, W goot. 132
E jat, NW ot. 133 E r^ewt, NW rM. 134 £ 6oBth, NW wMBth. 135
W U6f«t, E tlooth, N tl/iBth. •
JE- 138 fadhBr, W f«dhB. 139 E dhr6eB, WN dhiee, 140 £ ^b1, W eel,
N ag'I. 141 £ n^l, N n^l, W niil. 142 sniil. 143 E t^esl, N t/iBl, W tiil.
144 wimi. 145 E sl^eBn, NW sliiwa. [rarely used]. 146 £ m^esn, N m^ra.
147 E br^een, NW br«m. 148 fecB. 149 E bl6eBZ, NW Wiibz. 150 £ liist,
NW l/iBst. 152 wathBr. 153 sethBdB.
-5): 155 thak [sb.] think [v.]. 157 £ r^Bv'n, N r/tBv'n, W re^v'n. 158
E afthwr, WN efthBr. 160 eg. 161 £ d6eB, WN dee, 163 [forms used], W
liiBd, N \eed, 164 £ m6eB, WN mee, 165 WN sed, N [occ] s<^. 106 £
m^etd. 167 NE d/tBl, S deesl. 168 talB. 169 wen. 170 aavtst. 171 baali.
172 gas, NW ges, N gres. 173 waz. 174 £ ash, NW esh. 175 fast. 178
EWnat. 179 wat. 180 NE bath. 181 NEpath.
-5)'- 182 E sii, NW siiB. 184 E liid, NW l/»Bd. 185 £ riid, NW r/iBd.
186 E bredth, NW briid, br/iBd. 187 E liiv, NW 1/ibv. 188 £ n6/, W nee,
N r(wm«) used]. 189 w6i. 190 k6«. 191 E iil, NW iivH, 192 E miin,
NW mivm. 193 £ tliin, NW tl/«Bn. 194 oni. 196 mom S ment. 196 E
[ 1966 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
531 THE EAST NORTH£BN. [D30, yiii&.
war, W WM, N war w«, S w/iw. 197 triiz. 199 W hWvi, E [not used],
N bl«r, S blee«t. 200 NW w/»«t. 201 E iidh'n, NW lindh'n. 202 E iit,
NW ii«t.
-5)': 203 8 sphtti. 204 diid. 206 EN thriid, W tbr/rwi. 206 red. 207
EW niid'l, N niiwi'l. 210 E Ubb tldcB, NW tW. 211 NW gree, E greeB.
212 E w6i, NW w«». 213 Eiidhwr, NW/hrfhw. 216 t6«t. 216 E diil, NW
d//tsl. 217 E iiti, NW dt^. 218 shup. 219 sliip. 221 iiivr, 222 6e«r.
223 dh^eur, S dh6e«r dh/ivr. 224 NE w/t«r, W w^tvr. 226 flesh. 226
mi'vst, W mM8t, S mAAst. 227 wet, N [occ.] wiit. 228 E [pr. t. and sb.],
N W sw/fut, E fpagt t.] swet. 229 EW breth, N br/i»th. 230 fat.
E- 232 E bi^eok, W br/t«k, N hreeV, 233 E spiik, NW sp/ivk. 234 E
niid, NW n/twi. 236 E wiit, NW wii«v. 236 E fiivw, NW f/f»vOT. 237
W bWn, E bldesn, N b//t«n. 238 edj. 239 E sdesl, NW aeeL 240 [Uud
used, WE liivd, N 1^]. 241 E r^era, NW rem, 242 NE twiim, S t6e«n.
243 E pl6eB, NW jalee, 246 NE ktriivn, W ktp»tn [in sense of queen ; quean
not used]. 247 wiin, 8 witvn. 248 mitBr. 249 wUbt. 260 swlinr. 261
E nmt, 'NW miivt. 262 ketU. 263 net*l. 264 EW ledhvr, N Uvdhvr.
266 weidhnr.
E: 267 edi. 268 EW sedi, 8 seg. 269 wed|. 261 E s^, NW see.
262 E w^, NW wee. 264 8 6e«l. 265 sthr^'t. 267 Jiild. 268 [oldset
used]. 270 EW belsz, N belvsiz bellows, belli beUy, 272 E alvm, W elvm,
N 6um oom 273 men. 274 E beqk, WN b»qk. 276 Istink used]. 276
thiqk. 278 EW went|, N wensh. 280 EW ley'n Bliv'n, N l/*8v*n. 281
lenth. 282 strenth. 283 men. 284 E thrash, NW thresh. 286 EW kres,
N wathvrkrasheE, 8 kr/iBS. 286 are. 287 biiz*nu
E'- 290 ii I, 8 b. 291 E dhii, N dhuu [emphatic]. 292 8 mi me. 293
wii wi, N WB. 296 E biluT, NW bil/tBv. 298 fiil. 299 griin. 300 EW
kiip, N k/tBp. 301 imr, 302 milt. 303 swiit.
F: 306 EW &t, N aa. 306 e<t. 307 EW n&i. 308 niid. 309 spiid, N
sp^Bd [yb.]. 310 iil. 311 ten. 312 Iibt. 313 «ak*n. 314 (nd, 316 flit
EA- 817 [unknown]. 319 g/iBp, 8 g^eBp. 320 k^eBr. £A: 321 E
SAA [NW (siid) used! 322 laf. 323 f6iit. 324 6it. 326 E w6oBk, NW
WAAk. 326 E 6oBd, NW AAd. 327 b6iid. 328 E k6oBd, NW kAAd. 329 E
fdoBld, [N (d«b'i Kp)]. 330 EN od, W AAd. 331 [(seld) used]. 332 [(teldj
used]. 334 AAf [E oldest (6oBf)]. 336 aaI. 336 FaaI. 337 waaI. 342 N
eem,E 6eBm, W eem. 343 waam. 346 daar, 8 d6eBr. 346 E giiBt, NW jat,
BA'. 347 E iid, NW iiitd. 348 EW fei, N u. 349 flu, 8 f6eB. EA':
360 d/rBd, E diid. 361 W led, NE li<Bd 352 EW red, N rliBd. 363 br/iBd.
864 shaf shay, 8 sh/ Bf. 356 E diif, NW d/rsf. 866 E liif, NW li»nf. 357
E dhAA, W dhoo, N dhof. 369 n^ibBT, 8 u^esbBr. 360 E turn, NW t/ism.
361 E biin, N W, b/iBU. 362 E sl6eB, NW [not used]. 363 E tjiip, NW tji'iBp.
366 E niiB [N and W (naa) nigh, used]. 366 E grt#t, NW gr/iBt. 367 W
thret, N thrliBt, E [not used]. 368 E diith, N d/iBth, W deth. 369 sIaa,
E sl60B. 370 rAA, rooB. 371 sthrAA, E 8thr6oB.
EI- 372 EW 6/, N «?, 8 aa. 373 E dh^cB, NW dhee. 374 E neeB, NW
nee. 376 E b6eBt, NW b^. EI: 377 8 st^k. 378 E weesk, W wtiBk,
N weeV. 382 8 dh^CB.
EO- 383 W sey*n, E sty'n, N s«iBv'n. 384 EW ey'n, N nBV*n. 385
btnt'Bth. 386 E ju, NW j6u. 387 nSu.
EO: 388 m»Ik. 389 NE jook, £W jAAk, 8 t&uvk. 390 EW shi/d, N sitd.
393 btjont. 396 waak. 397 E s6oBd, NW siwtd. 398 staay. 399 briit, S
br^it. 400 E uBn/st, NW aanist. 401 N jaan. 402 EW loan, E Iubu, N
hen. 403 faa, N far. 404 staa. 406 E oath, NW aath. 406 E ath, W jath,
N ath [after consonants], 8 itBth, jath [after yowels]. 407 faadin. 408 EW
niu, N [(uAAd) used].
EO'. 411 EW thrii, N thrtiB. 412 [weak], shB [strong] shi'iB. 413 divBl.
414 flii [N yfea is (lop)]. 416 Hi. 416 diw. 417 tj6M. 418 EW bruu, N
briu. 420 f6»^. 421 fotti.
£0': 423 thii. 424 rwf. 426 lilt. 426 fert. 427 bii bi. 428 EW sii^
[ 1966 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
I) 30, y iiia.] THE EAST NORTHERN. 535
N BiiB. 429 [not used]. 430 frtnd. 431 buvr. 432 f6t<iiih. 433 briist.
434 EW but, N bet. 436 sun j«. 436 EW thniu, N thriu. 437 EW thniuth,
N thrfuth.
EY- 438 dii. EY: 439 E thrist, NW thrust.
I- 440 wiik, S wik. 441 sit. 442 EW &•▼!, N aavi. 443 EW fct/dn,
N fraadn. 444 EW st&tl, N staal, S stii. 445 [not used]. 446 EW nkin, N
naan. 448 NW dh/<BZ, E dhiiz. 449 get, N ger [before yowels]. 450 tluzdv.
451 86w.
I: 452 a [W (&t) is used only before is, isnH]. 454 wi^. 455 EN Itg [WN
(Uf) used]. 457 m6tt. 458 niit, S niit n^t. 459 nit, E r^t. 460 w6it. 461
liit, S Bl4it. 462 S s^it sut. 464 witi. 465 E siti, W a&ilc, N sik. 466 W
t|fcild, [N (b«m) used]. 467 WE w&ild, N waald. 468 EW tjildhwr, [N (heeia)
used]. 471 tim«r [N gaye (wud)]. 472 shriqk, S shreqk. 473 blmd. 474
W rmd, E i&md, [N (sk/n) used]. 475 wmd. 476 bind. 477 fmd. 478
NEgrund, W gr&md, S grind. 479 wmd. 481 f^vr. 484 dhts. 485 this'L
486 S jest. 487 Jistbvdv. 488 id.
r- 490 hki, EN bi, N ba. 491 EW s&i, N saa. 493 EW dhiitV, N dhraay,
S draay. 494 EW t&im, N taam. 496 ^renm. 497 E nr&tz, N vraaz. 498
i^rt, S raat. 499 EW biitU, N b//«t'l [but generally caUed elocli],
V: 500 16ik, S Vkik, 501 EW w&id, N waad. 502 WE f&iy, N faay. 503
16 f, S laaf. 504 n6'f, 8 naaf. 505 w6«f, 8 waaf. 506 wumBU. 507 wim/n.
608 EW m&il, EN maal. 609 EW w&»l, EN waal. 511 EW w&/n, N waan.
612 sparer. 613 w6i«r. 614 6«s, 8 aas. 616 EW w&tz, N waaz. 616
wizdtnn. 517 Jiu.
0- 620 b6w. 621 f^tml. 622 op*n. 528 EW wap, N w^/mp, 8 iiwsp.
624 wald. 0: 626 E koof, NW kaf. 527 b6Mt. 528 th6iit. 629 S br6iit.
530 i6Mt. 631d6Mtb«r. 632 8 kMMBl. 633 dul, N d6iili. 634 vmvI. 636 g6«d,
N guuld. 637 m6Ml, 8 m6t<d. 639 E b6Ml, W bool. 640 olvn, N pnk olvn.
642 b6tilt, 8 b6ift. 646 op. 547 EN bvnod. 648 EN fiiMiKi, W food. 549
NE iiund. 650 wod. 551 E 8t6o«rm, WN st6Bnn. 562 £ kAAn, W koon,
N kvimn. 5'^Z E aau, W oon, N uum. 664 kras.
0'- 566 sbuu. 656 t» [before cons.l tty [before yowels]. 567 tf/B. 658
1/iBk, N 1/uk. 659 m»dhBr. 561 EW bluum, N [not used]. 662 m/rm.
563 mtnidB. 664 st/BU. 665 nium, 666 ndhBr.
0': 569 b/rek, N b/iuk, 8 buuuk. 670 t/iBk, N tAik. 671 gud. 672
bind. 573 fltfd. 674 bruud. 676 st/'Bd, N stud. 676 wed'BnzdB. 577 buu
bin, NW b/rBf. 678 pl/iBf pliu [subs.], pliu pluu [yerb]. 679 8 Bnuf. 580
EW tt<f, N t/<Bf. 581 86ut. 582 U/bI. 583 t/ral. 584 sti^Bl. 585 EW bmum.
686 di»B, N diy [before yowels], diz [dost], di [plj, 8 duu. 687 E dun, NW
di BU. 588 n/tBU. 689 sp/iBU, 8 spicMin. 690 fUim, 8 fliiwBr. 691 muuvr,
692 E 8w6oBr, NW sw^eBr. 593 £W mws, [N (mun) used]. 594 bitBt, 8
bwuit. 696 NE f/iBt [see 316], W fut. 696 n'lBt. 697 stiBt, NE sut. 698
[not used].
U- 599 EW Bbvy, N Bbuun. 600 luy. 601 f6il [N little used]. 602 siu.
603 kMm. 606 sun. 606 dt«Br, 8 d^imr. 607 bwthBr.
U: 608 Mgli. 609 f«L 610 E wvl, NW wuul. 611 bidBk [N seldom
used]. 612 sum. 613 dhr«qk. 614 uund. 615 8 pwnd. 616 NE grund, W
gr»n. 617 suund. 618 wuund. 619 fun. 621 wn, W wan, N wan [did
wind]. 622 wndhBr. 625 t«q. 626 i/OBr. 628 8 nim. 630 warn, N wan
[did win]. 631 thazdB. 632 «p. 633\iip. 634 £ thruuf, NW thmf, 8
thntu. 635 wath. 636 fadhBr. 637 NE tifsk. 638 N busk [means a bush
only]. 639 NE difst.
W' 640 kuu. 641 uu. 642 dhuu, dhB [weak]. 643 nuu. 646 EW duy,
N duu. 646 W bun, NE b6ii. 647 £w 6ul, N unl. 648 ii«.Br. 649
thruttZBud. 662 kud. 663 8 b/<t.
XT': 654 shruud. 665 fuul. 656 nrm. 657 bniun. 658 duun. 669
tuun. 660 biivBr. 661 sh^uBr. 662 us. 663 uus. 664 8 luus. 665 mnus.
666 uzbBU. 667 uut. 668 pmud. 670 £ buudh, W bttBdh. 671 muuth.
672 suuth.
Y- 673 mi^. 674 dtd. 676 lii. 677 dhr&i. 678 dtn. 679 ixa^ W tieix.
680 W£ btzt [N uses (tbraq)]. 682 laatU.
[ 1967 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
536 THB EAST NORTHERN. [D 30, V iii*.
Y: 683 mtdi. 684 brig. 685 rig. 686 bii, N [occ.] baa. 687 EW
fl6»t, N flut. 688 E bild, NW biild. 690 EW k&ind, N kaand. 691 EW
mfitind, N maand. 693 sin. 696 both, S baath. 697 beri. 698 N moth, S
maath. 699 riit. 700 E was, NW wos, S waaa. 701 fost. 703 pit. 704
E viks'n.
T- 705 skM, N [also] skaa. 706 [not used]. 707 thottiin. 708 6i«r.
T: 709 Uivr, 711 fe<s. 712 m^is.
n. English.
A. 713 bad. 714 lad. 715 pad. 716 ad'l. 717 E di6ewi, NW dj«d.
718 thn/Bd. 719 E tadp6«l, W tadpiiwel, [N (bttliVwi) used]. 720 fag. 722
E dhriin, XW dhr»V«n. 723 EW deew*, N" di oti. 724 EW bAAld, ^ boold.
725 81 «1, S s^cbI. 727 E djam, N [(puzaa-v) used]. 728 sham. 729 N fr«rm,
EW frt'/vm, S fr^eom. 730 N kantBr. 733 sk&as. 734 daan. 735 smash.
737 NE m/iBt, W mM, S m^cBt. 738 E pr6eBt, NW pr^. 740 E w6eBT,
NW w<r<nr. 741 E m^cBZ. 742 E I^cbz-.
E. 743 skn'rem. 744 EW m»VBz'lz, N mez'lz. 745 tjiiBt. 746 S hnivdh.
747 E endevBr, N indivwr. 748 fl'gd. 750 beg. 751 pi>vt.
I. and Y. 753 [(k»t*l) used]. 764 pig. 755 E MbBt, N W [not used]. 756
NW shremp, E semp. 757 Wt&'n», N taan». 758 gel [N usually (las)]. 759 ft.
0. 761 li*Bd, S luuBd. 762 EW tiMakBm, E AxkBm, N okmn. 763 NE
r^MBm, E FAAm. 764 kod*l. 766 NE m6idhBd, W [not used]. 767 n6/z.
768 EN ViiuBk, E kxAk, W kook 769 E m6«l, NW m6udhBd, S mxAl. 771
fond. 772 hduviiiemr, 773 N W doqki. 774 E puunt, W pooni', N yuumi.
775 buubi. 777 shop. 778 Bfod. 779 [not used]. 780 N ^m'L 761 NW
bodhwr, E [not usedj. 782 SW pothwr, E [not used]. 783 p/dthri. 784
buuns. 785 N luundj. 786 duus. 787 S suus. 788 NW fluut, E [not used],
7»9 r6u. 790 E g/m, NW guun.
U. 792 sktrabU. 793 ug. 794 djwg. 799 sVuh 800 sktil. 801 nan.
802 Tum. 803 d|fl<mp. 805 krudz. 806 fMS. 807 ptis. 808 put, S pxt.
m. KOMAirCE.
A.. 809 E tiBb'l ^Vl, N jaVl, W eeWl 810 f/tBS, S f6eBs. 811 pluBs, S
pl^eBS. 812 E leeBs, NW Ii/bs. 813 NE b/iBkBU, W be^k'n, S b^Vn. 814
NE miVB8*n, Wmf«'n. 815 E faks. 816 E f^eBd, NE U.vd, W feed. 817
radfsh. 818 E desdj, Eudi, W «di, N »/Bdj. 819 E r^eBdi, W r«d|, N niBdj,
821 £ dil^eB. 822 E meeB, NW m«9. 823 E b6eB, NW heg. 824 t|6eBr.
826 /iBg'l. 827 t'BgBr. 828 E 6eBg« [N shaking]. 829 E g^eBU, N g/^Bn,
W geea. 830 thr/^Bn, S tr^eBU. 831 W disthrfiBU. 832 m6eBr. 833 p6eBr.
834 £ t|6eBZ, N sheez shee. 835 £ riiz'n, N n/Bz'n. 836 £ siiz'n, N stiBz'n.
838 thr/tBt. 839 £ b^l, NW b«fi; 840 NW tj«?mBr, E tjaamBr, S tjamBr.
841 tjans. 842 plaqk. 843 brant|. 844 threntj. 845 ernshBut. 846
tjanlBT. 847 deeadjm. 848 iieend}. 849 sthrerad|Br. 850 dans. 851 ant.
852 aprBU. 853 baagt'n. 854 bartl. 855 kar/t. 856 E peeBt, NW pert.
857 k/iBS, S k^eBS. 858 £ br^eBs, N britBs, W br««8. 859 W tjees, NE
tjiiBS. 860 ptiBst, S p6eB8t. 861 t/'Bst. 862 N"E stiBf, S s^eBf. 864 £
biko-z, NW bik^MBZ, -s. 865 NE fAAt, £ fooBt. 866 piiuB.
£•• 867 S tiiB. 868 £ dj6eB, W djee, 869 NE viVbI. 871 E iwrii, N
Bgn/B. 872 tjiiBf . 873 £ frBB, S fr6eB. 875 £ fecBut, N ft'But, W f«nt.
876 S d^eButi. 878 NE salBii. 879 E fiimeeBl, W Uivmeei. 880 W zampM.
881 sens. 882 panzi. 883 WE dandel&iBU. 884 prent/s. 886 £ hktvr,
NE fniBT. 887 NE tlaadjr. 888 NE saatBU. 889 S aSim, 890 £ biist,
N btiBst. 891 £ fiist, N ft/BSt. 892 nevi. 893 Awmbt. 894 £ d^suT, N
d/strBT. 89-5 £ r/siiv, N ristiBT.
I., and Y" 997 W diltit, NE dil^it. 898 n6is. 899 NE nils. 900 E
pnsB, W pree, 901 E f&m, W f^tn, faan. 902 EW m&in, N maan. 903
EW d&in, N daan. 904 EW v&flet, N vaalet. 905 r&tBt. 906 v^ipBr. 907
[not used]. 908 adv6is. 909 EW briiz, N bWiBZ. 910 EW dj^is, N dj6»t,
S d^ist. 911 EW siisthrBn, N atiBsthBrin. 912 r^.
[ 1968 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 30, 31.] THB EAST AND WEST NORTHERN. 637
0* 913 kMMBti. dlihriiwtt}. 916 sivf. 916 tmtmi. 917 riiirag. 918
E fiib'l, NW titishn. 919 6/ntm«iit. 920 p6mt. 921 E skir^eBiit. 922
bttshil. 923* N£ m6t8t, W m6t8. 924 tj6»8. 925 T6t8. 926 sp6il. 928
uuns. 929 kuuk/imBr. 930 I6tn. 932 vmuunt. 933 frimt. 935 ktmthri.
936 EW font, N fwnt. 937 kok. 938 E kAAOwr, NE ktiumm, W koonnr.
939 tliitiBS. 940 Vuuvt, 941 f/t«l, S tiiuil, 942 S batiBr. . 943 twtj. 944
bIuu-. 945 vuu. 946 [not used]. 947 b6»l. 948 NW buul. 950 si/pw.
951 kvpU. 932 Vuum. 953 kr/ZBO. 954 k^/shBii. 955 duut. 956 kuvBr.
957 E empl6i, N tinpl6i. 959 E konv^*, N hanvee'.
U- 960 E kii, W k/re, N k^i. 961 griujil. 962 [N (mlu) is a pUe of
corn in a barn]. 963 ktv&itt. 964 siutt. 965 6tl. 966 friut. 967 siat.
969 SMBT, S shiovr. 970 delist. 971 fliut.
D 31 = WN. = We8t Northern,
Boundaries. Begin on tbe Solway Frith at the coast jpear Newton Arlosh, Ca.
(13 W.Carlisle), and follow the tortuous n. tee line 7 already described, p. '20,
through Cu. and Du. to Sunderland, then follow the coast of Du. to the Tees
mouth, and go up the Tees to Croft, Yo. Here turn along w. b. of D 30, going
sw. to Midmeham, and s. to Burley (7 n.Bradford). Alter which turn w. and
pass upon the n. theeth line 5 (p. 18) to the b. of La. near Colne, about 16 wnw.
Bradford, and go nw. along the b. of La. to 13 ese. Lancaster, where enter La.
and sweep round n. of Wyersdale (6 se. Lancaster) to Cockerham (8 ene. Fleet-
wood, La^). Then go n. and follow the w. and s coast of La. and Cu., passing
n. to the point of starting in Morecambe Bay, Solway Frith.
Area, This large tract of countiy comprises s.Du., w. and m.Cu.,
all We., the hundred of Lonsdale n. and s. of the Sands in n.La.,
and the hilly part of w.Yo. It is traversed by the s. hoose line 6
(p. 19) diving it into two distinct parts. Of these the n. portion
treats the U' words as having simple (uu), or rather a peculiar
modification of it, beginning deeper but ending with (u), either
(Aiu) or (buu), where (b) is very brief and uncertain, but both
fractures are conceived by the natives as simple (uu). The s. part
transforms these inchoant diphthongal forms into the complete
diphthongs {6u, 6m, iu). This however does not affect the other
dialectal relations. In fact the s. hoose line 6 only shews where
the old traditional pron. (uu) has completely changed. The prepara-
tion for the change has been made in the n. portion, while probably
in the EN, D 30, and certainly still further n. in the L. div., the
pure old (uu) form is retained See (a'u) p. 292, and (a'u) p. 293.
Varieties. This area I find it best to divide into several Varieties,
which will be considered presently as to their nature, and will here
be merely localised.
Var. i. Extreme w. of Yo., embraces Upper Swaledale, Upper Wensleydale,
the nw. horn of Yo., and n. and m.CraTen.
Var. ii. Lonsdale, or n.La., including extreme s.Cu., embraces Lancaster,
Cartmel, Fumess, and the region about Bootle, Cu.
Var. iii We. s. of the watershed, with a part of extreme w.Yo., embraces
Dent and Sedber^ in To., and Kendal, Long Sleddale, and Orton, in We.
Var. iv. Edenside, or the basin of the Kiver Eden, includes We., n. of the
watershed, and m.Cu., and contains Kirkby Stephen, Temple Sowerby, Milbum,
Langwathby, Ellonby, etc
Var. T. or w.Cu. contains Keswick, Clifton, and Abbey Holme or Holme Cultram.
Tar. tL, 8.Da., contains Weardale and Teesdale.
[ 1969 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
538 THR WE«T KOKTHERN. [D 81.
Autharitus. See Alphabetical County Lists under the following names, where
• means yy. per AJE., t per TH., J per JGG., j| so., and ® io.
Cu, • Abbey Holme, *^ Borrowdale, • Clifton, J EUonby, * Hale, t Keswick,
X Langwathby, • Penrith, ® Rarenglass, ® Workington.
Jht, ""Aycliffe, ® Bishop Auck&nd, ® Bishopton, "* Easington, ** GreaUiam,
**Hart, ** Hartlepool, ° Heathery Cleugh, •Lower Teesdale, ** Middleton-in-
Tcesdale, ° Monk Hesledon, *^RThope, t St. John's Weardale, *» Seaham,
*» Sedgefield, *» Stanhoije, *» Witton-Ie- Wear, *» WoWneham.
La. t Broughton-in-Fnmess, t Cark-in-Cartmel, f Caton, ®t Coniston,
° Dalton-in-Fumess, ® Heysham, t Hi^h Nibthwaite, f Hombv, t Lancaster,
t Lower- Holker-in-Cartmel, ** Newton -m-Cartmel, fSkerton, "t UlTereton.
JFe. ^Appleby, J Casterton, J Crosby Ravensworth, J Kendal, t Kirkby
Stephen, { Long Sleddale, % Milbum, °J Orton, J Shap, J Temple Sowerby.
to. I Black Burton, or Borton-in-Lonsdale, fCautley by Sedberg, % Chapel-
le-Dale, {Dent, { Horton-in-Ribblesdale, { Howgill, f nkley, "^ Laithlork,
II Middlesmoor, || North of Richmond, * Richmond, || Skipton, {Upper Swaledale
or Muker, J Upper Wensleydale or Hawes.
The extreme care and conscientious anxiety to phonograph the pronunciation of
his informants, shewn by repeated revisions, which mark jGO/s contributions to
the phonology of this district, require particular notice, and I cannot but repeat
my warmest thanks for the labour which he has bestowed durine many prolon^^ed
personal interviews in making me fully acquainted with his resuItB, and preparmg
them for publication here. He has also revised the proofs of D 31.
Character. Although D 31 is so large, and mostly very hilly,
there is a remarkable uniformity in its mode of speecn. The e. h.
towards D 30 is not particularly well defined, and prohably a very
accurate survey, such as TH. has accomplished in the M. div.,
would shew a gradual melting of D 31 into D 30. But the real
boundary is geographical, the subsidence of the hilly districts of
the nw. and w. of Yo. into the plain which occupies its centre.
Keferring to the list of Edenside speech-sounds (p. 539) for
phonetic details, the general character is shewn most distinctly in
Var. i, and may be roughly stated as follows : —
A-, A' = (/|&i), as (n/|&|m, kl/j&jZ, h/i&,m) name, clothes, home, as distingmshed
from the adioimng D 30, Var. i. (nivm, tlitsz, $vm) ; that is, the fracture consista
of two nearly equally strong elements, each distinct, the first being a low form of
(i) approaching to («), and the second a low form of (a) approaching in JOO.'s
opinion to (i), and lying between (a, a) ; whereas in 1) 30 the first element is
generally not quite so low, though it vanes among (i, t, e), and the second element
IS weak and indistinct. The younger generation, however, even in D 31, indinea
to (ib). JGQ.*s researches were among old people, many of whom have since
E'^iei), this is another peculiar fracture, with both elements distinct and
accentea, the first short, and the second more prolonged, as (m/i, grein, m^it) me,
green, meet. These are appreciated by natives, as (ii). In D 30 they raiy as
{H) accented fuUy on the nrst element, or {h, ii), as (m6t, griin, mivt miit) me,
green, meet.
I' = (&!), as (tftim) time, occasionally, but rarely, and never characteristically,
varying as (a't) in var. vi, but always quite distinct from D 30 (taam).
0' = probably normally {iH) derived from {a'u). This (/m) is perhaps the
foundation of the prevailing D 30 form (ftB), but for some reason, widch I
cannot assign, it varies, as (uiu), thus D 31 (kM|Ul k/iil), D 30 (k/tBl) cool.
U' = (iiiU) n. of line 6, but s. of it approaching {6u) and varying, as (6k, Iw»),
whereas in D 30 it is regularly TuijO, thus D 31 (di»|Un, d6Mn, d&tm), D 30
(duun) down. In the nw. horn ot Yo this U' further varies as a sound which
JOG. writes (6uu}, which is parallel to (6ii^ for £'. Rev. W. R. BeU wrote the
sound as ew, wiw a * over, and comparea it to the nmc of a cat, apparently
[ 1970 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.] THE WEST NORTHERN. 539
meaning (mB-JB'u). JOG. said Mr. Bell reco^iiised London (a^w). In both
(ni 6ua) the final element predominates. CCR. heard from the n. of Richmond,
10., a sound he wrote erw in his Leeds Glossary, p. ziii, in derum, therw^ nerw,
down, thou, now, the r only serving to alter the sound of the preceding Towel.
This notation may have been meant to indicate this (^nu) sound, but more closely
resembles <Vu). Here I can merely note that the subject requires investigation,
but the region is so difficult of access that I hare not been able to get proper
information.
These are the great Towel differences, and possihly only indicate
a preservation of old forms in the hills, which have heen softened
down in the plains. In construction lu v&)z)i and ^'^(t') for the,
prevail over both hill and plain.
Thb Edekside Speech-sounds.
Edenside is the name of Yar. iv of this district, occupying
n.We. and that part of Cu. about the River Eden. The sounds
there found prevail more or less over the whole district, and I
avail myself of this opportunity of giving the list of sounds as
drawn up by JGG. in his paper on the "Traditional Names of
Places in Edenside," read before the Cu. and "We. Antiquarian
and Archaeological Society at Penrith, Jan. 1881. The traditional
names themselves will be given subsequently. The words in
square brackets [ ] are AJE.'s, the others JGG.'s.
Simple Vowelt.
(a, aa) Nearly as the English vowels in ** Papa asked Grant to ]>aM half the staff
to aunt,** but the tongue is somewhat more advanced as it is in the true
Italian (^a). Edenside examples : Short — lass, glass, pass, castle, what, water,
father. Long — Farm, cart, harvest, garden, d^ork.
(ai) [In the paper cited JOG. used {x) in place of the present (aj).] General
continental so-called short (aa). Quite distinct from the short sound
of the last, but often confounded with it. Frequently heard as (a) — the
sound in *'one such ugly ct<t*s enough to dull <me*s courage** — by people
from the south. [I could not hear any similarity between the two soimos.]
Edenside examples: Man, cot, bag, pan, ^nme, ifaggie, etc. Compare
lassie-lad (lasi-lajd), brass pan (bras pa,n), laugh at (laf ait), he sang
a song (i sajq b saq). [When I heard JGQ. pronounce these words, they
sounded to me rather like (la 'si lad, bra's pan, la'f at) ; but as he repudiated
(a') and was very anxious that (a^) should be kept distinct from (a), and con<
sidered (aa) to be the true souna of (a) in father, and (aj) to be deeper, lying
in the series, (a aj a), I have followed ms wishes. To my ear however he pro-
nounced (aa) long, but (a*, a) short, and I should have so written the sounds.
He sometimes indicates 'advanced* (^a, ^aa), which I cannot at all distinguish
from (a', aa'). See notes to No. 19 m the 22 interlinear cs. for this di^ct,
given below.
(aa) English vowel in ''^11 Paul*s daughters ought to talk small,*' but shorter
in Quantity, and more like the Italian o aperto. Edenside examples: Calf,
halfpenny, fall, wall, talk, hall, etc. [This maj be same sound as TH.*8
(a*) in D 23, Yar. i, p. 353, but I coula not distmguish it from (oo) Italian
0 aperto, open (o)].
(bi) Italian 4 aperto [open (b)], and Scotch and general continental short e,
Edenside examples : Hare, pair, Mary, day, hay, gay, [As JGG. pron. the
words the sound was considerably deeper than in the Southern (heej, peej,
meejri, dee, hee, gee) which also occurs.]
(e) Beceived Southern English short ein** seven times el^en are s^enty s^en,
el«rven times srven are s^enty s^en, s^en into seventy seven eleven, eleven into
[ 1971 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
640 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 31.
srventy-B^Ten s^en." Edenside examples: bed, set, men, step, eg?, etc.
[Kept quite separate from (bBd, sEt, msn, stBp, Eg) etc., JGG. adds] It is as
well to realize the difference between this and the last, because in the onlj
scientific description of Edenside speech yet given [Dr. Murray's], this vowel is
said to be represented by the one last describe (eb). [Probably because (b) was
native and (e) foreign to Dr. Mun-ay, who confuses (e) with Scotch i in fill, pit,
DSS. p. 107.]
(e) True Italian e ekiuso [shut or close (e)'] and ** general " Scotch and conti-
nental sound of **long a." Edenside examples occur only in the pairs of
confluent [or fractured] vowels described below. [The true {e) does not occur
in the fractures («,i, t'laj) to which he refers, but only its forms {e^) or (ii).]
(i) Received English in " in this little village lived Kitty's sister Minnie." The
Edenside vowel is formed with the tongue nearer the palate than is usual in the
South of England ; with us [in this paper ** we '* always means people of Cu.
and We.] the sound is nearer the short sound of (ii) as in the n. of Germany,
etc. Edenside examples : bit, lig, in, kittle, big, geiy etc. [It should there-
fore be written (i*) as (bi't, li'g), ete., but I cannot differentiate this from pure
short (i) ; following JGG., however, I generally write (bit, lig), ete., simply.]
(ii) English vowel in "se^ m<? l^od tlu«e thr<v swcttly bleating sfcq)." Edenside
examples are rare, the soimd being generally represented by the pairs («*, t,i).
(y) By this symbol I [that is, JGG.] propose to denote a peculiar vowel common
te nw. England. It sounds between the Scoteh vowel in *'him, pit, still,
milk,** ete., and the unaccented vowel («) used in "idea, canary, America,
motion, consciflice,** ete. Dr. Murray considers that it is allied to the Scoteh
vowel in g'dd, b^ik, schMin, gwis, ete. [which again he identifies with (p)],
and it does sometimes remind me [JGG.] of that too. Edenside examples
heard from old people : r«t, drtss, r«it, pr/nce, friend, rich, r«t, br/ck. y«,
yesterday, ete. [Observe that it is due in all these cases to a preceding (r) or
following (b). I have found it necessary to mark a variety of it as (yi) ooc.
See lutrod. to No. 10 of the 22 cs. given below, p. 569, and Ab. (i„) in D 39.]
(o, oo) Short, and long, of the general continent^ short 5, Identical with the
Italian o aperto [oi^n (o)]. It lies between English short 5 in not and true
long 0 in note [between (o) and (oo)], Edenside examples: short — off, Tom,
bob, clog, for, snort, George : long — no, shoo;, grou?, low [of, Tom, bob, dog,
for°, shor'^t, :d^or°d^ : — noo, shoo, groo, loo]. [As far as I could hear (o)
does not occur; educated informants usuaUy give (d), and in the same way
I think true (aa) though given above does not occur, and that (o) or Italian
0 aperto supersedes both.]
(o) Italian o chituo [shut (o)]. General Scoteh and continental long o. Differs
from the corresponding vowel in received English in being uttei*ed with the
tongue in one position, instead of beginning with the tongue lower and ending
with it higher than this position, as is usual in ordinary English utterance. [The
true soimd does not occur in D 31. The Itelian o chittso is perhaps more like
(u) than simple (oo)^ and I used to think it properly («#h). The form under
which it occurs in D 31 is (mj) as in the next article.]
(Mj) [or as JGG. originally wrote (o'), considering it a higher form of (o)]. This
is the vowel that, in tne n. of England, usmdly replaces the peculiar (o) in
received English in "some one*s husband, son or orother comes up once a
month to hMut," which vowel is too frequently confounded with the fv) in
canary, idea, etc., referred to lower down. Our Edenside vowel is nearly the
same as the received English vowel in foot, good, bwll, ete., but it is formed
with the tongue more obliquely retracted from the palate, f The effect is tiiat
of a very * tluck * (m) approacning (o) ; see p. 291.] Edenside examples : t«b,
come, love, son, smu, ete., purse, murder, etc. [as appears by the next article
both (m, M,) occur].
(u) Received English short iiS in foot, good, book, bull, stood, ek. Edenside
examples : good, bull, food, shoot, buteher, ete.
(uu) Itelian and general Continentel sound ; but it is never used piu« in Eden-
side, except in the confluents [diphthongs] as in iiew^ tew, fruit, -etc. [niiiu,
fi6u, fri6ut). See imder (o'u, UjU) on the next page.
(b) Received English unaccented vowel in the words America, idea, canary,
[ 1972 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.] THE WEST NORTHERN. 541
motion, consciovs ; long it is the received English in the "earljt btrd des^rres
the CMrly worm" [this vowel is variously represented as (oa, aa, aoa), er^ ar^
vrj, but JGG. considers it as (vb)]. In Edenside it remains pure under strong
accent. Edenside examples : (*Bt dM|d)i) that did I, biscuit, pock^, windoMr,
barrou7, pillou?, etc., and in a host of other words. It is one of the most
important elements in Edenside speech.
{99) In pal. the short form of this vowel represents the first three or four vowels,
and the sixth in the deliberate utterance of **que je me repent*!** [Volney's
example] ; and it occurs in many other combinations in French. Our
Edenside equivalent of the English vowel in *' the ^arly bird deserves the curly
worm,'* is sufficiently different from the received form to constitute one of the
chief difficulties encountered by strangers attempting to speak our dialects.
Our vowel lies between («) and (ao) or (to), the English vowels referred to.
The French vowel is nearer to it than any that I am practically acquainted with.
SAs, however, it did not strike my ear as identical with the French sound,
I ' •
! have generally used (^i) by way of indicating a difference.]
(od) The last simple vowel is identical or nearly so with the German 0, and I
oelieve also witn the French eti. In Edenside it occurs in the words swore,
form, moor, poor, and a few similar forms. In place names it ased to be
common in compounds with the word moor. [In the 22 cs. which follow
par. 9, the word swore occurs, but in the Edenside examples we never find
(swoBoer°) but (swyyjr*^. The sound is very uncertain, and seems mainly due
to (r^;. Swore is often rendered by swaref and is then treated differently.]
Confluent Vowels [FraetureSy Diphthongs].
In our Northern English compounds there is a clearer utterance of each com-
ponent, and a partial cessation of voice between the two vowels. Our practice
agrees almost exactly with that of the Italians. [JGG. says that I call these
** confluent vowels.'* I do not riecollect ever having used this term in print.
The Italian diphthongs have a ** slurred glide," the two vowels being pronounced
with scarcely any glide, or rather with such a diminution of force during the
glide as would make it almost inaudible, but would not occasion any real silence
or total separation. The glide is always marked by an acute accent on the
element having the stress, and sometimes with a double accent where both
elements are very distinctly pronounced.]
(&at, ai, &t) Identical with German ey^ ai, «i, Italian ai, Welsh ai^ French at,
etc. Upper Edenside examples : wide, b/de, bite, mile, pie, f«ne, tidy,
(f^i^, i^i^y iii) [The last form is usually adopted.] These pairs represent
archaic forms of long ee as pronounced all over the nw. of England, and in
the adjoining parts of Scotland. The voice begins with the tongue retracted
obliquely more or less below the normal position of the vowel in pin, fit, with,
and goes on to a position somewhat higher, so as almost to reacn the position
where true (ii) is formed. Great diversity of utterance exists; many people
using a sound identical with the Scotch vowel in wife, time, etc., (ci), while
others constantly use the pair represented in the second symbol (ij/'), which
is BO much like true (ii) that the difference passes unnoticed. True (ii) is
quite unknown here as a dialect utterance. Edenside examples : teet^ reoA,
r«i, \eaiy heeif 8«d, gr^^i.
(o^u, t<,u) [The second symbol here adopted after much discussion with JGG.l
North-western English representative of received English, general Scotch ana
continental *'long do.** It commences ni-ith the vocal organs nearly in the
position for the Italian 0 chiuso and ends with pure (uu). [Its effect is quite
different from that of Midland (iiu)l. Great variety exists in the pron. of
this and the last pairs of vowels, in the wilds and amongst people remote
from the influence of town -life the forms here given are the common ones;
but there is every gradation from these into the pure (ii) and (uu) of received
English among younger folk and town dwellers. Edenside examples : cour,
hoM«e, raoMse, oroir, etc.
(6w) Italian oaperto [open (o)] followed by pure (m). Edenside examples : pony,
hotf, datighter, thoi/ght, wroi/ght, cowlnke.
[ 1973 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
642 THB WEST NORTHERN. [D 31.
(^1, Ujai) Italian o ehiuw followed by Italian short a Qmt this would be (.a],
whereas JOG. uses the si^ for (a^, which often passes into the obscure rowels
(v, 9)]. Edenside examples : coal, foal, notice, Gforge, John, Joseph, hole,
coot, rood, etc.
(tf^ai, iiVii) [the second form adopted] Italian e ehituo [shut («)] followed by a
more or less distinctly pronounced Italian short a [but JOG. uses the symbol
for (a|)]. The (e) graduates into (i) in some mouths, and the (aj) into obscure
Towels more or less allied to (a, «). Edenside examples : stable, cake, toad,
gate, soap, name, grave.
{i^y) used in a few names, and also in such words as n^i, sm, tea, WMsnay in
dialectal assent to a negatiye, so, toe, woe. [This is given by JGO. on the
authority of Mr. William Atkinson.]
(/«). Short i in fit, pin, Itp, jig, &c., followed by a more or leas distinctly pro-
nounced short a in foot, good, bull, etc. Many speakers seem unable to pron.
this quite distinctly ; but most of the older people agree in doing so. [The
result must be distinguished from (iu, i(i).] Edenside examples Tfoot, school,
look, book, spoon, smoke, crook.
C(mtonant9,
S(b p, d t, dh th, T f, g k, m n q, s z, sh zh) call for no remark.]
^d ,t) dental [or rather alveolar] d t uttered with the tongue [on the gums], near
the bock of the upper incisor teeth. [This is only in conjunction with a
following (,r^).]
(dj tj) rec. English edge, jruUfe, /ew, James, /am, and eteh, cXnteh, ehew, rAain,
wa/rA. Where (dj ti) occur before a vowel, the (dj or the (t) is doubled thus :
(ed'd|/z, ma^t't^iz) edges, matches, and the first ot the doubled consonants is
held just as it IS in Italian pron.
(Hh) [which, except in this list, is written with simple (h)], jerked aspirate,
iTenry, Ais, Aome, Aer, beAoved. Though the aspirate has almost entirely
vanished in the dialects of the townsfolk, it is yet employed with much
uniformity by the people in the country part,
(kjb) palatal guttural, as in the German sierA ; Scotch niMt, ri^rAt, sicAt. Now
nearly obsolete. [Used only by very old people.]
(kurh) labial guttural ; Germ, aur A ; Scotcn locA, trAeat, irAat. Now nearly
obsolete,
(j) Rec. English in yon, you, ye, yes. PaUtal aperture contracted more with
the middle of the tongue than during the formation of (ii^. [Nevertheless
JGG. considers that there is more (ii) than {i) in the soimo, the buzz being
absent, and hence it is generally represented oy (t) or very short (ii) gliding
on at once to the following vowel. See under (w) at end.1
(jh) voiceless and jerked form of the last as in JTwghes, Auge, A#tr, Atonility.
[I find no jerk, (jh) is related to (j) as (zh) to (sh), that is, Frenchy to Ft, ehf\
(I) The same in all positions as the (1) used before a vowel in rec. English,
general continental /, [but this is rather (,1)1. This / is often held briefly ^F),
ut it is quite distinct from the London and general Southern / in mii/, mi^,
fii/, e//, Aiw, /ift, /ip. [I am not siure to what / JGG. is alluding, perhaps (l).]
(Ih) The voiceless [or rather hissed] form of the last frequenUy used before
a voiceless palatal consonant as ^milhk, lilht, btlht) for mi/K, li/t, bui/t. [The
hiss of the (/A) was very markea in JGG.*s pron. of these words.]
(nh) The voiceless [or flated] form of (n), employed where an original initial
k was once used, see the next symbol. This identical sound is in constant use
in Icelandic [see Part II. p. 546]. Edenside examples : Anit, Anock, Amow,
Aftife, etc.
(tnh) The same sound preceded 'by (t) which represents the original A. [See
Lediard*s pron. in Part IV. p. 1046, under £, see also Cooper, Part I. p. 20S,
and Part U. p. 544, n. 2.] Miss Powley, of Langwathby, and Rier sister]
Mrs. Atkinson, of Winderwath, state that this was a common souna here many
years ago. [See below cs. No. 16, in the 22 cs., introd. and notes.]
(r^ This is a ouzzed r, [by which is meant an unfiapped r, see p. 294 on r
generally, although flappea r*8 are necessarily buzzed, out the flapping renders
[ 1974 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31.] THB WEST NORTUERX. 543
the bnsz intennittent, whereas here it meant a continuoiis buzz as in (z)], that
is to say, r produced hj driving the voiced breath over the curved tip of the
tongue, which is turned up to tne front palate in a spoon-shaped form, and
remains rigid, instead of vibrating [tlapping], as it does m the Scotch and Italian
r. This consonant is a retracted form of (dh), and should be diBtin^:ui8hed
troin ordinary r in some way. [I use ( r^) for Mr. Melville Bell*s untnlled r,
which is in fact an imperfect alveolar ( ^a), ** the point of the tongue contracting
the oral passage between it and the upper gum ** ( VitibU Speech^ p. 62). And
I use (r J where the contraction of the passage between tongue and hard palate
is more in the place of (d), for the London sound, which is an imperfect (i^,
to which JGG. objects that my (rj is **little else than a vowel.*' Hence, with
his consent, I have introduced the new sign (r°), shewing the absence of trill
by putting the C^ above instead of below Q. That tb^re is much essential
difference in the sounds (r^ r^ r°) I do not suppose, and ^erally I shall use
(r) for each of them with a previous explanation. But in the following 22
Gs., as some of JOG.*s informants used tne trilled (r), and others the untnlled
continuous buzz (r^, I have been obliged to make the distinction.] Old
people rarely ever drop this consonant, but it is goinff out of use, when not
Defore a vowel, among the younger folk. Examples: ray, hurry, rare.
After d, ty the r is invariably dentol [alveolar], and is tiien denoted by {f)*
SBut then <f , < are also alveolsir, so we have Ld/*, ,t,i^.]
The voiceless form is rarely used and may be passed over here.
(w^ is (uu) with the labial orifice contracted so as to impart somewhat of a
buzzing effect to the sound ; but the buzz is not as marked as it is in the South,
and it seems here to be often replaced by simple {u) or (u). ||Hence I write (u),
which represents this form of (w) just as (i) represents a similar form of (j).]
(wh) This IS the voiceless and jerked form of the last, and it often seems tooe
uttered as if the back of the tongue were raised as it is in the Scotch (ku;h).
We use the sound quite consistently yet, and rarely or never is it replaced by
simple (w) except by townsfolk [as is also too much the custom with even the
best educated people in London]. Examples : irAioh, <rAether, <rAeat, u'Aat.
(wx^ This pair of consonants yet survives m the pron. of very old people, and
it is said to enter into the pron. of some of the place names, but I have not
yet detected it for certain. Examples : trrong, trren, tmte, imtten. [JGG.
interposed no vowel, however faint, between (w) and (r°) as (w'r°). I some-
times think this sound should be labialised r as (r^u;), but so few people use
it, and those so difficult of access, that it is impossible to study it at first hand ;
at second hand we have only imitations— counterfeits, not the genuine article.]
Var%etie$.
It is very difficult to draw the boundaries of the six varieties
which I have been induced to make in D 31. To a native no
doubt the differences are very prominent, and he is generally
able after hearing a few sentences to localise the speaker. This
happens in all extensive dialect regions. But often, on examina-
tion, here and elsewhere, these distinctions, on which so much
stress is laid, resolve themselves into slight varieties of intonation,
a little change of construction, a few words and phrases habitual
in one locality and scarcely heard in another, and perhaps slight
changes of vowels, raising or depressing them, especially (», a),
which scarcely strike a stranger at all, and which he finds it
difficult to formulate. Possibly many natives may object to the
localisation and characterisation of varieties here given, but it
is the best which the information at my command enables me to
furnish. My many attempts to draw boundaries have failed so
completely that I have altogether abandoned them.
[ 1976 ]
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644 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 31, V L
Vab. i. Craven, etc.
This consists of at least two distinct parts, n. and s. of the s.
hoose line 6. The n. part has XJ'=(^iu) as (hujus, duiun) house,
down, and the s. part has U'=(aii) as (haws, dawn). But consider-
ing that the s. part had merely developed the (tiiu) of the n. part
into (au), I have not hesitated to consider these two parts as
forming one variety. The best marked form of this dialect is in
Upper Swaledale, which, from the information given me by Mr. G.
Bell, the publisher, of 4, York Street, Covent Garden, native of
Richmond, I consider to extend a little to the e. of Eichmond,
about Catterick. It is found to the s. without any change in
Upper Wensleydale, probably as far down as Middleham. It is
also certain that, with the changes of (uiu) into (aw) and various
insignificant changes, it appears among the hills and dales of
n. Craven, in Chapel-le-Dale (between Whemside and Ingleborough
hills), in Horton-in-Ribblesdale (between Ingleborough and Peny-
ghent hills), and at Burton-in-Lonsdale (at the foot of Ingleborough
hill, on the b. of We.), and hence most probably prevails all over
m. Craven down to the n. theeth line 5. For the last three places
named, compared with Upper Swaledale, I give a full cwL, which
shews the remarkable uniformity, except as regards U'-words,
between the two parts of Var. i. And for Burton-in-Lonsdale
separately, I give below quite a unique specimen.
In addition to JGG/s papers, CCR. gave me specimens of the nw. Mining
Districts, including Swaleaale and Arkengarthdale, but they were reminiscences
of many years standing, and differed so materially, in the direction of D 30,
from JG6.'s recent and most careful work from actual dictation many times
revised with the informants themselves, that I have been obliged to omit them from
the 22 interlinear cs. below. Similarly CCR. gave me a specimen for ** Upper
Craven, Upper Ribblesdale with Ingleton, Clapham, etc.. Upper Wharf edale
with Kettlewell, etc., Upper Nidderdale with Middlesmoor, Langstrothdnle,
etc.,'* which very materially differs from the cwl. and the Burton-in-Lonsdale
specimen, both belonging to this region, furnished by JGG. As before, I
consider the latter work, made direct from dictation, preferable to reminiscences
of long standing. Finally, CCR. gave me a specimen for Mid Craven with
Skipton, which I am unable to contrast with any work by JGG., but which
bears a close resemblance to the former versions. All of these seem to have
been modified by memory in the course of years in the direction of the much
more familiar m.Yo. forms. But I think it due to such an excellent worker as
CCR., who, in his youth, had many opportunities of becoming acquainted with
the speech of old people in these regions (people who were old more than oO
years ago), to shew the impressions which he retains. I therefore give paragraphs
and extracts of paragraphs from the cs. in all three of these versions by CCU.,
and prefix to them JGG.'s version from Upper Swaledale (given in full as Ko. 2
in the 22 interlinear cs. below), for the sake of easy comparison. And, as will
be seen by the Burton-in-Lonsdale specimen, this holds good for n.Craven as
respects the U'- words.
COMPAKISON OP CCR.'S AND JGG.'s VERSIONS.
0. 1 JGG.'s Upper Swaledale or Muker, what for"^
2 CCR.'s Upper Mining Dales. wat hiv^
3 CCR.'s Upper Craven with Upper Nidderdale, wat fwr^
4 CCR.'s Skipton and Mid Craven, wat for
[ 1976 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D81,Vi.]
THB WEST NORTHERN.
545
1 :d|tr^i9n hsz niiii d^iuts.
2 id^^hsnt ez niin duuts.
3 :d^i£tion ez n^ duuts.
4 :d^iSc«n ez n^B ddtits.
6. 1 tf Al'd bodt liPiroSe-l '1 tel aini o j« «t l&ifs
2 t' aat wuitrnvn wel' '1 til on» jan o Jii «t lafs
3 f dud wtimmi vsel' '1 tel om o Jii ot lafs
4 th ofid wtimvn vsel* '1 tel oni o 'Joo Bt lafs
1 n^iU, it waid*nt shpj?
2 nuu, ooB wtiBBt shB?
3 nuu, titf! wmBt sho?
4 ndtf, 00 ! wtn«t sho ?
7. 1 aini wee slwi tel'd m^ siidi twii di thrA t&imz 6u)9it^,
2 ontritBdz sli6i' tilt -meet it twb'B ^t^ri tdaimz dur^
3 oniwiiBZ sho teld *inee it t^uB thn t&tmz 6ub
4 onig^eBts shu timd 'inii it b tuBthri taimz 6tt9,
1 dhait Bd did sh^i
2 -sheildBd.
3 sho)did
4 did shB.
8. 1 shu wad 'tel dhB
2 8heei)d til jb oo Bbfut Bz)t
h^iU whaar® Bn
•uu Bn 'waar^
3 shuu)d tel JB 6b Bbaut it, beeBth uu Bn waar^
4 *sliuu)d tel JB beeBth &u Bn wh'Br
Bn
Bn
Bn
1 when shPi fain'd)d' d^rt/iqken biiBst Bd sh^i kAAlz
2 'wen t)waaro sh^i* fan)t' ^d^mkBU beiBs Bt shei kooBZ
3 wen it war Bt sho fant)t' ^d^rwkBU bliBs Bt sho koBZ
4 wen it wor Bt shti fan)t' drukBU hires Bt shu koBz
1 ^ir° main.
2 Br uzhsn.
3 Br uzhvn,
4 Br ttzbBn.
9. 1 shi 8waar° Bd shPi saa im wiV Pir° aan ^n, ligBn
2 8h6i swaar^ she saa im w6i Br oobu in, ligin
3 sho swaar^ Bt shuu saa im wiV Br oobu iin, ligf'n
4 shu thriiBpt Bt shw saa ira wi)tf 6Bn iin, ligi'n
1 iBiq' s t r^iidikt Btop B)d grwiud, iV iz gud sw,ndi
2 laq s^trekt Btop B)t' grtmt, iV iz gJud stmdB
3 s^tretjt Bt laq leqth ttpB)f grtmd, iV iz gfud simdB
4 laq stritBkt Btop B)t' grtmd, dond i iz gud simdB
[ 1977 ]
126
Digitized by LjOOQIC
546 THB WEST NORTHERN. [D 31, Y L
1 ktr^iot, klttT^m l>t)d* dyi^iT^ «y %z aan h^ius, d^iun »)d'
2 ktr^uBt, tltr^Bs l)^*)t' U8 diur^ duun 9)t'
3 ktr^trat, tl^etro bt)t* us dfur^ stItBd duun «t t'
4 koott, tl^ees l>t)t' ius duB sUred daua v)t'
1 nitfk B Jon It^iBntn.
2 nitfk B jondhB It^uBn.
3 kaanBr b Jon l^MBn.
4 kooBiiBr B jon l&wBn.
11. 1 Bn 'dhait haip'mpt bz hp|i^ Bn f sWiii wkii ktfi
2 Bn dhat ap'nt bz sheet Bn)t dotf^ts^r i Ioob kom
3 Bn dhat ap'nt Bz)f d^^^tB^r • loo Bn qTq kom
4 Bn dhat apBnd bz shuu Bn)t' d<5t<tBr i 16ob kom
1 ^t^r^^iu)d* haik sdatd fre hiqm)d* wet kl^idiZ t^cjut tB
2 ,t^rdu)t* bak gtiBth frev aqin t' wh*Bt tlttBz ut tB
3 thruu)t' bak gdBth frev tqm t* wet tl^eBz nut fs t«
4 thru)t' bak JBd fre tqin t' wet tl6eBZ tB
1 dr^dai B)d* wEshtn dee.
2 ^d^rdai bv b wetshtn deeB.
3 ^d^rat bv b weshm d4eB.
4 drat on b weshm deeB.
12. 1 wh&il)t' ket'l WBZ botlBU f^ir° t^fi, jaa fdain
2 waal)t* ket'l wa b6il«n fBro)t* ^dr/qktn jaa f^in
3 w41)t ket'l WB g^eBt b botltn fB)t' ^d^nqktn Jan fain
4 wiil th ket'l wor botlin fo)th driqktn jeB idin
1 brAit sUimPiro Ef^t^i^r°n(An.
2 briit ef tBniiBn i sumBrQ.
3 briit ef^tBUtViBn i stmiB.
4 briit eftBr^neBn i swrnBrQ.
13. 1 Bn it nyvPir° h^jr^d nowt ni rnaar® b dhts whel
2 Bn a nivBr^ laant oni maar Bn dhis tip tBv
3 Bn it n»yB laant on» m^eB dhen dh»s tip t/vtB
4 Bn ii m'vBro laant ont m^oBr Bn dhis tip tsl
1 tBdee, BZ sfuu^ir^ bz ma* n{idin))z8 :djaik.
2 tBdecB, BZ sfuBr bz mi niiBm)z :d^^Bni.
3 tBdeeB, bz siUBr bz mi neeBm^z :dj^tiBn.
4 tBdeeB, bz siur bz mi n^eBm;z :d|icBn.
14. 1 BnsiididimBnbigdaBnh^idimtB mi snip^ir^. gtid n^t.
2 Bn siiB aa)z gaqen irem tB git mi supBr^. gtriiBd niit.
3 Bn s^eB di ^z gaain 6eBm tB git mt stipB. giud niit.
4 Bn siiB ii)z gaqin eeBm tB mi suBpBr. gud niit.
[ 1978 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31, V i.] THE WEST KORTHERK. Sit
The complete compariflon of JGG.*8 Upper Swaledale with CCR.*b Mid Yo.
is given in the 22 interlinear cs. below. The characters that I gave for this
district were taken from JGG.*s versions, and it will be seen that they agree with
Ko. 1 above, which is considerably different from No. 2. In No. S, which
are reminiscences of a much older pronunciation than that heard by JGG.,
OCR. is inconsistent about the IT' ana French OU •• . Thus taking the complete
cs., of which only parts are given above, I find (nun, wivuut, duun, us, uu, duuts)
now, without, down, house, how, doubts, but (b&fit, &»s«mi'vvr) about, how-
ever. If these were righUy remembered, it would implv that earl^ in the
XIX th century only a few U' words in n. Craven had (&tt), whereas in 1876,
when JGG. tried tne region, all of them had it. On the other hand, CCR. in
his Skipton or m.Craven cs. has (u&m, d&t<n, &mb, ku, &M8Bmt*v«r, &tit, dh&w]
now, down, house, how, however, out, thou, and no (uu), as was to be expected.
Mr. Carr, in the intooduction to his 'Craven Glossary,' says (1828) : *'At the
distance of 5 or 6 miles from the e. b. of the parish of Skipton, the prommda-
tion is entirely changed ; thus h<mte is pron. hooae, and mouse moote^ cow 000, as
in the n. and e. Rimng of Yo." As tne distance is reckoned from the e. b. of
the parish, it is presumably to be measured towards the e., and in that case it
confirms Uie position here assigned to the s. hoose line 6. In the examples cited
in his glossary which relates to Mid Craven, Mr. Carr adopts rec. spelling for
' how, cow, sour, out, mouth, hour, thou, down, gown,' etc., evidently indicating
the soiind (&m).
CCR. occasionaUyusee (th) for the definite art. for Skipton (and Mr. Carr uses
M'), as well as by Washburn River (pp. 600, 502, 616, No. 6), which is adjacent.
If this were adopted, it would be necessary to change the position of the n. tht
teeth line 5, and carry it from Colne, La., n. of Skipton, and Blubberhouses,
and even Harrogate, but as the information is not complete, as the position of
the line past Harrogate is quite unknown, and as the usage, if it occurs, must
be rare, and is not generally acknowledged, I leave the line unaltered, with this
remark. TH., see next page, heard onfy (t*) at Skipton.
As Mr. Carr points out, Chaucer, in the Reeve's Tale, makes
his two frolicksome students come from " Strothir, fer in the
north, I cannot telle where." Mr. Carr identifies this with Lang-
strothdale (28 ne.Lancaster, 4 n.Penyghent Hill) in n.Craven,
and just s. of the s. hoose line 6. Chaucer would of course be no
authority whatever for the pron. of such a place, the very locality
of which he could not assign. In the speeches of these students
the only marked northemism is the use of / w for / am, which
still exists.
The whole of this extreme w. of Yo. is a rather wild and not
very populous region, but exactly on that account the more in-
teresting for our purpose, because there must have been fewer
instrumentalities at work for effecting great changes. From the
upper mining dales down s. to Sedberg, Dent, Burton-in-Lonsdale,
and Horton-in-Bibblesdale, it is well represented. I am less sure
of the n.w. horn of Yo. by Laithkirk, Mickleton, Romaldkirk,
etc., on the borders of the Tees. The vicar of Laithkirk, Rev.
W. R. Bell, supplied me with a wl. and a cs., but I did not feel
any confidence in my interpretation of his orthography. JGG.
however had an opportunity of hearing him read the wl., and I
give the result in the cwl. for Var. i, form h, below. The only
point of interest is the treatment of the XT'- words, which become
(euu), as already observed (p. 538, line 3 from bottom).
TH. in 1887 had accidentally an opportunity of hearing speech from a native
of Hurst in Upper Swaledale and Clapham (6 nw.Settle and 4 sw.Horton-in-
[ 1979 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
548 THB WEST NORTHERN. [D31, Vi.
Ribblesdale), both of them in JGO.*s territory. The Claphun ex. coDsiufans
of extracts from the cs. waa quite like JGG.'s, and hence need not be cited.
TH. got a dt. from Hurst, another from Giggleawick by Settle, and a third
from Skipton. These three I annex interlinearly. Their rariations from JGG.*8
are rery slight, the principal being at Hurst, wnere TH. heard JGG.*8 («ia) as
ioM, 6m), wnich is not surprising, for the ear requires long usage to distii^guish
^lU) from {6u)f to which it certainly leads.
Thbee Interlinear dt.
H Hurst (8 W.Richmond, To.), within the limits of the Muker cs.. No. 2 of the
22 interlinear cs. below, piiail. in 1887 by TH., from the dictation of a natire
then liying near Keighley.
G Giffgleswick (i w.SetSe), pal. in 1887 by TH., from a farm servant b. 1811.
This represents w. Craven.
S Skipton (39 w.York), pal. 1887, by TH., £rom a native shoemaker, b. 1817,
who had lived thero all his life.
The (r) is left unmarked, and is uncertain, TH. having probably identified it
with his own (r).
1. H Hurst A seB, ladz, n sH ndu vt di)m riit Bbdut
G Giggleswick. di see, tjaps, ji sti nau Bt A)m ra'tt Bbatrt
S Skipton, A sSb, t^aps, ra sH niu Bt A)in rs'it Bbatft
H dhat Idil las ktanm frB)f skfild Jon dB^r.
G dhat Idtl las kwmin fr^)t' sk^ul jon^der.
S dhat Idtl las kumni thrB)t^ sk6»l jondB^r.
2. H 8hB)z gJijin d<5wn)t' rdsd dh4r, thruu)t' rM gdtft.
G shi)z gdjfh daMn)t' nied dhtBr, thr(5w)t' rEd gJ£Et on)t' lEft
8 8hB)z gu;m daMn)t' ruBd dhlBr thia'w)^ lEd gjcBt on}t' Isft
H
G and sdid B)t' r^ind.
S and sdfd B)t' r^iBd.
3. H si JB, 8ht)z gj^on tB)f raq ditiBT \6u%\
G luuk jb! f b£lm)z gdn s^trE'it tip tB)f raq duBr [attsj.
8 liiuk jb! t' ^dtld)z gan s^t^rE'it wp tB)t' raq duBT.
4. H war sht)! nie)bt find dhat dniqk dlBf thin
G wiBr shB mee fmd dhat ^d^rwk'n dlBf riqk'ld
8 wiBr 8hB)l ap*n find dhat ^d^rttk'n [ d^nrf'n] dlBf w^Brd
H spEETi min Bt dhB kAAl :tom.
G ottd fElB, Bz dh^ kAA rtom.
8 thtn Mb, bz dh« IlaaI :tom.
5. H wi aaI nAA* im varB will.
G WI aaI naa im Tan? will.
8 WI aaI nAA im varB wfil.
6. H wiBnt t')AAM man siun lien bt nwit tB diu it BgJEEn,
G we(Bnt t')6wd tjap sown lam Br not tB dt*u it BgEEn,
8 wiBnt t')6wd tjap soin Um Br net tB du it BgjsBny
[ 1980 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31, V i, ii.] THE WEST NOBTHERN. 649
H pdtiBT thiq !
G p6«r thiq!
S p^Br b&m!
7. H link! tVnt it r^t?
G lowk! tViit tt ^tra'tt?
S Itiuk! t2*nt tt tra'w?
Yab. ii. Lonsdale.
It is with some hesitation that I write the two Lonsdalcs,
n. and s. of the Sands, as one variety, with two forms, Yar. iia,
and Var. ii^. The two together, as TH. points out, form an area
of transition for the A-, A' words from (b) through (ia) to the
Craven form {ii&\). Thus in Var. ii«, s. of the Sands, TH. heard
77 forms ending in (b) as against 20 ending in (a). But in Var.
ii^, n. of the Sands, he heard only 45 ending in (b) as against 25
ending in (aV For the U' words in Var. iia, s. of the Sands, we
find (iu) as in Craven, but in Var. iiJ, n. of the Sands, we have
(6«), a descendant of (i«iu). These are considerable differences.
A greater one is that V iia uses to and V iih generally at before the
infinitive. Still as to and at are both heard, notwithstanding the
prevalence of at, through V iii, and as to is not unfrequently heard
in V uby although at prevails, or at least used to prevail, it is
difficult to insist upon this as a mark of distinction.
Rev. T. EUwood, Rector of Torver, near Coniston, procured me
in 1873 a cs. from Ulverston by Mr.'R. Pearson, accountant, then
40 years acquainted with the dialect, and another from Mr. Roger
Bowness, postmaster and native of Coniston, generally considered
a great authority on the dialect, b. about 1803. Owing to the
sparing manner in which pron. was indicated in these cs., I have
not felt justified in attempting to pal. them. But the last has been
read to me by Miss M. A. Bell, and is given on p. 563, as No. 5
in the 22 interlinear cs. Four cases of to or at before the infinitive
occur in these two cs. Mr. Pearson writes, 1)1 wod trest em ^t
speeak trewth, par. 5 ; 2) hingin out t' wet claeas ta dry, par. 1 1 ;
3) I doant want td kna, par. 13; 4) sa sharp tn kra, par. 14.
Mr. Bowness has ta in all four cases. In *' Three Fumess Dialect
Stories by a Native" (Coward, Carlisle, 1867), given me by Mr.
Ellwood, td or to occurs before the infinitive 22 times, and at never.
In Roger Piketah*s Fomess Folk (Coward, Carlisle, 1870), an
examination of the first tale, *Amang t' Rowndheeads,* gives 18
to and 9 at before the infinitive, the latter being 1) a bit furder
dt gang ; 2) them at knaas how et dew it ; 3) I cuddent bide St
see *em ; 4) I ext *em what was H dew wi' him ; 5) we were
fooarst et part company; 6) he'd hed nowt it itt o* t' day; 7)
meadd me summat et itt ; 8) I'se fain et see ye ; 9) I heddent
mich time it spar.
Noticing these discrepancies, I wrote to Mr. Ellwood, and he
replied as follows on 2 Jan. 1874, the passages in [ ] being my
interpolations.
[ 1981 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
650 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 31, V ii.
" Ut (st) as the sign of the infinitive is used in Fumess, as Hn. Ellwood
[natiTe] and I can abundantly confirm. To and ta (tv) for the infinitive is found,
however, quite as commonly, and the tendency in the case of ut is rather to
become obsolete. [Miss M. A. Bell, who belongs to the younger generation,
could not remember having heard it.] Not that it is obsolete, or anything like it
as yet, for you may hear ut doy ut go, etc., every day here in the mouths of the
dalesmen as commonly as possible. It is also to be found, I believe, in s.Cu. as
far as that term is uscmI as comprehending Millom [13 ssw.Coniston] and
Whitbeck [16 sw.Comston, both on the sw. promontory of Cu.]. I took the
printed specimen [of my cs.] you inclosed to the Comston postmaster [Mr. R.
Bownessj, and he said, after carefully thinking the matter over, that ut might be
used for to in the case of two of the infinitives yon had marked in it, viz. * to
speak the truth * [par. 51, which might be put * ut speak t* truth,' and * to dry '
[par. 11], which might De ^ut dry. In the other two cases [to know, par. 13,
and to crow, p. 14] he thought, on account of euphonic reasons, which he could
not very well explain, to or ta (tii) ought to be retained. Wlien he first gave the
written specimen to me which I sent you before, I mentioned this very thing to
him, and suggested that in the case of the infinitive he should put ut, but he said
that one form was just as commonly used as the others, ana it was therefore
indifferent. So I let it remain to as ne had put it. There is one thing which I
think deserves to bo noticed in regard to the testimony in favour of ta and ut in
their Fumess usage, and that is, that those who have given ta or to, viz. Mr.
Morris [author of the * Three Fumess Stories '], the Coniston Postmaster, and I
believe Mr. R. Pearson, are all natives of the district, and have never been
much out of it ; while those who give ut and et invariably are, I think, com-
paratively strangers, — Mr. Gibson f referring to four High Fumess tales in his
* Folk-speech of Cumberland,* etc.] having only been aoout eight or nine years
in practice as a surgeon at Coniston, which was, I believe, the whole length of
his sojourn in Fumess [he was a Scotchman; his Fumess tales occupy about
twelve small pages, and contain ut thirty-seven times, and to three times, these
three cases bemg possibly oversights], while Roger Piketah, who is in tmth Dr.
Barber, formerlv of Ulverston, Uvea in Fumess just about the same length of
time as Mr. GiWn, and is really a Nottinghamshire man, knowing very littie
indeed about this dialect. ... It is easy enough, however, to assign a reason
why the natives should not dwell so much upon ut as those who are comparative
strangers. A stranger is more stmck by peculiarities, as ut certainly is, and,
thereiore, he, when writing in the dialect, eives them in every case, while the
native accustomed to them in their pr(^r order gives them only as they occur."
The fact about to and at seems to be that the people were Saxon
naturally using to^ that the at was a Scandinavian invasion which
only partially ousted to^ and that hence both are used with equal
correctness. It is to be observed also that though the two parts
of Lonsdale are separated by the estuary of the Gilpin running
into Morecamb Bay, from We., yet s.Lonsdale adjoins We., in the
s. of which both (au) and (^t) are used. But I have found it best
to separate We., which I place under Var. iii; and to distinguish
two forms a and h of Yar. ii. Except as regards the U' and A-
words and the use of to, at, these a and h forms of Var. ii are
almost identical, as the following comparison will shew.
Song of Solomon, Chap. ii.
The late Mr. R. B. Peacock wrote Chap. ii. of Solomon's Song of Songs for
the dialect of Lonsdale s. of the Sands, and Mr. J. Stockdale for the form of
Lonsdale n. of the Sands, both in a partially systematic orthography, as printed
on p. 31 of Mr. Peacock's pamphlet on the * Six Northem Counties of England,*
Berlin, 1863, subjoined to his Glossary of Lonsdale, Tram, Fhilologieai Soc .
[ 1982 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.I THE WEST NORTHERN. 551
Supplemeiit to part ii. 1867. I have here pal. these two versioiiB by means of
his Aey {ibid. p. 11), assisted by the two cwl. for these regions given below ^om
TH.'s observanons, but the (m) is uncertain (see p. 554), and (^t,r, ^d,r} was not
recognised, and the aspirate was retained.
1. S Lonsdale South of the Sands, di)z)t' rivdz « :sheer«ii, mi)V
N Lonsdale North of the Sands. dt)z)t' r^Bz « :8heer«n, «n)tf
S hit B)tf valtz.
N lilt B)t' val»z.
2. 8 iMnaq)t* lasBz mt luv)z l<ftk b 1i1» «maq)t' wikwiidz.
N B8)t 1»1» Bmaq)t' thArnz, sub iz mt Iwv Bmaq)t' dow^tB.rz.
3. S Binaq)tf ladz, mi hiluvd)z l(f»k vn ap'l Bmaq)t kom'Bii
N Bs)t' ap*l trii Bmaq)t' triiz B)t' wwd, sub iz mi btlwvd
S triiz; di sat mB diuR trndor hiz shadB wi gart
IN* Binaq)f sunz; di sat mB dotm undBr hiz shadB wi gart
S plezBr, Bn hiz triut wbz swiit tB mi tSast.
N djoi, Bn hiz triut wbz swiit tB m» teast.
4. S hi brotit mB tB)t' fiBstm hius, Bn ' hiz kt^lBr otrar mB
N hi broMt mB tB)f fhistBn hoMs, Bn htz kwlBr owbt mB
S WBZ Itiv.
N WBZ Iwv.
5. S g«)mB B s^Bp B stnnBt tB sup, tB kiimfBrt mB, Bn di sud
N frssh'n mB tip wt b sup b stimBt Bt ^d^nqk, gt)mB
S Idik sfim ap'lz tB »t; fsr d»)z diBd siik b luv.
N swm ap*lz Bt tt; far <f»)z feer siik b luv.
6. S hfz lEft hand)z tmdBr mi hiBd, Bn hiz r6tt hand
JN* h»z l£ft hand)z undBr mi hisd, Bn hiz riit hand duz
S ktid'lz mB.
N kod'l mB.
7. 8 Bn mdind jb dhts, jb :djBritizlBm lasBZ, bi)t' vali b o)t
N di warn jb, oo jb dowtBrz b :djBriwzBlBm, bi)t'
8 kdi Bn ship t )t' fiildz, bz jb d<xmt star wp, nBr wak*n
N Wbs Bn bt)t' jottz i)t' fiild, Bt jb star nBt up, wbt wak*n
8 mi Itiv, tBl)B l(fiks.
N mi luv tBl hi pliBZBZ.
8. 8 t* vol's B mi bilwvd ! l«k jb hi ktonz lottpin 6wBr)t^ fslz,
N t* vol's B mi btluvd! luk jb hi ktimz 16MpBn on)t' fElz,
[ 1983 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
662 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 31.
S BkElpin «top)B)f houz.
N sktpBn on)t' houz,
9. S mi btltivd^z Idtk v too wr v Jiiq buk ; Itik Jii, hi)z standm
N mt hiluvd)z Idik v too w v Jtfq buk ; luk, hi stands
S bthmt iuT woo, bi)z gluartn iut v)t' wmdQ, vn. shoo-m
N bthmt 6tir woo, hi) Ibks dvt Vjt' wtndBZ, shoo in
S bizsEl tbraU" lat)wark.
N hizsEl thru;t' lat'is.
10. S mi btltivd spak «n sEd ttf)mti, niu, btmi, git up, dhat)s
N mi biluvd ^ak Bn sEd tB mB, rdiz up, mi luv, mi
S B boni las, Bn kuu dbi w^^z.
N feer)Bn, Bn k«m hBr weez,
11. 8 far dM8)tB sii, f wintBr)z past, t' rwn)z 6«Br Bn gian.
N fBr)t* wintBr)z past, far sB'uBr, t'rwn)z duBr Bn gon.
12. S t' flatfBrz iz biginin tB blaa ; t' pann tdtm B)t' bsodz iz ktim,
N t' floiiBrz ktimz up B)t* arth, t* bardz iz bigin*Bn Bt siq,
8 Bn Jan mB biiBrU" stok diiv kuu'in i)t' wwdz.
N Bn)t kushBt kuu iz hard i our land.
13. 8 t' bEri triiz iz i blos'Bm, Bn)t swiit brfiBr)z bigin*in tB
N t* fEg trii pwts 6ut it griin fEgs, Bn)t' viiinz wi)t' tEndBr
8 sEnd &ui b r6it ndis smsl. duu git up wi dhB, d|6i, ku
'N greap givz b gtid smsl. git tip, mi Imt, mi
8 dhi w^^z di see, Bn lEt mB luk Bt dhi koni [—pretty] fias.
N feer)Bn, Bn kwm hBr w^tfz, di see,
14. 8 00 mi d}6i, bz iz i)t' niks B)t' krag, i)€ larkin huBlz
N 00 mi dttv, Bt)s i)t' kliqks B)t' kragz, i)f h^iidBn pl^asBz
8 B)t' steerz, kum iut wi dhat swiit ffas b dhi aan, hst mB
N B)t^ steerz, l£t mB sii dhi f6as, lEt mB
8 hfiBr dhi Wil klapBr gaq, far dhi vois iz mitizik itsEl,
N h(iBr dhi vois, fer swiit iz dhi Tois,
8 Bn dhati)z riit gtid lukin.
N Bn dhi feas iz riit boni.
15. 8 tEk ttz)t' foksBz, t' l<fil foksBz, bz spoilz t' v<finz ; fer wBr
N tak Mz)t^ foksBz, t' Idil foksBz, Bt spoilz t' ydinz ; fer 6ut
[ 1984 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31,Vii.] THE WB8T NORTHERN. 653
S ydinz hsz vast tsndw grfaps.
N ydinz hxv tsndvr greaps.
16. S mi btlt<vd)z mdm, vn di)z hiz ; hi fiidz vmvq)t' liliz.
N mi l>tlttyd)z nuiiii, «n dt)z hiz; hi fiidz «m«q)t' liliz,
17. S tBl)t^ dM brBk, «n)t' shad^z fliiz trv^M torn dhv, in»
N tBl d^brak, vn tBl)t' shadBZ fliiz vwee torn dho, m»
S bimt, vn bi Idik v too vt v juq bart 9 :bBdbBr fslz.
N btltivd, VR bi Idtk « roo Br « jtiq bwk on :bBdbvr fslz.
To these may be added tbe following for Lonsdale n. of the
Sands, which has the advantage of having been taken direct from
dictation.
BEOITGHTON-IN-rUKinSSS dt.
(ibrH'uf'ii i fA'ross) pal. 1881 by TH. from dictation of Mr. R. N. "Woodend, b.
aboat 1846, natiTe, then raiding at Barrow-in-Fnrnee8, who stated that no
change had taken place in dialectal speech during the preyious twenty yean.
1. di eee, ladz, ju si n6tt dhvt di)m rit «b6tit dhat Idtl las komtn
frB t^ skuul Jon^dB r.
2. 8hi)z gdBn aotm t' r^Bd dhiBr, thruu f rsd JEt [gj^] on t^
Mt and sdtd Bt t* niBd.
3. lugk JB ! t' <^ild)z [las bz] gaan s^t^re'tt WpP tB t' raq oiis ditiBr.
4. wAr 8hi)l ap'n ftnd dhat d^rWoqk'n dlBf widhBrd aad fslB [fuul
tjap], t)t' neem b :tom.
5. wi 00 naa)«m vara wiil.
6. w^nt t' aad ^ap sfBn t£l Br tB nBt dhi)t Bgjeen, puBr thtq !
7. Ittgk JB ! tt)s iLwdit ^t^riuu.
Bbou6hton-ik-Fubkb8S Phbases noted by TH.
1. (wMt dhB bEgBr katj it wEn iz fa^d'Br naaz i)z ^leedi ,t,r6ttBnt),
won't the [emphatic] beggar eaten it when his father knows
he's played" truant.
2. (w(fi, wot)8)tB gJEt'n frEsh tBd^ ?), well, what)ha8t)thou gotten
fresh to-day ?
3. (shi)l vara Idiklt dii tBmA^m), she'll very likely die to-morrow.
[not this morning, for to-morrow was given to translate.]
4. (war)s)tB gaan dhts af^tB mlBU ? di)z gaan jaam), where is (art)
thou going this afternoon? I is (am) going home. The
conjugation is with is throughout (<it)z, dhii)z, u)z, wii)z,
ji!i)z, dh^)z).
For Lonsdale n. of the Sands see also the Lower-Holker-in
Cartmel cs., the fourth of the 22 interlinear cs. pp. 558, 563 ; and
the cwl. for Yar. ii, both form a and form h.
[ 1985 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
654 THB WEST NOBTHBRN. [D 31, V n.
Thb TRAHsmoir fbom (iIq) to (h).
On p. 292 it was stated that TH. considered that a mixed region
existed where both (m, uJ) were heard to the south of a line drawn
from (Gainsborough in Li. to Ulverston (which he would now
correct to Coniston) in Lonsdale n. of the Sands, n.La. This was
promised to be considered in D 24 and D 31. For D 24, see p. 365.
We have now to look at D 31. According to the information sent
to me by TH., who in 1888 revisited the country on purpose, the
whole of both Lonsdales is a mixed region, where not only (u^) is
in most places, at least occasionally, and even frequently, used in
the cases he heard, but (ti) is likewise to be heard, and with this
also frequently a pure (u). It is almost needless to say that this
depends entirely on TH.'s appreciation, which I have been entirely
unable to check by the appreciation of other observers, who were
capable of distinguishing (u, u, ti^). Certainly beyond Lonsdale
in Cu., We. and Yo. this (uj) was not heard by my authority,
JGG., to whom TH.'s vowel was a novelty, p. 291, 1. 8 from
bottom. On the other hand, the tapering of (») into ($*, i) was
well known to him.
The places which TH. has Tisited for this purpose, and the number of words
containing &n (u) sound which he has examinea in each, are as follows :
Over Wyersdale 14, Lancaster 45, Caton (4 ne.Lancaster) 42, Hornby (8
ne.Lancaster) 40, Carnforth 45, Cark-in-Cartmel (5 e-hy-B.UlTerston) 55,
Lower Holker (5 e.UlTerston) 56, Ulverston 32, Broughton-in-Fumess 9,
Coniston 17, Higher Nihthwaite 9, total 364 cases.
The sounds heard in these examples, without specifying the particular cases,
are marked by him thus : (u) 83, (uj) 39, (k^) 8, between (w>) and (u) 1, (k) 131,
between («) and (kJ 3, between {u{} and (o) 1, (Wi) 24, (tfj 61, variants between
the last and (u, m, o), or («) ana (u) 10, (m) 1, (o) 2. Tlie running lies there-
fore with (u, u„ M, tfj. With regard to (wj, which is the main point to be
considered, the numbers of cases recorded were, Over Wyersdale 10, Lancaster
11, Caton 11, Hornby 5, Carnforth 0, total 37 cases (all s. of the Sands, and
hence under Midland influence), Cark 1, Lower Holker 13, Broughton-in-
Fumess 6, Coniston 2, Higher Nihthwaite 2, total 24, of which the greater
number is found at Lower Holker, and the others are so very sparse thai they
can hardly be regarded.
Hence we may say that Lonsdale s. of the Sands is a decidedly
mixed region, more than half the cases of (w^) observed by TH.
having there occurred, but that Lonsdale n. of the Sands (with
the exception of Lower Holker, which against 13 (u^) had 12 (u),
22 (ui) and 4 (m*), is almost entirely free of (Kq). It would require
a very long and extended observation, which we cannot expect
any one to undertake, to get more precise and definite results, and
we are greatly indebted to TH. for the great labour and pains
he has taken in obtaining, recording, and analysing his observa-
tions.
TH. has also analysed the transition from (i) through (i|, t^) to
(») in this same region, and in 174 cases finds (i) 8, (ii) 6, ($*) 4,
(t) 157, which last must therefore be consideied as the normal
pron.
[ 1986 }
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 81, V iii, It.] THE WEST KORTHERK. 655
Vab. iii. "Westmorland s. op the Watebshed.
This watershed, starting from Helvellyn, runs nearly e. over
Bydal Head, High Street, Harter or Carter Fell, n. of Crow Brow,
over Shap Fell to Orton Scar, and then runs nearly s. to Langdale
Fells, where it turns e. and enters Yo. by Howgill Fells. The
very names indicate a barrier, but in point of fact Yar.* iv, just n.
of this watershed, differs very slightly from Yar. iii. The most
prominent difference is, that m Yar. iii the use of o^ for to before
the infinitive is very general, but in Yar. iv to prevails. This
Yariety also includes that w. horn of Yo., w. of Bow Fell and
Whemside, containing Dent and Sedberg, as distinct from Craven,
Yar. i, which borders on it.
This Yar. iii, like Yar. i, is trayersed by the s. k^&te line 6, which puses from
the mouth of the Winster, on the b. of La. and We., in an ene. direction, to pass
between Dent on the s., and Sedberg on the n., then mnning se. through
Garsdale. Hence the small s. portion of this varietj uses (ku\, and the large n.
portion uses {it-^M) for XT'. This (»iU) as I hear it is quite distinct from {cb'u),
out is so like {6u) that I hare often found a difficulty in distinguishing it. Both
the (&M, t»iu) agree with the sounds in the corresponding parts of Yar. i, which,
except from the use of to for at, is barely separable from it This dialect is well
illustrated by Noe. 6 to 11 of the 22 interlinear cs., and a close examination will
shew how yery slight the differences are of one from the other, and all from
Yar. i, Nos. 2 and 3, Yar. ii, Nos. 4 and 6, Yar. iy, Nos. 12 to 17, with the exception
of the at and to. In No. 1 1, from Orton, We., there are some peculiar insertions
of (•]} in a number of words marked t, which JGG. had not observed in the
neighbourhood. The words are : he, this, who, certain, did, themselyes, kent,
herself, lying, length, said, bairn, happened, son, yard, day, kettle, tea, since,
week, next, does, never, more, till, shepherd, nignt, be, t'other. The same
informant dictateid No. 13, which has no trace of such an insertion. This
yariety is further illustrated by the cwl. from Dent and Howgill, the last of
which I was able to verify by a personal interview.
Yar. iv. Edenside.
The basin of the River Eden includes We. n. of the Watershed
and central Cu. This scarcely differs from the n. part of the last
except in the universal use of to (te) before the infinitive. It is
carefully illustrated by Nos. 12 to 17 of the 22 interlinear cs.,
and belongs entirely to the (^lu) region. Two of these cs., Nos.
14 and 16, are valuable from the care taken by the informants,
two old ladies, Mrs. Atkinson and Miss Powley, since deceased,
who had had a life's knowledge of the dialect, and the diligence
with which they were revised by JGG. from their dictation. This
variety extends northward to the n. tee line 7. It is to be observed
that this line makes almost a cusp about Kirk Oswald (15
nnw.Appleby), where, according to JGG., the change from WN.
to NN. is strongly marked. He observed that s. of Kirk Oswald
they called a 'stone dyke' a (stiidjU diik) genuine WN., and
a few miles to the n. a (st^^n d^»k) genuine NN. The w. b. of
this variety is not well defined, but may be regarded as running
to the n. from Helvellyn, and e. of Skiddaw. The e.b. may be
taken as the b. of Du. The change of pron. in passing into Du.
[ 1987 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
566 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 31, V t, n.
is very slight, and is said to occur about Harwood, Du. (11
une.Appleby, We., and close to the b.).
Some interest attaches to the slight differences between Yar. iii and It. The
words JE day, E say way have {ee) and (ee) in iii, and (bb) in i?. £A' in iii is (iin)
but (^i) in iy. Generally the close sounds (noo dte) no da^, belong tocher in iii,
and the open (noo dEB) in iy. 0' words haye (iu) in iii and (iu) in iy. The
aspirate in iii is a mild jerk ^h], and in iy a strong jerk (.h), the yoiceless
jerk {u\h) does not occur. These are only rough indications. Generally, iii
represents the s. parts of the district, and iy the n. portions. Most of the other
points are the same. See the Edenside speech-sounds, p. 639.
Var. t, West Citmbeblani).
So far as pron. is concerned, Var. v is very slightly different
from Yar. iv, but comprises what is usually known as Cu. on
account of Mr. Dickinson's Glossary. This author, whom I never
saw, kindly gave me a version of my cs., but it was superseded
by a vv. cs. by Mr. Hetherington for Clifton, close by Workington,
where Mr. Dickinson Hved. This forms No. 19 of the 22 inter-
linear cs. The s. parts are illustrated by a cs. dictated to JGG.
from Keswick, No. 18. The n. part, which is important as
forming a transition to NN., shewn by the frequent use of the
diphthong (et), for the {if) of the other parts, was diet, to me
by Rev. T. EUwood, No. 20. The slight differences which exist
are best appreciated by inspecting Nos. 18, 19, 20, in the 22 inter-
linear cs. already referred to, p. 563.
Vak. vi. South Ditbhah.
This comprises that part of Du. which is s. of the n. tee line 7,
and differs but slightly from Var. iv. The main difference seems
to be in the treatment of the TJ' words, and here I am unable to
give anything very satisfactory. They are generally assumed to
have (uu). but there is so much confusion between this and some
form roughly like (a'uu, «uu) that JGG. felt unable to decide what
the sound really was, but generally assumed (buu) as an approxi-
mation, using (o'uu), however, in some cases. Compare the
Laithkirk (^uu) in Var. i, p. 638. See the dt. and cwl. for Var.
vi, Weardale and Teesdale, given below. The Cu. (iiii) forms have
been worn down to (ii©, i«). This form is well illustrated by a
full word list for St. John's, Weardale, and Middleton-in-Teesdale,
and by a dt. for Stanhope, with full notes comparing three others
which I had received.
TwEinr-Two Iittbrlineak cs.
In order to shew the relatione, nmilaritj, aad difference* ol these Varieties,
and to compare them with the neighbouring D 30 and D 32, the following 22
interlinear yersions haye been inserted, chiefly trom the remarkable phonetic
transcripts made by JGG., for the following places : —
D 30, Var. i. D 31, Var. ii.
1. Mid Yorkshire. 4. Lower-Holker-in-Cartmel, La.
D 31, Var. i. ^' Coniston, La.
2. Muker or Upper Swaledale. D 31, Var. iii.
3. Hawes or Upper Wensleydale. 6. Casterton for Kirkby Lonsdale, We.
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D 31.] THE WEST NORTHERN. 667
7. Dent, Yo. 16. Langwathby, Cn.
8. Sedberg, Yo. 17. Ellonby, Cu.
9. Kendal, We. _ _
10. Long Sleddale, We. I> 31, Var. t.
11. Orton, We. 18. Keswick, On.
19. Clifton, Workington, Cn.
D 31 Var ir ^^' '^^W Holme, or Holme Col-
' * tram, Cu.
12. Kirkby Stephen, We. ^ ^ .
13. Crosby Ravensworth, We. ^ 32, Var. i.
14. Temple Sowerby, We. 21. Carlisle, Cu.
16. Milbum, We. 22. Knaresdale, Nb.
Introductions.
No. 1. Mid Yorkshire^ D 30, Var. i, form a. This is repeated from D 30,
p. 602, where it heads the 10 cs. there given, and is pUced at the head of these
also, as a standard of comparison to shew the difference between the eastern and
western forms of the N. diT.
No. 2. Muker or Upper SwaUdale (:swAAd*r), on the (rsw/i^jl), (16 w-by-s.
Richmond), D 31, Var. i, form a. This was written in 1876 by JGG. from his
own observations when employed in the Ooyemment Geological Surrey of the
neighbourhood for some years. He was assisted by Mr. ^?rard Alderson (b.
1831), of Keld (16 w.Richmond) ; George Calvert, of Muker (16 w-by-s.Richmona).
then old and since dead ; James Clarkson, of Reeth (8 w.Richmond), then old
and since dead ; James Broderick, of Summer Lodge pS wsw. Richmond) ; Mrs.
Clarkson (then aged and now dead) and her family, of Satron (2 e.Muker) ; Mr.
James Kearton (b. 1808, and since dead) and ^nily, of Muker; Mr. Enoch
Atkinson and family, of Arkendale Head (16 wnw.Richmond) ; Mr. Willey and
family, of Arkendale ; Mr. Liddle, and many other natives. The cs. has been
compared with the living speech, as used by old people in Swaledale generally,
and oy those above mentioned in particular, at least 20 times, and in Oct. 1877,
JGG. considered it to be a fair representative of the dialectal pron. current
among the older inhabitants. That of the younger people differs so little from
that of the old that it did not seem to require a separate venion. The chief
difference lies in the use of (fv, /i«) for (in, iuu) as (siBnr°} for (s/«gir^), but
this avowed modernism is found only amon^ the younger inhabitants of the lower
parts of the dale, when the speech merges into that of D 30. The wording here
given has been generally accepted as the best rendering of the sense that it is
possible to make without departing considerably from the original text. Some
variants are given in the subsequent notes. In the autumn of 1882 JGG., in
many visits to me of several hours each, went over all his versions given among
these 22, especially Nob. 2, 3, 6 to 17, and we then settled the best palaeotypic
forms to be used. These versions therefore, and especially the present No. 2,
are, probably, the most exact representations of genuine old peasant pron. in
secluaed spots that have as yet been obtained. The only versions comparable to
them are those due to TH. in the Midland div., but, through circumstances,
these had not been so frequently revised and compared with native speakers
as JGG.*s. In the notes which follow the 22 interlinear cs. will be found
many remarks upon the sounds represented and their notation. See also the cwl.
written from the dictation of Mr. £. Alderson, of Keld, mentioned above, givtiu
below, Var. i, letter M. JGG. also wrote a translation into this form of speech
of the scene between Lanee and Speed from Shakspere in the notice prefixed to
Part III., but it will not be ^ven here because the example was ill selected.
No. 3. Ha%ce$ (19 sw.Richmond), for Upper Wensleydale, D 31, Yar. i,
form b. This was pal. in Oct. 1876, by JGG., from the dictation of Mr. Shaw
(b. about 1820), Registrar of Birtiis for the district, educated, and many years a
schoolmaster there. His (r^, h) did not fairly represent the well-marked forms of
the outlying parts, but in other respects his pronunciation was identical with that
of an old dalesman, who, on ^ same day that this cs. was dictated, drove JGG.
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558 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 31.
a long distance, and conrened with him all the time. All the (ti |U) of this cs.
were reported hy Mr. Shaw to have been (ku) some thir^ years preTiooBly, or
about 1846, as they now are in Dent, No. 6, below. ReYised with JGG. in
Nov. 1882, bv AJE.
The resemblance between the Upper Swaledale and Wendeydale cs. amounts
to a practical identity. In order to shew it strongly whenever the word in the
second is the same as in the first, I put (,,) in No. 3 instead of rewriting the
word, but I insert the word if even the difference is minute, as with a long
instead of a medial vowel, and write ( — ) when there is no equivalent in No. 3 to
the word in No. 2.
No. 3 is connected with No. 4 by Upper Craven, and n.La. of which I have
no cs., and hence I must refer to the cwl. for Var. i, North Craven, given below.
Without this explanation the skip of 31 miles, from Hawes to Cartmel, appears
tremendous, but practically, as we shall see, pron. remains the same as at Muker
and Hawes throughout.
No. 4. Lower' Holker -in- Cartmel f Lonsdale n. of the Sands, n.La., D 31, Var.
iid, 12 nw.Lancaster, pal. in May, 1877, by TH., from the dictation of Thomas
Thomhill, of Lower Holker, assistant gardener at Holker Hall, b. 1819, native.
This was an early attempt at writing this dialect, and TH. did not properly
observe the curious (/&) forms, which stnick him as (h). In later notes (1881),
from the same informant, he writes Uie equivalents of (mtia^k, b/aHh, or/a 'a,
mia'st, spla'k, skla^s, sl/aH) make, both, broad, most, speak, scarce, slate, which
approach to JQQ.*s forms. Also at Comston in (1881) ne records fii6a, st^) no,
stone. So that (/&) must be taken as the normal form, though often mixed up
with (fe) (see p. 649). Allowing this I find practically the same pron. all over
Fumess and Cartmel. TH. had examined Carle (where he was fortunate enough
to find an old woman b. in 1797), Ulverston, Coniston, and Broughton. The
great feature of this variety is the conversion of (uu) through (tlju) into (6m), a
remarkably slight change in reality, uid it was through this, 1 tmnk, that the
form (&») was subsequently obtained, see the following cs.
No. 6. Coniston. This cs. written in io. by Mr. Roger Bownees, postmaster
of Coniston, b. ca. 1807, was obtained fc^ me by Rev. T. EUwoonI, rector of
Torver, p. 649, but it was not possible for me to interpret the spelling satis-
factorily. After nearly ten years Miss M. A. Bell, a native, at Mr. Ellwood^s
request, read me the cs. from the original orthography for me to pal. Miss Bell
also read to me Mr. £llwood*s wl. See the f^uness cwl. Var. ii6, below. She
belonged to the younger generation of dialect speakers, as Mr. Bowness did to
the older. I did not recognise (/|i) in her pron., but only (tt). I did not hear
(a,), but only (a). Miss B. could not recollect having heard at before the infin.,
on this usage see intro. to D 31, Var. iii, p. 660. Her r was nearly vocalised
when before a consonant or final, but I write (r). I assume her #, m to be
fs, M,), but the difference from (e, u\ was not certam. In the fractures I heard
lib) or (i&), not («i&i). I assume also that her ou was (6k), but the difference
mnn (h'm) was not well marked. This represents the same Var. iib as No. 4.
No. 6. Caeterton (2 ne.Kirkby Lonsdale, 10 se.Kendal, We.), representing
Kirkby Lonsdale, D 31, Var. iii, form a. Pal. in 1876 by J66. from the
dictation of Mrs. Wilson, b. about 1826, native, who had lived most of her
life at Casterton, but had a few years previously removed to Penrith, Cu. , where
she was keeper of the Castie Bar ToUgate. She spoke most of her home words
in this form. She then used (ts) to, before the infinitive, but in hor younger
days she had used (vt). The participial tenninati<m -in^, here written (on), is in
JQG.'s opinion more nearly (-an), but not at all (-n). The U' is completely
(ku). The (oi) differs scarcely at all from (s).
No. 7. Dent, Yo. (12 ese.Kendal, We.), D 31, Var. iii, form b. Dent, or
Dentdale, is the district. Dent's Town is the town. This cs. was pal. May, 1876,
by JGG. from the diet, of Mr. Parrington, a native of Dent*s Town, close to the
late Prof. Adam Sedgwick*s birthplace (see Part I. p. 289, note 4, and p. 311,
note 1), a shoemaker by trade, and then living at Keld in Upper Swaledsile (see
No. 2, p. 667), where he had kept a small inn for 10 years, and he had with him
at the time a young man fresh from Dent. He is not an educated mnu, and
continued to speak much of the Dent dialect at Keld. He still used (ut) at,
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D81.] THB WB8T NORTHERN. 669
for to, before the Infinitire in ordmarr conTerMtion at times ; his (■) is lower
than the normal, his (r) distinctly trilled, and not Irazsed, he employed (nh)
initial for ibi- in ordinary conrersation, and he remembers (w'r-), out not the
gnttorals, as Prof. Sedgwick did. The participial ending -in^ is perhaps most
mtdligibly represented by («n), but there is a sound of (a) running through it
as if from the old form in -ande, so that it might be written (e^), thus (-e'n).
No. 8. Sedbety (:snb0,r), To. (9 e-by-n.Kendal, We.),and Cantley (3n.Sedberg).
D 31, Var. iii, form e, Sedbei^g and Dent lie on a peninsula of lo., which runs
into We., and the speech is strictly the same as We., but the s. hoote line 6 runs
between Sedberg and Dent, so that while Dent says (ha'tis^, Sedberg says (h^|Us|,
which is received as fhuus). Sedberg parish contains tne curacies of Cow^ilL
called (:koogtl), (the late Prof. Sedgwick's birthplace, see his Memorial ated
in Part I. p. 289, note 4), Dent (where his father was minister), Garsdale,
Howgill (from which JQQ. procured a word list, given below, Var. iii), Cautley
(from which JOG. obtained a cs., see note to this No. 8), and Dowbiggin.
Although 80 close to one another, there is not much communication between
Cautley and Sedberg. One memb^ of a family in Cautley goes to Sedberg on
market days, seldom offcener. Tet the dialects are as nearly as possible identical.
Hence only the Sedberg rersion is here given, which JOO. prefers, and the
Cautley variants are subjoined in the notes. The Sedberg version was pal. by
JOO. m Sept. 1876, from the diet, of Bir. Foster, b. about 1811, an uneducated
native of Sedberg, where he lived 36 to 40 years, afterwards passing a few years
in Keighley (Lower Craven, Yo., see D 24), and then at Asniffg, Upper
Wensleydale, To. (5 e.Hawes), and finally had charge of the tol^te s. of
Penrith, Cu. His (r) is trilled, and (nh) distinct. He uses at dry, at crow,
pars. 11 and 14. The Cautley version was pal. by JOO. in Dec. 1876, from the
diet, of Bfr. Oibson, a farmer, who had picked up learning enough to qualify
himself as a National Schoolmaster in Cautley, but who was ceitainly not an
educated man. He was b. near Sedberg, ana had lived 18 years at Cautley.
JOO. was four to six weeks at Cautlej at different times, and can vouch for the
general accuracy of the version, but thmks that in cases of difference preference
snould be given to the Sedberg version as dictated by an older man.
As the Sedberg and Dent versions are so much alike, almost the only real
difference being tine treatment of the V words, all words in the Sedberg identical
with those in the Dent version will be merely represented by („), and words
omitted by ( — ).
No. 9. Kendalf We., Yar. iii, form d, Mr. Joseph Brown, of the Orammar
School, Kendal, in 1874, sent me a version of this cs. in systematic orthography,
which I then transliterated to the best of my ability, aided bv long ezpliuiations
given me by Mr. Brown in answers to questions. In 1876 JOO. was fortunately
enabled to pal. Mr. Brown's version from his own dictation, and I can thus
present it in the same orthography as the other We. versions. Bfr. Brown also
gave me a complete wl. in Oloesic, but not to confuse the two methods of
appreciation I do not give it. Mr. B., as most speakers there, considered his
(uu, ii) to be quite pure, and JOO. considered them to be nearly so. Mr. B.
writes the gloesic equivalent to flii;am, hii^al, fadvr, d^, tse\, riit, f&tv, spiiiek,
gree, ket, oiijtMi, thr^, gr^tn, iiuus. sp&im, nii;im) for lame, whole, father, day,
tail, right, five, speak, grey, key, dead, three, g^n, house, spoon, noon. The
aspirate is very Uffbt (i h). Mr. Brown used (o) in speech, but he meant (o)fui
here written. The (r) is always trilled, though very lightly when final. The
use of (wr-) as (w*r-) is remembered, but is no longer neard. JOO. was
generally content with writing (ee), but sometimes used (eci), intermediate
between (ee, sn). Many of these little differences may be mere individualities.
No. 10. Lonff SUddale, We., Yar. iii, form #. Long Sleddale is hardlj a
village, it is a straggling parish, about 6 m. long and if m. wide, on the River
Sprint, pop. 173, the southernmost point being about 6 n.Kendal. It must not
be confounded with Wet Sleddale ^3 ne.Shap Fells) on a branch of the River
Lowther, so that the watershed lies between them. Long Sleddale was the
native place of Rev. Thomas Clarke, from 1856 Rector of Ormside (2 se.Appleby),
who wrote me a version in it, which was subsequently pal. from his dictation oy
JOO., and revised in October, 1875. All the (r) are trilled. The (t^i) is nearer
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660 THE WBST NORTHERN. [B 31.
(ii) than in Eden Valley, Yar. it. Mr. Clarice insiflted on pure (ii, nn), bat I
have used («,i> ^lU) as agreeing better with the actual neaaant pron. of the
neighbourhooa. Of Mr. Clarke's pron. of friend^ Dr. Mnrray says: "Mr.
Cku-ke*B vowel, instead of seeming to me something between my (a) and soathem
(a), was something on the other side of (e), more forward ana higher — ^between
(frynd
fryittd
frend • frend)
There was to me a decided sugg^on of (y) in it, but no risible rounding.'* I
have used (fr^ind), and readers will not be far wrong in saying (frynd) or (m^nd).
Mr. C. usea rts) to before the infinitive, but (st) at is tne ordinary preposition
used in the oistrict, and (t«) to is refined. Though (stiv) is not as usual as
(sib), this pron. is not unfrequent, but they differ in meaning in adjoining districts.
Initial (w*r-) seems to exist, Mr. C. gave (w^rajq, wraiq), and even (ura^q).
No. 11. Orton^ We. D 31, Yar. iii, form /. Orton is 11 ne.Kendal, and 8
sw.Appleby on the s. side of the watershed, a large parish of 24,430 acres and
with only 1449 inhabitants, the town having 668. This version was pal. about
1876 by JGG., from the dictation of Mr. James Dover, of Woodfoot, Crosby
Ravensworth (6 sw.Appleby), a comdealer, or * badger,' who. has known the
dialect h'om his youth, and nas places of business in each of the ^ncipal towns
around; he is a very observant and intelligent man. This version is believed
to be in many respects very accurate, but JGG. heard it only once, revising
his writing the next day. The words marked t have the pronunciation indicated
by Mr. Dover, with an inserted (/,}, see p. 666, but these pronunciations have
not been confirmed by other observations made by JGG.
No. 12. Kirkbu Stephen, We. (9 sse.Appleby), D 31, Yar. iv, form a. Pal.
in Oct. 1876, by JGG. from the dictation of Mr. Joseph Steel, better known
as ** Joe" Steel, b. 1811, a mason, a native of Kirkby Stephen, where he had
lived nearly all his life, a self-educated man, fairly well read in all matters
relating to the antiquities and folklore of his district, and well known .as a verse
writer. From nearly a three years' acquaintance with the Kirkby Stephen
dialect, JGG. considers this cs. to be a fair representation of the speech of the
older people of that neighbourhood. Mr. Steel does not recognize (nh, kh, kjh,
kwh) as occurring in the speech of any old person he can remember.
No. 13. Cro^ Eavenetcorth, We. (6 sw.Appleby), representing the country
districts s. of Appleby. D 31, Yar. iv, form ^ pal. 1876-8 by J&G. from the
dictation of Mr. James Dover (see No. 11, above, comdealer, of Woodfoot (1 s.
Crosby Ravensworth), where he has lived all his life. He uses much the same
speech as in this version when dealing with the country people. He received
a good local education, and was said at that time to write verses. JGG. says he
has heard more antiquated forms from old folk that come from the same part,
such as initial (wh), and even (mh) after suspended (f), as (t* mhm^tm) the moon.
In the preface to the Westmoreland version of the Song of Solomon, by the Rev.
John Richardson Qritsni), Head Master of Appleby School, written for Prince
L.-L. Bonaparte, ne says, **ebm-€Hpt ^evenly-clipped. The bm sound is very
peculiar ; ' confined, perhaps, to our dialect. To give b its due power we must
close the lips. Well, keep them closed ; then carry m half-way through the nose,
[meaning ?J and you will get the exact value of bm in ebm . , .; bm and tnb seem
to be botii simple sounds. We have the bm sound in tebm, elebm, priest-ebm fa
young student on the eve of holy orders), and in many other words, of whicli
ibm-in* for evening is one of the most noteworthy. Itt^n-it, past participle and
imperative of the verb eat ; inha, simple sound partddn^ of t and n in the same
manner that ^ is a simple sound partaking of b ana m." On this Prince
LLB. remarks in pencil in my copy: '* Je suis certain que le ^ de Westm.
est un son simple, mais je ne crois pas aveo le traducteur, au in simple."
Although Mr. Richardson's explanations are not very lucid, his story of a
hackney coachman with a cold in his head, saying mbove, leads one to suppose
that he meant (b^, d^) or {b, d) with an imperfect nasal resonance. But JuG.
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IS<
D 31.] THB WEST NORTHERN. 561
could not hear any difference between this b and his own (b). Mr. Dover did
not remember (w*r-)i but an old lady with whom JG6. lodged at Hilton (3 e.
Appleby), and who could not read, b. about 1816, remembered it well enough ;
she, howerer, had never heard (kh kjh kwh). Old people of good memories have
denied the use of (kh) in their time, in Var. iv, and JGG. does not believe in its
present existence.
No. 14. Tfmple Sowerhyy We. (6 nw -by- w. Appleby). D 31, Var. iv, form tf,
1. 1876-8, by JGG., from the dictation of the late Mrs. Atkinson, of Winderwath
^the name of her house, standing 1 nw. Temple Sowerbv) on the Eden. This was
taken down and revised, indeed, rewritten six times, after consultation with Mrs.
A. She had lived in this neighbourhood 60 years, and had had abundant opportunity
of acquiring a complete knowledfi^e of the dialect. She was the wife of a
former Hi^ Sheriff of Westmorland. She herself used pure fii, im), and
insisted on JGG. so writing the sounds. But this was a purism on tier part, the
neighbouring peasantry usin^ only (»ii» «in), which have therefore been here
suMtituted. she also used tne finals (-th^,r^, -dlU|r°), for which the peasantry
say (-t^ttfjr^, -d.dpjr^, which are here restoreid. In other respects her pronuncia-
tion has been scrupulously followed.
No. 16. Milbum, We. (6 nw.Appleby). D 31, Var. iv, form d. JGG. resided
a considerable time in Milbum from 18y6 onwards, making it his headquarters.
The present is the result of two years' observations, and he has been assisted by
Mrs. Howe and family, Mrs. Robinson and family, and Mr. Lowis, all life-long
residents at Milbum. He believes that this version fairly represents the speech
of the folk about Milbum. He considers that pure (uu, ii) are quite unknown in
the Eden Valley speech, their places being taken by (it |U, t,i), and ouite as often
by (^'u, 6H). Mrs. Robinson volunteered ue remark that JGG. said (iniu) in place
of (ko'u) or (kM|U) at a dialect reading there. He has occasionally heard (nh-, wV-),
as in (nhok, wVt,it^ knock, wright. The distinction between the verbal noun
and present participle is fre^uenuy lost, but JGG. thinks they would say (w«)v
•f^jri'VPir^ B WBshtn t« dtw ti WBshim dss), we have forever washing— an endless
quantity of washing (verbal noun) to do this washing day (treated as present
partidme, though am a verbal noun). The present participle invariably ends in
(«n), the (b) approaching (ai) ; the adj. form ends in (tn) and sometimes in (bu) ;
the verbal noun almost always ends in (tn). The (^|r^, #.) are frequently used
theoretically in this and preceding versions, that is, when their presence has once
been clearly perceived in one or two words more distinctly pronounced for the
unaccented syllables, they are assumed to exist in other unaccented syllables
where they had not been uttered with sufficient cleamess to be identified. When
{^\^ ends a word and is preceded by a short vowel, it is usually preceded by a
non-dental (d), as (fad^d^i^r), and the tongue may be felt to glide along the hard
palate from the (d) to the (^a) position.
No. 16. Langwathby (ilajqBnbi), e.Cu. (4 ne.Penrith), D 31, Var. iv, form e.
The late Miss Mary Powley (:pMiUli, .'pos'uli, :puuli), the Cumberland poetess,
sister of Mrs. Atkinson (see No. 14, above), when verv old sent me this version
in her own orthography. She died 23 Dec. 1882, but in 1876-7 JGG. had
opportunities kindly given him by her of palaeotypine it from her dictation, and
he compared his transcription four times with her. She considered that she gave
the pron. of 40 or 60 years previously, or about 1820-30, and says that some old
people still speak so, in se.Cu. and n.We., her father's locality, not n.Cu., which
Delongs to D 32, and is more like Lowland Scotch. Miss Powley, like Mrs.
Anderson, dictated pure (uu, ii), but these have been altered to (ttjU, t^i), as
generally heard. She also did not nasalise (&ai) into (&a t), as usual m the
neighbourhood, but this has been left. She remembered (w^r-, kh-), also (nh-)
or Ttn-, tnh-) for initial kn. Some of the words, as door, too, ground, few,
wasning, etc., have been carefully examined with Miss P. not less than 7 or 8
times. The representative of JSngUsh t<r, er is decidedly (^ir^, 9{f), but
Thursday, hurt, worm, word, and a few others may be normally {uu^, oo^i^:
Custom, however, varies, and {99{f) is certainly the common old form. Miss P.
abridged some passages of the cs., saying in her letter to me 23 Oct. 1873,
sending the cs., that there were ** many more words in the example than an old
Cumbrian would have thought of to express his meaning. People who speak
E.B. Pron. PartV. [ 1993 ] 127
Digitized by LjOOQIC
662 THB WEST MOKTHBRN. [D 31.
such language are meetly too poeitive to ask what others think. Why is not
a Cumb. ruatic word, nor notwithstanding ^ nor thought but ' what for^ far aw*
that.* Fact, eascy point, straight off, and want are unheard of by old rural
rple. Prate, and to tup, and quick in this sense would require a dictionary or
reckoned proper to that alone.*' Hence the interlinear comparison is <tften
deficient, though it is fuller than Miss P. at first wrote.
No. 17. £llonby (6 nw.Penrith, Cu.), a hamlet in the parish of Skelton,
D 31, Var. iv, form/. Pal. in 1876-6, and twice re-audiM, by JGG. from the
diet, of Mr. Bainbridge, occasionally called (:bBBnbrtg), b. about 1846, a linen-
draper at Penrith, but a native of £llonby. He had himself used most of the
following expressions, and distinctly remembers hearing the remainder from the
old people there. JGG., from his knowledge of the Skelton district, considers
this to be a fair representation of the older torms of the home speech of those
parts at that time.
No. 18. Keswick, Cu., D 31, Var. y, form a. Written in systematic ortho*
graphy, with great care, in 1873, by Bfr. William Postlethwaite, then master of
the Courch of England schools at Wreay (:r(e), (5 se.Carlisle), but knowing the
Keewick speech from childhood. He could not send me the speech of ^tch
Cumberland, on the borders of which he lived. Fortunately JGG. was able to
pal. his cs. from his diet, in Nov. 1876, and from this the present copy is taken.
JGG. says he is afraid that it does not ade<}uately represent the old folk speech
of 30 years previously, that is, 1846, but it was the oldest that Mr. P. could
remember with any approach to certainty. Mr. P. said that pure (uu, ii) were
used, but he himself in speaking to the children employed (i|U, t'li), which forms
are therefore here written.
No. 19. Clifton, Cu. (2 e. Workington). D 81, Var. y, form h. Originally
written Oct. 1873, in Glossic, by Mr. J. N. Hetherington, son of the late Vicar
of Clifton. He had known the dialect for 26 years. This was pal. by AJ£., and
corrected from dictation in Nov. 1876.
No. 20. Abbey Eokne or Holme Cultram, Cu. (14 wsw. Carlisle], on the
Waver, which runs into the Solway Frith. This version was originally written
in Dec. 1873, in his own orthography, by Bev. T. Ellwood, Rector of Torver
(2 ssw.Coniston-in-Fumess), n.La., author of * Welcome into Cumberland,* aiid
other Cumberland poems, native, and acquainted with the dialect all his life.
The same month it was read to me by Mr. Harkness, of Aspatria Qspi&'tn) (12
ne. Workington, and 6 s-by-w. Holme Cultram), who, however, haa not been in
the district itself. But in July, 1884, I had the advanta^ ^ correcting mj
transcript, although somewhat hastily, from the dictation of Mr. Ellwood himseli
Hence tnis version cannot compare for minute accuracy with those of JGG. The
dialect was first recommended to my notice by Mr. Hetherington (see No. 19,
above) as a transitional form between central and north Cu. The use of (i^) for
the, and (a)£) for / am, however, keeps this quite distinct from D 32, Carhsle.
This is said by Mr. Ellwood to be the language of Dandie Dinmont in Ouy
Mannering, This gives D 31, Var. v, form e.
No. 21. Carlisle, Cu. D 32, Var. i, form a. Although Carlisle lies n. of
the n. tee line 7, and hence belongs to the North Northern or D 32, yet on
account of its close connection with the other Cu. varieties (all of which have (t*)
the), aud the general resembknce of the vowel system, which approximates to
the Abbey Holme form. No. 20, it seems best to pkce it here. It is shaiply
distinguished from the L. form by the use of (u, mO for U in place of the L. (k),
without any transitional form. Of this renon I had an example written from
tb6 dictation of a maidservant fresh from Dalston (4 ssw. Carlisle), whose father
was from Wreay (:rti8) (6 sse. Carlisle), and mother from Sou^waite (7 see.
Carlisle). But it was one of my earliest attempts to write down dialect from dic-
tation, and I was £rom the first not satisfied with the result. I had also had no
opportunity of revising it. I was therefore glad to have a version from the
practised hand and ear of JGG., to whom it was first written, and then dictated
Dv the late Mrs. Atkinson, of Winderwath (see No. 14, p. 661). Her family was
of Scotch extraction, and her parents had always servants from Scotland or the
neighbourhood of Carlisle. From these Mrs. A. learned her Carlisle speech,
which JGG., from his knowledge of Carlisle, considers to be very fairly repre-
[ 1994 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.]
THE WEST NORTHERN.
663
sented in this venion. Mrs. A. left (ii, uu) pure as in Scotland, but as J66.
always heard (t\i, iju) from old people, 1 have introduced these forms as in
Nofl. 14 and 16. It is most probable that they should also be used in No. 20,
but I had no authority to make the change. Mrs. Atkinson wrote out this
version tvrice in her own orthomphy, and frequently revised it with JGG. The
final form resulted from a con^rence between him and me in 1882.
No. 22. Knaretdale, Nb. (17 e.Carlisle, Cu.), just beyond the n. tee line 7.
D. 32, Var. i, form b» This is the connecting link between Cu. and Nb., but is still
decidedly Cu. in character. Pal. in Oct. 1876, by JGG., from the diet, of Mr.
Jacob ^ell, b. about 1826 at Knaresdale, where he lived till he was 18 ; since
then he has lived as a miller in the valley of the Eden, Cu., and mainly at
Blencam, a hamlet of the parish of Eirkland, Cu. (8 n-by-e. Penrith), at the
foot of Cross Fell. He was not an educated man, but spoke a mixture of the
Knaresdale and Eden Valley forms of speech, though at home he generally used
his native speech. His («ii) is hardly distinguishable from JGG.'s own (li), his
(uiu) resemoles that in the Eden Valley, No. 12 to 17. His (r) is gently tnlled,
and is not (r^). He says (fi(iu, btz'uMS, ri\iz*n) few, business, reason. He does
not remember (nh-, wr-, kjh, ktrh).
*»* In arranging these 22 cs. interlinearly, care has been taken by leads and
rules to indicate the grouping. The complete sets of 22 cs., of which two occur
on a page, are separated by rules. The No. 1, which does not belong to this
district, and is only placed here for comparison, is separated by a thick lead, from
Nos. 2 and 3, which forms Var. i. Then another lead senaratee these two from
Nob. 4 and 5, constituting Var. ii. The other groups are Nos. 6 to 11 or Var. iii,
Nos. 12 to 17 or Var. iv, Nos. 18 to 20 or Var. v, and Nos. 21, 22, which
belong to the next district. These gronps are shewn especially well in the first
set immediately below.
Text.
0. 1 D 30,
V.i.
2 D31,
V. i.
3 D31
V.i.
4 D31,
V. ii*.
6 D31,
V. ii*.
6 D31,
V. iii.
7 D31,
V. iii.
8 D31,
V. iii.
9 D31,
V. iii.
10 D 31,
V. iii.
11 D31,
V. iii.
12 D31
V.iv.
13 D31
V.iT.
14 D31
V.iv.
16 D31
, V. iv.
16 D31
V.iv.
17 D31
V.iv.
18 D31
,V.v.
19 D31
,V.v.
20 D31
,V.v.
21 D32
, V.i.
22 D32
,V.i.
Mid Yarkshire^ pp. 502 and 557.
wat fo
Muker, Yo. p. 557.
MaweSy Yo. p. 557.
whait for®
h^iu t)f z «t
Lower-Holker-in- Cartmel, La. p. 558 . w<i»
Conistony La. p. 558. wat for
jrir% Zonsdalsy We. p. 558.
Denty Yo. p. 558.
Sedberoy Yo. p. 559.
KendJy We. p. 559.
Lon^ SleddaUy We. p. 559.
Ortony We. p. 560.
wha,t for®
what fAAF
whait
wha»
what for®
jrtr% St&pheny We. p. 560.
Crosbv Havensworthy We., p. 560.
Temple Sowerhyy We. p. 561.
Milbumy We. p. 561.
Langwathhyy Cu. p. 561.
Ellonbyy Cu. p. 562.
what for®
what for®
what for®
what for®
wha,t for®
wha,t for®
Keswicky Cu. p. 562.
ClifUmy Cu. p. 562.
Holme Cultramy Cu. p. 562.
hA,u
what for
what for®
C(Mrl%%ley Cu. p. 562.
KnareedaUy Nb. p. 563.
weer® for®
what for
[ 1996 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
664
THE WEST NORTHERN.
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[ 1996 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
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TUB WEST NORTHERN.
566
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16
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[ 1997 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
566
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[ 1998 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.]
THE WEST NORTHERN.
567
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19
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I 1999 ]
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568 THE WEST MORTHBRN. [D 81.
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[ 2000 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.]
THE WEST NORTHERN.
569
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[ 2001 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
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[ 2002 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31.] THE WB8T NORTHERN. S71
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[ 2003 ]
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[ 2004 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.] THB WEST NORTHERN. 673
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[ 2006 ]
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[2007 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
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B.B. Pros. Part Y.
[ 2009 ]
1-28
Digitized by LjOOQIC
578 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 81.
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[ 2010 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31.] THE WEST NORTHSRN. 579
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[ 2011 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
680
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[ 2020 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
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D81.]
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[ 2024 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
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wee,k
fiwl Bt
prait'lz Bweei
13 hi,i)z
nobvt
B
weeik
fiul
Bt tAAks
14 lt)8
15 lt)8
noDQt
B vairt 8»li [wBik] iiu\ Bt raim'lz Bn tAAks
nobot
B
WKEk
f it*l Bt prait
*lz % Sek B WEE
16 lt)8
B
WEEk
iku\
Bt tjEit^t^iI^Z
17 lt)8
nobBt
B
Btll
iiu\
Bt tAAks
18 ft)8
nobvt
B
w^k
iiiA
Bt tAks
19 hit>
B
week
M,\
Bt tjatBFZ
20 hfV)z
B
week
ii,u\
Bt br^^agz
21 lt)8
bBt
B
pyjpii^ Btli iM{al
Bt tja,t,tPir°z
22 it)8
B
WEEk
fi»>El
Bt tAAks
B.B. Prom Part Y.
[ 2026 ]
129
Digitized by LjOOQIC
594
THE WEST NORTHERN.
[D31.
1 Bdhnu't om
3 wtdhuiut
4 w»;6wt
6 wijout
6 wi)iiut
7 wi nii&
8 wtdli^iut
9. wi niiii
10 goomlyiS
11 wid^iut
12 wf;Aiut
13 wt^d^iut
14 wt^ditiut
15 wij^iVit
16 wtd^iiut
17 wid^iut
18 wid^iut
19 «,d^iut
20 wf^daut
21 wtdh^iut
22 wtdhiiiut
8BI1S.
rbz'n
seiiis,
SEns.
vnd
on
«n
rifBz'n. seev nnu, dhen, dhat)8 ma last
r^itBZBn. OTi dhait)s aaI it)v gtt'n
sens, „ ,, mdat l&st wnir^d.
8UB ja bm mak jot bEst
dliat)8 m« last wpird.
dhait)s mt l&st wpr^d.
dhat)s AA. £at gt'tsn
„ m> l&st wtiird.
dhait)8 AA aa)T gt'ton
dhait)8 00 «bi(ciut it.
shs dliait)8 aa vt &&^i gttBn
dliait)8 AA a)v gttBn
dha|t)8 t^ en'd on)t.
r^'m B riiiz'n. vn dhait)s aa B)y
r^aa^im «r° r°iiiz*n. Bn dhait)8 )t^
wha,t for°. Bn dhdit)8 mi last
sens, Bn dliait)8 oo Bb^jut it [mi ISst ww,rd].
sens, Bn dliBit)8 mi last wwii^d.
rHiiz'n. Bn dhat)s mdi last w^ird.
SEns. Bn dliat)s oo a)z gdn tB see.
owdhpjr^ wit Pif" wizdBm. Bn dhait)8 mi
sens. Bn dbait)s mi last wuiid.
riilBz'n, Bn
maapmBnt. Bn
r^'fezBn, Bn
r^iiizBn
sens.
nhooBn
Bn
Bn
1 wod.
2 tB see.
3
4 on)t.
5
6
7 Bt SEE*.
8
9 Bt see.
10
1 1 Bt SEE Bb^iUt it
12 tB seep
13
14 gt't*n tB SEE.
15 end on)t.
16 W99iT^d.
17
18
19
20
21 TaiTB l&st wu{rd,
22
f6eB JB wil, gafB.
sii&i gttd n^fit tB dhB.
»> »>
g«od nit.,
guid niit.
gtid nliit.
slid gtid neiit.
>» It f»
sii&i gud niilt.
giid niiit.
sfB gi^ fnhit.
siiiB gtid nliiit.
sb gild nitwit tB dhB.
gtid niiit.
gtid nliit tB dhB.
gtid dEB.
gtid dEE.
gtid ni|iit.
gtiid boi.
gtiid niit.
s^iB gtid dee.
gtid ni|it.
[ 2026 ]
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D31.]
THE WEST NORTHERN.
595
Notes to No. 2, Muker, To. D 31, V i,
p. 663.
0. tohat^ the (aj represents a sound
between (a, a) ; see p. 639. The (wh)
is fully sounded.— /or, the (r^ is a
** stiff -tongued'' and hence *'un-
trilled" (r); see p. 642.— /oA», the
iAi\ is lahialised in anticipation of the
following (i^x), tor which see p. 291
and p. 540. — haty the aspirate distinct,
fully (Hih), the vowel certainly (b), not
fe). — no, the great peculiarity of the
iractured vowels is the distinctness
with which each element of the fracture
is pron., and the evenness of the stress
upon each, though both seem to be
short, as the (t|) is one of the series
(i, i), tf^ «), its sound is so intermediate
in character, that JGQ. often wrote
(«, e^) for it, and it was only after many
trials that I decided to use (ti) to shew
that the sound gave me more the feel-
ing of (•) than of {e) ; the last vowel
(a|) is another intermediate for which
see p. 639, and for a long time I wrote
it as {m). This fracture (ii ai) there-
fore seems comparable to tne Ags. £A.
— doubts^ the (M|U) is a fracture quite
like some of the fractures of (i) ; it
begins with {u^ which has the stress,
and glides quickly on to fine (u), the
latter being often lengthened; hence
it tends to sound as (o'u) as JGG. often
wrote it, and this rapidly passes into
(o'u), and is therefore the precursor of
the (6ti, h'm, ku) forms of U. The
speakers of fM|U) believe that they say
(uu), a souna which in fact is extremely
difficult for their organs. To my ears
(liju) is totally different from (a'u),
which begins with a higher and not
a deeper sound, though, as we have
seen, that also leads to (a'u), but it has
likewise a tendency to (/m, y,), which
is not the case at all with (t/iu). The
distinction between {u{a, UiU) must be
noted. It will be hopeless for any
one who does not hear (u{\i) constantly
from native organs to acc^uire its ac-
curate ase from mere indications like
this ; even JGG. did not always quite
satisfy native cars.
1. welly argumentative, in two dis-
tinct syllables indicated by the long first
vowel to the diphthong. JGG. got the
variant (ntf,u dhan) now then. — neigh'
bouTy the {eei) has a distinct (i), not
like London («;^'j), where (i) is not dis-
tinctly reached, the vowel (^J is very
difficult, see p. 641. JGG. appreciated
it differently at different times, but
finally as (p) or French eu in peu,
which is of constant use in the Icelandio
final -Mr (see Part II. p. 6486). But
as I heard a decided leaning from (p)
to («), I use {9^ to shew a difference
from the true French sound. This
sign (^i) is used on p. 146 for one of
the peculiar w.Sm. forms of 0'. There
is probably a difference which I cannot
formulate. JGG. says he regards the
sound as being intermediate between
(v) and (u) Those who find a difficulty
in conceiving (-^lO final may content
themselves with (-BrJ or (-«). Thus
few Londoners, even after many hear-
ings, would distinguish this word neigh-
bour from their own (nee^ihi). — y*, the
diphthong {iu) or {ei) differs in two
particulars from {eei) in the preceding
word. In the first place the lengths of
the elements are reversed, and in the
second the last element is pure (i) and
not (i). Natives think they say (jii).
This shortening of the first and
lengthening of the second element
leaves the impression of the second
vowel in the mind. — himy (h) always
well sounded. — laughy the vowel is as
deep as in (whajt), but much shorter.
This very short (&|) is the sound given
in Swaledale to a in all such words as
staff, ask, loth, chance, which have
(aa) in London, but see for Edenside,
p. 639. — at this news of miney variant
(et t* ni(iuz vi &t)v gttBu), at the news
that I've got.
2. it's few of variants (net, nyt si
ma,nt), not so many. — thaty (od) for
^Bt) = that, by attraction of the following
(d). — becausey variant (biko'z). — we^
(wt) weak, ('wm) strong. — knowy the
initial voiceless (nh-) for Arn- is very
strong. — none (nyn), the exact value of
this (y) is difficult to determine, see
6. 640. I leave (y), which Mr. Melville
ell identifies with e in hous^, but
what that is when accented it is difficult
to say. — likelffy JGG. finds the final
vowel to lie between (i, i), and it might
be written (i*), but it is so near (i) that
with this caution (i) is used.
3. thescy etc., variant (it)s dj«jst
h«'iL>ir° ntfju), it*s just here now. —
friend y here the (yj signifies a slight
variant of (y), which I cannot precisely
define. — whiUy variants (whail, whel,
t'l) ; this use of while for untily
occurs in many other specimens, but is
strange to s. ears. A schoolmaster is
repoHed to have said to a noisy class
[ 2027 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
596
THB WEST NORTHERN.
[DSl.
L"
(jki ka]i)vt bigin whAil n)i^ irhii;vt),
which sounda like * I can't begin while
you're qniet,' but meaning was until
you are quiet. — heor'at thSuf meaning
lislen, as we often say *do you hear?' an
interrogative for imperatiYe. Variants
(la)dhB n«,u), probably *look thou now/
and (l&at8t)«) listest thou, the (t) of
the second word being lost after the
preceding one.
4. Fm certain^ etc., Tariant, thought
to be better (&f)i si^u^ii^ «d}i hli#|^d)
tsm tel — ^tel on — ^Bbw)Ut it], I am sure
that I heard them tell— tell on— about
it.— «ay, here Tse) Ib quite unaccented,
the stress idling on the following
[si'ilii). — that did J, variants ^dhat «a
i did, dhat «d did)i), where the mean-
ing of («d), which should be unaccented
that^ iB not clear, see also the end of
par. 6. Observe (i) JGG.'s (i») for
unaccented J, several times in this
par.
6. greats var. (gr°ii«t). — father^ 8y
observe the absence of the possessive '«
in the dialect. — squeaky ^ var. (skiriieki] .
— and I would truetf etc., var. («n ai)l
«po*d)im, hi)r nvt 1/ii), and I'll uphold
[= warrant] him, he'll not lie. — any^
var. (ani^. — that would J, the meaning
of («d) IS not apparent, see par. 4. —
var. {ki wil 'dtuEtit n»|U), I will that
now.
6. bodfff var. (wwmvn).— wty, var.
(ani). — without, var. (widhuiut). —
nmehy var. (miU). — ifvouHl, etc., var.
(to 08)^11^ an M>ne] ask her, where an
=if, is su^posecl to represent 'an one,'
that is, *if one'; this is a peculiar
idiom of the distiict, and bemg in-
definite, would be preferred.
7. any, var. (ani).— »A# shouldn't,
this was meant to be emphatic (shni^,
but the courtesy of the district finos
the emphasizing of a personal pronoun
invidious. People will even avoid thou
in speaking, as too personal. A mother
will prefer saving she (shi) unemphatic
even when addrMsing her daughter. —
wrona, var. (w'n^q) among the older
people, (raiq) among the younger, the
final (^ often prolonged emphatically.
8. she would, the vowel in the word
Tshii) iB due to the attraction of the
following (w), the people themselves
feel this effect.— /otiiu/ the drunken,
observe (d*) coronal suspended before
rd) alveolar, the tongue is felt to slip
forward in passing from the first to the
second. The Dale form is (^dy'Kiqk'nJ,
at Barnard Castle (12 nw. Richmona)
they say (,^fu^'ik).^-beasi, vwr. (fel»).
— husband, var. (htfizbroM).
9. coat, var. (kl^i&iz) clothes. — close
by the, var. (haar^d biB&aid)d*), hard
iMside the. — door, the sdund of (yj
differs very slightly if at all from
French (y), but the real sounds heard
for this word were difficult to appre-
ciate, and were in fact differently ap-
preciated by JOG. at different times
and from mfferent sneakers. He has
lately heard the Swedish y, and thinks
this nearlv identical with it. Whether
the souna was exactly the same as the
(y,) of D 10, 11, 19, is not quite certain.
10. roaring, var. (wh/nd|«n) whinge-
ing, compare Salesbury's viynge (suprii.
Part III. p. 763a), also heard at Roth-
bury, Nb. — away, in Cu. and We.
(vwBB*), with a much deeper sound. —
world, distinctly in two syllables. — thtU .
had got sadly frightened, there is no
dialect phrase equivalent to 'fretting.'
11. son's wife, omitting the posses-
sive '», var. (do't#^t*ir^)i)laa), daughter-
in-law.
13. business, var. (d|ob). — Jack,
var. (:d|tr<$Bn). — dmU,me (n) omitted,
compare D 29, var. nb, p. 461 ; this
wora sounded to me more like (doot),
and J6G. said that it forcibly reminded
him also of (doot) at first hearing,
especially when lengthened in singing.
Observe that doubt would have oe^
(d^iUt), and hence quite distinct.
14. home, the aspirate sounded here
to me as (jh). — think on is always used
in the north-west for 'remember' and
* remind,' as ' I can't think on, you must
think me on't.' — that thou art not, var.
(di«Mit bi), don't be.
15. without reason, var. (widhv'iUt)
and var. (wi m'l&i sens), with no sense.
— all Vve got to sav, var. (mi last
wuuiT^d), my last word.
I^otes to No. 3, ffawes, Yo. D 31, V i,
p. 663.
2. nobody, variant (fiCiu furijBk) few
folk.
4. sure, var. (saar^'n), certain.
5. bairn, var. (smjU).
9. saw him, var. (s^tif)im), see'd
him.
1 1 . hanging out, old people say {kut) .
Notes to No. 4, Zower^ffolker'in'
Cartmel, La. D 31, Y ii^ p. 563.
0. John or (rdjaV).
1. Jim or (Hid). — thee, used as in
[ 2028 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D81.]
THB WEST NORTHERN.
697
B.La., as explained in Notes to West
Houghton, p. 337.-^-«afv«, TH. leayes
the (r) unmarked throughout.
2. becaute they We, Tariant (w« bi;«n^ .
3. however, TH. writes (thii'vwK
but we should have expected (h6Mi'TBr) .
4. I heard the tame folk say at knew
it all, a Tarious reading by the inform-
ant who has generally abridged the text.
— all (aa) or (oo).
6. rate, yar. (ta^m), time.
7. in a thing of thit tort. Tar. (ebdwt
«r aan uzbvn), about her own husband.
8. drunken beaet,_poBeihly (bi&st) or
(sl6t«k, slnmp). TH. uses {u^) for U
partially throughout this region, see
p. 564.
9. taw or (siidj. — iyinff at full reach,
fs t^rBl^ tut ftiji Imth), stretched out
nul length. — bett or (bujoAb) Sunday.
10. for all, (aa) or (oo).
13. and to then, or (n6tf dhsn*) now
then.
16, he it a fool, etc., or (sni jan)z
« ftiuul ts tAAk [took] wi i6Mt riBz'nz),
any one's a fool to talk without reasons.
JiTotet to No. 6, Conitton, La. D 31,
V iift, p. 663.
3. matter, or {\Sk^ case. — quiet,
Miss Bell had heara only one old man
use this form, gen. (ku^ivt). — done,
Mr. Bowness wrote deun, implying
(d/un), which Miss Bell did not Know.
Mr. EUwood thought deedn (dmn).
better.
4. / it, Mr. Bowness wrote Fm,
which Mr. £. says is not known as
part of dialect.— /oM;, Mr. B. wrote
fwoke, which older form (f t(H)ok) Miss
B. did not recognise. — enough, no form
of enow known to Miss B.
6. father tongue, Mr. Ellwood says
the possessiye '« is not usually omitted.
— to tpeak, so written, ana so Miss
Bell, see Intro, to Y ii^, p. 660,— that
I would, Mr. B. added (dhat wod)t),
which Miss B. did not know.
6. now, Mr. B. wrote noo, which
was repudiated both by Mr. £. and
Miss B., but as Coniston is so near
the s. hoote line 6, no doubt many
(uttiu) ^eakers aro heard there.— /oo,
this 18 generally replaced by (en oo),
and all. — won*t the, (w^mt bwb) at full
contracted into (wm^) according to
Miss Bell.
7. over, this was Miss B.'s pron.
8. beatt or (rM|btsh, t^ratrel) rubbish,
taistril, the last a n. country word for
a scoundrel. — eallt, Mr. B. wrote
eooat, ewooat, which both Mr. £. and
Miss B. repudiated.~Ai««d<ifM^, (man)
more usual.
9. evet, Mr. B. wrote een eet, but
Miss B. only knew (liiz). — ground,
Mr. B. wrote simply grund, the sound
was difficult to catch, but it came to
me from Miss B. like (giVind), the (p|)
is frequent before (r) according to JG6.
in D 31, and I seemed to recognise it
in Miss B.*s (n^it, gr^iud) not, ground.
It is probably the same sound which
occurs in No. 10, and there marked
(yi), see Intro, to No. 10, p. 660.—
door ttone, or threshold, Mr. B. wrote
duer, and Mr. £. preferred dewer,
hence probably (diuBr) or (di6ur) may
be heard from older people, as in Nos.
6, 7, 10. — down, here again Mr. B.
wrote doon.
10. bairn, Mr. £. and Miss B. re-
pudiated the form {heem). —frightened,
suggested by Miss B., Mr. B. wrote in
afreedt (in b frt'&t).
11. out, Mr. B. wrote oot, — to dry,
see Intro, to V iii, p- 665. — wathing,
Mr. £. gaye (w^tshin), it will be seen
that this does not occur in D 31, but
is^ound in D 30,
12. afternoon, Mr. B. wrote efter^
neun, Mr. £. preferred efternean. Miss
B. gaye (nuun) here, but (niBu) in
the cwl.
13. more than, Mr, £. preferred
{meet dhon). — John, in this place Miss
B. admitted (:di(iBn^, but not in the
title. — either, Mr. E. admitted dental
or rather alyeolar (,dB,r], Miss B. did
not employ them, but TH. says their
use is quite prominent.
14. J M going home, Mr. B. wrote
rm gaen hedm, I follow Miss B.— «<
crowing, written feraain\ with yariant
ta craa, it seems as if Mr. B. used at
crowing to escape at crow, see Intro, to
y iii, p. 656.
16. poor fool, Mr. B. gaye as a
yariant fuil. Mr. £. says that pceur
feeul are not heard here.
ybtct to No. 6, Catterton for Kirkby
LontdaU, We. D 31, V iii, p. 663.
6. Vd trutt him at tpeak, observe
at for
sp«ii] ,,
— any (eini)*is an older form 'than
(oni).
7. wrong, Mrs. Wilson could not
remember (w'raiq). — thing or (p6«nt).
:or to. Yar. f&at)l Bpo'd)im ht'ii)!
ik), 1*11 uphold him, he'll speak.
[ 2029 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
598
THB WEST NORTHERN.
[D 31.
8. tellinp thee^ or (seeivn) saying. —
man or (hMzbBnd).
13. until to dOf the bias of (wh) in
whiU Is weak.
14. to sharp to eroWj so sharp at
crow, would be more natural, but the
dialect is rather mixed at Castertoo,
see par. II at dry^ and par. 15 note
at tay ; also p. 550.
