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rAMILIAK FLOWERS 

OF FIELD AND 
~ GARDEN 


7. Schuyler Mathews 


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FIELDS. 


IN THE 


FAMILIAR FLOWERS 
Ofe TIELD AND 
GARDEN 


DESIERIBE D -ANID? [LEE U Si RALED 


BY 
F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS 


WITH OVER TWO HUNDRED DRAWINGS 


WEW YORK 
SOTANWICAR 


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NEW YORK 
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 


1895 


. + CopyYRIGHT, 1895, 
a [By oD. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 


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INTRODUCTION. 


Faminrariry with a flower does not always in- 
clude a knowledge of its name and family. This 
little volume is intended properly to introduce many 
familiar characters. We are better pleased to know 
the golden-rod, virgin’s bower, and blood-root by their 
titled names—Arguta Solidago, Clematis of Vzir- 
ginia, and Sanguinaria of Canada. But the book 
goes a step further and supplements the introduction 
with a little friendly gossip based on personal experi- 
ence. Alas! personal experiences are all more or less 
different, so I must be pardoned for occasionally ap- 
pearing to disagree with those whose wide experience, 
profound research, and scientific training entitle them 
to acceptation as unquestionable and final authorities. 
But opportunity is often the means whereby one 
may arrive at truths not always in the possession of 
the most learned; and the fact that I have seen the 
Atamasco lily in bloom in May and even earlier in- 


clines me to the belief that the same opportunity was 
a ageetd 


iv FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


not afforded to Dr. Asa Gray. Aster ericoides I do 
not find confined to southern New England; it is 
common in northern New Hampshire. It is also the 
fact that certain variations in type are unrecorded 
in -botanical books to which I have referred ; such 
variations appear in a few of my drawings. The 
environment of a flower and the length of time in 
which it blooms are also recorded here with some 
variation from that according to Dr. Gray. In such 
instances I have relied upon my own personal expe- 
rience. Regarding the colors of flowers, I take the 
liberty of saying that no authority has appeared to 
be perfectly satisfactory from my particular point of 
view, and I regret to add that certain records in Dr. 
Gray’s books seem to point to the fact that he was 
at least partially color-blind. 

To any artist who is a colorist it is almost incon- 
ceivable that crimson should not be distinguished from 
scarlet. When it is possible for him to produce fifty 
distinct variations of red between these two colors, it 
will be easily understood why he should look on the 
color-blind person as an eighth wonder of the world! 

Color terms are best considered as relative to each 
other—for instance, blue-violet, violet, violet-purple, 
purple, purple-magenta, magenta, magenta-red, ete. 
The name rose-purple is quite indefinite. I suppose it 
means pink-purple ; but pink-purple is anomalous. It 


INTRODUCTION. Vv 


is a combination of a tint and a hue, and should read 
either pink-lilac, as a tint, or magenta-purple, as a 
hue. Now, as these colors are entirely dissimilar, I 
am left in complete doubt as to which one the bota- 
nist refers in using the term rose-purple. 

The color of a flower is an important factor in its 
identification, and I have exercised great care in the 
selection of an adequate name for it; at the same 
time, a few popular color-names have been retained 
when these seemed to be sufficiently near the truth, 
although certainly not exact. But flowers vary in 
the presentation of a certain hue; two specimens of 
Lilium Philadelphicum are likely to show two dis- 
tinct tones of red. Magenta-pink, crimson-pink, and 
pure pink are varieties of pink common in the Orchis 
family. Habenaria jimbriata is apt to vary from a 
tint to a light hue. Cypripediwm acaule is also a 
variable crimson-pink flower. 

By constant reference to Dr. Gray I mean to 
draw attention to him as our highest botanical author- 
ity. The Manual and Meld, Forest, and Garden 
Botany furnish a scientific background, so to speak, 
for this volume. A late revision of the Manual fur- 
nishes a full, detailed description of certain wild flow- 
ers; but a later revision, by Prof. L. H. Bailey, of 
Field, Forest, and Garden Botany, recently published, 
will undoubtedly prove the more useful book of the 


yi FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


two for those who are inexperienced in botanical 
research. In Prof. Meehan’s Flowers and Ferns of 
the United States I have found a valuable authority 
on the habits and characters of our more Western 
flowers, and Prof. Goodale in his Wild Flowers of 
America has supplied me with many interesting facts 
connected with some of our common Eastern flowers. 
This selection of familiar wild and garden flowers in- 
cludes those which have seemed most familiar or in- 
teresting or even homely to one who spends a great 
deal of time in the garden and fields surrounding a 
hillside studio. Most of the Western and Southwest- 
ern wild flowers (now in cultivation) grow in this gar- 
den, and these, with others of the woods and fields 
near by, were sketched on the spot. Still other speci- 
mens (many of which grew in the Arnold Arboretum 
near Boston) of various localities were likewise drawn 
directly from Nature. 
What the character of the message is which a wild 
flower brings to the observant lover of Nature depends 
largely upon disposition of the individual. This one 
is susceptible to no suggestion; that one sees a vis- 
ion of the beautiful beyond the conception of the 
unimaginative; another hears the music of Nature 
and sees the beautiful as well. Let us hope that 
there are few Americans of whom Wordsworth 


might say: 


- Seer, 


INTRODUCTION. vil 


“A primrose by a river’s brim 
A yellow primrose was to him, 
And it was nothing more.” 


But, on the other hand, who of us can truly say 


“To me the meanest flower that blows can give 
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears” ? 

There is no doubt in my mind as to what Beet. 
hoven was thinking of when he wrote the lovely 
Scherzo of his Heroic Symphony. The music is 
brimful of the woods and fields of springtime. We 
do not know exactly what Chopin imagined when 
he composed his Impromptu Fantasia, but its exu- 
berant music suggests the joy and freedom of the 
birds and flowers in the woods and meadows of June. 

A little more familiarity with Nature will lead us 
to a better understanding of her message—a message 
she surely has for every one who will but listen. 


F. Scauyter Martuews. 


Eu Furerpis, Buarr, Campton, N. H., 
October, 1894. 


FAMILIAR FLOWERS 
OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


CHAPTER I. 


MARCH AND APRIL. 
Arbutus to Spring Everlasting. 


Trailing Arbutus, Amonca the favorite flowers of spring, 


or Mayflower. the Pilgrim’s Mayflower seems to hold 


Epigea repens. 
— ‘the first place in the heart of a loyal 
New-Englander. It has even been suggested as a 
national flower for our country. But the trailing 


arbutus is too local to stir the enthusiastic in- 


terest of our Western and Southern 
fellow-countrymen; and not 
long ago, when the 
subject of a nation- 
al flower was agi- 
tated, a most decid- 
ed preference was 
expressed by vote 


Trailing Arbutus. 


for the golden-rod. 
However, the sweetness and quiet beauty of the trail- 
ing arbutus deserve the highest consideration, and it 


is at least the representative New England wild 
1 


9 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


flower. The Englishman does not need to ask us, 
“Where are your fragrant flowers?” John Bur- 
roughs says: “Let him look closer and penetrate 
our forests and visit our ponds and lakes. . . . Let 
him compare our matchless, rosy-lipped, honey- 
hearted, trailing arbutus with his own ugly ground 
ivy (Wepeta Glechoma).” We can make our own 
comparison if we choose, for the ground ivy has be- 
come naturalized here, and it may be found in shady 
places creeping and spreading over the waysides ; 
its flowers are light blue and its leaves kidney- 
shaped; it can be seen in Prospect Park, Brook- 
lyn, in May. But the ground ivy is not to be men- 
tioned in the same breath with our sweet Mayflow- 
er. We must pass what the poet Whittier has to 
say about it for lack of space, and turn our attention 
to its natural environment. I have found the love- 
liest blossoms not in Massachusetts, but in a hilly, wet 
pasture on the southern slopes of the White Moun- 
-tains. Here the largest and pinkest blossoms were 
gathered among damp moss and withered leaves not 
two feet away from the remains of a winter’s snow- 
drift; this was on the 25th of April. It must be re- 
membered that snowdrifts frequently remain on the 
southern gorges of the White Hills as late as the mid- 
dle of May. But the arbutus does not mind the cool 
breath of a tardy New England spring; on the con- 


MARCH AND APRIL. 3 


trary, it thrives best not in sunny pastures where the 
sun is doing its warmest work, but in the chill and 
shadowy retreats of little dells, and in hollows be- 
tween rocks and groups of stunted firs, where the 
hillside is wet and cold with patches of melting ice 
and snow. The starry blossoms are ineffably sweet, 
and have a frosty, waxy look, and a dainty pink at 
the edge of the petals, more attractive than the deli- 
cate coloring of many a highly prized garden flower. 
The fresh petals have a taste 
not unlike muscatel grapes. 
The flower grows plentifully 
on the southeastern coast of 
Massachusetts, and is annually 
seen for sale in the streets of 
Boston. 

If we call the 
Mayflower the 
represen tative 


Snowdrop. 


Galanthus nivalis. 


wild flower of New England, 
then the snowdrop may be 


called the representative spring 
flower of Old England! It is 


not as familiar an object in 


Snowdrop. 


our own meadow borders as we would wish; yet 
it grows easily, and thrives in the bleak air of a 
New England spring. There are several old houses 


4 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


in Roxbury whose front yards are brightened by this 
seemingly pathetic, drooping little flower as early as 
the frost will permit it to appear. It is amazing to 
see the courageous little thing hanging its dainty 
head over patches of ice and snow which linger into 
the middle of March! When the snow and the 
flower are seen thus together, we 
are startled by the incongruity of 
the situation: death and life side 
by side on the dawn of the deving 
year. The 1st of January, New- 
Year’s day, is but a name; the real 
birthday of the year is marked by 
the first snowdrop which lifts its 
head above the winter’s snow. 

The flower is full of interest, 
and even under the glass it reveals 
a new beauty; its inner divisions 
are short and notched at the end, 
and are tipped with green; the 
coloring inside is extremely deli- 
cate. The snowdrop belongs to the 
Amaryllis family. 

Scilla, or Squill. The pretty blue 


Scilla Siberica, or scilla, which ap- 


amend, 


Scilla, or Squill. 


pears in the grassy plots of our parks 
and gardens in early spring, is a welcome visitor 


MARCH AND APRIL. 5 


from Siberia, come to stay in our country. It is 


perfectly hardy, and its refreshing blue in among 


the new grass blades is peculiarly harmonious with 


the background of green. 
We have one native variety 
ealled S. Frasert, or wild 
hyacinth ; this is common on 
moist banks and prairies from 
Ohio westward; it grows 
about ten inches high, and its 
flowers are pale violet-blue, a 
color not so pretty as the 
purer blue of the cultivated 
Siberian variety, which may 
be seen in early spring dot- 
ting the greensward of the 
Public Garden, Boston. The 
bulb of S. Maritima, a Medi- 
terranean variety, is officinal, 
and Sirup of Squills is used 
for bronchial troubles. 


Skunk Cabbage. The — earliest 


Symplocarpus harbinger of 
tidus. : 2 
Jeni the spring is 


the skunk cabbage. This 


Vig A 
Skunk Cabbage. 


most suggestively repellent plant is about as attract- 


ive in odor as it is in name! Yet, aside from this 


6 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


little misfortune, Nature has given the odoriferous 
cabbage a very interesting though not a beautiful 
appearance, and its very peculiarity invites attention. — 
There is something startling in the fact that the 
dark, livid-colored thing is related to the spotless 
calla (what a contrast !), and to the sturdy and happy- 
looking Jack-in-the-pulpit! But the appearance of 
the brown-purple spathe must be attractive to ani- 
mated Nature, otherwise it would not contain so 
many relics of “a ball that is over.” Many insects 
must have led quite a lively dance inside the spathe, 
for when we look within its folds we see plenty of 
remains—honeybees, small flies, bugs, spiders, beetles, 
and the like. Somehow, I never see a skunk cabbage, 
with its company of buzzing insects, without thinking 
of Tam o’ Shanter: the little witches are having “a 
high old time ” within, and one can not help feeling 
somewhat ungracious over the knowledge that beau- 
tiful Nature does show herself disgusting once in a 
while; why, in the name of all that is sweet, do 
dainty honeybees want to visit such a malodorous 
character? Thoreau says, “ Lucky that this flower 
does not flavor their honey.” 


The marsh marigold is another flower 
Marsh Marigold. 


which is found for sale in the streets 
Caltha palustris. 


of Boston in spring. It seems a pity 
that wrong names should attach themselves to our 


MARCH AND APRIL. ¢ 


wild flowers, and occasion some confusion regarding 
their family relations. This flower is not related 


ig 
Marsh Marigold. 


either to the garden calendula (pot marigold) or to 
the English cowslip; yet it often goes by the latter 
name (without the English). The flower rather dis- 


8 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


tantly reminds one of the buttercup, to which it is 
related ; but it is thick and stocky-looking, and de- 
serves some interest on its own account. It will be 
found in early April beside the brooks as they wind 
through the meadows, and in springy ground. It is 
common also: in Italy, where we would hardly look 
for it. The calyx is golden yellow in hue, and the 
dark-green, thickish leaf is like a rounded kidney in 
shape. 


Hepatica. 


Liverwort. Hepatica triloba is one of the earliest 
Hepatica triloba. of our spring flowers, and perhaps 
one of the most beautiful. It is often described as a 


MARCH AND APRIL. 9 


blue flower, but I must object to this on the ground 

that its blue is only a qualifying condition of its pur- 
ple. Often the blossoms are nearly white, but as a 
rule they are blue-purple of extraordinarily delicate 
quality. The leaves come out later than the flowers, 
and by the end of summer they are strong and thick, 
dark green in color, and leathery in texture. They 
remain green all winter. The flower grows on the 
edge of the wood, and often in sunny pastures; at 
least this is so in the Eastern States. A distinguish- 
ing point in the Lepatica is its hairy flower stem. 
It is not too early to look for it immediately after 
the snow has disappeared ; in fact, it is contempora- 
neous with the arbutus, whose blossoms one may often 
gather within a few feet of a lingering snowdrift ! 


There is no reason why the adder’s- 

Dog’s-Tooth 
Violet, or 
Adder’s-Tongue. is really a lily; and so far as the re- 


tongue should be called a violet; it 


pe trontum semblance in shape between the white 
Americanum. 

root of the plant and a dog’s tooth is 
concerned, that is too trifling for serious considera- 
tion. There is a snaky look to the prettily mottled 
leaf, but nothing to remind one of the snake’s tongue. 
I have found this flower growing beside a little brook 
as it issued from the border of the wood as late as 
the 10th of May. The blossom is usually russet yel- 


low, and the upright leaves, spotted with a darker 
2 


10 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


color in delicate pencilings, are readily distinguished 
from the surrounding green. But we may find some 
specimens without the 
slightest trace of this 
mottled color; so we 
must remember that 
Nature, frequently ec- 
centric, refuses to fol- 
low a rule unless it is 
connected with some 
great underlying prin- 
ciple of creation. This 
dainty little lily grows 
as cheerfully on the 
slopes of Mount Wash- 
ington, at an altitude 


of over two thousand 
feet, as it does in some of the wooded 
dells of Staten Island. It is an early 
flower, and may be looked for in 
April. 
Pansy. That the pansy is a 
Rs . Dog’s-tooth Violet. 
Viola onicalen——-\ op enta eavorite pir. Out 
country is demonstrated by the fact that a seedsman 
tells me he alone sells over two hundred thousand 
packages of the seed ina year! The flower is really 
a large party-colored variety of the violet, and it 


MARCH AND APRIL. fT. 


appears in such variegated colors that it would be 
difficult to describe even the commonest types. In 
one strain there are specimens which approach as 
near to a black flower as it seems possible. I con- 
‘sider the French pansies of M. Bugnot by all odds the 
finest. But this is a matter of opinion which I am 
not disposed to urge. Cassier’s 
Odier is a variety of large size 
and fine color, usually three or 
five spotted. The pansy should 
be treated as a biennial; if we 
wish fine flowers we must raise 
them from seed each year; they 
bloom from early spring to mid- 
summer. The Sweet Violet (V. 
odorata), a relation of the pansy, 
comes from England and Italy, 
and is not hardy in our gardens 
of the North. The double-flow- 
ered varieties do not seed. 


The tulip comes 
Tulip. 


to us from Asia 
Tulipa Gesneriana. 


Minor, but indi- 
rectly from Holland. In Ara- 


Tulip. 


bian ornament, particularly in 
decorative painting, the flower is frequently repre- 
sented. Our finest tulips come from Haarlem, Hol- 


12 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


land, where there are extensive farms devoted to the 
culture of the splendid flower. In 1634, and three 
years after, all Holland was crazy over the tulip! - 
This so-called tulipomania was finally ended by State 
interposition. At one time a collection of fine bulbs 
of one Wouter Brockholminster sold for $44,100. 
The first tulip, it is said, came to Europe from Per- 
sia, by way of Constantinople, in 1559. The taste 
for tulips did not reach its height in England until 
the close of the seventeenth century. The flower 
ranges without restriction through the chromatic 
scale, but excepts blue, although it suggests it in the 
variety named Bleu Celeste. The varieties are sim- 
ply endless. They flower successively through spring. 
The tulip is a member of the Lily family. 


Biobd:root, About the latter end of April, in the 
Sanguinaria valley of the Pemigewasset (the river 
Canadensis. 


which gathers its crystal waters from 
the southern slopes of the Franconia Mountains), be- 
side the road, on the brink of the river, in moist pas- 
tures, and beside the woodland brook, may be found 
the beautiful, broad white flowers of the plant which 
furnishes a famous specific for coughs and colds. 
Long before I became acquainted with the plant I 
had taken many drops of its orange-red blood on 
lump sugar. It is surprising that in three botanical 


books I found the juice described as crimson; for 


MARCH AND APRIL. 13 


crimson is a biue-red, and this color will not apply in 
any respect to blood-root. If a bit of the stem of a 
leaf is squeezed, it will 
exude an _ orange-col- 
ored juice, which stains 
everything it comes in 
contact with. The 
blood-root leaf grows 
circling about the ris- 
ing flower stem, and 
does not attain its full 
size of about five inches 
across until the flower 
is quite gone. Alas! 
it goes quickly enough. 
This is the reason why 
some of our most beau- 
tiful wild flowers are 
not cultivated by the 
florists; it does not pay 
-to spend much time 
over such _ ephemeral 
lives. The _ blood-root 
is like a butterfly; it 
comes and goes in a day, like the poppy, to which 
it is related. The blossom is as lovely and white 
as a lily, and has a golden center. 


14 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


NY Aus 


y 
Se? 


< 1 
~S\\ + 


Yeu 
’ Th \\ 


Sprivg 
Everlasting. 


Spring This is an insignificant 
Everlasting. ; 5 
. white, cottony - stemmed 
Antennaria 
plantaginifolia. plant, which lacks beauty ~ 


altogether; yet it is so common in the 
meadows and pastures of the hill country 
that one must know what it is on account 
of its conspicuousness in early spring. 
There are great patches of straggling 
white seen in the meadows through April, 
and one wonders, from the distance of a 
car window in the swiftly passing train, 
what the “ white stuff” is—leastwise, I 
But it 
is only Antennaria, and scarcely merits 


have been asked such a question. 


attention, unless one wishes. to examine 
its peculiar fuzziness through a little mi- 
croscope. 

The so-called Calla Lily (it 


Ethiopian Calla, . : 
: is not a lily, nor a true 


Richardia Africana. é 
calla either) is a beautiful, 


But 
it is not hardy and must be considered 


white relative of Jack-in-the-Pulpit. 
more of a house plant. It comes from 
Africa, and blooms in spring. The new 
dwarf variety, Little Gem, is an abundant 


bloomer. 


CHAPTER II. 


APRIL AND MAY. 


To Flowering Wintergreen. 


Bellwort. Tue flower of the bellwort is rather 
Cakesia sessilifolia. 4 insionificant, attenuated _ little 
thing, which one would hardly notice unless the plant 
was picked, and 
its hidden _ side 
(whence depends 
the bell) turned 
imtoy view... The 
flower is cream- 
color, the upper 
surface of the leaf- 
age is pale green, 
and the under sur- 
face bluish green. 
The plant is not 


often more than 


Seed-pod of the 


eight inches high Bellwort. 


as it grows in Bellwort. 
15 


16 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


the White Mountain 
woods. The green, 
three-sided seed pod — 
looks like a beechnut. 
Uvularia perfoliata 
is a very near rela- 
tion to the flower 
under consideration, 
with differences which 
Prof. Goodale fully 
explains in his book 
entitled Wild Flowers 
of America. It is 
sufficient here to say 
that in this variety 
the stem seems to 
pass through the*base 
of each one of the 
leaves. The bellwort 


flowers in April and 
Anemone nemorosa. May. 

Wood Anemone, Lhe wood anemone 
or Windflower. really belongs in 
Anemone nemorosa. 


the half-lit woods 
of spring, when the foliage is un- 


developed and its shade is thin and 


Leaf of Anemone 


spotty; but I have often found the nemorosa. 


APRIL AND MAY. 17 


flower beside the road, and as late, too, as the mid- 
dle of May. This was among the mountains, where 
the altitude is apt to 
retard the advance of 
spring. The blossom is 
frail, with five or more 
white sepals (not petals) 
sometimes suffused with 
a delicate crimson pink. 
The leaves are character- 
istically wedge-shaped, 


and on this account 
there is no excuse for confusing 
the plant with Zhalictrum anemo- 
noides, or rue anemone. ‘The 
leaves of the latter are like those 
of the meadow rue. 
Rue Anemone, Lhe dainty rue 
Anemonella anemone is often 
oe leita confused with the 
anemonoides. anemone just de- 


scribed. A glance at my two 


troides. 


drawings will at once discover 

the wide difference between the two little plants. 
Besides the difference in leafage, A. nemorosa is a 
one-flowered plant, while A. thalictroides bears quite 
a cluster of blossoms having six or more white se- 


18 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


pals; sometimes these are pinkish. Gray says from 
five to ten sepals, but the majority of specimens 
I have gathered seemed to bear six. This flower 
does not rank as an anemone, and Gray states the 
reason why ; 
but for me it 
bears a_ sufh- 


SX. cient and un- 
ie mistakable fam- 
ily likeness in its leaf- 
Se age to rue or Zhaliec- 
trum. It blooms in 
May. 
Spring Beauty, Lhe little pink 
Claytonia spring beauty 
Virginica. : . 
is a favorite 
ao Zz with every one who loves wild 
) hy \, flowers. Who would ever suspect 
\ 
} /* Br it was a kind of pusley? The flow- 
A pring ; 
Beauty. er stem, bearing several blossoms, 
sprawls outward from between two broad, 
grasslike, dark-green leaves. The flower is delicately 
veined with a deeper pink, and has five petals and 
two sepals. Sometimes it is quite white with pink 
veining. Like a great many other delicate wild 
flowers, it has a disappointing way of closing as 
soon as it is picked; but a tumbler of water and 


iy? or Ge 


APRIL AND MAY. 19 


sunlight soon work a change in the shy flower, and 
we need not throw it away as hopelessly withered. 
I have found the flower on Long Island, and in 
New Jersey, in April and May. It is quite com- 
mon in moist places in Prospect Park, Brooklyn. 
The pretty little plant called 


Dutchman’s Breeches. 


; Dutehman’s breeches is common 
Dicentra Cucullaria. 


about New York and Brooklyn, 
and its dainty white flower tipped with yellow may 
be found in the leaf-mold localities of thin woods, 
where shade and sunlight are evenly distributed. 
From its similarity in structure to the familiar Bleed- 
ing Heart of the garden (Dicentra spectabilis), it 
will at once show its near relationship with the lat- 
ter flower. I have never found the Dutchman’s 
breeches in the woods of New Hampshire. It 
blooms in April and May, and is a low-growing, 
ornamental-leaved plant of a rather delicate appear- 
ance. 
Early Saxifrage, he early saxifrage which flowers in 
Saxifraga April and May is not by any means 
eg conspicuous plant. We will find it 
nestling among the rocks in the pastures and in 
shady places beside the wood. The singularly orna- 
mental arrangement of the fresh leaves when the 
plant is young can not fail to attract notice; they 
spread around in an even circle like a rosette. But 


20 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


the tiny white flow- 
ers are rather insig- 
nificant ; they are 
five-pointed, like a 


star, with a touch of 
yellow in the center; later 
on, when the pods appear, 
they contribute a bit of 
rich brown to the little 
plant. Gray says purple, 
but the color is rather a 
madder-brown. The name 
means rock-breaker. 

The large 


Large White Early Saxifrage. 
Trillium. white trilli- 
Trillium um is considered the finest of all the 


randiflorum. Aaa be ° 
Pan trilliums ; it is certainly a lovely 


waxy white in color, but inclined toward a pinkish 
tint as it grows older. It is distinctively a woodland 
lily, which keeps 
clear of the mod- 
erate sunshine of 
April. The flower 
has three long white 
petals without the 
marking shown in 


my drawing of the 


APRIL AND MAY. 91 


painted trillium. The leaves are broader than those 
of the following plant. 
Painted The painted 


“Trillium. ttrillium is 
Trillium 


not as lar 
erythrocarpum. : Be 


as the pre- 
ceding _ variety, 
but to my own 
taste it is more 
beautiful. The 
edges of the pet- 


Painted Trillium. 
als are wavy, and 

the sharp V-shaped crimson color at the 
center of the flower is worth a close 
study under the magnifying glass. It 
will be noted that Gray says pink; but 
it is well to remember that he is not 
| always reliable in his color descriptions. 
| The fact is, there are many people who, 
whether color-blind or not, are incapable 
\) of distinguishing subtle variations of 
\ color; and the confusion of crimson 
with pink in the present instance is a 
ff demonstration of the fact. The charac- 
"ter of the red on the petals of this 
trillium is crimson—a matter too easily proved by 
the science of color to admit of any discussion here. 


92 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


The plant is about eighteen inches high, and the 
flower is two inches across. Sometimes the leaves 
show a bluish bloom on the surface, and the stems 
are stained with a ruddy brown color two thirds 
of the way down. I have picked handsome speci- 
mens beside a woodland road, as late as May 20th, 
near Campton Village, N. H.; but the flower may 
be looked for in April, farther south. 
Birthroot, or Here, again, Gray is rather inaceu- 
Wake Robin. rate regarding color, for he calls the 
Britian erectum. th yoot dark, dull purple. There is 
only a trace of purple in the flower. It is dull mad- 
der-red in color, sometimes pale, but generally pretty 
strong. I might explain that brown and purple mad- 
der are shades of red approaching maroon in tone, 
with a greater or less influence of purple. But this 
by no means guarantees the term purple, any more - 
than the expression “a red face” indicates one of 
an unqualified scarlet hue. This birthroot is one of 
those pretty esthetic red flowers whose color reminds 
one of certain chrysanthemums. Of the three tril- 
liums mentioned, this seems least attractive; but it is 
nevertheless a handsome wild flower, which can be 
proved by arranging it carefully in a vase before one 
of those black silk Japanese screens which are com- 
mon in many households. The trilliums are poison- 


ous to taste. I recollect an instance where a would- 


APRIL AND MAY. 93 


be young botanist, ignorantly mistaking trillium for 
Indian turnip, chewed a bit of the root and gave 
some to the young lady accompanying him in his 
walk ; the consequences were rather serious, and the 
young people soon had occasion to consult the nearest 


physician. 
dase lower. The tiny star-flower may be readily 
Trientalis found in woods that border the pas- 
Americana. 


tures in the hilly country of our East- 
ern States. It grows in moist places besides the pur- 
ple violet ( Viola cuculata) and the foam-flower. Its 
leaf is not unlike that of the lemon verbena, but it is 
broader, and grows from the top of a short stem in 
sets of six and seven, or more, as my drawing accu- 
rately represents; it is very shiny and delicate-look- 
ing, and of a pale yellow-green color. The perfect, 
little, starlike flowers are dainty to a fault; they 
should be studied under a magnifying glass, where 
their extreme daintiness can be seen to the best ad- 
vantage. Ido not think it is possible to become ac- 
quainted with the charming beauty of flower forms 
and colors without the aid of a botanist’s microscope. 
It is all very well to gather wild flowers for the pur- 
pose of becoming acquainted with their family con- 
nections and interesting habits, and cast them away 
when these facts are obtained; but this is something 
very far short of intimate acquaintance. Only the one 


7 
44 


94 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


who closely observes the frosty, waxy form and color 
of stamen, pistil, anther, and petal through the mag- 


7 
>= 


SST fy 
Spbhily Pigs 


Star-Flower. 


nifying glass can know anything of the fairylike 
beauty which a flower possesses. So this little star- 
flower must be seen under the glass, otherwise it 
would be passed, as likely as not, for an insignificant 


APRIL AND MAY. 25 


character. In Campton it is in its prime about the 
10th of May. 
The foam-flower grows wilt 

Foam-Flower,0r beside the little star- a xe 
False Mitrewort. RRS so 
Davee iscordafolin. flower, and blooms yy" 
about the same time. BEN Hop: 
All through August and September : wy 
we may find the fuzzy-surfaced, un- a] 
evenly colored green leaves of the | 
plant, in shape similar to small, nar- | 
row maple leaves, growing thickly on 
the forest floor near some babbling 
' brook. Years ago, when a boy, the 
symmetrical leaves attracted my eye, 
and I carried a number of the plants 
from the White Mountains to my 


home in Brooklyn, where they were 
planted in the back yard. 
Here they flourished fair- 
ly well, and I first be- 
came acquainted with the 
fuzzy little blossoms in 
the following spring. Al- 
though there is nothing 
especially attractive in the 
flower, it is dainty, and 


common enough in the Foam-Flower. 
3 


= Ata by 
¢ 


96 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


wooded hills of New Hampshire to command our 
attention. It is nearly related to the true mitrewort, 
and has a somewhat similar appearance. Its tlower 
stem rises about eight inches above the ground. 
The mitrewort, or Bishop’s cap, is 
Mitrewort, or : 2 : 
Bishop’s Cap. apt to be found growing beside its 
Mitella diphylla,  false-named relative; and if we are 
and nuda. , 
fortunate enough to find the two to- 
gether, there will be a fine opportunity for compari- 


son, as the flowers are altogether 


different in construction ; this 

3) will easily be seen if we pa- 
oe al tiently examine each under 
ab : a glass. The starlike blos- 
es ? som of the true mitre- 
es wort is fringed in a 

ah fit remarkable manner, 


reminding one of the 
conventional rays sur- 
rounding the  five- 
pointed figure of a 
star. The flowers of 
M. nuda grow sparse- 
ly on an upright stalk 
about four or five 


inches high ; they are 
Mitella nuda. small and_ greenish 


APRIL AND MAY. 27 


white. J/. diphylla is a taller plant, bearing a greater 
number of white flowers. The names for the false 
and true mitreworts, Ziarella and Mitella, have a 
perfectly evident origin; the seed pods look like tiny 
bishops’ mitres. I can hardly agree with Gray, who 
speaks of the Z%arella thus: “ Name, diminution of 
tiara, a turban, not very appropriate.” The word 
tiara for centuries has been applied to a crown, par- 
ticularly to a bishop’s crown, which was cleft from 
side to side; the Asiatic turban has little to do with 
the case. The ancient tiara was a round, high cap 
encompassed by three crowns added by the popes. 
The King of Persia wore a tiara-shaped crown, 
adorned with gold and jewels. The word mitre, 
synonymous with tiara, applies to the pope’s triple 
coronet, the badge of his civic dignity as distin- 
guished from his ecclesiastical rank which the keys 
represent. With these facts in view, the 7’%arella is 
certainly well named. My drawing of the IWttella 
nuda was made from a specimen found in the woods 
of Vermont in early summer. 


The flower of the white baneberry is 
White Baneberry. 


fuzzy and white like the foam-flower 
Actea alba. : 2 


but not particularly interesting. It 
is seen in May. The berries, which appear in late 
summer, are far more apt to attract notice; they are 
waxy white, with a purple-black spot, and ovate in 


98 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


shape ; the stems which bear the fruit are very thick, 

and turn red when the berries are fully ripe. The 

baneberry is a very familiar object in the moist, rich 

woods of the White Mountains. 

Black Snakeroot, - Ought not to pass a near relative 

Cimicifuga of the white baneberry, called black 
raceme snakeroot, or bugbane (Cimicifuga 


racemosa). This blooms in summer, and its tall 


Fruit of the 
Baneberry. 


Baneberry. 


spikes of fine white flowers appear better than they 
smell. The Latin name means, to drive away bugs; 


APRIL AND MAY. 29 


but, strange as it may seem, the plant has become 
useful in a far better way: it is quite efficacious in 
driving away neuralgic rheumatism, and doctors pre- 
scribe an extract of the root for that purpose. 
= Although the wintergreen flowers as 
Checkerberry, late as July, itsdark green, roundish 
Gaultheria leaves and bright scarlet berries are 
procumbens. ae rE : 3 - 
familiar objects in the woods in spring 
when there is little that is green scattered over the 
woodland floor to hide 
the pretty shiny plant 
from view. The ber- 
ries grow so_plenti- 
ful in southeastern 
Massachusetts that 
they are picked and 
brought to Boston, 
where they may be 
found for sale in 
many of the fruit 
stores. The berries 


remain on the ever- 


Wintergreen, or Checkerberry. 


green plants all win- 
ter; in spring they are found in plenty on the 
foothills of the White Mountains. The flower is 
tiny and waxlike, and tastes as strongly aromatic as 
the berry does. 


380 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Flowering The flowering win- 
Wintergreen, 

or Fringed j ; 
Polygala, little plant, is no 

Polygala paucifolia. yelative of the 


checkerberry ; the latter belongs to 


tergreen, a delicate 


the Heath family, and the former to 
the Polygala family. The flower- 
ing wintergreen bears a conspicuous 
crimson-pink blossom, perhaps three 
quarters of an inch long, with a 
fringed crest ; the leaves are crowded 
at the summit of the slender stem, 
and from among these the pretty 


flower looks out. The plant is 
Winter, hardly four inches high, and blos- 
soms in May and June; the speci- 

men from which my drawing was made grew on 
the edge of the Dismal Pool in the Crawford 


Notch, N. H. 


CHAPTER III. 


MAY. 


Yellow Violet to 
Pitcher Plant. 


Tue yellow vio- 
Yellow Violet. 


] 
Viola pubescens. et, commonly 


called the downy 
yellow violet, grows on the 


edge of the wood where sunlight _ |} Downy 
Yellow 
and shadow are mixed. I am |} Violet. 


best acquainted with the smooth — || 
variety, which can be found in 
a certain locality in the Pemi- 1S 
gewasset Valley, and is a never- 
ending source of delight to me 
in late spring. I know of no 
other spot for miles north and 
south where there is more. This particular patch 
is broad and thick, and about the 10th of May one 
may gather hundreds of blossoms without moving 


beyond a space ten yards square. I never found 
31 


39 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


this flower, as Bryant says, “in forest bare,” nor 
could I ever discover the “faint perfume”; and, 
although the valleys of the White Mountains hold 
many a drift of snow as late as May, not a sign of 
snow is ever seen about the patch I have alluded 
to. Nor does the little flower seem to bend its 
“gentle eye” earthward. My drawing certainly tells 
the exact truth, as it was made on the spot where 
the violets grew, and was taken from a single speci- 
men. These two little yellow beauties held their 
heads pretty high—something like ten inches above 
the ground. But we must not take the poet on any 
grounds of scientific accuracy ; the truth he aims for 
is spiritual and not material; the last three verses 
of Bryant’s poem are the best ones to judge it by. 
The yellow of this flower is golden in character, 
but considerably paler than dandelion yellow, and 
is veined with brownish purple. The blossom is 
very small, and springs up from between a pair of 
leaves which start from a bare stem abouteight or 
nine inches tall. 

The specimen which I have drawn of 


Purple Violet. ‘ 
ce ee the purple violet (commonly called 


Viola cuculata. 
blue, but I prefer the truer purple) 

was gathered on the 25th of May, in a very wet spot 
not more than a hundred yards away from the yel- 


low violet patch just mentioned. It makes a great 


MAY. 33 


differencein regard to its personal 


appearance where a flower happens 
to grow. This specimen was reared 
exactly under the most advanta- 
geous conditions for a high develop- 
ment; the flower measured over an 
inch and a quarter in length. We 
all know that there are plenty of 
violets to be found sprinkled over 
hillside and pasture 
which do not attain 
even a moderate size; 
but if one wishes to 
gather some really fine 
specimens, they must 
be sought in cool, 
shady dells, where the 
soil is rich and there 
is plenty of spring 
water. Purple Violet. 


The pronounced type of slender leaf- 
Bird-foot Violet. 


Ficla pedata. 8° belonging to the bird-foot. vio- 


let is in astonishing contrast with the 
heart-shaped leaf which we are accustomed to associ- 
ate with violets; this instance of unlikeness in a flow- 
er family is a demonstration of the fact that super- 
ficial appearances count for very little in botany, 


384 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


which often finds among hidden things that which 
is essential for the establishment of scientific truth. 


Bird-foot Violet. 


Thus it is that the ovaries and stigma of the rue 
anemone (Anemonella thalictroides), and not the 
leaf, decide that the flower is not a true anemone. 
But nothing is more attractively symmetrical in plant 
form than this particular violet’s leaf ; pressed flat on 
a piece of paper, its delicate outline is an interesting 
study for one who loves the decorative side of Nature. 


MAY. 35 


The flower is rich in blue-purple color, and some- 
times the two upper petals are a strong violet-purple. 
The little touch of orange-yellow in the center is ex- 
tremely effective. In the sandy soil of Nantucket, 
and on the borders of Buzzard’s Bay, this violet 
blooms with spendthrift prodigality, its great clumps 
of light blue-purple bloom decorating the springtime 
meadows as far as the eye can reach. The blossoms 
droop sadly after being picked, but revive at once on 
being placed in a glass of 


las 

water. I have found the <o) 
. . e . +. CB 1 fr J) 
flower in its prime in Nan- | Ke 


tucket on the 25th of May. 
Sweet White Violet, The sweet 
Viola blanda. white violet 
has the faintest and most deli- 
cate perfume imaginable. I 
should think Bryant had thzs 
flower in mind when he wrote 
about the yellow violet, for 
besides its “faint perfume” 
it is readily found in the 
“bare forest.” The blossom 


Sweet White Violet. 


is tiny, but extremely pretty 
under the microscope, the lower petal showing pur- 
ple striping in delicate hair lines. It is very com- 
mon in the woods of the White Mountains in May. 


86 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


: , wre ; 
Solomon’s Seal,  S0lomon’s seal is easily indentified, 


Polygonatum as’ it grows beside some woodland 
biflorum. 


leaves, and its long, gracefully curved stalk, from which 


Solomon’s Seal. 


depends on the under side a series of tiny, greenish 
or creamy-white flowers always arranged in pairs. In 
September the flowers are replaced by deep violet- 
blue berries. The charm of Solomon’s seal is the 
graceful curve of its stalk; its flowers are unattract- 
ive, and are somewhat similar in form to winter- 
green blossoms. The name had its origin in the 
pitted appearance of the root, which bears a round 
sear left by the broken-off old stalk; this is so 
unlike the impression of a seal in shiny red wax 
that it requires the utmost stretch of imagina- 


road in early May, by its light green 


MAY. 37 


tion to be reconciled to the questionable resem- 
blance. 

There is a great deal in pure imagination—more 
than some of us are willing to take any part in. For 
instance, who ever saw any resemblance between a 


>] 


Sa 7 a cc hs 
big dipper” and a “big 
bear”? yet these are both 
one series of celestial, im- 
aginative outlines which are 


intimately associated with 


tli ine of Pet 
the north star! But Solo- poge'tecuh, ot bos’s'Toott 
Violet. 


mon’s seal is a suggestive 

name, and we should not quarrel with it. As a sim- 
ilarity of outlines is suggestive, however, I would 
like to draw attention to the fact that the petal of 
the dog’s-tooth violet closely resembles a canine 
tooth; but, strangely enough, this is not the reason 
why the flower was so named, as the previous descrip- 
tion of it will explain. 


False Solomon’s Lhe false Solomon’s seal is in my 
Seal. 


Smilacina racemosa. 


estimation even more beautiful than 
the true. Its spike of fine white 
flowers is like the Spirwa Japonica ; besides, its 
wavy, bright green leaf with the parallel veining is 
particularly graceful. Most wild flowers, like the 
true Solomon’s seal, have rather insignificant blos- 
soms; but there is nothing meager about the bloom 


Aa 


za/ | 


38 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Smilacina Racemosa. 


