Field book of insects, with special reference to those of northeastern United States, aiming to answer common questions

FIELDBOOK

FRANK E. LUTZ

LIBRARY OF

885_IQ56

Plate I

Papilio cresphonle^)

-*

FIELD BOOK OF
INSECTS

with special reference to
those of northeastern
united states, aiming to
answer common questions

By frank E. LUTZ, Ph.D,

CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY,
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged
With about 800 Illustrations , Many in Color

mm

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON

ITbe 1kntcfterboc??er press

Copyright, 191 8

BY

FRANK E. LUTZ
Copyright, 192 i

BY

FRANK E. LUTZ

The Study of entomology is one of the most fascinating
of pursuits. It takes its votaries into the treasure-house!
ot iNature and explains some of the wonderful series of
links which form the great chain of creation. It lays open
before us another worid, of which we have been hitherto
J!^rT.T.??i;'vT^^ '^""^^ "f ^^^^ ^^^ ^^'^^^ insect, so smaU
work to Hn^^n .vf ''''^\i^^ eye can scarcely see it, has its
worli to do in the world, and does it.

Rev. J. G. Wood.

Made in the United States of America

PREFACE

I am glad to have this opportunity of thanking
those who have kindly responded to the request
made on page 523 for criticisms and suggestions.
As far as seemed practicable, they have been
acted upon in this edition. All typographical
errors that have been noticed in the body of the
book are now corrected and new matter has been
put in the appendix. In addition to short notes
on a variety of subjects, there is an extensive key
for determining the order to which an insect,
adult or immature, belongs, a key to the fam-
ilies of beetles, another to wild bees, and notes
to help in the identification of caterpillars.

The Field Book of Insects was intended for
individuals, but so many teachers have used it in
their classes that it may not be amiss to indicate
a pedagogical point of view that influenced the
choice of material. Certain families or groups
of species were selected in each of the important
orders for more detailed attention on the theory
that it is well to "know a little about many
things and much about a few." In beetles, for
example, a general survey is given of the order
and the Long-horns received an ''unfair"
amount of space; in the True Flies it is the
SyrphidcB and the various House Flies; in
Hymenoptera it is the Bumble Bees; and in

in

PREFACE.

Lepidoptera it is the Butterflies (exclusive of
Skippers) and the Saturnid Moths. I have
found that such a combination of general and
special study has been very profitable and I hope
that teachers — those in regular classes as well as
those in such organizations as the Boy Scouts,
the Woodcraft League, and the Agassiz Associ-
ation— may find it equally so. The groups given
more detailed treatment were selected partly on
the basis of general interest and partly because
their study did not involve technicalities that
would be likely to discourage the amateur.

The request for suggestions tending to make
the book more interesting and more helpful to
you still stands and is sincere.

Frank E. Lutz.

iV

CONTENTS

Introduction ....

Collecting and Preserving Insects

The Control of Injurious Insects
Chiefly about Spiders
Insects ....

The Most Primitive Insects

May-flies (Plectoptera) .

Dragon-flies (Odonata) .

Stone-flies (Plecoptera) .

Dobson-flies, etc. (Megaloptera)

Ant-lions, Aphis-lions, etc. (Neuroptera)

Scorpion-flies (Mecoptera)

Caddis-flies (Trichoptera)

Earwigs (Dermaptera) .

Roaches, Grasshoppers, etc. (Orthoptera)

White Ants (Isoptera) .

Book and Bark Lice (Corrodentia) .

Biting Bird Lice (Mallophaga)

True Lice (Siphunculata)

Thrips (Thysanoptera) .

Cicadas, etc. (Homoptera)

True Bugs (Heteroptera)

Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera)

True Flies (Diptera)

Fleas (Stcctoria) ....

Beetles (Coleoptera)

Stylopids (Strepsiptera) .

Wasps, Bees, Ants, etc. (Hymenoptera)

Galls ......

Appendix: Additions and Corrections .
Index:

Habitat and Plant

Entomological ....

COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING PAGB

Plate I. — Papilio cresphontes . . Frontispiece

Plate X. — Hetarina americana; Calcpteryx maculata;

Perithemis domitia; and Libellula pulchella . 44

Plate XVII. — Stagmomantis Carolina and a Phasmid

(Manomera) ....... 64

Plate XIX. — Dissosteira Carolina; Pierophylla
camellifolia; Amhlycorypha ohlongifolia; (Ecanthus;
and Panchlora ...... 72

Plate XXIII. — Fulgora; Scolops stdcipes; a young
cercopid in its "spittle"; Acanalonia hivittcUa;
Graphocephala coccinea; Ceresa bubalus and its
egg-scars ; Thelia himaculata; A rchasia belfragei;
Entylia sinuata; and Telamona ampelopsidis . 86

Plate XXVII. — Anosia plexippus; Basilarchia

arthemis; and Basilarchia archippus . . . 116

Plate XXVIII. — Euptoieta claudia; Argynnis cybele;

Argynnis aphrodite; and Argynnis idalia . 118

Plate XXXIII. — Lycana comyntas; Lyccena ladon;
Chrysophanus hypophlcBus; Feniseca tarquinitis;
Thecla melinus; Thecla damon; Libythea
bachmani; and Calephelis borealis . . .132

Plate XXXVI. — Papilio turnus; Papilio glaucus;
Papilio troilus; Papilio polyxenes; and Papilio
philenor ....... 140

Plate XXXVIII. — Hemaris thysbe; Deilephila
lineata; Ampelophagus myron; and Pholus pan-
dorus ........ 148

vii

COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS.

FACING PAGE

Plate XLIII. — Actias luna . , . .160

Plate XLV. — Automeris io and Dryocampa

rubicunda ... .... 162

Plate XLIX. — Haploa clymene; Uteiheisa bella; Isia
Isabella; Estigmene acrcea; Diacrisia virginica;
Apantesis nais; and Euchatias egle . . .168

Plate LIII. — Catocala relicta; Catocala cara;

Catocala vidua; and Catocala uUronia . .180

Plate LIX. — Thyridopteryx ephemercBformis; Euclea

Moris; Sibine stimulea; and Harrisina'.,:americana 200

Plate LXVI. — Odontomyia cincta; Tabanus ni-
grovittatus; Chrysopila thoracica; Anthrax
lateralis; Bombylius major; Psilopodinus
patibulatus; Syrphus americanus; Volucella evecta;
Bombyliomyia abrupta; and Milesia virginiensis . 248

Plate LXX. — Musca domestica; Stomoxys calcitrans;
Chrysomyia macellaria; Calliphora vomitoria;
Lucilia casar; Sarcophaga hcemorrhoidalis; and
Drosophila melanogaster . . . . .272

Plate LXXIII. — Cicindela sexguttata: Cicindela
generosa; Lebia grandis; Calosoma calidum; Calo-
soma scrutator; Platynus cupripennis; Agonoderus
pallipes; and Brachinus fumans . . .286

Plate LXXV. — Silpha noveboracensis; Necrophorus
marginatus; Creopkilus villosus; Tachinus
fimbriatus; a staphylinid larva; Megilla fus-
cilabris; Coccinella g-notata; Adalia bipunctata;
Hippodamia convergens; Anatis i ^-punctata; and
Epilachne borealis ...... 296

viii

COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS.

FACING PAGE

Plate LXXXI. — PhancBus carnifex; Cotalpa
lanigera^' Allorhina nitida; Desmocerus palliatus;
Saperda Candida; Cyllene robinice; Chrysochus
auratus; and Galerucella luteola . . . 332

Plate LXXXIII. — Crioceris asparagi; Lema tri-
lineata; Leptinotarsa lo-lineata; Diahrotica 12-
punctata; Diahrotica vittata; Phyllotreta vittata;
Chalepus rubra; larva of Cassida hivitkita; and
Coptocycla hicolor ...... 364

Plate XC. — Mutilla occidentalis; Elis 5-cincta;
Chrysis cceruleans; Eumenes fraternus; Odyfierus
hirenimactdatus; Monobia quadridens; Vespa
crab^o; Vespa communis; and Vespa maculata . 424

Plate XCII. — Psammochares atrox; Sceliphron
cementarium; Chalybion cceruleum; Chlorion ich-
neumonea; Sphex (incorrectly spelled on plate)
urnaria; Bembex spinolce; Cerceris clypeata;
Sphecius speciosus; and Crahro .... 434

Plate XCIV. — Bombus impatiens; Bombus ter-
narius; Bombus pennsylvanicus ; Xylocopa vir-
ginica; Nomada luteola; and Agapostemon
radiatus ....... 45^

ix

Plate II

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INTRODUCTION

Ten years ago I felt sure that there was
little excuse for additional general ento-
mologies. The market seemed full of popular, semi-
popular and unpopular books, each apparently attempting
the impossible — the covering of a boundless field. Since
then a hundred, or more, new works on the subject have
appeared and lo! here is still another because, in the
meantime, it has been my privilege to come in rather close
contact with the laity, having been the official answerer
of all sorts of questions from " How much is a moth worth? "
to ' ' Why are bedbugs ? " I take this opportunity of taking
up some of the intermediate points.

When the publishers of this series spoke
about a Field Book of Insects, to be a
companion to the excellent books already published, we
began to deal with the arithmetic of large numbers.
There are, for example, approximately 15,000 species of
insects to be found within fifty miles of New York City;
more than 2,000 of these are either moths or butterflies.
A book to enable the student to recognize all the insects
of even this limited region would have to be as large as
one for the birds for the whole world. The accompanying
diagrams may win some sympathy for entomologists and
at the same time indicate the inexhaustible field for study
offered by insects. However, only a small portion of
these thousands are usually noticed by the layman or,
outside of his speciality, by the average amateur, and
generally the interest is not so much in knowing the specific
name as in learning the general group to which the insect
belongs and what it does. This constitutes a general
knowledge of insects; to go further, in most groups, one
must become a speciaHst. This book refers, by specific
name, to about 1400 different kinds of insects inhabiting
the United States and nearly 600 of these are illustrated
by one or more figures. If the selections were as wisely
made as we hope they were, the non-specialist should be
able, by its aid, to recognize, at least in a general way.

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Families

Genera

Species

Thysanura

2

18

41

Ephemerida

I

13

29

Plecoptera

I

14

25

Mallophaga

4

14

100

Isoptera

I

I

I

Corrodentia

I

17

39

Platyptera

I

3

9

Neuroptera

6

22

41

Mecoptera

I

4

II

Trichoptera

7

30

56

Odonata

3

43

109

Thysanoptera

I

6

12

Parasitica

I

3

13

Homoptera

II

149

479

Hemiptera

23

205

504

Dermoptera

I

5

5

Ortboptera

6

58

154

Coleoptera

77

1,079

3,092

Lepidoptera

48

715

2,120

Hymenoptera

81

541

1,980

Siphonoptera

I

4

4

Diptera

53

542

1,661

Totals

331

3,486

10,385

. The Number of Insects in New Jersey, as recorded in
Smith's List. The classification differs somewhat from
the one used here.

INTRODUCTION.

most of the insects which attract his attention and to find
the answer to most of the questions he is tempted to ask
the specialist. It is not intended to be a manual of
economic entomology although most of our relatively few
injurious insects are included. It is intended to be an
introductory field book to commonly observed species
and the larger groups of insects. Although the species
mentioned are, for the most part, inhabitants of north-
eastern United States, many of them have a wide distri-
bution in this country and some of them even in other
continents. I hope, therefore, and especially since the
generalities are more important than concrete illustrations,
that this little book may be useful to laymen "wherever
dispersed." You can provide your own concrete illus-
trations, once you have the general idea. I have been
governed in the choice of subject matter, not so much by
what I think ought to be in a book on insects as by what
the pubHc seem to want to know, judging by the letters
received and personal inquiries made at an institution
whose motto is "For the people, for education, for science."
Really the title might be Answers to Common Questions
about Insects.

We are, all of us, immensely indebted
to those who have gone before us. The
mass of knowledge about insects, great in reality but small
in comparison with our ignorance, has been accumulated,
bit by bit, by the laboring man in his Sunday strolls and
by the highly trained investigator. Much of this has been
told over and over ; none of us can hope to prove all of the
statements. I have drawn freel)'- on books and papers,
too numerous to mention, for facts which I did not pre-
viously know— some of which I have already forgotten.
This book is frankly a compilation and will be useful in
proportion to the skill with which the selections were
made and put together. The new illustrations, about
700, have been made by Mrs. E. L. BeutenmuUer, largely
from specimens in the American Museima of Natural
History; and those concerned with collecting methods
and galls are copied from papers published by that institu-
tion, which has also kindly permitted me to use much of

3

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

its time in the work. I thank, also, the following friends
and associates for helpful suggestions and criticisms:
H. G. Barber, concerning Hemiptera; J. Bequaert, Dip-
tera and Hymenoptera; Wm. T. Davis, Odonata and
Orthoptera; E. P. Felt, galls; C. W. Leng and A. J.
Mutchler, Coleoptera; F. E. Watson, Lepidoptera; and
Herbert F. Schwarz, who kindly acted as a "lay
critic."

At the afore-mentioned institution we
About Names , . . . j , •. i ,

were once severely criticized by an excitable

visiting school-marm because we had labeled a number of
exhibition specimens with their scientific names but had
neglected to give English names to them. I had been
trying, for some time, an interesting experiment on
several children with whom I had been rather intimately
associated (they were my own). The first move was to
tell one of them that the name of a certain burly bee she
saw in the garden was Bombus. About a week later
there were near-tears because a neighbor insisted it was a
Bumble-bee. Matters were smoothed over by explaining
that Bombus was the real name for such bees and Bvunble-
bee was a nickname. There are thousands of kinds of
native-born, United States insects which have been really-
named but not nicknamed. I have made an effort in this
book to record the real names correctly and have given
the nicknames when I knew them; when I did not, I
usually have left you the pleasure of inventing new ones.
Often real names are no longer or harder than the "com-
mon" names. An insect is considered to be christened
when some student, who has found a kind which he thinks
has never been named, publishes a description of it and
gives it a properly formed name. If somebody had
previously named the same kind, the prior name usually
holds. There is a complicated code governing the matter,
and the changing of scientific names, which has so worried
many readers, is caused by the discovery and rectification
of violations of this code. The shaking-down process is
painful but ultimate stability is hoped for and, withal, I
feel sure that the "real" names are better than the best
nicknames.

TAXONOMY.

_, _ Clearly some system of filing is necessary

The System , i /• i i i i .■

in order to keep track of the hundreds of

thousands of insect names. A business man keeps his
reference cards or letters in groups and sub-groups. As
his business grows he not only adds new groups but he
breaks up the old groups into finer divisions. It is the
same way with the arrangement (taxonomy) of insects.
Formerly nine major groups ("Orders") were enough for
insects, the "Class" of animals with six legs. The latest
works divide insects into several Classes and there are
nearly forty Orders. Not to make it too complicated, we
will follow a moderate course and consider all insects as
belonging to one Class, which is divided into about two
dozen Orders. Flies, in the strict sense, have no more
than two wings and belong to the "two- winged" Order
(Diptera); the Order to which butterflies and moths
belong is Lepidoptera; that to which beetles belong is
Coleoptera; and so on. Orders are divided into "sub-
orders" and these into "families." Lady-bird beetles
belong to the family Coccinelidae, while carpet beetles are
Dermestidse. Family names always end in dae and sub-
family names in nas. The next division which need
concern us is "genus"; and then "species." The names
of these divisions are the ones ordinarily used. The
generic name should always be written with a capital and
the specific with a small initial letter; they are usually
printed in italics. Bumble-bees are Bombus; a common
species is Bombus pennsylvanicus. Some species have
varieties; for example: one of our beautiful butterflies is
Papilio glaucus variety turnus. This system is more
than a pure matter of convenience; it aims to point out
relationships. The species of a given genus are supposed
to be more closely related to each other than they are to
the species of other genera of the same family, and the
different genera of a given family are believed to be more
closely related to each other than to those of other families
of the same order and so on.

The technical entomologist will notice that the arrange-
ment of our text does not follow absolutely any one of the
arrangements with which he is familiar. This liberty was
taken because it was believed that certain deviations would

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

be more convenient for the layman,— a liberty somewhat
to be pardoned by reason of the fact that few technical
books agree among themselves. Brues and Melander's
Key to the Families of North American Insects is the best,
recent, detailed treatment of the subject.

Concerning Much against my inchnation, I have

Measurements given measurements in inches. This has
made it necessary to use various fractions
and these are awkward things to get at on ordinary rules.
In using measurements, it must be remembered that there
is considerable variation in the size of the same species
and, even where upper and lower limits are given, these
limits may be overstepped by exceptional individuals or
by many individuals in exceptional seasons or localities.
In those illustrations which are not natural size, the aver-
age size of the insect is usually indicated by a line near the
figure.

Growth ^h.\is early be it said that insects do not

grow after they have attained wings.
Small, winged flies do not grow to be large, winged flies
even though the same kitchen window frequently contains
all sizes. There are two main sorts of life histories, called
respectively Incomplete and Complete Metamorphosis.
Insects having the first kind, grasshoppers for example,
look, when they leave the eggs, more or less like minia-
tures of the adults except that they have no wings even if
the adults have. Insects of the second sort may be as
different, when they hatch, from the adult as a caterpillar
is from a butterfly, and they usually go through a resting
(pupal) stage before they get wings. Young insects may
be said to grow by leaps and bounds, not gradually.
They are largely covered, like lobsters, by a shell which
will not stretch. All the flesh is inside of this shell, and
when the quantity of this flesh gets too large the shell
splits, usually down the back; the insect emerges, swells
out, and his new skin again hardens by reason of the
chitin it contains. This process is repeated several times
before adult life is reached. The number of molts is
usually very definite for each species and sometimes an

6

ANATOMY.

insect, so starved that it hvis not largely increased its
flesh, will, nevertheless, carry on its accustomed molts.
In the case of winged ins-^cts having incomplete meta-
morphosis, the developinf^ wings show as pads several
stages before the adult. In those having complete meta-
morphosis, even the fu/1-grown larvae have no external
indication of wings; these appear externally after the molt
which results in the piipa and, when the pupa molts, out
steps the winged adu'.t.

The Inside Mention has been made of the hard

("chitinized") skins of insects: it is their
skeleton and their muscles are attached to it. In man,
the blood is sent to the lungs for a load of oxygen
which it then carries to the tissues. Insects do things
more directly; air is conducted to all parts of the
body by means of a system of tubes called tracheae.
This system usually has a number of outside openings
(spiracles) placed along each side of the body, but there is
none on the head. Insects do not breathe through their
mouths. Blood completely fills the body cavity and is
kept in motion by means of a "heart" which is merely a
pulsating tube open at both ends. The central nervous
system is a double, longitudinal series of ganglia connected,
one with another, by cords. There is no brain, strictly
speaking, for the ganglia in the thorax seem to be about as
important as those in the head. Nerves run from each
ganglion to nearby parts of the body. Most insects seem
to smell by means of their antennae and some to hear
with the same organs, but the location of "ears, " if "ears"
exist, is various and not always known.

The Outside ^^^ insects are divided into three parts:

head, thorax and abdomen. In some
larvae these parts are not distinctly marked off, but
usually there will be no difficulty in recognizing the
head. The thorax bears the wings, if any, and the
true legs, if any. No insect ever has more than three
pairs of true legs, and no other creatures which the amateur
is likely to notice and confuse with insects have as few
as three pairs of legs. The part of the thorax which bears

7

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

the front legs is called the prothorax; the middle legs are
on the mesothorax; and the hind legs, on the metathorax.
The top is called the notum and the under side the sternum.
We have, then, "pronotum," "presternum, " and so on.
The abdomen is the part of the body back of the thorax.
In many larvae, such as ordinary caterpillars, the abdomen
may have leg-like, fleshy props or claspers, and in many
adult insects there are "caudal" appendages of one sort
or another at the hind end of the abdomen. Going from
the thorax outwards, the principal parts of the legs are
coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus. The tarsus is
usually made up of several joints and usually ends in one
or more claws. The first joint of the tarsus is sometimes
much larger than its companions and is called metatarsus
or basitarsus. The big joints of the leg are the tibia
and femur. The trochanter is small and sometimes two-
jointed. The coxa usually looks like a small part of the
thorax. An insect's jaws chew, if they do chew, sideways,
not up and down. The mouth parts are subject to a
great deal of modification and in some groups, instead of
biting, they pierce and suck. Typically, there are two
sets of jaws: mandibles and maxillce. The latter are
usually the more delicate and are furnished with a pair of
feeler-like structures called palps. The lower lip (labiimi)
also has a pair of palps. These two sets of palps are
supposed to be tasting organs. The eyes are of two sorts :
compoimd and simple. The pair usually noticed are the
compound eyes and are compact clusters of single eyes
(ommatidia). Some insects, such as certain "silver-
fish," have not more than 12 ommatidia to each eye; and
some hawk-moths, 27,000. The simple eyes (ocelli) are
situated between, and usually a little higher than, the
compoiuid eyes. There are usually three. Finally, the
outside of an insect's body is usually more or less covered
with hairs. In butterflies and moths these hairs are
largely scale-like. When descriptions refer to hairy eyes,
do not expect too much; a lens is usually necessary to see
these hairs. This is about all the anatomy one needs to
start with. More will be explained as occasion arises.

COLLECTINQ INSECTS.

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS

The following directions are, with slight changes, those
which are contained in the American Museum's leaflet on
How to Collect and Preserve Insects.

When and Where to Find Insects

An entomologist is frequently amused at being asked
by well-meaning friends if he found anything when he
went out. Insect hunting is a sport in which there are
no blanks, if you know the game. Frequently the most
unpromising times and places are the best, for others
have been discouraged by the outlook and you get what
they have missed. We can never truly say that we know
an insect's haunts until we can tell where to look for it
every hour of every day in the year. Many insects are
great hiders and should be looked for under bark; in
rotten wood; under stones, dead leaves, etc.; among the
roots of plants; in stems and flowers — in short everywhere
and at all times.

Collecting Apparatus and How to Use It

The great essentials for insect collecting were given
each of us at birth and need only be improved by use — an
inquiring mind, eyes and fingers. Only a very few insects
sting to such an extent that collecting with unaided
fingers is uncomfortable and even the swiftest fliers can
be caught by hand when they are young or asleep. How-
ever, certain tools are handy. They can either be made
at home or purchased rather cheaply from dealers. '

' Such as Ward's Natural Science-Establishment, Roch-
ester, N. Y.; Kny-Scheerer Co., 56 West 23d St., O.
Fulda, 63 Fifth Ave., and Scientific Equipment Co.,
70 Fifth Ave., New York City; H. H. Brehme, P. O. Box
432, South Amboy, N. J.; and Williams, Brown and Earle,
918 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Mention of insect collecting immediately suggests a
net. For the capture of adult butterflies, moths and other
delicate, flying creatures this should be of the lightest
possible material. Fine Brussels net or bobinet is used
for the larger sizes (i to 2 ft. in diameter) and silk veiling
for the pocket sizes. The depth of this net should be at
least twice the diameter of its rim so that, when an insect
is caught, a twist will fold the bag against the rim and
leave the insect imprisoned in the lower end of the bag.
The beginner is apt to choose too long a handle and can
then take only long slow strokes even if he avoids getting
all mixed up with the vegetation and interfering with
his fellow collectors. Three feet is long enough for a
handle.

The sweeping net should be made of stout, white muslin,
or light duck, on a strong rim well fastened to a handle of
such a length that the user can just touch the ground with
the rim of the net without stooping. The diameter of the
net depends somewhat on the strength of the user and its
depth may be from i>^ to 2 times its diameter. It is
used to sweep blindly through grass, bunches of flowers,
light bushes, etc., in a fairly certain expectation of getting
something. Much of the material will be damaged by the
rough handling, but it is the quickest way to get large
numbers of specimens, and the only way to get certain
things quickly. The tendency seems to be to make the
handle of the sweep net too short, some on the market
being only 6 in. long. These do not tire the arm so much
as nets with longer handles, but you either miss the insects
living near the ground or you get a very tired back. One
useful trick in sweeping is to have a small cushion of
cotton, covered with cheese-cloth or muslin, and a bottle
of chloroform or ether. After sweeping for a few minutes
moisten the cushion with the anesthetic, drop it into the
net, and quickly twist up the bag so that the fumes are
confined. In a short time even the liveliest grasshopper
will be asleep and can be picked out and either saved or
rejected. If rejected, they will all shortly revive and
walk, hop, or fly away. The cushion is not strictly
necessary as the chloroform may be put directly on the
net after the insects are folded in the bottom.

10

NETS AND SIFTING.

The third net of the complete outfit is the water net.
The bag should be of some strong material through which
water will run readily. The rim should be strong and
may be either circular in outline or flattened at the side
opposite the handle. The advantage of the flattening
is that the bottom of ponds can be skimmed, but the
circular rim does fairly well, as the stirring of the water
stirs up even the insects at the bottom and they are caught
in the return swish of the net. A great deal of mud and
weeds will also be caught, but devices to prevent this,
such as covering the mouth of the net with a coarse wire
screen, do not work well in collecting insects. After
clearing the net of mud as much as possible by wash-
ing it through the net, dump the rest on the bank, pre-
ferably in the sun. Some insects will probably be seen
at once, others will appear as the mass dries out. After
you think you have found everything, wait a while and
look out for very small beetles. Many collectors miss
them.

Many, or most, of the nets that are for sale have fold-
ing rims and jointed handles. Opinion differs as to the
best. When, as is often the case, lightness and ease
of transportation is an object, it is well to have but
one handle and frame, with interchangeable bags. The
landing net used by fishermen, in which the frame
consists of two pieces of flexible steel that lie close
together when not in use, is excellent. The two-jointed
handle is better than the three-jointed one, as one of
the joints of the former is just right except for high
flying or deep diving quarry. In these cases add the
second.

A sieve is handy for getting the small insects hiding
under acciimulations of dead leaves, in moss, trash, etc.
Two sieves with meshes of different size are handier. A
good plan is to have a strong bag about a foot and a half
square by two feet deep. About nine inches from the
top sew pieces across the comers so that a piece of half-
inch mesh wire screen can rest on them. Sift through this
until there is quite a bit of fine material in the bottom of
the bag and then retire to a comfortable place protected
from the wind and spread a small sheet of white muslin or

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

canvas. Now resift, using a mesh about four or five to
an inch. The flat-bottomed sieves, six or eight inches '
in diameter, which are used for making French fried
potatoes, and the new wire pie-pans are excellent. Sift
a very thin layer on to the white cloth and examine
carefully the coarse stuff for relatively large things
before it is thrown away. Be patient with the small
stuff. Insects have a habit of "playing possum" and
have plenty of patience themselves. They do not
seem to like tobacco smoke. If you do, blow some
on the litter. It will hasten matters, — at least, smokers
think so.

This is a good place to mention collecting forceps,
as they are almost necessary in picking up very small
insects as well as insects concerning whose ability and
inclination to sting there may be some suspicion. The
best forceps for handling very delicate insects do not
seem to be on the market. They are made of strips
of German silver and have small but rounded points.
However, small steel ones do very well. Steel for-
ceps about a foot long are handy for picking caddice
cases, etc., out of water, but they are of little use
in general work. Dealers also carry forceps having
gauze-covered frames at the tips. They are meant
for holding stinging insects while they are being ex-
amined, but they, also, are of very little use to the general
collector.

A strong knife for cutting off galls, stripping bark,
splitting infested branches, etc., is essential. A trowel is
useful in following insect burrows or digging for root
borers. The entrenching tool used in the army is a
handy, all-aroimd substitute for trowel, hatchet, and large
knife.

There are two chief methods of night-collecting in
general use: "sugaring" and at light. Another, while
not so productive of specimens, is more interesting. It
consists in simply prowling around with lamp, examining
the center of flowers, the underside of leaves, tree-trunks,
etc., to find out what the nocturnal insects are doing and
also where and how the day-flying insects are passing the
night.

12

Plate III

13

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

There are about as many recipes for making the sugar
mixture as there are for "mother's biscuits." Baking
molasses usually forms the basis. Some additions are
any combination, or all, of stale beer, rum, asafoetida and
brown sugar. The mixture should spread easily but not
run badly. It is to be applied before dusk on tree trunks,
fence rails, and the like. Starting from some comfortable
resting place as a base, lay out a circuitous route, "sugar-
ing" something every few feet, and end at the resting
place. After dark, if luck be good, the sugared strips will
be full of moths and other insects eagerly sipping the
sweets. Several wide-mouthed cyanide killing bottles
(see p. 1 6) will be useful, but a net will be practically use-
less. It is well to have a little ether in each bottle, and
do not put a moth in a bottle until its predecessors have
stopped fluttering. Only experience will teach how to
catch these moths with a bottle. Some fly upward when
disturbed and some fly straight out or sideways, but the
majority drop a few inches before flying; so, when in
doubt, hold the bottle slightly below the prospective
captive.

Light attracts many sorts of insects besides moths.
Street and porch lights are fruitful hunting grounds. A
lamp by an open window makes the room it is in a splendid
trap or a smaller one can be fixed up and put "in the field."
Plate III. shows the principle. The details vary to suit
collectors' whims. It is not difficult to make the box
collapsible so that it can easily be transported. An
ordinary barn-lantern set in the center of a white sheet
or a "bull's eye" throwing a light against a sheet hung
over a fence or between trees does very well. In the
latter cases a net will be desirable but not easy to use.
Last summer I used, with great success, a cheese-cloth
tent with a muslin grotmd-cloth. The tent was A-shaped,
about 9 X 6 ft. on the ground and 6 ft. high, with inward-
pointing flies at each end. A lantern (or two) was placed
inside. The outside worked like a sheet and the inside
was a trap. Both light and sugar work best where there
is a variety of vegetation, as where woodland passes
into swamp or where there is an abimdance of second
growth.

14

TRAPS, BEATING, REARING.

Many other sorts of traps have been devised. Ohve
bottles and fruit jars buried up to the neck in the ground
and baited with molasses, meat, etc., are simple and
effective. The insects caught in this way may be washed
off and will be nearly as good as new. Boards, daubed on
the under side with molasses or covering meat, are not bad.
Girdled branches and cut limbs, hung up, attract wood-
boring insects which can then be collected by beating
them into an upturned umbrella by sharp I3' rapping the
limbs with a stout stick. In fact, an umbrella is a very
useful piece of apparatus. Branches, both living and
dead, are full of insects. The inverted umbrella catches
what are knocked off but does not hold them for long.
The collector must act quickly. Some collectors put a
quill in the cork of a collecting tube as shown in Plate III.
If the outer end of the quill be put over the insect, it will
crawl up through the quill and into the bottle from which
exit is difficult. If the umbrella be white, or at least lined
with white, the insects can be more easily seen but so can
the collector — not by the insects particularly, but by
inquisitive humans — and the non-committal black does
very well.

Beating will knock down many larvae. Directions for
preserving them are given on p. 22. Some, at least, should
be reared and here ingenuity is of more value than volumes
of instructions. The beginner will doubtless be inclined
to give his charges more light and air than is necessary.
Pasteboard shoe-boxes are excellent for large caterpillars.
Tin boxes keep the food longer and are easily cleaned, but
must be watched carefully or the food will mould. If the
food-plant can be potted, a good contrivance is to slip a
lantern globe over it, sinking the bottom far enough in
the ground to prevent the escape of larvse in that direction
and covering the top with cheese-cloth. Even if the plant
cannot be grown, twigs can be kept fresh for some time by
keeping their cut ends in a small bottle of water sunk in
the ground and used inside a lantern globe. (See Plate
IV.) The twigs will be held in place and larvae prevented
from drowning if cotton be loosely stuffed in the neck of
the bottle around the twigs. It is well to throw a thin
layer of dirt over the cotton so that fallen larvae can easily

15

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

get back to their food. Another device is shown, in
section, in Plate IV. It is made of plaster of pans. The
water at b keeps the block moist. It is useful chiefly
for ground-inhabiting larvae or for galls. However, for
the latter, fruit jars with moist sand or a moist sponge in
the bottom do just as well or better. Do not forget the
larvae living in hollow stems, dead wood and under bark.
When caterpillars are about to molt, especially when
they are about to change to pupae, they stop eating and
act as though they are sick. If you are in doubt as to
how the species pupates, it is well to give it potting soil
covered with dead leaves and some twigs of their food-
plant, not merely fresh leaves. A desirable, but not
necessary, refinement of technique is to bake the soil in
order to kill bacteria and fimgi. Species which "should"
pupate underground will get along fairly well even if they
have no earth — much better than if they be covered with
earth after pupation takes place, as this would pack them
and that is injurious.

Killing

Up to this point but little mention has been made of
killing insects and that was really not necessary. Insects
can be studied alive with great pleasure and profit. How-
ever, there are so many kinds and the differences between
species are often so minute that it is well to kill and
preserve at least samples. Fortunately, this can be done
with less trouble and less injury to the balance of Nature
than is the case with most animals or even plants. Further-
more, the collection can be made very attractive and
instructive without taking up much space.

The best all-around killing agent for adult insects is
cyanide of potassium. It should be broken into pieces
varying in size from that of a small pea to that of a hickory
nut, according to the size of the bottle to be used. OUve
bottles make good medium-sized bottles, while fruit jars
are better for large-sized moths and butterflies. Tubes,
even as small as }4 in. in diameter by about 2 in. long,
are not too small for some things. Avoid bottles with
strongly constricted necks. Avoid, also, bottles made of

16

KILLING BOTTLES.

thin glass. There are many ways of keeping the cyanide
in position and the bottle in good condition. The most
general way is to pour a thin layer of plaster of pans over
a layer (from }i to V^ ii^- deep) of cyanide. However,
since such a bottle will quickly get too moist from the
specimens and the decomposition of the cyanide, some
further device is almost always used. The pieces of
cyanide may be wrapped in soft absorbent paper or
imbedded in dry sawdust before the plaster is poured on.
Another way is to imbed it in dry plaster before pouring
on the wet. A piece of blotting paper should be fitted
tightly over the plaster after it has "set. " See Plate III.
Some do not use plaster but imbed the cyanide in cotton
and cover this with a piece of blotting paper or a thin
porous cork. A dangerous, but otherwise fairly satis-
factory, method is to imbed a piece of cyanide on the inside
surface of the cork and have none in the bottle itself.
This bottle will be dry but not strong, and as the cork
will, in time, become saturated with poison it will be very
dangerous. It is always well to have a few narrow strips
of loose absorbent paper in the bottle. They prevent
injury to the insects by shaking and help keep the bottle
dry, as they can be frequently changed. As ordinarily
made, a bottle should be allowed to ripen for several days
before using. If wanted at once, put a few drops of
vinegar or a pinch of boracic acid powder with the cyanide.
Collectors of delicate moths and butterflies frequently
put a few drops of ether or chloroform in their cyanide
bottles before starting out. This is to quiet the insects at
once for the cyanide sometimes kills slowly. Experience
will teach the collector that some insects die very slowly
and revive after apparent death. On the other hand,
ether and chloroform make insects brittle and too long an
exposure to cyanide fumes changes the color of some
insects.

Practically all beetles and dragon flies, together with
dull-colored, hairless insects of other orders, can be killed
in alcohol and kept there indefinitely. Fifty % is strong
enough for killing and 70% for preserving. Higher
grades make them brittle. No fly, bee, butterfly, moth,
or any green insect, other than those previously mentioned,

17

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

should be put into alcohol. In an emergency, kerosene,
gasoline, or benzine, put on the thorax, will kill and give
satisfactory specimens. Pounded laurel leaves and peach
pits make a weak killing agent, and butterflies and^moths
may be killed by carefully but firmly pinching the thorax
between the thumb and finger, one on each side. In fact,
many collectors of these insects pinch their captures before
taking them out of the net. This prevents their injuring
themselves by thrashing about.

Mounting

The stock method is pinning. The almost universally
adopted pin is i>^ in. long, and has a very small head. It
varies in thickness from extremely slender to as thick as an
ordinary pin. The useful sizes are from No. o to No. 3.
They are either plain "white" or enameled black. Much
is to be said for both, with the voting probably in favor of
black. At any rate, they should snap back when bent a
reasonable amount. A pin that bends easily and stays
bent produces profanity. Beetles are usually pinned
through the right wing-cover. All other insects, when
pinned, are pinned through the thorax. In the case of
flies it is well to pin a trifle to the right of the middle line,
as the bristles on the back are important in taxonomy and
one side of the body should be perfect. True bugs should
be pinned through the triangular portion of the thorax
which is between the wings.

Very small insects are usually moimted on the tip of
paper triangles, a medium-sized pin being stuck through
the broad end of the triangle. The triangles are of about
as many sizes as there are collectors. A ticket-punch can
be purchased which has a die suitable for cutting these
triangles. However, if they be cut out with scissors or a
sharp knife a variety of sizes and shapes suited to different
insects can easily be made. The best way is to cut
tough, rather stiff paper into strips about .4 inch wide and
then snip off triangles from them by making transverse
cuts. It is well to pin up a quantity of these triangles in
odd moments and keep them on hand. When ready to
mount, put a small bit of white shellac dissolved in alcohol,

18

MOUNTING INSECTS.

or of some good elastic glue, on the tip ot a triangle and
touch it to the underside of the thorax. Some difficulty
will be experienced in keeping the insect straight on the
point, especially if the adhesive be too thin. The triangles
for ants should be fairly broad at the "point," and the
front end of the abdomen as well as the thorax should be
supported.