15. that"* 8 my last word or (dha|t)s
AA &i)T gitvn vt see,) that's all I've
g^t to say.
Ifotet to No. 7, J)ent, Yo. D 31,
V iii, p. 663.
0. fory the (r) was fully trilled.
3. is the (fst), the German form, is
occasionally used for m, without any
contraction of is it. In this case it
was perhaps due to the following (f),
and perhaps (i8)t' faks) would be more
correct.
7. shouldnUf observe the unusual
form (sad'nt), comparable with (wad*nt)
would not. — wronff, remembered
(w*raq), but (*raq) given as a variant.
— what dont thou^ and then Mr. Par-
rington added (vibktd itdhissr P), about
it thyself, whicn was not in the original.
14, at crowing J this must be the
sense as it stands, but it looks as if it-
were meant for (Bt kraa) at crow.
Notes to No. 8, Sedberg, Yo. D 31,
V iii, p. 663.
In these notes the variants of the
Cautley version are referred to by C.
prefixed ; the text gives only the Sed-
oerg version.
0. John, C. (:d|trtt«iBn).
1. thee, C. (ji,i). — ot this news of
mine, C. (Bt t' nitiuz tit &i)v gitwi tB
tsl jb), at the news that I've got to
tell you. — cares, C. (ki,fe,z fB 'dhat),
cares for that, obs. omitted (r). —
neither, C. (nBEdh^irJ. — there, the
foi-m (dh/jair), like (mt,air), par. 13, is
peculiar to the s. side of the rocky
Dackbone of the Lake District. JGG.
says ''the geological formation of the
country in part determines the dialect by
determining the kind of pasturage whicn
the various kinds of people followed.'*
2. few, or (fifiw men), C {/t)s fi6u
fMM,k Bt du,z'nt l/|iv laq Bt Bf,t^|,r
dh9,)r lafft at) it's few folk that does
not live long at-after they're laughed
at. **At-a?ter" is a regular s.We.
and n.La. phrase. Mr. Peacock in his
Lonsdale Glossary compares Danish
efterat, — we know that, C adds (wt|il
BUM^f) well enough. — make, or (mi|&,k),
C (mak Bm d/'ii).— i< is'nt, C (it)s
nyjt) it's not — is it, JGG. writes
(ii,zs)t) here, and C (ttzs)t).
3. these are the facts of the ease,
var. (&ai)l tsl dhB aaI BbuiUt it) lUl
tell thee all about it,— prithee, C
(diw,st) just. — my lad, C (fryjud). —
u;Ai/<f= until. C {whkil), — done, C
(dti,n). — hark thou, C (lis'n n«|U),
listen now.
4. / am certain, C (&ai)z sftiur) I
am sure. — heard, C (hiw,rd). — say so,
C (tBl Bbti.ut it).— Job, C (thiq)— /row
the first, C inserts (\zra).—that did I
safe enough, C {ki tz 'dhat si6ur Bn«f|f)
I am that sure enough.
5. youngest lad, C (jMiqtst baam).
—nine, C (n&in).— o« C (AAld).—
tongue, C (v6i8). — all, C (aaI). — squeak^
ing, C (sktWjiki). — and VU uphold it,
he's a lad, etc., C (bu &i)d Bpo*d)it,
•Hi,i)l ny^t li,i) and I'll uphold it, A^'U
not lie, or C (&i,d ,t,ryi8t)»m Bt spt'iik)
f ,tri(iuth BUI dsB, fri;i wad 'dhat
nviu), I'd trust him at ( =to) speak the
truth any day, aye, I would that now.
6. woman, also C (bodi) b person,
singular of folk or people. — straight,
C (s,t^rEkJ. — any, C (mtt|). — any
bother, Seoberg inserted here (what-
•iV^jr), which it was not convement to
insert in the text. — Vm sure, this em-
phatic pron. of * sure ' is stated to be
common among old people all over the
coimtry, but chiefly in Swoledale, We.
and e.Cu., the first (sT) is very short,
and is followed by the (;) check closure
of the vocal chords, which explode
suddenly on an intensified ('uu^. This
is not given in the C version, which has
C (k%) i • wad^nt b1W| ?) , aye, wouldn* t she ?
7. she told, C (sh*, trid).— /, C (i).
tintes, C (t&tmz) without nasality. — did
she, C (-dhit did shj^).— shouldn't,
Sedberg, or (wod'nt) wouldn't. —
wrong, S with ('r), C (faar raq) far
wrong, with inserted far and (ra). —
this, C {dhis'nj.— what dost thou think
about it, C (what dBjJB 'thiqkF).
8. very well, C (wfeaijB). — then, C
(dhsn).— a« I was telling, C (BZ;i wbz
SBB^Bu). — would tell thee the same, C
Cwvd tel dhe), with * the same.' — she,
C {Bh9^).— drunken, C (,d,r«,k'n).—
husband, C or (ma'n).
9. she, C (shi^i).— triM, C (wi).—
lying, C inserts (laq s^t.n'i&'kt) long
stretched. — atop the ground, C restores
(Btop B)t' grM^u'd) atop of the ground.
[ 2030 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.]
THE WEST NORTHERN.
699
— ««t^, C (gudy—coat, C QLwiuiVt),
— elou beside f etc., 0 reads (i^Haard
bt8&td;t*), or (klu^utfivs ttjt* dKiUBr by
tz aan lhwiUs) liard beside, or close to
the door of his own house. — in the, C
(Bt V).—lane, C awituiimin),
10. sof/e she, C (sh^i seo) she said.
^UttU petted lass, G (l&tl las «t wvz
sadli fr/iit^nd), little lass that was sadly
frightened.
11. A^ dauffhter-iH'laWf 0 (Iaa),
or (f 8tf|n wfeif), the son's wife. — aide,
C (s&id) without nasality. — at dry, 0
either (Bt) or (t« ,d,r&t)' — o***, C (bt «).
12. while, C (whfctl).— /or the, C
(far). — one bright, C inserts (f&tn). —
c^oiMtf, C (ktfi), and omits next, —
Thursday, G (thM|rzdB).
13. dost, C (dBs) weak. — neter
learned, C (ny,vp|r i^Haard) never heard.
— more, C (mBB^Br) certainly more
modem than (m%ibi).—job, C (oizny,8)
business.— irAi/!;, C (whfcil). — sure, G
(B\(x\i9yt), see par. 6. — John or (:d|ont),C
(:d|ti?iiiM,Bn) — Shepherd, C (:sW,ppirt).
— and I, C (Bn;i). — u^an^, etc., C (-want
nBEdhpjr, m&tnds)tB 'dhat n^ju), want
neither, mindst thou that now? the
interrogation form of imperative, see
p. 696, 1. 4.
14. I will away, C (&i;z gaaBu). —
to the, C (tB mi),—^iffht, C (n/,it).—
so, C (si).— a< erow, G (Bt kraatn)
evidently a * correction' by the in-
formant.— ayain, S or (Bgii&in). —
t'other, 0 (t)i<idhp,r).
16. it's, C (|H»,i;z).— /oo/, (fl(iul) is
the pron. of the old, (fuiul) of the
younger men, G (ft>iul). — my last word,
C also (aaI ki)y gtt'n Bt seb), all I've
got at (=to) say. — night, G (nijit).
mtes to No. 12, Kirkby Stephen, We.
D 31, V iv, p. 663.
3. those are the facts of the ease. It
would come more natural to a speaker
to say (hodj)t ! tt)8 diu^st hiV^r" nu^u !)
hold ye, it's just here now.
6. she would (do) that, or (wad'nt
sh^i ?) wouldn't she r
7. what dost thou think? or (what
dB *j/|i thtnk), what do 've think ?
11. back yard, or (baiK s&atd) back
part or side.
13. Job or (btzny^s) business.
Ifbtes to No. 13, Crosby Ravensworth,
We. D 31, V iv, p. 663.
9. good Sunday coat, or (bet^t^^r^^nui
klt'i^iz) better-more clothes.
13. and I do not care, or (Bn)i
dut<it kaoir), with (i) for (a) I, and
(dMtf|t) for don't. — either, more usually
(6ii,dp,/0.
14. sharp, or (ryjdi) ready. — when
he (when)B), or (whenji).
16. only a weak jool, or (nobst «
diift Bn) only a daft one.
Notes to No. 14, Temple Sowerby, We.
D 31, V iv, p. 663.
1. neighbour or (nBBbtfjr^. — tale or
(nitiuz) news.
2. few folk die or (ftr»iBk dtf|Z't dtji),
folk don't die. — we know that, here
Mrs. A. inserts gaily well ; such as we
die indeed ! (gBBlt wi\il, sek bz *huiZ
diji Bndt.id !), where observe (ht/jz)
emphatic for us, the s. Scotch say (haz),
the only word to which they prefix an
unauthorised (h). — 'that is it not, but
the 'that' has the weak form (Bt)
strengthened.
3. man, (mtn) is a diminutive, and
is used in a depreciatory or familiar
manner, (try^n^d) is much more digni-
fied.
4. say so, either (sb 's^^^,) with the
emphasis on the second word, or ('seb
^i^i) ^^^ emnhasis on the first. —
whole thing or (oiznyiz) business.
6. nine, both (ni\in, n&atn^ are used.
7. ought not or (s«d'nt) should not.
— wrong (w'raq) with old people still.
9. see'd him or (saa) tm) saw him.
10. says she, (sub shiji) so dictated,
the s of say becoming assimilated to
the following (sh). — world, the form
(waat°d'l), which was so dictated,
reminds one of the Dv. (waad'l), but
I have not met with it elsewhere.
11. afid that or (dh»s aa^ this all. —
son wife or (ddtft^jr^ i Iaa) daughter-
in-law.
12. come next or (kwirajf) come the.
1 3 . know or (tnhAA) , this was perhaps
more exactiy Mrs. A.'s pron.
Notes to No. 16, Milbum, We. D 31,
V iv, p. 663.
2. gaily well, introduced apparently
from Mrs. Atkinson. — that do we,
the ('Bt) emphatic, but retaining the
(b) sound, or else (dtmBt wb ?) don't
we. — what should make them die? or
^wha^t i'zHb in ISjfin tB ma,k b bodi
aft,iP) wnat is there in laughing to
make a body die? The (iz)tB) stands
for (fz dh^ii^, the (dh) changed to (t)
by the influence of the preceding (z),
[ 2031 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
600
THE WEflT NOKTHBRN.
[D81.
tlie (i^ omitted and consequently the
(#i) xalling into the uanal («}.
3. hovmer or (tiwwT*!!^). — eate or
(m&t^iO matter.--AoM My or (had
it) which dh asmmiiated. — my lad or
(fi^in'd) with («) and not (yi).— ^o<
ifofM or (dwjn^ done, or j|g<t*n mt
nidiuz telt, mi craks di^.n wtT, got my
news told, my cracks — ^talk— done with.
— ii$t y#, or (ki8)te ntliU, lai)dhB n^^n),
list thou now.
4. heard the folk or rhaar^d dhvm)
heard them. — enough or (onwif).
6. nine yean old or (n/|in jP|X^ ooPd) .
— and I would, etc., or («n)B wad
^^M|8t *htm t« 8p/iik)t* ,t,r1(iath eni
OBB, bb'i maii^t wad)i}, and I would
trust 'him to speak the truth any day,
aye, marry, would I.
6. old either (aaIM) or {ooV^.— too
or (t^B) . — mickle bother or (mtt| Bdtt|U)
much ado.
7. $he telt me BO (s/^e, st|i, st|a)) —
and Vm ture that the, etc., or ('shi.i)
emphatic. — wrong or (w^aq' w'r°aq).
— what do -you think or (what d« j«
*thfqk «biJ|Ut ftp), what do you think
about it?
8. eaying or (telBU o)jb) telling of
you. — too or (tin). — oWor (ool'd).
9. with her or (wf,db^J. — long
stretched, or (aa «z laq lenui) all his
long length. — tfi hie beet Sunday coat
or (by iz bet^t^iT^B kl/|&,z), in his
better-more, i.e. better clothee.
11. eon w\fe or (ddM^t^i^ • Iaa^
daughter-in-law.— ^A; eide or (fooVd)
fold. — hanging or (htq^Bn). — washing
or (wishBn).
12. of Thursday or (ku nekst
thtitf|r°zaB), come next Thursday.
13. knowy (nhoo) is used by old
people.— yod or (btzny^s) business. —
until (whel, tel, Vl^.—John or (:^,k).
— do not (duiyBut) does not occur in
any other example I have obtained.
Compare Kb. (diVnt).
14. teUs thee or (txAks).
16. fool or (fwil). — prattles or
i^jt^t^i^i^z) chatters. — without or
wf^duut).
Notes to No. 16, Zangwathby, Cu.
D 31, V iv, p. 663.
2. not, sometimes (nyit), but (nM,t^
was adopted as general. — know, (nboo)
was usually dictated (tnhoo), as in Mrs.
Atkinson's case. No. 14, merely an
emphatic utterance of fnhoo).
3. my lad or (fryind) friend. — done
or (dtVin).
4. thing or (bti'nyis) bosuien. —
enough or (entiBf).
6. him or (*ntm).
6. too (Uu) or (Uf{j.
9. ewore, but (swi|4>i^ as in No. 16,
is the common form of the district. —
nook or (mVi^^) nook.
10. says she, see No. 14, and note
on par. 10, p. 699.
11. daughter-in-law, (t* stiin w6aif),
the son's wife, the '« regularly omitted.
— washing, with either (-Bn) or (-in),
the two forms of participle and Terbal
noun are therefore confined.
12. 7%«rMi0y,JO6. thought he heard
Miss Powley once say (thuifir^idB), and
belioTes that both forms are used.
14. <o, both forms (s«|B, m b) are
used.
ybtes to No. 17, EUonby, Cu. D 31,
V iT, p. 663.
4. teU about it, the usual expression,
but sometimes (seb) say.
6. / would trust him, in such a case
as this the emphasis would most likely
be laid on the yerb; if laid on the
pronoun, it becomes ('him). — aye I
%could, old people would say ('Bt
waid)i).
6. that will she, my blood! but wonU
she I *mj sang* is my blood, a mild
form of swearing; or (wil sh^i UBt)
will she not?
7. when I, (when)B^ marked how-
erer as (when)a^, where fa^ is an
obscure sound, reminding toe hearer
of (a) without quite reacnin^ it, and
again fdhisa^ sssa*^) and in all
participles, for which (a^) I write (b)
simply, as the sound was by no means
certain.
8. man or (hii|ZViid).
9. loning or (lonin) elane.
13. Job or (biznys) business.
Notes to No. 18, Keswiek, Cu. D 31,
V T, p. 663.
1. who, thb (whoo) is a mere town
form.
2. know, the form Qihoo) not re-
membered, (naa) is used m Borrowdale,
the long narrow yalley running s. from
Derwentwater, from 4 to 7 s.&eswick.
3. so, the fa^ marks a faintly indicated
sound of (a^), (86a°) in Borrowdale ; it
would be difficult to distinguish (a^ b^,
and (a^ may be only a personal pecoli-
arity.— /ri^wrf, in the same way (e^
[ 2032 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.]
THB WEST NORTHERN.
601
represents a sonnd of (e) rendered in-
distinct.
4. through, this (n'a) may haye been
really (of'u).
6. for all it was to, or with a dif-
ferent emphasis (ftH^o oo *t}waz am) for
all it 'was so.
6. old, Borrowdale (aald). — much,
also (mikvl).
7. two or three (twijaithr^'/ii) with-
out 'or/ Borrowdale. — wrong, almost
(vraiq*), old people said (wVaiq).
Notes to No. 19, ClifUm, Cu. D 31,
V V, p. 663.
0. what, the fwh, w) Tary £rom
person to person, (w^ is more common
near the Solway Frith, the ^a) was
distinctly not (ai), indeed, had I not
throughout these cs. adopted JGG.*s
conception (p. 639) that (aa, a) are
always fine, I should hare written it
(a^), but as here (a,) is used as the
aeep sound in Gennan mann, which
must be written (main), although I
should generally write (man) simply,
the use of (a^) would be too great a
contrast to (a|). Perhaps JGG. would
haye writt^ the souna (a) as an ad-
yanced (a). On the whole, I consider
it safer to use ^) only.— /or, the (r)
was trilled by Mr. Hetherington yery
distinctly when final or before conso-
nants ; whether this is a eeneral habit,
I cannot say ; yery possibly not so. —
John, the (d^) was distinctly labialised
eyen to the eye. — doubts was (diftrts),
and neither (dMM|ts) nor (dttjuts). But
(miU) occurs as in now, par. 2.
1. neighbour, the broad (bb) is used
here and elsewhere by the older people
onljr, the younger use fee). — neither,
disunctly {du), not at all labialised to
(6m) ; in the laist syllable, and generally,
I could not detect any difference from
the common final (vr).
2. know, not with (nh) or (tn). —
should, (such is becoming gradually re-
placed by (snud].
3. however, tnis form is common and
not exceptional, (hi^wt'yvr, hvwi'TBr)
are both new forms. — hold thy, (tt) is
the older and rarer form, (dht) newer.
— donem (di^im).
4. Vs, (aa) is used only when em-
fhatic, otherwise (a). — those folk, here
heard what seemed like (pi)* and in
(f uH>ok) the (f) was distinctly labialised,
the inflation of the up^ hp, which is
characteristic of (w), being clearly seen,
as Mr. H. pronounced the word.
6. knew, (ken) when there's re-
cognition, Fr. connattre-, (noo) when
there's knowledge, Fr. savoir ; thus (a
ken tm) I know him, but (a' noo «t
ht)z gaan htd^m) I know that he*s gone
home.
7. told me it, the older construction
is (telt it mi,i) told it me. — when, Mr.
H. says he neyer heard (wh) in u^Aen,
but always in who, u^Aich, u'Aere. —
wrong, if (w) precede, it is not distinct,
at most (vraq, *raq).
8. found, usualnr (f^iud) not (fand|,
and the (d) is hearo, as also in (grtfjna)
ground. — husband, (man) is common.
9. eyes, both («tiin| and (&tz^ are
used by the same people. — eoat (kltaz)
clothes, would be better.
10. whindging, (w) here more com-
mon than (whj ; (Jitiul) yowl is used
for either an aault or a child.
11. the daughler'in-law^ A^ would
not be used, only the, similarly * he and
the son- wife,* not *he and nis son's
wife.'
14. home, this (jam^ is the commonest
form, but (ht&m) is also used.
15. good Vye seldom used, and so is
also (farwe'l). I doubt the form (b6<),
although Mr. H. wrote it distinctly m
glossic [baoy].
Notes to No. 20, Abbey Holme or Holme
Cultram, Cu. D 31, V y, p. 663.
0. for, the (r) is yery faint, no
proper trill, yery different £rom the
Scotch, although Mr. EUwood con-
sidered it to be the same. I could not
identify it with the London (rj, and
hence I adopt (r°), which I have used
in so many previous versions.
1. that, I did not notice (a^ here
or elsewhere, but I cannot be certain.
— here there, I did not notice (iji), only
(•ij. Mr. E. wrote simply « = (ii).
2. know, Mr. E. considered it was
(tnoo), but, as I heard him, he said
simply (noo).
6. much, (mtk'l) also used, not
(mitj).
10. crooning, Mr. E. says <'it is
usually used in the dialect for the
whining noise made by a cow, also by
a drunkard, or any wmning sound. It
is much more expresdve for the sound
of a drunkard thim our word whine." —
pet, a common word.
11. her, it is possible that the sound
was really meant for fh^^ir), but it came
to my ear exactly likd a broad (har),
[ 2033 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
602
THB WEST NORTHBRN.
[DSl.
and Mr. E. compared it to the pron.
of the hihlical name Sur, — ton^i teife,
much commoner than (d6»^t«^r tn Iaa)
daughter-in-law, which is also used.
Notes to No. 21, CarlUU, Cu. D 32,
V i, p. 663.
6. hent or (kenM^ knew.
6. woman or rbooi) hody.
7. wrong f witn a slight yowel initial
or (w*raq).
8. goodman or (hM|Zbvn'd).
9. sware^ the (yj) represents h)
spoken with a peculiar widening of the
pharynx, which makes the sound some-
what different from any form of (yj).
The sound noted may, nowever, hare
heen only Mrs. A.*s attempt to imitate
the true sound, and eyen that may have
heen an individuality ; hut J6G. states
that he has heard it from other old
people. — lying or (l&rwi). — on the
or (Btop B diiB) atop of the. — good
8und>tg coat or (bet^t^ii^mpir*' klt^Bz)
hettermore clothes.
10. in a friahtf not 'in a fret * as
was intended, hut the word does not
seem to he used in the dialect.
11. ton* 8 wife or (dfeM^t^^r* /n Iaa).
13. job or (majt^^ir, hiznyis) matter,
business.
14. going or (Miqwi) ganging.—
nighty Mrs. Anderson remembered
(n£'/kjht). — quick — crow^ or (kroo).
15. poor^ similarly (dyi^,!^, sy,^ii*,
^yi^i^^j flyi^iO door, sure, moor,
floor ; but a * form ' to sit on is (f oor°m)
with 0 in eworty but (fwii^) at Mil-
bum, We. — wxidom^ or (r^/jiz^n)
reason. — word or (wa^ji^d).
iVb^M to No. 22, Xnareedale, Kb.
D 32, V i, p. 563.
I. both (btf^Bth), misprinted with
(it,) on p. 564, last line. JOG.
writes (itn in place of (u), as a
general rule. 1 do not oistinguish
these two sounds, but of course
(h *) *' hi i >') ^<>rm a series for ears
capable of distinguishing the sounds,
and probably the difference is very
perceptible from native speakers in
conversation, though it evades analysis.
However I retain JGrG.*s symbol. The
(b) is quite distinct.
3. till I be done, the use of this b^
is very suspicious.
10. world, JGG. wrote (weer'ld), as
in par. 3 he wrote (faerst). In re-
vising with me he introduced the sign
fdo), this like (aj was one of the signs
lor this vowel affected by (r) which we
agreed afterwards to write (*,), which
is the symbol I retain. He says that
with regard to all these sounds *' there
seems to be a gradual glide from (m)
with an (•) tongue point through pure
(m) to («•*). That is to say, the (u)
position is held from first to last, but
at first the point of the tongue is raised
to the (i) position, and afterwards the
natural vowel («) is sounded through
the same position on to the buzzed (i^.
This remark applies, I think, to all
the queer anomalous group with altered
, p) that I have come across in nw.
0., in Cu., and We."
II. day (dsE^B), a trace of this form
is heard in Cu., producing a kind of
tired effect ; it is not the rule in Cu.,
and is only ifound in the pause.
?;
TBADrnoNAL Names op Places in Edbnside.
The above is the title of a paper read before the Cu. and We.
Antiquarian and Archteological Society by Mr. J. G. Goodchild, at
Penrith, in January, 1881, which with his permission I reproduce
from the Transactions of the above Society almost at length, but
differently arranged. Owing to his connection with the Government
Geological Survey, JGG. had to spend many years in this neigh-
bourhood in the most out-of-the-way places, and amidst the rocks and
hills that there abound, all of which have traditional names, which the
orthography generally used fails to convey. JGG., who commonly
used palaeot3rpe to express sounds, emploved it in this paper to
represent these names as spoken, and this gives an additioncd reason,
if one were wanted, for introducing it in this book, for which pal.
has been mainly invented, extended, and familiarly used. JGG.
says : *' The researches of philologists have made it clear that it is
[ 2034 ]
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D31.] THE WEST NORTHBRX. 603
unsafe to hazard an opinion upon the etymology of these place-
names. Within the hydrographical basin of the Eden, or what,
for convenience sake, it would be well to call by the name
Edenside [D 31, Var. iv, p. 555], we have evidence that there
have been in use an unknown form of Iberian speech ; the form, or
forms, of Celtic current in the old kingdom of Strathclyde, also
practically unknown ; the various dialects of the Angles, which
were probably as diverse in their day as are the dialects of the
parts the Angles came from, at the present day ; unknown forms
and dialects of a more decidedly Scandinavian character ; and, lastly,
superposed upon the foundation formed by these diverse elemente,
forms of the literary English of every period from the earliest
times to the present day. Under these circumstances it becomes
difficult for any man to decide, in the present state of philological
knowledge, what words are corruptions of words of known
meaning, and what are veritable relics of former speech, now all
but lost. I am not so sanguine as to believe that the view that the
traditional names of places are the original forms and their literary
forms their corruptions will meet with general acceptance. . . .
Acting on this principle I have thought it best to lay before the
Society simply a collection of facts, just as they were received from
the dialect-speakers themselves. The plan I have adopted is to
place on record the pronunciation of every place-name, where this
differs in any way from its literary form as expressed on the
Ordnance Maps, and to record all names not on the maps that are
spelled with approximate correctness, when these names serve the
purpose of shewing that a particular termination exists in various
names throughout the length and breadth of Edenside. A large
proportion of the names in the list is from my own notebook, but I
have gladly availed myself of the aid of others. Amongst these
are the late talented Mrs. Atkinson, of Winderwath [see p. 561],
who collected many words with a view of bringing out a list
jointly with myself ; Miss Powley, of Langwathby, Mr. J. Bain-
bridge [see p. 562], Mrs. Graham, and Mr. Wm. Birket, of Penrith ;
Mr. Dover, of Woodfoot [see p. 560], Mr. John Robinson, of
Milbum, and lastly, Mr. William Atkinson, [then] of the Science
Schools, South Kensington, who has placed nis knowledge of the
subject entirely at my disposal. Other helpers, too numerous to
particularize, have taken more or less interest in the subject."
Localities and Arrangement,
JGG. hns generally, not always, assigned a ** locality** as he terms it, to the
name, and has also ^nerally, not always, given the usual spellings of the names
of the places mentioned. In order to save space I here give a list of these
localities in alphabetical order and numbered, and subsequently I refer to them
by these numbers.
JGG.*s arrangement is generally (there are a few exceptions) by the sound in
which the names end, and these form the ** original categories,** wluch have been
left undisturbed, and numbered i. to xl. But the names in each cate^ry have
been re-an-anged according to the nimiber of the locality in which it occurs.
[ 2036 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
604 THB WEST NOBTHBBN. [D 31.
When 86Teral names are referred to the same locality, the nnmher is repeated
before each one. The order is always : first, the number of the locality ; next,
the name of the place in pal. ; and then in the ordinary spelling in itahcs when
given by JGG., and if not so given, by a dash — . Sometimes the localitiee are
yeij yafl^ie, as simply 21 On. and 74 We. Sometimes two or more localities are
assiffnea to the same name. In this case generally the number of the other
locality is added in [ 1 to each, and the name is nven under each locality. The
reader will thus be able to find the pron. of all the names here siyen for anj
locality. But yery frequently no locauty is named, generally, says J 66., because
the name referred to is not recorded on the Ordnance Maps, and then the number
0 is used. Sometimes **yarious localities'* are assigned to a name, but not
written. In this case the^r are numbered 00. Sometunee one locality ii giyen,
and others unnamed are said to occur. In this case + is added to the number of
the locality actually giyen.
The paiiicular form of pal. used after discussion with J66. is giyen on p. 539,
as explained by himself in this paper.
0 No locality assigned. 1 Ainstable. 2 Appleby. 3 Ash Fell, We. 4 Bampton.
6 (giyen in error). 6 Barton. 7 Bewcastle. 8 Blencam. 9 Blenco. 10 Broad-
field. 11 Brougham. 12 Caldbeck. 13 Calthwaite. 14 Carlisle. 16 Carrath.
16 Carrick. 17 Colby. 18 Croglin. 19 Croesfell. 20 Crosby Bayensworth.
21 Cumberland. 22 Dacre. 23 Dent. 24 Dufton. 25 Ecfenhall. 26 R.
61enderaterr8. 27 R. 61enderamackin. 28 6reygarth Fell. 29 6rey8toke.
30 Hawes Water. 31 Heeket Newmarket. 32 Howeill Fells. 33 lyeffill.
34 Kaber. 35 Kendal. 36 Keswick. 37 King's Meabum. 38 KiriLby
Stephen. 39 Kirkby There. 40 Kirkland. 41 Knock. 42 Langwathby. 43
Lowther. 44 Mallerstang. 45 Mardale. 46 Martindale. 47 Melmerby. 48
Mickel Fell. 49 Milbum. 50 Milbum 6ran^e. 51 Morknd. 52 Mungrise-
dale. 53 Orton, We. 54 Ousby. 55 Pennth. 66 Penrith side of £amont
Bridge. 57 Penruddock. 58 Plumpton. 59 Pooley. 60 Rose CasUe. 61
Sad^eback. 62 Shap. 63 Skelton. 64 Skiddaw. 65 Skirwith. 66 Sowerby
Row. 67 Stainmoor. 68 Stenkrith. 69 Temple Sowerby. 70 Thirlmere.
71 Tirril. 72 Troutbeck. 73 Ullswater. 74 Westmorland. 75 Whinfell,
76 Wilbert Fell, We. 77 Winskill. 78 Yorkshire. 00 yarious unnamed
localities ; a + added to the number shews that other localities are mentioned
but not named.
List of Barnes.
1. yamei ending in («). 8 st»,r^ n^k Siurba Nook, 12 whelpv Whelpa.
21 sktdB Skiddaw, 21 kxAds Caidew. 21 tor^penv Torpenhow, 22 ti.lktts
Ulcat Row, 39 loo a,bii Low Abbey, 41 bM|rn« Bumey Hill, 41 fiegde
Flagdaw, 46 Wi-d« Beda Fell. 49 wh'aaitB — . 55 baai^'kB Barcoe, 56
thaikti bek Thackay Beck, 55 wtifv Wolf a, 57 stu^dv Stoddah, 64+ kAAye
Calva, 67 dM,mB kr^a,g Dummah Crag, 67 pluikB Flucka Tarn, 67 waciufe
Wo^fa, 69 HhM,uts« Houttay, 70 staiuv Stanah. 74 ryd'lsv Itiddle$ay. 74
r^odhv Bawthay, 74 teibv Tebay, 00 p&aikti — . 00 gr^B ki^a,g — . 00
brW|Unti — . 00 risps — .
ii. Names ending in (shv). 82+ Hhsxr^shti Hareahaw, 32 b«|ShB Bushaw,
49 HhtqtshB Hanging Shaw, 00 wetshv — ^. 00 lofshv — .
iii. Names ending in (r°B). 1 ska^r^ Skarrow Sill, 8 mM|r^ Moray HiR,
18 d&atr°B — . 21 skair^vmaiU-tk Skarrowmmnwiek. 49 stW^ii^ bajud Silver
Band, 73 Bsr^v fw^aji^s Arey Force, 73 shaii^ bee Skarrow Bay, 74
mw,zgi^« Musgrave, 74 bajr^^B Barrow Moor, 00 doki^ — . 00 Bef0i/*M
Setterah,
iy. Names ending in (sk«). 2 [with 17] mtnsk« — . 17 mtnskB — 21
HhaiskB Hareseeugk, 21 [with 72] Itskv — . 21 [with 72] fltf,skB Fluskew,
21 nor^skB Northseeugh, 21 bajskB Barco Dyke, 37 baai^kv Bamskew. S8
gr^aimskB — . 41 koekv Cosca, 47 [with 54] mM^skv Muska. 49 thi^ryskv
— . 64 [with 47] muiskv Muska, 66 skujmskB Seumseeugh. 71 Hh«ti8k»
Heughscar, 72 [with 21] liskv — . 72 [with 21] flMiski Fluekew. 00 flaxskt
Fiasco Flaskew Fluskew, etc.
[ 2036 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31.] THB WEST NORTHERN. 605
T. Nam$$ ending in (In). — 0 br°a,dlB BradUy. 8 gr^M|mpl« Grumpley HiU.
21 i^osIb RotUy, 30 [with 36] walv WaiUno Crag, 31 HhAAtIv Halteliff,
32 kAAtlB Cautleg, 36 [with 30] walv Wallow Crag, 41 [between this and
60] k6Mzl« — . 47 melkv bek — . 48 finlv kas'l — . 49 kaar^'lv ba,nd — .
49 kaar^lB — . 60 [between this and 41] k6tizi« — . 61 uhezlB Hetliy, 64
koklv Cockloek Scar, 64 HhuislB m6aW)r Hustleu Mire, 66 kemplv Kempley,
73 pi}|Ul« PooUy, 74 WilB Beta, 74 Hhaai^tlv, Hhaaf°kl« Hartley, 00 s^v — .
Ti. Name* ending in (vth). 0 kr^tugsth Crewgarth, 0 stlvth Silloth, 36
aji^bBth Armboth, 69 sk&atgBth Skygarth,
Tii. Names ending in (wyth). Compare xi (wBth) — . 0 saindwyth — .
12 l&ainwyth Linewath, 67 skitwjrth bek Skitwath, 74 [above 41]
Hhelwyth — .
viii. Namee ending in (i^yth). 21 [or bS] pt^yr^yth Penrith, 21+ sk^jr^yth
Skirwith, 74 stenkr^yth steqkryth Stenkreth, 74 ka.r^yth Carrath, 78
gi^*gi^yth Oreygarth FeU. [With the (O.l 12 [a mine] ,d,i^tgyth — .
ix. Namee ending in (vm). Usually spelled with either final holme or ham \
bnt many of the names are applied to places that never can have had any
claim to either of these terminations. 0 br^tgvm ba^qk Brigham Bank, 7
8p/ydfyd«m Spadeadam, 21 nftfsvm Newsham, 21 seM.i^Nmi Sebergham, 2^
br^Windtmi bek — . 38 Siqgi^Hmi AngerhoUne. 43 bwiEvm Buckholme, 74
a|SkBm Askham, 74 bi^^iUiim Brougham, 74 flitmn FlithoUne.
X. Name* endina in (im). 0 bekfertkBn Beckfelliean, 9 timp^ii^Bn — . 21
[with 74]/i&im«nbri*gJ^mo»<^rui7«. 21 laiqBnbtXafi^aM^. 21 k^ir^og'lvn
Uroglin, 29 gilkAA'msn Oileambon Beck, 36 setvnBba.n'hni — . 38 mAAStmi
Mallerttang, 46 m/iizvn bek Meaeand Beek, 49 Uifa^fysn liudj — . 63
SMinbie'im Sunbiggin, 66 seb|r°im Celleron, 62 kaar^hriil*Bn — . 67
6«8BntnBt Oxenthwaite, 69 6w8Bnstatnd Oxenetand, 73 Hha|l«n kra.g Hallin
Crag, 73 glenrid'Bn Olenridding, 73 dMinmAA'ltm Dunmallet, 74 [with 21]
li&im«nbrtg Eamont Bridge, 74 k^iT^bt stebtm Kirkhy Stephen, 74 a,kp,r^n
ba,qk Acorn Bank, 74 gaar^hp^r^ Oaythom, 00 mbtkvn Newhiggln [3 or
more places].
xi. Name* ending in (wvth). Compare with the names given under vii (wyth).
0 wfraidwBth Widewath, 12 l&ainwvth Linewath, [above 41] Hhelw^h
gil — . 67 skttwvth Skitwath Beck.
xii. Name* endina in (tvn). These are commonly regarded as mere mis-
pronunciations of the final syllable 'ton ; but I have thought it safer to record
the facts, be their sis^cance what it may. 0 baar^ten Barton, 0 AAstvn
Aleton, 0 mAAstmi Mallerttang, 0 ^lUstnu Ultfertton, 2 HheltBU Hilton,
2 mwii^tBn Murton, 2 dti,ftBn IhrfUm, 2 b6t«tBn Bolton. 21 r^aaktrhtBU
h/id Baughton Head, 21 pluintvu Plmnpton, 21 br^aiutsn Brampton, 65
stentvn Stainton, 62 baiutmi Bampton, 74 woi^'tBn Orton,
xiii. Name* ending in (thvt). 0 r^^iunthvt Bounthwaite, 0 kr^osthut
Cro**thwaite, 0 skAAthvt rig — . 0 lWir**thBt Curthwaite, 0 ba,s'nthBt
Baeeenthwaite, 0 aip*rthBt Applethwaite, 0 thAAr^thvt Thomthwaite,
0 wanthvt Wanthwaite, 0 shdMlthvt — . 0 6iithBt — . 0 Hh/jithBt kasT
High Head Caetle, 21 [with 74] l6faith«t Lownthwaite, 21 kxAthnt
Calthwaite, 21 SK.uthBt Southwaite, 24 bltwthvt Bluethwaite, 33 smxAthBt
Smallthufaite, 33 bi^^BBthBt Braithwaite, 36 omthvt Ormathwaite. 36 l6t#thBt
Lowthwaite, 74 [with 21] 16fmthvt Lownthwaite, 74 6«SBnthBt Oxenthwaite,
Bee xxvii.
xiv. Name* ending in (fvt). 0 wor'M Overthwaite, 2 saiufst San^ford. 34
d6M8«nfBt Dolphin Seat, 88 la^dfet Ladthwaite, See also (a^dimifBt, gr^tz'lfet,
setsfft).
XV. iVaiN«t AMftfi^ tfi (b9,i^^). This ending is exceedingly common in many
iMrts of the north-west of England ; and it is applied occasionally to the heaps of
loose stones cleared off the surface of the land. 17 b^ii^Hmz Hhtl — . 20
Hhaarb^inm Harbertaain, 20 mtBh^^i^^ m^b^jr^Nm Meabum. 36 w&atb^ir°vn
Wythbum, 89 b^ji^Buz — . 49 l»,r^Bn — . 66 siuuboi^Hmz Sewborwent, 62
wiAtb^ir^Nm Wyebume, 74 kltb^ii^^m Clibum,
xvi. Name* ending in (b«ifB). 0 kelbBi^^B — . 0 thor®nbBr°B Thombarrow,
6 k*ir°kbtr**» Kirkbarrow, 9 whttbtw^'B — . 67 k*ir°b«r°B IRrkbarrow,
[2037 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
606 THB WB8T NORTHERN. [D 31.
xvii. Mtnis ending in («1, yl). 0 pe^t^i^l JStiver PetterU. 66 U|i^ Tirrii,
00 ubMiqnil Hhwiq^jryl Hunaer Hill,
XTiii. Natnea ending in (skyl). 0 winskyl [more often] winskid JTinskiU.
0 lonskyl Lonseale Fell. 21 enskyl — . 21 Hhuidskvlz HudecaUt. 66 skw,skyl
Skirsgill, 67 sw&atnskylz Swineseales, 60 gSBtskyl Oaitegill, 61 bdvskyl
Bowseale. 62 r^oskyl BosailL 73 bonskyl — . 74 Hha|y^,r^skylz — . 74
ga,8kyl tai^ — . 74 nBtskyl OaittgiU, 74 thr^w.skyl TkrushgiU,
The principal Towel («) in the terminations given above is usually regarded as
a slovenly suDstitute for one or other of the better recognised sounds. The group
of pUoe-names given next below will suffice tojprove tnat the {yi\ in the woras
given below is not due to careless utterance. Tne same speakers tnat employ this
(b) use also the '* clear ** vowels, and sound them, if anything, more oi^inctly
than one is accustomed to hear in ordinary received English.
xix. Name* ending in (hi). Uniformly sounded (hi) as (aipTbt, k^,r°bt,
ki^osbt), etc. [So written but probably (hi*) or (hi) was meant, see p. 540.]
XX. Names e&ntaining or ending in («q). 0 ltq8ti«,bz Zing Stubbs. 0
la,mbekfq' Lambeeking. 0 liqkBwel — . 44 tqiuhil Ing Hill. 49 daar°liq — .
68 piq*r Plumpton,
xxi. Names ending in (sit, std). 0 Hhaaks/d Hawkehead. 0 a,m'rs/d
Ambleside, Z i^eesii Pagseat, 16 swAainsit — . 17 sw&atnsit — . 21 n£Eps<t
Knapside Fell. 41 swiiatstt. 44 sw&atnsit. 46 selstt Selside. 67 Iris it
Leg Seat. 74 oi^si't Ormside. 74 ki^osbt ri.&jv'nstt Crosby Eavens%corth. 74
Inaii Ley Seat. 74 t^^ustt Toweet. 74+ selsit Selside. 74 ajuvstt rEEk
Annaside Rake. 76 lAstt Ley Seat. 00 jaar'^lsit Yarlside.
xxii. Names ending in (s&atd). 42 skaar^s&aid — . 47 Hhaar'Hs&atd — . 65
ket'ls&aid — . 00 fels&aid — .
xxiii. Names- ending in (r°fk, r^'yk). 0 ka,r°nc Carroek FeU. 11 we.d^^r^iks
Weatherriggs. 12 kEBlbr^yk Calebraek, 21 HhiMr^ik How Rigg (School). 21
Hhiwrtk Hung Rigg {Quarries). 46 dM,^dPir^«k — . 64 bw, ^ttf^r^tk gr^Esnz — .
62 huifaii^ik Butterwiek. 73 Hhii,r°yk wud — .
xxiv. Names ending in (tk). 0 keztk Keswick, 0 skair°vma,n«k Searrowmanwiek,
0 gr^BBsttk Oreystoke, 0 mt<|U^,i:^dtvtk Moor Divock, 0 ktf|mdtv*ik Cumditork.
21 wa,,t?ir° mtlik JFater Milloek. 21 penr°w,dik Penruddock. 61 dodik
Doddick. 73 Hholik Hh6t< — . 73 sajuik Sandwick. 73 bl6w*ik — . 74
spuidtk Spurrig End.
XXV. Names ending in (in). 0 soktn)ber^ — . 0 br^ek«n)sla|k Brackenslark.
0 la,q maar''t«n Long Marlon. 0 tAAktn tar°n Talkin Tarn. 2 kr''ektn)thr^op
Craekenthorpe. 13 br^ektn)brwif — . 41 ska,btn dM,b — .
xxvi. Natnes ending in (»') or (i). 0 majUBsti Manesty. 2 knsli Keisley.
68 br°oU« mijur** — . 74 r^ezli Reasley. 74 es t r°i — .
xxvii. Names ending in (whit, whsEt, wh«t). 0 br°ekBnwhit, Braekenthwaite.
0 aar**mwhit Armathwaite. 29 gr^iiinwhsEt Oreenthwaite Hall. 36 walwhKEt
Walthwaite.
xxviii. Names ending in (kyt). 0 threlkyt Threlkeld. 73 spaar^yt Sparkhead
and Sparket. 00 b*,r°kyt Birket Mire.
xxix. Names ending in (lyk. lik). 67 gEslyk — . 67 m«,udhlyk Mottthlock.
XXX. Names ending in fthr^op). 0 nhaikthi^op Hackthorpe. 0 melktnthr^op
Melkinthorpe. 2 kr^ekinthr^op Craekenthorpe. 23 and 35 milthr^ Milnthwpe.
xxxi. Names having distinct {iu) in combination. 0 skiut Hh»\id Sctttgh Urad.
0 ekiut d&aik Sceugh Dyke. 0 la,msk/Mf Lambsceugh. 0 mid^lsk/wf Midtffe-
soeugh. 0 hhu,d'l8k/Mf [older pron. -(skiMku^h)] Huddlesceugh. 0 k.^ir'^bi
f/i»,r° Kirkby Thore. 0 kr^/ogBth Crewgarth. 0 Hheg'l fiut Hegglr Foot. 0
ka,n^,r*'Hh/Mf [older pron. -hi«kirh] — . 12 nhuit^n sk/wf Hutton Sceugh. 21
[with 74] Hhw,t*n r/irf Hutton Roof. 24 bliMthut BluethwaiU. 25 skiV/f — .
47 Uu\ pful Fairy Pool. 49 kr^iwktw&aiz. 66 l/wm The Luham. 73 gleuki'wn
Olencoin. 73 kr^iwkid&a«k — . 74 [with 78] 1/im Lune. 74 d/wkadM Ducktr-
dale, 74 [with 21] Hhii,t'n r°/«f Hutton Roof. 78 l/iin Lune.
xxxii. Names having distinct (/ja,) in eombirmtion. 0 k/,a,lU|r° Kabcr.
0 /,a,mim River Eamont. 0 8k/,ailz-HhAA Scales Hall. 0 ne,di>,,r*^ski,a,lz
Netherscales. 0 st/,a|ngilz Stonegill. 19 laal d/,ail Little Dale. 21 br/>,dtt,ird
Broadjield, 21 li>|dhz Laiths, 22 diiaik^^r^ Dacre, 38 niia^tbi Natcby.
I 2038 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31.] THB WEST NORTHERN. 607
49 6,ud*l d/iSil — . 66 dliailmf,ain Dalemain, 62 tt,aillvir^ TailberL
66 wht,a,l gil IFhaU GiU. 74 t' Hh/,ail JTa^ Field, 74 8l/ia,k8 ^to^.
74 whi>il fThale, 74 ki^osbi r^ti&iy'nstt Crosbt/ Bavmaworth. 78 tiia^zd'!
Teesdale.
zxxiii. Name ending in (itv) or (/is). 14+ i^t'iiE^ Vreay,
xxxIt. Names having a distinct (^lai) tn combination, 0 j(iBnkl^,a,8 ^u^^
(7A>M. 0 Hheg'l lf»|ainm SeggU Lane, 14 kuiait Hhtl Cote Hill, 16
mit|a|ZdU — . 22 d|ttia,nbf Johnby, 29 &aik*l l^iaimn. 41 klM^aiS Hh6|U8
Close House. 41 ku,ait 8&aik Coatsike, 66 kwia,t kl^iaiS Co/^ Close,
xxxY. Names having a distinct (6u) in combination, 0 b6uga]p Mutton
Orange, 21 6uzbi Ousby, 66 fdiir^w Fowrass, 66 \)6u skaar^ ^ou; 5<^r. 74
b6Mt*n ^o/<on. 74 k6Mb» Colby.
xxxn. Names having distinct (iuu) in combination, 0 kfiiinr^uu Cumrew, 0
niuutBn Newton Reigny, 2 biuuli kas*! BewUy Castle, 66 siuuboi^vnz Sew^
bonvens, 73 fiuuzd'l — . 73 biuuli (— or (1b)] Seulah House,
xxxTii. Names ending in (bp,r*^). 46 ti^aillWir^ Tailbert, 66 sokb^^r^t Sock-
bridge, 74 wilb^ii^t fel Wildboar Fell,
xxxTiii. Names ending in {nx9{f), 0 r^a,gmP|i^ mos Wragmire Moss, 0
BtaiDin^ir" — . 0 8aixu,i:^ taai^n — . 0 dMidm^,!^ Dudmire, 36 thelm^ji^
Thirlmere, 41 ka,t'liiWir^ taar*^ Ca«/^ Mire. 49 oonw^i^ — . 62 reidma^i^
— . 67 blaiknwir** — . 67 winma{r^ Windmoor End,
xxxix. Names ending in (wath). 21 stog'lwath StockdaleuHith. 74 wtndBn-
wath Windertoath,
xl. Addenda and Miscellaneous Names not reducible to any of the above
categories, 0 'ahu^\z\9fifaxj^ Ullswater. 0 dofnbi Dovenby, 0 dof^nbi
Dolphinby, 0 enstsbT Ainstable. 0 SMidh^tr^tmbi Southemby, 0 wesp^ii^vnd
Westmorland, 0 kMim^,r°lBQd Cumberland. 0 maiku'hBnbt Maughanby.
0 baiDBst Bannest Hill. 0 b.askBdE'ik Bascodyke, 0 ba^r^tk Barrock
Fark, 0 kas*! kajr^ik Cw/fo Carrock, 0 nhiii br°ig JTiyA Bridge, 0 8t/,il
jet Steeigate, 0 EBk«t jet ul»>{:«^ fi'afo. 0 ku,urtg. 0 g^.r'^snvp (?rai«
Xnop. 1 br°a,iiw,r'i — . 2 brekmW,r** Brackenber, 6 tboor'^p — . 10
fta/t'nf/iin'd — . 13 BBkba,qk Oakbank, 14 warik »^anr»<rAr. 21 M,k'lb?.r«
8kaar° Oglebird Scar, Temple Sowerby, 21 wilt bi«iU*,r^ skaar*' Wildboar Scar,
21 wtlbini«Mk Willybower Nook. 21 mebii^bi Melmerby, 21 gajinBzbi
Qamblesby. 21 lal saif r Xt^^^ ^/A;^^. 21 g9,r°t saif F Great Salkeld. 21
laiqBubi Langwathby, 21 buiStB bek — . 21 r°oo bek Roe Beck, 21 blenkaa*r^
Blencaim. 21 kp,i^kMiZ*rd Kirkoswald. 21 [and 74] kodbek Coldbeck Caldbeck,
21 blt.izfl Blaze Fell. 21 mvngr'^rzd'l MungrisetUUe. 21 waanf 1 ^crn i^W/.
21 skiprig — . 24 BbxASt/iidz HallsUads. 27 gr^tzd^Fbek — . 36 [witb
67+1 bor°Bd'l Borrowdale. 36 for°nsyt — . 38 skelaiz Skelcies. 40 aar°'l
Hhiiid Ardale Head. 41 Hh,ar*wp,r°f bek part of Swindale Beck. 43 wb»pB8t/,idz
JPTiitby Steads. 47 shtl gt°m iSAt^ilef Green. 61 lEBdhv — . 62 Hhez^lHhtf st
— . 64 Hh&atkBp High Cap. 66 AAlbt Aldby. 66 laiqwhtz Milestone House.
66 HbEsmz The Queen's Haims. 66 bra,m«r°i — . 66 lajnftits Landsfoot. 66
Hbi,ir°ig Highrigg. 67 ber"w,r° nit'lz Eyeott Hill. 67 beksiz Beckeies. 67
walBWB Walaway. 68 6k/,ilz Skeels. 68 skr^aitpiB skaar Scratch Mill Scar,
68 hrdum^j^i — . 69 walHhu,u8 — . 61 ba,iiBdBl Bannerdale. 63 rtgdB'tk
Rigdyke. 67 + [with 36] bonwiU Borrowdale. 67 ba^i^ — Station. 67
b^,r°kB paa t*,^ — . 72 a,8kr**»g — . 72 s6,uthiit'l — . 72 ba,ii«dBl Bannerdale
Fell. 73 beiiHt Hh/,id Bennethead. 73 floehgEBt — . 73 thoor*^ — . 74
^tltBn bMiU^ir** Julian Bower. 74 r^'ys'ndBl Bavenstonedale. 74 HhfeaikBbT
High Cup Gill. 74 skAA fel Scald Fell, Dufton. 74 Hhelbek Hillbeck, Brough.
74 mM^u^ii^lBn Morland. 74 ki^yn'l d&aik Cringle Dyke. 74 nhok p&atk
Knock. 74 Hhssm ki^oft — . 74 Eskli bek Milbum. 74 loekBZ Losears.
74 br°onw,r°i Bramery. 76 dolfin st&ai Dolphin Sty. 77 r°ob«bf Boberby,
00 HhAAS horscj house, etc.
[Names of places are always more altered than other words. We have
abundant examples of such alterations in receiyed speech. Hence such changes
cannot be relied upon for general dialect pronunciation. But the above list is
the most complete of its kind that has been drawn up, and I feel much indebted
to JGG. for tnis opportunity of presenting it to my readers.]
[ 2039 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
608 THB WEST NORTHERN. {J) 81.
SeWABD's DiALOOTTS for BlTBTON-IN-LoNSDALB, Yo.,
otherwise called Black Burton, nearly on the border of La. (13 ne.Lancaster,
3 w.Ingleton). The stalactite Yordas Caye (as the name is nsuaUy written) is
near Ingleborongh Hill, 66 yards long, 13 wide, and 16 1^^, Thornton Force or
waterfall is also close by. There is a rare book, of which ftince L.-L. Bonaparte
possesses a copy, that he allowed me to inspect and partly copy, entitled : *' A Tour
to Tordes Caye, by William Seward, Borton-in-Lonsdale, accompanied by a
Shepherd from Thornton Force, Price one Shilling to Subscribers, Kirkby
Lonsdale, printed by A. Foster for the Author, 1801,*^8yo. in half -sheets. The
Visit occupies pp. iy. 1-30. Then follows on half -sheet E. second leaf, "An
attempt to illustrate the Dialect spoken in Burton-in- Lonsdale and its Yicinity
in a familiar dialogue." When JGG. was in this neighbourhood on Geological
Suryey Duty, in 1876, he made the acquaintance of Mr. John Powley (ipMiulti)
of the post office, Burton-in-Lonsdale, a contemporary and fellow-townsman of
the author, William Seward, and from his dictation pal. a translation of this
dialogue, which JGG. considers to be *' one of the best specimens [of dialect]
withm his knowledge, and to present more than any other a nearly complete
conspectus of the structure and phonology of the dialect of that part of Crayen."
I haye therefore taken great pains to giye JGG.'s writing with accuracy, and
we haye gone oyer the whole tocher yiy& yoce. The cwl. which follow will
be a further guarantee of the faithfulness of this representation of the speech
current in these primitiye rural districts. For the conyenience of compsrison I
giye the original orthography and the phonetic translation interlineany. The
original b an excellent specimen of dialectal spelling as usually found. It would
haye been totally impossible for a stranger to guess at the sounds used. Hence
I put the translation first, which ought to be legible enough to those who haye
read so far, and add the original yerbatim and uteratim, with all its strange
punctuation, use of capitals, and misprints, in the next line. The speeches are
numbered as separate paraeraphs for ease of reference, and a few notes are
added at the end. As to the custom of sweethearts yisiting at night, it must
be remembered that it is thoroughly established, and suggests no impropriety.
**-4 Dialogue between Hiarre and Malle. Enter Harrey
1. Mai/i. ndtt, \\aku tiz)tB ten^t?
1. MaUe, Naw haw iz ta tanete?
2. Hflirt. ^eeliiy \\Liu)z -tdw ttm^t?
2. Havre, Gaily, haws taw tanete P
3. M, it iiha)nBt \\y!ku)\)iyZ, ii 8a,t «,p ot laq' 1es^tp,rn8BVt «t)
3. M, I knaimat haw e iz. I sat up sa lang yesternete at
dt)k«ii ibaardli'i ihod mix Hn op'n.
I can hardly hod my ene oppen.
4. H. wat dt,d)tB 8t\t «ip «Mt<t, mtj las?
4. Jf. what did ta sit up abaut, my lassP
5. M, k«im, 8tit)tB ddim, tni)&t)z tel)dh«. mn mi/i dpj r)z)f i)bed,
6. M, Cum, sit ta dawn an iz tell tha, mi mudaer's e bed,
vn 'bEz bf,ii dhff'iS ^\A iu9{[, wi^ i^liBd)« kdti ot fard «
andhez be^ this hofe aur. We ad a Cow at lard a
[ 2040 ]
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D81.] THE WBST KOKTHERN. 609
kooYtn, mi ii sa^t bB)mii8er om«st jl n^t.
ooTein, an I sat be me eel ommast o nete.
6. M, dhdtf)d«z *w^l tB)see *om«6t. dt kthm hki MiWit d{{^(r
6. M, Thau dux weel ta say ommast. I com by yaur dure
vbdtit Yain «)klok, an di scl « Uap b 8U{m maik 8t,tBn tmenstjtv.
abant yan a Clock, an I sa a chap a sum mack dttan anenst ta.
7. 2f. 00 f dhat wbz nobst :tom, «t kAAd to liuk Bt)t' kA'f, mi
7. M, Ho, that wax nobet Tom at code ta lake at oofe, an
tit waz'nt kAAvd, mi aiiE i)klaipt)tim datm «)t' stk^l, mi fel
it wazzent ooy*d, an sea he clap d him dawn ath stole an fell
vsl^ip. mi siiB Ef.t^i^r « wh&tl i\ wEik'nt, mi bt'igaiii «)telBn)mB
a sleep, an sea after a while he wackened an began a tellin ma,
«t)ti)djbiii ^d^rfemmi.
at e ad oeen dreaman.
8. M, wat d»d)t\ ^d^Hem vb^tit, pre)dh«) ndw?
8. Jf. what dide dream abaut praytha nawP
9. M, t\ ^d^Hemd 8»,k b drfem bz mont'i took m{V0iT 'bird, i^
9. M, E dreamM sic a Dream az monny foke niyer hard, e
tbdtit Bt £wiT katt wbz bdtmd tB plM B)t* ba]gp&tps, Bn)Bt
thaut at our Cat wax bawn ta play ath Bagpipes, an at
I hatf)Bt)t,t)Bd gtit'n b par)B sh^iun, Bn it etud s^t^rek i^p Bn
haw at it ad gitten a par a sbocm, an it stud streck up and
shatfti'id: "maik r6|Um fwr)tf ra,t']iz !" Bn Bf^tp,r b wh&tl b
shauted mack room for Battans, an efterawhile a
g99,rt droy ktf|m, Bn shB wMirt,d)Bm *aa, Bn *et;Bm 8ha,qk
girt droye com an sha worry'dam 0 an it am shank
Bn)ra,qk.
an rank.
10. ff, ii m{79{t M sijk b drfem Bz.tat I bBt i hEz)t' ka'w kAAvd ?
10. H, I neyer sa sick a Dream ax tat, bat next Caw coy*dP
11. if. nee, bBtH* ka,t)8 -ktjt'rd.
11. M. Nay bat Cit kittled.
12. H, jbdti monii ki|tli|nz di|d sLb kt\t'l ?
12. H, Haw many kitlins did sha kittle?
13. M. bajn, 8bt,)d nobBt twiiE, Bn dbM)r bz l&tk)t' aal*d kait
13. if. Bam shead nobbat two an theare ax like thauldoat
B.B. Proa. Fart ▼. [ 2041 ] 180
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610 THE WB8T NORTHBRN. [D 31.
az twitai bru,^clP|^rz, «n dh^ biiatth sdtik.
az two Brudden an they beath sauk.
14. S, tit)8 well «t)tB)z 81*1 geelt'i ten^t. <i|i)l st'it « b«\t
14. if. Its weel as taa sea gailey ta nete, lie sit a bit
iiair)db9.
nar tha.
15. M, \ii mB s»\t Bz nCiflr bz tt'i 'wtil, Bn jb wi,1 bat ibod -of
16. M, Te ma sit az near as ya will, an ya will but nod of
mB.
16. E. wbflt? w»il)tB taik> k»i8?
16. H. What willta tack a kisP
17. if. a latk ii6t<t B)t' majk. rfiaik)t' bdrz, Bn majk b yit.
17. M. I like nout atii mack reak bars, an mack a lete.
18. H. -dat)! maik nB l^t wB)kBn) tAAk B)t' dark, bBt Bn)tB)l
18. B. Ue mack na lete we can toke ith dark, but an tie
gf,)mB)B ktjS, d*)l g»i)dbB)B rtjbBn Bt :bU|rtBn ieei.
giinma a kis, ile githa a Eibbin at Burton Fair.
19. M. dat)l gii)dbB -ntiii. bBt)dhB)mB) tajk ta,n, Bn)tB -wtil.
19. if. I le githa nin bat than ma tack yan an ta will.
20. IT. dhiu nbaaz it Ikik dhB bz w^l bz){ 'kajii dfu. Bn)tB
20. S, Thau knaee I like tha az weel az e can du anta
bsd'nt B Mrdt'iii, it WBd bK)dhB Bfi^jBr ontj Bt 'h^^ir)!
hedent a fardin I wad hetha afoar onny at irer e
8aa)ti)mti Hit
sa emy life.
21. M, look Btid Ikik 1aiii)BnM,^d^ir r^t w^l wen)dhtf)r gaan tB
21. M, Foke sud like yananudder reight weel whenthar gangan ta
wed, fBr)B d^ b fook Iaa iut vt Ef,t9,^r.
wed, for a dele a foke foes aut at efter.'
22. M. ii wtiin^dp,^r wot dh^ fAA iut Bbdut !
22. M, I wonder what tha fo aut abaut!
23. M, ii wfld'nt Wfj8b tB nbaa. ii t b(5oBp •wti)z bt'i tbt|k bz)
23. M, I wadent wish ta kna I Eoap wees be tiiick az
laq)Bz WB b^td tBgt i^dp^^r. Bn dMti n^d gtjt n6tft Bgee-n
langas wa bide tagidder, an than need git nout again
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D 31.] THB WEST NORTHERN. 611
.hattskiftptn. mij inM,dp,^r b1 gtOmu b dill «v odmvnts, vn
nausekeepin mi Mudier al gimma a dele af odments, an
AA majks)^ sttiif »\z so dim «t wtj)!!!*!! eiiajV aa)C bras wn
O macks a stuf s sooa dear at we man seaye oth braM we
*ka|]i. {ajii nhaaz nout wot wb)z wajiit, vn. dh&u Bud b»igf|ii
can. yan knaes nout what wez want, an than sad begin
sMiin ^tw^ wtid)d' bfit)B mw,n»i «t)wB)-hEV.
snm trade wit bit a mnnny at wa hey.
24. IT, ihiu mt'iti bras |b£z)t8 sS,d,Tdy :mail?
24. JT. Ha • • * ^ '
law mitch brass hez ta seayM Mai ?
25. M, ii)Y nobvt Bb^tit Yain)tm)twentti paund ; 'hiu mtti bz 'tin ?
25. Jf. I ey nobbut abant yan and twenty ponnd ; haw mitch az taw ?
26. IT, dt i^bsViit Bz mt'itj. ii nobst Bbatft ten Br)BleT'ii, wen)/
26. ff. I ay not az mitch I nobbut abaut ten ar aleven, when e
^sd)V sbdiumaikpir, bBt dhiu nbaaz I'lt)! bt\)B gee dell
paid Shoomacker, but thou knaes ittle be a gay dele
wen)tit)s AA pwit tBgii^dp/r.
when its 0 put tagidber.
27. M. •majW,, nBt -fit. wat t r^ Bl)tB b*,gi,n ? &i tbf\qk b
27. M. Marry nat it, what trade al ta begin? I think a
•ba,d-dpir)z best.
Badger*s best.
28. J5r. At wad'nt bi b bajd-dpjr, Bn)ta)wBd gi,)mB)tf best stljdjt
28. S, I wodeni be a badger an ta wad ginunath best steate
•i :bu,rtBn! dt)d rwdp,^r bf, b koU^ird ^ir)B tatjmlB 8w^pp,r.
e Burton, I ed raacter be a Colyard er a Chimley sweeper.
lain niB)8t iook kw,r8fn)t* baddpirz »iVBr»i dw, Bn soob dhd)z
Yan ma se foke cursant Badgers iyerey day, an soa thaus
BiH^iT Bt dh$ kaant ditt w^l *laq\ baid'd|9irz wants ts maik
sure at tha can't du wele lang, Badgers wants ta mack
hujz btiW'v Bt wfi)d)B fwlBn krop tV :»qlBnd, bBt it nhaa
az beUeve at wead a falean crop iy Ingland, but I kna
Bt)»\t)s nout Bt)AA bBt st\k dpPirt Bz)'tcm Bt klaimz AA)t'
at its nout at 0 bat sick dirt az tern at clams oth
knintri'i : stW|f)Bd bt i laa t inMif, Bn w»i hsd^nt stik swaannz
countrey ; stuff wad be law enuf an wa hedent sich swarms
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612 THB WEST NORTHERN. [D 81.
oii)om. boty -kom, foti)9z 8t«im«t tv .d^r*iqk, imailti !
on em, bat com, fotcn ai suminat ta annk Malle.
29. M, mix mMi^dPi^r)z wak'n ki deer sm, b«it dt)!' foti Y«)9 ssfip)^
29. M, Me Mudden wacken I dar say, bat ile fotcn ya a sup a
SiTh mtllbk.
m Milk.
30. H, dt)r I hsY nliSi si'ik blaiBbmimt ! I'lt maiks mt belt'i woork.
30. R. He hey nea sick blashment, it macks me belle waric.
31 . M, m«n)i inaik)YB b s^tfiop « t^ ?
31. Jf. mim e mack ya a sup a Te?
32. JS, w^aar mi w^aar, fit)8 notit b«t slaa pii|Z'm. let m»| hsr
32. K, war an war, its nont bat slaw Puzzum, let me her
V g^Pirt pMidfiiy «t)s mli&d t'lii)? p^Uivk, mi top ftil b sfujtit.
a girt puddin ats mead in a Poak, and top full a suit.
33. M, tit)s gild mit«if «t)B n^iihi, b«t mi bti|Z wtimtii m«id'nt
33. Jf. Its good annf at a nnne, but an bus wimmen mnddent
I bsY « 8^«p B t^t, wi'i mod bfi huiq^^rd.
ne? a sup a Te we mud be hnngard.
34. K. wdat'i b«it mi)Y»i wod'nt ^d^r«,qk sb mtti oii)t, Kb ti^ks
34. S, Wia bat an ya wadent drink sa miten ont yer dieeks
wBd b^ B d^ lyd^dPi^r, Bii)YB)wBd l^y b d^l l,aq#ir. bM^t
wad be a dele redder an ya wad lere a dele langer, bat
&t)B gft'n SMiln kt«ip8 Bn s^aas^irz for)dhB, dbM)l d(ik ag9m)t'
1 a giiten sum cupe and sacers for tha tbeel du a^met
wedt'iii. dbdti nbaaz t\t)8 nobBt Bbdirt b mwiiith tuil n^.
weddin, thau knaea its nobbat abaut a munth toll naw,
mtf|ii wi'i b«i skst Bt kp^irk, Pir)w»i)mBii wed *tifidPi^r wm?
mun we be ext ith Kirk ar we mun wed tuddar way,
35. M, wti)l t^Ak Bbdnt *dbait 8t«im n^t els, wot 8ez)tf| ia^d^ij
35. Jr. iWeel toke abant that sum nete else, idiat set te Fadder
Bn int«idP|r Bbdnt I'ltf
an Mudder abaut itP
36. ff. m%i &^dPi^r)z Tie^itUi pHiBzd, Bn sez Bt b)1 'gt)mB
36. M. Me Fadder's rarely pleas*d, an sei at heel gimma
tbr^
three
kdai, Bn dat)z gtt *aa sf^t^i^r^t'i 'dAx. Bn mf| mnidp^r
Ky, an is git 0 after ne dees an me Madder
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D31.] THE WEBT NORTHERN. 613
sez: ''l«ik «t jb bi|d,th p^,u t)i,a| wm, on k^p dbt'iscr
ses luke at ya beath poo tea way, an keep thesel
frtf)t* tEl'«8, im 'dhen 1^)1* -dfii." wat Be2)t»i mtiidp|,r?
fraith Bales, an then yeel du; what sez ty Mudder?
37. M, shtf)w«z nt'in ra wel pli^Ezd «t di)z gaan to li,£v)^tr.
37. Jf. Shoes nin sa weel pleas'd at iz gangan ta leave er,
dhdti 8<f)z dt)z AA)t' baamz 8hf\ hEz biidith rti|f on sm^iudb ;
than siz iz oth Bam sha hez beath ruf an smooth ;
mtiin sbo \i\s wt'Oos?
mun sha leve with az?
38. S, k^i)i sid^iT, «z l<iq oz 8b«)wiil. WT8)m«n gt\t iee^9{£ wfi)t'
38. f . Eigh sure as lang az sha will, we man gith fayver ath
aal look, 9{c wfi)z gt'it *n6ut. en di)l tel)db« 'wot ki woz
aid foke er wese git nout, an ile tell tha what I waz
tb»,qkvn to m/iser ot ki wod taik)B It^mp b lajii'd suiin
thinkan ta me sel at I wad tack a lamp a land sum
^tet Bbdtit :bwirtBii, Bn gi\t suiin bfiEs, Bn sel tit aa. *\ nfCi
whare abaut Burtan, an git sum Beas an sel it 0 E new
mijllhk, Bn)wB)kBn paart wt wiir bu,t,t^i^r Bt onii prats,
milk, an we can part we wer Butter at onny price.
39. M, wot ? mBn)wt\ sel AA)t* nfA millbk, Bn iw{ni tfA ? fook
39. Jf. what man wa sell oth new Milk, an cnim tu, foke
WBd siiin s^^ Bt wb seld mi\lllik Bn wat^t^,^r. daf)d 8er)t'
wad sune say at wa seld milk an watter. I wad selth
b(iE8 Bf^i«|Br ki wBd b£v si'^kB nii^m.
Beas afoar I wad hev sic a neam.
40. S, ki sud'nt latk look tB tAAk bi,hi\nt mi bajk, bf^t b 'deil
40. if. I suddent like foke ta toke behint me back, bat a dele
B fook •keerz)nBt, Bn)dbw d(u)bBt 'gt^t bras, bdti t\t Yu^aa,
a foke caresent an tha du bat git munne haw it come.
41.-1/'. ki rek'n notit b Wi;in ri|tj. tjt nobot ma,ks 1a,n gr^di,,
41. Jf. I reckon nout a bein rich it nobbat macks yan greede
Bn ta,n nbaaz nowt Lbati laq 1a,n LbEz tB st^^ wt,)iit. fook
an yan knaes nout haw lang yan ez ta stay wete foke
d^lz fast t| :btf|rtBn *ndtf.
dees fast e Buitan naw.
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614 THB WEST NORTHERN. [D 31.
42. S. liod)tfi "tMiq* pre)dliB rAu ! dbdu ^eez mv wt tAAktn Bbdtft
42. S, Hod te tang preathanaw, thao flays ma we tokin abaut
<yi)tn. w» 8ud I hBv « d^l « baamz «fiii»,OT w^ thi^qk b M jtn.
ddn we sod ney a dele a barns afoar we think a dein.
43. M. 'swid WB ? •dliait)8 AA)t* felBZ 'thtiqlts on, gt'itfiii «
43. Jf. sud wa P thaVs 0 at Fellas thinks on gittin a
Mtisfttl B baamz fs wt,mf jii fook tB taik Yeer on ! Bn dhau)!'
hausef ol a Barns fort winunen ta tack cear on, an theyl
kba^p'n rtf,n tB)t' YEr)B8, Bn baamz r^UiBrBn Bn skrSjBmBn
appen run tath ealas ant bams roarin an screamon
fi'it tB bn'iSt.
fit ta brist.
44. B. dWj8t)tB bii^tv Bt kx)\ dm si^dj?
44. JET. Dusta belieye at ile du seaP
45. M, nee diV b gw,rt BptnrBn Bt dhdw)!' dfii Bz)tB •8«d dfA, Bn
45. M, Nay I ey a girt apinyan at taol du az ta sud du, an
dhen baamz Vl dfdl bz nl^di bujrt. Ya^n Bd bet^tp^^r $e twl|d|
than Bams al du az na hurt, yan ad better a two
baamz Bn Yaa ^d^rtiik'n felB f\)t i bdus.
Bams an ya dmcken Fella ith hause.
46. JS, 6}i)iy Bn dt)l tel dhB wat)8 bz ba,d tid — ^b gosBpBn
46. Jf. £igh an ile tel tha what's as bad az tern — a gossapan
wkify Bt ga^qz ti'itl' tajt'l fr* i hd«8 tB ihiuB wi* b l&il baam
wife, at gangs tittle tattle fray nause t« hause with a lile Bam,
Bn nbaaz AA)t* nfiiz t|)t t^tm, Bn li,EYz b \him Utk b
an knaes oth news ith Tawn an leayee a nause like a
swdam k^UiBt.
swinecoat.
47. M, wdat;B dhiu n^ld'nt flw,r Bt &i)V bi tain)B dbem. &i)\
47. M, wia than needeut fear at ile be yan a them, ile
k^lp mt'iSeV tin m»\ser, Bn dhen nl,dibodi,)'r ftind faat
keep me sel ta me eel, an* then neabody al find fate
wi\)mB.
wimma.
48. H. a hut^iBp dhdtt)r bt b pid)Bn, btjt ai mBn vvree to 'bed.
48. ff, I hooap thaul be a gud an, bat I man away ta bed.
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DSL]
TUB W£ST NORTHERN.
615
49. M, wen)T t« kwim Bg^m?
49. M, Whenalta cum again?
50. H, t«)m^M,tmi ot n^lt.
60. H, Ta mom at nete.
51.
61.
M, m^atnd tB di6.
M. Mind ta din.
gild n^t t8)dho !
ffnd nete to tba.
52. H. gtid n^t tB)dho, d^ot !
62. if. Gud nete to tha, joy !
Noiet to Seward** Dialogue for Burton^in^Lonidale,
1. MoUff, Final y, or ^ as Seward
writes it, is here always (t,) with the
deeper yariety of (t) used for the simple
(t) in all cases. J 66. had sometimes
written simple (i), but as he thinks it
was an inadvertence^ I have written
(ji) everywhere. — noWy kow^ although
Burton-in-Lonsdale is essentially the
same variety of D 31 as Upper Swale-
dale and Wensleydale, yet it lies s. of
the s. hoote line 6, and the primitive
(uu) which there was (aju), has passed
into fftw) here. This Seward repre-
sents oy awy and hence has no sign but
0 for (aa), see par. 7. — how, the aspi-
rate is luways very faint. — art thou,
the (dh) of (db&M), when the word is
unaccented as (dhv), becomes usually
(t) after (z) as here, and (d) as in par.
4, and (t) par. 5. 'I is, thou is, he is,*
are the regular constructioiis. — to-night^
the regular form of long (ii) is (ei) be-
ginning with short U) ana ending with
medial (i), both with stress. JG6.
had sometimes written (^, «ii), but be
considers that this was mere hesitation,
and that the vowel was always of
medial length. The people themselves
consider that they say pure (ii), hence
the original spelling neUj but this is
a sound they have much difficulty in
pronouncing.
3. know notf with initial (nh). — how
1 am, I enclitic becomes (i), but he
becomes (i,) or (b). — yesternight^ J6G.
says that initial (j^ is usually replaced
by a brief vowel, here written (1)
throughout, the accent on the follow-
ing vowel being then omitted, as (()
sufficiently indicates both glide and sub-
sequent stress. The vowel (e) varied
much as (b) in JGG.*s writing, and he
thinks there must have been a reason
for it in Mr. P.*s pron. In some
words, as (hEZ, Ef,t*. r), the use of (e)
is regular. Hence jGG.*s writing is
followed for (^, e, b) ; the last syllable
(uffi'it) for (n^it) is quite abnormal,
why Mr. P. here used (nae'it) is un-
known, it may have been an inad-
vertence.
6. I shall, * I is' not only represents
the present, but *I shall or will* in
the immediate future, here *come sit
thou down and I will tell thee directly.'
— mother, the dental (,d, ^t) before (,r)
are never represented by Seward. — e for
in, Seward was apparently afraid of
using i lest it shoma be taken as (dt).
— half, calving, all, and calf, in par. 7,
observe Seward's helpless use of o in
these words, see par. I, now.— fared or
went, began. — almost, becomes (omnst)
by mere absorption of (1).
6. come for came, regular. — of some
make, of some kind. — anenst, opposite
to.
7. to (s/,b), this form is used again
immediately, but (s/ia) or (si|a|) is the
regular form.
9. boun, the translation (b&tmd)
seems to be an error for (hkun) boun
or going. — and that how that it had
got a pair of shoes, the first * that '
depends upon * dreamed,* the second
* that ' depends upon ' how,' and would
not be used in rec. sp. — rats, * ratten'
or *raton' is the regular word for *rat'
in the singular. — an ate them, possibly
(et) is an error for (»,t).
13. two, first (twijE) as (si.e), par.
7, and then (twia,), which looks as if
the first form had been an inadvertence.
14. nearer, (nar) is the comparative
of (niiwr) in par. 16.
15. hold off me, keep from touching
me.
21. at after, the Danish efterat
thereafter.
23. we shall, immediate future. —
thick, close friends, undivided. — odd^
ments, odds and ends, the French
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616
THE WEST NORTHERN.
[D31.
tenniiiation mmtt has been quite incor-
porated in the dialect. — aU make* of
•iMffy {Ql kinds of food. — w shall want
immediate future.
26. / nobbut about ^ I haye only
about, the hare omitted idiomatically,
80 immediately * when I paid' for when
I haye paid. JOG. says that this
omission is general in the north of
England. — together ^ clearly * tagidber '
was a misprint in the original for
* tagidder.*
27. badger^ travelling comfactor,
see introduction to Orton cs., D 31,
No. 11. These men are constantly
held in disrepute, and are actually
charged with increasing the price of
com, see par. 28, where Harry repre-
sents a very general feeling.
28. state, estate or farm holding,
a 'statesman* is a yeoman poBsessing
the land he farms. — a collier or a
chimney sweeper , as symbolising dirty
trades. — ««, here Mr. P. has used
(hM z) the emphatic form, but as the
original has ia mack az, it is evident
that Mr. Seward meant (tB mak bz)
unemphatic, as indeed the whole con-
text snews it should be. The aspirate
to iM in emphatic form, as (haz) is
found in D 33. — stuff, com; in rec.
sp. we talk of * bread stuflPs,* i.e. bread
materials, and here * bread * is simply
omitted. — clam starve, and/f^rA (fotj),
these two words extend as far as
Cautley-by-Sedberg (for Cautley, see
introd. to cs. No. 8, p. 669J, and are
not used further north, wnere clam
becomes hunger as in par. 33. On the
range of clam see TH.*s Four Dialect
Words, published by the E. D. Society.
29. my mother shall (i.e. will) wake,
probably meaning that she would have
to go tnrough her mother^s room and
waken her. — chum milk, buttermilk ;
observe the introduced (Ih).
30. blashment, to blash is to splash
or paint, hence applied as a substantive
to rubbish or weak liquor, blashy and
blashment are both used ; observe the
-ment as in oddtnent, par. 23. — work,
simply ache, applied also to teeth.
31. sup was (sM p) in par. 29.
32. worse and worse ; it*s nought but
slow poison, to which JGG. thought
that isn't tea (iz*nt t^i] should be
added. — a poke, a bag or tied-up cloth.
33. a noon or midday meal, dinner,
Mittagsessen, — might be.
34. / have got, in the original * I '
18 misprinted 'V—theyUl do for the
wedding, the * they ' is Mr. P.'s word,
the original has theel, i.e. thee will, or
thou wilt ; the against must then mean
< untU,' that is, you'll do as you are
till the wedding ;' but the passage is
obscure and possibly faulty. — a month
from then tiU now.
36. kine, cows, of which ky (ags.
ey') is the proper plural, kine bemg
formed by adding the pliu^ n to the
pi. inflection. — / shall get certain
future. --Alehouse with (T) prefixed as
frequently occurs.
37. ^A« tTM is Mr. P.'s alteration, to
make (shu), as usual, result from the
attraction of (w) ; but Mr. 3. wrote
shoes (shM|Z), she is, using the shoo,
which is frequent enough in m. and s.
Craven, and s.Yo. This is then a
pure shoo (shii|U) as in Horton-in-
Ribblesdale (see cwl.), uninfluenced by
a following w.—aoing ; here again Mr.
P. has (gaan) and Mr. S. (gaqBn^ ; both
are used. — aU the bairns, Mr. P.'s word
for all the bairn which last is better.
— both rough and smooth, probably
bearded and non-bearded, that is, male
or female.
38. get favour unth the, this is Mr.
P.'s version, the original spelling
shews that Mr. S. meant (giit)t'fav^
iB]t') get the favour of the, with a
different pron. oi favour, — some beasts,
that is, cows.
40. brass, the original has (mw^nii)
money.
43. thafs all the fellows think on,
but the original has * that's all that
fellows thimu on,' meaning all that
men (not the men) think abont.-ybr
womenfolk to take care of, the origmal
has * for the women to take care of,'
the being used before women, implying
(f.?,r)t') ; care should be (kf.fij-) accord-
ing to the spelling. — thou* It perhaps
run to the ale-house, here Mr. P. has
made a serious change of (dhM)l) they
will, into (dh&u)l) thou wUt, which is
certainly a mistake, as the whole con-
text ana next two paragraphs shew.
45. at thouU, should be (vt t&w)l)
as shewn by the originnl.
i6, as bad too, the original has (ia
bad BX tern) as bad as them = they are.
47. myself 'to myself is, in the
original, myself to (tB) myself, with
unaccented to. — nobody will fnd fault,
JGG. thinks should be 'nobody will
find no fault * (ni^ faat).
[ 2048 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31.] THE WEST NORTHERN. 617
Weabdale akd Teesdale dt.
Of the 4 dt. which I have reoeiyed for this region, all in io., it seems best to
giye only one, with such yariants in the notes as seem of importance. They all
point to a practically identical pron., but as regards the IT words there is the
same trouble as for the St. John^s Weardale cwl. The exact ralue of it cannot
be determined, but it cannot be widely different from (^u). The 4 dt. were : —
1. Heathery Cleugh Q^^^f), nearly at the head of Weardale, the last houses
passed on going from Weardale to Allendale, Nb. (9 w. Stanhope^, written in
1879 by Mr. Dfdton, the schoolmaster, at the request of Key. W. Featherstone-
haugh (-haf), Rector of Edmondbyers (16 nw. Durham).
2. Stanhope (13 w-by-s. Durham), written io. in 1879 by Mr. W. M. Eggle-
stone, bookseller, of Stanhope, but a natiye of Upper Wearaale, author of those
excellent dialect books, Betty Podkins' Visit to Auckland Flower Show, and her
Letter to the Queen on Cleopatra*$ Needle. This was accompanied with yery full
notes and explanations, and is therefore here adopted as the most trustworthy.
It uses, howeyer, pure (ii, uu) and not ftji, bOu).
3. Bishop Auckland (9 ssw. Durham), written in 1879 at the request of the
then vicar. Rev. R. Long, by Mr. John Wild, master of the Union Workhouse
at Bishop Auckland, described by the yicar as *' a man of considerable knowledge
of the dialects of the district, and one who has made language his study.'*
4. Easington (9 e. Durham), written io. in 1879 by Miss E. P. Harrison,
daughter of the Rector, who had lived chiefly at Hart (4 w.Hartlepool), where
the pron. seems to be the same.
These dt. cover the whole ground of Weardale in s.Du., the Wear itself
passing into n.Du. just w. of Bishop Auckland and going to Durham and
Sunderland, which belong to D 32.
For Lower Teesdale, Mrs. Alfred Hunt, novelist and wife of the artist, b. in
the neighbourhood of Durham, who had, howeverj acquired her knowledge of the
dialect in Lower Teesdale, in Jan. 1876 kindly dictated to me a cs., and gave me
a Iw. for that district, but her recollections were not precise enough for me to
print it at le^h. Her version adopted pure (ii, uu), and was very like the
Middleton-in-Teesdale cwl. with, however, an occasional tendency to an (bCi) form.
Stanhope dt.
1. w^f a B^tf, lads, jb sii nuu tsd aa)z riit vbuut ion ItVl las
ktfm«n fre ion skhl. ,
2. sht^z ganBn duiiii)d' lontsn dhier, tliruu)d* riid Jft on)t* left
liand satd t3)d' rood.
3. sh&Br ani«f, f beem)z ghin s^t^rait «p t»)d' duutsr «)d' raq
buos,
4. weer ^%)\ mebt fmd dhat ^d^rwk'n diif slut^qk'n felB, «)d*
nhiin Q itomt.
6 wi aaI naa)in vare wiil.
6. wintit t'AAd felB sbn Ihrn mt nwt tB d»)d Bgbn, puuBr tli»q !
7. Ibk ! »z'nt it ^t^rCu ?
Notes,
The references to Nos. 1, 3, 4 are to the Heathery Cleugh, Bishop Auckland,
and Easington veniions respectively, see above.
1. weUy the so would not be used in (a, aa). No. 4 writes ot. — lads, mates
this place, the fw&i) answers to our is imported (given in No. 4, marrows
well; so would oe (sii) or (si) as in in No. 1), fellow- workers in lead mines
(nwt si gMd) not so good. — I is always are (shuudhur fellvz) shoulder fellows,
[ 2049 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
618
THE WBST MOBTHBRN.
[D81.
but speak to one another as 'lads.* —
y«f superiore and elderly people are
generally bo addressed. — now, especially
said to rhyme to too, do, loo. The
following are all the words of this kind
in the spedmen, with their mods of
treatment in Nos. I, 3, 4.
No. 1.
No. 8.
No. 4.
1.
now
noo, rh. boot
now
noo
about
ahoot
about
aboot
down
doon
down
doon
2.
through
throo
through
throw
3.
ture
aeer
turo
thower
door
door, rh. boor
dootr
dower
hotue
Ao099
houo$
hoooe
6,
poor
power, poor
pouer
power
All written with oo in No. 2.
Mrs. Hunt also dictated to me (pnnr) a
power, and (p6Mr) spoor. It is evident
therefore that the general s.Dn. pron.
cannot be pure (nu), and probably not
pure (tijUV but has some sound which
suggests {iu\ for which JGrG. in despair
wrote fv'uu) in St. John's. See also
D 32, we dt. from near Lanchester and
notes. — that, there is a fondness for a
(d) termination, (nd) for («t). — / ie,
I are, he be, we'm, you*m, we you
they is, do not occur ; am is not used.
--rifht, **r trilled as in Scotch," this
(ii) is against the St. John's cwl., said
to rhjme Jhet, meet, beet ; probably
the (ii) is not quite pure ; written reet
in lice. 1, 2, 3, but left as ripht in
No. 4. — yon used for something at a
distance. — little^ probably bit would be
added, or else used alone, as ' little bit
lass' or 'bit laos'; No. 1 has smaw,
bit, wee. — coming, the part, and yb.
noun are not distingiushed. — the, (t\
d*) are both used, see rule at end of
these notes. — echool, I belieye (sktsl,
skt'iBl) was intended ; Mr. £. writes
ekeail, is inclined to ekeal, but used
*pli'ace fi'ace mi' ad hi'am,' etc., in
iietty Podkins, and says that 'moon
bone again done gone tune' have all
the same vowel, and adds that ' -liet
in Zxdiet is very near our leait late,'
No. 1 skeeool. No. 3 ekule ekyul. No. 4
tkule. — yonder is used in the form
(jondhBr); but (tndBr, dhondhnr) are
both unknown.
2. doum, rhymes to soon. — through
rhymes to 'too.* — red, rh. weed need
creed, Nos. 1, 2, 3 have reed^ No. 4
red. — gate, both (jtt, jet) used, (op'n)d'
Jtt, t* jet)8 op'n) open the gate, the
gate's open; No. 1 get. No. 3 gate.
No. 4, geate. — left hand side, No. 1 has
left neaf tide, rh. leaf, meaning 'left
jut side,' and says it is common, but
not particularly so. — road and lane and
also wag are used with a difference, as
in the examples (ht)z d^tist gim duun)d*
lon«n; m&ind und kiip ii)d rood, what
wee t8)t« ganvnP a thiqk a)'l gan t*
hii wee, or riit duun)d* rcK>d), he's just
gone down the lane ; mind and keep on
the road ; what way art thou goinf ?
I think I'll go the high way, or rignt
down the r^; No. 1 writes wad.
No. 4 wag, Nos. 2 and 8 change the
word.
3. enough (vniu) is sometimes used ;
Nos. 1 and 4 have neugh. No. 2 enet{f.
No. 3 eenguff. — hat, here contracted
to (z), he has it (hi hes)t) ; coniugation
affirmative (a h^e, hev, wt ti dhe hee,
dhuu hi hez), negative (a hev'nt henut
henB, wi ji dhe henvt ; dhu hi hez'nt).
— ttraight. No. 1 ttreight. No. 2
ttrgte. No. 3 tthrite. No. 4 ttraight.
— houUy aspirated.
4. drunken, No. 1 drookn, Nos. 2
and 4 drueken. No. 3 dhrueken. —
name. No. 1 nag'um. No. 2 neaim.
No. 3 n*gam. No. 4 neeam.
6. all, No. 1 a, owe. No. 2 awU,
No. 3 all, No. 4 aril, the last explained
as (aal). — know, No. 1 ken, ao, 2
knaw, ifo. 3 ken nau, No. 4 knowte,
6. wonU, No. 1 won-et wun as won,
Nos. 2, 3, and 4 winner. — old. No. 1
od, rh. toad, Nos. 2 and 3 awd. No. 4
ard, explained as (aad). — to do it.
No. 1 r <f' ad, {dee)ad. No. 2 U did.
No. 3 U dVd, No. 4 fdeet; on the
contraction (di)d) see note, p. 619, on
the * Differences, etc.'
7. look, No. 1 leeook, No. 2 lemk,
No. 3 leuk. No. 4 luktthoo.
[ 2060 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31.] THB WEST NORTHBRN. 619
Dif$rme$9 heham SUmhope mnd St, JohnU.
Mr. Eggleetone recognises only the following :
ull know wotCt old. too, do
8Umhop$, faa'l naa wtnvt aad, ti, di^.
8t, John*; (oo noo wtmvt ood Ue dt«).
In Mr. Moore's yernon of the Song of Solomon into St. John's Chapel dialect
made for Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, he says : ** At East Oate [2 w. Stanhope] and
Stanhope the words didtt thou do it and toilt thou do it toe pronounoed did te did
and wiU U did, while at St. John's Chapel they are dud tu dud and umU tu dud.'*
Mr. Egglestone says he has often heard {dua t« dii)d, «r dhn d«d*nt dM)d P) at
St. John*s, but more for the sake of the sound or repetition of (dud) than general
usage. Do at St. John's is (dfs) sometimes (dmr), doitia (dt Vd) or (dit]d), the
it becoming (d), and the (t) being lengthened (dud tB di«)d) is used, out the
others are more common at St. John's. Also (tu)d) is used for < to it,' as (hivr,
:d|ak, gan ti)d' hors ! ki, a'l gan tu)d), here, JadL, go to the horse ! aye, I'll
go to it.
The d^niU artieU (d*, t*).
I. In commencing a sentence and after all breaks, (t*) is used.
II. If the precedmg verb end in a Yoiced consonant, fd*) is used ; if in a roice-
less one ft*). But yerbe ending in (d) reouire the art. (v).
III. Verbs ending in (1, m, n, r) may oe followed by either (i or d*).
The pronoun it is gOYemed by tne same laws. Examples :— '
(whii)l rt«b)d* hors. a)l rt«b)d. p will rub it].
„ „ shuu)d* shuu'^d [shoe it].
i» >» gaf d* »» »» gajr)a-
(let)s gal«p)t* horse. a)l gariip)t.
„ takjf „ „ tak.t.
„ JOok)t' „ „ JOok)t.
„ trott' „ „ trot it.
„ fiitftf „ „ fiidit).
Var. i, form a, Nobth Cbatkn^ cwl.
This should be compared with Dent and Howgill, Yar. iii.
B Burton-in-Lonsdale or Black Burton (13 ne. Lancaster), see introduction to
separate specimen, p. 607. Pal. in 1876-7 by JGG. from the diet, of Mr.
John Powley, there mentioned as having diet, the specimen. The sliffht
differences between this cwl. and that spec, are probably all due to douole
uses, pronunciations, or appreciations.
C Chapel-le-dale (19 ne.Lancaster), between Ingleborough and Whemside
Huls, through which runs Dalebeck, which flows into the Greta by Ingleton,
and thence mto the Lnne, which passes by Lancaster. Pal. in 1876-7 by
JGG. from the diet, of Wm. Metcalfe, &()., of Weathercote (1 nne. of
Chapel), who had been acquainted with the dialect all his life (different from
the Mr. -Metcalfe, of Dent).
H Horton-in-Upper-Ribblesdale (21 ene.Lancaster), between Ingleborough and
Penyghent Hills. Pal. in 1877, by JGG. from the diet, of Mr. John
Jackson, of Studfold (.stM.dfsl'd) (a hamlet 2 s.Horton), b. about 1800,
and acquainted with the dialect all his life.
M Muker, ete., see p. 667, introduction to No. 2. This was pal. by JGG. from
the diet, of E. Alderson and James Kearton, two of those from whom the cs.
was obtained, and the words are added here for comparison. The principal
difference is the treatment of the U' words.
When no initial is prefixed, the pron. refers to all four pUces ; when subse-
quently an initial is prefixed to a pron., it implies that this is a second pron. heard
[ 2061 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
620 THE WBOT 90BTHBRN. [D 31, V U.
in tliiB plioe. Often only the poinftt of difl^renoe are noted. Where <mlj eome
initialfl are given, there is no inionnation from the missing places.
Thronghoot (r) « (O •
I. We88EZ and Nobsb.
A- 3 bi & k. 4 ta|k. 6 ma^k. 6 m«>|d. 7 si>ik. 8 hsr, H h^. 9
C bih/,fr,T, BHM -ter, 10 had. 12 BHM saa, C saa. 13 [M (nhaar'l) used].
14 M ,d,raa, .d^AA, 15 M aa. 17 BH laa, C Iaa. 18 kf|fr,k. 19 W,k,l.
20 lt,& m. 21 m.&im. 22 tt &|m. 23 M st|fr,m. 24 sha,m. 25 mt ,frin.
27 BHM nht.friT, C n-. 28 BU ht.&.r, CH htetn, M haar. 30 BH k«>ir, C
keer, 31 U.&,t. 33 ree,d^|j. 34 last. 35 [M (elsvn) nsedl. 36 BC thaar,
M thai«. 37 klaa.
A: 39 [(kw.m) used. 40 B kim.mn, C k^itnn, H koom [honeycomb, M
(hw.ni-kf.&.mjl. 41 BM theqk, C «„ H i, M a,. 43 hii,n'd. 44 lA.nU 46
kayr. 47 Mwa,n,d^,^. B s^aq, BCHM a,. 50 ta^q*i, M teqzs. 51 majn.
53 BHM ka,n. 54 want. 55 A, M as. 56 wish. 57 «, M^.
A: or 0: 58 BM fr^r, C b, H fnnn, M frey. 59 la,m. 60 CM laiq, BH a.
61 imia,q\ 62 BH 8,t,r,aq\ CH aj. 63 C thraq\ H a„ M t.raiq. 64 CM
ra^q, B 'ra,-a\ M w'ra.q. 65 BH saq, CM a,. 66 C waq, BHM wh.
A'- 67 M gaa, [& M (gaMj) used)]. 69 noo, M m&,. 70 t«>i. 71 BCM
w« &!, C woo. 72 C w«,fe„ B Lwh, H wh«,B, M whi&„ wh*. 73 BC si'ifr,,
CH 800. 74 BM tw/,fej, H ti.u, C 6«. 75 8,t,n>.k. M s.t^rwosk. 76 t»i&,d.
77CMlord«H6,BifiB. 78 Maa[&Mt,aad1. 79 aan, M aan'd. 80 ha Itdv, M -di.
81 l(i,Bn, M lt<'6Biiin. 83 mi &,n. 84 BC mi^kir, H «^, M aa. 85 BC st.&ir, H
ee, M aa. 86 BCM i^vts [H (kxAm) used, M (haiY^.r^) used]. 87 klt.&,z. 88
klt.&|dh. 89 b/j&ith. 90 blaa [pt. bliii]. 91 maa [pt. miCL]. 92 nhaa. 93
snaa [pt. sniii]. 94 M kraa. 96 thraa, M ,t,raa. 96 saa [pt. siil], M soo.
97 sdtil, M 8&m1. 98 nbaan. 99 thraan. 100 saa.
A': lOl taik. 102 CH Bks, BM as. 104 r^ivd, M noMi. 105 rf^&.d.
106 bn'ifc.d. 107 l/,4,f, C loof. 108 CH d6irf, C d»,fe,f [B (pt.fe.st) used].
109 laa, H I6m. 110 M nt«,t. Ill M 6a«t. 113 BCM b/^ H whv.Bl. 115
h/i&im. 118 M b/,&,n. 121 BCM g/|&in, H gon, M gaan. 122 CBM n«>in
ni.n, H mn [the two last as in 'none so bad j. 123 [M (n&fit) used]. 124
8ti>,n. 125 [(nobBt) used]. 127 CH hijiirs. 128 [(dhem) used]. 129 C
goost, H guiBst [B (bog9,rt) used], M g/,&ist. 130 H b«ivt. 131 M goot 132
i6t. 133 B OTi^&it, CM rt'i&it, H rt'ivt. 134 BCM ii&^th, H ooth. 135
kl/,&ith.
JE' 138 fad^,,r, M fftddh^ir. 140 hArl. 141 M iue\. 142 CM mill, BH
te. 143 M ieei. 144 ygeen. 146 nuvn. 147 br«^. 148 CHM teer, B iee^iT,
149 B bK,Bz, H ee, 150 CH Itisst, B is. 152 w,a>i^. 163 SB>,,rd«.
JE: 155 tba.k. 157 r/.&iT'n, B ee, 158 vijte^T, 160 eg. 161 dee, M dm.
164 mee. 165 ssd. 166 CH nuwd, M [(l&s) used]. 167 di.&,l. 168 talv,
M a,. 169 BC wen, H when, 170 HM haarrist, C barest, B «. 171 CH
baarli, B tj. 172 CHM g^,rs, B ga,r8. 173 M wax. 174 C BB'sh, BHM b.
175 fast. 179 BC wat, HM wh. 181 [M (,t^) nsed].
M' 182 BH srt. 183 C tiiBti, B Ujeti, H t^t| rhardly distinguishable].
184 BC liiEd, H «#, M ytd. 185 r^d red. 186 brBdth. 187 IUbt. 188 H
ns'i [C (wtni), B (whim) used], M nss't. 189 M w^i. 190 CM kaal, B
ks'ii. H kB'!. 191 BH b^ll. 192 B m/B'n, CH miisn, M m^. 193 CH
kliis'n, B kltVn, M kUin. 194 CH on», B on/|, M ajni ani. 195 B montw
CH moni, M maiui mani. 196 BC war, H woor. 197 ti^iz. 199 bleet, B
bliB't. 200 C wtiBt, H wh/tBt, R /b, M whHt. 202 C heil,
JE': 203 BHM sp<^ti. 204 d^id. 205 thr^d. 207 n^d*l. 210 kW.
211 zree. 212 B wee, CH wh, M yrhee. 218 CM eejbijr, B Mdh«,r. 216
BH Ml, C dSisl. 218 sh^'ip. 219 sWfp. 221 CH ftivr. 222 B hi&rar, H
h^, C h/,&,r, M haar. 223 H dh/>,r, C ^„ B /b, M dhaar. 224 BCH
waar, M wh-. 225 M flesh. 226 m/,&,st. 227 wnt. 228 CH swiist, B im,
229 BHM breth, C bryth. 230 fat, M fa,t.
E- 232 CM briiB'k, B /b', H «. 233 CHM spiiB'k, B /b', M sp^k. 234
CHM niis'd, B /b'. 235 CH wiiBT, B /b. 236 C fBY^^r, HM Ux-. 237 M
[ 2053 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31, Via.] THE WEST NORTHERN. 621
^tJ^hUm. 238 bBdi. 241 rem. 242 H whUvn, H tw/i&i. 243 [(Wk) used].
246 kttvln [queen]/M wh/ien [quean]. 248 B rn^nr, CHM miif^r. 249 wit^jr.
260 Bw/tPiF. 251 CHM miiB% B ii. 262 lut'l. 263 nstU*. 264 iB^d^^^r,
H leddlu,r. 266 wB,d^,,r.
E: 267 Bd| [pi. (Bdd|iz)]. 269 wBd| [pi. WEdditz]. 261 8m. 262 w<v.
264 eel, 266 BCH s^t/Bit, M s.t.r^t. 270 CHM bslis, B -m, CHM bElt,
B -«,. 272 HM sl«m [CB (boom) used]. 273 men. 274 BHM biqk, OH b.
276 CHM tbiqk, B fp 278 M wenlj. 280 «l/t^*n. 281 lEqtb, M lentb.
282 s.t.rBqth, M s^t^rentb. 283 CHM myri, B tp 284 tbresb. 286 kresb.
286 baiFB. 287 Wiz*m. 288 let.
£'- 289 Y^ It \v. 290 b^ bi « b. 291 dWi dbt dbv. 292 m/t mt mv,
293 wei wi, B wm. 294 fi^id. 296 btl^iv. 298 UiL 299 gr^in. 300 Lrip.
301 biip.r. 302 m^t. 303 sw^H.
F: 306 BH bit, C bn't. 306 Uit. 307 M n&ai. 308 n^d. 309 spiTid.
310 b^l. 311 tsn. 312 b^j^^r. 314 BH b.aard, C b^iid, M bttVrd. 316
Uit, 316 nekst.
£A- 319 g/.&;p. 320 M kaar. £A: 321 saa. 322 1^. 323 f6ut.
324 B'it, M ^ftt. 326 WAAk. 326 CB aal*d, C 6tfrd, H 6Md, M aad. 327
CH b6urd. 328 CB kaalM, H k6Md, M kaad. 329 C ibuVd, H f6Md. 330
bod. 331 r(8Bl*t) used]. 332 [(tslH) used]. 333 kxAf. 334 bAAf. 336 CB
AA, HM aaI. 336 CB fAA, HM IaaI. 337 waa, M waaI. 340 W,rd, M
jp.rd. 342 aar'm, M aann. 343 waar'm, M waarm. 346 BC daar, H d«er,
M daar. 346 B Kst, C Kyt, H Ivt, M la^t [^'distincUT different from (ja|t),
(g/,M),aroad"].
£A'- 347 CHM bun'd, B ii [here in 360-6, 860, 361, etc., tbe (b) is not
certain in M, but becomes indistinct]. 348 ii [pi. {kin) CI. 349 H M, BC fn'il.
£A': 360 CHM diisd, B diB'd. 361 CmC ItiBd, B lis'd. 362 CH red,
B ryd. 363 CHM briiad, B brtBd. 364 CHM sbilBf, B is. 366 CHM diisf,
B tV. 366 CH liiBf, B lY. 367 [{fw aa) for aU, used]. 369 C neb^,r, BH
B't, M uBB'ibPjr. 360 CHM tiiBm, B «b. 36-1 CHM bUsn, B «b. 363 CHM
^Bp, B IB. 366 niip r. 366 gw,rt, M griist. 367 CHM tbriiEt, B tB.
368 CM diistb, B tV, H deth. 369 CBM slaa, H sIaa. 370 CB raa, H rAA.
871 8,t;^'.li.
£1- 372 BM frf;i, C s'i, H e'tp 373 db^^. 374 bm, 376 M reez. 376
b^. £1: 377 8t«>^. 378 weeV. 382 CHM db^r, B dh^.r.
£0- 383 C 8Bb*n, BH r, M siiev'n. 384 bsv^n, M biieVn. 386 H
biniiBtb. 386 T6u. 387 BC nlii, H nii<l.
£0: 388 CHM mtUbk, B ij. 389 look. 390 swd, H sbwd. 393 BHM
Imlont, C biion'd. 396 waark. 397 BC BiiiP,rd, HM swp^rd. 398 staarr,
M frt)i n&at bw.<p,rd tn diiBtb im feer staanrd wt)t' kaad [I am nearly hungered
to deatb and fairly starred witb tbe cold]. 399 briit. 400 M Itramist. 402
CH Uim, B aa, M Uiem. 403 f ,aar. 404 st.aar. 406 C baastsn, BH hstsa,
M asttn [abeartbstone, beartb not being used separately]. 406 M tBvrtb.
407 faardin.
£0'- 409 BH Wi bi, C b». 411 BCH tbrii, M ,t,r^. 412 sbit sbi sbv,
HM sbw sb»,u. 413 C d«T*l, B deY*l, HM dtivU. 414 BCM M. 416 l^t.
416 dii^ir. 417 C t|ig, BH t|e'uu, M i}6u. 418 bria. 420 BHM fdttf.r,
C fAAPT. 421 CM iAiU, B fortii, H forti.
£0': 423 tWt. 424 rt«if. 426 lift. 426 BHM fs'it, B fs'it, C fHt
427 M Wi b«. 428 sA. 430 fryiud. 431 bii^jr. 432 HM f6Mrt, B fdtivt,
C foo#irt. 433 biyist, M briist. 434 B brt. 436 Y^iU, M J6ii tu j«. 436
,t,ri<i. 437 .tJiatb.
EY- 438 CM d«, BH dt.l. EY: 439 B .iniist, CHM t jy,8t.
I- 440 HM w^k, BC t.i. 441 CHM stT, B ii [M baa (sii«T) a rusb,
(s^i&iT) to saye]. 442 CH imn, B -iiU, M baiWn. 443 M friUdi. 444 HM
st^l, BC t'lt. 446 BCH nfttn, M n^n. 448 M dbwir. 449 CHM gtt [rat
git'n], B •,. 460 BCH tliizdB. 461 CH sb'uu, B s©'u, M AH,
I: 462 C &at, BHM frt fenditic, B (i)!. 464 CHM witi, B ti. 466 CH
Itg, B i,. 467 CHM m^it, B m6lt. 468 BM n<tit, C n^,tt, IS n&tt. 469 CB
ra'tt, H r&it, M rSit. 460 M w^t. 462 BHM s<f!t, C siiit. 464 HM wbt^,
G w, B wii. 466 CH 8tt|, C stk, B siik, M nUk. 466 [(baam) used]. 467
[ 2063 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
622 THE WEST MOBTHBIIN. [DSl, Yui.
w6atld. 468 [(baanii) need]. 471 CHM tiiD#ir, B «(. 473 C bltn'd, BH «,.
475 CHM willed, B t^. 476 CHM btnd [ban^d bn.n], B «i. 477 CHM fia'd
[fan'd fujii], B ♦,. • 478 CH gn#,nd [graii'd gn#,n], B »„ M_gry,iid. 479 B
wijii'd [waii'd WKjn], CHM i. 481 CH fwpjr, B t,. 486 CHM thia»l, B f|.
486 C lixBt, M lest, H Hint [B (baann) used]. 487 G itBS.t^^, B les.t-,
H Yi».t-» M jtiB-. 488 CH Hyji, B Ulit, M Jt,t.
r- 490 C b«, bftat, H bi, B bt,. 493 C fijAir r.d,n>,v .d^Vn]. 494
a«m. 496 fitr*n. 498 C r&att, H r&it, BM vnUt liirt\fii,t «rf|t*fil.
I': 600 UUk. 601 w&id. 602 HUt. 603 ]&ii. 604 nhfUf. 606 wfttf.
606 WMnvn. 607 CH wimm, B ti, M WMmtn. 608 m&tl. 609 wail, B wel.
611 wftin. 613 w&iPir. 614 dis. 616 witz. 616 wizdmi. 617 BC luu,
H ^uu.
0- 620 BHM b6«, C biiiU. 621 BCH UM, M ftr-. 622 op*ii. 623 H
hoop, C i,«, B <hi, M whi,in>. 624 BHM wor*rd, C w^irTd.
O: 626 kof. 627 BCH b6Mt, M &m. 628 BCH th6Mt, M 6m. 629 BCH
br6Mt, M &M. 630 M mkui w'r&Mt. 631 BCH ddut^^^Ty M d&w-. 632 BCH
UM. M ktr-. 633 d^.r. 634 BCH h^ivl, M wb-. 636 BCH g(md, M
g6Nrd. 637 m6iid. 638 BHM wad, C wmI. 639 bdt#l. 640 CHM bolin,
B ii. 642 b6Mt, M bolt. 646 hop. 647 b^^^^rd. 649 hi|«,rd. 660 BHM
WMird, C wM,rd. 661 C 8tor*m, BH stxAnn, M Btorm. 662 C kor^n, B
kAAin, M ktt^,^,ni. 653 C hor*ii, B hAAm, M horn. 664 CHM kros.
0'- 555 BCH sb&iU, M shtu. 656 tB [at is not used for to in Yar. i, only
in Yar. iu.]. 667 BCH t^iO, M Uu. 668 B liilk, C Ink, H U,uk, M link.
659 mw,^,^. 661 BH bluium, M bllinn. 662 CH mviun, B miOn, M mtun.
663 BCH mM^ndB, M -di. 664 B siiin, M slim, CH sician. 666 BCH naiiis,
Mnw-. 566 t«,.d^i-f ^r.
0': 669 H b»,nk, C bnk, B bidk, M b6uk. 670 H U,uk, C tuk, B tiOk,
M Uuk, 671 ffK,d. 572 BCH bluid, M blfifd. 673 BCH a^.d, M fl(iid.
674 BCH bhf.ud, M britid. 576 BCH stM.d, M stiud. 676 BCH wed'nzdv,
M -di. 677 BCH bM,!i, M bi{i. 578 BCH pl«,a, M plid. 679 BH imw,f,
C tnM.u, M miuf. 580 BCH tM,f, M ttW. 681 M s&Mt. 682 CH k«iiil, B
k<U, M kiwi. 583 CH t«,iil, B tiiU, M Uul, 684 CH st^.nl, M stinl. 586 B
brvium, M biium. 686 C dlil, H diiiU, M din. 587 dw|n, B diiin, M dlwn.
588 CH n6 un, B nidn, M nlim. 589 8pv,un, B spidn, M rolim. 590 CH
1Hi,U9{r, B i{i, M Hfur. 691 mii,n«,r. 692 [BCH 8w/,&,r, M swaar aware,
used]. 594 M bftit [also (tn bfwt) to boot]. 696 CH f^^ut, B Mt, M fli#t.
690 M Tiui, 597 CH si.ut, B siClt, M s(wt.
U- 599 BCH vbMiT, M vb^i^n vb/im. 600 ImiT. 601 BH f6»l, M f^jul.
602 BCH sitin, M siil. 603 kM|m. 605 sihn. 606 CH d&iO^xr, B iii, M
y"u, Sn. 607 b«,t/,^.
U: 608 CH M,gli, B n. 609 tUW 610 wi,nl. 611 btdnk. 612 stfim.
613 4xMiqk. 614 M hM,n'd. 616 M ptitn*d. 616 gru|nd. 617 M s^iun^d.
618 BCH w&imd, M wtt,nn*d. 620 grwin. 622 Min,d^i,r. 626 t«,q\ 626
hMiq^iF. 629 sw,n. 631 tha^indv, M tht«,rzdi. 632 Mip. 633 kwip. 634
BCH thriiia, M J.r«,n. 635 M wwiiih. 637 tM.sk. 639 dnist.
U'- 640 BCH k&M, M k^,(i. 641 BCH hku, M UiH. 642 BCH dhlm,
M dhiiid. 643 BCH n&M. M nii(i. 644 8&t«k. 645 dw,y. 646 BCH bfru,
M b«,(i. 647 CB kul H hwilBit, M hiOlBit. 648 BCH iaa, M^itUir. 649
BCH th&iisind, M thvidz'nd. 652 kw,d. 663 bf<it.
XT': 664 BCH shvr&wd, M -^,(kd [the only word in which Mr- «(Bh«r-)].
656 BCH l&ttl, M f^iid. 656 Hcinm. 667 BCH biftim, M hru^tm. 668
BCH d&tm, M d^^dn. 659 M t^,(kn. 661 BCH 8h&af#,r, M 8hi&,tUir. 662
•hM,z [emphatic]. 663 BCH h&Ms. M h6,ils. 664 BCH l&us, M U.tis. 666
BCH m&ws, M md^ta. 666 hw.zbvnd. 667 BCH &wt, M ^.ut. 668 BCH
prfiwd, M prtt.tid. 671 BCH m&«th, M mii,ii. 672 BCH s&tith, M s^itith.
Y- 673 HM mit|, BC i„ M mikU\ 674 M did. 676 W. 677 .d.rtai.
678 CHM din, B ii. 679 BCM k^jrk, H t|»»|r^ M iptyt^, 680 CH Wzi, B
biizt'i, M bizi. 682 l&il.
Y: 683 CH midd|, B «„ M mid|. 684 CHM brig, B i,. 686 M riff. 686
b&ai. 689 CH bild, B ii [M pp. (biUhtl. 690 k&aind. 691 m&aind. 693
CHM Bin, B «i. 694 wMirk. 696 b^^irth. 697 byiri, M ben. 699 rnt, M
[ 2064 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31, Via.] THE WEST MORTHBRN. 623
vriii u'r-. 700 waan, B waar. 701 i^jiat. 703 CHM pit, B ij. 704 H
Yiks'n.
Y'- 706 8k&ai. 707 th/irWin. 708 h&awir. Y': 709 fftat^jr. 711
l&ats. 712 mftats.
n. Ekolish.
[No words were giren in this diTision from Chapel-le-dale except 737, 744,
746, 761, 767, 769, 778, 808.]
A. 713 ba,d. 714 la,d [compare M (lasi) not (la,n)]. 715 M pa.d. 716
H aidT [to earn]. 717 BCH ijeed, M jood [an old horse]. 718 M JLjAtd.
722 BM .d^Mn. 723 B d^,ri„ H deeri, M d#m. 724 bAAld. 726 BtM,
728 sha,m. 729 teem. 730 HM kain.t^.ir. 733 [M (dee) r., (fieei) sb. used].
734 daam. 735 ma,sh. 737 m^. 740 M wter, 742 BCH Wzii, M -i.
£. 743 HM skriixm, B «>. 744 mezTz. 746 M i^iiei, 746 B br^tdh,
CH brlisdh. 748 M fli^d.
I. ofu^ Y. 763 [(HM kit*l, B «,) used]. 764 M pig. 767 M t6tni. 769
H fit, B ii.
0. 761 U>,d. 767 n<««. 769 CHM m6«diwarp, B i,. 771 fon'd. 772
WAinfluit#,r. 774 BCH p6Mni„ M -i. 777 shop. 778 BCH «fii|t^,nl, M
vfir-. 783 B p4M,t,ri|, H pM.l,tri. 786 B l&imdi. 789 r6ii [but (b 16Mn «n
r6w nitt) a calm, quiet, still nightj. 790 H g&tm, B g6Mn, M guiun.
U. 793 hM,g. 794 d|tfig. 799 H skwil. 801 rt«im. 803 d^M^mp. 806
krMidz. 808 pw^t.
m. BoMANCB.
[No words marked in this diyinon for Chapel-le-dale.]
A- 809 BM KaiVl, H atVI. 810 f«,&(B. 811 pli>i8. 812 l«>iS. 813
M bArk*n. 814 mi'iMn. 816 M fa^ks. 816 M ieA. 817 B raidi,8h, H i.
818 Mdj. 819 r^^di. 821 B diiW,, HM i. 822 mee. 824 t|Arr. 826 HM
w««f. 826 M Sls't. 827 Tag^ir. 828 H eegs, 829 M geen. 830 HM
,t,r«CTi. 833 B p^ir, M perr. 836 M ni>z*n. 836 M sti^^n. 838 M triit.
840 M ^|ma,r. 841 BCH t|ans, M a. 842 phi,qk. 843 BCH brant} [M
(bi{i) bough used]. 844 .t.rensh. 846 M Mushvnt. 847 d^mdi^ir. 848
^tfflid|. 849 s t,rMnd|^,r. 860 BCH dons, M a. 861 BCH ant, Mknt, 862
ap^inm, M {aipV*n. 8)3 HM baargin, B ij. 864 ba,rel. 866 ka,rvt. 866.
p&irt. 867 kt|&,s. 868 M br#m. 859 tja^a. 860 pf\&,st. 861 t«>ist. 862
s«>|f. 864 B bikAZ, M bika-s. 866 faat. 866 p«,u^ir.
£ .. 867 t^. 869 HM Tlisl. 871 H Bgnfi, BM gr^ft. 874 HM riisn,
B «B. 876 BCH f^CTit, M fent fas a Tb. pres. (fant) sen. in the N1. 877 H eer,
880 egzamp'l. 881 sens. 883 dandiil&aitm. 886 M frlu,r. 887 H kW)rd|i.
888 sart^n. 890 biinst, B la [M pi. (Wis)]. 891 fUwt, B fa. 892 M neW.
893 B fl&M»ir, H 6m. 894 H dtsMr, B ii, M dis^y. 896 H ris^y, B ii, M
ris^y.
I .. and Y .. 897 H dil&tt. 898 HM n&ais. 899 HM n^. 900 ^ree, 901
fbain. 902 BM mftatn, H &i. 903 B d&atn, H &t. 904 B y&aivlBt. 908 M
Bdyais. 909 HM brriz. 910 B dj&aist, H &i, M dibits. 911 H sSivst^im.
912 BM r&is.
0 .. 913 BCH kii«^, M kn^-. 914 B br6,vt|, M bnr-, H oo. 916 stM.f.
916 HM Minivn, B i,. 917 roog. 918 H f^b'l. 919 (jtntmimt. 920 M
point. 921 M vkwent. 922 BCH bM.shel, M bishU*. 924 ^dis. 926 y<$is.
926 sp<iil. 927 .t,rf«,qk. 928 BCH kims, M ii|Uns. 930 Idin. 931 B d|Migl#,r.
933 frMiUt. 936 kim.t^i. 936 H font. 937 M kok. 938 BM konu»,r, H
kAAmp,r. 939 BCH kli<i«s, Mklt^-. 940 BCH k^ivt, M Yw-. 941 BCH
f^iul, M ffMr. 942 b«it^ir. 943 tMiti. 944 B bUui, H b16i«. 946 B y&M,
H y6i<. 947 b<iil. 948 [(bAA, bAAl) used], M Uiid. 960 SMipp^r. 951 ki<ip'l.
962 B k6,P,rs, H &M9,, M ktr-. 963 BM kM,ziin, H -«n. 964 B whiishm,
kwjsh«n, HW whishin. 966 BCH d&Mt, M d6,ut. 966 kMiy«,r.
U-. 961 BCH grfa«l, M -el [final (e) distinct, and so (krlM) cruel, but
(kriCQ) crewel]. 963 BCH ku;6ai|Vt, M wh-. 964 H sii{i,t, B -Bt. 966 6il
966 friClt. 967 siClt. 968 6i$t0iT, 969 siO^^r. 970 d|t«i8t. 971 fli^it.
[ 2066 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
624 THE WB8T ICORTHBRN. [D 31, V U.
(6) Var. i, form h. N.W. Hobw op Yo. cwl.
Written in io. by the Rev. W. R. Bell, Vicar of Laithldrk (20 nw. Richmond,
To.), who gave himself much trouble to explain hia symboliaation, but, aa already
remarked, p. 647, I waa unable to interpret it satisfactorily. Fortunately JGG.
had been able to see him personally, and had written the pron. of most of the
words in the Wessex section of m^ cwl. from his dictation, assisted by an old
parishioner. On comparing this with Mr. Bell's descriptions, JQG. and I felt
that they agreed. Under these circumstances, considering the peculiarities of the
style of speech, I ave J60.*s appreciation of the pron. The (r), as usual, must
be considered as (ir),
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A- 3 bYajk. 4 ttaik. 6 maik. 6 mYa,d. 7 8Ya,k. 8 Iuit. 9 bihss-T.
10 haa. 12 saa. 13 naa. 14 .d.raa. 15 aa. 16 daan. 17 laa. 19 tia,l.
20 iTa^m. 21 nlajm. 22 tYa,m. 23 sta,m. 24 shftim. 26 mta,n. 27 niaiv.
28 hBET. 31 iTa^t. 32 bssdh. 33 raaj.dvT. 34 la^st. 35 aal. 36 thaa.
37 Uaa.
A: 39 [(ktf) tar eome vaed']. 40 k^^em. 41 tha^qk. 43 ha,n*d. 44 kiU^d.
46 kaiuT. 47 wan,dii,r. 48 saiq. 60 tsisqz. 61 main. 64 want. 66
wBsh. 67 a|S. A: or 0: 68 frBB. 69 la,m. 60 Ia,q. 61 vmaiq. 62
s^t^ntiq. 63 thra^q. 64 raiq. 66 saiq. 66 thoq [(wh)a q) commoner].
A'- 67 ga,n. 69 ntia,. 70 t«|a,. 71 waa. 72 wht,a|. 73 sSai. 74
twt'iai. 76 strook. 76 tl,atd. 77 Wrd [see 86]. 78 aa. 79 aan. 80
ha;li,dB. 81 ii. lontm. 83 ml aiU moon. 84 m^^ [see 861. 86 spot [described
by JGG as 0 in koniffl. 86 l^ajts oots. 87 kli'iaiS. 88 kl^d. 89 b«>ith.
91 maa. 92 naa. 93 snaa. 94 kroa. 96 thraa. 96 saa. 97 s&^mI. 99
thraan. 100 saan.
A': 101 f,a>. 102 a^ks. 104 rood. 106 rija^d. 106 brl,a,d. 107 llia^f.
110 i. n&,tft, u. no't. Ill &.t#t. 113 jhlajl. 116 jhl^aim. 118 bliajn.
121 giia.n. 122 nlia.n. 124 sti,ain. 126 [(nobvt) used]. 127 h^OTB [P see
86]. 129 goost. 131 goot. 132 hEt. 133 rl,a,t. 134 ooth. 136 kltlajth.
iE- 138 fa,dhiir. 139 drsB. 140 hssl. 141 nsEl. 142 sn&iir. 143
tEBl. 144 «gta,n. 146 sIbbu. 146 mssn. 147 brBsn. 148 fBsr. 160
Itt.st. 162 wai.tBj. 153 sE.tB.rdB.
JE: 166 thit.k. 167 natVu. 168 Bf.tv- 160 <r,g. 161 du. 163 [(wvs
ligBu) was lying, used]. 164 msB. 166 ssd. 167 dlaj. 168 tajlg. 169
when. 170 haart,st. 171 bsm-lB. 172 ga>a>rs. 173 wajS. 174 Bsh. 176
fa|St. 179 wha^t. 180 baajth. 181 psEth [(,t rod) common].
JB'. 182 srii. 184 l^d. 186 rti|d. 186 bnSid. 187 liuY. 189 WM,t.
190 k^ii k&ii k&at. 191 h^iil. 192 m^n. 193 klfiin. 194 oni. 196 mont.
196 waaron. 197 t|Aiz. 200 wheiit. 201 htfiidh'n. 202 h^t.
JE'i 203 sp^t|. 204 d/iid. 206 thrti,d. 206 red. 207 n^d*l. 210
klBE. 211 gTES. 212 WEB. 216 taat t&^tit. 216 d/iil. 218 sh^p. 219
■Uiip. 221 ft^iimr. 222 hEsr. 223 dhEsr. 224 whaar. 226 flesh. 226
mlia^st. 227 wet. 228 sw^t. 229 breiith. 230 fa|t.
£- 232 breiik brik. 233 sp^iik. 236 w^iiy. 236 f^Tvr. 238 h^iddj.
239 sebI. 241 rssn. 243 plEB [(iBsk) also used]. 246 i. kir^iin. 247
r(8plia,n) used]. 248 m^Br. 249 w^iivr. 260 sw^iivr. 261 m^t. 262
kef 1. 253 nerl. 264 ledhvr. 266 wedh«r.
£: 267 ed*(^. 269 wedd|. 260 l&at. 261 sbb. 262 web. 264 bbI.
267 sm'd. 268 eldtst. 270 i. belos, ii. belt. 272 eV'm, 273 men. 274
b^nsh. 276 thtqk. 280 ^l^v'n. 281 lenth. 282 strenth. 283 m^^rt. 284
thrssh, 286 ha,re. 287 bMZtmi. 288 let. F- 289 iSi • n, 290 h^ii
ht»i «. 292 mm mi mv. 293 w^ii w» wti. 294 f^d. 296 br^iid. 296
btl^iiy. 298 f^il. 299 gr^iin. 300 k<^iip. 302 mclit. 303 swriit. £':
306 hc^ii. 306 h^iit. 307 n&at. 308 nSid. 309 spoid. 310 h^iil. 311
ten. 312 hifiivr. 314 haard. 316 f<^iit.
[ 2066 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31, V i*.] JHB WEST MORTHBRIf; 625
EA- 319 gi&ip. 320 kaar. EA: 321 saa. 022 la,f. 323 tk^ut. 324
ieiii. 325 waak. 326 aad. 327 hkiuYd, 328 kaad. 329 faad. 330 haad.
331 [(selt) used]. 332 [(telt) used]. 333 kAAf. 334 haaf. 335 aal. 336
faal. 337 waal, waa. 340 i. JBKrd. 342 BBim. 343 wEBrm. 345 daar.
346 ja,t. EA'- 347 beiid. 348 in fpl. (^iin)l. 349 ftiu. EA!: 350
d^ud. 351 l^iid. 352 r^iid. 353 br^iidT 354 sLaaf. 355 d^ dtt,f. 356
Uut. 357 dhoo. 359 Jikihw. 360 t^iim. 361 bmn. 363 t|aip. 365
n/uBT. 366 grtiit. 367 thr^iit. 368 diiith, dtiith. 369 slaa. 370 raa.
371 siraa.
£1- 372 ^,it. 373 dhBB. 374 hbb. 376 bBBt. EI: 377 stT&.k.
378 WB'ik. 382 dbBsr. EO- 383 s<^y'n. 364 Ykiuy'n, 385 i>DM,ii,dBr.
386 ja'Mi. 387 niCiu. EO: 388 milk. 390 swd. 393 tuont. 396 waark.
397 8f4a>rd. 398 staarr. 399 brnit. 400 ja)a>m»8t. 402 laarn. 403 faa r.
404 staair. 405 haairth. 406 Ja>a)rtb. 407 faa,rd*ii. 408 nluu. EO-
409 boi. 411 thr<rii. 412 Bbtti shi sbv. 413 de'iiVl. 414 flcii. 415 Uii.
416 d^iiOT. 417 tja'ti,. 418 bnuu. 420 f6tiOT. EO': 423 tb^ii. 424
TuJ. 425 Wilt. 426 fa'it. 427 hm. 428 8«ii. 430 frtoM. 431 bt^sr.
432 f6M|,rt. 433 brtiift. 434 bet beiit. 435 Jt«i jb. 436 trYuu. 437
^t^rtiitb. EY- 438 d^i. EY: 439 trwist.
I- 440 wifuk. 441 MiT. 442 b&amn. 443 fre'idv. 444 aliiil. 446
no'tn. 448 dba>a>z. 449 gtt. 450 tifiuzdv. 551 Mn, I: 452 aa a «.
454 wit|. 455 Hg. 457 m^iit 468 neiit. 459 nfiit. 462 s^iit. 464
wbtlk. 465 8&atk. 466 [(baarn) used]. 467 w&a.«rd. 468 t|tld«d. 472
skriqk [(r«<,n M]p) used of woollen clotb]. 473 blind. 474 ro'in'd. 475 wdind
wind. 476 bind [pp. (b«,nd)]. 477 find [pt. (fa,nd), pp. (f«,nd)]. 478
gre'ind. 479 wm [pt. (wain) pp. (w«,n)]. 481 fiOBr. 484 dhis. 485 tbrisT.
486 Jiist. 487 JtstBrdB. 488 Jit. I'- 490 Wi bi.
493 drtiaiv. 494
td'im. 496 &airBn. 498 ro'it. I': 500 la'ik. 501 wa'id. 502 f&atv. 503
la'if. 504 na'if. 505 wa'if. 506 wwiUiBn. 507 wi<]min. 508 m&a^il.
509 wb&a.il. 511 wa'in. 513 w&air. 514 e'is. 515 &aiz. 516 wizdBm.
517 J6ti.
0- 520 beuu. 521 fool. 522 op*n. 523 bs't/p. 524 waorTd. 0:
626 kAAf ka'u. 527 bs'tit. 528 ths'wt. 529 brs'tit. 530 wrsMt. 531
dx'tftBr. 532 kool. 533 ddl [not (dwil)]. 534 bool. 536 ga't<rd. 537 ma'tird.
638 wad. 539 ba'til. 540 holin. 542 ba'fflt. 545 bop. 547 bsoaord. 548
fa>a>rd [(wath) common]. 649 bsoaord. 650 wa>a>rd. 552 kooaom. 553
baooim. 554 krde. 0'- 555 sba'uu sbB'uu. 556 tu [unacc.]. 557
tiii t«i,B. 558 Itwk. 559 mu,dbBr. 561 bluum. 562 m^nm. 663 mwiudB.
664 Stan. 565 nooz. 666 WidbBr. 0': 569 bTak. 570 tiak. 571 gud,
672 blwid. 573 fitud, 574 bniad. 575 stTad. 576 wed'nzdB. 577 b^uu.
578 pltMf. 579 entiif. 580 tiiuf. 581 sK'ut. 582 WmI. 683 Uu\. 584
stlal'. 586 diii d«i|B. 587 dttm. 588 niun. 589 spTan. 591 mz'uBr.
692 sw^iiBT. 593 [(mU|n, mBu) used]. 694 btut. 595 fut. 596 nut.
697 sttft.
U- 599 vblajn. 600 Im^t. 601 f^ul. 602 s^. 603 kw^m. 605 buiU,
606 d^KiBr. 607 bwitBr. U: 608 ugli. 609 fwl*. 610 wu^u. 612 8u,m.
613 drMiqk. 614 huju'd. 615 pwin^d. 616 gruiu'd, 617 s^un'd. 618
wcfnun*d. 619 fuju'd. 620 grMj^d. 622 UiUjMj, 625 tuq. 626 bM,qBr.
629 8W|n. 631 tba>rzdi. 632 M,p. 633 ku,p. 634 tbr^iU. 635 wa>a)rtb.
637 tw,sk tuisb. 638 bu^sk. 639 dutst ['(sUubt) used]. U'- 640 kduu.
641 beuu. 642 db^uu. 643 n^uu. 645 dM^T. 646 beuu. 647 ^uul. 648
6uur [also (bz) enclitic]. 649 tbeuuzBud. 652 kud. 653 b«it. XT': 654
■br^ud. 656 r^uum. 657 breuun. 658 d^uun. 659 t^uun. 661 sb^uur.
662 bttjZ. 663 b^uus. 664 l^uus. 665 m^uus. 666 buizbBud. 667 ^uut.
668 preuud. 671 m^uutb. 672 s^uutb b&iVl,
Y- 673 mikT. 674 did dttd. 676 lAi. 677 drftai. 678 din. 679
kiaoaork. 680 bizi. 682 litU'. Y: 683 midj. 684 brig. 685 rig. 686
biiai. 687 fl^u. 689 bil'd. 690 ka'ind. 691 ma'ind. 693 sin. 694
waooirk. 696 baworth. 697 beri. 699 r^iit. 700 waoaors. • 701 fa>a>r8t.
703 pit. Y'- 706 sk&ai. 706 [* what for,' used]. 707 thvt^im, 708
h&aiBT. Y': 709 f&aiBr. 711 la'is. 712 ma'is.
^.^. ProB. Part 7. [ 2067 ] 131
Digitized by LjOOQIC
626 THE WEST NORTHERN. P 31, V ii«.
n. English.
A. 737 mBBt. E. 746 bnfiidh. 748 fltgd. 0. 761 I/ia^d. 770
[(m&iMdi-waarp) used].
m. Romance.
£.. 874 r^«n. O- 948 b6iral.
Vak. iia, North La. cwl.
Lonsdale south of the Sands.
This is made up from the following sources : —
Unmarked words. Heysham (:iisvm), (4 W.Lancaster), from a partial wl. in
io. by the Rector, Rot. C. T. Royds, who when sending it had had 12 years*
acquaintance with the speech, coniecturally pal. by AJ£. The («,i, aijU, ee, bb,
vr, 9^1) are uncertain in many words.
H wn. by TH., Lancaster, Cockerham (6 s-by-w. Lancaster), Hornby (8 ne.
Lancaster), and Caton (4 ene. Lancaster).
The words from these several places not being enough to distinguish local
forms, they are here collected in one list without any separation. It may be
assumed that the whole of this ne.La., or Lonsdale s. of the Sands, has a
similar pron.
The (r) is probably fr^ throughout. TH.'s medial second elements of diph-
thongs and suspendea nnal consonants, although constantly marked by him, have,
in accordance with my general rule, not been indicated, either here, or in the
next cwl., see pp. 316, 317.
I. Wessex and NoBflE.
A- 4 tek, H tak. 12 soo. 14 ,d,roo. 20 leem, H l^m. 21 neem. 24
sham. 31 H 16«t. A: 46 kan*l. 56 wesh, H wash. A: or 0: 60 H
laq. 61 Bmaq. 62 H si^rao. 63 thraq. 64 rwq, H raq. A'- 67 gee,
H gu g^iB. 76 t(i«d. 87 U^z. 89 oieth. 91 maa. 92 naa. 93 snaa.
94 kraa. A': 101 jek. 106 H brxAd. 115 H a«m, (i«m. 117 Jan,
H WAU. 121 giBU, H gVn. 123 [H (n6i#t) used].
M' 138 faxin^r, H fadhw. 152 H wa,tB,r. M: 155 thak. 167 did.
172gre8. M'- 182 H sIb. 190 H kjs'i. 194 oni. 195 mont. M': 218
sh«,ip. 224 H wiw.
E- 232 br^k. — H s'it [to eat]. 251 H ms'it. 255 wcJbt. E: 262
H wee. — f»,ilz [fields]. 284 thresh. E'- 290 »|ii H li. 292 mt'ii.
E': 305 H bi. 3l2 H iBr. 315 H fit.
EA: 326 H 6ud. 328 H k6tid. 330 hAAd hod, H od. 333 kAAf. 334
hAAf. 336 faa. 337 woo waa. 346 H gJB'et. EA'- 347 hiiBd. EA':
350 H diBd. EO- 386 h&ti. EO: 395 jwq. 402 H Utm. EO'-
417 tiig. 420 H frfBr f6«Br. EO': 422 sik. 424 H rujt rw^kh. 425 liit.
I. 440 H wtik. I: 458 niit. 459 xm riit. 468 H titl,dB,r. 477
find. 478 grind. 484 H dhis. I'- 492 H sdid. I': 502 H f</iv. 508
H mi\\,
0- 519 6ciBr, H ovBr. 521 f<$oil. 522 H op*n. 0: 529 br6Mt. 532
k<^l. 534 h6oil. 0'- 558 H Icr'uk Iwk. 559 H mu^dhBr modhBr. 560
H skuul. O': 571 gwd, H gw^d. 577 buu. 578 pluu. 579 H bumJT. 586
H dof'u du. 588 H nuun.
U- 600 Iw^v. 603 kM^mBn, H kti^m. 605 sim. 606 H dtliBr dvUBr. 607
b«,tB,r, H b«o,tB,r. U : 608 i/gli. 612 H sw^m. 613 H ^d^rw^qk. 622
H M^ndBr. 626 MqgBr, H u^(\n, 629 stm. 632 H m^. 633 kup. 639
dM^st. ' U'- 641 H &w. 642 dh&ti. 643 H n&w. •648 wbt [unaccented].
650 H Bb&Mt. U': 658 H ditm. 663 h&KS, H kfis.
Y- 682 m\ litU. Y: 684 H brig. 702 H widh.
[ 2058 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31, V uft.] THE WEST NORTHERN. 627
Var. iiJ, FuRNEsa and Carthel cwl.
Lonsdale north of the Sands.
This district I diride into three groups, C, U, and B. The information is
derired from wn. by TH. in 1877 and 1881.
C Lower Holker (idukur), and Cark (5 e-by-s.UlTerston), see also p. 558,
No. 4. I reject the words of Mrs. Betty Butler, b. in 1797, near Orasmere,
who had i ome to Cartmel at 6 years old, because the pron. seemed to be a
mixture of Grasmere and Cartmel.
TJ Ulverston.
B Broughton-in-Fumess (7 nw. Ulverston), see also p. 563, for a dt. from
Broughton. The pron. here had not altered from 1861 to 1881. Together
with High Nibthwaite (7 n-by-e.Ulverston), at the s. part of Coniston
"Water, and Coniston, from TH. s wn.
E This belongs to the preceding group, but is taken from Mr. Ellwood*s wl. for
Coniston, Hawksnead (3 e.Con.J, Seathwaite (6 w-by-s.Con.), Torver
(2 ssw.Con.), Ulpha (7 sw.Con.), Broughton-in-Fumess, Kirby Lowick
(7 ssw.Con.), and the higher parts of Colton (7 s.Con.), as read to me by
Miss M. A. Bell, native of Coniston, introduced by Mr. EUwood. The r
final or before coqsonants is uncertain, probably (r°). The dentality of ir-,
dr- was so uncertain, and, if it really occiured, slight, that I do not mark it.
The (l(i} did not sound to me like (l&,). Miss Bell belonged to the younger
^neration in pron. The vowel in 172 ^ir»^= grass, seemed to be f?,), but
it was difficult to identify. I seemed generally to hear (ee) rather than (ee).
No aspirate heard. The diphthongs (a'i, a'u) sounded to me most like (&i,
6m), and the former seemed to become {di) before voiced consonants, see No.
602 and 506, but Miss B. did not acknowledge any difference. The (6m)
sounded at first like (a'u), but I found it difficult to determine, and have
therefore used (6m).
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 3 £ bi&k. 4 E tak. 5 C mt&^k. 6 E m/&d. 7 E st&k. 8 E hsr.
10 E haa. 12 E saa. 14 B .d.roo, £ draa. 17 B loo, E laa. 19 £ tt&l. 20
C l^em, £ I«Bm [? (IdBm) leaam]. 21 C n^tmi, B ne'a'm neeuL, £ nt&m [? (n^vm)
neaam'], 22 £ tt&m, written teaam. 23 £ st&m. 24 £ sham. 25 £ mtiin.
27 £ ntav. 28 £ jaar. 31 CB lest, £ K&t. 33 £ xeeAxiX, 36 £ aaI. 36 £
thua th6M [both used]. 37 £ klaa.
A: 39 £ kom. 40 £ k^mn. 46 £ kan*l. 47 £ wandn*. 60 £ taqz. 66
CE wBsh.
A: or 0: 68 £ fre. 59 £ lam. 60 C Uq, BE laq. 61 £ mnaq. 62 E
6,t,raq. 63 E thraq. 64 B roq, BE rag. 66 E saq.
A'- 67 C g^jin, UB gaan [going], E gaa. 69 m'fe. 70 E i((x, 72 E waa.
73 CB sfiB, E sift [and (sub)]. 74 C t«u, £ tuu [must be modern]. 78 £ aa.
79 BE aan. 80 KalidB. 81 £ li&n lonin [but (luBn) as in Mr. £*s looan was
known]. 82 CB jans. 84 B mdnr, £ mikr, 8d £ s/Or. 86 C 6Bta [£ (aver)
used]. 87 C tltBZ, E kli&z. 89 C b^Bth biaHh, £ bi&th. 90 £ blaa. 92 C
naa. 93 £ naa [(ksn) in sense of connaitre]. 94 £ kraa. 96 £ thraa. 96 £
saa. 97 £ 86m1. 98 £ naan. 99 £ thraan. 100 £ saan.
A': 101 £ jak. 102 £ sks. 104 CE r6Bd. 106 £ ri&d. 106 £ br/&d.
107 £ H&f [(l«iBf) more common]. 108 [E paste (pt&st) used]. 109 laa. 110
£ np,t [Mr. E. had written nirt]. 113 C 6b1, £ jal. 114 E mool. 115 CUB
j&m, £ j/&m. 117 C t)4B [the one], tk ee, B iku. 118 b/&n. 121 £ gan
[(gaan) going]. 122 CB n<hE«rnl, C niB, B niB, E mn. 123 [E {nbui) used]. 124
B stra'n st/BU, £ stikn. 126 E [(nobbut) used]. 127 £ oos [so Miss liell, but
Mr. E. wrote hoarse]. 128 £ dhoor [used]. 129 £ gooet. 130 £ bihrt. 131
E gttBt. 132 ji&t. 133 BE tibM. 134 E ooth. 135 £ [(kl6Mt) used].
M' 138 CU fadh'Br, CE fa,dB^. 141 £ uibI. 142 E sm'kl. 143 £ teel
[obs. these last three forms]. 144 £ Bgeen. 148 £ feer. 149 £ blivz. 160
[ 2069 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
628 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 31, V ii*.
E liBst. 152 CBE wa^tBj [(,t) uncertain from Miss Bell]. 163 CUBE
SB^tB^r^dB, [the (.t.r) uncertain from Miss B.l.
M: 158 BE Bf,tB,r. 161 CUB d/f^ BE dee. 164Emee. 166 [E laas used].
167 B ddBl, E d/y 169 E wBn. 170 E harmt FMiss Bell had heard this onfy
from an old farmer, generally (aavest)]. 172 CBE gsrs*, E gvirs. 173 U
wax wvz, E woz. 174 E Esh. 179 E wat.
M' 182 E su. 183 E HHj. 184 E lisd. 187 E liirT. 188 E nee, 189
Ew§i. 190 Ek^t. 191 Ei«l. 193 CBE tliin. 195 E mBntTMiss B. did not
know (mani)]. 197 E tpiz. 199 E blivt, bli^k. 200 UBEwlvt. 201 E
eedh'n. 205 E thrisd. 209 C ntT«r. 210 E klee. 21lEer«». 213 E
eedm. 215 [E (laamt) used]. 222 E jaar. 223 E dhivr. 224 UBE whi, 225
CE flash [Mr. E. writes Jleysh, JUigaK], 226 C mia^st, E mSfist. 227 E wst.