MAY. 39 


of this little plant. It deserves cultivation, and, 
in truth, if it is transplanted to a position in the 
garden similar to its natural environment, it will 
flourish most satisfactorily. It is a shame that any 
aspersion of falsity should attach to it; why should 
not a plant so deserving have its own good name? 
We might as well call a Frenchman a false English- 
man! There is such poverty displayed among names 
that we may find a Bald Knob 
and Black Mountain in nearly 
every mountain district of our 
Atlantic States. It seems as 
though our nation was lacking 
in beth originality and imagina- 
tion! The false and the true 
Solomon’s seals will be found 


growing on the edge of the 


AS Wi 
wood together; but the latter NY Mf 
is a trifle earlier in bloom. WS. Qf] 
racemosa has a pale reddish ber- i] 
ry speckled like a bird’s egg. fh 

cS NU 


oat Smilacina  stel- 
Smilacina stellata. } 
lata is another 


so-called false Solomon’s seal, m 
which also deserves a name of —_ Smilacina Stellata. 
its own. It grows not quite as high as 8. racemosa, 


and it is not so pretty. I found it thickly spread 


40 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


over the bank of the Pemigewasset River, where it 
seemed to grow with more l]uxuriance than it did 
in the shady pasture near the wood. Its starry flow- 
ers are white, and the berries are small and_black- 
purple in color. It is in its prime about the middle 
of May. 
Aet en ete The variety BE se seal 
named Smilacina trifolia is about 
six inches tall and has two larger lower leaves and one 
smaller upper one, which at their bases sheath the 
stem; the few flowers which are clustered at the ter- 
mination of this stem are 
small and white. The 
plant grows in cold, wet 
places, and is common in 
some parts of the White 
Hills; it flowers in June 
or early July. 
Maianthemum Maianthe- 
Canadense, or mum Can- 
Smilacina bifolia. gtoanae MS 
still another but smaller 
false Solomon’s seal. This 
delicate little character, 


growing not much over 


Maianthemum Canadense. 


five inches high, fairly car- 
pets the thinner woods where they adjoin the pas- 


MAY. 41 


ture. The leaves are bright green, but the short 
raceme of flowers is rather insignificant. The flow- 


Clintonia Borealis. 


42 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


ers are in their prime about the latter end of May 
in the North. The little spike of translucent, red- 
dish berries is seen in the latter end of summer. S 
PER Bis. Clintonia borealis is a pretty little 

pale straw-yellow lily whose only 
fault, it seems to me, lies in its weak and uncertain 
coloring. Sometimes the half-matured flowers look 
decidedly green, again the full flower appears a deep 
ereain-color. If the horticulturists could only force 
it into a good white and increase its size, there might 
be a future before our dainty Clintonia. The flower 
was named for the Governor of New York, for what 
reason nobody knows. Its green leaf is smooth and 
shiny, and about the same in shape, color, and char- 
acter as that of the lily-of-the-valley. Perhaps the 
color of the mature flower might more exactly be 
ealled a pale, dull Naples yellow. The flower is in 
bloom about the end of May northward, and can be 
found in moist rich woods. The berries are seen in 
late August; they are a beautiful Antwerp-blue color. 


Jack-in-the-pulpit is a happy-looking 


Jack-in-the-Pulpit, : : 

or Indian Turnip. flower—if a flower can be said to look 

Arisema happy—and its striped suit reminds 
triphyllum. 


one of the conventional, funny circus 
clown. It is too bad to make such a comparison ; 
but I must let it stand, because there are few other 
flowers (at least wild flowers) which are so suggest- 


MAY. 43 


Fruit of Jack-in- i" 
the-Pulpit. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. 


ively humorous. Certainly, the poet who wrote the 
verses about Jack in Lilliput Levee found something 
delightfully fresh and sprightly in his character. 
What is particularly boyish about this plant is 
the odd way it hides the prettily striped suit of 


4 0) See 
+ ae 


44 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


brown-purple and white beneath its panoply of six 
gay green leaves. It reminds one of some little eight- 
year-old romper peeping out from behind a door, just 
a bit shy because he has nice clean clothes on. Jack 
is rarely seen at a careless glance—he is mostly hid- 
den beneath the six leaves—and we have actually to 
take hold of him in order to investigate his novel 
clothing. The pretty little brown club inside the 
spathe reminds one of a miniature Bologna sausage ; 
the way the top of the flower hangs over the cup sug- 
gests a wallet with perhaps some gold inside; but 
that is the pity of it, there is no gold there! All the 
yellow metal belongs to Jack’s cousin, the spotless 
white calla. This is the only thing about Jack which 
we can find fault with; he might have pleased us bet- 
ter with a little gold in his pocket. However, in late 
summer he leaves behind him a cluster of splendid 
scarlet berries like my sketch. 

Some of the plants have pale green flowers with 
whitish stripes, while others are extremely dark in 
coloring. I have found a few of the lightest specimens 
in a pasture where there was plenty of sunlight, but 
the darkest ones seem to grow beside a wet, springy 
dell, within a stone’s throw of my cottage. It would 
not seem springtime to me if there was not at least one 
Jack in a majolica jar in my studio. The plant flow- 
ers in May and early June. The root has a sharp, 


MAY. 45 


stingy taste, without a reminder of turnip about it. 
There are plenty of Jack-in-the-Pulpits to be found 
in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Staten Island, or, in 
fact, almost any wet, shady place. 


Pitcher Plant. 


Pitcher Plant. The odd, tubular-shaped leaves of 
Sarracenia purpurea. the pitcher plant deserve close at- 


46 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


tention. It is said that the decomposed insects which 
we may find at the bottom of the “pitchers” con- 
tribute to the nourishment of the plant. Inside of the 
leaves there is a sweet secretion which attracts insects ; 
after they crawl in through the mouth, escape is well- 
nigh impossible, as the hairy sides of the tube impede 
their flight and render the walking anything but easy. 
The flowers are oddly colored with green and brown- 
ish purple, and come to maturity about the end of May 
and the beginning of June. The plant is always found 
in boggy places where the sunshine is partly obscured ; 
and with this environment, it must be admitted, its 


appearance is rather uncanny. 


Gs Ms J 


FA 


CHAPTER IY. 


MAY AND JUNE. 


Robin's Plantain to Cranberry. 


Robin’s Plantain. THE robin’s 
Erigeron bellidifolius. plantain is a A 
deceptive-looking character ; it 
is easily Mistaken for an aster. 
The yellow center, the blue- | 
purple rays, and the size and iW 
shape of the flowers remind ; 
one of the autumn flower which 
has prematurely come _ into QW 
bloom. Of. course, it is a near \ l 
relative of the aster, but its ap- 
pearance is marked by a great 
many differences. It grows 
about a foot high ; sometimes 
less, sometimes more. The 
large leaves I have drawn at 
the foot of the plant frequent- 


ly lie prone on the ground. Robinta Pinatall. 
47 


48 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


There is a hairy look to stem and flower, which is 
not altogether aster-like; the leaves are small and 
far between, and the stem is thick and juicy. The 
Howers come about the 1st of June, and are seen in 
plenty beside the road and in damp places. 


Of all the dainty, tiny flowers that 
Bluets. 


Houstonia cerulea. 


bloom in late spring, the little bluets 
is perhaps the daintiest. What is 
satisfactory, too, about the flower is the fact that it 
does not shut up and wilt immediately after being 
picked. It is such an attractive 
little thing that Mr. W. Atlee Bur- 
pee, the horticulturist, has intro- 
duced it to the public as a culti- 
vated garden flower. The flower 
is barely half an inch across; it 
is a simple-looking, four-rayed co- 
rolla, sometimes white, but oftener 
pale-purplish blue, with a dainty 
spot of golden yellow around its 
eye. In Campton the roadsides 


and meadows are starred all over 

cia i with little bunches of this dainty 
vem. From the middle of May to the end of June 
the flower continues to bloom in sunshine and 
shadow; in fact, it grows everywhere except in the 
dark, wild forest. The flower was named for Dr. 


MAY AND JUNE. 49 


Houston, an English physician, who was interested 
in the flora of Mexico. 

Blue-eyed Grass, 1 ought to have said blue-eyed grass 
Sisyrinchium was the only flower daintier than 
eiampeaees bluets, if one is to speak from his 
own point of view; yet this is hardly fair, because 
the blue-eyed grass is a bolder and 
larger flower, just reminding one of 
a violet. Unfortunately, it shuts up 
at once on being picked, and unless 
there is plenty of sunlight it refuses 
to open its eye at all; its color is 
purplish ultramarine blue, darker to- 
ward the center, where there is a 
touch of pure gold. There is a curi- 
ous notch in each one of the six di- 
visions of the perianth, from which 
protrudes a little point, in shape like 
a thorn. The leaves are narrow, 
and look like blue Kentucky grass. 
The flower stands about ten inches 


high, and is generally shut in the 


afternoon ; sometimes there are three 


Blue-eyed Grass. 


buds on a stalk, but I never found 
more than one open at a time. The flower grows 
in clumps on the meadow, in the pasture, and at 
the edge of the wood, but generally in moist places. 


2 ae 
ne 


50 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


I have transplanted it successfully to the grounds in 
front of my cottage, where it flourishes and spreads 
from year to year. It reaches its prime about the 1st 
of June. It is a relative of the iris. 
Yellow Star-grass. | Star-grass is a pretty little yellow 
Hypoxys erecta, flower with apparently six pointed 
petals (in reality the six divisions of the perianth), 
which blooms almost anywhere (in the meadows) in 
May and June. The flower stem, about six inches 
tall, terminates in two or three flowers as broad as 
a nickel, perhaps one in full bloom and two others 
in bud. The outside of the flower is greenish; the 
leaves are grasslike and hairy. It belongs to the 
Amaryllis family, and is closely related to the nar- 
cissus. 
Common Cinquefoil. The very common cinquefoil is 
Potentilla Canadensis. foynd beside the country high- 
ways aud by-ways, and in pasture, meadow, and 
woodland. It is so often mistaken for a yellow- 
flowered strawberry that I must at once show the 
difference. Notice in my drawing of the strawber- 
ry that the stems of the leaves are hairy ; the 
stems of our cinquefoil are brown and as sharp and 
clean as a piano wire. Also notice that the cin- 
quefoil has five leaves, or rather divisions of a 
leaf, and the strawberry has three; the latter little 
plant never goes beyond a three-divisioned leaf, but 


MAY AND JUNE. 51 


devotes all the rest of its strength to strawberries. 
Furthermore, there is only one yellow-flowered straw- 
berry (Fragaria Indica), and this is not very com- 


mon; I found it once in Staten 


Island some years ago, and 
have not seen it since. The 
common cinquefoil blooms 
from June to September. But 
there is a three-leaved cinque- 
foil, and, for the sake of com- 
parison, I have carefully drawn 
it. 
Norway Cinquefoil. The N orway 
Potentilla Norvegica cinquefoil is 
a tall branching plant with a 
leaf of three divisions and a 
very hairy appearance. It has 
a yellow flower similar to P. 
Canadensis ; but, after all, the 
similarity is shght if 
my drawings are care- 
fully compared. i 
found this plant bloom- 
ing in early August 
within three feet of 
my studio window; it 


did not seem to be in Gomaronleanqaenotl 


Bo 


52 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Norway Cinquefoil. 


ly needs mention here. 


any of the fields in the 
same vicinity. The shrub- 
by cinquefoil (P. fru- 
ticost) is common in 
wet grounds northward, 
grows about three feet 
high, and has five to 
seven leaflets and loose 
clusters of yellow flowers 
similar in character to 


those of the common va- 


riety. 
Wild Strawberry. Our wild 
Fragaria strawber- 
Virginiana. i 
ry 18 60 


well known that it scarce- 
It grows luxuriantly in 


pasture and wood in the foothills of the White 


Mountains. 


sides 


I never pick the berries on the hill- 
and, I must confess, fight the mosquitoes at 


the same time—without thinking of the 


“Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan, 


With thy red lip, redder still 
Kissed by strawberries on the hill.” 


Whittier does not say a word about the bare legs 


and mosquitoes. 


In the hills of New Hampshire, 


MAY AND JUNE. 53 


Wild Strawberry. 


at least, the mosquito and the wild strawberry are 
inseparable ! 


The little flower called moss pink is 
Moss Pink. 


j common in some parts of New York 
Pilox subulata. 


and New Jersey, and in the vicinity 
of Philadelphia in May and early June the hill- 
sides are stained crimson with the pretty flower. I 


found a thick patch of it in the Pemigewasset Val- 


54 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


ley, but confined to one locality. It seems certain 
that it spread and ran wild from a cemetery in the 
vicinity, where a certain lot is noticeably covered 
with it. The plant flourishes in some parts of Cen- 


Moss Pink. Moss Pink in Buds. 


tral Park, and it only needs a hint of transplanting 
to run wild over everything in the neighborhood 
where it is placed. The stems are low and creep- 
ing, as my sketches show; altogether the moss pink 
has a mossy look, and is well named. 

Wild Columbine, lie scarlet and yellow columbine is 
Aquileyia one of our most beautiful wild flow- 
Canadensis. ane Tt ig my experience that certain 
flowers have favorite haunts which are exclusively 
held by them year after year, without a shadow of 
change. There are three spots I know of in the pas- 
ture land of Campton where the pretty columbine 
may always be found; a search for the flower any- 


a 


MAY AND JUNE. 


Wild Columbine. 


55 


56 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, - 


where else for two miles around has always proved 
useless. Nothing is daintier or more beautiful than 
the color effect of this graceful blossom among the 
gray rocks of a hillside pasture. The flower is in its 
prime about the Ist of June, and is nearly always 
found beside some lichen-covered rock in the com- 
pany of young, velvety mullein leaves which have 
just pushed themselves above ground. 

Moccason Flower, Lhe pink moccason flower is anoth- 
Cypripedium er one of those exclusive characters 
aeaule.  \ ich prefers the limitations of some 
moist and shady locality ; it can not be found, as the 
violet is, under a variety of conditions. The flower 
is very handsome; in fact, it does not look like an 
ordinary wild flower, but rather like an expensive, 
cultivated orchid. I never found it, as Gray sug- 
gests, under evergreens, but among the withered 
leaves that lie under birch, beech, poplar, and maple. 
But this is a matter of individual experience which 
may be added to some other quite different ones; it 
only points to the fact that Nature is not always 
regular in her habits. The point of beauty in the 
flower is its crimson-pink pouch or sac, which is 
delicately veined with a deeper pink, and its purplish 
brown and green sepals and petals. The two light- 
green leaves are parallel-ribbed, but otherwise in 


appearance are like those of the lily-of-the-valley. 


MAY AND JUNE. 


Cypripedium acaule. 


57 


58 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Cypripedium parviflorum. 


The plant flowers in 
early June. The name 
Cypripedium in English 
would be Venus’s  slip- 


per. 

Yellow The  small- 
Lady’s Slipper. T 
Cypripedium ef Jo 


parrviflorum. lady’s slip- 
per, sister to the flower 
just described, is found 
in similar situations 
where the ground is 
moist, and has the ad- 
dition of a slight per- 
fume. The sac is small, 
and is a deep-toned yel- 
low; the sepals are a 
sienna brown. Another 
larger yellow variety (C. 
pubescens), one of our 
commonest orchids, has a 
lighter-colored sac, and 
is without perfume; but 
I consider the smaller 
variety more beautiful. 
The time of flowering 
for both is early summer. 


MAY AND JUNE. 59 


Snake's Mouth, Lhe snake’s mouth is a pretty little 


Pogonia orchid of a most deli- 

eS eae pure pink color, 
which may be found in swampy places 
if one does not mind getting the feet 
wet—no swamp, no snake’s mouth ; 
that is my experience. 
The prettily formed lit- 
tle flower has a sweet 
smell, is about an inch 
long, or less, and should 
be examined under a 
glass. It blooms in 
June. 

Calopogon Lhe Calo- 

pulchellus. — nogon pul- 
chellus belongs to the 
same family group 


(Orchis) as the mocca- 
son flower, arethusa, 
and snake’s mouth; in- 
deed, the latter is its 
boon companion ; the 
two are most likely to 


be found in each other’s 


company. The flower 


: ‘ 5 Calopogon pul- 
Snake’s mouth. is a beautiful crimson chellus. 


60 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


pink, and its lip is bearded with white, yellow, and 
crimson blunt-tipped hairs; its leaf is narrow and 
grasslike. It may be found in wet bogs during the 
early summer. Prof. Goodale says, comparing the 
moceason flower with the Calopogon: “The labellum 
in Calopogon appears to be upside down, while that 
of the moccason flower is properly pendent; but the 
fact is, it is only by a twist in the ovary, or perhaps 
in the pedicel, that the latter flower has assumed this 
position.” But unerring Nature does not do any- 
thing wrong end up, and both flowers appear stand- 
ing on their feet! 
peeaiea re Late in spring the purple azalea will 
Pinxter Flower. be found in swampy places in the 
Rhododendron East, and its lovely crimson-pink 
Se ecdlon te charming foil for the pale- 
green tints of May which the French artist Corot de- | 
lighted in painting. The wild azalea 
and the rhododendron are likely to 
be somewhat confused in our minds, 
so I must draw attention to some dis- 
tinguishing differences. The true 
azaleas have deciduous leaves, and the | 


rhododendrons have evergreen leaves. 


Purple Azalea. 


The azaleas are characterized by a 
funnel-shaped tube with an irregular edge; there are 
about five stamens in each tube, while the rhododen- 


MAY AND JUNE. 61 


dron, as a rule, has double that number. The flow- 
ers of the azalea appear with or precede the leaves; 
the rhododendron flowers later, in early summer, and 
usually grows on the mountain side. Emerson’s 
rhodora (Phododendron rhodora) is a low-growing 
shrub about two feet high, 
with hardly any other superfi- 
cial appearance to distinguish 
it from PR. nudiflorum, except 
it be the superiority of its ma- 
genta-pink color, its small co- 
rolla which is three-lobed above 
and two-lipped below, and its 
shorter stamens. I never was 
fortunate enough to find either 


of these varieties in New 


Rhodora. 


Hampshire among the hills. 

In Massachusetts both are quite common. The strik- 
ing resemblance of the rhodora to honeysuckle will 
be at once perceived; but they are not related to 
each other. 


The rhododendron is not so common 

Great Laurel, or 
Rhododendron. 
Rhododendron plentiful among the Alleghany Moun- 


MALIMUM. 


in our Eastern States; it is far more 


tains, where it grows luxuriantly un- 
der the softened light of the half-lit woods. It is 
evidently too cold for the shrub in the woods of the 


62 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


White Mountains, where the thermometer frequent- 
ly registers 30° below zero. Gray’s description of 


fl 
Rhododendron (Great Laurel). 


the flower is sufficiently simple for any one to un- 
derstand: “ Pale rose, or nearly white corolla, one 
inch broad, greenish in the throat, on the upper side 
more or less spotted with yellow or else reddish.” 
But the cultivated flowers bloom (in great clusters) in 
the Public Garden of Boston, in magenta and pinkish- 
white tints, and attain a size of over an inch and a half 


MAY AND JUNE. 63 


in diameter.* The leaves hold their olive-green color 
all winter. The time of flowering is early summer. 

Cranberry, Large, he large cranberry grows in boggy 
Vaccinium places from New Jersey to Maine, 


MOORES and may be found in bloom in early 
summer. The berry is ripe 
in early autumn; the finest 
one is dark red in color, and 
comes from the boggy districts 
of Cape Cod. Nantucket also 
has its cranberry bogs, and the 
season of picking is quite an 
important event for the island- 
ers. The plant is small, the 
wiry stems usually reaching a 
length of about eight or nine 
inches ; but sometimes they 
develop a length of two feet 
or more. It is curious to find 
‘that such totally different-look- 
ing plants as the rhododen- 
dron and the cranberry are 


relatives; they belong to the 
Heath family, Cranberry. 


* The cultivated varieties (hybrids), arise generally from R. 
Catawbiense, R. Ponticwm, and the tender R. arboreum of the 
Himalayas. 


CHAPTER V. 


MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 
Rattlesnake-Plantain to Indian Poke. 


Rattlesnake-Plantain. THE rattle- 
Goodyera pubescens. 


snake - plan- 
tain is a most interest- 
ing character. Its pe- 
culiar wavy-edged, dark- 
green leaves are covered 
with a network of fine 
white lines. The flow- 
ers are small, white, and 
waxy-looking, and the 
leaves are circled below 
in a rosette figure; they 


are evergreen. In win- 


Rattlesnake-Plantain. 


ter one may find the lit- 
tle plant nestled in some out-of-the-way woodland 
nook, where it would not so easily be discovered in 
summer. It flowers in July. Another variety (@. 
repens) is smaller, and flowers in a loose, one-sided 


spike; this is common in the White Mountains. 
64 


MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 65 


Arethusa, Arethusa is an elu- 
Anethusa bulbosa. sive nymph of whose 
whereabouts one is never quite cer- 
tain. As I have searched for and 
found the flower only within the 
White Mountain district, it may be 
without my knowledge a familiar 
object in other parts of the country. 
But I know of only two wet, boggy 
spots where it grows, and half the 
time I do not succeed in capturing 
it even in these locations. Certainly 
it is one of the loveliest of our or- 
chids, and is well worth a tiresome 
search and inevitably wet feet. The 
slim stem is about eight inches high, 
and the pretty crimson-pink flower, 
in profile, reminds one of a hand 
with the five fingers held loosely 
upward. The time of flowering is 
late spring and early summer, but I 
have found a specimen as late as the 
1st of August. 

Fringed-Orchis. [ should call the Arethusa. 
Habenuria jimbriata. flowers of the fringed-orchis ma- 


genta pink, though undoubtedly they may present 


some variations of this hue. It is a very beautiful 


66 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Fringed Orchis. 


plant, and consequently at- 


tracted the attention and ad- 


miration of the eccentric 


Henry D. Thoreau, who 
speaks of it as a beauty 
“who has never strayed be- 
yond the convent bell.” 
His remark, it seems to me, 
applies rather to Avethusa, 
who is certainly much more 
of a recluse; but in A 
Week on the Concord and 
Merrimac Rivers he says, 
“ Nature seemed to have 
adorned herself for our de- 
parture with a profusion of 
fringes and curls, mingled 
with the bright tints of 
flowers.” Now, this orchis 
is the very perfection of 
Nature’s fringing in bright 
flower tints, and in my 
mind Thoreau’s words some- 


how connect themselves 


with this lovely flower. It 
blooms in wet meadows in 
early summer. There are 


MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 67 


three other orchises common in the foothills of the 
White Mountains—H. psycodes, small but sweet- 
scented magenta flow- 
ers; H. lacera, home- 
ly pale greenish flow- 
ers; and ZZ. virescens, 
a spike of dull green- 
ish flowers; these 
have been found in 
bloom in more or less . 
wet ground from June 
20th to July 24th. 


Showy Orchis. The showy orchis, 


eoiie Gray says, is the only 
spectabilis. tye orchis we have. 
It is a pretty flower, the upper 
part purplish pink, and the lower 
lip white ; there are few blossoms 
on a stem—not more than three 
or four. The two leaves are not Showy Orehis. 
unlike those of the lily-ofthe-valley. The flower 
seems to me rather rare, as I have found but few 
specimens in the woods of the White Mountains. It 
generally grows in rich black soil made up of de- 
cayed leaves, and seems to prefer the deep and 
shady forest. Its time of flowering is May and 
June. 


68 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Golden Senecio, or he golden senecio, or ragwort, has 
Ragwort. a delightfully bright color which illu- 
Senecio aureus. Wines the meadows where the flower — 
happens to grow with an amber light such as we 
may see in some of the paintings of the old mas- 


aay ter, Claude Lorraine. There 
Zz 


SS is something very beautiful 

SS | sya in this mixture of golden yel- 
Se. a low with the misty - toned 
NA \ green of the meadows in 
qs July when the senecio is in 


full bloom. The flower re- 
sembles an aster in form, but 
the leaves have an individu- 
ality of their own; they are 
also variable in type; per- 
haps the commonest leaf is 


heart-shaped. The plant gets 


Golden Senecio. 


its name from its hairy ap- 
pearance (certain of the species have a cottony look), 
or from the downy effect of the flower head when 
it has passed the period of bloom. Thoreau says 
in his journal, July 2d: “I see the downy heads of 
the senecio gone to seed, thistlelike, but small. The 
Gnaphaliums” (everlasting flowers) “and this are 
among the earliest to present this appearance.” The 
word senecio is derived from senex, an old man, and 


MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 69 


the flower at this period, in my opinion, merits this 
appropriate name. The plant attains a height of 
from one to three feet. 
Shin-Leaf. The eupho- 
Fyrola elliptica.  nious name 
shin-leaf was tacked on the 
pretty Pyrola for a reason 
which one may readily 
guess;—the leaves were 
used as a cure for bruises. 
From the days of my early 
youth the name “ shin-plas- 
ter” has been familiar as 
it must be to every New 
York boy of some years 
ago. I remember that my 
father called court-plaster, 
or in fact anything of the 
kind, without discrimina- 
tion, either shin-plaster or 
sticking plaster. So the 
pretty flower suffers by rea- 
son of an old custom. The 


Pyrola grows about six 
inches high, is found in woody dells, or damp, shady 
byways, and flowers in June and July. Its leaves 
are olive-green, and the blossoms are greenish white. 


70 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Pipeline The pipsissewa is a sweet-scented lit- 


Chimaphila tle woodland flower, which is common 
umbellata. 

it plentiful in the famous “ Pine” district of New 
Jersey, in Saddle River Valley in the same State, and 
in the pine woods 


cil/ - of New Hamp- 
>| Ge shire. The flow- 
GOSS? ers are waxy and 


YC flesh - colored, and 
the leaves are 


they keep their 
(72, color even in win- 
ter. It flowers in 
June and July. 
There is a variety, 
common in the 
White Mountains, 
with white-spotted 
leaves toothed on 


the edge like asaw. 


Pipsissewa. 


This is named C. 
maculata. It is interesting to examine the blossoms 
urider a magnifying glass, where the beauty of the 
frosty pink flower with its purple anthers will prove 
quite a revelation. 


in all dry, sandy soils. I have found — 


shiny olive-green; - 


MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 


Yellow Wood-Sorrel. ‘The little yellow wood- 
Onalis siricta. sorrel ig extremely 
common in meadow, woodland, and pas- 
ture, and the tiny clover-like leaf may be 
recognized anywhere snuggling in the 
grass from May to October. The flower 
is rather insignificant, and of a pale but- 
tercup yellow. 
White Wood-Sorrel. Lhe crimson - veined 
Ovalis Acetosella. white wood-sorrel is 
quite a different character, and is alto- 
gether lovely. Each of the five white 


Oxalis Stricta. 


petals are veined with about half a dozen delicate 


red lines, which give the flower a decorative appear- 


ance ; in fact, I have often used it in 
decorative designs where delicate color- 
ing was employed. Fra Angelico and 
Sandro Botticelli painted this flower in 
the foregrounds of their pictures, and 
it is evident that it looked the same 
over four hundred years ago as it does 
to-day. All around the edge of Profile 
Lake in the Franconia Notch this pret- 
ty flower can be found about the end 
of June and the first of July. It likes 
the damp woodland best, and can be 
found on many of the White Moun- 


Oxalis 
Acetosella,. 


72 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


tains at an altitude of two thousand feet. Some 


people mistake the flower for an anemone; but so 


pronounced a cloverlike leaf is enough to upset any 


such random conjecture. The flower stem, which 


grows about three inches high, bears but one blossom. 


Sheep Sorrel. 


Sheep Sorrel. Sheep sorrel is a 
Rumex Acetoseila. wretch of a weed, 
which will flourish in sandy or 
sterile ground, and is the bane of 
the farmer who tries to raise clover 
for his cattle. Sorrel seed is so 
much like clover seed that the 
two get mixed up sometimes, to 
the utter discouragement of the 
farmer. I think the plant ought 
to be called farmer’s- bane. It 
belongs to the Buckwheat family, 
and so can claim no relationship 
with wood sorrel, which belongs to 
the Geranium family. I have seen 
a whole field as ruddy-looking as 
though it were filled with honest, 
ripe buckwheat, yet the pretty ter- 
‘ra-cotta color was produced by the 


flowering of this miserable sheep sorrel. The weed 


is so common everywhere that my drawing is suffi- 


cient without further description for its identification. 


MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 73 


Blue Flag. The larger blue flag grows in the 

Iris versicolor. — swamp of some rich meadow, or be- 
side the sluggish stream, and shows its lovely vari- 
egated, blue-violet flowers in June or early July. 
The charm of the iris 
lies in the delicate rich 
veining of the pale pur- 
ple-blue petal, or, cor- 
rectly speaking, larger 
perianth division ; for 
the iris, or fleur-de-lis, 
is a tube-shaped flower 
like the morning-glory, 
and has no petals. Un- 
der the microscope its 
coloring is marvelous- 
ly beautiful; the bold 


staining of the waxlike 


lips, the soft gradation Blue Flag. 


of yellow and white, 
and the rich purple 
veining are glorious be- 
yond description. No 
wonder the handsome, 
decorative flower  at- 
tracted the early atten- 


7 


tion of a Frenchman, ! Fleur-de-lis. 
- ; 


all a oe 


44 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


although how and when still remain historically un- 
certain; but as early as the time of Charles IV 


the fleur-de-lis began to appear on the banners of 


France. I have drawn the conventional form of 
the flower, so our wild specimen may be compared 
with it. However, the French emblem was copied 
from a cultivated species whose inner perianth di- 
visions were large and stood in a nearly perpen- 
dicular position; our wild specimen lacks this im- 
portant climax to its beauty, and slightly resembles 
the Kempferi (Japanese) iris, which is quite flat 
in figure. The iris is admirably adapted to decora- 
tive design, and the wonder is that some of our 
artistic young ladies who are so skillful with the 
needle do not employ it oftener in embroidery ; 
the opportunity here for a charming harmony of 
blues and greens is immeasurable. Blue wild flow- 
ers are not plentiful, and the perpetuation in our 
memories of this one seems to me especially de- 
sirable. 

There is a slender blue flag (2. Virginica), with 
very narrow leaves, which is also common in swamps. 
It must be remembered that blue flag is not Calamus, 
although the latter is called sweet flag; this belongs 
to the Arum family, and is therefore a relation of 
Jack-in-the-pulpit. Its botanical name is Acorus 


Calamus. 


MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 765} 


Arrow-head, The little water plant called arrow- 
Sagittaria variabilis. head blooms in summer beside 
streamlets and good-sized rivers, where it chooses a 
locality of a secluded and muddy 
nature ; consequently it is rather 
inaccessible. It is too beautiful, 
though, to neglect on account of 
its surroundings; the extreme 
delicacy of its three-petaled blos- 
som can scarcely be equaled by 
any other wild flower. It is well 
adapted to decorative design, and 
one of the handsomest effects of 
coloring may be produced in silk 
embroidery by representing the 
beautiful leaf in various shades 
of green on a water-blue ground, 
with the graceful, white flower- 
spikes plentifully woven in_be- 
tween the leaves. 

Sabbatia. One of our most 
Sabbatia chloroides. beautiful Kastern 
wild flowers is Sabbatia chlorov- 
des ; its corolla is magenta-pink, 
and commonly has eight divisions. 
It frequents the edges of ponds, 


and blooms in summer. Arrow-head. 


76 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Sundrope, or The evening-primrose is a four- 


Evening-Primrose. petaled, pale-yellow flower which 


Enothera pumila. one may generally find on the road- © 


side in early summer, or later. The variety @ 
pumila I find very common on the meadows of 
Campton in June. I have drawn 
a small piece of the plant, to show 
what is the general appearance of 
the flowers; they are small and 
not nearly so pretty as the blos- 
soms of the later-blooming variety 
we most often meet beside the 
road. 

Evening-Primrose, The larger even- 
Cmothera tennis. ing — prin rosa 
common beside the road and in 
the pasture. It has a very lovely, 
pale, pure yellow blossom without 
a trace of orange on its petal. 
The peculiarity of this flower is 


that it opens about sunset, gives 


Sundrops. 


out a faint perfume, and then 
when broad daylight returns looks limp and with- 
ered; this is true also of the charming WVicotiana 
affinis (tobacco). Of course, on cloudy days the 
primrose looks in better condition ; but its only fault 
lies in its frailty. As a garden flower it is satisfac- 


MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 


tory just as portulaca is; but 
neither the evening-primrose 
nor the bright-hued portu- 
laca are satisfactory flowers 
to pick. The tall, straight- 
stemmed plant has an aver- 
age height. of three feet. It 
blooms all summer. 
Wild Geranium, Ihe wild ge- 
Geranium ranium, which 
eres the English 
usually call wild cranesbill, is 
a pale purple flower about as 
delicate in character as the 
evening-primrose ; some bot- 
anists do not hesitate to call 
its color pink. But Gray is 
right—it is light purple. I 
found it growing by the road- 
side, its dainty purple flow- 
ers in company with the yel- 
low blossoms of the pretty 
einquefoil. The plant grows 
about fifteen inches high ; 
its leafage is light green, with 
portions spotty and brownish- 
looking, and the unopened 


! 


Evening-Primrose. 


(a 


78 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


green buds are quite fuzzy. Under a magnifying 
glass the flowers are very beautiful; the tiny anthers, 


Wild Geranium. 


instead of being the usual orange-color, are peacock- 
blue. Seen through the microscope, this blue pollen 
is quite a curiosity. The plant is in its prime in 
early June. 


MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. "9 


Herb Robert. | _Lhere is another variety of the ge- 
Geranium ranium called herb Robert (G. Lo- 
Hobertianum  dertianwm). This is also common, 
and blossoms in June, continuing through the sum- 
mer. The flowers are nearly magenta color—that is, 
a deep purple, brownish crimson. The stems of the 
plant are ruddy. 

Tniian Poke, 6 About the end of May or the begin- 


False White ning of June large masses of light 
Hellebore, 


green, corrugated leaves are seen in 
Veratrum viride. 


the hollows of the meadow, which 
have a tropical look. This plant is the Indian poke, 
and we learn from the farmers that it is poisonous; 
sheep and pigs have been killed by eating the leaves. 
Gray says the roots yield the acrid poisonous veratrin. 
A Campton farmer told me that in his boyhood he 
innocently fed his father’s pigs with some of the 
plants, and on the following morning they were found 
“stone dead.” The leaves bear a distant resemblance 
to those of the Funkia (a relative of the poisonous 
plant); but beyond its leaves it does not interest us; 
the green flowers are borne on a weedy, pyramidal 
spike. In later summer the whole plant withers, 
blackens, and disappears. We are reminded of the 
ungodly man in David’s psalm: 
“JT went by, and lo, he was gone: I sought him, 
but his place could nowhere be found.” 


CHAPTER VI. 


MAY, JUNE, JULY,.AND AUGUST. 
Hobble-bush to Phlox. 


Hobble-bush. Tue hobble-bush is a very familiar 
Viburnum object of the summer season in the 
fantanoidés.  oods of the White Mountains. On 

the slopes of Mount Osceola, in Waterville, the bush 
occupies whole acres of ground, and as a forest under- 


Hobble-bush. 


growth scarcely twenty inches high, its round ovate 
leaves and hydrangealike flowers form an ideally dec- 


orative feature of the woods in May. In August the 
80 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 81 


bushes are quite as beautiful when the blossoms are 
replaced by the coral-red berries; and they are the 
cheery companions of my long tramps through the 
hills. But I have never experienced the annoyance 
of being tripped up by the loops which Gray says are 
formed by the reclining branches taking root at the 
end ; this is the reason why it is called hobble-bush. 
Bunch-berry. The bunch-berry is one of the most 
Cornus Canadensis. eonspicuous and beautiful objects 
which meets one’s eyes, when, after a weary climb, 
the mountain top is 
at last gained. The 
bunches of bright scar- 
let berries encircled 
by a cluster of about 
six light green, ovate 
pointed leaves are irre- 
sistibly attractive, and 
one must leave the 


path to gather some. 
In early June the pret- Pane Tey: 

ty little flower is quite interesting for several rea- 
sons; what seem to be four white petals, two of 
which are smaller than the others, are not petals 
at all, but involucre leaves. The flowers are tiny 
little greenish things with black dots in between. 
An examination of the flowers under the microscope 


os 


82 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


will at once make the tiny forms clear. The scar- 
let berries are quite insipid to the taste. 

Partridge-berry, 1m a certain spot on the slope of a 
Mitchella repens. hill, and covering a bowlder im- 
bedded in the swamp which is encircled by a group 
of hemlocks, I always find a 
splendid mass of partridge-berry 
vines, too lovely for rude hands 
to disturb, somewhere about the 
Ist of May. Then the pretty 
double berries of a brilliant shiny 
scarlet are plentifully dotted over 


the dark-green leaves just for- 


Partridge-berry. 


saken by the winter’s snow! It 
is not until June that the little twin blossoms ap- 
pear; these are sweet-scented and pink-tipped, and 
remind one somewhat of at- 
tenuated arbutus blossoms. 
Goldthread. Goldthread is 
Coptis trifolia. — nopular among 


Blossoms of Partridge-berry. 


the New England farmers’ 

wives, who use the slender yellow roots for medici- 
nal purposes. But this fact is scarcely as interest- 
ing as the bright and shiny dark-green leaf which 
holds its color all winter, and in summer carpets the 
wet woods. The flowers are small and anemonelike, 


and appear in early spring; but the leaves are sym- 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 83 


metrical and beautiful, somewhat wedge-shaped, and 
in three divisions. The wiry, yellow roots make 
identification perfectly easy. 
Shepherd’s-Purse, The shepherd’s-purse is, as Gray says, 
Capsella the commonest kind of a weed, yet I 
Bursa Pastors. ust say that in all my extended 
rambles through the White Hills it was not found! 
Never having instigated a search for the insignificant 
weed, possibly it would take but a little while to secure 
a specimen ; but what I say remains true in reference 
to certain localities in the New Hampshire hills—the 
weed is not common there! I remember as a boy 
that at Hastings-on-the-Hudson it grew everywhere, 
and we used to call it peppergrass because it had a 
stingy taste. The small white flowers hardly deserve 
attention, but the seed pod is interesting on account 
of the triangular, pouch-shape which gave rise to the 
common name. This weed blooms all summer. Our 
beautiful garden candytuft is its rich relation—that is, 
the riches lie in the flowers, and not in the “ purse ” ; 
but the similarity of the seed pods of these two plants 
is apparent at a glance. 
Wild Mustara, Lhe wild mustard, generally called 
Brassica (or black mustard, with small, pale, pure 
a are yellow flowers, is a familiar object in 
nearly all the fields of Campton. It is quite common, 


and its straggling, spreading stems are in bloom all 


84 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


summer, but is scarcely interesting enough to de- 
serve attention while so many other more beautiful 
flowers are in our midst. 


Stagger-bush. The stagger- 
inife. pt Andromeda Mariana. ysh grows in 
L/, ff & eo +] 
si IM: low ground eastward and 
YT ra 


south, but I have never 
found it in New Hamp- 
shire. The tiny flowers, 
less than half an inch 
long, are cylindrical in 
shape, and are sometimes 
tinged faintly with pink. 
So dainty a flower must 
surely attract those to 
whom it is not a famil- 
iar object; the blossom 
slightly resembles the 
wintergreen or checker- 
berry flower, to which 
it is closely related, and 


the glossy olive - green 
: leaf is said to be poi- 
ai aia sonous to lambs and 
calves. The flowers will be found in late spring 
and early summer, on the slender woody stems 


of a bush about three feet high. The shrub, has 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 85 


lately been cultivated for purposes of garden adorn- 
ment. 

Mountain Laurel. The mountain laurel is not strictly 
Kalmia latifolia. eonfined to mountain districts; on 
the contrary, if my experience is like that of others, 
the most beautiful specimens are oftenest gathered 
from flat land 
like that of Long 
Island and_ the 
“Pines” of New 
Jersey. There = 
does not seem to 
be any in the 
Pemigewasset Val- 
ley in the White 
Mountains; and 
the supply on the 
shores of Squam 
Lake in the south- 
ern district of the 


hills is very lim- 
ited. Certainly 
Kalmia latifolia is the most conventionally beauti- 


Mountain Laurel. 


ful wild flower we possess, yet it is rarely if ever 
a success transplanted to cultivated grounds. Un- 
less its natural environment is exactly repeated in 
its new quarters, it invariably pines away and dies. 


86 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


It certainly will not endure the savage violence of 
a New England coast climate; it prefers the equa- 
ble temperature of the pine district of New Jer- 
sey. In some parts of the latter State the bushes grow 
to a height of ten feet or more, and in the mountains 
of Pennsylvania they grow fully twenty feet high. 
The perfect, waxlike flower is arranged on the plan 
of a wheel, with the stamens represent- 
ing the spokes; these are arched, and 
are so elastic that when the tips are re- 
leased from the little notch in the corolla 


(the anther is held there temporarily) 
the pollen is fired right or left, as a boy would sling 
a green apple from the sharpened end of a supple 
stick; this is an ingenious bit of Nature’s artifice 
by which she secures cross-fertilization. Of course, 
a visiting insect experiences a perfect bombardment 
of yellow pollen when it alights on a flower, occa- 
sioned by its walking on the stamens and knock- 
ing them out of place; then, powdered over like a 
dusty miller, it visits another flower, and Nature’s 
little scheme is carried out to perfection! It is 
worth while to spend a few minutes in a garden 
watching a clumsy bumblebee; the process of pollen 
transfer will then be easily understood. As a boy, 
I found it amusing to liberate the stamens of a Kal- 
mia blossom with the point of a pin, and watch the 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 87 


yellow pollen fly. 
Nothing is more 
beautiful then the 
golden forms of 
the dainty pollen 
specks under the 
microscope. The 
flowers are in their 
prime in June, 
when they will 
tinge a whole hill- 
side with pinkish 
white. The full 
flower is usually 
pure white, and the 
undeveloped, orna- 
mental bud a very 
pronounced pink. 
Kalmia = glauca 
(common in the 
North) is a varie- 
ty with small lilac- 
colored flowers. 


Sheep Laurel. 