The method just mentioned is almost universally used
for small beetles. Small flies and the like are frequently
mounted on "minuten nadeln." These are short, very
dehcate, headless pins. Bits of pith, cork, or firm blotting
paper (used edgewise), serve to connect nadel and a
regular pin. The nadel may be stuck through the insect
and then into the support. A somewhat better plan is to
arrange a nimiber in advance by sticking the nadel through
the support from below, leaving the point stick up; then
mounting can be rapidly done by piercing the insects
from below. It is well, in this case, to stop before the
point comes entirely through the back as then no pin
shows and furthermore the characters on the back are not
marred. "Minuten nadeln" have the advantage over
glue on triangles that the glue does not always hold. On
the other hand, they cannot be used with many hard-
shelled beetles. Elbow pins are sometimes used but are,
as a rule, not very satisfactory. All mounts mentioned in
this paragraph are usually put on the left side of the pin.

The height of the insects on the pin is important for the
final appearance of the collection. A strip of cardboard
whose width is yi to Vs the length of the pin makes a
convenient gauge. With one edge held at the head of the
pin push the insect up until it touches the other edge.
Or a block of wood containing a hole whose depth is %
to V3 the length of the pin may be used. Devices for
regulating the height by sticking the point of the pin into
a gauge are not satisfactory because of the varying thick-
ness of the specimens.

Moimting insects in balsam on glass slides will probably
not be taken up by the general collector imless he be al-
ready accustomed to making balsam mounts. It is,
however, the only satisfactory method of getting extremely
small forms ready for study.

19

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

In collections, butterflies and moths usually have all
four wings expanded to their utmost and more or less in
line with the lateral axis of the creature's body. This
makes a nice-looking collection and is the best that can
be done with most butterflies. However, many moths
have natural rest positions which are not only interesting
but save space. It is well, therefore, to expand the wings
of the left side so that the markings on both front and hind
wings show, but to leave the right wings in the natural rest
position. The reason for expanding the left side, rather
than the right, and for putting the triangles, etc., on the
left side is that most people are right-handed. This
arrangement makes it easy to use the pinning forceps with
the right hand. For the same reason, when the wings on
one side of grasshoppers, wasps, etc., are to be spread, the
left wings should be selected for the purpose. Pinning for-
ceps are strong forceps with broad, roughened ends and are
useful for pushing the pins into the cork of the storage boxes.

The most common form of spreading board is illustrated
in Plate IV. The sides are made of soft wood. In the
bottom of the central channel is a piece of soft cork. After
pinning the insect, push the pin into this central cork tmtil
the back of the insect is nearly flush with the board.
Then draw the wings to the desired position by means of
forceps or of a fine needle caught in the strong front margin
of the wings. Never use the fingers on moths and butter-
flies, as this will rub off the scales which cover the wings
and give color to them. The wings may be kept in position
by means of fine pins, or bits of heavy glass, or strips of
tracing cloth held in place by pins placed outside of the
wings. A combination of the last two methods, glass on
paper, is best. It is well to have a number of boards with
grooves of different widths for use with different-sized
insects. The same plate shows a setting board devised
by Mr. Chas. E. Sleight — and perhaps by others — for
spreading caddice flies and other insects when it is desired
to have the legs spread as well. The holes running down
the center are just large enough to accommodate that part
of the pin which is above the insect. The wings are
spread as before, except that now the under side is visible
to the worker and the legs are accessible.

20

Plate IV

21

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Should insects get dry and stiff before they are spread,
they must be relaxed. This is done by putting them in a
covered jar or tin box containing water or moist blotting
paper. A few drops of carbolic acid added to the water
will prevent mold. Twenty-four hours will usually be
sufficient to relax even the driest, but more time may
sometimes be necessary. If the insect has neither scales
nor hairs, it can be quickly relaxed by immersing it in
warm water.

It will be noticed that both of the setting boards illus-
trated here give the wings a slight upward tilt. If they
keep this position, it will not be objectionable, but they
are not likely to do so, since the weight cf the wings will
probably drop them at least to the horizontal. Large
insects dry more slowly than small ones and it will prob-
ably be necessary to allow them to remain on the boards
for about two weeks. They should certainly remain until
thoroughly dried. No further preservation is then
necessary, as a rule, for the fairly hard-bodied, adult
insects. Some tropical grasshoppers have large abdomens
full of fat and decomposing food. These should first be
opened by an incision along the belly, the viscera taken
out, and the abdomen stuffed with cotton.

Broken insects may be repaired by the use of shellac
or thin glue.

Caterpillars may be prepared in the following way:
Make a circular incision at the hind end, cutting the in-
testine loose from the outer body wall. Then, laying the
caterpillar on a piece of clean blotting paper, squeeze the
viscera through this opening by gently rolling the cater-
pillar with a lead pencil, beginning near the hind end and
gradually working toward the front. After the viscera
have been gotten rid of, for the most part, insert a straw
and fasten the first segment of the larva to the end of the
straw by means of a fine needle. Draw the hind segment
up the straw until the larva is natural length and fasten it
in the same manner. Then, inflate the larva by gently
blowing through the straw. Since the front end of the
straw may get plugged up, it is well to make a small hole
in the side of the straw before it is inserted. This hole
had.best come about midway between the larva's head and

22

NOTES AND LABELS.

tail. Since inflation must be kept up until the larva's
skin is dried, gentle heat is usually used. A tin can, with
holes punched in it for ventilation and heated by an
alcohol lamp, makes a good oven, or one can be purchased.
Dealers also sell bellows, tubing, clips, etc., to make the
work of inflating easier. However inflated, green larvae
are apt to lose their color, for it is chlorophyll which fades
rapidly. Slow-drying paints relax the skin and distort it.
Therefore, if painting is done, the pigments should be
mixed with benzine or the like.

Field Notes and Labels

It is only by the greatest chance that the begiimer gets a
new or even rare species on ground that has been worked
over by experienced collectors, but even the primary class
in entomology may add to our store of knowledge if it
keeps field notes well. Date of capture and locality are
considered of prime importance. They should always be
known and kept with every specimen, but the distribution
and time of appearance of our more common species are
known. It is of their habits that we are ignorant. What
do they feed on? Under what conditions are
they to be foimd when young and when old, day
and night, winter and summer? What do they
do and how do they do it? Some system of
keeping notes is imperative if your collection is
to be worth while.

The pin label should be small but legible.
Certain firms make a business of printing these
labels from small type, or the collector can make
up a sheet by means of an ordinary typewriter
(black ink is best) and have a block made from
this, greatly reduced in size. From this block
any nxmiber of impressions can be made. Any
printer will attend to the whole business.
Sample strips are shown in the margin. If dates
are not printed, they should be filled in before
cutting the labels apart. Field numbers can be
written on the back of these labels or put on a
separate label. The collector's name can also

23

Tukeit, BG

191
Tulceit, Hg

191
Tukeit, BG,

191
Tukeit, BG

191
Tukeit, BG

191
Tukeit, BG

191
Tukeit, BG

191
Tukeit, BG

191
Tukeit, BG

191
Tukeit, BG

191

ManatiP.R.

Mch 5'i4
ManatiP.R.

Mch 5*14
ManatiP.R.

Mch 5'i4
ManatiP.R.

Mch s'14
ManatiP.R.

Mch 5'i4
ManatiP.R.

Mch 5'i4
ManatiP.R.

Mch s'14

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

be put on a separate label. Similar labels should all
be the same height on the pin throughout the collec-
tion. This is easily accomplished by sticking the pin
first through the label then into a hole of a given depth
or cork of a given thickness, thus pushing the labels up
to a uniform height.

Storage Boxes and Care of Collection

Since certain members of a family of beetles (Der-
mestidae) are given to eating dried insects, the storage
boxes should have tight-fitting lids. Except for that,
almost anything will do. Cigar boxes are not bad if
carefully watched, but better boxes can be purchased at
reasonable prices from dealers. Glass-topped drawers
are nice but not necessary. Whatever sort of box is used,
the bottom, inside, should be covered with something
which is soft enough to allow a pin to enter easily but
which will hold the pin when it is once in. The com-
pressed cork of the dealers is best. Sliced cornstalk is
used by some beginners but two layers of the corrugated
paper, such as bottles are packed in, is better than corn-
pith. The layers should be placed so that the corrugations
run at right angles to each other.

In spite of precaution, Dermestids may get in; although
camphor balls or flaked naphthalene will help to keep them
out. If camphor balls are used, first heat the head of an
ordinary pin and, while hot, push the head into the ball.
When cool, it will be solid and the ball can be pinned into
the box. If Dermestids do get in, they may be killed by
pouring into the box about a teaspoonful of carbon bisul-
phide and closing the lid down tightly. Remember that
the bisulphide is very inflammable.

Packing Insects in the Field

It frequently happens that the collector cannot attend
to his catch at once, or possibly for months. Of course
those things which are collected in alcohol may remain
there. Butterflies and the like should be put into tri-
angular envelopes. The manner of making these is shown

24

Plate V

25

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

in Plate V. Never put more than one specimen in an
envelope. Other insects can be packed between layers of
cotton and cheese-cloth, with naphthalene flakes put in
to keep out ants, etc., or they can be put in sawdust. In
the latter case it is well to sprinkle carbolic acid on the
sawdust to prevent mold. An excellent method of
packing insects (except butterflies and moths) which are
to be dried, is to make tubes of unglazed paper aroimd a
lead pencil, after writing the data on that part of the
paper which comes outside. One end is closed by folding
in the paper there, and then the tube is nearly filled with
freshly killed insects. Finally, the other end is closed by
folding in the paper. These tubes and the triangular
envelopes can be packed in a cigar box and, if sprinkled
with naphthalene to keep out ants and Dermestids, will
keep indefinitely. Never pack moist insects in a tin box
and never close even a wooden box tightly if there are
many moist insects in it. Mold will result if you do.

Identification

For this work a magnifying glass of some sort is usually
necessary except for the larger Lepidoptera, and even with
these it is useful when mouth-parts, and the like, are to be
examined. If you collect at all extensively, you will get
many species which are not mentioned here, at least in
sufficient detail to enable you to fix on their names.
Separate these into their orders and, if possible, famihes
and even genera. Then await your chance to consult
more technical books, or identified collections. Possibly
you can arrange to have some specialist identify them
for you, but this deprives you of the pleasure and benefit
of doing it yourself. Furthermore, specialists usually
have more than they can do, although they frequently are
willing to look over collections which are not too mis-
cellaneous for the privilege of retaining duplicates of the
species they identify. If the species is undescribed, they
usually vAsh to describe it and keep a set, one specimen of
which is designated a "type" of that species. A very
large majority of entomologists are kind, helpful individ-
uals; I merely wish to say that laymen are often unwit-
tingly unreasonable in their requests.

26

ABOUT KEYS.

Such keys as are given here are, for the
most part, simplified versions of keys in
special, more technical, books and papers. They have
been simplified in two ways: by leaving out forms which
are not very likely to attract the notice of beginners or
whose separation involves too great technicalities, and by
using, as far as possible, easily appreciated cliaracters
even though they may not be, otherwise, the best charac-
ters to use. The result of the first simplification is that
forms will be found which do not fit anything in the key
although they may come close to it. An attempt has been
made to word the keys so that forms which were not
intended to be included will not fit anywhere, thus avoid-
ing a misidentification. This attempt has not always
been completely successful, especially for southern and
west-of-the-Mississippi forms. Working a key backward,
from the name to the start, usually gives so good a de-
scription of the form in question that it is not further
described in the text.

Start at i and decide which of the two
How to Use a ^^^ more) alternatives best agrees with the
specimen; then go to the number indicated
at the right; continue this process until a name without a
following number is reached. Do not take too mtich for
granted. If a thing is said in one alternative to be black,
it is not necessarily not black in the other imless this is
definitely stated. If you reach a point where neither
alternative fits, go back to the place where you had most
doubt concerning a choice and take the other alternative;
perhaps the statements were not sufficiently clear and you
made a wrong choice. If nothing works, it would be
kind of you to conclude that you have a species which was
not included in the key, although the fact of the matter is
that it is next to impossible to draw up a relatively simple
key which will not sometimes stick in the lock.

The Control of injurious Insects

This section may seem out of place in a Field Book,
but the garden is a part of the "field" as far as insects are

27

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

concerned. I once made an at-first-sight rash statement
to the effect that, every year, at least five hundred species
of insects are naturally in my back yard near New York
City. Some day I hope to prove it. Some of these
insects are not welcome. Although the American Museum
has no department of economic entomology, many of the
inquiries, which are made there about insects, concern
methods of control. I suppose, therefore, that "you,"
also, may have unwelcome insect visitors and would like
some hints concerning their control.

If the injury is serious, write to your State Entomologist
or to the Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture. They, especially the State Entomologist,
should know about serious outbreaks; they are fitted by
training and constant work along these lines to give good
advice and, if the occasion demands it, personal super-
vision. Furthermore, you have a right to do this; you
help to pay the salaries.

Few insects are injurious in all the stages of their life-
history, and every one will admit that the fight against
injurious insects should start before the injury begins.
Mosquitoes and flies should be killed before they can fly;
the first meal of leaf-feeders should be their last, even if
they get that. All this requires a knowledge of the life-
histories so that we may know the best time to fight.
Fall or winter plowing may uncover pupae which are
hibernating in the ground, and kill them. If the insect
passes the winter in the egg stage, spraying, provided
spraying will kill the larvae, should be done just as the
eggs hatch. Therefore, we should know when that will be.
This your State Entomologist can tell you for your par-
ticular locality and I can not.

Predaceous and parasitic insects are now "the one best
bet " in economic entomology. Why cover our vegetation
with poison year after year if we can set insect friends to
killing insect enemies? This, again, is work for the pro-
fessional economic entomologist, although I have tried to
help you to distinguish friends from enemies.

If possible, prevent breeding. This applies especially to
such enemies as mosquitoes and flies. Why live ina wire-and-
wood cage when draining swamps, putting fish in ponds,

28

INSECTICIDES.

and similar preventive measures will control mosquitoes,
and general cleaning up will do away with flies? Many-
insect enemies of cultivated plants breed on weeds. Either
treat the "weeds" as cultivated plants or get rid of them.

Insecticides may be roughly divided into four classes:
stomach poisons, contact insecticides, repellants and gases.

Stomach poisons are for such insects as chew vegetation.
Nearly all of them contain arsenic in some combination
and, if there be too much water-soluble arsenic, will burn
the foliage. Now that insecticides are under government
supervision, it is fairly safe to buy any standard brand
and use it according to the directions on the package —
these notes are for home-gardeners who would buy insecti-
cides in small quantities and such quantities should not
be purchased "loose." These directions will almost
certainly call for lime, in order to neutralize the traces of
soluble arsenic, and possibly resin-soap to make the poison
stick to the leaves better. In spraying, cover every part
of every leaf, if possible. For house-plants, an ordinary
medicine atomizer is excellent. For garden plants, get a
spray fitted to the number and size of the plants to be
sprayed. Poisoned Bran Mash for grasshoppers, cut-
worms and the like, is made by mixing i part, by weight,
of Paris-green or London-purple with 25 parts of bran and
enough cheap molasses, diluted to about half -strength with
water, to make a stiff paste.

Paris-green, etc., will poison humans if enough be eaten,
but it is estimated, for example, that one must eat twenty-
eight cabbages (that have been sprayed or dusted in the
ordinary way) in order to swallow enough poison to be
harmful. Hellebore is sometimes used because it is less
poisonous to man and to other animals with less than six
legs, but it is expensive and deteriorates with age. It may
be used dry, diluted with about 8 parts of flour, or as a
spray, one ounce to a gallon of water. If poisons are
applied dry, the application should be made on a still
morning before the dew has dried.

Contact insecticides are used against sap-sucking
insects, which would stick their proboscis right through a
layer of stomach poison and not be bothered by it. Chief
among such insects are the aphids. Contact insecticides

29

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

are also effective against such leaf-chewing insects as have
thin skins. A corrosive insecticide which is strong enough
to kill an insect having a thick skin will kill the leaves also.
Scale insects, except when young and scaleless, will resist
any insecticide that leaves resist. Therefore, strong
solutions (such as lime-sulphur) must be used on them
before the buds break. Some contact insecticides work
by clogging up the insects' breathing apparatus (tracheae)
rather than by corrosion. All contact insecticides should
be applied, if possible, directly on the insect. It is usually
a waste to spray them on leaves that are not affected.

Kerosene is very effective and may be applied pure
about chicken houses and against bedbugs, but not on
plants. For plants, an emulsion is used which can be
purchased or may be made as follows: "Dissolve ^
pound of hard or whale-oil soap (or i quart soft soap) in
I gallon of boiling water. Add 2 gallons of kerosene and
churn with a force pimip by pumping back and forth for
five to ten minutes until the oil is thoroughly emulsified,
forming a creamy mass with no drops of free oil visible.
This stock solution is now diluted so that the resulting
mixture will contain the desired per cent of kerosene.
Thus for aphids one part of the stock solution should be
diluted with from 10 to 15 parts of water, giving from 4 to
6 per cent of kerosene in the spray, while for a winter wash
for San Jos^ scale, it should be diluted only three or four
times giving from 16 to 22 per cent kerosene. The emul-
sion must be thoroughly churned and should be applied
with a nozzle throwing a fine spray" (Sanderson).

Ordinar}'- laundry soap, one-half pound to a gallon of
water, is a good insecticide. Whale-oil soap is, perhaps, a
little better. There are many brands of miscible oil
which are very good. Lime-sulphur wash is used chiefly
against the San ]os6 scale and is rather difficult to make at
home. Pure sulphur dust is effective against "red spider. "

Pyrethrum, or Persian insect powder, is much used
about houses as it is not poisonous and does not injure
fabrics, but it deteriorates with age. It works by suffo-
cating the insect.

A tobacco tea made by boiling or steeping a pound of
tobacco leaves and stems in one or two gallons of water is

30

INSECTICIDES.

used as a spray against aphids and other soft-bodied
insects. House-plants may be dipped in this solution
after it has cooled.

Among the repellants, tobacco dust, air-slacked lime,
soot, and even fine road-dust may be mentioned but they
are effective only so long as the plants are covered with
them. "Fruit trees are often painted with a thick soap
solution containing i pint of crude carbolic acid to lo
gallons as a repellant for the adult borers which lay their
eggs on the bark." Tanglefoot is a sticky paste such as is
used on fly-paper and, if a tree-trunk be encircled with it,
crawling insects, such as caterpillars, will be kept from
getting up. Do not be taken in by the charlatans who
bore holes in trees and then plug them with something or
other, on the theory that the sap will take up the poison and
carry it to the leaves.

The principal insecticidal gases are carbon bisulphide,
hydrocyanic acid, and the fumes of burning tobacco and
sulphur. Carbon bisulphide is bad smelUng, and will cause
a headache if inhaled, and is very explosive but, if used
with caution, is good for fumigating closets, entomological
collections, and against boring and root-feeding pests, also
to put in ants' nests. In buildings "there should be i square
foot of evaporating surface to every 25 square feet of floor
area, and each square foot of evaporating surface should
receive from one-half to i pound of liquid." Hydrocyanic
acid gas is so poisonous that I will not risk giving directions.
If you want them, write to your State entomologist or to
the U. S. Department of Agriculture. If sulphur be burned
at the rate of two pounds per thousand cubic feet of space
it is said to be effective against bedbugs and the like, but it
will not kill the eggs, whereas kerosene will. Furthermore,
it bleaches fabrics, if they be at all moist, and kills plants,
if it be too strong. Tobacco fumes are safe ad lib.

Fanner's Bulletin, 127 of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture tells a great deal about insecticides. This
same Department will send you, free, a monthly bulletin
which gives a Hst of their pubhcations. Many of the
publications have interesting accounts of insect life-
histories and are worth having, even if the economic
phase of the question does not appeal to you.

31

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Classes of
Arthropoda

CHIEFLY ABOUT SPIDERS

Animals having no backbone but jointed
legs are called Arthropoda. Some of these
have two pairs of antennse ("feelers") and
at least five pairs of legs; these are Crustacea and include
lobsters, crabs, crayfish, sow-bugs, and the like. Some
have no apparent antennae; one class of these live in the
sea (the "king"- or "horseshoe crab") and another is,
for the most part, terrestrial, breathing air. The latter
class is called Arachnida and includes spiders and their
relatives. Finally, there are three classes the members of
which have one pair of antennas. Two of them have more
than three pairs of legs and no wings: the Diplopoda, or
millipedes, have two pairs of legs on each of some, at least,
of their body segments; the Chilopoda, or centipedes,
have only one pair of legs to a single segment. The third
class is Hexapoda, or insects; when adult, they never
have more than three pairs of legs but usually have
wings.

Arachnida

Some of the relatives of spiders have the
abdomen distinctly segmented; if there is a
tail-like hind end, it is a scorpion of some sort ; if not, it is, in
northeastern United States, either one of the small pseudo-
scorpions or else a " harvestman, " also called "grand-
father-graybeard, " "daddy-long-legs," etc., — the creature
some of us used to deprive of most of its legs in order that
it should point the way to our cows or to our home.
Mites and spiders have unsegmented abdomens; mites
have no constriction of the body between the abdomen and
the leg-bearing portion, but spiders do.

Many of the not-yet-acquainted consider
spiders to be insects and for that reason
they are mentioned here — but briefly, because they have
no more claim to be considered insects than have lobsters,
except that they approach insects in the matter of in-
teresting habits: home building, prey catching, mating,
care of offspring, devices to escape their enemies, and the

32

SPIDERS' SILK.

like. Among other even more important differences,
they have four pairs of legs; also the head and thorax are
merged in one piece (cephalothorax). A pair of palpi
are frequently so developed as to look like a fifth pair of
legs. The eyes are simple, usually eight in number, and
differing in size and arrangement in different sorts of
spiders. The bite of all spiders is poisonous — that is the
way they kill their food — but there is so little poison and so
few spiders are strong enough to bite through the human
skin, even if they would try, that spiders are not danger-
ous. At the hind end of the abdomen are small appen-
dages, the spinnerets, from which come fluids that harden
on exposure to air and form silk. The silk of insects comes
from their mouths.

. „. . Its uses by spiders, I mean, although it

Spiders' Silk "^ Jf ' ^.u a ■

and its Uses ^^^ been used by man for cross-threads m

telescopes and makes a better quality of

textile than the silk of moths. One sufficient reason

for man's not using it in the latter way is the difficulty

of getting enough of it. Spiders originally used silk

only to wrap up their masses of eggs (see Lycosa, Plate

VII). Then they took to lining their retreats with

silk; later they built platforms outside of their retreats

and from these developed the snares which have been the

wonder and admiration of all ages, humanly speaking.

These snares, even those which are orb-shaped, differ

greatly among themselves. Most of the orb-snares are

made by members of a single family, Argiopidae (or

Epeiridae), and a large proportion of our spiders make

no snare, catching their prey by stealth, fleetness of

foot or length of jimip. Silk is used by certain young

spiders for "ballooning"; they stand on some elevation,

spin a thread into the air and, when the wind catches

it, sail away. This is the explanation of "showers of

gossamer."

This is not the place to go minutely into

Spiders ^^^ subject, but spiders may be divided

into two sorts: what are called, in this

country, tarantulas and the, strictly speaking, spiders.

3 33

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The large, hairy, much-feared tarantulas live in the
South and some of them build interesting trap-door nests.
The following famihes are true spiders. The Dictynid^e
belong to a group having special attachments on their
spinning machine by which they make hackled bands in
their webs; most of the tangled, sheet webs on the sides of
houses, especially at windows, are made by Dictyna sub-
lata. The Theridiid^e have a well developed comb on
the hind legs to aid in throwing liquid silk over the prey
they wish to entangle; Theridion tepidariorum is the
house spider, the one which makes the tangled web in the
comers of rooms where "no beaux will go." Latrodectus
mactans, a jet-black spider marked with red or yellow,
living under stones or pieces of wood, also belongs to this
family and is the only spider of northeastern United
States concerning which there is even moderate evidence
of its seriously biting human beings.

The Argiopid^ are the orb weavers, par excellence.
They usually have relatively large abdomens. The
maker and the making of a fairly typical web are shown
in Plate VI, which is based upon an exhibit in the Ameri-
can Museum of Natiu-al History. This spider is very
common about buildings and has had a variety of names
of which Aranea sericata is believed to be better usage
than the more commonly employed Epeira sclopetaria.
She started above a on a beam or twig and dropped,
spinning a thread as she went, to another support below
&, fastening the thread there. She then climbed this
thread to the upper support, crossed over to a point above
c and dropped to a point below d, making a strand as
before. Then, going to e, she fastened one end of a strand
and, spinning it behind her, went across by way of the
upper support to /. She then went to the upper support
and dropped to this e-f strand, fastening the new line at
h; this pulled e-f up slightly. The next strand which she
put in was from i to a point on the lower support below j;
pulling this line made another angle in g-/, as did the
following one from k to h. These last two strands were
fastened near their center by a bit of silk and the remain-
ing radii were put in by moving about on the foundation
of the web. The next step in the operation was a laying

34

Plate ' VI

The Weaving of oWeb

35

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

down of the primary spiral which is shown as ending at /.
All of these threads consist of smooth, tough silk which is
not sticky. From this point on the spider uses the sticky
threads which constitute the real snare. All the details
of spinning the web vary but the putting in of first sticky
threads is very irregularly done. In the figure given here
it may be followed from m to w. From 7t she continued
in a regular spiral until the primary spiral of smooth silk
was reached. She then cut away the outer portion of the
primary spiral, so that she might have more room for the
snare. This process of cutting away the primary spiral
and putting in the sticky spiral is shown, in the fourth
figure, about half finished ; and finally there is the complete
web with nearly all of the primary spiral removed. Nearly
every species has its own distinct way of making webs
and there are so many species of this family which are
commonly noticed (especially the females when they are
swollen with eggs) both because of their beautful colors
and of their interesting webs, and some of the species are
so variable, that not all of the probable questions can be
answered. The spider an inch or more long, marked with
spots and bands of bright orange and usually seen in the
late summer hanging on an orb which is decorated with a
zig-zag band of silk is Miranda aurantia, also called Ar-
giope riparia. A slightly smaller, light yellow spider with
narrow transverse black lines on its abdomen is Metar-
giope trifasciata and also puts a zig-zag in its web. Some
species {Micrathena gracilis is shown in Plate VII) of this
family have spine-like processes on their abdomens but
A ranea is a fairly safe generic name to give to most of the
orb-weavers generally noticed.

The Thomisid^e, or crab-spiders, have the two front
pairs of legs relatively heavy and long; they run sideways.
They spin no snare and the white or light yellow, some-
times with a light red band on the sides, Misumena vatia
(see Plate VII) is frequently seen sitting in flowers,
concealed by its resemblance to the flower and waiting
to catch the insects which come for pollen. The flat,
lustrous, parchment-like egg sacs often observed on stones
in pastures belong to Castianeira descripta, one of the
Clubionid^. Agelena navia is responsible for the flat

36

Plate VII

Microthena
gracilis

Misumena

VQtiQ

Salticus
Senicus

LycosQ and Eqq-sac

Spirobolus marginatus

iQera lorceps

37

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

horizontal webs which frequently almost completely
carpet our lawns but are usually only noticed when
covered with dew. It is one of the AcELENiDiE. Another
member of this family is Tegenaria derhami, a spider which
lives with man from the Frigid zone to the Tropics, making
a flat sheet, which is often dust-covered, in the comers of
cellars, bams, and the like. The LYCOsiDiE are, figura-
tively speaking as well as literally translating their name,
Wolf -spiders. For the most part, they build no snare but
secure their prey in the chase. Some species dig tunnels
in the earth for hiding-places. A female is shown in
Plate VII carrying her egg sac; after the young emerge
they will ride on their mother's back, completely covering
it, until, by the process of eating each other and any other
food they can secure, they are able to shift for themselves.
Finally we come to the Attid^, Jumping Spiders, of small
size, numerous in species and replete with interest because
of their beauty, their mating habits, their occasional
mimicry of ants and other things concerning which you are
referred, first of all, to Nature. If you see a small spider
springing about, sometimes sideways or backwards, on a
fence rail or the sunny side of a building, it is probably an
Attid (possibly Salticus senicus; see Plate VII) and will
repay further study.

The large, commonly observed Spiroholus
'^ °^° * (Plate VII) is a typical Milliped. There

are a number of smaller species in our gardens. These
creatures feed on vegetable matter and are absolutely
harmless. When disturbed, they curl up into a spiral
and sometimes exude a defensive fluid.

The bite of all Centipedes is poisonous and
that of large species is dangerous. The
only common sort in the North is Scutigera forceps (Plate
VII). It Hves in houses, feeding upon flies, cockroaches
and other insects. Dr. Felt says "its presence in a house
should be welcomed, since it is capable of inflicting no
injury aside from a somewhat poisonous bite, the latter
being extremely rare." I confess that any found in our
house get stepped on.

38

SILVER-FISH OR FISH-MOTH

INSECTS

For certain distinctive characteristics of insects see p. 32
and the sections on anatomy in the Introduction.

The Most Primitive Insects

These were, not long ago, all put in a single order:
Aptera, or "wingless." They are now divided into four
classes, including Thysanura and Collembola, and seven
orders ; but the user of this book is not apt to notice more
than one or two species.

_. Two hundred and fifty-odd years ago

Hooke TVTote concerning the Silver-fish
or Fish-moth: "It is a small Silver-shining Worm or
Moth, which I found much conversant among Books and
Papers, and is supposed to be that which corrodes and
eats holes through leaves and covers; it appears to the
naked eye a small glittering Pearl-colored Moth, which,
upon the removal of Books and Papers in the Summer, is
often observed very nimbly to scud, and pack away to
some lurking cranney, where it may the better protect
itself from any appearing dangers. Its head appears big
and blunt and its body tapers from it towards the tail
smaller and smaller, being shaped almost like a carrot."
If such a creature is eating your wall paper, starched
curtains or clothing, photographs or other belongings,
your sorrow may be mitigated by your interest in seeing
the most primitive insect you are Hkely to observe without
special effort. Insects of this and related classes never
have and never have had wings; they just grow up, from
new-born to adult, with scarcely as much change as occurs
in the growth of a dog. The species just mentioned is
Lepisma saccharina (Plate VIII). It is a "moth" only
because it eats furnishings and clothing. A related species
{domestica) is abimdant in some bake shops and old
kitchens, rimning about even in hot places, whence its
Old English name: Fire-brat.

39

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Frequently the surface of still pools is

Collembola , , r ^- ^ ^ i r

covered by a mass of tiny dark specks of
insects which spring about, when disturbed, without even
denting the surface film. Sometimes similar creatures
are seen on the snow during bright spring days, becoming
a nuisance in maple-sugar camps by getting into the sap.
These are Collembola or Spring-tails — grotesque-looking
creatures which, when at rest, keep the "tail" curved
under them and jump by straightening out. See Smin-
thurus aquaticus in Plate VIII.

PLECTOPTERA; EphEMERID/E

The family name of May-flies (see Plate VIII) comes
from the same Greek root as does "ephemeral" and,
although the term would fit the adult lives of most insects,
it does forcibly apply to many of these, the three-weeks
winged life of Chloeon dipterum being exceptional. How-
ever, though the winged stage may last but a day — or,
better, a night — their lives from egg to adult are, insectly
speaking, among the longest, some taking three years for
their development. A female drops two packages, each
of which may contain several hundred eggs, into the water;
the packages break almost immediately and, after some
time, there hatch from the eggs larvae with gills along each
side of the abdomen and three (as a rule) tail filaments.
According to the species, these larvae may swim rather
freely, or make burrows in the mud, not swimming at
all, or — the sort you are most likely to notice — crawl
about on the under side of submerged stones. Some
feed on vegetable matter; others are carnivorous. These
larvae molt frequently, twenty times having been recorded
for one species, but the chief change is the gradual appear-
ance of wing pads. The young of insects having, as these
do, incomplete metamorphosis are usually called nymphs
instead of larvae, although this term is sometimes re-
stricted to the stages in which the wing pads are quite
evident. The full-grown nymphs crawl out of the water,
frequently in crowds; the skin splits down the back of
each and the freed creatures make short flights. But
molting is not over yet. Nature loves exceptions, perhaps

40

Plate VIII

41

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

"lest one good custom should corrupt the world," and
these insects molt after they have obtained functional
wings. The adult form is now reached and thousands
may join in a joyous dance which often leads to an heirless
death, if near human habitations, for they seem imable to
resist the attraction of bright lights. Even under normal
conditions some species dance a part of a night, mate,
lay eggs, and die before morning. Fish eagerly devour
the adults which fall on the water; and a favorite dry-fly,
"gray drake," of fishermen is made in imitation of these
insects. Plate VIII shows a typical form. Ephemera
varia, but some species have much smaller hind wings or
even none. The males have much larger compound eyes
than have the females. There are about a hundred
species in eastern United States, the identification of
which is rather difficult. The ambitious student is
referred to Bulletin 86 of the New York State Museum.

Odonata

The Dragon- and Damsel-flies have been called "Devil's
Darning-needles" and accused of sewing up the ears of
bad boys; "Snake-doctors" or "Snake-feeders" on the
theory that they administered to the needs of reptiles;
and "Horse-stingers" on the equally mistaken notion
that they sting — since no human had ever been stung,
horses must have been. As a matter of fact, they are
dangerous only to other insects, but since Odonata have
relatively strong biting jaws, the larger species may give
you a gentle nip if you put your finger in their mouth.
All members of this order live in water until they get wings
and the aquatic young catch their prey in a very different
manner from that practised by the aerial adults. The
flying "dragon" darts back and forth with swift, well-
controlled motions, scooping up its game in a "basket"
formed by its six extended legs and the front of its thorax;
the young, however, are sluggish and lie in wait for the
unwary. When their chance comes, a curious thing
happens : jaws seem to shoot out from the mouth and snap
up the victim. Really, it is a jointed lower lip which is
extended, and the "jaws" are hooks on its end (see Plate

42

Plate IX

DQin5el-|lij nymph

teste

rectanqularis

Drogon-jly nijmph;

43

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

IX) ; the real jaws are attached near the base of this lip.
Odonata have incomplete metamorphosis but the pre-
adult stage, although active and showing wing cases, does
not at all resemble the adult, differing in but little except
size and the presence of wing-pads from its appearance
when newly hatched. About 300 species are known in the
United States. Bulletins 47 and 68 of the New York
State Museum give technical keys by Needham for most
of the species of New York as well as details concerning
the curious sexual organs and other matters of interest.

ZYGOPTERA

This suborder includes the Damsel-flies, those Odonata
whose young breathe by means of three leaf-like gills
placed at the hind end of their slender body; the adults,
when at rest, hold the wings edge up and parallel with the
body (see Lestes, Plate IX). They are not as strong
fliers as are the "dragons," and they are more frequently
seen flying tandem. In fact, a male often grasps with the
pincers on the end of his body the thorax of a female and,
flying in front of her, accompanies her on the egg-laying
excursions, even going under the water with her when she
descends to place eggs inside the stems or leaves of sub-
merged plants. It seems to me that the males are of real
assistance on such occasions: the legs of Odonata are not
well fitted for walking so that it is difficult for them to
crawl up through the water's "film" (surface tension);
the joint efforts of both sexes gets the male through and
he then uses his wings to pull the female out.

. As will be seen in Plate X, only the male

americana Ruby-spot is jeweled. Adults are to be

found late in the season, fluttering about
streams or clustered on the overhanging branches. The
young cling to plants growing in the current or, sometimes,
to those along the edge of large ponds.

The members of this large, widely dis-
tributed genus (Plate IX) are usually
abundant in marshes and about shallow pools which
contain standing vegetation. Needham has noted that

44

Plate X

/JX^r.^

— . • ' ■ fr^

<^

HetaerifiQ
QmericonQ

Calopteryx

mciCLilotQ

Perithemis
d 0 m i 1 1 Q

I

--^^

">

T >

0^

LibellalQ I pulchellQ

DRAGON-FLIES.

L. unguiculata places the eggs in aerial parts of plants
which are growing in pools that usually dry up in mid-
summer; the yoimg, instead of hatching as soon as they
are developed, stay inside the eggshell until the plants
die, toward the end of the season, and drop into the now
well-filled pool; development then goes on so rapidly that
the adult stage is reached before the pool dries up the
next summer. Probably, however, some of the species
lay their eggs under water.

The figure in Plate X despicts a female
^1 T^ Black-wing ; the male has no white spot near

the outer end of the front margin of the
wings and his wings are darker than hers. Adults of
this genus (probably Agrion is a better name) usually keep
close to ditches or small streams in rocky woods. The
female maculata, unattended by the male, lays her eggs
in the submerged stems of aquatic plants. The young of
this species have a light band on each leg and g ill-plate.

ANISOPTERA

Adults of this suborder, the Dragon-flies, when at rest,
hold their wings flat and extended at right angles to the
body. (See Anax, Plate IX.) The young do not have
prominent external gill-plates but the lower intestine is
thin-walled and they breathe by absorbing air from the
water, which they draw in and expel through the anus.
The young are stout-bodied in comparison with those of
Damsel-flies, and, while the latter swim by sculling, using
their gills as oars, the young Dragons shoot themselves
forward by forcibly expelling the water from the rectum.
This may be seen by placing one of them in a saucer with
just enough water to cover the hind end of its body. The
adults are, perhaps, the strongest fliers of all insects.
There are two families, each with subfamilies not all of
which are mentioned here.