228 E swiBt. 230 C fa,t'B,r [fatter].
E- 232 E brtk [brak broVn]. 233 C spi&k B spfsk. 234 E nisd. —
B we .tfB.r [weather]. 235 E wiav. 236 Efeevur. 237 Ebleen. 238 [E(dk»1t)
used]. 239 E seel. 241 BE reen. 243 [E (l^^k) used]. 247 E wl&n [(spS&n)
also used]. 248 E mSBT. 249 E wl&r. 250 E swlBr. 251 CU mlBt, £ mi^
[probably (mi&t) was meant]. 252 E kEt*l.
E: 260 E lig. 261 CE see. 262 U wat, E wee. 265 E stroft. 268 £
eldst, aaldst [used indifferently]. 270 E bslBS. 272 £ Bl*m. 278 £ [not
used]. 280 £ bIb'Vu. 281 Ebmth. 282 £ strButh. 284 £ thrash threesh
[both common]. 287 £ biiz'm.
E- 290 BE i. 294 CU fiid. 299 B griin. 301 £ iBr. 302 £ miit. 303
£ swiit. 304 £ biit'l. E: 305 C Bt, £ ^. 306 £ kit. 312 £ va,
314 BN krA iBrd, £ aad. 315 £ flit.
EA- 317 [£ used only in the sense of frighten as a (flee*kraa), a scarecrow].
319 £ giap. 320 £ kt&r. EA: 321 BE saa. 322 BE kf. 323 £ f6iit.
324 £ ^it. 326 CNB aad, CB &ld, £ aald aid. 327 £ bdtfld. 328 C kaad
kood, £ kaald. 329 £ faald. 330 £ od. 331 £ sBlt. 332 B t6Md, £ tBlt.
333 C kdf, E koof. 334 C aav kt, £ oof. 335 CBE oo. 336 £ foo. 337
£ woo. 342 £ aarm. 343 CE yrhim, 345 C a dlur see [I dare say], £ daar.
346 BgjfH, EjtBt.
EA'. 347 CUBE isd. 348 E ki kiz [Miss B. did not recollect hearing (iin)].
349 £ fiu. EA': 350 UE dlBd. 351 £ Ihid. 352 £ rsd. 353 £ brfBd.
354 £ shiBf. 355 E dlBf. 356 E 1/Bf. 357 [E (for oo) for all, used]. 359
£ uBbBr. 360 £ t/Bm. 361 £ b/BU. 365 C nar* niBrdhBr [nearer]. 366
CB gsrt, £ g^irt. 367 £ thrat. 368 £ dtBth. — C ds'd [dew]. 369 £
alaa. 370 £ raa. 371 £ strtB.
EI- 372 C at au, £ BB. EI: 377 £ sti&k. 378 £ week. £0- 383
£ sab'n. 386 £ j6m. 387 CBE ntu. £0: 388 £ milk. 393 £ BJont,
bijont. 396 £ waark. 397 £ s(iBrd. 399 £ bHt. 402 CUBE Urn. 405
E aarth. 406 £ garth [probably]. 411 CBE thrii. 413 £ divil. 414 £ flu.
415 £ m. 417 £ i}ku. 420 BE f6MBr. £0': 423 £ thii. 424 £ rt<,f.
425 £ lit. 426 C ffi'it, £ ietfi [no (i) heard, but Mr. E. moU feighi], 428
CE sii. 430 £ fnnd. 432 £ ituri, 433 £ brBst. 434 £ biBt [also (breet)
brayed used]. 435 B Jd. 436 B t.nu, £ tnu. EY- 438 CUBE dii
IMiss B. inclined to (dti), but in otner words I did not hear (ti), and hence
eave (ii)].
I- 440 £ wik. 442 £ frtTt. 444 £ stii [Miss B, Mr. E. added (-1)1.
446 £ nfrtn. 449 £ git. 451 £ soo. I: 452 £ &i a. 455 £ lig. 458
CB n)t\ £ nit. 459 B r^it\ £ rtt [so liiss B., written rtet\. 460 £ w^t. 462
£ sit. 464 £ wit}. 465 CE sik [Mr. E. (sak)]. 466 [E (b&rn) used]. 471
£ timBr. 472 £ shriqk. 475 CE wind [Miss B. added (-d), Mr. £. omitted it].
477 £ find [as 6751. 478 £ gT9,n. 481 E fiqBr. 485 £ thisU. 486 £ JBst.
487 B j/s,tBJ,dB, if JBstBrdB. 488 C Jit, £ JEt.
r- 491 £ ^i. 492 C sc/id. 493 £ didiy. 494 £ t&im. 496 £ frim.
499 £ biit'l. I': 500 £ Ifeik. 501 £ wfeid. 502 C fdir. 503 £ Miif.
604 £ n&if. 505 £ yrkii {but (wc/irz) nearly, and so for fiye, kniyes]. 508 £
mdil. 509 B W(/il, £ w&il. 511 £ wtitn. 513 £ w&ir. 514 £ &is. 515 £
waiz. 517 E Jiu.
0- 519 CE 6Br. 520 £ Uu, 521 £ fCrA. 522 C op*n, £ op*n. 523 £ ti^ap.
[ 2060 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 31, V ii*.] THE WBRT NORTHERN. 629
0: 626 £ k6aif. 527 CUBE b6Mt. 628 C£ th6Mt. 629 £ br6»t. 630 U
ra'«t, E r6Mt. 631 CUB d6«,t'B.r, E ddfrtw. 632 CUE kfiid. 633 E di«,l.
634 £ 6b1. 636 E g6Mld. 537 £ m6Mld. 639 £ b6wl. 640 £ olm. 642
£ hdttt. 644 C dhsn. 647 £ ba«rd. 648 £ f6Brd. 549 £ (i«d. 562 £
korn [(kuurn) old-fashioned].
0'- 666 CBE shun. 666 £ din. 667 C ttM [Mias B. said too was replaced
by [tm oo] and all]. 668 £ link. 659 C mudhOT, Bmu.dB.r mw^^dv^r, £ mwidtnr.
661 £ bluum. 662 C muun, BE mnun, £ m/mi. 663 C ni3nd«. 564 CUE
stra. 666 BE n6BZ. 666 C BnM^,di>,r, B vnu^dv/, E M|dBr. 667 C tw^dhvr.
0': 669EbM,k. 670 £ tlfiJt. 671 BE j^^^. 672 £ bli&d. 677 £ bun.
678 C plttu, Epluu. 679 £ Bnw,f J[pl. (imuu) known]. 680 £ Uud. 681
£ sdMt. 683 £ tfBl. 684 £ sUbI. 685 £ bdvm. 686 CB diiu. 687 BE
diin, 688 BE nimi. 689 £ spivn [but (tn spi&n) to spoon-feed or wean].
690 £ fl(i«r. 692 [E (swi&r) is for sware]. 693 [£ (mu^n) used]. 694 £
buut. 696 £ fM,t. 596 £ r/&t. 697 £ sM.
U- 699 £ vbiun nbuun. 600 £ lM,y. 601 £ f6Ml. 602 £ suu. 603 B
k6m ktkm, £ kM,m. 606 C sun, B akjn stin, £ smiU [the same as 629, no
difference felt]. 606 C dauBr, BE d6«r. 607 C bM^.tB^.
U: 609 £ ft<il. 610 £ wuu. 612 C SM^m, B sdm, £ sai.m. 614 £ 6Mnd.
616 C p6imd, B pMoQd, £ pt<,nd. 616 £ gr^iud. 617 £ s6tmd. 618 £ w6tmd.
620 £ gT9,nd. 622 £ t<,naBr. 626 £ ti<iq. 626 B uqBT [? u^qvr\ £ t«,q8r. 629
£ stfiU [the same as 606, Miss B. felt no difference]. 631 CU thVrzds, £
thorzdB. 632 B mj), up. 634 £ thruu.
U'- 640 CBE k6M [B (k6M)BS*) cowhouse]. 641 CE 6m. 642 £ dh6«.
643 C n&^B, BE n6M. 646 £ b6ii. 647 £ Kilet. 648 £ Our. 649 B th6tfZBn.
662 £ kM|d. 663 £ bM|t.
U': 664 BE shr^tid. 666 £ f6Ml. 666 £ r6Mm [old-fashioned]. 667 £
br6ini. 668 £ d6im. .669 £ tdtin. 661 E sh6Mr. 662 £ u^%, 663 C 6ws
6u6, UB 6M8, £ 6ws. 666 [£ (man) usedj. 667 CE 6«t.
Y- 673 E mW|ti [but in asking the pnce, (6m mtti) how j.
677 £ diki, 679 E tja^ih [kirk not used]. 681 [E (thraq) used]. 682 CB
T- 673 £ mW|ti [but in asking the pnce, (6m mtti) how much ?]. 674 £ did*.
77 £ drfti. 679 E t|p,rti HfctrA: not used]. 681 [E (thraq) used]. 682 CB
Wtl, £ l&il. Y: 684 £ brtg. 686 [£(rtgin) roofing used]. 687 £ fliit.
689 £ btld. 690 £ kliind. 691 E m4ind. 694 CB£ w^k. 697 £ bm-t.
699 £ riit. 700 £ waars. 701 C fast, £ f>,rst. T'- 706 £ sk&i. 706
£ w6t [swell, but in asking a question always (wat for)]. T': 712
£ m&ts.
n. Ekoush.
A. 733 £ skaar. 736 CB las. 740 £ wmt. E. 743 E sknBm. 744
£ mss'lz. 745 £ t|f&t. I. andY. 763 [E (k»Vl) used]. 764 C ptg. 766
B shrtmp. 0. 761 £ ll&d. 766 £ m6tdBrd [occasionally usedL^ 767 £
n6tz. 769 £ m6Mdiwaarp. 772 £ biBnf&tr. 774 £ p6fmt. 778 £ Bfuurd.
790 £ g6Mn. U. 804 £ drM^k^n. 806 £ krMidz.
in. EOMAKCB.
A.. 809 £ jabU nVL 810 £ ff&s. 811 £ pK&s. 813 £ bfikin. 818
[Mr. E. wrote y^« ('iid|) apparently, but Miss B. did not know it]. 822 £
mee. 824 £ tjeer. 830 £ trem. 832 £ meer. 833 CBE p^. 836 E nWn.
836 £ 8iBZ*n. — C ski&'s [scarce]. 846 £ ^tnshBut. 847 £ d^md^Br. 849
£ strem^. 862 £ Mvnm. 867 £ ki&s. — C slt&t [slate]. 860 £ pftist.
861 £ t«&st. 862 £ si&f . 864 £ kos. 866 £ faat. 866 £ pi<Br.
£.. 867 CE tii. 869 £ WbI. 874 £ r^BU. 876 £ frot. 879 E flimMl.
886 dXTB varB. 887 £ klaard^i. 888 £ saartin. 890 C Mbs [pi.]. 892 £
ABfi. 894 £ disiiv. 806 £ nsiiT.
I., and Y'^ 901 C f&tn. 903 £ d&in. 904 £ T&iBlet. 910 £ d|&ist.
911 Eststtm.
0^. 913 £ k«B^. 914 E broo^. 918 E feeWl 919 £ 6tntmBnt. 920
£ p6^nt. 924 £ ti6«8. 926 £ t6«s. 926 £ sp6tl. 928 £ 6Mns. 929 £
k6Mkwa3iBr. 939 £ kl^BS. 940 £ kM. 941 £ fuul. 947 £ b6il. 948 £
b6«l. 9^2 £ ktkBTs. 967 £ empldt.
U .. 9^ £ ktf». 963 £ ku;&iBt. 966 £ 6tl. 968 £ 6ist«r. 970 £ diM^tt.
[ 20«1 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
630 THE WEST NOaTHBRN. [D 31, Y id.
Yae. iii, Dent asd Howgill cwL
D Dent, Yo., Yar. iii, fonn b, see 22 interlinear cs. No. 7, p. 668, pal. by JGG.
from the dictation of Messrs. Parrington and Metcalf, respectiTely 35 and
22 years acquainted with the dialect. This form has U' e= (&«).
H Howgill (:h6Mg»l) J3 nnw.Sedberg), Yo., Yar. iii, form <?, p. 669, No. 8, pal. by
J6u. from the dictation of Mr. Best, then of Kirkby Thore (:lvirbt> :»*iu,r)
(4 nw.Appleby, We.), who had preTiously lived 60 years in Howgill. Mr.
Best, in January, 1878, read some of tne principal words of this list to
AJE., who was thns able to veri^ JGG.'s appreciation. The (r) was trilled
' 'jy, it was more than (i^. This form has U' « (uiu).
slightiy
No initial prefixed indicates that the pron. is the same in both cases. The
Yowel (i*) is not distinguished from (i). The fractures («ii, ^jii) are usually
written (A, /jt), the second element being taken medial instead of long, and so in
other cases.
I. WeSSEX AlTD NOSSB.
A- 3 b/^aik. 4 ta,k. 6 maik. 6 ml^ajd. 7 8/,aik. 8 D hey, H htivY.
9 D bijhfi&Y, H bi)he^T. 10 haa. 12 saa. 13 H naa. 14 H d.raa. 16
D laa, H aa. 16 H daan. 17 laa. 18 kt^k^k. 19 ti,a,l. 20 lt,a,m. 21
nt.&,m. 22 tii&^m. 23 H Bt^kja, 24 8ha,m. 26 mt,£Ln. 26 H [(les'n)
used]. 27 D nhf>iY, H nt.&iV. 28 D hlia,r, H hiimr. 30 D kt>ir, H klivr.
31 If^a^t. 32 H beedh. 33 D reefi^ij, H rMdhwr. 34 lost. 36 D JuA,
H 6|«1. 36 D thaa, H th6t«. 37 klaa.
A: 40 D k«i&m, H ku^am. 41 theqk. 43 ^hau'd. 44 lan'd. 46 ka^nT.
48 saq\ 60 taq'z. 61 ma,n. 63 kan*. 64 want. 66 as. 67 as.
A: or O: 68 frM. 69 la^m. 60 laiq\ 61 H vmaiq. 62 s.t.raiq. 63
ihraq. 64 raq wa-q, D w'raq. 66 saq. 66 D waq, H whaq.
A'- 67 [(^) used]. 69 mA,. 70 tt\§i,. 71 w»>,. 72 D Wf>„ H
whi|&i whaa. 73 si.&|. 74 D tuu, H twf|&, tH«iU. 76 D si.rook, H si.rttjvk.
76 tiiM- 77 D lord, H lord. 79 aan. 80 i,halidv. 81 D ltdi,Bn, H l«,«n.
83 D mi i&iu, H mtjBu. 84 D mtj&ir, H m^^. 86 D sli^^r, H s/k^r. 86
itittB. 87 klt>iZ. 88 klt>idh. 89 bi>ith. 90 blaa. 91 maa. 92 D
nhaa, H naa. 93 snaa. 94 kraa. 96 thraa. 96 saa. 97 s6t«l. 98 D
nhaan, H naan. 100 s6fm.
A': 101 ta|k. 102 sks. 104 D nr6,«d, H rijud. 106 bri;&d. 107 lt,&f.
108 [(pt'iM) used]. 109 laa. Ill (mt. 113 ht,&J*. 116 hiA^m. 118
H bliM* 122 D m\&,n, H n«in. 123 [(n6Mt) used]. 124 stt.&iU. 127 H
hdra. 128 [(dhem) used]. 129 D gt'i&.st, H gi.vst. 130 bM^Bt. 133 D
wn>it, H n.&it. 134 n&,th [also H (o«th)]. 136 kli,rf,th.
JR- 138 D faddhp^r. 140 D h^l, H |.hi^^l. 142 D sn^il, H snife^l. 144
D BgMn, H Bg/,6n. 146 mera. 147 br^m. 148 ieer. 149 J) bliisz, H bUrz.
160 liiBst. 162 wa,t«i,r. 163 sB,t«),rd«.
JR: 166 tha^k. 167 rt.&iVn. 168 Bf>i,r. 160 eg. 161 dee. 164 m<v.
166 sed. 167 df>il. 168 ta^lv. 169 D wen, H when [almost (wen)]. 170
WLrvist [(hartst) about Kirkby Thore]. 171 baarli. 172 gw.rs. 173 wax
[einph.]. 174 Bsh. 176 fast. 179 D wat, H what. 181 [(,t,rod) used].
A'- 183 tUBtj. 184 liind. 186 D ri^d, H r/,id. 186 bredtb. 187
liiBT. 188 [D w»ni), H (nini) used]. 189 H w«0,i. 190 D kss'!. 191
(.hli^l. 192 D roein, H mUen. 193 D kliin, H klUen. 194 sni. 196 D
mani, H meni. 196 waar. 197 D t|^iz. 199 DblBBt, H blM. 200 D wiist,
H whliet. 202 i ht,§iit.
-E': 203 D sp^ltj, H /|i. 204 D deid, H di.id. 206 D threid, H i^i,
207 D n^dT, H t^i. 210 Idee. 211 gr^. 212 D wee, H wh<v. 213 D
eefi^iX, H oodhiir. 216 H t/t,Bt. 216 diiel. 217 [not used]. 218 D s\Uip,
H /,!. 219 D sl<^ip, H »,i. 221 fiii^^r. 222 D h/i&,r, H hi«r. U'l'i D
dh/i&.r, H -er. 224 D waar, H whaar. 226 mi'iM* 227 wst. 22& swUst.
229 D breth, H biyth. 230 fa^t.
L2062 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31, Viii.] THE WEST NORTHERN. 631
£- 232 D bryik, H (briik) occ.J. 233 splisk. 234 nSiad. 235 wiiBT.
236 ftf^^iF. 237 bUfn. 238 [heq- 241 reen, 243 plee [on a fiddle, but
(Wk) at cards]. 246 ii. whSisn fqueaii, female]. 248 inli^,r. 249 wii^ir.
250 swiii^ir. 251 mlist. 252 kstT. 253 nstU*. 254 D Liddh^^ir, H le,d*Pi.r.
255 D weddh^jF, H we.d'Pir.
£: 257 ed; [pi. (e<f d|iz)]. 259 wed| [pi. wed^djiz]. 261 see. 262 D
WBB^ H -wee. 264 eeV. 265 B,t,r^ift. 268 [ardtst) used]. 270 belBS beli.
272 er'm. 273 men. 274 D biqk. H bent;. 276 thtqk. 281 D leqth. H
lenth. 282 D 8,t.reqth. H -nth. 283 myiri. 284 thresh. 285 kresh. 286
Lhar«. 287 D b^'m. H t|i. 288 let.
F- 289 D Ul H jLt, 290 D i h^i, H h»,i. 291 D dhit, H dh/.l. 292
D m<fi, H mf,i. 293 D w<^i, H w/,i. 300 D k^tp. H t,l. 301 D h^{r. H
h/,wir. 302 D m^it, H m/,it. 303 D swifit, H /,!. E': 305 h^i, 306
D h&tt, H h/|it. 308 D n^$d. H t,L 309 D sp^id, H iii, 310 D h^il, H /,i.
311 tBn. 312 D h<fiPir. H tit. 314 D haard. H hUerd. 315 f/it. 316 nskst.
EA- 319 g/&ip. 320 H ktbir. £A: 321 saa. 322 D ISf , H laf. 323
f6t<t. 324 ^M, 325 wAAk. 326 aafd. 327 b6«rd. 328 UVd. 329 D
f6f#rd, H mi, 330 |,hod. 331 [(ssrt) used]. 332 [(tBlH) used]. 333 kAAf.
334 ihAAf. 335 aa. 336 fAA. 340 Wild. 342 hi*m. 343 w^*m. 345
D d»&ir, H daar. 346 D geei, H Yst.
£A'- 347 I hiisd. 348 D ^i, H t, ii. 349 UH,
£A': 360 diisd. 351 liiBd. 352 D rsd, H rlisd. 353 bHisd. 354 shliBf.
355 diisf. 356 Hisf. 357 D dhoo [H replaced by (far aa)]. 359 u^h^^T. 360
tiiBm. 361 biisn. 363 tpisp. 365 nii^jr. 366 D g^^^rt, H griiBt. 367
thriiEt. 368 diisth. 369 slaa. 370 raa. 371 D 8,t,rt|&|, H 8,t,rli£ [this final
(£) is Tery short, and seems suddenly checked].
£1- 372 ki)i, 373 dh^. 374 nee. 376 b<^.
£1: 377 st«,&ik. 378 weeV, 382 D dh»i&ir, H dh^. £0- 383 seVn.
384 i^hey'n. 386 16m. £0: 388 miUhk [I did not hear the (Ih) from Mr.
Best myself). 389 D Took, H Y^,«k. 390 swd. 393 biiont. 396 waark. 397
swj^ird. 398 staarr. 402 D liism, H laar'n. 403 faar. 404 staar. 40 ) D
l_haa)8tim, H |_ha)stBn [hearthstone, without which sufiix hearth is nerer used].
407 D faard*n, H fM^n. 408 D nia. £0'- 409 D bei, H bi,i. 411 D
thr^, H tt. 412 D sh^, H t,I. 413 D dirT, H diyV. 414 D fle'i, H /»!.
315 D lift, H lt,t. 416 dii^,r. 417 D t|tg, H t|6fi. 418 bria. 420 itmr,
421 forti. £0': 423 D th^, H tht'it. 424 rwif. 425 D Wtt, H (ji. 426
fs'it. 427 D b^t, H btit. 428 D s6t, H st'it. 429 H fijlnd. 430 fry.nd.
431 bli^^r. 432 f6tirt. 433 D bry|St, H brtiBst. 434 bet. 435 tujU. 436
,t,ria. 437 .t^rSdth. EY- 438 D d^, H d«.t. £Y: 439 i.rtt,st.
I- 440 D wcTik, H wi ,ik. 441 D siir, H Sf>. 442 D fttTtn, H atTi. 444
D st^, H sta«l. 446 n&in. 448 [H (dhMir) used]. 449 git 450 tiiizdi.
451 D 800, H Sid.
I: 452 Sd [emphatic], -i [enclitic], a- [procHtic]. 454 wtt|. 455 Itg. 457
m&»t. 458 D n^it, H m'ltt. 459 D r^it, H tjt 460 D w<f^t, H Wftt. 462 D
B^tt, H ^,t. 464 whiti. 465 D siUk, H stk. 466 [(baarn) used]. 467 wftild.
471 tim^.r. 473 blin.d. 475 D wtod, H win'd. 476 btnM. 477 f»n*d. 478
gry^nd [Nos. 475-8 make past tense in (-an*d), and past participle in (-tfiu)].
479 H wtnM. 481 ftiq^jr. 485 thts'l. 486 lest. 487 D lyiB.t^i^rdv, H Te-.
488 D lyt, H Yvt.
r- 490 bit hi. 491 H eSd. 493 drfttv. 494 t&tm. 496 &ir«n. 498 riUt.
499 H bi,td*l.
I': 500 mik. 501w&td. 502 fatT. 503 Iftif. 504 D nh&if, H n-. 505 H
wAif. 506 winuBn. 507 wimin. 508 mftil. 509 D wftil, H wh-. 511 w&in.
513 w^wir. 514 ftts. 515 w^iz. 516 wtzdsm. 517 D la, H Ji'id.
0- 520 b6M. 521 D f«^x«l, H fuivl. 522 D op'n, H op*n. 523 D |,hoop,
H I h6,«p. 524 worTd.
0: 526 D kAf , H koi 527 b6«t. 528 thdut. 529 br6iit. 530 H r6tft
531 doti.ttf,^. 632 D ku^^ivt, H k^.vt. 533 d»jl. 534 D wh^ivl, H |.hi<,«l.
536 g6Mrd. 637 mbtid. 538 wad [emphatic]. 639 h6ul\ 640 D holin. 542
b6id. 545 thop. 547 bi|Pird. 548 f6,#|rd. 550 WM|rd. 551 D stor'm, H
•tdurm. 662 D W'n, H ki^. 553 D thor'n, H lY^an. 554 kros.
[ 2063 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
632 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 81, V HL
O'- 665 8h&,a. 556 t«. 567 D iif,u, H tm. 558 liak. 559 D iitM,ddh«ir,
H muifi^ij, 561 bluium. 562 muiUD. 563 mMiiid«. 564 D siiiii. 565 D
nw(^, H ntt,Bz. 566 D M,ddlU|r, H Uifi^ij.
0': 569 b«,uk. 570 tiak. 571 g«,d. H gidd. 572 blw.d, H blliid. 573
fllM, H fl6,ud. 574 brliid. 575 D Bti,&|d, H stldd. 676 wed^nzdB. 577
b«,u. 578 plii,u. 579 D TOM,f, H tnof [sg. (tniiiU) pi.]. 680 D tot, H tw.f.
581 H a6ut, 583 D ttt,xil, H tiOl. 584 D stu.ul, H stiOl. 585 D brii.um.
586 diCL, H du^u, 687 diiin. 588 nidn. 589 D sp^iun, H spiOn. 690
fli<b,r. 591 D iDMQ^ir. 593 [(mtf|n) used]. 694 b^^ut. 596 D Mt, H tut.
696 H riat. 597 H sidt.
U- 699 D BbttfiY. 600 1u|T. 601 H fvjul. 602 s^iU [appioacbing {sSu)"}.
600 kMjm. 606 8m,ii. 606 di{l»,r. 607 bt«it\U,,r.
U: 608 «,gli. 609 fw,!'. 610 D wm,ii, H w(»'ii**ii [tbis after flatus was
nearly (wh) as I beard Mr. Best; but possibly tbis, as also (a?'u), was an
indlTiduality]. 611 bu,lBk. 612 s»|m. 613 .dru^qk. 614 H htf|Un*d [I beai^
almost (b($wnd), and pronunciation yaried as (ibMin'd)]. 615 H puiu'd. 616
gTM^n^d. 619 ftt|Un*d. 622 D tfiud^ir. 626 twiq. 626 ibwiq^ir. 629 0M,n.
631 tbti,rzdB. 632 M|p. 633 kM^p. 634 D thhixU, M tbrce'u [perhaps an
indiyidualitjl. 637 tuisk. 639 dM^st.
XT'- [D has (&m)> H (tt,u)]. 640 D k&M, H k^.u. 641 D |^h&M, H ibi(,u.
642 D dh&M, H dh^|U. 643 D mSm, H umjU. 646 dM,y. 646 D b&v, H b6w.
647 D M,let, H ^^nl. 648 D &M^|r, H MiU^ir. 649 D th&KZvnd, H th^^u-.
652 kM,d. 653 bM,t.
U': [D ku, H ^lU]. 654 D sbvitMd, H Bh«r«,ud Rshr) becomes (shvr.) in
this word only]. 666 D tkuh 666 DH rii,um. 667 D brium, H bri,un. 668
D d&im, H d^un. 661 D 8h&M9,r, H Bh^{an, 662 hHtzJ[erophatic form].
663 D h&Ms, U h^ius [approaching (h<^)l. 664 D Itms, H U^us. 665 D
m&MS, H mMiUs. 666 bMizhvud. 667 D &»t, H 6,nt. 668 D prftwd, H
prii|Ud. 669 H tfink^jUtht (probably an indiyiduality]. 671 D m&uth, H
mM,uth. 672 D s&utb, H s^iUtb.
Y- 673 mttj. 676 D 1^1, H liii. 677 drili. 678 din. 679 D k^,rk,
H i}UiTi}. 680 bizi. 682 l^ir. Y: 683 mtdi. 684 brig. 685 H rig.
686 b&i. 687 H fliiit. 688 btPd [(billht), p.p.]. 690 Uind. 691
raftind. 693 sin. 694 wi«irk. 696 D b^^jrth, H byirth. 697 l^iri. 699
I) r<^it, H rt ,it. 700 waars. 701 fjWjrst. 703 pit. 704 yiks'n. Y'- 705
skai. 706 [what for, used]. 708 h&M^r. T: 709 ffti^^r. 711 l&is.
712 nOtis.
n. Ekgldsh.
A. 713 ba|d. 714 M- 715 D paid. 716 D a,d*l. 722 ,d/wn. 72S
dtfoi. 724 D bAAld, H bAA. . 726 sti&,l. 728 shajm. 729 D frti&,m, H
fr<;»m. 730 kant^^r. 734 daar*n. 735 mash. 737 m^. 740 w«ry. 742 ImzI.
£. 744 mss*rzs. 746 H bn'iedh. 748 D fligd, H fledid. I. and Y.
763 [(kitT) used]. 764 H pig. 759 fit. 0. 761 U'lfe.d. 767 D n<^.
769 m6Mdiwaarp. 771 fon*d. 772 btj&in^U^ir. 774 D pooni, H potmi. 777
I) shop. 778 D Bfur^iPird, H sfiii-. 783 D p&M,t^„ H p«il,t,ri. 789 D t4u.
790 D g&im, H guiun. U. 793 D hM,g. 794 d|ii,g. 799 skM^f. 801
rwim. 803 D d|Mimp [also (1<^>)]. 805 krMjdz. 808 pu^t.
m. BOMAKCB.
A*. 809 tab*r. 810 f/,&iB. 811 plt'i&iS. 812 It'i&iB. 813 H btftk'n.
814 m^i&is'n. 818 Md|. 819 rMd|. 822 mee, 824 Ueer. 825 D w«»f,
H w^Ai^- 327 D YBg9|r, H tag^ir. 828 H f^gB. 830 .t^r^n. 833 paar.
-836 rliez'n. 836 siiez*n. 840 D tiamb^ir. 841 tions. 842 plaqk. 843
brant;. 844 D .t.rensh. 846 H tfaishvnt. 847 d«fndp,r. 848 tf^mdi. 849
B,t,rMiid|«ir. 850 dans. 851 ant. 852 a,p0ir«n. 863 D b^'n, H b^n.
854 band*. 855 karBt. 856 pikrt. 857 k*i&,s. 868 H bri,&,B- 859 t^ajs.
860 p»>iSt. 861 t»,&,st. 862 8^i&,f. 864 biko*B. 865 faat. 866 piijU^ir.
E.. 867 D t^, H t»ii. 871 D gr«1, H gr/,i. 874 riim. 875 f^t.
877 Mr. 880 D egzomp'l. 883 dandilRi^BU. 884 H vpry^ntis. 886 H frii#xr.
[12064 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
P 81, Y iii, It.] THE WEST NORTHERN. 633
888 8iirt*n. 890 biixst. 891 fiivt. 892 nefl. 893 D fl&M^ir, H Uia, 894
D diseiy, H tjt. 895 D rts/iY, H •,!.
I-. ondY'. 897 dtiait. 899 D nifis. 900 wee, 901 fain. 902 mim.
904 D T&iBlBt. 908 ndTftts. 909 D bretz, H brt'iiz. 910 djd«8t. 911 D
BliestPiin. 912 rftis.
0 .. 913 D ku^iv^, H kill-. 91^ D brooti, H br6,t9%. 915 stwif. 916
KiiiiBn. 917 roog. 918 D ft^tb'l, H t|t. 919 D ointm«at, H 6m.. 920 D
po nt, H 6i. 922 bw.sh*!. 924 ii6t8. 925 D Y($is, H 6i. 926 D 8p6tl, H
6t. 927 ,t,rM,qk. 928 D kuDB, H M,ttn8. 929 H kii,ukt«imp|r. 930 D liSin,
H 6f. 931 D d^MigbiF. 933 frwiiit. 935 kMjn t^ri. 938 korn^ir. 939 klu^BS.
940 kwiiivt. 941 iu^vl\ 942 D bM,t^|r, H hu^tp^T, 943 ttf,^. 944 D
«1&M. 945 D T&M. 947 D b6»l, H 6». 948 I) bt«iiil, H b6Ml. 950 8M,i>9,r.
951 kM)p*l. 952 D k&u^irs, H k6)p,ra [coarse]. 953 kM|Zin. 954 D wishvn,
H wht-. 955 D d&Mt, H du;ut. 956 kwiTP^r.
U-. 961 griilBl. 963 D wAivt, H ku;-. 964 stOtit. 965 D oil, H at.
966 friat. 967 siat. 968 D 6ist9^T. 969 siO^ir. 970 d|tf,8t. 971 fliat.
Yab. iy, Edensids cwl.
Some of the most important words from the 22 cs. Nos. 12 to 17, p. 563, as
a help to the student.
8 from Kirkby Stephen, No. 12. M from Milbnm, No. 15.
C from Crosby Rarensworth, No. 13. L from Langwathby, No. 16.
T from Temple Sowerby, No. 14. E from Ellonby, No. 17.
I. WeSSEX AlTD NOBSB.
A- 5 SOME maik, L mak, T mek. 21 SMLE nt^m, CT ni,^im.
A: or 0: 64 SE «ra,q, C i^^, T i^aq, M w'raiq. A'- 84 S mee^.r^,
C meeii^, MLE msnr^, T maar^. 87 SMLE klt,a)Z. CT klt'i^jZ. 89 SMLE
bi.&,th, CT bii6,th. 92 SCE noo M nhoo, L tnhoo, T uaa. 93 T nhaa, M
nhoo, L tnhoo, SE noo, C n6. A': 102 SCTM fts, LE a,ks. 110 ii. CTL
nn.t, S ny,t. 113 SML hi'ia,!, CT hii^.l, £ hlsl. 115 SML hi )a,m, TE
hiaim, C hi.^im. 122 ii. S ntiiv, ML nt'iV, T niiOj, C£ ni. 137 CTMLE
n6ii d^i r^.
A- ' 138 SCT f»d,di»i^, M hdj^if, L ftjdp,,r», E fa,d*,,r*». M: 161
8 deei, CTMLE du. JE'- 194 S ani, CL oni, TM eni, E sni. J^':
214 8 nee,,dPi.r^. 223 8CTMLE dhtii^jr^. 224 SM whoor^, TL whAAr^,
CE whiBr".
t,r°6eit. E'- 292 SCTMLE mt|i. E': 312
E- 233 SCTLE sp«iik. £: 261 8C see,, ML see, T sti^i. 265 CE
8,t.r^ek, S rtr^ak, M s,t,r°6eit. £'- 292 SCTl""
SCTMLE h«,w,r°. 314 SCTLE haar^d, M ht liPji^d.
£A- 320 C keejr^, S k^en^, TMLE karn^. £A: 326 C ooTd, £ oold,
T AAld AAd, M AAl'd. 330 SCTMLE hod. 338 STML kAA, C£ koo.
£A': 359 T nMb^,r^, S nee-, C ne-, MLE nu-. 366 8C gi^i|it, TE gee^fX
ML gjjw,r^. £0'- 412 SCMLE shu [before w], T shp,. £0': 430
S fr^ynd. 437 8 t^i^i.uth, CTMLE .t,rt6uth. KY- 438 SCTMLE dti.
I: 452 STL waa)i, [but £ aa wajd, the nron. differing according to position].
r- 494 STL t&atm, CME t&a>m. T: STL l&aik, C la.fk, M Ifra.ik.
610 TL m&atn, SE m&a.in, C m&.tn.
0- 519 SCTMLB 6f»ir*». 524 SCM w»,r°«rd, TL waar««ld, E wui^i,
0: 581 SCLE dlmUif, 535 SCT fM^.Bk, M fu^u.vk, L ftrdvk, £ fii.a.k.
0'. 557 SCTML Uu. 567 SCTMLE t«*,d.dPir°. 0': 579 SCTMLE wiiiif .
687 SCTMLE d{un. 692 SM sw/,&,r*», 8 swee,r°, T swyy,r°t, L swyy,*,r°.
U: 612 SCTMLE st«,m. 616 8 grMiud, TL grM,n'd, £ gr°«,n, CT gri.un'd.
631 8 thMji^idv, CL th#,i^zd8, TE thM^ir^zdv. 634 SCTMLE thri<iU, SCTML
thr»6,u. U'. 641 SC h^.u, H huu. 643 SCTMLE nu^n. 661 SC wid«,ut,
LE wt.dit,ut, TM w«dh<i,nt. U': 663 SCTMLE h^^us.
T: 701 SCTMLE ^,r°M.
[.2066 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
634 THE WEST NORTHERN. [l)81,Tiv,T,TL
ni. BOMAKCE.
A*. 862 T 8fi6,f, MLE n/iAif. E*. 885 SCTL Ta^i^. 888 SCTMLE
aaai^'n. 0-. 940 T ktroot, CM ku^^vt, L kfrt(,&,t, £ ki,&,t. 941
SCTMLE fiul. 965 SCTMLE d&.uia. U*. 969 STML siiiitfii^, £
ByyiPii*, C 8h6iitf,r*'. 970 STM dpifii.
VaB V, "WeOT CniCBERLAKD Cwl.
The same words as in Yar. iv. collected from Noe. 18 to 20 in the 22 cs. p. 563.
E from Keswick, No. 18.
C from Clifton, No. 19.
H from Holme Cnltram, No. 20.
I. Wessex Ain> NoBSB.
A- 5 CH mak, K ma,k. 21 E n/,a,m, C n/&m, H n/,tnn. A: or 0:
64 K i^a^. CH raq. A'- 84 K mefi^, C meer. H ro^enr. 87 K kl«,a e,
C kl/&,z. U klitBZ. 89 EC b/,a,th H b/,vth. 92 KCH noo. A': 102 K
2l8, H as, C aks. 113 K h/^ajl. C ht&l. 115 E hl,aim. C Jam, H jsm. 122
ii. E nt,a H n/,B. C nh, 137 KH n6«,d^, C Bdujinf. -E- 138 K
fa^d^ji^, CH fa^dBj. -S): 161 EC dBB, H dee. M- 194 EC eni. H
ant. JE': 223 EC dh/,ip,r^, H dh/tw**. 224 EC whoor^, H wh6ow*.
E- 233 E 8p/|ik, C sp/iiik. £: 261 EC sbb, H see. 265 E s,t,r<^i.
C s,t,rttiit. F- 292 E m/,i. C m/t i, H mii. ^: 312 EC hi,ip,i^. H
h/t,tn^. 314 E hlki^d. CH haaid. £A: 320 E k^^, C keer, H k6e«r».
£A: 326 H ool, E oold. C dud. 330 ECH hod. 338 ECH koo. £A':
869 EH nBbi>,i^, H nabw:". C nEBber**. 367 E gr^t,it C g^^rt. H griit. EO'-
412 [emphatic] EC shti, H shit. £0': 430 E fr^e'^d. 437 K .t^r^Cith,
C ,t^ri«wth, H ,t,r«,th. EY- 438 EC d/,i, H dii.
I: 452 EC a wad, H wad)i PI wonld, wonld I]. T- 494 K tfcatm,
C t&im, H t^im. I': 500 K llik, C l&ik, 16tkli. 610 E m&a,tn, C m&iin,
H ro^n.
0- 619 E 6wi^, C dum, H 6iivr. 524 E waar^ld, C warld, H waai^d.
0: 531 E ddu.t^ji^, C ddufnj. 535 E ftd(,Bk, C ftrook. H fdifk. C-
657 E t/«. 567 K tw^d^ir*', C tw^dB.r. 0': 579 E Bn/t#f. C Bnwif. 587
EC dM,n, C d/wBn, H dt^Bn. 692 E swyy,a**r**t, C swoort. H 8wu,«r.
U: 612 ECHsw^m. 616 E gryind, C grwjnd Hgr^M.n. 634 E thiVnt.
C thr«,ut. H thi^MM. U'- 641 EC h^iU. 643 EC n6,u. H mm. 661 K
wijdi.ut. C B,di«|Ut, H B.daat. U': 663 EC h^ins, H hum.
Y: 701 E fwii^st. C fj^^rst, H f^Brat.
HI. BoMAirCE.
A .. 862 E s/,a|f, C s/af. £ •• 885 E va,i^, CH Tan. 888 E saz^'n,
CH 8aart*n. 0 •• 940 ku^.Bt, C kuK)t, H kii6oBt. 941 E f/itl, C ifit^l, H
ft>l. 955 E dtf .uts. C dMifts, H dtrts. U .* 969 E shBiii^, 0 shuK^r, H
st'iitBr. 970 EC d|MiSt.
(9) Var, vi, Weardalb ajsh Teesdale cwl.
St. John's, Weardale (:waard*l}, Dn., head of the dale, about 12 e-by-n.Croas
Fell, Cu., and 24 w-by-s. Durham, wl. pal. in 1878 by J6G. from diet, of
Mr. and Miss Harrison, natiyes, who had lived there 40 years from birth.
All words unmarked refer to this.
M Middleton-in-Teesdale (22^ sw. Durham), wl. io. by Rer. John Milner,
Rector, in 1878, who had then been there only 'i^ years. Only such w<nds
in this list as are re-spelled are here giyen, pal. conjecturallr by AJE. M
after an unmarked wwd shews that this agrees with the former, and in
[ 2066 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31, VTi.] THE WEST NORTHERN. 635
estimating this agreement, as M is rery imperfectly known, I disregard any
apparent differences where the M may possibly represent the finer analysis
given by JGG, for St. John's.
The (r) is (r^, but is kft unmarked.
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A- 3 bi>k M. 4 taik. 6 ma,k. 6 mt.vd M. 7 sf,Bk M. 8 har. 9
hiheev. 12 saa. 17 Iaa. 19 ti|Bl M. 20 lt>m M. 21 ni ,imi M. 22 t^nn
M, t»,vm. 23 st,imi M. 24 8ha,m. 26 mi.tsn M. 27 M n«>T. 28 heem.
31 l»|Bt M. 32 M bt.Bth. 33 r<vdh«r M. 34 last. 36 aaX\ 36 th6M M.
A: 39 kom. 40 k^m. 41 thaqk. 43 ha,nd. 44 la,nd. 46 ka^u'l M.
48 saq. 60 taqz M. 61 ma,n. 64 want. 66 as. 66 wash M. 67 a,s.
A: or 0: 68 fr^ M. 69 Ui.m. CO lajq. 61 Bmajq. 62 s.t.ntiq M. 63
thrajq M. 64 ra,Q M. 66 M sa,q. 66 whaiq.
A'- 67 ga.n, M ga gang. 69 n^ii, M m'lB, 70 t»|t> M ti>. 71 w/.i.
.^ M
wt,B. 72 wiii'i, M whil«." 73 B»,i. ' 74 twt'ii, M twiB. 76 8,t,rook, M s,t^n',Bk.
76 tt|Bd M. 78 00, M 6ti. 80 halidi, M ha^ltdi. 81 lonvn. 84 meer° M.
86 SMi^ M. 86 JBts [(hATBr) gen.]. 87 kli.BZ M. 88 kli.Bdh M. 89 bt'iBth
M. 91 moo. 92 M naa. 93 snoo, M snaa. 94 kroo, M kraa. 96 throo.
96 soo. 97 s6m1. 98 noon, M naan. 99 throon. 100 soon.
A': 101 ja,k M. 102 a.s. 104 r6Bd. 106 rt.vd M. 106 brt.Bd M. 107
l«.Bf M. 108 dw,f, M [(pt,B8t) more usual]. 109 loo. 110 not, M nM|t. Ill
6titM. 112 ht,8l M. 116 ht'iBm M. 118 bi^Bn M. 121 gt^Bn M. 122
ni.BU M. 123 [(n6wt) used, M]. 124 sti.Bn M. 126 [(nobBt) used]. 127 M
ht'iBs. 128 dhem. 129 gost. 130 M hwM. 131 gtiBt. 132 bet M. 133
rt^Bt M. 134 o,th. 136 [(klo'ut) used M]. 136 OM^d^i.r, M [spelt oudther],
^' 138 fa,d^i,r M. 140 hei^l M. 141 n«el. 142 sn^^l. 143 t^l. 144
Bgt.BU. 146 mt.BU. 147 br<;ra. 148 f^^^r. 162 wat.t^,^ M. 163 sa.t^jrdi M.
JE: 166 M thaik. 168 sf.tB^ M. 160 Bg. 161 dee. 164 mee. 166
sed M. 166 m^<xi. 167 d/,Bl M. 168 ta.lB. 169 when. 170 baarriist.
171 baarli. 172 gwjrs M. 173 wa^z. 174 ash M. 176 fast. 179 wha^t.
181 r(.t.rod) used].
M' 182 si.i. 183 tt,itj. 184 lt,id. 186 rijid. 186 brtjith [used].
187 l/,iv. 188 na'i [(nik^jr) more used]. 189 wb'«. 190 ka'i M. 191 h/ il.
192 m/,in. 193 kl/,m. 194 oni M. 196 moni M. 197 t|/^iz. 199 bW.
200 wh/,it. 201 h/iidh'n. 202 ht'iit.
JE': 203 sp/)it|. 204 dtjid. 206 thr/,id, M thriid. 206 red. 207 n/iid'l.
210 kW. 211 gree. 212 wh^;. 216 t6ut M. 216 d/,il. 217 ^litj. 218
sh/,ip. 219 sli'jip. 221 fiiP^r. 222 h^^^^r. 223 dh!a,r. 226 flesh. 226
mijBst M. 227 wet. 228 swi.it. 229 br/iith. 230 fa,t.
E- 232 br/.ik, M briik [(bra,k brok'n)]. 233 spi.ik [(spak spok'n)]. 236
w/,iv. 236 f«,iw. 237 M tjtlbl»,Bn. 238 hedj. 241 r«wi. 243 pW [(l«*k)
used]. 246 kwi,in [queen and quean]. 247 [(sp^iBn) used, Ml. 248 mt,ip,r,
M miir. 249 wt.ip.r M, wiir. 260 sw»iip,r, M swiir. 261 mt^it. 262 ket'l.
263 net'l. 264 led.d^,r, M -dh-. 266 wed.dp^r, M -dh-.
E: 267 edj. 269 wadj. 260 ]ki [evidently a confusion with lie\ 261
Bee, 262 w«r. 264 eel. 268 [(oodist) used Mj. 270 beli, belisiz, M belBS.
272 ePm, M Axm. 273 men. 274 b^k bensh. 276 [(stiqk) used]. 276
thiqk. 277 ,d,rensh. 278 wensh. 280 ali'iiVn. 281 lenth. 282 si^renth.
283 meri. 284 thrs'sh M. 286 kresh. 286 hajn. 287 bi«z*m [this is
right for a boom]. 288 let.
E'- 289 j«,i JB Ji. 290 W,i, b, •. 292 mt,i ma mi. 293 wi,i wm wb.
294 ft,id. 296 brt.Bd. 296 btlijiv. 298 it^id. 299 grt'iin. 300 kt.ip.
301 ht|i^,r. 302 mi,it. 303 swt.it.
£': 306 h^t M ha't. 306 h^it. 307 n/,i. 308 n/,id. 309 sp/|id. 310
ht,iBl. 311 ten. 312 h«>ir. 314 hii^^rd. 816 f^it. 316 nakst, M
[occ.] n^tst.
EA- 319 gi,Bp M. 320 \ieer, M k» <»,r. £A: 321 [(s«,id) used]. 322
l&f. 323 f(|Bt, M f6Mt. 324 la'it. 326 WAAk. 326 od H [and (AAd)]. 327
M b6Mld. 328 kod M. 329 M fod fAAd. 330 hod M. 831 [(selM 8el|.lht)
L2067 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
636 THE WEST NORTHERN. [D 81.
used] M. 332 [(teTd, teltlht) used] M. 833 kAAf M. 834 hAAf M. 835
AA M. 336 fAA M. 337 WAA M. 340 jnd M. 342 mr'm. 343 wuLr*m.
345 daar M. 346 Ja,t, M g>ivt.
EA'- 347 hijid, M hiid. 348 i^t, M ii. 849 fiit EA': 350 dt.id,
M diid. 351 li'iid, M liid. 352 ri,id, M liid. 353 bnVd, M briid. 354
Bht.iv, M shiif. 355 dt^if, M diif. 356 l»,if. 357 dhoo M. 359 nsib^ir M.
361 btjin. 365 m>ir. 366 gA^irt, M griit. 367 thn,it, M thriit. 368
dtjith, M diith. 369 sloo, M slaa. 370 too, 371 s t j^i, M strt>.
EI- 372 kiji, M ^. 373 dh^f. 374 nM, M ui.n, 376 hM. £1: 377
8t,i«k M. 378 yreeV M. 382 dh^. EO- 383 s/iib'n. 384 heT*n. 385
bmt'iith. 386 Ja'Q M. 887 nSmi.
EO: 388 mililhk. 390 8u,d. 393 btjont M. 896 wark. 397 swA^iid,
M swMird. 399 bn.lt, M briit. 401 J^,mt8t M. 402 liipirn. 403 faar. 404
staar. 405 haarth. 406 JBrth. 407 fard'n, M -in.
EO'- 409 b^i bi. 411 thr<fi. 412 sh^i sbv sba. 413 diii'l M dUv*!. 414
fl<fi, M mi. 415 hV, M lii. 416 dt>ir. 417 tja'n H. 418 briiL 420
f9'iu,r. 421 forti.
EO': 423 th^i, M thii. 424 ru^i, li,ut, M liit. 426 fi'it M. 427 b^i
bi. 428 s^i. 429 M ft,«iid. 431 bi>,r. 432 f6Mrt M. 433 bri.ist, M
briist. 434ibtiit. 435 J^i jb j». 436 ,t,rtu M. 437 ,t,rhith M. £T- 438
di,u, M dii ET: 439 ,t.rti,st.
I- 440 wt|ik. 441 stiiv, M tdir. 443 fr&tdi, M Mtdi. 444 sts'il M. 446
M b<». 446 ns'in. 448 dhM|r. 449 git M. 450 tididi. 451 siuu, M 86m.
I: 452 &i, M a. 454 wttj. 455 l&i, M lig. 457 m&it, M m^t. 458
nt.lt, M niit. 459 rt,iit, M liit. 460 wb'U. 462 8f ilt, M siit. 464 wbil(^lhk«
M wbilk. 465 8ek. M 8&iik. 466 [(beern) need]. 467 WBTU'd. 471 tim^ir M.
472 [(tB ri<in M.p) used]. 473 biin'd M. 474 [(8wJi,rd) used]. 475 w&tn'd
wind. 476 bind M.. 477 find M. 478 gHc^und. M gTM.nd. 479 win'd. 481
fiq^iF M. 484 dhi8. 485 thi8*l. 486 jeet. M jiist. 487 J»8,t«rdi. 488 Ji,t.
I'. 420 bt,i bii. 491 s&i. 493 ^d.raiv. 494 ts'im. 496 &ir'n. 498 n'it M.
I': 500 iB'ik. 501 ws'id M. 602 f&iT. 603 Is'if M. 504 ns'tf M. 606
WB'if M. 506 WMim«n. 507 WM|min M. 508 ms'il. 609 whB'il. 611
WB'in M. 513 w&'P.r. 614 s'is M. 515 w&is. 516 wizdtnn.
0- 520 bd'un, M b6«. 521 fi<,Bl, M twkivl, 622 op*n M. 623 he'uup.
624 wtiir*rd. 0: 625 kof. 627 b6tft M. 628 thdait M. 6l9 bi^Mt M.
630 r6iit. 531 d6t<.t«,,r, M d6wtb«r. 632 ki^iBl, M ktr^. 633 di|l, 534
bif)Bl M [apparently, written trAoo/l. 636 gaVl'd. 637 mo'mid, M mnuld.
638 wM wad. 640 holBn M. 642b6MtM. 646 bop. 648 fozd. 649 bird.
650 WMird. 661 stonn. 652 kH,rn. 653 b«ira.
0'- 556 8hB6u [see 6401. 656 ti^B. 668 livk M. 669 m«, d^i^, M -dh-
661 blsQum, M bU,Bm. 562 m«|ini M. 663 mMinds. 664 8t|Bn M. 666
nu,BZ, M ntdi,BZ [written mvoas], 667 t)Mid,d*p,^i^.
O': 669 bt.Bk M. 670 tl,Bk M. 571 gwid. 672 bltf,d, M blt,«d. 673
fliBd. 574 bni&ud. 675 stI.Bd M. 676 wed*nzdB. 677 be'ira. 678 pll«i M.
679 tfnl^Bf. 580 tt.Bf. 581 86«#t. 682 ktBl M. 683 tvAnl, M tl,Bl. 684
stiiBl M. 585 .VI brt.Bm. 586 dl^B. 587 di^Bn M. 688 n/,Bn M. 689 spt^vn
M. 590 flBiiu^ir, M fli'i^.r. 691 msauBr. 592 [(sw^Brd) swear'd, nsedj, IC
Bw«,ar. 593 [(mu.n) used] M. 594 bi^Bt M. 695 ftjBt M. 696 n',t M. 597
8«|Bt M. 598 8B6utb.
U- 699 vblivn M. 600 ItiiT. 601 fB6nl, M finl. 602 8b6u, M suu. 608
kw,m. 605 8ii,n. 606 dd'MU9,r^ [? b6u], M difM^ [see 6401. 607 bwit.t^iT,
M [says * h sounded,* ? meaning tbat Ur » -thert or simply that the < is dentaluedl.
U: 608 w.gli. 609 fw,r. 610 wa'fiu. 612 SM,m. 613 .d^^ak. 614b«indM.
615 pu,nd M. 616 grw,nd M. 617 sa'uun'd, M suund. 618 waWd. 619
ft<,nd M. 620 grtiind M. 622 Miud^^r M ['with a slight (h)* that is slightly
dentalised (,dtf|,r)]. 625 tM,q. 626 hwiq^ir. 629 smiU. 631 th«,rstt. 634
thra'uu. 635 WM^rth. 636 [(faaitih^ir) used, M> 639 dM^st [(ste6or^ also
used].
U - 640 kB6n, M kuu [JGG. is not quite satisfied with this srmbol, which,
howeyer, is different from the (o'uu) of 520, 606, 610, 617, 618, wnich has more
of an (o'm) effect Neither of them is supposed to be (a'u). The preseai soondi
[ 206a 1
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D31, 82.] THE WEST AND NORTH NORTHERN. 637
in 640, 641, 642, 643, ete., are (un) sounds, as sbewn by tbe M appreciation, but
begin with some undefined sound which JGG. could not appreaate after some
days of obseiration. The result is like (u|U, cp'u), transitional from (uu) to (a'u)].
641 hBCiu, M huu. 642 dhvau, M dhuu. 643 n«6u, M nuu. 646 hvCin, M
buu [compare 677 (beCiu)]. 647 b'uuI. 648 v'uur, M uur. 649 thaCiuzond.
652 Vu,d. 653 hu^t
V: 654 sh'rvAud, M shruud. 655 ftitiul. 656 reiim. 657 br«6un, M
bruun. 658 dB6un, M duun. 659 t86nn, M tnun. 660 bB<iur. 661 shB6ur,
M shuur. 662 hMjZ. 663 h«<iU8, M huus. 664 1b(ius, M luus. 665 mBtius,
M muus. 666 hM^zbBud. 667 «6ut, M uut. 668 prv6ud, M pniud. 671
mBi!iuth, M muuth. 672 SB6uth, M suuth.
Y- 673 mik'l. M mttj. 674 df«id. 676 m, M Hi. 677 ,d,rai. 678 din.
679 tp,rti. 680 btzi. 682 ltt*l. T: 683 midi. 684 bng M. 685 rig
M. 686 b&i. 687 fls'it. 689 btl'd. 690 ks'in^d M. 691 msWd M. 693
sin. 694 w»,rk, b guid WMjliaT bt iz waark [a good worker of his work].
696 b^,rth. 697 bBn. 698 nwi»irth. 699 r^iit, M riit. 700 wars M. 701
f«,rst M. 703 pit. Y- 705 sk&i. 706 whs'i. 707 thPirttjin. 708 hai^ir.
Y': 709 l&i^ir. 711 M iB'is. 712 ms'is M.
n. English.
[Such words as are entered here all came from M.]
A. 725 Bt)Bl. 730 kan^t^i^r [or (-th-) as it is stated that A is soundedl.
733 skt'iBr. E. 743 skrt'iBm. 744 mez'lz. 745 tji|Bt. 0. 761 h'lBd.
764 kiiidU. 766 m6idh*,rd. 769 m6Mdiwarp. 774 p6wni. 780 djWisU. 784
buuns. 786 duus. 787 suus. 790 guun. U. 805 krw|dz. 808 pM^t.
m. EOMAKCE.
[Such words ^s are entered here all came from M.]
A- 809 Jab'l. 810 ff,BS. 811 ph'^BS. 812 1«iBS. 817 redtsh. 852
apr*n. 857 ktjBS. 869 tjas. 860 p«,Bst. 861 tt,B8t. 862 8«>f. 865 fAAt.
£•• 874 riin. 875 fent. 884 prentis. 887 klarji. 892 neW. I- and
Y- 910 dpist. 0-. 913 ktr^^Btj. 921 Bkirent. 927 tru,qk [said to be
•♦as in We."]. 928 uuns. 929 kuukBmbi>,r. 930 luundj. 940kM:6,Bt. 941
f/,Bl. 952 kuurs. 955 duut. U- 961 gn>Bl. 963 w&iBt. 966 fnut.
969 stwBr. 971 fltut.
D 32 = NN'. = north Northern.
Boundarie$, On the n. the L. line 10. On the s. the n. tee line 7. On the
e. and w. the sea.
Area. A small portion of n.Cu., about Carlisle and Brampton,
avoiding the northernmost parts about Longtown and Bewcastle.
The n. of Du. The whole of Nb. except the n. slopes of the
Cheviot Hills.
Varieties. This area is again divided into six Varieties : Var. i,
n.Cu. ; Var. ii, n.Du. ; Var. iii, Hexham or sw.Nb. ; Var. iv,
* the Pitmen ' or se.Nb. ; Var. v, m.Nb. ; Var. vi, n.Nb.
Authorities, See Alphabetical County lists under the following names, where
• means tt. per AJE., J per JGG-., || so., and " io.
Cu. } Brampton, {Carlisle, ^Dalston.
Du, ♦°Bishop Middleham, ♦Clickeminn, near Lanchester, °Collierly, °Dalton-
le-Dale, ° Edmundbyers, ♦Kelloe, ** Lanchester, °Shinclilfe, ♦^ South bhields,
♦*» Sunderland, ° Tyneside.
Nh, °Acklington, **Ahiwick, **Ancroft, * Berwick-upon-Tweed, ^'Birtley,
""Boddington, °£mbleton, ""Haltwhistle, ''Harbottle, ^Hexham, {Knaresdale,
[ 2069 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
638 THE NORTH NORTHBRK. [D 32.
*Morpeth, *Newca0t]e-oii-T7ne, *Nort1i Shields, *RothbiiiT, ^Stamfordham,
*'Tyne to Wansbeck, **» Warkworth, ^Whalton, ® Whittmgham, *»Woodhoni,
*»Wooler.
See also the notice of the Burr on p 641.
General Character. The essential character of D 82 at present is
that of a transition from D 30 and 31 to D 33, from E. and WN.
to L. Historically, of course, this must be an incorrect conception.
But with historical derivation we have here nothing to do. The
L. like the S. has entirely abandoned the (u) sound of TJ and
replaced it by (a), while the (w, w,) are retained in D 30 and 31,
and the great peculiarity of D 32 is the gradual dying out of this
(w) into (a). In D 32, Var. i, the (w) sound remains, in D 32,
Var. vi, it has been quite replaced by (a). Between varieties
i and vi the (w) very frequently occurs, but is also very frequently
replaced by a bad imitation of (a), which I represent by (oBi).
I was altogether unprepared for this sound when I reached
Newcastle in 1879, and was much puzzled by it. I had
considered that the H used by my correspondents represented
(w, Wi) alone as throughout Yo. and (except about Longtown and
Bewcastle) Cu. The first dt. I attempted to write at Newcastle
in February, 1879, disillusioned me. I noted that the new sound
was not (oe, a, w), but lay among them. When in February, 1883,
I wrote to Rev. G. Rome Hall, of Birtley (9 nnw.Hexham, Nb.^,
to point out in his wl. which of his it words had (w), and which (a),
he observed : " in all these H sounds there is a slight approach to
the German 6 and the French eu in heuf, Jleur, etc. Also it is not
so quickly and crisply uttered as in the rec. pron. It is slightly
prolonged in the folk-speech of Hexham and w.Nb. district."
This quite agrees with my own observations. The soimd is of
medial length in general, which it is needless to notice, and
adumbrates (ce). To indicate all this I annex an inferior (,) to
(oe), thus (oe>), but I was unable strictly to analyse the sound when
I heard it, and I cannot venture to do so from memory. There
is no labialisation as for (oe), and it will be quite sufficient to use
(a') in speech. No doubt in a generation or two (ce,) will have
quite given place to (a). In the mean time it is characteristic of
the mixed region in n.Du. and Nb , just as (som) is characteristic
of the region between lines 1 and 2, and as (w^) is transitional
from (a) to (w) throughout the M. counties. See the obs. on (u^)
on p. 291, and note especially the relation of (u^) to (oBj). The two
transitions are obviously closely allied. This (ce,) is not found in
Cu., but it is very prevalent in Hexham, Var. iii, and is said to
have become general in Alnwick, but it is not till about Wooler,
as far as I have been able, to ascertain, that (a) becomes per-
manently installed for the whole of L. The use of (a) in Sunder-
land is probably due to Scotch influence. See 22 dt., No. 6, Introd.
The fractures (i,i, A,u), the former fix)m E' sinking to (^^),
and the latter from U' rising to (dtt), or nearly so, probably occur
through D 32. But where I possess written accounts only, these
sounds are not distinguished from (ii, uu), in fact the natives
[ 2070 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D82.] THB NORTH NORTHBRN. 639
consider them as such. In (^jn) tlie (^,) approaches at times very
dose to (o), and hence the resemblance which induced me to write
(<5w) from fetation in several cases, where I think (^lU) was meant.
See now in par. 1 of 22 dt., Nos. 2, 4, 5, 8, 13, 15. In Nos. 12,
14 and 17 I have (^lu). No. 17 was indeed very carefully dictated
to me by Mr. Ridley te bring out the sound. I have thought it
best, however, to retain the signs in each case which I first wrote
from dictation. The case where the vowel XT' was open, as at the
end of a word, e.g, in note just considered, is different from that in
which U' occurs before a consonant, as we shall see especially in
D 33. Hence about ^ doum, house, m the 22 dt. have more frequently
(uu) than (^lu) or (du). But still there is the same tendency, which
completely disappears in L., where (uu) or (i^) is universal before
a consonant.
The r generates a diphthong, generally taken as {6i, e'i), but
which I heard as (a't, a^i), practically the same as in my own
speech. But I think that when it occurs in open syllables it may
be (d»). The two sounds of this representetive of I' are discrimi-
nated in L., and in the Brampton wl. below (at) occurs in drive^
wide, five, and (dU) otherwise, but there is no consistent usage. In
the iEbiglish pron. of Greek it is custemary te speak the diphthong
« as (o'l) or (aH) and at as (d»), and hence among the clergymen
whom I have had to consult so much, e% at have been considered
the proper signs to represent the difference. This is of course
rather embarrassing to a Londoner, who has only one long !, in-
tentionally, though it varies individually, as (d«, o'l, i% ae'i). But
the difference, as we shall see, is highly developed in L, and we
already found it in D 31, Var. v.
The treatment of CK varies as (fu, Ob, toei). Compare school,
soon, look, in the 22 dt. It is curiously enough written ui in the
Pitman's Pap, as suin for (siua, stoe^n).
The treatment of A-, A' forms a difference between Var. iii and
iv, as will be seen presently.
The guttural (kh, kjy has practically disappeared even on the
very verge of L., but Kev. G. Rome Hall, of Birtley (9 nnw.
Hexham, and 8 e. L. border), admits it faintly in Var. iii in night,
right, sight, bought, thought, brought, wrought, daughter, sought, ete.,
see the s.Nb. cwl. No other authority gives it, so it is probably
very local. But in the greater part of J) 32 the r is pronounced
gutturally. This pron. does not even determine varieties, and
being very peculiar and local, will be considered separately.
The definite article is always (dhw). I am (a)m) is quite as
often lis (a)z).
The classical work in the se.Nb. or Pitman's dialect is Thomas
"Wilson's Pitman's Pay, a cheap edition of which, with other
poems, was published in 1872 by Routledge, London. It has set
the norm for spelling, which, however, is rather confusing te a
Southerner. Thus at^= (aa*) or (^aa) of JGG., p. 539, the very
fine (aa) which prevails over the n. of England, and not (aa) as it
suggests. Again ou^{u{p) or (uu), not (6«), which is written ow,
[ 2071 ]
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640 THE NORTH KOBTHERN. [D 32.
and m is generally (tu, Iobi), as (sTIoBin, ktoB,!) snin, cnilBSOon, cool ;
and never [jji) or any approacn to French w, as the orthography
suggests. Also no distinction is made hetween (t<i, oej), but u is
used for both indifferently. On this point some detailed information
will be seen in the s.Nb. cwl. which contrasts sw. and se.Nb.
Characters of Varieties, These are not particularly well marked,
but I have endeavoured to make them clear by interlinear illustra-
tions.
Yar. i, in n.Cu., is so like D 31, ercepi in the nse of (dhB^, that I hare
thought it beet to put the two cs., one for Carlisle, Cu., and one lor Enaresdaie,
Kb., among the 22 cs. illustrating D 31, pp. 662, No. 21, and 563, No. 22.
This Yar. is distinguished by an alraence of (ob,), so that the (m,) of Cu. suddenlj
becomes the (s) of D 33 without passing throi^h any intermediate form, r
becomes (b'») as appreciated by J6<t. In Carlisle (ni|imi, h«Ivm) name, home,
occur, but m Knaresdale (nif'sm, hu>Em), with a distinct (s). At Brampton
there was the intermediate (n/ie^, h/ie^) with an indistinct (e), which was not
yet (b), as shewn by Q, the sjrmbol of indistinctness. See the Brampton cwl.,
p. 669. There is no No. burr.
Yar. ii, in n.Dn., see 22 dt., Nos. 1 to 6. The foe,) begins to ass^ itself,
but (u) is more general, the (m,iO greatiy resembles {du)^ both (n^evm) and
(njsm) = (n'lEm) are em|)loyed. The resemblance is ratner to Yar. ir, the
Pitmen's, than to Yar. iii the Hexham form. There is not much burr cTen
near Newcastle. Sunderland can hardly be said to be a dialect on account of the
mixed population and influence of Scotch and Irish. South Shields has the great
peculiarity of losing its r altogether except before a Yowel, and even then it ia
much debased.
Yar. iii, the sw.Nb., extends e. to about 1 w.Stamfordham, and includes
Bellingham (:bE'lmdpm) on the nw., and OTingham (:o'Ttnd|irm) on the se.
This is recognised by the Newcastle people as a diranct variety. Their faTourite
example is the speech of a woman to her daughter as she glTee her a penny to
buy '* a halfpennyworth of salt, and bring a halfpenny back, taking a saucer to
put it in." This becomes (b hoo-porth o sM, bu b hoo'pnt ba% bu hlior)z dhB
soo-sor tB poBit «t tn), which in Yar. ir is {b haa'porth o saaH, bu b haa'pnt ba'k,
BU hiior)z dhB saa'sor tB p«)t it tn). A similar sentence was concocted about the
beginningof the century at a school a littie n. of Birtiey, as rekted to the Yicar,
Rev. 6. Kome Hall, by the old churchwarden, Mr. Percy Bobson. The sentence
was " I went to serve [=feed] the calves, and it snowea and it blowed, and mj
feet balled [with snow sticking to the soles of the boots], and ah ! it was cold.'
At Woodbum, 4 ne. Bellingham, and in the Bedesdale district varieties, and the
same would be the case in Yar. iv, they said
(a^ wsnt tB sa^ra^ dhB kaa'z, bu it snaa^d bu it blaa'd, bu ma' fiit baa'd, ba
BE'i! it *wa^z kaa'd).
But at Birtiey and s. of the Rede in the valley of the North Tyne, they said
(a^ wEnt tB 8a'ra> dhB kooz, bu it snood bu it blood, bu ma^ fiit hood, bu, Bs'i,
it 'wa'z kood).
Another point of difference which is not brought out in these sentences is well
shewn in the s.Nb. cwl. All words having (iiB) in Yar. iii have (ts) or (IoBi)
in Yar. iv, thus natMy homCy soon are in Yar. iii (niiBm, hliBm, siiBu), and in
Yar. V (nTEm, hYsm, stoeiu).
Yar. iii also has a great predilection for (oe,). This is remarkable at Halt-
whistle (14 w. Hexham), bacause it is close to Yar. i, from which (ce.) is absent.
To this var. belong two entertaining but unfinished littie stories oy Thomas
Bewick, the celebrated Newcastie ww)d engraver (bom at Ovin^ham), called
** The Howdy " and " The Upgetting," of which 60 copies were printed in 1850
for Mr. John Gray Bell. I had hoped to give them m a phonetic form, but
while I was at Newcastie I could find no one who was able to read them to me,
and there are so many curious words in them, that I was unable to pal. them
conjecturally. The original MSS. were said to be in possession of Mr. John
[ 2072 ]
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D32.] THE NORTH NORTHERN. 641
Bell, of Ghitesliead, but I failed to discoYer him, or the printer or publisher. I owe
my transcript to the kindnees of Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, who possesses a copy.
Yar. iT, se.Nb. The distinctions between this and Var. iii ha?e just been
pointed out. This variety contains the speech of the Pitmen, and is most cha-
racteristic of Nb. But the mere writing of this speech conveys very little notion
of its peculiarities of intonation, wMch are different for pitmen, keelmen
[s boatmen], and ploughmen. The sin^n^ and musical drawl of the pitmen
must be heard to be understood. It is this variety to which the numerous
dialectal books, annuals, comic stories, and songs usually refer. But their
spelling was intended only for those familiar with the speech, and is scientifically
valueless.
Var. V, mid Nb., occupies the county from the Wansbeck to line 9, and is
scarcely different in pron. from Var. iv, see 22 dt., Nos. 14 to 21, p. 656. The
town of Alnwick seems to have adopted (a), or perhaps (cci) exclusively, but
that is not yet the habit of the peasantry.
Just before reaching line 9 are the towns of Chillingham and Chatton, which
are credited with pronouncing ch as (sh). Mr. Allen, of Snitter, dictated the
following sentence (dhi shiiz v :shEt*n is nsB meer lo'ik dhi shiiz « :shi*liqvm,
nor shaak)8 la'tk shiiz) sthe cheese of Chatton is no more like the cheese of
Chillingham, nor ^thau) chalk's like cheese. Chillingham is famous for its wild
white cattle, but is also noteworthy phonetically as being the only Nb. name in
-ingham, which is pron. with (-tqem), all the others miving (-md|Bm). Mr.
Bioiey dictated the same sentence the other way over, thus (dho 8ht,iz b :sntltqvm
iz nii meer l&Uk dhB shtjiz v :sha'fn nor shaa'k)s l&'tk sht|iz). This sentence
reminds us naturally of Dr. Murray's for Chimside (9 nw.Berwick-on-Tweed),
(dheer)z bz g^ shiiz i .'shirset bz wbz evBr sh6Md wi shafts) there's as ^ood cheese
in Chirnside as was ever chewed with chafts, i.e. jaws, Chimside (rshirset^ being
celebrated for the same change of (tj) into (sh), as has taken place regularly in
French (Dialect of S. Scotl. p. 85).
Var. vi, taking the extreme n. of Nb. and Berwick-upon-Tweed, has adopted
(s) throughout, and in other respects much resembles D 33, but differs from it,
as will be seen among other things in the absence of (kh) and inability to produce
a trilled (r), see the Berwick cs., p. 645, and notes, p. 652.
The Bubb.
In describing and distinguishing the above six varieties I
have barely alluded to the Burr, which is commonly looked upon
as the characteristic of Nb. speech. This is because I consider it
a modem accidental growth very conspicuous to a Lowlander or a
Southerner, though quite inessential to the dialect. But it requires
special consideration, and hence has heen placed last.
The Nb. Burr or (krtiipj is a peculiar pronunciation of the letter
r in which the interruptions of voice sound, that in my opinion
form the essence of the r, are made by the flapping of the uvula
(instead of the tip of the tongue), as set in motion by the voiced or
flated stream of air itself, and not by a voluntary muscular effort.
It is really a defect of articulation wluch tends to become epidemic.
As such it exists vigorously in the n. of Germany and n. of France,
and especially at Paris. But it is also a peculiarity of individuals
that reside in other districts. The Nb. burr is complicated by
some labialisation, and by being influenced by some vowels more
than others, especially the labiaJ series (a, o, u). It varies much
in different parts of Nb. according to accounts which I have
received, but I am not able to state what the differences are, as
it would require residence for some time in different parts of the
S.E. Pron. Part V. [ 2073 ] 132
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642 THE NORTH NORTHERN. [D 32.
county, and intercourBe in eacli place with a considerable number
of natives, to obtain anything like satisfactory results. The burr
is said to be "rougher" in se.Nb. than at Aln¥dck, where it is
credited with perfection. Mr. Robson (in the notices to his trans-
lations of the Sanff of Solomon for Prince L.-L. Bonaparte) attempts
to write the Newcastle burr as *' urroond the urrugged urrocks,"
and the n.Nb. burr as **errooeend th' erruggeed errocks" for
round the rugged rocks. The Vicar of Embleton for the peasantry
there wrote **oowIt, thwoo, oow5d," his curate for the fishing
population used " 'rite, thr'oo, rred," both for rigkt^ through^ red,
and these symbols represented to them distinct differences, but
certainly neither these nor Mr. Robson's avail for an outsider.
It is easy to produce great varieties of burr, by varying the form
of the tongue on which the uvula seems to lie, to agree with the
position for different voweb, and by increasing or diminishing the
closure of the lips, as well as the degree of force in the emission of
breath. The sharpness of the rattle heard from a young Parisian
lad calling " L'Entracte ! Programme des spectacles, prix trois
sous," is something remarkable, and this r well replaces the Italian
tip-tongue trilled r. The German uvular r is often indistinguish-
able from a guttural (gh) initial and medial, and (kh) final. Both
are combined, at least occasionally, in the Dutch chj g, and Arabic
^ ^. The modem Greek 7 is very mild. The extent of excursion
of the flapping uvula makes a great difference in the effect pro-
duced. But there is much difficulty in ascertaining what practice
actually prevails in any given place. And, after all, the practice
may really vary from speaker to speaker at the same place. As
a general rule I shall represent the burr by (r) simply, by (nr)
when the labial element is conspicuous, by (r^, rtp^) when in
either case the uvula is so stiffened that it serves only to impede
the passage of air without definite interruptions. Thus the words
to marry a very merry lose sounded to me, as pronounced by a Nb.
pitman, as (to maVo* u vaVo* maVQ# la*s), merry and marry being
pronounced identically and rhyming with each other and with
very, while the (r^) was so inconspicuous that much attention was
required to discover the differences of (maV°«, YS^r^i) from the
Italian ma*, vat (maH, v4*i), with which indeed Mr. Swinburne,
the poet, a native, identifies them. But the habit is so local,
and probably in Europe so modem, that it does not affect general
I'elations of dialect, as the reverted (b) of the S. div. certainly seems
to do. The actual usage and its variety in different places is there-
fore comparatively unimportant, although striking to a stranger.
It is much more important to determine the limits of country
over which the Burr extends. I was recommended for information
to Mr. Peter Mouatt, 8, Shield Field, Newcastle, as having travelled
much about the border, but he could not tell me himself, aud when
he tried his commercial travellers he found that they all had the
burr without knowing it, and were hence unable to detect its
presence or absence. At last he found one, Mr. J. R. Dickson, who
was a Scotchman, and hence fully aware of the defective uvular
[ 2074 ]
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D 32.]
THB NORTH KORTHERN.
643
trill. From his notes, assisted by Mr. Gunn of Berwick-on-Tweed,
Mr. Lees of Edinburgh, Mr. J. G. Goodchild, who has had experience
on the n. slopes of the Cheviots, Mr. Laurence Goodchild, a blind
traveller (no relation to the last-named), Mr. Proctor of the North
of England Review, Mr. Jas. Meams, son of the minister of Cold-
stream, some notes and correspondence on the subject by Prince
L.-L. Bonaparte, Dr. J. A. H. Murray's notes, etc., I obtained
sufficient information to draw up the foUowing table.
The places in ( ) have not been identified, those marked * are
on the Maps of the Dialect Districts, the others are referred to
them.
Burr Strong.
Burr Wbak.
No Burr.
♦Berwick-upon-Tweed
Spittal (1 Be. Berwick)
Homcliffe (4 sw.Berwick)
Homdean, Bw. (8 ne.Cold-
stream)
TAdvkirk,Bw.(6ne.Cold-
Norham (7 sw.Berwick)
stream)
Cornhai(le.Cold8tream)
(Newtown)
(Donaldson's Lodge)
Wark, Nb. (1 sw.Cold-
•Coldstream, Bw.
stream)
Carham,Nb.(3 wsw.Cold-
Birgham,Bw. (3 W.Cold-
stream)
stream)
•The Cheviots (n.slope),
•Wooler
Nb.
Keilder (26 nw.Hexham)
Yetholm, Rx. (10 w.
Falstone(l9 nw.Hexham)
Haltwhistle, Nb. (14 w.
Wooler)
Hex.)
(Riccarton)
Greenhead, Nb. (17 w.
Allendale, Nb. (9 sw.Hex.
Hex.)
Brampton (8 ne.Carlisle)
Edmundbyers, Du. (10
(Allenhead, Cu.)
Bse. Hexham)
Blanchland,Nb.(8s.Hex.)
Minster Acres, Nb. (8 se.
Hexhani)
Castleside, Du. (13 se.
Hexham)
Beniieldside, Du. (13 wnw.
Alston, Cu. (17 sw.Hex.)
Iveston, Du. (10 nw.
Durham)
ShoUey, Nb. (13 nw.
Durham)
Durham)
Whittonstall, Nb. (9 ese.
Hexham)
Ebchester, Du. (11 se.
Hexham)
Prudhoe,Nb. (9w-by-8.
North Shields, Nb.
Newcastle), and thence
South Shields, Du.
strong to S. Shields
This covers the whole inland border of Nb. beginning at the n.
Beyond the Tweed, to the n., except in Berwick and its Liberties,
there is no burr. Mr. Lees had observed it from some men at
Bummouth and Eyemouth (6 and 9 n.Berwick), but is inclined to
think it due to interconrse with Berwick as a market town. Mr.
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644 THE NORTH NORTHERN. [D 82.
Gunn and others sappose that the burr dies out suddenly at the
b. of the Berwick Liberties, Mr. Lees thinks it only dies rapidly.
In the '^ New Statistical Account of Scotland by the Ministers of
the respective parishes, etc.," 1845, vol. ii. p. 164, as Prince L.-L.
Bonaparte pointed out to me, the then Minister of Hutton-on-the-
Tweed, adjoining the Liberties of Berwick, says : *' The language
spoken is the Berwickshire dialect of the Scots, intermixed with
the Nb. burr" In January, 1876, the then Miiiister of Hutton,
Dr. R. Eirke, wrote to the Prince : ** The Nb. burr is not natural to
the natives of this parish, and is never known except in the speech
of persons who have been bom and brought up in Nb. and in the
Liberties of Berwick," and that this applies also to the adjoining
parish of Mordlington. But as a defect of speech I myself in
1854 heard it very strong indeed from the young son of a Scotch
gentleman in Edinburgh. Again the n. slopes of the Cheviots are
decidedly Scotch, but a strong burr has been heard at Kielder (Mr.
Dickson) and Falstone (JGG.). On the south, Mr. Laurence
Goodchild considers that the burr stops at Gateshead. But I
myself heard it from a native of EeUoe (18 s-by-e.Gateshead).
From Bishopton (5 nw. Stockton, Du.) the Vicar in 1879, Rev.
C. H. Ford, who 1 was told had a strong burr himself, reported
its existence there. Finally, at North Shields, Nb., and South
Shields, Du., in the midst of a burr coimtry, the entire burr has
vanished. But the pitmen just beyond the town burr vigorously.
Hence the burr, like the change of (u) into (a), or of (uu) into
a'u), cannot be regarded as disrupting a phonetic dialect district.
) 32 is therefore held to extend to parts of Cu. and Du. which
have no burr. The burr cannot even be regarded as the mark of
a variety. The same thing occurs in France and Germany.
Illustrations, For Carlisle and Knaresdale I give cs. pal. from
diet, by JGG. as Nos. 21 and 22 among the 22 interlinear cs. of
D 31, pp. 562, 563.
For South Shields, Newcastle, and Berwick I give also inter-
linear cs. all pal. from diet, by myself. They are in themselves
a good epitome of the whole of Nb. pron.
But I have been enabled to give 22 dt., interlinearly arranged
for Var. ii to vi, eleven of which were pal. by me from diet.
These serve very well to shew the slight differences and general
resemblances and the transition to L.
Finally, there are four cwl. For Var. i a valuable one from
Brampton, written from diet, by JGG. For Var. ii a cwl. for
South Shields, by Rev. C. Y. Potts, which I had to pal. from
an original glossic, by the help of the vivd voce rendering of the
cs. for the same place. For Var. iii and iv, contrasting the
Hexham and Pitmen usages, two important lists are here thrown
together for ease of comparison by Rev. G. R. Hall and Rev.
Hugh Taylor, which I have had to pal. from their spellings and
indications, and from personal knowledge of these varieties obtained
at Newcastle in 1879. For Var. v I give a valuable cwl. settled
from the dictation of Mr. Ridley of Warksworth.
[ 2076 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
g
D 32.] THB NORTH NORTHERN. 615
Three Interlinbar cs.
1. South Shields^ Yar. ii, n.Du., at the mouth of the Tyne. The original
was written in elossic by Rev. C. T. Potts, then of Ledbury, but bom and ored
at South Shields. Mr. Potts, who gave himself much trouble to inform me,
also sent a Iw. ^ven hereafter as a cwl. I transliterated the cs. into pal., and
then corrected it in Jan. 1879, from the diet, of Mr. Thomas Pyke, Ocean
Terrace, South Shields, to whom I was introduced by Mr. Lyell, cousin of the
Sec. of the Lit. and Phil. Soc. of Newcastle. The following is from that
corrected version, Mr. Potts^s principal variants are given in the notes, p. 649.
There are, as both Mr. Potts and Mr. Pyke stated, three pron. prevalent at South
Shields, viz. those of the Pilots, Middle Town Folk, and Pitmen. The version
gives the second, as Mr. Pyke was only partially acquainted i*'ith the others,
and Mr. Potts considered them *' vulgar,** but they will be occasionally
referred to in the notes.
2. Neueaatle-on-TyM^ Nb., Yar. iv. Great pains have been taken to make
this cs. as correct as possible. It was originally written in Dec. 1873 by Mr.
William Henderson Dawson, 50 years acquainted with the dialect, then writer
of the ** Lokil Lettor " £local letter] in the North of England Advertiser y under
the signature of **a Retiort Keelmin** fa retired boatman]. It was afterwards
read to me by Mr. T. Mitcheson, a native of Rothbury, who had lived long at
Cramlington (8 n-by-e.Newcastle, and 6 sw.Blyth), where he had become ac-
({uainted with pitmen at Blyth (:blctdh^ and Bebside (2 w.Bl^'th). As he had been
in London 10 years, during which he nad tried to forget his dialectal habits, and
had conquered the burr, he was afraid that he might not correctly recollect the
pron., and in Jan. 1876, he procured me an interview with two pitmen, John
Bryson, of Bebside Colliery, and lialph Young, of Newcastle, native of Bebside.
"With them I went over the cs. as written phonetically from Mr. Mitcheson^s
diet. In Feb. 1876, I had an opportunity of going over the same with Mrs.
Ferschel, a native of Newcastle, who had married a German and lived in London.
I was very desirous to hear Mr. Dawson read it, and, having to go to Newcastle
in 1879, I had arranged to see him, but unfortunately he was taken ill a few
weeks previously, and died the day that I arrived, 27th Jan. Under these
circumstances I went over the phonetic transcript I had made for Mr. Dawson,
after correcting as above, with Mr. T. P. Barkas, of Newcastle, and the follow-
ing is written from the copy thus corrected. But I have thought it best to give
in the notes such variations and information as I received from the sources
above named. Probably my (a^ a) would have been heard by JGG. as (a, a,)
respectively, and this makes the usage agree with that of D 31, see (a j), p. 639.
Observe that natives say Neu'cwtle^ not Xewetu-.tle,
3. Berwiek-upon'Ttceedf Yar. vi, is now nuite included in Nb., giving its name
to one of the parliamentary divisions which extends to s. of Alnwick, the old
borough having been abolished in 1886. But the town and liberties, which
extend into Bw., have their own peculiar character, quite distinct from L., though
on L. soil on the n. side of the Tweed. The cs. was pal. by AJE. in Feb. 1876,
from the diet, of Mr. G. M. Gunn, a native, who liv«i there the first 20 years of
his life, and has since visited it annually. The roughest part for the dialect and
for social position is in the place called Greenses (:grtnsfz), where the fishermen
live outside the walls. The next are Shawns Lane and WaJkergate Lane.
0. S South Shields^ Du. whE't :djak hEz ntVi duuts.
N Newcastle^ Nh, huxU :dJon Lez ni duts.
B Berwick'Upon-Ttceed, what :d^oon h£z tloo duts.
1. S will ]i9'tl>«, j)el blEth laf at mse'i nYuuz.
N will nlEboLru?, jii bh hf'm m^ blEth la*f ni ^o\r nluuz
B weel n^l>«, juu vn hii me booth \aai «t dhis ntuuz
[ 2077 ]
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646 THE NORTH NORTHERN. [D 32.
s
wii kE z ?
it)8 niV, mate — ft)8 nowdhB
N B ma'tn.
whi keerz ?
dha*t)8 nottdhor
B B matn.
.whee keeuz ?
dhat)3 nedh«
S hh'« nA. dliEE'Q.
N hiir nor dheeoLr.
B hii« n« dheev.
2. S niVibodt diiiz bikaaz dh)a 1^ Bt, wi naa diV'nt wt?
N fiuu mEn dl,i ka'z dho)r Wtt Bt, wi naa* dtV'nt wb?
B ftuw mEn dd» btkaz dhe)B looft at, wi kEn dtV'nt wb?
S what wttd miEk dhi'm? tt «z)fnt velfi la'iklt is)t?
N wha^t shw,d mlfik dhem? tt)8 not va'rQt la'tkli t8)t?
B whot shBd meek dhBm? it tz'nt vet* lcf»kl» iz)it?
3. S onihou aa)l tEl jb dht fak8 on)t, so djiist haad
N huusrvor dhor)z dhB fa'ks bv dhB keeSy si djMist ha*d
B huE'YB dhiiz iz dhB faks b dhB kecs, boo djist hduld
S JB djaa Bn see nowt til aa)v djoein. d^t'ist hii;B.
N jor whist, Bn hi kwaiBt tiV a*)z di(B,n. liz'n.
B JB noiz, frind, Bn hi kwaiBt til a)m dun, lizin.
4. S aa}m saat'n a haad dhBm see — swim o dhEm fooks
N aa*)z saai rt'n a* hfiord dhBm see — sWim ov dhor fooks
B a)m saarn a hlwd dhBm s^ — sam b dh^m took
S dhat wEnt thLruu dhi hool thiq fLrD)dhi idoBst dhE'BSElz,
N dhBt WEnt thruu dhi MeI thiq frc dhB fo^rst dhorsElz,
B at WEnt thrik dhB hool thiq fr^ dhB forest dha;SElz,
S dhat a diid, slEf Bntoeif.
N dhat a did, slEf Bnfce^f.
B dhat did a, seef Bnaf .
5. S dhat dhi JUiqest BUia hi'zsEl, a gi^riit lad na'm jii'iBz
N dhBt dhB Jttiqist swjn izseI, b griit lad b no'in
B dhBt dB jaqest san isseI, b big l<wii b ncii;i*n
S aad ntuu hiz feedhB va'is at JEns fBLr aal it wiz sii
N nluu hiz fEdhorz vois Bt wons, thoo it "wa^z si
B kEnd IZ f^dhB)z voois Bt wons, althoo it 'woz sb
S ktrfiBLr an skiriiki, an aa wad t^rMist 'him tB tEl dhi
N ktt'fior Bn skwiiki, Bn ad trtiist him tB sp^iik dhB
B ku'iiB Bn skudikin, Bn a wad trast im tB spiik dhs
S tLruuth oni dee, d», 'dhat a wad.
N tniuth on* dEE, ee, a* wakV.
B truth oni dee, flete'i, a wad.
[ 2078 ]
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D 32.] THB NORTH NORTHERN. 647
6. S an dhi aad wwiman HbseI tl IeI oni oo jb dhat lafs
N «n dhB a*d wa'if horsEl' til tEl oni o jb dhet la*f
B Bn dhB dtdd wamBn bseI b1 t£l oni on jb at laat
8 nuu, an tEl j» stLra'it of, tii, widhuut oni bodhB,
N n^iU, Bn tEl JB stra'tt of, tii, widhuut muitj. bodhor,
B nau, Bn t£l JB Bt wons Bn aa, Bdhut niat| bodhB,
8 if j)el ooni ask b, ool wtntt shi?
N if j)b1 ooni a^ks or, oo! winit shB?
B if j)b1 dnli aks b, oo! wal shi noo?
7. S onihoM shi tEld -mii on)t whEn 'aa akst b, tuuthLn
N Bt li,ist shi tEld 'mil wEn a* a'kst or, tuiU or
B Bt ont reet shi tat^ld 'mii whEn ar akst b, tuu b
8 ta'imz owe, se'i, did shi, an 'shii owt'nt tB hi ^raq
N thriii ta'imz 6««Br, did shi, Bn shii oMt'nt ti hi ra'q
B thrii taimz awB, did shB, Bn -shii dwt'nt tB hi rooq
S Bbuut sitj B matBLr az dhi's, what di -jii thiqk?
N on sek b pomt bz dhis, wha*t di jii th/qk?
B on 8it| B point bz dhis, whot d)jB thiqk?
8. S wM, BZ aa wbz see;in, 'shii wBd tEl jb how wIiee'b Bn
N wiil, BZ a* WBZ sEBBn, 'shii wBd tEl jb h^jU wheor Bn
B we'1, bz di WBZ seejin, shii wBd tEl jb huu wheeB Bn
8 whEn shi fuind dhi di^roeik'n biist shi kaalz hB
N whEn shi fu^nd dhB drM,qk'n biist dhBt shi kaa^lz or
B whEn shi fand dhB drak'n biist Bt shi kAAz b
S hujzbBnd.
N gWjd ma*n.
B hazbBnd.
9. 8 shi swooB sht saa Bm wi'dh Br aan iiz lai'jm aal tz
N shi swor shi siid im w/dh or aa*n a'lz la'ijin strttjt tJt
B shi swuuB shi sld im wi or awn diz ldi;m str/tjt at
S l{iq lEnth on dhi g[^r(Bind in hiiz swjnde kleez, kloos
K fw^l lEnth on dhi grw,nd in iz soBindB kwwt, kloos
B fal lEnth on dhB grand in iz gad sandiz koot, kloos
S hi dhi dAALr t dhB huus duun at dhi kAA'BnBL? b
N hi dhB dor iV dhB hujus, dwiun Bt dhB komor bv
B beii dhB door b dhB hdws, duun Bt dhB kdoBUBT b
8 dhon leen.
N Jon Keu.
B Jon leen.
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648
THE NORTH NORTHERN.
[D32.
10. S liii WBZ wha'fnm on, bez shii, fwLr aal dh» waa'bW
N hii WBZ whindjBn Bwee, sez shii, far aa* dhB woorld
B hi WBZ krcftjtn Bwee, seshii*, hr a dhi worBld
8 la'fk a puuB bEE'Bn, BLr a liVl las fLrEtBn.
N la'fk a 8i,ik beom, or b bit la's* in b pEt.
B Idfk B beom Bt woz'nt weV, or b liVl last at b tsmpB.
11. S
S an dhat hap'nd az shii an b d6tftB[^r tn laa kom
N Bn dha*t ha*p'nt «z shiji Bn or doutor in laa* kom
B Bn dhat hap'nt, az shii Bn b gad diLutBr keem
S th^ruu dhi bak JBE^Bd f[^rE heqBn nut dhi w£t kleez
N thrttiU dh» ba*k jaaLrd fre hiqm M,ut dhB wet kleez
B thruu dhB bak j^eBd ^ee ht'qin ut dhB wEt kleez
8 tB diTQ^i on B wEshm dee,
N ti dra'» on b wEshBn dsE,
B to drat on b WEshtn dee,
12. 8 wo'tl dhB kEt*l WBZ botlBn fa tii, won bont
^ wha'tl dhB kEt'l wbz boilBn for tiji, won fa'tn bra'it
B whEn dhB kEt'l wbz b6*ltn fB tii, woon fcfi;in brdit
8 sUimBi^r sftanfti^n, ooni b w)k stns ku^m nEkst
N swjmor aftomloDin, ooni b wiik Bg^En ntkst
B samBz EftBnuun, oonlt b wiik Bgoo ksm ntkst
8 thAA'BZdB.
N thorzdB ku^mz.
B tharBzde.
13. 8 Bn d«)jB naa?
N Bn di ji naa* ?
B Bn d)jB k£n ?
a nivB leeBnd ont mecB nA dhi's Bbuut
a* niVor 16omd on» meor nor dliis tV
a nevBr leomd bni moB nB dhts Bbut
8 dhat mat^Lr uip tB dhts dee, bz shuuB)z ma nYEm)z
N dha*t hiznis CBjp tB dhB dEE, bz shuur bz ma* ntEm)z
B dhat biznts ttl dhB dee bz shuuB)z mB neem)z
8 :djak rshEpBd, Bn a dmBt want iidhB. dheeB
N :d^a*k rshipord, Bn a* dmB wa'nt owdhor, dheor
B :d|Ak ishrpBd, Bn a dev'nt wont tB k£n n^dhB. dh^
8 nuu !
N nii,u !
B ndu.
14. 8 Bn nuu aa)m gaan JEm tB bee mi s«,pB. gt<jd niit,
N Bn soo a*)z ga'n htKm tB bee mt 6ii,por. gtiid niit,
B Bn soo a)m goon boom tB ma sapB. gad niit,
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D 82.]
THB NORTH NORTHERN.
649
S «n dmtt bi si kw»k tB kj^raa 6tt)«(^r « bodt BgYsii wbsn
N sn dmB bi si kwtk tB kraa* our b bodt BglBn, whEn
B Bn dev'nt bi bb kwtk tB kroo injvr b bodt Bgeen, wbsn
8 bi taaks Bbuut dbts a dbt tt<idbB.
N bi taa'ks tV dbts dba^t or dbB tt*,dbor.
B bi tAAks Bbut dbts dbat b dbB adhB tbt'q.
15. S bii)z
N bii)z nobBt b wiik
B tt)s
B puuB f(ce,l dbat bladbBZ wtdbuut Lriiztn.
fiul dbBt ba'b'lz wtdbuut ri,iz'n.
B wiik fur Bt gab'lz Bdbut riiz'n.
S Bn dbat)8 mi last waad. gttid hit.
N Bn dba^t tz ma* la'st word. gt<,d ba't.
B Bn dbat)s ma last wonsd. gad hdi.
Notes to the South Shield* cs., p. 646.
In giving the variants, the name of Rev. C. T. Potts will be contracted into
Po., of Mr. Pyke into Py.
0. trAy, Po. (wCw). — Jiwrjfc, Po.
(:djAn). — wo, Po. (nii).
1. neighbour, Po. (6t), but I heard
(a't), and possibly this sound was meant
by Po., no final r, but Py. said that he
** felt it,** that is, he felt his equivalent
for (r), just as Londoners do. Po.
says ** it is lost in mere vocal breath '*
(*) or (b), when not preceding a vowel.
When it does precede a vowel, it is
apparently a very mild (r, rj, written
l^r; it is not burred, except by the
pitmen, who burr strongly. — myj Po.
(maa), Py. also gave (ma'i). — earcij
Po. (ke<Tiz). — matter, Po. (miito),
which Vy. says is Pilot talk; this
variant will not be given again.— i^*#
neither here nor there was a variant
by Po , not corrected by Py.
2. nobody, Po. (niibadi), the ^) was
I think a mistake for (b), which I shall
use without further notice. — dies^ Po.
(diiz). — ice, Po. («,s).
3. anyhow, Po. (huuztiVB), this (6«)
pron. of U' final seemed peculiar to a
few words, they also say (dh6Mj thou,
though they retain (huus). Tnis re-
sembles Rx. usage, D 33. It will not
be noticed hereafter.— yiM^, Po. (djM.st).
— hold, the pitmen say (had), the pilots
(h6Mld on) .—done, Po. (dlun) . All the
(OB,) are due to Py.'s dictation, Po.
allowed only (m,).
4. whole, town (hool), pit (jbI),
which Po. gave. — / did tafe enough^
Po. (aa did sjsf enju,f).
6. himee^ff Po. (hiissl). — yeare^ Po.
(Ubz). — knew, Po. (naad). — father,
town (feedhB), pit. and Po. fftsdhB). —
any day, Po. (aui dee) and oiten. — aye,
Po. (6i).
6. without, Po. (wivuut) and after-
wards. Py. was strongly against this.
— oak, Po. (aks).
7. anyhow, Po. (xnihuu). — two or
three time* over, Po. (twii b th^rii t^tmz
6m;b) or (6M;BLr bu 6M;BLr Bglsn) over
and over again. — aye, Po. (ei). — tuehy
Po. (su.tj).
8. well, Po. (wiil). — would, Po.
(wad). — how, Po. (huu). — drunken,
Po. (dLr«iqk*n), Py. *the women say
this.' — beaet, makes the pi. (biists). —
husband, Po. (ht«,zbBnt).
9. lying all his long lengthy Po.
(]&ijtn st|^rit|t at fu|l iButh) lying
stretched at full length ; to this Py.
objected that when a man is dead he
is said to be (stLrit|t uut) stretched out.
Po. also gave as an alternative (l&mn
aal hiz iu^ Isnth) lying all his nill
length. — ground, Po. (grM,nd). — he's
Po. (iz), which seems more usual. —
Sunday, Po. (sMiUdB), and so at the
termination of all the weekday names.
—the, Po. (dhi).— yew, Po. (dhAn),
Py. admitted both (dhon, dhondB) von,
yonder; it is a Scotticism I thins . —
lane, town (leen), country (lontn),
pilot (liBu).
10. whining, Po. (w^nin), Py. pre-
ferred (whind|in).— /www, Po. (p(iuBU).
—fretting, Po. (in a fnst).
11. she, Po. (hAA'B), meaning (h6B)
[ 2081 ]
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660
THE NORTH NORTHERN.
[D32.
I think, Aorfor her. — daughter-in-law ^
the phraae (sM,n W9'ff) son ¥rife \a not
viaei, — hanging t Po. (haqtn). — dry,
Po. (drii).
12. bonny ^ Po. (sim-sh^nt) sunshiny.
13. Shepherdy town (.'shepvd), pilots
(:sh»pBd^ ,—d(m' t, Po. (cU vint) .--either,
Po. (6MdhB).
14. AofiM, I think (htEm) is more
correct. — hiwef Po. (ha). — quick, Po.
16.* /oo/, Po. (fluil).— WrtA<fr#, Po.
(taaks on). — «y, Po. (maa). — «rorrf,
Po. (waa'to). — goodbye, Po. (g«i|d hA'i),
Py. said that (s« laq') so long was also
used.
Notee to NeweaetU cs., p. 645.
The following was general information gleaned from my informants, whose
names will he aohreriated thus, M. ^Mitcheson, P. sthe two pitmen, Bryson and
Young, F.=Fer8chell, B. = Barkas.
M. Initial (h, wh) are distinct.
Master (meestor), the (r) scarcely
audible and probably {rw), at any rate
the labialisation attacked the preceding
vowel, and converted it into (o) or (d).
The agriculturists are broader in speech,
but not so vulgar as the pitmen. There
is a countrified speech about them.
There is a rising inflexion in sp^eech,
hijpher for questions than for simple
affirmation. The {r) in (rat) had very
few beats, but had a suspicion of (g)
about it. The fracture U^h is distinct,
but there are words in which (ii) occurs
as (t^k) cheek, Ws. ce&ce. In the
same way (U|U) was distinct, as in
(ntt|U, s^,u) now, a sow, (siiium) swim,
that Lb, lloat, but (swtm) is used for
men swimming. Found, ground, had
(ui), but rouno, about, house, had (uu),
which did not to me appear to be
(iii,u). The long i is (a't) or (&^i), not
(&t). Short a is rather (a^) than any-
thing else. There was a tendency in
M. to run into (bb), possibly, I thought,
from London habits. The long vowel
is (aa^. Conjugation of verb substan-
tive (a')m, dKii(,u)z, hii)z, wii)r, Jo)r,
dh6o)r), here (ii) should probably be
(i|i). M. pronounced the words for
8, 18, 80 with (d'it), and called alehouee
(jBl;hCis).
P. The French (r) is general, but is
lost when no vowel follows. Thus
they told me that in county (:d6oBm)
Durham, they sav (:daam). About
(:b6aik) Berwick, they would say Hinn).
Through (thH<,u) was almost (torou).
(htt.u d)jB dii) how do you do, is not
much used in the district, the phrase is
(hi<iU aa ji) how are you, or at full
(hii,u aa ji gtttn on dhB d^i F) how are
you getting on to-day. / am (a^)m)
IS pretty frequent, but / iz (a')z) is
the regular expression. They never
use I be, I beant, we*m. In (M|) the
lips are very open, almost as much as
for (a) [vet the sound was not at all
(mJ or (a)]. The {oo) is sometimes
spoken with lips as close as for (u)
[but remains distinctly {oo)']. Thou in
addresses is used in anger, it is dis-
respectful, but may be used from a
mother to a child or a father to a baby,
he would not use it when tiie child was
ten or twelve years old. Goodbye is
not used, they say (giid dee) good day,
when parting, and ^|d m6imim) good
morning in meeting. To children
principally (ta' ta*) is said in parting,
but it is abo used by men, who are
beginning to say (sa^ la'q) so lonf
[a salutation which I have heard (9
in the colonies]. There is a slight
difference between the farming and
mining people. The former have a
more sluggish way of speaking with
a drawl. [As these men spoke very
well, with the exception of (aa) for er
in certain, etc., I asked if they spoke
so in the pit. They said] **0h no !
in the pit you must sp^ as they
speak or you will be laughed at. We
are allowed to speak properly at the
weekly meetings of the Trades Union.**
[They had come to London in con-
nection with that Union.]
F. If you say (div'nt wi) don't we,
the tr» refers onl^r to the speaker and
person addressed, if you say (dintt wi),
the we is the speaker and any others.
(a')z) is more frequent than (a^)m|.
(w6tf) is a woman, wench not usea,
Qa's} not {Wsi) even for a little girl,
(bodhor) is much used. rdtdnH 6t/t ti
BV diun) didn't ought to nave done =
ought not to have done. (nia*n) is
generally employed for husband, which.
However, is used. In (ma* siiiuz w&if,
mt d6««torz ma*n), my son's wife, my
daughter's husband, observe the (ma*)
masculine (mi) feminine. Mrs. Fer-
[ 2082 ]
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D32.]
THB NORTH NORTHBRN.
651
schell's father, William Carr, then at
Glass House HUl Works, Southwick,
Sunderland, in 1876 sent me this
analysis of the burr : **Ii you let your
toneue lie in your month quite still,
with the tip just touching your teeth,
and make a noise from the throat (not
by the nose at all), and your mouth
moderately open, you will produce the
burr just as we Newcastle folk have."
He was sixty, a native, and natural
dialect speaker, (gud bfit) is not general,
(ta^ ta') is much used both among men
and women ; they also say (sb loq),
which F. had chiefly heard in Sunder-
land, (jm) is weak, (jii) is strong.
quarrel = (kaa^rl). They say (l/,it
ntjit hrkUi f&'tt) tight mght bnght
fight.
fi. To Mr. Barkas I owe almost all
the (oBi) [the others, except M. at
times, gave (mJ onlyl and also nearly
all the final (-or). He also confirmed
the very common use of (ta' ta*) among
grown-up people.
The following are the special notes to the cs. distinguishing the variants of my
different informants by the same initials as before.
0. wo, P. (nee), F. (ni). — doubts,
F. (duuts), ?(diiiut8).
1. neighbour, P. (na'»- nee-), F.
(Jiki').^thi9, P. (dhts). F. (dhor).—
mine, P. almost (maj'in). — who, F.
(w/, i) . — carets P. (keeBz) . — neither,
r. (n6«<dhor, na'idhor).
2. they are, M. F. (dhor), P. (dh6i» .
— don't , B. (div'nt) or (d/nH) both
used, see F.*s preliminary observations.
— very, P. F. (va'ri).
3. of the, F. (• dhB).— /»//, P. (tiv),
B. (til) is better.— efow, M. F. (diMn),
P. B. (dtoBin).
4. / am, B. (a'm, a'z) eoually often,
P. {ix^z).— certain, M. ana P. no (r),
B. (r). — heard, B. (hiiord), and most
of the (-or) are due to 'b.— folks, P.
({oo]L).—ibai did I, B. put / rfirf.—
safe, P. (seef), saying (sisf) was used
further north. — enough, P. (rotttf).
6. Ma/, F. (dhttj.— fi»»^,F. (n&Wn).
— though, P. F. (thoo), B. says (dhoo)
is equally usual. — was, F. (wbzJ unem-
phatic. — trust, F. inclined to (^trwjst}.
—aye, P. (ee), F. (^ei), B. or (&'»).—
/ would, P. (a* waa'd', w^^d*), mere
emphasis.
6. straight, F. (sixkHi). — without,
M. (wiv-), F. B. (wtdh-).
7. oitghtnU, B. seemed to say
{kuV ni), but (6m-) was heard from the
others and is most Ukely. — such, M.
(sik), F. B. (sek).
8. how, where, and when, F. (i^u
weer va wbu), h inserted by B. —
drunken, P. (drtt,k'n), B. (droe,k*n)
sometimes, but more often (drM^qk'n^.
— good man, that is, husband, so in
original.
9. stretched, P. with (ii) or (t), F.
B. with {i).— Sunday, B. with (oe,).—
coat, M. (toot), F. (kaut) with a very
faint indication of a fracture like (kujUt).
— lane, P. (leen), objecting to (liBn), B.
(louBu) ; F. (louBu) is us^ in Durham,
Gateshead, etc.
10. whindging, this was the P.*s
word, F. says it*s the cry of a sick
fretful child, B. says (wha'inBn) whin-
ing is quite as common, F. says it is
used for children crying and differs
from whindging ; (bleeren) is also cry-
ing as a child.— tror/rf, B. with foo),
the rest with (o).— *•/ inserted by B.
11. day, B. (dEs), the rest (dee).
12. afternoon, B. (-nlOBiU), the rest
f-n/t<n). — only a week against next
Thursday cotnes, P. put a week since
(stns) next Thursday,
13. more than this, I seemed to hear
only (meo no dhis) from P. — do not
want, M. had (wa'nt tv), but this to
was not in the original and was struck
out by B. — there now, F. says the
phrase is very common at Newcastle.
14. so, M. (sii), original and P.
(soo). — going, P. (ga'n), original and
F. (ga'uBn). — to have my supper, so
P. F., original (ti SMjp). — quick, P.
(shaa'p).
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652
THE KORTH NORTHERN.
Note* to Berwick'UpoH'Ttcted C8., p. 645.
[D32.
0. «o, 3J milee beyond they say
(nee). — douoti^ the (uj quite short;
when (uu) is said, Berwickers think the
speaker comes from Yo. or Cu., of
which (uu) is a mark to them.
1. neighbour^ there was no (r), but
it seemed as if the speaker opened his
mouth at the end; this loss of (r) is
a marked feature. — he^ the (ii) very
sharp, not at all the (it) or (i,i). —
both^ the (oo) inclined towards (u). —
lauffh, Berwickers never use (kh) at
all, they have the greatest difficulty
in pronouncing it, notwithstanding
their uvular (r).
2. feWf the mouth seemed to close
up to a (w), but I am not certain
that it was intentional.— <^t#, I have
li^enerally written {di)^ which is, I
believe, the regular form of the diph-
thong. In a few cases, which I
shall note, I wrote (o't), but I have
given {(it) in the text uniformly. —
ice ketiy in B. they use ken for Mavoir,
and knowy wliich is rather refined, for
eonnattre, — thetn, they never drop the
(dh), or rather never use the form
hem with omitted aspirate. — what
thouid, even emphatically, a boy would
say (shad^B noo) should I not? — verg^
this (r) was light, but still marked, and
the trill of the uvula had much the
effect of a tongue trill.
3. these m, they never think of
saying (aa) are, but this is a peculiar
case. — fnendy (moi man) is more
common. — / am^ they never use / w
(a)z) in B., they will say (wi wi) with
us, and never use (hbz) lor im.
4. certain^ this is refined, (shiiB) is
the common word. — »ay, no inclining
to (•) at the end.— Mo/, (at) is the
regular form. — Jirst^ this inserted (b)
is regular, as (worold, tharBzdee). —
enough^ the form eiiow is not known.
5. nine^ pron. as a dissyllable. —
squeaking^ the distinction between the
participle and gerund is not known at
j3., nor apparently in Nb. ^nerally. —
aye^ this one word (aess •) is the mark
of a Berwicker.
6. «OMJ, they say (nun) at B. The
final U' and its congeners are only
partially treated as in D 33, L. now,
thou, to bow, a barley mow, the nrow
of a ship, a row (noise), a vow, have
(&m), but how however cow brow
shower sow «. coward cower power have
(uu, d). — at onee, the usual phrase,
straight is (strait). — oftd all, r^ularly
used for too, a word unknown to the
lower classes. — bother, the word is
much used.
7. / asked (ar akst), observe the
euphonic (r) after (a) = I. — two or
three, so at Spittal (1 se.Berwick), on
s. of the Tweeo, but in the Liberties of
B., they say (t&w b thr&i) ; a few miles
n. of the Liberties they used a stron^y
trilled (.r), and cannot pronounce (r).
— tcrottg, the (r) was good and strong
with no trace of (tr). Observe the
(oo), which I seemed to hear, not (oo).
Mr. 6. said that (oo], or, as he con-
ceived it, {oo), long, is heard in broad,
God, cod, on, among, along, strong;
but road has (o), so that a broad road
becomes (b brood rod), or, as Mr. 6.
conceived it, (b brood rod), while a
fishing rod is (rood).
8. husband, this is a polite usage,
(b* man) her man is the regiuar
expression.
9. eges, lying, by, were noted as
(o'i) in place of {di), which I think
was intended.— /m//, so also (pal) pull.
— coat, rather between (koot, kuut). —
by Q)<ii), meaning near, fbi) applied to
the instrument. — yon, much used, never
becomes (dhon).
10. crying, this is the word almost
invariably used for making a noise of
weeping, (whtmpBrin) is tOso used for
a fretting child. — says she, contracted
into sayshe.
11. dry, this was noted drai (dro'i).
12. when, the word while is abso-
lutely never used. — tea, at Spittal and
Tweedmouth, s. of the Tweed, but
within the Liberties they use (tai) for
tea, and {mdi) for me, and (jk») for
you. In both B. and Spittal, especially
the latter, (hint) honey is a common
term of endearment.— ;^n«, dissyllable,
as nine (naijin), par. 6. — bright,
similarly mght, sight, light, fight, have
(eft) with a sharp glide on to the t,
13. business, (meetB) matter is the
common word. — theday,i\ia\,\B, to-day,
and so the mom, the night, as in L.
16. without, (widhut) with a short
vowel, could also be used. — good-bye,
here also (ba't] was noted, the phrase
is common; (ta taa*] is used among
men, but not much, so long un-
known.
[ 2084 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D32.] THB NORTH NORTHERN. 653
TwENTT-TWO InTERUKEAB dt.
Yar. i, n.Ca., is illuBtrated in Nos. 21 and 22, pp. 562, 563, 602. We begin
therefore here with
Var. ii, n.Du., Nos. 1 to 6.
1. £dmMndbjfera(n wnw. Durham). In io. but with full explanations by
the Rector, Rev. W. Featherstonehaugh {-haf), who came there in 1856, and
was still there in 1886. He states that this district is bounded by three water-
sheds, and includes the Tillages of Cold Dowley, Castleside, Muggleswick,
Daskerby, Edmundbyers, Ru£ide, and Hunstanworth in Du. and bianchland
in Nb., and that communication tended rather towards Upper Weardale and
Allendale than eastwards. The boundaries of his district are Allansford on
the e.. Upper Allendale w., and Weardale s., and not further than Minster
Acres n., beyond that the influence of Tyneside begins to be felt.
2. Lanchester (7 uw. Durham). The place was reaXXj a farm house, called
(:klik*iraun*), or something like it, 10 nw.Durham. The informant, Mr. Robson,
was a bailiff or overseer, whose assistance was obtained for me in Feb. 1879,
by Rev. Canon Oreenwell of Durham (who befriended me dialectally in man}^
ways), but as he did not arrive till late in the evening, and as I had to return
to I^ewcastle that night, I was much hurried. Particularly the diphthong here
and at the time written asjdu) was not clear to me, and may have oeen (iiiju) or
(ti6u) OS in St. John's Weardale. Also (Ibtu, mBBr) were not approved of
either by Canon Oreenwell or Robson, and I inclined to (lar^n, maarj at the
time, rerhaps indistinct (le°m, mee^'rj might be better. Pal. from diet, by
AJ£.
3. Annjield Plain, near Linz Green (12 nw.Durham), Vic. of Collierly-under-
Lanchester, St. Thomas's Vicarage. It is an extensive parish, chiefly of colliers,
and the vicarage was so difficult of access (when I was at Newcastle in January,
1879, snow was on the ground, and the vicarage lav four miles from a station,
road uphill, with no conveyance), that I was obligea to renounce seeing the old
learned vicar. Dr. Blythe Hurst, since deceased, to whom I am indebt^ for two
dt. practically identical (one by H. Leslie, teacher at the National School), and
a wi. with a glossary of Tyneside. He had spoken the dialect himself for the
first 36 years of his hfe.
4. B\9hop MiddUham (8 sse. Durham). Through the kindness of the vicar.
Rev. C. A. Cartledge, I was taken to see two natives, Oeorge Lazenby and
William Oreenwell, from whose dictation I pal. this dt. They told me that the
talk used to be much broader than it is now, and that the school had knocked up
the dialect.
5. Kelloe (7 se.Durham), pal. by AJE. from the diet, of R. Heightley, a
tailor, then living at Bishop Middleham, the vicar of which, Rev. C. A. Cartledge,
introduced me to him. Heightley had a decided burr (r), but it was very faint.
6. Simderland, pal. Jan. 1879, by AJE. from the diet, of Mr. Taylor Potts,
17, Derwent Street, Bishop Wearmouth. Sunderland contains Bishop and Monk
Wearmouth. Mr. Potts informed me that I need not pay any attention to
Sunderland as furnishing dialectal information, for it was a Scotch colony about
the time of the Commonwealth, when it became a port, and most of the people
are descended from the Scotch. Most of the queer pronunciations are not nativp.
The Irish are also numerous and mixed up with the 120,000 people that live
within the bounds of the union. Hence we have the Scotch element, the Irish
element, and the sailor element. But Bishop Wearmouth is ancient, and there
are descendants of the old families there. Mr. Brockie (22, Olive Street, an
antiquary, to whom I had an introduction) said that Mr. Taylor Potts was a
representative of these old settlers. Mr. Taylor Potts rather unceremoniously
rejected a wl. given me by the late Mr. Tom Taylor (editor of Punch), who told me
he *' was bom there, and lived and was educated there till he went to Glasgow
University,** saying that Mr. T. Taylor had left young, and that his memory had
deceived him, thus Mr. T. T. gave nd-am «= (n^nrai), and Mr. T. P. (niAra) for
name. As a specimen of genuine Sunderland Mr. T. P. gave me as the cry of a
woman watching two other women flghting : (degjvr in )dh« msl)Br)iin, :bBt),
dig shit her in the mid of her eyes. Bet.
[ 2085 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
654 THE NORTH NORTHBRN. [D 32.
Var. iii, sw.Nb., Nos. 7 to 9.
7. Hexham 1, pal. Jan. 1879» by AJE. from diet, of Mr. Joseph Wright,
Keeper of the Natural History Museum at Newcastle, a native.
8. Hexham 2, pal. Jan. 1879, by AJE. from the diet, of Mr. Dobson,
native of Hexham, but Master of the Marine School at North Shields. Although
the burr is strong at Hexham, Mr. D. could not pronounce it; hence I have
supplied the {r) from No. 7. ,
9. Haltwhistle^ the town, 14 w. Hexham, and hence near to the Cu. b.,
written in io. with explanations by Rev. W. Howchin, conjecturally pal. by
AJE. from these explanations and Noe. 7 and 8. It is apparently a town speecli,
and hence, perhaps, the predominance of (obi). Mr. H. says communication,
education, etc., have caused great diversity in the pron.
Var. iv, se.Nb., Noe. 10 to 13.
10. Stamfordham^ formerly called and still known to the peasantry as
Stannerton (12 n W.Newcastle), pal. conj. by AJE. from the writing in io. bv
Rev. John F. Bigge, vicar, and said to apply to a few miles n., 2 miles e./an^
I. At one mile w. begms the Hexham Yar. iii, the limits of
only 1 mile w. and s
which are thus fixed.
11. Whalton, with Belsay and Bolam (6, 8, and 7 sw. and wsw.Morpeth),
pal. conj. by AJE. from the io. by Rev. J. Walker, rector, made from nott-s by
Mr. Robert Bewick, of Whalton, with long explanations.
12. Newca^tley pal. in Feb. 1879 by AJE. from the diet, of Mr. William
Lyell, secretary of the Literary and Philosophical Society.
13. North Shields (8 ne. Newcastle^, at the mouth of the Tyne, on the n or
Nb. side the river, pal. in Feb. 1879 by AJE. from the diet, of Mr. J. Edington,
secretary to the Free Library there.
Var. V, mid Nb., Nos. 14 to 21.
14. Bothbury (13 nw.Morpeth), pal. by AJE. Feb. 1879 from the diet, of
Mr. Andrew Scott of Debdon farm, 2 m. off, a natural dialect speaker, procured
for me by the late Rev. Dr. G. H. Ainger, then rector.
16. Snitter (3 w-by-n.Rothbury), serving also for "^Tiittingham (8 w.Alnwick),
pal. Feb. 1879 by AJE. from the' diet, of Mr. Thomas Allen of Whittingham,
a remarkably intelligent man.
16. Harhottle (17 wsw. Alnwick), on the w. b. of Nb., written in io. by Dr. F.
Richardson there resident, and conj. pal. by AJE. Dr. R. says: "This village
is situated at the base of the Cheviots. The inhabitants of those hills to the
w. are L. Scotch, and of course from their proximity for a lengthened period
it is difficult to distinguish in many words wnether or not the pron. has been
modified by the intercourse. I have endeavoured to eliminate this element, and
hope I have succeeded.**
17. Warkworth (6 se. Alnwick), representing e.Nb. from Morpeth to Alnwick,
pal. in Apr. 1879, and corrected in May, 1887, by AJE. from diet, of Mr. T.
Dawson Ridley, engineer, native, but resident generally at Coatham (21
nw. Whitby, Yo., on the coast), accompanied by a wl.
18. Alnwick ; written, March, 1879, in io. by Mr. Robert Middlemas, S'ilicitor,
Alnwick, and by him taken to represent not only Alnwick, but Felton (8 a.
Alnwick), Rothbury (10 sw.A.), Wooler (16 nw.A.), Belford (13 nnw.A ),
Ellingham (7 n.A.), and Bamborough (14 n-by-e.A.). This seems rather too
wide a range. Certainly all these places do not use (a) for IT. Wooler and
Belford do, Kothbury uses (ob„ m,). But probably the town of Alnwick nst^s (a),
for Mr. M., president of a Young Men*s Society at Alnwick, sent mo n pn|>er
read by Mr. George Thompson before it, on the *♦ Northumbrian Vowel St»uud»
(applicable solely to Alnwick),** of which I give the substance in the noto8,p.G('8.
It must be recollected that Alnwick is a town of 20,000 inhabitants, aud hence
speaks *'fine.** Rev. James BIythe, Greenville, Alnwick, also gave nie a i-?*. in
io., said to represent n.Nb. Tne variants are very slight, and are given in the
notes. Both conj. pal. by AJE.
[ 2086 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D32.]
THE NORTH NOBTHKRN. 656
19. Whittingham QwhUtndiiim) (6 w.Alnwick), conj. pal. by AJE. from the
Tereion written in io. by Mr. William Dixon, draper, of Whittingham, whom I
heajrd read out a dialect story at an entertainment at Rothbury.
20. Embleton 1 (6 ne Alnwick), representing the neasant as distinct from the
fishing population, written, 1879, in io. by Rev. M. Crei^hton, then vicar, and
conj. pfu. by AJ£. Mr. C. had the greatest difficulty with the (r), which he
describes as **a guttural oo prolonged; during the prolongation the tip of the
tongue is turned up towards the palate, and is drawn along from the front of
the mouth to the uvula.'* Hence he writes oowit^ rwooud, thwoOy oowedj right,
road, through, red. As {pv) is the regular sign for the labialised uvular r,
I indicate this variety, which I have not heard, oy (rw,). If the description is
correct, it is complicated with (ntr). Embleton is the head of a scattered uistrict,
where many famflies have lived for generations. The agricultural population of
Nb. is shifting and constantly reinforced by Scotch. My pal. is merely the best
I could do from the indications given.
21. Embleton 2, the fishing population, see No. 20, written in io. by Rev. C. E.
Green, in 1879, then curate, conj. pal. by AJE. This place has bad a steady
population, subject to very little change. The vicar considered that the r was
oroinary (r), and not the (rw{^ Quasi (ntt') of the land peasantry. Mr. Green has
also a difficulty with this souno, writing Vrife, gurrlf ymdo^rr^ ^rrode^ thWoo,
rredj *rrong, dtr'ucken^ sh^rrivuWdf vah^i, poo' or ^ tr'oo^ right, girl, yonder, road,
through, red, wrong, drunken, shrivelled, very, poor, true.
Var. vi, n.Nb., No. 22.
22. Wooler (:Mil«r) (15 nw.Alnwick), written 1879 in io. with many ex-
planations, by Matthew T. Culley, Esq., of Coupland Castle, Wooler, and pal.
conj. therefrom by AJE. Mr. C. says, **The u is pronounced as in cut or bwtter,
the other pron. ending somewhat n. of Newcastle. The dialect bears a strong
resemblance to the Scotch of Bw. and Rx., but with a strong^ ^ttural accent
entirely different to the thrilling sound of the Scotch, and the R is pron. with a
guttural difficult or impossible to describe on paper— ^rr^/ would oecome barl
maarl), baron bam (baam), but the sound of the letter it is impossible to give.
H strongly pron. A very broad like aw (a), /as the personal pronoun, aw
ia)^ and eUded [i'] before a vowel or before tri//, as aw^U {aa)\). Do pron. dee
(dii). / tag beffinninff a sentence would be awaa (di bb) — accent on the penultim.
U has the sound of French u in syllables like soon, out not in moon ^? mlan].
Scotch [i.e. L.] is spoken as soon as the border is crossed, and there is a slight
admixture of it here.*' On this I found my n. sddm line 9. Mr. Culley was
mistaken as to the use of (m^). We find it at Embleton, and hence I draw the
line between Embleton and Wooler. In another letter M r . C . adds : * * The guttural
gh is very mildly pron. compared to what it is on the Scotch side of the border.
The sharp u in toon, etc. [? his French u] is more Scotch than Northumbrian,
but the two dialects are somewhat mixed. Via pron. as in but^ cut, in bull^ pull,
full (bal, pnl, fal)." In May, 1883, Mr. Kirkup, who had been pupil teacher
at Tetholm, Rx., only 1 m. from the Nb. border, read me this dt., but seemingly
had mixed up Nb. and Rx. I give his variants in the notes.
As, unfortunately, interviews with all my vivd voce informants were short and
hurried, and as I had no opportunities for revision, while the speech was entirely
strange to me, and therefore liable to be misheard at first, ana as I had in the
majority of cases to puzzle out the pronunciation from a great variety of ortho-
^phies by the aid of what I had b^n really able to hear, I must ask indulgence
if my palaeotypic rendering is not quite so perfect as could be desired, and con-
trasts unfavourably with the minute accuracy of JGG.'s and TH.'s contributions.
[ 2087 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
656
THB NORTH NORTHERN.
[D82.
soo
see,
seen,
* ffivd voce pal. by AJ£.
1. 1 JEdmondhj/erSy Yar. ii, p. 653. di a see,
♦2 ZanchesteTy Var. ii, p. 653. boo aa see,
3 Annfield Plain, Var. ii, p. 653. sii
♦4 Bishop Middlehamy Var. ii, p. 653. boo
♦5 JCelloey Var. ii, p. 653.
♦6 Sunderland, Var. ii, p. 653.
♦7 Hexham 1, Var. iii, p. 654.
♦8 Hexham 2, Var. iii, p. 654.
9 Haltwhistle, Var. iii, p. 654.
10 Stamfordham, Var. iv, p. 654.
11 TTAa/^on, Var. iv, p. 654.
♦12 Newcastle, Var. iv, p. 654.
♦13 North Shields, Var. iv, p. 654.
♦14 Rothhury, Var. v, p. 654.
♦15 Snitter, Var. v, p. 654.
16 Harhottle, Var. v, p. 654.
♦17 Warkworth, Var. v, p. 654.
18 Alnwick, Var. v, p. 654.
19 Whittingham, Var. v, p. 655.
20 Umhleton I, Var. v, p. 655.
21 JSmbleton 2, Var. v, p. 655.
22 Wooler, Var. vi, p. 655. see d*)sB,
soo I
BOO I
see
soo
SOOB I
SOO
SOO aa sees.
Bee,
sii,
see,
Bee,
Bee,
see.
800
600
800
Bti
BOO
sii
60
so
SEE
see*.
Bee,
Bee,
Bee,
bScv,
mEEts,
meets,
marBz,
mee«ts,
m^eBts,
maroz,
la'dz,
mMs,
ma*rBz,
meets,
meets,
meets,
meets,
ladz,
la^dz,
meets,
na't'borz,
mieets,
me^ts,
kalBnts,
1 J«
2 JB
3 JB
4 JB
5 JB
6 JB
7 JB
8 JB
9 JB
10 Ji
11 JO
12 JB
13 JB 86i
14 Jttiu see*
15 ju
16 ji
17 JB
18 Ji
19 je
20 JB
21 JB
22 Ji
8^
S^
sii
Bee
Bee
Bti
Bill
sii
siii
sii
sii
sii
Bee
62,i
sii
s6t
8ii
8ii
sii
nuu
Tkdu
nuu
ndu
n6u
na'tf
nuu
nou
noBi'u
nuu
nu
n^iU
ndu
niiiU
n6u
nuu
nAjU
n6u
n6u
Tkiiia
nuu
dhBt
dhat
dhBt
dhBt
dhat
dhBt
dha^
dhBt
dha't
tt
It
dhat
dhBt
dhat
dhat
dhat
dhBt
dhat
dhat
dhat
t
a)z
a)m
aa)z
aa)z
a)m
k)m
a)m
a)z
a*)m
q})z
a')m
a)m
a)m
a)m
a')m
a»)z
a)m
a)m
a)m
a)m
a)m
2088 ]
Foiit
rijit
riit
rett
r6i*t
rit
Bbuut
Bb<$ut
Bbuut
vhdut
Bbdtit
vbdut
r6tt Bbuut
riit Bbuut
r^t Bbiit
riit a'buut
riit Bbuut
riit Bbuut
idit Bbuut
r^it
rait
r^it
nit
reit
ra'tt
rf<,a'tt
ra'it
rE'ikht
Bb^lUt
Bbuut
Bbuut
Bbil,t
Bbuut
Bbuut
Bbuut
Bbuut
Bbuut
dhat bit
dhat liVl
dhat liVl
dhat litl
dhat lit'l
dhat liVl
dha^t liVl
dhat hVl
dha«t Ift'l
dha»t bit
dhat lit'l
dhat hVl
dhat liVl
dhat liVl
dhB bti
dhat Iftl
dha»t ItVl
dhat liVl
dhBt h'tl
dhat liVl
dhet liVl
dhat bit
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D32.]
THB NORTH NORTHERN.
657
1 1&8
2 last
3 las
4 las
5 las
6 thtq
7 las
8 las
9 las
10 geerl
11 last
12 las
13 las
14 las
15 last
16 last
17 las
18 garl
19 last
20 gforl
21 garl
22 ksi
ktimtn
ktfxnen
kiontn
ktfxntm
ktanmi
kxniQii
ktantn
koBimmi
k(B|inTni
kosiintn
koBimtn
kti|m«n
kniinmi
ko'mtn
kitimtn
k<B|mtn
k<B|inmi
koBiXntn
kxmtn
kcB,mtii
koBiiutn
kxmtn
from
fro
free
free
fro
dli«
dh«
dh«
dh«
dh«
dli«
fro dh«
fre dli«
fni dh«
skful
6k{«l
skCul
skM
skfBl
skfoBiL
skful
skYoBil
skfM
free
dli«
Bk(a«l.
free
d1i«
Bktd*
fo)dh«
8k(<B,l
fKe
dli«
BkYce,l
fnrom
dh«
sknul
fruiu
dh«
skuul
free
dhs
skfol
fre
dhv
8k(ul
free
dhs
skuul
free
dh«
skuul
trtofim.
dh«
skun«l
free
dh«
sk(ul
jondhBr^.
dhondnrQ.
dhondBr^
jondtn*.
dhondor.
dhondtir.
jondor.
jondtn*^.
jowar.
dhondvr.
dhondB.
jondor.
jondor.
Jondor.
jondvr.
dhondor.
jondor.
Jondor.
jondor.
skyjil uutbB'L
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
8ht')z
8hlii)z
shv)z
6hii)z
8hii)z
shi)z
shi|i)z
shii^z
shiijz
6hii)z
Blm)z
8liiii)z
8lm)z
8hii)z
8hii)z
6lm)z
8hB)z
8hii)z
Bliii)z
8lm)z
sht)z
slm)z
ganoii
ganon
ganHn
ganHn
gan«n
gan
gantn
ganmi
gantm
gahitn
ga*n
ga^ntm
gAAn
goo)tn
gaan
ganon
ga^ntm
gan
gan
gooon
gaatn
gcfion
duun dli«
ddun dli«
doon dh«
ddtm dhc
ddtm dhB
d<^ dhe
duun dhB
duun dliB
duun dho
duun dhti
duun dhB
duun dhB
duun dhc
dtlciun dhB
Blaq dhB
duun dhB
d^iun dhB
duun dhB
duun dhB
duun dhB
duun dhB
duun Jon
rooBd dhiiBr^
rood dhee'r
r6oBd dheeBr
rooBd dhss'B
rooBd dhieB
rood dh6eBr
thru
thr6u
thruu
thruu
throo
thruu
rood
rood
dh^eBT
dhser
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
r^uuBd dh^Br^
rood dheer
rdosd dhBT
rood dheer
Nood dh6eB
rtrood dh6eor
rtrood dheer
rod dheer
rood dheer
rood dheer
rood dheer
rt^'iUUBd dhleer
rood dh^eor
rAAd
thruu dhB
thru dhi
thToOe'iU dhB
thruu dhB
thrfu dhB
thruu dhB
thxuu dhB
thHciU
thruiU
thrdu
thHcjU
thrdu
ttrdu
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
S.I. Pron. Part ▼.
[ 2089 ]
thru7juu dhB
thruu dhB
thruu dhB
133
Digitized by LjOOQIC
658
THE NORTH NORTHERN.
[D32.
1 riid g^Bt
2 riiid geBt
3 riid gjet
4 reed [? riid]
5 reed[?riidj
6 riid gfa't
7 riid
8 riid
9 r^iid
10 riid
11 riid
12 riid
13 Kiid
gi'Bt
Jet,
Jet,
Jet
jet
geet
geeBt
« dhB Isft ban B&id
« dhB Isft an sa'td
B dhB Isft hand 86«d
g^t B dhB Isft an
geBt B dhB Isft an
on dhB Isft hand sa'td
B dhB Isft hand sa'td
B dhB lEft hand sa'td
on dhB l£ft han a^id
t)dh left hand Betd
t)dhB Isft han s^td
o)dhB left ha^nd Bo'td
on dhB lEft han Bo'td
14 riid
15 riid
16 riid
17 riid
18 riid
19 riid
20 rM^,ed ^eet
21 red geBt
22 riid Jet
geet
geet
gM
JEt
g<?<ft
g<j(ft
on dhB
on dhB
on dhB
on dhB
on dhB
on dhB
B dhB
B dhB
left hand so'id
left hand sa'td
left hand setd
Isft ha^nd SE'id
left han sa'id
left hand sa'fd
left hand sa'td
left hond sa'td
B dhB
BV dhB
B dhB
sdid
sdid
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
tV dhB
IV dhB
B dhB
« dhB
BV dhB
B dhB
BV dhB
t dhB
BV dhB
B dhB
B dhe
B dhB
WEE.
rood,
wee.
B dhB lonvn.
lontii.
wee.
wee.
wee.
wee,
wee.
wee.
wee.
wee.
rwood.
wee».
wee.
wee.
wee.
w\ee.
wieB.
t)dhB left hand SE'td.
3.
1 shuuBr
2 Bh^iUBF
3 shunr
4 shuuBr
5 shoor
6 W9'»
7 shunr
8 shuur
9 shiiuBr
10 shuur
11 siir
12 shuur
13 shuuB
14 Buur
15 shuur
16 shuur
17 shuuBr
18 shuur
19 shuur
20 shoBiBrt^i
21 shuuor
BntiB|f dhB
xmiui dhB
thjoBif dhB
Bufuf dhB
Bnfuf dhB
dhB
Bnfuf dhB
BUJOBif dhB
Bniuf dhB
Bnfuf dhB
Bnfuf dhB
BntoBif dhB
Bnfuf dhB
Bn^iU dhB
Bnfuif dhB
Bnfuf dhB
Bnfuf
Bnoe,f
Bnfuf
BnOBif
Bnfuf
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
t'
b^oBm hBz g^Bn
b8B'Bm)z gfaen
b^m hBz gjen
b^eBm)z gbn
beeBn)z
beeBn)z
b^eBLm)z
beem)z
beeBrQn)z
beem)z
22 shyjir buuu dhB
b^^m)z
beeBn)z
b^eBuz
b6om)z
beoLm)z
beern)z
beem)z
beem)z
beem)z
t}9'ild)z
tj9'»ld)z
beem)z
[ 2090 ]
gin
gfBn
gfBU
gfiBn
gfiBU
gffen
gem
giBn
gfBU
gAAn
gfBU
glen
gfBU
glen
geen
gon
geen
gdBn
stratt
strett
stra'tt
Btra'it
stra'tt
stra'tt
stra'tt
sthTQeet
strett
streit
stra'tt
stKd'tt
strett
stra'tt
strett
strE'tt
stra'tt
stra'tt
strt^,a'tt
stra'tt
strE't'kht
«*iP tf
tt)P tB
up tB
up to
up to
ho*p tB
up tB
(B,p tB
<B,p tB
OBip t»V
OB,p tB
ttp tB
ttlP tB
tB
sq> ti
CB{p tB
OBiP tS
Sp tB
tlip tB
«lP tB
ap t»l
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D32.]
THB NORTH KOBTHERN.
659
dliB
dhB
dhB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 dhB
8 dhtj
9 dhB
10 dhB
11 dhB
12 dhB
13 dhB
14 dhB
15 dhB
16 dhB
17 dhB
18 dhB
19 dhB
20 dhB
21 dhB
22 dhB
duBTo
da^o
door
dooBr
dooBT
d«iBr
duuBr
duur
duiir
door
dooB
door
duur
duur
dor
duuBr
duuBr
duuor
duuBr
duur
B dhB
BV dhB
B dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
dhB
♦V dhB
»)dhB
o)dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
BV dhB
t dhB
BV dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B)dh
B)dhB
raq
raq
raq
roq
raq
raq
raq
raq
foaq
ra*q
ra*q
ra^q
Haq
raq
raq
raq
ra'q
raq
raq
rM?iaq
raq
raq
huus,
hdus,
huusy
hdusy
h(5t<8,
huus,
huus,
huus,
huus,
huus,
huus,
huus,
huus,
huus,
huus,
hi)iS,
huus,
huus,
huus,
huus,
huus.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
wCbTq
wheer^
w^eBr
weeB
w6eBr
weeBr
wh6eBr
wheer
wheeBr^
wheer
whBr
weer
weeB
wheeor
wheer
wheer
wheer
wheer
wheer
wheor
wheor
whAAr
8h»)l hap'n
me)bi shu)!
shi^l BV B t|ans
shii)l m£)bi
shi)l
8hii)l
8hii)l
shiiyi
shi)l
8hii)l
BhU)l
shii)l
8hii)l
shii)l
shii)l
me)bf
me)bf
in£)bt
hap'n
me)b«
me)b«
meviz
niEvt
m£bi
mebiz
mebfz
shB woBil mEbiz
shB)l mBviz
shiwcBil niEb*
8hii)l Jib'lz
6hi)l hap'n
8hi)l l^ans
shii)! DflEb*
f»nd
dhat druk'n
diif
find
dhat druk'n
dUf
tB f tnd
dhat druk'n
diif
fmd
dhat druk'n
diif
fmd
dhat drwk'n
diif
fmd
dhat dro^k'n
diif
find
dha>t druxk'n
diif
tB fmd
dhat droBik'n
diif
fmd
dhaH droBik'n
dCif
fmd
dhat droBik'n
diif
fmd
dhet drcBik'n
diif
find
dhat drcBik'n
diif
fmd
dhat dKttik'n
diif
fmd
dha^t drttik'n
diif
fiind
dhat drak'n
diif
fmd
dha»t droBik'n
diif
find
dha»t drwik'n
dif
fmd
dhat droBik'n
diif
find
dhat drcBjk'n
diif
tB fo'ind
dhat dru^iOBik'u
I diif
tB fa'iBud dhat droBik*n
diif
fmd
jon drak'n
diif
[ 2091 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
660
THE NORTH NORTH ERN.
[D32.
1 ktz'nd tip fElv,
2 wfz'nd Mb
3 wfz*nd Mb
4 wfz'nd Mb
5 wfz'nd felB
6 wtz'nd dtV'l,
7 wtz'nd felB
8 wtz'nd felB
9 ktz'nd felB
10 wuz'nd felB
11 wos'nd felB
12 wfz'nd tjEp
13 slucty'ld felB
14 shrtrtVld
15 staarvd
16
17 wfVnd
18 shroBik'n
19 w(B)Z'nt
20 wtdhord
21 shrtVld
22 lE'rort
Mb
faelB
fselB
Mb
Mb
felB
felB
felB
fselB
hi dhe
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
f)dh
t V dhB
B)dhB
BV dhB
B dhB
B dhB
BV dhB
• dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
B dhB
n^Bm B
neem by
njem b
n6eBm b
neeBm b
nikm b
n(Bm B
nfiBm B
nfiBin B
nlem tV
n6tm tV
nlsm B
nlem bv
n^eBin b
n(£m B
nfEin BY
n{Em B
nlem bv
n^tfm B
nlf^m BV
n^eBm b
kood
:tomB8.
:tom.
;toinB6.
itoniBs.
:kElB.
:tomB8.
;tom.
:toinBB.
:tom«.
:toinBS.
;tomts.
:toin.
:toinB8.
;tom.
itom.
:tom.
;tomB8.
itomBS.
;tomBs.
;toinB8.
:tomB8.
:toinB8.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
aal
aaI
aal
aal
aal
aaI
ool
00
aa
aa
wi)a*l
wi aal
wi aal
wt'i aal
wi aa
will aa*l
wi aa
wi aa
wi aa
wi aal
wi
wi
Wf
wi
wi
wi
wi
wi
wi
wi
wi
22 wi aa
ken Bm
naa)'m
ken Bn
naa tm
noo tm
noo tm
Inm tm
ksn Bm
noB/)Bm
ken htm
ken tm
na^ tm
naa tm
naa tm
naa tm
naa)m
kEn Bm
naa htm
naa tm
nhoo tm
nhoo tm
k£n tm
vart
wf,il
van
VETI
vert
VETt
vart
varB
var^a
verB
verB
va*ri
VOKt
vaLrt
vart
varB
va'rB
vers
vart
vdt
VflTB
wiil.