Sheep Laurel. The sheep laurel is not nearly as 


Kalmia angustifolia. large as the mountain laurel, nor 


is it as beautiful; but the blossoms are decidedly 


pink, and are daintily formed. I find it in bloom 


88 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


as late as the end of June in Campton; but it is so 
very uncommon there that it can only be found in 


two places, so far as my knowledge extends. New 


Hampshire certainly is not rich in Aalmia, for when 
one has to hunt for a flower it can not be called 
common. As Gray calls its color crimson-purple, I 
must draw attention to the fact that 
there is never any purple in it, but 
that the true color is a delicate crim- 
son-pink. It grows in the poor soil 
of rather low grounds. 

Candytutt. The cheery garden 
Iberis umbellata.  candytuft is a mem- 
ber of the Mustard family, and a 
near relative of the common weed, 
shepherd’s-purse. It is a captivat- 
ing little flower which is in constant 
bloom from June until October, 
winning every heart by its untiring 
courage in meeting all conditions of 
weather with fresh relays of its dain- 
ty white or purple flowers. It is 


astonishing to note in advanced au- 
Dobbie’s Double tumn that the little plants have not 
SNE yet spent all their energy; all they 
ask is that their flowers should be picked, and a new 


supply takes the place of the old. I find that the 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 89 


most satisfactory variety is Dobbie’s Double Spiral; 
the Rocket is also good, but it does not produce such 
large flower-heads as the former variety. Candytutt 
comes to us from Europe, and gets its botanical name 
from Iberia, the old name for Spain. I have found a 
very beautiful variety of the flower growing wild on 
the rocky slopes of Gibraltar. There is a white pe- 
rennial variety called /. sempervirens ; L. Gibraltica 
is the same under cultivation; its flowers are white, 
crimson, and rose-color. Some of us may be sur- 
prised to learn that Gibraltar has an extensive flora ; 
it is far from being a barren rock. In the short 
climb up the path from the town to the fortifications 
I picked as many as fifteen specimens of unfamiliar 
wild flowers besides a dozen or so which I recognized 
as old friends; this was on the first day of March, 
too! Dr. Henry M. Field says: “ Gibraltar is not a 
barren cliff; its very crags are mantled with vegeta- 
tion, and wild flowers spring up almost as in Pales- 
tine. Those who have made a study of its flora tell 
us that it has no less than five hundred species of 
flowering plants and ferns, of which but one tenth 
have been brought from abroad; all the rest are 
native.” 

Sweet Alyssum, Sweet alyssum is like mignonette 
Alyssum maritimum. in one respect—its qualities surpass 


its charms. It has small, white, honey-scented flow- 
G 


Ph 
iin > 
nS 


90 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


ers with an odor like that of buckwheat; it comes 
to us from Europe ; a variety common in garden 
borders has small, ornamental, pale-green leaves 
white-edged. Alyssum is also a member of the Mus- 
tard family, and is closely allied to candytuft and 
shepherd’s-purse. It blooms all summer. 

Cornflower, or The bluest of all blue flowers, the 
Bachelor’s Button. ¢cornflower or bachelor’s button, vies 
Centaurea Cyan"s. it), the gentian which Bryant seems 
to consider a most perfect blue; but a flower of the 
true blue does not exist; it is only suggested by the 
forget-me-not. There is too much purple in the corn- 
flower for us to indulge in praises of its blue. For 
all that, its color is still charming, and in Germany 
(the flower originally came to us from that country), 
where it grows wild in the wheat fields, the harmony 
of its blue with the straw-yellow is sesthetically per- 
fect. But the cornflower shows us other colors than 
blue; there are light and deep crimson-pink, purple 
and violet, both these colors striped with white, lilae, 
and white with pink or with blue center. Its foliage is 
a soft, silvery, whitish green, and its bloom is continu- 
ous and prolific through the early summer; it blooms 
quite as well if planted later in the season, and is 
an annual highly prized in old-fashioned gardens. A 
comparison of the Centawreas with ironweed and 


blazing-star, which are distant relatives, is interesting, 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 91 


as there are some curious points of resemblance in 
the general appearance of the flowers. C. odorata 
(sweet sultan) is closely allied to the cornflower, and 
it bears yellow as well as pink and purple flowers. 
C. moschata, a musk-scented variety, has magenta- 
pink and white flowers. C. sauveolens.is a beautiful, 
pure yellow flower which assumes showy proportions 
under greenhouse care. All these are annuals and 
natives of Asia. The dusty miller, which is so com- 
mon as a white-leaved plant for garden borders, is a 
perennial variety which is again separated into vari- 
eties named C. candidissima, CU. clemented, and C. gym- 
nocarpa. These possess no important distinguishing 
differences which are of interest here. 

Mignonette. Our common garden mignonette 
Reseda odorata. eomes from the Levant, and is an 
annual cultivated for the sweet scent of its tiny, 
rusty and greenish-white flowers—it is the anthers 
which are rust-color; the rest of the rather unin- 
teresting flower assumes a variety of greenish tints, 
which are quite beautiful under the microscope. 
There is one relative of the mignonette in this coun- 
try which grows wild along the roadsides, but it is 
not very common; it is named P. luteola. It is a 
tall weed with lance-shaped leaves and a long spike 
of small, dull-yellowish flowers which slightly remind 


one of the white golden-rod. In Italy, among the 


92 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


mountains, and in Gibraltar there are two wild species 
of mignonette, each tiny in figure but having the un- 
mistakable family look; they are 2. sesamonides and 
PR. glauca. Mignonette is an annual with the happy 
faculty of blooming all summer long; it wastes its 
sweetness, not “on the desert air,” but in the farm- 
house kitchen and the fashionable drawing-room. It 
is a simple flower with the charm of perfect sweet- 
ness, a quality quite lacking in many a showy flower, 
and the sandier the soil is, the sweeter it grows. 
Phlox is the Greek name for fire, 
Phlox Drummondii, 
Annual. and, although all the phloxes are 
Phlox decussata, not fiery-hued, there are many of 
Perennial. Sine 
them brilliant and red enough to 
deserve the name. They are North American plants, 
and the annual variety comes from Texas. The 
range of color in the Drummond phlox is extraor- 
dinary. There are cream-white, pale yellow, pale 
salmon-pink, deep pink, crimson-pink, magenta, pur- 
ple, lilac, pure red, crimson, and solferino. But 
there is no orange nor scarlet. The five divisions of 
the corolla are often starry-eyed, and sometimes they 
are striped; in the varieties cuspidata and fimbriata 
they are slashed and toothed in a remarkable way. 
The star-shaped flowers are curiously marked with 
color, and the corolla is often so deeply incised that 
the flower is no longer recognizable as the sober flat- 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 93 


disked phlox of bygone days. In truth, I might add 
that star phlox (called Star of Quedlinburg) is one 
of the curiosities of the modern garden. The seed is 
slow to germinate, and the little plants take a long 
time to grow, but eventually they reward us with a 
plentiful and continuous bloom 
which is more than a liberal 
payment for the small amount 
of care bestowed upon them. 
They begin to flower in June, 
and about the last of October 
Jack Frost claims the last lin- 
_ gering blossoms. PP. decussata, 
the perennial variety under cul- 
tivation, is not quite so brilliant 
in coloring, but it is refined and 
delicate, and has the advantage 
of permanency. Its strongest 
and best hues are crimson, ma- 


genta, and pink. P. maculata 


is a wild variety of the South 

and West, with a pyramidal clus- 
> ‘ White Phlox Drummondii. 

ter of pale magenta or white 

flowers, and purple-brown spotted, lance-shaped lower 

leaves; it flowers in summer. P. divaricata is a 

graceful variety which is found in the same part of 


the country, but in moist localities, and has loose 


94 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


spreading clusters of large lilac and bluish lilac 
flowers which appear in late spring; it has been 
crossed in cultivation, and is found in the garden 
in larger figure and finer colors. 2. glaberrima 
and P. Carolina are pink and 
pale-pink varieties which are com- 
mon in the near West and South, 
and flower in early summer. The 
five lobes of the corolla are round. 
The former variety has slender 


stems, long lance-shaped leaves, 


t 
Star of Quedlinburg. 


and loose flower clusters; the lat- 
ter, stout stems, ovate or even 
heart-shaped leaves, and crowded flower clusters. 
P. subulata is a low-creeping little plant, so entirely 
different from the foregoing varieties that I have 
given it separate consideration elsewhere. These 
wild phloxes are all perennials, and they have been 
more or less introduced into the garden, where they 
appear in so many varied types that they are not 
easily recognized. The most satisfactory color in 
the perennial flowers is white; the pale magenta 
tints of some others are not very beautiful. 


CHAPEEE. VAI. 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, 
AND AUGUST. aay v Eee 

Caraway to Indian 3 Bye 
Cucumber Root. 


Caraway. THE caraway has 
Carum Cari. tound its way into 
the fields and pastures from thie 
kitchen garden, and has really be- 
come a very familiar wild flower 
in many parts of the country. 
It might possibly be mistaken for 
wild carrot on account of the 
similar gray-white flowers, but the 
resemblance is too superficial to 
deserve attention. My drawing 


q) 
shows the superior delicacy of the | NY) 
. RN // Je= 
caraway flowers; indeed, they are —\ WA 
Say (1 . 
as beautiful as some varieties of ne 


Spirea. The plant grows about 


twenty inches high, and blooms 
95 


Caraway. 


96 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


about the middle of June. Its aromatic seeds are 


used plentifully to flavor the — 


shins <ahpy5t 3 ae wine = 
Ses ee EES familiar New York New- 


Year’s cake. 


Wild Meadow Lhe wild mead- 

Parsnip. ow parsnip is 

Zivia aurea. ot ag common 
as caraway, but it will be a 
| gf familiar object to many who 
pass through the cultivated 
fields of New England in 
May or June. The fine flow- 


ers, similar in appearance to 


the caraway, are pale golden 
yellow, and the leaves are 
twice compound. The stem 
of the plant is grooved, and 
the leaves, toothed at the 
edges, are dark green. The 
common wild parsnip (Past- 


naca sativa) has similar flow- 


ers, but the stem is heavier 
and deeper grooved, and its 
leaves are simply compound. 
i Bush Honsywnekla: The bush-hon- 
Wild Meadow Parsnip. Diervitla trifida. eysuckle will 


be found beside the road and in the hedges, where 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 97 


it may be recognized at once by its small honey- 
yellow flowers rather than by its leaves, which are 
not different from a great 
many others with whose 
company they are pretty 
sure to be well mixed. 
There is only a slight re- 
semblance to the culti- 
vated honeysuckle in this 
wild variety ; and beside 
the magnificent pink blos- 
soms of the D. Japonica, 
that beautiful shrub which 
comes to us from Japan, 
our native variety dwin- 
dles into utter insignifi- 
eance. It blooms in ear- 
ly summer. 
ee On the top 
Sandwort. of Mount 
Arenaria Washington, 
Grenlandica. 5 
seeking shel- 


ter in the crevices of the 


storm - beaten rocks, one 


Bush-Honeysuckle. 


may find in early sum- 
mer plenty of the dainty little Alpine plant called 
mountain sandwort; it is sometimes called mountain 


98 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


daisy by the people of that locality. The flower 


grows about three inches high on a fine stem, and 


is tiny and dainty ; each 
petal is notched at the end, 


ary ies 
IW oe 2 yp and is translucent white in 
AT) 6 

N Ay \ <0 ane color. Little specimens of 

x : 7Y\ the plant are tucked into 


e Nye Ve) ’ small birch-bark baskets and 
A/S sold to the visitors on the 


/ 
My mountain. Of course, it 
47 
[Af 


1, x ets its name by its arctic 
Wige preferences ; for the cold 
wv) AZ fog, snow, and ice of Green- 


land are its natural environ- 
Mountain Sandwovrt. . 
ment. Still, we are sur- 
prised at finding such a delicate-looking little thing 
on the bleak, desolate summit of the great New Eng- 
land mountain. 

Indian Pipe. Gray’s description of the Indian 
Monotropa uniflora. pipe is so simple that I can not 
do better than quote what he says: “Common In- 
dian pipe, or corpse plant; in rich woods, smooth, 
waxy-white all over, three to six inches high, with 
one rather large nodding flower of five petals and 
ten stamens.” These are what might be called the 
bare facts of its existence. But there is more that 
is really interesting about it: the queer, little, un- 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 99 


canny thing flourishes on decay; it grows parasit- 
ically on the roots of other plants, and we may find 
it oftenest beside the decayed stump of some forest 
giant, where its pearly whiteness is relieved against 
a background of decaying, moss-covered wood. 
The flower sometimes has a faint pink flush on 
its face, but is oftenest as pale as death. There 
is something weirdly sug- 
gestive in its deathliness: 
why should it have been 
named Indian pipe? It 
occurred to me_ once, 
when I was climbing the 
slopes of South Mountain 
in the Catskills and came 
across a pretty group of 
the ghostly little pipes, 
that they were wrongly 
named ; they should have 
been called the Pipes of 
Hudson’s Crew. Those 


of us who have seen the 


ghostly crew in Jeffer- 
son’s Rip Van Winkle 


ean easily imagine the gnomelike creatures smoking 


Indian Pipe. 


pale pipes like these. But the weird little plant is 
as curious in death as it is in life, for immediately 


100 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


after being picked it begins to blacken, and (most 
curious contradiction) a pressed specimen of the 
pearly white flower eventually becomes “as black 
as your hat.” Indian pipe 
grows in the deep woods 
Wig § in early summer. J/ono- 
tropa LEHypopitys, or false 
beech-drops, closely related 
to the pale Indian pipe, 
ey has a ruddy complexioned, 
J “GS fragrant, and small (gener- 
sy ally four-petaled) flower 
\ which blooms in the pine 
woods in summer. 
Common Day-Flower. [he day - flower 
Commelina Virginica. 1g COMMON in our 
Eastern seaboard States 
from New York to Florida, 
and blooms in summer, 


It has light violet-blue 
Common Day-Flower. ° ° 
flowers, irregular in shape, 
and three-petaled; three stamens project considerably 
beyond the petals. The flowers seem to grow out 
from an upper spathelike leaf, and the leaves are 
lance-shaped and contracted at the base. The plant 
is a near relative of the spiderwort, and like the 


latter has a peculiar mucilaginous juice. 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 101 


Spiderwort. The spiderwort, somewhat more fa- 
Tradescantia miliar to us in the old-fashioned gar- 

rgine den than growing wild, is neverthe- 
less common in some of the moist places of western 
New York and the South. It is an at- 


tractive little, three-petaled, purple-blue 


flower with orange-yellow anthers, 
which unfortunately has a very 
short life. There 
are so few blue 
wild flowers that 
the delicate blos- 
som is beautiful for this rea- 
son if for no other. The little 
blue clusters snuggled at the bases of 
the narrow green leaves form a very 
pretty bit of color harmony. The plant 
blooms in early summer. 
Star of Bethlehem. Gray Bays the star of 
Ornithogalum Bethlehem is an old gar- 
wmbellaiwr. den flower which has es- 
caped to low meadows. The leaves 
ee iieerort: are long and grasslike, and the flower, 
like that of Wicotiana affinis, is white 
within and green without; but, exactly wnlike the 
latter flower, it opens in sunshine. It is common 


in some localities and absent in others; it grows, 


102 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


for instance, in the fields around Morristown, N. J., 
and also in Prospect Park, Brooklyn; but I have 
never found it in the meadows of New Hampshire. 
It is a near relative of the dog’s-tooth violet, but 
blooms much later, in early summer. It belongs to 
the Lily family. 

Buttercup. The child’s favorite yellow wild flow- 
Ranunculus repens. ey, the buttercup, does not need any 
hints or facts recorded here for its identification ; 
yet I wish to draw a closer attention to the flower. 
Those artistically inclined young people who like 
to paint the familiar buttercup frequently lose sight 
of its simple elements of beauty; I allude to the 
shape of the leaf and the burnished color of the 
flower. The leaf is one of the most charming in- 
stances of symmetry in Nature. Examine it closely, 
and, for the sake of better acquaintance, spread a 
large perfect specimen flatly on a piece of paper, 
trace around its edge with a sharp-pointed pencil, and 
note the conventional, decorative beauty of the out- 
line thus obtained. There are not many flowers 
which can boast of such a beautiful leaf. Then the 
brilliant yellow of the corolla is almost beyond the 
power of pure water color to reproduce. The only 
way one can adequately represent it is to use the 
purest yellow, and leave, for the dazzling touches of 


light, spots of the clean white paper beneath. The 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 103 


finest buttereups frequent moist meadow land, and 
they are in their prime in June and July. R. fas- 
cicularis is an early variety of the buttercup, 
which grows in rocky pastures and is about six 
inches high. 

Dendsiion, The common dandelion, which stars 
Taraxacum the meadows in May and June with 
Pensleonis. +5 padiant circles of gold, would be 
a garden favorite were it less common. But this 
prodigality of gold unfortunately fails to arouse the 
interest of older people; only children appreciate 
this kind of riches. They must study the heart of 
the flower who would see the gold in its depths. A 
big dandelion placed under the magnifying glass is 
one of the grandest studies in golden yellow that 
can be imagined. The richness of color which is 
occasioned by the crowding together of such a 
number of brilliant yellow florets (for it must be 
remembered that the dandelion is a group of indi- 
vidual flowers) is beyond description. Yet we pass 
the common flower with perfect indifference; but 
there was one man who did not. It was Lowell, 


who said: 


“ Dear common flower, that grow’st beside the way, 
Fringing the dusty road with harmless gold, 
First pledge of blithesome May, 
Which children pluck, and, full of pride, uphold, 


104 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


High-hearted buccaneers, o’erjoyed that they 
An El Dorado in the grass have found, 
Whiclk not the rich earth’s ample round 

May match in wealth—thou art more dear to me 

Than all the prouder summer blooms may be.” 

This is the first verse of the only poem which per- 
fectly celebrates the magnificent golden color of the 
dandelion. It is indeed childhood’s favorite flower, 
and the beautiful lines express the feeling in the 
heart of every true flower lover, old or young. What 
the world might call common was something infinitely 
more to Lowell. Only a poet could so perfectly esti- 
mate the wisdom of a child who looks “ on the living 
pages of God’s book,” while grown-up people pass 
them by. 

The largest and handsomest dandelions I have 
ever seen grow in Nantucket; the farther north one 
goes the smaller the flower grows. There is another 
dandelion, a fall flower (Leontodon autumnale), which 
will be noticed further on. I must not omit to men- 
tion the Cynthia dandelion (A7igia dandelion), which 
is common from March to July in moist ground from 
Maryland west to Kansas, and from there south- 
wardly to Texas. Prof. Meehan says: ‘The flowers 
are open before the frosts are wholly gone; and be- 
fore March has departed the yellow buds break forth 
in all their spring beauty and clothe the meadows 
with their brilliant flowers.” It is well to know that 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 105 


the common dandelion is not a native of our country, 
but was brought here by the white man, with whom 
it soon made a home on the red man’s lands. 

Ox-eye Daisy, Lhe familiar daisy which is so much 
Chrysanthemum beloved of the children is really a 
Se ae chrysanthemum, very closely related 
to the magnificent golden flower of Japan, which has 
reached such gigantic proportions through cultiva- 
tion. In early summer the fields are white with the 
flower, and its presence in the grass is so annoying 
to the farmer that it has been called farmer’s curse. 
Still, for all that, the golden-eyed, white-rayed little 
thing is wsthetically perfect, and artists as well as 
children love the flower for its own sweet simplicity. 
The little pink English daisy is only cousin to our 
daisy ; in fact, it is not a chrysanthemum, and it does 
not grow wild in our country as it does in England 
and on the Continent. The ox-eye daisy, like the 
dandelion, was brought to this country by the white 
man. It blooms in early summer. A near relative of 
the daisy, which flowers in June, is the pyrethrum 
(CO. Parthenium), which has run wild, especially in 
New York, from old gardens. It has loose clusters 
of crimson-pink or white flowers, in form resembling 
the ox-eye daisy. The variety under cultivation 
called Roseum supplies us with the well-known Per- 


sian insect powder. C. parthenioides, or double- 
3 


“a 


a ce 


106 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


flowered feverfew, is another relative of the ox-eye 
daisy. Its pure white, rounded flowers, about the 
size of a nickel, are commonly seen in our gardens 
in summer and early autumn. They resemble the 


English daisy (Leldis) in form, but have no pink 


tinge. 
muaisteons The beautiful, sweet-scented helio- 
Heliotropium trope comes from Peru and Chili. 


Peruvianum. : , : ; 
It is a perennial held in high esteem 


by all; hardly a farmhouse window which holds a 
few flowering geraniums is 
without its treasured pot of 
heliotrope ; and the conserva- 
tories might all boast of many 
fine specimens. The name 
comes from the Greek, and 
means turning to the sun. 
There are several variations of 
its color, from light to dark 
purple, and even white ; but 
the darker colors are most 
beautiful. M. Lemoine, of 
France, has raised some of the 


finest varieties. An essence of 


Heliotrope. 


heliotrope is used as perfum- 
ery; but among our flowers the most fragrant ones, 


strange as it may seem, are the least available for 


MAY, JUNK, JULY, AND AUGUST. 107 


their perfume; in such a case a “fixing scent,” such 
as neroli, vanilla, orris, or musk, is generally em- 
ployed, and this is supposed to strike the same 
“key” on the olfactory nerve as the real essence, 
and also to change its volatility 
to permanence ; thus vanilla is 
used as a basis for heliotrope 
perfume. There are great flow- 
er farms in the south of France 
devoted to the interests of 
French perfumery. Violets are 
imitated by attar of almonds, 
tuberose, and orris; orris is 
obtained from the Florentine 
iris (J. Florentina). Heliotrope 
blooms from early summer on- 
ward. 

_ Atamasco Lily, Lhe Atamasco 
Amaryllis Atamasco. lily, sometimes 
ealled zephyr flower, or zephy- 
ranthes, is a native of the South, 
common in low grounds, and is 
now cultivated in the garden, 


where it blooms in early sum- 


mer; its flowers are pure pink, 


Atamasco Lily. 


or white. In my garden I no- 
tice they seem to bloom hurriedly or not at all. 


~ 
~ 


108 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


The flower appears (quite as soon as the broad, 
grasslike leaves) in the Carolinas and southward 
from March to June, according to the locality. It 
is a relative of the yellow star-grass and the snow- 
drop. To this family also belong the common Eng- 
lish daffodil (VV. Pseudo-Narcissus), the jonquil (XV. 
jonquilla), and the Warcissi poeticus and polyan- 
thos ; this last, a variety of tiny flowers in clusters, 
I have found growing wild in Switzerland near 
the St. Bernard Pass, in May; it is the parent of 
the cultivated variety named WV. Ta- 
zetta, or Polyanthus Narcissus. But 
these are more successful as hot-house 
plants, although some are quite hardy 
in gardens south of Boston. 

Milkwort. Milkwort is a com- 
Polygala sanguinea. mon weed which gen- 
erally grows in wet sandy ground and 
bears pinkish-crimson flowers in a 
head somewhat similar to clover, but 
smaller. It grows not more than nine 
inches high, and is common in Massa- 


chusetts and in the pine district of 


New Jersey, in the vicinity of Lake- 


Poly gala 
Sanguinea. 


wood. Its name was derived from 
two Greek words, meaning much milk; not that the 


plants yielded milky juice, but it was thought that 


MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 109 


in pasturage they increased the milk of cows. The 
milkwort flowers all summer. 
Seneca Snakeroot. Senega, or seneca snakeroot, is anoth- 
Polygala Senega. er member of the Polygala family, 
which is common in the West. Its flowers are 
white and small, and are clustered in a simple ter- 
minal spike. The plant is about ten inches high, 
and the lance-ovate leaves follow the stem in alter- 
nate positions; the flowers appear in late spring. 
Senega is used for medicinal purposes, and is often 
given in the form of a sirup foracough. P. poly- 
gama is still another common variety of milkwort, 
which is found in sandy places. Its insignificant 
erimson-pink flowers, of a deep hue, are hardly as 
handsome as Gray would lead us to suppose. But 
the useful, fertile flowers of this plant are borne on 
short underground runners, and are still less con- 
spicuous. The little plant blooms all summer. P. 
lutea is an orange-yellow variety common in sandy 
swamps southward. Its leaves grow alternately on a 
low stem which is terminated by a single flower head. 
tian The Indian cucumber-root, which re- 
Cucumber-Root. ceives its name from the taste of the 
Medeola Virginiea. ty beyous, horizontal, and white root 
stalk, flowers in early summer; but the blossom is very 
unattractive, and it is only in September, when the 
beautiful dark purple berries appear in clusters of 


Bee 
eS ney : 


110 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


three, that our attention is attracted to the plant. 
It grows in the woods, and has a simple stem with a 
circle of six or seven thin, parallel-ribbed, bright 
green leaves; close up to the berries are three smaller 


leaves. 


Indian Cucumber-Root. 


‘ 
. 


CHAPTER VIII. 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 


Nasturtium to Purple-flowering Raspberry. 


Wasturtium, or THe nasturtium is perhaps one of the | 


Indian Cress. most satisfactory of all the garden an- 
ae cert nuals; it produces an immense num- 
ber of flowers with a small amount of attention from 
the gardener, and it withstands 
drought and the intense heat of 
midsummer better than any other 
denizen of the garden. The flower 
comes to us from South America, 
chiefly from Peru and Chili. No 
wonder that it is well adapted to a 
climate subject to hot waves and 
drought. Although the fruit is 
pickled, and finds its way to our 


tables as an agreeable condiment, 


N. Prince Henry. 


the flowers oftener appear there as 


-a midsummer decoration. What a glory of color it 


brings us!—golden yellow, palest straw-color, the 
111 


112 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


same tint with ruby eyes, rich maroon, burning s¢ar- 
let, intense red, scarlet pink, delicate salmon, russet- 
orange, bright orange, esthetic old gold, and gray- 
purple in silky sheen, peach-blow pink, streaky bronze 
and gold, ruby-eyed gold, and a host of variations of 
all these colors which I never could adequately de- 
scribe in twenty pages. The varieties which seem to 
me most attractive are, in order, as follows: 


Prince Henry, Streaked scarlet and straw-yellow. 
Empress of India, Intense red, dark foliage. 

Aurora, Salmon and orange-buff. 

Pearl, Pale straw-yellow. 

Rose, Deep scarlet-lake pink. 

Edward Otto, Pale brownish lilac. 


King of Tom Thumbs, Intense scarlet, dark foliage. 
Asa Gray, Straw-yellow, striped with dull red. 


For a really beautiful dark flower the King Theo- 
dore, clothed in velvety maroon, must command our 
admiration, but the darker and richer Black Seabiosa 
(mourning bride) is handsomer than the deepest-hued 
nasturtium. The Crystal Palace Gem, straw-yellow 
with maroon eyes, is dainty in coloring, but not so 
delicate in effect as the pale Pearl. What is remark- 
able about these nasturtiums (all except Edward Otto 
and Asa Gray belong to the dwarf division, which does 
not climb) is their prodigality of bloom. From six 
dozen plants one may gather during the height of 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 


bloom fully three hundred flow- 
ers each day fora period of two 
weeks ; the picking of about 
four thousand flowers during so 
short a time, it is needless to say, 
would keep one pretty well oce- 
cupied. 

But such results are not to be 
obtained under any other than 
favorable conditions: the nastur- 
tium wants all the sun it can get, 
plenty of water, and nothing but 
sandy loam to grow in; any 


N. Pearl. 


richer ground, or 


produce nothing 
how quickly the 


N. King Theodore. 


lesser sunlight, will make the plant 
but leaves. It is curious to note 
little plant responds to the right 
kind of treatment: if we wish 
many flowers, we must not fail to 
pick each blossom as soon as it 
appears; if the flowers are allowed 
to remain on the plant, the latter 
concludes that they are not wanted, 
and soon ceases to produce any 
more; as fast as the flowers are 
gathered, others begin to make 
their appearance ; whereas, if the 


plants are left to themselves, there 


Le _ 
4 ie oe 


114 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


is a grand display of color for a very short season 
and then no flowers at all. The nasturtium is one 


of the earliest annuals to reward us with its flowers, — 


and it is amusing to see how soon the little hum- 
ming bird discovers the whereabouts of the first 
blossom, and how he lingers over it, taking repeated 
sips of honey, reluctant at last to leave. I have 
watched one little fellow visit flower 
after flower, when later in the sea- 
son they were very plentiful, and, 
‘still loath to leave such a paradise 
of sweets, rest awhile on the 
wire screen which sup- 
ported the sweet peas, 
preening his feathers 
contentedly, and then 
make a final round as. 


N. Asa Gray. 


though he was bent on 
obtaining a square meal before leaving a certainty 
for an uncertainty. 

There are three divisions of the nasturtinm group 
which are different in habit of growth: the dwarf, 
which does not climb; the Zobbianum, which runs 
over the ground and climbs very little; and the 
major, Which attains a height of ten feet or more. 
The dwarf is the most prolific bloomer, but the Lob- 
bianum has a larger and more perfect flower; the 


* 


“7 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 115 


major is a splendid variety for climbing over fences, 
and so forth, and its foliage is of 
ranker growth. Of these three 
varieties the dwarf seems most 
satisfactory, as it requires the 
least attention, takes the least 
amount of space, and insures the 


largest returns; with a hundred 


plants, carefully set out, one 


Leaf Canary-Bird Vine. 


should be able to gather a thon- 

sand blossoms a day at the height of the season ; 
this would not be possible with either of the other 
varieties. 

Tropeolum peregrinum is a very near relative of 
the nasturtium, and is a beautiful-leafed vine, with 
rather small, pure yellow flowers; from a fancied re- 
semblance of the blossom to the canary, it is some- 
times called canary-bird flower. The vine climbs by 
means of the leaf stem, which develops a sort of 
kink in the effort to catch on something and draw 
itself upward. The leaf is deeply lobed, white-veined, 
and of a soft, light-green color. The flower has five 
petals, with the three lower ones fringed. The vine 
is in bloom all summer. The water-cress (Vastur- 
tiwm officinale), whose botanical name is somewhat 
misleading, is a member of the Mustard family, and 
is therefore unrelated to our garden nasturtium. 


116 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Balsam, A close relation of the jewel weed, 

or Lady’s Slipper. the garden balsam, or lady’s slipper, 
Impatiens Casain® Yaar a striking resemblance to the 
wild species; but only the single flowers look like 
the jewel weed ; 

the double ones 

rather resemble the 

Camellia Japonica. 

Nowadays the hor- 

ticulturists give us 

a splendid double 

‘flower which has 
little likeness to the 


single lady’s _ slip- 


Malmaison Balsam. 


pers of our grand- 
mothers’ gardens. The variety named Malmaison is 
a favorite of mine; it has the most delicate blush- 
pink color imaginable, and certainly looks like the 
rose it was named for. The balsam comes to us 
from India. It blooms throughout the summer. 
Garant. The name Pelargonium is from 
Pelargonium. the Greek word meaning stork, and 
was suggested by the shape of the seed pod, which 
resembles that of the bird’s beak. The wild gera- 
nium carries the English name crane’s-bill for the 
same reason. Our Pelargoniums are natives of 


the Cape of Good Hope, and they are so mixed up 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 117 


through crossing in the process of cultivation that 
only a few species may be identified with the help of 
botanical descriptions. The following are common 
in our gardens: 

Peppermint P. (P. tomentosum).—The leaves are 
large, round, heart-shaped, with five to seven lobes, 
and are velvety-hairy on both sides. The insignifi- 
cant flowers are white. By gentle pressure the leaf 
will emit a peppermint odor, by which the plant can 
be easily identified. 

Rose-scented P. (P. capitatum).—The leaves are 
velvety, rounded and moderately lobed, and the little 
flowers, scarcely half an inch long, are of a magen- 
ta-crimson color; there are many flowers in a head ; 
the foliage is unmistakably rose-scented. 

Pennyroyal P. (P. exstipulatum).—This variety 
has an altogether different leaf from the foregoing ; 
botanically speaking, it is palmately three-parted—i. e.. 
in figure like the triple leaf of the clover, but, unlike 
the latter, these divisions are close together and wedge- 
shaped with toothed edges; it is also small, perhaps 
half an inch wide, and is soft and velvety; it has a 
strong aromatic smell like pennyroyal. The flowers 
are very small and white. 

All three of these varieties are commonly culti- 
vated by the farmers’ wives throughout New York 


and New England. 


. 


118 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Ivy-leaved P. (P. peltatwm).—This variety has an 
ivy-shaped, smooth, five-lobed leaf, sometimes with a 
dark zone, and is easily recognized. The flowers are 
generally of crimson or cherry tones of color, with a 
variety of pink tints and also a pure white. I know 
of only one or two scarlet varieties, and these are of 
recent introduction. 

Horseshoe P. (P. zonale) and Stained or Sear- 
let P. (P. inguinans) are two varieties which have 
become inextricably mixed ; the 
former has a dark horseshoe 
mark or zone on the leaf, 
which, however, is sometimes 
wanting, and the latter has a 


lighter green leaf without the 


zone. Both varieties have 

A round scalloped leaves, which 
have a “fishy smell.” To these 
ot ae Ne two classes belong the infinite 
variety of bright-colored and 

delicately tinted flowering geraniums which are so 
common as bedding plants. A notable white variety 
with double flowers is called La Favorite; a lovely 
salmon-pink one is the Beauté Poitevine. Nearly 
all these geraniums have received the close atten- 
tion of French horticulturists, and in the continuous 


process of cross-fertilization we have quite lost sight 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 119 


of some of the original species. The common sweet- 
scented geraniums, with small inconspicuous crim- 
son-pink flowers, general- 
ly belong to the variety 
ealled P. Radula. 

Asa rule, all the 
mixed, showy - flowered 
Pelargoniums are called 
Lady Washington gerani- 
ums; this name does not 
apply to any individual 
variety. One of the most 
beautiful of the light- 
leaved geraniums is called 
Madame Salleroi; the leaf 
is almost white, and is 


generally zoned with a 


ale vreen. 
ton) 


La Favor.te Geranium. 


It is interesting to 
know that the wild geranium, herb Robert, wood 
sorrel, garden geranium, nasturtium, canary-bird vine, 
jewel weed, and lady’s slipper (balsam) all belong to 
the Geranium family. It is seldom the case that a 
family circle includes so many attractive and beau- 
tiful individuals who are distinguished by such a 
marked contrast in character; how widely different 


the wood sorrel is from the scarlet geranium ! 


120 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Pirtulaca Portulaca comes to us from South 


Portulaca America. Its brilliant flowers, in 

tl as shape closely resembling a wild rose, 
are found snuggled close to the ground in nearly 
every country garden. The foliage is narrow like 
fir-needles, but of a thick and pulpy nature; the 
stems are also thick and are ruddy in color. There is 
a great variety of colors among the flowers—crimson, 
pure pink, scarlet-pink, magenta, scarlet, pale and deep 
yellow, buff, and orange. The double variety, in my 
estimation, is not as beautiful as the 
single. A troublesome weed of the 
garden resembling portulaca, but 
having a broader and blunt leaf, is 
called P. oleracea, purslane, or pus- 
ley. Charles Dudley Warner, in My 
Summer in a Garden, has drawn 
particular attention to this omnipres- 


ent weed; it is a great nuisance to 


Leaf of Pusley. 


the amateur gardener, but he can 
console himself with the thought that it was handed 
down to him from his ancestors; they brought it 
with them from the old country, and it once sup- 
plied the table with a much-relished dish of greens 
which has since been displaced by spinach and young 
beet-tops. Portulaca is an annual which flowers all 


summer, 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 121 


tears The amaranth, or amarantus, is really 


A. caudatus,and a Cultivated weed—a weed with a 
igs ahaiaea college education, as some one has 
said of the cauliflower as distinguished from common 
cabbage. The two varieties, A. caudatus (Prince’s 
Feather), erect flowering, and A. melancholicus (Love- 
lies-bleeding), with pendulous flower stems, are most 
common. The flowers in both varieties are generally 
crimson; both come from India. Another variety, 
with flowers in an erect blunt spike (A. hypochon- 
driacus), is cultivated from Mexico. There is a 
wretched garden weed of exactly the same figure as 
the cultivated amarantus, named A. retroflecus, com- 
monly called pigweed. Its flowers are green. Celo- 
sia, the garden cockscomb, is another near relative of 
the amarantus; it also comes from India. Its flower 
crest is generally fan-shaped. These flowers all bloom 
throughout the summer. 
Sheubby St. John’s-wort is very common in 
St, John’s-wort. New Jersey, and it may also be found 
Hypericum in more or less plenty north and 
densiflorum. 
south of that State. Its flowers are 
small and golden-yellow, and grow in dense clusters, 
from which fact it received its botanical name. My 
drawing is taken from a specimen which grew in the 
“Pines” of New Jersey. This variety of the flower 


is a distinctively American one, as H. perforatum, 
9 


122 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Shrubby St. John’s-wort. 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 123 


which has small and opposite leaves, although com- 
moner in New England, is, as Gray says, “the only 
one not indigenous.” There is no possibility of con- 
fusing the two varieties, as one is shrubby and the 
other has an upright, much-branched stem. The 
flower gets its name from the superstition that on 
St. John’s day, the 24th of June, the dew which fell 
on the plant the evening before was efficacious in pre- 
serving the eyes from disease. So the plant was col- 
lected, dipped in oil, and thus transformed into a 
balm for every wound. In fact, superstition gathered 
about the plant in such a variety of forms that the 
Scotch in olden times carried it about in their pockets 
as a charm against witchcraft. St. John’s-wort can 
hardly be called beautiful, and it is considered a 
great nuisance in farming-lands. The shrubby va- 
riety grows about three feet high and flowers in 
June. The /. perforatum is an herb which grows 
one or two feet high and flowers all summer. 
Purple-flowering Lhe purple-flowering raspberry is 
Raspberry. not purple at all. This is a popular 
Rubus odorate. — yame without any truth in it. The 
flowers are crimson-magenta in color, and look some- 
thing like wild roses; the leaves are somewhat like 
maple leaves in shape, but are even larger. The fruit 
looks like a common raspberry, but it is flat, and of a 
weak red color, There are no thorns on the stems, 


124 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


and, but for this cireumstance and the fact that the 
leaves are so big and strange-looking in the company | 
of the rather striking flower, we might easily mis- 
take it for some kind of a rose. It blooms in June 
and July. 


Purple-flowering Raspberry. 


Lilium Canadense. 


CHAPTER. 2X2 


JUNE, JULY, AND 


Field Lily to Clematis. 


i ‘ . y UP AUGUST. 


Yellow Field Lily. Tun yellow 


ite ee ned Lily be: 
gins to hang its golden-yellow 
buds over the meadows in June, 
and in July the pretty bells are 
in their prime. I need not say 
a word in praise of the grace- 
ful flower; several poets have 
already exhausted upon it a long 
category of admiring phrases. 
But we must admit it has a 
pretty badly freckled face, 
which perhaps is the reason it 
hangs its head; however this 
may be, the graceful droop 
adds still another charm to the 


decorative form, and one ought 
125 


126 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


to be alone satisfied with such a wonderful perfection 
of curved outlines. The plant reaches an average - 
height of three feet. 
There is another handsome variety, 
cto similar to the one just described, 
called Turk’s-cap lily, whose color is 
richer, and whose graceful flower divisions are more 
strongly curved backward. This lily is common on 
Cape Cod and all along the coast of New 
England. Its leaves are perhaps less reg- 
ularly arranged in circles, but the stalk 
grows taller; at times it reaches a height 
of six feet. I have made a little drawing 
of the symmetrical seed vessel which in 
late summer assumes a beautiful bronze 


hue. It is astonishing to see the number 


of seeds packed in close layers that just 
Seed-pod of é i 


Lilium Su- one pod contains. How prolific in life 
Nature sometimes shows herself to be! 
Each one of those tiny seeds contains a hidden life. 
Think of the yield of which one plant is capable! 
Wild Red Lily, 1m my estimation the wild red lily, 
Lilium which always grows in shady places 
Pailadeiphicun.  yostly in or on the edge of the 
woods), is the most beautiful one of all the wild spe- 
cies. Its color is a splendid red of a vermilion cast. 


The flowers stand erect and resemble tiger lilies turned 


Oh! ee ae 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 127 


upward. The stalk grows 
about two feet high, and 
generally bears but one 
flower, orange-yellow out- 
side and vermilion inside, 
spotted with brown mad- 
der — hardly the purple 
color which Gray men- 
-tions. The flower varies 
in hue, and is sometimes 
red-orange instead of ver- 
milion. It blooms about 
the Ist of July, in the 
thin woods, where the 
ground is more or less 
sandy. 
Black-eyed Lhe black- 
Susan. eyed Susan, 
Rudbeckia hirta. Re eae 
dren call it, Gray says is 
a Western flower which 
was introduced into our 
Eastern meadows with 
clover seed. It is fre- 
quently called cone-flow- 
er by reason of the rather 


high cone-shaped center 


: yl z 
‘ ™ 


( 


Lilium Philadelphicum. 