.^SCHNID^

The adults of the subfamily Gomphinae are usuall}^
clear winged and have bodies striped black and green or

45

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

yellow; they do not seem to fly as much in pure sportive-
ness as do some of their relatives. The females, especially
in June, skim the surface of ponds and streams, striking
the tip of their abdomen into the water. At each dip
gelatin-covered eggs are deposited; the gelatin dissolves;
the eggs drop to the muddy bottom; and there, covered
with silt, the wide, flat young lie in wait for their food.

Needham calls the subfamily ^schninae "the largest,
fleetest, and most voracious of our dragon flies." Many
of them hunt well into twilight. The young are clean,
slender-bodied, active climbers among green plants along
the borders of ponds and streams. The following are
two of the common species.

This species (Plate IX) is found in China,
Ansx

Junius Siberia, throughout the Western Hemi-

sphere from Alaska to Costa Rica, and in
various Pacific Islands. The clear wings are at least two
inches long; the thorax and head are bright green; and
in front of the eyes is a round, black spot surrounded, first,
by a yellow ring, and, then, by a ring of dark blue. The
young are sure to be found by those who look for them
and the dry shell, out of which the adult came during the
night, is frequently seen clinging to the stems of plants
which grow out of or near water.

_ . ^ This species (Plate XI) might be con-

£pi3BScnn&

jjgf o5 fused with A . Junius except that it is larger

and has a T-shaped, instead of a roimd,

spot in front of its eyes. It is the largest of our dragons

and one which frequently gets into buildings.

LlBELLULID^

Some of our commonest species belong here and they
are collectively called Skimmers from their habit of sailing
back and forth close to the ground or water. They
frequently rest on bare branches or tall grass stems and
seem ever ready to dart after a fly or to drive off another
Dragon poaching on their preserve. The females do not
place their eggs in plants but either drop them loosely or

46

Plate XI

EpioeschnQ heros

Plathemis
trimQCulata

Libellula semi[QsciQtQ

47

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

hang them m gelatinous strings on aquatic vegetation.
Such a string may contain more than 100,000 eggs.

This species (Plate XII) of the subfamily
EpicorduUa CorduHn^ is called Water-prince. It will

T)nilC6DS

test your skill with the net, as it is a splendid
flyer and rarely at rest. Adults are to be found from May
to midsummer along muddy, reed-grown banks. The
young live on the bottom among detritus or on submerged
logs. Not being good climbers, the nymphs usually seek a
broad supporting sxirface, even some distance from the
water, when they are ready to split down the back and
free the adult. The female flies alone when depositing her
eggs and makes her dips some distance apart in open water.

The remainder of the species mentioned here belong to
the subfamily Libellulinae.

The Amber-wing is one of the smallest

Penthemis q£ ^^^ ^^.^^ dragon-flies and may be easily

domitia . 1 , . ^ _, ,, T,

recognized by reference to Plate X. It

flies, rather slowly and clumsily, in May and June, fre-
quently resting, and hiding completely if a cloud but cover
the sun.

, Individuals of this genus are common

Libellula ,

and conspicuous. The young are elongate,

tapering, and provided with hairs which collect a conceal-
ing covering of silt. L. pulchella (see Plate X) frequents
ponds; the females do not have the spaces between the
spots so white as do the males. L. semifasciata (Plate
XI) appears even before the middle of May, usually about
woodland brooks. The basal portions of the wings of L.
luctuosa (Plate XII) are brownish or black; the outer
portions are clear except that the old males have the
middle chalky white and the females have brownish tips.

This frequenter of ponds and ditches, the

^iSacSite White-tail (Plate XI), usually holds its

wings slanting forward and downward

when at rest. The females and young males have the

48

Plate XII

49

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

brown body marked with yellow, but the old males are
powdered with white.

_ ,.,^ . Three of our most beautiful small species

Celithemis

belong to this genus. C. eponina (Plate

XII) is adult in late June and early July along the borders

of ponds and in the neighboring fields. C. elisa has a

small rounded spot of brown on each front wing just

beyond the place where eponina has a brown band. C.

ornata (Plate XII) is found along the Atlantic coast from

Maine to Florida.

_ ^ Alany of the species of this large genus

S3mip6truni

have brilliant red bodies. They frequently

fiy far from their marshy home. The only one of our
common species which has wing markings is S. semicinctum
(Plate XII).

PLECOPTERA

All observant trout fishermen have noticed on the stones
in rapid streams hordes of flat larvae (nymphs) clinging
tightly or scuttling from place to place. They usually
belong to this group (see Plate XIII), as may be told by
the two tail filaments, two tarsal claws and the thread-
like gills, if any, at the bases of the legs. There is only
one family, Perlid^, the common name being Stone- or
Salmon-flies. They never have gills along the sides of
the abdomen, although there may be gills at the bases of
the tail filaments; the thoracic gills are not large and the
smaller species have none at all, depending upon the
thinness of the skin on their underside for the transfer
of oxygen. Since the breathing apparatus is so poorly
developed, they are largely confined to well-aerated water.
They feed upon other aquatic animals and are eagerly
eaten by trout, making excellent wet bait. Especially
during the first warm days of spring, the full-grown nymphs
crawl out on stones or logs and the adults leave the
nymphal skin, which, complete even to the lining of the
main tracheae and of the fore-gut, is hooked to the molting
place. The adults are gray or greenish, usually with two

50

Plate XIII

Corydalis
cornutQ

51

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

tail filaments, hind wings larger than the front ones and,
in some cases, with curious reminiscences of their former
life in degenerate gills at the bases of the legs. A single
female may lay as many as 6,000 eggs, dropping them
either promiscuously into the water or done up in a loose
packet. Less than a hundred species have been described
from North America.

Megaloptera

This "pigeon-hole" in the classification of insects
contains the former Neuropterous family Sialididae. As
an Order, it now has two families of its own: Sialididae
(in a limited sense) and Corydalid^. Before telling
about the only species concerning which I have actually
been asked by laymen, I will slip in a few words about some
of its relatives. This order is probably more primitive
than Neuroptera and its members differ from Neuroptera
in having the hind wings broad at the base and folded,
fan-like, when at rest. Species of Sialis (the only genus
in Sialididae) are called Alder-flies or Orl-flies and differ
from other m.embers of the order in having no ocelli.
Their larvas are aquatic; carnivorous; each of the first
seven segments of their abdomen bears a pair of five-
jointed appendages, and a similar (but longer and un-
jointed) appendage forms a kind of tail. The larvae live
buried in the bottom of streams but they crawl out and
bury themselves in above-water earth to pupate — all
Megaloptera have complete metamorphosis and so do
pupate. The Corydalidas differ from the Sialididae by
having three ocelli, when adult, and two hooked fleshy
projections, instead of a single "tail," on the hind end
of the abdomen of the larva. The family is divided into
genera, two of which concern us: CJmuliodes, in which
the adults have the hind comers of the head rounded, and
the larvae have no hair-like tufts at the bases of the lateral
filaments of the abdomen; and Corydalis, in which the
adults have the hind corners of the head sharply angled
and the larvae have hair-like tufts at the bases of the lateral
filaments. The species of Chauliodes are called Fish-
flies. The adults are grayish or brownish, with whitish

52

NEUROPTERA.

spots or bands, and have feathered antennae. The larvae
are aquatic, but do not favor swift streams. Pupation
takes place out of the water, in rotten logs or in the earth.
Now we come to the creature laymen ask about.

I can not give all the nicknames and

Coryda is have no preference : some of those I have

cornuta

heard are Dobson-fly, for the adult, and,

for the larvae, Hellgrammite, Dobson, Crawler, Hell-devil,
Hell-diver, Conniption-bug, and Amly. Others have
been published, but when I read this short list to my ten-
year-old she said "It must be an awful-looking thing."
Whatever its appearance (Plate XIII), the larvae make
irresistible bait for bass and many of us have turned over
stones in swift streams looking for them with that end in
view. In the May or June that the larvce are full-grown,
a matter of probably three years, they crawl out on the
bank and pupate under stones, the adults emerging several
weeks later. Now, the male is not as terrible as he
looks. Those long jaws are to embrace the female when
mating. The female's jaws are short, stubby and much
more likely to pinch. Two to three thousand eggs are
laid in a whitish, rounded mass on a leaf, or some other
object, which overhangs a stream.

NEUROPTERA

As previously mentioned, the Sialididag and Corydalidae
are considered by many authorities to be Neuroptera.
Neuroptera, in a limited sense, are not only terrestrial but,
in some cases, inhabitants of the dryest deserts. Meta-
morphosis is complete. There are eight or ten interesting
families but members of only two of them are commonly
noticed by laymen.

The following is a key to certain of the Neuroptera.

1. Antennae enlarged toward the tip; club-shaped, or
with a terminal knob MYRMELEONiDiE.

Antennae without terminal enlargement 2 .

2. Front legs fitted for seizing prey, stouter than the
other legs; attached to the front end of an extremely long
prothorax. Some, at least, of the larvae live parasitically

53

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

in the nests of spiders and wasps, and pupate there with-
in a silken cocoon MANTispiDiE.

Front legs not thicker than other legs and not fitted
for grasping 3.

3. Wings with few, simple veins, and covered with a
whitish powder. Minute and rare insects whose larvae
feed on aphids QoNioPTERYGiDiE.

Wings with many veins and not covered with whitish
powder 4.

4. Wing-veins all ending in a succession of symmetrical
forks. Chrysopid^ (antennae threadlike) and Hemero-
BiiD^ (antennae either like a string of beads or comb-like).

Wing-veins meeting the outer margin of the wing
in straight lines. Insects now put in the order Megaloptera
(P- 52).

... The "common" name, Ant-lion, given

Myrmeleomdae , . , . . ., • 1 •

to members of this family is a translation

of the real name and both are poor, for one could scarcely

imagine a Hon digging a trap in which to catch its prey.

The ant-lion's trap is ingenious; it is a pit made in sand or

loose soil. The larva is hidden at the bottom (see the

cross-section shown in Plate XIV). When an ant or some

other insect steps over the edge, it tumbles into the waiting

jaws below, often being assisted in its downfall by a

shower of sand thrown up by the hidden lion. Pupation

takes place, underground, inside a spherical silken cocoon.

The adults are delicate, gauzy-winged creatures which are

frequently attracted to lights ; in fact, they were so common

as to be troublesome one summer when I was collecting

moths in the arid Southwest. A favorite place for the

pits of some species is underneath shed roofs.

In his Book of Bugs Harvey Sutherland
says of the Aphis-lion: "Its mother, the
golden-eyed lace-wing fly, is a dear, sweet thing, that you
would think fit only to go on an Easter card, so pale and
aesthetic are her light-green wings. But her children are
such regular little ' di wels ' that she dare not lay her eggs
in one mass, for the first one out would eat up all the rest.
So she spins a lot of stalks of stiff silk and sticks one egg

54

Plate XIV

„ , *.T * • • • •

«•■••:.;>•../.•.. •.•-... . %-'' ' . ' /.f

\rf

Mijrmeleomi

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

on the end of each, thereby giving each young one a
chance for its life." The captious would remark that a
given egg and its stalk are arranged before another stalk is
made, but the final effect is the same (see Plate XIV).
The principal genus of this family is Chrysopa, including
about a dozen species in most parts of the coimtry but the
species all look pretty much alike. They come every year
on my honeysuckle and I bring more from the fields and
turn them loose in my garden. I have never considered,
carefullv, the moral side of such an action but I am sure
the owners of the "fields" would tell me I was welcome
if I showed them the Chrysopa — they wouldn't know what
a splendid help these insects are in keeping down aphids
(plant lice). One Sunday afternoon I tried to see how
many such pests a single Chrysopa would eat; I have
forgotten what the count was when I stopped but I know
that I got tired before the aphis-lion did and I turned it
loose on the honeysuckle to keep up the good work. The
larva spins a delicate silken cocoon in which to pupate;
the cocoon opens like a box when the adult is ready to
emerge. The odor of the adult is not always as delicate
as the appearance; they are sometimes common about
lights so that you can easily determine this yourself.

The larvae of Hemerobiid^e are also "aphis-lions"; the
adults have brownish or smoky wings instead of greenish.

Mecoptera

Adult males of the genus Panorpa (see Plate XV) have
a pair of claspers at the end of their abdomen by means of
which they hold the females while mating. These claspers
and the turned-up slender body suggest the sting of a
scorpion, hence the common name Scorpion-flies, but they
are harmless. The larvae, as far as known, are carnivorous
and Hve on or just below the surface of the ground, es-
pecially if it be moist. All the adults of this order have
beak-like mouths and, if they feed at all, are probably
carnivorous. Certainly, adults of Bittacus (Plate XV),
although they look something like craneflies with too many
wings and appear to be asleep much of the time, wake up

56

TRICHOPTERA : CADDICE=WORMS.

in time to catch unwary flies; but the small (less than .25
in. long) species of Boreus, which have no wings and are
found on the snow in the Northern States, must find poor
picking there.

TRICHOPTERA

These insects have an incidental interest in being near

to the ancestors of butterflies and moths, but they need
no reflected glory to give them an appeal. They have
complete metamorphosis, and, although the adults are
aerial, the larvae and pupae are aquatic. The name of the
order signifies "hairy winged"; the hair is, however, often
difficult to see without a lens and sometimes it is almost as
scale-like as in some Lepidoptera. The adults are fre-
quently attracted to our porch hghts, with many people
passing for moths that hold their wings trimly against the
sides of their bodies and have very long antennae. The
larvse are popularly called Caddice- or Caddis-worms —
the term coming from a German word for "bait" because
they were used for that purpose. In these days of dry
flies the adults serve as models for such favorites as the
Duns. Alost of the larvae make portable houses for
themselves (see Plate XV). Phryganea interrupta and
Platy centra pus maculipennis, both living in still water, use
light material, the former clipping pieces of leaves and
neatl}^ fastening the edges together, the latter cutting
small sticks in short lengths and arranging them crossways
of its body. Molanna cinerea, Notidohia americana (case,
a narrow cone), Psilotreta frontalis (a similar case but
blunter, nearly cylindrical), and Helicopsyche annulicornis
all live in running water and build of sand. Halesus argus
also lives in running water but weights the case of sticks
with stones and shells, not always being careful to select
unoccupied shells either. In^these and many other such
instances, the larv^ go about with only their heads and
legs sticking out of their homes and are ever ready to
withdraw even those on approach of danger. The
materials used in constructing the cases are fastened
together with silk; when time for pupation comes, the
whole case is anchored with silken cords to some under-

57

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

water support, the ends are covered with a loose silk
netting and the change occurs in the privacy of the larval
home. Polycentropus lucidus builds a stationary, tunnel-
like dwelling in the silt where the current is slight and
species of Hydropsyclie build stone ones, which are anchored
to larger stones in places where the cturent is swift.
With the possible exception of Hydropsyclie, caddice-
worms seem to be vegetarians. Hydropsyclie may be
carnivorous and Hydropsyclie analis has long been an
object of interest with those who know. Its larva lives
in the very swiftest of streams in a rather rude, but firmly
fastened, hut of pebbles and debris; not far from its door
it makes a net (see Plate XV) between small stones or on
the top of some large stone where it is in the current's
sweep. This net is always placed across stream and its
top is often framed with sticks. Now all H. analis needs
do, when hungry, is to go out of its hut and eat whatever
food the net has caught. On such excursions it keeps
hold of a strand of silk which has one end fastened to the
door so that it can pull itself back if the current should
loosen its footing. Pupation takes place in the larval
dwelling, but how about the adult? Most insects slowly
work their way out of the pupal case and then rest for
some time until their wings are dry and strong. This
would never do for H. analis, nor for many other species of
Trichoptera, since fish would snap them up even if the cur-
rent did not overpower them. It is said that the pupa leaves
its protective case, swims to the surface, and instantly the
adult shoots out of the pupal skin and flies away.

The classification of adult caddice-fiies is not easy and,
as the chief interest is in the larvae, the following key,
based on larval characters, is given. It is a modification
of one in Bulletin 47 of the N. Y. State Museum and
includes the principal families.

I. Head bent downward at an angle with the bod}'-;
tubercles usually present on the basal abdominal segment ;
gill filament, when present, simple (except in some Limno-

philidas), lateral fringe usually present 2.

Head in line with the main axis of the body ; tubercles
and lateral fringe absent; gill filaments, when present,
branched 5.

58

Plate XV

PanorpQ
nebulosa

Bittacus
striqosus

ManlispQ
brunneQ

Net of
Hydiropsyche

HqUsus Qrqus

Platycentropus
maculipennis

Molanno
cinerea

Phyloc&nfropus
lucidus

Hslicopsyche
Qnaulicorais

PhryqaneQ
interruptQ

Caddloa Cqsbs

59

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

2. Hind legs not more than twice as long as the front
legs 3.

Hind legs more than twice as long as the front; ab-
dominal constrictions slight. Cylindrical case of sand and
small stones LEPTOCERiDiE.

3. Head longitudinally elliptic, at slight angle with the
body; only head and pronotum chitinized; abdominal
constrictions deep ; hind legs slightly longer than the front.
Case of vegetable matter laid longitudinally and forming
a spiral, widening at the anterior end PhryganeiD/E.

Head oval to round; usually more of the thorax than
the pronotum chitinized ; abdominal constrictions slight. . 4.

4. Lateral fringe well developed. Cases various

LlMNOPHILID^.

Lateral fringe slightly developed. Case of sand or
small stones Sericostomatid^.

5. Abdomen much thicker than the thorax. Case
kidney-shaped, of small stones; or flat and parchment-
hke Hydroptilid^.

Abdomen httle, if any, thicker than thorax 6.

6. Hind legs about the same length as the front ones.
No portable larval case Hydropsychid^.

Hind legs a little longer than the front ones. No
larval cases Rhyacophilid.e.

The ancestral tree of insects is buried to
The Ances- beyond the origin of the branches in the
oblivion of the past. We have been look-
ing at the lower part of certain branches and on one
of them we got rather close to the roots when we were
examining "the most primitive insects." Partly for
convenience, but also because the branches are so tangled
and their points of union are so hidden, we have not kept
to a single branch. When we were at the Trichoptera,
we were near the point where one of them blossoms out
into Lepidoptera. It is believed that incomplete meta-
morphosis is one of the signs of primitiveness and we will
now go down near the trunk again but in another part of
the tree. Rather than start with forms not usually noticed
by any but professionals, we will begin with earwigs:

60

DERMAPTERA: EARWIGS.

Dermaptera

The name of the order alludes to the skin-like, really
leather-like, front wings. Another name which is some-
times used is Euplexoptera and alludes to the skill with
which they fold their hind wings. Grant Allen, in his
essay on Those Horrid Earwigs, has written entertain-
ingly of this matter. They sometimes come to porch
lights but are not really common wdth us. Of the nick-
name, Allen says: "It is called earwig, gossips will tell
you, because it creeps into the ears of incautious sleepers
in the open air, and so worms its way to the brain, where,
if you will believe the purveyors of folk-lore natural history,
it grows to a gigantic size, *as big as a goose's egg,' and
finally kills its unhappy victim. It is true, science knows
nothing of this form of brain-disease; it has tried the case
before an impartial tribunal and the earwig has left the
court without a stain on its character."

Earwigs are easily confused with Staphylinid (and some
other) beetles because the front wings of neither cover the
body, but earwigs may be distinguished by their having
pincers on behind (compare Plates XVI and LXXV).
These insects are nocturnal ; by day they live under stones,
in decayed wood, in earthworm burrows and the like. It
seems to be a mistake about their feeding on plants ; they
are probably entirely carnivorous and go on plants to look
for dead or living insects to eat. The mother sits on a
cluster of eggs like a brooding hen in order to guard them,
not for incubation since insects are "cold-blooded." The
young resemble their parents except that they have no
wings and they are said to stick rather closely to mother
for some time after they are hatched. All the common
species in the Northeast are transatlantic introductions.
Anisolahis maritima measures nearly, or quite, an inch in
length when adult and lacks wings. It is found under the
wash-up on the sea beach. The antennal joints of For-
ficula are cylindrical; aurictilaria, common in England, is
one of several species found in greenhouses here. The
antennal joints of Labia minor (Plate XVI) are wider at
the apices than at the bases ; it is our most common inland
species.

6i

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Orthoptera

For the sake of simplicity, and to conform with other
books you may see, we will include roaches, mantids, and
walking sticks in this order, calling them families, although
good authorities consider each of them to be a separate
order. The earwigs were formerly classed as Orthop-
tera but are now generally conceded the rank of an
order. All have incomplete metamorphosis. A useful
paper for students in the Northeast is by B. H. Walden,
Bull. No. 1 6, State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Con-
necticut.

Blattid^

These are the Roaches. I like the spirit in which
Sutherland views these none too well hked creatures:
"If the test of nobility is antiquity of family, then the
cockroach that hides behind the kitchen sink is the true
aristocrat. He does not date back merely to the three
brothers that came over in 1640 or to William the Con-
queror. Wherever there have been great epoch-making
movements of people he has been with them heart and
soul, without possessing any particular religious convic-
tions or political ambitions. It is not so much that he
approves of their motives as that he likes what they have
to eat. Since ever a ship turned a foamy furrow in the
sea he has been a passenger, not a paying one certainly,
but still a passenger. But man himself is but a creature
of the last twenty minutes or so compared with the cock-
roach, for, from its crevice by the kitchen sink, it can
point its antennae to the coal in the hod and say: 'When
that was being made my family was already well-
established.'"

This hyphenate was named by Linnasus

lattella j^ before the war and he probably did not

germanica . . , . , , 1

mean to msmuate anything, although

certain "scientific gents" have played such tricks. As a

62

Plate XVI

Biattella .
qermaniCQ

PeriplanetQ Qmericana

P^Quslralaside

BIqUq orieniolis

6p,

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

matter of fact, this household guest probably accompanied
our ancestors when they moved into Europe from Asia.
It got the name of Croton-bug because it first attracted
general attention in New York about the time Croton
water was put in. Perhaps the most interesting thing
about the species is the way the mother carries around her
package of eggs sticking out of the hind end of her body
(see Plate XVI).

Blatta

Linnaeus is responsible for the geographic

name of this species too, and also of the next
orientalis ,

and the next. He was a sort of Airs. W iggs.

Only the male of the Oriental Roach (Plate XVI) gets

functional wings — a rather common arrangement among

insects and one which does not seem quite fair as it means

that the lady must walk when she wishes to establish her

family in a new place. Perhaps the "black beetle" (!)

did start from the Orient; like most of the roaches which

are directly associated with man, it is now cosmopolitan.

This genus is occasionally brought to our
attention by the large, trim P. americana
(Plate XVI, which also shows an egg-capsule) from the
South. Sometimes we see P. australasia, not so elongate
and wearing yellow shoulder stripes lengthwise of its
front wings.

Those who go afield find species of Ischnoptera under
loose bark, independent country folk which never live in
towns. In the tropics, there are not only roaches which
are much larger than ours but also species which seem more
beautiful to us; one such genus is Panchlora (Plate XIX),
members of which frequently make the trip north in
bunches of bananas. By the way, in addition to eating
our food, clothing, etc., roaches help us kill our bedbugs,
if we have any.

Mantid^

One of the favorite attitudes (see Plate XVII) of these
creatures is supposed to be devout and has given them the
name of "Praying Mantids." I hate to go against

64

Plate XVII

MANTIDS AND WALKING STICKS.

authority but the pose docs not seem to me devout and I
know that the mantis is seeking whom it may devour;
see those big eyes and especially those spines on the jaw-
like front legs. Please do not accuse me of punning when
I suggest that they be called " Preying^Mantids. " Other
names are Devil's Rear Horses and Soothsayers; while, in
the South they are believed to poison stock with the
brownish fluid from their mouths and are called Mule-
killers. They are the only insects that can look over their
shoulders. Our northern native species {Stagmomantis
Carolina) does not get farther north than southern New
Jersey. It is 2 or 3 in. long ; the males and some females
are grayish brown except for the body and feet which are
sometimes greenish; the females may be wholly green.
The egg-mass shown in Plate XVII is a trifle small. The
European Mantis religiosa has apparently established
itself in central New York. Including the wings which
extend beyond the tip of the abdomen, it is about 2^
in. long; it is either brown or green. The Oriental Para-
tenodera sinensis is now fairly common about Philadelphia
and is being introduced into other parts of the coimtry.
It is quite large, especially the female, attaining a length
of 3/^ in. or more; the broad, green, front margin of the
front wings is sharply separated from the much larger
brown portion. The egg-mass of sinensis is shaped like a
short, broad cornucopia; the eggs are protected by a
brownish substance somewhat like dried foam. Several
other species occiu* in the South. All are very beneficial
since they destroy large numbers of injurious insects.
They are quite harmless to man and, indeed, make good
pets.

PHASMIDiE

In the tropics, where this family, the Walking Sticks,
is at home, many of the species have wings, but the north-
ern representatives, Diapheromera femorata and Manomera
blatchleyi, are wingless — sticks without leaves (see Plate
XVII). These curious insects, which may be either
brown or green, are not really rare as far north as New
York, but, as they look so like twigs and never fly, they

5 65

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

are rarely seen by the layman except when they are so
unusually abundant as to be destructive. They feed on
the leaves of almost any sort of tree. The shot-like eggs
are dropped singly and promiscuously to the ground where
they lie over winter, or possibly over two winters. I once
found these insects so abundant in a Pennsylvania locality
that the trees were all but stripped of leaves and the
dropping eggs sounded like rain.

The remainder of the Orthoptera typically have the
hind femora enlarged and thickened for leaping.

ACRIDID^

By remembering that the antennae are always much
shorter than the body, one has no difficulty in recognizing
this family of Grasshoppers. The migratory Rocky
Mountain Locust {Melanoplus spretus), which occasion-
ally has been so destructive in our West, and the Biblical
locusts, which were eaten with wild honey, belong here.
Some species make a rasping sound by rubbing their hind
legs against their front wings (tegmina); others rattle,
while flying, their hind wings against the tegmina. These
sounds are primarily amorous serenades and Nature's
serenades without attentive ears would be even more
curious than the ears for which the grasshoppers perform.
In this family there is an auditory organ on each side of the
first abdominal segment, just above and back of the places
where the large hind femora start. Notice the clear round
spot on the next grasshopper you catch. Short-horned
grasshoppers, as a rule, lay their eggs in clusters, under-
ground (Plate XVIII); perhaps you have noticed, in the
fall of the year, females along the path with their abdomens
sunk to the base in a small hole which they had made by
pushing aside the earth.

These small grasshoppers, the Grouse
Locusts, are distinguished from their rela-
tives by their pronotum extending back to, or beyond, the
tip of the abdomen. There are numerous species, some
of which are quite variable and one of which {Acrydium
ornatus) is shown in Plate XVIII. Four genera may be
separated as follows:

66

Plate XVIII

Grasshopper
Egg Mq55

Acrydlum ornatus

SchistocercQ americanQ

TruxQlis brevicornis

Spharagemon bo

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

1. Antennae with 21 or 22 joints Tettigidea.

Antennae with 12 to 14 joints 2.

2. Pronotum with a high, arched, median longitudinal
ridge Nomotettix.

Top of pronotum rather flat, median ridge low 3.

3. Vertex of head not projecting beyond the eyes.

Paratettix.
Vertex of head projecting in front beyond the eyes. ... 4.

4. Pronotum reaching to the eyes Neotettix.

Pronotum not reaching the eyes Acrydium.

It is difficult to distinguish, in all cases,
Truxalmae ^-^j^ certainty between this and the next

subfamily. The Truxalinae have no spine
on the prostemtun (or at most an oblique tubercle) and
they typically have receding chins. Plate XVIII shows
a rather extreme type, Truxalis brevicornis; the antennas
are flat at the base and pointed at the apex; side ridges of
pronotum straight; general color either green or brown.
This species inhabits moist places. Pseudopomala also
has flattened antennae and a very oblique face but its
presternum has an obtuse tubercle. In Eritettix the an-
tennal joints just before the end are thicker than the
others and the apical spur on the inner side of the hind
tibiae is twice as long as the other spur. In Mermiria the
space between the mesosternal lobes is almost linear in its
narrowest part and the metasternal lobes touch. Some
other genera (in which, as in these, the head is shorter
than the pronotum and not distinctly elevated above it,
may be separated as follows :

1 . No small depressions ( ' ' f oveolae ' ') on the upper surface
of the head between and in front of the eyes or, if present,
invisible from above; face very oblique 2.

Such f oveolae present and visible from above; face less
oblique 5»

2. Hind tibia with 18 to 21 spines on the outer margin.
Syrbula. S. admirahilis: male, about I in. long; ground
color usually brown; yellow on face, base of antenna, an
oblique line from each eye, lower sides of pronotum and
parts of hind femora. The female is about 1.5 in. long;

68

GAY-WINGED LOCUSTS.

usually greenish ground-color; a reddish brown stripe,
bordered with black, extends from top of head to back of
pronotum.

Hind tibia with not over 15 spines on outer margin. . . 3.

3. Antennae about, or more than, 1.5 times as long as
head and pronotum together; a median ridge on upper
front of head. Chlosaltis. C. conspersa has yellowish or
brown general color; length, nearly i in.; front wings of
female only about half as long as abdomen. Eggs are
laid in soft wood.

Antennas shorter; no such distinct ridge 4.

4. Upper margins of sides of pronotum longer than sides
are wide, and parallel. Dichromorpha. The general color
of the male viridis is dull brown and the length is about
.7 in.; the female is either brown or bright green and at
least I in. long; front wings usually not as long as the
abdomen.

Sides of pronotum relatively broader and top margins
squeezed together in the middle Orphulella.

5. Median ridge of pronotum rather high and sharp, cut
plainly in front of middle Mecostethtis.

Median ridge not so 6.

6. Apical spurs on inner side of hind tibiae equal in length ;
ridges on sides of top of pronotum distinct throughout.
Chorthippus. Our common species is curtipennis.

Lower apical spur about twice as long as the upper;
side-ridges distinct only in the middle. Ageneotettix,
Not common east of the Mississippi.

CEdipodinae '^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^°"^ ^^^ preceding sub-

family in not having, as a rule, such receding
chins; some of them differ from other grasshoppers in
having parti-colored hind wings, and some in also having
crests on their pronotums (see Plate XVIII). They are
the ones which make a noise when they fly and sometimes
a male will hover in the air above a female and rattle away
for dear life, meanwhile showing off his gay hind wings.
When at rest on the ground, with the hind wings covered,
they are very difficult to see because of their protective
coloration. Dissosteira Carolina (Plate XIX) is one of
the commonest species; the color of its tegmina varies

69

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

from blackish, through brown and reddish, to yellowish.
The sand-colored species, with pale yellow and black hind
wings, so common on the shores of the Atlantic and of the
Great Lakes, is Trimerotropis maritima. In Arphia the
crest is not notched. In Psinidia (antennae of male longer
than the hind femora, basal joints strongly flattened; our
common species is fenestralis, whose black-bordered hind
wings vary from pale yellow to red), Trimerotropis, and
Circotettix (hind tibiae dusky towards base and at tip), the
crest is notched twice. Some of those with only one notch

are:

1. Disk of hind wing nearly transparent, uncolored 2.

Disk of hind wing opaque or colored 3.

2. Pronotum roof-shaped and front margin angulatc.
Chortophaga. Our common species is viridifasciata; it
may be either green or brown.

Pronotum flat on top except for the prominent crest
which is higher in front than behind; front margin of
pronotum square-cut. Encoptolophus. In sordidus the
base of the hind wings is yellow; hind tibiae with a pale
ring near the base.

3. Body robust; lateral ridges of pronotum extending in
front of the principal groove and not cut by it. Hippiscns.

Not so 4-

4. Hind wings black with a pale border Dissosteira.

Hind wings yellow at base with a dark median band.

Scirtetica marmorata (tegmina marbled with grayish and
dark blotches; hind femora dark at apex and with 3 dark
bands) and Spharagemon (Plate XVIII).

Acrididag with the pronotum not extend-
ocus inae .^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^ ^^ ^^^^ abdomen but with

a prominent spine on the prosternum (the underside of
the first segment of the thorax) are grouped in this sub-
family. There are numerous species and even the common
ones cannot be satisfactorily differentiated without going
into technicalities. Schistocerca americana (Plate XVIII)
is one of the largest in size and strongest in flight of our
grasshoppers; another species is called damnifica, a name
which sounds good to him who chases these " Bird-locusts"

70

LONG-HORNED GRASSHOPPERS.

in the hot sun. Melanoplus femur-rubrum is the extremely
common, red-legged grasshopper of our fields, very similar
to AI. spretus. The fat, clumsy, short-winged "Lubber
Grasshopper" of our Southeast is Romalea microptera
and the almost wingless Lubber of our Southwest is
Br achy pe plus magnus.

1. Tegmina, especially of females, over an inch long.

Schistocerca.
Tegmina rarely an inch long 2.

2. General color green, in life; the least distance between
the eyes less than i}4 times the width of the second an-
tennal joint. Hesperotettix. The least common of these
four genera.

Usually brownish ; eyes more widely separated 3.

3. Dorsal surface of pronotum not twice as long as the
average breadth, the sides constricted at the middle.

Melanoplus.

Dorsal surface of pronotimi relatively longer, the sides

not constricted at middle Paroxya.

Tettigoniid^

A proper nickname for the Acrididae is "Locusts." This
used to be very confusing since the scientific name of the
long-horned grasshoppers, which are not "Locusts," was
Locustidae. It was recently discovered by some of those
whose business it is to find out such things that "Locusti-
dae" is not good usage. The matter is still sub judice but
I prefer the less confusing one. The Long-horned Grass-
hoppers may be distinguished from crickets (Gryllidse)
by the fact that their wing-covers slope down on the sides
and are not flat above except for a short space near the
base. Both families have long antennae; the males of
both sing or, better, fiddle by rubbing their wing covers
together; and both listen with "ears" which are situated
near the upper part of the tibiae of their front legs.

Among those genera having hind wings, Scudderia
(tegmina of nearly equal breadth throughout) and Ambly-
corpha (tegmina widened at the middle) have no spines on
prostemum or vertex but have one on each side of the

71

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

tip of the hind tibiae. In Pterophylla the tegmina is
broadly expanded in the middle and the pronotum is
crossed by two distinct grooves.

Few have not heard the masculine debates
Pterophylla ^^ ^^ whether Katy did or didn't, but many
camellifoba . , , . , . , , ,.

do not know, by sight, either the disputant

or Katy, both of whom usually stay high in trees. Plate
XIX shows the male; the musical apparatus is at the base
of the tegmina, and the leaf-like wing-covers themselves,
broadly curving entirely around the body, act as sounding
boards. The female's wing-covers do not have the thick
rasp-veins at their bases; and at the hind end of her
abdomen is a stout scimitar-like ovipositor with which she
places her eggs in the bark of various trees. In many of
the older books this species is called Cyrtophyllus concavus,
ana has been nicknamed the True Katydid.

The "folia" part of the scientific name
Amblycorypha ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ leaf-like appearance of the
oblongifoua

front wings. Nearly all of the Katydids are

typically green, but, like some other green insects, they,
and especially this species, have brown or pink "sports"
(see Plate XIX). The figure is of a female and shows the
ovipositor. The "Oblong-leaf" and the other relatives of
the True Katydid often live in low bushes.

Under this general head we may group

eadow numerous species of Neoconocephalus (rather

Grasshoppers t, • -^i. xi.

large, green or brown species, with the

front of the head more or less prolonged into a cone, and

with spines on the underside of the front and middle

femora), Orchelimum (usually an inch, or slightly more,

long; females have stout and curved or sickle-shaped

ovipositors), and Conocephalus (smaller, as a rule; the

ovipositor is slender and straight; prostemal spine very

short ; see Plate XX). Some authors class Neoconocephalus

with Katydids rather than with Meadow Grasshoppers

and, as a matter of fact, these insects are rather partial to

bushy fields. The name Conocephalus is apt to cause

some trouble to those who consult books which were

Plate XIX

' DissosteirQ
caroHna

^ >^

%;

Pterophgllo camelliioliQ

AmblijcoryphQ obionqiioliavfW

/ -M^- \

/

CEcQnthus

\

Panchloro,

CRICKETS.

published more than several years ago; it refers to what is
called in them Xiphidium, and Conocephalus in such
books refers to what should be called Neoconocephalus.
The members of all three genera have the habit of dodging
around to the other side of the grass-blade or weed-stalk
when you approach, rather than trusting to flight. They
place their eggs, by means of their sharp ovipositors, in
the leaves of grasses, pith of twigs, and in similar situations.

All grasshoppers are wingless when they

Wingless g^j.^ young but the members of certain

Grasshoppers , . , .

genera do not get wings even when mature.

CeutJiophilus (see Plate XX) is the most common genus,

especially in the Northeast, and its members have been

nicknamed " Cave Crickets " ; but they are not crickets and,

while some species live in caves, the majorit}^ live in

cellars, under the floors of out-buildings, under stones, in

hollow logs, and the like. For some reason they are also

called "Camel Crickets." Atlanticus is a genus usually

found under fallen leaves in woods; its male members still

retain remnants of the front wings, and, by using these,

they are able to make sounds. Kellogg says of the

"Jerusalem Crickets" {Stenopehnatus) which live on the

Pacific Coast that they are large, awkward, thick-legged

creatures with "baby-faces."