Bnunf.
wiil.
weel [? will].
weel [? wiil].
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wijil.
will,
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
wiil.
[ 2092 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 32.]
THE NORTH NORTHEBK.
661
6. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
wfnBt
wmBt
wtnBt
WiWSt
wtnBt
wfnBt
wfhft
wunvt
woBinrfc
WOBiIltt
wint
wtni't
WfjIlBt
wad'nt
woBil'nt
wni«t
wonBt
wcfejnt
wsl
dliB aad
dhv lAd
dhv aad
dhv aad
dhv aad
dh« aad
dhQ ood
dhi ood
dhB ood
dh)aad
dh^aad
Ijap
t|ap
tjEp
^P
ijap
Vp
t|ap
^P
l^ep
tjap
I^Ep
tjEp
dhv aald I^Ep
dht'i aad man
dhi aad t^Ep
dhB aa^d t|Ep
dhi aad i^Ep
dhB ad
t' aad
t' 6«d
dli)aald
dhi aad
dhv aad
tjEp
tjEp
tiap
sfun t{i«t| OT
BivD. Ibtd. vr
Bfiin l^eBin vr
sfBii teet| vr
Bivn lam b
sfiin lam «r
Bfiin 16om «r
siivn 16oni «r
B{i«n IfivToii hvTQ
slwm l^^rn «r
Bfun 1^011 «r
stoBiii 16oni w
b(bii laan 9
sfwi l^cem or
sfwi 16oni or
sfun 16oni hor not tB
Bfirn leem or not tB
sloBin tiit^ or not tB
siun tiit| hor not tB
s(un lam hor nu^t tB
sunn teet| or not tB
noo shjjiT loam hor noo tB
not tB dii)t
not tB d«)d
nut tB d«)d
not tB d«)d
not tB d»)d
not tB tro't it
not tB d«)d
not tB d«)d
ntt tB dii
nut tB dt^d
no)B tB df)d
not tB dtid
not tB d»;d
not tB d»)d
not tB d«)d
d»)d
dOd
di)d
di)d
duu ft
duu)t
dii)t
1
2
3
4
5
6 on
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
BgeBny
Bg(Bn,
BgjBn,
BgfBn,
Bg6an,
BgfBn,
Bg(Bn,
BgfiBn,
BgtiBn,
Bgwn,
Bg6»n,
Bg^En,
BgfiBn,
BgfBn,
BgliBn,
Bg6»n,
BglEn,
Bg^en,
Bgin, •
Bgen,
Bgen,
Bgtn,
p($tiBr
poor
puuBT
pdoBr
pooBr
p^ctiB
piir
pyyr
peeBT
puur
puur
puur
pdoB
piitir
ptitir
p(ur
p«ir
puuBr
puur
puur
puuor
Pyji''
thiq!
th»q!
th»q!
th»q!
thiq!
b6eBn!
th»q!
th»q!
thtq!
thtq!
th»q!
thtq!
thtq!
thtq !
tht,q !
thtq !
thiq!
thtq!
thtq!
thtq!
thtq!
thtq!
[ 2098 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
662 THE NORTH NOBTHBRN. [D 32.
1 Huk
♦Vnt
vt
trfu?
2 Kk
♦z'nt
♦t
trdu?
3 Ink
♦z'nt
•t
truu?
4 Ink
•z'nt
•t
truu?
5 Ink
•z'nt
ft
troo[?truu]?
it truu?
6 Uuk!
♦z'nt
dha
7 KcBik!
♦z'nt
•t
truu?
8 IfiBk!
♦z'nt
ft
sii?
9 IfiBk!
•z'nt
ft
trfu?
10 Ifukste!
! fz'nt
ft
truu?
11 Ifukfl!
♦z'n
t)ft
truu?
12 Kk!
♦z*nt
ft
truu?
13 lak!
♦z'ut
ft
tJCUU?
14 luuk!
♦z'nt
ft
truu?
15 liik!
♦z'nt
ft
trdu?
16 l£uk!
•z'nt
ft
truu?
17 l«ikB!
fz'nt
ft
triiiu?
18 luuk!
•Vnt
ft
truu?
19 luuk!
•z'nt
ft
trdti?
20 IcBik!
♦z'nt
ft
tm^iuu?
21 luuk!
♦z'nt
ft
truu?
22 luuk!
»z)t
no
truu?
ybUi to No. 1, Edmundhyera dt., pp. 653, 656.
1. 9ee (sfi) "very short."— ri^H 3. «tof«^*,8tatcdtohaTe"i»mbi#t,"
*'iio burr, no trill/' by that be only wbicb I interpret as (oB}).
means not as in Ireland. — bit Uut, 6. poor, written ''^ power, } poor/*
nsual form, bat (lit'l gorl) migbt be see subsequent notes. — chap, not a
said. common word.
^0^ to No. 2, Zanehester dt., pp. 653, 656.
1. mates, as in tbe phrase fdhem)z 4. wizened, 'shriTelled' is not used,
aaI meets « ma'in) they are all mates but (shr-) initial is fully pronounced,
of mine. — I am, Robson said he had — of the name of Tom, (kAxd :tom)
never heard (a)z) I is. — right, almost would be more usual.
(r^t). — yonder, this I think is the 6. to do it agen, see D 31, Stanhope,
southernmost place where I have heard p. 617, and notes.
initial (dh) in this word. 7. true, the distinction between this
2. of the road, * way ' would not be (trou) true and (tr6») a trough, was
used in this connection, though they insisted on, in (a)v b6tft b tr6w, trow
say (dhB wee tv .-dyinmi) the way to Bnluf) I' to bought a trough true
Durham; in this word the (y,) was enough. I think the first was (6m),
obscure as in German umrde ; and it but I am not clear of the last, thouffh
seemed at times to get mixed up with (om) was the nearest I could reach,
(a). The (b) was extremely short. See D 31, St. John's, Weardale, p.
Bobaon also said (Tsrt myiH) yeiy merry. 636, under U' .
NoUe to No. 3, Annjield Flain dt., pp. 653, 656.
1. marrowe, meaning * mates,' both from Nos. I and 3, and that No. 2
versions have this. — now, here, as in professed to know nothing of it. —
No. 1, only pure (ii, uu) are recognised. — yonder, the other version gave
— lie, it IS curious that this is given (jondBr).
[ 2094 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D32.]
THB KORl*H NORTHKRN.
663
2. fMiJ, the other Ternon has (lonvn)
Une.— ^«<#, the other Tersion hu (g«rt^*
3. enough^ written \nyuf, the (oe,) u
coinectuml. — Mtraight^ written ttrngkt
and striffktt and also (riit) given. —
door, one yersion writes dor, meaning
not dear.
4. Anw m ekanee to Jind^ cit (mshti
find) perhaps find. — wiMtn$d^ the
school-teacher gires (shmld) also. —
feUow or (top). — of the nami rf^ or
(kaald) called.
6. iewm, written Wkn, (tit^) also
given.
NoU9 to No. 4, BUhop Middkhom dt., pp. 663, 656.
2. r«(/, I feel a doubt as to whether
this (reed) and (weel), par. 6, are
correct, they may have oeen (r^iid),
(w^iil^ meaning (riid, wiil), they may
have oeen wrongly written (reed, weel)
from a habit of using glossio. Similarly
in par. 6, same words, and par. 7
ftroo) may be (tnm). But as 1. say
h&e) cannot be a mistake, except for
(s^i), I leave all standing as in ray
notes. — ffaUf the form {go^vi) was
written twice, possibly it was only an
individuality. — of the way, omitted,
because the informant said <'way is
not used in the sense of road, but only
of maimer."
4. door {dSon) also used. — houot, all
these {6u) are liable to the doubt ex-
pressea in No. 2, p. 662, but they
sounded thus to me.
4. doaf or (d^f). — wigettod^ (shr-) is
rightly pron. — namo or (n^'vm), see
pate, par. 2.
6. well, see rod, par. 2.
6. toaek, rather (lam).— «i«<, ete., or
(not t« d6>)t on» maki^r).
Ifoto$ to No. 6, KeUot dt., pp. 653, 656.
1. last, also (gifel). — yonder, (dh-)
most usual, perhaps (-or) would be
more correct ; the late Vicar of Kelloe,
Kev. W. L. Kay, wrote "they sound
r as 01^.'*
2. gaU or (gje't).
3. gone or (gi&'n).»i2(0or or (d6w«r).
4. wixened, initial (shr-) pron.
correctly. — nawie or (n6&m). — Kelloe,
the name of the village, or (:koksB)
Coxhoe (2 wsw. Kelloe).
5. (weel), 7. (troo), see notes to No.
4, par. 2.
Notee to No. 6, Sunderland dt., pp. 653, 656.
1. JO, omitted as not used in this
position. — maiee similarly omitted, but
(mxn, ladz) might be used. — now, in
this word I heard (a'n), but it was
certainly the same sound that I wrote
((5m) elsewhere. See note on No. 2,
par. 7. Otherwise this was a s.Scotch-
ism. — thing or (las), (went|) is seldom
used. — oomingt this (a) anticipates Var.
V, but it may have been (oej). — eehool,
possibly (skiBl) was said. — yonder,
(jondvr, dhond«r) might either be
added, but it would not be native ; it
is, however, heard all over this region.
2. going or (gon). — lane, Qonin) is
the usual word for road in tlus neigh-
bourhood ; way would not be used.
3. well, like the Cu. (w&ib), not for
why, and was preferred to (shluvr vnwf) .
— up, this is mereljr (M,p) up, spoken
with much emphasis. — door of the
(doowr B dhB) would not be inserted.
4. maybe, chance (^ans) would not
be used hen.— devil or (fiiloo).
6. learn, I am not certain that I
wrote the sound correctly, see introd.
to No. 2, p. 653. — try it on again or
(di)d} do it» as in the other versions.
Ifotet to No. 7, Hexham 1 dt., pp. 654, 656.
1. maiee, omitted as not used, and 4. witened, (shr-) correctly pro-
Mr. Wright could not think of the
proper substitute.
2. way, this word is in Hexham
used for road.
nounced.
5. ken, more used than know.
Notee to No. 8, Hexham 2 dt., pp. 654, 656.
1. My, the (aii) was probably an error of the speaker for (sm). — eehool or (skiitd).
[ 2095 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
664
THE KORTH NORTHERN.
[Dsa.
JffotM to No. 9, MmUwhittk dt., pp. 654, 666.
I. noWf Mr. Howcbin writes noo,
and sajB German o or French eu conies
nearest to it; hence I recognise the
sound I have preyiously written (obj),
here and in '* cominff through drunken
all know/* in all of which he uses o,
though in the last two (oo) was to be
expected. The second dement of the
diphthong do he admits to be (u). —
riffht, Mr. H. says ''the r has no trill
in its sound, but is given with the
tongue raised and the mouth nearij
dosed." Hence I write (r^). Mr. H.
adds that "the guttural sound,** that
is {r)f "is often heard among elder
people, but is disappearing among the
younger.
2. hand, (h) pretty well pnm., (d)
dropped.
3. tip, Mr. H. wrote oip, but sub-
sequenUy explained it as o (oB|). —
houte, home is (hii«m).
4. kizzened, (shr-) initial correct
except in thrisk (skrik).
6. do it, the it woidd be dropped in
this connection.
Ifotet to No. 10, Stamfordkam, dt., pp. 664 656.
1. JO, at the end of a sentence (sii),
as (a^ SM sii|. — bit, commoner ihuk
littU.—^irl^ tney would say 'lass* in
speaking to eacn other. — $chool, Mr.
Bigge said, " I thinkfA;Mi< better than
tktSt ; there's a symptom of • in the way
[it Ib] pron.about nere." I have indicated
this by (b), but I think the Pttman'* Ptty
orthography deceived the informant.
and that (skYoBil) would best represent
the sound. Mr. B. aUo writes «i«ti»,
tmk, soon, look. — yonder is not used,
but yon might be put before oekool,
2. gaU or (g#ftj.
8. gone, possibly gyen, nyem, may
haye been conyentional spellings, from
the Pitman*s Pay, obserye No. 11,
notes, par. 2.
Notee to No. 11, JFhmUon dt., pp. 654, 656.
1. now, written nou, but explained
"sound like in you short.** — coming,
with " 11 in tub,** as Mr. G. Rome Hall
said in giving me a list of such words :
<<in all these A sounds there is a
slight approach to the German S and
the French eu in bceuf, Jleur, etc. ;
also it is not so quickly and criroly
uttered as in the received pron.*^ —
yonder, often, not always, without d;
and seldom, but occasionally, (dhondtr).
2. gate (jet), "with old people, the
younser adopt (g*^).*' — hand, a always
soundiBd except in the personal pro-
nouns him, her; d lost. — eide, New-
castle people always write ey, which I
am bound to render (6t1, but I heard
(o't, kH), see Nos. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, p. 658.
its use here in (g6f n n^im vg^n) going
name again, and aUo (hetm) home,
Hexham (hiivm), Newcastle (hiem), is
peculiar.
8. 1^, "M as in dvU,** that is (osO.
— door, "oo very broad, full oo or ou/*
aeenow,ytr. 1.
4. $he% emphatic (shi wob,1). —
maybe, occ. ^mebtz). — wiiened or
(woBiZ*nd) for ekriveUed, not used.
6. Uam, "the r not definite*'
(? distinct).— Mor, " by old people tha
t IB omitted, but a faint a is ad<fed.** —
thing, but (nosithtn sosimthin) with
(n) not (q).
7. look!, when used as an exclama-
tion subjoins («). — ienU it true, wwds
written ien tit trou, and the ou ex-
plained by you.
Notee to No. 12, Netoeaetle dt., pp. 654, 656.
1. gate, (gVit) is gate in the sense noted "this (qB)) puxxles me a good
of road,
4. matybe, both (msbt, mavt) are
used, but the latter is commoner. —
drunken^ when taking this down I
deal; it is not qmte ((b| nor (a^ nor
(«i), but lies in among all these,*' see
p. 638. — witmted, (shr-) prope '
'-chap, commoner than fellow.
Notee to No. 13, North Shields dt., pp. 654, 656.
1. right. Both n. and s. Shields entirely vocalised in n.8hields when
are celebrated for not pronouncing the not preceding a vowel, and when pre-
letter (r). To me it seemed to be ceding a vowel, as here, to become that
[ 2096 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D82.]
THE KOBTH NORTHERN.
666
itifl lip trill which I now write (k), a
titrnea M, in preference to (m) or tamed
m, at first proposed. It ia different
from rbrh), ana naturally confounded
with (w) by ordinary ears, hut the
speaker always feels the difference be-
tween (w, ii)» for the sides of the upper
lip are inflated for (w), hut not at all
for (k). Here I heard {mii).^latt,
sometimes but rarely (went|).
4. mojfbe, the woni chance is used
in such a phrase as (hii;z got nii t|ans)
he*s got no chance.
6. learn, or (t^ti) teach.
7. ^i(;,Iheard(lak}andnot(loeik);
in the pit districts (livk).
Ifotgt to No. 14, Mothbury dt., pp. 654, 666.
l.fromy the (no) shews a decidedly
labial form of tne duit as obeerred in
the particular words where it ia written.
2. red, they also call *read, head'
(riid, hiid).
3. enow, Mr. Scott did not know the
two uses of enough sg., and enow pL,
hut when asked if he knew enough,
ybtee to No. 16, Snitter, and No. 19,
1. now, the words *now, through*
seem more liable to pass into (du) than
any other. — / am and / is constantly
alternate. — coming, obserre the forms
{o\ ui) in Nos. 14, 16, both written at
the time, and the use of (obi, a) . — eehool,
** ten or fifteen miles further nw. to-
wards the Chefiot range, (skial) is
used."
2. road, 'way' would not be used
said (vniiuf ! aa)z h6ord it oftn) enough !
I has heard it often.
4. fellow or ffela).
6. learn or (lam), and I noted that
Mr. S. called both (blaf), and bullocks
heifers (boUaks, anirz), and used the
phrase (kt, a see it) aye, I say it.
JFhittin^kam dt., pp. 664, 666, 666.
here, but it is called (w6et) when
used.
3. up, and 4. drunken, an unmistak-
able (ap), at first howeyer I wrote (op) ;
I haa u) correct it.
6. wouldn*t, ** we don't use won't."
— man, (tp^) ia common by Wooler. —
learn, where they use teach they call it
(tiit|) not (teet|). Mr. A. also called
our, always (wor, slwiiz).
ITotee to No. 16, HarhotUe dt., pp. 664, 666.
1.
..,, * the first syllable rhymes
to Amm," when I haye not heara the
sound myself, I always suppose that
in Yar. ly (oBi) was meant, because it
was that I generally heard.
4. ehe will, (m woBjl) emphatic
form, otherwise (fibi)\).— fellow, written
falla with note, **both thea's yery
broad, probably Scotch," that might
be (fsda), as howeyer I got (faslv) yy.
in No. 16, I haye interpreted tms to
mean the same.
6. fwry, written «afT«, with the note,
"the r's yery guttural, and, though
yery difilcult of pronunciation, in yery
common use indeisd by the natiyes."
Ifbtee to No. 17, Warkworth dt., pp. 664, 666.
ni vaux
i. (4
e, not
1. so, (stt) rather than (sii), hut the
latter was intended. — eee now, the
(/,i, iju) were carefully explained and
read to me slowly.—n^A^, the
was ffentle and neyer labialised,
intenoed for (ii) was giyen here^
(f ji). — about, tne yowel oeing shortened
only, (u{j not (ii|U) was heard. —
Uttle. not (l&il). ~{0M, wench is
hardly oyer used. — eomin^ seemed
the tot tame to haye (mi), hut the
second time (oBi). — eehool, in w.Nb.
(skiiil). — fonder, (dhondarj is heard.
2. red, also (rid).— ^ the way, the
phrase is used.
{atanx a* see
%* See specimen on next page.
r QA07 1
8. door, also (diiir). — houae, with
medial yowel as m about, par. 1.
4. where, the (wh^ distmct. — may
V« or (mabi), they also say (ma'nndx)
for marblee, that is, they habitually
confused (b, y) in some words. —
wizened, they pron. (shr-) initially. —
of the name of l%omae, better {dha}i
dhee ki'l :tomas) that they call Thomas.
6. know, (km, naa^) are used indif-
ferently.
6. do it, they also say (haM^ for
have it,^-poor, the yowei yery snort.
7. look or (link).— im'^ it true,
(didn't a^ see si) would be more used.
[ 2097 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
666 THB NORTH NORTHERN. [D 8S.
Ned White, a Yarn, m Warkworth Speech.
The following specimen, mi from a newspaper, was read to me by Mr. Ridkj
at the same time as he gave me the above dt. There is a wonderful oon-
fosion of the Peninsular War with the Battle of Waterloo, but that is
a trifle ; the ooint is the pron., which must here be attributed to Warkworth.
I put a translation interlmearly.
ma^n, a^ fsl m wi :nBd rwliR'tt dht liidhor dee. it naa^
Man, I fell in with Ned White the other day. Ton know
:ned «n iiidhBr twEnti four w ihaa^ks tjsps, wsnt uut t* dhf
Ned and other twenty four of Hawkes's chaps went out to the
:ptntns{ulBr :wor, whor twEltntwi wa*8, jb naa*. siV, be wi
Peninsular War, where Wellington was, you know. So, as we
WOT hEYtn V gtl tBgidhsr, a^ sbz U him, imsd diJB mE'tnd
were having a gill together, I says to him, Ned d*you mind
whKn J» WBr in dhv ipminsiulBr :wor? — a* shtCid theqk a* dtV,
when you were in the Peninsular WarP — I should think I do,
8EZ h^ii. — dtd J0 iYor ik}\ in w* rwEltnt'n ? see a*. — :wElfnt*n !
says he. — Did you ever fall in with Wellington P says I. — Wellington!
8EZ hiji, we'i, ma^n, a^ nd'd htm. wE'i, djtiist dh» dee vfoor dhv
says he, why, man, I knowed him. Why, just the day afore the
baH'l « :wa*tt?rluu, lit sent for mi. — :nEd, lit sez, t^Ek jor
battle of Waterloo, he sent for me. — Ned, he says, take your
twEntt four mEn, hi sez, vn ga% (B|p vn sbtft thEm :&-Entjmen
twentyfour men, he says, and go up and dislodge those Frenchmen
if dhB top « Jon hfl. — :aa*l rtVt sez aa\ bfi,t tt wtntt tiEk
off the top of yon hill. — All right, says I, but it will not take
aaU dhi twEnti four, a} sez. — aa^ ! huit t'tjs mBpoolrsnc kra%
all the twenty four, I says. — Ah ! but its Napoleon^s crack
rtdjmBnt, ht sbz, Jt)d bEtcr tbk plsntt. — aa*l rtVt, a* sez,
regiment, he says, you better take plenty. — All right, I says,
wH)l siun sbtft dh«m. — stV d^iun a^ koejm tt dhv la^dz, «n
we'll soon shift them. — So down I come to the lads, and
a* BEZ — ^n^iU, mt la'dz, rwEltntcn wa^nts lijZ tt sbtft Jon
I says — Now, my lads, Wellington wants us to dislodge yon
ifrEDtpomi of dbt top «v Jon btl. — aaU rtVt, dbe sez. — ^hfor,
Frenchmen off the top of yon hill. — All right, they says. — Here,
[ 2098 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 32.] THB NORTH NOBTHBRK. 667
iboh :8koty a' ssz, h^iU mont :£mii^en ar dhor OBip jondor?
Bob Scott, I says, how many Frenchmen are there up yonder?
— vbt^it f6tir hoBindord, i sez. — ^h^iU moni on t^s wtl it tisk
— About four hundred, he says. — How many of us will it take
t» shift them? a* a^kses. — oo, tEn, ssz rbob. — w^y "w^m)! t'*^
to dislodge themP I axes. — Oh^ ten, says Bob. —Well, we'll take
fifttVn, djtfiSt tt hfumor dht aa^d mahi. — ^aaU nVt, dhe bbz. b«V
fifteen just to humour the old man. — All right, they says. So
i>f wi 6Et a't dht d^ib'l sloq* dh« lonBn ; bwit djtiist a'z wt tomd
off we set at the double along the lane, but just as we turned
dill komBr aH dhv iuit «v dhv hil, whiV shuid wt mitt b^it
the comer at the foot of the hill, who should we meet but
:l)on-«part htzsBl* on b lilfwhii'it bora, wt « kokt ha*t on. —
Bonapiurte himself on a lily white horse, with a cocked hat on. —
whor aV n hi tt, :n£d? sez hiii. — ^wR't, tt shift JOn c^Ent^men
Where are you off to, Ned P says he. — Why, to dislodge yon Frenchmen
if Jon hil? — ^whaaH! hi sez, weV dha*t)8 mi kra^ rtdpivnt,
off yon hillP — What! he says, why that's my crack regmient,
ht SEZ. — ^ntVer msi'tnd dha't, a' sez, rwEltntsn sez wt hEv tt
he says. — Never mind that, I says, Wellington says we hare to
shift them, a*nd shifted dhe^l biii, n^iU. — Jii)r kodin, sez
dislodge them, and dislodged they 11 be, now. — Ton are jesting, says
hiii. — ^ni kodin %ib(iit tt, a^ sez, wiii)l sfun shift dhvm of, a^
he. — No jesting about it, I says, we'll soon dislodge them off, I
sez, koBjm bE't! — ^ha*d on, hi sez, vr hi ga^trps Hit oejp dh^
says, come by! — Hold on, he says, and he gallops right up the
hil tt dhsm, on shunts nut — ga^n ba'k, mB la^dz, ga^n ba^k !
hill to them, and shouts out. — Go back, my lads, go back !
h(or)z :nEd :whEVt fnnn ihaa^kstz, a'nd htz tu^enti four ladz
here's Ned White from Hawks's, and his twenty four lads
koeimtn OBip tt shift Jt. Ji hEv'nt b ha^porth by Wns!
coming up to dislodge yon. Ton haren't a ha'p'orth of chance!
— ^Bn ba'k dhe wEut. did a' iVor siii twElfntsn? WB'i, mahi,
— ^And back they went. Bid I cTcr see Wellington P Why, man.
JI shtiid thtqk shism !
you should think shame !
[ 2099 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
668
THB NORTH KOBTHBRN.
[D32.
Notm to No. 18, Alnwick dt., pp. 664, 666.
y«riaiit8 in Rev. J. Blythe's Ternon.
1. JO ^sii). — maUM (mam) marrows.
— now (nuu). — girl (lafli). — tehool
(skivl), --yonder (jontr).
2. going (eanin).
3. gone (gein).
4. she will (shii)!). — chance (ahans).
— ihrunken (woBjz'nd) wizened.
6. all (aal).
6. toon (siun). — teach (lam). — not
(ni#|t). — again («g^n).
7. look (luuk).
Substance of Mr. G. Thompson's paper
on the Nb. Vowel Soonds.
am** a in f«t, fan, Terj ^eral,'*
probably (aM, used in foUier, law
(faidhvr, W).
a, at = '*a in fair fore, unaltered."
P (ee), and often in gate (geet),
sometimes pron. as g prefixed to yet
W^t).
0, '* correct" as in no (noo). <<Some
s. country people pronounce it a^oo,
a in fan and oo in root, (&^m].
oti, our in through is **aaequately
represented by o^oo pronounced
rapidly so as to make one sound,
thus thro-oo. So with oio in noto,
brou', which would be no-oo, bro>oo
(one syllable in each case),*' this
must mean {6u) as I fnquenUy
appreciated it.
#, ordinary as in foot f^t, prt h^ and
also et as in hhght ; but he probably
meant {iCj.
{. In Alnwick it is made up of «A and
Of, thus fight is feh-eet (fi'tt),
similarly (stn'it) straight.
u, **We sound in the usual way in
such words as uncle ; but we sound
it the same way in bull pull, which
is a departure from the classical
standard." This should mean (bsl,
^al).
ue m truo rhymes to thnwgh no«7, see
ou^ that is, they say (trou). Muo is
(bUu) not (bluu).
00 in soot is (Iobi), explained " as one
syllable ey-eut^ takmg ou according
to the French."
ou in you unemphatic is the same as
# in the (jB, dhn), emphatic (ii).
A. The' Northumbrians neyer misplace
the aspirate, but omit it in unaccented
pronouns, accented ue is (hxz).
Notee to No. 20, EmbUton 1 dt., pp. 666, 666.
1. now^ written fiuoo and explained
the u was that in full. — right, on
(ru'i), see Introduction, p. 656. — com^
ing, spelled ou«iiM, and stated to haye
the Towel in hmn,
2. redf the Towel here, and in No.
21, seems doubtful.
3. turCf spelled $heuwS, and eu said
to be French. — enough, yowel con-
jectural, written u. — child, I question
the use of child here and in No. 21. —
bairn is admitted to be also used. — up,
the u in iuU accepted.
4. Jind, the use of (fa'ind) here and
in No. 21 is <mite unexpected.
6. know, Mr. C. wrote An, and
considered that A was decidedly but
slightiy pronounced.
6. the old, the me of (f) here and
in No. 21 is remarkaole, and I
inquired about it particularly. Mr. C.
says, **The use of t* for Ml is by no
means uncommon. It is not always
used, but often, and apparentiy in an
arbitrary wajr, f or <aJ is used. T*
is also sometimes used for that (con-
junction, not pronoun). ... I am
quite clear of its use in this part of
Nb." I haye not had it giyen me
from any other place in Nb. In the
present case it may arise from assimi-
lation to the peoedmg (t) in (w6«nt).
7. look, written lews.
For a comparison of the peasant
and fishing speech see end of notes to
No. 21 on next page.
ybtee to No. 21, JSmbleton 2 dt., pp. 666, 666.
the expression a' day, th' night is
often oied instead of to»day, to^niahtV
This ii of course L. The tkr can
scarcely differ from (dhv) except in
extreme shortness of the (b).
3. the child, Mr. Green says, <<The
<* in such expressions as f child is of
frequent use. In ordinary conyersation
the word ' the ' ib genendly shortened
into t\ th\ ti, I may mention that
[ 2100 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D32.]
THE NORTH NORTHERN.
669
DifirencM in the original spelling of Noe. 20 and 21, whioh were recogmsed
by Mr. Creighton as representing '*real differences of pronunciation." The
words are arranged in the order of a owl., and to the original spellings in italics
are added my pal. interpretations. 1. refers to the peasants; 2. to the fishing
population.
I. Wessex and Nobsb.
A- 21 l.fUaifm,2,ndum; 1. nlem, 2. n6e«m. A: 43 I, haand^2, hond
or A«wiJ; 1. hand, 2. hond. A:orO: 68 1. /uH>m, 2. /r5*/rer ; 1. fnr,oin,
2. free. 64 1. ihconff, 2. **r(mp or wrang\ 1. rtTjaq, 2. raq. A'- 67 1.
goiin^ 2. gaHn; 1. eooim, 2. gaain. 92 1. kno, 2. knolC ; 1. 2. nhoo. A':
104 1. rwooudy 2. Vrorf* ; 1. rwjtiuBd, 2. rood. 110 1. n«, 2. noi; l.ni#,t,
2. not. M: 177 1. thaat, 2. thet; 1. dhat, 2. dhet. £: 262 1. weay^
2. icOa' ; 1. wtee, 2. w6eB. E'- 297 1. fello, 2. fello'r, 1. 2. feh. EA:
826 1. fawd, 2. fo'd; 1. t'aad, 2. t'6Bd. 346 1. ^<fayr, 2. yoe^; 1. gt«rt,
2. g6«t. EG: 394 1. yondowy 2. yoiMrr\ 1. 2. jondor. I: 459 1. oowit
2. Vr«; 1. ru;9'it, 2. ro'it. 466 1. thi child, 2. ^' eh\ll\ 1. dhu tja'tld, 2. t?
t|8'il. 0'- 558 1. Ufuky 2, look; 1. loBik, 2. luuk. 560 1. tkoouly 2. tkeul;
1. skCiuBl, 2. skiul. 564 1. teun, 2. mom; 1. siun, 2. suun. 0': 579 1.
eneuf, 2. «i«<yA; 1. TOOBjf, 2. Bniuf. U- 606 1. dowd, 2. dSoIr; 1. duuor,
2. duuBr. U: 632 1. oop, 2. lip; 1. 2. iijp. U'- 643 1. nuoo, 2. noo;
1. n^iU, 2. nuu.
n. EiroLisH.
A. 737 1. meayiSy 2. mdeta; 1. mteets, 2. m^<rats.
yeawl, 2. yurr/; 1. gtorl, 2. gsrl.
m. EoMAirCE.
E.. 885 1. vawy, 2. vah'e ; VdwtCii, 2. v&t.
2. fAiior; 1. shoBtVnri, 2. shuuor.
I. ofuf Y. 768 1.
U- 969 1. iheuwS,
Notes to No. 22, JTooler dt., pp. 655, 666.
1, so I see, K. [i.e. Mr. Kirkup]
fve (see a* see). — you see now, fc.
s6i na'u), this is quite Rx. — ri^A^,
. (rkii),—that, K. (cMH).— /rom, K.
(thre), this is also Rx. — at a distance,
out-by, while (tn-bB'i) in by, means
close at hand. K. pron. ftitD&i), and
said it meant at a considerable distance,
and so preferred (Jon skyy|l) yon
school, which Mr. 0. gave as an
altematiTe.
2. she's going, K. (sh«)z gjin). —
road, K. (rood).— Mroi^A, K. (thra'ii)
apparently Rx. — gate, K. (geet). —
«^K. (Uid).
8. enough, K. (raiuf).— ^otii^, K.
(wkTi),^straight, K. (strkit).— <♦/ the,
K. (t8 dhB).— <foor, K. (doorj.
4. /•ar(^,greY-ha]red,m}lea, properly
a grey horse, iooUAi,— fellow, K. (lals).
— called, K. gave (niBm) for name.
6. we, K. (w6f), which is Rx.—aW,
K. (^.—very, K. (vert).
6. soon, K. (siBu). — learn, K.
(lem).
7. AwAr, K. (iMik).— <nie, K. (tm'u).
Altogether Mr. Kirkup*s pron. is
hardly safe.
Vab. i. Brampton, Cu., cwl.
f:braimtBn) (9 ene.GarlisIe), just where the Scotch-Cu. dialect begins. This
cwl. waspal. by JGG. from the diet, of Mr. Spottiswood, Hale Grange, Kirkby
Thore, We. (4 w.Appleby), (:hBBl^ :grBBnd|, rk^jrhB liiut), who hs^ been 40
years acquainted with the dialect.
The (r) is trilled in all positions, medial and final, as well as before a Towel,
as in L.
The (a, a^) are here used as on p. 539, for which I should probably have
[ 2101 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
670 THE NORTH NORTHERN. [D 32.
written (a^, a) respectiTely, as there noted. The? certainly correspond with my
(a», a) in what I wrote from Mr. Ridley, No. 17, pp. 656, 666, 678. The (e*9
is an indistinct attempt at (e), which is hardly separable from fe), and seems
to represent an individuality. The (e{j is also scarcely separable from (e) or
even (b).
I. Wessbx and Norsk.
A- 8 b/tVk. 4 ta,k. 6 maik. 6 m/teM. 7 s/ie^. 8 hsr. 9 hihee{f,
10 hAA. 12 SAA. 17 Iaa. 18 kfie'^k. 19 ttiel 20 Ifie^m. 21 ntie^hn.
22 tifC^m 23 s/ie"^. 24 sh/te^m. 26 mtie'ii. 27 ntte'V. 28 bvir. 30
k^ir. 31 l/te°t. 32 bMh [(ddk) used]. 33 r^idhsr. 34 last. 35 aaI
[(Bls'n) used}. 36 th6M. 37 Uaa.
A: 39 k»ie°m. 41 thsqk. 43 ha,n'd. 44 la,n*d. 46 ka^nU. 48 sa^q
[pret.], hi sa^q « saq [he sang a sonff]. 53 kaiU. 55 ajS. 56 WEsh.
A: or 0: 59 ]ai{ak\ 60 l^iq'. 61 e°mluf. 62 8,t,raq'. 63 thraq'. 64 w*r^q
wrk((. 65 saq'. 66 whiie'q.
A^. 67 tB gin, gaju. 69 noo, 70 t//e°. 71 w«^. 72 whlie*». 73 8/»e°.
74 tir/ie®. 76 t/ie°d. 77 Iwuimd. 78 aa. 80 hElide**. 83 mtie**n. 84
m^.r. 85 s^jr. 86 [(ktruivm) com, used]. 87 kl/ie''z. 88 klld. 89 b/te"^.
90 oloo [hliu bloon]. 91 moo [miu moon]. 92 noo [nia, noon]. 93 snoo
[sniu]. 94 kroo [kriu, kroon]. 95 throo. 96 soo [sin, soon]. 97 b6u\.
A': 101 «k. 102 as. 104 r^iBd. 105 rtie°d. 106 br/ieM. 107 liie°f.
108 [(piie°8t) paste, used]. 109 loo. Ill 6wt. 113 h/te°l. 115 htie"^. 118
b/ie°n. 119 g//e^. 122 n/ie°n. 123 [(n6iit) used]. 124 st/ie^'n. 128 dhoz.
129 goost. 132 hst. 133 [(r«t) used]. 134 ooth. 135 khfMh [kl(it]. 136
6fidhur.
M' 138 fadhBT. 140 hiiF. 142 snij. 144 Bgiie"^. 146 m^iU. 147
br^ivn. 148 ieer. 149 bUie'^z. 150 liist. 152 wa.tB.r. 153 sB.tB.rde^
M: 155 tha^k. 157 r<!«iT'n. 158 sf^tB.r. 160 s'g. 161 dee.. 164 m^,.
165 sed. 167 d/ie1. 168 ta^h. 169* whsn. 170 hairvtst [(i) distinct].
171 baarU. 172 g^n, 173 waz. 174 s'sh. 175 fast 179 what. 181
[(.tTBd, Ui'TWUivd) tread, foot-road, used].
M'- 182 s^. 183 tltj. 184 lid. 185 riid. 186 brsnth [assimikted to
length]. 187 liv. 188 [^niikBr) used]. 189 wtf^i. 190 U,i. 191 hil. 192
min. 198 kUn\ 194 oni. 195 moni. 197 tpiz. 199 bllt. 200 whit.
202 hit.
JE^: 203 spiitj. 204 diid. 205 thrld. 206 rsd. 207 niidT. 210 kW}.
211 gr^i. 212 wh^. 216 dU. 218 ship. 219 slip. 221 fiir. 222 hAf,r.
223 dh^,r. 224 wh^^ir. 226 m/te°8t. 227 wnt. 228 swlt. 229 brsth
hri\th. 230 fa,t.
£- 232 brsk. 233 spiik [pure (ii)]. 234 [(wM^rk ti,p) used]. 285 w/ter
wiiT. 236 fiivBr. 238 [(d&itkTdyke, used]. 241 r^fu [(rl&iu), grass left beyond
the furrows in ploughed land]. 243 pW [Wk]. 246 ktdn. 247 [(sp/ie'hi)
used]. 248 m«e°r. 249 w/ie^. 250 swyy^^V. 251 mit. 252 kitT.
253 nBt*r. 254 ladhBr. 255 wsdhBr.
E: 257 Bdtj. 259 wsdtj. 261 SAfj. 262 wee^, 264 ee^l. 265 s^t^r^jit.
270 i. bslfz, ii. bsl't. 272 slBm. 273 msn. 274 bBnttj. 276 thtqk. 280
tflii-T'n. 281 Isnth. 282 s^t^rsnth. 283 mBrt. 284 thnssh. 285 krBS. 286
haiTB. 287 bt<iz*m [bosom is (booz'm), see No. 287 on p. 635]. 288 Ist.
F- 289 je'^. 290 h^ii [(e) distinct in this and the three following words].
291 dWii. 292 nuKi. 293 w^ii. 294 fid. 295 bnid. 296 biluT. 298 fill.
299 griin. 300 kip. 301 h/te°r. 302 mit. 303 swit.
E': 305 h^ [the same as 290]. 306 h^iit. 308 nid. 309 spid. 310
hiil\ 311 tsn. 312 h//e°r. 314 hiVe^rd. 315 fit. 316 nskst.
EA- 319 gite^'p. 320 bwr. £A: 321 saa. 322 laku^h. 323 f6Mkirht
[also (ftt)]. 324 ^itt. 325 WA'k. 326 old. 327 b6Mrd. 328 kooF. 329
foord. 330 hod. 331 [(sslt) used]. 332 [(tslt) used]. 333 kAAf. 334
hAAf. 335 AA. 336 fAA'B. 337 waa'b. 340 JM^rd. 342 Bnnn. 843 w&rvm.
345 dhi. 346 JBt.
EA'- 347 hid. 348 ftt. 349 fiuu. EA': 350 did. 351 Ud. 352 rid.
[ 2102 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D82.] TUB KORTH NORTHERN. 671
d6» brld. 854 bUwH, 865 dif. 356 lif. 857 [(for aa) for aU, used]. 859
iJiibn, 860 tim. 861 bin. 863 t^p. 865 nlie'^T, 866 grit. 367 thrit.
868 dith. 369 sloo. 370 rAA. 371 s.t.rvte''.
£1- 372 B"i [with a bug glide from (s) through (i) to (i)]. 373 dh^.
874 iMfi. 876 b6e«t. £1: 377 stuelL. 878 w«fk. 382 dhssr.
£0- 888 8iiT*n. 884 hsr'n. 385 [(vnw,ii,d«^} on under, used]. 386 i(m.
£0: 888 millhk ['* (llh) Terr distinct as a glide trom the Toweb to the Toice-
lees (k).'*-^GG.]. 389 jdk. 890 sod [not (sMd)]. 393 buont. 896 wM,rk.
897 SMvrd. 898 staarv. 399 brse'tt. 402 hianm. 403 faar. 405 haarthstfte"^
[not used without stone]. 406 kMh. 407 fiUrdtn. 408 niu.
£0'- 409 b^. 411 thr^. 419 sh^ [empb.], sh^ shv shu [unemph.]
413 diy'l. 414 fli^ii. 415 l^ii. 416 dUvr. 417 t|6M. 420 {6um. 421
forti.
£0': 423 th^. 424 rdf. 425 Is'iit. 426 fie'it. 427 Wii. 428 s^.
480 frr'in*. 431 biiv. 432 f6Mt. 433 briist. 434 bet. 435 juu. 436 trit.
437 tritith. EY- 438 dJ,ii. £Y: 439 ,t,rf*»st [see 701].
I- [There are two (a'i) diphthongs, fine and broad, JGG. wrote the first as
(s'ii^ ^\^'i) with a long glide from (b) to (i^, and also as (fe'i)* and as he thinks
the latter form preferable, although he is not perfectly satisfied with the analysis,
it is here adopted. This n. diphthong is usually taken as (b'i, ^), but in "Nb.
I heard (o't) or (&*•), I could not determine which. The broad form is always
(ftf) or (di), and JGG. prefers the first form, here written.] 440 wik. 441 siiv
[not (suy)]. 442 haivin. 444 stse'il. 446 nse'tn. 448 [(dhooz, dhoor] used].
449 git. 450 tiMzdv"". 451 s6u [s6ud].
I: [see note after I-]. 452 a, aa [(a)z) I is, is used in all the district]. 454
wtU. 457 m»'tt. 458 nsB'tt. 459 rse'it. 460 wd,tt. 462 soe'tt. 464 whif^.
465 SBk. 466 [Cbeervn) used]. 467 wse'ild. 471 ti,mBr. 472 [(rt<,n M,p)
used]. 473 blirf. 475 win'. 476 bind [ba,n'd, bn^n]. 477 fitfd [fa.n'd,
fM.nt]. 478 grin' [gra,n'd, grwitfl. 479 win' [wa^n^d, wiiin']. 481 fiiqvr.
485 ihisn. 486 list. 487 lBs.t«,itle^. 488 li.t.
r- [see note after I-]. 491 sfls'ikjh sAi. 493 dr&iy. 494 te'im. 496
iina. 498 rse'it.
T: [see note after I-]. 500 Is'ik. 501 wee'td. 502 fdiy. 503 Ife'if . 504
nsB'if. 505 weB'if. 506 wtnntm. 507 wwmen [the (w) remaining from the sg.].
508 ms'il. 509 whsB'il. 5^1 ws'in. 513 WfLisr. 514 e'ts. 615 wEiz. 516
wizdtnn. 517 juu.
0- 520 b6t«. 521 ffr»,e<'l. 522 op*n. 528 hoop. 524 wwiral'd word'].
0: 526 koktrh. 527 b6tft. 528 th6Mt. 529 br6t<t. 530 r6i<t. 531 d6ii,tv.r.
532 ku;tf,«l. 533 dtfjl'. 534 whii,e''r [JGG. preferred writinf (hu^^e'T), but
I did not hear his (htr) as different from my (wh)]. 536 g(ud. 537 m6jid.
538 wad. 539 b6Ml. 540 holin. 542 b6tft. 545 hop. 547 byi'«rd. 548
ftr(!i,vrd, ij I'^erd. 549 bored. 550 WM^rd. 551 stomn. 552 ku^ihim. 553
whiiivm [(hti;-) see 534]. 554 kroe.
O'- 555 sh^iU. 557 ty^^u. 558 Idk. 559 mtf,dhBr. 561 bly/um. 562
mlim. 563 monde^ M4 stun. 665 ntdcjvz. 566 Widhsr.
0': 569 by/Mk. 570 ty/nk. 571 gtMl g»'d. 672 bly/iid. 573 fiy/ud.
574 bry/wd. 575 sty/iid. 576 wid'nzde^ 577 bnu. 678 pHti. 579 en/tif
[and (eniuu), but doubtful whether sg. or pi.] 580 tlwktrh. 681 s6tit. 582
ky/ul. 683 ty/wl. 584 sty/«l. 585 bry/um. 586 dy.^u. 587 dlim. 588
nlim. 589 spttm, 690 fiyi^'e^. 691 my,''wr. 592 swyi^sr. 593 [(mtiiu)
used]. 594 by,'^iit. 595 fy.'^iit. 696 ryi^nt. 597 syi^wt.
U- 599 Bbi^n «by/im. 600 lii,y. 601 f6til. 602 s6ii [older form (sluu)].
603 kMim. 605 SM,n. 606 dyi^tn*. 607 bt«it,t«,r.
U: 608 u gli. 609 ful'. 610 wuu. 611 bw,l«k. 612 siiim. 618 fi,TU,qk.
614 hu.n'. 615 puiU. 616 grwiu'. 6l7stfiun'. 618 wM.n'. 619fMin'. 625
tM,q. 626 htf^qBr. 629 sf«,n. 631 thu.rzdB. 632 Mip. 633 ktf.p. 634
thruu. 637 Uiisk. 639 d» st.
U'- 640 k«iuu. 641 hift uu. 642 dhM.uu. 645 dM,y. 646 buu. 647
huulvt. 648 ^,uur. 649 th^iuz'n. 652 kud. 653 bvt [unemph.].
U': 654 shtn:6Md. 656 rdm. 657 brdn. 658 dtin. 661 8htt,uur. 662
hMiZ [emphatic, also (hi|t)sit emph.]. 663 hiks. 665 miks. 666 hti.zbvnd.
[ 2108 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
672 THB NORTH NORTHERN. [D 3i.
667 tit. 668 priid. 669 Uiofn UiOlnQi Uuiqlait) at Temple Sowerby, We.]-
671 mwth. 672 Btith.
Y- 673 mMjti mi#,k'l. 676 ,d,rat. 676 li,u. 678 dtn. 679 t|«,i^ ke'^rk.
680 bi'isi. 682 ItVl fobe. neither (l&a'l) nor (laal)]. T: 684 hrig. 685
Tig. 686 bdt. 687 Wit. 689 bi.rd. 690 Win\ 691 main'. 693 stn.
696 bBrth. 697 bBTi. 699 riiit. 700 WKjrs. 701 fn'rst [for (^«) the
toneue ia advanced midway between (i) and (u) positions]. 703 pit. T'- 705
sk&l 706 [*what for,* used]. 707 thajrtiin. 708 hAtv. T: 709 ffttv.
712 mas'is.
n. English.
A. 713 ba,d. 714 Ui^d. 723 d«nri. 724 biTd. 725 s/ie^l. 730 kain.t»,r.
734 dbn. 73d ma,sh. 737 m«f,t. 740 w^rar. 742 Uen. £. 744 mezTs.
745 tjH. 746 briidh. 760 bug. I. and Y. 763 [(kit'l) naedl. 754 pig.
759 fit. 761 llieU 767 n6iz. 769 m6«diwarp. 771 fon'd. 772 b^ie^n&ir.
774 p6Mni. — n/ttk [nook]. 777 shop. 778 «fiwi,OTd. 783 p««il,t,ii. 789
r6i«. 790 gdn. U. 793 hw .g. 794 d|Wig. 799 skwil. 801 ruiia. 802
n«|m. 803 d|M^mp. 805 krt«idz. 808 pM|t.
m. EoHAircE.
A- 809 tEb*r. 810 f/ie°s. 811 pl/ie°8. 812 l/ie'^s. 813 heeYn. 814
m/ieVn. 818 lB'd|. 819 nvd|. 824 i^ee^r, 825 w/ie^'f. 830 ,t,reen. 833
fee^T. 836 rlz'n. 836 8lz*n. 838 ,t,iit. 852 «vp«r'n. 853 b^Jgin. 854
ba.r*r ba,ril. 856 ka,rvt. 8'6 p^ pBrt. 857 kiie^s. 868 br^s. 859 ti/ie"^.
860 p/ie^'st. 861 UtVst. 862 »fte°{. 866 fAAt. 866 py.nr.
E.. 867 ti^ii. 871 gr«fu. 874 rB'in rae'in. 875 fe'^rat. 877 «f.r. 881
sBns. 888 8&rt'n. 890 hist. 891 fist. 892 nsri. 893 Aikvr. 894 diidiT.
895 risiiy.
I- andY" 897 d^e'it. 898 naa'ts. 899 nis. 900 pr^. 901 fe'in.
902 mae'in. 908 vdyee'ts. 909 briiz. 910 diiis. 912 re'is.
0- 913 ki^^stj. 914 broot|. 915 stu/. 916 Mini;«n [not (Minimi), and
so (ri]fdjt;Bn] rehgion]. 917 roog. 919 d/ntm«nt. 920 p6tnt. 921 vktcBnt.
922 bwishU. 924 ti6t8. 926 yEis, 926 spdil. 933 fniint. 935 kM^n^t^ri.
939 Idwd^m, 940 kumivi, 941 f/ul. 942 Wrar [not (bMitj-);]^. 943 ttiiti.
947 b<$il. 948 btd*. 950 st«,p [the last syllable of nipper being omitted].
951 kM.p*r. 952 k«;t<,inr8. 964 kMishra. 966 dCit. 966 ku^Yvr.
U- 960 kee. 961 gH<iUl\ 963 kwSd)vi; 964 sfaujvt. 966 dil. 966
frinut. 967 siuut. 969 syy^wr. 970 d^ti^st. 971 fliuut.
Vab. ii. South Shields, Du., cwl.,
formed from the Iw. given me by Rev. C. Y. Potts, native, and constantly
corrected and augmented from 1868 to 1883, written in glossic and pal. by
AJ£., see the cs., pp. 646, 649.
I. Wessbx ajtd Nobsb.
A- 4 ttsk'n [taken]. 5 mink. 6 mlsd. 7 nYsm slsk [namesake]. —
krsdU [cradle]. 8 hEV. 17 laa. 18 klak. 21 niEm. 23 slsm. 24 shsm
shiEm. 28 h6e«. 30 k6eB. 34 last.
A: 39 kom. 43 [pi.] hanz. 44 land [pi.] lanz. 46 kan'l. 49 htq. 50
tlEqz. 61 man. 64 want. 65 as. 56 wEsh. A: or 0: 58 frEm. 59
lam. 60 laq. 61 vmaq. 62 straq. 63 thra(^. 64 raq. 65 saq.
A'- 67 gan. 69 na* [in answer to a question]. 72 wii woo. 73 sii. 76
strook. 76 tlEd. 77 Lu^Bd. 79 aan dun. 81 lisn. 87 kl^. 89 both.
90 blaa. 91 m&au mdwn [p.p. mown]. 92 naa.' 93 snaa sndw . 94 Icraa.
95 thraa. 97 edul. 100 saan sdim.
A': 102 aks. 104 rood. 113 hool wool. 115 hiam. 117 won. 118 biKL.
[ 2104 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D32.] THE NORTH NORTHERN. 673
100 liist. 162 watB waaro. — whboiib Lwnetnerj. js^\ — wa
— stidt [steady]. — tsffidv [together]. 161 d^. 164 m«
[sleight]. — empi [empty]. 169 whsn. — glas [glaas]. —
179 what. M' — ntj [to reach]. 184 liid ltd. — rid* [
121 gTra. 122 ntsn [none], nil [no]. 123 nothin. 124 stYsn. 125 oont.
132 hBt. 134 00th. 136 6wdh«.
M' 138 fadhv [beet], f«edhB [intermediate], ftdh« [worst]. — Isdhv
Radderl. ~ blsdhv [bladder]. 140 h^l. 144 vgTsn. 148 f6e«. 149 bliiz.
150 liist. 162 watB waatB. — whsdhB [whether]. ^ jE: — wsk'n [waken].
mee, — sldit
k^eBt [cart],
[ready]. 187
liiy. 189 w^i. 190 kii. 19l hill. 192 miin. 194 om. 195 moni. 2£:\
205 thriid thrid. 206 rad. 208 itb. 209 niTB. 210 kl^. 215 t6«t. 216
diil. ~ miU [meal]. 222 h^eB. 227 wiit. — htlth [health].
£- 232 br«k. 233 spiik. 234 nsd. -~ triid [to tread]. — stiid stid
[stead]. — wwihB [weather]. 235 wiiy. — havi [heavy]. 239 swl. 243
pW. 244 wiil. — tliB [to tear]. — bliB [to bear], — piiB [a pearl. 248
mliB. 249 wiiB. 250 swiiB. — iit [to eat]. — fklhB [feather]. 254
IsdhB.
£: — hii? [to heave]. 258 sig. 260 \ee, 261 sm. — biid [a
bead]. 262 w«r. 266 wiil. — fiild [field]. 267 iild. — wbI [a well]. 272
slBm. 281 Isnth. 282 strsnth. 284 thrssh. — bru^st brM|8*n [burst, pree.
and p. part.]. £'- 301 hiiB. £': 805 h&«. 306 h6it. — blis
[blesej.
EA- — haak [hawk]. — Jil [ale]. EA: 322 laf. 323 f6wt fit. 324
6«t. 325 waak. 327 b6Mld. 828 k6iild. 329 f6Mld. 330 had [occ.] h6iild
[gen.]. 331 s6w]d. 332 t6iild. — hslts [halter]. 337 waal. 838 kaal.
— Bmlist [alraoetj. — bliBd [beard]. 340 j^cBd. — haad [hard]. 342
6eBm. — naam [harm]. 843 waam. — waan [warn]. 346 dAA'B. —
j6eBn [yam].
£A'- 347 hiid. 348 ii [Newcastle]. 349 f!ti. EA': 350 diid. 351
liid. 352 riid. 353 briid brtd. 355 diif. 356 liif. — t&i [tie]. 359 n6ibB.
— hiip [a heap]. — iiB [year]. — tlie [a tear]. — 16w8 [looee]. 366 griit.
367 thriit. 368 diith dtth. 369 slaa sldti.
£1- 372 ^. 373 dh^. 375 ten, 376 b^. £1: 878 wiik. 382
dh6eB.
£0'. 384 htT*n. 386 j6i«. 387 nlik. EO: 389 jook. 390 shund. —
daak [dark] 397 swAA'Bd sfiuBd. — kaay [carre]. 598 staay. 399 briit.
— ^esl [eelj. — faam [farm]. — bn«|nt [burnt]. 402 l^eBn laan. 404 staa.
— smaat [smart]. 406 6eBth [earth]. 407 faadsn. £0'- 413 dml. 414
flii. 416 diiB. 417 ii6u. 420 fdtiB. £0': 425 Uit. 426 f^t. — whiil
[wheel]. 430 frtnd. — dtpnts [Ws. de6pnyB8, for depth]. 432 fdvBth. 433
briist brtst. 434 bit. 437 truuth. EY- 438 dii.
I- 447 hA'B. — ii% [yes]. 449 gBt'n [gotten]. 451 86m. I: 462
" • ' Ifth --• "
a aa. 453 wtk [alive], ktrtk [rapid). — tluA'Bd [third]. — bAA'Bd [bird].
458 niit [in fortnt^A^ often (fAWith), see Part II. p. 477a]. 459 riit. 462
siit. 464 wh/tj. 466 stk. 466 t|6tld. 473 blind. 476 btnd. 477 find.
— bihind [behind]. 478 grind [*venr low*], grNindsBn [grindstone]. 479
wind. 481 ftqB [and generally as in ^/qM, straqB, lAqB), ng is (q) not (qg)].
485 thiVl. 488 Jit. — dAA'Bti [dirty].
r- [(4i) may be (s'i)]. 490 b4i. 492 s^td. 498 r6it. — thAA'Btt.
T: 500 le<k. 602 f&iv. 504 n^if n6ivi. 605 w^if. 606 WM,mBn. 608
m6tl. 510 m6in. 511 w6in.
0- — broken [broken]. — sh«,v*l shti,! [shovel]. — Ji«jv*n [oven].
519 6ti/B. 520 bdi*. 523 hoop. — fxA'B [forej. 525 waa'bW. 0: 527
b6iit. 628 th6'it 529 bi««t. 531 d6utB. 632 kool. 533 dtf,l. 536 g6uld,
g6Ml8mith. 538 wad. 539 bdid. 642 b6Mlt. — skAA^B [score]. 550 WAA'Bd.
652 kAA'Bn. 553 hAA^BU.
0'- 556 tiv [(ti)d) to it]. 558 lTN,k. — fodhB [fodder]. 659 mi«;dhB.
560 sklw,l. 662 mlM,n. 666 «,dhB. 568 brM(dhB. 0': 569 blMjk. 570
tTiijk. 572 blM.d. 578 pluu. 679 Bnluf [pi. and sg.]. 584 stiu J. ' 586 div,
div'nt [don't], 4i div)B [yes do I], 6i b dii [yes I do], 687 dlMjU di)d [d6 it].
— bwjZBm [bosom].
U- — WMid [wood]- 599 Bbi#iV. 600 \u{9, 602 suu. — tha,m [thumb].
X.X. Pron. Part ▼. [ 2105 ] 134
Digitized by LjOOQIC
674 THE NORTH NORTHERN. [D 32.
— thimv [thunder]. — hint [honey as a term of endearment]. 606 s«|n.
— nuit [nut]^
U: — pM,l [pull]. 610 WNil. 612 8tf,m. 615 punnd [refined], pif.nd
fvulffar]. 616 gruund [ref.l, grw.nd [vulear]. 618 wuund. 619 fuund [ref.],
fa,nd [vulgar]. 620 gruuna [refj, grwina [vulgar], 621 wuund [ref.], WM^nd
[vulgar]. 626 tMiq. — Iaa'b [fir].
U - 640 kuu. 641 huu. 644 8M|k. 646 buu. 648 (luv waa'v. 650
vbuut. 652 kuud. 653 bwit. XT': 657 bruun. 658 duun. 659 taun.
— sdUB [sour]. 662 hu z. 664 luus [but loose is I6ii8]. 667 uut.
Y- 675 dmi Fin N. Shields]. 676 lu. 679 tjAABtj. Y: 685 rtg. [occ.].
689 biild. 690 k^tnd. 691 m^ind. 694 w&a«k. — wAA'tnn [worm]. 700
WAABs. 701 iAA'ust. — shAA'vt sh&aBt [shirt]. — t|tst ktst. 702 wiv
[often]. Y': 709 m^. 712 m&is.
n. English.
A. 726 taak. 734 daan. £. — wnlth [wealth]. 747 tudrw. 748
fltgd. 0. 774 p6imi. — - pt/ltts [poultice]. 783 pN^ltrt. — puur [to
Sour]. U. 794 djw.g. 796 bluu. — bMjlk [bulk]. — tiun [tunej.
08 pti^t.
in. EOKANCB.
A*. 810 fiBS. 813 bTsk'n. 822 m^. — teA [fail]. ^ ^ [air]. —
tjMu [chain]. — pliiz [please], — pUzh« [pleasure]. — me^stv [master].
840 UamB. — 16eBd| [large]. — t|6eiKii [charge]. — mirt [marry]. —
waand [warrant]. — kkri [carry]. 854 band. — ^eimii [army]. — baa
[bar]. — sk^eis [scarce]. 856 p^e«t. — ff6e«t« [garter]. — mas [mass].
— pas [pass]. 860 plsst. — mit« [matter]. 862 slsf. 865 fait. — fals
£.. — kriit« [creature, and so ^ture gen.]. — yeen. [pain]. — str^m
[strain]. — trimU [tremble]. — h6e«l haal. 886 frlin. 887 kl&adji. —
p6eBl paal [pearl]. treeV*! [treacle]. — hii«s [hearse], trizhv [treasure]. —
Snzins [presence]. — niil fneatj. — mazhv [measure]. 890 biist. 893
(lu«. — fiUB[hour]. 894 disiiv. 895 rtsiiv. I'-andY- 898 n6ts.
0 •• 914 brootj. — f^h [faith]. 922 bwtshel. 928 iins. 935 kn^n^.
— skAA'«d| [scourge]. 239 kloos. — roost [roast]. — toost [toast]. 940
koot. 941 flwil. 942 bt<it|B. 943 iu^i^, 947 bVtl. — faa« [fur]. —
tAA'vn [turn]. 953 kwiZin. — pM,sh [push]. 954 kuish'n.
XJ.. — dlu [due]. — truun [truant]. — shM.gn [sugar]. — d|afid|
[judge]. — waa [war]. — pM|lpit [pulpit]. 969 sh^uv. 970 d|M|8t.
South Northitmbkrlanp, cwl.,
Embracing and contrasting Yar. iii and iv.
H! Var. iii, wl. by Rev. George Rome Hall, Birtley Yicarage, Wark-on-Tyne
(9 nnw. Hexham). District bounded by the river Rede to n., by Watlin? St.
to e., by North Tyne river to w., and by Barrasford Cra^s (6 n.Hexnam)
to s. ; applying to most of the district of North Tjnedale nrom Bellingfaam
to Hexham, written in 1877» after 17 years* aomiaintance with the dialect,
with numerous explanations in io. and conjecturally pal. by AJE.
P. Yar. iv. Pitmen's speech in se.Nb., between rivers Tyne and Wansbeck, for
about 10 miles from the coast, written in 1877, with numerous explanations
in io. by Rev. Hugh Taylor, of Humshaugh (5 nnw.Hexham), who had been
acquainted with the dialect 40 years, and revised by Mr. John Taylor, of
Earsdon (7 ne. Newcastle, Nb.), and Mr. O. B. Foister of Backworth, in
the same parish, both mining engineers, and in constant communication with
the pitmen. Pal. conjecturally by AJE.
Where no letter is prefixed, the pron. is common to both fi and P.
[ 2106 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 32.] THE NORTH NORTHERN. 675
I. Wessex and Norse.
A- 3 H biivk, P bisk. 4 H tiivk, P tlsk. 6 H mSlBk, P mlsk. 6 mSiod,
P miEd. 7 H 8ii«k, P siBk. 8 hBV. 9 H bA^CBV, P b/htB-r. 10 H hoo, P
haa. 1 1 H moo. 12 H soo, P saa. 13 H noo, P naa. 14 H droo, P draa.
16 H [brik « d^) usedl P daan. 17 H loo laa, P laa. 18 H kU«k, P kiBk.
19 H tiivl, P ITbI. 20 U liivm, P ITsm. 21 H niimn, P nlEm. 22 H tiivm,
P tTEm. 23 H siimn, P slBm. ' 24 H shiitnn, P shBin. 25 H miimi, P mlsn.
26 H w^fim. 27 H niivv. 28 H heeor, 31 H liivt, P llBt. 32 H b«Mlh.
33 H reedhor, P rsdhor. 34 H last. 35 H [(iilstn, Blstn) used], P aal. 36
H thoo, P thaa. 37 H kloo, P klaa.
A: 39 H kom, Pkam. 40 H kiimn [** as in tm//' but also said to be dirtinct
(kiiam), but I take real to be the proper type, see (nimn) p. 660^ Nos. 7 and 81.
41 Hthaqk, Pthsqk. 43 H ban. 44 H Ian. 46 kan'l. 47 H wandvr,
48 saq. 50 H tBqz, P tlBqz. 51 H man, P mvn. 52 H waan. 54 want.
55 H as [pi. and sg.]. 56 wBsh. 57 H [(k<B,di) used].
A: or 0: 58 ire. 59 H lam. 60 laq. 61 vmaq. 62 straq. 63 thraq.
64 raq. 65 saq. 66 H thaq, P tbaq thsq.
A'- 67 gan, P gii [(gii jor ireez tB skToBil) go your ways to school]. 69 nii.
70 Htii. 71 H woo. 72 whii. 73 su. 74 twii. 75 H strook. 76 H
tii«d, P tiBd. 78 H 00, P aa. 79 H 6im, P aan, 80 halniU. 81 [(lontn)
used]. 8:) H mlimi. 84 meer. 85 seer. 86 JBts [H occ. (havor)]. 87 U
klUBz, P kl^. 88 H klUeth klBd, P kl<vdh. 89 H biivth, P bisth. 90 H
bloo, P blaa. 91 H moo, P maa. 92 [H ken used], P naa. 93 H snoo,
HP snaa. 94 H kroo, P kraa. 95 H throo, P thraa. 96 H soo, P saa.
97 86m1. 98 [H (ksud) used], P naan. 99 H throon, P thraan. 100 H soon,
Psaan.
A': 101 H JBk. 102 aks [H axe = («fk8)]. 104 H rood. 105 rid. 106
brU«d. 107 H liiBf, llsf. 108 H doo, P duu. 109 H loo, P laa. HI 6wt
m with slight ^trhtX). 113 H hiivl, P hiEl. 115 H hiiirai, P hTBm. 116
H hiiBm. 1 18 H biivn, P blBU. 121 H gU«n, P glBu. 122 H niiim, P uTeu.
123 l(n6ut) used]. 124 H stiimi, P stTnn. 125 onlt. 126 H oor, P or. 127
hiirs. 128 H dhooz, dhii, P dhor. 129 H giiest, P g^st. 130 H b6uvt.
131 H goot. 132 hBt. 133 rtt [used]. 134 eeth, 135 H klSivt, HP kluut.
136 6udhor.
JE' 138 H fwdhor, P fBdhor [but children say (H dad/, P dBdi)]. 139 H
drAT. 140 H h<f««l. 141 H n^, P uIbI. 142 H sn^ml. 143 H tiitd [aa
real], 144 H Bgiiim, P vgiBu. 145 H sWsn. 147 H hrem. 148 H feer.
149 H bl<;ez. 150 H liist. 152 wBtor. 153 sstordt;.
M: 155 thak. 157 H r^nr'n. lo8 nftor. 160 H Bg. 161 H dee, 164
H mee, 165 SAid. 166 H meed. 168 H talB. 169 H whsn. 170 H haarrest.
172 H gras gars. 173 H [(waar) used)], P was [with (s)]. 174 Bsh. 175 H
fast. 178 [(mtdi) Used]. 179 what. 180 [not used). 181 H psth.
JE'- 182 H su. 183 H tutj. 184 H liid. 185 H riid. 186 H briidth,
P bridth. 187 H liiv. 188 H [(nilor) used]. 189 H w«iLkh, P wii. 190
H kii. 191 H hiil. 192 H miin. 193 H kfiin. 194 oni. 195 mont. 196
H oor, P wer. 197 H tiiiz. 199 H bliit [occ. (bleer), but that gen. applies
to cattle]. 200 whiit [(wh) fully heard]. 201 H hiidh'n. 202 H hiit.
JE': 203 sputi. 204 dud. 205 H thriid, P thrid. 206 rad. 207 niidM.
210 H kW. 211 H gree. 215 H toot [and (tut|t)], P t6tft. 216 diil. 217
H iiti. 218 H shiip. 219 H sliip. 222 h^r. 223 dhror. 225 H flnh.
226 H m«fflt, P mlBst. 227 wiit. 228 swiit. 230 H fat.
E- 232 brtk [brak]. 233 H spik [spak]. 235 H wiir. 236 H fiivor.
237 H t|tlblsn. 238 H hEd|. 239 s^. 240 H Ued, P IIbu. 241 reen.
242 H tw^tfu. 243 ^lee, 246 kwiin. 247 H spiinn. 248 miir. 249 wiir.
250 swiir. 251 H miit. 252 H kBt*l. 253 H nst'l. 254 ladhor. 255
wBdor.
£: 257 H Bdj. 258 H ssg. 259 H WBd|. 260 H lee. 261 H sm.
262 wee, 264 H eel. 265 strait. 268 [H oodnst, P aadest]. 270 i. bBlmis,
ii. bBlt. 272 H Blm. 273 H msn. 274 H bsntj. 276 H thiqk. 277 H
dnmti. 278 H WBnt|. 280 ili'v*n. 281 H Innth. 283 mart. 284 thrBsh
[ 2107 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
676 THE NORTH NORTHERN. [D 82.
[B. to berry is most usual, see BroekeitU Glossary]. 285 krss. 286 hafB.
287 boD,2*m [or possibly (bi<,z'm)]r
E'. 289 JB. 290 hi. 291 dhB. 292 iub. 293 wi. 294 H fiid. 295 H
brsd. 296 H biliiv. 298 H fiil. 299 H gnin. 300 H kiip. 301 Mor.
303 H swiit. E': 305 H hii. 306 H hetikjht. 307 net. 308 H niid.
310 H hul. 311 H t£ii. 314 H hUor^ P hortl. 315 H fttt. 316 H ludut,
P nikst.
EA- 317 \Jlay not used except in sense of fr\ghten\ 319 H gliBp. 320
EA: 321 H soo, P saa. 322 H laf. 323 f6wt [ftt'n], [H slight (ku^h)].
324 &^t rn slight (kjht}]. 325 H wook, HP waak. 326 H ood, P aad ad.
327 b6tild. 328 H kood, P kaad kad. 329 H food. 330 H hood, P had.
331 P s6Mld, H [(ssld sBlt)] used. 332 [(H teld, HP tslt) used]. 333 H koof.
334 H hoof for (hoo) in (hoopni) halfpenny], P h^f. 335 H oo [and (aa)], P aal.
336 H foo [and (faal^], P faaJ. 337 H woo [and (waal)], P waal. 340 jeerd.
342 tti-m, 343 waarm. 345 H deer, P daar. 346 H giiBt, P gist.
EA'- 347 hud. 348 ii. 349 H fiu. EA': 350 diid. 351 liid. 352
>iid. 353 bnid. 354 shsf. 355 diif. 356 H liif. 357 H thoo. 359 H
n^ibor, P niibor. 360 H tiim. 361 H biin. 362 H sIm. 363 H tnip.
365 H niir, P [(n^i) used]. 366 H griiBt, P griit. 367 H thriit. 368 duth.
369 H sloo, P slaa. 370 H roo, P raa. 371 H str^^, P straa.
EI- 372 B'i [P ''half a dozen accents and tones according to meaning**].
373 H dh«<;. 374 H n^, P naa. 375 H rtei, 376 H bM. EI: 377 H
stiiBk, P. stlBk. 378 wr^k. 382 H ^^ew,
£0- 383 siy*n. 384 hi?*n. 385 Buiith. 386 j6». 387 H nlu. £0:
381 H milk. 389 H j6uk. 390 H shM,d sw,d. 393 BJont. 396 waark.
397 H suurd, P sword. 398 B staarr, P steerr. 399 H br^t|^kjht. 400
aamest. 402 H laam, P l«vm. 403 H faar. 404 H staar. 405 H hsrth,
P heerth. 406 H jnrth, P earth. 407 faard*n.
£0'- 409 H bu. 411 H thni. 412 shii shB. 413 H dtytl dill, P diiytl.
414 flii. 415 lii. 416 diior. 417 tj6M. 418 bruu. 420 f6uBr. EC:
423 thii. 424 H roe.f. 425 H 16t| kjht, P liit. 426 H f6«Lkjht, P f^it [fit].
427 H bii. 428 H sii. 429 fiind. 430 fnind. 431 biior. 432 f6«iBrth.
433 briist. '434 bfit. 435 jb. 436 truu. 437 tmuth. £T- 438 dii.
EY: 439 H troe.st.
I- 440 H wiik. 441 H siiy. 442 H km. 443 H fr^e. 444 st^.
445 H hii. 446 H n^in. 448 H dhii, P dhor. 449 H gtt. 450 H tiuzde.
451 siu.
I: 454 H witi. 455 \to lay used]. 457 P miit. 458 H n^kjht, P niit.
459 riit [H slight (-kiht)]. 460 H w6iLkjht, P w^it. 461 H Bliit [sUght
(-kjht)]. 462 H s^iLkjht, P siit. 464 H wh»t|. 465 sik. 466 \ha\m used].
468 \httiTn9 used occ.], P tjildor. 471 ttmor. 472 H shriqk. 473 blind.
475 wind. 476 bind. 477 find. 478 grind. 479 woBjUd. 481 fiqor. 484
H dhir. 485 H thris*l. 486 H JEst, P jtst. 487 Jistot'de. 488 Jit.
I'- [instead of (6i) I heard (a'i) or (&H.] 490 b6i [H (uutb^t) at a distance,
(inb^i) near]. 491 s^i. 493 dr^y. 494 t^im. 496 dinm. 498 r6it [H
used generally (a)m rstBu) I*m writing]. I': [instead of (6i) I heard (e'i) or
(&»i).j[ 500 16ik. 501 w6id. 602 f^iy. 503 16if. 504 n^if. 505 w6if.
506 H woBimBU. 507 H woe.moB^n. 508 m^l. 509 whM. 511 w^in. 513
w6ir. 514 6is. 517 Jlu.
0- 520 b6u. 521 fauBl. 522 op*n. 523 hoop. 524 world. 0: 626
H kof . 527 H b6wLkht, P b6iit. 528 H th6//Lkht, P thdwt. 529 H brbwi kht,
P br6/<t. 630 H r6«Lkht, P r6wt. 631 H ddwLkhtor, P d6iitor. 532 k6uBl.
533 dee 1. 534 H hauBl. 536 H g6tid, P g6iild. 537 H mdMld. 638 H
wu.d, P wad. 539 bdwl. 542 H boolt. 545 hop. 647 H buurd. 549 H
hoord. 550 word. 651 H storm. 552 H kom. 553 H horn. 654 H kroe.
0'- 557 tu. 558 H liiBk, P llce.k. 559 P midhor [a chUd says mMnmy,
H P]. 562 H miiBU, P mToe.n. 564 H siiBU, P sloe^n. 565 H noos. 566
H U|dhor.
0': 569 H biiBk, P bToB,k. 570 H tiiBk, P tloe.k. 671 H giiBd, P gTce.d.
672 P blioBid. 573 H flaj.d, Pflwjd. 574 H bruud. 675 H stoe^d, ?i#i. 676
[ 2108 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D32.] THE KORTH NORTHERN. 677
WBdinzde. 677 bun. 678 H pliiBf, P pluu. 679 H raliuf, P TOl<B,f. 680
H tiiBf, P tloBif. 681 H B6tfikht, P 86tit. 682 H kiiBl. 683 H tUBl. 684
H stiiBl, P 8ti«,l. 686 dii, H [also] div. 687 H dliim, P dioBiii. 688 H niiwi.
689 H spiivn, P spice. n. 690 H fluur. 691 H moor. 692 H swor. 693
[(moBjn men mm) nsed]. 694 biiBt bloe.t. 696 H foe.t fit. 696 H roe.t.
697 H siiBt, P sIcBit.
U- 699 H BbiiBn. 600 H 1<b,t, P IIuy. 601 fnul. 602 sun. 603 H
koe.m. 606 H soe.n. 606 duuor. 607 H bce.tor hu^ior. U: 608 H
CB.gli. 609 H foBjl. 610 un. " 611 H boe.lBk [also (stiir, n6«t)]. 612 H
sooim. 613 H drceiok. 614 hnund, H h(B|na [also especially (gr^hceind) grey-
hound]. 616 poB.nd. 616 H grcBiUd, P grM^nd. 617 suund. 618 uund.
619 foe^nd. 620 H groe^nd, P grM^nd. 622 Bnoe ndor. 626 H toe^q. 626
hoe.qor. 628 H noBiU. 629 H scbiU. 631 thorzde. 632 H <Bip M,p. 633
H koBip kM|p. 634 H thrun [occ. thrcDif]. 636 worth. 636 fordhor. 638
H bce.sk. 639 H dce^st.
U'- 640 kuu. 641 hnu. 642 dhuu. 643 nun. 646 H dcBiV. 646 bun.
647 uul [nearly always (d|int huulet) Jenny howlet]. 648 wor. 649 thuuzvn.
662 H kwid. 663 H bce,t bw ,t. U': 664 shruud. 666 fuul. 666 mum.
667 bruun. 668 duun. 669 tuun. 661 shuuor . 662 hoe^z. 663 huus. 664
luus. 666 muus. 667 nut. 668 pruud. 671 muuth. 672 suuth.
Y- 673 H mce ti mce.kM. 674 H did. 676 lii 677 H dr6t. 679 tj0ft|
[H (karkfiild) field next the church]. 680 H bizt. 682 H lit'l. Y: 683
H mi^. 684 H bng. 686 H rig. 686 H b6i. 687 H flei|.kht. 689 biild.
690 H k^ind. 691 H m^ind. 693 H sin. 696 borth. 697 H bsH, P baW.
698 P morth. 699 H r6«t. 700 H wars, P wors. 701 forst. 703 H pit.
704 H vuks'n. Y'- 705 skei. 706 wh6«. 707 thortiin. 708 h4ir.
Y'; 709 fdir. 711 l^is. 712 m^is.
n. English.
A. 724 baald. 726 H sUbI. 733 H skar, P skur. 737 H [occ. (mani)
marrow]. 740 H ireev, E. 744 msz'lz. 746 briidh. 747 inai-vor. 748
H dBga, P fligd. 761 piirt [= bright looking]. I. and Y. 763 H [usually
(kit'l)]. 768 g<wl. 0. 761 H liiBd, P llsd. 762 H m6«dirat. 774
p6imt. 783 H pcejtri, P pM,ltri. 784 buuns. 785 luundj. 786 duus. 787
suns. 790 guim. U. 799 P sklcBil. 803 H [usuaUy (16«P)]. 804 H
drce^k'n. 806 kroe^dz. 807 H pce^s, P pw^s. 808 H pce|t pu^t, P pM^t.
m. EoKAKCB.
A.. 809 jbVI. 810 H fiiBS, P flBS. 811 H pliiBS. 812 H liiBS. 816
faks. 816 H fiiBd, P ftsd. 817 rBdish. 824 P tpir. 828 H eegi. 832
ndior. 838 P trst. 840 H tjambor tiamor, P t|Bmor. 843 H bnm^. 846
H tf^nshBU. 846 H tiaauBlor. 847 H daand^or [so also (aandpl) angel].
863 P beergtn. 864 P barl. 866 peert. 857 H kiiBS. 869 H tjliBS. 860
H piiBst, P plEst. 861 H tliBst, P tiEst. 862 H stiBf, P stsf. 863 t|af. 864
H bikoo-z, P bika-z. 865 H fooBt, P fait. 866 H ptior.
E-. 874 H rem. 878 salBri. 879 P fBm'l. 883 dandtl6tBn. 884 P
prsntis. 887 klard^t. 888 sart/n. 892 ubti. 893 flauor.
I .. andY .. 897 H dil6ii,kjht. 898 H n6ts. 906 H yetpor. 907 H tf^.
908 H adyets. 910 H dpist, P di6«st. 912 H riia.
0" 921 BktTBnt. 922 H bceish'l. 928 nuns. 929 kdukmnor. 932
vmuunt. 934 buunti. 941 H fiiBl, P floeil. 942 H bce.tjor. 944 bIuu. 946
Yuu. 948 H buul. 949 H muuld, P m6u\d f? confusion with 637]. 962
kiiuors. 964 H koe
949 H muuld, P mbuld [? confusion with 637].
!^8h*n. 966 duut. JJ " 969 siior.
[ 2109 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
678 THE NORTH NOKTHEBN. [D 32.
Vae. V, Wabkwobth (5 se. Alnwick), N'b., c\rl.
representine m.Nb. from Morpeth to Alnwick ; from a wl. written 1877 in
io. by Mr. Th. D. Ridley, of Coutham, Redcar, native of Warkworth, and
fne over vivfi voce with AJE. in 1879 and 1887, whence it was pal.
am not quite sure whether some of the sounds marked (it, uu, Uj]
should not be (»\i, UjU, asi) ; those marked in this latter way are,
however, correct.
Xotf, — (a*)m a*)z) are both common, but the first is rather educated, after
a plural pronoun the pi. form of the verb is used, but after a pi. noun
the sg, as ** the men is come, they are come."
R A few words marked R were pal. viv& voce by AJE. firom John Ramsay,
a labourer at Rothbury, and belong to the same variety.
The (a*, a) here correspond to JGG.'s (a, aj respectively.
I. Wessex and Noese.
A- 3 b/sk. 4 t/Bk. 5 mtsk. 6 mtsd. 7 Rtsk. 8 hsv, hB fmore
commonly]. 9 hiheey. 10 haa'. 11 maa^ 12 saa^ 13 naa^ 14 draa^
15 aa^ 16 daa^n. 17 laa>. 18 kisk. 19 t/sl. 20 ItBm. 21 ntKm. 22
ttBm. 23 stEm. 24 shsm. 25 mtsn. 27 u/bv. 28 heer. 33 reedhw. 34
la St. 35 aa'l. 36 ih6u, 37 klaa^
A: 39 ka^m. 40 ktsm [(klivm) at Hexham)]. 43 ha%d. 44 la^nd. 46
ka^n*l, ka'nd'l. 47 wa^ndnr. 50 tiBqz. 51 ma'n. 54 wa^nt. 55 a's. 56
WBsh. 57 a*s.
A: or 0: 58 from, fre. 59 la^m. 60 la^q. 61 tnna'q. 62 stra'q. 63
thra'q. 64 ra'q [(w*ra'q), heard years ago, in w.Nb. not in Warkworth].
65 saq. 66 thoq.
A'- 67 gan [going, R (g6oBn)]. 69 noo. 70 ti». 71 wii. 72 whii.
73 sit. 74 twit. 76 tt'sd. 77 lMi«rd [(leerdj small landed proprietor]. 78
aa^ r(6tni) to own, possess]. 79 a'n. 80 naUidv. 81 lonvn. 83 moon
[evidently a modem form for (m/Eu)]. 84 meer. 85 seer. 86 jst, oots. 87
kleeuz. 88 klttd. 89 b/Bth. 90 bhi» [(bliiiu) pt.] 91 ma« [(mi>d) pt.].
92 na^ [(niu) pt.]. 93 sna^ [(sniu) not so common as (sni^id) snowed]. 94
kf^'. 95 thra^ 96 soo. 97 s6t<]. 98 n^^n. 99 thr^>n. 100 B&>n.
A': 101 JEk, ook. 102 a>ks, a^sk. l04 rood, R r6owi. 105 rid. 106
brood. 107 Itnf, loof. 108 dij,u. 109 laa^. 110 i. ndvt, ii. not. Ill 6i/t.
113 hiBl. 115 h/sm, hw^m. 118 biEU. 121 g/Bn. 122 i. n/Bn, ii. ntt.
124 stiBU. 126 oor. 127 hivrs. 128 [(dhor) used}. 129 gBst. 130 boot.
131 goot. 132 hBt. 133 root. 134 ooth. 136 6t«dhBr.
JE- 138 faa^dhsr, ff^dli^r. 139 dree. 140 heel. 141 neel. 142 sneel.
143 teel. 144 ngcEn. 145 sleen« 146 meen. 147 breen. 148 feer. 149
blitz. 150 liist. 152 waa'tBr, weeiisr.
JB: 155 tha>k. 157 reev'n. 158 sftsr [no dental Ttr)]. 160 Bg. 161
dee. 163 lee. 164 mee. 165 seed. 167 d/sl, R deel [wh. Mr. R. said is
not used]. 168 taU«. 170 harvtst. 171 barli. 172 ga'rs [(r) distiuct].
173 wa»s. 174 Esh. 175 fa'st. 178 na»t. 179 waH. 180 baHh. 181 pstii.
M'- 182 Bit. 183 ttitj. 184 Itid. 185 riid. 186 brttth. 187 Itiv.
188 [(nikBr) used. 189 wit ws'i. 190 kii. 191 hiil. 192 mitn. 193 kl#in.
194 oni. 195 moni. 196 weer [(wa z> gen. used for pi.]. 197 t}itz. 199
bliit. 200 whiit. 201 hiidh^n. 202 hiit.
M: 203 spittj. 204 diid. 205 thriid. 206 rsd. 207 niid'l. 210 Uee,
211 gree, 216 ditl. 217 [not used]. 218 shtip. 219 ship. 221 ftir. 222
heer. 223 dheer. 224 wheer. 225 flBsh. 226 mtBst. 227 wst. 228 swBt.
229 britth. 230 faH.
E- 232 brik [(broe.k, broe k'n) broke, broken]. 233 sptik. 234 ntid.
235 wiiv. 236 fiivor. 237 bleen. 238 hsdj. 239 seel. 241 reen. 242
ttt-een. 243 plee. 246 kwiin. 247 wiin [but (spivn) is more used, and
[ 2110 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D32.] THE NORTH NORTHBRN. 679
always for lambs]. 248 meer. 249 weer. 250 Bweer. 251 miit. 252 ksi*!.
253 iiBt*l. 254 iBdhsr. 255 wsdhBr.
£: 257 Bd^. 259 WBd|. 260 lee. 261 see. 262 wee. 26 1 eel. 265
stnt'it. 268 sldest [occ. both forms used]. 270 i. bslBsez, ii. bBli. 272 Blm.
273 mBO. 274 bBnti. 275 stBiit|. 276 tbBqk. 277 drvat}. 278 WBnti.
280 BltiY'n. 281 iBnth. 2M2 stnsnth. 283 ma>rt [the refined sound is (moH)J.
284 thrBsh. 285 kra^s ka^rs. 286 ha^re. 287 bu.z'm. 288 iBt.
£'- 289 j/ii. 290 hiji. 291 dhi,i. 293 w/|i. 296 b/ltiiv. 298 ft il.
299 gT«,in. 300 kiVp. 301 htir. 302 mt.it. 304 [(klok) always used).
£': 305 h/,i. 306 bB'tt. 307 n&t. 308 ntjid. 309 sp/^id. 310 hifl,
311 tBn. 312 hitr. 314 hkrd, 315 ft it. 316 UBkst.
£A. 317 [(flee) to frighten only]. 319 g/Bp. 320 keer. £A: 321 sa^
322 la'f. 323 f6wt. 324 B'tt. 325 wa^k. 326 a>d, oold. 327 b^uld. 328
ka'd, R k6iild. 330 ha'd, R 6uld. 331 [(sBld) used]. 332 [(tsld) used]. 333
ka>f. 334 half. 335 aU, aaS R aal. 336 faU faa>. 337 wa>l waa^. 340
jard. 342 eerm. 343 WArm. 345 dar. 346 glBt, JBt, R geevt.
£A'. 347 htid. 348 &t. 349 fiu. £V: 350 d/id. 351 Itid. 352
rttd. 353 brtid. 355 dttf. 356 Ittf. 357 dhoo. 359 nB'tbvr. 360 turn.
361 bttn. 363 tjttp. 366 mtt, R gr^t. 367 thrttt. 368 dttth. 369 slaa^.
370 raa>. 371 straa^ £1- 372 B't. 373 dhee. 374 nee. 375 reez.
376 beet. £1: 377 stiBk. 378 week. 379 heel. 382 dheer.
£0- 383 stY^n. 384 htv'n. 385 binudh. 386 j6u. 387 niu. £0:
388 mtlk. 389 jook. 390 shw^d. 393 bsjont. 396 w&rk. 397 sword [occ.].
398 Bikrv. 399 brs'it. 401 Ernest. 402 \km, Uom, 403 fkr. 404 st&r.
405 harth. 406 kHh. 407 f&rd'n. 408 niu, £()'- 409 b/,i. 411 thri,.
412 sh/,i. 413 dt7*l, dttyU. 414 flti. 415 Hi. 416 dttr. 417 t}6u. 420
f6i#r. 421 f6rtt. £0': 423 th/,i. 424 rmX 425 Is'tt. 426 fB'tt. 427
b/,i. 428 s/,i. 430 fnnd. 431 bttr. 432 fdwrth. 433 bntst. 434 bst.
435 jA.u. 436 trtt*. 437 tr«th, trawBth. EY- 438 d/^i. EY: 439
troBjSt.
I- 440 wtjk. 441 sttV. 442 &tytn. 443 frB'tdv. 444 stB'tl. 446 UB'tn.
448 [(dhor) used, for both thfM and those^, 449 gBt. 450 tiuzdv. 451 slu
[and (soo), the last probably modem]. I: 452 ki [but generally (k^)]. 454
wit|. 457 mB'it. 458 UB'tt. 459 rttt. 460 WB'tt. 462 SB'tt. 464 whitj.
465 sBk. 466 tp'tld. 467 WB'ild. 468 titldBr [and (tjtldnm)]. 471 ttmvr.
472 shrtqk. 473 blind. 475 wind. 476 bind.' 477 find. 478 grind. 479
w&ind. 481 fiqsr. 484 dhis. 485 this'l. 486 JBst. 487 JistvrdB. 488
Jit. r- 490 bB'i. 491 slti. 493 dr&iv. 494 te'im. 496 B'irBU. 497
Br&iz. 498 rB'tt. I': 600 U'ik. 601 WB'id. 502 f&ir. 503 iB'if. 504
UB'if. 505 wB'if. 506 Wtf,mBn. 607 wu,mBn [sg. and pi. alike]. 508 ms'tl.
509 whBil. 511 wB'tn. 513 wB'tr. 614 B'is. 515 w&»z. 516 wizdBm.
0- 620 b6u. 521 fool. 522 opBU. 523 hoop. 524 world. 0: 526
kof. 627 b6t«t. 528 ih6tft. 629 br6wt. 530 f:6t<t. 531 d6idvr. 532 kool,
ktrol. 533 doe^l. 534 hool. 536 gowld, guuld. 537 mdwld. 538 wu d.
539 b6ttl. 540 hobn. 542 b6Mlt. 545 hop. 548 ford. 550 word. 551
storm. 652 kom. .653 horn. 554 kros. 0'- 565 sht<|U. 567 tt<,u.
558 Ifuk. 559 moe.dhBr. 561 blM.m. 562 miun. 564 siun. 565 nooz.
566 f«,dhBr. 0': 669 bSuk. 670 tiuk. 671 gu.d. 572 blii.d. 673 fl^.d.
574 bru.d. 575 stM.d. 579 vnce f. 580 tce.f. 681 s6t<t. 582 kiul. 584 stiul
r(sti«l) in Hexham)]. 585 brN.m. 686 dM,u. 587 dlun. 589 spiun. 590
floor. 591 moor. 592 swoor. 593 [(mw^n) used]. 594 biut. 596 fw^t. 596
r<B,t. 597 su.t.
U- 599 BbM|T. 601 ftt.ul. 602 siitiU. 606 s«e,n. 606 door. 607 bM,tBr.
U: 608 Ge,gli. 609 foBil. 610 wul. 611 bee. Ink. 612 8u,m. 613 dro^iqk.
614 hwiud. 615 puiud. 616 grtfjud. 617 suiud. 618 t«,nd. 619 fw^nd.
620 ffrt#|nd. 622 ceiudsr. 625 ti^jq. 626 hwiqvr. 628 noDiU. 629 soe.n.
631 dhorzdB. 632 oe^p. 633 koe,p. 634 thrtf,u. 635 worth. 636 fordhsr.
637 tn^sk. 638 bi«,sk. 639 dw^st.
XT'- 640 ki«)U, [R (kuuz kouz), probably (ku.uz)]. 641 h^iU. 642 dhM.u.
613 nef|U. 646 btf|tt. 647 hdjlet. 648 wor [both accented and unaccented].
649 thuuzind, R th6t<ZBn. 652 ku d. 653 bMit.
[ 2111 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
680 THE KORTH KORTHEKN. [D 32.
XT': 664 shnrad. 655 faul. 656 tannn. 657 brmm. 658 d6,un dN,n.
659 t^iun twiQ. 660 biijur. 661 Bhii,nr. 662 UjZ. 663 hu^s. 665 rnuus.
666 hMizbBod. 667 uut, R M^ut. 668 pruud. 669 [(oeinkvt used]. 671
muuth. 672 siiuth.
T- 673 iDoe,t| mu^ij, R mce|k*l. 674 did. 675 drfci. 676 li,i. 678 dtn.
679 tjorti. 680 btzi. 682 IttU. Y: 683 mid;. 684 brtg brtd;. 685
rig [gen. J. 686 hki. 687 flE'it. 689 biild. 690 ks'tud. 691 mx'md. 693
Bin. 694 WHrk. 696 borth. 697 ba'rt. 698 morth. 699 ns'tt. 700 wars.
701 forst. 703 pit. Y'- 705 sks'i, R ska'i. 706 WB'i. 707 thortiin.
708 ha'ir. Y': 709 fs'ir. 711 Is'ts. 712 mB'ia.
n. English.
A. 716 eed»l. 724 baUd. 737 nwft. 740 weer. E. 744 mm'k.
746 briidh. 747 indiv«r. 748 fligd. 751 piirt. I. and Y. 768 gori
[gen. (la's)]. 0. 761 liad lood. 709 [(m6«dtraH) used]. 772 boonfB»tr.
774 p6imt. 784 bnuns. 787 suus. 789 rtu, 790 guun.
m. Romance.
A- 809 JBb'l. 810 ft'ES. 812 liss. 814 mfEs'n. 817 radish. 818
jed|. 843 brEntj. 846 tjanlBr. 854 barl. 856 peert. 860 piEst. 861
t/£st. 864 bika>8. 865 faUt. £>• 867 t/ji. 874 ninz [always in pi.].
879 iiimvL 884 prsntis. 887 klaixlji. 888 sas-tin. 892 neTi. 893 fl»,nr.
I- and Y" 898 ns'is. 901 fs'in. 902 ms'tn. 903 ds'tn. 904 T&ilst.
906 VB'ipBr. 908 aMTB'ts. 910 d^ist. 912 ra'is. 0- 921 vkt/?Ent. 922
bishBl. 926 sp6il. 928 unns. 929 kw,uk{iimbBr. 930 lnand|. 932 vmnont.
934 biranti. 935 kuuutri. 942 fiul. 944 vli^. 945 vtt,ii. 947 b6tl. 948
buul. 952 i. kuurs. 955 duut [?(d/iiUt)]. U- 960 kit. 965 6il.
[ 2112 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Introd.] THB lowland DIVISION. 681
yi.
THE LOWLAND DIVISION OP ENGLISH
DIALECT DISTRICTS, BEING CHIEFLY
THOSE LYING IN SCOTLAND.
The Lowland Dialects are commonly called Scotch, because they
are spoken in a country which has acquired the name of Scotland,
from the Scots, an Irish Ghielic tribe which gradually acquired
the ascendancy. In the Highlands, as the Celtic Border shews
^suprd p. 14], Gaelic is still spoken ; but in the Lowlands, English
imported from England is the sole speech, and it was called Inglis
up to the time of Barbour 1513. Dr. Murray {Dialect of the
Southern Counties of Scotland, 1873, henceforth cited as DSS),
p. 50, says : '' The tongues of the Highlands and Lowlands were
distinguished down to the sirth century as Scottish and English
— during the xvth century as Yrisch or Ersch and English — and
during the XYith century by some as Ersch and Inglisch; by
others probably as Ersch and Scots." But although a mere off-
shoot of the language of Northymbria, which had its domain in
e.Yo. and Nb., the language at the present day is remarkably
different in pronunciation and intonation from that spoken s. of
the L. line 10 (p. 21), so that even an educated Lowlander, who
thinks he speaks English only, and certainly does not speak dialect,
is as a general rule instantly detected among Southrons. As there-
fore I have, for convenience, denominated the first five Divisions S.,
W., E., M., N. English, as spoken in England, I call the present L.
or Lowland, that is, English as spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland.
Of the intonation, with a rising inflection at the end of affirma-
tive sentences, and a remarkable sing-song, I am, as usual,' unable
to give any proper explanation, and hence I pass it over. As to
the pronunciation, of which details follow, the general characters
are U—(a) and some (sam) ; TJ'—(uu) quite pure with no tendency
towards (^u), the change in Cu. being quite sharp and sudden ;
vowels generally of medial length, and when prolonged much
longer t£an in England, with little or no tendency to fractures;
a sbx>ngly trilled tip-tongue r, even when not preceding a vowel,
forming a most marked feature even in educated speech; and
a constant use of (kh), sometimes in the forms (kjh, ktrh). ' These
are however only some of the most marked features, which dis-
tinguish the L. £rom the other five divisions.
There are four distinct groups of pronunciation, SL.« South
Lowland in D 33, ML. = Mid Lowland in D 34 to 37, NL.-
North Lowland in D 38 to 40, and IL. •" Insular Lowland in
[ 2l« ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
682 TUB LOWLAND DIVISIOK. [IimtOD.
D 41, 42. The first is the subject of Dr. Hurray's hook, which
furnishes mere indicatioiis of the next two, hut not of the last. It
must be remembered that I have taken all I possibly could from
Dr. Murray's treatise, without which, and his personal kind
assistance, I could not have attempted to give an account of L.
My original intention was merely to supplement Dr. Murray's
account of the other dialect districts by a few illustrations. I
have been able to accomplish a little more than this, and to
introduce the Orkneys and Shetlands, D 41, 42, which Dr. M. had
omitted. But the supplementary character of my illustrations
remains. With a very slight exception I have adopted Dr.
Murray's Districts, merely changing their names and numbering
them in sequence to my dialect districts in England, and this at
once marks the subordination of this part of my work to Dr.
Murray's. Taking his bounding lines, I had no occasion to examine
changes of pron. with such care as in England, nor, as a general
rule, to enter upon a consideration of varieties. I hope that this
may be accomplished by some well-qualified Lowlander, taking
Dr. Murray, who is now absorbed by his New English Dictionary,
as dux et auspex.
In order to obtain a bird's-eye view of the various L. pronuncia-
tions, and their difference from English, I place first eight inter-
linear comparative specimens, from different parts of Scotiand, and
Shetland, and five versions of the first chapter of Kuth, the first
three of these being taken from Dr. Murray, the other two from
the English M. and S. Div. in Cheshire, D 25, and West Somerset,
D 10. These illustrate all the districts except D 37 and 41, and
hence shew the nature of their difference from each other and the
forms used in England in a most striking manner.
Eight Inteelineab cs.
1. D 33, y i, BewcastU (16 ne. Carlisle, Cu.) to LongUncn (8 n.Carliale,
Cu.V Thin specimen was pal. by J6G. from the diet, of Mr. Sinclair, of
Keilder, Nb. He resided in the Bewcastle district for the first 20 years of his
life, and then 10 years in n.Tynedale. He sajs this mode of speeeh extends sw.
to Longtown, but that se. of a line nearly passing through fiewcastle the dialect
is somewhat different. He considers the Brampton dialect ^D 32, Y i) different.
The Rey. R. D. Hope gaye me a Longtown cs. in io., ana where tius spelling
seems to confirm or oppose this yersion, attention is drawn to the fact in the notes.
2. D 33, V ii, Eatcick, pal. by Dr. Mnrray from personal knowledge, about
1875-6. To this he subjoined the following important note, here pl^ed &8t,
with remarks of my own between f ]. The consideration of these pcnnts
belongs to D 33, V ii, in especial, wnere the yowel system will be more fully
considered.
"1. All the short yowels [that is, the yowels written as short] are meduU in
quantity, [hence they haye, in this example only, been printed with the graye
accent].
<*2. ^Vliat I haye marked (w) seems to be really (o) with the lip closure for
(u), [that is, (ou), for which I haye here, as usual, written («,)].
** 3. As to t I am not satisfied yet ; it is something between (i, e\ an attempt
to say {e) in the (i) position or to say (i) in the (*) position, but tne former by
preference, [hence I haye written fiti, tj)].
** 4. All the {ee) are Amt, tending towards (n), query (m*)? [Tbeae I haye
[ 2114 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Imtsod.] the lowland DIVISION. 683
written {<fei), and they maj be (ee), at any rate an Englishman will hardly get
nearer].
-^*6. All the (e) in accented syllables are At^A, tending towards (i), query (^')?
[These are written (e*).]
*' 6. I cannot distinguish unaccented (e, 9), and so have made all (e), it seemed
to me on the whole better, but I have written (9, «) over those that are specially
obscure.*' [I should prefer using («) in all these cases, but as in the Teyiotdale
sentences, see D 33, (e) was used, and as Dr. Murray rery rarely superscribed (v),
I have adopted (9) throughout all the last 7 of these 8 cs., without at all implying
that I heard (e) as distinct from (v), for in unaccented syllables this would be
difficult and uncertain, but the sound was clearly not (e) to southern ears. The
other special signs apply only to No. 2.1
3. D 34, Edinburgh f pal. by Dr. A. H. Murray from the dictation of his
sister-in-law, Mrs. Charles A. Murray, native. Dr. Murray notes :
**1. (etf 00) are- very hi^h [hence I have used (**, oMj. There is a great
difference between Teviotdale (de^s) and Lothian (d^j [for which I write
(de^i, dee^) respectively].
** (b) is also high= (v) [for which then I write (#1) as higher than (b)]. till
is almost (t^l), but very unlike (tel) as distinctly non-wide [I write (t^jl) as
distinct from (tel)].
'* 3. I take Melville Bell's authority for a in twaa, blaa, etc., being (aa), for
myself I am not clear about it."
The difficulty Dr. Murray has felt in giving D 34, which is usually considered
typical of Lowland Scotch, shews how much remained to be done in the minute
analysis of L. pron. beyond D 33.
4. D 36, Stranraer, Wg., pal. in 1874 by AJE. from the diet, of Messrs.
Boyd of Stranraer, Armstrong from near DumMes, and Caddow from near to
Kirkcudbright. As this was taken at an early period of my investigations, and
by a Southron, and was also written rapidly, tne Wick version, No. 7, having
been taken down the same evening, and as I had no opportunity for revision, I am
afraid it cannot be relied upon for very fine distinctions. The three gentlemen
were collected by the £ev. R. Macbeth at Hammersmith, and the dictation was
1'oint, each approving or sun^ting differences, but the agreement was very close,
transcribe my notes litenuly without attempting to improve them conjecturally.
6. D 38, Arbroathy Fo. This was written in io. by Mr. W. J. Anderson
of Arbroath, acquainted with the dialect firom childhood, from which it was pal.
b^ Dr. Murray, with considerable difficulty, as he was not personally acquainted
with the pron.
6. D 39, Keith (.kith), Ba., written in Oct. 1873 by Rev. Walter Oregor,
of Pitsligo (:pttslii*go) (34 ne.Keith, 5 wsw. Fraserburgh, Ah.), native of
Keith, and at that time 14 years at Pitsligo, author of the Ba^fahire Glo9$ary ;
pal. horn io. by Dr. Murray in 1876, and corrected by a cwl. pal. by A J 12. in
Feb. 1878 from Mr. W. Gregor's diet., which will be given under D 39. See
also Buchan in the translations of Ruth chap. i. immediately following.
7. D 40, Wick, Cs., pal. in Feb. 1874 by AJE. from the dictation of
Mr. A. Meildejohn, who was 30 before he left Cs., Rev. J. Sinclair, who lived
there till he was 20, and has been there since, and Rev. R. Macbeth of Wick,
then at Hammersmith, who collected the others, and also those that gave me
the Stranraer version, No. 4. In consequence of my taking down two cs. in
one evening, I was rather hurried, and as it was also an early attempt, some
of the finer shades probably escaped me.
8. D 42, Dunronnees, Sd. This parish, about 20 s-by-w. of Lerwick,
includes Cunningsburg, Sandwick, and Fair Isle. This version waa written io.
in Nov. 1877 by Ro^rt Cogle, an intelligent fisherman of Cunningsburg, Sd.,
from whom it was procured by Mr. W. C. Smith, advocate, Edinburgh. Although
it was carefully yrritten, and although RC. was kind enough to answer numerous
questions, I should not have been able to make use of it, had not Miss A. B.
Malcolmson, of Lerwick, Sd., a friend of Mr. Laurenson, of whom more under
D 42, carefully read it to me, with other specimens, in Oct. 1878, and allowed
me to pal. it from her dictation.
%* The notes to the eight ea. follow them immediately.
[ 2116 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
684
THE LOWLAND DIATESION.
[Iktaod.
0. 1 Beweastle, D 38, V i, pp. 682, 693
2 Rawick, D 33, V ii, pp. 682, 694.
3 Edinburgh, D 34, pp. 683, 695.
4 Stranraer, D 36, pp. 683, 696.
6 Arbroath, D 38, pp. 683, 695.
6 ^Teithy D 39, pp. 683, 695.
7 JFick, D 42, pp. 683, 696.
8 Dunro8snes8, D 42, pp. 683, 696.
I ktrhot for :d^ifan
twhdt foor :djMi'n
dhy wee^ at rdjo'k
huu tt iz :d^on
fat wisLt
whet
wha'»
idjon
rtjon
:dj6ni
1 hEz ni duts.
2 bez ntV duts.
3 hyz nee^ dut.
4 haz nee duuts.
5
6 byz nee duts.
7 bez nil duuts.
8 bEz nEE duts.
1. 1 win, M^tbe^r
Kuu vn b«im mB
bif'iE'tb laktrb ct dbt'is
2 wU, nibar,
ja'u an b^m me
btjtb kkf^b at dber
3 wil, niber.
juu 'n b^m m^
b^^^tb laakb a't ma^
4 wil, nibar.
juu an bim me
beetb lakb at dbar
5 wil, nibar.
JUU an bam me
b^^b laakb at dbes
6 wil, nipar.
JUU an bee*m my
betb lakb at dbes
7 wil, nibar,
jii an bii m^
beetb lakb at dbes
8 wiil, boi.
du an bii ma
bEEtb Ijakb at das
1 niuuz « mE'fii
I, ikwbu keerz?
,. WbtVj' keeirz ?
dbait)s nojidbe^r biie^r
2 n^'uz 9 miiia
db&t)s n^idbar biir
3 niuuz.
wbA.A ktf^rz ?
dbat)s n^i^dbar biir
4 niuuz a mein.
wboa keerz ?
dbat^s nedbar biir
dbat)s n^tfdbar biir
5 nuuz, a ma'iD
. iaa keerz ?
6 niuuz a mein.
faa kfwz ?
et)s ntf«ibar biir
7 niuuz 0 mainz. faa kjee'rz!
P at;8 nedbar biir
8 niuz
wba keerz ?
dat)s nedar biir
1 ws dbiie°r.
2 nar db«i'r.
3 nar db^tf*r.
4 nar dbeer.
5 nar dbwr.
6 nar db^^.
7 na eer.
8 or deer.
1 dbB fiu fut<|k dE'tz wa beian laktrbt ajt wb
2 dbar)z f^'u ftii'k deiz kaz dbe)r bku^b'n at wei
3 noo^ m<mf fa'uk diiz bika^z db^)r laakbt a*t, wi
4 fiu men dii bikA'z dbee)r lakbt at, wi
ffau mEn diiz bikaz dbtf)r laakbt aH, wi
f la'u m^ diiz far bii'n lakbt yt, wy
fYdu men dii koz dbee)r lakbt at, wi
fiu men diiz bika^z da)r Ijakbt a% wi
[ 2116 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IlTTROD.]
THB LOWLAND DIVISION.
685
1 k£n dhait diiT)'iit wq? |ktt;hat)s tB mSi'iEk
2 kse'ii, d^v)*n wei? kw}idt)B U g^)
8 AA ktfin diha^ J* k^in.
4 km, doo)iit wi?
5 k£n, de)na wi?
6 k«i, de)ny wy?
7 ken, dtjne wi?
8 ken, dcB)n8 wi?
kwhvt shad mak
wbat)l maak
fat sad mak
fat far sad
fat shed mak
what sad mak
1 dhwn dBfii? ft)8
not vaire
lE'iklt'i ft2)t nii?
2 dhem? et)s
noo vaera
U»kH ^8)t?
3 dhym? et)s
noo^ YeiTt
la'iklt e*8)t?
4 dham? et)8
noo vera
leikU e8)t?
5 dham? et)s
noo vETd
lakl» e8)t?
6 dhy? et)8
nee vEra
leikW e»s)t?
7 am? hi?»d)z
noo vera
l^ikl* e'z)d?
8 dam? it)8
no veri
lEfcli f2)at?
3. 1 a'uzeive°r dhb'jBz
B)dhB fuiks B)dhB kii'iEs, stV
dlB8t
2 hE'u8ame*var, dher)z
dha fdks a dha kiVs, sii'i
' dp'sf
3 huuziVar, hiir)z
dhy fdks a dha k^^^s, see
djyst
4 huue-var, dhat)8
faks a dhe kees, see
1 d^t
5 huuzame-yar, dhar)z
dha faks a* dha kes. Bee
djyst
6 nuu dhtf*8)yz dhy faks a dhy ktfs. Bee
difst
djest
7 fuu)an)evar, ez)e^z
^ faks 0 ^ kees, so
8 whfdar a no, das es
da faks o da kEs, see
1
1 hajd Jt\r noiz,
frEn,
vn bi'i kwaiBt
t.-,i
2 hdd ir blae'dhar,
frind,
an kaa kaani
ktohol
3 had Jtr gab,
my m4n.
an bi ktp&i at
t'l
4 had jar whisht,
frin.
an bi ktreit
ta
5 had jar ndiz,
frind.
an bi kwii-Qt
t'l
6 had JEr d|aa.
frin,
yn bi kw?e;at
tal
7 had wr taq,
frin,
an bi kt^eit
fel
8 hE'd dt nois,
boi,
an bi wha'iat
ti.l
1 a)z dyyin.
2 aa)m d^n wa ma 8t«i*ri.
hiir)i dhen!
3 a*)m dyn.
whysh't an Us'n !
4 a)d di'in.
hiir ta dhes, Its'n
9 wii!
6 a*)m dyn.
hark'n!
6 aa» he diin.
hark'n !
7 a)v din.
husht!
8 a)m dyjn.
las»n [whfsht].
1 a)z
2 aa)m
3 aa)m
4 a)m
5 aa)m
6 dai)m
7 a)m
8 a)m
sdrt'n
s^r
shyyr
shy'unr
sErt'n
shuur
shuur
shp^r
at
a hErd
a hdrd
a^ hard
a hard
a^ hard
a' hard
a hard
a hErd
dhvm
dhem
dhym
dhem
dham
dhym
am
dam
Bee,
Beeu
8^tf**n,
see —
see —
see —
see —
swan-
sam
sam
sam
sam
sam
sam
sam
dhB
dhiiV
dhnn
dhee
dhee
dhes
e»
dat
[ 2117 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
686
THK LOWLAND DIVISION.
[IXTROD.
vaeFja
fKi'k
fook
fa'uk
fa'uk
fouk
fok
et
at
what
9t
yt
at
et
gii'd thra'u
gid
giid
gid
thrau
thmu
thmu
thra'u
thra'u
tru
dh«
dha
dha
dhf
dha
dhy
e'
da
hit'iEl oii)t
hle^l theq
h0<f>l
heel
heel
h<Ml
heel
theq
thiq
theq
theq
in^tar
whool thi*,q
1 frB dh« fee^ret dharsKl'z — lit
dfid)B,
2 thre dha ftr8t)oo)d dher sas'lz — at
d^M)a,
3 dharseilz te dha f^rst)oo)t — sesei
de»d)a',
4 free dha ferst dhersriz — dhat
dtd)a,
5 fre dha ferst dhamsElz — dhat
ded)aS
6 fe dhy ferst dhymsKlz — a*t
a ded,
7 fee e"
fersht dhamsElz — at
did)a,
8 fEB da fkrst damsElz — -d^t
did d'f,
1 will Bniuku^h.
2 s^CT an^ktrh.
3 shyyr anlakh.
4 shy'uur aniukh.
5 set aniukh.
6 shuur inCukh.
7 seef anfokh.
8 SEE'f anfokh.
5. 1 Bt dht'i ja'qBst
sa'n
hi'iZSEr, B gret buid
B
2 at dha jsqest
san
ez-sae'l, a mak'l k&lant a
3 at dha jaqyst
Ban
hyzseil, a* mak'l lAdi
0
4 dhat dha jaqcst
sau
himsEl, a beg boi
e
5 at dha jaqast
san
hamsEl, a mak'l lodhi
0
6 yt dhy jaqyst
s^n
hyms^l, a mak'l lun
a
7 at ^ Jaqest
8^
htmsEl, a greet boi
a
8 at da jaqest
boi
htmsEl, a mak'l shiild
abuut
1 DE'in iie°rz aal,
kEnt)fiZ fEEdhe^rz vois Bt
tsnsy
2 n^iin ir aald
ksend
ez ftf*dharz taq at
j^ns,
3 na'tn jir aaM,
k^int
yz ftf'dharz va'is a't
j^ns,
4 n^in,
kEnt
his fadhars taq at
Jens,
5 na'tn,
kFnt
az fadharz werd a't
ens,
6 n^in
kmt)8
fadharz ward a^t
fns,
7 nain,
kent
iz feedharz wdis at
^s,
8 na4n
kEnt
his feedharz vois at
wans,
1 fe^r aa t)wBz)8B
2 for aa et waz
3 far AA et wyz
4 thoo et waz
5 thoo
6 thoo
7 thoo
8 altoo
et wyz
et wyz
t)wez
it waz
kMdir tm
s»\ ktidir an
se{ VwuT 'n
se ktriir an
Be 'kunir 'n
see ktriir yn
sa ktriir on
see whiir on
[ 2118 ]
sktriikBn, Bn)a)wBd
sktraeseki, an aa wad
sktriikf, an a^ wad
sktrilen, an a wad
sktriik'n, an ii wad
8kM7iik'n, yn a wyd
skw^ii-kBn, an a wad
skarlan, an a wtjd
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Intbod.]
THE LOWLAND DIVISIOK.
687
1 tra'8t)tiin
2 U^p'n h^4n
3 trast
4 trast
5 trast
6 tiast
7 ^t^rast
8 tiast
hem
ham
htf'm
Mm
htm
to splk dhB trji'th oni d^, &\
ia spik dh9 tiv'th oni d^^i, ot
te W dha try'th oni dee, aeae',
ta tel dhe tr^th oni dee, did,
t'l spik dho truth oni d^, 6a«
ty 8p6ik dhy trouth oni dee, i&i
ta speek e^ tra'uth oni dee, &i,
tu spsk da tiv^th oni dee, *dat
1 a 'wfld.
2 wU w«Ui)a.
3 wdd)a>.
4 wt<d)a.
5 wad)a^
6 wad)a*.
7 at a wad.
8 iH wt'id.
6.
1 «n
2 en
3 an
4 an
5 an
6 yn
7 an
8 an
dh«
dha
dha
dhi
dha
dhy
e^
da
aal
aald
AAld
al
aald
aal
aald
wumon
w6iif
wa'if
w6if
waman
aman
gtd wdif
w4Hf
he**r8El* wal tsl on»i o.)jb
hersael '1 taB'l)i, oni o)i
hars^il yl t^jl oni o'juu
wal tsl
'1 tEl
'1 t^l
al tEl
harsEl
harsEl
hyrsEl
harsEl
hersEl
oni o)i
oni a)ja
oni y Ji
oni o)ii
al tEl juu or oni o
jenz
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 JUU
vt lakt^hs
at loaku^hs
aH)8 laakh'n
dhat lakh
aH laakhs
yt lakhs
at lakh
at Ijaakhs
na'ti, on tEl)jQ
dha na'u, ah t8Bl)i
nuu, an t£l)ji
nuu, an t£l)i
nuu, an tEl)ja
nuu, yn t^l)ji
nuu, a tel)ji
s^t^r^i^'ft of
strse'kjht of
re'kht af
street of,
str^kht af
a*t 0ns
streekht af
nuu, an tel juu streekjht af
1 t^i
2 t99,
3 tyy,
4 ti,
5 tyy,
6 tii,
7
8 ia
wiidhut
athii-t
wathii-t
adhu't
wathu't
yn nee
widhuu't
athuu't
makT
mak'l
mak'l
mak'l
mak'l
mM*r
mak'l
mak'l
bodhe°r
h^dhar
a»dyy,
hodhar,
hadhar,
abu't yt, gen
bodhar, g^f
bodar, if
*if
e^'f
gen
ef
ef
jb)1
i)l
jOI
Ji)l
ja)l
ji)l
ji
nobBt iL8)e°r,
onli spiir
onli ak6)ar,
onli aks)ar,
onli spiir
spiir
onli aks
jii)l onli aks
a*t)ar.
aH)ar,
6 a"t)yr,
7 har,
8 har.
00 \
ae'i,
ee^,
0,
00,
aa',
a!
•wa*nBt shyyi?
wal)sh»?
wal shy noo?
wud)'nt shi?
wal)shi noo?
wi)na shi?
wal shi no?
wil)na shp?
[ 2119 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
688
THB LOWLAND DIYISION.
[Imtbod.
7.
1 onfi wes
2 oni -we
3 9t ont r^'t
4 liistwfz
5 oni w&ai
6 a^t oni M sba
7 at Ent reet shi
sbyi
shp
sha
Bbi
fiht
in^ii 8tVi« j^kirliBii)a
tElt
tffild
Ult mii,
tElt mi sii,
tEld)ft mii,
tal) ty mii,
tElt tt mii
ast e^
tfrhsm a 0k8t)dr
kfrhan aa spiird aH)ar
whan a ak6t)ar
fan a^ spiird a*t)ar
fyn a^ Bpiirt)a*t)yr,
fan a asket
8 at lEst Bha taald *mii at whi'in 6}i akst her
1 twi»iatlireii
tfi'imz
6u9ii
diid)Bh«,
tm shyyi
2 twiii' or thrA
t^mz
onr,
et d^^d sbt,
on Bha^
8 twAA)khm
ta'f'mz
a'ur,
sba ded,
an shii
4 twaar thrii
t^mz
6iir,
did)8hi,
an shii
5 twaa ar thrii
ta'imz
a'nr,
ded Bbi,
on shii
6 twaa ar thrii
teimz
6«r,
ded sba,
yn shii
7 twoar thrii
tdimz
6«r,
shi did,
en shii
8 twartri
td'tmz
ouar
, dat sba diid,
an sbM
1 OMt'nt
t« Ui 1
BB vairo fa*r raq on
8t,k)tl
2 8i!id(ne [wd)np]
bei
w'rdq on
s^'k'n e
3 8hud)ne
bi
T&q on
sek'n a»
4 okht nat
ta bi
raq on
sekan a
5 akht)na
ta bi
vraq on
sek a
6 8ad)ny
by
Traq on
sek a
7 okht na
ta bt
rLiraq on
sek a
8 oifkhtna
ta bi
wrEB-q apa
ssk a
1 potnt vz dht'iS,
1 kw^bot d«z •dha'i# thi'iqk on
)t?
2 point az dh^'s,
ktrhdt
tb^k)i?
8 pa'int az dhdt,
di)i
what
noo
tb^?
4 theq az dhas,
d)i
theqk?
5 pa'int az dhes,
fat
d9
jf theqk ?
6 peint)8z dhes,
fat
dy
Ji theqk?
7 me^ta r az fs,
fat
dji
thiqk?
8 point az dars,
what
tEqkst du ?
8. 1 wiil, Bz)a)wBz
tEltm dhB,
Bhu)wud tEl)jB
, hE'u
2 awil, az aa was
; s^in,
sbp* wad t8Bl)i,
, h/u,
3 wil, az aa
8^'d,
shii wad t«il)ji
i, huu.
4 wil, az a waz see*an^
►
shii wad tel)i,
buu,
5 wil, az aa was
5 8ee*n.
shii wad tBl)jg
1 fun,
6 wil, az a* wyz s^^'n
she wad t^l)ji,
, fat wdai
7 wil, az a was
s B^*an,
shii wad tBl ji,
, huu,
8 wiil, az d'f wis
: B^^n,
Bbp9 wad tBljn
, fuu
1 [kwheer
2 ti^h^^
vn 1 ku'hEn
an ktrhchi
3 -kMJhAn
an kicheeh
4 wbaar
an whan
5 f aar,
an fan
6 fan
yn f aar
7 f aar,
an fan
8 wbaar
an whan
sbyi fa*n
sbp fdnd
shi f 4n
shi £m
shi &nd
sba fan
Bbi fan
sbp "fgn
[ 2120 ]
dhB ^d^ra^k'n
dha drakan
dhy drak'n
dhi drak'n
dha drak'n
dhat draq^k'n
^ ^d^rEqk'n
da dixk'n
blst Bt
hist at
biy't
biist
btffst
bMst et
beest fat
bsst at
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IlTTBOD.] THB LOWLAND DIYISIOK. 689
1 shji kAz)e^ 'ha^z\ymd.
2 shp "kaaz ar nuin.
3 sba kAAz ar m^.
4 Bhi kaaz har g^d man.
5 Bhi koaz ar man.
6 aha kaaz ar man.
7 shi kaaz ar man.
8 Bhp k£Ez har mE'n.
9. 1 shji swoBj'r
shji Baa)t\m wtdh
9iT aan iin,
2 sha Bw^r
sha Baa)'m wp
ar)n)tfCTi in,
8 shi tiik ar d^th at sha BAA)em wy
ar ee^n in,
4 shi suur
shi Ba)m wi
her een in,
5 shi swoor
shi Baa)m w«
ar em in,
6 she swiir
sha Baa)ym wi
ym een in.
7 shi swoor
shi Ba)m w«)ar
een in.
8 shp sw^r
sha SEE htm wi
har SE'n in.
1 latBn
st^rtkt
ut «t iz ia^Y Imth
on dho gra'n
2 Idi-an
strikit
(it
ez fal lae'nth
ona dha grand
3
strtkat
At
yr hwU l^inth
on dha gran.
4 Ifiian
striikit
at
fun lEnth
on dha gran
5 Idian
strikyt
at
M lEnth
on dha grand
6 laian
streikyt
; ut
aa)z Imth
00 dhy gran
7 Ifii'en
s^t^reel^
aa iz Isnth
on ^ gran
8 Wion
B^t^retjt
at
hiz htfdl Isnt
apa da grand
1 bv)bz
gyi'd
8£*nd« kliiz. kl^iBS btj
dhB doBOBir
2 e*n az
&d
Bdbdhadi^zkiii't kind's bi
dha hiis
3 yn yz
gjyd
Bsndez b^ist, d^ist fam^n't dha door
4 tn htz
g^
sabitl]
I kleez, dipst bt
dha door
5 en az
gjyd
»indtf
kot, klos bi
dha door
6 wii)z
gu^d Bsuidy
kot klos aH
dhy door
7 tn iz
gid
sa-bith kleez klooz at
e* door
8 antil hfz gyjd
sande
kot, klis bl
da door
1 v)dhB hiis, duun vt dht'i kome^r « Jon lont'in.
2 door dihi at dha komer a Jon [dhon] It'i'n.
3 0 dha h(!ks, dim dha kids jdndar a^t dha ko'mar.
4 o dha huus, duun at dhi komer a dhe loonin.
5 a dha bus, dun aH dha komer a Jon leen.
6 y dhy bus, dun yt dhy komar a Jon l^m.
7 o)^ huus, duun at a komar a Jen rodt.
8 o da huus, duun at da komar o Jon rod.
10. 1 ht, w«z
2 h^i waz
8 an hi wyz
4 hii waz
iktohtndjBn
ktrhinzhan
whamp'm
whant^an
BWM
awtffi,
aVaa*,
awAA,
SBZ shyy,,
ka)8hp*,
sha dikl^^rz,
sed shii,
5 hi waz
wha'inan
awoa,
sez shii.
6 hi wyz
7 hii waz kotman
memon
an wh6inan
awaa,
awaa,
s^z sha,
sez shii.
8 hi wt'iz
whtnd^an
awaa,
sez)shp.
S.S. Pron. Part Y.
[ 2121 ]
136
Digitized by LjOOQIC
690
THE LOWLAND DIVISION.
[Imtbod.
1 fer id dh« waVF dh« 8li«m)«s)B sik b«aii,
2 for aa dhe wor'lt 16ik 9 noo-wll Wm,
3 &r AA dh9 warld le'ik a* noo^-wU Wm,
4 fdr aa dhi wsri l^ik 9 sik wmsh,
5 for <ia dha war'ld l9'ik 9 sik ween,
6 dpst isT aa dhy woid'l 16ik 9 sik le'tl)eii,
7 far aa 0^ warl l^k 9 stk beemi^
8 far aa de wsrld lEk 9 sik beem,
1 «r)Blf\t'r
las
«in)B
fTB'rt.
2 or a Wt
w^insh en a
frtVt.
3 or a* b^t
lasak
y dhy p^it.
4 ar a bet
last
en 9
pEt
5 ar a wii
lasi
en 9
teg.
6 or a bet
lasi
yn 9
p^.
7 ar a piW wii lasi.
8 or a prrt
las
f da dorts.
11. 1 vn dbait
hB'p'nt
«Z hOBiV 1
Bn)B
2 en dh^'s
hdp'nt
dp^st
az her <
en ar
&'d
3 an dhat
wyz
djy'st
az her '
'n ar
gjyd
4 an dhat
hapand
az bar (
)n hai
' &d
5 an dhat
hap'nt
az bar '
'n ar
gyd
6 yn)t
hapynt
az bar '
n 9r
girid
7 an at
hapend
ian bar (
m hai
• gid
8 an dat
hap'nd
az shp (
m hai
gyid
1 d6tt^teV)»in)laa
kom
thruu dhB
ba.k
faal
2 doktrhter
waz
kamen
thra'u dhe»
bdk
j#^
3 ddkhtar
klun
thruu dha
Mk
j«»»ni
4 dokhtar
thruu dha
bak
jard
6 daakhtar
kam
thru dha
bak
j^nd
6 doothar
throw dhy
bak
jtftfrd
7 dokh ta^r
kam
fee e"
bak «y e^ bus
8 ddukhtar
k£m
tro da
bak
jeerd
1 ire hf'iqiin
dhB wBt klif'iez uut ts
Ar&i
«v)b
2 thre heqin
lit dha wat kliiVz ta
drdt
on 9
3 ie h^q'n
lit dhy
ldee%
et wyz
4 free haqan
uut dha wot kl^z ta
dr&i
on 9
5 ie heq'n
ut dha wit
kWz t'l drdai
on 9
6 rftar heq'n
ut dhy wit
^ez ty
drdai
on 9
7 fee haqan
uut e^
wit
klees ta
drdi
on 9
8 fsE hsqan
da
wit
klEEz ut ta
hk'i
whi,n
1 wEshin deei'y
2 wBB^shin de^,
3 wfUh'n d^* ji keiU,
4 wEshan dee,
5 wash'n dee,
6 wash'n dee,
7 washan dee,
8 dee war biin waash'n,
[ 2122 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IXTROD.]
THB LOWLAND DIVISION.
691
12. 1 ikwhsfii dhs kEt'l wbz l>6il«ii for t^
2 9z dha ksB^t'l waz bdilen for dh9 t^i
3 on dhy k^it*! wyz Wil'n far tii
4 whan dha ket'l waz b6ilan far tii'
5 fan dha ket'l wyz bail'n far dha tii
6 fyn dhy keVl yryz bMlyn far dhy Ue
7 fan 0^ ket'l wez b6ilan fa tii
8 f do ta^f'm at da teeket'l waz b6ilan
an et wyz
1 tsn
brs'it sa^me^r
a*fte°mvyin,
seftampn,
cmlij
2 Jee
f6in
br^kjht B^'mar
nnV TXkeet dhan
3 a>
brAA
'n brekht s^mar
^ftamyn,
an n$e^ far'r
4 jee
fein
brekht sxmar
Eftamin,
d^est
5 $e
fa'in
brekht semar
Mftamyn,
onlt
6 ee
f^in
brekht semar
tfftamin,
anlt
7 6i
f^in
brekht semar
eftamin,
onlt
8 ii
fd^in
samarz
eftamp^n,
onli
1 « wik
2 [ner ez] a wik 6nr
3 gtf^n dhyn
4 a wik
5 a wik sa'in
6 a wik sa'in
7 a wik 8»n
kam thoBirzdB.
gt'i'n kxm nlst fnrzda.
list tharzd^.
kam ferst dharzdee.
kam nikst fyyrzd^.
kam furzdy
setn kam farsht flurzdee.
ferst.
8
a wik whf'in da nlst fnrzda kamz.
13. 1 Bn di)jB
ksn? a
niive^r
iBEmd
. oni
m^r
2 an d6)i
kae'n ? aa)v
n^Var
hdrd
mix'
meer
dhan
3 en di)f
k^n? a»
hard
ne^
m^r
dhyn
4 an d)i
km? a
nevar
hard
oni
meer
5 an di)ja
ksn? ii
nevar
Iwmt
oni
mwr
dhan
6 yn dfV)jt k«i ? a
ntvar
k^t
oni
mM^r
nar
7 an d)i
ksn? a
nevar
hard
em
meer
dhan
8 an dp ji
ksn? d4
niivar
ksnt
oni
meer
as
1 B
dhi'iS bf'iZnBS
til
dhB
dw',
BZ
2 dhe's a
dha b^'znas
tl
dh^»s
gpd
d^i,
as
3 dhat a
dhy b^'znas
t'l
dhy
d^,
az
4 0
dhi btznis
ap tel
dha
dee,
az
5 dhes of
dhat beznes
ap t'l
dha
dtf0,
az
6 dhes a
dhat beznys
ap ty
dhes
vEra
d^,
as
7 IS 0
at me^ta^r
ap ta
ts
dee,
az
8 das 0
dat wark
ta
da
tdHm
at)s kam, az
1 soeoBir BZ mi|
2 9$9T az ma
3 sh3ryr az dhtf
4 shppr az ma
6 syyr)z ma
6 shuur)z my
7 shuur)z ma
8 shppr az mkH
nfi'mz
nii'm)z
kiA mii
neem)z
TLeem)z
neem)z
neem)z
TiiZTn 9z
:d|iiii,Bn
:<^tfi'n
:d|ok
:<^oni
:^oon
:<^<m
:tjok
:d|6ni
:shepe^rd Bn)B
:she'pard, an a
rshe'pard, an
:shipdrd, an
:shepard, an
:shepart, yn
:8hipard, an
:sh^erdy an
a
a^
fat)s
a
iH
[ 2123 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
692 THE LOWLAND DIYISION. [Ihtbod.
1 dtiY'nt wont tv ksn iudkBT^ dhMrna'u!
2 de^)iia wcLnt t9 n^dhar, dhiii'r na !
3 de)na w^t ty iiM'dhsr, sa dh^^!
4 ds)na wont ta edhar, dheer na !
5 dd)nd want t'l Mdhar, dheer nu !
6 mee^Tf a} da)na went ty km.
7 d»)na want ta hiir meer edhar, nnu dhen!
B do)na want ta dp^ it n£^d«r, deer nuu!
14. 1 tsn sifjQ, &)z gaan hb'iEm tv mii sx'pe^r.
2 na'u dhe^n, aa)m goon Me'm ta ma sapar.
3 wil! a^)m gAAn hM'm ty my sapar.
4 an see a)m gan awa* hem ta ma sspar.
5 an Bee a')m gM'n awoa* hMm ta ma sapar*
6 yn Bee &)m djaain awoa h^mi ta ma sapar.
7 an see a;m gjaan heem ta ma sapar.
8 an see a't)m gEsan hxm ta mt sapar.
1 gyVid nx'ft, «n dtJnB b6« mi sh&rp «t krii)fin
2 gpd n^'kiht, an w4|t a wii aftitii'r i kroa
3 gyd ne^knt, an d^)na bi yn s^^k a^ hart ty krAA
4 g^d nekht, an d»)na bii d|ast se fast ta kraa
5 gjyd nekht, an dd)na bi Be kwek ta kroa
6 gtrid nekbty yn de)ny bi Bee krus ty kroa
7 gid nekht, an d»)na bi in set a bari ta kraa
8 gyid ndU'kjht an do)na bi seb reedi ta kraa
1 OKe^r V bodi Bg^^en, i kti7b£n)i tdks «
2 sij' kriis our a btfj'di agtVn, ku^han h6i krdks a
3 Be^ knis a'nr a^ bodi a'g^'n, whan hii)z spik'n a*
4 6iir a bodi agen, wan hi tslz)i a
5 a'ur a badi ag«n, fan i knkB o
6 6ur a bad* ag«n, fyn i sp^iks
7 otir a bodi age*ny fui hi speeks o
8 6tir oni iin agsn, wht'in hii)z spEkan o
i dh^s dha,t e°r dhc ta^e^r.
2 dh^^s or dhdi,, or dha t)adhar th^^q.
3 bii't dh^s, dh^t, or dhy adhar th^q.
4 dhts dhat ar adhar.
5 dhes dhat or dha tdhar.
6 dhes dhat or dhy t)fdhar theq.
7 *s ar at.
8 dss dat or da tda thaq.
15. 1 tts B week, fyvil «t klait^te^rz wt'idhiit riiz'n.
2 h6i)z a 8^*h* 6i et blsB^dharz aw^ wathu-t mVz'n.
3 hii)z a^ s^li ga'uk yt bl^jdharz wythii't s^ins.
4 et)8 a sill hi dhat klatarz adha*t rez'n.
5 et)s a wwk fyl at blBdharz wathu*t rez*n.
6 et)8 a w^ik fiil yt gand|ez want'n rez'n.
7 hed)z 9 week fil at kla^tarz withut a reez'n.
8 et)8 a wE£'k f^l at shERrKs 8dhu*t r^z'n.
[2124 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Iktbod.]
'THE LOWLAND DIVISION.
693
1 vn dhEits
mil
last
wwiid.
gyyid nB'tt.
2 dhat)8
maa
h^^nmest
ward.
gpd bdi !
3 an dhkt)B
▲A
a^v ty 8^,
sa
gjyd baa* !
4 an dliat)s
ma
last
word.
gad nekht, agEn.
5 en dhat)8
ma*
henmast
ward.
gjyd ba'i t)ja.
6 dhat)s
hinmyst
ward.
gtnd baai.
7 an at)8
ma
last
ward.
gid nekht, age'n,
8 an dat)8
m&H
hfdmest
ward.
gyxd nd^ikjht !
%* The above 8 cs. should be studied as part of the districts to which they have
been referred on p. 684, and similarly for the 6 phonetic transcripts of the first
chapter of the Book of Ruth on p. 698. They are' inserted here, out of order,
to render the comparison easier. The reader should observe, in No. 1, BeweastUy
the sudden cessation of (m, u,) and its replacement by (a), the cessation of (uiu) and
appearance of pure (uu) before consonants or ^z'u] when no consonant follows, all
strongly against Cu. habits. In No. 2, Hawicky the peculiar (iV, »i') vowels, and
U'= (k u) when not before a consonant not found in the rest of L. In Nos. 5, 6,
7, Arbroath, Keith, and Wick, the use of ^f) for (wh), and especially in No. 7,
Wieky the use of («>, isj for the, this, and (h^M) for t^, the old (h) bem^ restored, not
a new h inserted, but in No. 8, Dunroeenese, tiie frequent use of (t, d) for (th, dh).
Note* to No. 1, BeweaetU, cs. pp. 682, 684.
The Longtown version is cited as LT., and the words are put in italics.
0. what (kM>h) is almost (wh) when
initial, not otherwise. — LT. whey John
hee ne doote. No doubt what for would
be the phrase used. Instead of ni, nae
was first written.
1. well neighbour, so LT. JQQ.
considers (^i^'t) to represent the re-
ceived diphthongal lonjr a, only with
a longer glide. J shoula probably have
simply written (^). The (e*^ which
occurs frequently in this version is an
obscure (e), and in fact does not
sensibly differ from («) or (a), but
J6G. wished to represent the impres-
sion he received.— ^M, both elements
accented, LT. beaith. — mine, LT.
meyne. This thin (bI) diphthong,
with a tendency towards (ae't), is very
characteristic of nw.Cu. See Holme
Cultram, p. 662, No. 20. — neither here
nor there, LT. nayder ftSer nor thiir,
2. die, LT. dee, — we know, donU we,
LT. we ken, div^nt we. — make, LT.
tnedke, — very likely, LT. varra leykely,
3. howtoever, etc., LT. howsoever or
huzeever, the err the fice 6* the kedse,
aejuet hod your noise, freend. Observe
Mr. Sinclair's (hajd, frBn). (frijuz)
in the pi. at Milbum, We.—/ U
done, LT. d*ve dun, both words
perhaps literary. In (dyyju) JGG.
considers the vowel to be {uu) with the
tongue obliquely advanced towards the
(ti) position, ana he writes it (^uu^)y but
consents to (yj) as merely a generic
symbol representing * something like '
French (y), and this was the effect to
my ear wnen I heard him pronounce it.
Observe (a)z) s < I is/ which runs quite
into Lidaesdale.
4. / i«, LT. lam, which is educated.
— certain, etc., LT. certain a heerd.
The (r) is trilled throughout reg^ularly as
in Scotland. — tome, JGG. considers
this (a^) to lie between (o) and the
Teviotdale value of (a), and might be
(oj as well as (a*), reminding him
more of (o, o) than the Teviotoale (a)
does. — the folks, etc., LT. the fboaks
whs gUid.'-^hole, LT. heaL^first,
the vowel is very difficult owing to the
disturbance of (r). JGG. has tried
many ways of synibolisin^ it. But he
finally admits (e'^ as an mdistinct and
indefinite (e). It sometimes reminds
him of the Nb. sound, which he thinks
is (ah) or (ao) pronounced with a
widened pharynx, LT. fe*rst, where
the ' * are unexplained. — well enough,
the {\u\, says JGG., is the same as in
general NW. of England, but only
occurs before ^u^h) in this district, as
in fdtMku^h, pltMku^n, kltwktrh, t/wku^h,
stMKU'b) imtuktrh) = dough, plough,
cleugh, tough, sough, enough ; LT.
sBi^e enuff.
6, youngest, etc., LT. youngist son
himsel, a greet bodee o' neyne—knew,
etc., LT. kent hies fayder^s voice at
yinee; the <^ in fay^r was probably
dental, it is only occasionally marked
in Mr. Sinclair's version, but JGG.
[ 2126 ]
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
694
THB LOWLAND DIVISION.
[Introd.
connden the omisriouB to be dne to
Mr. Sinclair's reeidence in Nb. Obeerre
that *« of the poseeflsive is used, it is
omitted in D 31. — queer, the (ii) is
quite pure throughout, never (tii). —
truth, LT. triUh, JGIJ. wrote (tr^i^th),
see par. 3. — I is done,
6. old, LT. al-^U, LT. umU.—
now, LT. now, this (a'u) for ^au)
occurs only in an open syllable, before
a consonant it remains (uu, u), as in
Rx.— ^00, LT. too, with a '^ttural
sound.' JGG. has attempted several
ways of noting the souno, which in
Rx. Dr. Murray assumes to be the
French {»^-=eu in peu. JGG. says it
is not labialised, but may lie between
{9, u), or among {^, i, u\ or (W|, t|), but
consents to writing (^,) frequenUy in
D 31, p. 641, as a variant of (») pro-
duced without rounding the hpe. —
without, LT. withoot muckle hodder, —
won't she, LT. wunnet thoo, JGG.
writes (shyy,) here, describing it as * * low
(t,), high-rounded," but writes (sh^)
in par. 7. See note, par. 3, / it done.
7. the, LT. thoo, see par. 6, wonU
the, — me, LT. m^, just as dialect
writers use *mee' in Cu. and Yo. —
when, LT. whone, on which Rev. Mr.
£lwood, of Torver, Coniston, n.La.,
says in a letter of 20 March, 1874,
"There is. one word whone, the word
for whm, which occurs in his [Mr.
Hope's] version, the sound of which
(though I understood what sound he
meant to convey the moment I saw it)
I fear neither he nor I will be able to
convey to yon in the compass of a
letter. It is pronounced something
like whdiin, with a deep inflection.'^
This may be (whoo*.*n) with a fall of
pitch on (00) and then a rise. Mr.
Sinclair seems to have used an alto-
gether different sound. — two, etc., LT.
two or three teymet our, dud the, and
thoo, — wrong, etc., LT. rang on tie a,
—dott thou think, LT. dH yah think,
8. the would, LT. thoo wad, JGG.
says the (u) was distinct in botii words,
we have seen in other parts, p. 696,
par. 8, that the becomes (shu) before
(wud).— AoM», etc., LT. how, where,
and whone thoo fun the drueken, — the
eallt, LT. the c&t,
9. the ewore, etc., LT. thoo swore
the t&w him, with her dan e'en, lying
ttreakit, at full length on the grun in
hit gud Sunday edddt eloot by the diir
(euttural sound) 0' the hoote doon at
Mtf eoomer 0* yon lonnitw (or loo-ning),
— lying* observe not piga**n). — good,
JGG. wrote (g,«M), see note, par. 3,
done. — door,JG(}. considers this a
variant of the French <eu in sonnr. —
houte doum, observe (hCis, duun), not
fhx'tis da'un), because the word is
followed by a consonant.
10. whingeing, LT. wheyning. —
the, etc., LT. thoo, for a' the woorld.
—tick, LT. teek eheyld. Observe (sik)
with short (i), not (sijk, Btk).— fright,
LT. fret, widch is perhaps not diale^al,
but Hawick (frtj't) is *fret.'
11. A^, LT. thoo.^daughter-in-
law eame, LT. doughter-in-ldw earn* .
—fold, LT. yaird.—elothet out, LT.
el^ oot. — wathing, LT. wethiug.