SS hall ae 
aa ip 
isn, ; Deh 
4 


{28 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


which is usually of a brown-madder color. The 


flower rays are a rich golden yellow, and have a 


Rudbeckia Hirta. 


graceful reflex curve ; 
the flower stems are 
brownish, — stiff, and 
rough to the touch, 
The plant grows 
about eighteen inch- 
es high. It blooms 


in July. 
Catchfly. The catchfly is 
Silene noctiflora. common in 


waste grounds, and is easily 
identified by its two-parted, 
white petals. The variety I 
have sketched is called night- 
flowering, as the little bud 
opens only toward evening, 
or on cloudy days. It blooms 
side by side with the evening 
primrose, and might easily be 
taken for a white variety of 
the latter flower by one who 
consults his imagination rath- 
er than his botany. But there 
is really no point of resem- 


blance between the flowers. This catchfly is the most 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 129 


beautiful thing imaginable un- 


der the magnifying glass; the 
petals are not so remarkable, 
but the calyx (the protecting 
green envelope of the flower) is 
as delicate as though it were 
modeled in spun glass; the 
translucent lines of green 
and white, the hairy sur- 
face, and the symmetry 
of the tiny form, are all 
worth the closest exam- 
ination. My pen-and-ink 
drawing is hard and coarse be- 
side Nature’s perfect art; if 
the plant had been formed of 
the most fragile and delicately 
colored glass it could scarcely 
have been more curious or 
beautiful. There are two other 
varieties of the catchfly which 
are common: Starry Campion 
(Silene stellata) and Bladder 
Campion (Silene inflata). The 
petals of the former are cut in 
a fringe; the stem of the latter ij 


is smooth, and its calyx is Silene Noctiflora. 


a 
1380 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


veined. Gray graphically explains all the minor 
differences in a way which may be easily understood | 
by one to whom botany is only slightly familiar. 
The catchfly blooms in early summer. 
Field Mouse-ear Lhe field mouse-ear 
Chickweed. chickweed is one 
Cerastium arvens. of the commonest 
weeds which grows by our roadsides 
in all parts of the country. Prof. 
Meehan says he found it in Bergen 
Park, Colorado, at a height of 
seven thousand feet above sea level. 
So common is the little gray-white 
flower that my sketch will be all 
that is needed for its identifica- 
tion. It blooms from April to 
early August. It has an Alpine 
origin and does not stand the hot 


weather well, but with the return 


of autumn it resumes “a green 
moss-like growth which it retains 
through the winter, ready for the 
Field Mouse-ear early bloom of spring.” Thus 
Prof. Meehan describes its char- 

acter. The common name has no significance now, 
as it originated long ago by a fancied resemblance to 
a certain species of forget-me-not which used to be 


at sg 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. ist 


called Mouse-ear, because the leaves resembled in 
form a mouse’s ear. It is not surprising to learn 
that this flower is a relative of the sandwort (which 
grows on Mount Washington), and a comparison of 
my sketches of the two plants will show the close 


resemblance. 
Caminita Common chickweed is very common 
Chickweed. and troublesome in every garden; it 


Cad se aad) 1 Ea damp ground best, and spreads 


its weakly stems, covered with fine foliage, all over 
the garden beds. The tiny white flowers are very 
insignificant; they bloom through spring and sum- 
mer. §S. longifolia is another variety with long leaves 
widely spreading, and numerous flowers. S. bore- 
alis is a variety common northward in all wet, grassy 
places, and bears its inconspicuous flowers in the 
forks of the leafy branches. It may be found border- 
ing the springs among the hills of New Hampshire. 

Verbena. Our charming garden verbenas are, 
Verbena Aubletia. many of them, indigenous to this 
country, and may be seen growing wild in Illinois, 
the Carolinas, and southward. As a rule the flow- 
ers are purple. Other garden varieties—pink, red, 
and white—come from South America, generally the 
Argentine Republic; one of these (V. tewcroides) 
is exceedingly sweet, vanilla-scented. The verbenas 
flower all summer. 


Cet! 


132 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Blue Vervain. Glue vervain is a tall weed with 
Verbena hastata. tiny homely flowers, that grows in _ 
waste places and beside the road. There is very little 


suggestion of blue about it; the 


Ba, dt flowers are decidedly purple, 
Sf aoc i 
Ca AGES and so few of them are in 
Att) Wy 2 
be YY bloom at one time that they 
Sa \ Gy 
eat vf vy lack color effect. The plant be- 
Sah \\ AY x + = 
aN Sv gins to show its tiny blossoms 
MW Yh YY . . . 
Mh Yi Hy in July. It isa relative of our 
WO YW : . 
‘I i} beautiful garden verbenas, as its 
NY 1 


name implies. 

ater eee: The water arum, 

Calla palustris. which is similar 
in appearance to the cultivated 
hothouse flower called calla lily 
(wrongly named, as it does not 
belong to the Lily family), is 
common in boggy places north 
of Pennsylvania. It flowers in 
early summer, and is certainly 


pretty enough to deserve culti- 


vation ; but its magnificent rela- 


tive, so much superior in size, 


Blue Vervain. 


evidently precludes the prob- 
ability of the horticulturist taking interest in the 
lesser flower. It seems a pity, for the wild calla is 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 133 


very beautiful, but not quite so common as we might 
wish; we have to look for it. Thoreau says, after 
finding this calla 
in a certain lo- 
eality near Con- 
cord: “ Having 
found this in one 
place, I now find 
it in another. 


Many an object 


is not seen, 
though it falls within the range of 
our visual ray, because it does not 
come within the range of our intel- 
lectual ray. So in the largest sense 
we find only the world we look for.” 
hey This is in a great measure true re- 
garding a search for certain wild 
flowers. They are only to be seen on demand! 

Wild Sarsaparilla, The wild sarsaparilla, which must 
Aralia nudicaulis. not be mistaken for the true sarsa- 
parilla of soda-water fame, is nevertheless often used 
as a substitute for the officinal article. Its slender 
roots, which run horizontally three or four feet in 
every direction away from the stem, are as aromatic 
as the mucilaginous twigs of the sassafras tree. But 
every country boy knows all about sassafras and 


* ’ a 


if 


134 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


sarsaparilla ; any plant which appeals to his sense of 
taste or his propensity to chew is ‘a component part 
of the well-digested knowledge he never learned at 
school. The rather pretty 
balls of fine greenish-white 
flowers of unique appear- 
ance, which bloom in early 
summer, will easily enable 
one to identify the plant. 


The single long-stalked leaf, 


Flowers of Wild Sarsaparilla. 


divided into three sections 
of about five leaflets each, is too symmetrical and 
pronounced in character to be mistaken for that of 
any other plant when the peculiar globes of tiny 
flowers are seen below it. 
Hedge Bindweed. The hedge bindweed (a larger flower 
Calystegia sepium. than the European field bindweed), 
is very common throughout New England. In ap- 
pearance the flower is exactly like a pinky-white 
garden morning-glory, to which it is closely related ; 
but the leaf is quite different; it is not heart- 
shaped, but looks more like an arrowhead. The 
pretty vine climbs over the hedges beside the road, 
and covers the unsightly brushwood with a glory 
of dainty white flower bells, whose delicate pink 
flush is unequaled by the tint of many a highly 
cultivated garden flower. But the bindweed is a 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 135 


dangerous character to bring into the garden; it is 
apt to choke everything it can get hold of, and it 
spreads with remarkable rapidity from year to year. 
The fiowers begin to bloom in July. Our garden 
morning-glory (lpomea purpurea), with a heart- 
shaped leaf, comes from South America. 

Dodder. That most distressing weed which goes 
Cuscuta Gronovit. by the name of dodder is a plague 
which, in its disintegrating power, can only be com- 
pared to sin! It works the greatest mischief if it 
gets within the confines of the garden. The little 
vine is parasitic, and it saps the energy of every 
plant it can fasten itself upon! Celia Thaxter evi- 
dently had great trouble with it in her island garden. 
She speaks of it thus: “ The plants emerge from the 
ground, each like a fine yellow hair, till they are an 
inch and a half or two inches long; they reach with 
might and main toward the nearest legitimate-grow- 
ing plant, and when they touch it, cling like a limpet ; 
then they draw their other end up out of the ground 
and set up housekeeping for the rest of their lives. 
They adhere to the unhappy individual upon which 
they have fixed themselves with a grip that grows 
more and more horrible; they suck all its juices, 
drink all its health and strength and beauty, and fling 
out trailers to the next, and the next, and the next, 
till the whole garden is a mass of ruin and despair.” 


WY 2 
> ae. z mn 
at * 


la 


afi 
136 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


The slender wiry stems are light yellow-brown in 
color, and are destitute of leaves; the flowers are | 
dull white little things which grow in 
clusters at intervals on the twining 
stalk. Down East the weed grows 
in wet places, and covers shrubs and 
plants with a tangled mass of amber- 
colored threads which produce a 
rather pretty effect among the green. 
It flowers in early summer. It is a 
near relative of the morning-glory. 

Bedstraw. © ‘The little vine called 
Galiwm triflorum. bedstraw has an in- 
teresting conventional leaf, but an 
inconspicuous white flower much less 
effective than sweet alyssum. The 
sweet-scented variety is common in 
the glades of the White Hills and in 
the thickets which border the rivers 


Galium. 


there. The flowers have, in my opin- 
ion, a sickening-sweet odor which is unpleasant. The 
vine is a pretty little thing, whose circularly arranged 
leaves give it a decorative look. The most extraor- 
dinary thing about bedstraw is the way it catches on 
everything it touches; the microscope will tell the 
reason why. In my frequent walks to a secluded 
spot on the brink of the beautiful Pemigewasset 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 137 


River, where one may indulge in a refreshing bath 
on a hot July day, I pass through a belt of shrubbery 
so thick with bedstraw that the odor is overpowering, 
and advance is checked by the sticky vine which at 
every point catches on one’s clothing. 

Poison Ivy. On the meadows which border the 
Rhus Toxicodendron. same river will be seen, all through 
the summer, the drooping three-leafed vine called 
poison ivy, or mercury. Gray says it is a vile 
pest, and I perfectly agree with his estimate of its 
character. It poisons some people dreadfully. Al- 
though I had many a time touched the leaves with 
my fingers without experiencing any ill effect, at last 
came a miserable experience: a bit of the wretched 
plant came in contact with the more sensitive skin, 
which is very different from the callous cuticle of the 
finger-tips, and the poison began to act like fire a few 
days afterward; nothing but cloths saturated with 
Pond’s Extract (witch-hazel) seemed to be of any use 
in alleviating the burning, itching sensation. But 
some persons are poisoned by even passing through a 
district where the ivy grows; so it is best to avoid it al- 
together. Curiously enough, an extract of Rhus Towi- 
codendron is a homceopathic specific for skin diseases. 
It has a very smooth, fresh green leaf, with an un- 
varnished surface, which always occurs in threes, and 


therefore should not be mistaken for the Virginia 
10 


a 
. s es 
oo 4 


138 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), which is a five- 
leafed vine. In the hills of New Hampshire the cold - 
winters prevent any woody growth of the poison ivy, 
and the vine trails at one’s feet over meadow and 
roadside ; but near Boston I have seen stone walls 
covered with the woody branches which had attained 
a tall and shrublike appearance. In autumn the clus- 
ters of small gray berries are rather decorative, and 
the leaves turn a pretty red. I have more than once 
found the witch-hazel (Hamamelis Virginica) grow- 
ing side by side with the ivy. 
ed ee The beautiful clematis vine hangs in 
Virgin’s Bower. festoons from the trees, and covers 
Clematis the stone walls beside the roads which 
My" tow the river courses among the 
hills of New Hampshire. For that matter it grows 
everywhere, and is quite as common in the Berkshire 
country and in the vicinity of northern New Jersey. 
The little flower has four greenish-white sepals which 
look like petals, and a great number of stamens; it 
grows in beautiful, graceful clusters. In the fall the 
gray plumes of the flowers gone to seed are very 
striking, and the hoary appearance of the vine at 
this season suggested the name old man’s beard. The 
vine supports itself by a twist in the leaf stem; it is 
curious to note the turn of these stems, which actually 
revolve in as short a space of time as the tips of 


JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 139 


the morning-glory vine. Certainly clematis is one of 
the most lovely vines which grow wild on our country 
highways and 
by-ways; in 
August it is 
covered with 
dainty clusters 
of starry blos- 


soms, and in 
October it is ar- 
rayed in the silver 
gray of its plumed 
seed vessels. It will 
bear transplanting, 
and flourishes in the cold- 
est climate. Nothing is 
prettier than its graceful 
branches decorating a rus- 
tic fence. It flowers in 
midsummer. Mme. Edou- 
ard Andre is a new variety 
of the vine in cultivation 
with handsome reddish 
flowers. C. graveolens is 
a variety cultivated from 
Thibet with yellow flowers. 


C. paniculata is a beautiful — ciematis, or Virgin’s Bower. 


~ 
ae 
, wit 


x 


140 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


species in cultivation, with flowers somewhat similar 

in appearance to the wild variety, but more luxuriant 
in growth; it comes from Japan. C. Jackmanni is a 

violet-blue flowered variety also in cultivation, whose 

blossoms are two inches or more broad. 


Hoary Plume of the Clematis, or Old Man’s Beard. 


CHAPTER X. 


JUNE TO OCTOBER. 
Poppy to Love-in-a-Mist. 


The Poppy. THE Poppy family is so large and so 

seer: varied in type that a garden filled 
with all the different varieties would present an as- 
tonishing picture of contrasting forms and colors 
from the 1st of June until the middle of October. 
Yet, notwithstanding this fact, there are few who 
allow the family a fair representation in their gar- 
dens. Our knowledge of poppies, therefore, ‘is gen- 
erally confined to a very few varieties. 

Gray says we have no truly wild species; all our 
poppies come from the Old World; but he mentions 
a variety (P. dubiwm) which has run wild in fields in 
Pennsylvania. In England and Scotland, and even in 
Italy, the graceful, single, scarlet poppy is commonly 
seen growing wild, especially in fields where wheat 
is sown. I have gathered quantities of the flowers 
in waste places within the walls of Rome. It seems 


strange that this easy-growing annual has not obtained 
141 


°— 
. eo 
ue pe 


142 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


the same strong foothold in our own country. For 
six years I have picked strong and healthy poppies in | 
a certain part of my garden, where, after the first 
sowing, the seed has taken the matter into its own 
hands; but the flower has not yet consented to the 
degenerate estate of a weed like its European com- 
panions—toadflax, chicory, viper’s bugloss, and tansy. 

The classification of poppies in the seedsmen’s cata- 
logues is somewhat confusing ; as a rule, they present 
three divisions—Ranunculus, Peony, and Carnation. 
The two last-mentioned varieties may be included 
under the general name which Gray uses, P. somnif- 
erum, or opium poppy. The first-mentioned variety 
may be included under Gray’s name, P. /’hwas, or 
corn poppy, of Europe. There is also a perennial 
variety, called P. orientale, or Oriental poppy, which 
is mentioned by the seedsmen as well as by Gray. 
Under these three names we may include a/ the 
commoner varieties of poppies which we may find in 
the garden. 

The less common varieties are P. nudicaule, or 
Iceland poppy (perennial); P. glauciwm, or tulip 
poppy; and the more distant family connections, 
Argemone Mexicana, or prickly poppy, and sch- 
scholtzia Californica, or California poppy. I might 
add that our Sanguinaria Canadensis, or blood-root, 
is a near relative of the poppy. 


JUNE TO .OCTOBER. 


The seedsmen use the 
names Ranunculus, Peo- 
ny, and Carnation merely 
to distinguish the types 
of certain flowers; thus, 
one flower bears a resem- 
blance to the garden ra- 
nunculus, another to the 
peony, and another to 
the carnation. That these types are 
very distinct, an examination of the 
petals will abundantly prove. My 
drawing of the poppy called Rosy 
Morn is an example of a pzony- 
shaped flower; the daintier Mikado 
and Fairy Blush are examples of 
carnation-shaped flowers. The Shir- 
ley and the Double French 
poppies belong to the Ranun- 
culus division. 

The poppy is an extraor- 
dinarily beautiful flower; it 
would be partial for me to 
recommend any particular vari- 
ety; but if I were asked which 
one seemed to be the most 
beautiful, I think I should be 


Rosy Morn Poppy. 


144 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


inclined to answer, Fairy Blush; but then would come 
a feeling of regret at the injustice done Rosy Morn, 
Eider Down, Bride, and New Cardinal. Still, the 
Fairy Blush is a most perfect beauty, whose creamy 
white delicately penciled with 
the purest strong pink is 
transcendently lovely. I have 
grown specimens in my gar- 
den which measured four 
inches across.* The Rosy 


Morn grows even larger, and 
possesses a wealth of warm pink which 
rivals many a rose. But I could not 
exceed Celia Thaxter in her admira- 
tion for the glorious poppy, and I can 
not do better than quote what she says 
in An Island Garden: “I think for 
wondrous variety, for certain pictur- 
esque qualities, for color and form, 
and a subtile mystery of character, 
Mikado Poppy. POppies seem... the most satisfac- 
tory flowers among the annuals... . 

They are the tenderest lilac, richest scarlet, white 
with softest suffusion of rose—all shades of rose— 


* This Fairy Blush poppy was raised from seed obtained from 
Mr. W. Atlee Burpee, of Philadelphia. 


JUNE TO OCTOBER. 


clear light pink with sea-green center, 
the anthers in a golden halo about it; 
black and fire-color; red that is deep- 
ened into black, with gray reflections, 
cherry-color with a cross of creamy 
white at the bottom of the cup, and 
round its central altar of ineffable 
golden green again the halo of yellow 
anthers. . . . Oh, these white poppies, 
some with petals more delicate than 
the finest tissue paper, with centers of 
bright gold, some of thicker quality, 
large shell-like petals, almost ribbed in 
their effect, their green knob in the 
middle like a boss upon a shield, rayed 
about with beautiful grayish-yellow sta- 
mens, as in the kind called the Bride. 
Others 
drift—have thick double flowers, deep- 


they call this kind the Snow- 


ly cut and fringed at the edges, the 
most opaque white, and full of exqui- 
site shadows. Then there are the Ice- 
landers, which Lieutenant Peary found 
» making gay the frosty fields of Green- 
land, in buttercup-yellow and orange 
and white; the great Orientals, gor- 
geous beyond expression; and the im- 


145 
A) 
\ 1 AN IK/) Z mB 
vt Ae W/, /_& 
We, 
\\ CET LA E) 
if SSr4 ae = 


Shirley Poppy. 


— a 
eS 
: 
y ‘ 
A 
* 


146 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


mense single white California variety. ... As for 


the Shirleys, they are children of the dawn, and in- 


Ranunculus 
poppy, 
seed pod. 


is a variety from which every bit of black 
blood has been eliminated ; so they possess 
the daintiest and palest tints. The Ice- 


land poppies are glorious in yellow and 


herit all its delicate, vivid, delicious suffu- 
sions of rose-color in every conceivable 
shade. The Thorn Poppy (Argemone) is a 
fascinating variety, most quaint in method 
of growth and most decorative.” 

It seems as though there was nothing 
left to say about the color of poppies af- 
ter this; yet we see the Fairy Blush and 
the New Cardinal are not mentioned! So 
great is the variety of individual types that 
it would be nearly impossible for one to be- 
come well acquainted with them all. Some 
specimens of the pretty little globe-shaped 
variety, called Japanese Pom- 
pon, look as if they were spun 
from the most delicate, soft 
China silk. The single Shirley 


Peony poppy 


orange, and Umbrosum is a rich scarlet ~“‘seed pod. 
with a black cross at the base. Argemone 

(a Mexican variety) is a dainty white flower with a 
golden center, and the most delicate transparent flower 


JUNE TO OCTOBER. 147 


I can think of is the semi-double white poppy belong- 
ing to the Ranuneulus division; this is as fair as the 
daintiest wild rose. 

The character of the foliage in the two divisions, 
Ranunculus and Peony (carnation is the same with 
the peony), is entirely dif- 
ferent. The leaves of the 
former variety are grass- 
green and  round-edged ; 
the leaves of the latter 


clasp the stem, are a light 
eabbage-green, smooth, with sharp- 
pointed edges, and have an extremely 
decorative form, not unlike the fa- 
mous acanthus leaf which furnished 
inspiration to the Greek artists in the 
designing of the most beautiful capital 
for a column the world has ever seen. 
The opium poppy, which is culti- 
vated in India and Persia, has white 
petals and white seeds; I consider the 


Flag of Truce Single flower, called Flag of Truce, 


PORE typical of this variety. The opium 


poppy cultivated in Asia Minor has purplish flowers 
and black seeds. 

The charming California poppy receives its name 
from a German naturalist by the name of Esch- 


148 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


scholtz ; it possesses the most brilliant and perfect yel- 
low and orange in existence. No flower can equal it in © 
color, and the artist’s paint box contains no pigment 
which can approach it within “ hailing distance.” It 
has a range of bright hues 
from pure yellow to deep 
orange, and a cream-yellow 
white which is exceedingly 
soft and beautiful. The pe- 
culiar little pointed calyx 
rests extinguisher-like on the 
flaming yellow petals, and is 
foreed off whole as the flow- 
er expands. Although the 
flower is common in Califor- 
nia and grows there in great 
abundance as a wild flower 
without value, it is prized 
very highly in the East as a 


garden annual. 


Eschscholtzia. 


The tree poppy (Dendro- 
mecon rigidum) of California is six or eight feet 
high and bears brilliant yellow flowers, not unlike 
Eschscholtzia, nearly three inches broad. ‘This is re- 
markable as a shrubby plant belonging to an almost 
wholly herbaceous family, the Papaveracee. 

The poppy is extensively employed in the conven- 


JUNE TO OCTOBER. 149 


tional ornament of India, and one of the most beauti- 
ful finial ornaments in Gothic architecture is called 
the poppy-head. 

Argemone is not as familiar an object in the garden 
as one might wish. The variety called Albiflora is the 
only one commonly cultivated; this has large white 
flowers with yellow anthers. The yellow variety pro- 
duces pretty flowers not as brilliant in color as Esch- 
scholtzia, and therefore less frequently met with in 
the garden. But the pity of it is that poppies are 
such ephemeral characters. Burns says very truly in 
Tam o’ Shanter : 


“ But pleasures are like poppies spread, 
You seize the flower, its bloom is shed.” 


Pot Marigold. Lhe pot marigold, or calendula, is a 


Calendula common garden flower which, in my 
apienalis. — actimation, is not half appreciated. 
The name calendula is suggestive; it comes from the 
Latin calende, first day of the month. It is a fact 
that the calendula will bloom through each month. 
It has a most extraordinary power of supply, and 
from July until late in November, if it is protected 
from frost, it will continue to bloom with unabating 
vigor. It will also bloom in the greenhouse all win- 

ter and through the following spring. 
Its orange and yellow are superb and vie with the 


| 


150 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


magnificent hues of the “schscholtzia ; nothing can 


Pe 


surpass the royal color of the Prince of Orange, and | 


no yellow is purer and stronger 
than that of the lemon or sul- 
phur calendula. The Meteor is 
beautifully striped with pump- 
kin-orange on a yellow ground, 
and Trianon is a bright-yellow 
flower with a brown boss in the 
center. My favorite variety is 
the pale-tinted Le Proust, which 
has a dark center and a circle of 
closely packed, light yellow-buff 
rays. Like the nasturtium, the 
ealendula produces an unlimited 
supply of flowers on the condi- 


tion that the blossoms must be 


Le Proust Calendula. 


continually picked. 

It is a pity that the plant is generally considered 
an ill-scented one; even Gray mentions this little 
drawback. But I like the smell of calendulas; it is 
herby and grateful—at least to my olfactory nerves. 
Perhaps this may be on account of a long-continued 
acquaintance with the flower, but it is a significant 
fact that those who really love Nature’s beautiful 
things take few exceptions to her peculiarities, and I 
will admit that the smell of the calendula is peculiar. 


JUNE TO OCTOBER. 151 


However, if we choose, we may easily cultivate a 
eatholicity of taste which at least will exempt us 
from the danger of one which is prudish. The Eng- 
lish use the calendula to flavor their soups, and the 
leaves are also boiled down in fat for use as a healing 
salve. The term oflicinal, it might be well to men- 
tion just here, is applied to plants which have a com- 
mercial value, and are commonly on sale. As a rule, 
_ many plants have officinal roots; this is the case with 
the true sarsaparilla and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). 
But the calendula is more beautiful than it is useful, 
and the double varieties are extremely ornamental in 
the garden; the petals, or rather corollas, are com- 
pactly fitted together, and are strap-shaped and resem- 
ble the close-fitting little feathers on the neck of a 
bird. What we call the seed of the flower—which is 
a dry, green, rough, curled-up little thing less than 
half an inch in length, with a general resemblance to a 
small green worm—is, botanically speaking, an akene 
or small, dry, one-seeded fruit which is usually mis- 
taken for a naked seed. But the akene is evidently 
more than the seed; it includes the ripened pistil of 
the flower, and upon cutting it open the seed, with its 
shell, is found complete within. The akenes of the 
calendula all belong to the ray flowers; the disk 
flowers are sterile. In the immense Composite fam- 
ily of which the calendula is a member, all the so- 


152 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


called seeds are akenes. A naked seed is instanced 
by that of the portulaca in the Purslane family, — 
where we will find it carefully tucked away with 
many companions in a tiny box with a lid. 
Gaillardia, or In the Gaillardia of our gardens we 
Blanket Flower. really have a cultivated flower which 
Gaillardia is our own—a native of our country. 
pulchella. age 
It originally came from Louisiana, 
and was first brought into France by M. Thouin, a 
professor of agriculture in Paris, 
in 1787. The plant was named 
for a M. Gaillardet, who was a 
patron of botany. It is a pretty 
flower in its single form, slightly 
resembling coreopsis, but is more 
highly colored than the latter 
flower; its hues are varied in 
reds and deep and pale yellows. 
There is a handsome double vari- 
ety named G. Lorenziana, whose 
flowers are mixed yellow and 
flame-color, and somewhat resem- 
ble small chrysanthemums. But 


I fancy the single varieties more. 


Gaillardia. 


It is frequently the case that a 
beautiful single flower gains little or nothing by the 
doubling process. The charming G. amblyodon, of 


JUNE TO OCTOBER. 153 


a blood-red color, is now cultivated in our gardens, 
and is a native of Texas, where it grows in profu- 
sion on the banks of the Brazos. Another beautiful 
cultivated variety is Aurora Borealis, whose colors 
are gold, rich red, and white. G. arzstata grows wild 
in Missouri and farther west, and has also come under 
cultivation. Its showy rays are either yellow through- 
out or are dashed with brownish purple at their base. 
G. lanceolata grows wild south- 
ward from Carolina, in the pine 
barrens, has narrow leaves, and 
flower heads with small yellow 
rays and brownish-purple disks. 
The Gaillardias are both perennials 
and annuals; the varieties G. am- 
blyodon and G. pulchella are an- 
nuals. All are summer flowering 
plants. 
ie The summer chry- 
Chrysanthemum, sSanthemum is a 
Chrysanthemum charming annual 
wen” Neld in high es- 
teem by the farmers’ wives, par- 


ticularly in New England. In summer Chrysanthe- 
mum, Burridgeanum. 


nearly every dooryard, where there 
are any flowers at all, we will be pretty sure to see 


in summer the Coronarium chrysanthemum. The 
11 


154 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


single varieties I do not fancy; they are artificial- 


looking, but withal rather decorative. The double 


flowers are splendid in golden yellow and yellowish 


Love-in a-Mist. 


white, and the plants bloom with 
prodigal liberality. Of the single 
varieties I consider Burridgeanum, 
which is white with a crimson band 
and yellow toward the center, the 
most attractive. 

Love-in-a-Mist,  Love-in-a-mist is 
Nigella Damascena. g peculiar character 
with wiry or misty foliage—which- 
ever you please to call it—and white 
or pale violet-white flowers which 
curiously nestle beneath the fine foli- 
age. It is rather a strange than a 
beautiful flower, but it deserves a 


place in the garden for variety’s sake. It blooms 


throughout the summer, and is an annual which 
has long been a favorite with those who have .a 


taste for the old-fashioned. 


eX 


/\ i — 
CHAPTER XI. SNK 
JUNH, JULY, AUGUST, AND ae y <¥e 
SEPTEMBER. aN 
Loosestrife to Jewelweed. Ses] Se 


FourR-LEAVED 


Four-leaved 5 
Loosestrife. loosestrife, as 

Lysimachia distinguished 
quadrifolia. 


from the oth- 
er common variety, which is 
called yellow loosestrife, may 
be identified by its leaves, 
which generally grow in 
fours on the stem at regu- 
lar intervals. The pretty 
little golden-yellow, — star- 
shaped flowers, with a touch 
of rusty color between each 
point, grow out on a rather 
long, fine stem from the 
point where the leaf joins 
the main stalk. This loose. =<” | 


strife grows thick at the Four-leaved Loosestrife. 
155 


156 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


edge of the thickets which border the meadows of 


Campton, N. H. It is not a striking flower, but it: 


attracts one by its tiny symmetry and pretty yellow 
color. It blooms in early summer, and flourishes 
where the soil is sandy. There is a purple loose- 
strife (Lythrum Salicaria) which blooms in August, 
and is not quite so common as the yellow varieties. 
Its flowers are magenta, and the narrow petals are 
curved and twisted ; the leaves are lance-shaped. It 
grows in wet ground. 

Common Loosestrife. ‘The common loosestrife grows in 
Lysimachia stricta. low, wet ground, and may easily be 
distinguished from the four-leaved variety by its 
branching habit and its flower cluster which termi- 
nates the stem; it is also more leafy. The color 
effect of this flower, growing thickly beneath the 
scattered groups of low birch and elder-berry which 
dot the intervales in the White Mountain region, is 
very beautiful. The yellow color blends softly with 
the shadowy green of the foliage in July. I re- 
member no prettier sight than a long belt of loose- 
strife which skirts the shrubbery surrounding a re- 
treat to which the boys resort on the warm July 
days—the popular bathing place. Loosestrife may be 
found almost anywhere ; not only with the environ- 
ment just described, but on the banks of the beautiful 
rivers which wind through the Vermont hills, in the 


% 
‘ 


JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 157 


valley of the Hudson, beside the streams which flow 
through the Catskills, and in the immediate vicinity 
of Boston. It is interesting to 


know that the dainty, white star- 
flower is closely related to loose- 
strife. They both belong to the 
‘Primrose family. 

Turtle-head. The turtle-head 
Chelone glabra. may be found 
with the same sur- 
roundings as the 
loosestrife, or per- 
haps down close by 
the river. It is a 
reserved character, 
and in this respect 
resembles the closed 
gentian in having a 
shut-up look! Its 
flowers are white or 
pinkish, and bloom 
in August. It is a 
relative of the gar- 
den snap dragon. 
My sketch will be 
sufficient for its iden- if 

tification. | Mirtle hoad: 


— ea 
¥ 3 
a a 


ag 


158 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Tall Meadow-Rue. ‘T'he beautiful tall meadow-rue be- 
Phalictrum Cornuti. ging to show its plumes of feathery. 
white flowers in early summer when the yellow field 
lily is in full bloom. I call to 
: nate mind a lovely spot on the mead- 
ows of Campton, N. H., 
7 5 ges, where the graceful lilies — 


AS 


CH 


hang their score of golden 
bells against a shady 
background of low 
birch which is lighted 
up here and there by 
the soft, white bloom 
of the tall mead- 


ap 


Lf aN 
Bah 
af We 7 
\} 
S Y 
4 Ya 


= ow-rue; such a 
picture one can 
not forget; and the 
sleepy heat of a July 
day, the hum of insects, the 


Mi fe buzz of a lazy bumblebee, 
wv f r Xda and the rustling of tall grass 
fa disturbed by the flight of a 
Te, Tall Meadow- ground sparrow —these are 


Rue, 


all the living parts of a pic- 
ture in which the meadow-rue’s tall and graceful 
figure stands supreme. The ornamental blue-green 
leaves are well worth close study, as they are charm- 


JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 159 


ingly decorative ; it is also interesting to notice how 
like they are to the leaves of the Anemonella thalic- 
troides. 

Early Meadow-Rue, There is another quite common 
Thalictrum dioicum. meadow-rue (7. diotcum) which, it 
seems to me, ought to be called wood rue, as it near- 
ly always grows on the borders of the forest. This 
variety is about eighteen inches tall, and bears in- 
significant brownish-green flowers which fail to at- 
tract one when they appear in late spring. 

Thorn-Apple. The thorn-apple, so called on ac- 
Datura Stramonium. count of its round, green, thorny 
fruit, is one of the rankest-smell- 
ing weeds in existence. It is 
only necessary for one to crush 
a leaf or stem between the fin- 
gers to be thoroughly assured of 
the fact that the weed is repul- 
sively rank—not attractively rank 


like the onion. Memory recalls 
a certain empty lot next to the 
house in which I lived in Brook- Ley 
lyn where there was a rubbish 

heap pretty well ornamented with this white-flow- 
ered Datura. I transplanted some of the weed in 
my garden, and was ridiculed for the bad taste dis- 


played in liking such a rank thing; but the flowers 


Se x sy 
a : 


160 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


were beautiful to my boyish eyes, and now the mag- 
nificent D. cornucopia, which is but a recent highly - 
cultivated variety of the same flower, is greatly sought 
after by those who wish to ornament their gardens. 
The flower has a long, tubular five-pointed corolla set 
in a long, light-green calyx. It blooms in early sum- 
mer, and is a familiar object in open lots around New 
York and the cities of northern New Jersey. I never 
found it in New Hampshire. 

The spreading dogbane is so com- 


Spreading p ; 
Dogbane. mon all over the country in thickets 
Apocynum and woody dells that one can not fail 


androsemifolium. 


to find it without the effort of a reg- 
ular search. It is easy to identify the small, loose 
clusters of tiny, pinky-white, bell-shaped flowers 
which resemble lilies-of-the-valley, and grow on 
a bush that bears smallish, oval, dull, light-green 
leaves; on breaking off a stem it exudes a sticky 
milk-white juice, as the milkweed does. The flowers 
are quite as beautiful as many small garden favorites, 
and in my estimation they are individually more at- 
tractive by reason of their delicious dainty pink flush 
than the lily-of-the-valley. This seems flat heresy, 
but in defense of the preference for a common wild 
flower I would venture to predict that if some horti- 
culturist should succeed in producing a lily-of-the- 
valley with the dainty pink coloring of the dogbane, 


JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 161 


such a flower with its charming perfume would be 
wildly admired by every lover of flowers. Such is 
the disadvantage of the wild flower that its beauty is 
discounted if it has not reached an abnormal devel- 


Spreading Dogbane. 


opment, and its charms are unheeded if it does not 
throw out a perfume strong enough to entice the 


ia 
ae 
Kai 


162 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


passer-by. The dogbane blooms 


in early summer, and it is often 
found in the company of the 
milk weed. 
Common Milkweed. The com- 
Asclepias Cornutt. mon milk- 
weed needs no introduc- 
tion; its pretty pods of 
white silk are familiar to 
every child, who treas- 
ures them until the time epee 
comes when the place 
in which they are 
stowed away 
is one mass of bewil- 
dering, un- 
manageable 
white fluff. Then 
there are vague 
talks about stuff- 
ing pillows and all 
that sort of thing ; 
but the first attempt 
to manipulate the law- 
less, airy down usually - 
results in disastrous 
confusion; and whole 


Milkweed Down. 


JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 163 


masses go floating away on the slightest zephyr. 
Of course, there is more fun in chasing milkweed 
down than in patiently stuffing a pillow; so the 
milkweed has its own way and goes sailing off to 
scatter its seeds hither and thither, and the pillow, 
perhaps, is filled with the aromatic balsam fir. But, 
before the last tiny tuft of silk has escaped with 
its balancing brown seed, we must place it under 
the microscope and examine the bronze-colored seed 
and the strange downy sail. Can one imagine any- 
thing more perfect? Place some bits of white sewing 
silk beside the sheeny silk of Nature, and the former 
will look like coarse, white rope. Gray must have 
been puzzled to know how to! describe the color of 
the milkweed’s flowers; what a predicament for Na- 
ture to put a color-blind botanist in! She has evi- 
dently mixed up all the colors on her palette and 
painted the beautiful blossoms in absolutely neutral 
tints. Gray does not stop to analyze the color, but 
dismisses the matter by labeling the flower “ dull 
greenish purplish.” Now, if we will take the paint 
box and mix pure green and pure purple together, 
and then throw in a tiny bit of black to get the 
“dull” effect, we will not approach the color of the 
milkweed’s flower. No, Nature did not produce her 
color that way; the flower is neither green nor pur- 
ple, nor a mixture of those colors, but is a neutralized 


nat ae 


164 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


brown, so we must call it brown, with modifications 
which fit the case. My modification, then, would be - 
pale lavender brown, with a few touches of pale- 
brown lavender. For the in- 
dorsement of my statement I 
must refer to the microscope ; 
under it the colors will show 
themselves detinitely, and the 
flower will also prove to be 
exquisitely formed. The milk- 
weed is in blossom during the 


Milkweed. early part of the summer ; its 
heavy perfume is cloying ; in other words, it is alto- 
gether too sweet. 

Butterfly Weed. Lhe butterfly weed is a variety of 
Asclepias tuberosa. milkweed which is very common 
through New England, particularly in the vicinity 
of Cape Cod. It grows in dry sandy places, blooms 
in midsummer, and stains the pas- 


{ 
\ 


tures with a brilliant orange-color, ~\\\ / 


‘ fi 4 


—— 


{ 
which, I should think, would set a a \ v Eze 
colorist of the impressionist school eo 
quite wild. The shape of the flow- wating seed of But- 
ers is almost exactly like that of the ae 
common milkweed; but, unlike the latter plant, the 
stems and stalks when broken do not exude a plenti- 
ful supply of sticky “milk.” I have drawn the seed 


JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 165 


pod, which is slenderer than that of common milk- 
weed, and more interesting ; it bursts later, and holds 
on its ragged-looking contents bet- 
ter, thus giving the dried and 
shriveled plant a weird appearance, 
suggestive of a wild, gray-haired 
witch. 

Harebell. The dainty harebell, 
Campanula which looks so frail 

rotundifolia. that it seems as 
though a cold gust of wind might 
wither its transparent blue and 
break its delicate stem, is one of 


the hardiest of all our smaller wild  geed pod of the Butter- 
flowers. This flower is, in fact, no eae 
other than the rugged bluebell of Scotland. It will 
be found blooming in the meadows in early June, 
and northward it can be gathered on the mountain 
tops as late as September. I have found perfect 
specimens on the slopes of Mount Washington and 
on the edges of the rocky cliffs which flank the 
southern side of Mount Willard, in the Crawford 
Notch, as late as the 20th of September. The pretty 
little blue, pointed bells can be often seen hanging over 
a precipice and swinging at every passing breeze with a 
fearlessness which one would expect in a larger flower 
with a bolder aspect. But goats and bluebells are 


166 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


quite at home on rocky preci- 
pices, and it would take more ~ 
than a cyclone to disturb the 
sure footing of either. I 
have seen a little plant, eight 
inches high, bend its wiry 
stem prone beneath the blast, 
and yet the half dozen flower 
bells it held were not broken 
off nor injured. Those of us 
whose gardens have been vis- 
ited by the sudden gale which 
will sometimes precede a 
thunderstorm know what sad 
havoe it works among flow- 
ers which have every appear- 
ance of strength. But it is 
the stout oak which falls with 
a crash in a high wind which 
only bends the supple reed. 
The harebell was built to 
stand the mountain storm. 
The flower has a beautiful 
purple color, scarcely ap- 
proaching blue; this color is 


so charmingly graduated 
Harebell. within the bell that in its 


JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 167 


depths it is misty-looking. The color of the anthers 
and the stamens, five in number, are surprisingly 
pretty when viewed 


through a mag- 
nifying glass; 
the stems and 
leaves are wiry 
and tough; but 
the tenderer 
round leaf, from 
which the plant gets its botan- 
ical name, springs directly from 
the root and dies early. 

Self-heal. The very famil- 
wrunetamulgars. ar ashy - cream 
heads of this small blue (more 
correctly blue-purple) flower 
called self-heal are 
ever present be- 
side the road and 
on the edge of 


the pasture. All summer long 


the tireless little flower blossoms 
ayes almost anywhere we may hap- 
pen to look. It is provoking to see a common thing 
so constantly and yet not to know its name; and I 


venture to say there are but few of: us who recognize 


168 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


itas Brunella. But one can claim only a scraping 
acquaintance with a flower who knows it by sight. 
and by name; Brunella, I think, deserves more at- 
tention. If a good specimen is placed under the mi- 
croscope, it will reveal quite a pretty little face. 
We can not see its perfect form without the glass ; 
the upper part is hooded over, and the lower has a 
flange on either side and a lip below which seem 
to invite the passing bumblebee to step in and take 
a sip of honey. There is pretty nearly always a 
yellow-striped visitor hanging on one of these purple 
flowers of the self-heal; his head is buried up to 
his ears in the tiny corolla, and we must shake him 
off if we wish to get a close view of the pretty little 
stamens and pistil which are encircled by the minia- 
ture, soft purple throat. The flower is in bloom 
from June to October. 
Comma The common meadow-sweet is com- 
Meadow-Sweet. non enough in some places, but rare 
Spirea salicifolia. + others. I have never found it in 
the southern Catskills nor in the northern part of 
New Jersey, although I dare say it grows in both 
localities. In m y estimation, a flower is common when 
you see it without the slight exertion of looking for 
it. Ihave never /ooked for the flower in the locali- 
ties mentioned ; but experiences differ, and some peo- 
ple are fortunate in finding things which are not com- 


JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 169 


mon, in very common places. One does not need to 
look for the soft plumes of the meadow-sweet in the 
moist nooks of the highways among the White Hills 
during the early summer; they are before one’s eyes 
everywhere. Damp ground or dry, it is all the same ; 
there is the pretty bush with its plume of pinkish-white 
flowers directly before us. J find it, too, quite as com- 
mon in the Berkshire country; and Dora Read Good- 
ale says: 


“. . . she follows every turn 
With spires of closely clustered bloom, 
And all the wildness of the place, 
The narrow pass, the rugged ways, 
But give her larger room. 