Gryllid^

One of the points of distinction between the long-horned
grasshoppers and Crickets was given in the discussion of
Tettigoniidae; another is that the ovipositors of crickets,
when long, are needle-like. The musical apparatus of the
males (see Plate XX, which shows also an "ear " on a front
leg) occupies a relatively larger portion of the wing-covers
than it does among the Tettigoniidae. Many of the
species, especially of Nemobius, Gryllus, and Gryllotalpa,
occur in two forms: one with short, and one with long,
functional hind wings.

g . These creatures, the Mole-crickets (Plate

XX), have curiously enlarged front legs,

which are used in excavating their burrows; the hind

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

femora are slender. These insects are almost never seen
above ground except at the mating season when they are
sometimes attracted to hghts. They usually live in rather
damp soil and, in some countries, do great damage by
eating the roots of seedHng crops; this is true of the
"Changa" in Porto Rico. The female has no prominent
ovipositor but places her eggs in a loose pile in her burrow.
A related genus, Tridactyhis^ contains species less than
.4 in. long; the front tibiae are not broadly expanded but
have three or four spines at the apex; hind femora slender;
tarsi with only one joint.

The large, black species belong to the
C?^lf te*^ genus Gryllns (Plate XX) ; the usually more

numerous, small, brown species are Nemo-
bius. The males of both chirp by rubbing the file on the
under side of one wing against the roughened surface on the
upper side of the other. Nemobius is almost altogether
vegetarian but I have never quite forgiven the omnivorous
Gryllus for eating holes in a bathing suit which was left
on the beach to dry. Both genera place their eggs singl}^
in holes which they make in the ground with their sharp-
pointed ovipositors. Gryllus is relatively tame; and not
only may you watch the male chirping in a desultory
fashion near his retreat (such as a burrow or under an old
board), or angrily challenging another male to battle, or
passionately entreating a female, but you may make pets
of them. A lantern globe set on soil in a flower pot makes
a good cage ; feed them lettuce, moist bread and, especially
if you have a niimerous family the members of which are
inclined to eat each other, some bone meal; if you wish to
incubate the eggs, water the soil about as you would for
plants. Most of the individuals pass the winter as eggs
but some hibernate as almost-mature nymphs. The
"Cricket on the hearth" is a light-colored European
species {Gryllus domesticus) which is sometimes found in
greenhouses and dwellings in this country.

^ , There are numerous species of these

CEcantnus . _ . , . , , .

dehcate, greenish or greemsh-white musi-
cians, the Tree-crickets. One of the principal specific

74

Plate XX

Conocephalus

Ceuthophilus

ACnc.ket's
Musical apparatus

GrglTotalpQ borealis

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

characters is the shape and arrangement of the black dots
on the two basal joints of their antennae. However, as is
the case with other groups of Orthoptera, each species has
a tune of its own (the tempo depending on whether it is
night or day, sunshiny or cloudy, warm or cold). Some
students have become so expert in Orthopteran music
that they have detected new species by ear even though
careful study was needed to corroborate their opinions as
to the taxonomic distinctness by discovering other char-
acters. In this genus, the male (Plate XIX) seems to
have gone largely to music — he has broad front wings but
a relatively small body. The female, whose wings are
wrapped closely to her body, lays her eggs in such stems
as those of the raspberry.

Xabea, a related genus, has no spines on the hind
tibiae; first joint of antennae with a blunt tooth. In
bipunctata the hind wings are nearly twice as long as the
tegmina; the creature is pinkish, the female having two
black spots on each tegmen (front wing), Anaxipha has
the second tarsal joint distinct, flattened vertically, and
heart-shaped; exigua is less than .3 in. long.

ISOPTERA

The White Ants are not ants at all but more closely
related to the other insects shown on Plate XXI or to
roaches. Their greatest development is in the tropics.
Our principal species (others occur in the South and West)
is Termes flavipes. It nests in or under old logs and
stumps, more rarely in the decaying wood of houses. Both
males and fertile females (queens) have wings which they
shed after their marriage flight. The males soon die but
the queens live on and become swollen egg-layers. A
large part of the offspring are sterile, wingless females, of
which there^are two kinds: ordinary workers and soldiers.

CORRODENTIA

There are two families: Atropid^e, in which the adults
have no ocelli and the wings are absent or, at most, a single
pair of small ones present; and Psocid^, in which ocelli

76

Plate XXI

Worker Soldier Q"^^"

Termes flovipes

Men6p6h pQllidun, boculus

Phthinus
inquinQ\i5

11

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

are present and wings are well developed. Of the Atro-
pidae, two species are rather common in old books and on
dusty shelves: Troctes divinatorius (Plate XXI) and Atropos
pulsatoria. These creatures are supposed to make a
ticking soimd, hence the name Death-watch, but this is
doubtful. They are also called Book-lice. The Psocidae
may be found in groups on bark, each cluster often being
covered with a fine silken net spun from their mouths.
Their common name is Bark-lice.

Mallophaga

Little need be said here about the Bird-lice, except to
refer to Plate XXI which shows a common Chicken-louse
{Menopon pallidum), a Pigeon-louse (Lipeurus baculus),
and the egg of a louse on the peafowl. Completeness
demands a few words about unpleasant creatures, but
even these are interesting. Is it not curious that a given
species of insect should be confined to the feathers of a
single species of bird or the hairs of a certain sort of
mammal? This is the case with many Mallophaga. In
other cases, the same species of Alallophaga is found on a
given kind of bird in the Old World and on a related bird
Tn the New World, indicating that evolution has been less
rapid in the parasite than in the host. The winglessness
of these insects is undoubtedly a secondary matter— a
"degeneration" due to parasitism. Unlike the true hce,
they do not suck blood but have biting mouth-parts and
feed on hair, feathers, and epidermal scales. J^letamor-
phosis is incomplete. Really these creatures are not bad
looking if one views them dispassionately and the egg of at
least one of them (see the picture which was redrawn from
Bastin's Insects) is most striking.

SlPHUNCULATA

The True Lice have been shifted about somewhat in the
scheme of classification. Some put them as an appendix
to the Hemiptera. They are small, wingless parasites of
mammals, including man. Their eyes are either absent or
much reduced; their beak is fleshy and unjointed; their

78

LICE AND THRIPS.

tarsi are single-jointed, forming a claw at the end of the
tibia. Another scientific name for them is Parasita.
Three species (Plate XXI) attack man: Pediculus capitis,
the common Head-louse; Pediculus vestimentiy the usually
rare Body-louse, Clothes-louse, or Gray-back ; and Phthirius
inguinalis, the Crab-louse which prefers the arm-pits
and pubic regions. Liberal and repeated appHcations of
mercurial ointment are "indicated" for the last-named.
A fine-toothed comb and keeping the hair greased with
vaseline are usually effective in killing off capitis. A more
suddenly effective remedy is to rub kerosene in the hair at
night, WTap the head in a cloth, and wash out the kerosene
the next morning; repeat in two or three days. Most of
the true lice which attack other animals, such as sheep,
hogs, oxen, rabbits, rats, and the like, belong to the genus
Hcematopinus.

Thysanoptera

The narrow insects, usually black and rarely more than
.04 in. long, which are often seen in flowers, belong to this
order; also the Onion- thrips {Thrips tahaci) and Thrips
in general, some of which are called Black-flies by gar-
deners. The wings, if any, are very narrow and fringed
with long hairs. The feet are bladder-like. The mouth is
fitted for sucking but is lop-sided, only the left mandible
being developed; the head is held in such a position that
the mouth-parts are pressed against the under side of
the thorax and concealed. The young are much like the
adults but there is a quiescent stage, just before the
mature one, which is very pupa-hke and during which no
food is taken. Some species (both sexes or only one)
never or rarely have wings and sometimes males are
absent or rare, the eggs developing without fertilization.
In these respects they are like aphids, for example. Some
species live under bark and in decaying vegetation.

7Q

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Hemiptera in General

In the older system of classification "Hemiptera"
included insects which are now considered by some good
authorities as more conveniently classed in three orders,
including Siphunculata (p. 78). They all have sucking
mouth parts, if any, and, with certain exceptions, incom-
plete metamorphosis. The other two orders (or suborders) ,
which have jointed beaks, may be separated as follows:

Each wing of the same texture throughout and usually
sloping, roof-Hke, at the sides of the body; beak arising
from the hinder part of the lower side of the head; the
head so closely joined to the thorax that the bases of the
fore legs touch the sides of the head Homoptera.

Each front wing with the base usually more or less
thickened, the extremity thinner; wings lying flat on the
back, when folded, the membranous tips overlapping;
beak arising from the front part of the head ; bases of front
legs not touching the sides of the head. , . .Heteroptera
or Hemiptera, in the limited sense (p. 95).

Homoptera

Members of this group differ so much among themselves
that several families will probably soon be classed as
separate orders. The following key is a modification of
the one given by Brues and Melander.

1. Active, free-living species; beak plainly arising from
the head; tarsi 3-jointed; antennas very short, with a
small, terminal bristle 2.

Females often inactive or incapable of moving ; beak
appearing to arise between the front legs, sometimes
absent in males; tarsi, if present, i- or 2-jointed; antennae
usually well developed (sometimes absent), without
conspicuous terminal bristle , 6.

2. Our species, usually, at least .5 in. long; three ecelli on
top of the head; antennae with short basal joint, terminated
by a haix'-Hke process which is divided into about 5 joints ;
front femora thickened and generally spined beneath.

ClCADID^ (p. 82).

80

KEY TO HOMOPTERA.

Our species less than .5 in. long; usually not more than
two ocelli, and front tibiae not enlarged 3.

3. Antennae arising from below the eyes; ocelli placed
beneath or near the eyes, usually in cavities of the cheeks ;

pronotum not tinusually developed Fulgorid^e

(p. 85) in a broad sense.

Antennae arising from in front of and between the eyes ;
ocelli (rarely absent) not usually below the eyes 4.

4. Pronotum extending back over the abdomen

MembraciD/E (p. 84).
Pronotum not extending over the base of the abdomen.

5.

5. Tibiae smooth, the hind pair with one or two
stout spines and with a cluster of spinules at the
apex , Cercopid^ (p. 86).

Hind tibiae with two rows of spines beneath

ClCADELLID^ (p. 86).
Leaf-hoppers of which Jassinae is the principal subfamily.

6. Hind femora much thickened; antennae long, 5- to
ID- jointed, last joint with two fine apical bristles; front
wings somewhat thicker than the hind, often rather
leathery; pad between the tarsal claws prominent, bilobed.

Chermid^ (p. 86).
Hind femora not much larger than the others 7.

7. Tarsi 2-jointed, the basal joint sometimes reduced,
the outer joint with two claws; wings, when present, four
in number; mouth-parts usually well-developed in both
sexes 8.

Tarsi, when present, i -jointed, with a single claw;
females always wingless, often without legs and usually
covered with a more or less well-developed scale; males
usually with a single pair of wings which lie flat, one above
the other; antennae of females absent or having up to 11
joints, of males 10- to 25-jointed Coccid^ (p. 91).

8. Wings usually opaque, whitish, clouded or mottled
with spots or bands; body more or less mealy; tarsi with
2 nearly equal joints; tip of tibiae with a number of short
spines; a pad-shaped or spine-like process between the
tarsal claws Aleyrodid^ (p. 90).

Wings transparent, though sometimes colored; tarsi
2-jointed, the basal joint sometimes very much reduced;
6 81

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

body not mealy, but rarely with waxy wool; process

between the tarsal claws absent or nearly so

Aphidid^ (p. 87).

CiCADIDvE

These are called Cicadas, Harvest-flies, and Locusts.
The eggs are laid in twigs ; the newly-hatched young drops
to the ground and, burrowing into it, feeds by sucking the
juices of roots. It lives in this way for some time (the
length depending on the species), its appearance changing
but slightly. Finally, it digs out by means of its enlarged
front feet, crawls on a tree-trunk or some such thing, splits
down the back and Hberates the adult. The adult m.ale
"sings," often very loudly and shrilly, by vibrating
membranes stretched over a pair of sound-chambers
situated, one at each side, near the base of the abdomen.

This is the Periodical Cicada or Seven-

ibicina ^ teen-year Locust. As a matter of fact, it is

septendecim . .,_,',

a 1 hirteen-year Locust in the South. The

adult has the same general shape (Plate XXII) as its
relatives but its eyes and the principal veins of the wings
are red. There is nothing mystical in this color or the
W on the wings, although the sudden appearance of the
adults in large numbers has been supposed to foretell war.
For about sixteen years, in the North, the yoimg suck at
the roots of plants. Toward the end of this period scale-
like rudiments of wings appear. In the spring of the
17th year the nymph makes its way to the surface of the
ground by a smooth firm tunnel. Sometimes, especially
if the soil be moist and leaf-covered, it constructs a
"chimney" over the exit-hole. Then, from late May to
early July, it and the other members of its brood crawl
out singly or in droves and, fastening on some support,
disclose the adults which have a week or so of aerial life
to recompense them for the long period of preparation.
There are a score, or more, of different broods, each of
which has a rather definite — often restricted — distribution
and time of emergence. Suppose there are three such
broods in your neighborhood. One of them (that is, the

82

Plate XXII

Tibicina septendecim

A CicQdid nijmph

xTcodid Tibicen
egq-scars SQyi

83

CicQdQ
hieroqIyphicQ

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

adults) may have appeared in 191 1; its next appearance
would be 1928. Another might be 19 16, 1933, and so on;
while the third might be 1919, 1936, and so on. As a
matter of fact, these are actual broods although they may
not be the ones of your neighborhood. However, the
example shows that we may have Seventeen-year Cicadas
oftener than every seventeen years, to say nothing of the
possibility of laggards or extra-spry individuals, in the
various broods, which do not appear on schedule time.

There- are numerous other species of this family. It
might be noted that the name Cicada tibicen, of many
books, as applied to one (or all !) of our Harvest-flies, is an
error. Cicada tibicen probably being a tropical species.
The differentiation of species is based largely on the form
of the male genital plates, although there are size- and
color-differences and an attentive ear can detect differ-
ences in song. Of the genus Cicada (as now limited, =
Tettigia), the small hieroglyphica (Plate XXII), with an
almost transparent abdomen, may be found in pine
barrens, and is our only species. Plate^XXII also shows a
common species of Tibicen which is fairly typical of its
genus, the common one in our region. The somewhat
similar Okanagana is more common in the West than with
us.

Membracid^

The Tree-hoppers have been aptly called]Insect Brownies.
If you doubt the aptness see Plate XXIII or, better, look
at a number of species, full in the face, through a low-
power lens. The prothorax is variously modified and, in
some of the tropical species, the modifications are very
extraordinary. The young differ from the adults in being
more normally shaped. Many of these young and some
of the adults excrete "honey-dew," much as aphids do,
and are eagerly attended by ants for the sake of this fluid.
All of the species suck plant juices and the eggs are usually
laid in the tissues of the food-plants. They are called
Tree-hoppers because most of the species live on trees and
low bushes, hopping vigorously when disturbed. They
are best collected by beating them into an upturned

84

FULQORID/E : LANTERN-FLIES.

umbrella but the collector must act quickly or they will
hop out again.

A synopsis of the genera, by Coding, is given in Trans-
actions of the American Entomological Society, vol. xix.
Plate XXIII shows a few of the many species. Ceresa
bubalus, the Buffalo Tree-hopper, is often injurious to
young orchard trees, especially apple, by reason of the
scars made in the bark when the females lay their eggs.
If a simple slit were made, it would not be so bad but there
are two sHts at each place, crossing beneath the bark and
so killing the intervening part. Most of the young leave
the trees to feed on nearby weeds.

FULGORIDiE

The prothorax of the Membracids is over-developed but
the Fulgorids have gone to head. Fulgora lanternaria
(Plate XXIII), of the American tropics, is an extreme type
and one of the insects which is commonly sent to the
Museum as a great rarity. It is shown here partly because
it illustrates the truth that weird-looking things are not
always rare; and also because it and some of its relatives
have given the common name of Lantern-flies to the
family. There are circumstantial stories concerning the
luminosity of Fulgorid heads and categorical denials of
these stories. The Noes probably have it but, at any
rate, the name sticks. Plate XXIII shows also Scolops
sulcipes, which is fairly comipon in our region on grass
and other plants, especially wiiere the ground is somewhat
moist. Other species, such as?Acanalonia hivittata (Plate
XXIII; pink specimens are not uncommon), have a more
normal head and frequently look like small moths. Such
species are often covered with an easily rubbed "meal"
and, in the tropics, there are species which bear so many
and such large filaments of a waxy substance that other
insects live in the excretion. The eggs, as far as I know,
are laid in plant-tissue but although there are many
species even in our region — more south of us — they have
not been well studied. Later authors spUt the family into
a number of separate families or subfamilies.

85

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Cercopid^

The Frog-hoppers or Spittle-insects get their common
names by being broad, squat, hopping creatures whose
young Hve in masses of white froth (Plate XXIII), sucking
sap. "The spittle is a viscid fluid expelled from the ali-
mentary canal of the insects and beaten up into a froth
by the whisking about of the body. What advantage it
is to the yotmg insects is hard even to conjecture; it cer-
tainly is not known ' ' (Kellogg) . Possibly it is a protection
against drying out and it is said to harden into a protective
shell when the insect molts.

ClCADELLID^

These are the Leaf-hoppers. In the South, the species
which attack cotton have been named Sharpshooters and
Dodgers. All of our numerous species are small and occur
on vegetation of various kinds, especially grasses. Doubt-
less the small amount of sap taken by each of thousands
of individuals amounts to a great deal per acre of grass-
land, vineyard, and orchard. Plate XXIII shows Grapho-
cephala coccinea. This family has been called Jassidas.

CHERMIDiE

The Jimiping Plant-lice are usually described as re-
sembling miniature Cicadas. The antennae are long and
the wings are transparerrt. Some of the>pecies, especially
of the genus Pachypsylla, produce galls, while others feed
in exposed situations on the leaves. Probably the most
injurious species is the Pear Psylla, Psylla pyricola. It
was introduced from Europe about 1832. "Usually the
first indication of the pest is the presence of large quantities
of honey-dew, secreted by the nymphs, with which the
foliage becomes covered, and which attracts numerous
ants. When the psyllas are numerous the leaves and fruit
become coated with this sticky substance and it even drops
from them like rain and runs down the trunk. ["Weeping
trees" are caused by a number of different Homoptera.]
A blackish fungus grows on the honey-dew and is always a

86

Plate XXIII

Seo!ops
s u 1 c i p e 5

A i|oun>^
Cercoptd

in its "sDittit"

^ Acanalonia
biviltatQ

V,

CeresQ
bubalus

ifophocephala
Eqq s^ars ol , coccinca
Cereso. bubalus

'/

\

ArchasiQ .
beiiraqei

Theiia bimaculatQ

^^'"^ EntqliQ ^ - . . •

^ ^^inuQtG Telamona' Qnrpelop^5idi5

PLANT-LICE.

good indication of the presence of the psylla. . . . The
adult is about one-tenth inch long, of a reddish crimson
color with brownish-black markings, bronzy eyes and dark
wing-veins. . . . The egg is about one-eighteenth inch
long, hardly perceptible without a lens, and orange-
yellow in color. It is pear-shaped with the small end drawn
out into a long thread" (Sanderson).

APHIDIDiE

In his memoir on insects affecting park and woodland
trees Dr. Felt has a section which he entitles "The Battle
of the Weak or Interesting Facts about Aphids." The
title is striking and true. These creatures (Plate XXIV)
are called Plant-lice, Green Flies, Blight (from the damage
they do) and other things also. They are among the most
injurious, the most interesting, and the most puzzling of
insects. It would be difficult to improve on some of the
many general accounts of their life cycle; as Dr. Felt has
just been mentioned, his summary may be quoted : "Many
of the species pass the winter in what we know as the
winter egg, which is usually deposited in crevices of the
bark or at the base of buds or branches, where it remains
during the winter. The young hatch therefrom in some
cases at least at about the time the foliage begins to
develop and in other instances not till well toward mid-
summer, establish themselves at some favorable situation
and begin to draw nourishment from the unfolding tissues.
These young are all females and in the language of science
are known as ' stem mothers. ' They usually begin to
produce young in a few days after hatching from the egg
and these are also females and in turn produce others.
This method of reproduction is what is known as agamic
or asexual and differs from the ordinary in that males have
no part in the process. A number of generations may be
produced in this way, the adults being wingless, and after
a time, usually at the end of a certain number of genera-
tions, winged females aevelop. These latter forsake the
original, usually by this time crowded, food-plant and
either fly to similar ones in the neighborhood or, as in the
case of some species, betake themselves to entirely different

87

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

plants, where another series of wingless agamic or asexual
generations are brought forth. This may continue for
some time and after a certain number of generations the
plants again become crowded, winged females are produced
and there may be a return migration to the original food
plant, where one or more generations may be produced
and ultimately perfect males and females, which latter
pair and deposit eggs in crevices of the bark or other
shelters, as stated above, and remain unhatched over
winter."

This changing from one mode of reproduction to another
and from one food plant to another, together with still other
complications, is very confusing. Lichtenstein has noted
twenty-one different forms assumed by Phylloxera quercus
in its Hfe-cycle. It is probable that the four hundred or
so forms which have been described from the United
States as distinct species include phases of a smaller num-
ber of real species, but it is certain that many species are
still undescribed.

[ A common species on apple is Aphis malt. Professor
Webster said concerning it: "It would appear almost
visionary to advocate spraying apple orchards in mid-
winter to protect the wheat crop, but nevertheless one of
the most serious enemies of young fall wheat passes its egg
stage on the twig of the apple during the winter season."
The Woolly Apple-aphis, Schizoneura lanigera (Plate
XXIV), secretes a waxy substance, which accounts for
its name. It is often seen on twigs and around wounds,
clustered in bluish-white masses that look like mold, but
the individuals which are probably doing the most damage
are feeding upon the roots where they cause gall-like
swellings. Phylloxera vastatrix is one of the few Ameri-
can insects which have become injurious in Europe.
With us it forms galls on grape leaves (see p. 470) but
is not usually found on the roots; in Europe it rarely
attacks the leaves but forms galls on the roots, causing
them to decay.

Aphids excrete a sweetish substance, called honey-dew,
which is much sought after by ants. In fact, aphids are
called "ants' cows" and many species of ants go to con-
siderable trouble to care for them. A variety of Lasius

88

Plate XXIV

Aspidiotus Qncylus Aspidiotus {orbesi

8q

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

niger is an ant which attends to the Com-root Aphis,
Aphis maidi-radicis. During the winter this ant stores
the small black eggs of the aphis in its nests, moving them
from place to place as the weather changes. The eggs
start to hatch in early spring and the ants uncover the
roots of smart weed and of other plants in order to pasture
their cows. When, how-ever, corn is planted, they transfer
the aphid stock to the com roots, including such winged
aphids as may have developed and strayed from the fold.
A female aphis does not lay manj^ eggs as compared
with insects in general, but development is so rapid (ten
days is not unusual, the eggs frequently hatching before
they are laid so that birth is given to Uving young) and
there are so many generations a season that the end result
would be extermination of all life by the destruction of
vegetation if it were not for counteracting agencies. Some
aphids are protected by ants, some by waxy secretions,
some by foldings and galls produced in leaves and other
parts of plants by their presence, but all are injured by
damp weather, by fungi and by insect enemies. Among
the latter might be mentioned Coccinelidas, Syrphidae, and
Chrysopidse, which, together with less important enemies,
devour them from the outside. But we should not over-
look the Chalcididae, which feed internally. Look at the
aphid colonies on a rose bush and you are almost certain to
see the dried shells of individuals which have been para-
sitized by these, our friends, a small hole in each showing
where the Hymenopteron had emerged.

Aleyrodid^

This is the White-fly family. Aleyrodes vapor ariorum
(Plate XXIV) is the species most often found on house-
plants. The adults of both sexes have four wings and
seem to be covered with flour ; their wing expanse is usually
less than an eighth of an inch. The young somewhat
resemble scale-insects. As seen through a lens, they are
rather pretty, usually shiny black with white, wax-like
rods and tufts. Each egg is mounted on a small, curved
stem. Probably the majority of the American species are
still undescribed; they rarely appeal to amateurs and, for
the most part, they are of little economic importance.

90

SCALE=INSECTS.

COCCID^

"The family includes a number of quite different-looking
insects, as the True Scale-insects or Bark-lice, the Mealy-
bugs, and others for which we not even have a popular
name. They are a very anomalous family, and the
species differ very greatly in appearance, habits, and
metamorphoses from the other allied families already
described. Even the sexes of the same species differ as
much in the adult stage as do the members of different
orders. The males, unlike all other Hemiptera, undergo a
complete metamorphosis, but possess only a single pair of
wings. The hind wings are simply represented by a pair
of club-like halteres, as is the case in the Diptera or Two-
winged Flies. Each of these halteres is furnished with a
hooked bristle, which fits in a pocket on the upper wing
on the same side. The males possess no mouth. . . .
The female is always without wings and has either a scale -
like or a gall-like form, and is covered with larger or
smaller scales of wax, which may be in the form of powder,
of large tufts or plates, of a continuous layer, or of a thin
scale. Beneath this protecting substance lives the insect.
. . . All scale-insects are plant-feeders, and like the
plant-lice obtain liquid food by means of suction. But
not all are injurious, as some furnish dye-stuffs, shellac, or
wax" (Lugger).

All scale-insects are injurious to the plants upon which
they feed, but what Prof. Lugger meant was that, as far
as man is concerned, the harm which certain species do is
more than counterbalanced by the benefits we derive
from them. The manna wliich fed the Children of Israel
was honey-dew secreted by a scale-insect. It is still
eaten. Shellac is derived from the scale of Carteria lacca
in India and the insect itself contains a red substance
called "lake." Before the present extensive use of aniline
dyes, coloring matter was derived from a niimber of
different species of Coccidse, especially from the Cochineal
Insect, Coccus cacti, of Mexico. The natives of the island
of St, Vincent make necklaces from the encysted pupae of
Margarodes, calling them "ground-pearls."

91

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Coccidas sometimes produce living young and reproduce
without sexual union, but these phenomena are not so
general as among the Aphididae. A single female Coccid
may give birth to thousands of young, but these do not
reach maturity as quickly as do the plant-lice. The males
of many species of scale-insects are unknown, probably
because their small size and short life have caused them
to be overlooked, rather than because they are rare or
absent.

Three of the subfamilies are of especial economic im-
portance to us; they are the Dactylopinae or Mealy Bugs,
the CoccinEe or Soft Scales, and the Diaspinae or Armored
Scales.

Dactylopinae

The female Mealy Bug undergoes but little change of
form as it matures and it is able to move about. No real
scale is formed, at most a sort of cottony sac, and this
usually only when the insect is nearly full-grown.

A common species in greenhouses is P seudococcus citri. .
The oval body is bordered by a white fringe and covered
with a mealy deposit. The eggs are laid under the female
in a loose nest of sticky, white fibers in such quantities
that she is forced to stand on her head in order to feed.

Phenacoccus acericola frequently occurs in great numbers
on maple leaves. The female is light yellow but covered
with a mass of powdery, slightly stringy, white wax about
three times her ov^n bulk.

Various species of Kermes occur on oak. The adult
females are relatively large and look like galls.

Coccinae

The Soft Scales are usually of considerable size as com-
pared with other scale -insects; their surface is rather
waxy and their form more or less convex. Such "scale"
as they have is merely the thickened surface of the insect
itself and not a separate structure.

Females of Pulvinaria secrete a mass of cottony material
in which they place their eggs. P. innumerahilis is the

92

THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

common Cottony Scale of maple, and, to a lesser extent,
of elm, grape, Mrginia Creeper, and other plants. When
common, the ground or pavement beneath them becomes
covered with a black, sticky substance, the honey-dew,
upon which a peculiar fungus grows.

Eulecaniiim is a large genus, some members of which
are likely to be found in every yard that contains fruit.
The females lay their eggs under their bodies but do not
secrete a cottony covering. E. nigrofasciatiim is the
Terrapin Scale of the peach and other trees. E. pruino-
sum is the Frosted Scale of fruit and forest trees. Tulip
trees should be examined for E. tuUpifercB; it is one of the
largest Soft Scales of our region.

Several species of Saissetia are frequently found on
palms, ferns, and other house-plants.

Diaspinse

These are the scale-insects. Their body is covered by a
shell, which is composed in part of m.oulted skins and in
part of a secretion from the body itself.

With good reason, this (Plate XXIV)
Aspidiotus £g ^j^g scale most often inquired about. It

is the Pernicious or San Jose, and is so small
(about .06 in. long at most) that it is not usually noticed
until it has become destructively abundant. Felt says:
" Trees which have been badly infested for some time have
a rough bark covered with dark gray, scurfy patches, and,
if this be scratched with a knife or finger nail, an oily
yellowish substance will be crushed from the living insects
under the scales. This insect breeds so rapidly that it is
not uncommon to find large numbers on a tree previously
comparatively free. In that event the bark m.ay be
literally covered with recently established scales and not
appear very rough. There is, however, a peculiar, granu-
lar look, and those familiar with the bark of a rapidly
growing tree are aware that some change has taken place.
There is noticing Hke a good magnifier in these cases,
and, if this shows hundreds of circular, black or dark gray
objects, with dot and ring, or lighter gray, yellowish
marked scales, send a sample of the bark to somebody

93

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

competent to identify the trouble. Cutting into the
bark under a San Jose scale is almost sure to reveal a
reddish discoloration of the green tissues beneath. . . .
The winter is passed by this insect in a partly grown,
dormant condition. Vital activities are resumed with the
approach of warm weather, and the first outward indications
of life are seen in the appearance of winged males and later
of the crawling young, the latter of which appear in this
latitude [New York] toward the last of June. . . . The
females continue to produce young for a period of about
six weeks, each averaging about 400, or from nine to 10
every 24 hours. This is an ovo-viviparous species. That
is, the eggs develop within the mother and the young are
bom alive. They piay be seen as tiny yellow specks escap-
ing from under the maternal scale, from which they wander
in search of a favorable place to establish themselves.
. . . The development of the scale begins, even before
the young has selected its feeding place, as very minute,
white, waxy filaments, which spring from all parts of the
body, rapidly become thicker, and slowly mat down to
form the circular white scale with a depressed ring and
central elevation. . . . Thus the round of life may be com-
pleted, as determined from a study of the female, in from
33 to 40 days. The detailed studies made at Washington
show that four full generations are developed normally
in that latitude and that there may be a partial fifth."
The fact that this insect lives on a great variety of woody
plants makes eradication difficult; we must spray more
than the few trees we care about. If you have it, notify
your State Entomologist and do not trust to Jim Jones
around the corner, who says he can kill it for you. It is a
native of eastern Asia; San Jose, California, is connected
with it merely because the specimens upon which the
first scientific description was based came from there.

Lepidosaphes ulmi, called Mytilaspis pomorum in many
publications, is the Oyster-shell Scale. It infests a variety
of trees, including apple, and is well described by its com-
mon name, although the oyster-shell shape is not entirely
diagnostic. The small end of the tapering, slightly curved
scale is usually yellowish. See Plate XXIV for it and
other species.

94

TRUE BUGS.

HETEROPTERA

Or True Hemiptera

For the general characteristics of the True Bugs see
p. 80. In the following key rare families have been omitted ;
see Brues and Melander, or Parshley in Psyche, Vol.
XXII. Nymphs may usually be distinguished from
wingless adults (such as occur in certain families) by the
fact that most nymphs have two pairs of pimple-like
stink-glands near the middle of the back of the abdomen.
When the basal part ("corium") of the front wings is
thickened, the apical unthickened part is called the "mem-
brane "; the triangular area, when present, at the tip of the
corium is called the "cuneus."

1. Antennae shorter than the head and usually nearly or
quite concealed; living in or near water 2.

Antennae longer than the head (if sightly shorter,
the eyes and ocelli are absent), usually free, rarely (Phy-
matidae) lying in a groove 8

2. Ocelli present ; littoral ; not .5 in. long 3

Ocelli absent; aquatic 4

3. Antennae hidden; front legs stout, formed for grasping
broad, squat, roughened bugs with prominent eyes
Gelastocorid^, also called Galgulid^ and Nethridae
These predaceous Toad-bugs frequent muddy banks
Gelastocoris ( = Galgulus) is our principal genus (Plate XX V) ;
the front tarsi have 2 claws. Mononyx of the West and
Nerthra of the South-east have but i claw on these.

Antennae not hidden; front legs slender, as long as
middle ones, formed for running. Ochterid^. Re-
sembles the preceding in form and habits. Ochterus is our
only genus.

4. Hind tarsi without distinct claws (except Plea,
p. 102) ; front legs not specially formed for grasping 5.

Each hind tarsus with 2 claws; front legs formed for
grasping 6.

95

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

5. Body flat above; top of head free from pronotum;
front tarsi flattened, i -jointed, without claws, edges
fringed; beak with not more than 2 joints, hidden
CoRixiD^ (p. 99).

Body convex above and pronotiun overlapping the
head; front tarsi normal, 2-clawed; beak 3- or 4-jointed

NOTONECTID^ (p. 100).

6. Membrane with veins 7.

Membrane without veins. Naucorid^. They re-
semble Gelastocoridse (3) but do not have prominent eyes,
and crawl about on submerged plants. Pelocoris is our
only genus. P . femoratus is a.ho\it .4 in. long; pronotum
shiny yellow or light brown, marked with nimierous dark
spots; front wings dark brown with a light shoulder-area.
Ambry sus occurs in the West.

7. Apical appendages of abdomen long and slender, not
retractile ; hind legs formed for walking . . . NEPiDiE (p. 100).

Such appendages short, flat, and retractile; hind legs
flattened for swimming Belostomid^ (p. 99) .

8. Head shorter than thorax, including scutellum 9.

Head as long as entire thorax; body and legs slen-
der HVDROMETRIDiE (p. IO4),

9. Last tarsal joint divided, claws back of tip; front
wings, if present, of rather uniform texture throughout. . lo.

Last tarsal joint not divided, claws at tip ii.

10. Middle and hind legs very long, close together
and distant from the front pair; beak 4-jointed but the
first joint short GERRiDiE (p. 103).

Middle and hind legs not very long, more equally
spaced; beak 3- jointed Veliid^ (p. 103).

11. Antennae 5-jointed 12.

Antennae 4-jointed (Do not count either the tubercle

which bears the antennae or the minute intermediate
segments which are sometimes present) 13.

12. First and second antennal segments thicker than
the others; minute bugs living on surface of water.
Hebrid^. Hebrus, our only genus.

First antennal segment thick, second slender; scu-
tellum rather large 27.

13. Prostemum with a median, longitudinal, striated
or granulated, stridulatory groove visible in front of front

96

THE FAMILIES OF TRUE BUGS.

coxae, receiving the tip of the beak, which is 3-jointed,

short, and strong; length not less than .2 in 14.

Prosternimi without a stridulatory groove; size
large or small 16.

14. Body very long and slender, almost thread-like
Emesid^ (p. 108).

Body not so 15.

15. Terminal segment of antennae thickened, front legs
stout and much modified for grasping; membrane with
numerous veins; tarsi 2-jointed Phymatid^ (p. no).

Terminal segment of antennae thread-like; front
legs usually much like the others; membrane with few veins;
tarsi 3-jointed Reduviid^ (p. 107).

16. Front wings wholly membranous and, for the most
part, with a dense network, sometimes resembling
lace; cheeks raised, forming a groove which includes
the base of the beak; tarsi 2-jointed; flat bugs of small
size TiNGiDiD^ (p. 1 10).

Not such insects 17.

17. Beak really or apparently 3-jointed 18.

Beak 4-jointed; first segment sometimes short 22.

18. Body convex below, fiat or slightly concave above;
often wingless; small, aquatic, predatory bugs, usually
found on floating vegetation. Mesoveliid^. Mesovelia
mulsanti, our only species.

Not such insects 19.

19. Tarsi 2-jointed; broad, flat bugs, living under bark;
head produced between antennae; abdomen broader than
the closed wings Aradid^ (p. 1 12).

Tarsi 3-jointed 20.

20. Ocelli present 21.

Ocelli and wings usually absent or rudimentary;

parasitic on vertebrates Cimicid^ (p. 106).

21. Front wings with a cuneus, membrane without long
closed cells, sometimes without veins; small, predatory
bugs Anthocorid^.

Front wings without a cuneus, membrane with 4 or 5
long closed cells; adults always fully winged; small flat-
tened bugs with large, projecting eyes. .Saldid.e (p. 102).

22. Ocelli absent 23.

Ocelli present 24.

7 97

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

23. Membrane with two large cells at base from which
extend about 8 branching veins; no cuneus; rather large,
strong bugs Pyrrhocorid^e (p. i loj.

Membrane with one or two small cells at base, rarely
with longitudinal veins; distinct cuneus; first joint of beak
rarely shorter than the head Mirid^ (p. 105).

24. Front legs modified for grasping, the tibia: and
usually the femora armed with rows of numerous, closely
set, fine spines; first joint of beak very small. Nabid^,
the Damsel-bugs. They are usually yellowish or black,
rather flattened, predaceous, and found on flowers or
leaves. Nahis ( = Reduviolus and Coriscus) is our principal
genus.

Front legs usually much like the others; first seg-
ment of beak usually longer than wide 25.