12. while, LT. wheyle. — one bright,
etc., LT. yin feyne breet timmer
eftemAn. — Thurtday, LT. inserts
neitt—neii before Thunday.
13. and do you ken, etc., LT. a and
de ye ken ? a niver laimed ony mair. —
till tO'day, LT.uptoo (guttund sound).
— at ture, LT. at tur as my neame. —
and I don't want, etc., LT. and d
div'nt want too ader, thiir now,
14. and to I it going, LT. and se
4'm gan hidme ta tup, Gude neet and
div'nt be te quick to^o (guttural sound)
erdw our a body again whone he tdks
0' this that or f other,
16. weak fool, LT. weak fSO, JGG.
writes (f,uii4), see note, par. 3, done,
-^that elattert, LT. that praUs withoot
reason. — my last word, LT. my leist
word, gud b'oy.
Notes to No. 2, Hamck, cs., pp. 682, 684.
2. likely, (l^klt) is also used, I
have however heard (l^^klt) from
Lowlanders myself.
3. just. Dr. M. says "commonly
(d^) when unemphatic and gen. even
if emphatic, though (d|Mt) may then
be heard from some. The vowel is
the ordinary Scotch u, currently as-
sumed s French u, When I learnt
French at school, I was taught to
[ 2126 ]
pronounce French juste with the 1
vowel." — call eanny, tiiat is, drive
gently (or be still).
4. first of it, the (00) was marked
long by Dr. M.
6. that well would I.
8. atceel, (ewll, &wll) both given.
9. Sabbath day's.
13. than, (dhim, vz, nvr, hi) all used
after the comparative.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Intbod.]
THE LOWLAND DIVISION;
695
ybtei to No. 8, Edinburgh cs,, pp. 683, 684.
0. th4, Dr. M. uses (y) rather
Yftguely where I should put (t) or Ui),
but I leaye it. — at, I hare changed Dr.
M.*8 (ah) into (a^) aa more suggestiTe.
— who eares, etc., or better (whAA
mz'fndz dhat ? dhatjs a^ smAAmtf^tBr).'*
2. beeau$e, 1 rather doubt the ap-
preciation (Mkd'z).
3. Just, the shade of (v) in (dfyst)
is doubtful here and elsewnere.
4. mre mough, or (nse^ dixt vbiit yt)
no doubt about it.
6. you jfontf apparentlTi you that
are yonder. — atky both (aks, ask) are
8. whtn, (ktrhin) or (whin). — tck^re
(kM^hee'r) or (wh*»»r).
10. no'wellf that is, unwell, or
tick.
13. the day, that is, to-day.
Notei to No. 4, Stranraer^ cs., pp. 683, 684.
5. tng, (greet) is also used deed
would /sindeea I would, as a yariant
(&i, wed o) aje, would I.
6. now, (mi) is used at Kirkcudbright.
7. leastwayt or (oni w«z) any ways.
wrong, the w is not heard.
8. found (fsn) or (fan).— &m«<
(b^'st) in Wigton.
9. lane, yonder (joner) might be
added.
10 j9«/ or (tef) tiff.
14. do not be I had transcribed
fdid^ne), a manifest error, and hence
1 aaopt the reading of No. 7.
15. eillff or (wik) weak.
Ifotes to No. 6, Arbroath, cs., pp. 688, 684.
Mr. Anderson is referred to as A.
1. you and him, A. wrote you an* he,
— both, A. baith with the sound ae,
exi>lained as ** somewhat like English
ay in »ay, but has a more shut sound.*'
probably (e^) is meant, but Dr. M.
uses {ee) throughout. The words which
A. specifies as having this ae or say
{ee^) sound are in his spelling : btUth,
nather, kaill, anee, etraieht, lane,
bairn, yaird, foe, qftemune, mair,
aither, wake: both, neither, whole,
once, straight, lane, bairn, yard, from,
afternoon, more, either, weak. He
also uses ea to express a sound ''some-
what similar to & or French de pro-
longed,'* which is a Tery different
sound from (ee^), and assigns it to :
learned, name, home. — lauch, A writes
Uuteh, — it, this use of (e) for (i) is
not recognised by A.
5. laddy. Dr. Murray notes the
pron. (lodhi) as ** authentic," A.
merely writes laddie,
7, wrong, A writes simply wrong,
the (vraq) is M.'s insertion.
10. tig, <<a pet, a fit of sullen
humour," Jamieson's Dictionary.
12. when, A. has fan, — boiling, A.
has boilin* not^^/tn'.
13. donU, A. has dinna not (dxne).
Notee to No. 6, Keith, cs., pp. 688, 684.
BoT. Walter Qregor's spelling is cited as 6 ; Dr. Murray's as M ; tt. the viyft
Toce owl. as heard by AJ£.
2. likely, O. li'ekl^. The i of Ab.
writers and that neighbourhood is used
in at least three manners, which will
be discussed under D 39. Dr. M. has
apparently in despair used (y) where
Mr. Gre^r wrote i, with the following
explanation, which neither Dr. M. nor
I succeeded in understanding: **i has
sereral sounds, one sound in JiU, mill,
another in unnt (wont), and a third in
Jin (when) hinmist. The sound in^,
will, him, comes nearest to the sound
of yea, yet ; the sound in wint may be
represei^. by the sound of the i in
window. In Jin the sound comes
nearest the sound in pin,** In English
the last two are identical. In all cases
Mr. Qregor probably refers to the
pron. in more southern parts of
Scothmd. M (loUy), tt. (l^kli).
3. quiet, G. quaiH, M. (kwaa*'t),
▼▼. (kwe'et), — done, G. diht, M. (dm
dyyn), vr. (diin).
4. enouoh, G. inyueh, M. (ynjikh),
▼v. (iniukh).
6. eon, G. tin, M. (see'n), vr.
(se^n), and tun was absoluteljr the same.
— loun, <*a boy," Jam. Diet. — word.
[ 2127 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
696
THB LOWLAND DIYISIOK.
[Introd.
G. wirdf M. (wyrd), vr. (ward), this
is one of the three pron. of t in I) 39,
which sounds to me like (s). — ttat, G.
wizy M. (wyz), TV. (wea), this is another
of the three pron. of t in D 39. — truths
G. trauth, M (tra'uth), vr. (ti^irth).—
tpould, G. wid, M (wyd), yv. (wad).
7. told it, G. tauTt, M. (taal)t),
TV. (tal)t).
8. found that, G. fan that or tat,
this is a case of assimilation of (dh) to
(t) after (n), found elsewhere.
9. her oum eye*, G. ir nain em, M.
(^-n- een in), I should haye prohahly
heard (ar ne'n In).
9. in hi* good Sunday coat, elote at
the door, G. in^s oweed Sunday quite
close at tha door, M. (wii)z gwid sandy
kw6tt, kloe aH dhy door^. Unfortu-
nately the word coat was slapped in mj
TV. w\,, hut in a num. wl. which G.
had preTiously sent me it was marked
(kot), which I hare adopted. But in
Johnny Oibb, quite is used for coat.
10. littU one, G. Kttldn, as well as
I could read it, hut the writing was in-
distinct, and M. gaye it up.
11. M her and her, G. iz hir in hir,
M (yz heer 'n yr), prohahly (as har on
har) would he more correct, and I hare
introduced it.
14. ffoiny, G. djahin, M. (djaaa,
dzshaan), tt. the word to go was
written Doth (giaq, d^), hence I
adopt (d|aa*tn) as most prohahly what
was intended ; of course it is an altera-
tion of (gjaan) heard at Wick, Cs. —
donU, G. dinnd, which M. here repre-
sents hy (deny), hut just at end of par.
13 by (dana). The sound is perhaps
(da'na). — erouee, ''brisk, apparently
brave,^* Jam. Diet.
16. ga^fie, as G. writes it here, is
in his Dialiet of Banffthire, vfith m
Oloeeary of Wbrde not in Jamieeon**
Scottish Dictionary, ''Ganntib, n. (1)
much pert foolish talking, (2| a pert
talker. — Ganntib, v.m. to talk mudi
in a foolish, port fashion (Gandy
\B the form giyen by Jamieson).
GAMNTiBDr', a, giren to pert, ally talk-
ing (Jamieson gives the noun, ganien)^
— reason, G.msm, M. (rizyn), w.
(rez*n).
Ifotes to No. 7, Wiekf C8., pp. 688, 684.
0. John, (:t}on) is remarkable, because
initial (t|) generally becomes (sh). — no
doubts, (nee duuts) more common in
Wick, according to Micklejohn and
Sinclair.
1. mine, the form (m&tnz) is only
occ. used, (m&Wn) is most frequent.
2. should, (sed) is an older form. —
it is, obserre the retention of the aspi-
rate in it, Ws. hit.
3. how and ever, for howsoever, (fnu)
is the regular form for how and why.
— these is the, obeerre omission of (dn)
in these, the, which is regular in Cs. —
till (fel) is not a form of till, but of
while, commonly used in the N. for until.
4. some of the, (sim) also used. —
that, {ia) who, also used.— /rom, (fre)
also usea. — enough, (ani6kh] also uised.
6, voice, the form (w&ts^ is archaic.
6. straight off or (at 6ins) at once.
— if or (g«'ii) ^iven. — ask, (aks) is
common among the older people in Cs.
7. any or (oni). — telled or (t6t<ld)
told.--«ci^A/ or (shud) should. — matter
or ^nt), the (^t,r) occurs in this dis-
trict.— as this, what, obs. (dh) omitted
in this, and (f) used for (wh).
8. tell you, never (tBl)i), the (j)
always inserted. — how, the (huu) is
possioly an error for (fuu), as in No. 6.
9. swore, (sweerd) is rarely used. —
Sabbath (sanda) is used, instead of
Sabbath clothes tney also say (htz hee'nd
koot) his hind or spare cost.— dose or
(djest).— -yoM littif road, (dhon) is
heard in H. and Ah.
10. eowning and whining, I don't
find to cown in glossaries, (ftmpar)
whimper means to cry. — or a little wee
lassie, (ptri) is an old word for smalL
and occurs in D 42, (an el-ne^ta^4
lasstgi) an ill-natured small lass, is also
used.
11. from the bach of the house, or
(thr6M #^ jeerd) through the yard.
13. more than this, or (nar) may be
used for than.
ITotes to No. 8, Dunrossness, cs., pp. 688, 684.
1. why, the (wh) is forcibly uttered,
but the sound is not quite (ku'h) ; the
(&'i) is fine, very far from (&t) and
mie:ht be almost written (se't). —
Johnny, the (6) medial, as the vowels
genendly are, but the (n) not doubled;
[ 2128 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Imteod.]
THE LOWLAND DIVISION.
697
final (i) pore, not (»). — Aot, on account
of the want of emphaaiB both (h) and
(b) were rather indistinct, and (es)
would perhaps be nearer, not (m, 9z).
doubtSy the vowel medial in length;
in many cases where I have used snort
or long vowels from the feelinff of the
moment, probably medial vowels would
have been more correct.
1. bothf the (th) qaiie distinct, not
(t, d, dh), but occasionally (dhth) in
the pause. — Mm, the (das) was very
distinct, though all Shetland writers
use dU ; this is probably the i of D 39,
there explainea. — earety there^ with
distinct (ee) not (be), no insertion of
(b) before (r), which was quite trilled,
thouffh not so strongly trilled as before
vowds, or as in L. speech.
2. they arty this is a common con-
traction.— do not ^ For the distinctions
(9, CD, yi) which Shetlanders generally
write as u, I give whatever s&uck my
ear at the time, but of course I may
have often been wrong.
3. faetty eat$y neither word is in
gen. use, hence Miss M.*s own pron.
was conjectural. — tiU I am doney (til)
almost (tel^ ; (em vm) unemphatic for
I am; (aviu), with a deeper (y|,
almost («), out with a dif erence difficult
to detennine.
4. aurey the vowel is very long. —
whoUy though not very long the vowel
was not so Siort as medial. — m^, the
fracture was very slight, but certain. —
enoughy the vowels were both marked
and distinct, but the first is shorter
and has the stress.
6. fathtr*ty the vowel might have
been written (mi), it seemed to lie be-
tween (e$y bb). — q^teevy obs. the change
of qu into (wh). — tkirhtiffy "crying
with a shrill voice," Jam. Diet. R.
Cogle also suggested (pesturtn^. — Atm,
the aspirate never seems to oisappear
even in unemphatic syllables.
7. two or threiy in the sense of a
few, if strictly two or the three were
meant an (or) would be inserted, thus
(twartri) a few, (twaa or trii) two or
else three. — over, oughty in these two
words I recognised (6m j, otherwise I
generally heard (&m, &^u). — fvrongy the
w with a distinct syllabic value, and
the {m) fully as fine as in s.England.
8. howy as far as I could ascertain
this was the only word in which (h)
was replaced by (^, and I do not under-
stand why (fuuj should have been used
here and in No. 5, and not in No. 6
and No. 7. It is evident that ^f) must
arise from the older form hwty which
also = why, in which sense also (fun) is
used. — calUy Miss M. knew (kBBz) best,
Mr. Laurenson (kaaz). — man, obs.
fmB'n) s^. and (mEu) pL, the word
\utbemd is not used.
9. owHy a slight fracture as in eafsy
par. 4. — eyeoy (in) not (tn), vowel
short. — etretehedy this was the only
word in which I observed dental (,t,r).
roady the vowel decidedly short ; lane
is not used in the country, in towns it
is called a (klo's) close.
10. in the dortty in the dumps;
*< DoRT, s. pet, commonly in pi." Jam.
Diet. Mias M. considei«d tnis para-
graph the best Shetlandish of the
whole version as far as words go.
11. daughter y those who affect
English m (dakhtvr). — they were been
washing for they had beeny this is
regular, the comfiound past tenses of
to be toe formed with be and not have,
similarly lam done (em dy,n) par. 3.
12. iettle or (b6ilBr) ooiler. — one,
(ii), RC. wrote o^, implying (ee) ; obs.
also (iin) in par. 14. The numerals
are: (iin, twa, tri, f6tfr, f&'tv, sseks,
siiv*n, akht, n&Un, tB'n, Bliiv*n, twnl,
twxnti, hsudsr, thuuz*n). — Thursday,
this seems to be the only word in which
th becomes (f), compare Nos. 2, 6, 6, 7,
which make uie same change.
13. the time thai\is come, the present
time. — do noty (aona) here and in
par. 14, but (dcena) in par. 2. These
variations depend upon the position of
the words in a sentence, but no rule
could be given.
14. night rn&Wkjht), obs. both the
diphtiionf ana the palatal, which I do
not recollect elsewhere. — thingy this is
one of the words which generally
retains (th), but in pitying a child
ople will often say (p^ tBq) poor
ing with a (t).
15. thargty so Miss M. gave the
word, saying that the g is generally
preeervea; here, however, she pron.
(shBBrks), and interpreted : scold,
prattle, chatter. X cannot find the
word in glossaries. — hindmoet, (htn-
mest) is fuso said.-^ood-bye is only
said when parting for some time on a
journey, but (sb Iseq) so long is a very
usual farewell expression.
[ 2129 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
THB LOWLAKD DIVISION.
[Ihtbod.
FlY£ iKTEBIUnSAB YeBAIOKS OF ChAP. I. OF THB BoOK OF BlTTH.
Arranged to compare three characteristic Lowland Scotch with two characteristie
English dialects, one M. and the other S.
1. D 83, Ttviotddlt, from the pal. renioa in Dr. Murray's DimUeU <f8. •/
Seotlmndf p. 241, written hy him nom personal knowledge as a natiTe. In this
pal. Dr. M. introdooes ^ ^, 6 d in a sense different from that which I assign to
these symhols, I haye therefore replaced them hy U^ ^j, e* et). The notation is
howerer still slightlr different from that adoptea in the Hawidic os., mxprk,
pp. 682, 684, whicn was written suhseqnently hy Dr. Murray. The medul
Towels are here written short for conyenience.
2. D 35, AyTf pal. hy Dr. Murray from the diet, of Messrs. Heron Duncan
and W. Duncan, and reyised hy Mr. Giffen, of whom more under D 86, printed
in Dr. M.*s DSS., p. 240, intended to represent the Central Group, D 84 to 87.
8. D 39. BuchoHy ne.Ah., now called Deer and Ellon, heyond the riyers
Doyem ana Ythan, once a county by itself, pal. by Dr. Murray m>m the diet, of
Mr. Thomas Forrest, and reyised by his brother Mr. W. Forrest, with the
assistance of Mr. Alexander Melyille Sell, by whom the sounds were written in
Visible Speech characters. Por farther remarin on Buohan speech see under
D39.
4. D 26, t.Ch,, written in rioseic by Mr. T. Darlington from personal
knowledge as an illustration of his FoUc-Sp^eeh of South C%«tA«9v, and here
transliterated into pal. from p. 97 of that work. For the characters of D 26, see
p. 409, and Beokley dt., p. 411. The (r) was probably (r), although (r) was
written.
6. D 10, w,Sm,j written in glossic by Mr. F. T. Elworthy from nerscmal
knowledge for the purpose of comparison with Nos. 1, 2, 3, printed in his
Grammar oft)u DiaUet of fTett SomertH, p. 105, whence it was pal. by AJE.,
and finally corrected from Mr. Elworthy's aictation. See pp. 146 to 168.
1 Tmoidale, D 33.
2 Ayr, D 35.
3 Buchm, D 39.
4 S.Cheshire, D 26.
5 w.Somersety D 10.
1 ktrhan dhe cljpd|iz
2 ku^haii dhe djxd^ez
3 fyn dhe djiud|ez
4 wen)th d|tfod|iz
5 hin dh« ^^d^ez
na'n,
et
kiim ebu't
e)dhe)diMHx
nuu,
et
kom obn-ty
'n)dhe)d^z
nun,
et
hap'nt
y)dheW«
t)th diiz
nd»
ft
apvnt
ns'tf
«t
yaald e'«t
in dhM dMz
iv'uld, et dhe wxr e
runlt, dha't dher wxz o
run'lt, et dher wyz o
wvn To/ultn, vz dhtir wbz want «
WBZ «Byy/«lin, in)8 dhv wiu «
1 dserth e)dhe^l0and
2 d^^rth y)dhe)lAAn
3 f^^men y^dhe)laan.
4 bred t)th Kuja^,
5 dfoBth in dh« kanisi.
1
en^e^ssert'n
sn)9)8Ert'n
num thro
man biUqan te
yn dher wyz e man bilaqen ty
«n 9 saartin mon «
tm)«)BaaBTin ms'Bn o
bsBthlem :dp'uda gi'd owtf^i te Wjid e \whi^Tl
2 ibEthlom idfuudo, gj^^d owaa te sts't a ktc^hs'tl
3 :bethlem :dfundp^ gj^d ty bo'id o fa'il
4 :be*thlimn :dja*nd« went liV
6 ibsethls'tsm id^^dB, i wd^n Yun«th ymt tv bd'td
[ 2180 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Intbod.]
THB LOWLAKD DIVISION.
1 e)dlie)k«i*tri e :moob, he^m, eii)ez)w^,if, eii)ez)twi»'
2 y)dhe)kyntrah a :moob, hem, en)ez)wa'if an)ez)twAA
3 y)dhe)kwfiitw* 9 imooh^ hee^m yn)yz)w9'if yn)yz)twaa
4 t)th kWoiitrt V imooBb, im vn iz w6it «n iz to/w
6 in dhB luoitid « imoo'oby ii dad, Bn qz wd^if, vn vz tyji
1 sanz.
2 sanz.
3 see^nz.
4 sti^nz vltfo^S wtdh nn.
5 za'iiz lAAq)w^)«ii.
1 en dhe manz ni'm W9z
2 en dhe n^m v dhe man waz
3 yn dhe manz n^^m wyz
4 Bn th)mon)z niim wsz
5 tsn dhfkimE'tsn wbz vkjaal
:eli'melek, en)dhe)k<Md
:il9*melek, en ez gjyd
:0li*melek, yn dhe iaad
:elt*m«lek, vn iz w^ifs
:tfl9^mBlik, «n 9'z wd*»v
1 dhe gpd w^iif :naoo*mi en dhe twtt' kalants
2 wa'ifs ne'm waz m&oo'm^, en dhe kAAd ez l^id^z
3 yz well ineoo-mif yn dhe tweui lodiz
4 niim wbz :n^;oo'mdf, «n iz Wu ladz wBn kAAd
5 aB WBZ Bkjaal meoo'm&H, Bn bz tyji hwoiz wbz Bkjaa*l
1 imaaktrhlen en :kil»en, rn'freth^iits
2 '.makhlan en :kil'n lE'fratha'its
3 :m^«len yn rkilten tw'frethe'its
4 :maalBn Bn :t^iljBn, Bn dht wBn aa on Bm -.iifrBthdtts
5 :meBlBn Bn :t^9^1jBn, dh^ wbz aaI o)'m leeiR'eiiiiHta
1 thra
ihsethlem
:dj/ud9.
en
dhe
2 9
rbEthlem
:d|uud9.
en
dhe
3 ft
:bd;hlem
:(^udtf\
yn
dh0
4 at B
:be-thliBm
:d|a/udB
Bn
dhi
5 E'ut 0
:b8Bthle'Bm
idJyydB
Bn
dhe
kom ente dhe
kam ent'l dhe
kam ent'l dhe
ko/um tntB)th
IrATTid intB dhB
1 kpntri e :moob, en b^ dhtV'r.
2 kyntrah 9 :moob, en sta'it dh^^.
3 kwfhtr^^ 9 :moob, yn b^^d dh^^r.
4 ku^ntrt b imoaeh, Bn dhfiBr dh» m^^'n dhBr wom.
5 kantsi b :moo*9b Bn dheBB dhe h6}id.
1 en
2 en
3 yn
4 Bn
5 Bn
:9li*melek,
:ila*melek,
:«lrmelek,
lelrmBlek,
:tftfl9*mBlik,
mooo'miz g^dmon deid, Bn she waz
maoo'm^z gjydman diit, 0n shy waz
ineoo'miz man diit, yn shi wyz
tm BZ WBZ ii^zbBnd is ineejoo'mdi deid,
dhat)8
dh)azbBn b inejoo'mSM zo te
[ 2131 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
J
700 THE LOWLAND DIVISION. [Iktbod.
1 laeft W9 dhe twiV loodz.
2 lEft hsr'n ar twAA kxl'nz.
3 Mt yn er twaa seehiz.
4 wi soo (b'u ynz left b» Brse'l, xr tm ot to/u ladz.
5 sp^tfk ii dd'id; tsn SB wbz «la*f, as waaz, «n vb
tyji Z9^nz lAAq)wtf)BE.
4. 1 en dhMi ^^ dherselz w^^iyz tbrsB moq dhe w^min
2 on dh^* tak dhorselz wa'ivz v)dlie wunen
3 yn dh^ m^^ wymen bilaqen ty dhe kwrntr^*
4 vn dhtftf to/uk'n 6itj vn Bm v :moo«b wu^niBn fsr dhvr
5 BK dhtf t^ikt dh«Bzalz « wdUV ts piis, E'tct « dh« wmnin
1 a :moob, dhe n^m 9)dhe)ti'n waz rorpa, en dhe nt'm
2 9 :moob, dhe n^m 9)dhe)jen waz :orp9, en dhe iMn
3 9 :moob, dhe n^m 9)dhe)tin wyz :orp«^, en dhe n^^m
4 w^tf ; t)onz niim wbz :AArpB «n t)Wodh«rz w«z iro/tith ;
5 B :moo'9b, wAAn b dh^ wbz ekjaa'l :ABpBy Bn dhB t)adhBB
1 9)dhe)tadher :i9th, en dhe b^ dhii'r dhe &esek e
2 9^dhe ydhar :ruth; 9n dh« sta'tt dh^^ dhe fEEk b
3 9;dhe ttdher wyz :ruthy en dhtf dwalt dh^^r niir ebut
4 Bn dh» IfVd • dhat kUontrt Bbait ten Hbt.
5 o)'m WBZ Bkjaal tBPith, Bn dh« liiyd in dhiki pbcBs
1 teen iir.
2 t£n iir.
3 t«n iir.
4
5 bs'ttd B t^n Jar.
5. 1 dhon imaak^^hlen an :kilten d6id t^, bt'th dhe
2 en :makhl9n en :kil'n diit iee^^ b^'th
3 yn :m«^len yn :kilien b^dh diit tii',
4 Bn :maalBn Bn :t^iljBn deid bz wel,
5 Bn :m£'BlBn Bn il^e^lnm dh^ dd^td tyjj dhB
1 twiV 9 dhem ; en dhe wamen waz laeft er l^n,
2 9 dhem ; an dhe wamen waz lift 9ltf-n,
3 yn dhe wa'tf wyz Irft er lii*n,
4 boj'uBth on Bm ; boo dhB wtt^mBn wbz left aa bIo;^,
5 b^Bdh o)'m ; Bn so dh')amBn wbz Blaf BdhE'tct
1 W9 n^dher hem ner m<m bila'^en er.
2 wy n^tf'dher mtm nar w^n.
3 wythut tftf'dher b^^m or man.
4 ndi Br toefu Bu^nz Bn Br a'ttd man wBn gan djed.
6 adBr wAn by bb tyji za^nz be it bb azbBn.
[ 2182 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IwTBOD.] THE LOWLAND DIVISION. 701
6. 1 dhon shp fm^z xp, her en er twit* g»d dokti^literz,
2 dhEn shy ree^z wy er twAA gjyd dookhterz,
3 dhtfn shi got ap wii er gwid d^Atherz,
4 dhen a'u got w^p w» Br da'utBr in Iaaz
5 dhan eb gAAt Ap we vr daaBTBBlAAz
1 te goq hYem ogt^n thr» dhe laand
2 isT U gjaeq owaa' h^m ie dhe kyntrah
3 ty gjlBq htf*m egjtf^n ft dhe kmntrs^
4 fBF goo bak drt «)th kt^ontrt
5 m)8 XB ma^d g^^ bak vgitsn ybbui dhi ki kantsi
1 9 :moob, for ehp ed hard e dhe kpntri 9 :moob,
2 9 :mooby far 8hyy)d hard tEl y dhe kyntrah 9 :moob,
3 9 :moob, fsr 8hii)d hard t£l y dhe kwintr^^ a :mopb,
4 B :moo*Bb, fer o?'u)d Herd wel a'u wbz dhKor, Bt
5 B :moo*ab, tbb aB)d bjx'&d
1 hau 9t dhe :loord hed bkit eefter
2 dha^t dhe :loord had t^^^n thookht te
3 et dhe :loord hyd luket «ftr)yz
4 ii dhe :lAArd «d teen Mi vn.
5 e'm dhvi dh« :lA'«Bd bd t^^ BmdU'nded
1 fu'k, en gin dhem brid.
2 fok, 9n gin dhem brid.
3 fok, yn gin dhem brid.
4 fooks, tsn Bd gJBn Bm bred.
5 Yoks, in gi)in o)'m bB«^.
7. 1 8iV shp gt'd 9w«i ut thraB dhe pit's Bt sha
2 see^ shy g\ed ewAA & dhe pl^^s kM^hAAr shy
3 yn shu gjed ut 9 dhe pl^^s faar shi
4 Bn 800 ob'u staarttd of dit B)th pliis werer o/u
5 zo aB wd«n y^Bth s'tct b dhiki pIe'bs waB aa
1 waz ^, 9n dhe twit* gvd doku^hterz oWq W99)v;
2 wxz stop'n, wy 9r twAA gjyd dookhterz 9la'q wyy)r;
3 wyz, her 'n er twa<i gwid dAAtherz 'wii)er;
4 woz, Bn Br to^u da'titBr in Iaaz Blu^qg wfdh Br;
6 WAZ, Bn aB Tyy^ daaBXBBLAAz lAq)w«) bb
1 en dhe t^k dhe gPt te g<iq bak te dhe
2 9n dhe tak dhe wa'i te gjseq 9waa bak hem te dhe
3 yn dhe tuk dhe gj^^t bak Bgj^'n t'l dhe
4 Bn dht got'n BpB)th rood for ku^m bak tB)th
5 Bn dhe w«^t AAn pBn dhB BhooBd ybb tb g^^ bak to dhv
ez
iz
oon
9'Z
oon
[ 2133 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
702 THE LOWLAND DIVISION. [Ihtrod.
1 laand o '.dj^uda.
2 loond a :djuudB.
3 laan e :dpiudtf^
4 land « :d}a;'adB.
5 l»n « :d|yyxdB.
8. 1 dhon kw8 mooo'mi t^ er twit* gvd dokcrhterz :
2 dliEn inaoo'mtf Bed U ar twaa gjyd dookhterz :
3 yn :ntfoo*mi 8^ t*l er twaa gwid dAAtherz :
4 Qn :nM;oa'iiuit sed tB ot to/u da'titBr-in-lAAZ :
5 Bn :iitfoo*indU' zed xy^ «b Tjyi daaBTBBLAAz :
1 '' g^ dWM| ! gtf' bak elk Jen o)i te ir ee{a
2 ''g]8Bq awAAl bak eVk en tf)ja t^ jar
3 ''gjeq 9waal en gje bak b^^dh a)ji ty jir ee^n
4 "ki^Qin, g(M) JBT wiiz bak, Ixi/aBth ony» tB jr«r
5 '' g9x ! g9i bak eet} wAn o)i tB jsb
1 msdherz bus! dhe :loord b6i g^d te)i ez ii)y
2 mydherz bus ! an dbe iloord bi gjyd t^)ja az Jt* h«
3 mfdberz bus ! dbe :loord bi gwid ty)jB az Jt b^
4 mu^dbBrz its, dbB :lAArd detBl k^thdlt wt Jt bz jee)a
5 mAdbBRZ e'uz I dbB iIa'biuI ds^Bl kd^tnli ljUiq)wee)i^
1 bin gtfd te m6i, en te db^m et)8 gTn.
2 bin gjyd te mii, an te dihem dbabt)s awAA.
3 bin ty mii, yn ty db^^m et)B 9waa.
4 delt wi d^em bz bin d|ed, bu w» mii.
5 sE'Bm)8 Jyyi)v BdE^tatlBd Uq we dhee dhst bi deed^ vn
lAq)wtf)mii.
9. 1 dbe :loord gront et ii mee fend rsest, elk in o)i
2 dbe -.loord gii ja te fan rEst b^'tb e)j9
3 dbe :loord grant jb, et Ji me fen rsst, elk« in y)jB
4 dbB :lAATd grant ji tB fdind rest Ixi/uBtb on Jt
5 dbB ilA^BBd gBant)i, in)s i ma'd vdUn Bas, ee^ wAn)o)i
1 e ir ^^n bus, W99 e man a ir eeiU.** dbim
2 wy a bus an a man a jar aau." dbsn
3 wy a man yn a bus y Jir ee^uJ* sa'tn
4 • JBr ttjzbBndz d/s." dben
5 in db)£'i4z b jsb azbBU." dbsen
1 sbp kest dbem, en dhe big9'd a-gii*tin lud en 8M,r.
2 sby kest dbym, an db« bigu'd a-gri*tin an grot seer seer.
3 sbi kest dbem, yn dhe roort yn grat.
4 CB^u kist Bm, Bn dbi oop'nt iit vn skrdtkt.
5 XB kiisT Bn, Bn dhe MtBd Ap dbBr ya^is bu weep^d.
I 2134 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
IXTBOD.]
THB LOWLAND DIVISION.
703
10. 1 en dhe 8^ tel)er:
2 en dhe Bed ttf)er:
3 yn dhe 8^ t'l)er:
4 «n dhee sed'n,
5 on dhe zsd ts as:
"eB'bat, w^i)l g<iq Mem
"naa! naa! wi)l gjaeq
"wbyt! wii)l gJBq h^*m
"wet^n saarttnlt goo w»)j« bak
'^BhiwBiAH wi wtfl g9| bak
1 w^ Ja'u tp ir ^jn fw'k!"
2 W0 ja bak ttf J9r frinz!"
3 wy JB ty juur fok ! "
4 tB JooT ku^ntrtfooks."
6 lAq)wtf)i
I/O *WJ. B.1»qUM»XI
te jifBE voks!"
11. 1 bat :iuioo*mi b^: "tam ogt'n ma dokti^literz!
2 an :naoo'm» s^: ''n mAn tarn ma dookhterz!
3 yn :n^oo'mi s^: ''gjsq bak agjVn my dakhterz!
4 Bn inee joo'mdi sed: ''tarn Jt bak «gjen mi da'titerz, wi
6 Bn :n^oo'm» zsd: ''taBV JBBzalz bak Bgftm, mi daaBTBBz;
kd^bot wad ii g<iq W9 m&, for?
ktt^bat far wad ji gjsBq wy mil?
fat ^yd Ji dii*, giaan wy mii?
4 goo JBT wiiz ; wot)'n Ji want goo dw^qg w» met fsr ?
5 wA)d)i wish tbb g^i lAqJo)mii var?
1 em aa gaan ta hsesB oni mti' bmiz te bei msen
2 dyy ja theqk aa)'l hee one meeh w^'nz te bii lAAdz
3 ym dat gjaan ty hee^ oni m^'r b^mz ty bi mEn
4 iz dhOT ani m<i?'uBr 8«onz i)mi wu^m jet tB b6f JBr
5 a^z B£ a^ni m^BB za'nz in miH ^^m VLsfu in)s dh^ ma^d
1 f or i ?
2 tB ja?
3 t'l JB ?
4 u^zbBndz?
5 kAAm YBB tB bi jbb azbsnz ?
12. 1 tarn bak, ma doku^bterz, goq ir
2 gjaeq owaa, ma dookhterz, gjaeq jar AAn
3 gJEq bak, my dakhterz, gJEq Jir
4 tarn j» bak Bgjan, mi dp'^tBrz, goo jbt
5 taBBT jaBzalz bak Bg{Bn, mdV daasiBBz, g9| jbb doBn
1 WM^z, for aa)m onr oald te hse® b
2 g]et, fax aa)m fAAr a'tir aaI te hee anydher gjyd
3 waa'z, far aa)m a'nr aal ty hee^ antdher
4 wiiz, for di)m to/n a'«d tB av b
6 w«z, VBE ii bi tyji ool tbb t)ee'B b
[ 2135 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
2
704 THE LOWLAND DIVISION. [Iktbod.
1 man. ef aa wxz te see^ ^^aa)Y
2 man. 9n gtn aa shyd sm, ''aa h^
3 man. gtn da» syd Bee\ ''dai he^
4 UQzbBud. tV di woz ts sii, **<»)m » gu^d
6 3zb«ii. nif d*» w«z vbe zee, k'w "d't)v ^g^-t
1 huap,*' ae'i, en ef aa)d e nwni
2 hoop," eeae, 9n gtn da' had e man
3 ha'ups," (iai, gtn dat syd h^^ sntdher man
4 bt;oop8," tV a woz ti av « ii^zbend
5 oops," nif 6}% wbs t)£'« « azben,
1 dhes V8B'J9 nekiht, en waz te hae bCTnz as wil,
2 dhe nekht, an had sanz iee\
3 dhe nekht, yn syd he^ Wmz 98 wil,
4 dhts vert n^tt, Bn hwr stf^nz vn aa,
5 tyyi, dhiiBz vasi n^t, on if iU wbz tbb tB b^BB Z9^n2j
13. 1 w<id)i w^t on dhem ktc^hal dhe giv'a ap?
2 wad^ja -wet fsr dhem tEl dh^ had gra'tm ap?
3 wyd;jt W9'tt f9r dhem t'l dh^ wyr gra'c^n ap?
4 ww^d Jt wiit on Bm dhBn dht wBn groon it^p ?
6 W9*d jjj wA'tt vAK)Bn g9*n dhe wbz BgR(5Bd Ap ?
1 wfld)i st^ji thr® hsesB'in maen for
2 wad)jt kip ie taak'n m£n far w^t'n
3 wyd)jt ba'td ft tak'n idher men ty wo'tt
4 wt^od Jt stop f or)Bm Bn b6i bdtt n^zbBndz ?
5 W9^d Jji staap vbb dh^ vBBm ee*in b azbsnz ?
1 dh^m? naal naal ma doktrhterz, for aa)m 8ee{t
2 en dh^m? naa ! naa! ma dookhterz, isr aa')m
3 £ir dh^m? naa! naa! my dakhterv, fax aa'm Beeh
4 nii, mt do'utsrz, far aa)m ttf^b'l
5 noo ! md^t daasTBBz, ya2 bt
1 vsekst for ja'ur s^ks, et dhe hoond
2 ga'i an pat obut txr juur s^ks, dhaH dhe hAAn
3 Yfkst on Juur 9kant8, 9t dhe haan
4 gr§tVd fsr j^^bt siiks bz dh)3nd
5 griiyth mi taBBb'l vbb jIibb ss'Bks, ifu dhBt dhB)8en
1 9 dhe rloord hez gt''n sit"* 9gt''n ez."
2 9 dhe :loord hyz gjm Be see^r 9gJ0n8t mt."
3 y dhe :looid hyz gj^^n 9gjtf*n my m^ maVl."
4 B dhB :lAArd)z gan dtt Bgen mt."
6 B)dhB :1a'bbd)z vg^' tfut Bg9'n mi."
[ 2136 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Iktrod.]
THB LOWLAKD DIVISION.
705
14. 1 en dhe krdid ut lud, en grot ogt'iiy on
2 ea'in dh^ bigu'd 9-grit'n 8g]^i an
3 yn dhs bigu'd u-grit'n ©gj«*n, yn
4 vn dhi lifted w^p dhw vdts Bn skrdtkt Bgen, «n
5 Bn dh« lEft«d Ap dhvR vA'ts, «n w^Bd vgivn, tm
1 :orpa kest er g^d madher,
2 :orp8 kest sn: gjyd mydhor,
3 :orp^ kest er gwid mtdher,
4 :AArpB ktst Br mUodhBr-in-lAA,
5 :ARpB kiisT bb mAdhBBLAA,
1 :wtli haq bei)er.
2 :ruth haq tee)BT,
3 :ruth wyd)n« gJEq aw<ia fiV)ar.
4 iKe'uth tt^q tflj'u Br.
5 :r^ith bb kl^^Bd tyyj bb.
on gj^
bat
awAA, bat
byt
bB
bBt
15.
1 en shp 8^
2 9n shy sed
3 yn shi 8^
4 Bn ce^VL sed
5 Bn SB Z£8
**8ei, ir gpd 8e8ter)z g^n ew^j
'^lak-sii, J9T gjyd syster hyz gi^n awAA
"Ink, jf'r gwid sester hys g]^'n
** 8t)dht, dh» 8tstBr-in-LA)z gon
*' l^lk)!, Zii, Jsfu dhi Z9'stBBLAA)z Bg»i
1 htem
2 bak
3 bok
4 bak
5 bak
td)er ee{n. ftt'k, en
td)er fok, en
t'l)er ee^n fok, yn
tB Br oim. kM^tr» looks Bn
t^)er
ttf)er
t'l er
goodz;
goodz,
goodly
tji BB
Br oon godz;
voks, Bn tyi bb gAdz ;
1 gP wee^ ja'u U9 8Bfter)ir g*d sester."
2 gjaeq juu awAA -»ftr)9r.
3 gJEq ii bak rftr)er.
4 goo dh» wiiz bak Bgen af^tB^r dh» ststBT-mJAA."
^ ^J7i)^ ^^'^ &i ^^^ aaDBB dhi za'stBBLAA.
16. 1 en irpth s^
2 an :ruth s^
3 an :ruth sed
4 Bn rroj'uth sed
5 Bn ir^ith z£d
00, de)na trit on)os te
de)na aask ma ie gjeeq awAA
de)n« sik my ty gJEq owaa
dMQ)nB beg b mi tB
doo)ni b8eg)o)mi tbb tB
1 liiv)i,
2 te)j9,
3 ft)jB,
4 lilBV JB
or
or
or
Br
te
te
ty
tB
6 lEf)i, BB VBB TB
lt,E. Pron. Part Y.
tarn
gJEq
goo
bak thre kamin 8Bfter)i, for
bflk an noo gjaeq wy)ja, far
bak f« fola;en)jB, for
bak frBm folB;/n af^tBr jb; fBr
bak TBBm YAAli)in .aaDBB)i; ybb
[ 2137 ] 136
Digitized by LjOOQIC
706
THE LOWLAND DIVISION.
[IlfTBOD.
17.
1 ktrhtfr
2 ku^hor
3 f aar
4 wtisr
6 w«K;a'vBB
ever 'ii goq aa)l goq,
yver juu gjaeq aa^l gjaeq,
n g3»l
joo gbn
en kirhMirii
on kwhar juu
aa)i gJBqtii', yn faar ii
di)l goOy Bn wH«r joo
jyi dB gwj aa)L g»i tyyi; sn waR jy^ de
1 btf,id aa)l W,id; juur fv'k)'! b^i moa fv'k en
2 Wid aa)l Wid; Juur fok xl bii maa' fok on
3 Wtd aa')l ba'td; Juur tokyi bii m£a« fok yn
4 lod|*D, di lod| ; joor f(K>k8)8'n b« mdi fooks, vn
5 1a(^ aa)L lAdp. tyji ; J(5«b Tok8)Bh«l bii m£H voks, «n
1 juur :good maa :good.
2 Juur :go(xi maa' rgood.
3 Juur igood mdai :good.
4 joor :god nuf» :god.
5 J^BB :gAd mdU' :gAd.
1 kwhee^T 'ii d^i
2 kt^har JUU dii
3 faar ii dii
4 wHbt 'JOO d^'n,
6 WHB jyji ds diU a)
aa\i dei, en b^ bd e dhe
aa^)l dii, an bi bd y dhe
aa)l dii, yn bi byrtt dheehr
di)\ det, Bn dhHBr
d6}i Bu
1 griVv dhtVr e8^iid)i: dhe :loord dp siV te
2 jarth a8ald)ja. on dhe iloord dyy ty
3 tii' dhe floord du see^ ty
4 a;l b» bend ; dhB :lAArd dau wo tB
5 aa;l bi Bbasid, dhB :1a'bbd Dy^ zo tB
dhx^BB
m6i
mii as
mii,
met,
mi
1 en meeiT
2 mak'l, ceaB*, an m^*r iee^^
3 <fa«, yn mee^r tii',
4 Bn mce'uBr Bn aa,
5 Bn mdoBB Tyy,
1 d»*th kann atwin ja'u en m^i!"
2 de'th ptf^its as!"
3 d^h p^ JUU yn mii."
4 djeth paarts joo bu m6t."
5 deeth dB pa'BBT jyyi bu mii ! "
ef oktrht bat
ef one theq bat
gjin okht byt
tV dui bB
nif ($0BBi bod
18. 1 ku^han shp Ma at shpp waz sset on o-goqin
2 ku^han shy saa dha't 8hy)d f^rlt mkl ap or mz'in to gjaeq
3 fyn shi saa at shi wyz bent on. gjaan
4 wen as'u seid Bt ii afu "wbz set BpB gafxxjin
6 hAN BB ziid ifu as wbz y<^1 m&'tndBd vbk
[ 2138 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Inthod.] the lowland DIVISION, 707
1 W09)r, aha gse 6iir spi-kin tel)er.
2 wyy ar, shy lift af spik'n t««)er.
3 wii)er, dh«i shi gj^ a'u-e'r spi-k'n t'l er ebut »t.
4 wtdh vr, dhen o^xl gen oor tAAktn Wu «r.
5 g9x lAAq)wM)«B, dhoo bb Lsef oof sptf^kin tji «b
19. 1 stV dhe twtV'sam gt'd, t'l dhe kom te :b8ethlem,
2 M0* dhe twAA gjtfd on, tEl dhe kom t$ rbsthlam,
3 BM* dhtf gjtf'd on dheg*dher, t'l dh^ kam ty :bethlem,
4 800 dh» went'n bo/uBtii on Bm tBgjedhvr ton dht kes'umin
5 zoo dhe tyjx w^^t vLAAq, gin dh^ kAAm to :baethl^Bm,
1 en kti^han dhe won te ibaethlem, ktrhot bat
2 an ku^han dh^ won U .'bsthlam,
3 yn iyn dhe kam iy :bHhlem,
4 t« :bethlrBm. tm soo tt ko/um vba'tit «z wen dht won
5 on Bt apt m)8 dh^ wbz okAAm to :b8Bthl^«*m, dhot
1 dhe hYel ton W2Z en)e stiir abut dhem; en kwa dh^„
2 dhe hee^l tun waz en)a stiir abut dhem; en dhtf s^ t^
3 dhe htf^l tun wyz yn)a stiir abut dhem; yn dh^ sed
4 kw^m^n to :bethl»Bm, dh«r w«z b star t)dh a'u-«l tdm vb^tt
5 dhB wool sa'ti w«z «ZAAt Ap Bb£'tid)9m, on dhtf z£d,
1 "ez dhes :n<ioo*mi, theqk we?"
2 Jen anydher, '^es dhd; :naoo*mtf?"
3 **kyn dhes bi :n«Jo-mi?"
4 wn, «n fooks wtm siijtn: "*z dhts m^^joo'md* ?"
5 **a*z ^a*shja*B :iwoo-m£*«?"
20.
I en
shp
S^Z
te dhem :
"de)na
Vaa m6i
:naoo*mi,
2 an
shyy
^
ty dhem:
" de)na
kAA mii
:naoo*m^,
3 yn
Shi
Bedi
ty dhem:
**de)n<j
Vaa mii
:ntfoo'm»,
4 on
or'u
sed
toj'u om:
"dujno
kAA m«
:ntftfjoom<f«,
6 on
ZB
ZED
ty)om
" doo)n)i
kjaal mi
ineoo'Txn^iy
1 kaa)me :maa'ra, for dhe :alme'kihti hez
2 byt kAA)mt :maa'ra, far dhe :alme*knt« has
3 kaa)my :maar0\ far wil)a)wa'tt dhe :alme*kht« hyz
4 kAA m» :mtf«*oro : for :god ikAmdiii oz
5 kjaal mi :mE'oro, kaz dh) :AAlmdU'ti)th
1 dnt wp)me vaere beterl*.
2 d^lt w«)m« ga'» an beterlt.
3 d^lt wy)my beterb' ynjukh.
4 delt ven* bitor w» m».
5 ods'oled taBob'l ba^toB lAAq W0)mi.
[ 2139 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
708
THE LOWLAND DIVISION.
[Intbod.
21. 1 aa gfd ut h!n en
2 aa gj^ ut fuu, 6ii
3 aa gJ0'd ut fuu, yn dhe
4 a went 6tt ImqI, vr dho
5 d4 wtfmt s'tft y^il «n wool bu dhs
dhe :loord hez broktrht
dhe :loord hez briq
;loord)z brokht
;lAArd)z bra'ut
:lA'«Bd)dh Qbraat
1 me hiem t^m: ha'u wad i kaa)me
2 mi hem 8g]«n tym: ku^hst wa'i wad 39 Isjjl *m»
3 my he^m tyym: fuu koa m«
4 m« wom «gen emp». W9t)n j« kAA mt
5 mi A'm Bgivn d^mpti sendBd : waU')d)i kjaal mi
1 :naoo'miy sen dhe :loord hez
2 naoom^ dhyn, syn dhe :loord hyz
3 ineoo-mif sen dhe :loord)z
4 :nee)oo'md$ fer, kvust'dtirm i% dh« :kArd)z gen
5 meoo'm&^i dhsen? vaab i d« zii e'w dhs :lA'BBD)dh
1 watnest
egrn
me,
2 tKStif »tt
9gjmst
m«,
3 watnest
egjd'n
my,
4 wft'ns
Bgen
mi,
5 Btsestifa^id Bgm mi,
en dhe :almekjhti hez gin
en dhe lalme'khti haz bin
yn dhe :alme*khti hyz bin
vn. it :g9d :AAmdi*t»)z
Bn dh) ;AALmaVti)th
1 me w^r traVl."
2 Bee^T on mt?"
3 w* Beeh apo)mt?"
4 a*m»ld r<>»'ill-treated| abused, oyerworked/ Gloisafy'] mt.
5 BflE'ktBQ mi.
8»r
22. 1
2 sw*
3 Bse^
4 vn 800
5 zoo
:n<ioo*mi kom htem, en :ivth dhe
:naoo'mtf kom bak, an :ruth dhe
:ntfoo'mi kam h^'m, yn :ruth dhe
:ned;oo*md« ko/am bak, bu iivB'uth dhe
:nMO'md*« ween bak, bu i9|th dh«
1 :mooeb^iite8,
2 :moo9ba'ites,
3 rmooab la's.
her gpd
or gjyd
4 :moo*Bb wUpmBn, Br
5 :moo'Bb&U**ti8, a&
doktohter
dookhter
her gwid dAAther
da'utBr-«n-lAA
naaBiBBLAA
ww)r,
ela-q wyy)r,
wii)er,
wtdh BT,
Uq WM)eBy
1 'her et
2 -h^ar at
3 her yt
4 ar wot
kom
kam
kam
ko/um bak
ut
ut
at
e dhe
a dhe
ft dhe
B)th
WAt Bd Bkam bak* s'lit o dhB
[ 2140 ]
kmtri a :moob;
kyntrah a :moob;
kwtntr^ y :moob;
cmoo-Bb kHontri.
kaNTfii 0 :moo*ab;
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 33.] THE SOUTH LOWLAND. 709
1 en ktrhsn dhe kom te ibaBthlem, et waz vbut
2 an ktrhan dhe kam U rbKthlam et waz niir baa'
3 yn dhe kam t'l :Wthlem 'n
4 tm dhi kos'um ts :bethlttnn d^u^Bt «t)th fast
5 «n dhe kAm to :b8ethl^«'m dja^s ts
1 dhe fttu'r send a dhe boorli haerst.
2 dhe foor ££n a dhe baarl^ h^^rst.
3 dhe bige'nen a dhe baarlt h^^'rst.
4 staart v)th baarlt aarvtst.
5 dht) bigii'nin v baasLi aR'Bs.
D 33. = SL. = South Lowland = Dr. Murray's Southern
Counties.
Boundary, Begin on the Tweed by Carham near Coldstream on the nw. angle
of Nb. Follow the Tweed by Kebo, Rx., and Melrose, to a spot about 2 s.
Inverleithen, Pb. Then turn sw. along Quoir Water to n. of St. Mary's
Loch, Se. Continne along the border of Pb. and Lk. to Queensberry Hill, Df.,
at the s. of Lk. Then go s. and se. to e. of Dumfries, to Caerlarerock on the
Solway Frith. Continue along the s. coast of Df., to join the s.L. line 10
{p. 21), and continue along that line to the starting-place, Carham.
The s. boundary here differs from that assignea by Dr. Murray, which at
Gretna, Df., turns n., and goes w. of Langholm, Df., when it turns e. along
the Cheviots to Peel Fell, and then crosses into Nb. almost as far as Otterbum,
Kb., whence it turns n. to the Cheviot Hill itself, and then follows the Nb. b.
to Carham. The part of D 33 which is thus excluded by Dr. M. as part of
England lying between his s. b. and mine, I will distinguish as Tar. i, the rest
of the district being Tar. ii. Dr. Murray's exclusion of Y. i makes Canobie
i6 s. Langholm), and Liddesdale, together with Bewcastle to Longtown, Cu.,
English and not L. It seems that the inhabitants regard these s. parts as
English in character, just as the speech about Carlisle and Brampton, Cn., is
called Scotch by the natives. Both conceptions are incorrect as will be seen.
To keep my division distinct from Dr. M.'s, I have, as just stated, erected two
varieties, ms English L. beinjg V. i, and his Scotch L. being Y. ii. But so
far as I have been able to obtain information, there seems to be no real difference
in speech between these two varieties.
Area. In England a strip of the n. of Cu. and the n. slopes of
the Cheviots. In Scotland, Rx., Se. and e. and m. Df. Or, as
Dr. M. expresses it (DSS. p. 80), ** the dales of the Teviot, the
Esk, and the Anna, the Ettrick and the Yarrow," to which I add
that of the Liddle, which he excludes. The n. b. separating D 33
from D 34 is indistinct. The w. b. dividing Df. is very sharp.
Authoriti49, Dr. J. A. H. Murray's '* The Dialect of the Southern Counties
of Scotland," 1873 (abbreviated to DSS.), with the pron. in systematic spelling
or palaeotype, is the principal authority, and he has given me much adcutionu
information by word of mouth. This is one of the very few books which conveys
trustworthy accounts of pron.
Mr. A. Melville Bell's Yisible Speech contains several sentences in this dialect,
dictated by Dr. M., and afterwards transliterated into p<U. by me, and corrected
for this work by Mr. A. Melville Bell, his son. Prof. A. Grahaip Bell (now of
telephonic celebrity), and Dr. Murray, by word of mouth in conclave, 13 June,
£ 2"J ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
710 THE SOUTH LOWLAND. [D 33.
1868. BimilAT sentences from other dialects inserted in Visible Speech were
corrected in the same way by the same persons, at the same time, and will be
referred to hereafter.
See also the Alphabetical County Lists for Scotland, under the following
names, where * means tt. per AJE., X per JGG., || per Dr. Murray, ° io.
Cu. X Bewcastle to Longtown, ° Longtown.
Se, X Selkirk town.
Bx, 11 Hawick, X Liddlesdale Head, X Hoxburgh town, X Teviotdale Head,
♦ Yetholm.
Characters, The vowel systeni is deBcribed by Br. M. in DSS.
pp. 103-117. See Introd. to Hawick cs., p. 682. He considers it
to be (li, 2t, 3»', 4<f, 5e, 68B, 7«, 8a, 9o, lOw', llu. 12p), and
those are the vowel signs which are used in his Hawick cs.
[except that in the cs. (t*,, u\) are used for (»*, w*)], the Ruth
chap, i., and the cwl., p. 716. In unaccented syllables, no wever, he
employs (a), for which in the cwl. («) has been used. This analysis
is rather rough, and he has supplemented it by additional observa-
tions, here abstracted. The vowels are genendly medial in length,
and should therefore be written (i i i') etc., as in the Hawick cs.,
but this grave accent is generally dispensed with. Occasionally
they are long, and are then much longer than in English, and
should be written (ii, «i) etc., but this grave accent indicating
the drawl is also iisuaUy omitted.
1. (i), the pure Fr. and It. sound, even when short (medial) in closed syllables,
in which case it sounds as (ii) to an English ear. Stopped and medial in length
(sik, fit, dip, lin, fist) seek; feet, deep, lean, feast, before Toicelees consonants
and (1, m, n). Brief, and generally really short, in prefixes, as (bihi'q, dimi'n,
rig^*rd^ belong, demean, regard. Long, when final accented, as (wii, ii) wee,
ye, or before (r, z, dh, v), as (wiir, liiz, miidhz, diir, weir, leeze, meethes, deeve
(in Dr. M.^s spelling). The medial (i) case is the oidy one which offers difficulty
to an Englishman. It seems also to occur final, see (i).
2. (»), Dr. M., in deference to the opinions of Mr. Melville Bell and myself,
admits (%) in final accented syllables, but Dr. M. himself inclines to (i) in such
cases. I think in ray own case the (t) arose from a misapprehension, and a
confusion of D 33 with D 34. JGG. used (iM in such cases for D 33, which is
practically not* easily separable from (i). If this ktter view is correct, (•) does
not exist m D 33, except as part of the next vowel.
3. (»'), this is a decided fracture, the same as (te) in D 30, but the second
element is far more fugitive in D 33, and hence I reduce it to (*) in writing.
The fracture is so rapidly pron. that the (') is scarcely heard in closed syllables
as beat (bi*t), so that the effect is almost Uke (ii, e^) At Liddlesdale Heaa JGG.
used ftiiy, ee% u.b), and finally (l,e°j for this fracture. I had often great
difficulty in separating the sound from (it}, ee^) in Dr. M.'s own pron. At the
beginning of a word the (•*) develops into (iB, t6, «'), the latter being more
jreeent forms, as (i*n, jen) one, written ane. D 33 differentiates many words as
(i, t*), thus (mil, miU) meal flour, and meal repast ; (sin, st'n) seen, scene, (hil,
hiM) heel, heal, (bit, bi*t) beet, beat, (fit, fi't) feet, feet.
4. (tf), this is rather (e) to my ear, Dr. M. considers it an opener sound than
Fr. S. It is perfectly simple ana has no tendency to fall into (^r j) with a vanish,
as in English. It occivs both longhand stopped (medial) in D 33, as (w^ct:, baedh,
w« ; w^ t^l) were, bathe, way ; 'wait tail, these last two words being quite
different from Engl, wet, tell.
5. (e). Here there is considerable difficulty. The sound is not (b), but
Dr. M. considers it to be the received (e) as used in London (net, men) as
dirtinguished from (nst, mEn). It is at any rate a degradation of (i), passing
*o (»» »i» ©*). ftnd as I heard it in L. Jill pit was rather (fe4 peU) than (fel pet).
But then Dr. M. identifies it when final unaccented with (b) ; **in emphasising
[ 2142 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 33.] THE SOUTH LOWLAND. 711
and j^rolonging the final vowel in such words as America^ dynna, weido^^*
Amenca, do not, widow, "the sound I hear,** says he, "is the same as that in
hyU, byndf*^ where he uses y for tlus sound. I must own that his prou. did not
strike my ear in the same way. To Dr. M. also the (a, ah) or (a^) are all "so
near when brief and unaccented that it ia difficult to distinguish them.** This
Towel replaces written i frequently, written y in old books, and it seems the
beginning of an obscuration of » which is more deyeloped in D 39, where it will
be specially considered; it occasionally sounded to me as (i, e, o, a). After
(w) this sound regularly develops (a), as (wal, wat, wan, kwhan) will, wit, win,
whin.
6. (ffi), here again when I heard Dr. M. pron. I did not recognise my own («),
or any trace of tliat quality. I rather heard (e, e,), or a very deep form of (e).
The quality of sound seems to belong to ray men as different from my man. But
I have judged it right to retain Dr. M.*a (a?).
7. (fl) is the deeper French form of d^ it is decidedly broader than (a), and is
sometimes identifi^ with German {a) in Mann. It is constantly conlused with
(a) by Londoners, who hear {man) as (man) and write it »to/i, which conveys the
very different sound (mon) to L. ears.
8. (a). This occurs only as a stopped vowel, it is the deep form common in
ingland, but sometimes appears to be somewhat liigher (a').
9. (o). This is fully identified with Italian o aperto by Dr. Murray; it is
always pure, aud never vanished into (oo'ir).
10. W\, This is another fracture, of which the first element seems to be
rather (mj), while the second is as hurried aud obscure, as in the third vowel
(•*). The r^ult is very like Italian c chiuso, a sort of (oa') or (wwh). It dis-
tinguishes pairs of words in L., as (boor, bww'r), boar, bore, (room, iru'm)
roam, Rome.
11. (u). The long and short (medial) forms have the same quality in L., where
(«) is never heard. Compare English pool, Fr. powle, Eng. pwU (puul, pul, p«^l),
but as the L. makes the vowel rather medial in length, it seems to an Englishman
to have no short (n) at all. And certainly Scotch writers on English pron. (as
the late Prof. Clarke, of Aberdeen) do not use a mark to differentiate either the
length or quality of the vowels in foot, food (f«t, fuud).
12. (.?). This identification did not seem quite correct to my ears, and (y,) or
(^') seemed nearer, but (?) vnU be retained. This replacement of 0' in L, varies
much in the different dialects, ranging from (i) to (or) or deeper.
The diphthongs in D 33 are heard by Dr. M. with final (i, u) and not (i, «) as
in England, doubtless from the absence of these vowels. He recognises the
following forms.
The (i) series: 1. (^i) nearly (c*i), and hence resembling the vanishing
received a. 2. (ei) having the vowel No. 6 for the first element, so that the
distinction («i, 6i) is delicate ; this is however common. 3. (a?'i) is rare except
in contractions (hse'i, ma'i) have you, may you. 4. (^i), the regular *' broad t,^*
as distinguished from (ei), the "thin t.'* 6. (6i), distinct from Engl, (a'l, a'i).
The (u) series: 1. (6u). 2- (a'u). 3. (au). 4. (ae'u) occurring in (mffi'u) to
mew. 6. (s'u).
Of the consonants only h^ eh, r need be noticed. The aspirate is never omitted,
except, as almost universally, in it, but even here it is found occasionally in
D 39, 40, and regularly in D 41. In one word «*, w^hen emphatic, it is inserted
as (haz). This also happens in the N. div.
The guttural (kh) appears in three forms (kh, kjh, kw?h), but does not follow
the usual German rule. Thus :
1. faugh! ugh!==(fikh, hukh).
2. high, eight=(hekjh, aekjht).
3. laugh, lock, rough, laughed, low, dough = (lakw?h, lokw^h, rakifh, bkwh,
lii*kM^h, dii'ku^h).
and (kirb) frequently occurs initial. In ML- dialects,,© 34 to 37, (kjh, kwh)
appear not to occur.
The trill of r is always strong, whether before or not before a vowel, but
a sound of (b) is generally developed before the (r) in the latter case, which,
however, Dr. M. does not write in.
[ 2143 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
712 THE SOUTH LOWLAND. [D 33.
The general characters of the D 3d are these :
A- «- (%*) as (n»'m, tt'l) name, tale, as in D 30, p. 496.
A: «- {a) as (land) land, peculiar.
A' frequently = (i ') as (tt ', ti 'd) toe, toad, as in D 30.
E'-, EO'- «« (ei), this is also frequent in N. div.
I generally (i), or at most (i*).
r = (di) when open accented, or before voiced consonants, otherwise
generally (6i) or perhaps (E'i).
0 =» (w') frequently, especially before (r), the (') being slightly
heard, but also often (o).
0' frequently (p), occ. (oo).
U:, regularly (s), even in cases when (u) is heard in rec. sp. as
(fal) full.
TJ' when final and open is regularly (a'u), which is a special
feature in D 33 ; it is occ. met with in D 32, V vi ; but
when a consonant follows, it is (u), as a brown cow»(b
brTin ka'u), and never (Aju).
It is by all these characters together that D 33 must be defined,
and comparing the subsequent Liddlesdale Head cwl. with Dr.
Murray's, it will be found that they both agree in these characters.
The essential characters which distinguish the L. from N. are
the regular use of (a) for TJ, the regular use of (uu, u) for U'
before a consonant, and absence of (^jU, <5u) from XJ' words, the
regular use of the guttural (kh), the strong trill of the (r).
The difference of D 33 from D 34 is shewn by the fractures
(»', w*), the use of (ei), which JGG. writes (^ii), for E' EO', and
of (a'u) for U' when final, and the three forms of the guttural
(kh, kjh, ktrh).
Treatment of Unaccektkd Syllables.
The examples giyen by Br. M.» DSS. p. 135, are here transcribed in his order
and groups without comment.
1. fviiwb'l, fn'wb*l) Tidble, feasible; («bi*l»ti) ability.
2. (storavk, m^zik) stomach, music.
3. Ipehsy :forbB8, notis, hogis) palace, Forbes, notice, haggis ; (poltvs) poultice.
4. (prii*lB8i, polBsi, frmvsi) prelacy, policy, phrenesy.
6. (monidj, mmj, kolidi) manage, maniage, college ; (kabtt|, poritj) cabbage,
porridge ; (liondtdjBr) bondager.
6. (ha'Ivn, ssertvn, boarBu, gMBU, :]Hin, sMin, b^'in) haUan [a screen},
certain, baron, garter, Latin, singing, being [as rerbal noun]; (h#mtf*n«ti,
dBviuBti) humanity, divinity; (nu*t«m, h^'nuvm) mutiny, harmony; (gerdin,
tjeldrin, lenin, uun, fionin) garden, children, linen, woollen, flannel; (setvn,
Mivn, kamBn) sitting, being, comin? [as participle] ; (w*ret% st^d'n, had*n,
op^n, W0^k*n, ku^hrit^n) written, stooden, holden, open, weaken, whiten.
7. (6urBns, emptdons, sopivns) owerance [= superiority], impudence, sapience.
8. fkalvnt, poannit) callant, parent.
9. (-«r) -ar, -yr ; (bH) -ary, -ery, -ory ; (hestBri) history.
10. (ka'uBrd, geizni) coward, guiaart.
11. old (mi'rit, :d|akBbit) merit, Jacobite; new (pupBt, vomvt, rabBt, h«nn«t)
pulpit, vomit, rabbit, hermit.
[ 2144 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D83.] THB SOUTH LOWLAND. 713
12. ffMlhvr, r#dh«r, kontss, wMbnt) father, rather, oounteee, weakest.
13. (muthfi), thokti;htfB) mouthful, thoughtful.
14. old (taerBfi), new (t«rif6i^ or (-f6i) terrify.
15. old (nunijhid, mMdtmjhia) manhood, maidenhead; new often (-h^d).
16. older (rapid) rapid; newer (viivwi, tipvd) ririd, tepid.
17. (wi*knf, kooldnf) wakerife [ awatchnil], cauldnfe [scauaing the sensation
of cold, cool « indifferent].
18. nEom/ni«n) communion.
19. mmsh, finish) parish, fimsh.
20. (oMt) olire.
21. accented (haptii'z, siiTvlii'z, #ksersii*z) baptise, drilise, to exerdse; un-
accented (tf'ksBisiz) an exercise sb.
22. new (t«fb*l, han*l, mor*l, bar*l, diiv'l dil) table, handle, moral, barrel,
devil deil ; old with (-bI).
23. (th6ul«8) thowless [einactiTe].
24. (fe-tlenth) foot-length.
25. purposely accented (tr/u*hA) truly; unaccented (-li).
26. (-mm) both -man and -i»mii.
(d|pdjmmit) judgment.
uBui, a-grima'ni) harmony, agrimony.
iiBst, henniBst) boonmostt^sboye most, uppermost], hindmost.
^switnss) sweetness.
(aomos) almous calms; (-im) -ious, -eous gen. but (rekjhtwvs, pituBs
pitwm) righteous, piteous.
32. (fnndshvp) friendship; old retained (hx'ziskBp, «nskiip) housewifeship,
heirship.
33. (disii-ziy) decisiye, and so often (-ziy) for -tite,
34. (t^vrsam, -svm) tiresome.
35. old (.-ealaa'shBnz) Galatians; new (n«ffihmi, utf^hmiBl) nation, national;
(-oshvn, -iizhvu, -oozhvn, ^^zhsn) -assion, -esdon, -ition, -otion, -ution, but
(ok^tfshvn, tronzishsn) occasion, transition ; (pMshvnz) patience.
36. (pr^rahios, glooriBsJ precious, glorious; (-tivs, -d|iBs) -teous, -geous,
•gious, as (pltfutiBS, prodia|iB8) plenteous, prodigious.
37. ^fisbiBl, parshia'lvti) official, partiality.
38. (kimti, kontvli) canty [*= cheerful], cantUy ; old remaining (buntvth,
p^ntvtn, dtfntvth) bounty, poyeixy, dainty.
39. ^ntf^tsr, leezm, mezBr) nature, leisure, measure.
40. fdunwvrt^ downward.
41. (l^ikwBz lekwBZ, s^wvz) likewise, sidewise.
lUustraiions,
1. Beweastle cs., in the 8 interlinear cs. in the introduction to
the L. div., No. 1, pp. 682, 684.
2. Hawick cs., in the same 8 cs., No. 2, pp. 682, 684.
3. TeviotdaU version of Ruth, chap, i., in the 5 versions of this
chap, in the introduction to L. div., No. 1, p. 698.
4. Mr. A. Melville Bell's sentences as written in his Vuihle
Speech, and corrected in the manner already detailed, see bottom
of p. 709. These sentences are given on the next page.
5. Dr. Murray's arrangement of the Scotch Hundredth Psalm,
p. 715.
6. Dr. Murray's wl. from his DSS. rearranged as a cwl. and
augmented by many new words supplied by himself, p. 716.
7. JOG.'s Liddlesdale cwl., shewing the essential similarity
between V i and V ii, p. 721.
[2146 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
M4
THE SOUTH LOWLAND.
[D 88.
Meltillb Bell's Teviotdale SBNTEircEs as gosbscted,
p. 713, No. 4.
1. dhQ beemz W9z laaku^han
an skraaktf^han a^ma'q dhB saaktrhs
don e)dh« haaktrh.
2. dhe)r t^kt^h saaktchs grouan
e)dhB iwkwh ihtkuih :haaktrh.
3. whvt «r i oond om? v)m
oond am noktrht.
4. hei lakwh tit dhv lit'kte'h door-
hid.
5. hffi i enpku^h b diVktc^h.
6. M whou, beemz, et)8 a^
raku^h nekjht. ha'u dhe wand)z
sa'uktrli'aii e)dhB t^iwle hid.
7. h^i)l b6i 6iir dh« now na'u
8. ra'u tm m6i;l goq 6iir dhB
deik vn pa'u « p6i.
9. kam ta mei a)dh« mxnth «
10. pa'u ir t^^i'r foret tn dh©
f6i'r.
11. oz ir feedhor «t hleni dhB
hteldAjloq?
12. hei g^d ts dhB w'ra^q seid
B dhB gt't fBT dhB w'rekjht's
shop.
13. elka blfd b gars kecips
ats tftf'n drop b d/u.
14. mii' beemz Bn mtf^ tB ffi
dhBm.
15. ii)v en/u a put^z, ef ii)d
en^ktrh tB fel dhBm.
16. dhB waekjht garz dhB streq
heq strffikjht.
17. dhBkatmffi'ttZBndhBketlen
W8b'uz.
18. uur ikerstt wbz wseshBn Bt
dhB waeshtn b dhB blaqkets.
19. kwheer)! gaaa ?
20. B d^l mark nekjht Bn ntV
mpn.
1. The bairns were Unsbing
and scratchinflr amon^ the wuIowb
down in thenangh fs meadow].
2. There are tough willows grow-
ing in the Rengh Heugh Haugh
[name of a meadow near Uawickl.
3. What are YOU owing him? Tm
owing him nougnt.
4. He laughed at the low door-
head [»lintd].
5. Hare you enough of dough ?
6. Ah woe ! bairns, it is a
rough night. How the wind is
soughing in the chimney head [«top].
7. He will be over the knoll now.
8. You and me [I] wUl go oyer the
dyke [wall] and pulla pea.
9. Come to me in the month of
May.
10. Pull your chair forward to the
fire.
11. Is TOUT father at home the
whole day long F
12. He went to the wron^ side
of the gate [street] lor the wnghfs
[carpenter's] shop.
13. Eteh blade of grass keeps
[scatches] its own drop of dew.
14. Mo [more pi.] bairns and more
[sg.] to giro them.
16. You hare enow (jJ.] of
pouches if you'd enough [sgr] to
fill them. ^ ^
16. The weight gars [makes] the
string hang straight
17. The cat mews and the kitten
wews.
18. Our Christie was washing
[partidple] at the washing [verbal
noun] of ine blankets.
19. Where are you going ?
20. A sad [deuil, Fr.] mirky night
and no moon.
[ 2146 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D33.] THK SOUTH LOWLAND. 715
Thb Scotch BxnsmBXiyiR Fsalk
in Liturgical or Scotch English, Oenmne 8L., pron., and Yemacnlar 8L.
From Dr. Murray*! DSS., pp. 138-140.
This Scotch-English ia mainly litorgical, or used for the laoffoage of the
Bible : *' It is English read with a northern for L.} conception of the sonthem
^or receiyed] Towels. As a specimen I [Dr. Ai.] give the Hundredth Psalm as
it was read in school and from the pulpit, within my own recollection, and may
still [1873] be heard in any cottage m TcTiotdale." The versions are here
printed interlinearly, omitting the received English pron.
1. Liturgical Scotch-English.
2. 8L. pron. of the word, leaving the English idioms.
3. Idiomatic SL. renderinff, from DSS. p. 140, transliterated from Dr.
Murray's peculiar spdling.
1. 1 Liturgical, aal piip'I dhot on serth da dweel,
2 Local Pron. aa ftt'k at on jeith dez dwal,
3 Idiomatic, aa f«'k at liivz [dwalz, wonz] ono dhB jerth,
1 siq tu dh« :loord with tjiirful Y6i8 ;
2 seq t« dhB :ltttt'rd W9 tjiirfe v6i8;
3 seq U dh« iWid W9 « t^iiifB Y6i8;
1 him sflBiT with merth, hiz ^reez forth taal,
2 hem steser W9 merth, h^z pr^z ^rth taal,
3 Bser Bm W9 merth, tffil larth ez pr^z,
1 kann ii bifoor him and rid|6i8.
2 kam ii vfun'r vm tm rid|6i8.
3 kam ii isfu'r em vn rid|6i8.
2. 1 noo dhot dhB :loord is :good indi'd,
2 ksen tit dhv :lii«'rd bz :good vndi'd,
3 keen ii dhB :l«'rd oz :good en tr6uth,
1 witha'ut h'ut pd hi dcd as mwk;
2 wvthun't uur hselp h6i d«d vs mbk;
3 hei m^d as wathaa*t ooni hselp o uurz;
1 wi aoT hiz flok, hi doth as fid,
2 wei er hez hers'l, h6i dez qs fid,
3 wei)r hez hers'l, vt h^i fidz,
1 send foor hiz ship hi doth as t^^k.
2 Bn foor hez ship h6i dez bs tiBk.
3 Bn h6i ti'ks bs for ez ship.
3. 1 oo! eentBr dhsen hiz g«^ with pr^^z,
2 00 ! kam en dhBn Bt Btz jsesets wp pr^^z,
3 00 ! kam en, dhBn, at ez jeeaets W9 prv^z,
t 2147 3
Digitized by LjOOQIC
716 THB SOUTH LOWLAND. [D 88.
1 opro'l^ with d|6i hiz korts smtuu*!
2 goq forBt wp cl|6i h«z kurts t^,
3 goq forst U ez koorts wp d|6i,
1 pr^tfz, load, vnd bles hiz nam aalw^e'z,
2 preez, Idud, wi bles vz nhnn ^
3 A 'preez vn Idud Bn bles ez ni'm,
1 for it iz simli soo tu dun.
2 for et ez farBnt stt' ts dp^.
3 for et)8 ^irent ta d^ sb.
4. 1 for whdi? dho :loord x'ur :good iz gad,
2 for ku^hii? dh« duu'rd uur :good ez g»d,
3 ku^hot for? dhB :l«'rd uur :good'z g^d,
1 hiz guduBs iz for evvr sh^ur,
2 h«z g^duBs ez for evvr s^^r,
3 hez gipduBs ez s^^r for A,
1 hiz tr/uth at aa\ titimz fermli stud,
2 hez tr^th vt aa t^mz fermli st^d,
3 hez ti9th st^ seksr Bt aa tetmz,
edii Bud/ur!
loa| Bnd;9*r !
rdi.
South Lowland owl.
Hawick, Rx. This contains the words excerpted from Dr. Murraj's DialtcU
of 8, Scotland^ pp. 142-149, bein^ the wl. there given, rearranged and placed in
order of the cwl., with manj additions given to me hj Dr. Murray. All words
in Dr. Murray's list hdonffin^ to ** Central Scotch ** are nren in a separate cwl.
under D 34. All Dr. M. s indications of pron. are tranditerated into pal. As
this was not constructed from my original wl., many words are omitted, and lar^
additions are made, especially in the English and Komance sections. In this list
I have used («) instead of (a) for the unaccented ** ohscure " vowel. The medial
length has not generally heen marked, all vowels marked short should probahly
he read as medi^
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A- — ti'n rtaken]. — knedU [cradle]. — srd'l [saddlel. 8 h»v. 10
haaku^h [a haugh or low lying enclosure]. 17 \(M, 19 ti 1. 25 mi'n. — /vp
lep [old people, fop) ape]. — k^im [capon]. 28 Iwr. — in [fare]. — wff
[ware]. 32 Ixdh. 33 r^dhvr [emphatic (r^-)]. 34 lost.
A: — kron [crane]. — boond [band]. 43 hoond. 44 liMud. — sttfcnd
[stand]. — ^eenvx [gander]. 60 \xu\% [old], t^^z [new]. — mxtpff [monger]
51 man. — ^k [an ark]. 55 as. 56 waiah.
A: or 0: 60 loq. 61 amaq. 62 stroq. 63 thraq. 65 s«q. 66 thwoq,
whoQ [old], wh«3 wh^nq wh^tq [new].
A'. 67 gi'. —si/ [a sloe]. 70 ti'. 71 wi*. 72 ktrhi'. 73 s*'. 74
tw»'. — krook [croakj. 75 strook. 76 ti'd. 77 l«'id. 78 rfuun. 79
[ 2148 ]
1
(end
shal
from
^
tu
2
BU
sal
fr©
iBdl
tB
3
BU
et)'l Iffist frsB
rd|
i9
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D33.] THB SOUTH LOWLAND. 717
aaun turn [later (em)"]. — poop [pope]. 84 m^flr. 85 Beer. — son* [sorry].
— roor [roar]. — uuz [oozej. 92 Vnaa. 93 sium. 94 kraa. 96 ihraa.
96 Baa. — olad'u [blown]. — maa*n [mown]. 100 saa^n. — ieevrvk
[the lark, bird].
A': 104 rood. 106 r«d. 106 bri'd. — Isedi [lady]. — groov [grove].
— drtiMV [a drore]. 108 d^kjh dt'ku^h. 109 \aa Uekh Wkwh. 113 hri.
— pol [pole]. — iVm [foamj. — loom [loam]. 117 i*n jeu. 118 bt'n.
— Wn [hone]. 122 i. nt'n, ii. ni\ — shm fshone]. 124 sti'n. 126 oor.
— boor fa boar]. — g^orlik [garlic]. 129 gi at. — tmz [rose, pt.]. —
bbstOT [bluster]. 135 kliHh. — ran r6u [a row or rank]. 136 ii. or.
JE' 138 tedhm. — liedhor [ladder]. — blanihiir [bladder]. 144 agi*n.
148 fet, — ant [an ant]. 149 bliiz. 150 list. 152 w#tvr.
M: — wi'k*n we*- w«a- [waken]. 156 glsesed. — iBdh«r [adder]. —
hsed [had]. — gredhtnr [gather! 158 eftor. 169 hez. 160 eg. 161 dee,
— slekjht [sleight]. — haelth [health]. 169 k«;han. — <mU [apple]. 171
borlt. 172 gsBrs gnes. — list [lest]. 174 eosh. — lies [less]. — glees
[ghiss]. — fffis'n [fasten]. — k*rt fcart],
M' 182 s^ [(sii-shoor) sea-shorej. — blitj [bleach]. 186 rid. 187
liir. 189 w^. 191 hiU. . 192 min. — lin [lean]. — wapen [weapon].
— tiiz [tease]. — tiiz'l [teiswle].
JE': — sproed [spread, pt.]. 206 ned. 210 kl6i. 211 gree, 213 ^h«r.
214 n«dh«r. — l^'ud [feud]. 216 dt'l. — mV\ [meal, food]. 222 hdr.
223 dhiiV. 224 ku^hm. — Iflest [to last]. 227 wit [r. and sb.J, wot [adj].
229 brrth. — • slooth [sloth]. — w'r«fthTwrath].
£- 232 brek. 233 spik. — bnekfest [breaklast]. 234 need, [older form
(k'naed)]. — trsBd [to tread]. — wodhtnr [weather]. 235 wiir. — heri
rheavyj. 239 s<?l. 243 pW. 244 wil. 246 mil. 247 wt'n. — biir [to
Dear]. — piir [a pear]. — tiir [to tear]. 248 mir. 249 wiir. — werzel
[weasel]. — it [to eat]. — bit [beet]. — fssdhmr [feather], 264 laethmr.
E: — w'rflti [wretch] . — wab wob [web]. 256 strik [stretch]. — hii?
[to heave]. 269 wadi. 260 lee. 261 sm. '— bsed fhed]. — bid [a bead].
— wfld wodin [to wed, a wedding]. 262 w^. — w^ikvm [welcome]. — fiid
[field]. — sael [to sell]. — wal [a well] — hem fa nem]. — w'r^nsh
wrench]. — kwAish [quench]* 278 WAish. — send [send]. — paen [a
i]. 284 thrsBsh. — w«st [west]. — s»t*l [settle]. 288 laet. — btest
St]. E'- 290 h6i. 292 m^i. 293 w^. — sik [to seek]. 301 hiir.
E': 306 hdikjh h^ hdi, [(hii) in (hiUant) highland]. 306 hiikjht. — sin
[seen, pp.]. 312 hiir. — briir [a briar]. 313 haerk. 316 nikst mst.
EA- — hoak Hiawk]. 320 k^. — nen [narrow]. EA: — dj6ttl
owl]. 322 lakirh. 324 ©kjht. — lakwhttM- [laughter]. 825 waak. 327
Mid. 328 koald. 329 foald. 330 haald. 331 soald [(sseld) seUed]. 332
tMld [(taald) telledl. — hopni [hal^nnyl. 337 woa. 338 kaa. — moat
— soot fsalt]. — bnnrd [beardj. — meerk [mark]. — sprork
340 J«rd. — hard [hard], — w^ [a ward]. 342 ^rm. — hferm
343 worm. — sw^rm [swarm]. — 6m [fern]. — sh^ [sharp],
[warp]. — Jem [yamj. — w^ [warn]. 345 daar. — pirk
— shoa [to shew]. — eks [an axe].
347 hid. 848 &. — ddt [to dye]. — dffitnr [dyer]. 849 fp'u.
350 did. 351 Ud. 352 rid. 365 dif. 356 lif. — Un [tie]. 357
— hip [heap]. — 16us [loose]. 366 gret. 367 thri't. 368 diHh.
sloa. El- 372 8B'i. 376 r^. 376 bH. EI: 378 wwk. 379 h#l.
380 dhem. 382 dh^.
EG- — tfiBr [tar]. . 387 n^'u. EO: — jook [yoke]. — wik [candle
wick]. 389 j6uk. 390 s^. 395 jsq. — dserk [dark]. 396 work. — berk
[to bark]. 397 »«'rd. — kerv [carve]. 398 sterv. — ferm [farm]. —
inrU [earl]. — k^l [churl], 402 h'Brn. 403 fer. 404 staer. — shM'rt
[short]. — hffirt [heart]. — smart [to smart]. 405 berth. 406 »8rth.
407 ferdin. — stroa [to strew].
EC- 409 b^i. — Vn6i [Imee]. — fr^i [free]. — tr^i [tree]. — fl^i
[to flee and fly]. 415 16i. — wl [ynle]. 416 i. ii. diir. — t|6«z [to choose].
— friiz [to freeze]. — siidh [to seethe). — r^u [to rue]. 420 four.
[best].
E'
[see
£
ho^
baa]
[ 2149 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
718 THB SOUTH LOWLAND. [D 88.
EC: 422 dk [sick]. — kriid [crowd]. — thif [thief]. 423 th6i. 426
fffikjht. 427 b6i. 429 fint. 430 frind. 432 f6urt. 433 brist. 434 bt*t.
436 ja'u. — tr6u [to trow]. 437 tr^uth. EY- 438 d6i.
I- — st»m* [stern]. 447 her [neither (hsr) nor (bar)]. — jes [yes].
449 getgt't. I: 456 In. — med'l [middle]. 458 n^ikjht. 469 r^ikiht.
460 wskjht. — skil [skiU]. — geld [to guild]. 469 wbI [to will].
— sinim [to swim] — steqk [stink]. — sweqk [swink]. 473 blend. 475
wHnd. — wxndn [window]. 476 bend. 477 fend. 478 grend. — hent
[hind]. — a-h^t [behindj. — kern [to churn]. — ren [run]. — resh
[a rush, plant]. 486 thres*^!. 488 jet. — br? [bree broth J. — set [sit].
— wat [witl. — watnes [witness].
r- 490 b£d [of place], b^i [of agency]. 491 s^ikjh sCii. — bUA [sty].
— p«p. 497 r«z. 498 w'r«t. 1': 600 lek [(lekli) Ukely]. 602 f«v.
605 ireit weivz. 606 wsman. — h^ D^y]* 608 m^. — ram. 611
w^n. — bl^dh. 617 Js'u.
0- — br6k*n [broken]. 618 bu'di [Jbi#'dis) bodice, properly pi.]. — m
oven]. 620 b6u. — si?l [sole of footj. 622 i«'p*n. 623 hi»*p. — papi
'P<*PPy]* — f«w'r rfore]. — bt<M*r [to bore]. — t«*m [toml. — snuti^r
.to snore]. — bu'm [bom]. — shai'm rshom]. — forlM m [forlorn].
)24 wor*ld world. — hooz [hose]. — kw't [cot]. — rot' n [rotten].
— snwr [smother].
0: — troktrh [trough]. 627 boktH. 628 thoktrhi 629 brok«rht. 631
doku;htvr. 632 kwM*l. 633 dal. 636 fM*k. 636 guuld. 638 wald wad.
— k*n6u [knoU]. — tol [toll]. 642 bolt. — k6ut [colt]. 644 dh«n.
— 8M*p [sop]. 646 for. — goor [gore]. 648 tnd. 649 IwitL 650 ward.
— boro [borrow], — soro [sorrow]. 661 8tM*rm. 662 kti'm. 663 hw'm.
— mu*m [momj. — thw'm [thorn]. — pw'rt [port]. — nw'rth [north].
— fm'st [forst]. — boks [box]. — foks [Sfox]. — poet [post]. — bodsm
[bottom].
0'- 666 shp. 666 U. — fodw f fodder]. 669 madhor. — un [to woo].
— gsna [gum of teeth]. 662 m^. — mantn [month]. 664 sm. 666 adhsr.
668 bracmtM'. — gl6u [to glow]. — gl6ur [to glower]. — gr6un [groan].
0': 669 b^k. 670 Uk, 671 gfd, 672 bbd. 673 fbd. 676 sUd. —
kooT [a cove of the sea|. 678 pbktrh [sb.], pb'u fvb.]. 679 an^ktrh [sg.l,
anp'u [pi.]. — fl6un [flown]. 584 st^f. — dnn [doom]. — buun [bbciil.
586 do. 687 d^m. 590 Hot. 692 sw^. — bM*s^m [boeom]. 696 fet [in
some dialects (fat)]. — st6u [& 0tow or store place].
U- 699 alw*n. — wad [wood]. 600 l^v. 602 sa'u. 603 kim. —
maqk [monk]. — hen» [honey]. 606 san. 606 d^. — net [nut].
U : — BUEb [to snub]. — waf ulf [wolf]. 609 fal fa'u. — pal [to pull].
610 ul. — fular [a fuller]. 612 sam. 612 hand bund. 616 pand. 616
grand. 617 siind. 618 wund. — ban [bound]. 619 fand [pp.], fand [pt.].
620 gran [ground, pt.]. 621 wan. — wandvr [wonder]. 625 taq. — til
[ton]. 630 wan. — braktrh [broch brough borough]. — fer [fir]. 634
thrau thruu. — mam [moum].
U'- 640 ka'u. 643 na'u. 644 suk [to suck]. 646 ba'u. — thum
[thumb]. 648 uur. — plum [plum]. 660 abCit. 662 k^d. 653 bat.
XT': — klad [cloud]. 667 brdn. 660 buur. 663 hils. 665 mts. 667 tit
Y- 673 makM. Y: 686 bdi. — r^h [rath]. 688 b*ld [(b^lt) built].
— gelt [guilt]. — hel [hill]. — kamli [comely]. 695 hserrn. — wari
worry], — warm [wonn]. 700 wars [(worst) worst]. 701 ferst. — wart
'wortj. — kest [a cheetj. Y'- 70o skdi. — held [hide]. — f6artin
[fourteen]. — - dnp [drip]. Y': 709 fAr. 712 m«8.
n, Ekolish.
A. :izaa*k [Isaac]. :biilaa*m [Balaam]. :kvna4i*n [Canaan], bob [babe],
rbob'l [Babel], krbin [cabin]. d^bU [dabble]. b«-bi [babyf. h^k thackj.
k»»k'l [cackle]. Uek'l tok'l [tackle], it'dm [Adam], d^ [daddy]. ^\
[daddle, a pinafore]. p<^'l [oaddleT 717 dioa. 718 trsed. UdU [hidle].
neeg [a nagj. kr^^ [a crag]. Oteg'l [daggle]. Iwg'l [haggle]. w«g'l [waggle].
[ 2160 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
[glanc
rPasct
dsem
D33.] THE SOUTH LOWLAND. 719
moak [maggot]. pl«0d [plaidl dr^g'l [draggle]. rVgnoi ragnmi [yagrant].
ahnhaa'm [ADraham]. bsela [baldj. :pada'n-:araa'm [Padan-AramJ. glsens
lance], woond [wand], m^mtnr [manure, formerlj spelled * mainer'']. :pi*8
•a8ch=Eaater]. bwdLbard]. skaw [scare], sserk [sark]. snarl [snarl].
.Tn [dam]. nMi [nasty], .'sot'n :8aathmi [Satan]. pBta'tvz [potatoes],
ney'l LravelJ. si'Tin [savin or willow]. Vreez [craze].
E. trsed^l. [a .treadle], wielth [wealth], pit [peat]. brMxlth [breathe],
hsedhtnr [heather]. end^'Tvr [endearour]. wait [welt J. jserk [yerk, jerkj.
li], ■, ""^Ir^-v!!. n;i.t. ri.,.[7
I. and Y. vaivi [phial]. trdiBl [trial], weked [wicket], prn [pie]. \di
[vie], wheg [whig], rig [rig]. kM^him [whim], whan [whin], prin fpin].
weq [wing], whap [whip]. kw?hisht [whisht], wasp [wi8p]. dril [to orillj.
split [split] . spfli[8py]. prai [pry], troi [try], w'rofi [wiy].
0. ad?' [ado]. 761 l**a. sook [soak], room [roam], roon [roan], host
[boast], flot [float], tokw-'hsr [tocher, dower], kick [clock], kod [cod].
sw'd [sod]. sodB [soda]. 86fB [sofa]. b«*g [bog]. k«'g [cog], flog [ttogj,
bM'g'l buug'l [bogle]. kok [coke]. b6u [boll of a plant], skoold [scold],
d?lfB [doleful]. g6uf[goU]. dol[doll]. pol [poll], strol [stroU]. kw'lier
[collier], kron [crone]. dr«*n [drone], ma qirel [mongrel], maqki [monkey"
want [wont]. p6uni [pony]. luup [loop]. gruuv [>roove]. kop [cope
skop [scope J. ktiVd [cord]. bw'rdBr [bomer]. kork [cork], warn [worn^
warset [worsted], snort [snort]. 8p«*rt [sport], pw'rtli [portly], toort
Etory]. tos [toss]. Iw'st [lost]. pM*si [posyi. troth [troth], bodlier bodsr
bother]. SEkujb [to sough], pal tea [poultice], flans na'uns [flounce], pans
pa'uns [pounce], buuntlBri [boundary], ma-ntibaqk [mouutebankj. sprst
[sprout], roov [rove], sla'u'cn [sloven], tou [tow], dr6un [drown]. gr6ul
[growl], pr6ul [prowl], b6i bwi [boy].
U. ri?bish [ruDbishJ. d^k [duckj. k^ [cud], padin [pudding]. b?dU
[huddle], bb'u [blue], gi-ni jWinea]. buk [bulk], buld^ [bulge], balwark
[bulwark], t^ [tup], bloor [blur], kari [curl]. bEsh [busn]. pusi [pussy].
fli^tBr [fluster]. 808 pet. 8i?t [stutter], bez [buzz].
ni. RoMAlJfCE.
A •• cbi [abbey]. laabBr UbBr [labour], lahnsr l^brsr [labourer]. ist#*bUsh
^establish], f^brik [fabric]. vi'kBuz vi'^nz [vacance]. pb^tBrd [placard], steaek
"sackj. 810 fi*s. sBgffa-shiBs [sagacious]. id^aa-hBhit [Jacobite], se^krfis
entice]. v^gBbBn [vaeabondj. o-d^Bnt [agent]. jwdjBnt [pageant]. :sp«^jBrd
mniard]. aieegon [dragon J. tri'z'n [treai^onj. gei [gay], mn [May],
t tjeir tu'ir [chair]. tiMiBrttailor], ftU [fail], tjin [chain] . saut [saint].
h [air]. kliirTclear], pliiz [please], ft'z'n [pheasant], si' sin [seisin], plizBr
[pleasure], d^zBrt [desert], 83o rt'z'u. 836 si*z^n. fi't [feat]. fi'tBr
[feature], pis [pease], pt'lin [paling], haa [ball], aam [alum]. \eU
[vaUeyl. halB [halo]. v^Ib [value], dmiiflh [damage of fruit, other damage
(da-midi)]. kambrik [cambric], k^^m'l [camel], f^m'ii [family], f^efmin
[famine]. ieemi»h [famish]. enflfl'mBb'l [inflammable], d^nson [damson].
^oamBr [chamber]; heush [haunch, to jerk from the hanch], brensh [branch].
romdjBr [manger], tensh [tench], st^ish [to staunch], fUzliM [angel], graand
[grand], demaand [demand], komoand [command], 847 d^tidpr. 848 t^mdi.
Tend} [range], raruBr [manner], 851 ant. tjant [chant], dsnt [daunt].
dr^^Br [draper]. .tj^lBt [chapletl mm [marn-]. bant [haunt], vant
[vaunt], tje^'l [chapel], sapient [sapient], km [to carry]. 852 q)rBn, bar
[bar], par [par], fars [farce], nrtj [arch], g^din [garden], dcrt [dart],
nw-rtjant [merchant], market fmarketl. l<?rdj [large], waran [warrant], 854
barel, marl [marlT, lijerU [Charley]. al«Tn [alarm], hrniiBni [harmony].
frmi [army], skw m [scorn], pmah [parish], n«TBtiv [narrative]. sk««h
[scarce]. g^rtBU [garter], krrd [card], ^ [art], p(?rt [part], iferinr
[charter], rm^inmes [Martinmas], rams [mass], pas [pass], past [past],
stiH [state], bat'l [battle], pi'st [paste], kas*] [castlej, strootB [strata],
fat'l [fatal]. iMiu [Latin], sftin [satin], necshBU [nation], Utf^hBUBl
[national]. raashBUBl [rational], raashBnz [rations]. Wand [land], laudnum
[ 2161 ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
720 THE SOUTH LOWLAND. [D 38.
[laudaxmm]. i/ndiens [audience], poatriark [patriarch], maatrm [matron],
pootrvn fpatron]. in^r rmatier]. 8t«^ [statue]. Bttetm [stature], st t
[save]. haktrhU [haughtT]. stA[stay]. pdupnr [pauper], outognn [aoto-
grapHj. gr«a'VBt[craTatt. t«#vrmi [tavern]. Lmd [hazard].
E .. i- di- pri- ri- si- [e- d^- pre- re- se- unaccented], t*- rt'- pri'- [e- re-
pre- accentedj. dt*- fde- accented, except when followed by two consonants,
when it is (dise)]. si^- [se- accented], idliv [idea], nvl [real]. d|rfi«nt
jgiant]. th/vttr [theatre], kr/ttm: [creature], ul [scttll. pilfpeelj. rt*konfliil
^«concile]. preshiBs [precious]. dt*s«nt [deoent]. st*k«nt [second], si'kret
^secret], dene'k [direct]. pmTpain]. 872 tpf. 874 rin. t^ [veinj. strind
^strained]. 877 en, dii'ist [dmst]. plst [plait], di^vti [deity]. Tligrat
.elegantl. i*limtnit ^element]. f*lifmit. peliet [pellet], skrm [scheme].
^t*m [theme]. konti*n [contain]. menti*n [maintam]. ft^nranin [&mininej.
dfms*l [damsel], nuend [mendj. si*n [scene]. .aTAid| . [avenge]. • v^ndfins
[venTOance]. a|t*n«B [gemusj. t*ft**m«ni [ephemera], sent [scent], vtent
rventj. tsent [tent], plmti [plenty], vientur fTenture]. 8«rT«f- fsurTeT].
ditae'r [deter]. :vi*n8s [Venus j. I'rb [herb], pi rtj [perch], si'rti [searcnj.
meerst [mercy], pi'trik [partndge]. revi'-r [revere], friir [friarj. sensrr
[sincere], pi rs [pierce]. prifftT [prefer], grhm (arbcrar]. naerv [nerve].
8t*rdivnt [serffeantj. trriik*l [treacle], pi* hid [period], kl^'k [clerk], msii
merle, buickbird]. ptWl [peari]. ferm [firm]. konx»*m [concern], sfl^rpmt
[serpent], er [err], hi'rs [hearse], sierten [certain], al^-rt [akrtl. dizt**rt
'to desert]. ensi**rt [to insert]. asi*rt [assert]. deskonsi**rt [aisconoert].
oivsD'rt [divert]. ensi**rslran [insertion], ssr [serve]. pri'*ZBnt [a present],
dffi'spsret [desperate], em [aim], m^t [resin], tne'zvr [treasure], pest
[pest]. mez«r [measure], nst [to rest she restive], rest [to restebe qmet].
krist [crest]., test [test], restles [restless]. n<ft[neat]. opt Met of water],
kompht [complete], hist [beast], fist [feast]. dPzurt [desert]. deskrMhmi
[discretion], de-stit^t [destitute]. ari*st [arrest]. 893 fiuur [flower and flour],
nxrish [flourish]. :/urop [Rurope]. konsi**v foonoeive]. konsi**t [conceit].
894 disi'-v. 896 risi'-v. fev'n [leaven], tekst [text].
l-andY" dinoivl [denial], poli't [polite], librvri [library]. fisi*sh«n
[physician, and so on for -ition, -ician], OAiefit [benefit], difkivnt [defiant"
plaivnt [pliant], pldi [pl^rl* spcfi [spy]. kr<fi Jto cryj. kroivr [a crier'
enivf^eve]. oblidi [obud^]. konae*q [condignt. fi'rs [fierce], piir [pier]^
o^ig jig], pil [pillj. piu'iBU [pinion], finish [finish]. IiAwd. [lion], nait
Hiot]. Up [type], trrfi [frjr]. si*lend«r [cylinder]. m«le*q [mahgn]. bine'q
[benign]. saspi'shlBs [suspicious, and so generally for final -idous, -itious].
Miv*l [civil}, kritik fcritic]. skir [sizej^ t|vstii*z [chastise], sdwrtii'i
[advertise], bvptii'z [oaptiBel. siivuliiz [civilise], advvrtii zmvnt [advertise-
mentl. miizBr [nuserl. sitiTcity]. sit [cite], envi't [invite], piti [pity],
posi'snim [position, and so for all -ition].
O- ran [rob], rabtir [robber], proob [probe], goblet [goblet], kootj
ijcoach]. kit>kBs [crocus]. Drt«*U [orooch]. ood [ode], kod [iM>de]. mddem
modem], lad; [lodge], koor [core]. 916 eora. 917 roog. drooff [drug],
l^h [faith]. st«*ik [stoic], buund [to bounoj. 920 p6int. d|ook no^ •
stttf'ri [story], leezm fleisure]. . 922 baishel. Bwdpar [soloier]. k6loni [colony .
dramederi [dromedary], pamel [pommel], kampvni [company], toon [tone' .
ans [ounce], fuund [to found], koon [conel. dipoon [depone], spandi
'sponge], onvr [honour], mani [money]. Wni Tbonnyl. mant in6unt
'mount J. frant [front], knitri [country], fanten founten [fountain]. 936
^knt f6unt. mM^nimimt [monument], sioor [store], fii'rs [force], ordur
[order], stork [stork]; skardi [scouree]. soor [soar]. fii*rd| [forge], bam
[bournl* 938 komtir. komet [comet], skorpivn [scorpion], korps [corpse],
norid (nonidl. ripw'rt ^report], sirrt [sort]. pti*rtent [portentj. parrt«r
[porter], pu rshvn [portion], kp'ml [coraTj. farm fform, seat]. formTfonn*
shape]. fM*rtin [fortune]. dt<M*z [a dose]. klt<*s [dose, adj.]. klwirz [to
an
[•1
dose], prooz [prose]. kompuw**z [compose]. s«pmm''z [suppose]. ruM^z
[rose, flower]. Tdn'set [closett. pi«*setiv tpoaitive]. km'zier [crozier]. koot
[quote], kost [coast]. iio8t[hostJ. oslmr [ostler]. nM*t[note]. rw'st [roast].
ti#*st [toast]. k«H [coat]. vuH [vote], kloov [dove]. t«u-d (lowdj.
[ 2152 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 33.] THE SOUTH LOWLAND. 721
ka'uord [coward]. trab'l [trouble]. 942 butror. ku-kuu [cuckoo], tatj
[touch]. s6udBr [solder]. h6u [hoe], f/u-el [fuel]. 947 boil. 948 boul.
r6u [roll], kabr [colour], tniup [troop], siip [soup], 951 kap'l, faridj
^oniffe]. tonuBnt [torment], diamel [jouraal]. far[|tur]. narish [nourish],
;uur [tower], pash [push]. g>?8net [gTisset]. 953 k^zin, 954 kaahtm. bot'l
•"hottle], k^tbr [cutler], k«*8t [cost]. gATSv [gutter], kw'vi [covey], TUi^v
movej. puur [power], pr^v [prove], kever [cover], kovet [covet], dezen
dozeuj. dja'u-el [jewel], emploi [employ], ba'u'el [bowel], free [to fray].
U •• d?'u [due], tra'u'an-d [tniant, the (d) gometirae^ added]. gra'u*el
[gruel], wig [wig]. ski'litFU [skeleton]. da'u*el [duel], kra'u'el [cruel].
tra'u'el [trowel], embr^'u* [imbrue], vret [wait], kwestin [question], kin-st
[quest]. 965 6il. kwel [quill], hr^i^z [bruise]. 966 fr^^t. dpdj [judge],
nul [mule], kum [culm], kons?m [consume]. Un [tune], pupet [pulpitj.
skr^/p 1 [scruple], Wr [cure], end^^r [endure]. 969 s^^r. djois [juicej.
099 [the use], ^.?z [to use], refwz [refuse], dj^t [just], fjwti [rusty J.
rikri?t [recruit] . bt pute].
LiDBESDAXK HeAD Cwl.
Xear Thorlishope (12 ase. Hawick), pal. by JGG, from tl»e diet, of Mr.
Jackson, of Catcleu^h, Keilder (27 nw.Ilexhamj Nb.), then 75 years acquainted
with the dialect. This was gone over by AJE. with JGG. It was not originally
intended for publication. It is here reproduced to shew that Liddesoale is
distinctly L. and not N. Only the Wessex and Norse section was written.
To facilitate comparison with Dr. Murray's cwl. several of bis pal. signs have
been adopted, but JGG. analysed the sounds' differently. Thus (i*) became to
JGG. (fie°), which was very closely compressed so as to feel like a single vowel,
the glide being extremely short, the (ij) being a deep fonn of (t), and fe°) being
some indistinct form of (e) not sensibly different from (') or [v). The (^), which
I retain, JGG. preferred to write (^') between («,) and (e ) or (i,), but '* distinctly
not rounded." There was a variety of this which was a 'rounded* form of (e*)
or (ij), which I write (oei) ; it seemed to be due to the in6uence of (r), see Kos.
647, 590. The (»'), also retained, was written {uu a) very close, and resembling
(oo), the last element *' brief, but very distinct (a)." These are all clearly slight
yarietiea of Dr. Murray^s sounds, (e^) is used for Dr. M.'s (e) or ^ as he writes it.
I. Wessex Aim Nohse.
A- 3 bi'k. 4 trk. 5 mi*k. 6 mt'd. 7 st'k. 8 ajaev. 9 biht'v. 10
hm [((MJ very slightly broader than (aa) throughout]. 12 saa. 15 aa^ [inter-
mediate between (aa, aa)]. 16 daan. 19 ti'l, 20 le'm. 21 ni'm. 23 s^^ro.
24 shi'm, 25 mi'n. 26 wi*n. 27 nt'v. 28 heer. 30 kf^rr. 33 r^^lhBr.
34 last. 35 [(Elsyn) used]. 36 th6«. 37 klfffl.
A: 39 kflm. 40 kt'm. 41 tha'qk. 43 hoon. 44 loan. 46 kan'l. 48
saaq. 60 tt'qz. 51 man. 55 as. 66 wajsh 57 ffs. A: or 0: ^8 thnc*.
59 Ifira. 60 Iffq. 61 e°mdq 62 s^t^raq [this (^t,r) was not acknowledged by
Dr. Murray]. 64 wraq, 66 saq, 66 kwdii'q.
A'- 67 gaq. 70 U\ 71 woo. 72 wbi'. 73 soo. 74 twi*. 76 B,t,rook.
76 tt'd. 77 l«Mird. 78 aan. 80 hojlyds. 81 loonyn 83 mi'n. 84 meer.
85 s^CT. 86 \eU. 87 kli'z. 88 kli'dh. 89 bt'th. 90 bla« [(bli6u) pt ].
91 maa [(miau) pt.]. 92 [(kEu) used]. 93 maa [(snifiu) pt.]. 94 trni*
[(krifiu) pt.]. 95 thraa [(tliriiiu) pt] 96 saa [(sitju) pt.]. 97 Booh
A': 101 t'k. 104 r«l, 105 r/d. 106 bri'd. 107 li'f. 108 dt«k«h.
109 IfKkich. in ooikwht. 112 hri. 116 hi'm, 118 bt'n. 121 gi*n,
122 ni'n, 124 stt'n. 125 onH. 127 hi'rsh. 129 goost. 130 bant, 132
hEt. 133 WTi't 134 ooth. 135 kU'tb.
JE- 138 fE'dhtJr. 140 heh 142 sn^l, 144 eg<m. 145 sl^. 146 mrn.
147 brim. 148 tV^. 150 list. 152 wa^tn.r. JE: 155 tha'K- 167 r^v'n.
158 a'f^tB^r. 160 ii'irg. 161 iW. 164 mee. 165 sed, 166 mrti. 167 dt'l.
168 t^a«. 169 k/ihau. 170 ha'rst. 171 baarle'. 172 gajrs, 173 waz. 174
E,E. Pron. Part V. [ 2163 ] 137
Digitized by LjOOQIC
722 THE SOUTH LOWLAND. [D 33.
8Bst. 175 fast. 178 not. 179 kirhot. 180 b&th. 181 psB^th. M'- 182
8^ii. 183 tit|. 184 lid. 185 rid. 186 brmh. 187 liiv. 190 Vee^i, 191
hi'l. 192 miu. 193 kiln. 194 oni. 195 mo^ni. 196 war war. 197 t^lx.
199 [(bl<w) used]. 200 kM?hU. 201 hi'dh'n. 202 hit.
M': 203 spill. 204 did. 205 tlirid. 206 rEd. 207 nidU. 210 k]if,i.
211 grr<f. 213 JdhOT. 216 tliku;ht 216 di'l. 217 [not used]. 218 ship.
219 slip. 221 ft'r. 222 \xeeT, 223 dhi'r. 224 ktrh^ yt^et. 226 mist.
228 swit. 229 breth. 230 faH.
E- 232 brBk. 233 spik. 234 ns.d. 235 ne^ w»t. 236 fevw. 237
ble«i. 238 iiffiajdj. 239 %ee\. 241 Teen, 243 pW. 246 kwln. 248 mi'r.
249 wi'r. 260 swi'r. 261 mit. 262 ksifl [almost (kaet'l)]. 253 met'L
264 iBdhBr. 265 wadhsr.
E: 267 tcaMi;. 259 wsd|. 261 we, 262 wee, 263 ee\. 267 iild. 268
[(aalde)st)== oldest, used]. 270 i. bsltiZ, ii. bsle^ 272 rnVm. 273 mien.
274 brtiqh. . 2.76 the'qk. 277 drnish. 278 wmsh. 280 eli v*n. 281 Imth.
282 8,t,r£uth. 283 mErei. 284 thrsesh. 285 krssh. 286 hoTB. 287 baznu.
288 iKt.
£'. 289 ii. 290 heii. 292 m^. 293 w^u. 294 fid. 296 beliiT. 299
Srin. 300 kip. 301 bi*r. 302 mit. 303 swit. 304 bit*l. £': 306
Bikh. 308 Did. 309 spid. 310 hil. 311 taeoen. 312 hii;vr. 314 hieaerd.
315 fit. 316 nsk^.
EA- 319 gi'p. 320 Veer. £A: 322 Ukurh. 323 ftMktrbt. 324 aekjht.
325 woak. 326 oald. 327 bo^rd. 328 koalU 329 foal'd. 330 hod. 331
[(sEl'd) seUed, used]. 332 [(ta>rd) telled, used]. 333 kif. 334 Ui. 335 oo.
336 faa. 337 waa. 340 IsBrd. 342 etna, 346 door. 346 iffit.
£A^ S47 hid. 348 b'I. 349 fi^u. £A': 350 did. 351 Ud. 352
rid. 363 brid. 354 sht'f. 356 dif. 356 lif. 357 thoo 369 nibOT. 360
t m. 361 bin. 363 t^lp. 365 ni'r. 366 grM. 367 thrift. 368 dt'th.
369 slaa. 379 roa. 371 stri*.
EI- 372 ©aj'i. 373 dh^«f. 375 rJz. 376 beH. EI: 377 st^k. 378
Wf^k. 382 dh<fCT. £0- 383 sIt n. 384 hBV*n. 385 ensE th. 386 i6i«.
£0: 388 me>lk. 389 look. 390 shud. 31^3 lont. 396 wcBirk. 397 SM*id.
398 stssenr. 402 la m. 403 fseser. 404 stem. 405 haarth. 406 lErth.
407 faardi,n. 408 niuu. £0- 409 beii. 411 thr6ii. 412 sh^. 413
divn. 414 fls'i. 415 Ib'I. 417 tj6tt. 418 briuu. 420 foor. 421 forte^.
£0': 423 tb^. 424 rakish. 425 la?kjht. 426 fsekjht. 427 b^. 428
s^i. 430 frin'd 431 biinr. 432 f6ith. 433 bree'st. 434 bet. 435 Iim.
436 ,t,riuu 437 ,t,rluuth. EY- 438 dB'i. EY: 439 ,t^8t
I- 440 wik. 441 silT. 442 dtvei. 446 nB'in. 448 dhi*. 449 gEt 450
tiuuzde^ 451 siuu. I: 462 dai. 454 watj. 455 lit. 457 mskjbt.
458 nffikjht. 459 rsekjht. 460 wsekjht. 462 sskjht 464 ktrhatj. 465
sek. 466 [(b^m) used]. 467 wa'il'd. 471 te'mmr. 472 8hre>qk. 473 ble»n'd.
474 rBin'd. 475 wan. 476 4e>n'd 477 fe'n'd. 478 gre»n'd. 479 wxn*d.
481 fe>q9r. 485 tbre'sU. 486 iBst. 487 !Bs,t«.rde*. 488 iBt.
I'- 490 boai. 491 sekjh. 493 dr<;»Y. 494 tB'tm. 496 senm. 497 ere'tz.
498 wrB'tt. 499 bitU. F: 600 Isik. 601 WB'»d. 602 faiv. 603 Isif.
504 UB'tf. 605 wB'tf. 506 womvn. 507 wime n. 608 ms'il. 609 kirhB'il.
611 WB'in. 513 waatBr. 614 s'is. 515 wb'is. 516 we'sd^m. 517 !uu.
0- 520 b6M 521 iu'\. 622 Wn. 623 hoop. 624 warMM. 0: 526
koktrh. 527 boktrht. 628 tboktcht. 530 wroktrht. 631 doktrhtBr. 532
kM'l. 633 dal. 534 huU. 536 gooPd. 538 dd wad. 639 b6«l. 640 hole*.
542 bolt. 645 hop. 647 boMB^rd. 548 foMBird. 550 ward. 651 stM'rm.
562 kti^m. 663 hu*m. 564 kros. 0'- 565 sho^. 667 t^. 568 Uk XhV.
659 madhmr. 661 bl^m. 562 m^n. 663 mande'. 664 era. 666 adhvr.
0': 669 b^k. 670 itk. 571 g^d. 572 bbd. 673 fljd. 574 bwd. 675
siKL 676wBd*nzde>. 577 b6M. 678 pliMktrht. 679 Bn/wktrh. 680 t/wkirb.
581 8oku;bt. 682 kuul. 684 st^l. 686 brvm. 686 da9. 687 dm. 688
n^. 689 sp^n. 590 floeocir. 691 mceoBir. 592 swoeceir. 693 mast. 694
b#t. 696 fe»t. 696 r^t. 697 s^.
U- 699 eb^'n. 600 lav. 601 fuul. 602 «au. 603 kam. 605 san.
606 door. 607 bat.tB^. U: 608 agle'. 609 fal. 610 uu. 611 balvk.
[ 2154 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 33, 34.] THE SOUTH AND THB EASTERN MID LOWLAND. 723
612 sam. 613 draqk. 614 hand. 615 pan. 616 gran. 617 sa'imd [Dr.
Murray gives (siind), bnt JGG. got (86,una) from Sellork town, and (89./tin'd)
from Koxburgh town, where (aj) is nearly (a), but these seem town pron.].
618 uund. 622 andnr. 625 taq. 626 haqvr. 629 san. 630 wan. 631
tharzde*. 632 ap. 633 dap. 634 thra'ti. 636 [(f»serBr) is used for both
farther and further]. 637 t^sk. 639 dast.
XT'- 640 ka'tf. 641 ha'u. 642 dha*!!. 643 naV. 645 da'tf. 648 uur.
649 thCizmit. 652 kud. 653 bat. U': 654 sh'rud. 656 rCim. 657 brikn.
658 dun. 661 shuur. 662 az [never (haz) as in Dr. Murray's DBS., p. 188,
but tliis may have been an individnalityj. 663 htis. 664 Ids. 665 mils.
666 hazbmt. 667 iit 668 prut. 669 ankuuth. 670 biith.
Y- 673 mak'L 674 Ib'i. 675 .d.roai. 678 de'n. 679 kark. 680 be'ze».
682 le'tU'. Y; 683 me'd|. 684 bre^g. 685 re'g. 686 hdai. 687
fisekjht. 689 b^l'd. 690 ks'tn'd. 691 ms'tn^d. 693 se*n. 696 bsrth.
697 biwe^ 698 mnrth. 699 wriikiht. 700 waor. 701 fnrst. 703 pe't.
Y'- 705 skrfflf. 706 [replaced by (kw^hat f»r) what for]. 707 thnrtin. 708
hdaim, T: 709 iaaiwc. 711 Ib'is. 712 mn'ts.
n. Enolish.
A. 737 nufH;. E. 746 br^dh. 750 b»8eg. 0. 761 li'd. 769
m6Mde^ U. 808 pat.
m. Romance.
£*• 874 rin.
D 34 = e.ML. = eastern Mid Lowland = Dr, Murray's
Lothian and Fife.
Boundary, Begin just n. of the Liberties of the town of Berwick, and,
joining the Twe^, follow it to a spot about 2 s.Inverleithen, Ph., then turn
along Quair Water to n. of St. Mary's Loch, and continue along first the
e. b. of Pb. and then the e.b. of Lk. to KirkintiUock, Dm. (18 e.Dumbarton),
and to the head of Carron Water. Then suddenly bistck to ne. and pass just
8. of Stirling and n. of Allod, Cc, and Kinross and w. of Cupar, Fi., to fall
into the Firth of Tay a little w. of Newport, Fi. (opposite Dundee, Fo.). Of
course this boundary is merely approximative, and means that the ne. part divides
Sg. and Fi., so that the whole country for some miles on each side of the Firth
of Forth is included.
Area, Most of Bw., Cc, Ed., Hd., Kr., LL, and Pb., or in
Scotch parlance the Lothians (LL, Ed., Hd.) and Fife, whence
Dr. Murray's name Lothian and Fife, The country included was
the seat of government under the Scotch Kings, and was hence
the centre of its English Literature.
Authorities, Dr. M.*s DSS. is very scantv on this dialect, because it furnishes
"received Scotch,*' and is hence as well known to a Lowlander as ** received
English'' to an Englishman. But I have made the best use I could of his
scattered hints. Next I had 18 sentences for the Lothians and 4 for Fife from
Melville BelFs Visible Speech, corrected as in D 33, p. 709, at bottom. For
the rest see Alphabetical County List under.
Bw. *^Chimside.
Ed. IIEdinburgh.
Hd. °Haddin^n.
Illustrationn,
1. The cs. for Edinburgh pal. by JAHM. from dictation of Mrs. C. Murray,
a native, p. 683, Ko. 3. The Hd. cs , which was in io., is almost exactly the
same word for word as the Ed. cs., and hence is not given.
[ 2155 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
724 THE BASTBRN MID LOWLAND. [D 84.
2. Melville Bell's Lothian and Fife sentences.
3. The numerals 1 to 12 with 20 from Ph., Ed , FL, oompared with those
from Rx. and Ab. from Melville Bell's FiHbU Speech,
4. The Chimside dt.
5. A cwl. made up of the words thus obtained, and a wL from Chimside.
CkaraeUrB, From these illustrations, especially the last, the
following have been deduced.
A- generally (tf, ^, ee) or according to JAHM. (e^) as (t«M, n^m] tale, name.
This is quite distinct from the (i') of D 33. There is no fracture in D 34.
A: regularly (a, k\ and not (a) as in D 33, nor (aa).
A' regularly (e, ee) the same as A-, though (a, aa, o) are also heard, as (iHui,
whAA, tood, r^} who, toad, road.
iE- tendls the same way as A-, as (f^dhvr, wMmr d^) father, water day.
M' \a usuallY (ii), but there are many exceptions.
E' is normally (ii), as he, me^ and not (6t) as in D 33.
EAL is usuaUy Taa) as (aa, AAld, sAAt) aU, old, salt.
EA', EO' normally ^ii) with a few exceptions.
I' has two sounds (&t, ki) or (a't, n't), informants differ. {k%) cac (■'•} is
used before voiceless consonants and mutes.
0' is regularly (yy) inclining to (y„ #), and varying as (iu, i) as (sk^ sy^n,
imfukh, fit) school, soon, enough, foot.
U: closed, is regularly (a) as (gm, xp) ground, up.
U' is always (uu, Ci) even in open syllables, and at the end of a word as (kuo,
hiis) cow, house, thus differing nom D 33.
Among the consonants there is only one form of (kh) used in
all positions, (kjh, kerh) are unknown. At Chimside initial eh
is pron. (sh), as (dher;z ez gyid shiiz i :shirset az waz erer sh6ud
wi shafts) there is as good cheese in Chimside as ever was chewed
with jawbones. We have a similar usage at Chillingham, Xb.,
D32, Vv, p. 641.
Mr. Collette, a Fifeman, in Oct. 1880. informed me that he had
often heard raa)z) for / am from Fife lads. But possibly it was
only for / ihallj which is common. It has however been heard
as rar north as Dumfries.
LoTHiAK Sektrkces FROM Melvillb Bell's Yisibls Spsf.ch,
COBRECTED AS THOSE IK D 33, p. 709.
Here (»i, a^, «) are used for (y, ah) and unaccented (a).
Lothian. T&anslatiok.
1. hers'l iiU ba" jot kript 1- Hustle in by [push forward]
[kriip.]. .> bers'l n,r t*« .- 1 dhi C.r^lL|te[fii.r' "™ "*"'
2. ee fikh ! kle-pshiirz 'n 2. Ah faugh ! earwigs and docks
gokkhs! I>^«^
3. diast a' rek'l xt stenz. ^' ^^ » ^«»« ^««P «' »*<«»«•
4. hooht, mwi ! wh<Em'l)t (Ep ! *• H^"** ™*» • *^)i* '"P '-
5. sek neeri'ilii nept'itni'iS beta 6- Such narrowly nigmrdness beat*
AA dhi\t f\vBr B hard 0 ! aU that ever I heard of ?
6. niVer ky'lji)z nee kenni^s. 6. Nerer coax is no kindness.
7. shi3)z noo skremt'it o kjnzi 7. She)s not stingjof coin [money],
[kynf] bt\t kana* hi fasht ! ^^^ cannot be bothered.
[ 2166 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D34.]
THE EASTERN MID LOWLAND.
725
8. «)1 noo fskht ji b^^h «t Jens,
bf |t a)l tak Jt bt jenst ^z.
9. whAr i i\ gAAn ?
10. 8h«)z B siv'l widt wamtm.
1 1 . tf0 ! sek a^ piti ! tf\ sii dht i
wii bt'it laami stcket.
12. frtf :d^midek8, dht tdhBr dtftf,
ti'i :d|iiit :diiiiz b bsn^t mi w^i,
bst dil)hed ktihd dU' dP9, ohi bm,
bat — ^whEs'I a'ur dhi le&v oh)t,
13. 'kaati karl [k^l] kam prii
mt'i muu.
14. hee, m«n! kAA dhi| ja'uz
ti\ dhi'i na'uz.
15. wha wha^Bt dhi'i laadbt ?
hiz f^dhBr did W9z)dy tB mak tjin
gaq ti'i dht I sk^I.
16. huu)z AA wi f Bt heem ?
giiliz\ thaqk Ji fsr spiir'n.
17. gaq Bwoa*, ladt, gee ts dbt'i
holirsy Bee ^ ! ^ ! Bn shuu I'lin bak
Bgrn.
1 8. B brAA ahart-gnn aa d^cs^upet
wi glAAT.
8. 1'U not fight yon boihatonce, but
1*11 take you by onces [one at a time].
9. Where are you going P
10. She's a civil widow woman.
11. Ah! such a mty! to see the
wee bit lambkin stuck.
12. From Dumbiedykes the other
day
To Jeanie Dean's I bent my way,
But deyil)head [deyU a bit] could
I do or say,
But — whistle over the leave [re-
mainder] of it.
13. Lively fellow, come prove
[make trial of] my mouth [ = kiss me].
14. Heh,
the knolls.
call thy ewes to
16. Who whipped the laddy? His
father indeed was}it, to make him
go to the school.
16. How is all with you at home ?
Gaily [very well], thank you for
speering [asking].
17. Oo away, laddv, go to the
horse, say, cPck, cl*cL ! and shoo
[scare] him back again.
18. A brave [smart] shirt-gown
[bodice] all besprinkled with mud.
FiFB Sentences from Mslyille Bell's Visible Speech, cobeected
AS those in D 33.
1. od, dhi,r)z twAA rwalt
rwalis'nz, Bn twAA :robi :robis*iiz,
Bn twAA :djimi '.d^mtVnz, bh
tWAA k(Et l(EgBt SUUZ.
2. OBT ji en, :d|in» rwiTms'n?
— wbflpt Br JI wan;'n ? di i no kEn
et's dbt'i sAAbi'itb dee? — B)m
wan;'n a^ bAAbi wartb b sAAt Bn
a^ pRniwartb b mastarbt, a^ Ieu t
Br [jBr] kEt'l, Bn a^ Waa • bf
[jBr] bElBS, Bn hiir)z mi'i midhBrz
mat| t'l mant'ind^ !
3. dhti)r ktntrt kdz'nz jb ki\n.
4. od)fV)f)k«')i)mii* !
blEEdhei^n tpl!
sek B
1. »0d, there's two WlUv WiUi-
8on*s, and two Bobby Kobisons,
and two Jamie Jamiesons, and two
cut-lugged [crop-eared] sows.
2. Are you in, Jeanie Williamson ?
What are you wanting? do you not
know it)s the sabbath dayP I'm
wanting a bawbeeworth of salt, and
a pennyworth of mustard, a loan of
your kettle, and a blow of your
oellows, and here's my mother's ca<i
till Monday.
3. They are country cousins you
know.
6. 'Od-have-a-care-of-me! such
a blethering duel [fellow].
[ 2i»: ]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
726
TUB KAST£BN MID LOWLAND.
[D34.
NUMEBALS.
Mid L. compared with south and north L. nnmerala from Melville Bell's
Visible Speech, where they had been written from the dictation of natives,
1, Peebles, D 34, from Mr. G. Elphinstone; 2, Midlothian, D 34, from Mr.
Archibald Bell ; 3, Fife, D 34, from Rer. D. S. Drysdale ; 4, Teriotdale,
D 33, from Dr. Murray ; 6, Aberdeen, D 39, from Mr. J. Foirest.
one two three four
1 Feeble*, Jen tw^^ thrii fa'iir
2 Midlothian, Jen en twoo khrii fafur
3 Fife, • tf'n twAA thrii f<E'ur fsV 8eks
4 Teviotdale, Jen twM' thr^i idour hHv seks
Jt0e eis
fa"v seks aiv'n
faV seks saks siv'n
8iv*n
siv*n
5 Aberdeen, in
twfltf thrii fa'u'r fa"v sa^ks
seiv^n
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
twenty
1 aa'kbt
niia
Um
•ili-v'n
twohl
twf,ntt.
2 eekht
n^in
tEn*
i\U-v'n
tWEl
twtintt.
8 ekht
nE'in
tssn
bU Vn
tWEl
twtntt.
4 aakjbt
n6in
taen'
fili'v'n
twohl
tunt*.
5 akht
nx'in
f.ien
fjeiv'n
twal
twt'intf.
Chibkbide (8 wnw.Berwick) dt.
Written by Bey. George Wilson, Free Church, Glenlnce, or Old Looe (16
w-by-n.Wigton), and palaeotyped by AJ£. from his explanations and notes.
The dialect IB ** broad and slow."
1 . See a see, niborz, i sii niu at a)m rt kht abilit dhat lat'l wxnsh
kamin thre [fre] dhv skyl dhonisr.
2. 8hy)2 gaq^n d{in ah« rod dheer thrau dh« rtd jeet on dh«
v'raq setd o dh« geet (rood).
8. shyyr tmfuU^ dh« l)eem)z geen strekht ap tB dh« door o dh«
w'raq hilis,
4. wheer shy)! Jtb'lz [me)bi] ftnd dhat diak'n dif waz'nd tali
at)s kAAd [at dn^ kAA] :tam.
5. u AA K^ htm verv wil.
6. wa)na dh« AAld 8hA*p syn lem «r noo to dy)d «gen,
pyyr theq !
7. sii ! •z)na dhat truu ? [tz dhat noo truu ?].
e.MiD LowLAKD cwl.
This is made np from the following sources :
£ Edinburgh cs. in introduction to L., No. 3, p. 683.
L Lothian sentences from A. Melville Bell's Visible Speech, corrected. The
Lothians are the counties of LI., £d., Hd., respectiTely, w., m., and e.
F Fife, ditto.
C Chimside wL and dt. by Re?. G. Wilson.
[ 2168 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 34.] THB EASTERN MID IXJWLAND. 727
M Words marked Central Scottiah in Dr. MurraVa ¥^1., in his DSS., of wbicli
the parts for D 33 are' given on p. 716. Possibly manj of these words
belong properly to D 36. Probably all the words in Dr. M.*8 D 33 list, not
here spedally marked as different, nave the same sound in D 33 and D 34.
The pron. of ail these places is presumed to be practicaUy identical, ipid as
I have no means of discriminating them, I put them all together in one list,
distinguishing the sources.
I. Wessex Ain) NOESE.
A- 4 L tak. 6 LE mak. — M t*»n [taken]. 19 M un. 21 C neem,
25 M nuf'n. — C g«t [roadway]. A: 39 E kitm. 41 L thaqk. — C
fan [fand, pt. of find]. 49 E h6q*n [hanging]. — L kana^ [cant]. 61 E
mAn. 64 E wkai, F wan; in [wanting]. 66 C WAAsh, E w&sh*n [washing].
A: or 0: 68 E f^, C thr^ ie. 69 L laami. 60 M laq. 61 M ama-q.
62 M straq. 63 M thraq. 64 E riUj, MC w'raq. 65 M saq.
A'- 67 L gaq, [{gee) imper.], LE gAAn, C gaq'n [going]. 70 LC tee, 72
E whAA, L wha. 73 EC Bee, C boo. 74 EF twAA, C tww. 76 C tood. 77
M l«rrd [lord of the soil]. 79 E «r>n. 82 E j^. 86 C Jtts. 87 EC Ideez.
88 C kliid. 89 E heeHh, L bMh. 90 FC Uaa. A': 102 E aks, C AAsk.
104 C rod. 110 E noo\ 111 C ookht. 113 E he^l. 116 EL h«?m. 122
ii. E n^, L noo. 124 L st^. 126 E onlt. 133 M w'ret. 134 E eeHh.
JE' 138 ELC f<;dhBr. 144 L vgyn. 162 C WArtvr. .£: 154 E hkk.
160 M Bg. 161 E 6ee\ FC dee. 164 E m^. — M slekht [sleight]. 169
EC whan, E kw^hon, C whan. 173 E wwz. 174 C eesh, — M les [less].
177 E dhat, L dhyt. 179 E kw^hBt. JE'- 182 M su. 187 L Wr. 189
C wii. 194 E ont. 195 E moni, C mani. 197 C shiiz. 200 C whiit.
JE': 204 L did [indeed]. 206 C thrld. 208 L ivmr. 214 E n^'dhw.
— F Ieu [a loan). 223 E dhw»r, C dh«r. 224 E k«7h«r, EC wh«r,
L whAr. 227 C wa»t. 228 C swiit.
E- 232 C brik. 233 C spik, E spik'n [speaking]. 234 nn'd. 236 wiiv.
244 E wil. 248 E meeh, C miir. 262 EF kBt^l. — M sBt'l [settle].
E: 266 strikwt [stretcht]. 261 E Bee\ hC see. — M bud [bed]. 262 E
\fee\ C w^. 263 L vwaa% C a^WAA. 266 C strekht. 270 F i. bnlBs.
— M sbI [sell]. 271 E tnl. — M ham [hem]. 276 E the'qk. 278 C
wansh. — M sBnd [send]. 281 E Isnth. 287 C btz*m. 288 M lat.
— M bnst [best]. E'- 289 C ii. 290 M hii. 292 EM mu. 293 EM
wii, C uu. £': 306 C h&t, M hekh hii [M (hiilan) highland]. 306 hekht.
312 E hiir, F hir. 314 EL hard.
EA- — L n^«yly [narrowly]. 320 E kwV. EA: 321 E saa. 322
EM laakh, C lAAkh. 324 M ffil^t. 326 EC AAld. 330 E hhd. 336 L aa.
338 ELC kAA. — F SAAt. 340 E Je*»rd. 346 C dAAr. 846 C jst jeet.
EA'- 347 C hiid. 348 M ii, E in [eyes]. — L bH. EA': 360 C dud.
352 C rid. 366 C diif. 367 C thoo. 369 E nibcr. 364 C shA'p. 366
C grit. 367 C thrst. 368 C dEEth. EI- 372 E »». EI: 378
C week.
EO- 386 L ja'u, C jClu. 387 E niuu. EO: 390 shad. 394 E jondw,
C dhouBr. 396 E jh^. 399 E brekht. 402 C lem. 409 M bii. — M
frii [free]. — M k*nii. 411 E khrii [in the ohrase (twAAkhrii) two or three,
i.e. a few], C thrii. — M trii [tree]. 412 C shii shyi, L shB. 413 L dil.
414 M flii. — M flii [to flee]. 416 M lii. EO': 423 MC thii. 424 C
rakh. 425 C Itkht. 426 MLC^ fskht. 427 M bu. 428 C sii. 436 EM
juu [E (jir) your]. 436 C truu. 437 EC try'th. EY- 438 MEC dii.
EY: 439 E trast.
I- 446 E na'm. I: 462 E a», C a. 464 C watj. — L widi [widow].
468 E ne'kht, M nekht. 469 C nkbt, M rekht. 460 C wskht, M wskbt.
465 E s^k'n, L sek. 466 C sh^ild. — L yn, F en [in]. 477 C find. 480
EC theq. 482 E e's. 484 E dhe's. — L whas'l [whistle].
r- 490 L ba". M bu [by, agent]. 491 M sa'ikh s&i. 492 C s^id. . 494
E ta'im. — M pn'ip [pipe]. 497 M ra'iz. 498 M w*ra'it. — M bla'idh
[bUthe]. I': — M da^k. 600 £ lo't^t. 602 C f&sT. 603 16if. 606
[ 2169 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
728 THE EASTERN AND THE WESTERN MID LOWLAND. [D 34, 85.
^
M (ynfiYz) wiyesl. 506 LO wsxmm. 508 M mz'tl. — M im'un [rfajme].
)10 ii. ma*. 611 M wa'rn.
0- 619 E a'ur. 520 C bxU 524 C warldt, £ warld. 0: 531 C
dokhter, E dookhtur. 535 £ fz'wk. 536 M g6iid. 638 £ wad wed, — M
h6u [hollow]. — L na'uz [knolls]. — L hohn [horeel. 0'- 565 C sby.
667 £ tyy. 659 E mtdhvr. 660 L sk^l, C skyl. 663 L manyndiw. 564
C syn. 666 E adhw, L idhmr. 0': 570 C tyk. 571 £ rjyd, EC gyd.
577 C bnu. 578 C plakh. 679 £ enlakh, C vn!ukh. 680 C tSukh. 586
£F di, L d^, [C (dy)d) do it]. 687 £ dyn. 588 £ eftrnmyn. 694 C
byt. 596 C fit.
U- 602 MFC sun. 603 L kxm. 604 £ se^mvr. 605 C san. 606 EC
door. U: 616 £ Knm. 629 £ san. 631 £ ihande>. 632 C ap. 634
£C thniii. 635 F warth. U'- 640 MC knu. 641 £L baa. 643 ME
nuu. 646 C duo. 646 M buu. 660 £ a^bdt, C vbd't. 661 £ wathiit.
652 L ktibd, C kyd. 653 C bit. U': 658 EC diin. 663 EC hiXB. 667
£ hi, 671 Lmuu.
Y- 673 £ makl. 674 £ ded. 681 £ be^Enas. 682 C \iV\ latU. Y:
— L kennys [kindness]. 697 C byr». 700 C w«ar. 701 C farst ftret.
T- 706 C Bk£t. — M baid. Y': 709 M fair, C f^tr. 712 M ma'ta,
C m^ts.
n. Ekolish.
A. 714 L laadht. 736 M las. E. — M pat [pet]. I. ondY, — L
eqr [ingle, fire] — L wba'pdt fwhipped]. 0. — M p6a [poU, bead].
790 L gun. U. 797 £ skicv^kin. 798 £ kidir. 804 £C diak'n. — £
bari [hurry].
m. Romance.
810 M f^^^s. 815 £ fiks. 820 [L (g^iz) gaily]. — M peUm
^ „^. 867 £ bw^s. 860 M jHr»8t. — r^'t [ratej. 862 M 8*'f. 864 E
iikaz. — M boakhtf. 866 C pyyr. £•• 867 £ tai. — M dernk
[direct]. — M palet [pellet]. — M pan [pen]. — M msnd [mendj.
— M sant [scentj. — M tant [tent]. — M vant [vent]. — M Tantur
[venture]. 885 £ vtf,ri. — past [pest]. — M tast [test]. — M rasUes
[restless]. — M takst [text] I-, and Y- — L sivP [civil]. 0-
920 £ m'int, M pa'mt. 926 £ va'is. 936 M kyntr^. 938 £ komar. — M
knuard Tcoward]. 947 M ba'il. 960 £ sapar. 963 F kaz n. — F mastarht
[mustard]. 965 £ dCit. — L priiv [prove, try]. — M buuel [bowel].
— M tuuel [towel]. U- 961 M gruuel. — M truuel [trowel]. 963 £
kiddat. 969 EC shyyr. 970 £ djyst, L djasi — £ bry't [brute].
D 35 = wML. = western Mid Lowland = Dn Murray's
Clydesdale.
Boundaries. Begin at the 8. extremity of the CB. or Celtic Border in Scotland,
and proceed aloi^g it as far as Qlendouglas, between Lochs Long and Lomond.
Then skirting first the w. and. then the se. side of Loch Lomond to the b. of
Sg., run e. across Sg. over the Campeie Hills to join the sharp angle at tho
w. of D 34, about 12 w. of the se. angle of Ix>ch Lomond. Then go sse. to
b of Lk. near Kirkintillock, Sg. Pursue tho border of Lk. till it reaches Ay.,
and then cross Ay. to the w., s. of Muirkirk, Mnuchline, and Ayr to the sea,
separating the Ayrshire district of Kyle on tho u. fmm that of Carrick in the a.
Then by the sea coast to Bute again. Of course the b. across Ay. is not very
distinct, and ^e pron. of the n. of this extensive district may be in several
respects different from that in the s., which has most literary interest as the land
of Bums.
[ 2160 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
1)35.] THE WBSTBRN MID LOWLAND. 729
Area, A narrow slip to se. of Ar., the s. of Bt., the n. of Ay.,
the e. and s. of Dm., Lk. and Ef.
Authorities. Mr. Melville Bellas Clydesdale sentences in his ViHbU Speech,
corrected as for D 33 and 34, p. 709. Dr. Murray's notes and Ayrshire Ruth,
p. 698, No. 2. Account of pron. in Kyle by Wm. Simson, schoolmaster
in Cumnock, riven on pp. 681-693 of Wm. Aiton*s "General View of the
Aojiculture of the County of Air," Glasgow, 1811. The above are from
printed books. The following are special communications. See Alphabetical
County Index under the following names, where || indicates systematic, and **
informants* orthography.
Ay, "Coylton, BKUmamock, ^'Ochiltree.
Lk. **Glasgow.
iy. ®Lochwinnoch.
Characters. Dr. Murray (DSS. p. 238) says: "1. The Clydesdale
dialect [D 35] is distinguished from that of Lothian [D 34] chiefly
hy its broader vowels. 2. The long (aa) especially is aunost, if
not quite, (aa) in (twAA, awAA, waaJc) two, away, wake. 3. It
is heard also in the combination -andf where the d is regularly
dropped, as (Iaau, hAAn) land, hand; so 4. {een, mein, fen) end,
mind, find. 5. Long i becomes broad (a'i), (wa'ivz, ba'id, sta'i)
wives, bide, stay. 6. The (yy, m) is scarcely labial (dpp, t«p, ww),
etc., being undistinguishable from (d^tf, teSy wee) or (dii, tji, wtV).
7. Short 0 before a consonant has a tendency to be replaced by
(a, a), as in (pot, top, stop, porttj, drop, banet, of, oft, hop, wiirlt)
pot, top. stop, porridge, drop, bonnet, off, oft, hop, world. This
change does not appear in the Early or Middle Scotch, and is
probably of Celtic origin. In modem times it has gained a wido
currency from being used by Bums in this dialect."
These characters shew the salient points of difference between
the n. forms of D 35 and those of D 34. But a comparison of the
cwl. already given for D 34 with that given below for D 35 will
shew that they do not quite agree for the s. parts of D 35. To
take each point separately, as I have numbered them, we find 1.
that it is not quite possible to attach a meaning to * broader vowels'
generally ; 2. that in the particular instances given, although they
all occur in Dr. M.'s Ruth, yet at any rate (twa) is repudiated at
Ochiltree (11 e.Ayr), where (tw^^) is used, and that this form is
also found at Coylton (5 e.Ayr), though (twaa) seems to have been
also heard, as well as at Glasgow. I think the (aa) was due to
Mr. Giffen, who represents s.Rf. The (wAAk) wake was heard by
Dr. M. (DSS. p. 77, note) from some ** Wast Cuintrie folk," when
travelling, but the precise locality of the speaker is not given, and
was probably not known. 3. (Iaau, hiAu) land, hand, occur at
Coylton and Ochiltree, but Dr. M. gives (la<m, haan) in D 33, which
is nearly the same. I have not got the words for D 34, nor can I
compare for end, mind, but Jind has the d at Chimside, Bw. The
omission of d after n, as in the pp., is so common that it scarcely
becomes a character 5. Long i = (s'i) I have continually as
"central Scottish" from Dr. M.*s Iw., but perhaps he meant
D 35 rather than D 34. My own accounts from s.D 35, as Coylton
and Ochiltree, give (ei) or (s'i) generally, and (di) before .voiced
[ 2161 ]
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730 THE WKSTBKM MID LOWLAND. [D 35.
consonants, in fact the prevalence of (ei) is very conspicnous ; my
examples of (a'i) are from Dr. M. 6. As to the pron. of (yy, 99)
as (tV, ee)y this seems to belong to w.Lk. or £i., that is, to Mr.