“ And near the unfrequented road, 
By waysides scorched with barren heat, 
In clouded pink or softer white 
She holds the summer’s generous light— 
Our native meadow-sweet! ” 


But it was a New England girl who wrote this, and 
very true it is so far as New England is concerned ; 
but look for the flower in the vicinity of Lake George, 
and the poetry does not apply. 
Hardhack, or Hardhack, or steeple bush, is another 
Steeple Bush. Spirwa just a little different from 
Spinaa tomentosa. yeadow-sweet. The flowers are pink- 
er, the plume is perpendicular and sharp-pointed, the 


under side of the leaves and also the brown stems are 
12 


170 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


o, and the terminal bloom is 


x cottony-looking, 


Anes more apt to look brown and faded below 
shies and fresh above. Gray says the flowers 
are rose-purple in color; this is not cor- 
rect, as the term rose-purple is anom- 
alous; rose-color (if one may be per- 
mitted to repeat so indefinite a term) 
is usually pure pink, and pink is re- 
moved from a purplish tint by an 
unavoidably intermediate crimson 
one. So Gray evidently means ma- 
genta-pink. But the flowers are 


t 7% S ) 
x2 i aie ~=—not this color; they vary in a 
Rin, ‘ D1 gel 4 
Sn. fe range of pink between the ver- 
i P 
S| Leet hie ; 
Sa! milion kind and the crimson 


kind. I am absolutely explicit 
in thus naming the color; the 
pink never approaches purple 
nearer than the crimson point. 
One glance at the tiny haw- 
thornlike flowers through the 
magnifying glass is a wonder- 
ful revelation: we involunta- 
rily express some surprise that 
Nature should take so much 
pains about the detail of such 
Hardhack. a tiny thing; what a waste of 


JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND 


l/ fa Jewel-weed, or 
Touch-me-not. 


GY Jewel-Weed. Impatiens pallida. 
Impatiens fulva. 


SEPTEMBER. 171 


a “sin- 


energy ! 
gle spike of the 
fussy, insignifi- 
eant flowers is 
transformed into 
the semblance of 
a peach tree in 
full bloom; but 
there is a family 
likeness here, for 
both — hardhack 
and peach belong 
to the Rose fam- 
ily. Thus does 
the commonplace 
flower which we 


have passed with 


indifference all summer long 


become interesting. 


The jewel-weed 
is common every- 
where ; it may 


be found beside 


the horse trough, or overhanging the spring, or in 


some shady dell where a tiny stream flows sluggishly 


along through the soft ground. The weed frequent- 


ly has some bedstraw clinging to it, and it is always 


é — 
<" 7 J i. ¥ ‘ 

A ee fant d ~ i? , 
4 5 See ws -* 4 
- 7 a ini 3 7 ite Mee 
; eal | > - Ss 

AS ae 


172 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN 


associated in my mind with the latter sweet-smel] 
vine, whose perfume is like sweet alyssum. But 
flower of the jewel-weed is scentless, and is o 
pretty in color, which is a spotty orange-yellow, 


to learn that it is closely related to this favo 
flower of our grandmothers’ gardens. The vari 
called 7. fulva is common South, and has deepe r. 
colored flowers. Both varieties bloom all through 
the summer. oa 


CHAPTER XII. 


JULY TO OCTOBER. 


Toadflax to Bouncing Bet. 


Toadflax, or ToADFLAX is 
Butter and Eggs. 


Piste ouliorie. another pret- 

ty wild flower 
which is common everywhere, 
in the field and beside the 
road. The children’s name 
for it, butter and eggs, so far 
as colors are concerned, is 
remarkably appropriate ; the 
blossom has an egg-orange- 
colored protuberance in the 
center with pale butter-col- 
ored flanges above and below. 
A full spike of the flower is 
very symmetrical, and a quan- 
tity of them closely grouped 
is a pretty sight indeed. The 


flowers have a cheery look, 
173 


VA 
\ 


y Wr 
N\A 


Toadflax. 


Uy, 


174 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


like the flock of daffodils on the margin of the lake 


which Wordsworth sang about; but no one of our. 


poets sings the praises of butter and eggs, and their 
dainty coloring brightens the dullness of waste places 
beside our highways in vain—yet not quite in vain, 
for the flower is a great favorite among the chil- 
dren. It is very common in the Catskills, but rather 
rare in the heart of the White Mountains. It deco- 
rates every empty city lot, and yet it is not a native 
of our country, but was brought here from Europe. 
It is in bloom from July until late October. 

Wild Blue Toadflax. There is another, blue-colored wild 
Linaria Canadensis. toadflax, common in the Middle 
States though rarely found down East, which is not 
nearly so pretty as its orange and yellow relative. 
It is pale blue-purple in color, has a rather scrawny 
flower stalk, and frequently lies prone on the ground 
with the small flowers more or less injured with 
dust and sand. This variety also blooms until late 
in October. Toad-flax is first cousin to the beautiful 
garden snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), which is 
resplendent in purple, violet-blue, and transparent 
white. A. maurandioides is a Texan and Mexican 
variety in cultivation with violet flowers which spring 
from the leaf axils. A. Orontiwm is a pale purplish 
flower, and a weed of old gardens; the plant is 
smaller than the preceding one. 


JULY TO OCTOBER. 175 


Common Yarrow. Yarrow 1s 
Achillea the common- 


Millefolium. + kind of 
a common weed, whose gray- 
white flower heads are utter- 
ly unattractive even to those 
who profess to be fond of 
flowers. But, before passing 
the weed in disdain, it will 
be worth our while to pick a 
small piece and place it under 
the glass for closer inspec- 
tion. Ah! what a change! 
—the uninteresting weed at 
once assumes an attractive 
look. The little gray cen- 
ters, which are: called the 
flower heads, are minutely 
and perfectly formed, and are 
as symmetrically arranged as 
the markings on what we 
eall “brain coral.” Around 
these flower heads are four, 
sometimes five, white rays. 


There is a pretty pink vari- 


ety of the yarrow, in which 


these rays instead of being Yarrow. 


176 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


white are delicately tinted with pink. I found this 


variety quite plentiful in an old cemetery in Camp- 


ton, N. H. The yarrow blooms from July until Oc- 
tober. It has a pleasant herby smell. 
Indian Tobacco. The Indian tobacco (from which is 
Lobelia inflata. obtained a noted quack medicine) is 
one of the least interesting of our blue wild flow- 
ers; it is quite common in some of the poorest fields 
of New York and Massachusetts. I never happened 
to meet the plant in New Hampshire—one does not 
always find everything in one spot, and as the search 
was confined to a limited region in the latter State, I 
have no doubt that several varieties of Lobelia might 
be found there—but there is plenty of Indian tobac- 
co in the vicinity of Boston. This variety grows 
about one foot high and bears on the tip of the stem 
a number of purple flowers which resemble the culti- 
vated variety called Z. er7nus, which comes to us from 
the Cape of Good Hope. On the banks of the Pemige- 
wasset River, in shady places where the ground is wet, 
will be found the smaller Z. Aalmii; this variety 
bears pretty little blue-purple flowers—much prettier 
and bluer than Indian tobacco. L. syphalitica is the 
largest variety of this flower, but, in my estimation, 
not the prettiest. Its flowers are pale and purplish ; 
and, although they are arranged showily on a stalk 
about twenty inches high, they can not be called 


JULY TO OCTOBER. apr 


handsome, like their relative the cardinal 
flower. It is perfectly plain in this in- 
stance that color is the most important 
element of beauty in a flower. The 
Lobelias bloom in midsummer. 


Cardinal Flower. The magnificent red 
Lobelia cardinalis. of the eardinal 


Zale 
mG 


flower fully entitles it to its 


y 


name. There is no other wild 


flower which approaches it 
in color. In August the 
flower is in its prime, and it 
will be found in marshy 
ground and on the edge of 
the pasture, where the par- 
tial shade of the neighboring 
woods relieves the bright red 
in a very charming fashion. 
I have found the flower 
in the Catskills, but 
never in the White 
Mountains ; it is com- 
mon in the Berkshires, 
and grows here and 
there over the country 
in a latitude, generally 


speaking, not north of \ Cardinal Flower. 


178 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Albany. But, again, I must claim that this is a limi- 
tation based only upon personal experience. At any 
rate, I do not consider the flower common, as I have 
searched for it in vain in many of the moist meadows 
of New Hampshire. The brilliant blossom is pecul- 
iarly formed; it has two narrow lateral flanges, and 
beneath these droop the three broader points of the 
lower lip; above this the corolla tube sticks straight 
out with a touch of yellow at its tip. This tube is so 
narrow and long that the bees have no luck in the 
hunt for honey; it is very amusing to see how both- 
ered they are about getting in—of course they have 
to give it up! Then a humming bird comes along, 
balancing himself before the slender tube, and easily 
licks all the honey out with his long tongue. 

The beautiful, brilliant flower is so often seen 
beside a pool of water that Dr. Holmes’s verse 
exactly describes its environment : 


“ The cardinal, and the blood-red spots, 
Its double in the stream; | 
As if some wounded eagle’s breast, 
Slow throbbing o’er the plain, 
Had left its airy path impressed 
In drops of scarlet rain.” 


Wild Sunflower. | By the middle of summer the wild 
Helianthus giganteus. sunflower appears here and there 
beside the road, with its light-yellow disks lighting 
up the shadows which are cast by the neighboring 


JULY TO OCTOBER. eat yc. 


trees and brightening for a season the dense leafy 
growth which fills the nooks and corners of the 
wayside. The plant grows about four feet high, 


Wild Sunflower. 


and has rather narrow, dark-green leaves which have 
a rough feeling. The flower is at the most only 
three inches in diameter ; its center is a deeper yellow 
than the rays, and often a trifle greenish. My im- 
pression of the general appearance of this wild sun- 


flower is that it is prolific in green leaves and sparing 


VEL 
= 
a = 
“4 


ae 


180 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


in yellow flowers, in this respect showing a great con- 
trast with its cultivated garden relative (a flower of 
the same size) called Sut- 
ton’s Miniature. This 
last-named variety is as 
abundant in golden bloom 
as it is in shiny, birchlike 
leafage. But, between 
the two varieties, perhaps 
the wild sunflower is 
more dainty and delicate 
in both color and form; 
its fault is rather that we 


do not see enough of it. 


Tansy. Tansy is the 
Tanacsium ailgare. very Cotte 
yellow flower which looks like 
a thick cluster of ox-eye daisies 
with the white rays all picked 
Piso off. The name comes from its 
Ly sf character of durability; it is a 
corruption of Athanasia, meaning un- 
tansy, dying. It blooms and smells strong 
all summer, and, dried, lasts and 
smells stronger all winter. The plant is gathered by 
the country folk, who dry it in the kitchen and make 
a perfectly vile tasting tea of its leaves, which is said 


JULY TO OCTOBER. 181 


to be excellent in assisting measles “to come out” on 
the children who are suffering with it in an incipient 
stage. Alas for the children!—the cure is nearly as 
bad as the disease. Tansy grows everywhere, and one 
can easily find it by the 
road or in the field. It 
came here from Europe. I 


never found any in the 


Pemigewasset Valley, but it 
is common in every village in 
Massachusetts ; it is also plenti- 
ful in the region of the Catskill 
Mountains. Its aromatic smell 
is far from unpleasant. 

Wild Carrot. (The wild carrot, 

Daucus Carota. — sometimes called 
bird’s nest, is a familiar flower 
of every wayside and _ pasture. 
Its head of grayish green-white 
flowers is broad and concave 
at the top, and before it has 


Wild Carrot. 


quite reached maturity it is 

hollowed exactly like a bird’s nest; so the flower is 
appropriately named. Under the magnifying glass 
the tiny flowers at once lose all appearance of confu- 
sion, and reveal a regularity of growth quite unex- 


pected by the casual observer; the little petals are 


182 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


more or less unequal, but not enough so to make the 
flowers look deformed ; on the margin of the cluster - 


they are large and more perfect. There is a certain 


yo 
Mullein. 


Old World. 


intricacy in the details of the plant 
which makes one think it looks fussy ; 
but this idea is relinquished as soon as 
it is examined under the glass, and we 
are impressed with the fact that Na- 
ture’s handiwork, when it comes to 
little things, is simply exquisite. The 
wild carrot was brought to this country 
from Europe, and is common in New 
York State and in many localities down 
East; but I have found very few speci- 
mens in New Hampshire. It flowers 
in midsummer, and its general resem- 
blance to caraway at once points to the 
fact that the two plants are closely re- 
lated. 

Mullein. The _ mullein, whose 
Verbaseum Thapsus. yygeed perpendicular 
stalk is seen rising from its stony set- 
ting in a hillside pasture, is a familiar 
object with every one, North and South. 
Here, again, is another native of the 


It is a strange circumstance that many 


of our most familiar summer wild flowers are noé 


JULY TO OCTOBER. 183 


American, while those that ave do not, as a rule, fre- 
quent the roadsides or the waste places around our 
cities. The steeple bush and the cardinal flower, for 
instance, prefer the open country ; but tansy, chicory, 
wild carrot, thorn-apple, and toadflax are veritable 
tramps who keep company with each other on the 
outskirts of every town and city. But the mullein 
prefers the pasture land, where, on the edge of some 
hillock, it often poses for the artist in a picturesque 
costume of pale yellow and green, with its feet hid- 
den among the gray stones, and its head relieved by 
the somber background of a gray thundercloud. 
Nothing is softer or more delicate in color than the 
pale-green, velvety leaves when they first appear 
above ground. The flowers bloom all summer. 
Chicory. Chicory is one of our prettiest blue 
Cichorium Intybus. flowers; it is blue enough to call it 
blue, although I must call attention to the fact that 
blue in a pure state does not exist on the petal of 
any flower, wild or cultivated. I might with justice 
except the familiar forget-me-not, whose quality of 
color is very nearly a pure one. But chicory some- 
times shows a very good blue, so we will not quarrel 
with it. The little flower straps are singularly 
like those of the dandelion, and this fact betrays its 
close relationship with the latter flower. Not only 
these straps, but the center of the flower (the stamens 


184 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


and styles) looks very much like 


scope the chicory blossom shows 
a charming misty purple-blue 
color which one wishes might 
be oftener seen among our wild 
flowers. It is common in west- 
ern New York and in many 
parts of New Jersey; but Gray 
says it is “mainly east,’ mean- 
ing east, possibly, of such a point 
as Buffalo. However, in many 
localities north and northeast of 
Boston it is quite absent. It can 
be found in almost any empty 
lot in either Brooklyn or Phila- 
delphia, but I have never seen it 
in the hill country south of the 
White Mountains, or in the vi- 
cinity of Lake Champlain. It 
blooms from June to Octo- 
ber. Endive (C. Endivia), the 
slightly bitter root leaves of 
which make an excellent 
salad, is a very 
near relative of 
the blue chicory. 


the dandelion. Under the micro-. 


M4 


JULY TO OCTOBER. 185 
Common Everlasting is so well known by 
Everlasting, : ; ; 
every one that it needs no descrip- 
Gnaphalium 


polycephalum. tion here; yet the 
little white flowers are so much like 
miniature pond lilies under the micro- 
scope that the resemblance is amus- 
ing, 
thing becomes beautiful; but what 


and the regularly formed little 


appears to be tiny white petals are 
in reality a number of scales called 
the involucre, or flower envelop ; 
the central whitish or yellow part 
constitutes the flower head. An 
analysis of this under a rather 
powerful glass is quite interesting. 
The plant is conspicuous in every 
field by its cottony foliage, which is 
pale sage-green in color. Pearly 
everlasting (Anaphalis marga- 
ritacea) has a broader flower 
cluster, is generally whiter, and 
grows in dry fields and near the 
woods. 


Bur-Marigold,or lhe bur-mari- 


Beggar-ticks, = gold is a wretch- 


Bidens fi Sle ; 
idens frondosa ed weed with 


Everlasting. 


rather pretty conventional leafage, but unattractive 


13 


186 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


rusty-yellow flowers without rays. The seed vessels 
are barb-pointed and catch on one’s clothes and in the 
wool of sheep, and are thus transported to different 
localities. I remember 

spending “oceans” of wy 
time divesting my woolen & Ww A i ‘\ 
stockings of the thorny TOYO 
little objects, which I had <aeo WW 


gathered unawares in the 


passage through a pasture 

on a certain slope of the 
White Hills. A knicker- 
bocker suit is undoubtedly 
best adapted to mountain 
tramps, but one is a “ tramp” 
in reality if his stockings en- 
counter the magic touch of the 
beggar-ticks. Each separate seed 
vessel demands individual atten- 
tion; brushes are of no avail. 
The bur-marigold blooms in 
August. 


: > Bidens chrysanthe- 
There is another variety, called moides. 


B. chrysanthemoides, which bears 
pretty yellow-rayed flowers about two inches in di- 
ameter which resemble coreopsis; the bur-marigold, 


in fact, is closely related to the coreopsis and sun- 


JULY TO OCTOBER. 187 


flower, and the general resemblance of all three may 
be accounted for as a family likeness. B. chrysan- 
themoides grows in wet places and reaches a height 


of about two feet. 


Bouncing Bet 
Bouncing Bet, & 
or Soapwort, Comes to us 
Saponaria from Europe; 
officinalis. 


she is a culti- 


vated rather than a wild 


character. Still, she has 

escaped the confines of the gar- 
den, and may be found any day 
| in summer basking in the sunshine 
an 2 beside the road and in the vicinity of 
ye =~ some old homestead. The flowers are 


Di ' the most delicate crimson pink imagi- 
y y nable—a tint so light that we might 
Mf eall it a pinkish white. It is well to 

f notice that the joints of the plant have 


Bouncing Bet. Cas 
a swollen appearance; this is a char- 


acteristic feature of members of the Pink family, 
to which the soapwort belongs. The plant grows 
from one to two feet high. 


CHAPTER XIII. 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 


Petunia to Tritoma. 


Petunia. 


Tue garden annual petunia gets its 


P. nyctaginiflora name from petwn, the aboriginal term 


and P. violacea. 


for tobacco. It belongs to the Night- 


shade family, and is a near relative of common to- 


Yr 


- f 
Giant of California, Petunia. 


bacco. The species P. nycta- 
giniflora and P. violacea and 
their hybrids are the common 
petunias of our gardens. The 
former variety is white, and 
may still be obtained from the 
seedsmen under that name. 

e latter variety, with origi- 
nally purple and magenta 
flowers, has now become so 
changed by supercultivation 
that it is rarely presented in 
its primitive form. The finest 


of all the petunias are called Giants of California; 


they are hybrids raised in that country by a lady 


188 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 189 


whose health demanded outdoor exercise in a warm, 
sunny climate;* these flowers measure four or five 
inches across and possess exceedingly delicate and bril- 
liant hues. Another beautiful petunia is called Green 
Margin. It is supposed that a green flower does not 
exist; but I have raised in my garden specimens of 
this variety showing a broad corolla eighty 
per cent of which was bright green; the 
rest was magenta veined with ultramarine. 
Molucca Balm is another green flower 
sometimes seen in old gardens. The pe- 


tunia is strong in purple-reds and _steel- 


blues, colors which are not sufficiently ap- 
preciated for their sober beauty. There “°"°*P!™ 
are several paintings by that most spiritual artist, 
Edward Burne-Jones, in which it is evident he has 
imitated the petunia’s colors. I might instance the 
one entitled “The Baleful Head,” where the armor 
of Perseus is exactly the steel-blue-purple color of the 
outside of a magenta petunia, Aermesina splendens 


is a lovely variety with flowers of a rich crimson- 


* This magnificent strain of petunias was discovered among 
Mr. W. Atlee Burpie’s Defiance petunias (another strain of splen- 
did color and form) by Mrs. T. Gould, of Ventura, Cal. The 
Giants of California, which I have cultivated with great success, 
were raised from seed obtained from Peter Henderson & Co., New 
York. The varieties were named Aurora, Midnight, Titania, and 
Rainbow. 


e 


190 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


magenta hue. The double varieties I do not consider 
esthetically a success. The plants bloom through. 
summer and early autumn. 
Two near relatives of the 
petunia are WVicotiana af- 
Jinis, a sweet-scented, white- 
flowered tobacco, whose blos- 
soms open toward evening, 
and WV. Tabacum, with fun- 
nel-formed, pink-edged flow- 


ers which have no perfume ; 


the latter variety is hardly 


Nicotiana Affinis. 


beautiful enough to deserve 
a place in the garden, and I have banished it from 
mine. The tobacco blooms in late summer and early 


autumn. 
Larkspur. The larkspur of our gardens comes 
Delphinium. variously from Europe, Siberia, and 


China. It has a lovely spear of deep blue or purple 
flowers which gracefully waves to and fro in every 
passing zephyr. It flowers in summer. LD. formo- 
sum celestinum is a charming large-flowered variety 
with a soft, light, ultramarine-blue color. . elatum 
(Bee Larkspur) is cultivated from Europe, and is 
quite tall, bearing flowers in a great variety of colors, 
both single and double. These varieties are peren- 
nial. D. Consolida is a European annual variety 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 191 


which has here and there escaped from the garden 
to the roadside. D. Ajacis (Rocket Larkspur) is a 
common garden variety like the foregoing, except 
that the flowers are crowded in a 
long raceme (stalk), and are more 
showy; and the spur is shorter. It 
has something like ten distinct vari- 
eties of color, mostly ranging through 
blue, purple, and crimson. There 
are three varieties native to this coun- 
try, which are found mostly south 
and west of Pennsylvania. They are 
named J). azurewm, with blue or 
white flowers which appear in spring; 
D. tricorne, a dwarf variety one foot 
high with flowers like the foregoing, 


but more showy; and DP. exaltatwm, 


Larkspur. 


a tall variety resembling the garden 
rocket, which flowers in summer. These wild varie- 
ties are all perennials. A very beautiful blue variety, 
which grows wild among the Pyrenees, is called D. 
peregrinum ; this is one of the bluest wild flowers 
I have ever seen, excepting the gentians of the Alps 
and Pyrenees. Larkspur is a member of the Crow- 
foot family, and is therefore related to the butter- 
cup, nigella, columbine, monkshood, baneberry, and 
black snakeroot. 


192 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Hollyhock. The old-fashioned hollyhock _ still 

Althea rosea. holds its place in the modern gar- 
den, but the old single variety is rapidly being dis- 
placed by a new double one which is as full as the 
fullest rose and quite as beautiful. The colors of 
these double flowers are rose-pink, salmon, white, 
primrose-yellow, lilac, magenta, deep red, and ma- 
roon. Unfortunately, the double variety is not as 
hardy as the single, but it is more beautiful in point 
of color effect. For form I still consider the single 
flower unsurpassed in beauty, and most decorative. 
The hollyhock comes to us from Syria. It flowers in 
summer and early autumn. The marsh mallow (A. 
officinalis), the root of which is used to make marsh 
mallow paste, is a very near relative of the hollyhock, 
and grows wild on our Eastern coast. The clusters of 
flowers are pale crimson-pink ; the corolla is about an 
inch in diameter. Musk mallow (J/alva moschata), 
formerly common in old-fashioned gardens but now 
frequently met with beside the road, is also a rela- 
tive of the hollyhock; one has only to look the lit- 
tle flower square in the face to recognize at once a 
family likeness between it and the .queenly garden 
favorite. The flowers of musk mallow are white, or 
extremely pale magenta-pink; the leaves are cut 
into slender lobes. It blooms in summer. Jf. 7o- 
tundifolia is a little plant with heart-shaped leaves 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 1938 


and pink-white flowers, which is found in similar 
situations. 
Scarlet Prof. Meehan calls the scarlet rose- 
Rose-Mallow. mallow “ probably the most gorgeous 
Hibiscus coceineus. f ol the plants indigenous to the 
United States,” and I think he is quite right. A 
glorious red-scarlet flower it certainly is, and scarlet 
wild flowers are extreme- 
ly rare—in fact, it would 
be difficult for me to 
think of more than this 
one. The cardinal flower 
is not scarlet, but intense 
red. This scarlet mallow 
grows in deep marshes 
near the coast from 
Carolina southward. It 
has been cultivated and 
grows well in the North, 
if it is placed in the 
greenhouse during the 
cold months. The flow- 


er has five large petals, 


Scarlet Rose-Mallow. 


and measures six or eight 

inches across. /7. Moscheutos (Swamp Rose-Mallow) 
is a similar flower with pale-pink petals, which grows 
-in the North. Both bloom in late summer. JZ. 


194 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Syriacus is the name of the shrubby althzea, or rose 


of sharon, which has a flower like the single holly-. 


hock, and thus unmistakably shows its relationship 


with the latter flower. It is a native of the Levant, 


Blazing-Star. 


and flowers in late summer and 
early autumn. It is interesting to 
know that cotton (Gossypium her- 
baceum) is a member of the Mal- 
low family, and is therefore a dis- 
tant relative of the hollyhock. 
Blazing-Star. The blazing-star is 
Liairia scorns. a» heantifolosemaae 
mon wild flower, whose spherical, 
purple flower-clusters are thickly 
or thinly, as the case may be, ar- 
ranged along the tall stem which 
in New England, in swampy places 
by the sea, attains a height of four 
or five feet. Out West the plant 
does not grow so high, but it is 
very common, according to ac- 
counts of Prof. Meehan, in In- 
dian Territory, and is found as 
far south as Florida. The purple 
flowers are very beautiful, and re- 


mind one of the garden beauty called mourning bride 


(Scabiosa). 


The plant is in bloom in late summer. 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 195 


Viper’s Bugloss, Along the banks of the Hudson, be- 

or Blueweed. side Esopus Creek, and on waste 
re is ea ae ground, in parts of the country where 
civilization has its strongest foothold, there the blue- 


weed’s seeds have obtained a lodgment ; but 


I have not found it yet in the fields of 
New Hampshire. Gray says it came to 
us from the old gardens of Europe, and 
has become a weed in the fields from 
Pennsylvania to Virginia and south- 
ward, but I have found it on the 
banks of the Neponset River near 
Boston, and it is very common in 
the vicinity of Hoboken. It pos- 
sesses a charming esthetic color; 
the green is soft and silvery, 
and the blossom is violet-blue 
when open and crimson-pink 
when in the bud. The curv- 
ing lines of the flower-bearing 
branches are very beautiful. 
The plant is rough and bristly, 
grows about two feet high, and 


Viper’s Bugloss, or Blue- 
weed. 


blooms during the early sum- 
mer and on into September. Lycopsis arvensis (small 
bugloss), about a foot high, bears smaller blue flowers 
on a bristly stem. It is rarer than blueweed. 


196 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Monkshood. Aconite, or monkshood is a native of 
Aconitum Virginia, but it finds its way north-— 
wena ard along the Alleghanies until it 
reaches New Jersey ; and, although it is not common 
in the latter State, it 
can be found here and 
there beside some little 
stream, hanging its 
dark-purple hoods over 
the grass and neighbor- 
ing weeds. Its slender 
stems and loose hang- 
ing flowers remind one 
of the columbine, but 
its manner of growth 
is almost vinelike; it 
appears as though it 
would climb. The top 
of the flower looks like 
a helmet. It blooms 
in summer and in Sep- 


tember. 
Gladiolus. The gladiolus 


Gladiolus 
COMMUNIS, 


and psittacinus. favorite of the 


is still a great 


garden, but it has been so 


Monkshood. much improved by hybridiza- 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 197 


tion that the old red and pink varieties are supplanted 
by an infinite number of brilliant-hued flowers, many 
of which come from M. Lemoine, the eminent hor- 
ticulturist of France. G. communis comes from Ku- 
rope, and bears pink and pink-striped white flowers ; 
G. Byzantinus, of the Levant, bears larger and more 
brilliantly colored flowers; (. blandus is the parent 
of some of the white and pale-colored flowers; @. 
cardinalis is the parent of the intense red variety, 
some of whose flowers have a white stripe on each of 
the three lower divisions. These are quite common. 
G. psittacinus is a tall species with large yellow flow- 
ers somewhat striped with reddish color; this and @. 
cardinalis are the parents of G. Gandavensis (com- 
monly cultivated), from which so many subvarieties 
have been produced. But the fact is, these three last 
varieties (excepting G. Gandavensis) it would be diffi- 
cult for an inexperienced person to identify among 
so great a host of hybrids. They come from the 
Cape of Good Hope. The flowers named in the seeds- 
men’s catalogues are more easily found in the garden. 
Brenchleyensis is a common, intense red flower ; Le- 
moine’s Butterfly is beautifully streaked and blotched 
in a variety of colors; Chrysolora is one of the finest 
yellow varieties; Madame Monneret is a beautiful 
rose-pink variety, and Ceres is a combination of white 
and magenta-pink. There are an infinite number of 


de 
? . = rt 
ay , 


198 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


other beautifully colored flowers, but these varieties I 
mention are “ personally known” to me and are like 
old friends. I can testify 
to their beauty. The glad- 
iolus blooms in late sum- 
mer and early autumn. 

Tiger Flower, The charm- 
Tigridia Pavonia. ing Tigri- 
dia, or tiger flower, which 


looks like a scarlet or yel- 


low iris, comes to us from 
Mexico. It flowers in sum- 


mer and continues some- 


Tiger Flower. 


times into September. It 
is a pity the blossoms are so frail; they rarely last 
after midday. The center of the flower is spotted 
like an orchid. 
arxionn The sweet-scented little Mexican 
Star Flower. star flower is becoming popular in 
EES Serie garden; as its name indicates, it 
usually blooms, two flowers at a time; the flower 
stalk is Y-shaped with a starlike, white blossom on 
each branch. There are a couple of long, slender 
leaves that look like grass; indeed, the whole plant is 
so simple and modest that it can not fail to please 
those who have the most fastidious taste. Another 
Mexican flower, Bessera elegans (or coral drops), is a 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 199 


frequent companion of the Milla biflora, and has 
graceful little clusters of pumpkin-orange flowers 
striped with cream-color; the leaves are also grass- 
like. Both flowers bloom in summer. The Cyclo- 
bothra flava is a pretty little russet-yellow flower 
which I grow with the foregoing in one of the large 
tubs of my garden, where these dainty characters will 
show to the best advantage. Its slim stems remind 
one slightly of carnation stalks; the flowers are 
shaped like tiny inverted tulips. It is a native of 
California, and belongs to the Lily family. 
Gaaniete Bayonet. The yuccas (filamentosa and alot- 
Yucea filamentosa folia) are Southern plants, extend- 
eee Hovolen. ing into Mexico, and are cultivated 
for ornament; they are not quite hardy in the ex- 
treme North, but in New York and southward they 
stand the winter cold well. Y. angustifolia and 
gloriosa are less frequently met with. The flowers 
are all a beautiful cream-white color; sometimes they 
are tinged with purple. They bloom in summer. 
Tritoma. Tritoma is an old-fashioned favorite 
Tritoma Voaria. which goes by the popular name of 
red-hot-poker, and warms up the garden by bloom- 
ing in late summer. It comes from the Cape of 
Good Hope. The flowers are most peculiarly graded 
through yellow into dull scarlet, without seeming to 


touch orange; they look like exaggerated grape- 


900 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


hyacinths (Muscari botryoides) in reddish color in- 
stead of blue. But the two flowers are related— . 
they belong to the Lily family. The grape-hyacinth 
has escaped from the garden to the field; it bears a 
dense cluster of tiny blue-violet flowers in early 
spring. Our common hyacinth (/Z. orentalis), which 
comes from the Levant, is likewise a family con- 
nection. It is too well known to need any descrip- 
tion here. The hyacinth presents yellow, red, and 
blue under modified conditions; it is characteristic 
of spring, but is more of a hothouse than a garden 
flower. It seems a pity that the hyacinth and the 
crocus, the latter a flower of easy cultivation and re- 
splendent in color, should be less popular in the gar- 
den than the showy Lady Washington geraniums 
(Pelargoniums) of the summer season; but such 
seems to be the case. The Lady Washington gera- 
niums, I might add (the name is applied without 
much restriction to the flowering geraniums), are 
really those varieties with shrubby stems known as 
P. cucullatum (cowled P.), P. cordatum (heart-leaved 
P.), and P. angulosum (maple-leaved P.), whose flow- 


ers sometimes Measure two inches across. 


CHAPTER XIV. 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 


Coreopsis to Ladies’ Tresses. 


Coreopsis. Brigut-EYED coreopsis is one of the 
Coreopsis tinctoria. cheeriest of our smaller garden flow- 
ers, and it is another distinctly 
American character. The variety 
C. tinctoria, of Arkansas, is the 
common coreopsis, or calliopsis of 
all country gardens. It has ex- 
tremely narrow leaflets, a smooth, 
waving, and somewhat wiry stem, 
and numerous flowers, which are 
small and beautifully variegated 
with wine-red and golden yellow ; 
one variety has tubular rays, but 
it lacks effect. C. Drummondii 
is a beautiful large golden-yellow 
flower with a dark-red spot on 


Coreopsis. 


each ray, and leaves composed of oval-shaped leaf- 


lets; C. coronata is a flower with broad and _ hand- 
14 201 


* 


902 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


some golden-yellow rays whose red spot is very small, 
and a disk which is yellow instead of brown. The 
leaves are oblong, with three to five divisions. Both 
of these varieties come from Texas, and they produce 
larger and finer flowers in the cultivated state. All 
three of the varieties mentioned are annuals; there 
are two perennial varieties which are not quite so 
common in the garden—they are C. lanceolata and 
C. auriculata. Both grow wild in the West and 
South, and both have entirely yellow flowers. The 
former variety is commonly cultivated by the florists ; 
the latter is taller and is leafy almost to the top; both 
flower in early summer. The coreopsis is a very near 
relative of the bur-marigold, and it closely resembles 
the variety of that flower named Lidens chrysanthe- 
moides. In the garden, coreopsis blooms all summer 
and as late as September. | 

Dahlia. The common garden dahlia is also a 
Dahlia variabilis. ear relative of coreopsis. It comes 
to us from Mexico. I fear we do not sufficiently ap- 
preciate the fact that we are indebted to this country 
and not to Europe for a great many of our most 
beautiful garden flowers. The tuberose, Poinsettia 
(Euphorbia pulcherrima), Tigridia, Milla biflora, 
Bessera elegans, zinnia, marigold, and yucca all come 
from Mexico. The dahlia is named for a Swedish 
botanist, Dahl, a contemporary of the great botanist 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 903 


Linneus. Its large, conventional double flowers are, 
in my estimation, not quite as beautiful as the single 
‘ones. It blooms throughout the summer and in Sep- 
tember. 
Marigold. The marigold is an old garden fa- 
Tagetes patula,  vorite which has of late years been 
and erecta. : 
eset greatly improved by the efforts of 
the horticulturists. The common single varieties of 
years ago no longer have a place in our gardens. 
There are three distinct varieties: the African, 
T. erecta, the French 7. patula, and ZT. signata. 
These are again subdivided, on account of their dis- 
tinct types, as follows: 
T. erecta. African El Dorado, an immense flower which 
sometimes reaches a diameter of four inches, 
African quilled, smaller, with quilled rays. 
African dwarf double, smaller plants. 
T. patula. French tall, reaching a height of two feet. 
French dwarf, not over a foot high. 
Both varieties double. 
T. signata. French (Legion d’Honneur), small single yellow 


flowers with claret-spotted rays; height not 
over seven inches. 


These types are quite distinct and are therefore 
readily recognized. The names African and French 
are misleading ; the plants originally came from South 
America and Mexico. They are prolific bloomers, 
and continue in flower from June until the middle 


of October, when they are pretty sure of a veto on 


204 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


further production by Jack Frost! 


I have had a 


symmetrical plant in my garden, of the French order, . 


which bore at one time seventy- 


development. 


El Dorado Marigold. freshing in the 

midst of sur- 
roundings altogether modern ; 
asters of the most approved type, 
poppies of rousing proportions 
and rarest colors, sweet peas of 
the newest varieties, mourning 
brides in the latest fashion of 
black, and a host of new annuals 
which the old-fashioned garden 


never saw. But the marigold of 


as well as re- 


five blossoms in various stages of 
The dark pinnate 
foliage, decorative in character, 
and the rich yellow-orange flow- 
ers, gave the plant a distin- 
guished appearance very far re- 
moved from the commonplace. 
There was a touch of convention- 
ality about it which was quaint 
and old-fashioned 


Legion d’Honneur 
Marigold. 


the French order has still an atmosphere of old times — 


about~it, particularly if we happen to catch the odor 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 205 


of a freshly plucked flower. How quickly the famil- 
iar strong scent carries us back in imagination to our 
grandmothers’ gardens! The seed of the marigold 
germinates in a remarkably short space of time. If 
it is soaked awhile in very warm water, and then 
planted an eighth of an inch deep in light soil, in 
some position where it gets the full benefit of the 
warm sunshine, the baby plant will push its way to 
the air above in thirty-six hours; ten weeks should 
then elapse before the plant begins to bloom; the few 
flowers which may appear before this time are pre- 
mature and poorly developed. Young plants forced 
into early bloom by a beginning in the greenhouse 
ultimately amount to little. 

The colors of the marigold are extraordinary: 
golden yellow, orange-yellow, pure lemon-yellow, rus- 
set-red edged with gold, and golden yellow spotted 
with brownish-claret color—these are all rendered in 
the purest tones on the gracefully curled rays. 

Zinnia. The garden zinnia has only one pal- 
Zinnia elegans. pable fault: it is unmistakably stiff. 
Yet, putting aside this little defect, we may certainly 
consider it a gifted flower. It has an astonishing 
‘range of color, which comprehends nearly the whole 
scale—white, cream, buff, pale yellow, deep yellow, 
lemon-yellow somewhat toned down, orange, light 
orange, scarlet, crimson, magenta, the three pink 


906 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


tints which are dilutions of these three reds, per- 


fectly pure pink, lilac, dull purple, dull violet, ma-. 


roon, and, finest of all, an intense deep red generally 
called Jacqueminot-color.* This last I consider a 
glorious flower whose full beauty can only be seen 
-under a bright artificial light. The zinnia, like the 
marigold, comes from Mexico, and it blooms all sum- 
mer and throughout September. Besides the colors 
I have mentioned there are a great number of es- 
thetic ones of that delightfully subdued quality which 
we call crushed strawberry, heliotrope, and so forth. 
The flower grows nearly as large as the largest mari- 
gold, and is somewhat of the same shape; in one va- 
riety the rays are curled and twisted,t+ but in all the 
others they have a uniform reflex curve; it is an an- 
nual, and grows readily in common garden soil. 
Mourning Bride, Lhe mourning bride (Scabiosa atro- 
Scabiosa purpurea) has of late been greatly 
erpurpwe +n »yroved; it was a favorite of the 
old-fashioned garden, but the newer varieties are so 
much larger and finer than the old that it would 
scarcely be recognized as the same flower. The col- 


ors are also greatly improved; they are white, pale 


* This variety I have obtained from Peter Henderson & Co., 
New York. 

+ Curled and crested zinnia. This remarkable variety was 
brought out a few years ago by Peter Henderson & Co., New 
York. 


“4 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 207 


rose, deep pink, purple, palest yellow, and rich, dark 
claret-maroon color. The last-mentioned variety is 
, ’ most beautiful; it has the effect 
of a fine piece of beadwork ; the 
tiny anthers are pale lilac; and 
the corollas, funnel-formed, are 
the richest, darkest wine-red color 
imaginable ; the whole effect of 
the flower is black, and it is well 


named Black Seabiosa. The flower stem 
is exceedingly long and stiff, as well as 
bare. The leafage is variously shaped, but 
in general slightly resembles that of the 
common wild daisy, except that it is larger 
and broader. It blooms in late summer. 
The flower might deceive one as to its fam- 
ily connection; it looks like a Composite, 
seiack, but Gray has given it the position of the 

latter’s next-door neighbor. It belongs to 
the Teasel family. The distinguishing differences 
which separate it from its Composite neighbors are 
four separate stamens to each corolla (Composites 
have their five stamens tied together by the connect- 
ing anthers, which form a tube inclosing the style) 
and an ovary, which becomes an akene in fruit con- 
taining a hanging seed. The seeds of the Composites 
do not hang, but are borne in stout shell-like akenes. 


ae 


908 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Mourning bride comes to us from the Old World. 


Sometimes it is called the pincushion-flower ; the. 


light-colored anthers certainly do suggest pinheads. 
Wild teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) is a weed I have 
occasionally found along the roadsides in New Hamp- 
shire, and it is closely related to the Scabiosa. It has 
rather prickly stems, uninteresting lilac flower heads, 
somewhat reminding one of Scabiosa, except that 
they are oblong, and leaves which are united round 
the stem. This is the nearest approach to Scabiosa 
among the wild flowers of this country. 