25. Body very slender; antennae elbowed, the first
joint long and clubbed, the last joint spindle-shaped;
head constricted in front of the eyes; femora clubbed
Neidid^ (p. 112),

Not such insects 26.

26. Antennae usually inserted on or below a line drawn
from the eye to the base of the beak; membrane usually
with 5, simple veins Lyg^id^ (p. iii).

Antennae starting from well up on the sides of the
head; membrane usually with numerous, forked veins
arising from a transverse basal vein (these veins sometimes
hard to see) Coreid^ (p. 113).

27. Scutellum nearly flat, narrowed behind 28.

Scutellum very convex, covering nearly the whole

abdomen 29.

28. Tibiae usually with no (or very fine, short) spines

PENTATOMIDiE (p. 1 13).

Tibiae with rows of strong spines. Cydnid^. Some-
times classed as a subfamily of Pentatomidag.

29. Pronotum round in front and nearly straight behind;
margins of scutellum with furrows in which the edges of
the wings fit when at rest; tibiae strongly spinose. Sub-
family Thyreocorinae of Cydnidee; has also been called

CORIMEL^NID^.

Pronotum hexagonal; margins of scutellum without
furrows; tibiae not strongly spinose. ScutelleriD/E.

98

AQUATIC HEMIPTERA.

These are sometimes classed as a subfamily of Pentatomi-
das. Some species are large and brightly colored but they
are not usually common.

CORIXID^

The Water-boatmen (most boatmen are that kind)
swim "right side up." Compare Notonectidce. They
are shghtly heavier than water and rest on the bottom or
on aquatic plants, but when they come up for air, the
surface tension is sufficient to hold them at the top without
much effort on their part. At such times, they float in a
horizontal position, taking air directly into the thoracic
spiracles and renewing the supply of air which is carried
by hairs when they dive. It is said that these insects,
while submerged, but especially at night, make a tolerably
loud and sustained noise by rubbing their beak with their
front legs. The eggs are usually fastened on, not in,
submerged objects; the eggs of certain specie in the lakes
near the City of Mexico are so abundant that they are
gathered by the Mexicans and used for food. This famil}^
is predaceous and its members, like their relatives, are
attracted, in their nocturnal flights, by light. The princi-
pal genus in our region is Arctocorixa — Corixa of most
publications (Plate XXV).

Belostomid^

This family contains the Giant Water-bugs; also called
Electric-light Bugs because the adults are frequently
noticed flying about electric lights. Some of the tropical
species are the largest of Hemiptera, being four and five
inches long. The broad, flat hind legs and the flat body,
with a keel in the middle underneath, well fit them for
aquatic locomotion. The sharp-hooked front legs and
the short, powerful beak make their predatory habits not
to be depised by even fair-sized fish. They lurk on muddy
bottoms, often slightly covering themselves with mud or
leaves, ready to dart out after the unwary. Before men-
tioning one of the interesting habits of some of them we
must, unfortunately, note a change in names: the generic
name, Belostoma, which has been used in most publications,
should be Lethocerus, and Zaitlia becomes Belostoma.

99

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

In this sense, the females of Belostoma, and of certain
other genera, fasten their eggs onto the backs of the males.
It is said that the males do not take kindly to this procedure
but that they can not help themselves.

1. Hind tibise much broader than middle ones; front
coxae little longer than broad 2.

Hind tibiae little, if any, broader than middle ones;
front coxae at least twice as long as broad. All of our
species are less than i in. long Belostoma.

2. Margins of front femora with a longitudinal groove
in which the tibiae lie when folded. Lethocerus, of which
americanus is our common species; it is about 2 in. long.

Margin of front femora without such groove. Benacus
griseus (Plate XXV).

Nepid^

The long respiratory tail of Water-scorpions is not
fully developed until the molt which gives them wings.
It is perfectly harmless; all the sting these creatures have
is at the other end, their beak. We have two genera,
both of which are aquatic and predaceous: the body of
Nepa is oval, fiat, and thin; that of Ranatra (Plate XXV)
is linear and cylindrical. They are sluggish creatures,
crawling but not swimming, often remaining motionless
for hours on the muddy, leaf-covered bottom of their
favorite haunts and rarely, if at all, coming to lights.
Their eggs, which are placed in or on submerged objects,
are furnished with filaments at one end, seven in Nepa
and two in Ranatra. The only species of Nepa is apiculata,
which is about .75 in. long, not counting filaments. R.
americana, about 1.25 in. long, is our most common species
of Ranatra in the East.

NOTONECTIDiE

The Back-swimmers are shaped somewhat like an over-
turned boat, but they overturn themselves when they are
in the water. They are lighter than water and normally
rest at the surface, floating head-down, with the tip of the
abdomen piercing the surface-film, their long hind legs
extended like sweeps ready to send them swiftly to safety

100

Plate XXV

Arcto'corixQ
intei^rupto

Ranatro
Qmericana

Gelostocoris
oculatus

Benocus
griseus

Lyqus
pratensis

WotonectQ
undulatQ

PoecilocQpsus
lineatus

Reduvius
personatus

Gerris
remigis

Arilu5 cristQiu5

lOI

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

or food. They do not breathe through their tail but from
it the air passes through hair-covered channels to spiracles
on their thorax. Small fish and other aquatic animals
are easy prey, and the suctorial beak will pierce even the
careless collector's fingers. Doubtless the pearly color
of their backs, which, as they swim, is seen against the
sky, and the dark of their under (upper) side helps them to
approach their victims and to avoid becoming victims.
The adults fly well and are frequently attracted to Hghts.
During the winter they sometimes may be seen swimming
about in the shallow water in which they habitually live,
even though it be covered with ice. It is said that these
insects, by rubbing their front legs together, make a noise
like the word "chew," twice repeated. The eggs arc
placed in the submerged stems of aquatic plants. The
adults of Plea striola are only about .06 in. long; it is the
only species of that genus. Our other species are much
larger and, for the most part, belong in Notonecta (Plate
XXV).

Saldid^

This family has been called Acanthiid^, but a techni-
cality rules out the use of that name. Furthermore, its
use would be confusing, as the Saldidae have no intimate
connections with bed-bugs but live on the shores of lakes
and rivers. Uhler, one of the master Hemipterists, wrote :
"In the present family we have types which like Galgulus
[Gelastocoris], make holes for themselves, and live for a
part of the time beneath the ground. Like the members
of that genus too, a majority of them inhabit damp soils,
and are often found in countless numbers on the salt or
brackish marshes of our sea coasts. Their manner
strongly recalls that of the tiger-beetles that inhabit the
same places. When approached, or in any way disturbed,
they leap from the ground, arise a few feet into the air,
by means of their wings, and alight a short distance away,
taking care to slip quickl}^ into the shade of some protecting
tuft of grass or clod, where the soil agrees with the color
of their bodies." They feed chiefly upon the juices of
drowned insects. There are numerous species of Saldula,
the principal genus of our region. They are rather soft in

102

WATER-STRIDERS.

texture, with small head and prominent eyes. Their
size is never large and their color is black, sometimes
marked with white or yellow.

Veliid.e

These have been called Broad-shouldered Water-striders
(see Gerridse). Rhagovelia obesa is very common in some
localities, preferring swift streams. It is black, about an
eighth of an inch long, and usually wingless. Rhagovelia
plumbea lives on the Gulf of Mexico, near the shores.
Members of this family are more given to going into the
water than are their relatives and they may sometimes be
seen running, back downwards, on the under side of the
surface film.

Gerrid^e

The family name of this group of Water-striders or
Pond-skaters has usually been given as Hydrobatidae.
Unfortunately there have been considerable changes in the
taxonomy of Kemiptera, as you will notice, and no agree-
ment has yet been reached. One system is to make the
Veliidas, Mesoveliidas, and Hydrometridse subfamilies
of Gerridae. Cf Gerridas, in the narrow sense, and now
put in the genus Gerris, one common species {marginatus)
has often been listed in the genus Limnotrechus, and
another {remigis, Plate XXV), in Hygrotreclius. These
two species and their less common relatives may be seen
skating about on the surface of ponds or of the less rapid
parts of streams, often j-umping up and landing again
without breaking the surface film. They go about on the
two hinder pairs of legs, pushing with the m^iddle pair,
steering with the last, and holding the front pair up so as
to be ready to grasp their food, which consists of either
living or dead insects and the like. Why are they able to
run on the surface of water? Because their hairy legs
are not wetted and so, with the slight pressure of the
insect's little weight, they dimple but do not break the
surface film. A greased needle will float for the same
reason. Both winged and wingless adults of the same
species occur. Eggs are laid at or just beneath the
siurface of the water on almost any solid object. Adults

103

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

occasionally go under water; they hibernate and some-
times come out in warm winter days to stretch their legs.
If you desire to bring home alive for your aquarium
species of this and related families, use for the purpose a
dry box or one in which there is some damp moss; they
frequently drown if carried in a pail containing water.
The following key includes the genera most often noticed
in our territory.

1. Body oval, less than 3 times as long as broad;
pronotum not longer than broad 2.

Body elongate, more than 4 times as long as broad;
pronotum much longer than broad. Gerris 3.

2. Second segment of antennae longer than either third
or fourth segment Metrohates hesperius.

Second segment of antennae shorter than either third
or fourth segment Trepohates pictus.

3. Antennae longer than head and pronotum together;
hind tibiae and tarsi, together, much longer than middle
tibiae. Subgenus Limnoporus, species rufoscutellatus.

Antennae shorter than head and pronotum together;
hind tibiae and tarsi, together, but little longer than middle
tibiae 4.

4. First segment of antennae nearly the same length as
fourth. Subgenus Gerris, of which marginaius is a common
species.

First segment of antennas considerably longer than
fourth. Subgenus Aquarius, of which remigis is our
common species.

Hydrometrid^

This family has also been called Limnobatidae and the
type, as well as our only, genus is then called Limnobates
instead of Hydrometra (see also Gerridae). The common
name is Marsh-treaders. Hydrometra martini (also called
lineata) is not rare but is not often seen. It is not quite
.5 in. long, very thin, and walks very deliberately over the
water and projecting plants. Quoting Uhler again,
"They delight to remain at rest, with perhaps a single claw
hooked to some projecting object. When disturbed they
move very slowly, and seem disposed to save themselves

104

SOME INJURIOUS BUGS.

rather by concealment among rubbish and tangled growths
than by active movements. The young forms are so
very slender that they can only be detected with great
difficulty in the places to which they resort."

MlRID^

These are what have generally been called Capsidae.
It is one of the largest families of true bugs and a very
bewildering one to the students who would attempt to
classify the species. ]\Iost of them are leaf -feeders but
some are predaceous. The eggs of many, at least, have two
filaments at one end, which project from the plant-stems
in which they are laid.

The ground-color of the very common
Lygus ^ Tarnished Plant-bug (Plate XXV), ranges

from dull brown to yellowish-brown, and
its markings are also variable. Typically, the head
is yellowish with three narrow-reddish stripes and the
following markings are yellowish: margin of pronotum,
several longitudinal lines on it, a V on the scutellum, the
legs, and a spot at the apex of the thickened part of each
front wing. This insect is very destructive of a large
range of vegetation from strawberries to fruit-trees.
Adults hibernate in rubbish and appear in early spring.
The punctures, made for the purpose of sucking juices,
seem to have a poisonous effect on buds and leaves. Pro-
bably the eggs are laid in plant-tissues.

The Four-lined Leaf-bug (Plate XXV) is
H^ealur^^''^ dark green (yellow after death), with the
head, forepart of the pronotum, and under-
side of body, orange-red. There are four, more or less
continuous, black, longitudinal lines on the pronotum
and front wings. While particularly injurious to currants
and the like, it attacks many different plants. "The
presence of the pest is indicated by the appearance of the
peculiar brown depressed spots on the tender terminal
leaves in early summer. As the attack continues, whole
leaves turn brown, curl up, become brittle, and are torn

105

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

or broken by the wind. The young shoot is checked and
frequently droops and dies. The buds of dahhas and
roses are often blasted." The vermilion nymphs hatch
from overwintered eggs placed in slits, cut lengthwise
into the stems of the plants, each containing six or more
eggs. The adult stage is reached about the middle of
June.

Tlaltictis uhleri is one of the smallest species of the
family; black with yellow on legs, antennas, and, as scale-
like tufts, on the front wings. They hop like flea-beetles
and feed on a variety of garden-plants. Some individuals
are short- winged.

Some Mirids slightly resemble ants in shape and have
yellow spots so placed as to increase the resemblance by
giving them the appearance of having narrow waists, but
it is difiicult to prove that this resemblance is of any use
to them.

ClMICID^

Most of us have had experience with one member of this
family, although many do not like to talk about it. Per-
haps no other insect has been given so many euphemistic
names, but the one which is most generally understood is
plain Bed-bug. In fact, that is a translation of (or, is it
the other way around?) its scientific name, lectularius. It
belongs to the genus Cimex, which has also, improperly,
been called Acanthus. A description of its appearance
and smell is unnecessary, especially in a Field Book; it is
7iever found afield, under bark and the like; those are quite
different creatures. It is also confused with the creature
which closely resembles it and is often found in the nests
of swallows; that is CEciacus vicarius ( = hirundinis) and
rarely bothers man. The number of generations a year
of lectularis depends on the temperature and food-supply;
there are, normally, onl}'- one or two and it is not true that
"they become grand-fathers in a night." Kerosene in all
the bed-room cracks and crannies will do the trick but,
especially in the spring, the treatment should be repeated
in order to kill those which were unhatched at the time of
the first application and may have been protected by the
egg-shell.

io6

KISSING BUGS.

Reduviid.«

Some of the Assassin -bugs are rather striking creatures;
nearly all are fairly large and some are gayly colored.
They are predaceous, feeding chiefly on the juices of other
insects.

As the "Kissing Bug" this creature

Reduvius (pj^^g XXV) received considerable news-

personatus

paper space some years ago. Another, and

better, common name is IMasked Bed-bug Hunter. It
often enters houses where it and its young feed on bed-bugs.
Especially the young have many sticky hairs to which
dust and other small particles adhere, making the mask.
Many Reduviids have these sticky hairs and should not
be put in a collecting bottle together with delicate insects.
If personatus bites humans, as it rarely does, a very painful
wound is caused, so that the newspaper stories have some
basis in fact.

A southern species of similar habits, but much more
given to sucking huma^ blood, is Triatoma (= Conor], inus)
sanguisuga. In the South, it is called the Big Bed-bug.
It is about an inch long; black, marked with red on the
sides of the prothorax, at the base of the apex of the front
wings, and at the sides of the abdomen; the head is long,
narrow, cylindrical, and thickest behind the eyes. It is
said that the effect of its bite may last for nearly a year,
and it is probable that attacks which are attributed to
spiders are really the work of this insect. Out-of-doors, it
feeds on insects, including grasshoppers and potato beetles.

Another species which has been accused of being a
kissing-bug is Melanolestes picipes. It is black; about
.6 in. long; the head well drawn out in front of the eyes,
behind which is a tran verse, impressed line; the prothorax
is more or less bell-shaped and divided into two lobes;
the legs are short, the femora stout, and each tibia has a
large pad at its apex. In nature it is often found hiding
under stones and boards.

A-hinmp.rus crassipes is about .6 in. long; rather broad;
black, the pronotum, scutellum, and abdomen margined

107

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

with red. It is usually found on pine trees, feeding on
plant-lice and young caterpillars, often holding them
down with the front feet as a dog does his bone.

Pselliopus { = Milyas) cinctus is about .5 in. long; waxy-
yellow with numerous, conspicuous, black rings on its
legs. Like many other Reduviids, its eggs are glued to
the bark of trees and covered with a water-proof
substance.

Arilus cristatus (Plate XXV) varies from less than an
inch to 1.5 in. in length; the middle of the pronotum has a
longitudinal elevation something like a chicken's comb;
general color grayish black, slightly bronzed. It is called
the Wheel-bug. The nymphs are red, with black marks.
They are our friends, if we do not handle them carelessty,
as they use their beaks with good effect on many kinds of
caterpillars and other injurious insects.

Sinea diadema is about .5 in. long; brownish; front
femora, head, and pronotum largely covered with short
spines. It is often found on the flowers, such as goldenrod ;
although it eats injurious caterpillars, it does not hesitate
to attack stinging insects and so is iiot especially welcome
near bee-hives.

Emesid^e

These Thread-legged (not all are) Bugs should probably
be placed as a subfamily of Reduviidae. The following
are our more common forms.

1. Front tibis and tarsi, together, not shorter than the
front femora ■ 2.

These, together, shorter than the front femora 3.

2. Eyes large, very prominent, when seen from the side
occupying the whole side of the head. . . .Luteva Carolina.

Eyes small, little prominent, when seen from the side
occupying not more than half the side of the head . . . Ploi-
ariola, of which errabunda is the common species.

3. Front tarsi i-clawed Barce.

Front tarsi 2-clawed. Usually Emesa hrevipennis

(Plate XXVI). The front legs are formed for grasping,
much like those of the Praying Mantis, while the rest of the

108

Plate XXVI

PhymQlQ erosQ

CorijthucQ
orcuQta

^imopterus LqQfeu^

MyodochQ
serripes

Anoso
tristis

Podisus
iveniris

MurqantiQ^ Euschistus
histrionicQ vorioloriys

MormideQ
luQens

lOg

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

insect suggests a delicate Walking Stick. It is called
longipes in many publications. When full grown, it is
usually at least 1.3 in. long, with wings only about a fourth
as long as the legs. The ground-color is brownish, with
the upper surface of the abdomen reddish and a few pale
spots on each side of the head; the front legs more or less
T^anded. It is said to feed chiefly on spiders.

Phymatid^

The two genera may be separated as follows : Scutellum
short, head with a bifid prolongation above the insertion
of the antenna, Phymata; and scutellum very long, extend-
ing to the tip of the abdomen, head without such pro-
longation, Macrocephalus. We have but few species of
Ambush Bugs. Phymata erosa (Plate XXVI) is the one
most likely to be collected. Like most of the others, it
conceals itself in flowers, where it captures various insects,
including large butterflies and even bees. The front legs
are short but very powerful, and apparently its beak is
quite deadly. The generic name means "tumor" and was
probably suggested by the projections from the body.
The somewhat knobbed antennas fit in grooves under the
sides of the pronotum. This species is greenish-yellow,
marked with a broad black band across the expanded
part of the abdomen. The female is about .4 in long;
the male somewhat less.

TiNGIDIDiE

The adult Lace-bugs are small, delicate and, imder a
lens, beautiful insects; in most of the species the front
wings and other parts, including expansions of the pro-
thorax, are like fine lace. Furthermore, they lack the
impleasant odors of many Hemiptera. They are usually
found on the under sides of leaves. The eggs are often
placed near the leaf-veins. Some species, at least, hiber-
nate as adults. Plate XXVI shows Corythuca arcuata,
which is common on oaks. Piesma cinerea is our only
species of the subfamdly Piesminag; they have ocelU (other
Tingidids do not) and the membrane has no net- work.

no

THE CHINCH-BUG.

PYRRHOCORIDiE

These are called Red-bugs but they are not the creatures
(mites) which get in human skin and cause red sores.
Our commonest species is Euryopthalmus ( = Largus)
succinctus. It is about .5 in. long and rather stout;
brownish black above, with red on the margins of the
prothorax, outer margin of front wings, trochanters, and
bases of femora; a fine bluish pubescence underneath.
The young are brilliant steel-blue, with reddish legs, and a
bright red spot at the base of the abdomen. Some authori-
ties say it is a plant-feeder and others that it feeds mainly on
insects and was "found to be very useful in California
by eating the destructive cottony cushion scale, at one
time threatening to destroy entirely the orange groves of
that state." Perhaps it does both. The Cotton-stainer
of the South is Dysdercus suturellus.

luYGMlDJE

About 200 species have been listed from America, north
of Mexico. The family has also been called Myodochidae.

Most of us have heard of the Chinch-
Blissus ^ ^p^^^g XXVI), and all of us have helped

leucopterus . . _, ^

pay for it. These pests have cost the

United States about half a billion dollars. The worst
injury has been to small grains and corn in the Mississippi
Valley but frequent injury is done in the East, especially
to timothy meadows which have stood for several years.
It is black and white except for the red legs and bases of
the antenns. Most of the adults occurring between the
Rockies and the Alleghanies have normally long wings;
in the South, East, and along the Lakes to northern
Illinois, short-winged individuals are usually the more
common. The young are yellowish or bright red, marked
with brownish. Adults hibernate in clumps of grass or
under rubbish. In early spring the females lay their
yellowish-white eggs (up to 500 each) on the roots or at
the bases of stalks, usually of grasses and grain. Even
the long-winged adults do not fly much but usually walk
from field to field. The first annual generation matures

III

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

in early summer, and eggs are then laid on the unfolding
leaves of com if these are available. This brood matures
in August and September.

Oncopeltus fasciatus is about .6 in. long; red and black,
the black above being a spot covering most of the pronotum
and scutellum, a broad band across the middle of the
closed wings, and the membranes. LygcBus kalmii
(Plate XXVI) — and other species — has the same colors
but the black on the pronotum is at the front, the wings
next to the scutellum are black, and the middle band does
not go all the way across; it is about .5 in. long,

Myodochus serripes (Plate XXVI) "is rendered very
comical by the swinging of the long antennae with their
thickened apical joint, while running over the ground
among stones and rubbish of its favorite haunts. Alead-
ows and rich soils in thin woods furnish it with needed
shelter, and there it may be found throughout the entire
year, half concealed by bits of twigs and dead leaves, or
stowed away beneath the loose fragments of rock which lie
scattered over the ground" (Uhler). The long, slender
neck is quite distinctive.

Neidid^

The Stilt-bug family has been called Berytidse and has
also been classed as a subfamily of the Coreidae but it is
probably more closely related to the Lygaeidae. There
are but few species, Jalysus spinosus being the most
common. It is about .3 in. long, with a very slender,
pale body, and long, slender legs. It is rather sluggish
and usually found in the undergrowth of oak woods. At
first sight it suggests a tawny crane-fly.

Aradid^

These Flat-bugs are responsible for the notion that
bed-bugs live also under bark and that they then may
have wings. They are dark brown or black and the
reddish, wingless young do look like bed-bugs. They
probably feed on fungus. A good way to collect them is
to knock dead sticks together over a white sheet. This
jars off the insects and they can be seen more readily.

112

THE SQUASH.BUQ.

COREID^

The Squash-bug family is an extensive one. Most of
the species have an unpleasant odor, and there is a tendency
to have the edges of the abdomen raised so that the wings
lie in a depression.

The Squash-bug (Plate XXVI) is known
°*f* to most gardeners who have grown any

of the squash family. Its chief claim to
scientific fame is that it was used prominently in the
development of our present knowledge concerning the
germinal relations of sex. The pronotum and the thick-
ened parts of the front wings are speckled brown, the side-
margins of the pronotum are yellowish; the hind femora
do not bear a row of spines. Adults spend the winter,
as well as the summer nights, under rubbish. The oval,
pale-yellow to dark eggs are laid in irregular clusters, usually
on the under side of leaves. The young are rather gregari-
ous and gay with their crimson legs, head, and front part of
thorax, but these change to black as they grow. In the
North the adult stage is reached about August.

The following rough notes may be helpful in the North-
east. A brownish species about .4 in. long, without a
row of spines on the hind femora, but with a leaf-like
expansion on each antenna, is probably Chariesterus
antennator. Species of the largely predaceous Alydus
are usually fully .5 in. long, slender and have a row of
spines on the hind femora. The following are usually
more than .6 in. long and have spines on the hind femora:
Archimerus and Euthochtha galeator have more or less
cylindrical hind tibi^; Acanthocephala and Leptoglossus
have leaf -like expansions of the hind tibiae.

Pentatomid^

The name of Stink-bugs has been fastened on this family,
possibly because some of the species are responsible for
giving raspberries a bad, smelly taste once in awhile.
Another name is Shield-bugs, on account of the large
scutellum. Psyche, Vol. XXII, contains a synopsis of the
family with keys to the New England species by Parshley.
8 113

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

See the key (p. 98) for Scutellerinas (Shield-bugs),
Thyreocorinae (Negro-bugs), and Cydninas (Burro wing-
bugs).

The Asopinse have the first joint of the beak largely
free and relatively short and thick; there is a spine on the
basal abdominal segment. A common genus is Podisus
(Plate XXVI), in which the pronotum is sometimes
extended into a sharp spine on each side.

The northern subfamily, Acanthosomin^e, have but
two joints in each tarsus; the following subfamilies have
three tarsal joints.

The Graphosominse have a broad scutellum, which is
blunt at the apex and extending back to near the tip of the
abdomen. Podops is our only genus, and cinctipes (over
.25 in. long, 2nd to 4th antennal joints darker) is our
common species.

The principal family, Pentatominse, has the scutellum
smaller and more or less narrowed apically. The following
belong here.

Brochymena {quadripustulata is a common species with
us) has a shallow groove on the underside of the abdomen
and the beak extends back of the posterior coxae. They are
broad, rough, brown species, .5 in. long and live on trees.
They look like bits of bark and are best obtained by beating.

A medium-sized brown species with an angle on each side
of the pronotum, behind, is usually a Euschistus (Plate
XXVI). The first segment of the rostrum is not much
thicker than the second, and all the tibiae are grooved.
Chlorochroa uhleri is a bright green bug, about .5 in. long,
with yellow side-margins and a yellow tip to the scutellum.
Bright green bugs larger than this are usually Acrosternum.
Mormidea lugens is shown on Plate XXVI.

The popular interest in Murgantia histrionica (Plate
XXVI) is indicated by its long list of names, among which
are Harlequin Cabbage-bug, Calico-back, Terrapin-
bug, and Fire-bug. It is shining black or deep blue,
profusely marked with red. It feeds on cabbage and
related plants, wild and cultivated. The white eggs,
which are placed in a double row, look like small barrels
because of their two black bands and a white spot. Adults
hibernate.

114

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

LEPIDOPTERA

JMost students of insects start by collecting Butterflies
and Moths ajnd some people act as though adult Lepidop-
tera are the only " bugs " worth looking at. It is true that
most butterflies and many moths are among the beautiful
things of this earth, when they are mature, but still

"And what's a butterfly? At best,
He's but a caterpillar, drest."

and, until you get the right viewpoint, caterpillars are not
so pretty. Personally, I think the craze for Lepidoptera
is overdone. Compared with many other insects, they
are uninteresting ; the adults are not given to doing things
much more exciting than flitting about, mating, and laying
eggs in a relatively common-place way. However, it is
only in comparison with some of the other insects that
they are uninteresting —

"How happy could I be with either,
Were t'other dear charmer away!"

and, as this little book aims to obey vox populi, I have
given Lepidoptera what seems to me relatively large —
but all too small — consideration. Unless otherwise stated,
the descriptions of larvae refer to full-grown specimens,
younger ones differ somewhat; and "food " means the food
of larvae.

The scientific name of this Order means " scaly- winged "
and refers to the fact that the hairs which cover the wings
are flattened or scale-like. It is these scales which give
color to the wing, as may be seen in Plate I wliich shows
the wings of one side denuded. We may accept two sub-
orders: Rhopalocera and Heterocera. The "cera" in
these names means "horn" and refers to the antennae;
the "Rhopalo" means "club," and the "Hetero" means
"otherwise, " in the same sense as when we say " Orthodoxy
is my doxy and heterodoxy is another kind of doxy."
Butterflies have club-shaped antennae, a knob at the
extreme end, and belong to the Rhopalocera. Moths
are Heterocera: some of them, especially the males, having
feathered antennae; some having thread-like antennas;

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

some having a swelling in their antennae near, but not at,
the end; while a few rare tropical species have orthodox
butterfly clubs. The pupae of butterflies are not protected
by cocoons as are those of some moths and are usually
called "chrysalids" (singular: "chrysalis"). Butterflies,
as a rule, fly only by day when but few moths are stirring.
Butterflies usually hold their wings erect, when at rest,
while moths hold them flat or fold them against the body.

RHOPALOCERA

Butterflies of the United States are grouped in five
families: Nymphalidae, Erycinidae (p. 130), Lycaenidae
(p. 131), Papilionidse (p. 134), and Hesperiidae (p. 142).

Nymphalid^

The adults of both sexes in the Brush-footed Butterflies
have the front pair of legs so small as to be useless for
walking and often quite inconspicuous. The chrysalids
hang head-down with the tail fastened in a pad of silk.

The Monarch (Plate XXVII) is the
Anosia species which gathers in large flocks at the

p exippu ^^^ ^^ summer and together they move

south, coming back in the spring as stragglers. The male
has a small black patch on one of the veins on the upper
side of each hind wing; this is a pocket containing scent-
scales, a sachet bag. The adult is "mimiced" by Basil-
archia archippus. The easily recognized larva feeds on
milkweeds, fearless of birds because of its acrid taste.
The pupa in its "green house with golden nails" is to be
found hanging on the same plants or on some near shelter.
This strong flier is rapidly becoming world-wide in dis-
tribution. Some authors use Danais for the generic
name and a formerly used name for the species, archippus,
is apt to be confused with the specific name of the mimic.
Anosia herenice (The Queen), somewhat like plexippus
but with the ground-color a rich brown, occurs in the
Southwest and southward.

The Anosias belong to the subfamily Euploeinas. In
the Gulf States there is a narrow-winged species (The

116

Plate XXVII

Ano^iG plexippus

orthemib

orchippus ^

THE FRITILLARIES.

Zebra, Heliconius charithonius), brownish-black striped
with yellow, belonging to the subfamily Heliconiinae.
This interesting group abounds in the American tropics;
its members are supposed to be very distasteful to in-
sectivorous vertebrates, and therefore to be models for
numerous mimics.

The following (to p. 127) belong to the subfamily Nym-
phalinae.

Dione vanillcB (Gulf Fritillary) comes as far north as
Virginia; its wing expanse is about tliree inches; reddish
brown above with black spots, of which a row along the
margin of each hind wing are circles enclosing brown,
and three near the middle of the front margin of the front
wing are circular, each enclosing a white dot; below it is
gloriously spangled with silver.

The upper side of the Variegated Fritillary
Euptoieta jg ^-^^^^ ^^ p^^^^ XXVIII; the under side

Claudia

IS not silver-spotted. The larv^ae feed on

pansies, violets, mandrake, passion-flower, Portulacca,
and other things. The chrysalis is white and black, with
s''ightly gilded tubercles.

The Regal Fritillary usually prefers
Argynnis swampy meadows. The male differs from

the female (Plate XXVIII) in having the
submarginal row of spots orange, instead of cream, and the
black margin of the front wings less pronounced. Eggs
are laid in the fall and the young larvae live over winter.
They feed on violets; are black and yellowish red; and have
two rows of yellowish, black-tipped spines on the back,
and black spines with orange bases on the sides. The
chrysalis is brown, variously marked.

Note (Plate XXVIII) the broad yellow-

P7°*^ ish band near the edge of the under side of

cybele , . .

the hind wings of the Great Spangled

Fritillary. The larvae feed on violets and hibernate while

still young, frequently having eaten nothing but their

egg shells. When full grown, they are a rather velvety

black with black, sometimes orange-based, spines. The

chrysalis is a mottled dark brown.

117

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Note (Plate XXVIII) the absence of a

Argynnis broad yellowish submarginal band on under-

aphrodite ". .

side of hind wing, but usually there is a

narrow one and it is often difficult to tell aphrodite from

cyhele; they may hybridize. The life history, immature

stages, and range, much like cyhele.

The Moiintain Silver-spot is much like
Argymus ^^^ preceding species but is smaller, and

darker at the base of the wings both above
and below. On the upper side there usually is present
a narrow black border to all the wings and on the hind
pair the black spots in the middle are connected to form a
very narrow irregular band. Below, the submarginal
band of yellow on the hind wings is paler. The males have
a decided odor of sandal-wood. In early stages and life
history it is similar to aphrodite but it is more confined
to mountainous regions especially in the Southeast.

There are many other species of this genus in the West,
all rather difficult to identify correctly; and Brenthis (q. v.)
is often united with it. A. diana of the Southeast is
interesting because the male has the outer third of the
upper side of the wings orange while the female is black with
blue spots. As a rule, larvae of this genus have the front
spines the longest; they feed chiefly at night. The chrysa-
lids have a forked head.

Although the upper side of the Silver-bor-
Brenthis dered Fritillary is tawny with black mark-

ings and resembles B. bellona, the species
are easily distinguished by the fact that myrina is rich in
silver spots on the under side of the wings (Plate XXIX).
Its larvae feed on violets, and after hibernating get to be
about an inch long ; they are dark olive brown with Hghtcr
markings and are covered with fleshy spines. Chrysalis:
dark with darker spots and somewhat curved forward. .

See Plate XXIX and the description of
Brenthis myrina. The Meadow Fritillary has no

silver imdemeath. Its life-history is much
like that of myrina.

The chrysalids of Brenthis have tvso rows of conical

Ii8

EuploielQ cloucliQ

Arqynnis aphrodite

A r q Lj n n 1 5 1 d q I i q

THE CRESCENTS.

tubercles on their backs. B. montinus is interesting be-
cause it is found only on, or near, the summits of the White
Moimtains; the underside of the hind wings is much darker
than in myrina and the silver spots are not so large or so
numerous.

See Plate XXIX and discussion concem-

Phyciodes ' Melitcea harrisi. The wings of the Silver

nycteis

Crescent are tawny-orange, lighter on the

under side, and marked with black; the hind wing, below,

is largely silvery white; the usually imperfect "crescent"

is along the margin. The larvae, which feed on sunflowers

and other Compositag, are brownish-black with a rather

conspicuous orange stripe along each side; many rather

short, black, hairy spines. Although the larvse hibernate,

they do not seem to construct a shelter; probably they

crawl into a "ready-made."

The variable Pearl Crescent has two

Phycio es broods: those adults which come from

tharos

over-wmtered larvae are (among other

differences) brighter and with more distinct light markings

on the under side (variety marcia, Plate XXIX) than those

which develop during the summer. By chilling the pupae

we can cause some of the summer brood to be marcia.

The larvas feed on asters and are black with yellow spots

above, yellow side-stripes, and yellowish spines. The

slightly angulated chrysalis has brownish creases on a

light ground-color, and, on the middle of the abdomen,

a slight transverse ridge.

Phyciodes batesi differs from tharos by having heavier

black markiigs above and by the lack of conspicuous

dark markings on the lower side of the hind wings, these

being almost uniformly pale yellow. There are many

other species in the West.

The adult Baltimore (Plate XXIX) is

e 1 aea foimd in swampy meadows during June

and July. The wings are nearly black,

marked with red and pale yellow. The larvae, which feed

chiefly on Scrophulariaceas, are dark orange, ringed with

black, and covered with short hairy spines. They hatch

119

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

in late summer and are gregarious, spinning a silken tent
in which they pass the winter; in the spring they scatter
and become full grown by June. The chrysalids have a
rounded head, sharp tubercles on their backs, and are
whitish with dark and orange markings.

Resembles Phyciodes nycteis on the

Mehtaea upper side, but the underside is darker and

harrisi , . . ., ,

has a continuous row of silver spots along

the outer margin of the hind wings. The larvae feed on

the aster, Doellingeria umhellata; they are reddish with a

black stripe down the middle and nine rows of black,

branched spines.

The species of Grapta are called Angle- wings; they "look
as if Mother Nature had with her scissors snipped the
edges of their wings, fashioning notches and points accord-
ing to the vagaries of an idle mood." They are tawny,
with darker markings above, and below there is a combi-
nation of brown and gra}'' which corresponds closely with
the color of dead leaves. The chrysalis has a forked head
and a prominent tubercle on the back of its thorax. All of
the species hibernate as adults, hidden in hollow logs and
similar places.

By stretching your imagination a bit you

Grapta ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^ Question Mark made by the

interrogatioms ., , , ., -,,..

silver spots on the under side of the hind

wings but they look to me like (. and I think Fabriciushad
some other question on his mind when he named the species
interrogationis. It is also called Violet-tip, because of the
violet Papilio-like tail. The summer form (umbrosa)
has the dark markings on the upper side "clouded."
Plate XXX shows the winter form, fabricii. The larva feeds
chiefly on hop and elm ; it has a pair of branched spines on
the tip of its head and others on its bod}''; it is chestnut-
colored with light dots in longitudinal rows. Like other.
Grapta larvae, it frequently cocks its head when not feeding.
The chrysalis, which is the color of dead leaves, is very
angular and has a "Roman nose" on its thorax: in addi-
tion, the thorax bears one or more pairs of metallic silver
or gold spots.

120

Plate XXIX

Brenlhis
myrino

^ A\

MelitoeQ phaeton

Brenthis bellona

Larva

M. phaeton

Phijcioiies tharos

Phyciodes nycteis

121

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

^ ^ Harris, a pioneer American entomologist.

Grapta comma , ' . . & »

named the species from the silver mark on

the under side of the hind wings (Plate XXX); and
Edwards, one of our earliest and greatest Lepidopter-
ists, named the lighter hibernating form harrisi, in his
honor, calling the darker summer form dryas. The larva
feeds on hop, nettles, and related plants, slightly rolling
the leaves for its protection while eating; its color varies
from brown to greenish white. " The angulated chrysalis
closely resembles that of its allies of the same genus; it is
pale wood-brown, tinged and streaked with pale green;
the base of the tubercles along the back is of a metallic
color, both in this species and in the Violet-tip (which it
most resembles), and according to whether the color is
silvery or golden, so will the price of hops (on which both
are found) be high or low, according to the hop-growers;
and so these chrysalids are termed Hop-merchants."