Giffen, see notes to Tam 0' Shanter below, especially t. 89, 122,
143, 183, but on the contrary (yy, 99) are constantly given from
Coylton and Ochiltree. 7. Here I have from Simson, quite in-
dependently of Dr. M. or Mr. Giffen, (drap, hap, stap, lapsttsr)
drop, hop, stop, lobster, but this use of (a) for 0: does not seem to
be the rule, on the contrary (0) is more frequent, as (hdl, fok, bolt,
storm, kom, horn, kros) hole, folk, bolt, storm, corn, horn, cross. And
Simson gives (a'u) which I cannot further analyse, but which may
be (6u, af'u) in (ha'up, fa'uk, ga'ud, ta'ul, ba'ul, ha'u, ha'um, ka'ult)
hope, folk, gold, toU, bowl, hollow, holm, colt, where the diph-
thong is mainly due to a suppressed (1). For myself, I have not
been able to ascertain any certain characters by which D 35 as a
whole can be separated from D 34 as a whole. But then in these
extensive districts there must be much local variety, some notion
of which may be obtained from Mr. D. Patrick's Lochwinnoch,
Rf., below, and also from the differences given in the cwl. below
for the places there named.
IllustratiwM,
1. Dr. Murray's Kuth, chap, i., for Ay., has been aheady given in Introduction
to Lowland, d. 698
2 Mr. Melville Bell's few Clydesdale sentences, immediately below.
3. Rev. Neil Livingstones dialect test from Coylton (6 e.Ayr) on next page.
4. Tam o' Shanter, from several sources, see the Introduction to it on next
page.
5. Cwl. for all D 35, compiled from Dr. Murray^s Ruth, and notes, Bev. Neil
Livingston's Cojrlton wl., Mr. J. Alexander's Glasgow wl., Simson's Kyle, and
Mr. David Patnck*8 valuable and complete wl. for Ochiltree.
6. Mr. D. Patrick's notes on Lochwinnoch, Rf.
The three principal wl. by Messrs. Livingston, Alexander, and Patrick, have
been of great service to me. Mr. Patrick, who had special opiK>rtunitie6
when young of becoming perfectly familiar with the dialects of Ochiltree and
Lochwinnoch, took the greatest pains, by long notes and illustrations, to convey
the sounds to me. The version of Tam o' Shanter has been executed with much
care from several sources, and probably represents Bums's district as well as can
be hoped. The notes explain the varieties.
Mb. a. Meltille Bell's Clydesdale Sentskces, corrected as nr
D 33, p. 709, at hottom.
ClTDBSDALB. .TnANSLATION.
1. a)m gi3n ap dht\ :gal"Bgifit 1. I am going up the Gallowgate
t« koo ^t\n :sani imakf^rs'n. tj call upon Sandy (Alexander)
2 WT,)! rt WBr bred 'n te;,r ^''^'^^^u"^, ^ ^read „d butter
dun dhB wa;OT. down the water.
3. maa' konshBns! haq « bE'ili! 3. My conscience ! hang a Baillie !
[ 2162 ]
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D 36.] THE WESTERN MID LOWLAND. 731
DisTEicT OF Etle, Aybshtrw, dt.,
Written in io. by Rev. Neil Livingston, Free Church Manse, Coylton (5 e.Ayr),
pal. by AJ£. from the indications furnished.
1. s^tf a see^ m^^, ji sii nuu dhat a)in r^'kht «bu*t dbdt wii
gehl kamBn fre dh^* skyyl jowbt.
2. 8liii)z gAAn dun dh^^ rood diheer thruu dihe^ rid J£t on dhtf*
lEft hAAn 84id o dh^* wei.
3. shyyr t?n1akb [vnakh] dh^^ w^m htf^z geen strakht ap te
dihe^ door o dhe^ raq hiis.
4. whAAr shi)! me)bi ts^n dbat drak*n diif w^'z'nt falo o dhe^
neem o :tam'Bs.
5. wi AA kEn)Bm vera wU.
6. wa)nB db«* aaI tjap sbyyn l^drn «r noo tB dw)t vgeen,
pyyr tb<?*q !
7. lak, tf*z)nB it truu?
Tam o' Shanter.
In this land of Bums (b. 25 January, 1769, in a small cottage near Ayr,
d. 21 July, 1796), an attempt must be made to give the pron. of one of Bums*s
poems. But Bums is a very difficult writer to deal with. He is the typical
modem Scotch poet, yet his writings are generally much more than half oromary
English. Dr. Murray (DSS. p. 76) gives the following figures : —
has different words, of which the un-English are only
1. A man*s a man for a* that 116 .. 18
2. Duncan Oray 117 30
3. Auld Lang Syne « 80 24
4. Scots wha hae 100 9
6. The Death of Poor Mailie 461 „- 71
873 162 = 17-88 p. cent.
"And yet," says Dr. M., **if a countryman of the poet were to recite these poems
to a Southem audience, it is not too much to say that not more than three words
in a hundred would be heard as the same as the English words with which they
are identified in spelling.*'
And not only are the words chiefly English, but the constraction is often merely
English. " Scots wha hae,*' remarks Dr. Murray (DSS. p. 71 note), ^*\b fancy
Scotch — that is, it is merely the English ' Scots who have ' spelled as Scotch.
Barbour (1489) would hare written 'Scottia at hes,' Dunbar (1476) or Douglas
(1474-1622) * Scottis quhilkis hes,' and even Henry Chatteris, in the end of the
XTith century, * Scottis quha hes.' . . . The vernacular is still 'Scots at hses,'
which Bums apparently considered ungrammatical, and therefore shaped the
words after an English model. Much of the contemporary Scotch is of this
character ; it is Scotch in spellin|^, English in everything else."
Now what was to be done with this English, in the disguise of Scotch or L.
In 1848 Mr. Thomas I^ang, now of Melboume, Australia, but then resident at
Kilmarnock, where Bums*8 poems were first published in 1786, and in a house
built by one of Bums's heroes, Tom Samson, in sending me a phonetic transcript
in the alphabet I then used (explained above in Part iV. p. 1183), adopted the
principle of giving the English words in English Scotch (see D 33, p. 716), and
the L. words in the locu pron. Subsequently on the suggestion of the late
[ 2163 ]
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732
THK WE8T£RN HID LOWLAND.
[DS5.
Mr. Cantain Dongas (then a atudent at Olasgow, and anbaeqnentlr a mianoiuiy in
China), who, with a committee of six other Ayrshire students, carenilly reriewed the
version, he adopted local pronunciation throughout. The version was published by
me in the Phonetic Journal for 1848, with a glossary and observations on proa. (pp.
146-162, and 227-229). It was submitted to several other Scotch gentlemen, and
finally was pal. with corrections. Afterwards, in November, 1883, Mr. A. Giffen (the
well-known statistician), a native of Strathavon (:streeth*n), Avondale (12 w.Laaark),
who had revised Dr. Murray*s A^rrshire Buth, chap. i. DSS. p. 239, note I, had the
kindness to go over the whole with me, though he feared that long residence in the
s. of England had taken off the edge of his memory of the pron. £i thus revised sad
corrected I now present it as the hegt I have been able to accomplish. But I am still
not satisfied, especially with the treatment of the English portion of the poem. la
fact the poem would have to be rewritten to reduce it to vernacular L. of D 35. I
have considered it best to follow ''the original MS., reproduced by the Photo-Chromolitii
Process, with an Introduction by Moy Thomas, Esq.," and published by Adams k
Francis, 69. Fleet Street, no date (but the MS. was written in 1790), with the
exception of four lines following v. 142, here and usually omitted, and not given by
Mr. Lang. This original has been printed by side of the pronunciation in smaller type,
following its usage of spelling, capitals, and punctuation. The small capitals represent
larger handwriting. The words in [] are alternatives written over the preceding word
in the MS. The italic o\ verse 66, was accidentally omitted in the MS., when makii^
an alteration of laden wV into into wi ladei o\ In the following notes referring to the
numbers of the lines, I have endeavoured to explain the vaneties of pron. and the
difficulties of meaning.
:tam o rsbantBr.
when t|apm«n btliz liiv dhv strit,
«n drutht nibBrz nibBrz mit.
az market d^^z er wii;rnn M
Bn fok bigtn tB tak dhB g^ :
wheil wi sit buuzBn at dhB napi,
Bn getBn fuu Bn aqkB bapi,
wi tbiqk)nB on dbB laq iskots m6ilz,
dhB mosiz, watBrz, slaps, Bn steilz,
db»t lai bitwin bs an ur b^m,
wbAr Btts ur salkt salen d^m,
gedhrBn bBr bruuz leik g^dbnm storm,
narsBn bBr ratb tB kip it warm.
dhe^B trutb fan onest :tam o :sbantBr
az bii fre leer Jee n^^kbt did kantBr,
(aaI leer wbam niir b tun sBrpa'SBZ.
fAr onest mEn, Bn bdni la'SBz).
0 :tam ! badst dbuu bzt bin se w6is
az t^^n dbai een weif ikeeta adveis !
sbi tAAl dbi wil dbu waz a skE'lBm
a blEdhron, bkstrcn, drak'n bls-lBm,
dbBt free inovEmbsr t/1 loctoobBr
jee market dee dhu waz)nB soobsr ;
dbBt ilkB mEldsr wtV dbB milBr,
dbu sat az laq az dbuu bad stlBr;
dbBt evrt n^g wbz kAAd a sbyy on,
dbB smttb Bn dbii gat roon'n fuu on ;
dbBt at dbB :loordz bus in on :sandtf,
dbu draqk wi :kert'n :d^ til mand^.
Tam o' Shaktkk— a tale.
When chi^men billies leave the stxeet>
And drouthy neebors, neebors meet ; 2
As market-days are wearing late,
And folk begin to take the gate ; 4
While we sit bowsing at the nappy.
And getting f on, & unoo happy, 6
We think na on the lang Scots miles,
The moves, waters, slaps & styles, 8
That lie between us & our hame.
Where sits our sulky, sullen dame, 10
Gathering her brows like gathering storm.
Nursing her wrath to keep it warm. — 12
This truth fand honest Tam o* Shaktsk,
As he frae Ayr ae night did canter : 14
(Auld Ayr whom ne'er a town surpasses.
For honest Men, & bonnie lasses). 16
0 Tam ! hadst thou but been sae wise.
As taen thy ain wife Katb's advice 18
She tauld thee weel thou was a skellum ;
A bletherin, blusteiin, drunken blellum : 20
That frae November till October,
Ae market day thou was na sober : 22
That ilka melder, wi* the Miller
Thou sat as lang as thou had siller : 24
That every naig was ca*d a shoe on.
The Smitn A tnee gat roarin f on on 26
That at the L — d*s house, even on Sunday,
Thou drank wi* Kirkton Jean till Monday. —
[ 2164 ]
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D36.]
THE WE8TBRN MID IXiWLAHD.
733
shi pro'fesdid, dhvt \eet or shyn
dbu wad bi fen dip drund in idyn,
AT kat^ wi wAArlBks tV dhe merk
hi :&'lowBZ aaI hanttd kerk.
aa ! dpnt'l demz ! it garz mi grit
t« thfqk hu msni kuns'lz swit,
huu mani Isnth'nd es^ adv^-sBZ
dhB hazbsn fre dhis w6if despiizt^z !
bat tyji wmr teA: — jee market
n^^kbty
:tam had got planted anbi r^^kbt,
fast bdi an tq'l, bliizin feinlt,
wi riimvn swats, dbat draqk div^inli ;
and at biz ElbB, sntvr :di(mi,
biz ansbvnt, trasti, dmtbi krani : —
:tam lyyd bim 16ik a vara bWdbtnr ;
db^ bad bt'n fun fAr wiks dbigidbvr !
dbB ntf^kbt dr^^ on wi saqz an
klat«r,
OTi 6i dbi jtfl W9Z gra'uwa bat«r :
dbi lanladi vn :tam gm gre^bas,
wi siikret ieeyiBTz, swit vn pnssbas,
dbB sutBr tAAld biz kudirest storsz,
dbB lanlBrdz lakb wbz rsdi korBs :
dbB storm Bdbu't m^^kbt r/?«:Bn ras'l—
:tam did;nB mein dbB storm a wbas'l.
ikeer mad tB sii a man se bapi,
in drund bimsE'l ama'q dbB napi !
az biiz fli b^^m wi leedz o trszbBr,
dbB minits wiqd dber wei wi plEzbBr.
kiqz me bi blest, bBt :tam wbz gld'rias
or AA dbi ilz o 16if viktdrias.
bat plEzbBTz ar l^ik popiz sprsd,
ju siiz dbB flnur, its bluum iz sbEd ;
Ar leik dbB snAA, fi'z in dbB rivBr,
a mdmBnt wb^it — dbsn mslts fir
EVBr ;
Ar leik dbB boria'lis r^^
dbat flit iir Juu kan peint dbBr pl^,
Ar leik dbB re«ibooz lavli form,
iva*nisbin ami'd dbB storm.
ns man kan tEdbBr teim Ar teid.
dbB uur aprotjez :tam mBn reid.
dbat uur, o ne'kbts blak ^^rt^ dbB kii-
BteeUy
dbat driijri uur bi mants biz biist in.
an sf k a n^^kbt bi tuk dbB rood in.
az niir pyjir siuBr wbz abrood in.
dbB wan bluu az t)wBd bU'n its last;
dhB ratlin shuurz rooz on dbB blast ;
She prophesied, that, late or soon,
Thou wad be found, deep drownM in Doon ; 30
Or catch*d wi* warlocks in the mirk,
By Aloway's auld, haunted Kirk.— 32
Ah, eentie dames ! it gars me greet.
To think how mony counsels sweet, 34
How mony lengthenM, sage advices.
The husband frae the wife despises ! 36
But to our Tale : ae market night,
Tarn had got planted unco right ; 38
Fast by an ingle, bleezin finely,
Wi' reaming swats that drank difinely: 40
And at his elbow, Souter Johnie,
His ancient, trusty, drouthy crony ; 42
Tarn lo'ed him like a very brither.
They had been fou for weeks thegither.— 44
The night drave on wi* sangs & cUtter,
And ay the ale was growing better : 46
The landlady & Tam grew gracious,
Wi* secret favors, sweet & precious : 48
The Souter tauld his queerest stories ;
The Landlord's hiugh was ready chorus 50
The storm without might rair & rustle,
Tam didna mind the storm a whistle. — 62
Care, mad to see a man sae happy,
E'en drown'd himsel amang the nappy : 54
As bees flee hame, wi* lades o' treasure,
The minutes wing'd their way wi' pleasure :
Kings may be blest, but Tam was glorious,
O'er a' the ills o' life victorious ! 68
But Pleasures are like poppies spread,
Tou sieze the flower, its bloom is shed ; 60
Or like the snow, falls in the river,
A moment white, then melts for ever ; 62
Or like the Borealis' race.
That flit ere you can point their place ; 64
Or like the rainbow's lovely form.
Evanishing amid the storm : 66
Nae man can tether Time or Tide,
The hour approaches Tam maun ride ; 63
That hour, o* Night*s black arch the key-
stane.
That dreary hour Tam mounts his beast iu ;
And sic a night he took the road in,
As ne'er poor Sinner was abroad in. — 72
The wind blew as 'twould blawn its last,
The rattling showers rose on the blast, 74
[ 2165 ]
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r34
THE WBflTEBK MID LOWLAND.
[D35.
dhB spidt glimz dh« daarknes swAlvd,
luud, dip, an lA*q dh« thantsr bElvd.
dhit n^^kht a 1g6ild m^kht anBrsUAn
dhB dil had btznes on ht£ hAAn !
wil manted on hiz gne miir, :msg,
« bBt«r nsYvr lifttd 1^,
:tam skElptt cm thruu dab an mdir,
dispdi'zvn wan, an r^^n, an feiir,
wheilz hAdtn fast hiz gyd bluu banet,
wb6ilz kryynin a'ur «n aaI cskots
sonet;
wh^ilz gla'urin run wi aqsh^s k^rz,
lest bog'lz kat| htm anaw^^z ;
:k0^rk :alowB wtsz drAAiii ndi,
whAr g^tfsts an hulets n^khtli krdi.
bdi dher^s teim hii wbz kros dh«
fyyrd,
whAAT m dh« snAA dhB l^pmon
smyyrd;
an past dhv b^Vks an mik'l st^m,
whAAT diak'n li^eerli brak)8 nsk been;
an thrun dhB whanz, an bdi dhB k^^m,
whAAT hantBTS fan dhB mardBrd b^mi ;
an niir dhB thorn abyn dbB weel,
whAAT :ma'qBz mtdhBr haqd hersE'l.
bifoor htm :dyn poorz aa hiz fladz,
dhB dablBn storm roorz thruu dhB
wadz;
dhB lekhtninz flash fre pool tB pool,
niir an moor niir dhB thauBrz rool,
whan glimrBn thruu dhB groouBn triiz
:ktf'rk :alowB slmd m a bliiz,
thru f IkB boo^ dhB bimz wBr glansBn,
an lud risu'ntt m^^rth an dansBn !
inspdi'rin bAAl :djon :barlikom !
what d«rad|Brz dhuu kanst mak bs
skom !
wt ttpent wi fiir nee iivtl,
wt a'skwibtftf wi)l iees dhB diivil !
dhi swats se riimd in :tamtz nod'l,
ieer plw, hi "keerd^wa dilz a bod*l.
bat :magt styd r^'kht Beer asto'nisht,
tel bdi dhB hiil an hAAn admo*nisht
shi vEntBrd f ArwBrd on dhB l^^kht :
an, wa'u ! :tam saa an aqkB s^kht !
wAArlBks an watjiz m a dans —
n^ kotiljo-n brEut nCuu fre :fran8,
bat hAArnp^ips, djigz, strasp^i'z an
riilz,
pat leif an mEt'l in dh^r hiilz.
The speedy gleams the darkness swaUowed,
Loud, deep, « lang, the thunder bellowed: 76
That nk^ht a child might understand
The deilhad business oo his hand. — 78
Weel mounted on his grey meare, M^,
A better never lifted leg, $0
Tam skelpit on thro* dub and mire.
Despising wind, & rain, & fire ; 82
Whiles holding fast his gude blue bonnet ;
Whiles crooning o*er an auld Scots sonnet, 84
Whiles glowrinff round wi* anxious cares.
Lest hogles catch him unawares ; 86
Kirk-Alowaj was drawing nigh.
Where ghai^ & houlets nightly cry. — 88
By this time he was cross the f(»d.
Where in the snaw the chapman smoor*d ; 90
And past the birks, & meikle stane,
Where drunken Charlie braks neck-hane, 92
And thro* the whins, & by the cairn.
Where hunters fand the murder*d baim; 94
And near the thorn, aboon the well.
Where Mungo*8 mither hang*d hersel. — 96
Before him Doon pours all his floods ;
The doubling storm roars thro* the woods ; 98
The lightenings flash frae pole to pole ;
Near, & more near, the thunders roll :
100
When, glimmering thro* the groaning trees,
Kirk-Afoway seem*d in a bleeze, 102
Thro* ilka bore the beams were glancing.
And loud resounded mirth and dimdng. — 104
Inspiring, bold John Barleycorn !
What dangers thou canst make us scorn ! 106
Wi* tippeny, we fear nae evil ;
Wi* usquabae, we*ll face the devil ! 108
The swats sae ream*d in Tammie*8 noddle,
Fair play, he car*d na deils a boddle ; 110
But Maggy stood, right sair a8toni8h*d.
Till, by the heel & hand admonish*d, 112
She ventur*d forward on the light,
And, wow ! Tam saw an unco sight. 114
Warlocks & witches in a dance,
Nae cotillon brent new frae France, 1 1 6
But hornpipes, jiffs, strathspeys, & reeb.
Put life aua mettle in their heiels. — 118
[ 2166 ]
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D35.]
THB WESTBRH MID LOWLAND.
735
a wxnak baqkBr t n dhi ist
dhe^T sat aaI :ntk, in sh^^p o hist ;
a tuuzt teik, blak, grtm vn l^rdi,
tB git dh«m myyzf k waz hiz tj^^j,
hi skruud dh« peips «n gert dh«m
sk^j'rl,
t»l ryf «n rdftBrz aa d^^d d^rl.
kofinz styd run, l^ik op*n prtfsiz,
dhat shAAd dhv did in dh^^r last dresiz.
an Mi sxm diivh'sh kantnp sl^^kht,
it| in tts kAAld hAAn hAAd a l^'kht.
bai wbatj hiroo'tk :tam W8z eeWl
tB noot apo'n dhB h^^lt t^^b'l,
a mxrdrBrz b^^nz in djibet eemz ;
tw^tf span-laq, wii, ankn's'nd b^^rnz ;
a thif n{u-kat«d he a r^p, .
wii hiz last gasp htz gab d^d geep ;
faiv tomahAA'ks, w« bljid r»d rastid,
fdiv stmitarz, wi mardBr krasttd ;
a gsertm whatj a b^^b had straq'lt ;
a niif, a f^^dh^rz throot had maq'lt,
wham htz een. sxn o leif birE'ft,
dhn gree heevz jet stak tyy dhB hEft,
wi m^^ 0 hor»b'l an AAfe,
whatj in tB neem wad bii anlAA-fe.
az :tamtgIa'urdam^zdankyyriBs,
dho m^^rth an fan gru fast an f jyriBs :
dhB p^ipBr lud an ludBr bluu,
dhB dansBrz ku^ik an ku?t kBr fluu,
dh^ riilt, dh^ set, dh^ krost, dh^ kliktt,
tel tlkB k^^lm swat an rik/t,
an kyst hBr dadi z on dhB wark !
an Itiqktt at tt in hnr s^^k !
nu :tam, oo :tam ! had dh^ bin
kt^inz,
AA plamp an strapin in dh^'r tinz,
dh^'r s^^ks, instid o kriisht flan'n
bin snAA-wheit siiv'ntin hanBr lin*n !
dhtf^r briks o mein, mdi onl* p^^,
(That jins wBr plash, o gyd bin h^^,
k\ wad he gin dhBm af mdi hardtz,
fAT jee bhqk o dhB bcJm bard/z !
bat wtdhBrd bEld^mz, aaI an drol,
rigwa'd* hagz, wad spfli a fol,
la'upBn an fliqBn on a kramBk
4i wanBr, da*d)nB tarn dhai siamBk.
bat :tam k£nt what waz what fu
brAAlt,
dh^'r waz jee wansam wsnsh an
waaIi,
A winnock-bmiker in the east,
There sat auld Nick in shape o* beast : 120
A towzie tyke, bUiok, grim, & large.
To give them music was his charge : 122
He screwM the pipes & gart them skirl,
Till roof & raftera a' did dirl.— 124
Coffins stood round, like open presses,
That shawM the Dead in their last dresses ;
And by some devilish cantraip slight,
Each in its cauld hand held a light. — 128
By which heroic Tarn was able
To note upon the haly table ; 130
A murderer^s banes, in sibbet-aims ;
Twa span-lang, wee, unchirsten'd bairns ; 1 32
A thief, new-cntted free a rape,
Wi* his last gasp his gab did gape ; 134
Five tomahawks wi' blude red-rusted ;
Five scymitars wi' murder crusted ; 136
A nirter which a babe had strangled ;
A Knife a father's throat had mangled, 138
Whom his ain son of life bereft,
The gray-hairs yet stack to the heft : 140
Wi* mair of horrible & awfu'.
Which even to name wad beunlawfu'. — 142
As Tammie glowr'd, amaz'd & curious.
The mirth & fun grew fast & furious ; 144
The Piper loud & louder blew,
The Dancers quick, & quicker flew, 146
They reePd, they set, they cross* d, they cleekit,
Till Uka Carlin swat & reekit, 148
And coost her duddies on the wark,
And linket at it in her sark. —
150
Now Tarn ! 0 Tam ! had thae been queans,
A* plump & strappin in their teens ! 152
Their sarks, instead o' creeshie flainen,
Been snaw- white, seventeen -hunder linen ;
Thir breeks o* mine, my only pair.
That ance were plush o gucfe blue hair, 156
I wad hae eien them off my hurdles.
For ae blink o* the bonie burdies, 158
But wither* d beldams, auld k droll,
Higwoodie hags, wad spean a foal, 160
Loupin & flingin on a crummock,
I wonder did na turn thy stomach. — 162
But Tam kend what was what fu* brawlie ;
There was ae wintome wench & walie, 164
[ 2167 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
786
THB WX8TERK HID LOWLAND.
[D36.
dhat n^lit enlrsted tn dhv koor,
(laq Eft«r kxnt on :kartk slioor !
f^r mani a biist ts did shi ahot,
an pETfsht msmi a boni hot,
an ahuk bdirth mik'l kom an biir,
an kEpt dhv ktntra seid in fiir).
her kxtt M^k, o '."peesLi ham,
dhdt wh^il a lasi shii had worn,
in lond^tjd thoo s^rli skanti,
ft waz her bast, an shii W9z vanti. —
aa ! Itt'l thokht dhii Teeyrsnd grani,
dhit Mflrk shi koft f^r her wii :nani,
w» twM pan :skot8 (t-waz aa her
Tttpz)
shad evBr gr^st a dans o wai^z !
bat hiir mii ni3r7z her wtq mAn
kunr,
sik fl^khts ar fax huant her puur,
ts si'q huu manf lap an flaq
(a sup'l d^d shi waz an straq),
an huu :tam styd, l^ik Jen biwat^
an thokht hiz vart in enn' *^,
in :8AAtan gla'urd an fidjd fu fem^
an hot^ an blyy wi m^kht an m^n,
til farst jee k^qmr, s^in anrdhtsr,
:tam tmt htz riiz'n aa dhigrdhOT,
an roorz ut : " wil dyn, :kat« iBeerk ! "
an fh an mstont aa waz daark :
an sktf^rslt had hi cmagt ralid,
wh«n nt dhv hsltsh liidpm saJtd.
az biiz Wz ut wt aqr* feik,
whan planrvn herdz as^l dh^r b6ik,
az op'n pusiz mortal fooz
whan, pop! shi starts bifoor dh^r
nooz,
az iigvr rmz dhv market krud
whan "katj dh« thif " risuunz alu'd ;
see :magt r»nz, dh« wat^tz falv
w» mani an Eldrit| skrii^ an hol«.
aa :tam ! aa :tam ! dhuu)l get dhdi
ieertn !
f'n hEl dhee)l rost dhii l^ik a h^n !
in yeen dhdi ikeet awets dh&i kamnn !
ikeet shyn w«l bii a weeba wamwi !
nun, dy dhai spidt atmast, :mKg,
an wan dhB kii-stfn o dhti br^^g ;
dheer at dhtnn dhnu dhdi t^l mee tos,
n nntn striim dh^ daar)nB kros !
bat iir dh« kii-st^ shii kad mak,
dh« fiint a t^l shi had tB sh^f k !
That night enlisted in ^e core,
(Lang niter kend on Carrie-shore, 166
For monj a beast to dead she shoi»
And perishM mony a bonie boat, 168
And shook baith meikle oom k bear.
And kept [held] the Country-side in fear :)
Her cntty-sark o* Paislir ham.
That while a lassie she nad worn, 172
In longitude tho* sorely scanty,
It was her best, & she was Taunty. — 174
Ah, little thought thy rererend erannie.
That sark she coft for hoc wee Nannie, 176
Wi* twa pund Scots, Ttwas a' her riehes,)
Should oyer grae'd a danoe o* witches ! 178
But here my Muse her wing maun cour.
Sic flights are far beyond her power ; 180
To sing, how Nannie lap k flang,
(A souple jad she was, k Strang ;) 18)
And how Tarn stood, like ane hewitcb'd.
And thought his yery een enrich*d ; 184
186
£yen Satan glowr*d, k fid^*d fu' fsiii.
And hotch'd, k blew wi* might k main :
Till, first ae caper, syne anither,
Tam lost his reason a* thegither, 188
And roan out—" Wed done, Cutty-aark ! **
And in an instant all was dark : 190
And scarcely had he Kag^ rallied.
When out the hellish legion sallied. — 192
As bees bizx out, wi* angir fyke.
When plundering herds assail thieir byke ; 194
As open Pussie's mortal foes.
When, pop, she starts before their nose ; 196
As eager runs the market-croud.
When, *'catch the thief!** resounds aloud;
So Maggy runs, the witches follow,
Wi* mony an eldritch skriech k hollo. — 200
Ah, Tam! Ah, Tam! thou*ll get thy
f airin !
In hell they'll roast thee like a* herrin ! 202
In yain, thy Kate awaits thy comin !
Kate soon will be a woefu* woman ! 204
Now, do thy speedy utmost, Me^,
And win the key-stane o* the bng ; 206
There, at them thou thy tail may toss,
A running stream they dare na cross ; 2(^
But ere the key-stane she could make.
The fient a tail she had to shake ! 210
[ 2168 ]
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D36.]
THK WESTERN HID LOWLAND.
787
ixT :nant, far hiioGT dbi nst,
hard xp« noob'l :magf prsst,
an flu at :tam wt ijjn9B Rt'l,
bat IfVl wsst shi :magtz mist'l —
jee Bprtq brokht af her m^^sbsr
bnt lEft bibrnt — ^her een gree t^l !
dbi keerlin kliAkbt hm bdi dh«
ramp,
an lEft pyyr :magi sk^^rs a stamp,
nnu, wiee dhe^s t^l o tryth shvl
rid,
tlk man an midhnrz san, tak hid :
whanii-r te dr»qk ji er mklei'nt,
Ar katt-s^^rks nn tn juur mein,
th»qk, ji me b£i dhti d^diz a'nr
diir —
rimE'mbor :tam o ishantBrz miir !
For Nannie, hr before the rest,
Hard upon noble Maggie prest, 212
And flew at Tam wi' forious ettle,
But Uttle kend [wist] she Maggie's
metUe; 214
Ae sprinff brongbt off her master hale.
But left oehind her ain grey tail : 216
The Carlin danght her by the romp,
And left poor Maggie scarce a stomp. —
Now, wha this Tale o* troth shaU
read.
Each Man, and Mother's son take
heed. 220
Whene'er to Drink yoo are inclin'd
Or Cutty-sarks rin in your mind, 222
Think, ye may boy the joys o'er dear,
Bememoer Tam-o'-shanter's r*^*^
The references are to the lines.
BO Mr. B. Oiffen.
1. when (whxn) ace., (whvn) onacc.
'RQ.'—ehapmoH btlliet, pedlars; 'chap-
man' is like the Oennan KMifmamtf
a trader of any sort, ' billies ' osed for
yoong fellows, in a good sense. — BO.
pron. all his close a as (a^) or eyen (se).
This was probably doe to English
habits, and 1 haye not followed it. —
street f BO. pron. (strit) qoite short,
not medial, and this was nis general
habit before yoiceless consonants, and
as this could not be an English
infection, I follow it.
2. droughty^ thirsty, neiffhboure,
BO. pron. something like (dry.tht),
but I leave the (u).
8. wearing^ BO. kept (ii, r) qmto
pore, with no glide between. The
•ing of the part, and yb. noon he did
not distinguish, but made (-im) in
both cases, compare 103-104 (glansvn,
dansim), the first a part., the second a
yerbal noun. It will be observed that
Bums himself constantly wrote 'ing
for both participle and noon.
4. take the gate, that is, take the
street, or leave their shops, gate as a
doorway is (jst).
6. while, BCr. objected that this is
not L., thoogh whiles 83, 84, 85, is
so, perhaps (bz) a$ woold be L. —
Ifotee to Tam e' Shanter.
For brev^ TL means Mr. T. Lang, and
drinki$tg or tippling at the dU, 'nappy'
is said to be ale with a head, nap,
6. tmeo, very, according to Jamieson,
properly 'oncooth,' t.^. unknown.
7. Seote always, not Qskoti). — milee^
BO. did not pron. (&), bot rather (k\
e't), and, except in the one word knife,
which he called (n&tf), always osed
this soond even before voiced letters, as
in^r^. This may have been acaoired
in England. On the other hana TL.
always distinguished (6$, ki) as he wrote
them; jost as in English Oreek we
distinguish «, ai, the first as the
London i long, and the second as the
Midland or Oennan ei.
8. elap, a narrow pass between two
hills. — etile, which BO. did not know,
is osed as a gap or gangway between
walls in the n. of England.
10. gathering, or knitting, her brows,
BO. thought that the original was
(nttim hvr bry,z), but it is not so in
the facsimile of the MS.; as te (br^,)
as in (dryith) v. 2, I may have mis-
token RO.*B intention, as he did not
use (y) where it was expressed, see
V. 29 ; and here (y,) seems improbable,
so that I have preserved TL.^s (uu).
12. tcrath is a school or Bible word
only.
Z.E, Pron. Part Y.
[ 2169 ]
138
Digitized by LjOOQIC
738
THB WB8TSRN MID LOWLAKD.
[D35.
18. a«#,BO.Bud(dht8),iiot(dhtfit),
•ee owl. p. 744, No. 484, but I letain
(eM here and ebewbere. — truth, I think
BG. said (trjith), but it may haye been
(trtth), see owl. p. 744, No. 487.
14. night, XL. wrote (ii6ikht) in aU
these words, but I think he merely
implied, witii Mr. CaiBtairs Douglas,
that the rowel was between (#) and
(•) as in Mr. Patriok*8 (e^) in the owl.
p. 744, No. 468j which I retain.
15. trAom, an Anglicism, the (wham)
being like (wha| in Scots wha has;
(dhvt, «i) would be yemacular, p. 7Zle.
16 bonnf, BO. used full medial (o),
almost long (oo), XL. wrote and said
(bconi) like our English dofty, which
howerer would hare been (Jbimi) to a
Lowlander.
17. hadtt thou, this was a mere
poetic fancy, thou is not used at all in
the district, and BO. corrected to (had
nu), but as thou occurs in the MS.
I keep it here and elsewhere ; it must
however be remembered that it was
not yemacular. — wise, observe final
(s), not (z), see p. 744, No. 615.
19. W0U (wil) as the adv. in both
senses, (w»I) as the noun. — tksUum,
a worthless fellow.
20. a blethering, boasting, blustering,
drunken idler,
22. one, thou wast not sober a single
market day.
23. each, — melder, properly the
quantity of com sent at one time for
grinding, here used for the grinding
time.
25. everg nag that was driven a shoe
on, that had a shoe driven (kAAd) on
it. shoe is so written by Bums, who
makes it rhyme with fou, and hence
meant it for ^shuu), and so Mr. livii^-
ston ffives it at Coylton, but Bur.
Patrick at Ochiltree nas (shji^, shee),
the latter being common and given by
BO, see p. 744, No. 555.
26. roaring, (roo*nm) is more com-
mon, but (reersD) was known to BG.
Bums writes roarin here, but rair v.
6l,-—fbu, spelled fow in Jamieson,
tsfull, drunk, not connected with Fr.
fou, mad.
28. Kirkton Jane is simposed to be
the landlady — Jane of Kirkton, the
church town, name of a village in
parish of KilmauTB, near Kilmamock.
— Monday, BG. had heard (manimd«),
but it was not common.
29. soon. Bums evidently meant (sun
:dun), as he writes soon, Jhon, but
&
XL. and othen gave (shyn). BO. had
(sin), Ochiltree gave (Boin), but often
(shin), and Coylton had (syyn), see
p. 745, No. 564. BO. continually uses
(», ee) for (y, yv) or (e, ee) of othefs,
apparently a loou peculiarity, see DSS.
p 289, 1. 5.
80. Xhe Doon rises in Loch Enoch,
Kb., and passes thirty miles to nw.
through Loch Doon, Ay. , then along the
CarrioK b. by DahneUington, Alloway
Kirk, the Old Bridge, and Bums's
Monument to the sea, 2 s.Ayr.
81. warlocks, wizards or male
witches. — mirk, darkness. XL. used
|er) in this and similar words, 0.
ouglas used (ir), perhaps (e*) is best.
83. it makes me weep,
85. lengthened, XL. (lsqth*nd), all
tiie x^ (linth*nd).
86. husband, without the (d) if used
at all, but BG. had not heard it.
Z7, but to our tale, BG. as usual
said {tee), but (tyy, tee, tun) may be
heard ; (wvr) our, is used only when
unaccented.
89. ingle, the fire itself, ingle nook
is the fireside.
40. reaming, creaming, frothy, Ws.
re&m, cream. — swats, newly- brewed
ale.
41. eouter, cobbler, Latin sutor,
42. ancient, XL. wrote (Mnsh«nt).
46. ale,^ the (i) is not prefixed to
Ailsa Craig. — better, (bB;«r), with the
catch (;) for (t), is abo heard. Com-
pare (wan;*n) wanting, p. 725, No. 2,
and (ba;«r) butter, p. 780, No. 2, also
p. 743, Noe. 152, 154.
47. landlady, though (Iaau) land, is
said, in landlord, landlady, which are
not L. words, (Ian) is usea.
49. told, (d) not to be omitted, BG.
51. storm, generally applied to a
snow storm, hence BG. uunks (wan)
wind, here and in 52, would be better.
— without, not (widhu t), but (vdhu't).
BG. — roar, here Bums wrote rair, ana
XL. (r^r), but none of the C. Dourias
committee had heard anythine but
(war), and oar. We. dr, is called (oor).
The storm without might roar and
rastle.
52. 7bm didnU mind the storm a
farthing; a quhissel, whissle, wissel,
German Weehsel, chanse, small chan^
any coin, however smidl; 'gone to pin
and whistles' means gone to potsheras
and small change, pia being the com-
mon word for an earthen pot.
54. among, BG. says («ma*q) is
[ 2170 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D35.]
THB WESTERN HID LOWLAin).
789
emphatic, and («ma*q) would be naed
here.
65. At beetjfy home with loadt of
treasure ; the of was accidentally
omitted in the MS. when the first
writing kiden trt' treasure was in-
tended to be altered to wi* ladet o*
treasure. The (trBzhvr, plszhvr) are
suspicions to me, but RO. was certain
the last was right, and thought the
first was also, and none of the others
objected, though the forms must be
▼ery modem, compare (plizirr, trsscvr)
in D 33, pp. 7l9r, 720S. The whole
passage 53-66 is quite English.
54, 55. glorious pietoriouSf English
words, the vowel modem.
56. tray, TL. (w^), in Dr. M.'s Buth
(wa'i), in the cwl. (wei), p. 743, No. 262.
60. Jlower, TL. gave (fla'ur), the
cwl. has (fluur), p. 746, No. 893.
61. river as a foreign word is apt to
be quite (rii-TBr).
62. or like the snoWf [which] falls
in the river, a moment white, then
melts for ever. The editions read :
Or like the snow-falls in the river
A moment white, then melts for ever,
in which case the plural subject snoW'
falls relates to the singular verb melts,
which cannot be right. Also if the
snow-falls were already in the riper,
they would not be wMte at all. In
the MS. a comma, not a hyphen, is
placed between snow and falls. The
sense is then perfect, though the
construction is rather harsh ; compare
a similar one in v. 160.
64. point, like my pint, never like
point.
66. evanishing, an ultra-foreign word.
68. the hour approaches Tom must
ride, (mxAu) emphatic.
70. mounts, TL. wrote (ma'unts),
C. Douglas corrected.
72. poor sinner, RG. pron. {peer
senBrJ. Ochiltree gave (p«^), Coylton
(pyyr), and both had (sin), p. 746,
No. 866.
73. The wind blew as [if] it would
[have] blown its last, see t. 178.
77. child, as this is not L., RO.
suggested (w«ni) wean.
79. grey mare, (miir) is regular N.
and L. form, the (ee) in the s. seems
to be a remnant of Ws. mere,
81. Tom jogged on at a shaking
pace through pool (dxb) and mire.
83. hol(Ong.
84. an old Scotch sonnet, so the MS.,
the editions read some, etc., perhapis
a later correction ; erooninp is singing
over in a low humming tone, properly
applied to the hollow moaning ox a null.
85. anxious, so the MS., tne editions
have prudent.
88. howlet for owlet, this is also
found in English, the (h) is adven-
titious.
88, 90. ford smored, TL. gave
(fyyrd smyyid), and the owl. agrees,
but RG. reaa (f^rd snufwrdj as he
generally replaces {to, yy) by (ee).
This seems to be peculiar to his own
locality, 10 w. Lanark, see note on
V. 29. — smored is smoUiered.
93. whins, greenstones, the name
given to trap, etc., ragstones or toad-
stones. — cairn, heap of stones.
95. thorn, 'tree' simply was first
written. — above the well.
96. Mungo, a common Scotch first
name, after St. Mungo. Compare the
living of St. Mungo at Glasgow, and
Mungo Park, the African traveller.
97. before, RG. prefers ttfore. —
floods, so RG., the cwl. p. 745, No.
673, has (flvydi.
98. woods, TL. had fwudz^, which
can hardly be right. Dr. Murray's
cwl. p. 718, after No. 599, has (wxdz),
which is true to analogy.
102. seemed is not Scotch, RG.
preferred looked (Iskt).
103. bore, hole, crack.
104. loud, resounded, that is, if the
words follow analogy.
106. bold, without the (d).
106. twopenny, ale at 2d. a pint. —
civil and devil have the last (i) mstinct.
107. usquebaugh or whiskey ( whaskB) ,
from Gaelic uis ge-beathar (usbge-
bi'a) water of life, eau de vie, diBtilled
from malt, and hence one of the
products of John Barleycorn.
110. devil a farthing, the boddle
was a Scdtch coin value 2d. Scotch, or
id. English, and is said to derive its
name from a mintmaster called Both-
well (:bodhn). RG. said (nod'l bodU),
which are English corruptions.
113. forward, RG. said (farit).
114. wow ! in the MS., an exclama-
tion, not related to vow, which I find
in the printed copies.
117. strathspeys^ quick highland
dances. I take TL.'s pronunciation,
RG. had not heard the word in L.
119. windowseat, (wxnokh) window,
(baqk«r) large box used for a seat in
the window.
[ 2171 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
740
THB WB8TXRN HID LOWLAND.
[D86.
121 . towtU tyh$^ a shaggjionded dog.
122. mmtie, KG. says (mMStk), usiiig
(m) for irf) as before.
128. Jm 9nt%ped th$ pip^i mmd mtuU
ihmn 9crmm; $k%rl **to cry with a
shrill Toice ** (Jamieson^ is umially ap-
plied to the scream of toe bagpipe.
124. n>qf mmd rafter$ aU did dirl,
tin^e, Tibrate, thrill.— roo/, BO. jpnm.
(rt^. Here was inserted (ffiginaiiT in
the MS.:
The torches elimb aroimd tiie wa%
Infernal fires, bine bleezing a%
bnt these were struck ont and the f onr
Unes 125-128 written in the margin to
be inserted in their place.
125. like open pt^uMs or cnpboards,
a Terr common word in Scotland.
127. eantraip, eantrap, jnggle,
charm, spell. — Mleight^ tricl^ by some
magical mck.
128. each in it$ cold hand held a light,
1 29. which, heroic, neither word is L.
130. holif table, communion table,
altar.
131. a murderer'e bonee in gibbet
irons.
182. two, BO. (twAA), see cwl.
p. 742, No. 74.
133. a thief newly cut down from
a rope.
134. gab, mouth.
135. with blood red rutted.
136. Here Bums had originally in-
serted the lines —
Seren gallows pins tiiree hangman's
whi ....
A raw of weel seel'd Doctors' botUes,
which are scratched out in the MS.
The word whi . . . was left incomplete.
1 37. which and babe not being Scoteh,
BO. read that and wean (dha^ wiin).
138. kntfe, here BG. said (n&if)
contrary to analogy.
139. wham, a Scottishly written
Anglicism.
140. to, BG. reads (tAf).
142. which, not L. Alter this line,
which appropriately ends the par., the
original MS. contains the lollowing
lines which have been cut out in the
printed copies, and hence were not
phonetically transcribed by TL. :
Three Lawyers* tongues, tum'd inside
out,
Wi* lies seam'd like a beggar's clout,
Three Priests' hearts, rotten black as
muck,
Lay stinking rile, in every neuk.
148, 144. €mriou§,Jurum9, BO.pnm.
(kMiras, fMrius), see y. 29.
145, 146. blew, Mw, BO. pim.
(blutt, fluu), and said he rememoered
these words by a rhTme on the Glasgow
eoat of arms, whion ^murently has a
bird sitting on a tree (a trii dhut new
gnm. tm « bnd dhut nerur flnn^. TL.
giyes the same raon., but it looks as if
U should be (Uyy, flyy). Instead of
<l(Nid and louider,' aim first wrote
'quick and quicker.'
147. ih9g reeled, they eet, they
eroeeed, they caught hold ofeaeh other;
to deik, cUk, deck (tv klik), is to catch
or lay hdd of, after the manner of a
hook.
148-150. titteoeryoldwowtaneweated
and reeked ^sBmckeit and caet of her
dmde^TUgged dothes, on the work,
and linked t^tripped. at it in her eark a
shift. BO. felt quite sure of the pron.
(sMTk). The editions read to <A#Mwrit.
149. caet, BG. (kist).
151. nolo, so MS. and printed copies.
BG. reads (oo).
153. greasy JIannel, ihs original
Welsh is gwlanen, made of gwlan wool,
so the L. form is more eonect than the
reoeiTed.
154. snow white 1700 linen, linen
with 1700 threads to a yard, and hence
▼eryfine.
155^158:
these breeches of mine, nty only pair,
that once werepUtsh of good Nue hair,
J would have given them of my buttocks,
for one blink qf the bonmy birds.
159-160:
but withered beldames, old a$td droll,
sht^ft'horsey hags, would wean a foal,
— rigwoodie. According to Jandeson
rigwoodie (which he considers to be a
wrouff spelling for rigwiddie, both
would be pronounced in the same way),
literally rid^ or back withy or willow,
meant orismaUy the rope made of
willow wi&B crossing the back of the
horse to keep up the shafts ; the word
was then applied to the horse itself,
which was necessarily thick-set, strong,
"one of a durable frame, that can
bear much ftitigue," abo used meta-
phorically for one of a stubborn dis-
position as a "rigwiddie body" or
person. Also widdie was used as a
nalter, and hence for the gallows, so
that "a rigwiddie carlin" is stated to
be used in Ab. as *'an old wife who
deserres to be hanged." Here, how-
[ 2172 ]
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D35.]
THE WESTERN MID LOWLAND.
741
ever, it seems to be <' possessed of
sbafthorse properties," as opposite to
the light figures of Burns* s queans^
y. 161, and the following phrase, woukl
ipean or wean a foal^ seems to carry
on the metaphor. The glossary to the
Globe edition of Bums en>lains the
word as ** withered, sapless,*^ for which
there is no authority in Jamieson.
161. leaping andjlinging (as in the
Highland fling) on a crook^stiek; the
MS. has ^TMmmock, some printed copies
rtimmock, Jamieson gives both forms.
162. / iconder didn't turn thy
itomach, make you sick.
163. bravely ^ireU.
164. there woe one trfft«om= comely
icenehy not Scotch, and handsome. —
**tcalief excellent, laree, ample; a waly
baim, a fine child," Jamieson.
166. eorpsy which Bums spells core.
166. lony after known on Carrick
shore; popularly the n. of Ay. is called
Cimningham, the middle Kyle, and the
s. Carrick.
167-169 :
for many a beast to death she shot
and perished =WTec)Led many a bonny
boat,
and shook (the grains from) both much
com s= wheat and barley.
TL.'s (shuk) seems an Anglicism, but
see cwl. p. 746, Nos. 669, 670.
171. Paisley harden, the refuse of
the coarser parts of flax and hemp.
172-3. scanty ^ vaunty » fond of
shew. TL. had (skantt, VAAnti), and
perhaps on the analogy of (hxAn, Iaau)
nand, land, (aa) would be used in
both words, but neither of them is L. —
while is here English, RG. read (whan).
176. thought, so in the MS., usually
have kent,
176. eoft bought, or eoped.
177. two, RG. says (twAA), see cwl.
p. 742, No. 74 ; two pounds Scotch are
two shillings English.
178. should, so the MS., wad is
usual, the have is omitted before
graced, as in ▼. 73.
179. muse, not L., pron. uncertain,
RG. (miuz) ; her winy must droop, cower
not L.
180. RG. reads (ajont), but beyond
is in MS.
181. leapt andjtana, as in ▼. 161.
182. supple Jade, TL. (sup'l djAAd),
RG. (8Up*l d|^), (supU) follows the
French, and (sap'l) is English; on
jade, see cwl. p. 746, No. 717.
183. stood, RQ. (sttd).
184. very, the last vowel doubtful,
TL. (vBra), RG. (vsri).
1 86-7 . Satan, RG . (: septan) , glowered
and Jidgetted Jull fain -yeij pleased,
and hitched his body from side to side,
and blew with might and main, till first
one caper, ^A«n= afterwards another.
188. /»M/slo6t, from tine to lose.
189. done, RG. (dm).
191. rallied, recovered.
193. buzz, RG. {hizi.-^Jike, restless-
ness ; bike, hive.
196-197. before, RG. (afoOT).—
eager, RG. (iigBr), Coylton gives {eegm),
see cwl. p. 746, No. 827.
199-200. follow, RG. (fale), TL.
({o\o). — eldHtch, so MS., TL. had
(Bldrtt|) at first, and then accepted
Uarstairs Douglases (Bldnkh). Jamie-
son says: **elrishe, elriche, elrai^e,
elrick, alriseh, airy, expressing relation
to evil spirits, preternatural, as regard-
ing sound ; hideous, respecting appear-
ance ; frightful, respecting place ; un-
couth, in relation to c&ess; surly,
austere, fretted applied to a sore."
201. fairing, properly, a present
from a fair or market ; here, rewarded
for your doings after the market.
204. Kate soon will be a woeful
woman =h widow. RG. reads (stn)
and (wumvn), yet (wsmvn) occurs in
Ruth, see cwl. p. 744, No. 606.
206. do, RG. (d^).
206. win or gain; bridge, RG. (brig).
210. the devil a tail she had to shake.
Bums rhymes as if make had its English
pron.
213. furious, RG. (f<^t») ; ettle,
aim, purpose, design, intention.
214. knew she, the MS. has kend
with wist written over, printed copies
have tcist,
216-216. whole, safe, untouched;
RG. (ahtu't), her own gray tail.
217-218. theearlinT=,Yr\Ui\i,elutched,
compare v. 147 (kliktt) ; RG. i^eet), see
cwl. p. 746, No. 866.
219. who, RG. (whAA), which Mr.
Patrick, of Ochiltree, especially pro-
hibits.
221-222. you are inclined, RG. uses
(ji er), and puts (t) at end of (inkl6int),
and omits (d) in (mdind), though it
spoils the rhyme.
223-224. over dear, mare.
[ 2173 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
V Md*^*'* M^»
Wkstebit Mid Lowlaio) cwl.
Compiled from
A Dr. Murray's first chapter of Ruth, given above in Introduction to L.,
6 versions, No. 2, p. 698.
C Coylton (6 e.Ayr), Rev. Neil Livingston's wl. and dt.
CI Clydesdale, Mr. A. Melville B^*s sentences from his Visible Speech,
corrected as in D 33, p. 714.
O Glasgow, Mr. John Alexander's wl., omitting those words said to have rec.
pron. as shown in C. and 0.
K Kyle, words from W. Simson, schoolmaster, of Cumnock, Kyle (15 e.Ayr),
fven in W. Alton's "General View of the Agriculture of the County of
yr," Glasgow, 1811, pp. 681-693.
M Dr. Murray's DSS., p. 239.
0 Ochiltree (11 e.Ayr), Mr. David Patrick's wl.
I. Wessex akd N'orse.
A- 3 CO b^k. 4 CO tak. — A ie^^n [taken]. 6 CO mak. 6 O m^,
A nwd. 7 CO s^k [ace.], 0 sik [unacc.]. — M WAAk [wake]. 8 A hif,
C hiw hiv, 0 he hi. 9 CO bibfev. — K graf [to grave]. 10 CO hAA.
11 C mAA. 12 CO SAA. 13 C uaa. 14 CO drAA. 16 C aa [0 (AAfu)
awful]. 16 C dAAn. 17 CO Iaa. 18 CO k^k [applied to oat-cake]. 19 C
teeh 20 CO 1^. 21 A n^, CO n^. 22 CO t^. 23 CO s^. 24 CO
sh^. 25 0 m^. 26 C wmu. 27 C n^. 28 CO beer, G her. — A gj^i
[gate»road]. 31 CO 1^. 32 C [often] b^th. 33 CO r«dh«r. 35 C aaI.
36 C thaa, KGO tha'u. 37 C klAA.
A: 39 A kom, CGO kam. 40 CGO k^. — K wem [womb]. 41 CO
thaqk. 43 CO hAAn. 44 ACO Iaau.- — 0 wan [did wind]. 46 C kAn'l,
GO kan'l. 47 C wauot, 0 wanmr. 48 CO saq. 49 CO haq. 50 CGKO
taqz. 61 AC m«n, 0 man. 62 CO wan [adj.], 0 wan [did win]. 64 GO
want, C want. 56 CGO wash. 67 0 aaz, C ashez.
A: or 0: 68 A ie, CO fr<v, 0 tree fri. 69 CO lam. 60 CKO laq, G 1aa<k
[A (Bkq) along]. — bila-q [belong]. 61 CO amaq. 62 CO staroq, 0 [occ.J
straq. 63 CGKO thrag. 64 CGO raa. 66 CO saq. 66 CO wha^.
A^- 67 A gjoDq, CO gaq [not (ejaq)] gee, [CI (ctu) going, A (g3#M) goed =
went]. — K sl«?z [sloes]. 70 CGKO tee. 71 CKO wee. 72 C whAA, KO wh«»
[not Twha)]. 73 A s«', CG [often], see, CO boo. 74 CK twee twaa, G twaa. O
tww Tnot (twa)], A twAA twaa. 76 C strook, 0 [rare] str^k. 76 CGO t^«i.
77 AGO loord. 78 CGO aa, C oo. 79 A aau, CO «?n. — K h^li [holy].
80 C holtdB. 81 C Itfm. 83 CGO m«ai. 84 A mee'r, CGO mecr. 86 A we^T,
CO seer. 86 CO Ms, [occ.] oots. 87 CGO kl«fz. 88 CO kliid. 89 A hee^ih,
CGO b<?i?th. 90 CGKO blAA. 91 CGKO mAA, G m&u. 93 CGKO suaa.
94 CGKO krAA. 96 CO throo, C thraa. 96 CGKO saa. 97 K saaI, 0 sool
[rarely (saaI)], CG sfeul. 99 0 thrAA, C thraan, [occ.] throon. 100 GO
SAAU.
A': 101 CGO eek [oftener (ook)]. 102 A aash, K aks. 104 CO rood.
106 CO r«^. 106 CGO bre^d. 107 CO loof, G \ee(. 108 CGO d^ekh, C doo.
109 GO l^^kh, C loo. — K iee [foe]. 110 0 n« ni, C [oftenest] nnt. Ill
CGO okht [if used, rather (sud)]. 112 C hee\. 113 A h«n, CGO h^.
116 A h<fm, CGKO h^rm. 116 C huura. 117 O Jin iee [not («n, eefl
[(A b1«i, K Bl/f<Ti)_alone]. 118 CKO b^frn. 121 CGKO geen. 122 i. CGKO
neen, ii. A naa, CKO nee. 123 CGKO nMhen. 124 CGKO st#fn. 125 CO
oonli [if used]. — K reep [rope]. 126 CO oor. 127 CGO heen. — r«#'a
[rose, did rise]. 128 [CGO (dbf*') used]. 129 CO g<!«t. 130 CO boot. 131
0 goot, C [often] geei. 132 CGO hut. 133 CO r«t. 134 CO «wth. 136
CGO kl«fth.
JE- 138 CGO f^hOT. 141 CO n«fl. 142 CO sn^fl. 143 CO Ue\. 144
A*«gjen, C Bg^n, 0 agin. 145 C sl^^. 146 C me^n. 147 C Bg^ 0 agin
[ 2174 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
~ A feerli. 149 0 bliiz, C bl«»z. 150 CO liist. 152 C60 water,
C/rwa;«r. 153 CGO 8e;Brdi [very common].
M : 154 A bak. 165 CGO thak thik. — E rak [wreck]. 158 CGO eftOT.
— K haft [haft, handle]. 161 A 6ee\ CO d^. 163 CO Ue, 165 A Bed, CO
seed, 0 aid. 166 C iaeed. 167 C d^l. — K boiaa [small]. 168 C t&lB. 169 A
ktrhan, CGKO whan finterrog.], 0 whan [relative]. 170 CO herst, 0 heerst, G
hervest. 171 A baark, CG -i. 172 GO gresa, CO [occ] gers. 173 A waz,
0 w«, C [often] waz. 174 CO ^h. 176 CO fast. 176 0 a h«fm [at home].
177 A dha't, 0[a8 a conjunction only, never as a relative], at, ei. 178 C nat.
— K rat'n. 179 CG what, 0 whit. 180 C bath. 181 C path, 0 pBth.
iE'- 182 CO su. 183 CO tiitj. 184 CO liid. 186 CGO briidth. 187
C liiv, 0 lii. 188 [CO (n^'kBr) used]. 189 CGO wii. 190 0 liee, C kii.
191 CO heel, 192 CO miin. 193 CO kliin. 194 CKO oni. 195 K mont,
CO mant. 196 CO war WBr, C w^flr. 197 CO tjiiz. 199 C bliit. 200 CO
whiit. 201 CO h«dh*n. 202 CO hiit.
M: 203 CO spiitj. 204 CO diid. 206 CGO thrid. 206 CO nid. 207
CO niidU. 210 CGO kl^. 211 CO gr«?. 212 CGO wh^. 213 CGO eedhvr.
214 A nee^dhBr. 215 0 tokht [in school reading only], C takht. 216 CO
d«?l, [A (d<?lt) dealed]. 217 A e% C iitj. 218 CO shiip. 219 CO sliip.
221 CO fiir. 222 CO heer, G her. 223 A dh<«T dher. 224 A ku;hAAr, 0
whAAr, C whtfw. 225 CO flush. 226 CGO nuvst. — K wars'l [wrestle].
227 CGKO wat. 228 CGO swiit. 229 CO br<wth. 230 CGO fat.
E- 232 CGO brEk. 233 CO spiik, A spik. 234 CG n^^d. — K wadhcr
[weather]. 235 CO wiiv. 236 CGO fivw. 237 C tplbleen. 238 C hudj.
239 CKO seeL 240 0 l«m, C l^in. 241 CO reen. 242 C iween. 243 0
^lee, — K wal [a well]. 246 i. ii. CO kwiin. 247 CO w«m. 248 CGO
miir. 249 CGO wiir. 250 CGO swiir. — CI rt feat]. 261 CO miit.
252 CO kEt'l. 253 CO ueVI. 254 CO IwihBr. 255 0 wadhw, C WEdhw.
___ O he'BF rbetter"!
E: — K wab [web]. 257 C sdj, 0 eedj. 258 C sBdj. 260 CO W. 261
CO 8«*. — K wadin [wedding]. 262 A wa'i, CGO w6i. 263 A bwaa. 264
CO eel. 265 CO str^^rkt, GO strakht, 0 straakht. 267 C iild, 0 il. — K
twal [twelve]. 270 i. CO belis, ii. 0 bEli. 272 CO Bl'm. — K whalp
[whelp]. 273 ACO msn. 274 0 binsh, C btntj. 276 A theqk, C thiqk,
0 th^iqk. 277 C drinti. 278 C wtntj. — A eeu. 280 CKO Bliiv'n. 281
CGO Isnth. 282 CGO strsnth. — K pensrth [pennyworth!. — K ran
[a wren]. — 0 kpn [ken, know]. — K gim [gnn]. 283 CO msri. 284
GO thrssh, C thrash. 285 C [often] kras kars. 286 0 hero hers, C h&io.
287 C bifz'm, GO biz'm. — K wast [west]. — K whatsten [whetstone].
E'- 289 A Ji, CO jii. 290 0 hu hi. 292 ACO mii. 293 CO wii [0
never (u)]. 294 CO fiid. 296 CO bred. 296 CO biliiv. 297 K falo. 298
0 fiil [but gen. (fin) find], C fiil. 299 CO griin. 300 A kip, CO kiip.
301 CO hiir. 302 CO miit. 303 CO swiit.
E': 305 CO hiikh. 306 CGO he»kht. 308 CO niid. 309 CO spiid. 310
CO hiil. 311 AC tsn. 312 CO hiir. 313 CO hark'n. 314 A hard, CO
hard. 315 C fiit. 316 CO nskst, 0 [rarely] niist.
EA- 317 C fl&i. 319 CO geep. 320 CO keer, Q ker. — K shAA [to
shew].
EA: 321 A soa, 0 baa. 322 CO lakh. 323 CGO fokht. 324 0 eelsht
tkht [never (akht)], C akht, G eekhU — K kAAk [chalk]. 325 CO WAAk.
326 AC aaI, C AAld, 0 AAd. 327 CO bAAld, C bAAl. 328 C kaald kAAl,
0 kAAd. 329 CG fAAld fAAl, 0 fAAd. 330 CO hAAd. 331 K SAAld, CO [use
(sElt) selled]. 332 CGO [use (tslt) telled], 0 [rarely] tAAl. 333 CGO kAAf.
334 CGO hAAf. 335 CGO aa. 336 CGKO Taa. 337 CGO waa. 338 CI
koo, AK kAA. — K sa'ut [salt]. 340 CO jwrd. 342 CO cerm, G erm.
343 CGO warm. 345 CO dAAr, G der. — 0 w'rAAt [a wart]. 346 0 jBt
[not (jM)], C geei.
EA'- 347 CO hiid. 348 CGO ii. 349 C fiuu. — 0 skniumCis [shrew-
mouse]. EA': — K rak [rick], 0 rtf>k. 350 CGO diid. 351 CO liid.
352 C riid, 0 rid. 353 A brid, CO briid, CI bred. 354 CO sheet. 356 CGO
diif. 356 CO liif. 357 CO thoo [not (dhoo)], 0 thv. 359 CGO niib«r.
[ 2175 J
Digitized by LjOOQIC
860 C tiim. 361 CO biin. — A v^AiBt [against]. 362 C sU. 363 CO
i^eep, — A iir [year]. 866 AC mir, 0 iker\ — K na'ut fneat cattle].
366 CO greet, 367 0 thrM. 368 A deth, COO d^ih. 869 CO sloo. 370
CO FAA. 371 CO StTM.
EI- 372 O 6f . 373 ACO dhee. 374 C dm, 0 na. 375 C tea, 0 r^.
376 CO bM. £1: 377 COO stArk. 378 COO week. 379 C h^. 381
C swMi. 382 CO dhMT, dhsr, O dhBr.
£0- 383 COO fdiT'n. 384 COO hiiT'n, C hiVn. 386 C biniith binMth»
0 imocth. 386 COO la'u. 387 CO niu. EO: 388 C me»lk, O rrai«ly]
malk. 389 CO lok. — E silvr fsUyer]. 393 CO wont. 396 K wark. 397
C smoard, 0 Bwird soord. 398 COO stsnr. 399 COO br^kht. — CO fardhv
[farther]. 400 CO ^miest. 402 CO Uem. 403 COO fAxr. 404 COO bUat,
406 CO hxrth [only in (hwcihsteen) hearthstone]. 406 A aerth, 0 Jtf*rth je*rd,
C MTth. — A siistn- [sister]. 407 COO fAAid*n.
£0'- 409 CO bii. 411 CO thrii. 412 A shiti, CO shii. 413 CO diiVl
dill, O diiTtl. 414 CO flii. 416 COO lii. 416 CO diir. 417 COO toi'n.
418 CO bnra. 420 CO fa'ur. 421 CO fortt.
EC: 422 0 sik [only feyerish, not ill in general, nor nauseated]. 423 COO
thii. 424COOra'nkh. 426 COO ]^*kht. 426COOfBkht. 427 CO bii b«. 428
CO sii. 429 0 fiint [only in snch phrases as (fint « h^t) deril a bit, Aail =atom].
430 COO friin, 0 frend [A (frinz) friends]. 431 CO biir [when used, generally
(jbI) ale]. 432 CO fort. 433 COO briist. 434 COO b«ft [meaning excelled,
only]. 436 CO ran u [not (jo)]. 436 CO tnra. 437 0 tr^ [often nearly
or_precisely (trith)], C [often] tryyth.
£T- 438 COO dii [A (diit) died]. ET: 439 CO trvst [0 gen. (lip*n)].
I- 440 CO wlk. 441 C siiy, O st [in composition as (m^'lst) miUoieye].
— A gin [giyen]. 442 C 6fyi. 443 0 fr^dt. 446 0 n&in. 448 C thir.
449 CO gst. 460 0 [old] ieetdi [giying way to (tSnxdi)]. 461 COO shun.
I: 462 CIEO a, C Id. 464 CO wsti. 466 C I&i, 0 l6i. 467 COO me'kht.
458 A nekht, COO ne^Vht, 469 COO r^kht. 460 wskht. 462 COO s#<kht.
463 A tnl. 466 CO stk, CO sft|. 467 CO w^. 468 CO ^ildvr [bat ran
now]. 470 A hem, 0 him. — 0 skltm [climb]. 471 COO timw. 472 C
shriqk. 473 CO bltn. 476 CO bin. 477 A f»n, COKO fin. 478 CO mn.
479 CO wm, O win, C w(iind. 480 0 theiq. — 0 r^q [ring]. ~ 0 Wiq
[bring!. — 0 sfiiq [sing]. — OK rtn [run]. — 0 l#'p [Up]. — K kim
rchnmj. 484 CO dh^s, O dhtf^. — A kest [kissed]. — K rashes [roshea
sb.]. 486 O this'l, 0 thras'l. — K girs'l [gristle]. 487 C J#»stwdi, O
jesterdi. 488 CO jet. 489 A et. — 0 wst [wit].
r- 490 0 b& [ace.], hi [nnacc. of pkce], baa [of agent]. 491 COO a^kh.
— A ba'id [abide]. 492 A ss'id. 493 CO dr^y. 494 CO t^im. 496 CO eem
em, O em. 498 CO r6it.
r: 600 CO 1^ [Uke]. 601 CO w«d. 602 CO fWy. 603 CO teif. 604
CO n6if. 606 A wa'if, CO w^. 606 A wamim, COO womwi. 607 CO
wimvn. 609 A kirhn'il, CO wh^. 510 ii. m&a*. 511 CO w^in. 613 CO
w^, O wer. 614 CO 6is. 616 CO w6is [not (w^), see Tmm o' Skmmter,
y. 17]. 516 0 wh^it. 617 C jinn.
0- 619 A ■'nr. 620 COO ba'n. 621 CO fol. — K stxA [stolen]. 622
CO op*n, K eep*n. 623 A hoop, 0 ha'up. — K smoor [smother]. 624 COO
worl [occ. (warlt)], M warlt.
O: 526 CO kokh. 627 COO bokht. 628 COO thokht, A thookht 629
COO brokht. 631 A dookhtvr, COO dokhtur, K dokhtvr. 632 CO kol. 633
CO dsl. 634 CO hoi. 636 A fok, K fa'uk. 636 COO gnnld, K g;a'ud. 637
0 mdlz mAAlz [earth, especially graye], C ma'uld. 638 0 wad wid, C wud,
AwHd. — K ta'ul [told]. — Kha'uthoUowJ. 639 COO ba'nl. 640 C hoU.
— K ha'nm [holm]. 642 CO bolt. — K ka'nlt [colt]. 644 A dhsn, K dhan.
— KM drap [drop]. — M krap [crop]. — M tap [top]. 646 MO hap,
C hop. — A stop, KM stap. — K lapstvr [lobster]. 647 0 b«#rd, C byyrd
bnurd. 648 0 f^^d, C fyyrd. 649 C hord. 560 0 wnd. 661 COO storm.
662 COO kom. 663 COO hom. 564 C kros.
0'- 666 0 Bh^ [often nearly (sh^)], C shun shee, 567 O t##, C tun, A iee^.
658 CO Isk. 659 A mi^dhBr, CO midhvr. 661 0 bl#>m, C blyym. 662 O
[ 2176 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
(Uv^.
D do.} TH£ WJSBTKKN MID UJWljAJfV. 4 tO
iiu*ii min, C mjyn. 663 CO mandi, 0 [nurelT] mxnimcli. 664 0 8hp*n [often]
shin, C STYD. 666 CO nooz. 666 A f,dW, CGO tdhor.
0': 669 0 buk blak. 670 AC tek, 0 tuk. [very rarely] tlak. 671 A gii,d,
OG «'d, 0 gfd, C gyyd. 672 OG bl^'d, KO blid, C blyyd. 673 C ffyyd.
674 C brryd. 676 0 st^'d, C styyd. 676 KO wanzdt, C WEnzdi, G wenzde.
677 C ba^u bakb. 678 C pla'u pbkh, 0 pluu piu plakh. 679 CO viuakh,
C miokh. 680 CO tiakb, CG takh. 681 CGO sokbt. 682 OG k^*l, 0 [often
nearly (kil)], C kyyl. 683 0 t^'l [often nearly (til)], C tyyl. 684 GO sfcwl,
C styyl. 686 0 biv'm, C bryym. 686 GO d^ [and wben emohatic (d«v)],
C dnu. 687 0 d^*n din, C dan. 688 C nyyn, K n»n. 689 0 sp^'n spin,
C spyyn. 690 GO ftwr, C fiyyr. 691 GO m^, C myyr. 692 0 sww, C
swoOT. 694 GO b*'t, C byyt. 696 GO U% C fit fat. 696 GO r^ C ryyt.
697 GO w't, C syyt.
U- 699 0 «lwn «bin, C «byyn. 600 0 :hfy [as a family name, otherwise
601 CG funl. 602 0 so, CG sun. 603 CO kam. 604 K simvr.
hini [honey]. 606 AO san. 606 CO door. 607 CO batvr, OCl
[sloTonly] ba;OT. — K nit [a nut].
U: 608 0 agli. 609 0 fu, C fim. 610 0 n [uf sometimes sounded].
611 C balBk. 612 CO earn. 613 0 draqk. 614 CO ha'un. 616 CO pan,
G pand. 616 CO gran, G grand. 617 CGO siin. 618 C wuund. 619 CO
fan, G fand. 620 CO gran. 621 0 wan. 622 0 anvr, C [often] unmr.
626 0 tag. 626 0 ha'uqmr [not (huqvr)]. 628 0 nan. 629 0 san, K sin.
631 CO thazdi, 0 [formerly (fwrzdi)J. in CCIO ap. — apB [upon]. 633
CO kap, K kap. 634 CO thruu. 636 CO warth. 637 C task. 638 CO
baak [applied to fish-hooks]. 639 C dast.
U'- 640 CGO kuu. 641 CGO huu. 642 CO dhuu [seldom used]. 643
ACGO nuu. 644 CO dun. 646 CGO buu. 647 CG uul. — 0 huulet
[owlet]. 648 OCl wvr, CGO uur. 649 CGO ihuuzan. 660 A «but. 662
CO kud. 663 ACO bat.
U': 664 0 skruud. 666 OC fdl. 666 OC mum. 667 CGO brtin. 668
CCIGO ddn. 669 CGO tdn. 660 CGO buur btir. 661 CGO shuur shdr.
662 AO as, C [often] az. 663 CGO hiis. 664 CGO liis. 666 CGO mds.
666 C [often] hazbvnt. 667 CGO dt. 668 CGO prdd. 669 0 a'uqk«, C
ankuuth. 670 0 [rare] bMh, C buudh. 671 CGO muuth. 672 CGO suuth.
Y- 673 ACO mak'l, C mik'l. 674 0 did. 676 CGO hi. 677 CO drfti.
678 CO din. — 0 kiq [not (kiq k6iq)]. 679 CO ke^rk, K kirk. 680 C bizi,
0 [(thraq) used]. 681 0 biznes. 682 CGO UH,
Y: 683 CO midj. 684 GO br#^g, C bridj.
— CO b*»g [to big=bmldj. 687 CGO flif'kht. 690 0 kin.^ 691 CO m6in.
683 CO midj. 684 GO br#^g, C bridj. 686 CO re^g, 686 CO Wd.
> b*»g [to big=bmldj. 687 CGO flif'kht. 690 0 kin. 691 CO m6in,
A ma'in. 693 CO sin. 694 CO wark. 696 C barth. 697 0 biri, C byri,
698 C marth. 699 CGO n»>kht. 700 CGO waai. 701 CO farst. 702 A wy.
703 CO p*H. 704 C yiks'n.
Y'- 706 CO sk&i. 706 0 wh^ [when used, but ordinarily (whit w6i) what
way]. 707 0 thsrtiin. 708 CO h&ir. Y': 709 CO ffeir. 711 CO 1^.
712 COm^.
n. EireLiSH.
A. — 0 skr^ib [crab apple]. — K krabit [crabbed]. — K sabvth
[sabbath]. 713 CO bad. 714 CO U'd, A lad IxAd. 716 C pad. 716 C ad'l.
717 CO djAAd. 718 CO tred, 719 C tadpol. 720 C fag. 722 CO dr«m.
723 0 d^iri, C deeH. 724 0 belt [in (belt-hiidit) bald-headed], C bAAl. 726
C seeL 727 CO d^am. 728 C sham. 729 CO ireem. 730 CO kantvr. 731
CG wantmi. 733 C sk^. 734 CGO dem. — 0 bora [barrowl. — O
sklaash [clash]. 736 COemash. 737 C m^. — A rrat [Bid greet, wept].
738 C pr«a. 740 CO we^. — K bAA [bawl]. 741 C men. 742 CO leezl.
E. 743 C skriim. — A wefa [a wean, child]. — A d«'rth [dearth].
744 CO miiz'lz. 746 CO tpit. 746 CO br^h. 747 0 end«?vBr [but
consciously a * lang-nebbit ' word, if used]. — A gritin [greeting, weeping].
749 A iBft. 760 CO big. 761 C part.
hattdY. — 0 piy»k [pick]. 764 CO pe'g. — 0 whap [wEip]. 766 C
[ 2177 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
/40 THE WEBTBKK MIU L.UWL.AMn. [D 99.
Bhr^^mp. — 0 ptn, K prt'n [pinl. — 0 r^qk [rink for cnrlinel. — K
tiqklvr [tinkerj. 758 C gerl. — 0 ptfiBhmoI [pismire]. 759 CO f^i,
0. 761 CO Wd, 762 CO ookvm. 763 C room. — K lokh [loch slake].
767 CO n^. 769 0 ma'ndti ma'udiwarp, C modiwart. — K ra'ii [poll, headj.
— K skra'u [Bcroll]. 771 CO fond. 772 CO bmif^ir. 773 C daqki. — M
banet [bomiet]. 774 COO pa'unt. 775 C buubi. — 0 nlak [not (ntuk)
nookl. 777 CO shop. 778 G afwrd, C afyyrd. — M paritj [pomdge].
— KM pat [pot]. 781 CO bodhw. — 0 kfiakh [not (klinkh) clongh]. —
K ma'alt [monltj. 783 C pnoltri. 784 CO ba'una. 785 C luund|. 786 C
duns. 787 C suns. 789 C ra'u. 790 COO gnun.
U. 792 C sktrab*!. — C ktr^i, G k^i [quey, guy, quoy^ quyaehf quoyaek^
quevek, quyok^ a cow 2 years old]. 793 0 nag. 794 0 d^g, G ding. — O
W\ [bull]. 799 0 skxi. 803 CO djxmp. 805 CO krxdz. 806 C Ihs. 807
CG pus. 808 ACGO pat, CK pit.
m. KOMANCE.
A •• 809 CO mVI. 810 CO Ue^. 811 A pltf^s, CO plMS. 812 0 Imb —
K klAAt [caught]. 813 CO b^k'n [rare], 814 CO mws'n. 815 CO faks.
816 CO f<d. 817 C radish. — CO p<vl [pail]. 818 CO Md|. 819 CO rtffd|.
821 C dil^. 822 CO m^i. 823 C bee, G bii. 824 0 tj^, CG iyxr. 825
C waf. 826 CO iig'l. 827 C eewat, 828 C *e^, ^ CI bs'lli [baillie].
829 C g<vn. 830 CO tr^oi. 831 C distr^i. 832 C [rare] m^. 833 CGO
-^eet, 834 C shArz. 835 CGO rMZ*n. 836 CO smxV 837 C lash. 838
CGO trM. 839 C b<!»l. — K hAAt [halt]. 840 CO [rare] t^AAmmr, G tiamsr.
841 CO tjans. 842 C plaqk. 843 0 br^insh, CG br«msh. 844 0 trvnsb,
C trsntj. 845 0 AAnsbsnt, C onshmit. 847 0 d^indjmr, C d^radivr. 848
CGO t|<nnd|. 849 0 8tr6ind|. 850 CO dans. 851 C aant aanti. — K
kabtBn [captain]. 852 0 f^pnm [not (^pBrn)]. — K babtist [baptist]. 853
0 bargin, C -en. 864 CO barl. 855 (JGO karBt. 856 CO peni, G part.
857 CO k^. 859 CO t^en, 860 CO p^^st. 861 CO t^st. 862 CO uet.
863 C tjftff. 864 C bikAAZ. 865 CO fAAt. 866 GO paw, C pyyr.
E.. 867 CO tii. 868 C dp*. 869 CO viil. 870 CO Mutt [0 said only
of a handsome woman]. 871 UO vgrii. 872 CO tpif. 874 0 r^n, C reen,
S76 GO fent, C f^<^t. 876 CGO dsnti. 877 CO eer. 878 C sslert. 879 O
ieemel. 880 CO eksamp'l. — CI konshvns [consdenoe]. 881 CO sens. 882
CO panzi. 883 CO dandil&i-tm. 884 0 prsntis. 886 C fr6ir. 887 C
klErcti. — CO f<ffr [a fair]. 888 AC sarfn. 889 C siis. 890 CO biist.
891 CO fist. 892 CO n^. 893 CGO fluur. 894 CO [rare] dis^^. 895
CO [rare] ris«T.
I •• and Y .. 898 0 nils. 899 CO niis. 900 CO ^ree. — 0 pil [not (pil)
pill]. 901 0 f&in f^n. 902 0 m&in, C m6in. 903 0 d&in d^. — K
opan-Jtm. 904 0 y&iolet. 906 0 TiipBr T^iptsr. 907 C tr^is. 910 CGO
4ist. 912 0 r&is.
0- 913 CO koota. 914 CO brootj, G broh. 915 CO staf. 916 iq'n.
917 COroog.- 918 C fiiVf. "919 CGO eintmmit. 920 CGO p6int. 921 GO
akwant, C akw^nt. 922 CGO bashM [not (bush'l)]. 923 0 m6ist. 924
0 tj^is. 925 CO v6iB. 926 CGO sp^U. 927 CO traqk. 928 CGO ans.
929 C kiukombBr. 930 CO 16in [if used]. 931 0 djaglvr, CG d|Ug]«r.
932 C «ma'unt. 933 CO frant. 934 C buunti. 935 A ki.ntraS CO kintni
ktntra. 936 C font. 937 CO kok. 938 CO komar. 939 CO klooe. 940
CO koot. 941 GO £wl, C fyyl. — K sttb'l [stubble]. 942 CO batpr [not
(birtjor), usually flEshBr)]. 943 0 tati, C titi. 944 CGO aluu-. 945 CO
vuu. 946 C m^il. 947 CGO beil. 948 CGO bill fin case of carpet balls in
use at teaparties, but (ba'ul) for a bowl at a (ba'uJim grin) bowling green].
960 CO sap«r. 951 CO kap*l. — A tarn [turn], 952 i. CGO kuurs. 953
CO ktzin. 954 CGO kashsn. 955 CGO duut. — K va'ut [vault]. 956 CO
kavTC. 957 0 empl6i. 958 C fr^'i. 959 0 k«nv#^ kanv^.
U • 960 CO kii. 961 0 gruuel. 962 C mluuz. — A wH [wait]. — A
djad^ [judge]. 963 0 kweet. 964 CGO shuu-et. 965 CGO eil. 966 0 fr»t
frit, Clryyt. 967 0 sbrt shit, C shyyt. 968 CGO ^istar. — A mult [ruled].
969 GO BhMT, C shyyr. 970 0 d|Mt d|«st, C dfjst. 971 0 fl#t flit, C flyyt.
[ 2178 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 35, 86.] THE WESTERN AKD SOUTHERN MID LOWLAND. 747
LocHWiNWOCH (:lokh-enKakli), 6 sw.Renfrew, Rf.
From Mr. Darid Patrick, old spelling Lochqnhinzeoch.
The whole mtonation is different from 30 miles s., but aerees with adjoining
n.Ay. parishes. *'More modulation passine from high to low, tone stronger,
sounder, coarser, more vulgar, yet fuller and pithier than in Ochiltree. Pron.
broader.**
Vocabulary different from Ochiltree ;
0 (bEnfeirJ, L (tAAn*l) bonfire.
0 (mtnBnz), L (gattz^ minnows.
0 (gHd'l), L (gtn*]) aip for trout with the hands below stones and cayitiee
of rock.
0 (huusifs, d^ikis), L (spiagz, spragz) house and hedge sparrow.
0 ^kokwiid), L (kaluun) a kind of weed.
0 (piin), L (loz*n) pane or lozenge of glass.
0 (seiboz), L (tqvnz) onions.
0 (loupit), L [flap] leaped.
Old forms used at L (hant*l, laqsBm, tAAl, kxA), many, late, told, quoth. Use
of (tuu, dhn) thou in L, unknown, at 0. L (what)s at?) what*s that, L (duun
i geei) down the street. L (Buoth athoOTt), 0 fabloo, Bkros) below, across.
L (hAAf thrii) half -past two o'clock, etc. L (twal, twal uurzj twelve o'clock,
Germau mage. L (ahs snl o^t, dhB hid o er, dhB b^^nz o)m), tne self of it, the
head of her, the bones of him. L (j^, J»n) one, never (u, en). They find the
e. dialect strange.
A few words follow.
I. Wessex and Nobse.
A: 43 bAAU. 44 1a An. A'- 72 whAA. 74 twAA [tendency to (kwAA)].
JE: 179 what. E: — tiral [tendency to (ku-al) twelve]. EO': 435
JB, jS [not (ji), as (basest jb, bigAAu) haste you, begone]. 1: — saks [six].
0: 638 wad.
D 36 = s.ML. = southern Mid Lowland = Dr. Murray's
Calloway and Carrick.
Boundary. On the n. the s. b. of D 35, on the e. the w. b. of D 33,
elsewhere the sea-coast.
Area. The s. of Ay. or Carrick, w.Bf., Kb., and Wg. or Galloway.
Authorities, Dr. Murray's brief note (DSS. p. 239J and Alphabetical County
List under * vv. AJ£., || systematic, ° informants* orthography.
Ay. ° New Cumnock.
Df. ° Tpron.
Kb. ° Kirkpatrick Durham.
JTy. • Stranraer, || Glenluce.
Characters. Dr. Murray (DSS. p. -239) mentions that the is
contracted into (ii) especially after (t) for «», as (t;ii) in the, as
in Cs. Also that final consonants are lengthened, or doubled
'*even more strikingly than in Cs.," so that ganff becomes (gan'),
and that his, her are contracted to simple «, r, as (hi kan gan*
teljz f^^dhtn:) he can go to his father. In taking down the cs.
[ 2179 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
/*o
TUB SOUTHERN MID LOWLAND.
[DM.
from Stranraer, already given (No. 4, p. 684), I obeeired none
of these points. Having been hurried, I might easily have failed
to observe all but the omission of th in the. This, however, was
not the case, and as I had my Cs. spiscimen the same evening,
I think I should have been struck by this similarity.
I have been able to get a tolerably extensive wl. from Glenluce,
Wg., and Kirkpatrick Durham, Kb., but I find that there is no
decided point in which D 36 differs from I) 35 and D 34. While
therefore accepting Dr. M.'s district, I must express my own
feeling that D 36 is a mere variety of D 34, closer indeed than
D 35. In fact this district was conquered by the English language
at a much later period than the others. The names of pla^ in
Df., where the b. of D 33 and D 36 occurs, are sharply Gaelic on
the w. and English on the e. Hence it was to be expected that
the mode of speech adopted would be in &ct the language of the
L. literature.
Under these circumstances I do not draw up a brief set of
characters for D 36, but refer to the following wl. as containing,
however defectively, all that I have been able to collect.
mustnUumi,
1. The C8. from Stranraer already given, $uprit p. 684, No. 4.
2. The pronunciation of Bnms's Dunotm Orey as taken from the Ihie of a
New Cumnock man, but it is perhaps not a characteristic specimen of Carrick,
D 36, as distinct from Kyle, D 36.
3. Two wl. from Olenluce and Kirkpatrick Durham, which however I have
had to interpret with considerable difficulty at times, and the words extracted
from No. 1, above.
BUENS'S SOKO OF DuNCAW GbET,
written by AJE. in his extended Fhonotypic Alphabet of 1847, from the dictation
of John Love, of New Cumnock, Ay. (18 eee.Ayr), and published in the
£s*&ntial8 of Phonetic* that year, pp. 171-177, and now tnmscribed in
palaeotype. This was my first attempt to write dialect from dictation,
long before this book was thought of ; the first for this book are given on
{>p. 276, 276, 277. It can certainly be only approximativelv correct, but I
eave it unaltered. I have been told AiUa should be (:^*s«) without
prefixed (j).
:d9qkan igree kam hiif ta wuu
on blaith jyl n^kht when wii
wer fuu.
:magt kjoest her hid fa hikh,
lukt asklent an aqke skjikh,
gert poeoBr idaqkan stAAn abikh.
rdaqkan flit^ an :daqkan prEsd,
:meg woz dif az :jelza :krMg.
:deqkan s^kht bsEth nut an en,
graat h^z iin bEEth bliirt an bl^,
spaak 0 loop^n iur a 1^.
Duncaki (hej catne here to woo,
On blythe yule night when we were
fou,
Maggie coost her head fu' high,
Look*d asklent and unco skeigh,
Gart poor Duncan stand abeigh.
Duncan fleech*d, and Duncan pray'd ;
Meg was deaf as Ailsa Cndff, 7
Duncan sigh*d baith out and in,
Grat his een baith bleer*t and blin%
Spak a lowpin o*er a linn. 10
[ 2180 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
ta'im an tjaans aar bet a te'id,
Bltfkhtcd lay ez seer ta Wid.
shal di, la'ik a fyl, kwo hii,
far a hAAkhtt hezi dii ?
sliii mee gee ta — :fraaii8 far mil !
huu et kamz let doktarz tel,
:meg gr^uu sik — az hii gr^uu h^l
samth^ en her booz'm r^z,
for riliif a s^kh shii br^z,
and ooy her iin, dh^ spaak Mk
thtfqz!
:daqkan waz a lAAd o grees,
:magiz waz a pittas k^s,
:daqkan ktid na bii her dMh,
Bwelin pitt smoBoerd h^z r^h
nuu dhee)r kruus an kanti bsEth.
Time and chance are but a tide,
Slighted loye Ib sair to bide,
Shall I, like a fool, quoth he,
For a haughty hizzie die P
She may gae to— France for me !
12
15
How it comes let doctors tell,
Meg grew sick — as he grew well, 17
Something in her bosom wrings.
For relief a sigh she brings ;
And 0, her een, they spak sic things ! 20
Duncan was a lad o' grse,
Maggie's was a piteous case, 22
Duncan could na be her death.
Swelling pity smoor*d his wrath ;
Now they^re crouse and canty baith ! 25
2fdfe$ to Dimean Orey,
1. (wuu) should, I think, be (uu),
compare (uu) for wool.
2. fou were full, had had our supper,
not drunk, see Tam o' 8hant$r^ p. 732,
T. 6 and note.
4. looked aakant tmd very $hy,
6. made poor Duncan etand aside.
6. (flitjt) beyped in a JIattering
e<njoling manner,
7. Ailsa Crag, a basalt rock in the
Firth of Clyde, 10 w.Girvan, Ay.,
1098 ft. high, 2 m. in circuit, inac-
cessible except on w. side, abounds in
sea-fowl, goats, and rabbits, has a
ruined castle at the top. This should
not have prefixed (j) I belicTe, see
D 35, but be pron. (:^Lbb).
8. Duncan sighed both out aloud
and silently f
wept his eyes both bleared and blind,
spoke of leaping over a waterfall.
17. hale, spelled heal, in the copy I
then used, the Olobe ed. of Bums,
printed in the right hand col., has well,
which comes to the same thing.
24. smothered his wrath
now they are brisk and Jolly both.
SouTHEBN Mid Lowland cwl.
From the following sources.
O Olenluoe (rglmlyyis) (15 w.Wg.), from the numbered wl. by Rev. O. Wilson,
for Olenluce and the Rhinns, or Ehynns, of Galloway, the long and narrow
peninsula w. of Luce Bay, Wx.
K ne.Kb., by Bey. W. A. Stark, Kirkpatrick Durham (4 n.Castle Durham),
numbered wl.
S Stranraer, Wg., words from the cs. pal. by AJE. from diet., printed on p. 684.
T Tynron, Df. (5 wsw.Thomhill), notes and Iw. by Mr. James Shaw, school-
master, Aug. 1868, but the words he principally gave belong to Lk., Rf.,
Ay., and m., that is, principally D 35, where they agree with what is there
said.
I. Wkssex Ain) Nome.
A- 3 O beek. 4 GK tak. 5 S maak, GK mak. 17 G laa. 21 S neem.
34 S last. 36 G tha'u. A: 39 G ka^m, E kiem. 40 G kmn. 41 G
thanqk, E thsqk. 43 G han, E hxAU. 44 G Ian, E Iaau. 49 S haq. 54
[ 2181 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
S want [? (want)]. 66 OK wnh. A: or 0: 68 6KS tree. 60 8 Uq.
64 S raq, K wtraq nq. 66 6E saq. A'- 67 S gan [going]. 72 S wh^.
73 K 8M, G8 see. 74 8 twaa, K twee twAA, G twaa tin. 78 8K mi,
G AAn. 70 G eea. 81 ii. 8 loontn. 82 Jens. 84 8 meet. 85 GK smt.
87 SGE klees. 88 GK kliid. 89 8 beeth. 94 8 kraa. 97 GK saaI.
A': 101 GK eek, 102 8 aks. 106 GK br^d. 109 GK Wkh. 110 ii. S
noo. Ill 8 okht, GK akht. 113 GK8 heel. 116 8 hem, GK b^m. 117
8 Joe. 118 GK heen, 122 ii. 8 nee, 124 GK iieea,
JE' 138 8 fadh«r, G fedhvr, K teedhm. 141 GK neA, 144 8 we'n.
150 8 liist. 152 GK watsr. M: 154 8 bak. 168 8 eftsr. 161 GKS
d^. 165 8 sed. 169- GKS whan. 170 GK heent. 172 G grsa gwn [with
strong (8)], K gns. 173 G waz, K wsz. 175 8 fast. 177 8 dhat. 179 8 what.
J&'' 182 'G mi. 186 G briith. 187 Q Uev Ue. 191 G heA. 192 G miin.
193 G kl^i. 194 8 oni. 200 G whit. 202 G hut. M: 204 8 did
[indeed]. 205 GK thriid. 209 8 neTvr. 212 GK wh6i. 213 8 edhsr. 214
8 needhvr. 215 GK takbt. 218 GK shiip. 223 8 dhMr. 224 GS whar,
K whAAT. 226 GK niMst. 227 GKS wat. 228 G swit. 280 G fat.
£- 236 GK ftvvr. 240 G lain leea, K 1^. 243 G jalee. 244 8 wil.
248 GK miir. 249 GK wiir. 250 GK swiir. 251 G miit, ^ [occ.]
niMt. 252 S ket'l. £: 256 8 strikyt [stretched]. 261 SGK mw. 262
GK w4i. 263 S vwaa. 265 G strAAkht, K straakht, 8 str«t. 271 8 tal.
276 8 theqk. 278 8 w<nsh. 281 GKS Ixnth. 282 GK stnmth. 283 K
mm. E'- 290 G hii, K be. 292 G mii, K me. 293 SG wii. 301 8
hiir. iT: 312 8 biir. 314 8 hard. 316 G ntkst, K n«st.
£A. 317 GT fl^i [frighten]. 320 8 keer. £A: 321 8 sa. 322 8 lakb.
326 8 al. 330 SG had, K bad. 333 GK kaf. 335 GS aa, K aa. 337 G
waa, K WAA. 338 8 kaa. 340 S jard. 342 GK Br*m. 343 GK war'm. 345
GK dar. £A- 347 G b^d, K hid. 348 GK ii, GS iin [eyes]. 349 8 flu.
£A': 350 G diid, K did. 352 G riid, K rid. 355 G £if, K dif. 357 8
thoo, G thoo. 359 8 nibnr. 368 GK d^^. 371 GK etree. £1- 372 G
B;i, K ^. 373 8 dhee. £0- 383 G s^#T*n, K siiy^n. 384 GK biiWn.
386 GK Ja'n. 387 8 nin. £0: 388 G m#>lk, K mxlk. 894 8 jonv.
395 8 jsq. 396 GK wark. 398 G stsBrr, K stur. 399 8 brekbt. 402
GK Ism. 405 GK bxrtb. 406 GK srth, G j#>rth. £0'- 411 Gsl
tbrii. 412 G sbv, KG sbii. 413 G diiWl, K diiT*l. 414 G fiii. 415 GK
lii. 417 GK ^'n. £0': 422 8 sik. 423 G tbii. 424 G iskb. 425
G U^kbt, K lekbt. 426 GK fekht. 428 GK sii. 430 8 frin, G friin,
K friind. 433 G briist, K brist. 434 8 bet. 435 8 nni. 437 8 tivtb.
£T- 438 GKS diL £T: 439 8 trsst.
I- 440 8 wik. 443 GK fr6id^. 446 8 n^. 448 [(G dbr^r, K dh^
used]. 450 GK [occ.] iHi^, I: 452 ST a. 454 G wst|. 456 ST
l&i. 457 S nekbt. 469 G rtkbt, K rekbt. 460 GK wskht. 465 8 sekra.
467 GK w^. 469 S wal. 475 GK wand. 477 GK fin. 480 8 thtq theq.
481 GK fiqar. 484 [S (dbe) used]. 485 G this*!, K tbras'l. T- 490 GK
Wd. 494 8 tfim. 496 G Br'n, K en'n, 498 G [gen.] w'rfit, K rrdit.
V: 500 S 1^. 502 G f&iT. 504 GK n6if. 505 GKS w^. 606 GK
wsmvn. 507 GK wiimtm. 510 ST m^. 511 T w^. 515 GK w^.
0- 519 S 6ur. 520 GK ba'u. 524 8 warl. 0: -— T U'u [low, a
flame]. 529 G br6akht, K brAAkbt. 531 8 dokhtir. 535 8 fook. 636 O
ganlcC K ga'uld. 537 G ma'ul. 538 8 wnd wed. 550 8 word. — T ta'u
[tow from hemp]. 0'- 667 8 ti. 659 GK midbar. 562 GK mjn [the
(y) was probably not pure here and elsewhere, but rather (y,)]. 663 GK
manvnd^. 564 GK syn. 666 8 efiiar. — T gr6u [to grow]. 0': 571
8 gtfd gad, GK gyd. 572 GK blyd. 678 GK pliuu. 579 8 eniukb, G vnia'nkb,
K vniuukb. 680 GK tiuukh. 581 G 86ukbt, K SAAkht. 582 G kyyl. 683
G tyyl. 686 S doo)nt [don*t]. 687 8 din. 588 8 nin. 689 GK spvn.
590 G flyyr, K fluur. 592 GKS suur. 694 G byt, K bit. 695 GK fit.
696 G ryt. 697 G syt, K sat.
U- 601 G fiuul. 602 GK sun. 604 8 samar. 606 8 san. 606 S door.
V: 609 8 fun, G fu, K fal. 610 G uu. 612 8 sim. 614 G haund. 616
8 gm. 617 GK suun. 619 8 fan [pt. (fan)]. 625 8 taq. 626 GK biqir.
[ 2182 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
\ a'un [to own = grant, oonfesB]. 631 S dharzde. 632 S Hp. 634 S thruu.
640 GK Iran. 641 GES hua. 643 GK nuu. 646 G buu, E ban.
S «dhut 662 GK kxd. XT': 658 S dun. 659 GK tnn. 663 S hus.
— G a'un I
U'- 6
651 Si
667 S nut. 671 GK mutb.
T- 673 S mak'l. 674 S did, G d^M. 677 S dr&i. 679 GK ktrk. 680
Kbasi. T: 684 G bng. 686 G b&i. — GK big [to big, buUd]. 687.
GK flikbt. 690 GK k^ind. 691 GK meind. 694 GK wxrk. 701 S ferst.
n. EiroLisH.
A. 714 GK lad. 717 G djAAd. 724 G beld, K bAxl. 727 G d^AAm.
736 S laai. E. — S pBt [pet]. I. andY. — S tef [tiff]. — S beg
[bi^]. — S wbandi [whingSj. 0. 778 G afyyrd, K afuurd. 781 S
bodhw. 783 G pa'ultri, K puutri. 790 GK gun. 791 S b6i. U. 798
S kidir. 804 S drak'n. 805 GK kradz. 808 GK pit.
m. EOHANCE.
A •• 815 S faks. 822 K m^. 823 K b6i. 835 S rez'n. 845 G AAnsbant,
Kansb'nt. 848 G t}^d|. 857 S k^. 864 S bikAz. £•• 867 8 til.
874 G rs'in, K r^in. 885 S Tera. 887 G klBrdji, K kleerdn. 890 S biist
be'st, G btf<f8t, K bist. 895 GK ris*^. I •• and Y •• — T kr&i [to cry].
901 ST fein. 910 G d|««8t, K dpist. C 916 GK iqin. 926 G
8p6il, K sp^il. 928 GK ana. 939 GK klos. 941 S H G fyl, K fil. 942
G boUar, K batnir. 947 SG b6il, K b^. 950 S sapar. 952 i. GK kuun.
953 G kyzin. K Wn. 954 GK kasbin. 955 S duut, GK dut. U- 960
K kii. 963 S kir^it, G kwee;it. 965 G 6U, K 6il. 966 GK fryt. 968 G
6istar, K 6istar. 969 S sh^^r sbtiuur, G syyr. 970 S diist diMt, GK diTst.
971 GK flyt. ^ -^ -,;
D 37 = n.ML. = northern Mid Lowland = Dr. Murray's
Highland Border.
Boundaries, On tbe w. and nw. the CB. or Celtic Border, on the 8. the n. b.
of D 35 and D 34, to tbe Firth of Tay. Afterwards through Fo. to the
Grampians. In his Map Dr. Murray took the b. to lie to the w. of Dundee, and
e. of Forfar, and afterwards to be indeterminate to the Grampians. But he
subsequently informed me that he considered the line to lie too much to the e.,
and that the town of Forfar properly belongs to the NL. or D 38. I therefore
draw the b. between D 37 ana D 38 from just a little w. of Dundee northward,
just e. of Glammis and Kirriemuir, and.w. of Clova, by the valley of the £sk to
where the CB. strikes the s. b. of Ab. To determine the b- accurately would
require much more examination than has hitherto been made, or is likely to
be made.
Area, A small portion of nw. Pi., of w. Fo. and of w. Sg., and
a strip on the e. and se. of Pr. It is a district in which English
is asserting itself against Gaelic to siich an extent that the CB.
has receded westward within living memory.
Authorities, Dr. Murray*s DSS. p. 239; Dr. Alexander Lain^^s dt. for
Kewbiu^h-on-Tay, a vivd voce dt. n-om three students of Whitelands from
the neignbourhood of Perth, and a wl. written from their pron. of words in
the noTel Enga^ constitute all I could collect.
Characters, The small amount of information which I have
obtained is clearly insufficient to determine the characters of this
extensive region, which would require minute examination. Br.
Murray merely says (DSS. p. 239) : << In the Highland border,
[ 2183 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
along the se. of Fr., we find (1)1 regularly pron. as (a) in (hal,
mal, malk, salk) hill, mill, milk, silk. (2) Ea^ which in more
Southern dialects is (i), here remains {ee) as (hr«^ h«^ meeV)
for (brid, hid, mil) bread, head, meal. (3) The article the is
commonly contracted into (ii), especially after m, as in (t^ii) in
the." I presume (1) relates to these particular words only, and
as such they were confirmed, see following cwl. No. 469, by
the Whitelands students, but hiU is not (kalV and »ilk, milk are
EO words, while AiT/, miU are Y words. Of course after w we
get (wal, whap) will, whip, but that is general. As regards (2)
l^ere is also a mixture of classes, hread and head being £A' woids,
the first was not given by my students, and the second, though
they pron. it (h^), was written heidm, (hid) in Enga, Mealy when
it means an 'eating time,' is an JE! word, and when it means
'flour,' an E word, and I have not the pron. of these words in
other districts, nor do I know which of the two is here meant.
(^3) The Whitelands students and Dr. Laing did not leave out th
in the.
The cwl. I am able to give is so brief and imperfect, and relates
to such a small e. portion of the whole district, that I do not
feel justified in drawing any conclusions from it as to the
characters of the whole district, and refer to the wl. itself.
lUustratioM, Dr. Laing's and the Whitelands students dt., and
the cwl. from Enga.
Nobth-Webt Fifeshibb dt.
Test by Bev. Dr. Alexander Laing, Newbnrg-on-Tay (8 wnw.Ci^ar), Fi., in io.,
pal. from his not^ by AJ£.
1. soo « B^f, Lk^dz, i sii nuu dhBt a)m nkht «b&t dhiit lasi
kamtn f e dh« skyl dhondvr.
2. 8hy)z gA*n dheer thruu dh« r»d g^t on dh« left hA'nd s^'d
o)dh« rood.
3. shyyr enakh dhv beein)z g^n strekht ap t« dh« door «)dho
raqhi^s,
4. whaar shi)l l^tkli fmd dhat dnik'n def wtz'nd felt «)dh«
niim b itamvs.
5. wi A ken)'m vert wll.
6. wa)n« dh« AAld tjap shy'n leem)«r noo tB dyy it «gen, pyyr
thtq!
7. luk, i sii «t)s truu!
Kotet.
1. Mv, especially marked as Greek 8. Mtrttight^ the alveolar (,tr) were
oi, English aye. specially noted, but it seemed to me
2. way^ caUed (w^t}^ implies di- tnat there was a misconception, so I
rection only. merely note the fact here.
[ 2184 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Nexohboubhood of Pesth dt.
palaeotyped 21» 22, 23 June, 1881, by AJE., from the diet, of MiBS Miles, natiTO
of Manchester, but 13 years in Perth, Miss Foliar, of town of Perth, and
Miss Eidd, native of Crieff, who had .lived 18 years at Enrol, all three
students at Whitelands Traixiing College.
1. 600 id s^i, m^n, juu sii nuu dhdt d)in r^kht abuu't dhdt wii
l^i kamen fee dli« shy^l dhondBr.
2. 8hii)z gee*en [gA.Aii K.] dun dhu rood dheer thrii dh« red
gf«t [jEt] on dh« Mt hand seid o dh« w^t.
3. shwr vnakh r«nokh, K ] dhi beern hez gin [geen KJ strEkht
ap ti)dhB dooBr a Shs rdq hiis,
4. wliAAr slii)l mE)bi fend dhdt drak'n dJf wiz'nd fEli o dhe
ndm 0 :tomBB.
5. wi AA ken)«m vert wil.
6. wal dhB Alld)'n noo sy,n leem er noo tB d»V)t Bg£*n, pjryir
theq!
7. luk »z)t no tniu?
Notes to F^th dt.
1. so {boo) in this sense, but (see 2. r^f (rsd) has a tendency towards
mnk'!} so much. — / (h&i t^d) high (a), almost (raid), but not (rnd). — handy
tide, oistinguished as in Edinburgh. — the (d^ remains in the sg., but is lost in
say, way, and side in (2) seem to the pi. (h<inz). — side, see say, par. 1.
have the same diphthong differing very — way, see say, par. 1.
slightly from received t in wide, but 3. ^ow^A(enakh,vniu)areusedassg.
shading more towards (6iJ. Never and ^\,-— bairn, (wi'n) is also used for
heard marrow or mate; out (m^, little child. — wrong, (w'r-) has been
shading more towards (6iJ. Never and ^l,-— bairn, (wi'n) is also used for
heard marrow or mate; out (m^, little child. — wrong, (w'r-) has been
mB*n) man, men, are used. — thou for heard from old people, but not (vr-) in
you IS never used. — that (at) is never write, wright, wrong. This makes a
used for (dbM). — wee, when (little) decided difference between D 37 and
is used, it is called (lat*l).— /om, but D 39, if not D Z%.— house, (h) is never
(kwtffu) is still used for woman in a omitted; (haz, hBz) are both used for us.
good sense, heard at Methven (6 wnw. 4. where, (wh) always clear, not
Perth). 'M>mt>i0, the participle ends in (ku^h) ; and still less (f), and this is
(-en), verbal sb. (-tm), (washen on « another difference between D 37 and
woshtm dei), thus (16upen) leaping is D39.— ^/fnrf (fend, fand),pr. and pret. —
used.— /rom, a grandfather of Miss <fea/ sounded very like (di,f). — wizened,
K. used (free), not (three) for from, — although shrivelled is not used, (shrab)
school (skill) IS a slate pencU.— yo»u^, shrub is said, so there's no difficulty
but they say (jondsrz dhu mlin, Jon about (shr-). — namtf, (n^neem, ni'm)
min 6uBr dheflr). all used.
Neiohbotjkhood of Pkbth cwL,
from '' Enga, a Novel," by the author of Harbour Bar, 1880, in which the scene
is apparently laid at Essie, Essey, or Eassie, Fo. (7 wsw. Forfar), just
within the b. of D 37. I extracted the foUowing words, and then eot the
three students of Whitelands (see Perth dt. above) to pronounce them to
me. The writer was evidently well acquainted with the dialect, and I have
thought it best to give the words first as printed in the novel, but in italics,
and then as pronounced by the students, prefixing a f to the latter when it
apparently differed considerably in pron. These words from Enga are not
otherwise marked.
IL.%. Pron. Part Y. [ 2186 ] 139
Digitized by LjOOQIC
P words from the Perth dt.
N words from the Newhurgh dt. introduoed for comparison.
S words giTen hy the students, bat not fonnd in * Enga.'
I. WSSSEZ Ain> KOBSB.
A' 4 tak t&k. 6 mak mik. 21 nrnne^ fneem, P n^, K niim. A:
fond fand [pt. of find]. 43 han$ hkni [pi.], P hand, N hx'nd. A or O: 68
fra4, tfee, PNfree. 60 lan^ Uq. 6i wranff vrang, PN [w'] r^. A'- 67
font gh%t gyaun gieng^ hi giqz hiz leen [he goes alone], P gee*en, PN gAxn,
^N g^, P geen [gone]. 73 PN soo. 74 ^u^a twaa. 79 ain een. 82 ofMt,
t Jens ens. 84 matr meer. 85 tair seer. 86 aiU eets. 87 S klfez. 88 cl&idh
kind. 89 ftaiM beeth. 93 snaw snaa. 97 sowl 8oo*l. A': 104 PN rood.
Ill oeht okht [owned], ood [owed]. 113 haU heel. 116 home heem. 117
[(jen) is not used, only (en), see No. 82]. — olane «lB*n [alone]. 122 i. none,
Tnsn [n6n$ has not beisn heard], ii. not nte, 134 aith eetn.
M- IZSfaytherteedhm, M: 166 pled Md. — ^«<A^ gedher [ga^er|.
168 after aefter. 161 dag d^. 169 fan fan milgar but common], whan. 170
ha'ett hee*st. 173 tpott wast [wast]. 177 that dh&t, PN dhat. JE'- 194
onv ont. 200 Jite, twh6tt. J&': 209 nti^fr ntTTR> neer. 221 afgerd feerd
[afraid]. 224 P wIuat, N whaar. 226 maitt meeet.
£- 244 tveel iiil. £: 261 P sdi, N s&i. 263 atra vwa* [compare P (wSi)].
265 P strskht, N s.t^kht [P dentals]. — twal twsl. 273 P num. 280 eliwen
tvlBT'n. £*- — ktp ksp [usea for catch, or catch in the hands, applied in
£nga to a catch water among rocks]. £': 305 hatch h6i hllondz [higUands].
306 heicht kikht hnkht. 314 heerd, thud, fhs'id. 316 At fit.
£A: 322 lach Uikh. 326 PN Axld. 328 could k^Ald. 330 hoaU haud
hxd hA'd. 335 PN aa. 336 fa* fAA. 341 marrow mart. 342 airm eerm.
— hairm heerm [harm]. 345 daur dAAr. 346 gate, tgi«t, P JBt, N gdt.
EA'- 347 heid [implying (hid)], fhM. EA': 352 P rnd, N rid. 355 PN
dM. 359 necbor niiW. — ^ Ids Roose]. — mmt [cattle, not heard], 368
deith [implying (dith)l fd^th. EO- 383 aieben [implying (siv'n]!, fser'n.
384 hieven [implying (hiv'n)], fh^v'n [(hiv'n) not common, but nearaj. £0:
394 PN dhondnr. 396 wark wark. — fcrmer feermmr [farmer]. — hcrt
hnrt [heartl. £0'- 415 Ice lii. £0': 426 licht l^kht. 426 fecht fecht
[pt. ^okht) J. 428 PN sii. 429 fient fint. 430 freend irind. 436 P juu, N L
I: 462 r fid. — weedow widi [widow]. — dicht dekht [dight, common in
the sense of wiped up, cleaned up]. 468 nicht nekht. 459 P rekht, N rikht.
460 tpecht w^kht. 462 »icht sekht. 469 ull al [il is seneralhr (al), as (sxlk
malk mal) silk milk mill, of which the first two belong to £0 ana the last to T].
471 timmertuncd ttm'tnty'nd p'havine a harsh, unmusical voice,'* Jamicdon^
(timBrjerd) is also used]. 477 r fend, N find. 487 gcMtreen dheetrln [yesterday
eTening]. I'- —forbge forba»i. 492 PN s^Id. — wiU [to blame, ? (w4it)
not heard]. 498 vritin' rkiUiU. V: 600 lielg, fl&ikli. 606 unnn$nan
-WHmvn. 507 S wimvn.
0- 519 ower 6u«r. — thole thool [suffer, endure, a common word]. 623
houp h6up [has been heard, but (hop) is more common]. O: 628 thoeht
thokht. 536 fouk f6uk f6k. 538 wud wed [not (wsd)J. 641 S wani [and
similarly] shani dani [won*t shanH don't]. 650 tcoord tward. 0'- 656
S shy' [pi. (shyjn)]. 557 toe tee tii. 659 mither midhiir. 660 PN skyi'l.
664 8une 8hy,n, P syjU, N 8hy,n. 0': 671 gude gyjd. 672 S bly,d. 574
S bryjd. 578 plcugh plakh [sb.], plu [rb.]. 579 P vnokh, N raakh. 686 P
dii \div ye ken (di i ken)]. 587 dSne dun fdyin. 591 muir myyjr. 696 fut
fsiiXnot a fit further (noo b fat far)!. 596 S rr.t. 597 S sy.t.
U- — u?ud wad [wood]. 603 P kamvn, N kamin [coming]. 606 e^n
tsan. 606 P duuw, N door. U; 614 hound h6und. 619 S fand. —
wunner twy,ndBr. 629 S san. 632 PN ap. IT- 640 coo ku [pi. (k4i)l.
643 noo, PN nuu. 645 doo duu. 648 oor uur. 650 aboot vbdt. U': 668
doon, PN dein. 659 toun tCin. 663 hooee, PN htis. 667 oot dt.
Y- 673 muckU mak'l. 679 kirkyerd kerkjM [churchyard]. 682 P lat'l.
Y: — freit [implying (frM)], f frekht. 699 vrieht rekht [(wj old]. — »pe
spiir [to inquire]. 700 waur waat. Y': 709 feier ffidr [(feir) highland].
r 2186 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
n. English.
A. 714 N 1a* d. — calkr kalvr [fresh, applied to fisli, yc^etablee, and the
morning air]. — ^ aaumon samvn [salmon]. — hantU hant*l nnany, applied to
peaSf called (piiz) from the garden, and (peez) from the fiem]. — ffer gert
gar j^rd [make made]; — thawlie shAAU [meaning not noted]. — datotie
OAAti [dearie]. E. 749 PN left. 0. 774 powney p6imi. — dowie
d6ui [dull]. — eknowledge fnoledi [(kn) occurs as an old form in (kn6if)
knife]. 804 PN drak^n.
m. EOMANCE.
A" 820 gey g^i [in the sense of rather considerably!. 833 pairt peert
[paired]. — maitter ms'stsr. — me'em me^m [ma am], — dambrod
dambrdd [draught board, dames drau^ts]. — marry m&i [marry]. — gyarden
*eerd*n. — keette hist [haste, vb?]. 866 puir pyjr. — ill-faured el-fAArd
Il-faToured, bad-looking] . E •• — trevel trBvU fmeaning only to walk, not
-- go on a journey]. — tremmle ftrsnn'l. 885 verra tvBri. — hoor tir [hour].
I" and !•• — envy env&i' [vb. but (en*vi) sb.]. 903 dinner denvr. —
minute minit [minute of time, old]. — apeeritleu spirttles. 0 •• — roond
riind [round]. — bonnie boni [bonny]. — coont kiint [count]. 935 8 ksntri
[students]. — jwwi^/ positive. — coort kiirt [court]. 952 i. ii. eoorse kiln,
V" 963 quete ktreet. 969 P shp^-, N shyyr.
D 38, 39, 40 = NL.= north Lowland,
constituting Dr. Murray's North-Eastem Group (DSS. p. 237).
The peculiarities are most fully developed in D 39. The one
character of (f) for (wh), runs with more or less completeness
through all of them. They form the whole mainland of Scotland
that lies e. of the CB., and from the e. b. of D 37, already
discussed, to Cs.
D 38 = s.NL, = southern North Lowland, = Dr.
Murray's Angus.
Boundaries, On the w. the e. b. of D 37, already discussed, p. 751. For the
n. b. begin where the CB. intersects the Grampians and go e. along the b. of
Fo. and Ah. to Mt. Battock on the w. b. of Kc. (19 w.Stonehayen), and then
sweep to the e. to about Skateraw on the coast (6 ne. Stonehaven), running from
4 to 6 m. south of the Dee. This line I take from Dr. M.*s map, and I have
had no means of Terifying it.
Area. The greater part of Fo. to the e., and of Kc. to the sw.,
from the Forth of Tay to the Gi*ampians, the ancient Angus and
Meams, the ancient names for Fo. and Kc.
Authorities, Dr. Murray's DSS. p. 238, and see Alphabetical County List
under
Fo. *> Arbroath, ° Brechin, •^ Dundee.
Ke. ® Glenfarquhar.
Characters, Dr. Murray (DSS. p. 238) says with regard to D 38 :
'* In the dialect of Angus, s. of the Grampians, (1) the consonantal peculiarities
of the North'Eastem group are still found, but (2) the vowel s^tem is more
like that of the Central Scottish (D 34-37), English oo being (y) as in good (gyd).
[ 2187 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
(3) The I or y (i, e) of other dialects is often widened into H (a) as (ham, tsl,
har» malk), etc., for him, tiU, her, milk. (4) D between Towels is sometimes
softened into (dh) as (Udhtz) laddies.'*
This is all the information he gives. On this we may obeeire :
1. That the great consonantal pecnliarity of (f) for (wh) is,
according to Mr. Boss, native of Glenfarquhar, confined to the
following words : who, when, where, what, whose, which, whether,
how used for why, (fa, fe*n, faar, fat, fus, M, fodhvr, fun), with
the substantives * weasel wheel,' or rather * quhitred or -et, whorl '
(fateret, foorl), and, so far as Mr. Boss knows, in no other sb. or
in any vb. Hence the dialect is distinctly separable from D 39,
where no such limitation occurs.
2. That good according to Mr. Boss is not (gyid), bat (gad Qad),
as in (blad, flad, stad, stal, flar) blood, flood, stood, stool, Hoor,
but that the D 39 (gwdd) is also heard. These (a) were very
distinctly given in two different manners, and I get (flad) from Ba.
3. Seems to be the appreciation of the (in) as (a), and the people
in D 38 distinguish the two sounds, or believe they do so ; ttius in
the Glenfarquhar wl. we have (m»nlk), but the ferechin wL has
(malk) ; they are no doubt identical sounds, of which more here-
after.
4. Of this I have no other example.
The phonesis of this D 38, which is certainly transitional between
D 34 and 39, presents some peculiar points of difficulty. Mr. Boss,
who has taken great pains to indoctrinate me with them, uses
a vowel triangle, which I give as a trigram and represent thus :
<j
He says that (e) ** is the English long a in same only without the
vanish; {e^) is nearer (i) in quality; (e) as in there, (b) a shade
broader." One of the most peculiar vowels is here not placed, he
says of it, "I is my mark for sit^JU^ piny etc., an ugly thick sound
compared with the English, but very extensively used in Scotland,"
that is, in !NX. only. ''An Englishman says sUt, fikt^ p&n (sait,
fat, pan) as his nearest . approximation, d on the other hand I
must have used for an obscure unaccented vowel, I should think,
as in dliven eleven. Perhaps the difference is more in aeeent
than in quality,^^ This vowel in transliterating Mr. Boss's wl.
I shall represent by (»,i) to distinguish it from (tj), and to retain
the NL. appreciation of it, as a Hnd of (•). Mr. Boss says it is
nearly the English tf in /?w», htU^ and "lies between ♦ in pity,
a in gnat, and u in ntf^," by which he probably means (•', a, a),
" and there is a sort of jerked drop of tiie jaw in producing it."
Dr. M. in transliterating Mr. Anderson's Arbroath cs., p. 684, has
generally represented this sound by (e), which he also uses for his
own y in D 33, but occ. by (e, y, o). In the two dt. given below
I find I use (e) in right, coming, going, (fe)«»from, find, thing,
IS, but (e') — ^which cannot be right, as fractures do not seem to be
[ 2188 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
recognised — ^in ffate, and used («) in raough, him, but I have (i )
in wtzent. I cannot think that the vowel is the same in all
Positions, and when unaccented as in (w»nra*q), it is rather (b).
[ore upon this difficult vowel in D 39, p. 767.
Another difficulty arises for {0^ 0 e). Mr. Boss was kind enough
to classify a number of words, and I give the classification.
1. (e) English tlure, ''only it seems to me that an Englishman begins his
there with a slender sound, and then makes a broad yanish towards r. In Scotch
the sound is uniform from beginning to end.** I add the numbers in the cwl.
Lonf in 3 bake, 7 sake, 8 have, 9 behaTO, 23 same, 32 rather, 108 dough «=
daigh, 140 hail, 146 main, 163 lay, 166 maid, 170 harvest shairst, 210 clay,
222 hair, 243 play, 248 mare, 260 lay, 722 drain, 729 frame.
2. (e^\ ''The sound is slenderer than the English i and shorter with no
Tanish.'^ In 19 tale, 40 comb==kaim, 73 so, 116 home shame, 121 gone a
gane, after 151 seat, after 348 beat, 600 like, 838 treat, etc.
3. («#>) "Same sound as 2, but long." In 71 wae, 161 day, 211 gray,
221 feard=afraid, 261 say, before 340 beard, 402 learn, after 826 pay, etc.
*' But in Arbroath day, say, are pron. eren broader than No. 1 " (dnn, seb).
4. (i) <* The sound is ee short. '^ In 1 18 bone, 316 feet, 671 good=gweed.
6. (a) « Sound of m in but." In 464 which » fill, 671 good=gyud, flood,
616 ground, 806 curds ecruds, 928 ounce, 935 country, 964 cushion, 966 cover.
6. (9) ** Sound, the well-known Scotch sound, nearly mi in the French peu^
Although to my ear it is more like (yi), I give (^) as in D 33. In 594 boot,
696 root, 697 soot, 966 fruit, 970 just.
7. {99) **Same sound, but long.'* In 667 too, 586 do, 691 muir, 969 sure«
sheur, before 969 cure.
8. (4i) '' aknott as in English, but it does not please a fastidious English ear;
it seems to be ay, a being as in man^''^ this would make it (se'i) or (n'i), but
I retain the (^ to harmoilise with Mr. Clarke*s indications, below. In 246 ii.
quean, 690 kina, 691 mind.
9. (&i) '* The sound is ay where a is the short of a in father.*' In 677 dry,
686 buy, 706 sj^, after 760 try, before 900 cry, etc.
10. (6ai} *' Tne sound, Tery lonff, is <ly, i as in father^ not as in fall as you
will sometimes hear it elsewhere." In 212 whey, 262 way, 602 fiye, after 606
thri?e, after 911 strive.
11. (^i) <<This is an Aberdeen sound, found with us in a few words. It
seems to be ^, « as in met or slenderer,
when there is a Tamshing ( "" "
in D 33. Ifl 235 weave, A
'* The series of sounds I [Mr. Roes^ think is this :
n Aoeraeen souno, louna wicn us in a lew woros. it
net or slenderer. It is likest the English a in wave^ etc.,
Qg glide (m'j), but is not the same.* " Hence I use {H) as
e, 460 Tuesday, 708 hire, 709 fire.
1. {ee^}) wave, same, etc., as in English with vanish.
I have left the second element of these diphthongs as pure (i) as in D 33, but
Mr. Boss says, *'The second component of the diphthong is not so clear in Scotch
as in English. It is a duller sound, except in [the last] No. 3, of which we
have only a few words." If this is correct, we should read (ii, ^, &i, &at), or
something like it. These four (a'i) sounds are very curious and peculiar. But
the marked features are (*», i„), the former being heard by En^hmen as (t),
and the latter often as (e, a). The absence of (aa) in contrast with ML. usage
is also conspicuous. The Brechin wl. apparently gave (aa| in some cases,
writing air, out this seems to be only the NL. fashion of symbolising (baa).
For the consonants both (kh, kjh) occur according to the preceding vowel,
but I do not find (ktch) except as an occasional imtial. Mr. Ross indicates
(,t^, ,d^r) in some cases, and says that (,t, ,d) also occur independently of (^r),
[ 2189 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
but he gives no instances. As regards the use of (f) for (wh) in proTincial words,
Mr. Mdyille Bell thinks that the real sound is (fh), that is» (f) complicated by
the raising of the back of the tongue nearly into the position for (kh). In that
case the difference between (wh, fh) or (Itrh, fh) would be slight, consisting
almost entirely in interposing the action ot the teeth. The initiu (wr-) is xaA
with the help of an auxiliary vowel written (in), but sounding (v). But in the
Arbroath cs. it is (vr-).
lUustratiant.
1. Arbroath. A cs. written by Mr. Anderson and pal. with some hesitatioii
by Dr. Murray, riven in the Introduction to L., No. 6, p. 684.
2. Dundee. A dt. written from diet, by AJE.
3. Olenfarquhar. A dt. pal. by AJ£. from the indications furnished by
Mr. Ross.
4. A wl. chiefly from Mr. Boss, of Glenfarquhar, with some words by Mr.
Guthrie of Brechin, and, for comparison, the words from the Arbroath cs. as
interpreted by Dr. Murray.
Two IlTCEBLINEAB dt.
D Dundee, pal. June, 1881, by AJE. from diet, of Miss Begge, student at
Whitehmds Training College, but 16 years (almost all her life) at Dundee.
G Glenfarquhar pal. by AJE. from the writing and descrintion of John Ross,
Esq., native, who gave the following wl. for the same place.
These are placed in juxtaposition to shew how the indications agree with the
w. Observe particularly tne different appreciations of (ti,) in (1) right coming
from, (2) going gate, (3) enough to, (4) find wixened, (5) him, (6) will her,
(7) is.
1. Dundee. boo v Me^ iiib«rz, ji sii nu dha't a)in rekht
Glenfarquhar, soo « s^^, stnrs, jb sii nun vt &i)in rt'akjht
D «buut dhaH wi IfLsi kamen fe dhi Bky,! dhonder.
G «bat dhat It'nt'l lasi kamHin ftn)dhB skj^I jandvr.
2. D 8lii)2 ge-en diin dh« rbd dheer thru dli« rid ge't on dhv
G 8hB)z gxr't'iin dun dh« wai dheer thrdu dh« rid Jtut o)dh«
D Isft ban s^id dh« wdi.
G left haand BE'td tii)dh« rod.
3. shfr vnukh dhv bdm)z gen strEkbt ap ti dli« dhr
sh^r tiinjukh dhB Iiijtl)tiin)z gee^n strakht ap ttu)dhv door
D « dhv r&q h^s,
G •u)dhB w»iira*q bus,
4. D far sbi)! 16ikli fen dba>t drak'n dif wiz'nd frii
G faar sbB)! me)b^ ft^nd dbat drak'q d^^f wt'uz'nt fel«
D kad :tom«s.
G tii)dbB n^m b :tam.
[ 2190 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
5. D wi ii ksn)«m re*«l wU.
G we aa k^n ht\im vera wiL
6. D wal)ni d}i)41d i^p syiii lB'ni)«r noo ti di)t «gim,
G w»u)ii« dh« aald i^p shp^n le'rn)t,ir nee* te dii)d vge'-n,
D p^ theq!
G p^r thi'iiq!
7. D lAk, e8)t no truu?
G luk, f uz)'n)t truu ?
Dundee MiBcellaneous Notes and Phrases by Miss Begge.
1. (ju dh«t kenz) you that know, always so used as in Dr. Murray's
DSS. p. 212 and p. 71, note 1.
2. (di)v dt'nd) I have done, never heard done, thou not used, (a;m
hi;z wi;r ji)r dhw;r).
3. (a;z dhwr^ never used.
4. (Idi) not (lig), fowls (lee), but fowls are called (hsnz) of both
sexes, (pat dh« hsuz, t^'nz, dilin pliiz) put the hens,
chickens, down please.
5. (gi;t ti hez), not (hsz), give it to us.
6. rlld vn leem) old and lame.
7. (tak)s heem wi ji) take us home with you.
8. (ai see, l&diz, ran «wd vn pU jQrsElz) I say, lads, run away
and play yourselves, reflective verb.
9. (wi h^)nB oni v dhem) we have not any of them. (wi)v t« g^q)
we have to go.
10. Yerbal noun and participle, are not distinguished (-en) is used
in both.
11. ra)m den, dyiu) I have done.
12. (shan)t) not much used, (shan«) might be used, but is not so
generally, (da)n« m6ind) don't mind«> remember.
13. (hi)z t« dii dh« dee) he's to die to-day. (dhB nuu) just now,
(dh« dee, dh« morning) this day, this morning.
14. (get) gate not heard.
16. (fan fibr) when where, commonly used even by children.
16. Jind is sometimes heud without (d), as (di fan) or (fand), but
(di)v fand).
17. shr- initial presents no difficulty, (shrimps) is said.
18. (vBri) not (vara) very.
ITotes by Mr, Ro$$ to tk$ Olet\farquhar dt.
1. firs, final (s) not (t), — yoti (jnu) 2. «A«i8empbatio; conjugation of the
emphatic. — la$9y. wencn is (wt|,nt}). vb. to be, (&i am, j« ar, #^tz, wv ar,
— fromf {fee^f iree^) emphatic, (b»,) jb ar, dhiB ar). — poittg, pree. fg»*),
nnemphatic. — tehoolf some old people inf. (geq), pret. (ged), pp. {ge^ny, go
said (skuiil). — yofuirr it not (dhondvr), away {20^ waa). — hand, the (d) pro-
thongh yon is (dhon). nonnced, but not towards Aberdeen. —
[ 2191 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
ntUf the i in fire is (A), slenderer than
in ntU. ** I have heard (s^id) for
teyihe.*' — road, **we have just one
sound of 0 lonf and short, intermediate
between Engush o m toll and a in
3. ture, this is referred to French
tu, and I merely conjecture that it is
{99) rather than (ceoe), but it is perhaps
more probably (yi), compare D 33. —
gnouah, plural (enjuu*) . — littU om ha* ;
usual coniugation of have, {6d)r, j«)t,
hii]z, mijT, jv)t, dhv)T), emphasised
(v ntuT, jv htiiT, e^ hinZ, w« jb dhv
hiiiT'), negative (v ht|])n«, e^ ht||Z)na,
w« ht|])nB), etc.
4. «Ar U, emphatic (m winl, « witi)n«) .
— maybe, the word ehanee is not used ;
they call lanee QanB),—Jind pp. (fsn)
without d, — drunken, tlus assimilation
of final -irfi to the preceding consonant
is also found in (oop*m, l<ip*m,
Ifotei by Mr. G, Clarke, M,A., of
June,
i not before a consonant is (&t) as
(&t m&t), before a consonant is (et) as
(m6in) ; five (f&iv) is an exception,
but (n^tn) is correct; bible (rcib*!)
confirms the rule, though the con-
sonant is not in the same syllable.
Observe hire = (h6ir), but higher =
(h&i-Br).
Dundee school boys have a lazy
negative formed by an inspired f, as
(jfy, but sometimes the tongue is raised
:eek'qhid^ B open, lippen, Aikenbead*
etc. — i€%zened, no words beginning
with ehr- exist in the locality, «Aridt,
thred, ihrill become (skri^ skrid,
sktiiri).
6. we, they say (•iit)s mii, inQs joo,
»nt)s hiiim, i,,t)s ht,iz) or (•i,t)s oe),
but this '* I thmk was an attempt at
fine speaking. When a Scotchman
wants to be emphatic, or sets angrr,
he tries to speak English."— im, (k)
is pronounced before (n) sometimes
with the interposition of (ti|) as
(kti,n6if), and sometimes with a change
of (n) to fq) as (kqok).
6. tcotrt, (« di|])n«, v di'nV, dii «
ken dhat? ^ dt|,v)«; fat}s « d^?)
bI don't, I do, do I know that?
aye, do I; what) shall I do? — Umrm
they use teacher (tiit|i]ir), but maeter,
domine (m^'stiar, domijiui) are the L.
words.
the West End Academy, Dundee, in
1876.
into the position of an imperfect n or
(t), that IS, about (rhj, ana the sucticm
takes place through the whole passage,
The region of (f) for (wh) begins in
the coun^ region about Dundee, and
extends beyond the town of Aberdeen.
[He should say beyond the oonn^ of
Ab., for I have it in Arbroath, Fo.,
and Wick, Ct.]
Olenpabqtthab cwl.
(II w-by-s. Stonehaven, Kc), from wl. by John Roes, Esq., M.A., Rector of the
High School, Arbroath, Fo., native. **The inhabitants have till lately
(1877) been subject to very little change and intemiixture. My (Mr. Ross's)
own ancestors had been in the glen for 300 years at least. The glen is
divided from Deeside, Ab., by a mountain ranee taking 3 or 4 hours to
cross. The language in the main, both in wor£ and pron., is the same as
Prevails both in Angus and Meams,*' old names for Fo. and Kc. Thus
le Angus and Meams Synod contains the presbyteries of Meigle (e.Pr.,
6 ne.Cunar Angus), Forfar, Dundee, Brechin (all three Fo.), and Fordoun
(10 sw. Stonehaven, m.Ec). Mr. Ross has taken great pains with this wl.
and with the explanations appended and the correspondence which ensued.
He considers the difference oetween Glenfarquhar and Errol (e.Pe.) lees
than between the former and Deeside.
B is prefixed to a few words ^ven by Mr. James Guthrie, of Brechin (ne.Fo.),
and added to words pron. in the same way as at Glenfarquhar.
A is prefixed to words from the Arbroath cs., and added to words in the other
lists which have the same pron.
I. Wessex Ain) N0E8E.
A- 3 beek. 4 tak. 6 mak A. 7 seek. 8 heev [or (htj] when written
hae'\, 9 biheev. 10 haa. 12 saa. 13 gnaa [(g) pronounced]. 16 aa [the
[ 2192 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
4/ OO.J
«^«'«»mAA «J\^ VV «AJ»«« A^«
Towel (▲▲) is not usedl. 16 daan. 17 laa. 18 keek. 19 un. 20 U^m.
21 ii#'m, A ntem, 22 W^m. 23 seem. 24 sk^^m. 26 mEn. 28 beer. 30 keer.
31 Wi. 32 beedh, B baadh. 33 reedvr ree-. 36 aal. 36 thaa. 37 klaa.
A: 39 kam. 40 k#im. 41 thaqk. 43 haand. 44 laand. 46 kan'l.
48 saq. 49 heq. 60 teqs. 61 man A. 63 kan. 64 winot, A want. 66
tf^sh. 66 w«^Bh, AB wash. 67 as. A: or 0: 68 foo fii„ A fro fe. 69 lam.
60 laq. 61 vmo'n. 62 siraq. 63 thraq. 64 wiura'a, A Traq. 66 saq.
A'- 67 ga g«* [A (gjeed) goed, went ; (gw'n) going]. 69 naa. 70 taa t#*.
71 yreeK 72 faa. A taa. 73 soo sin s^^ m, A sm. 74 twaa A. 76 strook.
76 ted. 77 leerd [as owner of the soil]. 78 ^ A mi. 80 hool^^di. 81
U% A lem, 82 A ais. 83 meen min. 84 moor, A mter, 86 soor. 86 ^ts.
87 kie% A kWz. 88 kliid. 89 br^th, A b^th. 90 blaa. 91 m&n. 92
r(ken) nsed]. 93 snaa. 94 kraa A. 96 thraa. 96 saa. 97 s&ul. 98 knoon
[(k) pron.]. 99 throon. 100 saan.
A': 101 eek ook. 104 rood. 106 red. 106 bred. 107 loof. 108 deekh.
109 leekh. 110 A noo. Ill okbt, A okht. 112 h##U. 113 hool, A heeh
114 mool. 116 htf^m, A h^n. 118 bin. 121 ge^n. 122 i. niin. 123
nothiq n#^thiq. 124 stiin. 126 onli, A onli. 126 oor. 127 h^^rs. 128
dhtf's. 129 gtf'st. 130 bot. 132 bet. 133 winro-t [(wvrd-t) would perhaps
better conTey the sound to an Englishman]. 134 oth #'th. 136 kloth kk'th.
M- 138 faadi'iir faadhiir, A fadhar. 140 heel. 142 sneel. 144 vge%
A ogAi. 146 meen. 147 [(hamz) used]. 148 feer. 149 bWs. 160 Dest.
~ Btf't [seat]. 162 wa.tBT. 163 Bef!B,rdeK
M: 164 A bak. 166 thak, B thik. 167 [(korbi) used]. 168 eftvr, A
tfeftar. 160 eg. 161 d^* [(dBs) in Arbroath], A dee. 163 lee. 164 meeS
A m^. 166 sed. 166 meed. 167 deeU. 168 talv. 169 ktrhti-n [*'the (kh)
quite marked," yet in a later list (finu) and afterwards (f«n) was admitted with
(f)], A fen fan. 170 heerst. 171 b^^r. 172 gtnrs. 173 winZ, A wyz.
174 ash. 176 fest. 177Adhata>t. 179 fat A. 180 baath.
M' 182 sii. 184 IM. 187 lee^y. 188 [(ninkjbBr) nicker, used]. 189
w^. 190 k&. 191 htfU. 192 miin. 193 kliin. 194 oni, A oni. 196 mani.
196 wtiir. 197 ^. 200 ku;h^t. 201 heedh'n. 202 heH,
M'l 203 spiik. 204 did. 206 thrid. 207 nid*l. 210 klee. 211 grM<.
212 kttrhtAi, B wh£i. 213 A Mdhar. 214 A n^dhar. 216 takht. 218 shiip.
219 sliip. 220 A sheperd. 221 Mi [(f^^rd) feared afraid]. 222 beer.
223 dheer, A dhf^r. 224 faar A. 226 nu^st. 227 wat, A ^t. 228 sw^lt.
229 breath. 230 fat.
£- 232 brak. 233 spiik, A spik. 236 w^r. 236 ii^{m, 238 hBd|.
239 SB*1. 241 rB*n. 243 plee. 244 A wil. 246 i. ktdin, ii. ku:^. 248
m^ir. 249 w^'r. 260 sw^^r. 261 miit. 262 ket'l, A kEt'l. 263 nijitU.
264 ledhnr. 266 wedhvr.
£: 266 A strikyt [stretched]. 267 sdj. 268 seg. 269 wad|. 260 lee.
261 SM^ [in Arbroath sbb, A (see'n) saying], A 9ee. 262 w6ai. 263 A awoa.
264 B'l. 266 Btrakht, B streekht, A str^kht. 267 iild. 270 i. helm, ii. beli.
271 A tsl. 272 elm. 273 men, A num. 274 bijutj. 276 [(stinqk) used].
276 thiiiqk, A theqk. 277 [(druk) used]. 280 vleW'n. 281 ftuntb, A Innth.
282 strtjinth. 283 mt,iri. 284 thrash. 286 hani. 287 btnZ*m. 288 lat.
E'- 289 i. 290 hu. 292 miL 293 wii, A wi. 294 fiid. 290 biliiv.
298 fiil. 299 griin. 300 kiip. 301 hiir. 302 miit. 303 swiit.
F: 306 hiikjh. 306 hinkjht. 308 niid. 309 spiid. 310 hiil. 311 ten.
312 hiir A. 314 hard A. 316 fit [pi., for sg. see 696]. 316 niist, A nikst.
£A- 319 [(gaaf) used]. 320 keer, A k^rr. £A: 321 saa, A %aa, 322
lakh, A laakh. 323 foUit. 324 akht. 326 waak. 326 aid, A aald. 327
baald. 328 kaald. 329 faald. 330 had A. 331 sat. 332 taald. 333 kaaf.
334 haf . 336 9k [very long], A aa. 336 idk, 337 waii. 338 koa. —
bftf'rd [beard]. 340 jeerd, A j^^rd. 342 eerm. 343 waarm. 346 daar.
346 gi.it.
£A'- 347 hiid. 348 ii A. — b#H [to beat]. 349 fi&u A. £A': 360
diid. 361 led. 362 red. 363 biiid. 364 sh^'if. 366 d^'f. 366 UH, 367
thoo, A thoo. 369 niipvr, A niber. 361 biin. 363 ti^^p. 366 niir naar.
366 gi^t. 367 thre't. 368 d^Uh. 369 sloo. 370 raa. 371 strAr>.
[ 2193 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
EI- 872 ^ A &ai. 373 dhv. 376 raei im*!. 876 bBH. £1: 878
WB% A WMk. 380 A dhom.
£0- 383 M>T'n. 884 h^W*n. — t^ Tto tire]. 386 tmeUi. 386 jfcn B.
387 A nun. £0: 388 mt„lk, B mslk. 390 sid A. 392 A jmi. 393
«ji*nt. 396 A jxq. 396 wtnrk. 397 ramtL 398 sterr. 399 A brekht.
402 Wm, A l^rn. 403 far. 404 star. 406 berth B. 406 jerd. 407
fardt„n. 408 nia.
£0'- 409 bii. 411 tbiii A. 412 sbii A. 413 diiT*!. 414 fliL 416 M.
416 diir. 417 ^n. 418 bnm. 420 f&ar. 421 forti.
ECK: 422 A sik. 424 rokb. 426 li„kjbt. 426 fekiht. 428 id. 429
fiind. 430 friind, A frind. 431 biir. 432 foort. 433 briist B. 434 bet.
436 jmu A. 436 tmu. 437 trauth, A truth. £T- 438 dii A. £T:
439 ,t.rs8t, A tmt.
I. 440 wiik, A wik. 441 8»„t. 442 ^yi. 444 8t6U. 446 n£in, A ne'ia.
448 [(dhee>) used]. 449 gint. 460 UizdeK 461 shira.
I: 462 6i. 463 A kvek. 464 wint|, B wxt|. 466 Iti, A Uu. 467
mi„kiht. 468 mukjht, A nekht. 469 rii,kjht. 462 stnkjht. 463 A tal.
464 ral [which, as an interrogatiye only]. 465 sink, A aek. 467 w^ild. 470
A ham. 471 ti|)m«r. 473 bli,ind. 474 rand. 476 wii,nd. 476 bi'nnd.
477 ftiind. 478 grinnd. 479 w^d. 480 A theq. 481 finqar. 484 A
dhes. 486 thiuS*!. 487 Ji„8tarde>. 488 Ji,t. 489 A et.
I'- [for the 4 sets of sounds here concerned, see Introduction to D 38*
p. 767j. 491 8i„kjh. 492 seid. 493 dr&lT. 494 t6im, A ta'im. 496 A
who'inan. 496 6iren. 498 wi'iir^'t [the (wtn) strikes an Englishnum as (wv)].
499 biitU.
I': 600 U% A lek. 601 w^id. . 602 f&air. 603 16if. 604 kn^ [(k^
sounded]. 606 wdif. — thr&aiv [thrive]. 606 a-man. 607 wiimen, B
wamtm. 608 m^. 610 A mein. 611 w^. 614 ^. 616 w6iz. 616
wtiizdam.