Sunflower. The sunflower is distinctly American, 
Helianthus annuus. and comprises a large, varied, and 
interesting division of the Composite family. JZ. 
annuus is the large-flowered variety common in our 
gardens; but there are many new varieties, some 
smaller and some double, which are more beautiful. 
A favorite small flower, about the size of PRudbekia 
and similar to it in appearance, is called Sutton’s 
Miniature. <A splendid large, double flower, resem- 
bling a big yellow chrysanthemum, is named Globo- 
sus fistulosus; its color is a magnificent golden-yel- 
low, and its figure is very decorative. Oscar Wilde 
is an extremely tall variety, with small single flowers, 
which bloom in great profusion. 7. argophyllus is a 
native of Texas, and is cultivated for the sake of its 


beautiful white foliage; its flowers are large and sin- 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 209 


gle. Primrose is a lovely light-yellow flower with a 
dark center; the flowers are borne along the tall stem 
from within a couple of feet of the ground. Of the 
wild species the commonest is //. giganteus. In the 
pine district of New Jersey and southward is another 
common variety with long, narrow leaves and small 
flowers with dark centers, named //. angustifolius. 
H. occidentalis is a Western variety with flowers 
whose disks as well as rays are yellow, and leaves 
which are broad below, but quite narrow above, on a 
stalk not over three feet high. //. heterophyllus is a 
Southern variety, which has flowers with dark purple- 
brown disks and golden rays, and leaves oval and 
lance-shaped. The flowers are very few and are borne 
on long stems. Maximilian’s Sunflower is a Western 
variety under cultivation, whose small flower has a 
yellow disk. Z. annwus and IT. argophyllus are an- 
nuals; all the other wild varieties are perennials. The 
sunflower blooms in late summer and in September. 
Snow on the mountain, which is a 
Snow 
on the Mountain, beautiful plant growing wild east and 
Euphorbia — west of the Mississippi, is rapidly 
marginata. : A : 
coming in favor asa garden orna- 
ment. It grows about two feet high, and its oval 
leaves are broadly white-margined; those at the top 
of the plant are nearly if not altogether white; it is 
an annual which flowers in late summer. The flower 


910 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


itself is inconspicu- 
ous, but the five 
white petal-like ap- 
pendages and _ the 
white leafage are 
the interesting part 
‘of the plant; Zw- 
phorbia pulcherrima, or 


Poinsettia, is its near rela- 
tive, which comes to us from 
Mexico. This variety is 
characterized by a group of 
bright scarlet leaves termi- 
nating the branches. It is 
most successful as a hothouse 
plant in the colder climate 
of the North, and its insig- 
nificant flowers, surrounded 
by the vermilion leaves, ap- 


Maximilian’s Sunflower. 


pear in the winter. The 
plant was named for Mr. Poinsett, who was minister 
to Mexico in 1828 and also secretary of war under 
President Van Buren. 


Fireweed. The fireweed, curiously enough, flour- 
Great Willow-herb. 


Epilobium ‘ : 
angustifolium. some time burned over. That tract of 


ishes on ground which has been at 


country which lies between Montpelier and Wells 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 


River, Vt., is rugged and 
covered with a wild and 
tangled forest which has 
been subjected to the wood- 
man’s axe. This means (as 
every one knows who is fa- 
miliar with the lumber com- 
panies and their dealings 
with New England forests) 
a devastation of the land by 
fire as well as axe. Conse- 
quently this particular tract 
of land I have alluded to is 
peculiarly rich in fine speci- 
mens of the magenta-pink 
fireweed. Beautiful — tall 
spires of the delicate flower 
are seen everywhere in the 
blackened clearings—I say 
clearings, because they are 
called such, but in point of 
fact the fireweed decorates 
and cheers a wretched-look- 
ing waste which would more 
appropriately go by the 
name of chaos. I know of 
another spot, in the Pemi- 


Fireweed. 


211 


912 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


gewasset Valley, where a sawmill was burned several 
years ago, and now the site is covered by a luxu- 
riantly shrubby growth of fireweed, which in August 
is a glory of magenta-pink color. One may easily 
understand why it is called Willow-herb, as its leaf is 
exactly like that of the swamp willow. In Septem- 
ber the pretty heads of magenta flowers are trans- 
formed into clusters of curved and twisted seed-ves- 
sels which are constantly shedding a disheveled mass 
of stringy white silk, reminding one, perhaps, of the 
wild gray hair of witches caught in the thicket. 

It seems scarcely necessary to call attention to the 
fact that the fireweed is closely related to the evening 
primrose: a comparison of the two flowers shows a 
remarkable similarity between them. 

Joo-Pye Weed. Joe-Pye weed, oddly named for a 
Eupatorium New England Indian doctor, is rather 
purpwree™ “4 eonspicuous dull pale-magenta flow- 

er whose fuzzy head towers five or six feet above the 
lowlands in late summer and early autumn. The plant 
will always be associated in my mind with Indian 
doctors, who, by the way, have not yet finished their 
“herb cures” among the country folk. There is such 
a doctor in a New England village but four miles 
from my summer home, who, I am given to under- 
stand, does a thriving business—or shall I say com- _ 
mands a wide practice ?—in a certain locality of cul- 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 913 


tured New England! But we will not insinuate any- 
thing regarding New England culture in connection 


Joe-Pye Weed. 


with quacks; so we will pass on from Joe-Pye weed 
and Indian doctors to boneset. 
es This is a very close relative of the 
Eupatorium other plant, and is also a favorite 
pergola Verb among the country folk, for 
whom it furnishes a popular medicine. Who does 


not know all about “ boneset tea,’ and who likes it? 


914 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


But boneset taffy (taken for a cough) 
was quite another thing, and children 
used to be very tolerant of it for reasons 
which it is unnecessary to explain. The 
plant grows about three feet high, has 
a spreading leaf (more correctly a pair 
of leaves) through the middle of which 
the main stem appears to pass, and bears 
a head of small, fuzzy white flowers 
which are not bright or attractive enough 
to look pretty. The plant flowers in late 
summer and frequents low meadows. 
Ladies’ Tresses. Toward the end of 
Spiranthes cernua. symmer and through 
September the sweet smelling tiny flow- 
ers called ladies’ tresses may be found 
in the swamps or in the wet meadows. 
The little plant is easily identified by 
the spiral growth of the white blos- 
soms about the stem, which is not 
often over eight inches tall. This 
flower belongs to the Orchis family, 
and is a near relative of the pink and 
yellow moccason-flowers which bloom in 
the spring and early summer. There 
is another variety of ladies’ tresses, called 


S. gracilis, which grows in dry ground 


JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 915 


or on the side of a hill; this has a slenderer spike 
with fewer flowers, which are often less twisted than 
those of the other variety. The rattlesnake plantain 
is closely related to ladies’ tresses—a fact which is 
not surprising, as the appearance of the two flower 
spikes is somewhat similar. 


OHA P TER. -xayx 
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 
Golden-rod and Asters. 


Golden-rod. Tue name golden-rod con- 
initial jures up the thought of 
an immense family of flowers thirty odd 
members of which a person with a fair 
knowledge of botany may easily identity 
without searching through a wide tract of 
country, and possibly without wandering 
but a few yards beyond the highways of 
| our Northeastern States. In a quarter-mile 
\ length of a road in Campton, N. H., I have 
s.Arguta. found no less than fifteen varieties of the 

flower, “all well defined” (to quote the 
words of Coleridge in reference to the simells of 
Cologne). But this is rather unusual, and a_ short 
exploration of a field, hillside, shady glen, and un- 
frequented wayside might result in as good if nota 
better “find.” There are a few very common varie- 
ties of the golden-rod which may be recognized at 


once by the following characteristics : 
216 


AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 917 


S. arguta 
is perhaps 

Pe ii ix ; 
SSR wee the earliest 


golden-rod, 


BUN and will be found 
a “eee sometimes in full 
W/, %* bloom in the mid- 
dle of July. Its 
sharply toothed leaf is feather- 
veined—that is, the veins spring 
VW outward from each side of the 
g middle rib, just as the smaller di- 
visions of a feather spring from its 
quill. The main stem is smooth. 
The slender flower stems, bearing 
greenish-yellow (in effect) flowers, 
spread widely apart and droop. 

S. altissima, one of the lowest of 
the common varieties, 1s never over 
four feet high and resembles S. arguta, 
but it has a rough, hairy stem and a 


very veiny leaf which is broad-lance- 


2 shaped and toothed. It has one-sided, 
eS curved flower clusters which are bright 
yellow. 
| S. ulmifolia (elm-leaved golden- 
S. Ulmifolia. rod) is a similar variety. Gray says, 


15 


"oe 


918 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


“Too near S. altissima—distinguished only by its 
smooth stem and thin, larger leaves.” Both these. 
varieties are early-flowering. 

S. nemoralis is not over two 
feet high, and has dense plumes 
of rich golden-yellow flowers 
growing on the upper side of 
their stems; the main stem is 
grayish, with a cottony look, and 
is sparingly furnished with dull 
gray-green leaves. It blooms in 
early August, and is found most- 
ly in sterile fields. I consider 
it the most brilliantly colored of 
all the golden-rods. 

S. Canadensis is coarse-grow- 
ing, has rough, hairy stems and 
leaves which are harsh to the 
touch; the thick clusters of deep- 
yellow flowers grow in a one- 
sided way on their spreading 
stems; the leaves are distinctly 


three - veined (more correctly 
speaking, three-ribbed). This va- 


S. Nemoralis. 


riety will grow from three to 
five feet high, or may be higher. 


S. rugosa is sometimes distinguished by a num- 


AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 219 


ber of smaller branches with little leaves, terminat- 
ing with small flower clusters loosely grouped. The 
stocky stem has _ broad 
leaves, and grows nearly 
as tall as S. Canadensis. 
It is an early-flowering 
species. 

S. lanceolata is a va- 
riety whose tall stem is 
set with narrow leaves 
without teeth, and is 
terminated with a dense 
flat-topped flower clus- 
ter, which is greenish 
yellow in color effect. 
The plume of this varie- 
ty is too flat and bunchy 
to be confused with the 
gracefully curved ones 


of the other varieties. 


S. tenuifolia is a va- Three-ribbed 
: oe fe S. Canadensis. Leaf. 
riety similar to S. lance- 
olata but with slenderer leaves and narrower or 
more club-shaped little flowers. The leaves are one- 
nerved and rather crowded on the stem; the flower 
clusters are smaller than those of S. lanceolata. It 


grows in sandy ground, and near the coast. 


920 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


S. Rugosa. 


AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 291 


S. sempervirens is a tall seashore variety common 
in salt marshes and among the rocks. It may be eas- 
ily recognized by its stout stem, 
thick, fleshy, lance-shaped leaves, 
obscurely triple-ribbed, and showy 
flowers, which, however, are not 
nearly so yellow as those of S. 
nemoralis, nor as beautiful. It 
is common from Maine to Vir- 
ginia. 

S. bicolor is a white or cream- 
colored variety; my drawing 
shows how it looks in nine cases 
out of ten. It is a very common 
sort to me, as it is plentiful in 
the White Mountain region; but 
there are many localities where 
its whitish flowers are rarely seen. 
So unlike is it to the popular 
notion of golden-rod that, upon 


picking a specimen one time and 


telling its name to an inquiring 


S. Lanceolata. 


friend who was walking with me, 

the surprised response came: “What! that thing 
golden-rod ? Nonsense!” There is just a slight 
resemblance in the superficial appearance of the 
flower to mignonette. 


_ 


222 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


S. cesia gets its name from its blu- 


ish stem. There is one of the castor- 
oil plants which also derives its name 
from its blue stem. But this is not 
the most important characteristic of 
this variety of golden-rod; the flowers 
grow in tiny clusters at each juncture 
of the feather-veined leaf with the 
stem. This is also the character of 
the white variety (S. bzcolor). The 
blue-stemmed variety likes moist 
and shady thickets beside the river, 
or the subdued light of the hillside 
where the wood adjoins the pasture. 
It blooms very late, and I have 
found it in good condition on the 
20th of October. 

S. latifolia is in all ways 
nearly like S. cwsia, except that 
it has a less bluish and _ less 
branched stem and broader leaves 
sharply toothed; the three or 
four rays of the little flowers are 
bright yellow. It is common 
northward in shaded places, and 

south along the mountains. 
S Riese. S. odora (sweet golden-rod) has 


AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 993 


fragrant leaves without toothed edges, which slightly 
remind one of the odor of anise, and are shiny and 
well formed, but the flowers are not particularly at- 
tractive. It yields a volatile 
oil. I found this variety com- 
mon in the “ Pines” of New 
Jersey. It generally grows on 
the edges of thickets in dry, 
sandy soil. 

S. speciosa is not quite as 
common as some of the other 
varieties, but it is very hand- 


some. It grows from three to 
six feet high, has large, dark- 
green, slightly toothed leaves, Brod > 
Di 


and its ample panicle of bloom, 
formed by a number of erect 
flower stems (racemes), is bright 
golden yellow. The little blos- 
som when placed under the 
glass shows five or more good- 
sized yellow rays. The stem 
of this variety is very stout 


S. Ceesia. 


and smooth. 

These fourteen varieties are commonly met with 
from Maine southward to the pine barrens of New 
Jersey. It must be remembered that there are in all 


994 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


about seventy varieties. There is always a prepon- 
derance of a certain variety in a particular locality— 
for instance, beside the road 
running parallel with the river 
in Campton there is a great 
quantity of the white-flowered 
variety and little or no SW. 
rugosa. This  last-mentioned 
flower is commoner in seyeral 
meadow copses beside the river 
than any of the varieties whieh 
Gray mentions as the very 
commonest. The golden-rod 
is certainly our representative 
American wild flower. Not 
many years ago, when the sub- 
ject of a national flower be- 
came interesting, Mr. Louis 
Prang, of Boston, published a 
little tract suggesting the ar- 
butus and golden-rod as com- 
petitors for the position of hon- 


or, and requested an expression 


of choice from the people. The 


S. Speciosa. 


response was decisive; and the 
vote was cast by an overwhelming majority for the 


golden-rod. 


AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 


Golden-Rod gone to Seed. 


996 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Aster, or Starwort. 


Aster. 


There are between forty and iifty 
species of wild asters in our coun- 


try, so I can only draw attention to the commoner 


ones. Most of these have a distinct individuality, 


A. Ericoides. 


which it will be impossible 
for one to mistake who will 
closely follow the descrip- 
tions : 

A. ericoides bears such 
tiny white flowers that there 
is no possibility of confusing 
it with any other common 
aster; it is enough to know 
that the little white rays are 
like hairs in fineness, and the 
yellow centers are compact 
like those of the daisy—in 
fact, the flower looks like a 
miniature daisy, and would 
never be taken for an aster by 
one whose acquaintance with 
wild flowers is slight. This 
variety grows about two feet 
high, has slender, wiry stems, 


and small, narrow, plain-looking leaves. It is found 


in partially shady, or open and dry places, and 
blooms from midsummer until late in October. I 


AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 297 


have found this aster as early as July 8th in the 
wayside places of Campton. 

A. Tradescanti is a smooth variety, slender- 
stemmed, with small, lance- 
shaped leaves, and very small 
white flowers closely encir- 
cling the upper side of the 
flowering branches. 

A. paniculatus is a vari- 
ety taller than A. Trades- 
canti, with pale violet-tinted 
or white flowers. Its stem 
is much branched, and bears 
narrow lance-shaped leaves 
tapering at the end; those 
below are sharply toothed. 
This variety and A. 7rades- 
canti grow in wet situations. 

A. patens, sometimes 
called spreading aster, is 
common about the middle 
of August beside the road 
and on the edge of thickets, 


and usually on dry ground, 


but without a sunny ex- 

posure. The center of the 

flower is greenish yellow A. Patens. 
’ 


998 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


and the rays are purple with quite a curvature; the 
leaf has an elongated heart-shape and grows close 
to the stem. The flower 
grows singly on a very thin 


Y,. 
sw AYR 
ee NG 
Ay 


stem which bears a few 
little leaflets. The main 
stem, which is about two 
feet high, is covered below 
with very minute short 
hairs. 

A. Nove Anglie, the 
New England aster, is com- 
mon everywhere, and grows 
taller than the preceding 
variety ; perhaps its stem 
reaches an average height 
of five feet. The flower 
is a trifle smaller than that 


MG odes aaaieg of A. patens, but it bears 
many more purple rays ; 
sometimes these are magenta-purple. A large flower 
cluster terminates the coarse, hairy stem which is 
covered to the very end with lance-shaped, dark- 
green leaves. This variety frequents wet meadows, 
and blooms about the middle or the end of August. 
A. cordifolius is a small-flowered variety, whose 
blue-lavender rays and variable (sometimes reddish, 


AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 929 


sometimes purplish) little flower centers are the best 
means, in my opinion, 
for its identification. 
The stem is very much 
branched above, and 
these branches bear 
numerous flower clus- 
ters; the leaves are 
sharp - pointed, heart- 
shaped, and have slen- 
der little stems. This 
variety is common in 
woodlands and on the 
sloping banks of the 
highway. It likes a 
partially shaded _locali- 


ty, and blooms early 
and late. N 
RS 
A. undulatus, or SM 
eas a) 
the wavy-leafed aster, 
is common on the edge 


of woodlands, and in 


the pastures. The eee aT 

ee SN 
flowers, about as large a [> 4 
as a silver quarter, are pt }, 


Y, 
ij 


lavender - purple with 


purple - edged yellow ah eavaieouie 


230 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


centers. The wavy-edged leaves have a variety of — 
forms as they grow along the reddish stem; the 
lowest ones are heart-shaped, and the upper ones 
have singularly flaring stems which clasp the main 
stalk of the plant; and 
those which adjoin the 
flower stems are small 
and sharply pointed. 
This variety flowers 
early in August. 

A. spectabilis is one 
of the prettiest of the 
Aster family, although 
its flower heads are 
few. It grows along 
the coast between New 
Hampshire and New 
Jersey, where the sandy 
soil is quite to its liking. 
The flower rays are 


bright purple and nearly 
an inch long; although 


A. Undulatus. 


in many instances much 
shorter, these beautiful rays, perhaps sixteen to twenty 
in number, bring the diameter of the flower to a size 
equivalent to that of a silver dollar. This is a late 
variety, and flowers from September to November. 


AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 231 


A. longifolius grows about three feet high, has 
lance-shaped leaves, which are firm and glossy, and a 


ZED 


QA |ZEA 
—s WA eS 
Z Z ‘ aw ie ¥ J 
BITE <S~)? ) Qos 


A. Spectabilis. A. Longifolius. 


characteristic flower envelope (involucre), which has 
many little, curled-over, leaflike scales; the flowers, 
which are about as large as a half dollar, are light 
violet. The leaves of this aster are remarkably long ; 
some of the largest, although narrow, reach a length 
of four inches. It grows in low grounds, and blooms 
in September and October. 


932 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


China Aster, Lhe botanical name of the cultivated as- 
Callistephus ter is from two Greek words meaning 
Chinen. eantiful crown. The flower comes 
to us from China and Japan. There are so many 
varieties that I can only mention those of prominent 
type. The Victoria is an 
old favorite, whose flow- 
ers, in a great variety of 
colors, are soft-rayed and 
have areflex curve. Truf- 
faut’s aster is incurved and 
has a large range of col- 
ors. Betteridge’s quilled 
aster has distinct quills or 
needles, and is a flower of 
German fame; in this va- 
riety there is a flower per- 
fectly yellow in tint which 
I have obtained from Mr. 


W. Atlee Burpee, of Phila- 


Comet ae delphia. A yellow aster 


seems an anomaly; but 
there is no question about the color of this particn- 
lar flower, whose basic tone is white, stained lemon- 
yellow. The Triumph is a variety with brilliant red 
flowers. One of the most beautiful newer varieties 
is the Comet. This is a flower with reflex curling 


AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 9398 


rays, of a singularly translucent quality of color. 
The white ones are particularly delicate and alto- 
gether lovely. There are many new varieties of the 
aster, but they do not diverge very greatly from the 
types already mentioned. 

The flower blooms in late summer and early 
autumn ; the varieties forced to bloom in midsummer 
can not be considered perfectly satisfactory. True 
blue is not a color peculiar to the flower, and those 
varieties named blue are, as a rule, strongly satu- 
rated with purple; nor is there a scarlet aster ; any 
flower so called is most likely pure red with a crim- 
son cast. 


16 


CHAPTER XVI. 


SEPTEMBER AND 
NOVEMBER. 


Tron-weed to Chry- 
santhemum. 


Iron-weed, HE iron-weed 


Vernonia has a formi- 
Noveboracensis. dable Latin 
name, which in plain English 
means Mr. Vernon, and “ be- 
longing to New York,” 
' but this fact does 
not confine the 
weed to the bound- 
aries of this State. 
It grows all along 
the coast country, 
beside the river 


Tron-weed. 


and the road, any- 
where from three to five feet high; so it must surely 
be seen by the most unobserving. Its rather sparing 
cluster of crimson-magenta flowers shows itself about 


the time of the asters, and it might easily be mistaken 
234 


SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 935 


for a variety of the latter flower. But my drawing 
shows that it is a very different character; the flow- 
ers are formed remotely like bachelors’ buttons, and 
have a tubular character, with the involucre (flower 
envelope) covered with short bristles of a rusty-brown 
color. The plant was named for Mr. Vernon, an 
early English botanist. ‘It blooms in August and 
September. V. altisstma is a tall variety with large 
flowers which grows west and south of Pennsylvania. 

Bitter-sweet. Bitter-sweet is a beautiful, climbing, 
Celastrus scandens. twining shrub with which every one 
ought to be familiar who travels over the country 
road in early fall when the scarlet berries are re- 
vealed inside of the open orange-colored pods with 
charming effect amid the autumnal foliage. These 
pretty berries conjure up thoughts of Dr. Holland’s 
poem entitled Bitter-sweet, and, may I be permitted 
to add, sweet cider. Although the climbing shrub 
with its beautiful berry clusters is a familiar sight 
beside the cider mills of New Jersey, it has no 
connection, direct or implied, with that famous bev- 
erage known as “Jersey lightning ” which, about the 
time that the berries appear, is being distilled from 
the juice of the ubiquitous and innocent apple; so we 
must hope that the cider mentioned in the poem did 
not have the remarkable strength attributed to this 


New Jersey product. 


936 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD-AND GARDEN, 


Garget. In September the handsome purple 
Phytolacea decandra. erries of the garget plant appear, 
hanging their dark clusters against the hazy 
olive foliage of early autumn. In summer 


the rather inconspicuous white flowers, 
which grow on slender stems and some- 
what resemble 
the white lilac, 
are not apt to 
attract notice ; 
but the berries 
are really beautiful and do not fail to catch 
the eye. The name Phytolacca is a com- 
bination of an incorrect Greek word for 


Garget. 


plant with the French word Jae (lake), 
which was derived from the crimson character of the 
berry juice. The juice has been used for coloring — 
purposes, but unsuccessfully, as it fades. Garget 
reaches a height of from six to nine feet, and grows 
in the thickets where the ground is low. 

Closed or Bottle LHe closed or bottle gentian is an 

Gentian. inhabitant of the woods northward. 

Gentiana Andrewstt. Tts flowers are like tiny thick ten- 
pins in shape, and are often a very good blue. The 
blue flower, however, is a creation of the imagina- 
tion; in reality it does not exist, and the so-called 
blue is often a decided wiolet of dilute character ; 


SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. DSW 


this is the case with the violet, harebell, aster, and 
blue-eyed grass. But the bottle gentian often shows 


a decided pale vio- 
let blue color, which 
comes within the 
category of blues; 
however, I can not 
see the same blue 
in the flower that 
Thoreau talks about ; 
he says, “‘a splendid 
blue,. . . bluer than 
the bluest © sky.” 
Now, if we will look 
at that part of the 
heavens which is ex- 
actly at right angles 
with the position 
held by the sun on 
a clear day, we will 
see a color which 
Ruskin calls “blue 
fire.” If a piece of 
white paper is held 
up so that it receives 


Closed Gentian. 


the full sunlight and is in juxtaposition with the 
blue sky, it will be seen that the sky-blue is as bril- 


ie: 


238 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


liant as the white paper. This is a revelation which, 
to say the least, is surprising. By no possibility can 
we obtain a dl/we color which is as bright as white, 
either in the paint box or on the flower petal. So 
those who, like Thoreau and Bryant, tell us about 
flowers as blue as the sky, must be allowed a certain 
latitude in their descriptions, as these are often poetic 
without being scientifically true. The bottle gentian, 
then, is so purplish that we can only call it blue by 
sufferance; one moment’s comparison of the flower 
with the blue sky will prove this beyond question. 
Not only in the White Mountains, but in Pennsyl- 
vania, it is one of the latest fall flowers. Southern 
Europe has two splendid varieties of the gentian, 
colored about as blue as a flower can well be—G. 
Alpina, which is cup-shaped or vase-shaped with a 
pointed edge, and G. verna, which is a charming 
deep blue; the flower eup has five round petal-like 
divisions. Also, a flower of the Pyrenees shows a 
good blue (Delphinium peregrinum), but this is not 
as blue as the last-mentioned gentian. There is quite 
a difference of opinion among botanists as to whether 
the closed gentian is subject to cross-fertilization, or 
simply fertilizes itself; Gray thought the former was 
the case, and says that he has seen a bumblebee force 
its way into the corolla; but Dr. Kunze concludes 
that the flowers derive no aid from insects. This 


SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER, 939 


only shows how much there is yet to be learned about 


a common wild flower. 


Fringed Gentian, The beautiful fringed gentian must 


Gentiana crinita. ever be 


associated in one’s mind 
with the poet Bryant, 
who has written such 
charming lines on it. 
To him it was the flow- 
er of hope which comes 


POW hen s+ 
. Shortening days por- 
tend 
The aged year is near his 
end,” 


and with sweet and 
quiet eye looks through 
its fringes heavenward ; 
and he thought it was 
as blueasthe sky. But 
the blue of the flower 
is not.as true as its ex- 
pression of hopeful de- 
pendence ; there is in- 
deed a marvelous heay- 
enward-looking calm- 
ness expressed by every 
one of its lines. The 


Fringed Gentian. 


940 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


stem and corolla are both perpendicular, and the 
“fringed lids” are spread out horizontally like the. 
extended palms of one who stands a supplicant before 
Heaven. The flower cup is about two inches long 
and has four divisions, which turn back flatly at the 
top; these divisions are opened or closed according 
to the brightness or dullness of the day. If a burst 
of sunshine occurs on a dull day the flower expands 
in a very few minutes. It always closes at night, 
and it will not open the next day if the sun does 
not shine. It can by no means be called common ; 
I have found it in the vicinity of Boston and in 
one or two localities on Long Island, but I have 
never succeeded in finding it in the Pemigewas- 
set Valley. It belongs generally in low grounds, 
throughout our country, North and West. As it is 
presumably a biennial plant, one must not be sur- 
prised if it is not found year after year in the same 
spot. Prof. Meehan expresses the opinion that the 
length of its life is still uncertain, and he says, “ Even 
now the only certain point is that it dies after flower- 
ing.” The time to look for the flower is in October ; 
and §. R. Bartlett says: 


“T know not why, but every sweet October 
Down the fair road that opens to the sea, 
Dear in the wayside grasses tinging sober, 
Blooms my blue gentian faithfully for me.” 


SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 


Fall Dandelion. ‘The au- 
Leontodon tumn or 

autumnalis. eat cane 
delion is not nearly so 
beautiful as its spring 
relative, as it is lacking 
in both the size and rich 
color of the latter flower. 
Still, the little yellow 
blossom is pretty, and it 
is common over hillside 
pastures and sandy mead- 
ows from July until No- 
vember. Its flower stem 
is bare, long, and scrawny- 
looking, and has what 
appears like tiny scales 
(bracts) regularly —ar- 
ranged quite a distance 
downward from the flow- 
er. The leaves, similar to 
those of the spring dan- 
delion, but blunt-toothed, 
are very small and grow 
close to the ground. I 
found this flower plenti- 
fully scattered over the 


Leontodon Autumnalis. 


241 


it 


942 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Clarendon hills south of Boston, but never found 


many well developed specimens in the Pemigewasset. 


Valley or among the White Hills. In the south- 
westerly States, from Maryland to Kansas and Texas, 
there is another flower which closely resembles this 
fall dandelion, called the Cynthia dandelion ;* this 
variety may be easily distinguished from the other, 
as it has naked flower stems (without the tiny bracts), 
and the lower leaves are sharp-toothed ; there are also 
long, very narrow, straight leaves, peculiar to this 
Cynthia dandelion, which will not be found in either 
of the other varieties. But the Cynthia stops bloom- 
ing just about the time the fall dandelion begins ; so 
there is small chance of one flower being mistaken 
for the other. 

Nightshade. About the time when the fall dande- 

Solanum lion is blooming and the latest fringed 
Pulcamara. ~~ sentian flowers close their eyes to the 
slanting sun of October we may see the thickets which 
flank the roads just outside of Boston covered with 
beautiful elliptical red berries, which hang in graceful 
clusters from the thin protruding branches. These 
berries possess exactly the same translucent quality of 
color as the red cherry does—a pure red without a 


* Its botanical name is both Cynthia dandelion and Krigia 
dandelion; the latter is given the preference in Gray’s Manual, 
revised edition, 


ay 


SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 243 


trace of scarlet. Thoreau was keenly appreciative of 
color, which he often accurately described ; he says, 
alluding to the nightshade berries: “I do not know 


f Nightshade. 


any clusters more graceful and beautiful than these 
drooping cymes of scented or translucent, cherry- 


colored elliptical berries.” 


The tall, climbing, woody 
stems are covered with dull, bluish-green, sharp- 
pointed, heart-shaped leaves with vari- 
ations like my sketch, by which one 
may easily identify the shrub. It 


grows in moist ground, and came to 


this country from Europe. It is com- 

mon in the proximity of our cities, — Halbert Three- 
= As lobed Leaf. 

but I have rarely found it in the 

Pemigewasset Valley, and then only beside some old 


homestead. The little purple flowers grow in small 


944 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


clusters, and appear in summer. It is curious to 
learn that the nightshade is closely related to the. 
potato (S. tuberosum), the eggplant (S. melongena), 
and the pretty ornamental little shrub called Jeru- 
salem cherry (S. 2?seudo-Capsicum). A comparison 
of the flowers of these plants will reveal the rela- 
tionship by their similarity. 
Winterberry, or At the very close of the season of 
Black Alder. = flowers in autumn our attention will 
Mex verticillata. Ye attracted to the brilliant scarlet 
_berries of the black alder which dot its gray stems 
and cling to them long after 
N the leaves have dropped. The 
( leaves are light green, sharp- 
pointed, and elliptical in shape, 
and have a fine-toothed edge ; 
they are two inches long. The 
shrub is certainly very decora- 
tive, and one wishes it were a 
little more common; but while 
it is plentiful in some localities, 


it is quite absent in others, and 


Black Alder. 


disappointing on that account. 
The smooth winterberry (J. levigata) has longer, 
narrower leaves, shining above, and long - pedun- 
eled sterile flowers; the smooth alder (Alnus ser- 
rulata) must not be confused with either of the 


SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 245 


foregoing species; it is a member of the Birch 
family, and bears a ealkin, like my sketch, in early 
spring. It is not surprising to learn that the black 
alder is a near relative of the Eng- 
lish holly (Z. Aguifoliwm), to which it 
bears a slight resemblance; but the 
holly has that bold, spiny leaf which 
gives it an additional charm. Our 
own holly (Z. opaca) is a tree nearly 
forty feet high, growing in New Eng- 
land and southward, with oval, wavy- 
margined, spiny-toothed, evergreen 
leaves, and red berries. It is not as 


beautiful as the English holly. The 
so-called mountain holly (Vemopan- Smooth Alder 
thes fasicularis) is not a true holly at 

all; its berries are a deep red, with a dullsurface. It 
is common in the wet bogs northward, particularly in 
the White Mountain district. 

CGoamoa; Cosmos is a beautiful white (or pale- 
Cosmos bipinnatus. pink) flower which closely resembles 
coreopsis or the single dahlia in form, and blooms in 
early autumn. It is an annual which grows six feet 
high sometimes, and its only enemy in the North 
is Jack Frost, who appears too early in New Hamp- 
shire for me to grow the plant successfully in my 
garden. The dainty white flower comes to us from 


946 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


Mexico, and grows wild there as well as in Texas; 


it thrives better, therefore, in the gardens of the. 


South. The variety called 
Pearl is considered the 
best. The flower is cul- 
tivated by the florists, and 
is seen in great luxuriant 
clusters in their store win- 
dows in New York and 
Boston during the winter. 
The Texan ladies who 
visit Washington wonder 


why we value a flower 
which is a common weed 


Cosmos. 


in their native State. But 
“a prophet is not without honor save in his own 
country,” and the only fault of cosmos is, it hap- 
pens to be too common in Mexico and Texas. For 
us it is the dearest and the last flower of autumn, 
excepting the chrysanthemum. 
Chrysanthemum, he chrysanthemum is an Oriental 
Chrysanthemum flower, which comes to us from 
et Japan and China; indirectly some 
of the smaller varieties come from England and 
France. Bnt the florists have taken almost com- 
plete possession of the flower, and as their hothouse 
blooms are perfectly huge as well as gorgeous in col- 


7 


SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER, 94-7 


or, our garden varieties suffer by comparison and are 
consequently neglected. The Chrysanthemum family 
is immense, and numbers some- 
thing like four hundred distinct 
varieties ; this number is con- 
stantly being added to by newer 
hybrids. But these florists’ chry- 
santhemums are not hardy ; they 
are mostly of the Japanese class; 
it is the older Chinese varieties 
which stand the cold of our 
Northern winters best. ‘The pom- 
pon variety is quite as hardy as 


any sturdy-going perennial. In 


this class there are Alba perfecta, 
white ; Gaillardia, brown and yel- nen 
low mixed ; Golden Circle, golden 

orange; Bob, crimson; and Rubra perfecta, magenta. 
Of the hardy Chinese class there are: Diana, white; 
King of the Crimsons, deep crimson ; George Glenny, 
yellow; and Dr. Brock, golden yellow. These varie- 
ties are recommended by Mr. John Saul, who is an 
authority on such matters, and I can testify to the 
excellence of his judgment. The King of the Crim- 
sons I consider one of the finest of the dark red, 
hardy chrysanthemums. One of the most beautiful 
flowers of the anemone class is Princess ; it is white. 


=e 
+ He 


248 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. : 


In our more southern gardens these varieties will 
be found blooming as late as Christmas, if Decem- 
ber should be mild. 

The chrysanthemum is indeed the last and most 
beautiful autumn flower of all Flora’s train; and 
whatever we may say of the rose, we must acknowl- 
edge the lovely Golden Flower another queen—the 
Queen of Autumn. When the summer flowers are 
gone and the birds have flown southward; when the 
chill winds come down from the icy regions of the 
North, when there are no leaves, no blue sky— 


“No t’other side the way ”— 


then comes our Autumn Queen, and fills our laps 
with a wealth of bloom the like of which we never 
saw in June. Oliver Wendell Holmes sweetly sings 
about the Golden Flower as though she were an angel 
queen : 


“ The fields are stripped, the groves are dumb ; 
The frost-flowers greet the icy moon— 
Then blooms the bright chrysanthemum. 


“ The stiffening turf is white with snow, 
Yet still its radiant disks are seen 
Where soon the hallowed morn will show 
The wreath and cross of Christmas green ; 
As if in autumn’s dying days 
It heard the heavenly song afar, 
And opened all its glowing rays, 
The herald lamp of Beth!ehem’s star, 


SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. QA9 


“Thy smile the scowl of winter braves, 
Last of the bright-robed, flowery train, 
Soft sighing o’er the garden graves : 
‘Farewell! farewell !—we meet again !’ 
So may life’s chill November bring 
Hope’s golden flower, the last of all, 
Before we hear the angels sing 
Where blossoms never fade and fall !” 


17 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX 
OF THE NAMES, COLORS, AND LOCALITIES OF 
FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF THE UNITED STATES, 
INCLUDING A FLORAL CALENDAR. 


The names with the asterisk (*) are those of flowers not 
mentioned in this book. The letter on the right of each common 
name is the initial of the botanical name (or vice versa), also in 
this index. 


Tat 
Tel 
Ter 
68 


P6T 
G6T 


66r 
FFG 
Fr 
PRG 


*m100[q 
jo omy 


*(SUIpsd[q-Sal]-GAo'T 


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ete et eeee * eee re ee ee es “+ ** (JOYJBaW] S,AOUTIG BOS) SNZPOPNVI SNZUN.CDW 
wee eee . ee “* of . eee ee ed Pee ee . ‘(SnjuBIBULy 90s) yue1euy 
ee a ec a i eee i Gi 0) “+> *(uanssATY 4yooMsg gas) WUWNULTADUL wnsshy) py 
“OTM 
‘suapaes plo pure ‘yurd 
*[Ios pooy ‘QuBAdyT at} WO1)T ‘otd.ang “MOTRIN sete ewe wwe ee ee ee eee H ‘Aqqnays ‘exeugTy 
cece eee eeslee we weet e teeter coe Sisiels ic ew ale ofc. a)|\als-ef=on aid /elape Bisif/s bien wie cee cesescce (qooyATIOH das) DAaSOwL DoYUyy 
Pisielleib.wis, oye esse «|| \v\p\ vies ]e\ere Seed “jnecevee ele] mleisuaate «sieve ee eeee sees +++ =*(MOT[R-YSaABI aS) s7ypUIUJo DaYIIV 
‘sdureMs ‘PABA 
‘SuIBa.14S -ygnos pue ‘-xay, | ‘ysrmopje’ “yRO 
jo Slops0og “TUL, O} SSVI Aqsny SATO Water lionay © waeae ts terscccoscesqcecesas wr MIN LLas SNU]P 
‘(UTBIULTG-A9}BA\ VoS) OHYJUN)[T DUS x 
ee ee ee os Oe eee **+*(Snupy das) Yooug ‘eply 
*punoi3d MOT ‘uOWIUIOD *OTUM. “ATIOH 8.0 60 eu oe) wn bis ci) 0 6 0.0m 0a 6 (00'S pein iene wees Al ‘yovld ‘IOpIVv 
‘(AMOWLISY 99S) Y210,DdNT DLWOURLD PY 
*Spoom 
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“MOT[OA 
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‘punoi3 yout 07 “M BLA 0} ac "NI pues qUusvyT “AIT see eee eee ee eens eee eeeee sae c | ‘onSu0L-s,.1eppV 
‘(poy ‘Aaraqourg 9as) ‘(B1qna “1BA) pIIIAS DDIOP x 
eee eee snes sect eeesee eeeeee teeter eee Pree ee ee (OUI AA ‘f1daqourg gas) DQ]D DH) 
Ce ey ereeleee eo) Pe ee (SBA qooMS gas) SNUDIVDO SNLOOP 
‘(OPIMODY 998) wnpouzawnr Wrz woop 
*[10S “OSTA “SIUI *‘qa]OIA 
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*quaUIUOIAU gy *AqyTeOO'T “10109 “Arey ‘SHILAIUVA GNV SaIOadS 


253 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX, 


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-and ‘aqry AA. 