^ This species (Plate XXX) is called Gray

Comma; its under side is grayish and its
"comma" is tapering at the ends. The larva feeds on
currant, gooseberry, etc.; it is spined much like the
Violet-tip but the body is yellowish brown, variegated
above with dark green. The chrysalis is a striking
mixtture of buff, olive-green, brown, salmon, and white.

The larva of G. faunus feeds on birch, willow, currant,
and gooseberry; the adult's wings are deeply notched and
the under side of the hind wings, each of which has a silver
mark like comma, are strongly tinted with green along the
outer third — the "leaf" is not quite dead! It is an in-
habitant of mountains as far south as the Carolinas.

The English name is Camberwell Beauty
Vanessa . . .

antiopa ^^"^t while rare in England, this species

(Plate XXX) is found throughout the tem-
perate regions of the world and gets as far south as Guate-
mala. We call it Mourning Cloak. It is the largest of
those of our butterflies which hibernate as adults, and he -
who has not seen it flitting in the leafless woods of very
earl}^ spring or "resting on the black willows, like a leaf
still adhering" is indeed unfortunate. Just inside the

122

Plate XXX

GroptQ interroqolionis

Vanessa anliopu-

12'

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

yellow margin of the upper side is a row of blue spots;
the under side is the color of dead leaves. The eggs are
laid in masses encircling the twigs of the willows, poplars,
and elms upon which the veh'ety-black larva, with orange-
red spots, feeds. The chrysalis is yellowish brown, with
darker markings and red-tipped tubercles.

Vanessa (or Grapta) j-alhum, Compton Tortoise, is
slightly smaller than antiopa, tawny orange above with
(among other markings) three large black patches and a
spot of white along the front margin; below, ashy brown
with a white J or L on the hind wings. V. milberti, Ameri-
can Tortoise-shell, is very dark brown above with two
tawny orange spots near the middle of the front margin
and a broad band of similar color across each wing; under
surface slate-brown; expanse, two inches or less. Both are
northern insects; the larva of the former feeds on birch,
and of the latter on nettles.

The Red Admiral is found throughout
Pyrameis most of the northern hemisphere. The

upper surface is purplish black with mark-
ings as shown in Plate XXXI, the lightly shaded areas
being bright orange and the apical spots white; the under
surface of the hind wings is marbled and marked with
wavy lines of intricate pattern and also with a green-dusted
submarginal series of obscure "eye-spots." The lar\^a,
which feeds on nettle and hop, is usually black, spotted
with yellow, and, like V. antiopa, the larvae of this genus
have no spines on their heads. The larva slightly rolls,
and lines, a leaf for its protection. The chrysalis is ashy
brown with golden spots and is to be looked for (but not
always to be found) hanging in a leaf which the larva has
rolled. Winter is passed in either the pupal or adult
stage; it is two-brooded.

This species is sometimes called Hunter's

Pyrameis Butterfly or Painted Beauty. The upper

huntera . . ^ ^ . . .'

surface is tawny orange and brownish

black, except for the white spots shown in Plate XXXI;

the under side of the hind wings has two eye-like spots. The

larva feeds on various "everlastings" and is velvety black

124

Plate XXXI

BasilQrchiQ QSlyanax

Pyramei's atalantQ

Pyramels cardul

^^ JunonJQ
.V coenia

12-

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

with narrow cross lines of yellow and a row of white spots
on each side. At first it makes a mat, imder which it
feeds, of silk and the hairs of its food plant ; later it fastens
leaves together and often pupates in this nest. The
chrysalis is difficult to describe. Find it. There are two
broods a year but pupae are to be found from June to March,
although the adult usually emerges early and hibernates.

I like "Thistle Butterfly" better than
Pyrameis "Painted Lady" since this lady "was bom

that way." The upper side is much like
huntera; below, however, the hind wings (Plate XXXI)
each have more than two, usually four, good eye-spots.
The head of the larva is hairy on top ; the body is greenish
yellow, mottled with black, and the bristly spines are
yellowish. It feeds on burdock, thistle, sunflower, holly-
hock, and other plants, making a shelter much like that of
huntera. The chrysalis is greenish or bluish white, marked
with black and brown, and with tubercles which are
often gold-tipped. This species is found throughout the
habitable world with the exception of South America.
It occasionally migrates in swarms.

The upper surface of the Buckeye (Plate
Junonia coema ,_^^^^^. . i , , ., i

XXXI) IS dark brown with conspicuous

peacock-like eye-spots, small orange spots, a dull whit-
ish band on each front wing and a narrow but conspicu-
ous band of yellowish orange on each hind wing; the
under surface is gray-brown with much the same mark-
ings except that the eye-spots of the hind wings are much
reduced. The larva feeds on plantain, snapdragon, and
Gerardia; it is dark gray, with yellow stripes and spots,
and with purple spines, one pair of which is on the head.
It is a southern species which gets as far north as New
England.

The upper side of the Red-spotted Purple
Basilarchia jg black and pale blue or green; the lower

side is brown with a submarginal row of red
spots, two red spots at the base of the fore wings, and four
at the base of the hind wings. The curiously shaped larva
is mottled with brown, olivaceous, and cream; it feeds on

126

PURPLES AND THE VICEROY.

the leaves of a variety of woody plants, especially willow
and wild cherry. When young, it is much given to eating
each side of the outer end of a leaf and using the midrib,
strengthened with silk, etc., as a perch on which to rest.
When about half grown, it rolls the uneaten portion
together, lines it and fastens it to the twig with silk, and
passes the winter in this snug retreat. Scudder describes
the chrysalis as "grotesquely variegated with patches and
streaks of pale salmon, dark olivaceous, inky plumbeous,
and yellow-brown, the lighter tints prevailing." The name
Limenitis is often used instead of Basilarchia and this
species is sometimes called Ursula. There are apparent
intergrades between this and the following species.

Plate XXVII gives a sufficient descrip-
Basilarchia ^^q^^ q£ ^j^g upper side of the Banded Purple;

arthenus ^^^ under side is dark brown with similar

markings and some orange spots in addition. The larva
feeds on birch, willow, poplar, etc.; it is somewhat like
astyanax (but has a saddle of pale buff) and has similar
habits. Like some other yoimg butterflies, it loosely
fastens a small ball of leaf-scraps near its feeding place;
this is supposed to distract an enemy's attention from it-
self. This Canadian species reaches into northern United
States in the high altitudes.

Plate XXVII shows the Viceroy, which is
Basilarchia ^^gQ called disippus, in three of its stages.

archippus Anosia plexippus is beHeved to have a

taste which birds do not like and, as that species has a
very striking appearance, any species which resembles it
would be likely to be unmolested by them. B. archippus
is said to "mimic" A. plexippus for the sake of this pro-
tection but that implies more than we know, all of which
is that the two look marvelously alike and that archippus
has departed widely from the appearance of its relatives.
Plate XXVII was arranged to illustrate vividly this case
of "mimicry," arthemis being taken as an example of
the relatives of Basilarchia. Equally striking instances
of the same phenomenon are known in tropical butterflies.
The larva, which feeds on willow and poplar, varies greatly
in its coloration.

127

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Skipping a number of species which are not likely to be
seen by many users of this book, we come to the sub-
family SatyrincB, the Nymphs and Satyrs, sometimes
more descriptively called the Meadow-browns. Their
larvae have the last segment forked and the chrysalids are
rounded.

Debis

The brown of Pearly Eye's wings (Plate
XXXII) has been described as "clay,"
portan m ^'goft^" "Quaker drab" and "with pearly

gray tints." The spots on the under surface are distinctly
eyed and there are conspicuous pearly violet markings.
The larva is yellowish green with red-tipped horns and
caudal forks; it feeds on grasses and hibernates when about
half grown.

The color of the upper side of the Grass
c^Sut^^ Nymph's wings (Plate XXXII) is de-

scribed as "mouse-brown"; below it is slaty
brown and the eye-spots are larger than those on the upper
surface. The tubercles on the head of the green larva are
red, striped with brown, and the tails are also red; it feeds
on coarse grasses and sedges and, unlike its near relatives, is
active by day. It is rather local in its distribution, pre-
ferring moist meadows.

This lover of shady forest-edges, the Little
eurytus Wood-satyr (Plate XXXII), is dark brown

above and lighter below, where the eye-
spots are more distinctly ringed with yellow. The larva
is greenish white, marked with brown, but there is no red;
it feeds on grasses.

Neonympha phocion is a southern relative of eurytus;
it has no spots above and the three (or four) spots on the
underside of the hind wings are so narrowed that they
might be called squint-eyed. The reader may find other
species of this genus but will recognize them as Satyrin£e,
at least.

The dark brown Common Wood-nymph
Satyrus alope

(Plate XXXII) has several varieties, which

are sometimes considered to be distinct species. The

form in which the yellow bands on the fore wings are

128

Plate XXXII

Sotyrus Qtope

variety nephele

129

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

clouded with brown is called neplieh and replaces alope
in the north, New York City being in the tension
zone. Together, they and other varieties of alope cover
practically the whole of the United States and Canada.
Along the Atlantic coast some individuals (called man-
tima) have the yellow band orange. The green larva
has no "horns" on its head and is devoid of markings
except for two pale stripes on each side ; it feeds on grasses.

The figure of the Snout-butterfly (Plate
bichmini XXXIII) saves further description. The

"snout" is made up of elongated palpi —
a characteristic of the subfamily Libytheinae, of which this
is the only representative in the Northeast, and probably
other U. S. forms are merely varieties. Curiously enough,
the males have only four usable feet although the females
have six. The larva feeds on hackberry and wolf berry;
its last two thoracic segments are slightly thickened; this
"hump" bears two black tubercles ringed with yellow;
the general body- color is green and there are three longi-
tudinal stripes of yellow.

Erycinid^

According to the system followed here, the same as is
used by Holland in his Butterfly Book, all the species thus
far considered belong to the family Nymphalidae. We
come now to the Lemoniidae or Erycinids, a family whose
chief home is the American tropics. Their common name
is IMetal-marks. The same sexual difference in legs [as
was noted in the Libytheinas and as exists also in the
Lycasnidae holds here. All the Nymphalid chrysalids
hang by their tails; the Erycinid chrysalids have their
tails fastened but they also have a silken support for their
backs which holds them upright.

The Northern Metal-mark (Plate
boreauf'^ XXXIII) ranges from South Carolina

to New York and IVIichigan and is the
only Erycinid to be found so far north; a somewhat
similar but smaller species (C virginiensis, not ccenius)
is found just south of it.

130

THE HAIR=STREAKS.

LvC/ENIDiE

The Hair-streaks, Coppers, and Blues puzzle even
the professional. Legs ("more or less") and method of
hanging chrysalids are as in Erycinidas, but the Lycaenidae
have neither a costal nor a humeral vein in the hind wings.
Please do not ask any more questions just now but see
Plate XXXIII, which will give you a general notion of the
appearance of these creatures. The larvae are fiat and
something like slugs.

The larva of the Common or Gray Hair-
Thecla streak feeds on the developing seeds of hop,

beans, Cynoglossum, Hypericum, and other
plants. Plate XXXIII shows the adult. In the South-
east there are two species whose upper sides somewhat
resemble melinus: T. wittfeldi, which is larger and has
conspicuous blue scales at the rear angles of its hind wings;
and T. favonius, which has a red spot on each fore wing.

The larva of the Olive Hair-streak feeds
Thecla ^^ cedar, but not smilax as some books

say. The species is found in the East from
Ontario to Texas, and several varieties have been described.
Plate XXXIII shows that the adult is greenish below.
T. halesus (Illinois southward) is iridescent bluish-green
above on the thorax and basal half of the wings; below,
the front wings are nearly plain; all of the wings have a
crimson spot near the base and there are three rows of
green spots on each hind wing. T. m-album (New Jersey
and Wisconsin southward) is bluish on the inner half of
the upper surface but, below, each fore wing is crossed
by two lines of white, one of which is continued on the hind
wing and is M-shaped at the rear. The larvae of both feed
on oak.

In addition, the following have more or less safe (for the
Northeast) catch characters:

Hind wings with long tails.

T. cecrops: a red band across the lower surface of the
wings just beyond the middle; New Jersey and Indiana
southward; larva unknown. T. calanus: a double row of

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

close, dark, blue-edged spots just beyond the middle;
Quebec to Colorado and Texas; larva on oak, chestnut,
and walnut. T. liparops: numerous, broken, white cross-
lines on imder surface; north of the Gulf States to Quebec
and the Rockies, not common; larva on Vaccinium (other
food records are probably erroneous).

Hind wings with almost, or quite, no tail.

T. titus: a row of coral-red spots on under side of hind
wings; Canada to Florida and the Rockies; larva on plum
and wild cherry. T. niphon: fringe of upper side of wings
alternately brown and white, under side of wings rich,
mottled brown, with distinct wavy white lines; larva on
pines; Nova Scotia to Colorado. T. augustus: expanse
less than one inch (smallest of the group), below uniform
rusty brown except for darker basal area of the hind wings;
larva on Kalmia and Vaccinium; North Atlantic States,
northward and westward.

Probably all the Thecla larv^ are attended by ants for
the sake of their sweetish excretions and titus, at least,
regularly passes the day in ants' nests, feeding by night.

Scudder, the Master Lepidopterist, in

Femseca whose works most of the statements con-

tarquinius . , ^. , . , . . , •

cernmg butterflies which are given m this

and similar books are to be found, used "The Wanderer"
as the nickname for this species (Plate XXXIII) but says
in Everyday Butterflies that it is "a very local insect, and
apparently never wanders more than a few rods from its
birthplace." Holland, who has done so much to popu-
larize the study of Lepidoptera, uses as the English name
"The Harvester," but harvesting connotes vegetable
products. I am taking the liberty of dubbing it The
Carnivore because its lar\'a alone, of all our butterflies,
is regularly a meat-eater although its relatives, if pressed
by hunger, will eat each other. The female lays her eggs,
usually singly, in, or near, masses of aphids (plant lice),
especially of the woolly aphis of the alder. The larva has
mandibles with four sharp, claw-like teeth and the whole
mouth is fitted for sucking the bod}^ fluids of the victims.
If aphids are the ants' cows, tarquinitis is a beef-eater.

132

Plate XXXIII

LijCoeno
comijntQs

Chrysophanus
hypophloeus

TheclQ melinus

i_

bythea
bQChmon

FenlsecQ tarquinius

TheclQ damon

Calephelis
borealis

THE COPPERS AND BLUES.

Possibly in order to hide from the ants, which might resent
their ravages, the larvae live in a silken web which the}'
spin and cover with empty "hides." Possibly it is this
strong diet which quickens the metamorphosis, for the
larva reaches the pupal stage in three, instead of four
or five, molts. Scudder points out a resemblance to a
monkey's face in the markings of the chrysalis (enlarged
in Plate XXXIII). This species, whose nearest relatives
live chiefly in Asia and Africa, is found from Nova Scotia
to the Gulf States and in the Mississippi Valley. It
should be said that the markings on the upper side of the
adult are variable; the under side is paler and the hind
wings have many small light-brown spots not appearing
above.

There are other American Coppers —
Chrysophanus butterflies, I mean,— but this species
ypop aeus ^^^^^^ XXXIII) was once "really-named"

americanuSj hence the "common" name. The adult is a
fearless, pugnacious, active, little beauty. The larva
feeds on sorrel (Rumex). Pupation usually takes place
under an over-hanging stone, in which condition one
brood passes the winter.

The Bronze Copper is about half again
Chrysophanus ^^ large as hypophlcBus; the female resembles
that species on its upper side except that
the dark base of the hind wing does not extend out so far;
the male differs from both in having the upper surface
of the front wing almost as dark as the base of the hind
wing and with a violet reflection. The larva feeds on
Rumex. There are two annual broods, and winter is
passed in the egg. Ranges from ]Maine to Pennsylvania
and Colorado.

The delicate hair-like tails of the Eastern
Lycsna ^^-^^^ g^^^ ^p^^^^ XXXIII) will repav

comyntas .

close examination; the}^ have a white tip.

The female is largely dark brown above. The larvae

feed on clover and other Legtmies, those of one of the three

annual broods hibernating.

133

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The Common Blue is also called pseud'
Lycaena ladon argiolus and the Spring Azure. Small, blue
butterflies are pretty sure to be this species, if they have
no tails; but it is a creature of many fashions, some of
which are shown in Plate XXXIII. These forms are
partly sexual, partly seasonal (there are two broods
around New York), partly climatic, and probably partly
something else. The larvae feed on the flowers of
various plants including Cornus, Cimicifuga, Actinomeris,
SpircBa, and Ceanothus. Ants attend the larvae and,
by touching them with their antennae, induce the lar^^ae
to excrete from abdominal glands a sweet fluid which the
ants drink.

PAPILIONIDiE

Both sexes of the Swallow-tails and their relatives have,
normally, six good walking legL,. The chrysalids have a
silk supporting strap around them but it does not hold
them as closely to the surface upon which they are fixed as
in the Erycinidae and Lycaenidae.

This imdesirable immigrant, the Im-
Pierisrapae p^^^^^ Cabbage-butterfly (Plate XXXIV),
is the only butterfly which seriously injures our crops.
It was accidentally introduced from Europe in i860 at
Quebec and in 1868 at New York; in twenty years it
covered about half of the United States and Canada; now
no cabbage patch from coast to coast is too small or too
isolated for rap(B. The well-known green larva feeds on a
variety of cruciferous plants but likes cabbage best —
Thank you! There are usually three broods a season,
winter being passed as a chrysalis from which adults
emerge early in the spring before the native cabbage
butterflies are stirring. These early spring adults are
smaller and less heavily marked than the summer form,
which is here illustrated. Some individuals (variety
immaculata) are without the black spots on the upper
side of the wings but the underside of the hind wings are
yellowish as in the typical form.

134

Plate XXXIV

Pierls ropoe

Pieri5 prolodice

P-i^^P' Euchloe qenutfa

oleraceQ ^

Largely White Butterjlies

135

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The Checkered White (Plate XXXIV)

^®"^,. is also called the Southern Cabbage Butter-

protodice ^

fly and used to be called the Common White

but, like our other native cabbage-feeders, its numbers
are diminishing as those of the foreigner increase. The
larvae feed on crucifers and, when they get a chance at
cabbage, they merely eat the outside leaves, which are not
worth much at any rate. The veins on the under side of
the female's wings, especially the hind ones, are tinged
with greenish yellow. Those adults which come from
overwintered chrysalids (var. vernalis) have so mud:
greenish gray on the hind wings that the white is reduced
to narrow triangular spots; spots on the upper side arc
much reduced, or even absent.

The larva of the Old-fashioned Cabbagc-
Piens napi butterfly now feeds on such crucifers as

it can get, but it is said to have been the Cabbage
Butterfly. Some call it the JVIustard White; some,
the Gray- veined White. The Comstocks say "The
species is essentially northern, but it spread far south
when Pieris rapes was introduced. In some way the
European species has greatly reduced its numbers; it has
literally taken to the woods as a result of this invasion
and is seldom found elsewhere." It is naturally (not by hu-
man intervention) found in Europe and throughout North
America as far south as the Gulf States, but it varies greatly
with region and season. Plate XXXIV shows the form
you are most likely to see. To quote the Comstocks again :
"E\ddently this species has not concluded whether it will
in its final form be all white; or have the front margins
and tips of the front wings blackish; or have one spot on
each front and hind wing; or have one black blotch along
the wings outside the middle; or if it will have the veins
of both wings above penciled with gray."

In the Gulf States there is Pieris monuste, which has a,
wing expanse of from 1.75 to 2.3 inches; the male is whitish
above, except for a narrow brown outer margin to the fore
wings ; the female has a broad brown outer margin on the
fore wings, as well as a narrow brown outer margin on the
hind wings, above.

136

THE COMMON SULPHUR,

Do not be disturbed if you see the generic name Pontia
instead of Pieris; it is probably better. See also Colias
for a white butterfly which may confuse you.

Plate XXXIV shows the male Falcate
Euchloe Orange-tip, the orange tip being indicated

genutia ^^ shading. The female has no such tip

on the upper surface and neither sex has it below, the
markings there being light greenish brown. The larva,
which feeds on rock-cress, shepherd's-purse, and other
Cruciferae, is bluish green, with pale dorsal and side stripes,
but, if you look closely, you can see fine stripes of other
colors.

Probably you have noticed that, among
Colias g^ flock of yellow butterflies, the Common

^ * ° ^*^^ Sulphurs, which rises from a roadside pool

as you pass, there is sometimes a white individual. This
is usually an albino philodice and, if so, almost certainl}'-
a female. However, even when white, the species
can be distinguished from Pieris by the silvery-centered
spots on the under side of the wings (see Plate XXXV).
The common, but rarely noticed, green larvas feed upon
clover leaves.

Colias eurytheme is about as variable as P. napi but can
usually be recognized by the strong orange tint of the
yellow on the upper side and the marginal markings which
suggest philodice. Its larva feeds on clover.

Most of us will agree with the Comstocks
Meganostoma ^^^^ ^^^ "face" of the Dog-face (Plate
XXXV) is more Hke that of a duck than of
a dog. However, it makes the species easily recognizable.
You may find it listed in some books under Colias or Zerene;
in nature you will find it from Pennsylvania (very rarely)
and southern Wisconsin to the Gulf States. Its larva
feeds on false indigio (Amorpha) and (?) clover.

Catopsilia euhule: Nearly every year strong-flying
individuals of this southern species get even further
north than Long Island; it has a wing expanse of 2.5 inches;

137

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

the male is plain yellow above, and the female has a row
of dark brown spots along the outer margin of the front
wings and a somewhat similar spot in the center of these
wings. The larva feeds on Cassia and other legumes.

The Little Sulphur may be recognized
Teriaslisa ^^ ^^^^^ ^f pi^^^ XXXV; the female is

paler on the upper side than the male and the black
border of the hind wing is much broken or nearly ab-
sent. The larva feeds on Cassia and there are three
broods, but we are not sure how our northern winters
are passed. My guess would be that they are passed
in the South, after the fashion of Anosia plexippus. In
this connection it should be said that "clouds" of the
autumn brood of adults have been noted as landing on
Bermuda from the northwest, having covered six hundred
miles of ocean. Albinic individuals are sometimes found.

Terias nicippe is much like lisa but somewhat larger;
the front wings of both sexes are tinged with orange and
the hind wings, especially of the female, have short, but
rather broad, cross-spots of iron-rust color. The larval
food and (?) life history are the same as lisa. In the
Gulf States there are three rather common species (elathea,
delia, and jucunda) which cannot be differentiated in a
few words; they may be known collectively by being
something like lisa but with a conspicuous dark band
along the hind margin of the front wings, upper surface.
This generalization, however, includes Nathalis iole,
which occurs from southern Indiana to Colorado and
northern Mexico. Its small size (wing expanse of not over
1.25 inches) helps one to "spot" it.

The Sulphurs and Whites are classed together as the
Pierin£e. The Swallow-tails (Papilio) and the western
genus Parnassius make up the subfamily Papilioninae.

This is the Giant Swallow-tail. The

^^' '° , adult shown on Plate I is smaller and

crespnontes , , „ , , _,

somewhat duller than the average. The

form of all of the stages shown is typical of Papilios. In

the South it is called Orange Dog because its larva feeds

138

Plate XXXV

Colias philodice

MeqanostomQ coesonlQ
139

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

on citrus leaves, and some authors use thoas as its specific
name, but this should be applied to a more southern
species. The horns on the larva are fleshly affairs, which
may be withdrawn or extruded through a slit in the
thorax; not only is their sudden appearing supposed to
frighten the larva's enemies but these horns exhale an
odor which, in some species, is quite disagreeable — in
other words, the young of the beautiful creatures are
insect skunks. The meaning of the color on the right
side of the adult, as shown in Plate I, is explained on p.
115. The wings are more largely yellow below than above.
The home of this species is the North American subtropics,
but it seems to be working northward (where the larva
feeds on prickly ash and Ptelea) and has been taken in
Canada. There are from two to four annual broods,
depending upon location.

Papilio One of the rules about scientific names is

glaucus and that the first name used for a species, if
var. urnus accompanied by a description, shall be

the name. Now Linnaeus evidently intended to call the
yellow Tiger Swallow-tail turnus, but, in his description,
he first referred to the dark form of the female (Plate
XXXVI), which is rare in the North but common in the
South, as glaucus; therefore glaucus is the name of the
species, but you may call it turnus. The larva feeds on
orchard and other trees, especially wild cherry, but is
never injurious. It has the luxurious habit of spinning
a web on top of a leaf, drawing it so tightly that it has a
spring couch upon which to rest when not feeding. There
is a pair of eye-like spots on the thorax, and, when the
true head is drawn under so that these appear to be on the
head, the thoracic "horns" are shot out, and the front
part of the body is swayed back and forth, even you might
hesitate to disturb its siesta.

The Spice-bush Swallow-tail is sometimes
Papilio called the Green-clouded Swallow-tail be-

troilus

cause 01 the color of the upper surface of the
hind wings; the female does not have the green so pro-
nounced but has hazy blue spots along the cloud's outer

140

I roil US

Plate XXXVI

P Q p i I i 0

turnus 5'^^^^^

poiLjxenes

p h i I e n 0 r

THE SWALLOW-TAILS.

margin (Plate XXXVI shows the male); below, the
front margin, at least, of the green cloud is replaced by a
row of orange spots. The larva feeds chiefly on sassafras
and spice-bush (Benzoin); it makes a series of succcessively
larger shelters for its resting times by folding a leaf at the
midrib, fastening the fold by silk threads placed near the
crease instead of at the edges. It keeps these shelters
scrupulously clean, eating its cast skin, when it molts,
except that it throws out the inedible cast "skulk"

A sometimes-used scientific name, asterias,
Papilio -g ^jgQ ^j^g common name. Plate XXXVI

po yxene shows the female; the male is not so dark,

his blue spots are not so pronounced, but his yellow spots
on the inner row are much larger. The larva is wasteful;
it eats our parsley and carrots, instead of sticking to
umbelliferous weeds, and does not eat its cast skins as do
its near relatives; otherwise it is a beautiful creature
which, like many of its relatives, changes the color and
cut of its dress at every molt, and which will stick out
its orange horns if you but threaten to poke it. The
species is found throughout the Atlantic States and the
Mississippi Valley; what have been considered races of it
extend this distribution to most parts of North America
and south to Cuba and Peru.

Plate XXXVI shows the male Pipe-vine
Papiho Swallow-tail; the female has a row of

distinct spots on each fore wing, correspond-
ing to those on the hind wings. The inner m.argins of
the male's hind wings are folded over and contain scales
which give off a faint odor, presimiably for the sake of
pleasing the female. It should be said that many male
Lepidoptera have similar scent-scales, placed in various
parts of the wings, body, and legs. The larva of philenor
feeds on the Dutchman's-pipe {Aristolochia) and differs
from most of its relatives by having, even when mature,
fleshy spines on several of the front and rear segments.
Instead of depositing her eggs singly, the female lays them
in little bunches; and the larvas, when yoimg, feed side
by side at the edge of a leaf.

141

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Papilio palamedes (wing-expanse, 4 to 4X inches)
suggests a giant polyxenes in which the inner row of yellow
spots on the upper surface of the hind wings is a continuous
band and there are three yellow spots near the front
between two rows on the fore wings. Its normal range is
from Virginia and IMissouri to Florida and Texas, its larva
feeding on Magnolia and Lauraceae.

Papilio marcellus (formerly called ajax) suggests
tiirnus, but has tails twice as long, is white instead of
yellow, has more black on the upper surface and, in addi-
tion, a red spot or two near the middle of the inner (hind)
margin of the hind wings. It is found almost everywhere
that its larval food (papaw) occurs in the eastern half of
the United States.

We have other species of Papilio, especially in our
West and Southwest ; some having no tails (e. g. polydamas,
which also carries perfume, of Florida), some two tails
(e. g. daunus of the western mountains), and the rare
piliimnus of Arizona having three tails.

Hesperiid^

I fear that Plate XXXVII will be exasperating to
those attempting to start an acquaintance with this
interesting but most difficult family. However, there has
been but little call for information concerning them, and
there are so many species that a great number must neces-
sarily be omitted. There are at least fifty species in New
Jersey — other regions are also well, many better, supplied,
about 2000 species having been described. The adults
are, for the most part, small and fly with rapid starts and
stops, as is indicated by their nickname. Skippers. When
resting, many of them (especially the Pamphilina) hold
the front wings at an angle different from that of the hind
pair. Both sexes have six feet ; their eyes are overhung
with curving "lashes" and the antennae of many species
are hooked at the tip.

The larvae are smooth and usually have a head, some-
what rough and hairy, which looks too big and seems to
be supported by a too slender neck. The appearance of
many suggests moth larvae, and nearly all of the species

142

THE SKIPPERS.

show a further resemblance to moths in that they spin a
sort of cocoon within which they pupate. This cocoon is
never very thick or complete and is merely a further
development of a habit of the younger larvae; still, it is
more of a cocoon than some moths make. The habit,
just referred to, consists of folding leaves or fastening
several together with silk so that the lar\^ae may have a
retreat when resting or molting. All species keep these
nests quite clean and some have interesting little tricks
about their homes. Scudder notes that Thanaos icelus,
which folds over part of a leaf, fastens it at first with
long strands of silk so that there is an "abundance of
space for air, or, indeed, the entrance of nearly any
enemy"; but, when the time comes for one of the several
changes of clothes, the larva brings the edges of the leaf
tightly together and fastens them securely. IMany species
make a new nest, out of a different leaf, at each molt, and
the same keen observer noted that Thanaos lucilius,
"when it leaves a nest to form a larger one always first
bites off the strands which have kept the old flap in place."

Reference has already been made to the fact that many
male Lepidoptera are addicted to the use of perfume.
Among the Hesperiid^, the males of the subfamily
Hesperiinas tend to have the scent-scales (androconia)
in a tiny fold along the front margin of the fore wings; in
the subfamily Pamphilinae these scales are near the middle
of the upper surface of the fore wings in a conspicuous
patch, which the Comstocks described as looking "to
the naked eye like a scorched oblique streak or brand."

The following notes concerning a few species (together
with Plate XXXVII} will help start you off, if you wish to
go, but one difficulty is that a given sex often resembles
the same sex of a different species m.ore closely than it
does the opposite sex of its own species; furthermore, the
same sex often has one or more varieties.

Hesperiinae

Epargyreus tityrus. The light marks are yellowish
except for the large silver spot on hind wing. Larva on
locust (Robinia), etc.

143

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Eudamus proteus. About the size of E. tityrus but each
hind wing has a long tail ; greenish on hind wings, especially
of males. American tropics to (rarely) New York. Larva
on Legumes.

Achlarus lycidas suggests tityrus but has no tails; it lias
no silver spot beneath, but a white smear along outer
margin of hind wings. Larva on tick- trefoil (Desmoditim) .

Thorybes bathyllus. Adults have white faces. Larva
on bush-clover {Lespedeza) and other Legumes. T.
pyiades is much like bathylhis but the spots are smaller and
the face is brown. Larval food the same.

Hesperia tessellata. Appears to be a white butterfly
strongly marked with black. Larva on Sida.

Thanaos juvenalis: general color blackish brown
with black mottlings and white, semitransparent dots;
larva on oaks and Legumes. T. brizo is about the size of
juvenalis; it lacks the white dots, has two distinct rows of
arrow-head, black marks on each front wing, and has
more gray scales. Larva on oaks and probably Legumes.
T. lucilius is about half the size of these ; it has minute but
distinct white dots on the front wings. Larva on colum-
bine {Aquilegia).

Pholisora catullus is much like T. lucilius but is blacker,
the white dots are more scattered, and it lacks the mottlings
of Thanaos. Larva on lamb's quarters {Chenopodium)
and Amarantaceas.

Pamphilinae

In this subfamily, however the sexes may differ above,
they are much alike below. Except where stated, the
light areas, on the species mentioned here, are yellowish.

Ancyloxypha numitor. Larva on marsh grasses.

Erynnis sassacus. Larva on grasses.

Catia druryi egeremet. The light areas are greenish
yellow. Larva on grasses. New England to Wisconsin
and our southern border.

Polites coras and Hylephila phylczus. Larvae on grasses.

Thymelicus mystic is much like E. sassacus but the
"brand" on the male is more like that of H. phylccus;
lower side of the hind wings is more distinctly banded or

144

Plate XXXVII

Th^rybes .
bQthi|llu5

ThanQOsjuvenQlib

Anculoxyphanumitor ^

^ HylephilQ ph^ltfeus

Erynnis
sassacus

Atrytone hobomoK

Catiadruryi egerement

10

145

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

spotted than in sassacus. It is often caught with this
species but is abundant later in the season.

A try tone hobomok. The variety pocahontas is always
female; the light markings are cream-color. Larva on
grasses.

Megathyminas

Megathymus is a genus in which the adults are stout
bodied and have a wing expanse of about three inches.
Their larvae bore in the pith of Yucca. This genus has
been variously placed and at one time was considered to
belong with the moths.

HETEROCERA

See p. 1 1 5 for some of the distinctive characteristics of
Moths.

Sphingid^

These trim creatures are, for the most part, called
Hawk Moths from their strong flight, but some are called
Humming-bird Moths. Although strong of flight, the
wings, especially the hind ones, are small in comparison
with the body, which is usually stout and tapered at the
hind end. The larvas are hairless, except when very
young, and usually have a horn (absolutely harmless) at
the hind end of the body; in some species, especially
when the larvas are full-grown, this horn is reduced to a
tubercle and in some it is entirely absent. The name of the
family and its English translation, "Sphinx," comes from
the more or less sphinx-like attitude of the larvce when at
rest with their front segments elevated and the head
drawn in. Pupation takes place in or on the ground and
some pupae have a "handle" which is really a sheath for
their long tongue. As far as I know, all the adults feed
and, with a few exceptions, all are crepuscular. When at
rest, their long tongues are tightly curled up imder their
head like a watch spring. There are many species, but
they are difficult to characterize in few words and I must
regretfully refer the reader to more special books, such as
Holland's Moth Book, for the identification of the majority.

146

HUMMING-BIRD SPHINX MOTHS.

_ . The adults of this genus of Humming-bird

Hemaris , ^ , , . , . . ., ^ ..^ ,

Moths, which IS also called Hamorrhagia

and which belongs to the subfamily Macroglossinae,
have wings from which part of the scales rub off so
easily that they are almost never seen and those
portions of the wings are, therefore, described as trans-
parent. These adults have the unmothlike habit of
flying freely in the bright sunlight and, when hovering at
flowers, they closely resemble humming-birds. Plate
XXXVIII shows the typical (summer) form of thenortheru
race of thy she. The spring form, cimbiciformis, differs,
among other ways, in having the outer margin of the trans-
parent areas an even line. There are also two seasonal
forms of the southern race. Hemaris dijjinis is smaller
than thysbe and has the dark areas on the abdomen black
instead of reddish. When flying, it suggests a bumble-
bee. The thorax of Hemaris gracilis is greener, in life,
than thysbe and has a pair of reddish, longitudinal lines
on the under side of its thorax. All three are eastern
species, gracilis being confined to the Atlantic States
and usually not as common as the others. Their larvae
feed on relatives of the honeysuckle, such as snowberry
(Symphoricarpos) and Viburnum. They usually pupate
in fallen leaves and generally make a poor sort of a cocoon.
The pupse do not have free tongue-cases.

Choerocampinae

Amphion nessus flies about twilight, and earlier, in
Maj' and June. It has a wing-expanse of two inches, or
more, but its body is only about an inch long; its general
color consists of various shades of brown ; there is a narrow,
yellowish- white band across the abdomen; the hind wings
have reddish centers and yellowish- white front margins;
the outer edge of each front wing has tvv'o marked indenta-
tions. The larva feeds on grape, Virginia creeper, and
other plants; it has a short, rough tail-horn, a brown
body-color with black and yellow dottings, and the third
and fourth segments somewhat enlarged. It pupates in
fallen leaves, usually spinning a few threads.

147

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

SpJiecodina ahhotii has a wavy outer margin of the front
wings similar to that of nessus but, among other differ-
ences, the basal half or two-thirds of the hind wings is
yellow. It flies, as a rule, just after sunset. The larvae,
which feed on grape and Virginia creeper, have tv/o color
forms, green and brown; they have an eye-like tubercle
instead of an anal horn. Even more than most of their
relatives, they thrash their tails about. Eliot and Soule
say: "We have seen orioles try to pick up an ahbotii
larva on our woodbine, and dart away with a scream when
it lifted its snake-like anal end with the tubercle shining
like an eye. The caterpillars make a squeaking noise;
how they make it we do not know." Other Sphingid
larvae make a similar noise. The tongue-case is not
free.

The adults of this common Striped Sphinx
Deilephila ^p^^^^ XXXVIII) may be found flying at,

apparently, any hour of the day or night
from July to November. Celerio is sometimes used for
the generic name. "When full-grown the caterpillars are
three inches long and vary greatly in coloring and mark-
ings. There seem to be two styles of dress ; one is yellowish
green with a series of connected spots along each side of the
back, each spot being colored crimson, yellow, and black ;
the other dress is black, with a yellow line down the middle
of the back, and yellov/ spots of various sizes along the
sides. These two styles may be varied in many ways"
(Dickerson). There is a distinct anal horn. Although
it is sometimes called the Purslane Sphinx, the larvs
feed on a great variety of plants including apple, grape,
Virginia creeper, and ciurrant. It is sometimes injurious
to cultivated plants but it has never hurt "pursley"
enough to suit me. Sometimes they make a loose, open
cocoon at the surface of the ground, but usually they go
just below the surface and spin no threads. The tongue-
case is not free.