0- 619 A a'ur. 621 fool. 622 oop'n. 623 h&up. 624 waarid.
0: 627 bokht. 628 thokht B. 630 wtur6kht. 631 dokhtar, A daakhtar.
632 kool. 633 dal. 634 hoi. 636 A k'vk. 636 g4uld. 637 muukL
638 A wad wad. 639 b&ul. 641 A wal noo. 642 bolt. 646 hap. 648
f^d. 650 wt|xrd, Award. 661 storm. 662 kom. 663 boom. 664 izos.
0'- 656 Bhft. 666 t«. 667 Uf, A tyy. 668 Ink. 669 m»,idhar. 661
bbm. 662 mpn. 663 manand^*. 664 ahMk, 666 noos. 666 A idher.
0': 669 buk. 670 tuk. 671 gadgjadgirid, Agjyd. 672 blad. 673 flad.
676 stad. 677 buu. 678 plu plukh. 679 eniukh A [sg.], enju* [pi.]. 680
tiukh B. 681 sokht. 683 tui. 684 stal. 686 ham. 686 d^, A deno
[donH]. 687 d^n, A dyn. 688 n^, A nyn. 689 spra. 690 flar. 691 mtfr,
B miur. 692 A swoor. 694 bH. 696 lint [ag., for pi. see 316]. 696 ivt.
697 ft^ B sat.
U- 601 fdl. 602. BUU B. 603 kam A. 604 A semar. 606 son [distinctly
stated to have (o)], A san. 606 door, A door. 607 ba,t«,r.
U: 601 agh. 609 fuu, A fal. 610 uu. 612 sam, BA. 616 B pand.
616 grand, A gran. 617 sunnd. 618 uund. 619 A fand. 622 andar. 626
taq. 627 A sand^. 629 san [and hence differing fnnn 6061. 630 wan.
631 tharzde\ A fyyrzd^. 632 ap A. 633 kap. 634 thziu, A thruu. 637
task. 639 dii,st.
U'- 640 kuu B. 641 fuu [used also for why] A. 642 [not used]. 643
nuu A. 646 B buu. 647 ul. 648 uur. 661 A wathuut. 662 kad.
XT': 666 M. 666 rdm. 667 brdn. 668 dikn A. 660 buur. 661 shuur
B. 662 B htiB. 663 hCis BA. 664 liks. 666 mtis. 667 M A. 668 pr^d.
669 ankathi. 671 muu. 672 silth.
T- 673 makU [(a) but with lips more protruding, not (in) as in soma
parts] A. 674 A ded. 676 lii. 677 drtii, A drfiai. 678 dtnU. 679 ktnrk.
bSl A beznes. 682 ItntU. T: 683 mti,d|. 684 brt|,g. 686 rt„g.
686 b&i. 687 fl«nkjht. 689 [(big) used]. 690 k^d. 691 m^ind. 693
st|,n. 696 barken A. 693 bt„rth. 697 bm. 698 mt„rth. 699 wi,iri„kjht.
— spiir [speer]. 700 waar. 701 finrst, A ferst. 703 pint. Y'- 706
sk&i. 707 thertun. 708 hiir. T': 709 f^. 711 1^ 712 m&.
[ 2194 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
D 88,39.] THB BOUTHBIUI AMU MW AQ&TU lAiWULVU, i\30
n. Ekglish.
A. 713 bad. 7U lad, B Lud, A lodhi. 716 pad. 717 d|ad B. 719
[(p&ui,t) pow-head, used]. 720 fag. 722 dreen. 728 d^iri B. 724 bald.
726 M'l. 727 diam. 728 sham. 729 freem. 730 kantvr. 731 wantvn B.
734 daarn. 736 smash. 737 mM^t. 740 weev. 741 mees. 742 B lizi.
£. 743 B skrMm. — yreen [wean, little one]. 744 [(ntirli) used]. 746
tuH. 746 brM^th. 747 end^iyvr. 760 beg. I. amrY. 764 pt„g. 769
fii.t. — trid [try]. 0. 761 lood. 764 B Imd'l. 767 n6U A. 771
foond. 772 B boonf^. 774 p&uni B. 777 shop. 778 afmd. 780 B
r*l. 781 AB badhBT. 783 puultri B. 786 B lnund|. 789 iku. 790 gon.
792 sktrab'l. 793 hxg. 794 djsg. 797 A sktnik'n. 798 A ki^iir.
— bal [bull]. 800 sksl. 801 ram. 803 djxmp. 804 A drak'n. 806
krads B. 806 fss. 807 pus. 808 pet, B pi^t.
m. BoMAVCE.
A- 809 e^Vl. 810 f^^s. 811 pl&^s. 812 le^s. 814 me^s'n. 816 BA
fakfl. 816 iM. 818 eed^. 819 reed|. 821 dil^. 822 m^ B. 823 bS.
— pM^ [to pay]. 824 ^^r, B ^«r. 826 wxf. 826 sff^l B. 827 e^gBr.
828 eegv, B «^Q. 830 B t'reen [?]. 833 B p^vr. 836 ri|,z'n, A rez'n.
836 siiiz'n, B seesi,n. 838 tre^t, B treet. 840 ^amnr. 841 tians, B t|AAns.
842 plaqk. 843 brant|, B brenti. 844 trtunti. 846 anshsnt, B AAnshvnt.
847 deend^. 848 B tnindi. 849 streendiBr B. 860 dans, B dAAns. 861
B anti. 862 apnm. 863 oargtnn. 866 kar«|,t. 866 peert B. 867 k^'s,
A b». 869 ^e^s. 860 B p^. 861 te^st. 862 sef, A ad. 864 bikas B,
A biku. 866 faat B. 806 pi#r, B peer.
£• 867 tu BA. 869 Te>l, B tmI. 870 b!&nti. 871 tigrii. 872 ^.
874 n*n. 876 fi„nt fant, B f^t. 876 dfi,nti. 877 eer. 879 B feemeel.
880 eksamp'l, B eksAAmpl. 881 sinns. 882 B pAAnsi. 883 B dandiUdra.
886 A TBTO. 888 A ssrt'n. 890 U^st, A b^st. 891 fe^st, B feest. 892
niifB, B neT#. 893 flunr B. 894 disee'T. 896 risee'T.
I.. andY' 897 dilinl^jht B. 898 n^is. 899 niis. — krid [cry]. 900
pree. 901 f^ A fo'tn. 902 m^. 903 d^. 904 T^Uet. 906 r6i'vt.
906 T^iptnr B. 910 d}6i8t, B d^'ist. — str&aiT [strive]. 912 t&b,
0' 913 kob. 914 brot|. 916 tnqium B. 917 roog. 918 fiiVl. 919
6intmfiint, B ^t-. 920 B peint p6int, A po'int. 921 aktra'ntB. 922 bash*l.
923 mdist. 924 ti6is, B t|lis. 926 T6i8, B t^. 926 8p6il, B sjM, 927
traqk. 928 una B. 930 B l^in. 932 «mmi*nt. 933 fisnt. 934 bnunti.
936 kantr#i. 938 A komer. 939 klos, A kloe. 940 kot, A kot. 941 £m1,
B ful, A fyl. 942 b&utpnr. 943 tati. 944 vlnn*. 946 Yua. 946 m6il.
947 b6il, B b^, A be'il. 948 bul. 949 muuld. 960 sapvr A. 961 kap*l.
962 i. knrs B. 963 kuiiiU, B kyzi,jn. 964 kxshinn* B kioshinn. 966 dCit.
966 ksTer. 967 empldoi. 969 konT6i.
U- 961 gniu'vl, B gninl. 963 kw&t, A ktra-iat. 964 sH, B shuuvt.
966 6U, B ^. 966 fivt. 967 B shunt. 968 distiur, B eistnr. — kut [cure].
969 sh^, A syyr. 970 d|Mt, A d^yst. 971 M.
D 39 = m.NL. = mid North Lowland =Dr, Murray's
Moray and Aberdeen.
Bmmddr'm, On the s., the n. b. of D 38. On the w., the CB. or Celtic
border as far as the town of Cromarty. On the e. and n. the sea-coast.
Area. All Ab., Ba., El. (or Moray) and Na. except the sw.
portions (which are w. of the CB.), wilJi the extreme e. of Cr.
Auihwitiw. Fnnt€d ioureet : Dr. Murray's DSS. p. 237 and 241, Rev.
Walter Gregor's Glossary to Ba. in Trans, of Philol. Soc. 1866, Mr. MelTille
Bell's sentences from FiiibU Spieeh^ the novel Johnnie Oibb of Oashetneuk, and
tiie same author's Sketches qf L%f$ amomff my ttin Folk. The last two are
[ 2196 ]
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admirable specimeiif of dialeet writiogy and should be read bj ererj one who
wishes to umlentaiid the nature of tbe dialect and its speakers. Chei^ editions
are published by Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh. The site of Gashetneok
is in the fictitious i»arish of Pyketillim, but we find that it was only half a day's
journey from Turriff on the Doveran ; that Culsalmond, m.Ab. (8 se.Huntlj),
was familiar to the characters, as also the Strathbogie distnct containing
Huntiy, and that it was about halfway between Hamock, Ba. (on the Doreran,
1 1 e.Kdth), and Kintore, Ab., which would brin^ it near to Bayne (12 se.Huntly),
At any rate the dialect perfectly corresponds to uob neighbournood.
In Sir John Sinclair's Statistieal Account of Scotland, toL Tiii. pp. 39<^7>
art. Parish of Duffus, county of Moray (otherwise Elgin), ''by a friend to
statistical inquiries," there is an account of the pron. of the east coast of Moray,
shewing that, except in intonation, it is the same as that of Ab.
Mamucript $ource$ : Keith, Ba., the Bot. W. Greffor*s cs. as pal. by Dr.
Murray, and his wl. with notes and phrases as pal. by AJE. from his diet.
Bucnan, Ab., or the district n. of the Tthui and e. of the DoTeran, a complete
npm. wl. by Dr. Findlater, formerly editor of Chambera's CyclopsMlia, native,
where he lived to 20 years old, and which he has frequently Tistted since.
Crom&r, or the low part of the Marr district, containing Goull, Migrie, Logie,
Coldstone, Tarland (6 nw.Aboyne, 30 W.Aberdeen), and part of Timoch, tjSimt
12 m. long and 4 m. wide. A careful alphabet of soimds by the late Mr. Innes, of
Tarland, who was acquainted with phonetics, and wrote the pron. in a modification
of my Ethnical Alphabet (read beforo the British AaMKnation in 1849), with
explanations written according to the 9th ed. of Mr. Isaac Pitman's PkcmogrmpUjff
with which I am familiar, was accompanied by yery carefully written examnlea.
The MS. was kindly given me by Mr. T. H. Bidge, for whom it had been
written about 1864, as a contribunon to a phonographic magazine, to give an
idea of the language and pron. of Uiat dismct. The whole of the examples
are given and fully considered below, together with Mr. Innes*s explanation of
his alphabet. I had also the advantage of hearing a great part of this read
to me in 1883 by Jane Morrison (a servant of Sir Peter Lumsden« mentioned
to me by Mr. E. L. Brandreth, brother-in-law to Sir P. L.}, who had arrived
four days previously from her native place, Tailand, never having been previoody
in London.
For such an extensive and remarkable district these sources of information are
very few, but so far as they go they are first-rate. No doubt thero are many
vaneties, some of which are pointed out by Bev. W. Oregor in the prefiioe to
his Ba. Glossary, and I have no information for El., Na., and Cr., but the
examples and cwl. given must convey a tolerably complete idea of the dialect.
Characters, The f oUowing is Dr. Murray's account (DSS. p. 237) :
*' (1) The most prominent distinction of the North-eastern dialects [my NL.1
is the use of / for wh^ and of vr for ur, as in '* fat*s vrang,'* what s wrong?
(2) This peculiarity is current from the Pentland Firth [n. of Cs.] to the Firth
of Tay, and the (ualect is most typically represented in Ab. and the district to
the nw. toward the Murray Firth. (3) Here the 12th vowel («, y) of the
Central and Southern dialects [p. 711] loses its labialisation, so that long En^iah
00 (in centre and s. of Scotland ui) is represented by m, as in do^ boot, rorf,
here dee, beet, reef; short oo by I, or the high mixed iride vowels (t, y) wnomj
•tool fmtn, myn, stil, styl). (4) The back consonants k, g, affect a preceding
or following oOy changing Aroo, ook into kwee ihr?, and yock, as in good, coal,
school, book,jreneral Scottish guid, cull, scuil, buik, here gweed, queel, squeal,
byook. (5) The sound of ed, in the s. cuo (Aw*), is oft^ changed to cwey
(kwa't) as etceyte, eweyle (ktre'tt, ktre'il) for coat, cool. (6) As the «• (e$) of the
other dialects corresponding to Eng. o, also often sinks into m, thus bimey «<efi«.
Central Sc. baenet ttaene {heeUf st^fn), hero been, eteen (biin, stiin), the lonff
ee ian prominent feature of the dialect. (7) But tiiis latter change is not foona
all over the district ; and the Bev. Walter Oregor, in the preface to his *< Dialect
of Ba.," distinguishes three dialectal varieties irithin tiie area, in the lower or
coast variety of which etone and bone are eteen, been, while in the middle they
are st^hn, b^hn (stoi, bra) and meal, peats, fear, bear, etc., wtail, paite, fehr,
[ 2196 ]
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i> 39.J TUB MIL! nUKIU l^UWljAPiil. « Uti
hehr (mtfl, p^, fMr, Imot). (8) The short u (a) of the other dialects often
hecomes t (e, y) as in mother, son, hall, full, here myther^ syn, by II, fyll, often
with the vowel long. (9) The long aa (aa) of the South of Scotland is often
replaced hy at as yoyn, aieht for aaan, aatocht (gaan, aakirht) going, ought.
(10^ The hard g is strongly palatalised, so much so that I have often found it
difficult to distinguish the pronunciation of ^eng or gyang, go (gjsq, dJBq) from
jeng (djEq). (11) In the coast districts there is also a strong tendency to
suostitute d for th m fodder, mudder, widder, etc., tor father, mother, weather,*^
On this we may remark :
(1, 2) That the use of (f) for (wh) is limited in D 38, and
that in D 38, torong is rather (w'raq), while in D 40 it sounded
to me like (rM^aq) or lahialised (r), and in neither as (vraq).
(3) In moan, stool, the oo is not short, and I do not find the
peculiar (t, y) referred to in any of my authorities. Also, it
is not ahsolutely correct to consider (ii^ as merely delahiaHsed L.
(0, y,) ; it is something different, and it is douhtful whether the
sound was thus obtained. (4) The (ktr, gw) certainly occur, and
so does (btuk, ttuk, btukh, ttukh) book, took, bough, tough, but
the phenomena seem to be entirely different. (6) These refer to
the treatment of A':, the corresponding treatment of A- has been
overlooked, and the reduction to (biin, stiin^ is by no means
general, although it is an old joke to say that in Aberdeen people
fAll on the sUens and break their heens. (7) The last words, meal,
etc., are none of them of the same category as stone, hone; Mr. G.'s
woids are, '* m«a/ becomes mehl; peat, peht; beast, hehst; heat, heht,
etc., in the middle district [of Ba.], while these words retain their
English pron. in the lower. The inhabitants of the lower district
[or coast of Ba.] twit those of the middle on their pron., and throw
in their teeth tiie words meal, peats, and kail, as if pron. maile,
paites, and haile,^^ The last word seems to be a mistake, it is
(kjel) in Cromdr. But taking Dr. M.'s words meal, flour, is Ws.
melu, peat is of unknown origin, fear is Ws. fafr, and to hear is
Ws. heran, so that they have no connection with stone, hone, Ws.
stdn, hdn. (8) Here again the analogy is imperfect, mother is an
(y word, son an TJ- word, hull imknown, and full an U: word ; I also
do not understand the long vowel. (9) These indications are
imperfect, see Nos. 67 and 78 in the following cwl. (10) I found
(djan) going was admitted by Mr. G. (11) Observe that (d) is the
onginal letter in all these words, Ws. fader, mddor, weder. Hence
it is the ordinary pron. which has substituted (dh) for (d), and not
the dialectal, which has replaced (dh) by (d).
The most striking points to a stianger in the vowels are, the
absence of (aa), which is familiar in ML., so that Dr. M.*s
(dAAtherz) p. 701, 1. 3, is an error; the use of (ii, \) for 0'; the
strange way in which (tf*, e, a) are treated and written as one
vowel i, fully considered below, p. 767 ; and the singular substitu-
tion of (Jki) where we use {ee) in many words without perceptible
rule or principle. As this seems to nave escaped Dr. Murray, I
give all the instances I have found referring them to the original
vowels. The italics indicate words from Johnny Grihh in the original
spelling.
[ 2197 ]
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PSCULIAB UBB OF (6i, &H, e'I).
A: unfm0, wame, womb, (wait) I wot.
JE: <d&) day.
JE' {k.&) key, (t6it|«r) teacher, who however does not 'teach* but (liimx).
fwh&it) wheat, with an exceptional use of (wh) about Keith, but some say (fiit).
(sw&it) sweat, (w&i, w&it) weigh, weighed.
£. (sp4ik| speak, bnt JE' (spit}) speech, (w&iv) weave, (pl&i) play, as nsed
by old people, (kirftin) quean, usea for a woman without offensiveness. (s^i)
say, old people. (w6i) way, the usual pron. (&^iljyr) a church elder, of which
(elrar) is the more common pron.
EA' ^U (gr^t) great.
£1 (w&ik) wykneUf weak, weakness.
£0' (thai) thigh, rec. pron., but many dialects have the more regular (thii).
I (st^il) stile, for which several other dialects have the more regular (stiil).
(to'izdv) Tuesday. (&ivi, grsndii'vi) ivy, ground-ivy, but JM. used (&'i) in boUi
cases.
0 quilet coal.
0' A»r#, hoof.
English — twye^ swav.
RoiCANCB — chynty chain, (tj&indj) ehe$Hg€y change, (konv&i*) convey,
(gj&^ili) eaily, quite, (we'it) wyte^ wait. viakU, vehicle, (rtin) rym^ the
rein of a horse. kwiU^ coat, jilein^ sending to gaol.
To these I have not added Johnny Gibb's deykn^ seyvn, deacon,
seven, because JM. pronounced them with (deek'n, seVn), but
perhaps (deik'n, s6iv'n) may also be said.
Among consonants the use of (f, vr-) for (wh-, wr-), and the
variation of the guttural, as (kh, kjh), according to the preceding
vowel, are most striking.
PKOKXTiyCIATIOK IN CeOMAB.
As the pron. in Ab. is very peculiar, and Mr. Innes has analysed
it with great care, I give his elements numbered, and with brief
observations, or none when my transcription from his characters to
pal. appears certain, as confirmed w. by Rev. Walter Gregor and
Jane Morrison, reserving the observations on Nos. 19 and 20 till
the end.
VowBLS AND Diphthongs. 1, 2 (ii, i). 3, 4 (ee^, e^), 6, 6 fee, e). 7, 8
(aa\ a^). No. 7 heard only from old people. No. 8 always before fq), and
fenerally, not always, before (b, d, g). 9, 10 (aa, a). U, 12 (oo, o) ** between
English au in caught, and o in note.^* 13, 14 (oo^^ o^) <4t hes as to quality
between English ffoat or ffood.** 15, 16 (uu, u). 17 (a). 18 ()>,) seems to be
deeper than (y). 19, 20 (i,i, v) considered hereafter. 21 (&i) in iiahed, tud^
the second element in these L. mphthongs appears to be (i, u) rather than (», m),
which do not occur. 22 (&U) tid^f tide, generally conceived as (^i, n'i). 23 (&e)
<*deep open diphthong, composed of Nos. 9 ana 6, used in oye yes, and / pro-
noun. 24 (tu, luu). 26 (fe'u) "composed of Nos. 8 and 16, or perhaps in
some i)eople*s mouths of Nos. 8 and 18, (&^yi), which would resemble the Dt.
(a>'yi) in its second element.
Consonants. 26 ii), 27 (w). 28 (h) "before ir, as in when=(hwen), it is
almost the same as tne guttural No. 37,** but in fact (wh) does not occur in the
dialect. 29, 30 (p, b). 31, 32 (t, d). 33, 34 (ti, d|) assumed as =(tsh, dzh).
35, 36 (k, g). 37 (kh), "when it takes the higher sharp palatal sound in the
y position, 0) '^ attached (kjh)." The roiced (gh) is not neard. 38, 39 (f, t).
[ 2198 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
40, 41 (th, dh). 42, 43 (s, t). 44, 45 (sh, ih). 46 (l). 47 (r) **alwa^$
trilled, whether initial or final/' 48, 49 fm, n), which wnen Tocal are marked
Tm, 'n). 50 (q). After (k) Mr. Innes always writes (a) in place of (n), as
(kqif) for *fww/=active, alert. 61 (j), in (ti dj, kj gj, Ij ni). "The (Ij) is
now very rare, and (tj, dj) I have heard only from people who tnemselves or their
parents nave come from Gaelic-speaking districts. The pron. of this district has
nothing of the Gaelic intonation, hut 15 miles west of us, ahout Balmoral,**
which IS 16 sw. Tarland, and 18 wsw.Aboyne, ** Gaelic is still spoken by old
people, and the English spoken is very different from ours,*' i.e. rec. sp.
The crux of the D 39 pron. consists in Kos. 19, 20, here
transcribed (tu, y) and both usually written t. We have already
encountered the difficulty in D 38, but there they had not been
distinguished as they are by Mr. Innes. The following are his ex-
planations: 19. {ill) "Obscure sound in sir, her. Jit, not the English
t in ftt, but a deader sound, something between net and nut. It
is the vocal heard in hutfn prolonged into a vowel." 20. (y)
** This is near to but distinct from No. 19. The final a in idea
is this sound in careless colloquial conversation. The English
t in fit is the best substitute for this sound. It has as nearly
as may be the value attached to d' in the Ethnical Alphabet," which
I there defined as ''the natural vowel, an obscure murmur," and
would be most like («). Mr. M. Bell used the equivalent for
(y) considered as the sound in houses, goodness, in his writing of
the Buchan Euth, chap, i., given in the introduction to L., p. 698.
I have therefore used (y) for No. 20 in this transliteration, but
I have used the new symbol (i,,), a doubly deepened (t), for No. 19,
to keep, .it separate, and in the Cromer example by Mr. Innes
I have carefully distinguished (in, y) as he did. But he is not
quite consistent, as will appear by the subsequent examination.
1. Thfe following words have both (»i,J and (y) ; there, dh»„r dhyr; o/y a,
Ml, 8y);
have (in, y) ; the (dh»i dhy) ; to (sin, sy) ; no, do not (nin, d»nnin, d»nny) ;
y# (j»n, Jy) and (inn, yn) ; was (winZ, wyz, wez}, but (bint, byt).
2. The following unaccented initials are spelled both ways, a in assure, about,
among (inseii*r, inhnt, ybut, inmoo*, ymoo*) ; a in again, amends has only
y (ygj«*n, yma'nz).
3. In the termination -#r I find (i^^ in better, younger, father, mother (betinr,
jsainr, faadinr, mydinr), but on the other hand (yr) in gathering, ever, older,
totner, cankered (gaa^dyryn, yvyr, aalyr, tydyr, kaqkyrt), which I find accented
in (si'nr, thyrd, wyrd, jyrd) sir, third, word, yard.
4. The following have generally unaccented (in), but sometimes (y), as
(makinU, moomtnU, stopint, parttnt, Ijoo^mynz, stockyt, ynta^nyt) maldng,
morning, stopped, parted, limbs, stocked, mtenaed.
6. In accented syllables the following have (in) G*i)^*^> ^*\\^ ii*ii^jbt, bint,
winii» »iit, wintj, pinth, rtnP, lin^jht, skrinmt, rbinlinZ, Jinstyrde, inl,
rinPint, la'keeminnee, di^st, tinl, shinnz, fint, lint, hinP, dhtns) little, rest,
night, Ught, bit, win, it, witch, pith, reap, light, scrimpt, Billies, yesterday,
ill, rippit^row, confusion, luckie-minnie, dust, till, shins, fit, let, hip, this.
And the following have (yj ; (vlkji, kjyb'l, gyn, snybyt, dhygydhyr, dyd, nyv,
dryqkj, mydi,,r, hyd he'd, ydyr, fyn) ilka, kibble, gineif, snubbed, together,
did, neave, dnnk, mother, had, other, when.
This analysis shews that the separation is not complete. We
must therefore have recourse to w. which is rather hazardous,
because such complex differences generally require a very long
while to hear with certainty, and my opportiinities of hearing
natives were necessarily few and short, in fact I heard only two,
[ 2199 ]
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Rev. W. Gregor, of Keith, and Jane Morrison of Tarland, and
perhaps Mr. Innes might have objected that both were much
more modem than the time he aimed at illustrating, 1780.
Now, first, Rev. W. Gregor sent a cs. in writing, which was
transliterated by Dr. Murray, and has been given among the cs.
in the introduction to L., p. 684, No. 6. To this Mr. G. added
the note (p. 695d) : ^*i has several sounds, one sound mJUl^ mt%
another in wint (want), and a third in Jin (when) Ainmist. The
sound infiUj miU, him comes nearest to the sound of yes, yet^
i^; the sound in toint may be represented by the sound of t in
window. In fin the soimd comes nearest to the sound in jwi."
Dr. Murray conjectured that (fee'l, mee'l, hee^, wont, iyn) might
be meant. In actually hearing Mr. G. read his wL I wrote
(r^^kjht, mtf^lk, wtf^l, dh^'s, s^V, ftf'q«r, f^'n, s^'k, wtf^k, f^^lk) for
right, milk, wild, this, sieve, finger, find, such, week, which;
but (wont, thros'l, wot^) want, thistle, witch, where (a) ought
possibly to be (a), though I distinctly heard (e). The author
of Johnny Gihh has also wunt. This implies two sounds (^)
answering to Mr. G.'s i*, and (a), but leaves the third sound un-
eicplained, which may be (y), and this does not very perceptibly
differ from («*).
In observing Jane Morrison, when only four days from Tarland,
Mr. Innes's (t,„ y) seemed to be identical, but I was unable to
analyse the soimd I heard from her. It struck me occasionally as
(f, ♦*, e, e', «, a), but most frequently as (e, a). This would seem
to imply that there are at least two accented sounds approaching,
if not coinciding with, (e, a), and an imaccented sound («), which
cannot be considered generically distinct from unaccented (a).
Now I think that if an Englishman were hearing for the first
time the Welsh words dyn^ dynion, man, men, pronoimced in North
Wales, he would hear (diVn, danjon), instead of Dr. Sweet's (drm,
dohnion). Of these vowels Dr. S. says : (t) "is the most difficult
of the North Welsh vowels for South Welshmen as well as English-
men. It is advanced from the normal high mixed position towards
(i), with which it is confused farther south;" and (oh) "occurs
long only as the name of the letter y, in which it soimds deeper
than the E. vowel in <ir, being apparently more retracted, but the
difference is very slight. Quite distinct from our vowel in ^," by
which he means (a) (Trans. Philol. Soc. 1882-3-4. *0n Spoken
North Welsh,' p. 415). The phenomena in Ab. and North Wales
seem to me entirely similar, though far from being identical. In
both we have an (ii) vowel verging to an (a) vowel. And in South
Wales this verging is neglected. In North Wales the same letter
y is employed for two sounds decidedly resembling the two we get
in D 39. In D 39 there is a persistence of the use of i to represent
two or three different soimds, which are considered as varieties of
the same. And it may possibly happen somewhere in D 39 that,
as in South Wales, they really form but one sound. As Mr.
Melville Bell heard the Buchan Ruth, he only distinguished one
soimd (y).
[ 2200 ]
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Illustrations,
1. Keith C8., by Rev. W. Gregor, pal. by Dr. M., above, in the
Introduction to L., No. 6 of the 8 cs., pp. 683, 684, 695.
2. Buchan, Ruth, Chap, i., from Dr. Murray, after Mr. Melville
Bell, above, in the Introduction to L., No. 3, p. 698.
3. Cromdr, three examples by Mr. Innes, the first pal. from the
diet, of Jane Morrison only, the second and third transliterated
from Mr. Innes's spelling, and the second also pal. from diet, of
Jane Morrison.
4. Ab. sentences from Mr. Melville Bell's Visible Speech,
corrected as in D 33, p. 709d.
5. Notes and phrases obtained and pal. from Rev. W. Gregor,
while dictating his cwl. No. 6.
6. General cwl. from Rev. W. Gregor, Dr. Findlater, Buchan,
Cromdr, and Bell, Jane Morrison, and Johnny Gtbh,
CbomIb Examples
written by Mr. Innes in his variation of my Ethnical Alphabet, p. 7646, and
transliterated in the way explained on p. 766a. The first short example written
by Mr. Innes before he had completed his alphabet is given only as read to
me by Jane Morrison. The second longer example is given interlinearly^ (1) as
transliterated from Mr. Innes, Q2) as r^ to me by Jane Morrison, (3) in Mr.
Innes*s translation. Jane Morrison read to me from the ordinanr spelline, not
from my transliteration of Mr. Innes, which she could not have understood, hence
where she agrees with Mr. Innes she confirms him ; where she disagrees it may
be only that ner pronunciation is much youn^r, for Mr. Innes aimed at givinj^^
the sounds of abiout 1780 ; uid especiaUy with regard to Mr. Iimes*s fin, y) it
gives my own appreciation of what I heard as expluned, p. 768c. Tne &ird
example is the continuation of the second ; but as it was not read to me by Jane
Morrison, I nve it only in my transliteration of Mr. Innes*s spelling, in parallel
columns, with Mr. Innes's own translation.
FiKST Example. The Meeting.
'* Suppose that two men meet in a fair, who have not seen each other since
they lerit an Aberdeenshire parish school, say 50 years ago [that is, about 1816].
We shall name them John and Thomas,*' /. and T, in the heiadings.
Fbom Jane Morrison's dictation. Translation.
J, wll, :tam, fet wdi ar Je? J- "VV^ell, Tom, what way [=how]
en fuu hee ji bin dbes laq ta'im ? wre yo}» ? l^^ l^o^ 1^^« JO'i ^^^ *^^
^ long time r
T. a, nee dbat el, :d|ok, fat T, Ah, not that ill [svery welll
wdi ar ji Jerse-l ? en fuu)z Jer Jack, what wav are you yourself P and
wd^if en dbe let'l enz ? ^^^*" 7^^ ^® ^^ *^® ^*^® ^^®* ^
J, dbe wer aa brdli fen ki kam /. They were all gaily [bravely]
«waa. ^i hOne sin je dbes laq ^^^'^ I <»™* *^*y- ^ haven't seen
U>im. di je md4n, men, fan wi ^^^^ *^ ^^"^^^ *^^- ^° ^^ "^^
Z.Z. Pron. Part Y. [ 2201 ] HO
Digitized by LjOOQIC
C ytooh Jil, bt'iit ylkJB bo^di trdait faa wyd wtn
J istoo^T jil, bet elki bodi trdait faa wed wen
T before Christmas, but eyery person tried who would get
C first ty dhy wal y dhy moorntnii. ^Lae kjen m\i
J ferst tw dhs wa4 en dhe moornen &i kjen ne
T first to the well in the morning. I know not
C gyn)t mM oone o'dz, bi,|t dhin meat y fo'k thokht
J gen)t me^d oni odz, bet dhe me^st « fo^k thokht
T S it made any difference, but the most of folk thought
C t'lit gj^4 yn lake.
J et gjdi en lake.
T it rather fortunate.
4. C yn sd^in dhyr wyd y bin dhy tertubltust gaa^dyiyn
J en sd^in dher w^d v bin dh« tereblest gedhBrsn
T And then there would have been the terriblest gathering
C y dhy moorninn ty dhy soo'ynz yt yvyr jy saa. en
J en dhe moom^n tn dbB soohsnz dh«t ever jb saa. vn
T in the morning to the sowans that eyer you saw. And
C dhem tut dyd ny dryqkj ut dhyr soo'ynz wyz shunr ty
J dhem et did ne driqk nt dher soo^nz wvz shuur tB
T them that did not drink out their sowans was sure to
C bee bd^ilz e Jieerst.
J bee bd'ilz en heerst.
T haye boils in haryeet.
5. C dae)z tusii-r jy dhy aa got e gwid brakft^st in
J dai)z enshuur je dhe aa got « guTid brakfest en
T I shall assure you they all got a good breakfast of
C diyqkjen soo^ynz yn y faq el in dht'n jil kja'bykj.
J dnqkcn soo^Bnz vn « faq of « dbB jil kjdbBk.
T drinking sowans and a slice off of the Christmas cheese.
6. C yn ylkji hee^et ybut dhy tun got y rii,p i^ koom, y
J en elki bist abut dhe tun got « rep o koom, «n
T And eyery beast about the farm got a reap of com, and
C dhy wdHner d'us got dbiu gMHek shef.
J dhe wdiner dks got dhe glaivk shef.
T the wainer ox got the glyack sheaf.
7. C yn gyn deelf,ikjbt aa dbt'u Jaq tjiilz gaMyit ty dhy
J en gen deelekjht aa dhe joq tjilz gidhBid tB dhe
T And by daylight all the young lads gathered to the
[ 2208 ]
C la4 y :maamoo'r iy dhy baa, yn &ae kan tel Jtu dhee
J la4 « dliQ park tv dh« baal, Bn aai kan tel je dhB
T lea of mamore to the foot-ball, and I can tell you they
C skriiiint int ap.
J skrempt et xp.
T Bciimpt it up.
dhyr wyd ny bin y drdH heer
dher wnd ne bin e dra4 stt k
There would not [haye] been a dry hair
C «npo-n)z.
J «pon)z.
T upon ns.
8. C yn fdUlz dbyr wyz l^^kj iy by dushts y dby tel y dhy
J vn fa'ilz dher wez l^^kj tv hi dushts et dhe tel en dhe
T An whiles there was like to be blows in the tail of the
C tulji, fen twaa met yt hyd one giam'l at ydhyr.
J ban'l, fen twaa met vt bed one gram'l.
. T struggle when two met that had any lU will at each other.
9. C dae md^in az wil)z thoo t)wyr Jtustyrde, tnpoo*
J dai ma^ind ez wU az thoo et wez jestsrde epo-n
T I mind as well as though it were yesterday upon
C dh«,i ri'uptut ^'iit lAq :djo*n :8ha*qks «n :d|«^mi ibris
J dhe repet dhet la^q :diok :8ha^qks en :d}emi :bris
T the row that long John Shanks and James Bruce
C reezt at dhtu :baa jil moomin ekhty twaa.
J reezt et dhe :baal jil moomen akhte twaa.
T got up at the Football Christmas morning, 1782.
10. C dhat wyz dhy jiir y)dhy let heerst, fyn wi wez
J dhat wez dhe jiir B^dhe let heerst, fen wi wez
T That was the year oi the late hanrest, when we was
C shtf^^iyn ymoo* dhin snaa eftt'nr t)wez niir jil
J sheeren amoq dhe snaa ^ftvr et wez niir jil
T cutting the com among the snow after it was near Christmas
C yn dhy m^U wyz as blak)8 dt'ust.
J en dhe mii'l wez ez blak)8 dest.
T and the meal was as black as dust.
[ 2204 ]
Thibd Example. The Fight.
Okioinal.
11. yz is^ wyz 8eet\in :d|o'n
:Bha'qks wyz on uur sdHd, yn
rdjymi ibris wyz ypo-)dliy tydyr
sd4d.
12. wii hyd kaat dhem twdaiz,
yn dhy baa wyz niir ut dhy
thyrd tdHm, fyn idj^^mi rbris
kjept'iit :slia^qks, yn gjaa hinm
♦ii fyzlyt yn dhy 8ht,inz wii)z
fint, tt'iil dhtu blid kam thra*u)z
hoo'z.
13. sd'in '.sha'qks hii sip wii)z
hand tun gjaa ibris y sklaffnit
yn dhy lag wii)z et^kjyt nyv,
tinl)t rd*q ygjtf^n.
14. ibris hii seez ttnl fi,m :
" a£e wyd l^'kj ty kjen fat Jtn
min by Jon, jy yjgli t\il-ynta'*nyt
Bkl^4p, for a)m nee ty bii
d^urgtf'n wy juu, nar one fnul
ha4pyl l^'kj jy. a)l mee)be gar
Jt,i wt\,8 t,it jt,i ha*d ny kam
8»ii faar fee jyr mydtnFZ ht'np
dht'iiS moomtjin."
15. :8ha*qk8 spakap baal, y
8a'd: "js 8haa^rger l^'kj, tal-
dyzd'int vratj, jy hee nid ty by
snybyt, jy ^in styqkjyn for jyr
liiikj8 dhfa8 fd*il. fat dyd jy
min by takti,n ap jyr ftiit inn
gjii-yn mii y dhy shtnnz ? a)l
led*m jy fa ty tyg wii : gjyn jy
plee as mak*l, a)l tarn gryr
Ijoo'mynz ty dhy min, yn mee)be
gjii jy jyr haamz htf% wii)jry
ty kreesh jyr broogz."
16. :bri8 hii wyz y kjyb'l
stamp 00 «ii tjili, yn wii heiti at,
yn hu seez : " dhyr)z meer wyn
ii jyr l^kjs nor <fiiyr)z pt'uth ii .
jyr brikis ! tra4 jyrse-l.''
17. dhy baa wyz stopf'ut nun,
yn wii aa ga^ert run dhB twaa
rampeedjys raskf'ulz, yn isane
:fa4t gee^z yn-bd4, yn seez ty
T&AN8LATI0N.
11. Ab I was saying, John Shanks
was on our side, ana James Bruce was
upon the t'other side.
12. We had driven them twice, and
the football was nearly out the third
time, when James Bruce met Shanks
and nive him a smart blow .along the
shin Done, with his foot, till the blood
came through his hose.
13. Then Shanks he up with his
hand and ^ve Bruce a sclaffecd along
the ear with his clenched fist, till it
rang again.
14. Bruce he says to him: « I would
like to know what you mean by yon,
you unseemly ill -intended slype, for
Fm not to be insulted ¥rith you, nor
any foul hanger on like you. 1*11
perhaps make you wish that you had
not come so far from your mother's
hip this morning.*'
15. Shanks stuck up ball and said :
*'Tou lean undergrown like, ill-
designed wretch, you haye need to
be cnecked, you (have) been ripe for
your punishment this while. What
did you mean hj taking up your foot
and giving me in the shins r I will
learn you who(m) to meddle with, if
you do as much, I will turn your legs
to the moon, and ^rhaps give you
your brains home with you to grease
your shoes."
16. Bruce he was a well-built
stump of a Uttle man, and well hearted,
and he says: ''There's more wind in
your cheeks than there's abiUty in
your breeches ! try yourself."
17. The football was given up now,
and we all gathered round the two
quarrelsome rascals, and Alexander
White goes in about, and says to
them, says he, ** What's all this
[ 2206 ]
le
KXA, MJI\J WT MJt%.m^»
t'l, frostiVit jyrd. a)iii siir dhy
beeth bii)ty. by df nrlinii, kas fyn
dby gWid reez, hi h^^d yn
alegraugys Ijyik.
22. it wyz ny aft t\it wii striiv
at dbiji baa, thoo dhyr wyz y
Pyilgjyt y dhy tel y dhy tuulri
dhat dee, bf'nt wii griit fd4n
eftf,ir)t, yn gyn rsba'qks ha*d ny
bin y fuu'zynlys stram, hi wyd
ny lat*n ibris akrium turn dhat
dee.
23. dae unersti'd eftt'nr hyn
tnt dhyr wyz sinnthtnq meer
ytwin dhym; for jy sii :dj[o'n
(:d|ok) rsha^qks ha*d t^'n :bete
:gree ty dhy ihalt'niiy'n bal yfoor
dhat, en ibris stak ap tyl *uT —
dae di'unfu thyqkj hu wyz one
•ill tnbut tnr, bt'iit diy,8t ty
piyvo'k .-sha'qks for fan ti'nl
t'limse-l, yn dhy wd*l ka-t^ wez
8sm ty blem tii.
24. Bht„ promist ft „r8t ty ^'n,
yn sd^in tt,rl innydyr ty lat dhym
p»,it t'nr hem, en fen waa-gjaan
td'im kam :sha^qk8 had t'nr at
dhy door setijin ut, bi,it rbris
wyz 8i,it»i,'n dheer, yn dhy 8la4
katee ty,k i^ tit oo)z hwinskt „rz
y dhy ba^gjaan, en hi got ap
tt„lz ff,it, en dhe* d^'di 8wa*q
ht'nrse'l ut y :sha'qks feekj, en
klykjyt rbris by dhy gaa'idee,
en gyd af wii ym, en feerle
lantt'iit rsha^qks, en hii 6}i ha'd
y grunqji .ef^ar)t at rbris.
been pained to ouivering, because when
tbe actionlees fellow rose, he had a
sour woe-begone look.
22. It was not often that we strove
f^t the football, though there was a
fight in the tail fend] of the ball-
match that day, but we agreed fine
after it, and if Shanks had not been
a weak nenreless tripe of a lad, he
would not (have) let Bruce thoroughly
beat him that day.
23. I understood afterwards that
there was something more between
them, for you see Jonn (Jock) Shanks
had taken Miss Elizabeth Gray to
the Hallowe'en ball before that, and
Bruce made rival suit to her — ^I don*t
think he was any in love [lit. ill] with
her, but just to provoke Shanks, for
fun to himself, and the wild coquette
was partly to blame too.
. 24. She promised first to one, and
then to another, to allow them to
accompany her home, and when away-
goin^ time came Shanks had her at
the door setting out, but Bruce was
sitting there, and the sly (faithless)
coquette took a nip of his whiskers
on the going past, and he got up to
his feet, and the loving Tittle girl
swung herself out of Shanks' plaid,
and clutched Bruce by the arm, and
went off with him, and fairly gave
the slip to Shanks, and he always had
a deep revengeful feeling after it at
Bruce.
Ifotes to the Second and Third Cromdr Example:
The figures refer to the paragraphs.
3. folk **orjaeo]^\e,*'— rather fortu-
nate, literally fine and lucky.
4. terribleety i.e. largest. — ifothering
&*-) or (ga'-).— iou?<m#, usually
tmz), oatmeal porridge. — them
thatf etc., those that did not drink up
their porridge. — boils **or open sores. *^
6. tliee, **a large slice" or cut. —
Jamieson gives the forms <*cabback,
kebbuck, keback,** and refers to the
Oaelic eabaffj a cheese.
6. toum, farm. — reap, ** i
bundle,*' apparently as much as was
cut with one stroke of the sickle. —
the xoainer ox, ''the ox who led the
others in the plough."— ^/yaA: theaf,
** the last sheai cut in harvest."
7. gathered "or collected." — m«-
more **or big field," evidently of Gaelic
origin, unknown to JM. — scrimped it
up, to scrimp is to make narrow, to
straighten, here it must mean, kept
it up, or somethinfi^ equivalent. — dry
hair, "from sweat."
[ 2207 ]
8. iohilei "or sometimes.** — tail
"or end." — §truggU^ Jamieson, toolye^
a broil, tuilyU^ tuly€^ toolyie^ a quarrel
or broil ; the word was not known to
JM., who proposed "bundle"; the
meaning is "scrimmage."
10. we waSf "we were." — meal or
(meeU), flour. — dust^ "oataieal bran."
12. driven, Qcaa) is to * drive' as
well as to 'call/ compare Tam o*
Shanter, suprii, p. 732, v. 26, it has
nothing to do with * caught.* — met,
Jamieson, "kepy kepp, keipy to inter-
cept, to meet in a hostile way,*' or
fnendly or accidental way. — gave,
(gjaa, gjaa). — emart blow, not in
Jamieson, but Mr. Gregor's Glossary
has **/uule, a sharp blow,** and "to
beat sharply," **up is often added as
*fustle up, the ill-getit slype.*"—
hose, "stockings.**
13. telaferd, "a swinging blow,**
Jamieson nas ** eelaffert, a stroke on
the side of the head with the palm of
the hand.**
14. elype, "lounger," Jamieson has
" tlyp, ilype, a coarse fellow,'* Johnny
Gibm's glossary *tlype, a contempt-
ible fellow, a pecuUarl^r opprobrious
epithet." — in«M/^ "domineei^ over,'*
lit. overgone. — hanger on, so Mr. Innee,
Mr. Gregor has ** hype-, a. big person
of a not very comely appearance ; used
sometimes oy way of approval, and
sometimes as a mark of disrespect ; as,
' she's nae an ill hype o' denm aifter
a' ; he's a cantakerous hype o' a
oheel.' Hyppal is the augmentative."
— hip, "protection."
16. lean, undergrown like, Jamieson
has **thargar, tharger, a lean person,
a acng.** ^punishment, lit. liclu, '*or
pandies,** Jamieson has ** pawmie,
pandie, a stroke on the hand with the
ferule.** — meddle, Jamieson "to tig, to
touch lightly, to dally with; to trifle
with, to treat in a scornful and con-
temptuous manner." — as, "not (az)."
— ^f, " or lower extremities." Com-
pare lomos, hands, in Paety Toral, v.
22, in D 41.
16. pith, force, vigour, strength. —
try yourself, " do your worst."
17. drop it, "give it up."
• 18. big spring kn{fe, Jamieson says
joekteleg, a folding knife, from Jacque
de Li^, the name of a celebrated
cutler.'
19. '*eankert, eankerrit, cross, ill-
conditioned," Jamieson.— rt^ton, half
emasculated animal. — grandmother.
Jamieson says, **luekie, lueky, a desig-
nation given to an elderly woman, a
grandmother, often luekie-minnie,''^ and
" minnie, mother, a fondling term."
2(i. just now (li'nau'), ^'this word
has two accents like Ammy—fudgy
or beaten one, so Mr. Innes translates
(myigrynykh), a word that I can find
nowhere. — lowermost or nethermost,
Jamieson newmost, Ags. niiSemest
neo'Semest.
21. activity, Jamieson says "&ftr
bere bir birr, force, impetuosity, often
as denotine the violence of the wind,
vir virr, Aberdeen." — swinging throw,
Jamieson, *^ wallop, walop, to move
quickly, with much agitation of the
body or clothes." — d€uh, Jamieson
*dird, a stroke, Aberdeen'; Gregor
" dird, to strike with a sharp blow, to
throw with violence." — piece of ice,
Jamieson **rone, a run' of ice." —
struck tiU it rounded, Jamieson,
* * yerk, yark, to beat, to strike smartly. * '
— rough knob, this seems related to
Jamieson's ^^gnarr, a hard knot in
wood." — must have been pained to
quivering, this is a very free transla-
tion by Mr. Innes, litendly < be to be
tingling or thrilling,* according to
Jamieson*s **dirle to tingle or thrill,"
y. 736, V. I2i, ^the aetionless feUow,
amieson **gleyd, glyde, an old horse'* ;
Gregor "a person of a disagreeable
temper, metaphorical of Jamieson's
meaning.'* — sour, woebegone, Jamieson
** allagrugous, grim, ghastly.*'
22. ball-match, see toolye, par. 8,
note. — weak, nerveless, Jamieson "/ov-
sum, fousum, luscious, gross, nauseous,
English fulsome,*^ — tripe of a lad,
Gregor **sfram, vb., to walk with
rude noisy step, sb. a big person, as
*he's a brow [rather pleasing in
manners] stram o^a cheer; strammil
is the augmentative." — thoroughly
beat, Jamieson "tArrtm, to scud, to
move quickly ; serym to skirmish."
23. between them, "as the cause of
quarrel.*'
24. arm, Jamieson cites **gardy,
the arm," from Douglas. — deep re-
vengeful feeling, the nearest word to
grungy in Jamieson is **grunye, pro-
montory, mouth ludicrously, a grunt."
After this Mr. Innes adds, "The
narrative here enters on another
subject, and I believe you have had
more of it than can be of interest to
you. I shall therefore not follow it
further."
[ 2208 ]
Mb. Meltiixb Bell's Sentbnces
from his VitibU Speech corrected as in D 33, p. 709</.
Original.
1. wi)r gaan t' dhy kwintn*
dhy mom.
2. my mfdhyr)z vrit'n a* letyr
t'l yr gwid dd^btyr.
3. dhy stjupid ladi)z brokht
dhy vraq bjuk fi dhy skwil.
4. a)l gi « a' baabi gth Jt t£l)z
faa)z wht j%,
5. dhy pi'r aal badi goht fuu
't :iki :fi'r last fi'rzdt, yn dit
'n dhy waa' hEm.
6. far i I g^Ai ?
7. fet 0 diid i ? fet dit (diit)
ioo?
Translation.
1. We're going to the country the-
mom = to-morrow.
2. My mother has written a letter to
her good daughters daughter-in-law.
3. The stupid lad has brought the
wrong book m>m the school = who is
your father.
4. I will ^ve yon a bawbee if yon
tells ns who is owned you.
6. The poor old body got drunk at
Icky Fair last Thursday, and died on
the way home.
6. Where are you going P
7. What of died he ? What died
heofP
Notes ajxh Fhbases
furnished by Ber. W. Qregor, when the following cwl. was pal. from his dictation
14 Feb. 1878.
1. The palatal and guttnral (kjh, kh) are used as in German,
dependent on preceding vowel.
2. (h) in the fishing villages is left out, but not by older people
elsewhere, the younger people are beginning to insert it.
3. Yariable length of vowels. The vowels are quite short in
rapid speech, but otherwise lengthened to medial length,
and this is varied. The quality of the vowel is sometimes
changed for emphasis, as (skrind^ skruundi).
4. Alphabet at Keith 100 years ago; Mr. G. learned it in 1836
from a woman between 60 and 70 : (mak'l a, l^^tl a, be,
se, de, e, ef, djfe, it|, i, diaai, ke, e1\ sm\ eH*, oo, pe, kiii,
E.r [rather a hard rattle], es, te, u, «V, u*lu, Eks, wdi,
e*ze't, epers;hanLd). An old woman of Pitsligo said
(persean'dre).
5. C!ounting : (^^n, twa, thri:, four [not f6u«r], fdiv, saks, s^v'n
"seev'n emphatic]^ akht, nd\tn, t^n, Bleev'n, twal, thertin,
brtin, fdiftin, sakstin, seev'ntin, di:htin, na\intin, twanti
[little glide from (wa) to (n) as in (want) for *want'],
"then say " one and twenty," but not in enumerating, then
it is twenty-one], ha*nar [vowel lengthened for emphasis],
thoozBn(z).
6. (fat)s dh« meettsr wi i kreeter?) what's the matter with the
creature ?
[ 2209 ]
7. Mr. Gregor's mother had heard (i) for (dhi)*as in Caithness,
thus (p^t tf't ^n tB i hid o i pres), put it into the head of the
press, (gan t)e^ weI for water) gone to the well for water.
8. She had also heard (tat, t^s, h^t) for Hhat, this, it,' hut
never heard (dat).
9. (di)l di)t, mm) 1*11 do it, man.
10. (di, wal)B) aye, will-I, the («) heing used for the unaccented
pronoun.
11. rh^th i « uvm g]in) hoth of you must go.
12. (len) loan with short n.
13. Bihlical words: (pro-werhs, :daawid, :izraa*l) Proverhs, David,
Israel.
14. (kno knoledj) know knowledge, with the k when the word
is used, (knok)— Knock Head, near BanfP.
15. girl is replaced hy (lasi). (tz tt b ladi or b lasi?) is it a hoy
or a girl ?
16. (wtf4 « wdit, di)l di)t, mwi, to pleez)j«) well I wot [see p. 766,
under A:], Fll do)it, man, to please you.
17. (ji vratj, jb)v vrot'n dhat aa vraq) you wretch, you've written
that all wrong. irr= (vr) in dfl NL.
18. (fat)B i di 0 ? f at o dtd)i di ? o f at did)i di ?) what)did he die
of? Whatof did)hedie? Of what did)he die ?
1 9. (tB shaav kom) to sow com.
20. (dhf 8kfm'lz)» slaughter houses, shamhles?
21. Yerh suhstantive (ai wez, i waz, hi woz), even emphatic (wi
W8z), thou. never used, (dhi men waz, dhe wer), change
(wer) to (w^z) after a noun. Similarly (tz) after plural
nouns, hut (aar) after pronouns.
22. (if di hiiz at hem) if I am at home, has heen heard from
children in two or three instances, not commonly ; more
regular {e^y a)m «t hem, 6i)l di)t) if I)am at home, I)will
do)it.
23. Ts^k B modiwert bv)b hem) such a mole of a child.
24. (dhat hiuks iz main) those hooks are mine, (dh^s, dhat) are
used for hoth sg. and pi. all over Ah. and Ba.
25. rhi)z diu mi twa sh^lenz) he owes me two shillings.
26. (fol o i dfd tt) which ofyou did it? has heen heard, (fol) is a
strange alteration of Ws. hwyle.
27. (kam ^n)zh)i go bdi) come in)a8)you go hy. The (zh) is here
developed from ('z)i). This is like fshuuet, shuu shuuster),
from »u$ty sew «^e^-«^rs seamstress. 4^
28. (hi weeted b laq fdil. wet b wi f^ili) he waited a long while.
Wait a wee while-y.
29. (fadBr, midBr, hradBr) occur close to the sea-side. (midhBr) is
used at Keith.
30. (farBr, far^'st Bwa) farther, farthest away.
31. (hi)z ne jaav ov dhf\ beemz) he)has no awe, fear, of the
children, (ai gar)em stan in jaav o mi) I make them stand
in fear of me.
32. (skudl me*ster, tdit^r) schoolmaster, teacher.
[ 2210 ]
83. (haz) is not used for (us), as in Hawick.
34. (hi)l izili wan our tB si i dht'i nekjht. hi wan our dhh strim)
he'll easily get over to see you the (this) night. He got
over the stream.
35. (gn'in, gran) grind, ground.
36. (ji)l di dhat, tii) you'll do that too.
37. (:djon gjaa he^z twaa kjaaks t^l twaa lunz, and :sani gjaa h^z
twaa tii t^^l twaa tii) John gave his two cakes to two hoys,
and Sandy gave his two too to two too. It is only in
received speech that in this case the last five words are
alike, at least in quality.
38. {gund siith &i)l gar ji di)t w|^i « dant o jvr r(igt\n) good sooth
I'll make you do it with a blow on your back.
39. ftf'n Bz fan bliimz) when as whin blooms; whin or quhyn in
Scotland is ragstone or basalt, in England it is furze ; the
phrase is probably purposely ambiguous, and means ' never.'
Mm NOBTH LOWLAOT), cwL
From the following sources.
Palaeotype unmarked. Keith, Ba., pal. by AJE. from diet, of Rer. W,
Gregor, natiTe, then resident at Pitslieo (ipttslii'gB), (4 w-by-s. Fraserburgh,
Ab.y, author of the Dialect of Banffshire (Trans. Philologicid Society, 1866,
Part UX with yariations for Pitsligo.
* Bucnan, numbered wl. by Br. Findlater, while editor of Chambers's
Cyclopedia, natiye of the district between the Tthon and Doveran, nw.Ab.,
pal. by AJ£.' from the author's indications, and compared with Mr. Gregor's
list, with which it was found almost identical, hence only the words in which
Dr. F. differed are given, marked * to be conspicuous.
M Dr. Murray's Buchan example, Ruth, chap, i., p. 698, No. 3, finally
representing Mr. Melville Bell's appreciation of the soimds. When the sound
agrees with any of the others M. is subjoined.
Italiet tmmarked. Words extracted &om Johnny Oibh of Omhetneuk ( ts gusset
nook, a triangular piece of ground), presenrin^ tiie origmal orthography which
the preceding pal. will generally sufficiently mterpret. The spelling is very
good, but not qiute free from amoiffuity.
Italict with t prefixed. Words extracted from the preface to Rev. W.
Gregor's Banfbhire Glossary, in his own spelling, where *^eh has the sound of
#A in the German wAr," by which probably (ee) is meant.
Italie9 %D%th X prefixed, from bir J. Sinclair's Moray or Elgin words, see
p. 764a.
C Crom&r. Words extracted from Mr. Innes's Crom&r examples.
J Jane Morrison's pron. of these C. words.
B Words from Mr. A. Melville Bell's sentences in Visible Speech corrected
as in D 33, p. 709<f.
I. Wessez Ain) NOBSE.
A- 3 b^k, ♦blak, J beek. 4 tak, [with] M tak'n, C takt^n ir»n [taken,
takine, ta'en]. 6 mak [with] med, C mak»i,n [made, making]. 6 CTma'd,
J mhi. 7 seek. 8 M h^', C hee [Atnna, J (ht)ne) haven't, have]. 9 bihee*T
*bihrT. 12 saa [but (shaav t^'mvr) saw timber]. 13 gnlaiav [oHe. (g) pron.l,
J gnaa. 14 draa [draught, see before 660]. 16 jaav. 16 daan. 17 laa, {/s
[s(laai) I believe]. 19 tel C. 20 le^m. 21 n^, M n^^m. 22 t^. 23
sdm. 24 shMn. 27 kneev [obs. (k) pron.], C kqeev, J kneev. 28 heer. 80
L 2211 ]
[rery short! . 197 ^[iiz. 199 btet. — fffreet [ffrai gruttenj weep wept].
200 wh&it fan exceptional (wh), heard about Keitn, in some places (f), out]
J f&>it. 201 heedh^i. 202 het.
M'l 203 spi^. 204 did. — Xmeedow [meadow]. 205 thrid. 206 rsd
[pt.]. 207 md'l. 208 C yvyr, J evw PC (fyty-Tyr) howererl. 210 klee.
211 gree. 212 f6i. 213 edhBr, M M*dher. 214 mdder {nedderin neither
one]. 215 takht. 216 deel. — M d^lt [dealedl. — C mee-1, fmehl
[m.Bal fmeel [n.Ba]. 217 it?, M elk#, C ylkji, J elki. 218 ship. 219 slip.
— or [for trwr earlier, rather, as in : or than no rather than not], J or. 221 feer
^fii'r \Jemoth%ng^ a dreadnoneht coat]. 222 heer C. 228 dh^ar, M dh^^r,
C dhinr, J dheer. 224 faar M, tfahr, faur^ B far. 225 flnsh. 226 meest,
C meet, J mdet. 227 wit [ooo. fwat)]. 228 sw&it, J sw&Ht 229 breth. 230
£it [fat, the same pron. as 179 wnatj.
£- 231 G dhe [Mr. Gregorys mother had heard (i) as in Cs.], B dhy. 232
brack. — brakfinst [breakfast]. 233 sp4ik. 234 knrM [obs. (k) pron.] —
fictdder [weather, fishing population]. 235 wfrir. 236 feTvr. 237 bl^ bl&n
[as in chillblain]. 238 h^'di- ^^^ "^1* ^^^ ^*°* ^^^ P^^ {Met people
say (pl&i)], C plee [C (pleet) pUyed]. 244 M wil toeel, G ywiil, J wil. 246 ii.
kt^n, quine quyne^ J ktdi'in [quean, with no offensire meaning]. 247 [(spiin)
used]. — i. fbthr [to bear, m.Ba.l, J b«f*r, ii. J bar [a bear]. — C shw'ryn,
J sh^ren [shearing]. 248 meer [about Keith, but (mur) in n.Ba.] mear. 249
weer wiir. 250 sweer swiir. 251 me*t [about Keith] maet, 252 k^'t'l ^kxt'l.
263 n«H*l. 254 ledtrr [freouentlyl. 255 w^^dhtrr.
£: — fuh^ fuiah up [letch, brought up = educated]. — G yrati, vratch
[wretch]. 267^. 258 s^. 259 wSd;. 260 lee. 261 s^^from old people!
M see sea fsaid], G seez [says]. — reddy G ra*dyn [rid, ridding, clearing out].
262 w&i, J wye^ B waa^. 263 M ewaa*, G waa* t(waa*gjaan) going awayl.
264 «4. 265 straakt. 266 J wil [well, in a good manner]. — G a'll^k
[elbow]. — fiedU [field]. 267 ild. 268 [(aPst) oldest used]. — twal,
towmons, G toomynz [twe^re, twelve months, (t<M)m0iitM not known to J, who
said (twalvmsnth)]. 269 G tnmse'l jyrse*! [himself, yourself], J jersE'l.
270 i. belts, ii. beli. — G wal J [a well]. 271 tnl. 272 slm. 273
men. 274 ben^. 275 st^^qk [stink used for stench], G sl^qkj. 276 th^'qk. 277
drent|, G dryqkj. — M bent [determined]. — $en*8 [those sent as fore-
runners]. 280 «leeY*n. 281 lenth. 282 strenth. — Jerd [yard measure"
283 mari *mm. 284 thrash. 286 hani. 287 biiz'm. — G n„st [rest'
288 lat G, tint lut latien [did let, and pp.], leet [let, allow]. — G met [met
— G setfnu [setting]. — i8attle, »a<^^^ [settle, settled].
E'- 289 f. 290 hi, G hii. 292 mi, M mii. 293 wi, G wii, B wi;r [we're].
— M sik [to seek]. 294 fid. — nid [to need]. 296 biliiv. 297 folia. 298
[(ftf'n) find 18 used for feel]. 299 griin. 300 kip. 301 hiir. 302 mit. 303
swit. 304 bit'l.
£': ~ G brikjs fbreeks]. 305 htkjh [heieher higher]. 306 hekjht. 308
nid [sb.]. 309 spid [sb.]. 310 hil. 811 M t<ni. 312 hiir. 313 hark'n.
314 hard M [heaid], J haard. 315 fit. 316 nakst *niist, neitt, J nisht.
EA- — - d^kn, J deek'n [deacon]. — shak J [shake]. 317 flee [flay].
319 geep [(gaap) when yery emphatic]. 320 keer.
EA: — <»m/ [chaff], J Wtf. — gjaaFgave]. — ehafts [iaws]. 821 ««
M sua GJ. 322 lakh iaueh lieuch laughed]. 323 fokht. 324 akht
J akhte), eighty]. 325 waak. 326 al [(alst) oldest], M aal GB, aul,
older]. 327 bU. 328 kal. 329 faal C. 330 had G [hawTn, , ,
holden]. 831 saal [(selt) selled]. 332 taal taaV. 333 kai^, J kif [same pron.
as for chaff, before 321]. 334 haaf . 335 a, G aa, }a» [ = (a>l)], [J («?aa-) ava, of
all, meaning at aU]. — shell [shall]. 336 fa. 337 wa. 338 M kaa [(kood)
pt.], ea\ — maut [malt]. -■• taut [salt], 340 jaard. 842 eerm, fairm,
airm. — hairmleu [harmless]. 843 warm. 844 M btf*m, bairn. 345 daar.
346 gT^iit, yett,
EA'- — G tpkjs [cheeks]. 347 hid, Aeu/, G he'd. 348 i [(in J), ^n eyes,
only pi. form]. — loup [lap luppen leap leapt], J la'up. — fbeht [m.Ba.],
fbeet [n.Ba.1. 349 f!&u, /yo«, J fia'u.
EA^ — ruck, J nk [a rick]. 350 de'd, deid, J did. 351 le^d, J lid.
[ 2213 ]
It [G (akhty,
»/,TG(aalyr)
I, J (had»n)
862 re^d ^d. 858 breed •brid M, bnid, 864 slief C. 866 def. 366 lef.
367 tho, GJ thoo. — CJ Wi [a lea, or meadow]. 369 nipmr J, neepowr,
neibourheid. 361 bin [(boon) at Fitaligo Ab.]. 363 l^^p. ~ C dir J, M iir
[year]. 366 niir CM, naar. — nowt [neat, cattle]. 366 greet yryto. 367
tbrst. 368 deth, M d/th, deeth. 369 slo. 370 ra. 371 stre.
EI- 372 6ei [(ai) emphatic], C kH. 873 dhe J. 374 n^ei. 876 r^
rC (reezt) raised]. 376 beet. EI: 378 w&ik Iwifknestet weakneflsee]. 382
dher. EO- 883 s^'n ie^en, J seeT'n. 384 h^Vn. 386 vokih. 386
j6a. 387 nin.
£0: 388 meUk *mxlk, J mslk [but I conld not properly catcb Pa soond, a
curious Tariation of (e)]. 390 sad snd, M syd. 392 C Jon. 393 BJont [(t)
sometimes omitted]. 396 G Jaqinr, J joqvr. 896 wark. 397 suurd swmd.
398 steerv. 399 Wkyht. — C bam [bum]. 400 eemeit. 402 lem leem^
C leem Wm. 403 faar. 404 star. — hert [heart, CJ (herte) hearty]. 405
berth. 406 erth, C jyrd. — M sester [sister]. 407 fard^n.
EC- 409 bii. 411 thrii. 412 shl [yery short], M shii, C shit,. ^13
diiy'l *dey*l. 414 fii Jlee [(flekh) is a flea, Ws. fie& fle6]. 416 li. — t^
[Ynle, Christmas]. 416 dur daar. — sheet [shoot]. 417 t|6u Hjjla [probably
meant for (tiaa), as (aa^ is said not to occur in the dialect], J tpia. 418 bruu
bres [J (bretti) broth, always treated as pi., and J (brii)]. 420 f6ur. 421 forti.
EO': — thif C rthieff. 423 th&i. 424 rdkh, roch, J rokh. 426 lekjht,
liehtet, C li'nkjht, J lekjht. 426 fekjht. — yeel, C dl J [ynle, Christmaa
time]. 427 bi, C bii. 428 si [C (siin) seen]. 429 fin, fent, Jient. 430 frin
freen. 431 biir. 432 {oortfoort [(f^'ft, s^f^kt, sey'nt, akht, n&int, tent) fifth,
sixth, seyentii, eighth, ninth, tenth]. 433 brist [(brisht) has been heard,
foreiriest fore breast]. 434 bet [pr. t. (bit) pt.]. 436 M ji [(jir) ye, your].
486 truu. 437 tr6uth trowth. £T- 438 du, M dii, diit J, B dit [die,
died]. ET: 439 trast.
I- 440 we^k ♦uk, ouk, J uk fcommon word P belongs to Ws. umce']. —
ehuckm [chicken]. — M gin, C gjii-yn, waa, J giy, giaad [give, eiyen.
giving, gaye]. 441 eeh, — leevin [UvingJ. 442 §dyi [but (grandeevi)
ground-ivy, J pron. (&4yi) in both cases]. 443 Mide. 444 st&il. 446
nfc*in [(noitf) at Pitsligo and Roeehearty, both 4 w.Fraserbure, Ab.]. —
8hi„nz [shins], 447 C i .,r. 448 [not used]. — bit. 449 get fC (got)
— M sen [since, Ws. siben]. — M beterli [bitterly]. — C bit [a
portion]. — wuddie [witny]. — C piuth [pith]. 460 tezdi •te'iidB, J t&^iade.
461 shun [formed from (slu) to sew, (shuuster) a sewster or seamsh^es].
I: 462 &i, M &ai, aw [meant for (aa)], C 6ae. 464 watj, C w«„t}. 466
Ui. ~ C thyrd. — C tw&ais [twice]. 467 m^ikjht [M (almekhti) Almighty,
mieht, sb.] — mith [might, yb.]. 468 n^'kjht, M nekht, JC ni„kht. 469
r^'kiht [oemrtVA^ua, unri^teous]. 460 wBkjnitPeeht. 461 /t<;A<i^ [alighted].
462 8<f'kjht. 463 M tel, C t»nl. 464 fe^lk [but (fol oji) which of youP J knew
the phrase], Ifitteh. 466 s^^k He, 466 C tpil, J [chiel, child is replaced by
bairn]. 467 w*»l wiV, C wfe^il, J wel. 469 {«?«// fwill]. 470 M h«»m. 471
t^^mw. — C styqkjyn [stinking]. — C dwqkj, J driqk [drink]. 472 shre^qk.
473 bl<?^n. 476 w«'n win, C wyn win'y [windy]. 476 b^^n. — C ytwiin
fatweenl. 477 f^'n, M fen. 478 gre>n. — Aw [hind]. 479 win. 481
f^'oOT [finger], — M bige'nen [begin]. — frin Hn [run]. — C winn
[win = arrive at, reach], J wen. 484 C dht,,s, J [used for sg. and pi.]. —
raehee [rushes]. 486 thras'l •thriVl. — f/uesel [whistle]. 487 Je'stwde, 0
jitistyrde, J jestvrde, the etreen [yestere'en, (dhe6tr)iin), (dh) for (j) as in
(dhondw)]. 488 jet. 489 M et. — wut [wit]. — umtnees [witness]. —
B vrit*n [written]. — C sf,|ti|in [sitting]. — sax [six].
r- 490 b&i. 491 sekh. 492 C s&'id [C (biiz), J (bis&Ud) besides]. 493
ditiv, 494 t6im r(t6im) at Pitsligo, Ab.], C t&'im J. 496 feir'n [(6ir'n) ai
Pitsligo]. 497 CJ reezt [raised]. 498 vieit vrit, vrtetin [writing, both (&, i)
are ui^, 499 bit'l.
I': 600 Idik, lickly [Hkely], CJ le^ki. 601 w6id. 602 f&iv J [(f6iy) at
Pitsligo, J was not aware that she pron. (f&iv kn&4yz) with different diphthong].
603 iB'if, tieif. 604 knfiif [(k) pron.], {A-««/. — istreif [strife]. 606
widf, M we'if, J w&*if . 606 oman J [the (a) quite distinct] 'oman. 607 wimin,
[ 2214 ]
Digitized by >^J\^\^V iv^
XJ OV.J
M ▼l^en* J^^*;^®?-... ^ ™^ r(ni6il) atJPitsligo]. 609 ffil,_M fe'il, JUU
[a little while], CJ f&iil. 610 ii. M mliai, C m&ae [emphatic], B my [ui
phaticl. 611 w6iii. 612 r(8p6ir) at Pitsligo]. 613 w^ w^er. 614 ^.
616 w&, J w^ [with an (a) J. 616 wtzdnn. — >lto [white].
0- 618 G bo^di J, B badt. 619 M ■'mr [oTert 620 b6ii. 621 fol.
— G drop [drop]. 622 dp'n. 628 hop *h6ap, M hs'iip. — G yfoo^r
Rwfore, forHt forward]. 624 word'l •ward'l, wardie [vmr'dly worldly]. — 0
hoo^s [hoee].
0: — kytuk cook, J kek. — M good, gweed, [God]. — a/'#M, G aft
[often]. 626 kokh. 627 bookht M. 628 thokht G, J thokht. 629 brookht,
M brokht, hroehi, B bn>kht. 680 vrokht. 631 dAthtrr, M dAAthtrr [the (aa|
must be wrong, probably for (oo), which I used], dakhter, B dakhtyr. 632
t^t^. 633 dkl. 634 hoi. 636 M fo*k GJ, fowk. 636 g6nd. 637 mnuld.
638 wad. — knowe-heid [knoll-head]. 639 b6ol. — erap [crop]. 646
hop *hip. — G stopf„t [stopped]. 647 bimird. 648 fTnurd. 660 ward, G
wj^ J werd. 661 storm. o62 iom, G koom, J koom. 663 horn. — G
momtiin, J moomen, B mom. — Xho8t [horse, r suppressed]. 664 kros.
— 6rif [broth, Ws. bro«]. — boddom [bottom]. — Cf Vus [ox, this pron.
not known to J, who pron. (oks^].
0'- 666 shi shee [(Bbiin), sHen shoes, thmn shoeing], J shi shin. 666 tB,
M ty. 667 tii, M tip, G tii. 668 link j;M (luket) looked luikin, G (}jJ^)Lyn)
loolonff]. 669 mtdhvr [(midOT), fmudder m the fishing Tillages], mither mtdher,
G mydtj,r, B midhyr. — drauekt [draught]. 660 f$queel, B skwil J. 661
bliim. 662 miin, G min, {iimmi. 663 manvnde. 664 siin. 666 nooz J,
*nfs [mzztHt noseing « wimngl. 666 tdhur [M (onidher tidher^ another,
t* other, titherB]^ G ii,nydyr j^otner]. 668 fbruth^r \e9 very long in m.Be.],
fhrithir brudder [in fishing Tillages]. — M gra'uBU [grown].
0': 669 bluk J, •buk, B bank. 670 tuk M [(tluk) Pitsligo and Rosehearty]
iyeuk, 671 gwid GMB, gweed, 672 blid GJ, fbl^ed. 673 flad. — r»fd
[roods gibbet, cross]. 674 brid. 676 lun^eriteed, G (unerstid) understood].
— wuddm [wood^madl. 676 wnd^nzdi. — fhive [hoof]. — beheef
[behoof]. — reef tr«f/[roof]. 677 Mukh fj did not know the word]. 678
plTu phukh [(pliakh) Keith for both Tb. ana sb.] pleunng^ pUuehy pieuehin,
ploo, 679 ixitu* [enow, number], inlukh [enough, quantity], M ynjukh aneueh
I J Imew the distinction of number and quantityT. 680 tin kh. 681 sokht. 682
:iril fgueel [cool]. 683 til teel [(tilsvm) toolsome, easily worked]. 684 stiil.
686 briim, breem, 686 di, de)ne [donHl, M dii', d^ [dizna deester does not,
a do-er, J did not know deeeterl^, 687 diin, deen, 688 [(foomiin) forenoon].
"** ' but it is 1
689 spiin Xepeen. 690 fliir [(fluur) has been heard, but it is not common].
691 mlur «iniir. 692 swiir. 698 [(mon) used]. 694 bit fbeet^ beet. 696
f^t, fjit, fit, G ftiit [tf. the pi. is (fit) 316]. 696 rit, \reei, reeU 697 sit
[(sat^ about RoeeneathJ. 698 siith [(gwid siith) good sooth]. — \UetK
691 mlur «iniir. 692 swiir. 698 [(mon) used]. 694 bit \beet, beet. 696
— ■ - - - - - - (^ 315" '' - - - -
Roeeneath]. 598 siiti
U- 699 «bi*n. — umdt, G wyd [wood, forest], J wed. 600 Iot ♦Iot. 601
fuul ybo/. 602 sun. — bridegreem bridegroom, Ws. bry'd-guma]. 603 kara
GJ. 604 timmer [summer]. 606 s^^n *san, M SM*n. — feme [curse, s.Ba.].
606 door 607 batvr.
U: 608 agli, G y,gli. — ehoodere, J shadherz [shoulders]. 609 fol fu,
•fun M, ffiU, J fal. 610 uu J. 612 sam. 613 draqk [(drak'n) not used].
— <froofi/ drowned. 614 ban J. 615 pan. 616 gran G. 617 sun. 618 wun.
620 gran. 621 wan. 622 [(im^'th] replaces under]. 623 fan. 624 gran.
— wonder fwonder]. 626 taq [G (i„lltBqt) ill-tongued]. 626 haqvr. 627
G sandf,, [Sunday]. 629 s^*n *san [ttfufoofi, sundown], J sen. 630 won. 631
finde, B n^rzdt . 632 ap MGJ [G (Anpo-n) upon]. 633 kap. — brock [bur^,
borough]. 634 thr6u [(throkh) has been heard] throuy G tW^u. 635 warth.
— J waidhi [worthy]. 636 ffartker. 637 task. 638 bask. 639 dast, G
df ||8t, J dest.
U'- 640 kuu. 641 [(fat w&i) what way, replaces how, but we find] koo
Ihooever], G fun J. 643 nun M, noo no, [fehnoo, eenoo, J enuu, the now, lust
now]. 645 duu. 646 bun. 647 unlet. 648 uur G. 649 thuuzBud. 650 M
«bu-t, G ijibut, J abikt. 662 kad. 653 bat, M byt, but, G bint, J bet.
[ 2216 ]
V: 654 Bhrmid. 655 fmil C. 656 niitm. 657 bmun. 658 drniii, doom,
659 M tun C, J tiHn, toon. 661 shirar, shooer. 662 [(n) is not (hxz) as in
D 33, to ns (teU;z)]. 663 hnns, M hns, hooss. 664 Inns. 665 mnns. 667
nut, M nt CJ, oot. 668 nitlnd. 670 t6nbith, botht [toll-booth, tent, not known
to J]. 671 mnu, mou, C mun. 672 snnth, tooth,
Y- 673 mak*l M. 674 C dyd [(dyd)ny) didnH], J ded [empb.]. 675 dnd'.
— C »nl [ill, evU], J el. 676 li. 677 dr&i, C di4»i. 678 de»n. — C bt„p,
J hep. — M stiir [Btir]. 679 kerk. 680 be*zi. 681 butnest, J beznes.
682 &t'l, B li„tn, J let'l.
Y: — G stamp. 683 me^d^ *midivk. 684 br«*g. 685 Tt^g. 686 b&i.
687 flekht. — fuU [fill]. — b&41z [boils, sores]. 689 bitV bnildinf,
shelter]. — */'y«", C &*iljyr [elder of a church]. — M folayon [followingj.
690 kj&in. 691 m&in fmoind [rm6in) at Pitsbeo], C m&'in J. 693 srn,
J sen. 696 berth. — bim [burden]. 697 biri [bury]. 698 marth ^intrth.
699 Trekht, tTtcht, 700 war, waur. 701 ferst J, fjlut [s.Ba.], C fi,,ret,
X/ist [meant for /wt P, the same as the C with (r) suppressed]. 702 C wii.
703 pact *ptt, tpet [rather than piff the English (•) not bemff used].
Y'- 705 skki. 706 fu [(fat for) used gen.]. ^ foifUm [fifteen]. — C
fo»rtin J. 708 h&ir [(h6ir) Ktsligo], J h&'ir.
Y': — ifulth [filth]. 709 fkir [(foir) PitsUgo], J fii»ir. 711 l&is. 712
m&is. — tTMM, C wt,iS [wish], J wesh [towsI something like (i)].
n. English.
A. — Aiberdeen [Aberdeen]. 714 M ladiz Raddies]. 717 djaad, C d^aidi,
Jaud. 718 tred. 719 [(p6ult)» poll -head, use<f). — G kjel [kail]. — hook
n)alk, bawk]. — G blem f blame] . — G J fag fa whanr or slice]. — throppU
[thrapple]. — dauring [oaring adj.]. — C kqeorltjik [gnarlock]. — tnry
[trash]. 736 las. — G taatez [potatoes]. — cotr«Aiw cautious. 740 [wayes
are usually called (djarz) of the sea]. — swye [sway].
E. 743 skreem. 744 mark •miz'lz. — herte [hearty]. 746 tj^t. —
— \peht [m.Ba], ipeet [n.Ba]. 746 br«dh. 747 ende-yw. 749 M Irft.
750 bBg.
I. and Y. — G li„kjs [licks = blows] . — G st^kjyt [stuck]. — trtU
[(tiiia'it), J (triiait) try, tried]. — G sl&'i [sly]. — G kqif [keen]. 753 tr»k'l
tickUsh]. — triffle [trifle]. — [(big) for (bild) occ.l btel' [building sh ' "
54 pif»ar. — ilicht, C %W\ [slight, sly]. — ticht [tight]. — preen
ftickUsh]. — triffle [trifle].' — [(big) for (bild) occ.l IneV [building shelter"
54 pf»g. — ilichtj C %W\ [slight, sly]. — tieht Ttight]. — preen [pin'
— M sa'tn [syne, since], J sit-in. — C kqip [knipj* — t/wp» f^P [wnip].
— wup [wipe or wrap round]. — fiukerBf C hwiiiskiurz [whiskerBj. —
fusky [whiskyl.
0. 761 led [as (« IM « stre) a load of straw, yb. the samel •— laft [loftl
— G broogz [brogues, thick shoes! — eeaad [scold]. 769 modiwrni, J
ma'dimart. — mon [must]. 773 [only (as) used]. 774 p6uny. — lowtt,
G Ik'ust noosed], J Ik'ust. — queet^ quiyte, eoote [in Jamieson coot eui«^
ankle]. 777 chop choppie [shop], J tjop. 778 afuu-rd, afoord, — furtrnt
[forms to sit onl — wordy tcoorthies [worthy worthies]. — not [needid].
781 badhnr ♦baasr, bather, 783 paltri. — bun* [boun, going]. — rooM,
rouse. 789 J ra'u [row, noise]. — G soo'ynz, J sooHmz [sowans, oatmeal
porridge]. 790 ^uun.
U. — G snybyt rsnubbedl — Brees, G :bris [Bruce]. — G stack
[stuck]. — M bigu-d [began]. — G gruugji [grudge]. — beU ♦bol, fbill
[bull], J bal. — G f an [fun]. — M enti [unto]. 805 kriidx. — neepe
[tunups]. 806 fas. — busses [bushesl 807 pds. 808 p^*t, ipit^^pttt,
pitten, put pat, pitten, G pti^t [put prt. and pt.]. — G klykjyt [clutched].
UL, BOMANCB.
A •• — M grant [grant]. — spawciou* [spacious, here aw represents (aa)].
— saaered [sacred, here aa represents (aa)]. — wayer [wager]. 821 dilei*.
822 m^i. 823 b6ei. 824 t|iir [occ.]. 826 ee^'l *eg*l. 827 eegw. — compUen
'complain]. — chyn$ [chain]. — saunt [saint]. — elaer [clear]. — plesotir
'pleasure! 835 rez*n. 836 sez*n sizzon. 838 tret. — G baa, J baal [foot-
iall], G bal [ball = dance]. — vailue [yalue]. — imaister [master]. 839
[ 2216 ]
C baa [as a football], C bal [a dance]. — master [master]. 840 tjaamer
ehaunCr, — M f^'min. 841 txaana. 842 pllaqk. 843 bren^ braif%eh. 844
trent| [truneher trencher). 845 anshimt. 848 t^fidnd; cheenge, 849 8trung$
'to spelled in Gl. to Johnny Oibb, ? Btrtenqe, sour, surly]. — arreengin
lairanging]. 851 ant. — catopable [capable]. 862 aaprvn. — pavormi
'parent]. — C kjer [carry], -r- M m^ret [married]. — pairu [parish].
$66 M Dflrt, C peert \jpa\rty party]. — C raskiulz [rascals]. — aisp [aspj.
— faltA [fatall. — moderawtor [moderator]. — pawtrons [patron^. 864
bikarzy G kins. 866 otr^AofM*^ [authorised]. 866 piir jm^t, B pi'r. — fiwvour,
W0el fawrH [jEaTouralooks, well-looking]. — J braali nitivdy, right well].
£.. 867 tee, tas, 869 reel. 870 blaati •biy.ti. — elickin [electing].
871 C griit [agreed]. — viakU [probably (vtd-Bk*l) vehicle]. 874 rkin,
ryne, — obaidient [obedient]. 879 feemeel. — blaapheemoua [blasphemonsl.
— teenit [senate]. — C yma^'nz [amends]. — konvainient [conyenientj.
— mainUm [maintain]. — mterteenment [entertainment]. — obUen [obtain J.
— msteenanee [sustenance]. — C ynta'*nyt [intended]. — enviout fenyiouH,
but accent on second syllable]. — Jihin [gaoling, putting into gaol]. 885
J yere fyeryj. — sairiout [serious]. — BairU Tserved]. 889 sees. — C
seshf „n [session]. — mizzour [measure]. 890 fbihtt [m.JBa.], fbeest [n.Ba.],
C bf'st, F b^. — reett [arrest]. 891 feest. ~ B lityr [letter]. 892 nhh,
-- p fii'il [foil, leaf]. — oor [hour]. 898 fluur. — prtef [proof]. 894
fliseri'v 80o riflfifi'v
I" and Y'* — imrabbU rscribble]. — Uebtrty [liberty]. 808 n6is [at
Pitaligo]. — teeeophant [sycopnant]. 900 pr^ [(preerz) prayers]. — C st^r
[sir]. — diffeekioaUy [accent on seconi svllablej. — obUegU [obli^l. —
C viiir [vieour]. — C dyz&^int [deeignedl. — fortigaing [fatiguingj. —
teelenee [sUenceJ. 901 C ffe'in, ffoine [(f6in) at PitsUgol. — prene%ple$
[principlesl. 902 [(m6in) at Pitsligo]. 903 [(d6in) at Pitshgo]. — opingan
Q>robaDly (optq'vn) opinion]. — ootyutteee [injustice]. — inquarie$ [inquiries,
accent first syllable]. 904 v&ilet [yiolet]. 908 t(adY6i8) at Pitsligo]. —f/uacal
[fiscal]. — preeeMely [precisely r with («)]. — idoUett [idolised]. — pracUeu
[practise^. — adverUeat fadTertise]. exereeen [exercise]. — martyreetin
rmartyrising]. — C sfe'ia Jsize]. — v^eHtin [visiting]. 910 diist. — uet
[site]. — tnvettit [inyitedf. — teetU enUttled, XUetuX^aHXey entitled]. — C
striiv [strive]. — e^evil [civil]. — preevilege [privilege]. 912 [(v6is) at
Pitsligo].
0-. 913 k6t|. 914 br6<5. — Joukin [joking]. 916 stof. 916 iqim.
— <;r0^« [drugs]. 918 fib*l. 919 Ointment. 920 p^int. 921 akfra*nt. —
B fi'rTfairs market]. — puahum't [poisoned]. 924 t}6is. 926 v^. 926
sp^, G sp&'il. — 8tamaeki0 [little stomach]. — C promist [promised]. —
90om [sumj. — CJ gram'l [grumble]. — M ekuu'nt [account], cwmt. 928
ons •sms. — run, roond [round]. — expwmdin [expounding. — coontin
[counting]. 930 1^. — croon [crown]. — ordem [ordain] . 934 banti.
936 kxntri, M kwtntre' cotmtra ktinntray B kwtntrt. 937 kok. — % ^^^^
[choke]. — C pryvok [provoke]. 938 komar. — Xpiist [post]. 939 kloos
leKa [«(kl«) perhaps]. — fn6t [note = (not) or (net) perhaps]. — Xr9t
[rote]. 940 4rtr»to. 941 fiil [/<!»/mA foolish]. — ^rtMi;^ troubles. 942 butjvr.
943 tHtj. — pooder [powder]. 944 aluu*. 946 vuu. 947 b6il. 948 bul
[a ball, glass marble]. 949 muuld. 960 sxpvr. 961 ksp*l. — tarn [turn].
— put [purse, r suppressed = (pas) P], t/ww, [pirae, s.Ba.]. 962 ii. coorse,
963 kxz'n. 964 kxshvn. — Btoot [stout]. 966 dut. — pooert [powers].
966 kxvmr, eourin [recovering]. — dizzen [dozen]. 969 i. konv&i.
U«« 960 k6ei. — M we'it %DyU \wytiny wait waiting]. — M ^iud;
judge [judge]. 963 ktre;et quale [quaetneM quietness]. 964 shuut. 966 6il.
966 fnt i/reet, 967 sit [(sit « kl<;ifz) suit of clothes]. 968 ^ist«r. — M
nra'lt rotate [ruled rule]. — poopit [pulpit]. — muttiteed [multitude]. —
fAoopfvmtf [supreme]. — B stjupid [stupid]. 969 eeerlif C shuur siir [(i„sii'r)
assure J. — keerioue [curious]. — feeriom [furiousl. — exkeeaable [excusable].
— C IS, «M eeaeful, J#m* [use useful, C (isjty), J (ist tB) used to]. — refeesin
refusing. — eeswal [usual]. — J«^««^ [august, possibly meant for (aa^gast)].
970 ^joott, C djyist. — breet [brute]. — eonsHteetion [constitution].
S.B. Pron. Fart V. [ 2217 ] 141
D 40. = n.NL. = northern North Lowland, = Dr.
Murray's Caithness.
Boundaries, On the w. the CB. or Celtic Border, elBewhere the aea-coast of Cb.
Area, The ne. part of Cs. This was of course originally Celiic,
as the rest of Cs. is. Then it became Norse, afterwards Celtic
again, and finally Lowland.
Authorities, Printed, Dr. Murray's brief note (DSS. p. 238] cited below,
under Characters, The Wick cs. pal. bj AJE. from the diet, ot three men of
Wick, and given previously in the Introduction to L., No. 7, among the 8 cs ,
pp. 683, 684, 696. Notes obtained in a previous interview with ilev. K.
Macbeth, Feb. 1874.
Characters, Dr. Murray (DSS. p. 238) says: "In Cs. in addition
to the consonantal peculiarities of the North-East [D 39], we find
(1) the use of eh for ch, »AyW^= children, and (2) the singular
dropping of initial th in the demonstrative class of words, so that
ike, the^y them^ there, that, appear as (i, ee, «n, eet, ot). (3) The
pairs made maid, tale tail are distinguished as (m^d m««id, t^
t^il), a very different distinction from that used in the South
[D 33, p. l\Od~\, (4) So the words one, home, bread, head, place,
ioay are eynn fein ^in'), hey me, hreyde, heyd, pleyce, wey. (5)
While, hide, wife are foyle or fhoyle, boyd, woyfe (wohtf)."
On this I observe (1) and (2) are confirmed; of (3) I could get
no confirmation; (4) the words are from very heterogeneous
sources, and I only heard (6*) ; (5) I did not hear (6i) for {jb!%) or
The following are the notes obtained from Rev. R. Macbeth,
see p. 683, No. 7.
1. eh initial becomes (sh) as (shdild, shtldtsr, sha'pel she^psl)
child, children, chapel.
2. th initial in the pronominal words the, this, that, they, them,
there is generally altogether omitted, the words appearing as (e*,
fs, at, em, eer) as {e^ man, e diit) the man, they died. See D 39,
Rev. W. Gregorys notes, Nos. 6, 7, suprd pp. 777, 778.
3. tr-, dr- are decidedly dental (^tr-, ,dr-), as they were in-
dicated in D 38, p. 757, last line, and, I believe, found partly in
D 39, so that the dentality may have extended over all NL.
4. (k, g) are not labialised into (kw?-, gir-) before an (i) which
replaces 0', hence (gid, skil) are said, and (kw^^t, kweil) coat,
CO A are not used.
5. wr- initial does not become (tr-). I heard (wra'q, rwa'q)
distinctly, not (w'ra'q).
6. (f) for (wh) is used as in Ab., and I ascertained that it was
distinctly labio-dental, not a pure labial (ph), but I did not
examine for (fh).
7. For A' words the forms (bin, stin) were not used, but only
(been, steen) bone, stone.
[ 2218 ]
8. Instead of confusmg.both the son of a ma^ and the snn in
the sky under one form (s^n), as in D 39, they use (sin) for the
man and (ssm) for the star.
9. I was not able to verify Dr. M.'s differences of made, tale
and maid, tail, as the last class of words do not occur in the cs.
But name, which belongs to the first class, I heard as (neem), and
I. also heard his home as (heem), but once was (^ins), the other
words did not occur.
10. Wife I heard afl.(wdif) not (w6h»f), but I was' told that
(p6ip) pipe was very common.
11. Ko distinction was made between the verbal noun and the
participle.
12. The high (a*) which I marked from Bey. R. Macbeth, I did
not afterwards notice in the dictation of the cs..
13. In other respects 1) 40 seems to resemble D 39.
niuBtrations, The cs. already referred to.
' A cwl. containing the words in the cs. and' a few others heard
from Eev. E. Macbeth.
Wick, Cs., cwl.
containing the words in the Wick cs., No. 7» p. 6S4, and others heard from
Bey. R. Macbeth.
I. Wessex Am) NOBSE.
A- 5 mak. 21 neem. 34 last. A: 49 haq. 61 man. 64 want.
66 wash. A: or 0: 68 fee. 64 rtraq wraq [not (w*raq)]. A'- 67
ffid [went], giaan [going]. 72 faa. 73 so. 74 ttcaa. 79 een. 82 ^ns.
84 meer. 87 kleez. 89beeth. 92 [(ken) nsed]. 94 kraa. A': 102 aks.
104 rodt. 110 ii. noo no. Ill okht. 113 heel. 116 heem. 117 ^. 118
been. 122 ii. nii. 124 steen. 126 onlt. 137 ii. no [(r) dropped].
M' 138 feedhorz. 144 vge-n. Mi 164 bak. 168 efttrr. 161 d«f.
162 ts dtf0 [sthis day]. 164 m^. 169 fan. 173 wez. 177 at [(dh) dropped].
179 fat. M'- 194 oni snt. M': 209 nevBr. 213 edhvr. 214 nedher.
223 eer [(dh) dropped. 224 faar. 227 wit.
£. 231 e^ [(dh) dropped]. 233 speek. 244 wil. 262 ket'l. 266
Bt,ret|t [stretched]. 261 see [(s^'ra) saying, (sm) says]. 263 vwaa. 266
streekt. 269 htmssl. 271 tBl. 273 men. 276 thiqkP 281 Inntii. £'-
290 hii. 292 mi. 293 wi. 301 hiir. 312 httr. 31.4 hard.
£A. 320 kjee*rz. EA: 321 sa. 322 likh. 330 had. 332 [(tslt)
nsed]. 336 aa. 338 kxs. 344 beemt. £A'- 348 [(in) eyes]. 349 fla'a.
£A': 367 thoo. 369 nibar. 366 greet £1- 373 n. £I: 378 week.
380 em [(dh) dropped]. £0- 387 ntnn. £0: 390 shed. 392 jen
[(dhon) in Fi. and Ab.]. 396 jaq. 399 brekht. £0'- 411 thrii. 412
shii. £0': 422 sik. 427 bi. 430 frin. 436 jii. 437 tra'nth. £7-
438 dii [(diit) died]. £Y: 439 .t^rast.
I- 440 wik. 446 nMn. 447 hw. I: 462 a)m pi ami did)« [did I].
466 l&i. 466 g^^f. 468 nekht. 466 sok. 466 sh^d [shtldBr) childrenj.
469 wal. 470 h^'m. 477 [(fanj found, pt.]. 482 tf»z)d [is it]. 484 dhes
[(dh) not dropped, and is [with (oh) dropped]. 489 h«*(i. — sin s^ [aince].
1 - 494 t&im. 495 wh^in. — p6ip Mpipe, common], I': 600 16ik 1^'k.
606 wfiif. 606 gid w&if. 609 fel [m the sense of until, unacc.]. 610
miin.
0- 618 bodi. 619 6tir. 624 warl. 0: 631 dokh.tB^. 636 f6uk.
638 WBd. 644 i. dhen, ii.^ dhen. 646 fa. 660 ward. 0'- 666 tyy.
[ 2219 ]
560 skil. CK: 571 gid, 579 vniokh. 586 df)]i9 [d<mH]. 587 dm. 588
nin. 592 swoor.
XT- 603 km. 604 senrar. 605 8^*11 stn. 606 door. U: 612 onn.
616 gran. 625 taa. 629 am. 631 ftundee. 634 thisu. F- 641 fira
huu. 643 nuu. 651 widhuut. XT': 658 dnun. 663 Imna. 667 nut.
Y
T- 673 makU. 674 did. 675 .d.ild. 682 [(piri) old wotd for btUe].
: 701 foraht. 702 wi. T- 706 whfi.
n. Enolibh.
A. — sabith [Sabbatli]. 732 hapen. 0. 765 ti^ok. 781 bodhir.
791 b6i. U. 797 skumbm. 798 ktnir. 804 drsqk'n. — hm [hiiiTy].
m. EOMAKCB.
A- 815 hka, 835 rees'n. •— sha^pel ehsepid [chapel]. 857 kees. —
reet [rate]. — me*tar [matter]. 862 aeef. £ •• 867 tii. 885 Tera. 890
bwt. J-andY' 901 f&m. 0- 925 w&ia. 938 komer. 939 kloos.
941 fil. 947 b6il. 950 sipvr. 955 dunt. U- 963 ktc^t. 969 shunr.
970 d^eet.
D 41 & 42 = IL. = Insular Lowland.
The languages of the two gronps of islands at the ne. of Scotland
known as the Orkneys and Shetlands stand in a peculiar relation
to that of the mainland, hut are nevertheless decidedly L. in
character. These islands were discovered and reduced hy Agricola,
A.n. 89. In A.n. 396 the Saxons seem to have been established
in Or. In A.n. 682 the islands were laid waste hy Brude, a Pictish
king, apparently a Christian. All these events were without
influence on present speech, the history of which commences with
the conquest and settlement hy the i^orse. From 872 to 1231
there were Norse Jarls in Or., hut subsequently the islands were
governed by the Scotch Earls of Angus (1231-1321), Strathem
(1321-1379), and St. Clair (1379-1468), but owned allegiance to
Denmark. On 8 Sept. 1468, when the language of the people
was distinctly Norse, Margaret, daughter of Christian I., King of
Denmark, Sweden and Norway, married by contract James III.
of Scotland, and, by way of marriage dower. Or. was pledged
for 50,000 florins of the Rhine and Sd. for 8000. The pledge
was intended to be temporary, and the language, laws, and
customs of the island were strictly protected in the deed of
pledge. But the pledge was never redeemed; alter 1611 the
Norse laws and customs were not respected, and the two groups
of islands now form an English horough with 7394 voters, re-
turning one member to parliament. The Norse language is
extinct. Thomas Flell, of Furso in Harray, Pomona, Or., who
died an old man in 1810, spoke Norse. In 1858 Prince L.-L.
Bonaparte met at XJnst, Sd., and in Or. some decrepit old men,
who still recollected having heard " Nom," that is, Norse, spoken
by very old people about 1780. The present language is English,
taught by Lowlanders, chiefly from NL. to Norwegians. It is
therefore an acquired tongue, and has not lasted long enough to
[ 2220 ]
be a true dialect. It is however by no means a book English,
and the two groups of islands have points of difference. From
the islands lying between these groups, Foula and Fair Isle, which
are said to present some interesting varieties, I have been unable
to obtain information.
Leaving the particulars for my examination of D 41 and D 42
separately, the general and distinctive character of both groups
consists in the treatment of th, which is not quite the same in
each group. Five cases may be distinguished. The following
contains a list of all the words in each case which I have observed,
arranged alphabetically in each group. The ordinary spelling
precedes in Eoman. The pal. refers to D 42 Sd. only. The
unmarked italic are in Mr. Dennison's orthography, and refer to
D 41, Or. only. The italic with f prefixed are in Mr. Stewart's
spelling, and are exclusively Sd.
I. M«(d).
bUthe fblids fblUd.
bother (bodw).
brother (bridBr).
father (f xdinr) ffiad^r.
farther f/arrfw.
gathered (gadvrd).
mother (mtdBr) fmidder,
neither (n^Br, iui*d«r).
other (iaw) ftdder.
rather (ndtrr).
that dat 'at (dat) fdat.
the de (dv) ida.
thee dee (dii, di).
them dem (d«m) fdem.
their der fder,
then dan fden.
there dere der (deer).
they dM, they^re (dar).
thine (d&'in).
this d%* (das) fdia.
thou (dn) fdoo,
thy dee di (d&4) t<fy.
toaether ftm^'dur).
whether (whidvr).
worthy (wardi).
Non. The words the^ thetHy their,
then, there, they, this, hare also initial
(d) in D 9, p. 131, but there is no
known connection ^ between the two
The (d) is going out in D 41.
II. M=(t).
athwart of wart,
earth erf feert fert.
firth /»rr.
fourth (fort).
length lent* Qmi) flemt.
moutii fmout.
north norf.
strength etrenV,
thanked Vankit.
thanks "ftanke,
thatch faik.
thick Viek,
thief fiefftief.
thigh fee,
think tink ftink.
thinkst (tMikst).
thirst first [sometimes].
thirty fretty,
though fo' (too).
thought fouyht (t&ukht) ftoeht.
thread (trid) f treed.
threat (tnt).
three free (tri).
thrashing freshen ftrashin.
thrift ftnfi.
thriTO frive.
through from* (tru tro) ftrow.
thropple frapple,
thumb foom •\toonu
unearthly funeartly,
worth wirf fioirt,
III. <A-(th).
beneath eneath,
both baith (bsBth) fhaith.
nothing naethin naithen (nx^thim).
froth froth.
heathen fhsthen).
oath (ootn).
thing (thiq thxq), rarely (ttq).
thole thole.
thousand thoosan.
troth trath.
truth treuth.
without (vthuut).
wrath wraith.
[ 2221 ]
IV. M = (dh).
both (bBB(.dhth), (dh) touched Ughtiy.
mother mithtr,
neither naithrr.
weather wather.
without (tMlhuat).tuH^Aoo^
V. rf or < = (dh) observed in Or. only.
body bothy,
bottom bodhom,
lady letky.
shoulder $huth«r.
steady ttathyf ^ in TV's.
Ch initial becomes (sh) in 8d. only, and not in Or., although
the latter is much closer to Cs., where the change also occurs.
Th becomes (f) in Thursday (tezdB) in both Sd. and Or., but
some old Or. people use (t).
kn-y gn- have (k, g) pron. in both.
The intonation in both dialects is distinctly not L., but much
more like English, so far as I could judge by. hearing Miss
Malcolmson of Sd. read. The intonation of Mr. Dennison of Or.
was not so like English.
D 41 = s.IL. = southern Insular Lowland.
Boundary and Area, those of the Or. Islands. On the principal
island, Pomona, and the islands to the s. of it, dialect is nearly
extinct, and fairly good book-English prevails. It is only in
the n. islands that the genuine dialect is yet heard. Hence,
properly speaking, perhaps these only should be included in
D41.
Authorities, My chief authority is Mr. Walter Traill Dennison*8 "The
Orcadian Sketch-Book, being^ Traits' of old Orkney Life, written partly in the
Orkney Dialect," Kirkwall rPomona, Or.J, 1880. This is an excellent specimen
of a oialect book, well speUed, as may be seen by the cwl. below, though not
always quite free from ambiguity, but fortunately I was able to see the author
in August, 1884, and June, 1888, and, although t>oth interviews were inevitably
hurried, I thus obtained the solution of nearly all my difficulties, and I was
enabled to correct two long specimens given below from his dictation. I have
also consulted Tudor's **The Orkneys and Shetlands," Stanford, London,
1883, kindly lent me by Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, which contains an interesting
account of the physical features of these islaudJs, but neglects the language
entirely.
CharacUrB, The chief character of the whole group with respect
to th has already been given, p. 789. The principal points in
which Or. differs from Sd. are the use of (hid) for (it), the treat-
ment of A- and A', and the absence of (sh-) for (tj-). Referring
for particulars to the cwl. below, and using ♦ to point out usages
which are different in Sd.
A- generally *(ii, i, i) as fmid, til, nlm) made, tale, name, but occasionally
(a, k) as (ktf^ak, wad, sam) quaJce, wade, same.
A' generally (1) *(ii, i, i) ; (2) occ. (ee, d, ee, e)^ but I do not use {ee e) forms,
bein^ uncertam about this ; (3) rarely (aa, k). Thus, (1) (nii, miin) no, moan ;
(2) (see, leekiht) so, low ; (3) (whaa, raanin) who, roaring.
JE' generally (ee) as (leev, sweet) leave, sweat, but occ. shortened to (a), as
(stadht) steady.
E' generally (ii, ), i) also, as (fit) feet.
£A before L, when L is lost, is usually (aa), as (aa, aald) aU, old.
[ 2222 ]
EA' 18 QBiially (ii, i, i), as (did, lid) dead, lead (the metal), occ. (ee), as
(teens) tears.
£0' is usually (ii, I, i), as (tii^ tbi^h, (trii) three, but ooo. (0^, 0) as (sh^,
J9A) she, yule, so that the combinations A-, A', M', £', £A', EO^ are all
usually (ii, i, i).
I: IS possibly (ti), but I haye generaUy contented myself with writinfi^ (t).
' '^ "'■ " ' " 'i»d),
Hr. D. seems to use t in the north L. manner, see p. 767, for example *(hid),
in Sd. (hit) once only, but in niffht and such words I: becomes (ii4), as
(n&itkjht) nis^ht.
0 : genendly (o), but occasionally yaiies as (tap, drip, 6us'n) top, drop, oxen.
0' regukrly (0^, p), which mar oe (yyi, yi) ; but look is exceptionally (Isk),
and the sound is delabialised in (Dridhvr, fit) broken, foot.
U: a regularly (a), and U' is (uu).
Among tne consonants the principal usages haye been explained, supri, p. 790.
lUustratums, The story of Paety ToroTa TraveUye^ from Mr.
Dennison's book, my palaeotypic rendering of which was corrected
in a w. interview. This little story is comparable in many
respects with Tarn 0' Shanter already given, but is superior as
an illustration, because it is throughout written in dialect without
any admixture of English, as in Bums*s poem, and furnishes an
insight into peasant life and superstitions, without any tincture
of real supematuralism. After my first interview with Mr.
Dennison he translated John Gilpin into the Orkney of 50 years
ago, and at my second interview we went over the whole of it
carefully together and hence I add it here.
Pa£TT ToBAL's TBAVSLLTEaaPErEB ToBAL's TiTlCBLS.
Written by Mr. Walter Traill Denmson, and published in his Orcadian Sketch'
Book rKirkwaU, Pomona, Orkney, 1880). It \b here printed in pal. as corrected
from Mr. Denmson's dictation. There are so many dialectal words that the
original spelling is not given, but a literal translation is added in the ri^ht
hand column, and special difficulties are explained in notes at the end refemng
to the numW of the lines. In the title Paety (:peeti) is short for Peter.
Toral (.'too-ral) is a common name. Travelfye (trvysl'i) is a noisy tumble,
accompanied with much force ; the tra^ which may be through indistinctly pron.
(with t for th as usual, see y. 10), seems to be employed as an intensitiye
prefix, for vellye occurs separately, y. 187, and is translated 'force' in Mr. D.*s
glossary, and may be related to Jamieeon*s '' Vele^ veyl, a yiolent current or
whirlpool." In traboond, y. 85, we haye the same tra prefixed to boond, see
note there.
Generally, Mr. D.*s (a'i, a'u) sounded like (&H, &^u), and haye been so written.
His short 0, I appreciated as (0) rather than (0), but I cannot be certain. It
seemed to me that he used (ee) rather than (ee)j and (e) rather than (e), but
I was unable to ascertain exactly, and my ear is yery likely to haye been
deceiyed. The {99) is also doubtful, and may be (yyi). The participle usually
ends in (-«n), written -an, and the yerbal noun in (-in) written tit^, compare
yy. 9, 11 (mogsBU, wirktn), but this distinction is not obsenred consistently.
The short i sounded to me (t]), between (t, e), but I haye left it (t) ; it was
not (i). It was yery often yariable, like the n.L. i, see aboye, p. 767. The
separation of the yowels into long and short is rather uncertain. In my second
interyiew with Mr. Dennison it seemed to me that the yowels were generally of
medial length, as in SL« D 33, and I haye therefore so marked many of them.
Much longer time and the hearing of genuine natiye peatanta^ instead of a
highly educated natiye gentleman, would have been necessary for me to arrive
at certainty. On the whole I fear that my transcriptions can only be considered
approximations in the points just mentioned.
[ 2223 ]
Palasottpb.
hid M on « dee, ii ta^m laq sa^in,
when bodht Bn beest wi haqnr dpd
pd'in 2
i d« jiir n d« laq snaa,
{mini in deer biir 4
leed dot J^lles liir,
:g0d gee dem sliip, 6
vn fee wvs kiip
Bile seer gaon jriirz «waa !) 8
vt :peet» :tooral mogSBn heem
vtra'n ds snaa, wt haq gn' weem, 10
fe warkin on-ka wark,
wBz geilf glaft, vn seerli stand. 12
d« snaa lee diip «po- d« grand,
dB lift wBz aqkB dark, 14
« muur bed faan aa d« hiil dee,
an i d« fiis o « stei bree 1 6
st^ :peetiz bnns tn dB lii,
Bn htd WBZ f eerlf mnurd BoandBr, 1 8
see dBt tB find btd — Bn nB wxndBr
fu seerlt paalt wbz bii. 20
hi mogzd Bbut Bmaq dB snaa
wt loomBs kaald htz hid wBd klaa,
dan wt damfandBrd gla^iiBr
hi gand Bnind hrm t b sttmts, 24
til hii WBZ feerlf t b fimts,
Bn neerlinz kiived d*uBr. 26
**:gpd t me foorw^i bii !" ko hii,
** :gpd tak b siilfu grip o mii ! 28
'* :g9d pttt mii Bn maVn.
''dB diil dpd neer b suiBr duns 30
''se stkBrlt dst hii hiz huus
*'Bn aattee)dsBdta^in! 32
**h6i ! idjf'm lass, oo! dws du hiir ?
" 00 ! ar du diid ? iH niid nB spiir, 34
''dhB tbkht o)t maks mi shak !
''Bn aa dB beemz! p^r bits b
tiqz ! 36
"laU'k dB taq o b b£l mt hert nnu
diqz,
"Bn B^rlf htd maan brak." 38
[ 2224
TBAirSLATIOK.
It fell on a day, one time long ainee.
When man and beast with nnnger
did pine
In the year of the long snow,
(Many in their bier
Laid that Christmaslesa year,
God give them sleep
And from ns keep
Such sore going years away !)
That Peter Toral wading home
All-throufh the snow, with hungry
From working job work.
Was much frishtened, and soiely
astounded.
The snow lay deep npon the ground.
The sky was extremely dark,
A snow-cover had fallen all the whole
day,
And in the face of a steep hill
Stood Peter's honse in the lee
(shelter),
And it was fairly snowed under,
So that to find it — and no wonder —
Fnll sorely posed was he.
He waded about among the snow
With hands cold his head would claw,
Then with dumbfounded slower.
He stared around him in a &
TiU he was fairly in a fuss
And nearly caved (toppled) over.
" Gtod in my foreway be ! " quoth he,
** God take a blessed grip of me !
" God pity me and mine.
** The devil did ne*er a sinner goro
** So severely that he his house
*' And all into-it should lose.
*'Hoy! Jenny lass, oh! dost thou
hear?
<' Oh! art thou dead! Ineednotask,
*'The thought of it makes me
shake !
** And all the bairns ! poor bits of
things !
** Like the tongue of a bell my heart
now dings,
« And surely it must break.*'
]
hit een wiUf :cl^tnt, wbth shp saa
vriind d« buus dv muursn snaa 40
d» hd^ikjh tsn hd4kjh«r kxm,
8hp ti>kht dvt bii b wai wad siiy 42
Bn wip«n hw buuto tee dn see-trii,
shp reekt htd ap d« Izm, 44
vn duun sh^ sat t d« mark himsy
hvT beemz vnrnd, no vero kruus, 46
ber brat «po* ber iin.
** wbiist, beer'nz, wbiist ! t)wad bi
B sbiim 48
« tB eet d« lempits or bii kxmz biim,
**dB :bsst kEiiz wbar bii)z giin."
nuu :peet» M^rlt ti>kbt bi saa santiiy
bi t^k btd farst for dB laqz o b
kantn, 52
btt waflBn t dB wand.
Bn dan bi tokbt tt wbz :d^tntz
bunto, 54
on gld'wBrd Bn sttfd, bid • mak'l
duut 0,
a piirt miintt stand, 56
Bn dan bi krdUz on biz :meekBrz
niim,
dB griit • btz kreeg, wbdHl s&t
teerz fiim 58
se seer fe beetb btz iin.
^'oo, :d|ino, bado! biiy'nz Inik on
aa! 60
'* Bn ar du feerlt smnnrd in de snaa ?
<<BndiiddiliiTBnliin? 62
''gin dn bi livBn, muz di, raoz !
" wbat tempBd di tB leev dB buus, 64
** wbAi kam du biir tB dii ?
''dH*)m feerd tB tat| dt, gtn dbu)r
diid. 66
''las, gtn dbu)r liyBn, tarn db» biid,
"oo :d|ino, speek tB mii ! 68
":gpd bii w* mii, bz iU ttqk laq."
wt dat bi gee b makil spaq, 70
"dbu)r B99Tli diid or dam."
dan wt B spret, glamd at dB trii, 72
wbtn duun btd giid, Bn duun giid bii,
trave'li tri^u dB lam. 74
HiB own wife Jennir, when she saw
Around the house toe covering snow
Etot high and higher come.
She thought that he a waying-signal
would see,
And wrapping her head-shawl to the
paupole,
8he thrust it up the chimney,
And down she sat in the dark house.
Her haims around not very cheerful,
Her apron upon her eyes.
"Whisht, haims, whisht! t-would
be a shame
'<To eat the limpets ere he comes
home,
"The Best knows where he*s gone."
Now Peter surely thought he saw
something,
He took it first for the ears of a coney,
Slightly fluttering in the wind.
And tnen he thoiuht it was Jenny's
head-shawl.
And glowered and stood, it in much
doubt of,
A little minute astounded,
And then he cries on his Maker's
The sob in his throat, while the salt
tears stream
So sore from both his eyes.
"Oh, Jenno, birdie! heavens look
on all I
"And art thou fairly smothered in
the snow P
" And diedst thou wholly alone P
" If thou be bring, rouse thee, rouse !
"What tempted thee to leave the
house P
" Why came thou here to die P
"I'm afraid to touch thee, in case
thou'rt dead.
' * Lass, if thou' rt living, turn thy head,
" 0 Jenno, speak to me !
" God be with me, as I think long."
With that he gave a great jump,
" Thou'rt surely dead or dumb."
Then with a spring, clutched at the
pole.
When down it went, and down
went he.
Tumble through the chimney.
[ 2226 ]
duun :peett kam w# stk « rait,
hiz faain miid « mak'l spali, 76
hi kam Wik v gan shot !
wf snaa Bn oei miist la4k t« wart, 78
im sttlctd htz h)d, aa t htz hart,
daun t dB lempit pot, 80
dhat wt « eer « lEmpt t hT99
for kttjtn wt r^ht brid tB dp* 82
WBz htqBn t dB kr^k,
htz mak'l hid geed stk: b t^und 84
intee da pot wt b trsbund,
dB kr^kBl band hi br^k, 86
see in dB faH'r dB pot fel dan,
btt kam noo af o :peettz krun ; 88
hi pat'ld t dB fa'tr,
Bn farktd t do amBrz see 90
dat aa hiz fok bigan tB pree,
Bn t^k him for dB ga*tr. 92
Bz on htz r/gt'n hii f£l i^usr,
hi tlkB ntst B fd'ir d^ sa*t«Br, 94
Bn lee flat az b flpk.
htz kleez wBr wiit Bn WBd noo la*u,
btt dhB hEt amBrz mEd htm ri^u
til hi wan t ds n^pk. 98
dB Ismpit bn^p bigan tB r/n
Btwii'n hfz ham sark Bn htz skin,
htz hid ap in B skfu,
atoo- ht'd WBZ noo skaldBn hnt, 102
awiil a}% wat, ht'd miid htm swkt,
for ht'd WBZ breev Bn Ifu. 104
t dB bad piis hi tbkht ht'msEl,
htz stqgon kleez miid stk b smEl,
dB hEt as glaft htm meest,
hi t6kht dhi trii had bin dB tr&^u,
Bn fee htz ja'^lm wad no sta*«,
btt boog'ld la'ik b beest. 110
whtn :peett fsl wt aa dts rait,
htz beer'nz miid b fiirfii bralt 112
Bn grtped iin BntdhBr,
Bn ran, de kEntno whar tB rtn, 114
wt IbpBn hert, Bn kt^^akBn sktn,
Bn skrikun, ** mam ! " Bn
"mtdhBr!" 116
Down Peter came with sack a nish.
His falling made a great spoliation.
He came like a gun-shot !
With snow and soot most like to
choke,
And stuck his head, all in his hmrj,
Down in the limpet pot,
That, with a taste of limpot broth.
For flaTouring with mustard bread
to do.
Was hanging in the crook,
^is big head gave such a jolt
Into the pot with a rebound,
The hook-chain he broke.
So in the fire the pot fell down.
But came not off of Peter's crown ;
He paddled in the fire,
And jerked in the embers so
That all his folk began to praj,
And took him for the deyil.
And on his back he fell over.
He eyery spark of fire did scatter,
And lay flat as a flounder.
His clothes were wet and would not
flame,
But the hot embers made him roll
Till he got in the nook.
The limpet broth began to run
Between Ms harden shirt and his skin.
His head up in a skew,
Although it was not scalding hot,
Well I wot, it made him sweat.
For it was brave and lukewarm.
In the bad place he thought himself.
His singeing clothes made such a
smell.
The hot ash frightened him most.
He thought the pole had been the
devil.
And from his yowling would not oease.
But bellowed like a beast [ox].
When Peter fell with all this rush,
His bairns made a fearful uproar
And gripped one another.
And ran, they knew not where to run.
With leaping heart and quaking sldn.
And shrieking, *' Mammy ! " and
»* Mother!"
[ 2226 ]
dee t « Binlo lep Wik hAE,
kaad a'uBr ds kriqlaz «n dh«
stpplz, 118
VR gard aald gibi spandtsr.
de kra*Kl : " de gdU*r)z kam tr6u
dv rwf," 120
vn duun de fel f eerlf t givpf ,
der hldz ds bsd strEE sndtsr. 122
nuu :d|fnt gloomBid for d« lamp,
too shptf kud barli gaq b stamp 124
for as «po'n ds fl^r.
vn dan tB laH'kjht dn lamp sh^
rbkht, 126
shp waz noo vero f eerd shp t^kht,
tmjEt shp waz noo sp^r, 128
tB ttqk on what kam tr6}u dn km.
mebi hBr hert misgeed h«r sam, 130
Bz on d« kol sh^ blpp,
VR too twBZ :peettz taq shp t6kbt 1 32
dat miid sik miin Wik een uut-
mbkht
shp waz B litBr griw. 134
shp waz se skaard, shp dpd no hiist
hBr,
«n whm dB kol bigud tB bliistBr, 1 36
shp waz will barsBn wi blaaih,
shp la'tkhted dB lamp at de laq Bn
de lent, 138
bit or shp tamd tB tak b tent,
hBr bak lag niided klaain. 140
shp SEd Bn imsm fu luud,
Bn dan shB tamd hBr rund Bbut 1 42
whaar hii tii aavBl lee.
dhe sd'fkjht hBr yero sd^ul dpd diq,
for whidhBr h«d waz Bn ertli t»q
nee bft b her kud see. 146
shp kent dB riVhnz hii bed on,
too swiiBn Id'ik b gliidBn skon, 148
shp t^kht h»d waz htz lEg,
b«t hor'nz on htz hid shp saa, 150
Bn fint B bit 0 fiis Bvaa*,
dBt gee hBr st'k b fl£g. 152
They in a huddle lapped like fook,
Drove over the stiuw seats and the
stools,
And made old gibcat gallop.
They cried: <* the gyre's come through
the roof,"
And down fell fairly face downwards,
Their heads the bedstraw under.
Now Jenny groped for the lamp,
Though she comd barely go a step
For ash upon the floor.
And then to light the lamp she
wrought,
She was not very afraid she thought,
And yet she was not sure,
To think on what came through the
chimney.
Maybe her h^oi misgaye her some-
what
As on the coal she blew.
And though 'twas Patey's tongue she
thought
That made such moan like one ex-
hausted,
She was a little afraid.
She was so scared, she did not hasten
herself,
And when the coal began to blaze
She was nearly bursten with
blowing,
She lighted the lamp at the long and
the length.
But ere she turned to take a look.
Her back ear needed clawing.
She said an orison full loud.
And then she turned herself round
about
Where he in helplessness lay.
The sight her very soul did smite,
For whether it was an earthly thing,
No bit of her could say.
She knew the hide-shoes he had on.
Though scorching like a smouldering
cake,
She thought it was his leg,
But homz on his head she saw,
And devil a bit of face at all,
That gave her such a fright.
[ 2227 ]
beeth sM « snaa lee on his dpiupon,
d« riik fiimd nut fee aa hiz kruupro,
dB buulz haq d'ur hiz briist,
duim fee d« pot, tB hiz wandiot, 156
d|p0st Id'ik d« d^-strtqz o « toi
haq laq intee' dh« riist. 158
hii pat'ld wi htz loomBz laq,
«n i dB pot h»z iv^fu saq 160
suunded see drol vn ha}u,
de teez o do pot st^d ap i^ur aa, 162
troth :d|mt tokht shp s^rlt saa
dB mak'l homed trd'tt ! 164
Jit :d|tni Uik hert whar sh^ d^d
stand,
shp kloozd hBT iin, hBr jak'lz grand,
Bn lokt hBr handz on her briist,
''gtn ji bi gpd, t :g»dz niim kam
on, 168
'^Bn gin ji bi bad, i :g9dz niim
bigon!"
kod :d|iiit WI b kriist. 170
**whaa)z Jin Bt spak?" ko :peeti
dan,
''bz iH)m B p^9r Bn sihfu man, 172
**hid)z idjtni, a4 ksn sweer!
**oo, tfil mi, :d}ino, bado, tsl 174
**if di een :peetf)z faan • hid !
"Bn aar du wi htm deer ?" 176
:djtn» bigu'd tB draa b fee,
Bn dan i^ t^^k tB laakhtn see, 178
shi whiild hBr on a st^pl.
** ji witles bodhi, wtl ji ruuz ? 180
**du)r I dB nppk o di een huos,
<*ji mak'l gaapts f^^l ! 182
**taqks for)d, du)r hiim Bn hiir,
bii)z wad,
"aatoo* du htz no b hiil dad, 184
**Bpo- di lEgz Bn kruupBn.
**what andBr dB san on Krt kud
tsl di 186
"tB kam trou dB lam wi sik b
VElt?"
Bed :d|tni d'uBr htm stunpBn, 188
[ 2228
Both soot and snow Imy on lus loose
coat,
The smoke foamed out from all his
body,
The hooks hung OTer his breast
Down from the pot, to his miserj,
Jnst like the jawstrings of a cap
Hung long into the smoking place.
He paddled with his hands long.
Ana in the pot his rueful song
Sounded so droll and hollow.
The toes of the pot stood up over all,
Truth Jenny thought she surely saw
The big homed deyil !
Tet Jenny took heart where she did
stuid.
She closed her eyes, her teeth ground.
And locked her hands on her
breast.
"If ye be good, in God*s name
come on,
"And if ye be bad, in God's name
begone,*'
Quoth Jenny with a squeeze.
"Who's yon that spake?" quoth
Peter then,
"As I'm a poor and sinful man,
" It's Jenny, I can swear !
" Oh tell me, Jenno, birdie, tell
" If thy own Peter's fallen in hell !
" And art thou with him theroP"
Jenny began to draw a [conclusion]
from.
And then she took to laughing so
She seated herself on a stool.
" You witless body, will you rouse P
"Thou'rt in the nook of thy own
house,
" You big uproarious fool !
"Thanks for it, thou'rt home and
here, be [itl as would,
"Although thou nast not a whole
dud,
" Upon thy legs and body.
"What under the sun on earth could
tell thee
" To come through the chimney with
such a force?"
Said Jenny o'er him stooping.
]
"wtl du Wi deer, til du bi
brant?
"du)r riik«ii Wik b wiit kill
rant. 190
"what make di Wi se daf ?
"b«t ar du hart di, rpeett, gtl» ? 192
"az for mesBl, iH mee bi stlt,
*'ih')m got'n 8tk s glaf." 194
:d|m» wi aa her hert, -gpd did,
wad pud d« pot f e af hiz hid, — 1 96
shp la^iked rpeett weI; —
btt dan hiz fiis ahp hed no
Biin, 198
for aa sha kmt, hid mdWkjht he
biin
a pkqkt o d« diil. 200
Bhp weeted tpeetiz fiis t» eii,
az see anld* A htmsEl wisz hii, 202
se blak bu bluu vr tant,
me bii de :tra*u wisz in d^ pot, 204
vn it hiz klwks on her hi got,
hid wad no bii so kani. 206
pwr :peeti harled tee him nuu,
too hii WBZ narlmz Id^ik tn sp^^, 208
wt B90t Bpo* h«z stamo,
hi fand htz biinz aa mertBrd seer ;
B wilnes in hiz hid and meer,
a thraa t htz ra^tkjht gamo. 212
twa)r)trii taq-k6*ttz vioo'vr him
lee,
i dem hi daq hiz nVlin tee, 214
Bn miid b J109 kirmash.
tB pal hi gloomBPd for b stwl, 216
Bn skfwuidrBn, l^>ik iin t^ i jsel,
duun giid hii wi b klash. 218
"Wilt thou lie there, till thou be
burned?
" Thou'rt smoking like a wet cabbage
stalk ^
*' What makes thee lie so dull ?
"But hast thou hurt thee, Peter,
hoj?
"As for myself, I may be silly,
"Tve got such a fright."
Jenny with all her heart, good deed,
Would rhaye] pulled the pot from
off his head, —
She Uked Peter well ;—
But then his face she had not seen.
For all she knew, it might have
hiz hid t^k Ep on dB bak stiin ;
du bodhBm o dB pot Bte^din 220
dB bakstiin Bn hiz skal,
Beevd :peetiz hid, la'ik b bbtfendBr.
hi daq htdz bodhBm kliin 1 splendBr,
Bn leed hid aa 1 kral. 224
A trick of the deyil.
She waited Peter's face to see,
As BO unlike himself was he
So black and blue and tawny,
May be the devil was in the pot,
Ana if his clutches on her he got.
It would not be so comfortable.
Poor Peter dragged to him now,
Thouj^h he was nearly like to spew.
With soot upon his stomach.
He found his bones all martyred sore,
A dizziness in his head and more,
A sprain in his right foot.
Two or three seeweed branches before
him lay,
In them he thrust the toe of his cow-
hide shoes,
And made a new disturbance.
To get-a-purchase, he groped for a
stool,
And staggering, like one drunk at
Christmas,
Down went he with a dash.
His head took ud on the back stone ;
The bottom of the pot between
The back stone and his skull,
Saved Peter's head, like a boat
defender.
He struck its bottom clean in splinter,
And laid it all in pieces.
[ 2229 ]
dan :d|fiii saa htz fiis wt glii,
ko Hh99 : '* 00 :peett, nmi htd)z dii,
"oo :g»d bi taqkt du)r hiir !
**mi aa wot gkf sal bii forgot. 228
''diil kon di taqks for brakm do
pot!
"de Wik o)d)z i'mr diir !" 230
**oo :d|fno, las," koo hii tB hEr,
*' d't mak'l t^kht hfd o bin WEr, 232
"whtn AH w«r glaft see seer !
" dH* tiqk mt hamz wot b99tU deezd,
''nuu d|6f bi taqkt! vr :g9d bi
preezd,
'*dH*)in hiim wi dii iins meer !"
du)l tiqk mf tiil)z tiin laq ts tsL,
iU)m T99VTL a'uOT wi sliip missl, 238
VR meer a^* stno t£l di.
iH dut no widut msck'l strd'tf, 240
i boosQmz :peeti ktst htz wd^'f.
see Ended hiz traysl't. 242
Then Jenny saw his face with glee,
Quoth she, " Oh ! Peter, now it's
thee,
"Oh God be thanked thon*rt here.
'*And all our fright shall be for^gpot.
*' Devil give thee thanks for breaung
the pot !
" The like o' 'Vs orer dear ! "
" Oh, Jenno, lass,*' quoth he to her,
** I much thought it had heen worse,
** When I was frightened so sore !
'*I think my hrauis were surely
dazed,
** Now jo^ be thanked ! and God be
praised,
** Vm home with thee once more ! *'
ThouUt think my tale's taken long
to tell,
I'm rolling over with sleep myself,
And more I shall not tell thee.
I doubt not without much strife,
In bosoms Peter kisaed his wife.
Thus ended Ids Tumble.
The numbers refer to the lines,
son's. Jam. Jamieson's Dictionary,
1. Itf retaining the old aspirate ; as
to (i) throughout it may be rather (•,),
and was sometimes mfficult to dis-
tinguish from (e) or (9) like the NL.
(ill). Onef this is sometimes (ii) and
sometimes (ee), but (ii) was the older
form.
2. Bodfff used for the human body,
or man.
3. the, Mr. D. used the much oftener
than d€y but it seems that the is &
modem Scotticism, and de (d«) is the
correct old form, and hence it is used
throughout. Similarly (du, deer) thou,
there, etc.
6. Ood is confounded with good,
compare ' the Best,' t. 60.
9. wading f Gl. ** implies, I rather
think, the idea of wading through a
soft substance as mud or snow." — hornet
often pron. (hiim), but as wame (weem)
is never (wiim), the not uncommon
pron. (heem) is selected.
11. working f worky written wirkin^
warky the vb. and sb. are frequently
so distinguished; there seems to be
a tendency to the Ab. *' thick i."
Ifotet to Faety ToraVs TraveUye.
Gl. Mr. Dennison's Glossary, £dm. Edmond-
Throughout, the verbal noun ends in
(-in) and the participle in (-«n), which
Mr. D. illustrates oy this example :
**This is a muelue biggin, wur,
Tammy's biggan at hid noo; he was
fishan lapsters i' the first of the
summer, out the fishing paid peurly
the year." This agrees with SL. =
D 33, p. 712, No. 6 — >o*, that which he
b 'called on" to do, in distinction from
bowman wark, the bowman = plough-
man, being a constant, the on'ka\ one
called in, an occasional servant.
14. akffy in German luft, is the air
generally, but it seems to be properly
the sky or heavens which are *iiftea
up.' — extremely, properly *un-couth,'
imknownly.
15. enow cover, a mocr is a heavy
and a dense cover of snow.
18. mowed under, or as we say ot^er,
the house being below.
19. wonder, written winder, another
example of the NL. thick i, which here,
as shewn by the rhyme, sounds (a).
20. poeed, Gl. **in difiiculty, with-
out the possibility of exkication."
[ 2230 ]
22. hands, Edm. ^'loamieki, the
hands, a cant word/* Sd. The final o
of the text ib a termination which seems
to vary as (i, o, «), compare Jenno 60,
68, 174, 231, generally Jennv ; huddo
crhirdie, 60, 174; gamo=foot 212,
stammos stomach 209, Yero»Tery 46,
127, 144, sinloB confused heap 117,
cringlos 118; booio 64 rhymes with
dubt 0, which ought to imply an o
pron., I foUow Mr. D.*s speiling. —
—head, spelled heed 67, 79, 84, 150,
196, which implies (hiid) long, hut heid
101, 122, 211, 219, 222, which impUes
(hid) short or fhld) medial.
24. stared, Gl. **ffan, to stare with
upturned face, eyes and mouth wide
open." Edm. ^^gaan, to stare, gaze
vacantly," 8d.— /«, Gl. **»titnmu,
that state of douht and uncertainty
which brings a person into what we
call a fix.^ Edm. **stum»t, taken
aback, stupefied with astonislunent,*'
Sd.
25. /tfM, Gl. "fimU, a state of
great excitement ana irritation. ' * Edm.
**JimmUh, a hurry, a perplexity," Sd.
26. toppled, fell mto a faint, evidently
the slang ** caved," or bent over.
27. foreway, the way before me, it
is the prayer ** prevent us," that is, go
before us.
28. blessed, Jam. *'see^u' seilfu\
pleasant, but **se%le, seyle, sela, happi-
ness," German seligkeit,
30. gore, so in glossary, it is to butt
at with his head and horns, and hence
gore like a bull. Jam. ** douss, a blow
or stroke," comparing **doyee, a dull
heavy stroke, knroB', the flat sound
caused by the faU of a heavy body,
Angus.'*
31. severely, Gl. "sicker, severe,
harsh ; not secure as in Scotch."
Jam. **s%ckerly, firmly; smartly re-
garding a stroke."
39. when, I think this is pron.
(whan), but I keep (wht'n) as in
original, which implied most probably
the "thick f," p. 767.
40. covering snow, see the note on
verse 15.
42. signal, something that waves as
a flag.
43. head-shawl, Gl. '^booto, boota,
bootie, a square woollen cloth worn by
females, sometimes over the shoulders,
but more frequently over the head,"
called (buut-o, -i, -ek) in different
islands. Edm. writes " buitie buito"
—pail pole, JM is a pail or bucket,
Fr. seau, and tree the pole by which
it was carried, a large pail by two
persons, but two smsdl ones, one at
each end of the pole, by one person
passing the pole over one shoulder like
the water carriers of Venice.
44. thrust, Gl. **rakid, to thrust
in." — chimney, Inm is the regular L.
word.
49. home, see v. 9.
53. wind, although (wtnd) was given
me, the rhyme, v. 56, requires (wsnd),
ana that is the common L. form.
56. little, (pii'ri) is a common IL.
form, and is even found in NL.,
p. 788, No. 682.
58. the sob in his throat, that is,
I presume, the hysterical sob, and
though I find no authority for the sb.
(griit), the vb. meaning *to weep' is
quite common. — throat. Jam. "crag,
erage, eraig, the neck, the throat." —
stream, Gl. **feeman, pouring, stream-
ing ; applied to the flowing of blood,"
the pron. (film) shews that the word is
foam, Wb. /dm.
60. birdie, a common term of en-
dearment.
62. wholly alone, so Gl.; Edm.
"lief -on quite alone," in that case
(liiv-vn liin] seems to have a repetition
in (-to) ana (liin) one and alone. The
phrase is obscure.
69. M / think long, Mr. D. trans-
lated to me "help, for my need is
great," possibly " God help me, as for
ever." Mr. b. also put it as "in
proportion to the terrible fear which I
nave." But after all, I don't under-
stand how the phrase comes to mean
anything of the Kind.
72. spring, Or. spret, possibly re-
lated to spiut, sudden effort. — clutch,
Jam. "glamp, to grasp ineffectually,
to endeavour to lay hold of a thing
beyond one's reach."
74. tumble, " traveUye, a cata-
strophe; a fall, accompanied with great
force and noise," see title.
75. rush, Gl. "ruUye, a great rush."
76. spoliation, so Gl., " spoil, illegal
meddling with moveable goods," Jam.
78. choke, Gl. " wirry, to choke."
Jam. "worry, to strangle, to chotUc,
be suffocated^" also spelled wirry,
wery,
81. little. Jam. "air, hair, used for
a thing of no value." Edm. "air, a
peerie air, a mere tasting ; air, a very
small quantity; air, to taste," both
Or. and Sd.
[ 2231 ]
82. tattinetSy Jam. "kitchen, any-
thing eaten with bread. * * — reathy breed,
61. *' bread made from the seeds of
the wild mustard; it was often the
only bread in the houses of the poor ;
but was mixed, when possible, with
corn meal." — to do, to add to mustard
bread to f^ve it a flaYour.
84. jolt, Gl. ''jund (m as in June),
a heavy blow ; a strong push ; a heavy
fall; also a large piece of any sub-
stance. Mr. Dennison pronounced (t|)
not (d|).
85. rebound, Gl. "traboond, rebound;
but the word, as in the text, is also
applied to a blow that moves the object
struck out of its position.*'
86. hook chain, Gl. **ereukal band
—chain from which a cooking pot
hangs over the fire."
89. paddled, Gl. **pattle— to move
the hands backwards and forwards
through any yielding substance; the
motion of the fins of a fish is the best
illustration of the movement."
90. jerked, Gl. "/w-Ary— to hitch ; to
move the body in a jerking manner."
91. devil, Gl. ** yyre — a powerful
and malignant spirit" which may or
may not be different from ** ^row;— the
Trow, Satan," mentioned v. 164 ;
Jam. **ffi/re carling, Hecate or the
mother witch of the peasants, a hob-
goblin, a scarecrow."
93. back, Danish* ryg, old Norse
hryggr, German riicken ; compare ridge,
often (rig) in the n.
94. epark, Gl. "«w^— a spark of
fire; a live coal; a very small fire."
— scatter, so in Gl.
95. flounder, the old Wb, Jl6e becomes
naturally ,/S^A.
96. low is a flame.
98. till he got or arrived, ordinary
northern sense of to uHn, in the nook
or chimney comer.
100. harden, Gl. ** Aar», rough
cloth made of the coarsest flax," see
pp. 736, 741, V. 171.
101. in a ekew, Gl. ** a twist; being
turned from the proper position to one
side."
104. brave and lukewarm, fairly hot,
though not boiling.
105. place, pnnted piece, meaning
place or room, compare the French
*<im apartement de cm({ piece* J*^
106. tingeing. Jam. **to ting to
singe."
107. frightened. Jam. "to gliff,
gloff, gluff, to be seized with sudden
&i
fear; to affright," and as a sb. ''sudden
fear" ; the hot ashes made him fear he
was burning in hell.
109. ceaee, Gl. " etow—io stay; to
stop speaking or eating." Compare the
English phrase '*stow that!" have
done ! cease ! Obs. the pron. different
from English (stoo*w), but agreeing
with the high German etauen,
111. rueh, see v. 76.
112. uproar, Gl. **brullge (w as in
skull), great confusion and turmoil ; a
fall or fight, causing breakage or dis-
order in a house."
116. mam, child's word for mother,
contraction of mammy ; for father they
Bay ded.
117. huddle, Gl. **9inlo, a group of
two or more persons entangled together,
or huddled together, in very close
proximity." — lap, Gl. **lep, to lap
with the tongue," meaning here I
suppose that they kept putting Uieir
tongues out like fools.
118. drove, that is, hurried; GL
"ca'iii driving." Jam. ''to caU; ca'
to move quickly, to go in or enter in
consequence of bein^ driven." See
. 732, V. 25, and notes to John
ilpin, St. 55 below. — straw seats, Gl.
**cringlo, a low round stool, formed
by twisthi^ straw into a very thick
rope, which being coiled in a circular
form, was sewn together with bent
cords—* bands.* "
119. oldgibcat, castrated cat, see
Shakspere, Henry IT. Part i. 1, 2, 83.
121. face downwards, Gl. **Vgreuf,
in a prostrate position, face down-
wards." Jam. ** gruff, groufe, on
n'oufe, flat, with the iface towards
&e earth." Icelandic grifa, same
meaning.
126. wrought, worked hard, by
blowing a live coal, see w. 131, 136,
138.
133. exhausted, of power; Gl. ''oot-
moucht, quite tired out, exhausted ;
out of; breath." Compare German
Ohnmacht swoon, ohnmachtig power-
less.
134. afraid, Gl. " grue, afraid,
suspicious of danger"; Jam. *'to
aroue, growe, to shudder, to shiver, to
be filled with terror, to shrink back, to
feel horror; grousome, frightful."
139. to take a look, Jam. *'tent,
care, attention ; to tak tent, to be
attentive."
143. helplessness, Gl. **aval, ffirst
a as last a in papa, last a as Aoer-
[ 2232 ]
donians sound [second] i in ahilUniAf
5 rostrate, in a helpless position. *
am. ^*availlf abasement, humilia-
tion."
144. din^j is freely used for all
manner of striking or piercing.
147. hide-thoes, Ul. *' rivlin, a
sandal or shoe made of raw hide.**
Jam. ** rewelyngt^ rowlyngU^ riUingt,
shoes of undressed hides with the hair
on them.** Ws. rifling^ sandal.
148. tcorching^ Edm. '*nrM (to), tq
sinee, to scorch, Shetland, Danish
STide, Gothic svida.** — smoulderingy Gl.
**pUedf to bum slowly and without
flame.** — eake^ cow -dung made into
cakes for burning.
151. devil, fiend.— a« aU, literally
of all (by aa).
162. fright, 'fleg* seems to be the
common \j.Jlsy,Jle«f to frighten.
153. looie coat, Gl. *^jo<^H, a
ooane loose coat, approaching in shape
to the modem sacK coat.** Chaucer
says of his knifht ''of fustian he
wered a gipoun*^; modem Yt.jupon,
a petticoat, said to come from the
Arabic.
154. body, Gl. **eroopan, the trunk
of the body of man or lower animal.**
165. hooks, Gl. **booU, two bent
iron rods, hinged together at the upper
ends, having the lower ends hooked,
so as to fasten into ears of a cookine
i; the pot was suspended on, ana
ifted to and from, the crook by the
bools.**
156. misery, Gl. **ioaf^'oy, sorrow,
want of joy;*' wan, Danish van, has
the effect of English im-, u^foy,
misery*
157. jawitrinyt of a cap, the strings
which fasten on a cap by passing under
the jaws ; Gl. **toy, a woman*s cap ; **
Jam. **toy, a headdress of linen or
woollen, that hangs down over the
shoulders, worn by women of the lower
class.** The word is used by Bums
''I wad na been 8uipris*d to spy
Tou on an auld wiie*s flainen toy.'*
Lines to a Louse, on seeing one on a
Lady* 8 Bonnet at Church,
158. smoking place, Gl. *'reest, place
where the fish, etc., are smoked.'*
Jam. <'to reist, to dry by the heat of
the sun, or in a chimney;** Danish
rist, a gridiron.