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257 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


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261 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX, 


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Cees rl er ees n eevee resee “Bqoojied BalV ‘unto yjuesAIY,) 

*(1oq7B MA ‘SUIAW 99S) JOOY 9}BlODOYHy 
*(A1.10q, 

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BRavaegey 8KG, cue ny Q}/ietenevekexrahel (BMOSSISCIG 90S) DPD}JaQuun DprYdoUry O 


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‘yurd see PAGS CLAD a ‘189-OSNO] Pea ‘pseM xo 


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sereeeeeeessysss** (TOTAL AISNC 99S) Dwass~prpUDI DaInD]UAQ 


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‘eqisodurog |**"**- "89" MINYOsSOU DAINDUAD 


“***"*(qojIng S.1ojeyoRg aes) snuvlip vaimnjuag 
atte lemoera teteie|| clatiels esata cronies Se (qui0osya0Q eas) 070987.10 028079 
pr teresesecetseesesesess*(199MS-IO}IG 9S) SUAPWVIS SN14SD]IAD 


262 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


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-aune ‘spuno.13 990A, “PN 09H ON “MOT[AA ‘OSOU CERDICOR Tac RS SAC Ce AGI ‘€qqnays ‘troyonbulp 
“Sny ‘sopispeor | ‘Uey pue ‘UUTT 03 
‘Arne ‘sooR[doqsB Ay “M on 'N ron “TT 'N “MOTO asoy Scie ip cies otal seramman cease oinie-618\2;2° 3500 Fi ‘ABMION ‘royenbuiQ 
‘qdog | ‘jtos Aap pue 
= “adv seovyd AssB.ix) “‘mOUETTTO) “MOTION siete aye ypu eialesnieis\einiel ci -isita ae Sey) SONA G)) sO POLO UR) 
se ceeeeeleeeeeeeeeee ae SRG Are Peon Or sellers "***QoorexBUg, YOR _ 99s) vsowmaav.n. DHNLIIVWID 
RapNauassnitial visi sishoie\sisiekeseienn2s) te eee cece eee e eee el eter eeeenes | tereesseeeeesses( KIOOTUD B98) SNOAJUT WN2L0YI1D 
= saunags 4 Raeaia costo eie) sfeetenateca etl seetee.erers ae aye| ee Ltereeeeeeneeees (Qarpugy aos) DIUpUM wnIL0YIID 
‘4SB09 IR8u 
‘~wO hs preamynos ‘aued “MOTION 
—sny |'suareq iq | pue x “nN yNog uapon =fraysodtog | ty ‘pwn. sasdosh.y x. 
Jap: ‘stiapaed “yurd 10 
‘oun | [LOS 4IpSrry ‘BISIeg UlOAT pea ayeq |‘agisoduiop Fete seeeeseesesses gr MUNaSOd UNMAYIUDSHALYD 
‘SudpIvs OTM 
“Ane ‘spley pure ‘TONBATNO pue yard 
‘sung | sapispBory WOT pedeosg “COSTED | ‘aytsodurog |" rreteeeeeeeeeess rT QunIUaypiDd Wnwmay,UDshiy a 
eee ceslencececcccces Oi] leveinrete eee wee sleeneeceverea|tresseccnce . *(MojJaoAayT ania tia ususabel aaa ar 
“~afo 
sewer eeele wee ee wees salen ewww ree nne . . tee wees ei ei a) -XO ‘ASTBC 8aS) WNWAYZUNINGT WNWAYLUVSH.AYD 
(une 
tae alee See wees ee tenes tee ee eee ea -uesAryO osoutgg 9s) WNIIPUT WNUWAYLUDSHAYD 
(untmeyquesAIGO 
se eeees Oy eae ee a ee ee i ee ee ee ee ee it oe veel TauUINg aas) WNIMDUOLOD WNUWAYQUDSHLYD 
‘qdoag ‘suapIBsS “OUITTM ‘pau 
~eunt | “TI0s qysry | ‘4uevaeT ayy WOT CAROLS el 9 ISOLCLULIO @)) umes persian ena ss T9uTmNg ‘umureryqUesAIgD 
oom aa ares A GnneMnnninneinninl nnicnnnncinin eee SSOAnnnr rion LAS Me ee Bed eG Ns ae I cumuremURs LO 
seer eee ey ee) wees . eee eee ee “*ssoouLtd s‘ummueyyUesAIyO 
ee ed i ee) ee ey ee) tereeeeeeeleeessees = srosuIQ ayy Jo Sury ‘wnmoyjuesdéayD 
‘Da, ‘suapies ‘ueder 
—4dag "nos yory | pues euly Woe ‘SOME A ‘aysodu0p aes) ‘gsoulyO pue osourder ‘wantmonjyuesc1y 
Cece ccc elecescensreeeeelesscecsesevecen teleesecneons cece Seca teeeeseoncccn apa ueploy ‘wnwmeyueshiyO 
“u100 
jo aie iain ala act “#511007, 40109 “spay ‘SUILATMVA GNV SaIOTas 


263 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


86 
G8 
Pel 
29 
Zot 


Oot 
96T 


‘T6L “PS 


Tel 


GP 


681 


8&1 
6&1 
OFT 


6&T 


‘sug 
puv spoom 
yout ‘dured 


‘syoor opiseg 


‘TOS 4S!OTT 
‘TIOS pooy 
‘TOs qysTT 


“spoom 
4stout ‘plop 


“qSBT[vq _ 
pue spunois 
OSB AM 


‘THOS poop 
“‘syueq 
IAL pue 
SapIspeoy 
*[IOS pooy 
‘THOS pooxy 


‘IOs pooy 


‘OT, puv 
“BMOT “TOTAL OF “AA 


“81H OFAN GNog 


“MO UILOD 


‘SY pus “'stAy “CA 
“M 91 °X ON SOM 
‘suopaes 
‘BlUOFIVO WOT, 
‘suopivs 
‘eBIpuy WOT 


“UUTT OF “AA “O(N 
0} “HN “Suu uy 
‘SuopiBs 
‘prev mMy{nosS puw 
“TIL ‘Toure “FAL 


‘suapaey 


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‘suoples 
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‘suopies 
‘(priqay Vv) 
‘sueplRs 
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abd 
“MOT[OA puB 
qo[lBog 
OUT M. 
pue on[g 
‘OUITTM pus 
ONTQ-FOLOlLA. 


“‘SNOTIv A 


"MOT[OA UST 
W901 38d 


“yurd 
uoOsuLA 


“YSIp ped 


“OUI M 
-ystueaty) 


“OUTTA 
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“MO[[PA 


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“4YOOFMOID 


“‘VIOM SI 


“VIOMSBT 


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“qOOJ MOD 
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“JOOJMOID 


"YOOJMOIO 


BO RAO Or **(suBsale Basso aes) Sdoaqg [e109 
(pBa.iqyploy ves) 0770/2144 s17dop 
oan (Pel ‘peeMpulg ees) s7s1aa.iy snjnajoanoy 
(aR A-oI-JO-ATIT aes) syyolow YLuy]oAWOQ 
SSRIS (D}.LY DIYAQDNG YAS) IMO] PUOD 

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“9q ‘nalmu2bAr4A DUINEMWWOD 


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*(WUTB eS10 FJ Vas) ssuapyuUuny Y2U0SU27)09 x 


"e889 999191.t90 DISUIZJIOD x 


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‘(MOWIULOD ‘aTJSIYL, 9S) $72970j0AIWD] SNOLUO x. 


ear evateleveyucelapes Nore iccnPae¥s (ai ehsterarein “5+ S27 aL0Q DLUOPUL/O 


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@9 ‘gun *s30q yeog pue ‘pave auyuon “yutd. Pagel SOOO OCI ICRIOO Ou URS a aL fy | ‘£1aqueiy 
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L ‘Hos youy *suap.1eBy “MOTOR "asoauU pte, Odin n(nie bie Gece n.e ofpieis bale. 4/8,8 0 aa viele Ce ‘ysisug ‘dyjsmop 
F6L wees eecerccccnsesce seer ele reser eereeslesve eee ee ee ey se eiesis€) *11099 01) 
OPS ap teen eee ened c eters eee lee tenet ees sect eeeeee eet eeeeeeeeeeseeeeseress® TIBI ‘SOUISO) 
‘Suopies ‘sexo, “yurd 
ChS “TOS poop | puv oolxey Woy | pure oq AL ‘aysoduros) ein\u'=)s)s}e/ajsisisiaie\sie ® sicieisie\sizisi\nie\8 si) ore e OLE OD) 
86 Cee reser slo vecnceveosssserevvsl|eeeecoecce seers eelecce eeaee * (adig uetpuy aes) gue[g esdop 
*(LaISO-payy Pipooason: 99S) D.LALIU0]O}S SNULOD x 
*(SULIMO[Y POOMBOC 9aS) MPLLOY $70.10)». 
18 sees eevee esseee eee eee eeeeene Sree erie (cnc aeveccee vreteeseess (KT 19q-YOUN IVS) SISUAPDUDI SNULOD 
06 seoecee ee eeee . eee eer ereeee oe oe aehovPaeves|aeiviewe Ceceveeleodece sees TOMNG S LOTeyYOV Bos) LaMOYUO;) 
Ssny “‘Spley. “MOULUIOD ‘oydund 
-oune qeeyM Ut ‘odoang, Wo.ayy -part yur $e.ci.e bisieceeieiee ee ese tenn sissiesnansicern OTHQOM MIO) m 
“MOT[OA puB 
qdag ‘Suepies pue pat-deep 
Loe ‘esr | -Aine | ‘pos guysry | “xe, “yay “aur pexyy | 'eqtsodurop Rises suelo tag A IO treeeses saa tojour sisdoaLog 
‘suepaies pue 
Aine | ‘pros durep |‘pavayjnos paw eA 
20e | ‘oune 10 YOu 0} ‘TIL pus “yoru EMOTO. || SISOCUTOG) rites tel eheineie'eiein treeesesess yap 0a0Un] SIsdoatog 
“MO[[OA 
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‘Toe ‘98T| ‘Aine | ‘[ros 9ysryT ‘SUxXOT, WOI uooIByy |'oyISOdwOD |"****"**** terereeeeesesss 17 MOUWUWNAT SISAOILOD 
“MO][OX 
“Bny ‘suap.ies ‘yods 
T0e ‘Aine [LOS JUST ‘sexo, WOd IT uoorwyy, |azsodunog [rss s 8 99nU0.L09 $1sd0a.109 
qdeg | ‘syaBq pur pare MYINOS 
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*(JOOY [BION BAS) D.LOYI}INU DZLYLO]] DLO) x 
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—Ane¢? ‘Spoom Aad “pur ol "7 AT -ysydaug ‘SITIO ee iy ee) IIA WIC se LPB OO" [8.109 
‘sadeg ree *qudMIUOALAU . *AppRO0'T *10[0{) “SUB J “SUILAIUVA AGNV SaIOadS 


265 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


Lhe ‘deg | ‘spray pure mecoynensecoys) *MoT[od ue 


‘est ‘gor| —ady soinjgsed ‘odoing Woay -plOs Gory |‘ayTsodmogp [tests tester SouMOD ‘moTTepuBd 
‘ount “‘syueq “‘qSoM ‘oydand 
AB] | puv soterg| -Yyynos puw AY |-goTora aw |aytsodurog |******* Risse ei eisiPi ale eisiags ee Noles SER ey SIONS BAN AST E CL 
“Ayn ‘SMOpPVOUL “Wy MOUTUTOD “OTM ‘109 
col ‘oung | pue SPM ‘adoing wWor1y |-uad MOT[AA|aqsodurog |******* Hass iekascieheele else eho 2 els ee AOR) RAST EU 
COT eee slew nee stew eens ry ee i ee ry (Asteq ystsuq oes) ystpsaq ‘Asreqy 
“qdag *[L0S ‘suopies 
Che ‘206 | “ANY | gusty ‘YonT ‘OOIXo], WOOL, "SHOLIBA *|*SISOMUIOG) | 8 rt wee wie eleeiees sien sisi na O21. DUTY 
“ARW “puno.s ‘suopiBs *MOTIOA 
LT “BOT “1dv dweq ‘adoiny WO.A iT ueploy ‘sI[[Auvury ARM AOE SI RE SE SOS IC OOS Gk (LOA G1 G | 


‘ON Jo 's}ur oy | ‘ojIqTM pue 
‘g “Of puv ‘uur | ‘equeseur 


‘AqngG | ‘ssoq 3eed | 01 'H'N ISOM “OT -yuld "SIFOIQ [itt ttt ttt e sss Qnanioads wnipadisdny +. 
‘oun | "SPOOM MOT | ‘UBy ‘WY pure ‘uuiy| “MoTfoes 
8¢ ‘ABI pus ssog (09° “BY 07 WN aed ‘SIWOIO = |e Ooi Bs yy Mt ST rT ‘suaasaqnd wnipadidio 
‘(MOT[PA JoT/eug 
gg CC ee ee ec ed teen eee ‘raddyg s Apu'y 99s) wnsoyre41od wnipadidlig 
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9¢ setteeeelesecetereeeeesleceerecseeeeesereesslicesereeeeerlecsreresessslCQMor WOSBODOWT aS) a7nvon wnrpadrudiig 
FOL Deere ee ele reece e eee nselas sess ees eee eeseseesleccreeeees te[ereseeseseesioees (BIUGUAD ‘UOIepUBC, dds) UOTTapuBG BiqIUAD 
“MOTIOL 
‘qdag ‘punoas ‘suapied uaplos 
661 | -eune poop | “TBO puv u0de. 10 | “jessy AWT ppstelstahelerslsheleT oo) eso ease esehe meres snap pyzoqgoplig 
cel ee ee ae i re) tee eenee slew e ene eennee i iin (dappod eas) 7A0U0.LY YJNIsSND 
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00% ‘ady ASSU.LD ‘edoang, WoOayT ‘SNOB A ‘SLIT FSU OSC GUID OOD IDOE GHD OUOIOUD RGM yah (9) 
“AY 
‘ABW “‘Spoom Wont pue TUN 04 ON “OUI M. ‘puvysntl PRC a CC SAI SOG MOCRTIAO G oo OUND» 
‘ON 03 ; 
*‘ssoq sormeysel[y ‘paw a 


yeod pues YER pue* aor 07 
kB spoom ASSOW Cy ie oT ‘NS ‘a ‘N. OTT. ‘WWvVeTyT a) 15) Ly, 19q.Moug Surdoapx 
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18 


966 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


16 “ABI | ‘[lOs pooy 
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8% ‘IG ee ee? 
Ane 
O6T ‘oun ‘TLO8 TOI 
Suny 
16r | ‘Arne | ‘Tros qory 
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O6T urels PIO 
T6r “TOS TORT 
(7) aa ee aeteencaris 
‘[los pooyy 
62 ‘THOS pooyy 
ool weuill avert covery piary a 
gl mia reeieiateletayelerast?e 
“AON “‘SopIspRod 
Ire ‘FOL | —ATDE. |pue smopvoyy 
Aine *punoas 
@hS ‘POT | — ABI 4Sloy, 
‘sodug sa Mn *‘jusTUOa AU 


‘stlap.ies ‘euIyD OVI 


pue uvder woiy | pue yur 
“yLV puew “qan 03 

“M BD 09 “HN “MOTTO A 
‘preaMyynos puw “Oy 


“UUIL 09 "Bq 4SeA, | pue ong 


Hamer rere sees ay 


on q-goyora 
‘suopaey JUST 

“paeMyyNos “Ogi 

“Bd | puB 4o[OlA 


‘suopies “ogiyyM Sspurd 
pus “vA 07 Vg jop,an[q aed 
*pPABMIANOS “YSIGIUM 


pues “yeq 07 ‘SIMA | pue ong 
‘suopaes 
‘ado.ngy WOaT “MOTOR 
‘suepaesd “AN[q-JoTOLA 
‘uedep Wwo.1, qysvy 


“MOT[OA 

‘ed 9} HN usplopy 

*XOL 07 pawn “MOTIOA 

-Yynos “uey 07 "py| ueploy 
Aq woOTT “10109 


‘apyons 
-£ou0 f{ 


“AIT 


"yOOJMOID 


"JOOJMOAD 


‘4qooJMOID 


*JOOJMOID 


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‘aqisodmop 


‘aqisoduroy 


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ee naryodn DPA 


“stysetess* (Qivayy-surpaalg vas) s2/1qnjoads DApUaIIT 


(seydverg S,UBUUyOING vas) DLWD]NIND VAQUaDIT 


i i i iy 


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‘(QOoy-aPULID ves) oyhydip vpiuwoyWad ~ 


sreeessles "(9907 [BOQ ‘Addog vas) wnrprbi4 woorawmoapueg 


meses s-9u.l002 wnmrydaq 
veessesss qunurmbasad unmeydad 


sees uunsomsof wnmeydaq 


et ee aes Un) nypxa wmnvurydjaq 
sete s (ogg ‘andsxyiery vas) wnzpja wnrueydjaq 
ay . ppryo0suUuoyg wuniydjaq 
Be PE SPSS PEASE ISS RUM ONZD ULNLUA Oa 


‘Goyooy ‘andsy1e'T oes) sxonlp wnrurydjag 


“H ‘Moor ‘A[VT-AB x 


Sree teesessess (BUOITIUIUOD aS) MOWUUIOZ ‘eMOTy-ABC 


“(g(ddy-u10q, oes) uwnuoMD.ag Dinjod 
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Spc aeae a ea na ‘Teal ‘aoljapurqd 
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“SSUILUIUVA GNV SaIOddS 


267 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


GOL *6 


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‘TOS WUBYT 


‘so0vld Jo 


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*punoas Yony 
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jo Saopaog 


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Apvys yo 


“UU “S03 “CN 'S 


“mOUTUIOD 
‘odoung, WO yy 


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03 “MB OF “BI 
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cepa 
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YIV puv ‘uUrp, 07 
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‘§ “WNIT 09 “GL “N 


“MOT[OX 


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10 Ystuvady)| OMY IIG 


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pue oyIq M ROCA NG 


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eee eee Pe pee Uae ie oe eee Sheen cea CREHDUNOO TEs 
| ee ** KIIIQIOP [OT 


teeeeeseees (Ssorsng Sadi, 908) awwbyna wnyoy 


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seen NOS ep OEE OF ‘adi S UBUTYOIN 


A sousnapborananc ac SSO at ({ ‘soyoooug s,uvuqoyng 
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treeeeeresereesses(Tospag, a8) s2.lysaapis snopsdiq 
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ele mie tatalera|l avai vafesaietayals miacnia | (vletetateverets arava atuisie, = fo's sefvistalorat ae 
“Bny ‘suopies “OITA pus 
-eung¢ | [10s pooy pue BiuIOjTTeOD BlUISVI 
‘aSUBI0 
OST ‘6FI pus MOT 
‘QPL ‘APT| “gdeg ‘suapiea -JoA “agra 
‘OPI ‘GPT| -eUNL | “TIos yYUsVT puB VIULOFTCD “MOTIPA 
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ia hee ers aie mialacerol|(e clecarele'ais S.elesversac sian marietta 
I Srefeieis tines isin vats lie ova ieteisieter erotica ate Remonaar 
‘suopies 
‘aune ‘soor[d ‘UOIYBAIY[NO UOJ OVI 
901 ‘cor | ‘APIA AssBiy pedeosa Ajorey pue yulg 
‘sny ‘Suep.1BS-TdYOIDY 
PSE | -ounge | ‘los yqSrT ‘adoing u10.1,7 ‘AN Q-OVVT 
‘sadeg Sven *queUImOIAUT *Aqo0"Y “10109 


“OSOLUIL 
-SULUdATT 


‘aSOIMILIg 
-Suluaa 


‘aqisodurop, 


“Ayan 


|'e31sodu0p 


‘aqisodurog BUCO JOD UGOCR IORI A 3) ‘aomulo0p ‘Suysvpoaq 


HOUEEIE OE COUOSIOS SOC I NGOD. V5 ‘gsortig-Surmeaq 
(oor 

-X9J{ JO BIYQeSUIOg 9eas) DIU2LWaYyINd HIQLoydnaA 
“(uyeg 


*Jrteseeseesss|-cnoyT eqg uO MOU ves) DJDUIBLDUM DIQ4oYydnA 


‘(seqB4S pajay 
aq} JO BIVjosuIOg aas) D)p/iydosajay DiQsoydnTy 
““(paaM o4g-00f aes) wnaindind wnir.opndng 
srreesess (Qosauog vas) wnjporof1ad wnisoppdng 


TTF 8* QUNUWUIIUOD WNIPILDYINT x 


tee 


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Se teeceeerecersessrres aUMaIUdjapDIMd UOLOAAT « 


|'+-(ayeqaerd 8,uIqoy eas) snzofrprjag Uosabras 


sretresss(N9QQ9MaILy 8aS) MI20/NSnHup wnIgG0)L1 57 
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a ‘gd ‘Asreqy ysrysug 


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‘SAILAINVA AONV SHIOUdS 


269 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


€8I ‘06 
GB “EB 


0& 
te 


&L 


Ole 
Ost 
90T 


ic 


‘dog 
“Sny 
‘qdag 
-oune 


‘sny 
-oune 


*SpooM 
Aap ‘uedo 


*[t0s USI 


*[10s poos 


Beenie OSB AA 


‘soovyd JOA 
‘TLOs 4SVT 


*punois 
1I9A0-pouing 


‘TOs qysr"T 
“SpooM 
uit pue 
sasdoo 4Sloy, 


*Spoom 
_ oud wd — 


‘syuvq pur 


‘s][Ooux, ‘Seung 


-sed a[leyg 
‘spoom puev 
sity Sad 


“‘yIV pues ey) 07'S 
*BMOT “SIM 0} HN 
‘suopaies ‘BO 
-Wlomy “doa wo1y 
‘SUIPIVS ‘MOTYBATL 
“Ny WoTy pedro 
-So SOOtnut HOT, 


seen eee 


‘yIV pure ‘aUlyy 
02 °MA “BLA 09 “ON 
‘suopiRs 
‘WUBAIT oy WOA 
‘qsoM pus 44.100 
“uey pae ‘uUly{ 03 
‘MON put ‘HN 


‘suopies 
‘BUlyQ WIOA 


“xa, pue 
‘Ue “W gue 
09 ‘MOS 


"ad 07 “AA 
‘ert 04 HN 


metolneacetor@) 


“pave aMUy.oU 
“MOUILULOD) 


S03 'N] 


“MOTIOA. 
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“MOT[OA 


ona qUstT 


“ONTQ-IO[OLA 
‘UOSUILID) 


“equeSseUul 
aed 


“OU AA 


OM 


“OTT M. 
“YSIMO[[OAR 


“‘QIOMST 
*yoOTO,O 
-1n0y 


‘OSOIUILI 
Ssulueay 


‘aqisoduiop 


‘OVI 
Ajrvad 


‘ayisoduo0p 


Deen vie te ewsedeactcees rs) ‘OsTeuy suMo(y ‘QA0TSXOT 
\ 


See ee SILOS Fy ‘00]0,0-AN0,T 


Sravaje:wie sere (arene ae eie/ eis, ¥imia aisle ielele: sib. are W ‘q0u-OUI-JaS.10,T 


Co Cg A (n10f1p409 01]A1LT, 99S) LaMOY- wee 
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ees Fanart (onjq 1es1v'T ‘Sep 998) SI[-ep-Ine]7 


eee eee tee esses esp eeesse ee eeases I ‘ond I93.18'T ‘BBL 


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a eiotob aretalate Su eiviv.t, 610, 01h 6, e7 8 (s/0 ra Gs amb ale; DIe Nc i ‘poomMalliy 
*(ava-9Snoy, Ploy 
‘peamypIyO 9aS) pseMyomO ABe-esnofl PL 


O ‘Moj.1OA0T 


SE a OP Oa COCO g ‘[vag S,moMIO]Og ase 
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my “(D20ftpL09 D)JANOLT, POS) JLOMOAFITAL STR 


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BP NE Bie ([ea ‘Wolepued ees) uoljepuRd [[BA 


teteeeeeeeseseseonr Arp 10 SuIdg ‘suysvp1oagq 


re 


y ‘A[tvog ‘Sursep1oa 


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z ) i : oer conse st me canis sie aie 5 
. 3 pans Ce PETRY ett ted | ee aren 5 9s aay ol le 
‘sny |° *MOUIULO ; Pion i wacucion 
© ans aie : eer coe Seseate the e sis a 
2 He pikes FeaeT, | eee eee i oat ‘qo51B 
: ; Spams I LIPpBI rr ‘ 
3 =| atts sia te a OUR ‘ 
“Bny Sidra Wawa Aa ae ae ee ae sie sire 
2 = : jee ay ae A PPP es eeree . ‘ 
4 ec AE ‘los yySvT [paw suepied sadpaiowedl oa. ca  doupsons 9 Semone 
o | Cusp sn ee “+ **(doapaou 10d WN2YH) x 
a eet | ‘Aine | ‘pos aq3rT Paar HS a “aren 
a | | ore aga ag tec ie ee eeoretyy 
3 118YO 
Ey €cI ‘Atng |‘punorsuedgQ| * “BI pue . ape hbetr ss Aaa of i 
(=) gay [terse |r emeess ot Dhak tae SL ON eet en oe 
N d si oe nS dee Ua Ree nee 
; an Ee BN alte aE eet a, Cah Ratan 
z ‘i = | . st tata ee aie aa is i . 
ts me te rar “Laake, SI[val0og B1OInW de YILIDY 
: os “ios Nate Wed ‘N| MOTTO” ‘aytsoduiog |** > [piley[veyy 
=: rate aie el ee 1y0}80.0D 
: : . 90 ‘aqyisoduro,) weer eee eeeeses : patie 
C 62 Romer saath Allene ie OSE | sl eet ee 
: te vente eee ans es ee Bier aretasete pare. 6 oe. 
: ee "ES aes see teal Mrcemepn or Cone co eiaaetetsha nav 
4 Sa cE io NR OIE es Rees che Tt | ye ay otal anod Stpb 
a en pte See Peet HE sox ee acd ete (oyofionnd fear 995) OSA 
= ‘nn io Wivieisian eed ellen Sa tS (ea pe 
I “qd vt rep dnl ae a ge i ; cee oe a a 
<q qdag a mien ee oa ee ie saline aa aes nae 2 : 
Fu “gny caer ‘TIL pue ‘ela ees eee i 
= : = WY [O'S Uap, OF N} “MO -MOP-MOTIAA ‘La1aqMe.g 9s : reat 
a ‘saleg Bey *yUaLIMOM AUR sg TPA SATO NS ity | ceo ass ae tie ee peasant ses 
; = sewer 9) 89s Re ‘ 
2071 “10]0D *“ApuIE a 
SHILAIUVA ANV Sd10ddS 


271 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


6IT “2 
61 
611 
Lb 
SIT 


008 “6IT 


OI 
SIL 
BEG 
6&% 
966 
8&6 


686 


9&6 ‘19 


“qdeg 
“any | “Tfos qysrT 
‘Spoom 

Aqne | jooo We 
4ydag 

-A[ng | ‘Tos qysrT 
4dag ‘punois 

—sny | Aap 10 MoT 
‘Ane | ‘spley pue 

—1dy ago usdQO 
AON 

—ABA | “[L0Os WsvT 


‘790 
“qdag 


‘490 
—sny 


‘spuno13 MO'T 


‘spuno.d 
FSIO TL 


‘suapaey 


“ey 'sjur 07'S UU 
0} "UUOD “AL “IA 


‘suopiRs 


‘BIUIO JIB) WOT 


“MOWLUOY, 


“MOWULOZ) 


‘suopaes ‘adopt 
poop jo adep) uo. 


"ed 0} ‘SUT 


pue ‘O1gOo ‘BMOT 
03'S ‘ ABC 0} “HN 


“8D 'N 01'S 


“MUI 0} "AN 


‘sjutg aed 
pues oxy A 


‘otdand 


“an q-oUuLd 
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qr L 
‘onyq 
-OULIBUL 
“8.190 QUST] 
pue ot 


"STI 


“unt 
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‘ueluey 


‘uBijuey 


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reese: sismdefe[qouorg “SN[OIpBly) 


““snpunig snjorpn2) 


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“* pudsdad DUNIQUWIALA) 
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“4 ‘paso[) 40 epyjog ‘aque 


972 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


‘suepies ‘014 


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00% “1dy | puv sosdog | -se tedoing wos, 
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rae} “ady ‘durep | ‘sdog | 07'S 'N WOULULO() 
Qi (ccf SA Sak 
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qdag 7 ‘suopaies 
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qdag ‘suopaes 
—Ayne “Tos war “310 pas DB i:@) 
7 a ee el aPC SSO ASS araliors ats 
qdag tigaspnad ‘adoy 
961 “2ny “THos WAT |pooy jo adep WwO.L] 
W6L AehesnTatovel | RiaPoi biotesote'steiey oA |cuc:austeiceshass c\ata sieve ls) efaied 
sel (cc eee aienci SSasl ame tap ee or cae 
qdag ‘suapae.d 
961 “Sny [lOS JSUT _‘adongy "Sg WO 
wet ft ith SERS ara ial Hee eRe Sate 
61 Beebe eetee aes ates CTR MECN alent ; 
qdasg ‘suapaes ‘adoyyT 
261 “any | ‘os qysrT |pooy jo edep wo. 
qdag ‘snepies 
261 “any | ‘jlosquysry | ‘ueaay oy} U0. 
“sad ease *yaaummuoAuy *AAI[B00'T 


“-aniq 
-9uLIBUT ; 
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eee aaainis cell cs eboaareerctaekil eres acer sie ******(109}09 eas) wHDYG.Lay Wnidlissoy 
“OUT 
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Oty AA JOOJMOAD [iriitttt estes etree eee estes 9 ‘praapjoy 
See vets Madea oil joie eerie eS taloste pst Stata: we Narboe rraaca lec Th renee else (oS¥ptfog aes) poy uaploy 
MOT[OL 
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‘(sasdoshiuyQ 99S) 18]SY Ueplor, 
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‘atdang -SULUOA ier abe nie Dr mem NNT 17H Kelli heey Cy alaya ls 
‘yuid 
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‘HOSUILID | ‘asortUIg 
pur ova -SUIUO Ag nnsWain a 0/0 bic. iaieveretepie aiaietefe tixere “+p UaUD 117aP0) 
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*podiys pod 
‘MOTOR Sly eee eee ry “> snwi9n}}Isd snjoIipy)}y) 
Mp, sieisyesa einrelw sl a:<Vayare Seals due o')| (Pen anelerabraiatel eveinveneetaels jarauNO]y owWePRIY ‘snfoIpe[y 
Rericiescein teal crete ct uieeo Sera aia teig cmetaane atc Baraat esto farloes sisuaavpuey snjoIprls 
‘OTT M pue 
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‘ojd.mg ‘SLIT ee eeee ‘snuyunzhg snjoIpy1y 
*10[09, “AmB ‘SAILGIUVA GNV Sal0ads 


273 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX, 


60% ‘841 sewer ee epeererererersesl(es eee e ween ween eeenes sae oa sence eee “++ (DITAA ‘TAMOTYUNG as) snajzwobyb snyzwonarH 
‘qdag *SUA.LIEQ 
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*(TaMOVUNG 9.10} 
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qdag ‘puno.s ‘suopaes *MOT[OA 
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“MoOT[OA 
dag ‘sua..1eq ‘uBy OJ pue uosplos 
60% “Suny ould ‘parBMyyNos “CN |pus uMaoag |‘agfsodurop |** -*"*" Tete ae tee seen 0f1snbUY SnYyqQUnyaH 
‘(PAI AA-9Z99UG BAS) A/DUUNIND WN) x 
LEE ‘GOI woe ere ee (seers eresreserl(ss eee ese ssseeses Se Go weer Pe ee ee ec a) ween eee **(TTaqan[_ 998) [[eqer1eH 
‘spunoi3 ‘uvy pur 
qdeg MOT pus “TUT, 02 “AK “BD 
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19 Aine -pBoul JOM *M ey “N 04 “iT ‘NI ysydundg “SIqOIO eoeees ee ee eeeeree ‘sapoohisd DILDUAQDT 
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qstota ‘TOT, OF "MA “RH | “YStuoaId 
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a *“m100[q 
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275 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


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Tenis “sss (UTOBAH PILAA 99S) PIE ‘UQUIOwA FT 
H ‘peyeaning ‘qjupoesy 


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“Ayn *punoi3 ‘suopies 
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*(sUBdWIBI|Y IOS) W2UWAIAH YjINUT y 
‘oune ‘TLOS “eT pus ‘uUITY 09 
‘ABIL Aap ‘Apueg TAK “ely 0) AN *MOTIOA ‘aging Pee eee wees Se iis BOs | ‘DITA. ‘oSIpul. 
“3ny soor[d “UO UTUOD 
‘Apne OSU ‘qanog A[renoyaeg] “MOTOR ‘as[ng Slade eS Rae er eae vo IAS “Ty ‘quel q-oS1puy,. 
“(quel ee 99S) 9740}9UL) D.AALOBLPUT «. 
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pue an[q 
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OL -oune uodo ‘A1q io coneeaes(oy@) -ony{q qysrT “el[aqo'l ST CROCE LOCC eh Tie Waccese oe rT ‘oonRqoy, uvIpUy 
‘(MaIpUT DUUDD 2aS) JOYS uvIpuyy, 
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86 -eune | ‘spoom yon “TOUINIOD yspyarg ‘WQVReH Se ee tte twee eens Soh 1p ‘adtg uvIpUy 
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II peewee eleee reese ° See eee Peete eee (uinqanyse N aas) SSIMQD UdIpUy 
AT eas, lpoetca cio iaiatatetae a a (aiecet | aaa ovan Ghote yaPavarad (pea A\-Taaer vas) ppyyod suanoduy 
‘saovid Apeys UMOIq 
qdeg | pur ystour ‘pavaqnos paqods 
TAL | -eune | ‘panos qa A, _woututoD “OSUBIO won qhne (zt @¥ a) OREO OSOEEC Pe aise ssiniaicleisisieis seis si A770 GUO TOCULT, 
OIL ee eeenee Se eee . Cae ne neoees ee seloseacececcselecccce veccsleccesesennes oe *(ures[eg 908) DULMUDS]NQ suaznduy 
PFS see eveee i i es i i ee i id Cr iO i iti ie ee bees see eee| eee wees "9 "(ODLW youd 9as) DYDIIIIQAIA wary 
Che ee cevscelecrecce nya.tei'«) aiai(e)| lntinistat renin (6\e\Ta'cntn (vila) otetsini/ot ye, Wil tote Sei) wiiiivathbeliet aie interes eee e tec ccesceces (ATOH. UROLIGULY 92S) pando wary 
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207 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


80T 


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srtessss (Oni 1ad1B'T ‘BB aS) 1070028.Laa S247 


teen ee eee eee eeeeee ponibir4 10 VO1QDWUSILA SLIT 


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A * 19 es ee id is seceercersceslecceccceseeelesessesseses!=9=(UNUIZDU UOLPUIPOPOYZ Ids) FBaIH ‘foInv'y 
Ze £02 ‘FIL ts i a eee ieee ed er ee i ey rd trreeessssess (BOq JAIMG BIS) SN}V.LOPO SNLMYIVT 
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<q OGE | -4Inge | ‘Tos yq8rqT edoimg WOs sy *RUOMBA’ || 1OOFMOTA) | ts ee ae eee (Oo OSs LUG, 
S ‘aang | ‘spoom Mor | ‘uey ‘gy puB ‘uu, | ‘“Morjed 
Q gc “ABN puessog (OF “MBH O1'A'N|) Jqsug PRT OIG) | sees oe “9 ‘MOTIAR JoTTBUIg ‘1eddig s,ApeT 
Z, 611 ‘OIL ee ey ee ee i es Ce ee ee i ee ee a (ures,eg ves) Jeddyg s Apu'yT 
< 9S stew eee ee ee er oe od trreseeeselss== (JOMOL] WOSBDDO 99S) Hug ‘seddijg s Ape] 
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ica *Spoom ‘parvayy1oU 
4 Ane urejunow | pu “uur ‘Tort 
aune |pwessoq pjog "eq 0} ‘'N ‘aM yywoy foc tees eeeeeeeescry Spay JOpBIqE'Ts 
= 
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3 ~ady uedo pue ‘uur, 01 “GN |-plos qusvy ‘aquisodurog, Cece emcee rete eee sete eeee a 01U BALA D160. x 
i] Ske ‘FOT re Rope een i ce aay Ce (uoljeapueg eiyqyusy 99s) Udljapundg DIDILY 
= syueq *paeaygnos ‘moT[as ua 
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=I ‘ydag |‘saovid ojsem “yuid {wo 
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2 ‘qdag |'svovjd aysem *10[09-YSsoy “‘qRoy 
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N 


279 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


IT eee ee wees Peewee ee nee OC a Oe Ce ne i eee hice ere treeisssssse( MOTTA ‘XBYPBO, 998) sauMb)na DIUMULT 
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9308B.10-paal 
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ger | ‘eune sADEOR ued “AM “O'N OW “N ec! TATU ican baits wep bel sn TT ‘pooAy Pot PIEM ‘AIT 
cg wee ewweele eee e reer ee Cece a ed eer e eleva veseas Peed cari ee eee (AIT 19}8M\ 9ES) N ‘tazVAA OTT AA SATUT 
cared 
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“mdyy *‘pad-JoTUBos 
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98% Ce fe ey Ce OO Oe Pe er a | Pe ee ee i #076) 610 Mahe s eve €le OUT M OBIT 
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jo amy, 


281 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


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“ORT 
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pue uMo.1q 


“OBIT, 1d 
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pue 
‘ystmorpod 
‘Ystueaihy 


*MOTLOA 


*ApIpBo0'T 


“10199 


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‘sTyOIO 


‘OSBAJIXRS 


“OSBAJIXES 


‘aging 


“AU 


Coes eewge seeeesscesinavees oven ener Congen BOONTON 


“9 ‘yuIg “IoMOL] UOSBDDOT' 
tesseesses(yphydip va} 99S) ONAL OMIT 
Terese (NU0ftpLO9 DIJALVLE GES) OS[BA “OMAIFTAL 


"598 pOnU YI 


ee ee ee eee . OOO TL ‘pyhiydip 7)27. 
TADCCICE SL va ee ccJe | eupieiea aes) suadat DI]AYOLTT 


*(Q[00]9,0-ANO 9es) DADIN/ $2771QV.UT 


W ‘v.oeg DIT 
ssrestees(oag Maumnbuns p)VbhjOT 99S) WOMAN 


i see 


"oy SMOUTUIOD ‘paaay [TT 


sear Saqjpauoubiyy 
THs **(p.Loyrg DLW 898) IOMO[T FEIS UBOIXETL 
(AAT UOSIOd 99S) UTA AUNOLe 


TT MOTOR “JOU 
“QOTTP 088) exrDUK JO sno % 


‘SAILGINVA ANV SHI0adS 


283 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


aa 
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GIT ‘IT 


80T 
80. 
BOT 


801 


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801 
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906 “POG 


“POT ‘GEL 


26 
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26 


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dag 
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‘ABI 


‘los Apueg 


‘TL0s 
poos ‘dueq 


‘110s anes 
‘<peys ATied 
‘[10s 
poos ‘dweq 


‘soovtd o7Sem 
pur spp 


‘sa.mysed 
pur splowT 
[IOS poos 
Fa3tT 


‘syurq Apues| * 
‘sty Ayooy. 


“THOS Westy 


coe qo 


pue niod WOd 


‘suap.ie3 


‘gdoing, WO, 


‘suopies 
‘adounq, WO. 


‘suepaey, 


“TOULUOD — 


‘TOWMUIO/: 


‘suapies 
_adoangy WoT 


RS pue “ep 079 
“UA 07 "AN 
‘— pues ‘poyeag[(no 
‘Suapaes ‘Bor 
“ouLy do. Woda, 


“‘SNOLIG A, 


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MOTIAA 


“OUT MA 
agp ‘dno 
poaspe- ped 


“moT[O’ 
JUST 


“‘SnOLIvA 


“yuid 
-MOSUILT) 


‘SNOMIBA, 


“TUnTUB.10y) 


“sty Ae Ruy 


‘sy[Arvury 


"SITTA. reuy 


“‘VIOMSL 


*‘[esvaL 


UIT 
-owls[od 
“SuTnA 
-JOAUOD) 


aS a phat ts 3 "sess @ipuy Jo ssardung, ‘UINTVANISeN 
ORG SO ISS H U ONO paeapoy ‘uMTBAn{seN 
‘ula EOR[Bd [89S Sa) Suny }.04sBN 
Seu pea ts BIOL SCUNIANASBN 
sees sees * £B19 BSV ‘uaIn1angse N 


ve eceeee th ‘tanangseN 


sores ‘snqquedjog ‘snssto1e Ny 
“*(snyjued[og ‘SNSSIOIeN 90S) 17292], SNSSTI.LD AT 
([IPOYV oS) Snss7auMAT-OPNAST SNSSIIMDAT 


sereseesesssourUphjod SNSSIILDAT 


GERSON EOS OY 01 TOG $na7ja0d snss1a4n NT 
tresesss (IMmbuUOL aS) DPPNDUOL SNSSLIMMAT 


rereleeeeeres**(qou-aul-Jos10, Jas) s2uysnpod srz0sohyy 


5 SG OVI PIEM ‘Paeqsn yy 
teres ((qUTOBAPT-9d BL) 8S) SapI0li4jog Lvasnpy 


DESHOMODL 7 “UTED 


‘g ‘aplig Surmanoy, 
aa (JAOMPUBY 99S) JAOMPUBY UTeIUNOP 


Cea | eee “(910 f21) 9] pUWOM 90S) JaINe'T UleJUNO]T 


SPOR DEON (uyequnoy ‘AT[OH eas) ATIOT Ureyuno}, 
oer pietele testes ees (A TOMpPUBS 90s) Asreq, ule JUNOT 


“-q ‘MUI Ssoyy 


eee eee ae ‘£1079 - SUlaIOW 
"+9 *-(9dtg uBIpuy vas) v.1oyf2un ndoszoUoTyT 
*(sdo.rp- Yooog as[ Ry 928) shyidodiiyy ndosjouopny 

viiterereseeeret*(q1TtOW 08) POOYS UO 


984 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


Ce ee ee “(punruribar4 $270013)9 99S) PlBveg-S,UB]-PIO 


‘Sny ‘soorid “xo, 07 
-sune uedQ ‘uvy pus ‘Oy 
“Aqnee ‘soov[d 
‘oun uedgQ “TOULMLOD 
g, rc 3 eattsinelese a lainitigtyeweetoateraiotee ates : 
“SPISD 
‘qdeg | pue spunois 
—Ayn peprys ‘uOWUIORD 
‘punoad 
‘ny qstour me roloeasecoys) 
ere | -eune | pue ojsvAy ‘odoiny Wwo1y 
Iet ‘Fer | alll terete Greets grave nil eels to tesaceters Spo cnern lon 
‘spue[poom 
‘tor ‘92 | “Ame 4s1q “TOULUIOR) 
ane ed ee BA nota ae 
grt fcc Beall etarlayatetet-rasslewaiaie ee BOC Oo TOcen 
zIL Rrelete tere | lesio eons ett AO ACIDE TI OcceOVIOG 
eIL ies Satstetans AGoe Seteis aie aaron Sieievaratel| (ite 
ZIT Fac aie |lenaisiere aiessta els )s ell lsteiniale sw isjasat naretnyese ah 
ain fic rere ierevelllsaate eee ot Sea caiets 
ein |oct Meteors tine pines A inonicerneetdod 
“sane se’ *quaMGoIAUg * <q BIO'T 


eee ee ee ay 


‘(paindind piyapoy aes) pasiidind VlayjJOUG) x 
trrteeseesesees (Sdorpung ves) DyNUNd VLeYyzoUugD 


*9SOIUUTI 
“MOTO -dulueaq tree eeeeeersseerseseees SISUaLUNOSSIPY DAIYZOUR) x 
“MOT[OL *eSOIUILI 
qu svt -Suluaa gq wiainig ie/0\s,0/sivia/e ¢is\e ¥i0 S18.0/8.9191"0'= RODIN LOY TOU) + 
treseeereeleceesseecersteseees (QSOIUILIG-SUMAAG GIS) S2UUWIIQ D.LAYJOUT) 
id ‘(DUDWDY DLZAPOF) BOS) DUDUD DLOYJOUTD x 
Sry es Oe (JAOMI[EG Bas) 0270f271SSas DIsayDO 
. Ps ee tee (ATVT-IOIB AN aT A. aas) 40.L0p0 maoyduling 
(MOT[PA “ATLT-puog vas) DuaapY ADYydnn 
epeys 
“OUT M. -JYSIN eee e ewes ee ed ‘g ‘TOWLUOD ‘opeysyySINs 
aidand ‘apeys 
-JeJOl/ ~VUSIN Pia Sia S oseinie 6 Sis Sis Ale PLES ‘(qaemsieqqig) epeysiqsin 
settee ee . tae es cn * (QSI]-B-UL-0A0'T 9as) Duasspung pyabinr 
a RC salad a ea pe) he **(MOUINOD ‘ODDBQOY, 99S) WnIDGDT, DUDIZOITNT 
seeee ste nal ene nweeneens (podeMOp-agIt AA. ‘oooBqoL aes) sruigD DUDL}OOUNT 
“OUI. ‘us0ys yong Sfatysaleeteainatincnts pe form niasaisie) 6 aieiv) bose cn ‘gay, asier MON x 
cect eerste lesser seees oe treteoseseeees(KayT punory ves) DwoYyIaIy Djadan 
‘(arequnoyy ‘ATTOH 
etapa Ra es age **|9a8) s2uppno.svf 10 sisuapoung ‘sayzyundowan 
seen eee tle ewww eveeee tle eeceneee (SSO.1)-1078 AA aes) aypurayyfo WNBYANISON 
wet eee wees sae Pe re seetes sss osoy SUINTZINISBNT 
seen ee . Ps ee teeeeeseseoes ITOH DUN ‘WNGAINjsSeN 
* see seen eee ee scenes . “Treva ‘UIMNYANgsSBN 
ee ey es ee teereeessss QTOpOeyL SUry ‘WINIQANgseN 
eee eee ee ee ee ey oe sereeress squINyy, Woy, Jo Sury ‘WIN}ANsBNy 
“10199, “AuIET ‘SHUILAIUVA ANV SaIONdS 


285 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


TOr 


oun 


“ACW 


*punoas 
[Ooo “ory, 


‘spuno13 
Apuvs ‘ory 


‘[I0S poor) 


“Tos Arq 


*‘spoom 
qstour ‘qory 


“‘spoom Yong 


“sMmOpvoul 
JOM 


eoecies 
‘edoing wor 
‘xa, 
pue ‘uuay, ‘Ce "N 
03 °§ “UUT]L 07 “ON 
‘suopies 
‘doing Wo. 