Deilephila intermedia is much like lineata except that it
has only two pairs of dark marks on its abdomen and the
veins of the front wings are not marked with whitish. It
is not usually common but it ranges from Canada to

148

Plate XXXVIII

Hemans
thysbe

Deilephila

"neatQ

Ampelophagus myron

Pholus pandorus

THE HOG SPHINX.

Mexico, and a nearly related species is found in the Eastern
Hemisphere. The larva feeds on grape, Epilobium, and
other plants.

This (Plate XXXVIII) may be but a form
Pholus q£ satellitia. It flies at dusk, and later,

from June to November. The larva, which
feeds on grape and Virginia creeper, is green, when yoimg,
and has a long horn, which often curls over its back;
but the full-grown larvas are tailless and usually brown.
The pupa, with adhering tongue-case, is usually formed
onderground. It is a widely distributed species with
several local races.

Pholus achemon has a brown general color, the basal
three-fourths of the hind wings are pink, and the dark
markings on the hind margin of each front wing are re-
duced to a rectangular spot near the middle and a smaller,
triangular spot near the outer end. Larv'al and pupal
habits like those of pandorus.

For some reason, or none, this species
Ampelophagus j^ ^^^^^^ jj^g Sphinx. Plate XXXVIII

shows a larva bearing on its back the co-
coons of an Ichneimionid whose larvae had been feeding
on the tissues of the moth's larvas. Such cocoons may be
found on many kinds of caterpillars but this species is
much afflicted by the parasites. The principal food
plants of myron are grape and Virginia creeper. A cocoon
is made among fallen leaves.

A. pholus is much like myron but the front wings are
brownish. Its larva feeds on Virhunum and Azalea.
There are two annual broods.

A . versicolor differs from myron in having a white median-
dorsal line and, on the thorax, a pair of white side lines,
white markings on the green front wings and a broad,
whitish hind-margin of the hind \\ings. The larvae feed
on Hydrangea, Decodon, and buttonball {Cephalanthus) .

149

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Sphinginae

A name commonly used for this genus is
Phlegethontius p^otoparce; Carolina (Plate XXXIX) was
celeus called sexta because of the six orange-yellow

spots on each side of the adult's abdomen,
and celeus was called quinque-maculatus because it has
five such spots. The general color of the adult Carolina is
grayish brown; celeus is much lighter and, among other
differences, the dark lines corresponding to the two outer
ones on the hind wings of Carolina are fused to form a
band and the three inner lines are distinctly zigzagged.
The mature larva of celeus may be distinguished from
that of Carolina by the fact that the lower ends of the hght
markings on the side of the abdomen curve backward
below the spiracles (breathing holes). In the South
the pupae are sometimes called " hornblowers " because the
free tongue-case suggests a wind instrument. The larvae
are called Tobacco Worms or Tomato Worms, according
to the crop on which they are found. They also eat the
leaves of potato and other Solanaceae.

Smerinthinse

The Modest Sphinx is not usually com-
Pachysphinx ^^^^ |^^^^ when seen, always attracts atten-
tion. The shaded portions of the wings
(Plate XXXIX) are brown, tinged, on the hind wings,
with pink; the dark spot near the angle of each hind wing is
purplish black. A western form, occidentalis, has whitish
front wings and largely pink hind wings. The larvae feed
on poplars and willows, pupating in the ground. Some
authors place this species in the Oriental genus Marumha.

Holland explains the scientific name of
Sphinx ^ ^^g Twin-spot Sphinx as follows: "This

gemlrmtur^ beautiful hawk moth was originally named
and described in error by Drury as coming
from the Island of Jamaica. He also was so unfortunate
as to have had for his type an aberrant specimen in which
the ocellus of the hind wing had but one blue spot. Such

150

Plate XXXIX

Phlegethontius Carolina

Pachijsphinx
modesta

Sphinx

qeminatus >«

151

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

specimens now and then occur, and have been obtained by
breeding from the normal form, to which Say gave the
name geminatus. Specimens also sometimes occur in
which there are three blue spots in the ocellus, and Mr.
Grote gave to this aberrant form the name tripariitus."
The groimd-color of the wings is light gray but the eye-
spots (Plate XXXIX) are set in a pink area; the thorax
and front wings are marked with rich brown. The larva;
are bluish green with yellowish white lines and granules;
the horn is usually blue but sometimes greenish or even
pink. They feed on willows, poplars, birches, and wild
cherry. The tongue-case of the pupa is not free. Adults
fly from May to August.

Sphinx cerisyi has a wing-expanse of about four inches
and the single ocellus on each hind wing consists of a
dark spot surrounded by, first, a light ring and, then, a
dark one. Its larva feeds on willow.

/ Adults of Calasymholus (also called Paanis) have, on
each hind wing, a light dot surrounded by a dark ring.
The size and outline of the wings of C. myops are almost
exactly those of S. geininafus but the general color of the
front wings is brown and the eye-spots of the hind wings
are set in a yellow area. Larvae on wild and cultivated
cherry. C. astylus is about like myops in size and general
color but the outline of the wings is more even and the
front wings have a white streak parallel to their outer
margins. Larvae on huckleberry and dangleberry. C.
exccBcattis is somewhat larger than geminatus and it has a
similar pinkish area on the hind wings but the general
color is browner and the outer margins of the front wings
are saw-toothed, six or eight teeth to each. Larvae on
Rosaceae and a large number of other trees.

Sphingid larvae are so easily recognized as being Sphin-
gids that the following additional notes may be helpful but
it should be said that larvae often eat other sorts of leaves
also. Larvae of Theretra {Cheer ocampa) tersa feed on
Bouvardia and buttonwood. Dilophonota ello, on Euphor-
bia. Phlegetho7itius {Protoparce) rustica on Chionanthus
and Jasminium; P. cingidata, on morning-glory and

152

THE GIANT SILK=WORM MOTHS.

sweet-potato. Hyloicus (Sphinx) kalmicB, on laurel, lilac,
ash, and Chionanthus; H. drupiferartim, on plum and wild
cherry; H. gordius, on huckleberry, bayberry, and birch;
//. luscitiosa, on willow; H. chcrsiSy on lilac and ash; H.
eremitus, on pepper, wild bergamot, and Salvia; H. plc-
heius, on trumpet vine and Passiflora. Dolba hylcEtis
larvae are said to complete their growth in twenty days on
black alder and sweet fern. ChlcBnogramma jasminearum,
on ash. Larvae of Cerato^nia amyntor have four short
thoracic horns in addition to the anal one and feed chiefly
on elm; the black and yellow larvae of C. catalpcz feed on
Catalpa. Lapara bombycoides and coniferarum, on pines_
Cressonia juglandis, on hickory, walnut, ironwood, and
wild cherry.

Saturniid^e

These Giant Silk- worm A'loths are the amateur's delight
because of their large size, beautiful colors, and often
conspicuous cocoons. The antennae of the males arc
feathered to their tips and are always larger than those
of the female; the mouth-parts of the adults are poorly
developed and apparently functionless but the huge
larvce are certainly hearty feeders and, fortunately, have
many enemies; whoever tries to raise Satumid adults
from wild cocoons is almost sure to get more parasites
than moths.

The Asiatic Ailanthus Silk-moth (Plate
Philosamia -j^l) was brought to America about 1861,

presiimably m the hope that silk irom its
cocoon might be used commercially. That hope has not
yet been realized and the larvae occasional!}^ occur in large
enough numbers to be injurious to ailanthus trees — their
original and favorite leaf, although they also feed upon
wild cherry, linden, sycamore, lilac, and other plants.
The full-grown larva is green with black dots; the tubercles
are pale to quite blue except that those of the lowest
(substigmatal) row are banded with black; the head,
legs, props, and anal shield are 3'ellow except for blue
markings on the last two; spiracles (or "stigmata," the
row of breathing holes along the sides) are black viith a

153

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

white dot at each end. The larvae eat their cast skins.
The cocoon is spun on a leaf which has first been fastened
to the branch with silk, the pupa hibernating. Hanging
cocoons like this are hard for birds to peck. The adults
may be recognized by the white tufts on their abdomen.
Distributed locally (especially near cities) along the
Atlantic Coast.

Rothschildia, with two species, orizaba and jorulla, in
Arizona, may be recognized by the triangular shape of
the translucent spots of the fore and hind wings.

The Saturnids are indeed fortunate

^™'*. moths; they have largely escaped success-

cecropia o j t-

ful "English" christenings. Although this
species (Plate XLI) was named cecropia by Linnasus long
ago and has been a common and popular moth in this coun-
try ever since moths were at all popular, Cecropia is still
its common name. I hope my children's children will call
it Cecropia even though it has been recently nicknamed
something else by a lady who writes very good fiction but
who has done immeasurable harm to unalloyed love of
nature by encouraging the commercial viewpoint. People
forget that the Limberlost stories are fiction, and my
mail has been filled with letters from people, ranging all the
way from an eight-year-old boy, who wanted to sell a bat-
tered Luna so that he could get a pony, to invalids, who
wished to find a market for the moths which came to their
bedside lamps so that they might buy medicine. Permit
me to say that he who goes to Nature with money in his
eyes will not only be blind to her truths, her glories, and
the real benefits which she offers to those who love her,
but he will be disappointed as to his financial returns.
The "market" value of even our rare insects is so small
that, unless you have the requisite knowledge and can
give your entire time to collecting, classifying the spoils,
and finding the particular markets for the particular sorts,
you xAW not usually be paid for shoe-leather. But to.
return to more pleasant things: Cecropia's head, body,
and bases of the fore wings are a rich red except for the
white bands; the general wing-color is dusky^ reddish brown;

154

Plate XL

PhilosQmiQ cynlhiQ

155

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

the crescents on the wings vary from white (especially on
the hind wings) to reddish and are bordered with red and
black ; outside the prominent white band there is a reddish
band (in S. gloveri of the West this band is broader and
purplish gray although inside of the white band the wings
are red); the outer border of both pairs of wings is light
clay-brown. S. Columbia occurs in northern United
States (west to Wisconsin) and in Canada ; it has a wing
expanse of only about four inches and no red margin to
the white cross band. S. rubra of Utah and Wyoming
westward is about the size of Columbia but the general wing
color is rather uniformly light red ; it lacks, as does also
gloveri, the round dark areas near the hind angles of the
fore wings. The larva of cecropia is about four inches long ;
green with bluish tints, especially along the back, two
rows of blue tubercles along each side, two rows of yellow
ones along the back, and two pairs of red ones on the
thorax. The large cocoons, which when cut open have
distinctly the appearance on one cocoon inside another,
are fastened to a branch, or other support, but not to
leaves. Some cocoons are much larger and puffier than
others, probably because the larv'ae which made them were
better fed. This species ranges from the Atlantic to the
Great Plains.

I am sorry that such an authority as

Callosamia Holland should have called this species

promethea.

(Plate XLII) the Spice-bush Silk-moth

when "Promethea" was already in common usage; further-
more he says, trul}'', that "The insects subsist in the larval
stage upon a great variety of deciduous shrubs and trees,
showing a special predilection for Lauracece, Liriodendron,
Liqtiidambar , and wild-cherry" (spice-bush and sassafras
belong to the family Lauraceae). The mature larva is
from two to three inches long; head, yellowish-green;
body, ' ' frosted ' ' bluish-green ; six rows of small black tuber-
cles; two pairs of red tubercles on the thorax; one yellow
tubercle on the eleventh segment; the legs and the anal
shield yellow. The cocoon is much like that of cynthia
but tends to be darker and sUmmer and is not so likely to
have silk strands over the leaf. The general color of the

156

Plate XLI

Samla cecropia

157

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

male's wings is such a dark maroon that it is sometimes
practically black and all but the marginal markings are
obscured ; the female is much lighter colored.

Both sexes of C. angulifera have a fat, V-shaped, white
mark, something like that on the hind wings of the female
promethea, on the front wings, and the female has it on the
hind wings also. Its larva feeds chiefly on the tulip-tree
{Liriodendron) . The cocoon is wrapped in leaves like
Promethea 's but with the difference that usually no " stem "
fastening it to the twig is made so that the cocoon falls
to the ground when the tree sheds its leaves. It is an
Atlantic Coast species which is usually not common even
in the Middle States, its principal home.

The Satumid moths thus far mentioned belong to the
subfamily Attacinae. We now take up the Saturniinae.

Actias luna '^^^ Luna Moth (Plate XLIII) is rather

generally considered to be our most beautiful
insect but its lovely green fades rapidly to a light gray.
It is rather common and, once seen, is rarely forgotten.
The larva feeds on walnut, hickory, sweet-gum (Liquid-
ambar), persimmon, and other trees; when mature, it
is about three inches long; it varies somewhat in its
colors, especially those of the tubercles; and suggests
the larva of polyphemus but may be distinguished from it
by the yellow lateral line and the absence of the seven
oblique side-stripes; when about to pupate, the back
usually changes from yellowish green to pinkish. The
cocoon is very thin and rattles when pressed or when the
pupa moves; it is usually made between leaves on the
ground. In some sections it is at least double-brooded.
'^he early-spring adults usually have purple outer margins
on the wings; later individuals lack these.

Larvae of Polyphemus (Plate XLIV) are

sent in to the American Museum every

season so that they must be frequently

seen by the "laity" even though they are the color of

leaves. They feed on oak, birch, and a great variety of

other trees, and somewhat resemble those of luna. More

158

Plate XLII

CallosQiTiiQ prometheQ

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

than their relatives, polyphemus larvae have the habit of
elevating the front part of their bodies and pulling in their
heads to assume a "terrifying attitude"; clicking their
jaws probably adds to the effect. Many books say
that the cocoon falls to the ground in the autumn (there
is but one annual generation) but this is by no means
always the case. The cocoon, which is more solid than
Luna's, contains a long, unbroken, easily unreeled thread
of silk which would be commercially valuable if labor were
cheaper. The wings are ochre, usually pinkish, and
each has a transparent spot, those on the hind wings being
bordered inwardly by blue and set in a black ring.

. . The larvae of the lo Moth (Plate XLV)

should be handled carefully since their
spines are sharp and are connected with glands which
secrete an irritating fluid. They feed on a great vari-
ety of plants, including corn, and, when young, "fol-
low the leader, " spinning a silken path for the guidance
of those which are behind. The larva is easily recognized,
especially on account of the red (upper) and white (lower)
longitudinal stripes on the sides of the abdomen. The
thin, semitransparent, brown cocoon is spun among leaves
on the ground. There are several other species which
may be recognized as Automeris from their general resem-
blance to io; another generic name is Hyperchiria.

Ceratocampid^e

The adults have mouth parts but probably do not
feed. Pupation occurs in the ground, no cocoons being
formed. Perhaps we should call this family Citheronidse.

The black and yellow (or orange) larvae
of Anisota senatoria (Plate XLVIII) feed
on oak, often in large colonies. The adult female has a
yellow body and brownish-yellow wings, largely free from
dark dots and with a tendency toward violet at the mar-
gins of the front wings. The male is reddish brown and
the central halves of the front wings are slightly translu-
cent. The larva of A . virginiensis, on oak, is dark greenish,

1 60

Plate XLIII

^

/

Actios lunQ

Plate XLIV

TeUQ polyphemus

i6i

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

with two purplish red stripes and three rows of black spines
on each side; it is covered with white granules and has
a pair of long, black "lashes" on the second segment.
The adult female is much like the female senatoria but is
more thinly scaled and with a definite violet band along the
outer margin of each front wing. The male (Plate XLVIII)
is like the male senatoria but darker and the central areas
of the front wings are transparent, with definite boundaries.
The larva of A. stigma, on oak, chestnut, and hazel, is
brown, dotted with white; it has a very narrow, dusky,
mid-dorsal line and a wider one on each side along the
spiracles; body spines longer than in the other species.
The adult female is much like the femxale senatoria but with
about half an inch greater wing expanse, is more heavily
scaled, and with a tendency to have the front wings, at
least, thickly dotted with black. The male is much like
its own female, but smaller and with a tendency to violet
along the outer margins of the front wings; the wings have
no translucent areas. The chrysalids are all much alike.

The Rosy Maple-moth (Plate XLV) is
Dryocampa sometimes, probably correctly, put in the
rubicunda ^^^^^ Anisota. Its larva feeds on maple.

The pupa is somewhat shiny; and the adult, though vari-
able in color, may be known by being a fluffy combination
of rose color and pale-yellow, often tinged with pink. It is
most abundant in the Middle West but it is occasionally
injurious from Mississippi to New York.

Names applied to the adult and larva
Citheronia respectively. Royal Walnpt-moth and Hick-

'egalis Qjy Homed Devil, tell two of the food

plants of this species (Plate XLVI); there are a variety of
others, including butternut, ash, persimmon, sweet gum,
and sumac. The horns of the mature larva are reddish,
tipped with black, and are perfectly harmless. Perhaps
the best short description of the adults is by Kellogg:
"a rich brown ground-color on body and hind wings, with
the fore wings slaty gray with yellow blotches, and veins
broadly marked out in red-brown."

162

Plate XLV

VarvQ

Automens lo

^

DryocQmpQ rubicunda

Plate XLVI

Citheron'iQ reqalis

163

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The Pine-devil {Cither onia sepulchralis) , which is said
to range along the coast from Maine to Florida but which
has never been reported from New Jersey, for example, is
somewhat smaller than re galls and has uniformly brown
wings.

The hairy larvae of the Imperial Tvloth
^sUona (pi^^g XLVII) vary from green to very dark

brown; their horns are proportionately
larger in the younger stages. The female is rich canary-
yellow marked with pinkish purple ; the male has the same
colors but the purple is darker and covers most of the fore
wing. Food plants: a great variety of trees including
hickor}% oak, elm, maple, spruce, pine, junipers, and
hemlock. Another generic name is Eacles.

Amattdje

These largely southern moths are day-flyers and some
of them much resemble H3-menoptera. The proboscis is
asually, but not always, well developed so that they may
feed. The family has also been called Syntomidae, The
cocoons are of felted hair.

Lycomorpha pliolus (Plate XLVIII) may be recognized
by the black and yellow markings. Its larva is said to
feed on lichens. The adult is common on flowers and is
found throughout the United States.

Scepsis fulvicollis (Plate XLVIII): the wings are
brown, except for the transparent central part of the hind
wings; the abdomen is metallic blue-black; and there is a
yellow collar. The larvae feed on grasses, and the adults
frequent golden-rod flowers.

Ctenucha virginica: the adult, which has brown wings,
metallic bluish-black body, and orange head, is found at
the flowers of blackberries. Spiraea, and other plants in the
Appalachian region. The larva feeds on grasses.

164

Plate XLVII

BQsilonQ imperialis
165

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

L1THOSIID2E

The larv£e of this family are hairy, somewhat after the
fashion of the Arctiidae. Cocoons, of silk and larval hairs,
are made by some species but others are said to have
naked pupse. The adults have thread-like antennae and,
usually, well-developed mouth parts; they are popularly
called Footman l^Ioths.

Hypoprepia fucosa (Plate XLVIII) has three lead-
colored stripes on the fore wings, the ground color being
yellow and red. H. miniata is very much like it but the
dark markings are darker, and the light portions are bright
scarlet. The larvae of both feed on lichens.

Arctiidae

Topsell, in his History of Serpents (1608), said the larvae
of these moths were called Palmer-worms, by reason of
their wandering and roguish life, although by reason of
their roughness and ruggedness some call them Beare-
wormes (modem: Woolly Bears). Keats referred to the
adults when he wrote :

"All diamonded with panes of quaint device,
Innumerable of stains, and splendid dyes,
As are the Tiger Moth's deep damask wings."

There are more than 2000 species. The larvae are hairy,
usually very much so. The cocoons are made of silk and
larval hairs. The adults of some genera have aborted
mouth parts; others have well-developed probosces.

The color and markings of the Beautiful
Utetheisa Utetheisa (Plate XLIX) vary greatly but

^^^* there is nothing in its range (Quebec to

Mexico and Antilles) which closely resembles it, except the
southern U. ornatrix which has "washed-out" front wings.
Although the adult sometimes comes to lights, it is easily
flushed, in the daytime, by walking through the meadows
in which its food plants grow. The larva is recorded as
feeding on cherry, elm, and other plants, but I have found
it only on and in the green seed-pods of Crotalaria (Rattle-
box) and doubt if it feeds on anything but Legumes.

166

Plate XLVIII

AnisotQ senatoriQ

A.virginiensis

LycomorphQ
pholus

Scepsis

{ulvicollis

HypoprepiQ
fucosa

167

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Nature seems to make the Haploas, and
Baploa other Arctids, by guess, they are so variable.

Plate XLIX shows one of the more constant species, H.
■clymene. Species of this genus tend to have a dark band,
more or less complete, running from the hind margin
of each front wing to near its apex; these wings are often
margined with dark color also but in some forms they are
immaculate. The larvae are classed as "general feeders"
but more careful study will doubtless discover decided
preferences.

Plate XLIX shows the female; the male
Estigmene j^^ yellow hind wings. The spotting varies

**^'** greatly in both sexes, and there are a number

of local races. The name, Salt-marsh Caterpillar, is mis-
leading; as a matter of fact, the species is found throughout
North Araerica, the larva being a general feeder.

The unsightly nests, made in late summer,
Hyphantria ^ ^^ie Fall Web-womi are frequently con-
"^""^^ fused with the spring tents of Malacosoma

americami. The nest of cunea has a lighter texture and
covers all the leaves upon which the colony of larvae are
feeding; it occurs on more than a hundred different kinds
of trees, apple and ash being among the favorites. The
figures on Plate L indicate the great variability which
exists in the markings of both larvae and adults. The
pupa, slightly protected by a loose cocoon, hibernates
in crevices of bark, loose soil, etc. The eggs are laid in
flat masses on the under side of leaves.

The larva of this species (Plate XLIX)
Isia isabeUa j^g caused much comment: Kellogg calls
it "the woolliest woolly bear," and notes that "hedge-
hog" is a popular name; Holland connects the phrase
"to caterpillar/* in the sense of quickly yielding to
unpleasant circumstances, with this species because, when
disturbed, the lar\^a curls up and lies motionless (a
trick of the hedgehog, also); while Comstock recalls the
"Hurrj^ng along like a caterpillar in the fall" when speak-
ing of the larva's apparent haste to find a snug place in

i68

Plate XLIX

HaploQ clymene

UtetheisQ beliQ

• • •

» V #

hla Isabella

r^»

Estiqmene Qcroea

"^. .^

Di QcrisiQ

virginlcQ

Apaniesis.

Euchaetlas egle

WOOLLY BEARS.

which to curl up for the winter. When spring comes, it
hustles for a little food, plantain being a favorite, and then
pupates in a cocoon made of sillc and larval hairs. The
relative amount of black in the larva's "fur" varies greatly
and is said to foretell weather but I forget what is what,
although some experiments which I once made indicated
that past, not future, moist conditions increase the amount
of black. There are twd annual broods.

Diacrisia (also called Spilosoma) virginica is the Yellow-
bear of our gardens; the dense, long hair of some in-
dividuals is, however, white and of others is reddish. The
adults (Plate XLIX) have up to four small black dots on
each of their white wings. One of the several broods
hibernates in the pupal state.

Apantesis: There are twenty or more species in the
United States alone. It is rather characteristic of the
genus that the front wings are checkered somewhat after
the fashion of the species, nais, shown in Plate XLIX;
the prevailing colors are red, brown, and white. The
larvae are general feeders, especially on low-growing things,
such as plantain.

Numbers of the gay Harlequin cater-
Euchstias p.^j^j.g ^pj^^g XLIX) are frequently seen on

milkweed, feeding together in apparent
disregard of birds. Alost birds do not seem to care for
hairy larvs at any rate, but probably this species gets
additional protection, advertised by its colors, from the
acrid nature of its food. The cocoon is formed under
loose stones and leaves. One brood of adults flies in June,
another in late summer. It and the foUov/ing species are
given, by some authors, the generic name Cycnia.

PareuchcEtes (or Ammalo) eglenensis also feeds on milk-
weed. The predominating color of the larval hairs is
dark gray; its head is orange, while that of egle is black.
The adult resembles egle but is somewhat smaller and has
the front margin of the front wings, the head, and the
collar, orange. There is a summer form {inopinatus) in
which the gray portions are almost white.

169

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

"The Hickory Tiger" is one of the
Halisidota English names of this species (Plate L)

and, like the specific name, refers to the
larva's fondness for hickory leaves but, as a matter of
fact, it feeds on other trees also. It has also been called
Tussock Moth, but that name should be reserved for a
species of Liparid^ whose larvae these resemble. The
cocoon, which is made in some sheltered nook, is composed
of larval hairs pushed through a very thin envelope of silk.
The author of Insect Lives; or Born in Prison quaintly
describes the color of the moths as being the same as that
of hickory-nut meat.

Halisidota tessellaris is much like caryce but the larva has
no "black buttons down the back" and its body hairs are
usually tinged with yellow or brownish ; the adult tessellaris
is much paler, being pale straw-color, and has bluish-
green lines on the thorax. The larva is sometimes too
common in our gardens and on shade trees. That descrip-
tion of the adult also fits the southern cinctipes, which is
larger and has the lower part of its legs gartered with
black. The western argentata has the white spots silvery
and the ground color of the front wings dark brown. The
adult of the northern maculata might be loosely described
as like caryce except that the white spots are dark spots.

AGARISTID.E

Members of the genus Alypia are called

Alypia Foresters: translating the specific name,

octomaculata , . . ,^. t \ • ■,■, ^ t t^- ^

this species (Plate L) is called the J:!.ight-

spotted Forester. Its larva, which feeds on the leaves of

grapes and of the Virginia creeper, is orange, yellow^

black, and white; it has a hump near its tail. Pupation

occurs in a very thin cocoon of chips and silk at, or slightly

below, the surface of the ground; or the larva may gnaw

into wood to pupate. The velvety-black adult has yellow

spots on the front wings, white on the hind. It frequently

flies by day. Although the Eight-spot is confined to the

northeastern quarter of the United States, other sections

have similar species.

170

Plate L

HyphontriQ cunea

»

HalisidolQ caryoe

V, \f'-V.,

AlypiQ oclomQculatQ
171

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

NOCTUID.E

We have about 2000 species of this family in the United
States. "Quite two thousand too many," most farmers
and gardeners would say, because Cut-worms are young
Noctuids; but not all young Noctuids are cut-wonns.
Noctua is the Latin for "owl"; these moths fly by night,
and some have shiny eyes ; we sometimes call them Owlet-
moths. They come abundantly to lights and some species
crowd "sugar bait," sipping the sweets. Like the adults,
the larvae, as a rule, feed by night. Those which are
cut-worms are naked and hide by day just under the sur-
face of loose earth or beneath stones and other shelters.
They may be distinguished from "White-grubs," larvae of
beetles which have somewhat similar habits, by the fact
that they have fleshy prop-legs on their abdomen. Cut-
worms curl up, head to tail, when at rest or when disturbed.
When very abundant, they clamber over plants eating the
leaves, but their common name is derived from their
habit of gnawing through the stems of tender annuals.
Many cut-worms hibernate in snug underground cells and,
so, are ready vigorously to attack our seedlings in the
spring. Many other Noctuidae, especially those whose
larvae feed on trees, hibernate as pupae. Cut-worms may
be controlled by turning over the soil in the late fall and
early spring; but, better, they may be poisoned by distrib-
uting throughout the garden, before setting the seedlings,
a mash made as follows: i part by weight of Paris green,
25 parts of bran, moistened with molasses diluted to half-
or quarter-strength with water. Chickens invading the
garden will be killed by this mash. Some of the destruc-
tive species of garden cut- worms which will not be further
mentioned here are (Plate LI) Agrotis ypsilon, Euxoa
messoria, Peridroma saiicia, Mamestra picta, Rhynchagrotis
anchoceloides, Noctua clandestina, and N. c.-nigrum.-
Xylina antennata (Plate LII) feeds on apple and other
plants; the adult hibernates.

This genus is called Apatela in some
Acronycta books, and, commonly, Dagger-moths.

As more than forty species have been recorded from

172

Plate LI

%^l

AcronyctQ Qmencono

LaphygnriQ Rhynchagrolis '^^^^Z''/'

frugiperdQ Qnchoceloides Euxoq

LexiguQ messoria

■^■^^^ ^-- MoctuQ

AutographQ kfU^^^
Simplex # ^brasslcoe

173

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

New Jersey alone, I can do no more than give samples.
Acronycta americana (Plate LI) is one of our largest
species; the light-gray front wings expanding nearly 2.5
inches; the hind wings are brownish. With sufficient
imagination, you can see, near the hind, outer angle of
the front wings of americana and some other species, the
"dagger" which is responsible for the common name of the
genus. Americana' s larva is one of the hairiest of Noctuid
larv£e; with its dense, pale-yellow hairs it resembles an
Arctiid but the hairs are scattered over the body instead of
being grouped on tubercles as is the rule among the Arctii-
dae; there is a pair of long, black hair-pencils on the first
abdominal segment, another pair on the third, and a single
such pencil on the eighth abdominal segment; in addition,
there are hairs, longer than the general covering, along
the sides and at each end. It feeds on maple (its favorite),
elm, oak, and other forest trees. Larvae of this genus
often rest near the base of a leaf with the front end of the
body curved back so that they are somewhat fish-hook-
shaped. When disturbed, Acronycta larvae are given to
curling up and dropping off of their food plant. They
pupate in loose cocoons, which are placed on rough bark
or under ground-debris.

Acronycta hastulifera, according to its specific name,
"bears a spear" instead of a dagger. Its larvae are often
abundant on alder and have been recorded on maple;
they suggest those of americana but their color varies
from pale to deep chocolate-brown. Eliot and Soule,
whose Caterpillars and their Moths is not only a model of
careful work but also shows what pleasure and profit
ladies may get from a "crawlery, " point out that these
larvae "are subject to fungoid diseases which kill many of
them, and their stiff bodies may be found on branches of
the alders, apparently unharmed, but they break at a
touch and are filled with fungoid growth." As a matter
of fact, fungi and bacteria vie with insect parasites as
enemies of caterpillars in general.

The larva of Acronycta hamamelis, as its specific name
signifies, feeds on witch-hazel but it is also found on
various forest trees. This larva differs from its two rela-
tives, just mentioned, in being almost hairless; it varies

174

THE ARiVlY=WORMS.

from light yellow to reddish brown and has a double row of
white spots on its back; these, its food plants, and its
fish-hook resting position will usually identify it.

„ . This large genus contains two common,

Hadena . , , ° . , . ,'

Wide-spread, destructive cut-worms which

are sometimes put in the genus Xylophasia: devastatrix and

arctica (Plate LI). The larvse attack garden and field

crops; the adults have dark brown front and Hght hind

wings. The larvae of Hadena turbulenta are sometimes

noticed on green briar (Smilax) because of their gregarious

habits.

The Fall Army-worm (Plate LI) appears
Laphygma later than the true Army- worm {Leucania

unipuncta) and the larvae are not so choice
about their food for they eat almost any crop, scattering
more than do the Army-worms. The pitch-black stripe
along each side and the four black spots on the back of
each segment distinguish this "worm" from Leucania.
The naked pupae hibernate about half an inch below groimd.
Adults emerge in the spring and the female covers her
egg-clusters, placed on grass, with hairs from her own
body. There are two or three generations a year but the
larvae which appear in late summer are the most destruc-
tive. The adult has a "general yellowish, ash-gray color,
with the second pair of wings almost transparent, but
with a purplish reflection." In the West there is a related
species, L. exigua (Plate LI), which is called the Beet
Army Worm because of its ravages among the sugar-beets.

The Army- worm (Plate LII), which is

Leucania given the generic name Heliophila by some

unipuncta '^ , . ^ . . r ^

authors, is interesting for several reasons;

for one, it is a conspicuous example of a species which

occasionally gets ahead of its insect parasites and other

ills, increasing its numbers to such an extent that its larvae

eat all the available food, chiefly grasses, in a given place

and are forced to move en masse. However, fate is not

to be permanently outdone and soon there comes a time

when the species is relatively rare; and then again the

175

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

pendulum swings — Nature is "balanced" but not very-
steady. This dull-brown moth gets its specific name from
the "one point" of white on each front wing. It appears
early in the season (June in the North), and yellowish
eggs are laid in rows at the bases of grass leaves, each
female depositing, all told, about seven hundred. The
larvae are nearly, or quite, two inches long when full-
grown; they are grayish-black with three longitudinal
yellow stripes on the back, the median one being the
narrowest, and a wide greenish-yellow stripe on each
side. They feed at night, hiding by day at the grass
roots, and about mid-summer pupate, without a cocoon,
just imder the surface of the ground. Adults emerge about
two weeks later but their offspring are not usually numerous
enough to be very destructive. The next brood of adults
either hibernate or they lay eggs the same season and the
larvae hatching from these eggs hibernate. The number of
annual generations in the South is sometimes as high as
six. Army-worms with white eggs on them should not
be killed, as these are the eggs of some parasite, usually
of a Tachinid fly. There are numerous other species in
the genus, the Wheat-head Army- worm, Leucania albilinea
(Plate LII) being sometimes troublesome to farmers.

Larvae of this genus, which has also been
Papaipema ^^^^^^ Hydrcecia, bore in the stalks of

plants. Papaipema nitela (Plate LII) is the best known,
for its larvae are sometimes abundant in garden plants,
such as potatoes, tomatoes, and corn, especially if rag-
weeds, dock, and other wild plants, the natural food of
the species, are allowed to grow near the garden. Eggs
are laid in the fall but do not hatch imtil May. The
larvae then start tunnelling and if they confined themselves
to one plant, not much injury would be done. However,
they frequently leave the first plant and migrate some
distance; it is then that our garden plants fall victims.
Infested plants wilt above the place where the larva is
working, but sometimes the lar\'ae get under the husks of
green com and remain unnoticed until an attempt is
made to use the corn. However, see Heliothis. Pupation
takes place in the larva's timnel; no cocoon is made but,

176

Plate LII

ina ^ QnTennalQ.

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

just before it pupates, the larva bores a hole in the stalk so
that the adult may easily escape. Adults emerge about
August, there being but one annual generation.

Sanderson, in his Insect Pests of Farm,
Hehothis Garden, and Orchard, and others use the

specific name ohsoleta for this species
(Plate LII). Holland remarks: "This insect, which is
known to English entomologists as the 'Scarce Bordered
Straw, ' is unfortunately not scarce in the United States,
and, being of a singularly gluttonous habit in the larval
stage, has become the object of execration to farmers and
horticulturists." It has been called the Corn Ear- worm,
Tomato Fruit- worm. Tobacco Bud- worm, and Cotton
Boll-worm, in reference to some of its various food habits.
The color and markings of the adults are variable, some
being yellowish white, with nearly no markings, while
others are dull green. The larvae are also variable: light
green, reddish brown, or almost black; spotted, striped, or
plain. Pupation occurs at the bottom of an underground
cell which is like a half-U, the upper end being near the
surface of the ground but not at the point where the larva
entered ; there is no cocoon. There are two annual genera-
tions in the North but there may be five or six along the
Gulf. In the North, winter is usually passed as a pupa.
When feeding on young corn, the larvae eat the leaves but
later they feed on the tender ears and sometimes do as
much as $50,000,000 damage a year in this way. When
feeding on tomatoes, they prefer the green or just ripening
fruit. When feeding on tobacco, they are called the False
Bud-worm to distinguish them from the True Bud-worm
{Chloridea virescens); as such they eat not only the flower-
stalks and seed-pods but also the precious leaves. Not
finally but for the sake of stopping somewhere, they do
about $20,000,000 damage, annually, to cotton by boring
into the bolls. In the North, winter plowing kills many
of the pupae, and, in the South, cotton may be protected
by sowing trap-crops of corn, but everywhere the best
plan with this, as with other insect pests, is to send an
S. O. S. to your State Entomologist or to the United States
Department of Agriculture for special information and

178

CATOCALA: UNDER=WINQS.

help. It is for this, among other things, that you pay your
taxes.

This genus (Plate LI) is variously split
Autographa ^^^^ several. For example, the Celery

Looper, Autographa simplex of Holland's book, will be
found under Plusia in some books. Except for this
hint (and it applies with equal force in the case of other
genera) to those who might be confused when more than
one book is used, it need not concern us further since
the only species we can mention in any detail was, no
later than yesterday, still in the Autographa pigeon-hole.
If you find a brown Noctuid-looking moth with a wing
expanse of i.o to 1.5 inches and with one, or more, not
strictly circular, silver spots near the middle of each front
wing, it is a fairly safe bet that it is either Autographa or
closely related to it; Some of the species fly by day. The
larvae are called loopers or semi-loopers because they
walk somewhat like measuring- worms (Geometridas) on
account of not having any prop-legs on the third and fourth
abdominal segments. Autographa hrassiccB is a close
second to Pieris rapcE when it comes to injuring cabbage,
cauliflower, and the like. The larva is colored much like
the ordinary cabbage worm but has longitudinal white
lines when young, and it loops. The cocoon is a thin
transparent affair attached to the leaf on which the larva
was feeding. There are two or more generations annually,
winter probably being passed in the pupal state. This is a
good place to say that m^any of the Noctuid moths have a
tuft of scales on the thorax which does not show well when
viewed from above.