159. paddled, see y. S9,— -hands, see
T. 22.
166. teeth, Gl. ''yackel, t. to gnaw ;
£?l
n. a molar tooth.*' Edm. "yaekle, a
grinder, a double tooth.**
170. squeeze, Gl. '* kreest, T. to
press, to squeeze ; n. preoure, **
squeezing her words out like water
from a nearly dry sponge.
175. ^^ draw a conclusion from,
have an idea of,** Gl., so that by
leaving out conclusion {fee) is made
into a substantive !
179. seated Itself , Gl. **wheeld, to
sit down, to rest; Danish hvile, to
rest;** Edm. **wheelicreuse, a church-
yard; Orkney, from Icelandic hvila,
bed, couch, and kr6a, to enclose.**
182. uproarious, Gl. *^gapas, one
who is light and uproarious in folly ; **
Jam. ** gapus, a fool ; also gilly-
?apus, gilly-gawpy, and giUy^oaeus.**
celandic **gapi, homo futius, im-
modestus,*' Haldorsen. Compare yi%.
All from gaping,
183. be it as would, Gl. ** bees wiU,
be as it will, be as it may, anyhow,
however; also spelled 6M«-t^.** This
wid I take to be * would.*
184. dud. Jam. ** clothing especially
of an inferior quality.**
187. force, see title.
190. stalk. Jam. *'runt, trunk of a
tree, hardened stalk as a kail runt,
the stem of the colewort; the tail of
an animal ; a contemptuous designation
for a female, generally applied to one
advanced in life, with auld prefixed.**
191. dull, applied also to a blunt
knife.
192. hast thou hurt thee, lit. art
used to both males and females. It
is used by the humbler classes among
themselves as tir is used amonf the
higher chisses, but implies no i^a of
respect, and is used indiscriminately to
both sexes ; it is not considered proper
to use it when addressing a superior.**
194. I*ve gotten, Obs. that I'm
gotten is used.
195. good deed, in very deed, in
reality. Mr. D. writes giddeed in one
word.
196. Obs. omission of 'have,' and
compare p. 733, v. 73.
200. trick, this is all that is said
ahfmiplunkie in Gl. and Edm. But Jam.
has " to plunk, to play the truant.**
206. clutches, Gl. *'eleuks, clutches ;
sometimes applied to the hands.*'
Compare p. 737, v. 217.
E,E. ProA. Part Y.
[ 2233 ]
142
211. digginsit, 01. ''will, to lose
one*8 way; to wander not kno¥ring
where ; the state of having lost one's
way, hence to gae will, to loee one*s
way. — wilnestf dizziness, from will,**
Jam. "will, wffUf wil, wyl, lost in
error, uncertain how to proceed.**
Icelandic vila, to lament, to aoubt.
212. sprain, Jam. *Ukraw, to
wreathe, to twist; to wrench, to
sprain.'* Mr. D. writes Mr-, and I
am uncertain whether (thraa) or (traa)
is said.
213. teatpeed branches, tang is laige
seaweed used for fuel, Gl. **cow, a
branch or sprig of seaweed or heather.*'
216. get a purchase, £dm. **paal,
a poet or pillar, a fixture against which
the feet are planted so as to afford a
purchase in pulling horizontally."
219. took up OH, struck against.
222. boat defender, possibly wood
placed on the sides of a Doat to keep it
off the rocks, or the pad let down from
the pier or rock to preyent damage to
the wood of the boat.
223. splinter. Jam. '* splendris,
splinters.**
224. in pieces, Gl. **V eruU, in a
crushed broken state.'*
238. rolling, Gl. **reuan, nodding
through sleep.*' Jam. **to row, to
239. shall not, so Gl.
241. in bosoms, closely embraced,
bosom to bosom.
John Gxlpdt,
translated into the oldest form of the Orkney dialect which Mr. W. Traill
Dennison had heard spoken, and pal. from his dictation 14th June, 1888,
by AJ£. Mr. Dennison has prefixed the following remarks :
*<The writer when a boy began to collect old words used by the Orkney
peasantry, and he has for well nigh half a century watched with interest the
change which, during this period, the dialect of Orkney has undergone. The
very old people with whom he was acquainted in his youth used many words
which, thougn understood, were not used by the younger people. And, now that
these younfi;er people have become old, the young generation has dropped many
words used by their parents, and a more modem pronunciation is attempted.
There can be no doubt that during the last bygone halt century the popuUu- speech
of these islands has undergone, and is now undergoing, an ever-acceleratine
chanj^. Every improvement in popular education, every increase in trade, ana
facility of intercourse with strangers; cheap literature, ana the multitude of news-
papers, each of these has proved a wave before which much of the old language
nas sunk into the sea of oblivion, and all the influences of progress and modem
civilization taken together, form a mighty current that wul soon sweep away
every vestige of the old speech. Anxious to preserve from the Anglican deluge
the oialect of his native isles, the writer gives tne following rendering of Cowper s
Gilpin:
**The writer thinks he can separate the Dialect spoken during the immediately
past fifty years into three distinct divisions.
First, that spoken by very old persons at the beginning of the period, which
he would call the Scoto-Norse form. ^
Second, that spoken during the middle of our period, which may be called
the Anglo-Scotch,
Third, the present dialect, a sort of Anglo- Provincial,
It is not pretended that there exist any hard and fast lines of demarcation
between these divisions. They dove-tail themselves into each other, but yet the
difference is noticeable to an observant eye. Examples of the three divisions are
given in the table below. [In this table the words of the third period are given
entirely in received spelling, which **by no means indicates that tney are properly
pronounced," says Mr. Dennison. In the first two columns the orthography in
Ualics is Mr. Dennison' s, and the pal..^hen added gives his pron. when he
specially assigned it. The key prefixea to the cwl. on p. 812 will generally suffice.]
[ 2234 ]
Words iUuitrating the trmmtion ataU of the Orkney dialeet during the hygtme
fftlf yeart^ eayfnm 1838.
FmsT Pbbiod.
Second Pbbiod.
Thibd Pbbiod.
SeotO'Norte.
Angh'ScoUh,
AnglO'Frovineial,
aloor.
alts.
alas.
alitto fused by women and
children].
allit.
alas.
ato.
alto.
although.
dan.
than.
then.
dee.
thee.
thy.
brue (bruu).
brig.
bridge.
doo or dee.
thu.
thou.
forita.
forstand.
understand.
furkin.
wiUan,
willing.
Outh (rgoth).
Ottthaland (-radhaland).
ffuthawather(th^dh).
Qeud.
God.
Canaan Hl^anaa'n].
geudwather.
Canaan.
thunder.
authayard.
Oeud's ert.
Ood's earth [churchyard
guthada {go-)
hieht ^ the day.
good day.
how da (ha'u di).
noon day.
how nort (ha'u).
hiehi nort.
high north.
de howlane.
the heelans.
the Highlands.
itae.
intae.
into.
itae.
unto.
kinno.
kenno.
know not.
leevar.
rether.
rug face (regfie).
roueh [in behaviour and
temper, not in material].
rough.
gong.
gang.
go.
reed.
bey.
ekrime.
skrie.
to discern at a distance.
ekrogt.
treereuts (rMs).
tree roots.
ay,)p"»-
veelenee.
violence.
great veelenee.
WU8,
wds.
was.
tout.
is.
us.
is.
his.
has.
** In the attempts already made by the writer to illustrate the Orkney dialect
fp. 790<;], lus illustrations are meant to exhibit equally the first ana second
divisions of the above, his intention being to shew the transition state of the
dialect in his own time. Now let it be clearly understood that Uie present
attempt is intended to illustrate solely our first division, i.e. what has been
called Scoto-Norse.
** In this rendering of Gilpin the endeavour has been to represent every word
of the original bv its e<}uivaleDt Orkney word or in Orcadian pronunciation.
Where words in the original do not exist in Orcadian, the rule has been to give
the word which it is likely an old Orcadian would have used had he told the
story. It will be obvious that both rhyme and rhythm have been ruthlessly
sacrificed to this rule. In some verses the original construction has been altered
but only where such construction was unknown in Orcadian.*'
As rhyme and rhythm have been sacrificed, I have thought it best to print the
translation as prose, keeping the division of the stanzas and numbering them for
reference in the notes, and to give the original in smaller type in parallel columns.
Mr. Dennison appended a number of notes, which I reproduce on p. 810, re-
ferring to the stanza. Sometimes I add some observation of rov own in [ ].
I regret that the time at my command for palaeotyping tnis long example,
three hours, was far too short to carefully consid^ such minutiae as the differences
[ 2236 ]
fu slooli plkin d'tier ds st^nz,
wi kaashtm on gpd hid.
21. bet ftndm shpm «
Binp^dhOT gdt, «nlth htz wll
shod fit, d« snorton bist bigiid
t* trot, which tit'ld [t^it'ld]
him * hiz sM.
22. 8M ''feer vn saftlf"
:djoonf ht kra'td, bet :d|oom
hi kri^id i YeeHf dat trot bikkn
a spsnd«r ahp^n i spdU't b Tits
23. Stftf luutvn duun «z hii
maan dp9, whaa ki'iiiB st't
aprdH'kiht, h» gTapvd dv m^m
WI heetk hiz ha^ndz, 16tkwBz
WI aa his mdHkjht.
24. htz hors wha niTW i
dat w^f had hand'ld bin
«foor, what tiq hi)d got'n «po*
hfz bak, dp^d f^lt meer vn.
meer.
25. Bwaa gid :gtlpfn, hks
«r nokht, Bwaa gid hat tm
wfgy hi If't'l driimd whi'iii hi
t0*k w6i, B rsntm sic a rig.
26. ds wi'iiid d^^d blaa, d«
klok dp^d flii 16ik Btriim«r
laq an g^i, til luup wa. bat'n
ieebsn bMh vt last hi\d fluu
Bwaa!
27. dan m&H'kjht aa fbk wil
skrd'im, ds stiin pigz hi hsd
haqd, b stiin pig swiqvn Bt
ilkB sa'id, Bz hez bin sed Br
saq.
28. do tdh'ks dpd bark, dB
beemz skre^kjht, ap flXuu dB
wf'ndBz aa, Bn evBn' saal krd^'d
nut : ** wil dpn ! " ijz Inud I'lZ
hii kil^d kaa.
29. Bwaa gid :gilpin, whaa
bBt hii? hiz ieem sham spred
Bn!ind : "hi beerz b wAjht !"
"hirdVdzBrws!" "hijd)2for
a thuuzen psnd !"
[
Full slowly pacing o'er the stones.
With caution aSod good heed.
21. But finding soon a smoother road,
Beneath his well-shod feet,
The snortinff heast began to trot,
Which galled him in his seat.
22. So «ftur and softij** John he cried,
Bnt John he cried in vain ;
The trot become a gallop soon.
In spite of curb and rein.
23. So stooping down, as needs he most
Who cannot sit upright, [hands.
He grasped the mane with both his
And eke with all his might.
24. His horse who never in that sort
Had handled been before,
What thine upon his back had got,
Did wonder more and more.
26. Away went Gilpin, neck or nought.
Away went hat and wig ;
He little dreamt, when he set out.
Of running such a rig.
26. The wind did blow, 'the cloak did fly
like streamer long and gay.
Till loop and button failing both.
At last it flew away.
27. Then might all people well discern
The bottles he had slung ;
A bottle swinging at each side,
As has been said or sung.
[screamed,
28. The dogs did bark, the children
Up flew the windows all ; [done ! ' *
And erery soul cried out: **Well
As loud as he could bawl.
29. Awa^ went Gilpin, — who but he?
His fame soon spread around ;
"He carries weight!*' **he rides a
race!"
** 'Tis for a thousand pound !*'
D41.]
TUK SOUTHERN INSULAR LOWLAND.
807
30. mi stil f\z fest uz hii
kam niir, h»\d wbs farUfu tB
ei, huu i V hent, d« grtod-
kiip^rz, dBr grthdz wi^id aap'n
thrXuu.
31. vn nuu i\z hii gid buutm
duD, hiz rlkBn hi)d fu l^^kjh,
de stiin pi'gz bMh client hfz
bak, WTsr speldBid at « t|und.
32. dun ran dn wd^'n itee
dB g^, m^^t pltffu U bi sin,
whtlk mid htz horsez flaqks
te rik «z d6f hsd flamed bin.
33. bvt stil hi lakid te beer
w^kjht wt ledhren gerd'l bund,
for aa md'tkjht sii do ptg-neks
Bttl diqlBn Bt htz mtd'l.
34. d£s aa tra^u men' :»zltq-
tun d»8 pretikenz hii d^ pl^,
Btil hi kam vUs' &b :wesh b
:edmBntun se get.
35. Bn dzr hi thrluu dB
:w^sh Bbi^t on bMh sdU'dz b
dB wet, t^'st Uik vtee b patlBn
map, Br b wa*»ld g998 Bt plee.
36. Bt '.edmBntun htz loovm
wdU'f fee dB bal'ttzBn skrdHmd
hBr tendBrhazbBn,farlrBn mak'l
te sii whuu (fuu) hii kud ra*«d.
37. ** stop, stop, :diooni
-.gtlptn! hiir)z dB huus!" dei
aa Bt Ins d^ kra't ; *' dB d^Br
wets Bn wn\ Br tt,gd." sez
:gflptn, "swBm d*i!"
38. bBt Jet hf z hors was noo
B b«t farkBn te ste/Bn deer, for
whd*t ? htz d*tmBr hsd b bus fu
tEn ma'tlz af at :weer.
39. see let'k b ^to tiit hi
flKuu, shot bee b bd^timBn straq,
Be dpd hi flii, — whtlk taks mi
tee dB mtd*l o mi saq.
40. Bwaa gld :gilptn, nut b
breeth, Bn seer Bgin htz wtl, til
at hiz frlnd dhB klMh presBrz,
htz hors Bt last stp^ sttl.
41. dB klMh presBr fiimtst
te sii htz niibsr t stk trtm, led
dun htz p4^ip, fliuu tee dB j^t,
Bn das speek tB him.
[
30. And still as fast as he drew near,
'Twas wonderful to view,
How in a trice the tnmpike-men
Their gates wide open threw.
31. And now, as he went bowing down
His reeking head full low,
The bottles twain behind his back
Were shattered at a blow.
32. Down ran the wine into the road.
Most piteous to be seen, [smoke,
Which made the horse's flanks to
As they had basted been.
33. But still he seemed to carry weight,
With leathern girdle braced ;
For all might see the bottle necks
Still dangling at his waist.
34. Thus all through merry Islington
These gambols he did play,
Until he came unto the Wash
Of Edmonton so gay.
35. And there he threw the Wash about
Od both sides of the way.
Just like unto a trundling mop,
Or a wild goose at play.
36. At Edmonton his lorin^ wife
From the balcony spied
Her tender husband, woudering much
To see how he did ride.
37. <*Stop, stop, John Gilpin! Here*s
the house!*'
They all at once did cry ;
<*The dinner waits, and we are tired."
Said Gilpin, **SoamI."
38. But yet his horse was not a Vhit
Inclined to tarry there ;
For why ! — his owner had a house
Full ten miles off at Ware.
39. So like an arrow swift he flew.
Shot by an archer strong ;
So did he fly — which brings me to
The middle of my song.
40. Away went Gilpin, out of breath.
And sore against his will,
Till at his friend the calender's,
His horse at last stood still.
41. The calender amazed to see
His neighbour in such trim,
Laid down his pipe, flew to the gate,
And thus accosted him.
2239 ]
808
THE SOUTHERN INSULAR LOWLAND.
[D41.
42. " what nluuz, what
nXuuz ? JOT smkimz t£l ! tEl mi,
ji maan on sal ! Bee whd^ beer-
hided duu tsr kam, «r whdU'
duu kxmz Bvaa?"
43. nuu :g:ilptn had « pWzvnt
wft, tm luud B ta^tmli &m, on
das vtee- dv Ideeth prestir i
mert w6f hi sp&k :
44. *' df k4m bikaz jvr hon
wad kam, «n gtf dH wel bbd,
mi hat Bn wig wil shp^n bi
hiir,^-dei aar Bpoo* d« gft."
45. dB klMh presBr raHTtjht
glfid tB find h>z frind i mert
m^^d, ritamd hiin noo b su^gl
ward, bBt tu dhB huus gld in.
46. Bn uut hi kam w» hat Bn
wig, B wig dat fLi^ud Bhi\nt, b
hat noo mai'l dB wars for weer,
bMh koomli i dBr kd'iiid.
47. hi hddid dBm ap, Bn i
hf'z tarn, das shaad hiz redi
wit: ''mi hid I'z twaa taVmz
Bz big Bz d£*in, d6» deerfor
niidz mast f t't.
48. "bBt let mi skr^^ ds
dart Bwaa, dat hiqz apoo* di
fws, Bn ba^id Bn it, fsr wil du
mee bii i b haqri ktfw."
49. sed :d|(mi: "hi\d iz mi
wadin d^, Bn aa dB warld wad
glaHfflr, gif wd'if bM dd^in Bt
:edmBnt^n, Bn iU stid da'in Bt
:weer."
50. see tomBn tee hiz hors
hi sed: ''&U' am i hist tB
da'in ; hi\d waz fsr dii ple^zBr
duu k&m hiir, duu sal gjog
bak for md*m."
51. okh! lakles spiii^ Bn
fekles b^st ! fsr whitj hi p^^d
fu diir; fsr whail hi spc^ b
br^tf;Bn 48, d^'d siq m^^st luud
Bn kliir.
52. wharat hiz hors dp^d
snort, Bz hii had hard b la'iBn
ruut, Bn spandBrd af wi aa
hiz mdU'kjht, bz hii hid dp'n
Bfoor!
[
42. "WbatnewB, what news P your tidings
Tell me you must and shall ! [tell!
Say why bareheaded yon are come,
Or why yon come at all P *'
43. Now Gilpin had a pleasant wit,
And loTed a timdy joke ;
And thns nnto the calender
In merry guise he spoke :
[come:
44. "I came because your horse would
And if I well forbode,
Myhat and wig will soon be here, —
They are upon the road.'*
46.
46.
The calender, right glad to find
His friend in merry pin,
Returned him not a single word.
But to the house went in.
^1"^
and
Whence straight he came with
A wig that flowed behind,
A hat not much the worse for wear.
Each comely in its kind.
47. He held them up, and in his turn
Thus showed ms ready wit :
'* My head is twice as big as yours,
Tney therefore needs must fit.
48. " But let me scrape the dirt away,
That hangs upon your face ;
And stop and eat, for well you may
Be in a hungry case.'*
49. Said John: <*It is my wedding-day.
And all the world would stare,
If wife should dine at Edmonton,
And I should dine at Ware."
50. So turning to his horse, he said :
** I am in haste to dine ;
*Twas for your pleasure you came here.
Ton shall go oack for mine."
51. Ah ! luckless speech, and bootless
boast!
For which he paid full dear ;
For while he spake, a braying ass
Did sing most loud and d^.
52. Whereat his horse did snort, as he
Had heard a lion roar.
And galloped off with all his might,
As ne had done bef<Mre.
2240 ]
Digitized by >^J\^\^V iv^
D41.]
THS SOUTHERN TK8ULAR LOWLAND.
809
53. «waa gid :gtlpm, vn
awaa gid rgtlptnz hat «n wig !
hi tf lilt dvm ahMVBT or vf oor,
fsr whaU? d6« wxr d^imr btg !
54. nun imastrM rgtlpni whim
shp saa h«r g^'dman posten dihi
it^tf d« kjantn' faar Bwaa, shp
pi]id lit hiif 0 « krilin,
55. on das vtM* ds haaflm
shp Bsd, dat kaad dvm tee ds
:bBl : '* diB sal hi d&U'n, whtjii
dun take bak mi g^'dman seef
«n will."
56. d« haaflin iM, «n shp'n
dp'd mlt :djoom kocvn bak
Bgen, whaa m b hent hi trd'id
te tMif bf glamtm at hiB
Teen.
57. bvt noo peifdH'*t«n what
hi m&U'kjht, vn blil'idlt wad h^
dp*n, dB fleged blst hi fleged
meer, Bn meed him fester ixn.
58. Bwaa gid :g»lptn, Bn
awaa gid h&flm at his hiilz,
dB h^flinz hors rdH'kiht bl6'»d
te mts dB dfldertn o qb whiilz.
59. saks d^ent'hnen ajCMN> dB
g^ das Bii*Bn :gtlpin nii w»
hiflin skarren at htz t^l, dii
T90zd dB ** jhln Bn krdH*."
60. "stop tif ! stop tif ! b
-xobsr man!" noo In o dem
WBZ dam, Bn aa Bn ilkB hi dat
past dat w^f dp*d t^6ni • dB
persp't.
61. Bn nun dB g^grtndz
Bgen fllun aap'n th b gltisk, dB
grtnd men ttqkBn bz afoor dat
:gilptn rMd b rees.
62. Bn SM hi dp*d Bn wan
hi'id tee^ for hii kim ferst te
tuun, nor st6fd til whaar hi
ferst gid ap, hi dp'd Bgen too
dim.
63. nun let wbz siq laq Ifr
dB :ktq I Bn -.gtlptn laq liy hii !
Bn whan hi mist dp'z rd'td fee
hiim, mee i}* hi deer te sii !
58.
54.
66.
56.
57.
68.
59.
60.
61.
62.
68.
Away went Oilnm, and away
W ent Gilpin^B bat and wig ;
He lost them sooner than at UrtAf
For why F— they were too big.
Now Mirtress Gilpin, when she saw
Her hnsband posting down
Into the country, far away.
She palled out half a crown ;
And thus nnto the youth she said.
That droTC them to the ** Bell,"
« This shall he yours when you bring
back
Hy husband safe and weU."
The.Touth did ride, and soon did meet
John coming back amain ;
Whom in a tnoe he tried to stop
By catching at his rein.
But not performing what he meant,
And gladlY wouM hare done.
The frighted steed he frighted more,
And made him frwter run.
AiniT went Oilpin, and away
Went postboy at his heels.
The postDOT*s horse right fflad to miss
The lumoering of the wneels.
Six ffentlemen mon the road
Then seeing Gilpin fly.
With postboy scampering in the rear,
Th^ raieed the hue and cry.
[man I'*
"8iap thief I stop thief ! a highway
Not one of them was mute ;
And all and each that passed that way
Did join in the pursuit.
And now the turnpike-gates again
Flew open in short space ;
The tollmen thinking, as before,
That Gilpin rode a race.
And so he did, and won it too.
For he got first to town ;
Nor stomped till where he had got up,
He did again get down.
Now let us sing, Long lire the King !
And Gilpin umff Utc he !
And when ne neii doth ride abroad.
May I be there to see 1
tM41]
IB WMJBUkMTU UIW MM»V nvwy , — TTtnjwwn^
tueh a rig, the phraae b merely
zeproduced, not tnmalated in the Or.
Tenion, running has the n.NL» («),
which here'somiaed (■) to me.]
80. \tumpik4 mm, ^aUa, as there
are no turnpike roads m Or., Mr. D.
has Btthetituted keepers of the grinds or
gates to fields.]
31. bowing, (bumn) is used here as
(Inntsn) was before (st. 23) to shew
that both words were used in Or.
34. thue gambols, here I hate used
the sinfirnlar thit [instead of the plural
<A«m], oecause proper in Or., however
improper in Englisn grammar.— j^r^t-
kins, Deaidee meaning gambols, also
means tricks of leger-de-main, and
acrobatic feats.
36. baUony, not used in Or. [the
word baleony used always to hare the
accent on the second syllable as here;
from the Italian baUo'ne, a big beam
or balk]. — apitd. Or. shrimed, — Aotr,
both whoo and foo are said, fit is the
only u}h so changed in IL. — did, altered,
pernaps accidentally, to could A
37. [tired (ttjgd), Mr. I), giyes
*Hig$am, tedious, wearisome,*' in his
slossary.n
38. inclined. Or. fisrkin. Edmond-
stone giyes this as an Or. word with an
entirefy erroneous meaning. It properly
signifies to be willing, inclined, or dis-
pMed to. — owner, oti^ as in how.
89. an arrow, the indef. article is
always a, never an, m Or. — archer,
archery is unknown in Or.
41. gate means in Or. the outer sate
of a house, while grind (st. 80) is a field
gate.
42. [tidinge, the word uneane prob-
ably means things unkent, or unknown,
hence tidings.] — at aU, (waa) of all,
with the same meaning.
46. whence, mcA, neither word occurs
in Or.
47. ie, at. These two words are
pronounced identically in Or. [Mr. D.
writes m as »«, liut to my ear the NL. t
had here two different sounds in m, as
(<) or (f|) almost, in m it sounded to
me like (m). Seep. 767.]
48. itop, bide Is not given as its
correct rendering of etop, but because
it is the word tluit an Orcadian would
have used in the circumstances.
50. go (gjjoq), some would write
geong as in the old word geo, meaning
ised.]
62. tnort, rhymes hurt [this would
give (snirt), but I marked his pron.
as (snort^. — roar, translated (runt).
Oloss. **root to roar loudly; oftfm
applied, but not confined, to the cry
of a cow "].
68. than, (or) is the regular Or.
equivalent.
64. poetit^f ponounoed something
like the Ml in oLiMse. [I marked (6l
the Italian o y^rto memal length. I
had great difficulty in knowing when
Mr. D. used (oo) and when (oo). The
pal. will henoe probably be found incon-
sistent.]
65, youth, in Or. hMina is applied
to a laid too young to do the won of
a full-grown man, and who was con-
sidered half man and half boy. — drove,
in Or. (kaad^. The word is used in
many senses m Or., such bb to ca on,
to cry on [shout for], to make a call
on, to ca* to cry, to drive a fiock of
sheep, cattle, or whales, henoe <cain
whale'; to drive horses, bb he eat a
couple, he drives a pair of horses ; to
stnke with a hammer, as coin nailt
driving notes. [See for the last Tarn
o' Shanter, v. 26, p. 732 above.] —
hutband, in Or. goodman is still used
as well as husband.
67. [performing, in Ork, perfecting,
in the older form per/ltan, compare
Chaucer's jMir^^, taken direct from Fr.
parfait; perfect is quite a modem
form. But the place of the accent
on the second syllable, and consequent
diphthongiBing of its sound, are note-
worthy.]
68. lumbering, dildering is only an
approximative rendering of the original,
because Umbering in this sense does
not occur in Or., for lumber in its
ordinary sense ramel is used. dUder
means to jolt, to shake by concussions.
69. rear, not in Or., henoe tail used.
[hue and cry, the phrase and custom
IS unknown m Or., henoe there beinff
no corresponding phrase the Englisn
words aro simply retained.]
60. [thief, thero is the same pecu-
liarity as in L., (thlf) medial, sing,
fthiivz) long plural, on account of the
following consonants/, v, — highway^
man, they had no Or. word for.1
61. [thort tpaee, or gliti, *'a
glimpse, an instant," Dennison Gl.]
[2248 ]
0BX5ET CWl.
from Mr. Denniflon's Orcadian Sketeh-Book, retaining bis orthography in italics.
In this orthography ae^ay in day, ee^see in ae$. oa^{oo).
#WB'«« in amateur, hauteur, « pretty nearly,*' -in, Terbal nonn, -on part. See
examples, p. 798, note to y. U. The pal. and notes were from tt. in-
formation. I have also added many woras from John Gilpin, giving both
Mr. D.'s orthography and my pal. transcription.
I. WeSSEX AlTD NOBSB.
A- — quack [quake]. 6 meed, — wad [wade]. 16 a^fo^ [awful]. — ha^k
[balk]. 19 teel, 21 neem, 23 Mm'. 24 tkeem, 25 mane meen, — get
g^ [road, N. gata]. — keel [kail]. A: 38 m «z [unaccented NL. t].
39 cam^ \km. 41 tank, 43 hanU [nands]. 49 king htq. 65 aet, 56 wish
[name of a piece of water]. A: or 0: 58 f^ae fee, 60 long laq. 61 anumg.
A'- 67 gMg ga'n geen geed [go going went], geong gjoq [to go], gang gjeq.
70 toe tee, 72 wka [used for relative, both nom. and ace. J. 73 sae. 74 twa
twaa. 79 ain eea, 80 heliday heltdt. 82 eenee Ins. 83 meen mane, 84
mair meer. — raran reervn [roaring]. 85 aair seer. 86 aett, 89 haiUi
\)eeik, 90 hlaw blaa. 96 throw throo [with (th)]. 97 m7 $aul saal.
A': 105 rode red. — Uthy Isdht [lady]. 109 latch Uekjh. 110 nokht.
— feeman [foaming, streamingj. 115 heem hiim. 117 aen een, in, ee [last
common]. 118 keen. 122 i. neen, ii. fM». 123 naethin nithin [last common].
124 tteen stin. 126 airs (eerz). 130 boat [this should be (boot), but I heard
(baat)]. 132 haet (hi^t).
JE- 138 faxther, — aWegither [altogether]. 148 fair iwt, — etaire
steerz. — «<w< sM [seat]. Mx 16^ Vaik. — jpa*' [spake]. 166 yM
glsd. 159 Am. 169 whin whvn [unaccented NL. t]. 173 wue. 175 feet fEst.
177 dat 'at, — wraith [wrathj. — ttathy [steady]. JE'- 187 lave,
195 minny, M': 209 niver mTvr. 214 natM^ nMdhvr. 221 f^are,
223 <2^e air, 224 trAar' whar. 226 maiit merat. — itmm/ [wrestie]. 228
tivaet smeei, 229 (rat^A br^h.
E- 231 de, 233 tpaekan [speaking]. — wather [weather]. — neeve
[(niivz) fists]. 243 j^lee, 244 weel. 246 ii. quine kwaWn. — aet [which
should represent (eei), but Mr. D. said (it)]. 254 teatheran Isdnm [leathern].
E: — wdb [weo]. — haeve [heave]. — waddin [a weddiqg]. 262 wey
wet. 263 awa vwaa. 265 strakht. 266 weel im. 269 hidtel [itselfj.
— deUan [delivery]. — speil epeel [spell]. 276 tink, — twinty [twenty
(i,)]. 281 lent\ 282 ttrenC, 284 freeh, -— he'rty [hear^]. — afwart
[athwart]. — waet [west]. E': 305 hich heich (h&'ikjh). 806 hicht.
310 A<r<f/ hil. 314 h'ard, Z15 Jit fit. 316 neeet nist.
EA- — eer [ale]. — showed shaad [shewed]. £A: — kaj^ [chafil.
321 »a saa. 323 foucht (faakht). 324 aucht (aakht). — mO/ sal [shall].
326 auld aald. 327 Mv^ baald. 330 haud aad. 332 ta'd (taad). 333
(M»//ou7 [to calve]. 336 a* [sometimes (1) is pron.]. — ha* [hall]. 337 wa*.
— maU [malt]. 342 erm, — hairm [harm]. 346 yeH tH, EA'- 347
Amy; hid. 348 e'e, EA': 350 deed deid. 361 /^m^. 352 reed riid. 353
^fA/. 354 ahaev*8 [sheaves]. 357 fo^ to too a' to [although]. — tare [a tear].
368 deeth, 371 ttree.
EI- 372 aye 6«. 373 ci;^^ d6«. 374 na'. EI: 380 difm. Z^2 der deir,
EO- 383 Mevan. 384 heevan, 386 yoir. EG: 390 e'ttd std. —
«t^/er [silver]. 892 yin jen. 394 [never used]. 397 ewerd eword swnd
[NL. n. EO'- 411 tWee trii. 412 «Aw. 413 deil. iU /eejleean, flii
fliiim [fly flying]. 415 ^. — heud [held]. — yeul [yule, Christmas].
416 dear diir. — »Aef< [shoot]. 420 fower. 421 /oor^y. EO': — fief
[ 2244 J
ttf [thief]. 428 <*««. 426 fieht. 429 ^imT. 480 firmtd frfnd. 483 ftfWf^
436 <ni# trluu. 437 treua.
I- — ^a#0fi* [giTing], atfMi rgi^en]. 441 «t*9*. 448 dit dts [sg. used for
pi.]. I: — fieJkU^ [thickjT 467 micht mfc'ikjht. 468 nichl (n&Wkjht).
469 apricht apr&Ukjht. 460 weieht wekjht. 464 whUk whilk [NL. tl. 468
chiekUra, — ahint vhent [behind, most probably NI. tl. 480 tina ttq. —
[nmningNL. t]« *84 die. — rash [a rash], 489 At4; I . ,
ahnort (het)]. — $ax [dx]. T- 490 a^. 492 nS A^id, — ^nr^
[thrive]. — frvfty [thiitr]. T: — Itek [a corpse in (Ilk waak) like-wake].
600 /i&UTM l^ikmn nikewue NL. t in last syllable]. 608 m&>iL 609 whiU.
— linen \9^wm flinenj. — <*•* [^y]«
0- 618 botfy, — Mheul [shoTel]. 619 awer k}uwt, 622 4pfn aap'n.
— drip [drop]. 628 kup, 624 loartf waarld. 0: 626 ii. of. 628
foM^A^. 629 brMteht biikht. 681 ifba<^<#r [(daakhtm;) ahnost (doakhtvr)].
634 hoT Ihaw hollow]. 686 ^ouni, 638 uhuI wid wad. 644 dtm, — Im
tap [top]. — sear* [score]. — nor*' [north]. — botham (bodhvm) [bottoml.
— owten UfmB^n) oxen]. (V- 666 <m tUae it$ [nnto], Vta$ [into]. 667
Uu it$. 668 Utek lok. 662 meun, 664 smmi thstm slmni sh#*n. — mpmo^A^t
smMdhvr [smoother]. 666 ither, 668 briiher, — Jhw flfr^#.
0': 669 Uuk. 671 ^mm^ g9*d [confosed with Oodl. — h$¥d [hood].
672 hlntd, — MMMf [snood]. 67o «<MMf st#*d. — a/iir [>loYeJ. — «q/)
[roof]. 682 enil kwl. — jmnt ^n) [poolj. 686 <^
saft [softl. — re^f [r(
iCnNfTf [doinffs]. 687 d$un 6mk d#*n. 689 tpeun, 590 ./fewr. '692 tuwr.
—^«M gw's [goose]. 6"
-^MM gv's [goosej. 693 mtmn maan. 696 ^^.
U- — knock [knock, (k) pron.]. 600 loavin^ kKnin [this is an adj. not the
participle which would belooTtm], Mftf Innd. 603 co ko [freqiient contraction].
606 nn. 606 door door. U: — $h*uthor [shoulder]. — poo'd pbd
[pnlled]. 612 tuiNiiM [something]. 616 pund pand. 616 grund, 617 oooiuf
snnnd. 619 fund fknd. — irtiMftr [wonder (ti) or (a)]. 632 op a*p. —
apo' [upon]. — hnmgh <brokh) [borough]. 634 ^roM trti'M. 636 irtr^.
F- 640 eoo. 641 Aoo whuu fun [both used]. 642 ^A*m [?eiw]. 643 noo.
— toom [thumb]. 648 umr, wvr. 649 thoosan thuuavn. 660 aboot. 663
hit bvt [unaccented, t.«. with the NL. t]. U': — 6ooMm [buxom]. — book
(bunk) [bulk, distinct from 6691. 668 doon duun dtm, 669 toon tuun [town].
663 hoote. 667 oo^ nut. ^w prood pruud. 671 mooM. 672 $ootk,
T- 673 MNM^itri^ mak'l. 674 dmd dfvd d#*d. — Mteer [stir]. T: 688
mudgu [pi.]. 690 iHiMf k&Und. 691 mind mkHiA. — Hn tiiU [thin]. 700
wtmricer, — <'fr*< [thirst]. 702 iriV [with it]. Y'- -- J^etetn (jbCiHin)
fifteen. T': — wiu [prob. (wis) wish].
H. liKOLISH.
A. — trappU [thrapple thropple]. — heett hiist [haste]. E. 743
ekrtek skrik. — tWtu^ rretp [threep]. — vehod yeWet. I. and T. — keik
[kick]. — icoek [wick, side of the mouth, used by Salesbury, see Part III.
p. 766*]. 76Z tittUUVl^'l -'prmt[pn'], —^rt' [firth]. 0. 761
kd, — »cald [scold], sootoMtn^ [scolding]. — ewmin [(■) coney, rabbit]. —
wint (wiiut) [wont]. — eoor''d [cowered]. — ceut [coot » ankle, a very common
word]. — troth [troth]. — eeroon* [surround]. U. — dook [duck]. —
dook. 808 pit ptt, pat [pt.], pitten [pp.].
m. BOKAUCB.
A» 810 fMS. 811 piece piis. 820 gey g^, 883 pair peer. — peaceable
[peaceable]. 834 chaise Uen, — aief [easy]. — plaieer pUfvr [pleasure].
837 mittrete mastrts [Mrs. J. — meeterfu* [masterful]. 839 ba\ 840 eham'er,
— deem fdamel. — famte fiMnvs [ffunousl. — heneh (haunch). — chaepel
eheepel [chapelt. 867 caee k^s. — natVrd [natured]. — haakkty [(haakhti)
haughty]. 8o6 faukr faalvr [defaulter]. — cdehan kaashtm [caution].
866 peur,
£ •* — praeeh [preach]. — erethid kredhit [credit]. 874 rein r^. 886
[ 2246 ]
vero [ooo. (Ten) yeiy in the Tarioiu iaUncb]. 890 httnt hdut blBt — how
(uur).
I" «fuf T- — feurc9 [fierce]. — vUd [vile]. — mnm image. —
fntenit [minute of timej. — vmant [Tiolent]. — admeer acbniir [admire].
910 eeitiun sltiz'n [citizen]. — VMvea [yivid, yei^ common].
0« — p<wch [poucheji 919 chain t|6tn [join]. — puishan pootAam
poison. — ooimw [omenj. — cootU [oount].^ — renoon rinuun [renown].
— erwm [crown]. — b4mHet [bonnet]. — ^eritm [orison]. 941 feul. 944
aloodd «lnn*d. — eoort [courtj. 962 turn toom [turn]. — preep [prove].
966 doot, — pooW [power]. 966 cower [to recover health]. — diMtm
[dozen].
U- 966 euUs. 967 teutneet. 969 mmt. — Jirry [fmj]. — yMM [nse].
970 jetui ^*Bt [Mr. D. always pron. in Or. initial j as (t|)].
D 42 = nIL. = northern Insular Lowland.
Boundaries and Area. The whole group of the Shetland isles.
The separate islands of Foula and Fair Isle belong to this district,
and their languages are varieties, but I have failed in procuring
any information concerning them.
Authorities, 1. Mr. Arthur Laurenson of Leog, Lerwick, wrote
an article in Danish on Shetland and Orkney in Annaler for
Nordisk Oldhyndighed og JEKstorie, 1860, pp. 190-201, to which
article there were additions by R. J. Lyngby, pp. 201-216. This
paper, lent to me by Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, led to a long
correspondence with Kr. Laurenson, who has been very obliging
in giving me all the assistance in his power, and especially
translated for me a Shetland letter, said to be from TJnst, of which
Prince L.-L. Bonaparte lent me a copy, and subsequently it was
found to be partly printed in the Zettand Directory, 1861. It is
an excellent specimen, but I have not felt sure enou^ of the pron.
to give it here. Mr. Laurenson also revised for me his translation
of the Parable of the Prodigal Son, given in the above-mentioned
Danish paper, and it has been added below. He also gave me
a Iw. and numerous newspaper cuttings in the Shetland Dialect.
2. Wc. Eobert Cogle of Cunningborough, Dunrossness, Mainland,
Sd., on a peninsula running s., gave me a cs. in his Dunrossness
pron., and sent me '* Shetland Fireside Tales, or the Hermit of
Trosswickness, by G. S. L." (Oeorge Stewart of Leith), Edinburgh,
1877, pp. 239, because they gave such an excellent representation
of the 8. form of the dialect.
3! Miss Annie B. Malcolmson, native of Lerwick, in Oct. 1878,
to whom I was introduced by Mr. Laurenson, kindly read to me
Mr. L.'s Parable of the Prodigal Son, and his Iw., and Mr. Cogle's
cs., and from this dictation they are here reproduced.
4. Prince L.-L. Bonaparte procured Dr. L. Edmondstone's
Parable of the Sower, in IJnst pron., given below. He also put at
my service notes made during a visit to Orkney in 1858 ; and lent
me the MS. of Dr. L. Edmondstone's pronouncmg glossary of Unst,
which, being confined to unusual words, has not much assisted
me ; idso a specimen of Mr. William Alexander Grant's glossary of
[ 2246 ]
aia noi nuxner my mquines.
6. Dr. Thomas Edmondstone's ''Etymological Glossary of the
Shetland and Orkney Dialect," pnblifQied by the f^hilol. Society,
1866, has, for the same reason as the others, not helped me,
although interesting for other puiposes, see notes to Paetie Toral,
pp. 798 to 802.
As far as actoal pron. is concerned I have therefore but one
authority, Miss Malcolmson, to whose kindness I am so much
indebted.
CharacUrt, The peculiar alterations of M, the main feature of
pron. of the district, have already been given, p. 789.
Initial chy generally (i^^, becomes (sh) in D 42, as in D 40, but
remains (t^) in D 41, which is nearer D 40, thus (shaptBr, shans,
shiild, fihil, sheer, shiiz) chapter, chance, child, chiel, cheer,
cheese. But the initial (t}) is by no means impossible to a
Shetlander, who says (i^op) for shop, as in Ab. On the other
hand, final (t}) usually remains, except in (sttk, reek) stitch, reach,
and perhaps a few other words, where it does not become (sh)
but (k). And (dj) remains unaltered in Sd., though Mr. Dennison
used (i^) for it in Or.
Initial (wh) remains and does not become either (ku^h) as in
SL. or (f) as in NL. On the contraiy, (k«^-) qu- initial frequently,
if not generally, becomes (wh).
B is distinctly trilled, mt- is (Vr- wer-) and is sometimes written
trtr, meaning, I believe, the same thing, that is (wf\ir), p. 767.
In kn-f gn- initial the (k, g) are heard.
The aspirate is strong, except in unaccented pronominal words.
The guttural varies as (kh, kjh) according to the preceding vowel,
as in German.
The vowels form a main difficulty, and many fine distinctions
m^have escaped me or been wrongly appreciated.
The (a) certainly tends to (a^), and in the diphthong (dU) seems
to be exclusively used. In some cases Mr. Laurenson had marked
(sb), which Miss Malcolmson sounded as (e).
The (b, se) was a prominent feature, as (Ism, shsm, nsm) lame,
shame, name, as distinct from Or. use. It sometiines occurred
long as (hEEl, suebI) hail, snail.
!nie (i) constantly occurs purely short or medial, as (trid, did)
thread, dead. Our short (t) may remain, but is much superseded
^7 (*i)f ^hich I expect is frequently the thick NL. % or (f,i) that
has caused so much trouble, see p. 767. At any rate my appre-
ciation varied as (t, e, s) as in NL.
The (o, oo) seemed pure, not {po) nor (aa), neither of which
probably occurs, although I seemed at limes to hear {po). But
certainly (aa) is absent, as it is in all the NX., and is replaced
by (aa), which in Unst Prince L.-L. Bonaparte hears as {aa).
The (u) seemed pure as in all L., and not to become (m). It
generally stood for (uu), which however occasionally occurred.
[ 2247 ]
vKji**! 'Ji^J gwKi, love, uut [Bpm, mra; ana {jXBhy Koep; toox^ cup.
Whether or no, three distinct vowels are refdly used and confined
to particular words, I am unable to say.
The diphthongs seem to be (dU), but (du, 6u) and occ. (d*u, ac'u)
perhaps. While (fo, (u) occ. occur for 0' before a guttural, as
(tfokh) tough. We find also few of the Ah. (dH) words (see
p. 766) as (kwd*in, whd4, td^izdt) quean, whey, Tuesday.
These correspond with Ws. roughly thus :
A- is (b, aa), as (Ism, draa) lame, draw.
A' (ee, BB, b), as (see, sbb) so, (iibb) no, adj. (hem, bsn^ home, hone.
JR' varies between (ee. e), apparently tiie nonnal sound, and (i) which looks
like a refinement, as HeeT) leare, (klin) clean.
£ is (e, b), as (spek, weev) speak, weave.
£' regularlv (i, u), as (hii, dii, fit) he, thee, feet.
EAL usually (aa), and the L. occ. dropped, as (aa, aald) all, old.
£A' usually (t„ b, e], as (^|t, dsf) great, deaf, rarely fi), as (did) dead.
£0' regularly Tii, i), as (bu) bee, ezceptionalhr {m>), as (sluw) she.
I' is regularly (&'i), without distin^uisning a oroaoer form (6i).
0' becomes (yi, m, », oe, io, in), aO variants of the usual alteration of (V.
U is regularlv (■), but sometimes (oe), as (ssn, oep) sun, up.
U' is r^ularly (u, uu), as (nuu, tun) now, town.
For particulars, refer to the cwL below, p. 818.
lUuatrations,
1. Dunroisnest cs. by Mr. E. Cogle, the last of the 8 cs. in the
introduction to L., p. 684, as read by Miss Malcolmson, and hence
with Lerwick pron.
2. Zemnck, Parable of the Prodigal Son, as written by Mr.
Laurenson, and read by Miss Malcolmson.
3. Unsty the Parable of the Sower as written by Dr. L.
Edmondstone, with a conjectural pal. version by AJE.
4. General cwl. from Mr. Laurenson's Iw. as read by Miss
Malcolmson, together with words excerpted from Nos. 1, 2, 3.
The Pabablb of the Psodigal Son, Luke xv. 11-32.
Translated into the Shetland dialect by Mr. Arthur Laurenson, of Leog, Lerwick,
8d., originally published in the AnnaUr for Norduk Oldkvndigked^ 1860,
p. 198, corrected by himself for the present edition, and pal. by AJE. trom
the dictation of Miss Annie B. Malcolmson, of Lerwick, 29 Oct. 1878.
11 . a ssnttsn man hid twa sanz.
12. Tsn di3 jsqest o d«m, ssd tel htz fExdvr: fEsdtnr, gii m« d«
peert o dis gyidz «t faaz tB mii. isn hi peerted ktz livnn istwiin dism.
13. «n no moni deez E'ftcr d? Jsqest san gad«rd aa tsgedvr, m
tuk di3 gEEt til B faar kjsntrt, «n spEnt aa deer tn bad liwn.
14. «n whijU hi hsd spEut aa, dvr kam « gn'it fEmth m dat
laand, xm hi biguu'd tB hii tn want.
15. BU hi gtfd Bn fiid wf b man o dat kjantri, bu hi pset htm ut
tB kip Bwa'in.
[ 2248 ]
17. vn whfin hi kam tol htmskl hi end: hiin mont fiid Baryvnts
0 mi fEsdBTz hee biBd mfokh m ts speer vn 4H laant wt hiqtnr.
18. 64)1 r64z vn gsq ts mi fEsdnr «n)'l bkb tsl htm : badm iH
hee Btind vgnist hiy'n vn dii,
19. «n &4)m nsB meer wHrdi ts bi kssd (Icaad) dd'i sm, mak mi
WE iin 0 daH fiid sanrwnts.
20. vn hi tebz tm kam tsl h»,z fsBdnr. bt it wh«in hi wbx Jt it
« grt|t wd4 af, hhz fKBdvr saa htm, tm M sp-mi ht'iZ nxk, vn
kjsst h*,m.
21. m d« BHn sad tsl tm: fsBdtnr 44 hee Mind Bgmst hiVn tm
tn ddi 8&ik]ht, vn vm nss meer werdi t« bi kssd (kfuid) d£H bhxi.
22. bt'it d« fsBdvr sEd tsl h^z ssrvmits : bn'iq fort d« bsBt klsBz
tm pst dna sp'vn «m ; «n pat « raq on ht iZ haand tm shMn on
hfizfit,
23. «n brt,q hiir ds &t'ed kaaf tm kel t'lm, «n lat wtiz st tm bi man',
24. hr das m&4 san wvz deed «n *,8 livtm tigm; hi wtiz lost
tm fz fon, tm dee bigau'd ts bi mari.
25. nun dti aaldest san wtiz t dB fiild tm az hii wtiz komtm hEEm
tel dB hns hi heerd mpzik Bn dansBn.
26. Bn hi kxsd (kaad) iin o dB sarvBnts, m akst what das waz.
27. Bn hi SEd tsl i^m : d£H br»,dBr iz kam ; Bn dilH fBsdBr hBz
kelt dB &t'ed kaaf, biksBz hi hez got'n h»im bak see'f Bn sund.
28. Bn hi wbz tarn, Bn w^d nB gEq m : see kam hi iZ fsBdBr at
tm entntted ht im,
29. Bn hi ansBrsn asd tBl hi z fssdBr : nnn das moni jiirz dp 4H
8srv di, nsdBr bmk 4H dilH komaandz Bt om td'im, Bn Jtt nt iTbt
gEE dn mii b kid, ht 44 md'ikjht mak mari wi m64 frindz,
30. biit az sh^m az das d&U san wbz kam, ^ hEz divau'd d&4
liTBn wf hp^rz, da hez kelnrt fsr hi jm ds fiited kaaf.
81. Bn sEdt^l Bm : san da)z EVBr wt mi, Bn aa Bt d4 hsE tz dd^in.
82. ft WBZ rd^ikjht dat wi sad mak mari Bn bi glsd ; fsr das d44
bri^dsr wbz dsd Bn t z livtm BgEn ; Bn wbz lost Bn tz f on.
IfoUt to th§ 0boff$ Far^U,
16. AtfMf, (fii) catfle, monejr, wages, nfirr Hrwirrin^f halntiiaUy growling."
(ta fii) to hire for wages. £dm. *Uirran, cross, ill-natived, en-
19. MM (iin). raged; Danish tirr^y ags. tyran, to ex
28. amfry (teiO, Jam. "to tirr, to asperate, irritate." £&miUergiTesthc
snarl ; Hrrivm, fit of passion ; Itr- forms tmm, Hrum, Hrigm, tyrtoum,
Pabable 07 THE SowEB, Matt. xiiL 8-9.
Translated into the dialect of Unst, the ncwthemmost isle of Sd., by Dr. L.
Edmondstone, 1859, for Prince L -L. Bonaparte, by whom it was presented
to the Philological Society 20 June, 1878. Here printed in the original
spelling, thns explained by the Prince : *' The pronnnoiatioD of a long and
gnye m pdtre, indicated oy aa ; that of #w in peu by S ; that of [Fr.] m
mixed with a slight shade of #tf by li ; that of German eh in naehthy Y;**
This is pnnted in Italics, with an interlinear translation into paL by AJE.
l^li. ProB. Part ▼. [ 2249 ] 148
oi ATuiur xiamoDOBwiH), ui AuunoB, udb^ a. ioia, ana vncie oi xhodibb
Edmondstone. who compiled the ''Etymoloeioal Glossary of the Shetland
and Orkney Dialect," printed in the Trans. Fhilolog. Soc 1866, Part m.
3. hfihold, a taar gUd Jwri ta »aa;
bihoold « BOOT gy^d fart t« saa;
4. an whin he ioady tame teede fell he da rod nde^ an da foeU
m wht'iii hi sood, sam sidz fsl bi ds rod s&Ud, «n d« fuubs
earn an devocrd dem up,
kam vn divua'id dmn sp.
5. earns feU uppo etany plaeee, whar dey hedna muekle airt ;
asm M ap*v t^aani pleesez, whaar dee hBd)n« mxk'l eert ;
an at anee dey ehot up heeaae dey hed nay deepneee o' airt;
m «t ans dee shot ap, hikaae dee hsd nee dipnvs o eert;
6. an whin da eun wie up, dey wir eeooderd; an heeaae dey
m wh»|n d« san w^z ap, dee wmr BkundHid; m hikaaz dee
had nay rdt, dey widderd awaa,
hsd nee rest, dee wf\dHrd vwaa\
7. 0» fomtf feU amung tome ; an da tome ehot up, an ehoekit dem,
VR sam fsl vmaq tomz ; m d« tomz shot ap, vn ehokit dvm.
8. hit udder fell intiH gild grund an hroxt furt frdt, eome a
bt'it adOT fsl int*xl gjid grand, vn brokht fart frcet^ earn «
hunderfaald, eome eaxtyfaald, eome tirtyfaald,
banderfaald, aam saksttfoald, sam tarttfoold.
9. whoa hee aire ta hear, let him hear.
whoa hBz eerz tB hiir, let h«m hiir.
Nona. 6. eeooderd, scorched. 7. ehokU, choked.
Shetlaiti) cwl.
Composed of most of the words in
Mr. Goggle's Dtmrossness cs.
Mr. Laurenson's Parable of the Prodigal Son and wl.
Both pal. by me from dictation of Miss Malcolmson.
Togetner with words from G. Stewart^s Shetland Tales, in his own orthography,
and from Dr. L. Edmondstone's Parable of the Sower, also in ms own
orthography in italics preceded by f.
I. Wbssex Aim NOBSB.
A- 3 busk. 4 tsek. — shack [shake]. 6 miek mak. 7 sssk. 8 hnn
[(hsd) had]. 14 draa. 17 laa. 20 Ism. 21 nsm. 22 tEm. 23 sem.
24 shsm. — gBEt [gate, road]. 33 rsdiir. 35 fcnl. 37 klaa. A: —
[ 2250 ]
D42.]
THB NOBTHBRM IN9ULAB LOWLAND.
819
lye]. 88 «. 89 kun knm ki*m. 40 kem femm. 41 tamk. 48
AMNMf. 44 liand. 46 kumdU. 47 waandvr. 49 biqui [htngingl.
60 tsqs, IMM^M. 61 man. 62 wsn. 66 ash, m#. 66 wash. A: or 0:
68 Mf /ae. 69 Ism. 60 laoq. 61 raueq, ofmif^. 62 atroq. 64 mnra-q
Vraq. 66 esq. A'- 67 gaq gnrai yam gwd g»d tyAf ^mm [go. gomg,
gone, want], 7i irho wha, tu^Aaa. 73 aee aas. 74 twa, 79 oiii mi'ii. 82
tmet ftmet. 84 moir. 86 aeer. 86 its. 87 Una. 89 biidhth. 91 maa,
iMiff. 93 anaa. 94 kraa. 96 saa fMM [(t«Mr) sower]. A': 102 aks.
104 rod, trod, 108 dookh. Ill 6iikht. 112 hal. 113 h^liHiool. 116
hBm hsim Aaai#. 117 ii iin. 118 bm. 122 i. nen nam, u. no nee nsn,
tfMy. 123 ns th«n naithm. 124 stm sUute, fftony [stonT]. 126 6nH. 126
oor. 127 bars. 129 goet. 130 biit. 133 w'rot.
M' 138 feedar iwdmf$ader. — gadar [gathered]. — twedar [together].
140 hnl. 142 annd. 143 tial. 144 vgm. 160 list. 163 9ttterdmy
BBttrda. Ml 164 bak. — lyHiJb [spake]. 166glid. 168 xffear a'- ir/)^.
161 dee. 166 sad. — wh€Ml TwhaleJ. — mm* [small]. 169 whm when
whan wht.n M'Atfi, "fwhin. 170 \mr&t, — speer [spare]. 172 gsrsytr*. —
gUt [ghiss]. 173 waa wtji, f%oi». — #t i#to [atej. 177 dat. 179 what «at.
JE!' 182 sii. — mifc^ [reach]. 183 tii^. — reedi [ready]. 187 leer laev.
189 w&H. 190 kii. 192 min. 193 kliin. 194 oni. 196 moni. 196 tirtr.
199blit. 201hxth«n. M'i 204 did. 206 trid ^fMtf. — fMMf . 206 riid.
207 nid'l. 209 ni,T«r. 212 whfcU. 214 na'dar nMar. 216 deel. 218 ship [a
ships (shop)]. 221 /mt. 223 deer. 224 whaar ufhaar, fwhmr. 226 maA.
227 wit. 228 swBt. 230 Ated [lattedl.
£- 231 da da, fda. 232 braak [brakwatt breakout]. 233 spak spakvn
9pa0kn [speaking]. — waddsr [weather, fwiddtr$d withered]. 236 weer.
236 ftTvr. 244 wiil «¥#/. 246 i ktrin, ii ku4*in. 247 ween. 248 meer.
249 weer. 260 sweer [(ansann) answering]. — nt [eat]. 261 meet. 262
ket'l. E: — nnk [neck]. 266 s.t^retjt. 261 sea seean [says sayinff]. 262
wy wtiH. 263 awaa awa, fawaa, 266 streekjht. — flild [field]. 269 damsal
[themselTes]. — twakmmt [twelTemonth]. 270 bnU. 271 tal. 273 m^n
men. 276 'bqk. 281 lant. 283 mart. — bast [beet]. F 290 hii 291
dii. 294 fid. 296 biliT. 298 fil. 299 grin. 300 kip. 301 fh$ar. 302
mit. 303 swit. E': 308 nid. 309 spid. 310 hil. 312 hiir. 312 heerd
hnrd. — hluaen blessi]^. 316 fit^. — Uekt tight. 316 niist nfUt,
£A- 320 keer. £L: 821 sn saa. 322 laaf Ijaakh laakh. 326 aald
auld [(aaldest) oldest]. 328 cauid. 329 t/oolrf. 330 ha'd \iheMd\. 331
saald. 332 taald. i33 kaaf. 336 aa. 336 t^. 337 waa. 338 kaaa kna
[caUs]. — MuU [salt]. — 9h$$r [share]. 340 leerd. 342 eerm. 343 waarm.
844 beem. 346 dar. EA'- 347 hand. 348 tfm in. — fair [ear]. 349
fin. £A': 360 deed 4M<i. 863 bred. 366 dnf. 366 laf. 367tooaltoo* 369
nt$ghh<mr. — draem dream. 363 shsp. — jiir. 366 niir. 366 gn't gri jt.
367 trat. 368 dath. 369 sloo. 870 raa. 371 straa. £1- 373 fd^,
dx)r [they arel EI: 380 dam. EO: 384 hiy'n. 886 j&n. 887 nin.
EO: 888 molk. 390 and. — yaUow yellow. 392 Jon. 396 ^aq. 396
wark. 398 starr, fttervt. 400 eemest. 402 leem. 408 faar. 404 ttarm,
— hert Oeart]. 406 feart. EO^- 409 bii. 411 trii tri. 412 shf sh^
ihu. — t<Ao02rt< [choked]. 413 der'l ij^»ri/. 416 Ui. — sheet [short]. 417
sh&n. 418 bran. EO': 422 stk. 423 l&iikjht. 427 bii [(bin) being].
428 sii. 429 find. 430 frind [not (i)]. 482 fort. 433 brist brmit. 436
ran. 436 tran. 437 tcMh. ET- 438 diiz [dies, pron. (diia)]. ET:
439 trast.
I- 440 wiik ouk. — gii [gi^e]. — Uyan [liTing]. 446 nk>in. 447 bar.
449 got'n [pp. gotten], Jiryatten [forgotten]. 460 t&*iadt. I: 462 a &>i.
466 Wi. 467 ml^kiht miehU 469 r&i>kjht. 462 s&'ikjht. 463 tiil tal, iiniiU.
466 sak tie. 466 shiild. 467 w&<ild. 468 tkmU. 476 wtnd. 477 find lin'.
478 grtnd. — hidmast btnmast [hindmost]. 479 wind. 480 thaq thiiq.
— raq [ring]. — briiq [bring]. — shap [ship]. 483 his. 484 das. 488
^i,t. 489 hit [only one instuice found]. — kid [kid]. — taxty [sixty,
common]. F- 490 hi be. 491 s&*ikjh. 492 faide. 494 tfr^im. 497
r&'is. 498 w'rtt. V: 600 lak lakli [likely]. 602 f&*iT. 603 1& if. 606
[ 2261 ]
820 THB NOBTHBBN IKSULAR LOWLAIHY. [D 42.
wfc»if . 600 wmnwi. 607 wAnwi. 608 mfc|a. 609 wfa&m. .— ^I^ll
dfiL^in [thine]. 610 mfc^in. — trnViR [swine]. 613 weer. — Hid$ [
— My [acyihe]. — ftirt^ [thirty].
0- 619 6Qnr. 628 hoqp\m. 624 mM wmrV, 0: 627 htakht. 628
t&nkht toeht. 629 br&nkht. 630 w'ltnt. 632 kol. 634 hoi. 636 fok. 637
nvld. 638 wild. 646 fir, 647 hoord. 660 wnd. 661 stonn. 663 horn.
— ftoriM [thorns]. — fort [forth]. O^- 666 sh^n [pi. shoon]. 666 t».
668 Imk Unk. 669 mtdvr midder. 660 mfhuU, 662 mfn mmm. 664 stm
shmMtMM. 666tiM;»-tdv. 668hrtid8r. 0': 669 Muk. — inUr [hook].
670 tok tiuk. 671 gYid gtUd, faud. 672 bljid hiuid. 673 fbd. 676 Bt#d.
679 vninkh tmiokh #fi#ffcA. 680 tiokh. 682 lu$i emi. 683 tinl. 684 stwl.
686 du6f0d9 ifmiM [doings], do)n« doB)n« [don't]. 687 dm dyn dm^s. 688
eftnrnoon [aftemoonj. 689 spni. 690 fltf#r. 691 niMr. 692 swsfr. — httt
[whore]. 694 host. 696 ruU rtnt.
U- 699 vbm. — wid [wood]. 600 lyiT. 601 foal, ffitd. 602 sun. 603
ksm. 604 BVimiimmer, 606 sm. 606 door. 607 borttr. U: 609 fa.
610 mi. 612 Bsm. 613 drak'n. 616 pCiund. 616 grand, \grund, 617 sand.
618 wmind. 619 fon. 621 woend. 622 oandsr. — fhtmdir, 626 hxqvr.
627 amde. 629 sni, t«im. 631 f^ndi. 632 obq, fvp [(ipt), %yM^ nponl.
633 keep. 634 tm tro. 636 ¥firi [(imdi) worthy]. 636 /•rdtr. 637 toBsk.
638 boBsk. 639 dcBst. U'- 640 000. 641 fuu. 642 dn. 643 nan mm.
646 bun. 648 irir. 660 abooU 661 vthnu't. 662 kod. 663 btit bat Ht
fhit, F: 666 fol. 666 mm. — toom [thnmb]. 667 tfnm, 668 dmm
dnn dwm, 669 ton. 662 wu. 663 hnus hus hoote, 664 Ins. 667 at ooi.
668 pmd.
T- 673 n»k'l imuekk, 674 dt,d did. 676 dr&M. 679 kWk. T: ~
felt [filled]. 693 st^nd [sinned]. 694 work. — irtrm [worm]. 700 ^oan
waars. 701 fnrst. — Ins^n [listen]. — kjest ndssedj. — kiti [chest].
Y'- 706 skjt'i. 706 whfcU. Y': — <4^ [wish],
II. liKeUBH.
A. 713 bad. 717 jaad. 736 his. 737 mtit. — tJUtf [shawl]. I. «mf
Y. — kel pdll]. 0. 761 lod. 768 n6is. — bmk Hwoke pt.]. —
pow [poll, the head]. — bigon'd [bc^gooda began]. — lost Host]. 781
bodvr. 783 puntrt. 790 gon. — fteood^r [soowder, skolairaesooreh].
U. 798 whiir. 803 /mhj?. 808 pit pot, pset, pittm [prt., pt., pp.].
m. BoKAlfCB.
A- 810 fMS. BU iploM. 816 foks. 816 faad. 824 sheer siMr. 826
igl. 827 Mgv. — munUd [sainted]. — j^Imb [please]. 836 rMi'n. 838
trut r(entnrted) entreated]. — fmnin [famine]. 841 shaas. 844 tnmcher
[trenoner]. — graattd grand. 860 dans. 862 Mpnm. — ^ihtipUr chapter.
-- mairrUd [married]. 867 km. 869 shsss. — im^mt [nature]. 862 seef
suf. 864 bikaBS bikais. 866 fmU, 266 psfr pmr. — iU fmrwd [ill.
looking].
£.. 867 tee tas, 869 tmI. — fwtf/[real]. 872 sheef. 876 faant. 876
fssnt. 886 Ten. 888 snten. — snrr $air [serrel. 889 sees. 890 beest
bsst. 891 feest. — o&r [hour]. 893 flnnr. 894 dis^?. 896 risMT.
I.. oiMfY.. S97 delieht, 898 nfe^is. — tn/Mrf [infidel]. 901 ftiin.
908 adv&^is. — m&uerp [misery]. — venabl^ [visibly]. 912 itMa.
0- 914 broo^. 920 p6int. — f&^ir [a fair]. 926 T6is. 926 sp6il. —
ioond [sonndj. — muntms [mountains]. 936 kjontri. — fdevoor [deroor].
938 komn koanm, 940 kot 941 M fiik. 944 alnn*. 946 mn. 947
b6il. 948 b&nl. 960 sapvr. 962 ii etfone. 963 koes*n. 966 dnats. —
poor [power]. 966 kiTvr.
U.. — tubf0k [snbject]. 963 wh&>nt. 966 6iL 968 6ist«r. 969 shwr
<t»f». — tM# [use]. — oxeut§ excuse. — mmk.
[ 2262 ]
821
A Fxw HisuLis.
The long investigation which is now closed still leayes much
to be desired, though the reader may deem that it already enters
into too many nnnecessary particulars. But as the points to be
investigated were not only numerous, but transitional in their
character, great minuteness was required in recording the dis-
coTeries made in the present phonetic examination of a large
district. Our object was to discover the traces of the past in the
present, and to account, if possible, for the great phonetic changes
which strike the most ciirsory observer. An endeavour has been
made in the great majority of cases to get information either
directly from t^e mouthjB of dialect speakers, or indirectly from the
mouths of those who were familiar with dialectal speech, and to
record the result in a uniform notation with the utmost attainable
accuracy, trusting as little as possible to written accounts, except
from the pens of informants whose phonetic knowledge and
manipulation of my written systems had been tested by myself in
personal interviews, such as TH., JGG., CCB., Dr. Murray, Mr.
£lworthv, and Mr. Darlington. In the PrelimininaJy Matter,
Ko. yiU., I have endeavoured to describe my palaeotype, but
I am painfully conscious that without the living speech, dl such
expositions are only approximative, and that even with the
advantage of actual auctition, but few can imitate all the sounds
with &cility and correctness. I hope, however, perhaps too
sanguinely, that the conclusions as to the sounds actually used and
heard will be sufficiently well appreciated to make uieir study
useful and effective towards the elaboration of a hitherto unwritten
chapter in the great science of language. Dr. Sweet's enlarged
and improved edition of his ''History of British Sounds," p. 16*,
under the title of ''A History of English Sounds from l^e Earliest
Period," did not reach me till May, 1888, when nearly 300 pages
of this treatise were already in Wpe, and the first oraft of tiie
first five Divisions, embracing all England, was already completed
in MS. Moreover, his work required more study than the
exigencies of passing this part through the press would allow.
I regret therefore that I am compelled to leave Dr. Sweet's
valuable work almost altogether unused.
The first result of the present examination of the existing
phonology of English dialects is that there are really a large
number of loed varieties of speech, all related, while at the same
time in many respects strangely different (compare the five Ruth
versions, p. 698). But the relations are much more definite than
we had any reason to expect, considering the rude shocks to which
local habits have been subjected, and the present exterminating
[ 2253 ]
vero [ooo. (rem) yeiy in the yarioiu iaUncb]. 890 ho€9t bdttt blBt — komr
(uur).
I.. tmdY'' — fiure$ [fiercel — vUd [vile]. — $mmf image. —
mtenit [minute of timej. — vteitmt [yiolent]. — admeer acmiir [admire].
910 eeetizm 8itiz*n [oitizenl. — i^^mmo [yivid, tci^ common].
0" — pw)eh [ponchej. 919 ehoin ^(HTk [join]. — puuhan poothan
poison. — ooimw [omen]. — eomt [count] .^ — renoon nnunn [renown].
— erom [crown]. — Ininmt [bonnet]. — «mMfi [oriaon]. 941 fnU, 944
dlooed vlnu'd. — eoori [courtj. 962 turn toom [&m]. — preev [prore].
966 doot, — pooler [power]. 966 eower [to reooTer health]. — ij^am
[dozen].
U- 966 M«^. 967«M«<B0»t. 969 MMT. —^rry [fury]. — y«« [uae].
970 jenat ^*Bt [Mr. D. always pron. in Or. initial j as (<j|)].
D 42 = nIL. = northern Insnlar Lowland.
Boundaries and Area, The whole group of the Shetland isles.
The separate islands of Foula and Fair Isle belong to this district,
and their languages are varieties, but I have failed in procuring
any information concerning them.
Authorities. 1. Mr. Arthur Laurenson of Leog, Lerwick, wrote
an article in Danish on Shetland and Orkney in Annaler for
Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Histories 1860, pp. 190-201, to which
article there were additions by E. J. Lyngby, pp. 201-216. This
paper, lent to me by Prince L.-L. Bonaparte, led to a long
correspondence with Kr. Laurenson, who has been yery obliging
in giving me all the assistance in his power, and especially
translated for me a Shetland letter, said to be from TJnst, of which
Prince L.-L. Bonaparte lent me a copy, and subsequently it was
found to be partly printed in the Zettand Directory, 1861. It is
an excellent specimen, but I have not felt sure enough of the pron.
to give it here. Mr. Laurenson also revised for me his translation
of the Parable of the Prodigal Son, given in the above-mentioned
Danish paper, and it has been added below. He also gave me
a Iw. and numerous newspaper cuttings in the Shetland Dialect.
2. Mr. Eobert Cogle of Cunningborough, Dunrossness, Mainland,
Sd., on a peninsula running s., gave me a cs. in his Dunrossness
pron., and sent me '* Shetland Fireside Tales, or the Hermit of
Trosswickness, by G. S. L." (Oeorge Stewart of Leith), Edinburgh,
1877, pp. 239, because they gave such an excellent representation
of the 8. form of the dialect.
3.* Miss Annie B. Malcolmson, native of Lerwick, in Oct. 1878,
to whom I was introduced by Mr. Laurenson, kindly read to me
Mr. L.'s Parable of the Prodigal Son, and his Iw., and Mr. Cogle's
cs., and from this dictation they are here reproduced.
4. Prince L.-L. Bonaparte procured Dr. L. Edmondstone's
Parable of the Sower, in IJnst pron., given below. He also put at
my service notes made during a visit to Orkney in 1858 ; uid lent
me the MS. of Dr. L. Edmondstone's pronouncmg glossary of Unst,
which, being confined to unusual words, has not much assisted
me ; idso a specimen of Mr. William Alexander Grant's glossary of
[ 2246 ]
aia not laixner my inqiuneB.
6. Dr. Thomas Edmondstone'B ''Etymological Olossary of the
Shetland and Orkney Dialect," pablidked hy the l^hilol. Society,
1866, has, for the same reason as the others, not helped me,
although interesting for other purposes, see notes to Paetie Toral,
pp. 798 to 802.
As far as actual pron. is concerned I have therefore but one
authority. Miss Malcolmson, to whose kindness I am so much
indebted.
CharaeUri, The peculiar alterations of ih^ the main feature of
pron. of the district, have already been given, p. 789.
Initial ch^ generally (i^^, becomes (sh) in D 42, as in D 40, but
remains (t^) in D 41, which is nearer D 40, thus (shaptor, shans,
shiild, shil, sheer, shiiz) chapter, chance, child, chiel, cheer,
cheese. But the initial (t}) is by no means impossible to a
Shetlander, who says (i^op) for shop, as in Ab. On the other
hand, final (t}) usually remains, except in (sttk, reek) stitch, reach,
and perhaps a few other words, where it does not become ^sh)
but (k). And (dj) remains unaltered in Sd., though Mr. Denmson
used (^) for it in Or.
Initial (wh) remains and does not become either (ku^h) as in
SL. or (f) as in NL. On the contraiy, (k«^-) ^u- initial frequentiy,
if not generally, becomes (wh).
E is distinctly trilled, wr- is (w'r- wer-) and is sometimes written
wify meaning, I believe, the same thing, that is (wtnr), p. 767.
In ibi-, gn- initial the (k, g) are heard.
The aspirate is strong, except in unaccented pronominal words.
The guttural varies as (kh, kjh) according to the preceding vowel,
as in German.
The vowels form a main difficulty, and many fine distinctions
may have escaped me or been wrongly appreciated.
The (a) certainly tends to (a*), and in the diphthong (dU) seems
to be exclusively used. In some cases Mr. Laurenson had marked
(sb), which Miss Malcolmson sounded as (e).
The (e, ee) was a prominent feature, as (Ism, shsm, nsm) lame,
shame, name, as distinct from Or. use. It sometimes occurred
long as (hEEl, suebI) hail, snail.
!nie (i) constantly occurs purely short or medial, as (trid, did)
thread, dead. Our short (t) may remain, but is much superseded
^7 (*i)> which I expect is ^^uently the thick NL. % or (tu) that
has caused so much trouble, see p. 767. At any rate my appre-
ciation varied as (t , e, s) as in NL.
The (o, oo) seemed pure, not (oo) nor (aa), neither of which
probably occurs, although I seemed at times to hear {oo). But
certainly (aa) is absent, as it is in all the NL., and is replaced
by (aa), which in Unst Prince L.-L. Bonaparte hears as {aa).
The (u) seemed pure as in all L., and not to become («). It
generally stood for (uu), which however occasionally occurred.
[ 2247 ]
vKji**! vi^y B^^^^i love, uut ^Bp9n, nvn; ana [ixBZ, Koep; roo^ cup.
Whether or no, three distinct vowels are really used and confined
to particular words, I am unahle to say.
The diphthongs seem to he (d4), hut (du, 6u) and occ. (d*u, ac'u)
perhaps. While (fo, (u) occ. occur for 0' hefore a guttural, as
(tiokh) tough. We find also few of the Ah. (d4) words (see
p. 766) as (kwd^in, whd*i, td^izdt) quean, whey, Tuesday.
These correspond with Ws. roughly thus :
A- is (b, aa). as (Ism, draa) lame, draw.
A' (ee, BB, b), as (see, sbb) so, (iibb) no, adj. (hem, hsn) home, hone.
JR' yaries hetween (ee. e), apparently die normal sound, and (i) which looks
like a refinement, as neey) leave, (klin) clean.
£ is (e, b), as (spek, weev) speak, weave.
IT regularly (i, u), as (hii, dii, fit) he, thee, feet.
EAX usually (aa), and the L. occ. dropped, as ^ aald) all, old.
£A' usually (i|, b, e), as (^|t, dsf) gr^t, deaf, rarely fi), as (did) dead.
£0' regularly (ii, i), as (hu^ bee, exceptionally {99), as (sow) she.
I' is regularly (fc'i), without distinfuisning a oroaaer form (6i).
0' becmnes (yi, 00, », oe, io, iu), afi variants of the usual alteration of (V.
U is regularly (s), but sometimes (oe), as (san, oep) sun, up.
U' is reg[ularly (u, uu), as (nuu, tun) now, town.
For particulars, refer to the cwl. below, p. 818.
lUuatrations,
1 . DunroMneM cs. hy Mr. E. Cogle, the last of the 8 cs. in the
introduction to L., p. 684, as read hy Miss Malcolmson, and hence
with Lerwick pron.
2. Zermcky Parahle of the Prodigal Son, as written hy Mr.
Laurenson, and read hy Miss Malcolmson.
3. Unst, the Parahle of the Sower as written hy Dr. L.
Edmondstone, with a conjectural pal. version hy A JE.
4. General cwl. from Mr. Laurenson's Iw. as read hy Miss
Malcolmson, together with words excerpted from Kos. l, 2, 3.
The Pabablb of the Pbodigal Son, Luke xv. 11-32.
Translated into the Shetland dialect by Mr. Arthur Laurenson, of Leog, Lerwick,
8d., originally published in the AnnaUr for Nwrditk Oldkyndighed^ 1860,
p. 198, corrected by himself for the present edition, and psL by AJ£. from
the dictation of Miss Annie B. Malcolmson, of Lerwick, 29 Oct. 1878.
11. a sarten man hid twa sanz.
12. Tsn di3 jsqest 0 d«m, SBd tsl htz fEEdtnr: fEBdtnr, gii mv dv
peert o dis gyidz «t faaz tB mii. «n hi peerted ktz livnn vtwiin d«m.
13. «n no moni deez s'ftcr dx jaqest san gadiird aa tsgedtnr, «n
tuk dB gEEt til « faar kjantrt, «n spsnt aa deer tn had liwn.
14. Tsn wht'iU hi hsd spEnt aa, dxt kam « gri,t fEmtn tn dat
laand, tm hi biguu'd tB hii tn want.
15. Bn hi gtfd bu fiid wi b man o dat kjantri, Bn hi pset hfm ut
tB kip swa'in.
[ 2248 ]
17. vn whf'in hi kam tsl htniBkl hi end : hiin mont Aid SEnnnits
0 mi fradOTz hee biBd vnfokh m ts speer m i}i laant wt hiqtnr.
18. 64)1 T&Hz tm gsq ts mi fsBdvr «ii)'l bkb tsl hun : badm iH,
hee Bt'iiid ngautt hiy'n vn dii,
19. vn d4)m hkb meer wardi ts hi kssd (Icaad) dd4 bhxi, mak mi
WE iin 0 daH fiid sanrwnts.
20. vn hi tebz tm kam tsl htjZ fsBdnr. bht wh«in hi wvs Jf it
« gr»|t wd4 af, hhz fsadBr saa htm, tm fsl sp-mi hf\z nsk, vn
kjsst h»im.
21. vn d« BHn sEd tsl tm : fBBdtnr 44 hee sf'ind BgBosit hiVn vn
tn ddi sdikjht, m vm nss meer werdi to bi kssd (kaad) dd4 bhxi.
22. bt,t d« fsBdtnr BEd tsl ht\z ssrvmits : bn'iq lort d« bsst klESz
vn pxt dtnooL 8p*vn vm; vn pat b raq on hf\z haand m BhMn on
hiizfit,
23. vn brt,q hiir d« &t*ed kaaf vn kel ^m, m lat wvz st isn bi man',
24. fsr das md4 san wvz deed vn tiS hyva «gBa; hi wvz lost
tm fz fon, vn dee bigau'd ts bi man.
25. nun d« aaldest san wvz t dB fiild tm az hii wvz komvn hEEm
tel dB bus hi heerd mpzik vn dansmi.
26. vn hi kssd (kaad) iin o dv sarwnts, m akst what das waz.
27. vn hi sEd Ul f|m : dil4 brt'idBr iz kam ; vn dil4 fBBdvr h«z
kelt d« fat'ed kaaf, biksBz hi hez got'n ht'im bak see'f vn sund.
28. m hi wvz tarn, tm wifi n« gEq m : see kam hi |Z fEsdOT at
m entntted ht im,
29. m hi anstnrBn asd tsl htz fEsdvr : nun das moni jtlrz dp 44
8srv di, nEdtnr bmk 44 dd4 komaandz «t ont td'im, m Jtt ntiTTir
gEE du mii « kid, ht 44 m4*ikjht mak man wi m44 frindz,
80. bi|t az shiini az das dd't san wvz kam, ^ hEz divau'd d44
liTvn wf hpprz, du hez kelnrt fsr hi im d« &t*ed kaaf.
81. m sEdt^l 9m : san dii)z Bwr wt mi, vn aa «t 44 hsE tz d4'm.
82. ft wvz r4^ikjbt dat wi sad mak man m bi glsd ; fsr das d44
bit|dsr wvz dsd vn iz Utvil «gEn ; vn wvz lost vn tz fon.
Ifotet to th$ abo94 TurMs,
16. \vndLt (fii) catfle, monej, wages, voirr iinoirrin^f habitaaUy growling."
(ti fli) to hire fo^ wages. £dm. "tirrfm, cross, ill-natured, en-
19. MM (iin). raged; Danish <irrv, ags. tyran, to ez-
28. attfrif (tgn), Jam. "to ^trr, to asperate, irritate.'* EraniillergiTesthe
snarl ; arrives, fit of passion ; Itr- forms Uriam, Hrum, Hrigan, tyrwiam.
Pasable of the Sower, Matt ziii. 8-9.
Translated into the dialect of Unst, the ncwthemmost ide of Sd., by Dr. L.
Edmondstone, 1859, for Prince L -L. Bonaparte, by whom it was presented
to the Philological Society 20 Jnne, 1878. Here printed in the original
spelling, thus explained by the Prince : ** The pronnndatioD of a long and
gnTe m pAtrt, indicated oy aa ; that of #w in peu by S ; that of [Fr.] u
mixed with a slight shade of #tf by m ; that of (German eh in naehthy x^
This is printed in Italics, with an interlinear translation into paL by AJE.
1^1^. ProB. Part ▼. [ 2249 ] 148
and Orkney Dialect," printed in the Trana. Phildog. Soc. 1866, Part HI.
3. hfihold, a soar gUd Jwri ta taa;
bihoold « BOOT gjid fart tB saa;
4. an iohin he ioad, tame teede feU he da rod eide^ an da feoU
9n whfiii hi sood, sxm sidz fsl bi d« rod BiiUd, tm d« fuulx
earn an devoord dem up,
kam tm divun'id dmn sp.
5. same feU uppo etany places^ what dey hedna mueile airi;
asm M ap'B t^aani pleesez, whaar dee hBd)n« mxk'l eeit ;
an at once dey ehot ftp heeaae dey hed nay d&epneee o' airi;
m Bt ans dee shot sp, htkaoB dee hsd nee dipnvs o eert ;
6. an whin da eun wis up, dey wir eeooderd; an heeaae dey
m wht\n d« san w*iZ sp, dee wvr skundoid; vn btkooz de^
had nay rdt, dey widderd awaa.
hsd nee rcBt^ dee wt'idHid iBwaa\
7. an iome feU amung tome; an da term ehot upy an ehoeUt dem.
«n sam fsl vmaq tomz ; vn d« tomz shot ap, vn ehokit d«m.
8. hit udder fell intiU gild grund an hrox^ Jurt frdt, eome a
bf it advr fsl intt'il gj^d grand, «n brokht fart frcet, earn «
hunderfaaUy eame eaxtyfaald, eome tirtyfaald.
handvrfaald, aam 8akst»f oald, sam tarttfoold.
9. whoa hes aire ta hear, let him hear,
whoa hsz eerz tB hiir, let hBm hiir.
Nona. 6. aeooderdy scorched. 7. 9hok%t, choked.
SnETLAin) cwl.
Composed of most of the words in
Mr. Goggle's Dnnrossness cs.
Mr. Laurenson's Parable of the Prodigal Son and wl.
Both pal. by me from dictation of Miss Malcolmson.
Together with words from G. Stewart's Shetland Tdes, in his own ortho^phj,
and from Dr. L. Edmondstone's Parable of the Sower, also in us own
orthography in italics preceded by f.
I. Wbssex akd Nobsb.
A- 3 busk. 4 tsek. — skaek [shake]. 6 miek mak. 7 ssBk. 8 hsm
[(had) had]. 14 draa. 17 laa. 20 lam. 21 nam. 22 tam. 23 sem.
24 sham. — gast [gate, road]. 33 radar. 35 fcnl. 87 klaa. A: —
[ 2250 ]
D42.] THE NORTHERN INSULAR LOWLAND. 819
me [ffftTe]. 88 is. 89 kam knm ks'in. 40 kam femm. 41 Umk, 48
hMtaX, hsmtd. 44 laand. 46 kiand*!. 47 waandvr. 49 hmpok [hangioffl.
60 taqs, Uinff4$, 51 man. 52 mm. 55 ash, a«#. 56 wash. A: or 0:
6S twM, fa$, 59 Ism. 60 leq. 61 «m»q, awnwy. 62 atroq. 64 wva-q
VwBq. 65 mq. A'- 67 gwj gnvn ^mm gwd gyd f^iW gam [go. gomg,
gone, went]. 72 who wha, fwhaa. 73 see aii. 74 tuw. 79 aim u'n. 82
a»M# t<MM¥. 84 mair, 85 seer. 86 sts. 87 klni. 89 bnidhth. 91 maa,
maw. 98 anaa. 94 kraa. 96 saa t«M [(fMor) sower]. A': 102 aks.
104 rod, frod. 108 dookh. Ill 6i]kht. 112 hnl. 113 hMlwfaool. 115
him hniim home. 117 ii iin. 118 bm. 122 i. nen tumg, u. no nee nn,
frn^, 123 nx thvn naithm. 124 stm «tefM, ftteny [stony]. 125 dnH. 126
oor. 127 hxis. 129 gost. 180 biit. 133 w'rot.
iB- 138 feedv tadnfiathr. — gader [gathered]. — tigedwr [together].
140 hnl. 142 snnl. 143 tsnl. 144 vgm. 150 Inst. 153 uHerdmg
snterdv. Mi 164 bak. — ^Niib [spake]. 156 glad. 158 sftori'- #y2«r.
161 dee. 166 sad. — whadl rwhalej. — tma' [smaU]. 169 whm when
whan wh»|n irAtM, fwhin, 170 hairtt. — speer [spare]. 172 gvrsytrt. —
gUi [glass]. 178 wvz w»iS, fw%$. — ti ut$XM\. 177 dat. 179 what fat.
M' 182 m. ^rak$ [reach]. 188 tii^. — reedi [ready]. 187 leer laev.
189 w4H. 190 kii. 192 min. 193 kliin. 194 oni. 195 moni. 196 fwir.
199 but. 201hBthim. Mi 204 did. 205 trid ^r«Mf. ^ ftted. 206 rtid.
207 nid'l. 209 ni,T«r. 212 whfcU. 214 nn^dvr nMvr. 216 deeL 218 ship [a
ships (shop)]. 221 /a#r. 223 deer. 224 whMar whaar, fwhar. 226 mart.
227 wit. 228 swat. 230 Ated [fotted].
£- 231 dt da, fda. 232 braak [6rakuHut breakfast]. 288 spak spakvn
tpaekn [speaking]. — waddtr [weMher, fwitkUred withered]. 235 wee?.
236 fiTvr. 244 wiQ uml. 246 i ktnn, ii kii4*in. 247 ween. 248 meer.
249 weer. 260 sweer [(ansvrvn) answermg]. — at [eat]. 251 meet. 262
ket*l. £: — nak [neck]. 256 s,t,re(^. 261 sea seetn [BaTs sayinff]. 262
icy w&H. 263 vwaa awa, fatoaa, 265 stareekjht. — fiild [field]. 269 dmnsal
[themselTcs]. — iwaUmmt [twelfemonth]. 270 bali. 271 tal. 273 ma*n
men. 276 taqk. 281 lant. 283 mari. — hart [best]. £* 290 hiL 291
dii. 294 fid. 296 bilif. 298 fil. 299 grin. 800 kip. 301 fhsar. 802
mit 303 swit F: 308 nid. 809 spid. 310 Ml. 312 hiir. 312 heerd
hard. — bUs»m blessing. 815 fit^. — tieht tight. 316 niist nHtt.
£A- 320 keer. EA: 321 saa saa. 322 laaf Ijaakh laakh. 326 aald
auU [(aaldest) oldest]. 828 cauld. 329 f/aald. 330 ha'd [fbeMd]. 331
saald. 382 taald. 333 kaaf. 335 aa. 386 faa. 337 waa. 838 kaai kaai
[calls]. — «aM<[8alt]. — #A«fr [share]. 340jeerd. 342eerm. 343 waarm.
844 beem. 346 dar. EA'- 347 haad. 348 mm in. — fair [ear]. 349
fin. £A': 360 deed iM^^. 858 bred. 355 daf. 356 laf. 357tooaltoo* 359
netghbaur. — dra^m dream. 363 shap. — jiir. 865 niir. 366 gra*t griit.
367 trat. 368 dath. 369 sloo. 370 raa. 871 straa. £1- 878 fde^,
dxjr [they arel £1: 380 dam. £0: 884 hir'n. 386 J4n. 387 nin.
£0: 388 malk. 390 sod. — pallow yellow. 392 Jon. 395 Jiq. 896
wark. 398 starr, fiUrv^. 400 eemest. 402 leem. 403 faar. 404 itanu.
— hsrt [heart]. 406 feart. EC- 409 bii. 411 trii tri. 412 sh# sh^
aku. — t'Aiwiri^ [choked]. 418 def'l d^irt7. 415 lii. — shoot [short]. 417
sh4n. 418 bnm. £0': 422 stk. 423 WUkjht. 427 bii [(biin) being].
428 sii. 429 find. 430 frind [not (0]. 432 fort. 433 brist br^Mt. m
jnn. 436 tran. 487 tr^Hh. £T- 438 deU [dies, pron. (diia)]. £T:
439 trast.
I- 440 wiik ouk. — gii [giTe]. — li^vn [liTing]. 446 nk%. 447 bar.
449 got'n [pp. gotten], Jiryattm [forgotten]. 460 tfiL^iadt. I: 462 a &4.
466 1&4. 467 m&'kjht mieht. 459 r&inLJht. 462 s&'ikjht. 468 till tsl, fintiU.
465 sak tic. 466 shiild. 467 w&<ild. 468 theeU. 475 wind. 477 find>i*.
478 gnnd. — hidmsst hinmsst [hindmost]. 479 wind. 480 thaq thiiq.
— riq [ring]. — brtiq [bring]. — shap [ship]. 483 his. 464 das. 488
ji,t. 489 hit [only one instance fonndl. — kid pdd]. — soa^
i pdd]. — 9ax^ [sixty,
T»idt
common]. f- 490 hi be. 491 s&*ikjh. 492 fnde. 494 ik^im. 497
r&'is. 498 w'rit. T: 500 lak lakli [fikely]. 602 f&<iT. 603 1& if. 606
[ 2251 ]
820 THE NORTHERN 1N8X7LAR LOWLAND. [D 42.
ir&>if . 506 wmntm. 607 wAnwn. 608 m&m. 509 wbi^il. — <U Tthjl
d&iin [thine]. 510 m&iiii. ^ tw&iin [swine]. 518 weer. — Nid$ [bfithej.
— 90^ [scyihe]. — fHrty [thirty].
0- 519 6inr. 523 Am^ hnp. 524 imld warV. 0: 527 binUit 528
tfiinkht toeht. 529 bitokht. 580 w'ltot. 582 kd. 584 hoi. 585 fok. 587
m#ld. 588 wt|d. 546 /*r, 547 boord. 550 wnd. 551 stonn. 553 honi.
— iionu [thorns]. — fort [forth]. C- 565 shMb [pi. ahoon]. 556 t#.
558 imk Uuk. 559 mtdsr midder. 560 mAiM^. 562 mm mm. 564 mm
shMitAiMM. 566uU^id8r. 568hH|d«r. C: 569 bfnk. — AtiU; [hook].
570 tok tfnk. 571 gTid guid, faud. 572 blT,d bUHd, 573 fl#d. 575 Bt#d.
579 tminkh tmiokh 0Heueh, 580 tiokh. 582 1m1 eml. 588 tinL 584 stivl.
586 du 69060 drntuldcingti], do)ni dcB)n« [don't]. 587 d#n dyn dim}^. 688
eftsmoon [afternoon J. 589 spra. 590 Amt. 591 niMr. 592 fWMr. — hmt
[whore]. 594 beet. 596 ruit rest.
U- 599 ib^ — wid [wood]. 600 IjiT. 601 fsal, ffool. 602 ran. 60S
ksm. 604 Bsmvr Hmmtr, 605 em. 606 door. 607 boBt«r. U: 609 fa.
610 QQ. 612 Bsm. 613 drvk'n. 615 pCinnd. 616 grind, ffrtmd, 617 snnd.
618 wunnd. 619 fon. 621 woend. 622 oendvr. — fhmuUr. 626 hxqwr.
627 amde. 629 am, fnm, 631 f^rsdi. 682 oep, fitp [(ips), uppo iroon].
633 koep. 634 trn tro. 635 wirt [(inidi) worthy]. 636 fmnUr. 687 toeeL
638 bcBsk. 639 doeet. XT'- 640 eoo. 641 fun. 642 do. 648 nna »m.
646 ban. 648 wir. 650 abooi, 651 vthimt. 652 kud. 658 bi,t bet bit
fbit. XT: 655 fol. 656 nun. ^ toom [thmnb]. 657 6nm, 658 dmm
don doon. 659 ton. 662 wvs. 668 huos hoe Aoow. 664 Ins. 667 vt cci.
668 pmd.
T- 678 nuk'l fmuekU, 674 d»,d did. 675 dr&U. 679 KrA. Y: —
felt [filled]. 693 et^nd [sinned]. 694 wnk. — trtrm [worm]. 700 imtv
waars. 701 fsnt. — lu^n [mfm']. — kjest [kissedT. — kiH [chest].
T- 705 skj4»i. 706 whfc4. Y': — «w«f [wish],
n. Ekglibk.
A. 713 bad. Ill juad. 736 las. 787mf,t. — tiUtf [shaid]. l.md
Y. — kel [kill]. 0. 761 lod. 768 n6is. — toik [broke pt.]. —
pow [poll, the headj. — bignu'd [be^goudabegan]. — lost Host]. 781
bodvr. 783 piratrt. 790 gnn. — fteooder [soowder, skdoiraesocfch].
U. 798 whiir. 808 jump, 808 pit pst, pet, pittm [prt, pt.» ^.].
m. BoxAKCB.
A- 810 fMS. %n fplae$, 815 faks. 816 laad. 824 sheer «JMr. 826
igl. 827 MV. — ammt^d [sainted]. — pUm [pleasel. 885 Mt'n. 888
trait [(entnted) entreated]. — fimm [famine]. 841 shans. 844 tnmdktr
[trenonerl. — grwmd j^and. 850 danis. 852 Mprvn. — tk^Hmr ehapter.
— mairrt0d rmarried]. 857 kas. 859 shMS. — • mtmr [nature]. 862 seef
sBif. 864 biksi bika^s. 865 fmU. 266 pwr pmr. — iU fimnd [m.
looking].
E.. 867teeta#. 869 t«#1. — nM/[real]. 872 sheef. 875 laani. 876
fasnt. 885 Ten. 888 sntsn. — ssrr #atr [senrel. 889 sees. 800 beast
bast. 891 feest. — oor [hoar]. 893 floor. 894 <fis«^. 895 rmew.
I.. ofufY.. S91 dslieht. 898 nk^is. — m(/MM [infidel]. 901 Ik^in.
908 ady&*iB. — nMMwy [misery]. — «mmi&^ [fiaibly]. 912 ttMs.
Q.. 914 brooi^. 920 p6int. — f&iir [a fair]. 925 y6is. 926 spfifl. —
iocnd [soondl. — muntmt [moontainsj. 985 Igmtri. — fdevcor [deroiar].
938 komvr kDomar. 940 kot 941 UA fuU, 944 aloo*. 945 too. 947
b6il. 948 bfrol. 950 sapar. 952 ii coorm. 958 kcei'n. 955 doots. —
poor [power]. 956 ktTvr.
XJ.. _ autjak [sobjeot]. 968 whfciiat. 965 6iL 968 6ist«r. 969 Am
9wr0. — tM# [ose]. — $xcui$ ezcose. — mmk.
[ 2252 ]
821
A Fxw BxBuxis.
The long inyestigation whicli is now closed still leayes mncli
to be desired, though the reader may deem that it already enters
into too many mmeoessary particulars. But as the points to be
investigated were not only numerous, but transitional in their
character, great minuteness was required in recording the dis-
coveries made in the present phonetic examination of a large
district. Our object was to discover the traces of the past in the
present, and to account, if possible, for the great phonetic changes
which strike the most cursory observer. An endeavour has been
made in the great majority of cases to get information either
directly from t^e mouthB of dialect speakers, or indirectly from the
mouths of those who were familiar with dialectal speech, and to
record the result in a uniform notation with the utmost attainable
accuracy, trusting as little as possible to written accounts, except
from the pens of informants whose phonetic knowledge and
manipulation of my written systems had been tested by myself in
personal interviews, such as TH., JOG., GGE., Dr. Murray, Mr.
Elworthv, and Mr. Darlington. In the Prelimininaty Matter,
"No. YIU., I have endeavoured to describe my palaeotype, but
I am painfully conscious that without the living speech, all such
expositions are only approximative, and that even with the
advantage of actual auc^tion, but few can imitate all the sounds
with facility and correctness. I hope, however, perhaps too
sanguinely, that the conclusions as to the sounds actually used and
heard will be sufficiently well appreciated to make their study
useful and effective towards the elaboration of a hitherto unwritten
chapter in the great science of language. Dr. Sweet's enlarged
and improved edition of his ''History of BritUh Sounds," p. 16*,
under the title of "A History of Engmh Sounds from the Earliest
Period,'' did not reach me till May, 1888, when nearly 300 pages
of this treatise were already in type, and the first draft of tiie
first five Divisions, embracing all England, was already completed
in MS. Moreover, his work required more study than the
exigencies of passing this part through the press would aUow.
I regret therefore that I am compelled to leave Dr. Sweet's
valuable work almost altogether unused.
The first result of the present examination of the existing
phonology of English dialects is that there are really a large
number of local varieties of speech, all related, while at the same
time in many respects strangely different (compare the five Euth
versions, p. 698). But the relations are much more definite than
we had any reason to expect, considering the rude shocks to which
local habits have been subjected, and the present exterminating
[ 2253 ]
822 A FEW RESULTS.
influence of school boards and railways. "We have then in England
many lopal forms of speech, not merely 42, the number of districts
here formed by neglecting minor differences, but many hundreds,
(recognised by dialect speakers themselves, who will pick out the
village that owns the speech,) and these, we have seen, can be
further grouped again into six large divisions, which by loining
the "W. and E. to the S., and the L. to the N., can be further
reduced to three, Northern, Midland, and Southern, which have
been recognised ^m the earliest times. But these three parcels
are not within the limits of each homophthongous, and to attempt
their exact filiation to the oldest local speeches is probably beyond
the reach of present investigation, and certainly beyond tiie lunits
of the task here undertaken.
By a dialect we here only mean, Jirst, a local difference of epeechj
the existence of which has been here abundantlv established, and,
secondly^ an evident relation of all these forms of local speech to one
another, Now the earliest local speech with which we have complete
literary acquaintance is the Wessex or that spoken by the West
Saxons. We have many remains of the Northymbrian, but none,
of any consequence, of the Midland. Hence Wessex is the one
form of early speech with which we should compare all others.
But even at the times when the Wessex speech was cultivated, and
existing Ws. books were written, old Norse was inextricably mixed
up with it, and in the cwl. words from that language have been
frequently introduced as 18 cake, 25 mane, 54 want, etc. Hence
we have to supplement Ws. with w. (Norse).
Now the large collection of cwl. already given, in which the mode
of replacement of. Ws. or v. sounds .by local .English is clearly
shewn so far as the vowels are concerned, in a number of words,
all or by far the most of which, allowing for such differences, are
common to aU speakers of English, to my mind establishes a local
definite relation between the early form and the particular local
form, with great diversities as to what that particular local form
may be, and many differences in the effects produced on the vowels
by adjacent consonants. The exact determination of these relations
must be left to future scholars; I am myself too old even to
attempt it. It has been my work to furnish the materials as
faithfully as I could, without any preconceived theory, and I am
only too happy to have been enabled to deliver them in an orderly
form to future investigators, and must content myself with
drawing only a very few conclusions.
It is pertment to inquire to what extent do our oldest documents
represent the sounds that their writers actually heard in speech ?
We cannot suppose that the oldest writers were supematuraUy
gifted with the power of perfectly appreciating sounds, and
registering them by means of a very imperfect instrument, — ^the
medievally enlarged Latin alphabet, with two or three runes.
Nor do we know the exact sounds which these scribes gave to their
letters, or how many different sounds they attributed to each. I am
not now perfectly satisfied with the key to Ws. given in Part 11.
£ 2264 ]
the exact sotmdB of «, 0, a, 0, «, y (where Dr. Sweet recognises
two sounds of a^ two of 0, and two of 0, and there may have been
two of i, a, u). The r was possibly (b), entailing (x, d, k, l),
while y, ^ cannot be fixed as (th, dh) witii certainty. As to the
shade of sound that y expressea we could not hope to determine it.
At what time ^ z were really distinguished, or ^ t^ became simply
used diphthongaUy, it would be difficult to say. This makes the
starting-point yery doubtful. But I think that for the purposes
of the present comparison, it would be sufficient to assume the
following values :
"Ws. a d a a^ mo h e eg cw d ^ $ i ea ed
paL a aa 9b flMd dti b, k kj, g kt^ n, dh th, b bb 6a baa
W%. eo ed f g z ^ Mhnhrii%eiulmnngo6
pal. 60 600, y f, g J, h| kh, Lh vh Bh • ii te tu l m v q 0 00
"Ws. p r $ $e t \ u ii w wl vr y ^.
pal. p B, z 8, sk skj, T, th dh, u uu w im ^m ji jji.
Here (v, z) initial and perhaps (f, s^ flnal seem guaranteed by
existing usage in D 4, and similarly tne series Tx d l k b) seems
estabHdied first by the existing usages in D 4 (pp. 51 to 54), and
the descent of the general 'Rriglia^i coronal (t d 1 n r^ from them as
opposed to the ( t ^d 1 ^n ^r) of the continent, of which (^t ^d ^r^ are
occasionally founa in M. and N., and perhaps, but not with certamty,
in NL and XL. The (ea ^) seem justifi^ by the regular practice
of dialectal fractures, and the occasional lengthening of the second
element is a common feature of our diphthongs. I am still very
doubtful as to 'fie,' but it is most probable that it was a simple
yowel, as the medieval Latin 'fie,' from which the sign was
borrowed, was, at that time at least, and for long before it, a
simple yowel (eb), whence (fiesB, sb) is a natural development.
If we merely examine dialectol vowels which replace the literary
"Ws., the confusion at first appears immense, — ^the maze is mighty,
and the plan unseen. The first approach to orderliness is made by
remembering that, except in a small part of the south-west of
England, say about D 4 and 5, the sounds cannot be considered as
engendered by the Ws. ; they are relatives, not descendants.
Now the first thing that strikes us is, that although many of
the short vowels are occasionally considerably different from the
presumed "Ws. in received speech, — an artificial product, — ^they are
remitting EA, EO) all to be found in some one or other of the
ctialect districts, in closed and stressed syllables, with what have
here been assumed as their original soundjs (t, b, sb, a, 0, h).
The 1 18, Teiy rardj, (i) or (i*), at least in the North, and sometimes falls to
(•0 or eren (#). But (•) is its general sound. Indeed (i) is in closed syllables
a aifficolt soond to most Englishmen, who are eren apt to renlaoe (ii| by {ii, ii),
ahhongh in many districti a genuine short I becomes diphtnongisea, as in 444
[ 2265 ]
its proper quantity in 477 find, while 468 nigbt, appean as (nekjht) in L., the
Towel being only lowered, but then the apeakevB tnink they say (nikjht) and
write nieht.
The £ in close syllables is almost inTariably (s), except among edoeated
southrons, who do not count. Where it has been written (e), it was, I think,
generally a confusion, easily explained.
The £ final of Ifiddle Enflish, repUcing the Tarious Ws. final Towels whidi,
as explained in I. 318-342, III. 646-648, ceitainlT existed, at least in poetry,
so late as the time of Chaucer and Gower, has entirely disappeared in the maleets
as well as in reoeiTed speech. No trace of it has been founa. The High Gennaa
final £ remains STen m common couTersation, the Dutch final £ exists in a few
uses, the French final £ has disappeared, except before two foDowin^ consonants,
in prose and in speech, and cTen m declaimed Terse, but exists metrically and in
Terse set to music, being distinctly heard at the present day from French singers,
and OTon often profidea with a long note. The English final £ has absolutely
ceased to exist.
Generally £ in an open syllable follows the fortune of W,
The M VOL dose syllables is Tery seldom (e), and generally follows the fortunes
of A.
The A in the south and east, when used in dose syllables, is fine (a^)
approaching and in rec. sp. quite reaching (m), but in the M. and N. and L.
Taries from (a) to (a). The A- in open srUables will be considered under A'.
The 0 is, 1 b^CTO, normally (o), but it is Tery frequently confused with (o)
by my authorities, and pronounced of course as (o) by rec. speakers, irho haTO
generally a difficulty in distrngmshing (o o). But where it really occurs, (o)
seems to be as much a modem inrention as (aa).
The IT remains (w) oyer only a Tery small sone, comprising li.. To., Cu., and
We., and on the borders of this sone becomes (u^ m the s., and (cbj) in the
north, sounds difficult to disting^uish, and leading to the S. (■), and the probably
identical L. (w). The S. form ii raised in rec. sp. to (o), which seems to be also
occasionally lound dialectally, but this ii liable to doubt. The difference between
(9, K)f like that between (e, ■), seems to be unimportant, and is seldom reoog-
nisea. Dialect writers also confuse the fiTC sounds (o ■ w w^ <Bi) under one sign m.
The Y is ncTcr distinguished frcnn I, the dialectal sounds approaching (y 0 is)
baring arisen in a different manner. The confusion of the sounds of I, IT, is
probably Tery old.
The long vowels T, E', M', A', C, TJ', T' (the last confuaed
with I' as Y is with I), are seldom given pure, but are generally
fractured^ that is, really form di]^hthongs of the old sort, or of
a peculiar kind, arising from beginning to pronounce the vowel
with a wrong position of the organs, and then gliding to the right
position.
The r and Y'sT remain in very few words of Teutonic origin,
but in many Bomance words as pron. in L., see D 33, p. 72Qc, In
Part I. pp. 284-297, tabulated on Part I. p. 291, a number of
instances were collected for the puipose of shewing that " long i "
was originally (u). The consequent dissertation (although it took
the form of the older or dialectal pron. of words which are in
rec. sp. diphthongised like the pronoun I) gave rise to the present
investigation. As the words collected in I. 291 are rarely to the
point of the pron. of I', it will be better to consider them
separately, and for convenience they will be taken in the alpha-
betical order of I. 291, and when they occur in the cwl. the
number will be prefixed, which will make reference to the various
cwl. easy.
[ 2266 ]
uute Of Bua p. lo^f x^v. uw. xt m imi» a <»bv ui a cvMuuouy uu» ui
ahorfteQed to i, and thm lowered to (e), a jerj different case.
bfimr, Ws. brir, and hence is only uie oommon case of K becoming (ii), and is
not in point.
399 hright. If we take tfaie for Ws. Imrhi^ it is not a case in point, Dr.
Sweet aasmnes a later form. — hrihhi. This was ffiren me as fii) from Cn.,
Kendal, La., South ShieldB, and We. It is genenUhr so assumed to be, bat that
is only approximate, the usual form in Cu. and We. is (br/|it), see p. 688,
second wora, a delicacy seldom appreciated by writers, of wnich more presently.
It is, howerer, at most, a short Towel lengthened, and hence not in point.
490 by L., Br. Murray giTcs p. 718 (bai) of place, (b6i) of agency, so that the
form (bii) is not reached emphatically, (bi) unemphatic is common.
466 ehild^ gi?en as (tji«l) in Du., p. 163, but as the plural ehUirm shews
this is not a case of I', but of I lengtnened under the influence of a following /,
hence it is not in point.
438 1^, often called (dii), is from k. dtyjOf and hence not in p<nnt.
676 and 677 dry, in North Shields (djdi), p. 674, No. 676, but this is only
a short Towel y in drygan, lengthened, and hence is not in point.
dyke. Miss C. Day gare me (diik) fit>m Nf., p. 276a. It is a genuine instance,
but I did not get it elMwhere.
348. 9y€ is Tery c<HnmonlT (ii), but as it is an £A' word it is not in point.
In eyuight, the tight has a snort I and hence is not to the point.
414. fyj sb. fle6ffa, yb. fle6gan, is eridently not in point.
886. fiior, Fr. &dre, is also not in point.
fright, Ws. fy^^f -p* ^^ * *hort y, is also evidently, not in point.
446. to his, Ws. higian, has again a short Towel ana hence is not in point,
see I. 289, note 3.
306. ^A, Ws. h6h h6ah, is in either case not in point;
hind, Ws. hindan, has a short Towel, prolonged.
Jde (2 sw.£zeter), called (iid) I was told, but I do not know whether St. Ida
had I or r.
rn, the pronoun is sometimes called (i) when unaccented and placed after the
Terb, but as the word was ie with a short Towel, it is not a case in point.
kindly (kiinli) in s.Dt. (p. 165, after No. 689), but this is from Ws. cynde
with a shcot Towel, and hence is not in point.
kiU, Ws. e^ta, is said to be fkiit^ in To. and woold be a good case, and
certainly sky (skii) was found near Braoford, p. 393, No. 706.
liar, we find 416 to li$ mentiri regularly (lii) in L., but this is from Ws.
lodgan, and hence not in pNoint, and 676 a lie, Ws. lyge, had a short Towel.
426. light, Ws. Ie6ht, is not in point, and lightning belongs to light.
712. mie$, Ws. my's, like -711 lie$ ly's, is often called (miis, Ins) in Tarious
districts, as in Danby OlcTeland, p. 628, and Southwdd 8f. p. 283, (miis) in
FaTersham Ke^. 140, and it is a case in point.
467 might, Ws. miht, a short Towel.
610 fwy as a contraction of min$, Ws. mSn, often becomes (mi) unemphatic,
as (mi Lkld) my lord.
468 night, Ws. niht, a short Towel again.
311 mxt, called (niisst) in sw.Dt., p. 164, is not a long T, but was taken
to be nighett, and 307 nigh itself is in Ws. n6h ne&h, and hence not in point.
469 right and 462 tight had short towcIb and are not in point.
tly N sliBgr was giTen me as (slii) from many places, bat it is not a case in
point.
444 ttilt, Ws. stigel, has a short vowel and hence is not in point, (stiil) is not
unfre^uent, but often assumes the f(«ms (sti|il, st^), which would be taken
as (still) and lead on to the usual fsta'il).
423 thigh, Ws. >e6h, is often (thii), but is not a case in point.
thy, a contraction of "Sin, occurs only unaccented ' and shortened as (dhi)
see my.
^ (ti) is said in Part I. p. 286a to be heard in Kendal, Cu., and La., but I
[ 2267 ]
ana tne last lonn wouia oe a case in point.
706 trAy, Ws. hw/, was giren me as (whii) from many places, but there
seems to hare been some mistake, it is so seldom used, thus on pp. 367, 602,
563, 684, it is generally replaced by %ch4U fcr^ and is used for argaiiientati?e
mmU on p. 680.
699 Wright^ Ws. wyrbta, has a short Towel, bat becomes (riit), p. 393.
498 wrxU, is giren as (yr^t Tiit) in D 39, p. 782<;, and is a genuine example.
Thus in the great majority of cases these were not instances of the
retention of long I', but were sometimes the prolongation of abort
I, and at others the equivalents of £/, EA', EC, none of which are
to the point. They shew, however, the simultaneous occurrence
of (ii, a'i) in many words as replacers of the same Ws. vowel.
Long vowels are treated in two ways. They are either shoitened
and then preserved in quality, or fractured and then greatly altered
in quality. Sometimes, apparently through the action of a follow-
ing consonant, the short vowel is lengthened, and sometimes both
long and short vowels occur in different derivatives of the same
word, thus in rec. sp. we find child children, wild wilder wilder-
ness, hinder hinder. In names of places we find frequently
a shortening, as WId-combe,-ford, 'W1Ick4iam,-ford, WhIt-combe,
-church, -by, Wtg-more,-ton,-thorpe, Swin-bum, -dale, -combe, -don.
Similarly Un^ nk»t are preserved with short vowels, as t^n, n^xt,
and rkm room shortened to (rum) still very frequently heaxd^ has
been again lengthened to (ruum) without felling into (ra'mn),
as has happened in Germany, and so on. But fracturing is the
principle idmost universally in use.
There seems to have been an original tendency to fracture vowels
among the Saxon speakers. EA, EO, IE (the last so rare that I
have not considered it further) are called fractures {Brechun^en)
by J. Grimm, because they replace a short vowel by two ^oit
vowels which remain short, forming a group. He considers EA,
EO to have been (^a, ^), and to have arisen from (la, (o), which are
often written lA, 10 in MSS. The EA arises from A chiefly
before L and B. EO arises from I, and is used more freely. In
our dialects these particular fractures do not occur, at least in this
way, but ({«, ^) are constantly found replacing what was open
short A, as (nivm, n^m) name, and even occasionally replacing A'.
But there is nothing like EO. The fractures EA', ECX are con-
sidered by Grimm as diphthongs. They are not treated as
diphthongs in the dialects, and they are very variously re-
placed. We will postpone the consideration of these fractures till
later.
The passage of I' from (tV) into (a'i) is given on p. 293 as
being strongly developed in M. districts. The process consists of
lowering the commencement of the vowel so that (ii) becomes
(ii, iii), sounds which an unaccustomed ear hears as (tV, ii).
I believe (ii) is what Dr. Sweet means by his ij in living speech.
The lowering of the commencing element then continues, and
we get (A, 6i, B'i), but then the second element is often, or rather
generally (i) ; it is however often lengthened as (fix eii), and then
[ 2268 ]
> FBW RESULTS. 827
the speaker is still not consdoos of having departed from (ii).
It is his form of (ii), and the pure yowel sounds to him erroneous.
When the sound of (sfi) is reached, Southrons recognise a ** thin "
pron. of their own (a'«). (Generally in the North a thin (e'i) and
a thick (a'i) are distinguished, and are usually determined hy the
following consonant where there is one. The diphthongisation
therefore proceeds to (8B% i\ ii di) and rarely (▲'•). But there
is another set of these diphthongs, of which t^e first element
is (d, x), or even (go). These are common, especially^ in I) 4.
Whether they were derived through a progression similar to the
former, or came from an original (o'ii) form of (ii) parallel to
(^), it is not easy to say. There is oiten great difficulty in de-
termining what is the first element of these diphthongs, and to
say whetiier we hear (a't, di) or (a'i), great attention and much
practice is necessary. Ordinary hearers at faiost recognise two
diphthongs (^i, di), which they identify with the English school
pron. of Greek ei, <u, generally {iH ii). There is however a still
further alteration of this diphthong, by taking the second element
less close than (•), thus (d«), and then omitting it entirely and
lengthening the first element to (aa), thus (laak) like, see pp. 525
and 528 ; this is very distinctive of D 30. Dr. Sweet also says
(his p. 276) that ''before (1) it [the second element] is almost com-
pletely absorbed in Vulgar English, mile being confused with
marie" that is, both called (maal), which I have not observed.
Long TJ' is fractured, and then diphthongised after the same
foshion as I'. The first element is depressed as (tiiu) slightly in
the M. (which is possibly what Dr. Sweet means by his uw in
living English), and more so in D 31, where it becomes (UiU),
which is difficult to separate from (cki, 6u). The last form of the
diphthong is common, and is not readily distinguishable from {'s!u),
of which (q'u, d'tf) are finer forms used in rec. sp., and {iti), the
Oerman au, a coarser form, l^ow {&u) varies as {hi) as in D 27,
and this, with the second element rendered less de&iite, becomes
first (d«), and finally (aa), as in D 24, p. 399. So that we have
the strange phenomenon of I' and TJ' at the two extremities of the
vowel scale both sinking in different, but not far distant, places
(York and Leeds, both in the same county, and only twenty miles
apart), into the middle sound (oa). This (aa) for XJ' is still further
degraded in sw.La., when it becomes (sbsb), dialectally written eaw.
And the degradation of {iu) is not yet complete. Instead of
changing the second element into («), and then omitting it, the («)
becomes (i), and we thus get (di) to represent XT' in D 25, as well
as generally I', though in D 25 the form (di) is used for I', and
kept distinct from (dt). The form {6}u) has still finer varieties, as
Tsb'u, ^u), which are very common in different parts of England, as
in D 10 and D 19, while in D 9 and in London it is still further
refined to {6u).
The TJ' is heard as pure (uu) in D 30 and in L., but in D 31 it
is usually (tiiiu), and even in some parts (6uu), p. 625, and (o'uu,
d'uu), p. 636-7, all of which are regarded by tiie speakers as pur«
[ 2269 ]
828 A TEW BE8ULT8.
(an), and indeed are generally written 00 in all dialect books. All
these sounds represent TJ'.
A' is seldom preserved nnfractured, althougli the reoeiyed
(brAAd), which is occ. (bsaad) in dialects, may be so taken; bnt
the custom is to fracture with a prefixed (u) or (0) in the south
and (i) or {e) in the north. Thus Ws. c£n, one, which was (oon)
nnfractured even in Shakspere's rec. sp. [Two Oent. ii. 1, 2, pun
on on and on^], became normally in the sw. (uan, u«n), and from
these came (ween, wan), the last of which has been adopted in
rec. sp. But in the n. it became (fan ivn jvn jan jen), the Scotch
ane. This (u«) had often an alternative form (de), whence
probably came the rec. ((k>), as (toBd, tood) toad. But the ({9) led
at once to (ii), and it is an old joke that an Ab. man falls on the
(stiinz) stones and breaks his (biinz) bones, p. 780, Nos. 118 and 124.
Thus as r, XJ' both become (aa) in some districts, A' may become
(ii), and is, if not (uu), at least {00) veir generally. It is to be
observed that short open A- falls into (i^) or (is) in the south,
of which (^) occupies the s. portion as Do., and (fs) the n. portion
as Wl., and that even in Wl. in the towns, and still more in GL
and the town of Gloucester itself, the («) falls away and (ii) alone
remains (p. 54, No. 3, and p. 64 note^. It would have been
quite possible for the modem (w) to have been derived from
A- thix)ugh (^) in the same way. In the east the A- having
fallen in (6b) is further altered to (6*) by the very common and
in this case recent substitution of (») for («) (see p. 202, No. 852).
This (e«) form growing to (b'i, iH) has become very distinctive
of Es. (p. 221) and n.London (p. 226), but it is a mere form of
the very common (^), as (at) for U' is a form of (d«), p. S26d.
The intermediate vowels E', 0' seem to have passied at a com-
paratively early time into Tii, uu). The link for tiie first may have
been either of the forms ({9, ^i), both of which are still found.
Of these the first becomes (ii) on dropping the («), the second
on swallowing the very short initial («) ; but both are conjectural.
The changes which occur are changes of (ii) into (ii, i,i, ^i, Hi).
The sound (m) seems reserved for more frequent use for E-, see
various cwl. under E-, Nos. 231 to 255.
The 0' has a singular fate. The fracture (u«), which still exists
for short 0-, probably made it turn into (uu). As (uu) it was
fractured both mto (^u) and (itf), each of which forms occurs in the
same dialect (North Craven, p. 622, NW. Horn of Yo., p. 625).
Then ((«) may arise for (iu), but it is evidently the northern form
of fracture which replaces the southern (^). In the M. counties,
however, the (uu) sound at times reached its fractured form through
speakers beginning it with the mouth too widely open, producing
(o/u), p. 292, much resembling (/u). This is a very unstable
compound, and would serve to generate (iw, e'u), or (p, y,), and
seems to be the source whence the latter forms, or the French em
in p^ and nearly French ti, arose in D 10, D 11, D 19, D 33, and
other L. forms. The existence of a sound resembling French u or
(y) in all these districts is generally acknowledged, yet TH. did
[ 2260 ]
MX\fV MMJLMXL XV XIA J^ A 9 I L/« ^WVJf VU.V VIA MXO VJVAAVlCbA V XVUUVi ll» U.I* JLAJL
D 24 the abort 0 seems to have developed into (6i\ as (koil oil)
coal hole, while (X- becomes (ut), as (sutn, mutn) soon, moon,
p. 393 ; but these are only forms of (6«, u«), the («) becoming
(•), as we haye seen to be very common (pp. S27d, S2Se).
As regards ^ nothing very definite can be said. The re-
placing values are generally (ii, ee), and sometimes (jefi), but the
rule for the distribution of the words among the signs has not
been made apparent. My cwl. are here rather deficient, for
although there were plenty of words in the original, my in-
formants* gave but few of them, possibly because they found
nothing peculiar, that is, differing from rec. pron. in them.
Perhaps im ezha^istiye examination of the words might lead to
some general result, but I must leave this to others. The com-
bination ^'G will be considered presently.
As respects EA, EO, which are merely fractures, they must
be referred first, if pwossible, to the vowels of which they are
fractures. Kow EA is dearly a fracture of A or A', and EO
is possibly a fracture of E or £• .
EA is replaced very differently according to the following
oonsonant, but it seems to act rather as A' than as A. Thus
322 hlealiJian lausfh has mostly (aa), but sometimes very short (&) ;
323 feaht fm^ht has usually some form of (a'u), and 324 eahta
0ui^ht some form of (4«, xV, sb). The words in EALD have
sometimes (aa) or (00), diphthongising into (6if, k'h), but EAL,
followed by F or L, has (aa). In idl these there seems to be
no trace of an original shoit A.
In the case of EO, we must separate GEO, CEO where GE,
CE may probably be merely the palatalisation of G, G, so that
geolca, geond, geong, ifolk of eggs, yon, you$ig^ and sceolde should,
do not belong to the series. Also beorht seems to be an alteration
of brihht, as Dr. Sweet assumes (Histoir of E. Sounds, p. 308,
No. 700). Omitting tliese my series of EO: words has chiefly
EOB, wnich seems to fare as EE, becoming (aar) when (r) is
pron. The word 388 meolc milk has sometimes a singular pron.
as fme'lk), p. 164, but it has generally (•). Whoever listens
to the |>eripatetic vendors of milk may however readily appreciate
the original fracture.
Of EA' I have the same complaint to make as of ^'. Its
leplacers vary as (ii, {«, #0, e, s't). Much evidently depends on
the following oonsonant, but I have not been able to formulate the
rule.
EO' seems to follow the fortunes of E', and usually becomes (ii).
This also requires additional work.
Ws. dipWumg$, as distinct from fractures, are usually expressed
by an added g, w, as JEG, JE'G, EG, AW, EOW, EO'W, IW.
See Consonantal Lidex, p. 30*, under G and W. In the sw. of
England, especially in D 4, the first three become some form of
(a'i). Iliis still exists very markedly, but is on the way to (ee, ee,
xx), which also frequently occur in I) 4, and the forms (6«, es) are
[ 2261 ]
likewise found. The change of (di) into some form of (ee) is
common to many langaages (see Part I. p. 238), and we cannot be
surprised at the prevalence of the (ee) forms at the present day.
They render the descent from an original (a'i) form almost xm-
donbted. But were JSG, ^'G, EG, really distinct from each
other ? Most probably, at the time this orthog^ph^ came into
use, but it seems to me that they were not distinguished in the
time of Chaucer, Part III. p. 637 fll. The present degradation of
A- and JRQt into (m)« confuses two distinct set of words, as iaU
tail, see Cooper, in Part I. p. 126. It is remarkable that in some
parts of Ch. both should have further changed to (ii), see p. 409.
That both tdU tail should be changed would seem simple after they
had reached the {ee) stage, the process being similar to that by
wluch E' became (ii), but the remarkable point is that in other
parts of Ch. {ee) remains in tdU, but becomes (ii) in tail. In SL.
the reverse takes place, for the vowel in tdU becomes (is, t*), «nd
tof/has {^ (p. 710, No. 3, and DSS. p. 106).
The Aw diphthong loses its W, that is, its (ti), altogether. Even
in D 4 it becomes (aa), in D 33 or SL (oa), and elsewhere it is
mostly (aa), for which aw is the rec. spelling. Of course A^
follows the fortunes of A', and is occ. (aa), but more usually
(oo, oo).
The EOW, ECKW, and FW forms are comparatively rare, but
see the different cwl. under 386 eowe a ewe, 387 neowe niwe new^
408 cneow, he hfuw, 417 ce6wan to ehew, 418 bre6wan to hrew,
419 e6wer your, 420 ieawer four, 421 f eowertig /brfy, 435 eow
you, 436 treow true, 437 tre6w% truth. The sound varies as
(on, afu, iafu), while the action of the (r) in the last two words
sometimes produces curious but important changes, such as (uu,
fl^n, yyi).
The Coneanants which have not been specially grouped in the
cwl., but are distributed among the vowel groups, are collected
and referred to the Ws. and Norse words containing them, with
their numbers in the cwl. on p. 30*, so that any medial and final
consonants with some of the initial may be studied throughout the
cwl., while the ordinary initial consonants are given in the English
index, p. 25*.
The letter E occasions the most trouble. In all the S. div. R
is more or less reverted, that is, the tip of the tongue pointe to
the throat and its underpart is turned to the hard palate ; this
is written (b). The hollow thus caused at the back of the tongtte
produces a very peculiar resonance, which makes the effect of (b),
when once heard and understood,, immediately recognisable. The
effect is rendered milder by nu^dng only the outer margin of
the tip instead of ite underpart approach the middle of the hard
palate, leaving a spoon-shaped hollow behind. This is JGG.'b
retracted r written (b). It is rendered still milder by advancing
the raised tip of the tongue nearer to, but not quito to reach, the
gums. This is the buzzed (r^) when not trilled or flapped, the
tongue being still turned up, but the hollow at the ba^ being
[ 2262 ]
A EBW BESULT8. 831
almost obliterated. The trae (b) is however discernible right
through the s. of England from Co. to Ke,, and is conspicuous
in Wl. Sm. Do. and Dv. This (b) is probably the origiiud Ws.
f6rm of the consonant. Our language is derived from North or
Low German and Danish, and in Oermany and Denmark at the
present day the r is very peculiar, the first commonly uvular (r)
and the second glottal (i).
The effect of this reversion upon a contiguous (t, d, 1, n) is
evidently to revert it also and produce (x, d, l, v), and it seems
to me most probable that this reverted form is the original (see pp.
51, 53). It is known as the cerebral series in Sanscrit (Part lY. p.
1096). These consonants seem to me to be the progenitors of the
common coronal English (t, d, 1, n). These are quite distinct from
the alveolar (^t, ^d, ^1, ^n), where the tip of the tongue touches the
gums, producmg the continental and Sanscrit ''dental" series.
The natural flapped (r) seems to be also coronal, so that (tr- dr-)
are proper combmations. In the North Midland and N. districts,
however, an alveolar (t, ^d) are heard, but only before r, which
obliges the position oi the tongue for it to be also alveolar, as
~ md this occurs even when an («) is interposed, as
indeed the (^t, ,d) still remain when the (^r) is lost.
(^t^r-, ,d^r-), and this occurs even when an («) is interposed, as
(-^tn^r, -^d«^r), indeed the (^t, ,d) still remain when the (^r) is lost,
as (-^tB, -,d^). The Indian alphabet has two forms of ty d, namely
(t ^t, D ^d), the English is perhaps the only language which has
thi^ forms of each letter (t t t, n d ^d).
But the forms of the English r are not exhausted. In the
M. counties TH. recognises a very mild, but still in his opinion,
trilled r, which I write (r). At tne same time JOG. recognised a
northern r, which I write (r^), and he considers (b r r°) to form a
series, p. 294. Of course it is very difficult to recognise such fine
distinctions, except after long hearing and careful analysis of
native utterances. To a mere Southron's ear they sound like his
own gentle r, or as completely vocalised.
The southern (b) after passing to (r^) often becomes lost after
(aa, aa), or considered as a mere symbol of the change of a, o into
these sounds, and is identified in other cases with a vowel some-
what like (d, «, 00, ah), but probably different from all of them, as
the tip of the tongue is certainly a little too much raised for anj
real vowel to be uttered, see p. 222. This " vowel r" or («) as it
may be written, prevails all along the east coast of England from
Ke. to Nb. as far as North Shields at any rate, when not before a
vowel. . When preceding a vowel it is possibly generally (r^), but
I think I say and hear generally (i r), a mild and real trilL All
over the E. div. and D 20 in the M^ ^v. and the e. coast of Yo.
and Du. in the N. div. this vocalisation of r prevails. At North
Shields in Nb. before a vowel it seems to become (k), see top of
p. 665, really a trill or trembling of the lips, often confused
with (w).
The varieties of English r are, however, not even yet exhausted.
In p 14, comprising m.Sh., the trill of the tongue tip is always
distinct both before and after a vowel, almost like the Italian r,
[ 2268 ]
832 A FEW RKSULT&
but not BO forcible. It seems to be a remnant of Welsh r, see
p. 182. In several places in England, and especially in Sb., a
difficulty is felt witb (sbr-) initial, for which the un-English (sr-)
is used in better speech, the (r) being vulgarly entirely omitted,
p. 183. In Scotland the r is also distinctly trilled with the tongue
only, as I think, more conspicuously than in Italian, but I believe
not so strongly as in Ireland, where, I am told, the whole of the
tongue, and not merely the tip, participates in the flapping action
(Part lY. p. 1232<^). In Nb., on the contrary, the tongue does not
flap at all, but only the uvula, and the result is often complicated
by a partial closure of the lips, see p. 641^.
In my opinion r is essentially an intermittent interruption of
the voice, imitated in Faber's speaking machine by rapidly re-
volving a disk with radiating perforations in the way of the
vocalised current of air. These interruptions in natural speech
are made most naturally by the flapping tongue in different
positions, sometimes bv tiie uvula or the lips, and each mode of
interruption by modir3ring the resonant cavity of the mouth,
produces different effects in passing from interruption to free
passage of the voice. When, however, there is no mtermittence,
when the tongue or lips remain in one position, with no more
trembling than the passage of the voice (that is, undulating breath)
naturally produces as in prolonged (z, zh, w), there is, as I con-
ceive, only a vocalisation, a buzz or rough voice, as aU consonant
positions, being unfavourable to a dear passage of sound, naturally
produce. Mr. Melville Bell and Dr. Sweet, on the contrary,
separate the flapping from the position of the tongue or lips, and
it is necessary that this radical difference in our views should be
borne in mind.
In the S. div., especially in D 4 and D 11, initial % and /, as
a general rule, become in Ws. words (z, v), but are sounded as
(s, f) in Bomance words. See particulars on pp. 38 to 41. As
the initial (z) at least is common to all German dialects, high
as well as low, it must be considered the original, and (s) a
generated sound. The (v) seems to be also original, compare
Dutch, and compare the Welsh /, ff^ for (v, f). We find also that
even (sh, th) occasionally become (zh, dh) when initial in the
Bw. of England, p. 41. But here (ah, zh) were not original
sounds, and hence this development must have been recent. On
the contrary, (dh) was probably the original sound and (th)
derived, as Dr. Sweet supposed, see Part II. p. 541, note 2.
The use of (d) for (dh) in Ke. in ^Ais, ^^t, ^Ae, ^Aere, ^Aeir, ^Aeirs,
^Aem, ^Aen, ^Aese, ^Aose, ^Aey (p. 131), is sufficiently remarkable,
and becomes more so when we remember that it is a temporary
modem pron. introduced subsequent to the time of Dan Michel
in the xivth century, and, though still known in the present day,
is rapidly disappearing. That in Orkney and Shetland (d) is also
found for (dh), although fast dying out, is attributable possibly
to Norse influence. But this e.Ke. substitulion is not.
In connection with (dh) we may observe the varioua forms of
[ 2264 ]
A FEW RESULTS. 833
the definite article, (dlra) in the S. diy. and np to D 20 indusiyey
rth) mainly in w.M. as D 21, 22, 25, a^d* even in part of Yo.
(p. 500, "No. 6), but occasionally assimilated by*a prerioiiB (n) to
(f). But thiB soroended form, independently of any assimilation,
is TOeyalent oyer D 30 and D 31, thoag^ it again becomes (dhv)
in jD 32, and in Cs. D 40 drops to (^), losing the initial consonant
altogether, while in Holdemess eyen the (t^) yanishes and no
definite aiticle is left.
Ws. E seems to haye been (y) and W to haye been (w). There
always has been a Teuton difficulty with these letters, which
Germans as a rule cannot pron., using tiieir own to or (bh) for
both of them. Oyer a portion of the e. coast from Ke. to Nf.
at least extends the "land of JTee^* or the territory of (w) to
the exclusi(m of (y), see p. 132, and 22ld. Although (y) for
(w) is commonly atmbuted to cockneys and Folkestone fishermen,
I haye not been able to obserye the first in serious use and the
second is at least doubtful fp. 143). I haye seen the use of r for
«r attributed to the adyent of the Huguenots into England after the
)reyocation of the Edict of Nantes, but I know no authority for
the statement, see pp. 229a, 2d0<^. The true (wh) is rare; it is
practically unknown in the 8. "W. £. and M.'diy., being replaced
^7 (w), a proceeding analogous to the 8. use of initial (y) for
(i); thus to pron. wheel as weal is precisely similar phonetically
to pronouncing feel as veal. Those who strongly reprobate the
latter, mostly commit the former sin with calmness, and find
^whiil) uncouth. In D 39, or NL. on the contrary, the (wh)
initial falls consistently into (f), at least it is so generally receiyed,
but quite possibly it may be (ph), without the action of the teeth,
which much more closely resembles (wh). Mr. Melyille Bell
coniectures it to be (fli) or (f), with the bade of the tongue raised
as ^r (u). The doubt is whether the teeth are used at alL
In Ws. W occurs before L and R. Of WL I find no trace,
unless a magnificent Amiby be a remnant of Ws. wlsenc, wlanc,
wlenc, wlonc, epletuUi. But WK still exists in seyeral places, see
wrong on p. 578 and p. 688, also p. 726, par. 3, and elsewneie in L.
The Ws. CN initial generally becomes simple (n), but is occ.
represented by (nh) or (tnh), see know, p. 566, and compare Cooper,
Part I. p. 208, and Lediard, Part IV. p. 1046^'.
The Ws. H is generally yery badly treated. In Ws. it had pre-
sumably the yalue (H^h) or strongly jerked out flatus (Part I V . p.
1130, col. 2), and when doubled or final, was probably a guttural.
It is known to eyery one of education how yery widely the absence
of ^h) extends. I got the most contradictory accounts m>m different
regions. Glossary writers put in the A as a matter of habit, eyen
where they know that no dialect speaker uses it. Eor my own
part, I feel yery uncertain of any (h) soutii of the Lowland Ime 10,
north of it (h) is omitted only, but not always, in {it) it, for (h)
remains there in D 39 to 41 ; and (h) is insOTted only, but not
always, in Qaz) us, and (hulet) owlet (p. 734, y. 88). In the M.
diy. certainly (h) has no existence, and yery little in the N. diy.,
1.1. Proa. Party. [ 2265 ] 144
834 A FEW RESULTS.
except in each case perhapd as a mark of emphasis even wheii
unhistoricaL Its present home is in the L. div., and there also the
guttural preyailsy in all the three forms (kh, kjh, ktrh). The
guttural isy howeyer, occ. met with further south, and has heen
heard from old people even in La., p. 341, parts of To. (Part I.
E. 289, note 4, and Part I. p. 311, note 1), Cu., and We. But in
. it is habitual. The general substitute for Ihe guttural, when
not entirely ignored, is (f), which in some words, as lau§ih tough,
prevails in rec. sp., and in itroi/ habitually, and draft recently, has
crept into rec. spelling.
The 10 transverse fines (described pp. 15 to 22) divide the whole
coimtry into regions where certain pron. are prevalent. The six
great divisions, S., W., E., M., N., L., give the largest groups
that I have b^n able to form, and the distinctive characters are
succinctly stated at the beginning of each, l^ext, I have made a
number of minor groups, as Celtic Southern, p. 24 ; Mid Southern,
p. 36; the Border of Southern against Midland and Eastern, p. 110;
the East Southern, p. 130 ; the West Southern, p. 145 ; the South
Western, p. 175 ; and North Western, p. 181 ; the West Eastern,
p. 189 ; the Mid Eastern, p. 195 ; the South Eastern, p. 225 ; the
l^orth Eastern, p. 248 ; and the East Eastern, p. 259 ; the Border
Midland, p. 296; the North Midland, p. 315 ; the Mid Midland,
p. 408 ; the East Midland, p. 447 ; the South Midland, p. 451 ;
the East Northern, p. 495 ; the West Northern, p. 537 ; the North
Northern, p. 637 ; the South Lowland, p. 709 ; the Mid Lowland,
p. 723; the North Lowland, p. 755; and the Lisular Lowland,
p. 788 ; to each of which is prefixed a brief account of its chsi-
racters. The last portion oi each name shows ^e division to
which each group belongs, while the names of the groups them-
selves are placed as current headlines of the pages. Each of these
groups is, when feasible, subdivided into smaller districts, and each
is at the commencement properly characterised. The characters
there assigned, which it is not necessary to repeat. here, form the
principal result, and were the most difficult part of this investiga-
tion, the difficulty being greatly increased by the necessity of
completing it in all its details before a page of the book could be
printed, or the maps drawn.
Among these characters a very few points of 'Construction and
vocabulary were noticed (see p. 25*), for it was my purpose not
to enter upon matters which have occupied other investigators.
The most striking of these is the form of the verb sabstahiiTe / ^ in the 8.,
getting mixed with / are in Kent, and chiefly / orv in the £., mixed with
I am which preyailB over the M. But in D 30 and SI I is is the nsnal form,
which may indeed sometimee be heard in Df ., bnt is possibly imported ; for in
D 32 and L. generally / am is the form always heaia. Of oouzse the vowels
are not heard after / except where there is much emphaos, as I heard an old
woman say to me, I ar$ to wait (&i *aa ts Wtff'jt), meaning that she had been
ordered to wait where I found her. Usually (&i)«, &i)z, A)m), etc., are heard.
In the S. also tcv am, y<m am may be found as «c#-m, yoM-m.
In D 4 and 10 the periphrastic form, tis I do love, without any intention of
emphasis, is used for flovef and the past participle has the augment, as / ham
a'loped. Also the nominatiye form is much used for the object, as / mw ths.
I 2266 ]
and is neariy extinct in Le. and Nt.
In the £. the plural yerh is often used for the angular, bb it do (pp. Wd^
2i9c).
In Hiffh Fumen La. and in parts of We. «< is at least occasionally need
instead^ to before the infinitiye (p. 660). In Ch. to is regularly omitted in
such cases, and/or is nsed for /or to (p. 410^).
In the Black Conntrj, D 29, Y uh, bat not Y iia, p. 461, oocms regularly a
peculiar form of the negatiTe with auxiliary rerbe, ihe not itself being omitted,
BB I doh for I don't (instances oolleeted, p. 461). It is, I belieye, sparingly
found elsewhere.
Peculiar words, which have been the main objects of glossarists,
1 have not sought at all, but a few naturally occurred.
The use of Ml or («n) unaccented, representing the Ws. ace. Atfi#, still exists in
the S., though receiyed speech has confused it with the datiye him (p. 43), it
must not be confounded with 'iMi«ofM.
The first personal pron. occurs as utek (al^) in a small district near Yeoyil
(p. 84). It is the omy remnant of the ieh *eh so common in writings of the
xyi th century to represent downidmees.
The form of address to companions or fellow- workers yaries much. As I haye
introduced it into my dt, I haye had a curious set of -words giyen me. (1) Jfotot,
which was the wora in the original (p. 8*), is found 43 times, but is always
suspicious, as it was thus suggested. (2) Lad$ occurs 26 times, only once in 8.,
the rest in M. and N. (8) Chap9 runs it hard with 21 occurrences, of which
2 were in the 8., 1 in the £., and the rest M. or N. Other yarieties are yery
much more uncommon. (4) Bo}f$ occurs 6 times. (6j MarrowM (the word
properly means matches, equals, /HifVf, 4 times (once p. ol7i', and three times
p. 666), all in N. (6) Buttieo is found three times (pp. 117<f, 266c, Al2e) ; and
the singular address, (7) TogHhtr^ also occurs 3 times (pp. 260if, 268<;, 272c, all
in E.) ; the rest occur only once. (8) Comrad$$^ p. 169<f. (9) Jfa^iM, p. 260^.
(10) BoU, p. 278<r. (11) Old FMowb, p. 286c. (l2) Ntigkbour$, p. 666. (13)
CaiUmts^ p. 666, and I tnink in 4 cases the word was skipped altogether.
In connection with (10) ho' (bA), a Nf. word for young man, occurs mmUher
(mAAdhv^, young woman or youn^^ girl, then usually abridged to mau'er (mA'v).
The word for gin is mtnd (maid) m the south, w§nek in no bad sense in M., and
Uui generally in N. ; aWl is rather an educated word ; $h$ is hoo (o^u, k'm) in
w. M., as La., Ch., Db., and $Koo (shu, shoo, shv) in D 24, but (sW) in D 41
and 42, and constantly (n) assumed generally to be A#r, especially in M.
Here I stop. Time and space fail me, and my long task must
come to an end.
VXh 07 PART y.
[2267 ]
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