— “payeayyno 
“g pue"M “GN 
‘0 'N 93 
‘S]U pus ‘paren 
-4SOM “FN WO.A 


‘OW pue ‘UUIT 
03 "MBH 0} “AN 


“UMA 09 “AA “ON 
pus “"( 'N 0} “HN 


*‘SHOLIV A, “JOTOTA 
“ysyd 
-ind pue 
MOLVA B[Vq| “WOMB 
‘SHOLIBA | “JOOJMOID 
‘ped QUryAl 
OU AA Aopsaed 
‘OJITM pue 
a[dund 
“yard *SITOIO 
“equesBul 
-yuid 
ysydang *SIQOIO 


* (‘gq 10D 998) sH~mYsy LaandnT 


SeFs]| haxetacersgetennseresas Gat AIO 9as) a7), UWAaIMQ Laandng 


Rane pg eee foe “Cd purvpoo] 9as) aynvoarpnru saandng 
COALS “Cg dyny 90s) wna197)6 waandog 


Seis cei ice ear ir ir ean e e wnignp saandvg 


‘I9IPQ 8 Joissep ‘Asuedg 
IDOE sg qousng ‘Asuvg 


ae neee SE Gao ‘ksueg 


eee ee eee a ‘Ku0e dy 


nce aa) SIDUIIYJO DIUODT 


Send iene aiaiea **(9fa-xo ‘Asteq 90s) Asveq ef9-xO 
(QOJOTA ‘[AALOG-POO AA BOS) 0991020 $1]DXO x 


‘Jrreeses* (MOLAR ‘[aAILOG-POOM 99S) 1792.1]8 $270LO 


** (AJIT Ak ‘[AILOG-PpOO MA 99S) 07/280}09P 8270xO 


Ce WwW ‘BeaL O39MSOx 
*(AJAOID JOOMS Gas) $2/i}826W0] DZ1YLLOUWSO x 


San soe Sue mamas ve 81) S1A ALG VZY.MLOUSO 
*(quiQ-ueploy ves) wno270nbD eg ee 
wey 


-9[TI9T_ JO ABI das) wnjnpjaqun WUNIDHOYPIULO 


BisleurobTsrerela (styo1Q AMOYG ees) s777qQu,9ad8 $2YILO 
‘Oo ‘Amoyg ‘sro1O 


: H ‘peasant ‘styo10 
*(aeag-A[OUg 99s) s2uwbjna pyUndo x 


“Tlos 
“ABI | WUSt ‘Apeys ‘suap.ies 
Sady Aypenied ‘ado WO. *JOTOLA, -oueqsoqg s/ainie isinje/ sie’ €\n/o'avajnieib aioe Sialsisigin w Riaom ee) NOT TETM TIO &, 


“--ySnoy 1o payusog ‘unmo0s1e[eg 


Se ewscele come cccenees lees winmamws ee ne Pes eee ear see 


tat LS A Oe airy on ress ssagrwog ‘uNTNOS.AB [ead 
ALL Fittrseeereersseessss=pagqnaas-asoy ‘UINIMOSIB[ed 
40 Gog eed ngs 55 ; veleeeeeeeeeees ees eeee ss Sauimeddeg ‘ummosieled 
AIL sae oo eee i “+ 1eAoa-Auueg ‘wnWoOs1e[eg 
00% | ects sae 5 “Peep ‘-paavaLaldeyy ‘umrmosrejed 


ails a ee poavol-Aay SUINIUOS1B [eg 
-* Q0YSsesio Fy ‘UUNIMOSABl[eq 
poavol-javoy ‘wuNUMOsAVB[eg 

. apse peMop ‘umrmos1eled 
ee ****(-q QOYSOSIOP Vas) aynuoz wn1U0H.y] aq 


Z, 

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Q 21 “Cg qururseddad 9as) wnsozuauo7 WN MObAD) AT 

23 611 (‘q ysnoy 10 payueog vas) HynpHY wnUobhanpeT 

ica} ial eee eer sate Eee NS ST te, hee te uleeY See RS ys I aly bea ae ss" (a paavol-Aay aos) wngnzjad wn Uo0b.njad 

= SIL FE eG (Cd Je[1B9g vas) sumumnbur WHLUObADj AT 

a PAGE “|g pehosr-Auueg vas) wnzopndijsxa WnIMobnpaqT 

= CGiizee pete oe ee S| eke ages © paths Zoe ree. bull en i ema cee *sF** (DapMOO ‘q Vas) WNZDININI WNHUOHLD)AT 

ro) (OUZ hs liana ee ee mam kre Ice ges ek” OA eae inet eae a lecrgs Sie age re ** (paavel-JaBeH “dq 99s) WNnzDP.LO9 WNIUWOH.ADIAT 
PECs speneo sal ie ee Aa ite loc cy ee A Rak bay ALS AES 2 eek CM © hae 2 eee (‘qd paqueos-asoy vas) wnzppdyo wn Uwobnjrd 

op 006 “ress |(NgaBoL-ofdeyl “dq eas) wnsoynbun wn WobsD)aT 

| eat CE ee eel nays aie ia iia i Seneca ola at ae ee 8 Gene Ra Ys pate reese *(SUMaMOLy ‘UIMIUBIat) Bes) WN2U0b.D)IT 

eS *(AU0JOT POO AA BAS) SISUAPYUDD SIMDINIIPIAT x 

= 96 ee tae teeerers|eeeeerereesel serra, TOULWUOZ ‘drusavd 9aS) YAI7DS DIDUIBSHT 

fo) sabia on ‘(suaznd auowauPp 998) PIL ‘deMmo[q-enbsedy 

“S90 ‘pesady 

= 3 Aine joa pus “yynog pue uid 

22 28 aun Aap SpoomM 4seq uoWUlMoD OU, ‘“Tappel ees rer er paseweereceeseees BOOTY ‘Krag-aspiqaed 

Ss ‘oung | ‘sepispvor | ‘Xaf, pue “uUry{ 07 

P| 96 ‘<ey | pue spre |“ ‘Seyegg oULI}V| “MOT[AA ‘Agsaeg [occ SMOpBO PIL ‘drasieg 

4 ‘Spley 

= 96 ‘sny ‘SMOpRaT “TOUIULOZD “MOT[AA *AOIRIB A is soa es aed Seen ‘**o “PILAL Uouu0g ‘drusieg 

eS (SNSSBUIBY JO SSB. 99S) DUDIUIJOLD) VISSDULD 

raat eco e etal ccemesecccsccnlessovecccecnve oe es bis eee ee hele occ lees veer vecrelecsereesnove (‘q wid vas) wnsafruuos waandng 

ee ocr | ER “Ay [WOOT “10109 “ste ‘SAMLATUVA GNV Salodds 

N } 


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id 


09 
806 


Ter 

9&6 
6 “6S 

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287 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX, 


881 


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ean ‘AIG 


‘spuno.s 
PeeAR IOS) 


‘spoom uado 
‘suIv9.4S 
Buole 
pue spurt 
-poom yory 


*spoom uado 
pue sonueig 


‘THOS yWpsrr] 


‘spoom 
duep ‘yoo 


TOs IU SrT 


‘THOS JYSrT 


[LOS WULSVT 


‘oyroud oy) 0} 
PAN has) 04 ca ‘No 


“poem TOULUOD *BO 
1oury “dow uo. 7 


“B[V 0} 
“ed UOAS “SIAL 


CY pus "ep 
04'S “UUIT, 03 
‘8d “N puv ‘CN 
‘OW pue “ey 
07 °S “um pur 
O1TO 09 "BA “N 


‘suopied 
‘SBxa], ULOI 


‘yIV puv “ely 07 
‘S “UUTAL 01 "A 'N 
‘suopies 
“Iva pliqaAy 


‘suapies 
‘BOLIOUW “G WOT 
‘suapies 
“BOLIGULY “GS WOA 


Co) (0)9) 
HeLa 


“yuid 
-doap *yurg 


OUI M 
pure BjuU03 
-BUL O[Bq 


“UST 
10 YUlg 


“SNOLIG A. 
“OBIT 
-anTq “OV 


“SNOLIVA 


‘o[dind puw 
BJ UadBI 


“OUT AA 


ve 


‘uni 
-OWe[Od 


“uN 
-OWle]Od 


“una 
-oule[od 


“wun 
-Oula[Og 
una 
-Oula[Og 
“unt 
-OUld]Od 


‘apeys 
~JUSIN 
‘opeys 
~JUSIN 


teers) “BE MOSSISAIT 


** (BalBzVy Yulg 10 s[dung es) aMo[y 109xXurg 
“+ (oplig Sulmanoy 99s) JOMO[Y UOIYsNoUul 


teesessenr TIOUIUIOD ‘PIAMSId 
peasy shy kedeterd (qoS.1e) 908) DApUndIap NIID/OJiNT 
** (UI SSOJ| 90S) DPYINGNS XOPYT 

* q‘sanquippon?) Jo 184g ‘xo qd 


Tress DULOMDD LO 1JDAO LOTYT 


DIDINIDUW LO]YT 


DUIMLIQDID LOPYTL 
ees DYD.LQUY LPUOWUNAT LOPYT 
*‘(d.anquly 


-pond) Jo 1849 998) DyNprdsnd 1pPUOWWUNLG LOWY 


“* PUOUUWNA LOT 


“ng naLDAIp LOIN 


capa YyMssnIap LOY 
(BAOPIPUBAS BIABTILY AA 99S) 02007704 11 DL]AVDYT x 
Sa eee oe ek ‘suepuelds BUISOULIO SY, ‘wrunjed 
ULSI], Weed *vrIunjed 
“ BIUIOJTeD JO syaery “Bunya 
‘-90uBygeq ‘BvIunjod 


“**naonjold DLIUNJag 


DLoyruUrlbpphiu DUN aT 


988 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 


98 
*[f0s 
601 “Ange | Apues ‘Arq 
‘oun 
60r | ‘Avi | Tos Ay00y 
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sor | -eung | pue Apueg 
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0g “ABT | USI "SPOON, 
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60r | -9unt Apurg 
‘Ssny 
-oune | ‘[los Apueg 
BOG ‘101 eee eee olen ee eee eee eae 
yee [occ foc 
“spuno13 
281 ‘une |. MOT ‘sJexOIyL 
‘Trios Ayo 
‘Suny | pue sedojs 
OTS “BOG |TOFTIM| “TOS WORT 
eo fcc fe 
‘oune 
cP ‘ABI ‘s30q 189g 
*‘sadug eee “USUI MOTTA UT 


ee ee ee ee od at cosine “++ **((Rag S,WOUIO]OG das) wn.Loyrg wnjDUobhjoT 


-ajdand =| “q.10 My]TUT : 
“TOmIULOD -yuld 10 eles A[og wees e eee settee eee ween ene ~puvbhjod oywbhjog 
*PAIBMYQNOS pue *q10.M [LULL 
“UU, OF “ "'N "M “OUT AL. 10 B[BSATOD oe weet were ener eee ees ee semanas npbhjoyT 
“UOSUILIO 
ysydand | ‘4.10My]TUr 
‘TOWIULOZ) 10 HUIg |10 B[esAjog|**"**""*** Sey psc sie eS W ‘vaunbuns vppbhjog 
“soluBysolTv 
Ul “S “TIT pue ‘ajdand =} “qaomy]rUL 
‘UUIT 01 “HN -yulg 10 BlesAlog sete eee e eee eee eee eee ee eens a ‘pyofonnd pywbhioq 
“plem “moT[ad “410 MHI 
-ygnos Ty SINT W101] -9suRIO 10 Bes Alod POET pra ORCC PO one Ry eee ey ec eecee “‘paqn} pvbhjor 
*MOSUILIO 
‘pavayynos ** AY ‘atdand “VIO MYITUT 
“Tad SICSN jo sould -yulg 10 elesdlog ee sreeesssess noprhrspf DIVDHAIOT x 
Se ae eae NeS coral fe eerste s\| (eateries Papi ee PaQenaoocer’ (asoreqny, 998) Ds0.199n} SayQUNr OT 
meee eee c eee neseesas oe selereeeereceseleeeeerereresss (QQ3 rey gas) Allog UOISIg 10 ayOg 
“OU AN 
ystmoypas 
‘moullOn 10 Yystuad.ts) “MOTSBO er . ee ee U ‘£aT uoslog 
‘suapies pue “qo, 1BoS 
“SSI PUB BMOT SOABOT 
“TM Ol UUM | dyeqL | ‘esimdg jo T ‘(saqwyg pez oy} JO) BIVVeSUIOT + 
‘suop.1es “qay1Bos 
pu SaLIojVAIASMOD| SdAvoT 
‘oorxey WOL dy euL effet (sp elear asso eee e er eeeeere + ooo (OOIxaT JO) BIQVOSUIOT 
S wyshe Rioiala ic ier eie  e°ajalerezsieisl|(eretatataiyssyaava’e alle nieielsiasmevccees -|-++ (MOT $,ex1BUG aS) Sapsossojbor ydo prnobog 
‘(qjddy-Avy oes) wnzopjad wnjpfiydopogd x 
‘soluvysoq[vjoa's| ‘adand 
pue ‘BMOyT “N Appna “queyd 
“UUOITA fon “a "NI dsaoq -19qoud seen eee e ee eeee ey gS ‘quel q-layowrd 
*AqI[B00] “10109 “Ape ‘SAILMUVA GNV SHIOddS 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


CFI 
OFT “ev 
a 

a4! 
GPL “CPL 
LI 


‘EFI “GPT” 


iamraat 
LPI “GPL 


GPL 
FOG “LET 


‘ShL ‘SPT|* 


SFI 
GPL 
SPL PPL 


“I9yBM JueU 
-3B4S 10 TIS MOULUIOD 


“MOT[VA 


“ATI -199V AA 


(sqmimoffo nynpUwajYH 99S) PlOSLIPW JOT 
“(ABMAON ‘TlOFanbUID ves) VIIHAALON 07]1}7UAZ0T 
*(AQqnayg ‘[royenbury vas) vsoa1ynaf 07]17UAL0T 


(UOUTULOD ‘[lOoJenDuUIH 9s) srsUapNUNYD 07]27UALOT 


Rc gears **(QUB[SIN 90S) 090D12]0 NID)NILOT 
- -**(BoRln_0g 9es) VLOY2ZPUDLG DIDINJLOT 


ee a ‘eoB[njIoOg 
“++ pnsorquig ‘Addog 

a POAC DOT o ty qaly py WAKo le Lops) 
ee ee ee ee DOSER Tce 2ti hf jaya oqu (| ‘<ddog 


se eeee HO. Aaa ASDC TIC OI UGOIOC On. ASUCK Ay ia (I ‘<ddog 


ee “''qaoy ASOYW ‘Addog 
“8s TOMOTT SnIMOUnUeYy ‘Addog 


eee eeeceseeee see e reer eeene * JAMO AnowVg ‘<ddog 
treseeseessrpquatgG ‘Addog 


Ps Oe i a i ry undo ‘<{ddog 


ee teres ss rgeipleg MON ‘Addog 
. nae . ee ee . Ope ‘kddog 

Pa ee ee pure] *‘Addog 
eter ween e ace 9ONAL-JO-SBL ‘kddog 

Pe ee ee “ysnid AAVe ‘Addog 
roses smog sepia ‘Addo g 
seeeee OOS IEA op orgy W.Cola (ops | 


sess T9MOTLT UOBUIBD ‘Addog 
“'q ‘dea, vrasojtpep ‘Addog 
(DaIULOLYDD DIZIJOYISYIST BOS) VIULOT BO ‘Addog 
eprig ‘“Addog 


BAUD GAO 4 ‘MOT[OA ‘ATT -puo dx 
‘(OSB Sur 

-qUIyO ‘QeeqMyong ses) swapunos wnuohhjod x 
“(urd 

‘paemjouy, as) wnomHapisuuag wnu0bhjod. 

(MOWUULOD ‘pedMqouy 99s) 3.977910) WNUWOBNIOT x 

(QUIN, Ivay, ses) wn270ft.09 WNUOBNIOT x 


‘qdag , ‘sured “@MOT pUe ‘UUIT *MO[TOA 
-Aing | ‘spoom surg | 0) sajzwig ayuepy | uepjog§ |raysodmog | ‘pao -OABUSaFCU x 


PA “UUT, pus “Or 09) “OIA 

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fom ‘sny -Y4nos puv ‘avy 

=< -oune {ros Apueg “Or “TT 0} ‘OT *MOTIOK ‘aging eee eect n ener een ne ceneeeeeeesses erry FXOCOTIIVU x 

o *(Arraqdsey SuLto 
iyo 4) Pepoewe aii ee i i ee Gia era ry ISA CTO Ca§ aiding 9as) Suamopy-adang ‘Aatoqdsuy 

a OT ec Conv eel somes cdn et swerccvecce(sceereerrees| sesceees --|--*(qomUt0g ‘dnoieyyNg ees) suadat SNYNOUNUDY 

2 PRAT esis rare aka aise Seats asvanlallioinsaainterejelssosviatetole/s otose.cll len cle prorety vwinis teeeserecees/oeses(snmounuey Addog ees) Addod snjnoanuvy 

< arp Timea bersas reas abe n a Sec Snfotede lol etose gate deteTege eleven sezaia linge sje nlerase efaje silos 2) iden rower (Ayre ‘dnd.1843Ng ees) sLinnowspf SNPNIUNUDY 

a 99 cece wre lesecec ere scevelsevecvesscescccacaee siaie! bie aseka © #018 ayaa pe) amin | eave fernlere ees: falda are (OlaUag Wap[Oy) GAS) OMS RY 

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= 69 ee Ce ee Cr ee er ari i See ee eecescsese (yearT-uryg ses) 7927d27)9 DONT 

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“QUNTUAYIADT 

roa got Jeo Biatwiaie’elels eialdid.e\e\|{erbinicieletelo,.a'6 7s e/vivr> el aiacnte sce ecececcoolececes +++ lummayyunshiy9 998) MEJIAA®] 10 wniqget4g 

jo) “sny ‘TI0os ‘suapaes “MmOoT[ad 

-n O@E | -eung | uwoUTWOD ‘paea UOUIUEOD ole ‘OUBISIN Te awe sh en he eee es d ‘Aa[snd 10 oue[sing 

od 2] “yuid 

& “Aqne ‘SsopIspBol “TON OF "AA “BH | SmOsuTAO 

= eer | ‘oung | puv sespey | puv ‘ef 'N O1'Y'N | -ejueseyy "aSOy ise Areieis See Ree es y ‘Auseqdsey SursaMoy-e[dang 

oO ‘qdag ‘suapies “UOSUILIO 

4 Ter “Sny | ‘[l0s sry ‘eipuy WOT daaq ‘yquereuny |e ee Lee y ‘saya Seoul 

By ‘suopies 

fae) qdag pue ‘pareMyynos 

a OFT ‘eer | —AIne | ‘pros qysry ‘soopid aISB A, “MOTO SACMOFe 2 cea ae eee tereseseyr morfax ‘Addog Apioud 

as *(DAO}], 

i] GFL eee cree eler nesses eessselesees see ewes Cocvcelercreceevencliece SIGOOOOO ES oye) “IVA ‘Qu0owMmabur 9as) OU AL ‘fddog APP 

ez ‘S001 

al ydag Aap pue “‘qSvOO0 1B0T “moT[o4 

= ; -Ajne | sprey Apuesg |''O ‘g 03 geyonqueN ale SBOQDUL)) ail; woe te eee meres ¢ Savad APONdx 

S ge! ee rot “yaauuosta ag *AqTBOOTT "40199 “ApuIB ‘SAILAIYVA ONY SA10adS 

AN 


291 


LPL POL 
“S6L “OGL 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


"SUV IOATY 


*punois 
Apeys ‘yory 


‘syueq 4stour 


pue sesdop 


*‘Spoom 
deap ‘dweq 


‘spoom uedo 
pue dseq 


‘sapis 
-ABM pue 
SapIspvoy 


“pare anos 
pues ‘uu, 03 “eg 


‘suepies pue 


‘adoing Uloay ‘pazt 
-[eingeu Apsurieds 


“UOWULOY) 


ey) 079 
‘KON Uloay sora 
BUST UOULUOD 
‘OlYO 09 ‘aj 9.18yY 
"BY 01 "BA 
‘Soluvy soy UST 


‘HN Uf 
AJOIBA puw "K “N 


‘aseq afd 
-and ‘10,09 
“4soH 


‘atdang 
“VO[OIA 
MFT 


“yurd 
pure ayia 
AL.UBaN 
-atdand 
“OUILT 


a 


“MOT[BIL 


“palRysnytL 


‘aqtsodui0g 


‘aya 


++ 980R7 


oe ney ‘Oyo 


W ‘ULeyURIg S,UIqory 
oe ceases (WUBI [LO-1OJSBED) GOS) S2UNIMMOD SNULII 
(UBIdOLIOY BILB) 90S) DUDIUS PF DIpLMYoy 
Seas Son (AA] WOSIOd 99S) UOLpUapoIINOT, snyep 


“Ay ‘sesuappung vLopoya 
‘(MSOdSLL DAINZP BIS) WNSOISIA UOLPUAPOPOYY x. 
‘(sisuap 


‘"'|-DUnQ DLOpOY 98S) DLOpOYY wo“puspopoyy 


wWNINUOT UOLpUapopoyay 
*(psoy 
-IpNU vaIDZF 9S) WnLOYIpNU UOMpUapopoys 


TT MUNUWILDU WOLpPUapopoya 


* asualgqnnynD UOLpUuapopoygy 
‘(Daan NpUda 

“109 Na|HZ¥ Bas) WNnadDnINpUI})) UO.LPUEpPOPOYT x 

aac WNALOQAD UDLPUAPO POUT 

(Aynvoag MOpvaT 99S) DIVUIDALA DICAIYT x 

“ '**sapluoulpsas Dpasay 

raat eel Trees **(QqQQUOUSI[, 99S) VJNLOPO Dpasay 


rtesteereessessss smog) ppasayy 


set A UNE Sa lath V2 (4 21/2) Dpasay 
“()ILAQ YUWOPILT, BBS) JWR 1oyY0d-JoY-pay 


992 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, 


“qdag “[L0s “suapie3 
“Sny | yor qqsry ‘edoing, WO. 
“sny 
-eunf |‘spano1s Moy “BIA 03 “BA 
*spuod 
“Ssny YysHpoRaq “elV 
Cc) -eung¢ | Jo Saspiog | pue “e[q 07 ‘sseyy 
‘eT pue 
“Sny “BLT 04 °S “UOT 
~oune ‘TOS Gory | puw “yuo 0} "XN 
Pe eee Ce Cee ; 
A) a ee Ce Cc 
‘prBvMYINOS pues ‘ol 
“Ang | pos aq “YOIA 0} “Bd “M 
adag 
-A[NE |'S}o OIG MO'T mocelaeaeecey@) 
‘PAB 
*punois -JSB9 SMOPBROUI 
“Aine Apues ‘ple ayynos puw 
806 ‘Ler | ‘aun | pu jfos Arq | “SLM 07 °A “NAM 
pe ae SAS ERI ictewe| (eee eon «cla Sout asia 
‘pare MuyNos 
Arne *‘SOLMBIg pues “yeq “You 
A ae nie ietaitelelt Gell ee y care Ectignoceas 
‘Oy pue 
-qdag ‘sdure.as ‘IIT 02 “AA ‘pawn 
€61 “Sny | puv seysivy |-ynos pue ‘sseyq “W 
‘qdag “pare Myynos 
£61 “Sny “sade Ms pue vurlpor1ey) 
‘sadug Samant ‘\uomTUOAL AUT *£yRI0'T 


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“qaTOIA 
-an{q x8 “qUyt rr sos cecoecwescie ss <= (IOTAMOM OSBS x 
“OUT MA. “uelquay wate wee ween eee we eee pyopnovpd 114409QVS x 
“yuid dseq “ueiqueyy ee ey Sap1o..0] Yo ninqquy 
“yard qqSrq| ‘aeyueg |[---: coocttt tt SLD) nBUn 0270498 
Pe oetoen2el Segrnoog tod Fteeesseees+(rggg0g daayg aas) n)]980,00F wawna 
Sie oie jaiciasal|lniata See Mes onc | bre he wigicietele 3 si] Mnrelerete etna, a:0 (any ‘auoWaUy aes) auOWIEUY eny 
“MO TOA 
daeq ‘ajtsodwi0g ee ceecere se eeeceesereceeses semeo7gads DIYAQPNA x 
“MOTIOA 
dseq ‘aqisodurop cece cece rece eetees eee eeenees D]DIUWIID) DIYAQDNY x 
*MOyTOA 10 
-plos devd ‘aqisodwi0p ee i ey eee n cece eeccens ‘g ‘ppUy pryaqgpny 
*(£1.19Q, 
eee 4 (SS eee -dsey Sullomo]q-a]d.ing 90s) snzo1sopo snqny 
“MOTOR -aqisod m0 aw bts ote Teorey ren ala oce)eie ee sisi cs ‘pae AA -UISOY x 
Se aes | ek Me nec sereeseees (Kaqnayg “BaeqITY 20s) UOAeYg Jo esoy 
“yurd aed “MOTIPI sewer eter reese re seseeees H ‘dureag ‘MOT[BIN-OSOW 
‘qo,qBos 
-pey “MOTRIN eee eee eeeeenes te vee wepe S| ‘qapreag ‘MOT[RI-9SO 
*1010) “ATE ‘SULLAIUVA ANV Saloads 


293 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


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‘sopistitq A1q 


‘Spoom ony 
“spurt 
-poo Astop 


*‘syooy 
meeM Jog 


“LOS SVT 


‘Tros Apues 
‘suol1eq auld 


‘sduieams uy 


‘SopIspeod 
pue splot 


‘sudIIeq ould 


‘Tos 
Won Wary 


_ ‘suepied 
‘adoing Woda 


‘uu, pus ‘UUITT 
01° M "BD 01H 'N 


‘g pue 
“uey ‘eMoy ‘7 
“TOMA OF SSET “A 
‘ON ‘Sjur 


‘syruuins 
‘qui AUOJS puw 
‘SHOBPUOAIPYV ‘'sI] 
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‘suopies 
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pue “yay AY 
JO SOpR[s 0} “fC “N 


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‘mOuIMIOD 


*paemyynos 
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See ein Vv ‘DITM. ‘ByTLIRdesaeg 
seen eee eee wee ouAL ‘ey LIedesaeg 
CROCE (WUB[q-A9YO UI 99S) Daindind YLUaIDALDY 
Petes stater the (eg sulounog vas) s277pwoaifo vi.nUu0dngy 
Seas **(JOO-pOo[g 99S) srsuapnunD DIAWUINBUDY 


Pe ay Vv ‘ureyaNnoy ‘QIOMpuUeg 
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a - 4, -eune ‘seou[d hgh “mOmMULO: “urd “yur ey DULYALYUD AUATIS x 
eS es Ig RAG OOOO BOC il ai ia i icici an seeelo=(Kqqnayg ‘foyenbury ves) tloyonbury Aqqnays 
(di[SmOD UBOLIZUW vas) 1eIy Surjooys, 
a *parean ' 
aq “AINE -qq10u pure ‘UUITT “OUT M 
wh 69 ‘oune *spoom Wont *BMOT “DIN 03 ‘HN -Yslueady) “yee, see eeee ee ee i i a ‘Teol-ulyg 
‘SOpIs 
= ‘qdag -pBol puv 
a 06 ‘eg —idy seovid OSB AL “MOULLOZA "OUTTA. *pavysnyy ewee ere cee es ces sees eses eccre 19) ‘osung S,paeydeys 
‘oqo ‘SPley. 
= ‘oune *punois “MOULULOD ‘uaeI1s “qeoy 
| ray ‘KVP pa ‘adoungy WlOA vue Appuy Spire yaheecdss rc cen eta peceune eye sie ee 08 W ‘Taq10g daays 
= *£aj uno: 
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= 48 ‘ABI spunois MOT oF aC "N Gauee -UOSULLIZD “WWweaH ee aed M ‘jeane'yT dsays 
rm) ‘BT pue ‘Uey 
- “sny “aN 09'S ‘UOT | 
na -sune ‘[I0s [emanyy 04 “A “BLL 0} ac | 'N “MOTIOA ‘aging eee ee ee ee ee ry i) “DITM ‘Buuags 
io] oune ‘spunoas “MOJ[OA 
= g9 Sen uad() “TOMO” =Op[OH) |"e{ISOduIOD)|" "2° +7 = 2 sss 8s eee ee eee g ‘uapfoy ‘omaueg 
g 89 es ce er rar eee ee ee ee ee ee ee rt (oloaueg SE aR eet en 
DDAWAY 
= SS Gee eee bead Ail Sc ere SOG: Vad a ae ppb hyo as) eBanag 410 yooIexeUg woouag 
191 CASE Agaoteor saorias 5 mai sjein{an (ere |isteisrsheaionme yes [eto Eeees es (ynepByna DYIUN.A 998) [ROU-J1ES 
3 ‘qdag *SOYSABUL ysvoo Suoje “ORLY 
4 “sny ares “xoL 0} ‘AN 1p eyed "A TOMPVOT: ieee mec we sree ce = eigen sine rT ‘IOPUAABT-BAG,. 
= ee orden *(ABdT[NYG 9s) 0107/2107) DILD]]AJNIS x 
= G ‘ Ady *[I0s Dale Oe UBvIUBALO PIT “qo[OTA avd “AVI ee ecccsecsces eeroccenvecee* eunive S ‘pwmrzemU OTS 
S c see wees COCO cee ees eeel ere r erence renneneeseleeeeseeeereelrseseresecees|vevansecssnaes (PILM. ‘qquioe sy aas) WAZA DIOS 
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N 


295 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


PLT “LST 


69 


OP 


68 


LE 


OF 


661 


‘qdag 


‘qdag 
-Ayne 
“Ayn 
‘oun 
“Ajne 
‘oune 


‘spuno.13 Jam 
‘sued LOATY 


‘10s pooy 
*‘ss0g 


*sd0q plop 


‘SyUeq SION 


‘spunoas 
ystoul 
pue ssog 


‘soov[d 
Apeys 


‘spoom uadg 


*[los ATTeABTy 
‘spunoi3 
peiewayino 


| pue ojsBy 


‘qSoM pue q4Nos 
“aur, 09 “UMOD 
‘suopies 
‘odoingy, WO. 
‘UU, puB "pul 'N 
09 MA “BIA 0} “HN 
‘uu; pue 
“HOON OF “MM HN 
‘preMjsaM pus 
“UUI,L “UBS ‘Of OF 
“MLN 09 “HN 


“BMOT PUB ‘UUIT 
07°AN'O "N03 'N 


“TOUIIOD 


*paem 


01° RN IS0M 


pPAeM 
-Yynos pue “Ay 
“KN 03 HN 9seq 


“mMOUIUIORD 


“MOTO A 


“SNOLIv A 
“Ul 


“OUT M. 


“OUT AN 


‘uaeld 
Tp 34st 
pue 9fdund 
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-a[dang 


“UOSUILIO 
-pai doaq 


“yO1g 


“OUT AL 


‘oyisod uo; 
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“SITOIO 


AUT 


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‘(AadaqMousg Suidearp 9as) surdaarp *L119q MOuUg, 


epee eee ewe eset eres weet te teens H ‘paaM-aZI0Ug 
ey Vv ‘9s.1B'T ‘uosBipdeug 


see e eee PDO Oy SUSE OE COO ONY 9 Aiba oy eis teP (lhe (S| 


o6.4).0 se Bt -v.6leleip ae s)6'e) 0 sis) sere) s)aleisisre » DYOfrey puULIy}VUg 


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a sess bw oe 6 06. cue «66 laws 6 ovine van 8 g ‘oseqqep yunyg 


sec eecceevcsce 6 ein ata eine ele aime g ‘Sop-pen ‘deo nysx 
‘(sse.ry poAe-an[_ 9as) 

punrpnuwag 10 wnyofiysnbun ‘“wnziyourtisis 

RE eo (paeysny es) 9.167210 srdpwig 

OEE ENE Jo (urBAIaA 90S) AOL S,.1eTAUIIS 

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es teen eee st eeee pau bar4 OUA]1S x 
see e cer ecene (£11849 ‘uorduiep 99S) 1217948 aUazLg 


see eee ree eeesee sete ene novunapisuuag AUATIS' x 


er ee Pe OD ‘nuoyijz0u auazig 


“dag ‘syueq ‘sjm duo0ye "g ‘paem! “MoT[ax 
BS “sny |pepeys ‘4stoyy| -yjtoa “uowMo) qy sig 
“THos 
‘90 4sloul pue *MOTITOA 
61e@ | ~sny | syueq ran *mOWIULOD -Ystavedy) 
*SJOYOIq 
290 pure pley “moT[ad 
gI@ | —sny | jo sispsog *MOUIULOD dooqg 
“SJOMOTG 
“AON Apeys “AY pue “TT *moTToA 
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490 ~+| ‘sasdod pue ‘OW puv OUT 
lee | —Sny | sepispvoy [ua o}"M AN | -weeIp 
‘qdag | ‘spoom puv ‘UU “AN “MO[TOA 
241@ | -A[ne |sesdoo qstoy} pus ‘eg 0} "HN | -ystusar9 
‘qdag ‘sasdoo *MOT[OL 
Ae | “sny | pue spre “TOUTUTOR) qastig 
‘sny “qoTorA 
-oune *SOLIIBIG ‘Xa, pue ‘uey “| qusry 
pe eo COC Eee eee Scopes 
ae ed Noaaaeonac Sedan ance 
poo ee ee uae qajerscnieierens iar ereataye 
yer [oo saan siesels RAliexetelolens istic maiko ine Ree acnsYes a 
‘suopies pue “Ou M 
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gor ‘eg | “sey ASSB.1) ‘adoing, woaT “OUI AA 
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pie. ae we[esnief sas) wnosdnp-opnasq wnupnjoy 
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i ee “‘puabuojau wnudnjoyg 
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“ATE “SHILAINUVA GNV SH1IOddS 


297 


A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 


TOT “O01 


661 
4g 


98 


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190 Apuvs pue 
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-ysmmaea4) 
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dseq 


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Se naked aay (qaaMS-MOpBe] 89s) 0270f292)08 Nady 
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INDEX FOR 


Africa, 14. 

Alleghany Mountains, 61, 196. 
Argentine Republic, 131. 
Arkansas, 201. 

Asia, 91. 

Asia Minor, 11, 147. 


Bergen Park, Col., 130. 

Berkshire, 138, 169. 

Boston, 3, 6, 29, 108, 138, 157, 195, 240, 
242, 246. 

Brooklyn, 19, 25, 159. 

Buzzard’s Bay, 35. 


California, 148, 189, 199. 

Campton, N. H., 22, 25, 48, 54, 76, 79 
83, 88, 156, 158, 216, 224, 227. 

Cape Cod, Mass., 63, 126, 164. 

Cape of Good Hope, 116, 197, 199. 

Carolinas, 108, 131, 153, 193. 

Catskill Mountains, 99, 157, 168. 

Central Park, 54. 

Chili, 106, 111. 

China, 190, 232, 246. 

Clarendon Hills. Mass., 242. 

Cologne, 216. 

Concord. Mass., 133. 

Constantinople, 12. 

Crawford Notch, White Mountains, 
30, 165. 


Eastern States, 9, 23, 61, 100. 
England, 3, 11, 12, 105, 141, 246. 
Esopus Creek, N. Y., 195. 


LOCALITIES. 


Europe, 12, 89, 90, 142, 190, 195, 197, 
202, 238, 243. 


Florida, 100, 194. 

France, 74. 106, 107, 152, 197, 246. 
Franconia Mountains, 12. 
Franconia Notch, 71. 


Germany, 90. 
Gibraltar, 89, 92. 
Greenland, 98, 145. 


Haarlem, Holland, 11. 
Hastings-on-the-Hudson, 83. 
Himalayas, 63. 

Hoboken, 195. 

Holland, 11, 12. 

Hudson, Valley of the, 157, 195. 


Tllinois, 131. 

India, 116, 121, 147, 149. 
Indian Territory, 194. 
Italy, 8, 11, 91, 141. 


Japan, 97, 105, 140, 282, 246. 
Kansas, 104, 242. 


Lake George, 169. 

| Lakewood, N. J., 108. 

Levant, The, 91, 197, 200. 

| Long Island, N. Y., 19, 85, 240. 
| Louisiana, 152. 

307 


| 
| 


Maine, 63, 221, 223. 

Maryland, 104, 242. 

Massachusetts, 2, 3, 29, 61, 108. 

Mexico, 49, 121, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206, 
210, 246. 

Missouri, 153. 

Montpelier, 210. 

Morristown, N. J., 102. 

Mount Washington, 10, 97, 131, 165. 


Nantucket, Mass., 25, 63, 104. 

Neponset River, 195. 

New England, 1, 2, 3, 82, 86, 96, 98, 
117, 123, 126, 134, 153, 164, 194, 210, 
212, 228, 245. 

New Hampshire, 19, 26, 61, 70, 83, 84, 
88, 102, 131, 138, 160, 195, 208, 230, 
245. 

New Jersey, 19, 53, 63, 70, 85, 86, 108, 
121, 138, 160, 168, 196, 209, 223, 280, 

New York, 19, 53, 96, 100, 101, 105, 117, 
160, 199, 234, 246. 


Ohio, 5. 


Palestine, 89. 

Pemigewasset River, 40, 136. 

Pemigewasset Valley, 12, 31, 53, 85, 
211, 240, 242, 243. 

Pennsylvania, 86, 132, 141, 191, 195, 
238. 

Persia, 12, 147. 

Peru, 106, 111. 

Philadelphia, 53. 


THE END. 


Public Garden, Boston, 5, 62. 
Pyrenees Mountains, 238. 


Rome, 141. 
Roxbury, Mass., 4. 


Saddle River, N. J., 70. 
Scotland, 141, 165. 

Siberia, 5, 190. 

Silver Lake, Staten Island, 45. 
South America, 111, 120, 131, 135, 20% 
Spain, 89. 

Squam Lake, N. H., 85. | 
St. Bernard Pass. 108. } 
Staten Island, 10, 51. 
Switzerland, 108. 

Syria, 192. 


Texas, 92, 104, 153, 202, 208, 242, 246. 
Thibet, 139. oe 


United States, 193. 


Vermont, 27. 
Virginia, 195, 196, 221. 


Waterville, N. H., 80. 
Wells River, Vt., 210. A 
White Hills (the White Mountains), 
2, 40, 83, 186, 156, 169, 242. 
White Mountains, 2, 16, 25, 28, 29, 
35, 52, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 80, 
156, 221, 238, 245. 


'D. APPLETON & CO.’S PUBLICATIONS. 


CLUAL AFRICA ; or, The Coming Continent. A 
Tour of Exploration. By FRANK VINCENT, author of “The 
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This thorough and comprehensive work furnishes a survey of the entire continent, 
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** A new volume from Mr. Frank Vincent is always welcome, for the reading pai 
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