The genus Catocala shares the amateurs'
Catocala . . j^^^ m ^- ^ j^ ^j^^ Satumiidse and the Sphingi-

daj. IMany of its species are pretty; they are interesting
because they have bright colors on the hind wings, which
are covered, when at rest, by the "protectively colored"
front wings and are usually displayed only at night when
they cannot be seen — at least, by our eyes. Plate LIII
shows an exhibit in the American ^Museum illustrating
the fact that, however conspicuous when flying in day-

179

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

time, Catocalinas are concealed in plain sight when resting.
I will not swear that I ever saw a live relicta so neatly
placed on just the right spot of just the right tree, a birch,
but it surely does require sharp eyes to see a resting
Catocala or, for that matter, almost any moth when it is
naturally resting. The adults of Catocala are sometimes
called Under-wings because of the conspicuousness of
these organs. He or she who "sugars" for moths will
probably find varieties of those illustrated here, as well as
totally different species, for they are fond of sweets and
are sometimes numerous. The larvae tend to be plump
in the middle, tapering tovrard both ends. They pupate
in flimsy cocoons, which are usually placed under debris
on the ground. Winter is usually, at least, passed in the
egg state.

Mrs. Stratton-Porter, in lamenting her lack of knowledge
concerning the life-history of these moths, takes another
whack at some of us : " Professional lepidopterists dismiss
them with few words. One would-be authority disposes
of the species with half a dozen lines. You can find at
least a hundred Catocala reproduced from museum speci-
mens and their habitat given, in the Holland Moth Book,
but I fail to learn what I most desire to know: what
these moths feed on; how late they live; how their eggs
appear; where they are deposited; which is their cat-
erpillar; what does it eat; and where and how does it
pupate. . . . This will tend . to bear out my contention
that scientific works are not the help they should be to the
Nature Lover." Lord bless you, Mrs. Porter! If Dr.
Holland had put in all that (He couldn't have done it.)
for each of the thousands of species his books help you and
others to identify, he not only would have deprived you of
the pleasure of finding out these things for youiself but
most of the * * others, ' ' at any rate, would not have been
able to own the resulting tomes. It so happens that I
have seen Mr. Beutenmuller's uncompleted monograph of
Catocala; it tells most of the things known about American
Catocala, less than you ask, and there are over six hundred
pages of manuscript. Perhaps it will be noticed that I am
saying little about eggs; I have to draw a line somewhere,
and people have not often asked me about eggs. I hope

i8o

Plate LI 1 1

CqIocqIq relictQ

C vidua

CcarQ

C. ultronia

CATOCALA: UNDER=WlNaS.

I have told, in this little book, something about all the
sorts of insects' eggs which have excited the curiosity of
my unspecialized visitors and correspondents. Of course,
my experience is limited; tomorrow, some one, not a
specialist nor an advanced amateur, may ask a question
which I have not been asked before and very possibly
I will be imable to answer it.

Catocala idtronia (Plate LIII) is a variable species,
several forms having been given distinctive names. The
larvae feed on plum, apple, and v.dld cherry leaves. The
pupae in their cocoons, which are formed in July under
chips or dead leaves, are covered with a bluish, easily
rubbed bloom. Adults fly from late July to October.
Eggs are well hidden in crevices of the bark of their food-
trees.

Catocala cara (Plate LIII) larvae, on willow and poplar,
have a purplish head streaked and spotted with pale tes-
taceous ; their bodies are light to dark clay or wood brown ;
on each side of the back is a smoky, longitudinal band and
a wav3% broken one on each side along the spiracles;
the dorsal warts are dull carmine or yellowish-brown ; the
underside is reddish, with a large black patch between
each of the first three pairs of abdominal legs. Adults
are to be found from July to September.

Catocala relicta (Plate LIII) larvae feed on poplar and
also, probably, willow and white birch; they are greenish-
white, thickly spotted with yellowish-brown, the ninth
and twelfth segments and the head being marked with
black. The cocoon is rather thick and is usually made in
fallen leaves, drawn together by the larva. Adults, of
which there are several named forms, appear from July
to September.

Catocala vidua (Plate LIII) larvae eat walnut, butternut,
hickory, and oak ; they are pale lilac with stripes composed
of black dots, giving a gray appearance; their heads are
striped with dull lilac and white and have orange spots,
above, with a black hair in the center of each. Pupation
is said to occur in June; most of our adult specimens were
caught in August and September.

Plate LIV shows Catocala co?icuinbens, larva on willow and
poplar ; C. grynea, larva on apple and plum ; and C. arnica.

i8i

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Nuhiiis (Plate LIV) has been put in Euparthenos; it
feeds on locust.

This species (Plate LII) claims a para-
Alabama graph because it got into the New York
argillacea ^ ^ j i i ^

subways, and also newspapers, last year.

It belongs 'way down South in the cotton fields where,
until the invasion of the boll weevil, it was Cotton's most
serious pest. Its breeding range is from Argentina to as
far north as cotton grows. The larvae are greenish, vari-
ously spotted or striped with black according to their age.
They feed on the cotton leaves, buds, and even tender
twigs, pupating in a thin cocoon made in a folded leaf.
Sanderson says: "The moth is a dull olive-gray color
with a wing expanse of about i^ inches, which sometimes
has a purple luster and which are marked with darker
lines. . . . Like most of the owlet moths it flies only
after sunset, but unlike them it is not confined to the
nectar of flowers for food, as its mouth is peculiarly adapted
to piercing the skin of ripe fruit and feeding upon its
juices." After stating that there are at least seven genera-
tions annually on the Gulf Coast and three at the northern
limit of the species, he notes that "if none were killed, the
progeny of a single moth after four generations would
amount to over 300,000,000,000 individuals, or if placed
end to end, the third generation would be enough to circle
the earth at the equator over four times." That is a
fairly good-sized "if," but make it much smaller and you
still have a sufficient reason for a considerable northward
migration.

This large moth (Plate LIV) drifted into
Erebus ^^y Question Box because it was "big

enough to be a Saturniid but isn't in the
book" — one concerning the Saturniid^e, etc., of the vicinity
of New York City. Size does not always count. This
Noctuid does not belong in the North although, being a
strong flier, it gets even into Canada. Holland records
its having been found in a snow-storm at Leadville,
Colorado. All the northern captures I know about were
females in September. Although I have seen it flying

182

Plate LIV

C. grynea

CqIocqIq concumbens

Erebus odora

i8.s

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

back and forth in its tropical home just at dusk or even
at mid-day if the place was shady, I have never recognized
its larva, which is said to feed on Legiimes.

Hypenid.e

These moths, or part of them, are sometimes put in the
Noctuidae. They are commonly called Deltoids because
the outline of their wings, when at rest, is frequently tri-
angular like the Greek capital Delta; also Snout-moths
because the palpi of many species are enlarged and so held
as to resemble a beak. For the most part, the adults are
dull colored, obscurely marked, and not likely to arouse
comment by any but the collectors, and even they have
not been enthusiastic, although these moths come readily
to light and sugar-bait. However, they have their in-
teresting points. Secondary sexual modifications are
common, the males frequently having wings, feet, antennae,
or palpi shaped differently from those of their mates.
The larvae of Epizeuxis americalis have been found in the
nests of ants {Formica rufa); it and some of its relatives
seem to prefer dead leaves to living. Hypena hiimuli
is frequently injurious to hops. In July, Mr. Grossbeck
found a swarm of adult Epizeuxis lubricalis (Plate LV) in a
hollow tree. The larvae feed on decaying wood and,
probably, also on grasses; they are usually foimd under
chips.

NOTODONTID^

The adults superficially resemble the Noctuidae. They
come freely to light and often to sugar-bait. The larvae
have no claspers at the hind end of the body and so they
more generally wave this portion in the air than do other
caterpillars; sometimes the anal segment has a pair of
fleshy projections but these seem to correspond rather to
humps on other segments than to prop-legs. The pupae
are usually naked.

The yellow-necked, yellow-striped cater-

atana pillar on apple and other trees which seems,

when disturbed or when at rest, to be trying to touch its

184

THE NOTODONTS.

tail with its head is fairly certain to be Datana ministra
(Plate LV). It is somewhat fuzzy, especially when
young, and is given to associating with its brothers and
sisters, the whole family gathering in a mass and going
through their gymnastics at the same time. The naked
pupae winter in the earth. The adults emerge in June and
July; their front wings are reddish brown, their hind wings
pale yellowish. The eggs are laid in flat masses of about a
hundred on the leaves of their food plants. The larvae
of Datana integerrima are darker than those of ministra^
they lack the yellow neck-band, and they seem to have
more fine white hair. They feed chiefly on walnut and
hickory. The adults are browner (not so reddish) than
ministra and the pair of fine lines which enclose a dark area
near the base of the front wings do not diverge from each
other so much. You may find Datana angusii, and other
species as well, but the larvae of all, as far as I know,
throw themselves into the posture shown for ministra.

The larva of Schizura concinna (Plate
Schizura LV), which feeds on apple and other orchard

trees as well as on rose, blackberry, and a great variety of
plants, is frequently noticed because of the prominent
bright red hump on the first abdominal segment ; the head
is also red; the body is black, striped with yellow. Hol-
land, quoting Sir George Hampson, says the pupse of
Notodontidae are naked; I put in a "usually," above,
because I have it on good authority that the larvjE of this
species become full grown in late summer or early fall and
then spin loose silken cocoons to which are attached bits of
earth and rubbish, so that they closely resemble their
surroundings as they lie on the ground beneath rubbish,
or just under the surface of the soil. After som.e time the
larvse transform to pupae, in which stage the winter is
passed. The adult has a wing expanse of about an inch
and a quarter, gray front wings with a curved cross-row
of brown shades near the m.iddle, and white hind wings
with dark vein-tips and a small dark spot at the hind
angle.

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

LlPARID.^

The best known and worst liked species
emerocampa ^^ ^^^^ family is the present one, which is
leucostigma

popularly called the Vaporer or White-
marked Tussock Moth. The latter name refers to the
larva (Plate LV) with its four white tussocks. This
larva is further adorned with three long pencils of black
hair, a coral-red head and, in addition to yellow and black
stripings on the body in general, two small red protuber-
ances on the sixth and seventh abdominal segments; these
red swellings are said to be organs which give off an odor
disagreeable to the larva's enemies. All in all, it is a pretty
creature if it only would not eat the leaves of our shade
trees, among which it seems to be no respecter of species.
I am not sure how the name Vaporer arose but I remember
that my mother used to ask me not to "vapor" around her
face when I got to swinging things about. Well, this
larva is much given to spinning a long thread, hanging
by it from a tree and allowing itself to be swung by the
breezes. Perhaps that is the reason for the name. The
grayish cocoon is placed on tree trunks, fence corners,
and similar places; it is composed of larval hairs held
together by silk. The adult female is a stay-at-home
for she has no wings. She merely crawls to the outside
of the cocoon, mates, lays her batch of four hundred or
so eggs on the cocoon, protects them with a firm, frothy-
looking covering, and dies. The general color of the male is
ashy gray. There are from one to three generations a
year, depending on the climate. It is the eggs which
over-winter. Slingerland and Crosby note that the tus-
sock-moth is beset with many enemies. After mention-
ing birds and predacious insects they say "as many as 90
per cent, of the caterpillars and pupae sometimes fall a
prej" to more than twentj'' different kinds of hymenopterous
and dipterous insect parasites. . . . Unfortunately, how-
ever, there are fourteen hyper-parasites which work on the
true parasites and thus materially lessen their effective-
ness. There are also tertiary parasites which destroy these
hyper-parasites, thus presenting a very complicated and
interesting case of insect parasitism." If you once get a

186

Plate LV

Epizeuxis lubricalis

5chizurQ concmna

DotariQ ministra

'HemerocQmpQ leuco stigma
187

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

tree free from this species, it may be kept free by banding
the tnink with sticky paper, or the like, unless the tree
is so close to others that larvae may be blown to it. The
reason back of this protective method is that the females
can not fly.

About 1868 an amateur entomologist in
Porthetria Massachusetts was breeding the Gypsy

Moth (Plate LVI), using material which he
had obtained from Europe. His reason for doing this has
been variously stated; an excuse, which might now be
made for him, is that "he did not know it was loaded."
At any rate, some of the specimens went off and started to
colonize America. Millions of dollars have since been
spent in an effort, so far unsuccessful, to free us from the
invader; the most that has been done has been to confine
it to New England. The United States Bureau of Entomo-
logy is now engaged in an attempt to introduce from Europe
parasites which there hold it, and the Brown-tail Moth,
in check. The male Gypsy Aloth is olive-brown; the
whitish female rarely flies and then but feebly, although
the wings are rather well developed. Adults appear from
June to September but most abundantly in early July.
The eggs, which are yellowish, nearly globular, and about
a twentieth of an inch in diameter, are laid in masses of
from less than 200 to more than 1000 and covered with buff-
colored scales from the underside of the female's abdomen
(See Plate LVI). These masses are placed anywhere that
the female happens to be ; as she does not crawl far from the
pupal shell in which she dwelt and as the larvae are much
given to pupating under overhanging stones, on fences,
buildings, wagons, railroad cars, and the like, as well as
on vegetation, there is where the eggs are to be found.
Though the larvae m.ay develop in a few weeks, they rarely
hatch until the next April or May. More than five
hundred species of plants, including conifers, are in their
dietary. The full-grown larva is about 2.25 inches long,
brownish-yellow with long hairs and four rows of tubercles ;
there is one tubercle of each row on each segment, those
on the anterior segments being blue, those (especially of
the two middle rows) on the posterior segments being red.

Plate LVI

r^ V-^, v. '^^ V^ -xX V*'^ ^

Porthetr'iQ dispar

chrysorrholQ

189

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The larvae are largely nocturnal and spend the day con-
gregated in colonies on a limb, trunk, or in some protected
nook. They pupate about July, also often in colonies,
each rather conical, dark-brown pupa, about an inch
long, lying among a fev.- threads, and securely attached to
some of them bj' its terminal spine. If you should see
something which you think may be the Gypsy Aioth or the
Brown-tail AToth, in any of their stages, send it at once
to your State Entomologist or to the U. S. Bureau of
Entom.ology at Washington.

We do not know how the Brown -tail
Euproctis j^j^^j^ (pj^^g LVI) crossed the Atlantic

chrysorrhcea

from Europe, but it happened near Boston

in the early nineties. Its American range is now from
Rhode Island to Nova Scotia. Unlike those of the Gypsy
Moth, these females fly freely, so that wind is a factor in
their spread; the}'' are white, except for the yellowish-brown
hairs at the tip of their abdomen, which give them their
name. The males are similar but smaller and the brown
of their tails is not so conspicuous. Adults appear in
July and fly abundantly to lights. The female covers her
egg-mass, which is usually placed on the under side of a
leaf, with brownish hairs from her body. The larvrc
hatch in two or three weeks and feed in colonies, webbing
together the tender terminal leaves. In this nest they
pass the winter, when a third or half grown. The full-
grown larva is about an inch and a half long, nearly black
but with a red tubercle on the back of the ninth and tenth
segments; it is clothed with hair, there being a row of
nearly white tufts on each side of the body and the rest
brownish. These liairs, especially the brown ones, are
barbed and carry an irritating poison; furthermore, they
are carried by wind when freed at molting times and, if
they gain entrance to the human skin, give rise to "brown-
tail rash." The larvae feed on a wide range of plants,
preferring apple, pear, wild cherry, oak, and maple. The
cocoons are loosely spun, often in masses, in curled leaves,
crevices in bark, and in other sheltered places. The pupal
period averages about three weeks. See Gypsy Moth for
ad\'ice.

190

THE TENT-CATERPILLAR.

Lasiocampid.e

Malacosoma
americana

If the Tent-caterpillar (Plate LVII) were
not so common and such a pest we who are
interested in nature would be willing to go
miles to see a colon3\ We might even bring eggs home so
that we could have it in our garden. In some books you
u-ill find this species and disstria under Clisiocampa.
The adults, which are dull yellowish or reddish-brown,
appear in late June or early July. The female lays three
or four hundred eggs in a band which encircles a small
twig of some tree, preferably wild cherry or apple. This
band is rounded at the ends and covered with a water-
proof protective "varnish." The embryos develop before
winter but do not emerge until the next spring. Their
first act seems to be helping brothers and sisters spin a
temporary silken tent around what is left of the egg-mass.
If this is in a good place from which to go out for food, they
may make their permanent tent here but usually they
move, in several days, to a fairly large fork of the tree
and there construct the, to us, unsightly web. The
family sticks together until nearly full grown, resting in the
tent during storms and the heat of the day and coming
out to feed when it is cool but not too cold. On these
excursions they follow, to some extent, definite paths which
may be recognized by silken threads spun by the passing
larvae. They get wanderlust when full-grown. Perhaps
I object to them then more than ever, for they crawl over
everything. They are really hunting for a protected place
in which to spin tough, oval, white cocoons, which are held
in place by irregular threads. Considering that Nature
helps us by giving this species many enemies, that the larvae
gather in all too conspicuous webs where we may con-
veniently biun them, and that even the eggs may be easily
seen and removed during the winter, it is strange that
people allow M. americana to exist. The reason probably
is that its extermination requires community action.
Last winter I picked all the egg-masses off my trees ; in the
spring the editor of our country paper published a long
article telling how to combat the tent-caterpillar; he lives
across the street from me but he did nothing to the big

191

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

colonies on an old cherry tree in his yard because he was
going to cut the tree down in the autumn; this winter I
must go all over my trees again.

Malacosoma -J^^ common name, Forest Tent-cater-

disstria P^^^^^' of this species (Plate LVII) is wrong

for it makes no tent although closely related
to amencana. Its egg-masses resemble those of the
other eastern species but are more square-cut at the ends
The larv« eat the leaves of ahnost any deciduous tree but
maple is said to be its favorite. They feed in colonies
when young. Many of the cocoons are placed in curled
leaves.

BOMBYCIDvE

Bombyi Perhaps the Commercial Silk-worm ought

mori °°* to be in a Field Book since it is not a

field-insect. It is probable that, even in its
native home, it could not now exist wild since the larval
legs have so degenerated that the larv« cannot chmb well
The entire family was originally confined to Asia. The larva
will eat the leaves of several kinds of plants, such as Osage
orange, but it does best on white mulberry. The adults
have a wing-expanse of about 1.75 inches, are creamy
white and, although the wings seem fairly well developed
the moths do not fly, perhaps because of generations of
artificial confinement. Each female lays about three
hundred eggs. There are many races which have been
produced by man's selection; some have one while others
may have as many as six generations a year, also the color
of larv^ and cocoons differ. If labor were cheap enough
m Amenca to make the rearing of silk-worms pay, it is
probable that some of our native Saturniid^ would be
fully as profitable as this species.

Geometrid^

Larvag of this family are familiar to almost everyone but
only a small proportion of those larvs which come within
our range of vision are really seen, since most of them
stiffen themselves and pass for a twig. Others, those

192

Plate LVII

MqIqcosoitiq disstriQ

13

193

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

which develop into the small, delicate, green moths you
may have noticed about the lights, cover themselves with
bits of their food ; when next you gather Black-eyed Susans
and Field Daisies look carefully on the flowers for a collec-
tion of petals fastened to the back of a Geometrid larva
(Plate LVIII). The name of this family means "earth
measurers" and in English we call the larvae Aleasuring-
worms. Inch-worms, vSpan-worms, or Loopers. The
saying that, when they walk on our clothes, they are
planning a new suit for us is probably as logical as "earth-
measuring" and more interesting to us personally. Their
peculiar locomotion is due to their lacking all but two or
three pairs of abdominal legs; with legs only at each end
of the body they must hump themselves to get along.
The adults are slender-bodied; their wings are broad and
the pattern on the front wing is, in many cases, continued
on the hind wings. Nearly a thousand species have been
described from this country alone.

Imagine a tiny gray flower-pot having
Aisophila ^ gray cover decorated with a dark central

spot and a dark ring near the edge; that is
like an egg of the Fall Canker-worm, which also goes
under the generic name of Anisopteryx. The female
(Plate LVIII) places several hundred of them in a flat
mass, keeping the rows regular, on the bark of almost
any deciduous tree. This is usually done in Novem-
ber but sometimes not until spring. The larvae, es-
pecially at first, skeletonize the leaves instead of eating
them entirely; they get to be about an inch long, are
black and have, on each side, a stripe of yellow below the
spiracles and three narrower whitish stripes above them.
These larvae, like many of their relatives, often let them-
selves part-way down to the ground by means of a silken
thread. If it is not your tree, it is rather amusing to see
them climb up this thread again, for all the world like a
sailor going up a rope. Once, about the first of June, they
do not go back but instead go to a depth of from one to
four inches underground, where they spin a thin, tough
cocoon, pupate, and remain until October, November, or
the next spring. The adult males are brownish-gray and

194

MEASURING-WORMS.

have good wings. The females have much the same color
but are wingless. However, the females are not as seden-
tary as those of the Tussock Moth; they scramble out of
tlie earth and make for a tree upon which to lay their eggs.
This is where we can easily get the better of them, for we
have only to put Tree Tanglefoot or some other barrier
around the trunks of our trees and there will be no little
Pometarias next spring. But there are two things to
remember: first, one can never be quite sure when the
females are going to come out, for the\' may choose a warm
spell in mid- winter; and second, there is Paleacrita vernata
(seep. 196).

This pretty moth (Plate LVIII) has its

^y<^"* wings zigzagged with yellow and brown,

undulata & & bt. j

It gets a paragraph because or its nest.

The female lays a cluster of eggs in early summer on a

terminal leaf of wild cherry. I do not know just how

they do it but the larvae fasten together the leaves at the

end of the twig and the whole family feeds on the walls

of the nest. When these walls are nearly eaten, the larvae

bend other leaves and fasten them against the nest so that

they may have fresh walls to eat. Finally they all leave

to pass the winter underground as pupae. This species

occurs also in Europe, but probably it is naturally on both

sides of the Atlantic and not because of man's migrations.

The adult (Plate LVIII) is a delicate
Synchlora ^^-^^ green and the wings are crossed by

two lighter lines. This description will fit
many species of the subfamily Geometrinae, but to make it
more definite without becoming technical would be diffi-
cult. At any rate, it is the larva which is of interest here.
It feeds on the fruit, and also on the foliage, of raspberry
and blackberry. Like its relatives on the daisies (see
p. 194) it covers itself with a heap of rubbish fastened to
its back with silk.

The larvae of the Currant Span-worm
Cymatophora ^p^^^^ LVIII) feed on the leaves of goose-
nbeana ,1 r 111

berry as well as of currant bushes; they are

yellow and plentifully spotted with dark brown. They

195

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

hatch in spring, just as the leaves are expanding, pupate
underground about a month later, and the pale yellow,
marked with brown, moths emerge several weeks later, say,
in early July. The eggs are laid on the twigs of their food
plant, usually near a crotch, but they do not hatch until
the next spring. The eggs are ovoid, deeply pitted, and
blue-green in color.

This is the Spring Canker-worm (Plate

Paleacrita LVIII). According to Slingeriand and

vernata ^ ^ , i. ,, . .

Crosby, the term cancer-worme origi-
nated in England in 1 530 and was used for several different
insects in the first authorized English version of the Bible
in 161 1. In 1 66 1 John Hull said "the canker-worm hath
for four years devoured most of the apples in Boston, that
the trees look in June as if it was the 9th month." For
a long time pometarta (see p. 194) was not distinguished
from vernata. The larvae of vernata may be ash-gray,
green, yellow, or even dull black; they have much the same
habits as those of pometarta but the adults do not emerge
from the underground pupae until sometime between
February and April, inclusive. The male's wings are
silky gray. The female has no wings. She lays four
hundred or more eggs in irregular clusters in crevices of the
bark of some deciduous tree, fruit trees being favorites.
These eggs are ovoid, slightly ridged, and of an iridescent
purple color. My chief objection to this species is that
it was the excuse for the introduction of the English spar-
row. Tree bands would have been more effective and
not such a nuisance.

The Notched-wing Geometer (Plate
Ennomos LVIII) is the largest common Geometrid

of the Northeast. The wings are reddish
yellow, shaded and spotted with brown. It flies from
August to November. The larva, which gets to be more
than two inches long, feeds on maple, chestnut, birch, and
other leaves. It spins a dense, spindle-shaped cocoon
within a cluster of leaves.

196

Plate LVIII

Alsophila pometaria

PoleQCritQ verriQtQ

HydriQ undulata

CymatophopQ
ribeariQ

Ennomos magnQrlus
197

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

M ICRO -LePIDO PTERA

Under the above term, "Micros" for short, are roughl}-
grouped a number of families of moths. Not onl}'- is the
division not very satisfactory from a scientific standpoint,
but, practically, many Macros are smaller than some
Micros. The term super-family Tineoidea is sometimes
used. The families of moths which follow are Micros.

PSYCHIDiE

Plate LIX shows a bag such as is fre-

Thyridopteryx _ q^e^tly noticed on many sorts of trees,

ephemeraeformis , . , , .. ^^ . . .

deciduous and comierous. it is made of

silk in which are fastened leaves or bits of stick. If wc
examine such bags during the winter, we will find many of
them to be empty but others will be found full of soft
yellow eggs. Riley, one of our pioneer economic entomo-
logists, wrote as follows: "Those which do not contain
eggs are the male bags and his empty chrysalis skin is
generally found protruding from the lower end. About the
middle of next May these eggs will hatch into active little
worms, which from the first moment of their lives, com-
mence to form for themselves little bags. They crawl
on to a tender leaf, and, attached to their anterior feet
with their tails hoisted in the air, they spin around them-
selves a ring of silk, to which they soon fasten bits of leaf.
They continue adding to the lower edge of the ring, pushing
it up as it increases in width, till it reaches the tail and
forms a sort of a cone. As the worms grow, they continue
to increase their bags from the bottom, until the latter
become so large and heavy that the worms let them hang
instead of holding them upright, as they did while they
were young. This full grown condition is not attained',
however, without critical periods. At four different
times during their growth these worms close up the mouths
of their bags and retire for two days to cast their skins or
moult, as is the nature of their kind, and they push their
old skins through a passage which is always left open at the
extremity of the bag, and which also allows the passage of
excrement. During their growth they are very slow travel-

198

BAG-WORMS.

lers and seldom leave the tree on which they were born,
but when full grown they become quite restless, and it is
this time that they do all their travelling, dropping on to
persons by their silken threads and crossing the sidewalks
in all directions. A wise instinct urges them to do this^
for did they remain on one tree, they would soon multiply
beyond the power of that tree to sustain them and would
in consequence become extinct. When they have lost
their migratory desires, they fasten their bags very securely
by a strong band of silk to the twigs of the tree on which
they happen to be. A strange instinct leads them to thus
fasten their cocoons to the twigs only of the trees they
inhabit, so that these cocoons will remain secure through
the winter, and not to the leaf-stalk where they would be
blown down with the leaf. After thus fastening their
bags, they line them with a good thickness of the same
material, and resting awhile from their labors, at last
cast their skins and become chrysaHds. Hitherto the
worms had all been alike, but now the sexes are distinguish-
able, the male chrysalis being but half the size of the female
chrysaHs. Three weeks afterwards [late August or early
September] a still greater change takes place, the sexes
differentiating still more. The male chrysalis works
himself down to the end of his bag and, hanging half-
way out, the skin bursts and the moth with a black body
and glassy wings escapes, and when his wings are dry,
soars through the air to seek his mate. She never leaves
her case, but issues from her chrysalis in the shape of an
abortive, footless, and wingless affair and after copulat-
ing, works herself back into the chrysaHs skin, fills its upper
but posterior end with eggs and stops up the other end
with what little there is left of her body when she gets
through."

Oiketicus abboti of the Southern States places short
pieces of twigs across the bag, making sort of a log cabin.

The larvse of the small family Lacosomidae also make
cases of leaves and silk. These "bags" are rather widely
open at both ends. They are not usually common, but
are to be looked for on oak.

199

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

LlMACODID^

The larvae of this family are curious, slug-like creatures,
with almost nothing resembling legs. They crawl on their
flattened bellies. Be careful about handling them, if
they have spines, as these are easily broken off and are
extremely irritating things to get in one's skin. Some
authors use " Cochlidiidae " as the family name.

The Saddle-back larva (Plate LIX) is
stimulea

* ^® often noticed by reason of its curious shape

and color. It feeds on apple, pear, cherry,
and other things, including corn. Its spines sting like
nettles but the pain may be allayed by ammonia or bicar-
bonate of soda. The larvae are full grown in late summer
and the adults fly during June and July, so that I suppose
the winter is passed in a cocoon but whether as larva or
pupa I know not. Dyar and Morton (Journal N. Y.
Ent. Soc, IV) figure the cocoon as a smooth ovoid on a
leaf and say that the larval hairs imbedded in it retain
their stinging qualities.

See Plate LIX for the adult Green Slug-

" .* moth. The lar\-a is bright scarlet with

chlons

four blue-black lines along the back and with

yellow prickles. Sometimes, possibly it is when a molt
is due, the ground-color of the larva is brownish yellow.
The cocoon is dark brown, egg-shaped, smooth, and very
thin. The larva hibernates in this cocoon, not changing
to a pupa until spring. The adults fly in June and July.
These adults may be confused, at first, with those of other
species of Euclea.

"Hag-moth" refers to the larva which is

o etron dark brown with eight, relatively long,

pithecium _ , , . . , , . , ,

fleshy, hairy appendages, which cover the

back and project from the sides of the larva and have a

backward twist, like locks of disheveled hair. They

are, in fact, fleshy hooks covered with feathery, brown hairs

among which are longer, black, stinging hairs. The

cocoon is almost spherical, and is defended by the hairy

200

Pt.ate LIX

Euclea
chions

^

rhyridopteryx ephemeroeformis

r

Sibine stimulea

Harrisina americana

SLUQ-MOTHS AND FLANNEL=MOTH.

appendages, which the larva in some way contrives to
leave on the outside. These tufts give to the bullet-
shaped cocoon a nondescript appearance and the stinging
hairs afford a very perfect protection against birds and
other insectivorous animals. "Unlike other species of
Limacodidae, the Hag-moth larvae do not seek to hide
away their cocoons, but attach them to leaves and twigs
fully exposed to view, with, however, such artful manage-
ment as to surroundings and harmonizing colors that they
are, of all the group, most difficult to discover. A device
to which this insect frequently resorts exhibits the extreme
of instinctive sagacity. If the caterpillar can not find
at hand a suitable place in which to weave its cocoon it
frequently makes for itself more satisfactory surroundings
by killing the leaves upon which, after they have become
dry or brown in color, it places its cocoon" (Hubbard).
The larva is a rather general feeder and has been found on
most orchard trees as well as on wild trees and shrubs in
late summer. The adults fly in midsummer; the female is
brownish, marked with yellow; the male is much like that
of T. ephemeraformis (Plate LIX) but smaller.

Megalopygid^

It is the cocoon of the Crinkled Flannel-
Megalopyge ^^^^ ^j^-^j^ ^^^^ ^j^-^ family into the Ques-
cnsp^tfl , , ,

tion-box and crispata is the only northeastern

species which is at all common — it is only locally so in New
Jersey, for example, although it ranges from Massachu-
setts southward and is found at least as far west as Minne-
sota. The larva feeds on raspberry, blackberry, apple, and
other leaves. Like other larvai of its family, it is extra well
provided with legs, having the usual three pairs on its
thorax and, according to EHot and Soule, seven pairs on its
abdomen. It is an oval, very hairy affair; the hairs are
brown and form a ridge along the larva's back sloping
off on each side. The tough oval cocoon is fastened to the
side of a twig very securely indeed and here the creature
hibernates; but what arouses one's interest is that when the
moth emerges, about July, it does so by lifting a flat circu-
lar lid at one end of the cocoon. The adult is a soft,

201

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

fluffy, yellowish moth, with a wing expanse of about an
inch and a quarter or a little more; the front wings have
irregular brownish markings near the front margin and
rows of fine, curly, hair-like scales; the body is thick and
woolly.

PYROMORPHIDiE

These are small, blackish moths, often with brilliant
markings, most of our species having a red collar.

Harrisina

If you have ever seen these lar\'-se on the
leaves of grape or Virginia creeper (Plate
LIX), you will recall the sight, but there
are other larvae which feed on other plants in the same
orderly fashion. This species pupates in a white oval
cocoon undergroimd. Some of the adults emerge, after a
pupal existence of only about two weeks, but other pupae
winter over. The yellow eggs are laid in loose clusters
of about a hundred on the under side of the food-plant's
leaves.

CoSSIDiE

The adults' appearance suggests Sphingidae but they
have a very stnall head and almost no tongue ; furthermore,
they, especially the females, are very feeble fliers. All
the strength seems to be in the larvae, which bore in the
wood of trees. The adults are sometimes called Goat-
moths, presumably on account of their odor.

The Leopard-moth is an immigrant from
Zeuzera Europe, undesirable but interesting, which

is still largely confined to the vicinity of
New York City. The adult male (Plate LX) is only
about two thirds as large as its mate ; the semitransparent
wings of each are white, spotted with black. The grub-
like larva is pale yellowish, sometimes pinkish, except
for numerous brownish-black spots. They bore in almost
any tree and in many shrubs. If the young larva starts,
as it usually does, in a twig which is too small for its con-

202

>EaERIID/C OR SESIID/C.

tinued existence, it crawls out and bores in a larger branch.
Larval life takes nearly two years. Pupation occurs about
May in the last larval burrow and adults emerge during
June and July. Each female places well on to a thousand
eggs in soft, young wood and in crevices of old bark.

We also have native species of Cossidas, the commonest
probably being Prionoxystus rohinicE. Its larvae bore
chiefly in oaks but also in chestnut, poplar, willow, maples,
ash, and, as its name indicates, locust. Lugger says the
larva is bad smelling, reaches a length of 2.5 inches, and
after about three years of eating wood spins a loose cocoon
in its burrow. The adult female's wings expand about
2.5 inches; they are gray with irregular black lines and
spots. The male is hardly more than half as large; his
front wings are darker than the female's, and his hind
wings are yellowish.

^GERIID^

It is sad, but apparently true, that Sesiidae, the com-
monly used name of this family, must, according to the
rules of the game, give way to -^geriidae. Those of you
who are just starting are fortunate in not having to un-
learn that, at least, old name. The wings of the ^geriidae
are usually more or less transparent and the adults depart
from the usual habits of moths in that they fly by day
(see also Hemaris). Please do not take "protective mimi-
cry" too seriously but I quote Lugger in order to give the
idea. "Many of the species of moths belonging here are
very beautiful, and most of them are remarkable on account
of the protective mimicry exhibited by them. This close
resemblance to insects of different orders was observed
long before the significance of protective mim.icry was
understood. The majority of the Sesiidae mimic bees,
wasps, and flies. We all know from experience that bees
and wasps can advance some very pointed arguments to be
left alone, and any other insect that closely mimics such
well armed warriors is very apt to be left unmolested.
This mimicry is not simply a superficial one, since even
their motions, if captured or disturbed, are like those of
the insects imitated. Their attitude when resting, the

203

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

sounds they produce, their hyaline wings, their ringed body,
even the odor they give off, all are apt to warn us and to
caution us. Yet though they pretend to sting they lack
the necessary organ for that purpose." The larvae are
all borers and, like most concealed larvae, rather uniformly
yellowish-white except for their heavily chitinized parts,
such as the head, which are darker. To illustrate the life
histories I have selected some of those species which may
be Uving in our yards. There are many more afield.

The larva will be found in almost any

Mehttia ^ cucurb but prefers squash or pumpkin.
satyriniformis t i- • ■, • ^

It lives m the stems, causmg them to rot;

and Sanderson states that as many as forty larvae have

been taken from one vine. When full grown (about an

inch long), the larva leaves the plant and, going an inch

or two below the surface of the ground, spins a tough

cocoon the outer silk of which is well mixed with particles

of earth. In the South pupation takes place at once and a

second generation appears in July but in the North the

larva hibernates in its cocoon and does not pupate until

spring. The pupa has a horn-like process between its

eyes which is said to be used in cutting the cocoon. At

any rate, it gets to the surface in some way and the adult

emerges from April to September according to latitude

and other conditions. See Plate LX; the front wings

are opaque, olive green, and have a metallic luster; the

hind wings are transparent; the abdomen and legs are

reddish, the former being marked with black and bronze

and the hind legs having a long black fringe. The dull

red, oval eggs are laid singly.

As the specific name indicates, this moth
Memythrus bears some resemblance to the wasp,

pohStlformiS ■„ ,. r^ t-.i t -it- i r

Polistes. bee Plate LX; the front wings
are opaque and dark brown; the hind wings are trans-
parent, the male's being rather yellowish; the abdomen is
brown, with yellow lines on the second and fourth seg-
ments; the legs and the sides of the thorax, especially the
male's, are reddish. Each female lays several hundred
chocolate-colored, finely sculptured eggs with apparent

204

Plate LX

ZeuzerQ pyrina

MelittiQ Meniythru5poli5ti|ormis

SQtyrini[ormis

9 #/y

SannmoiQeQ exitiosQ '^i'^

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

carelessness on almost any vegetation near grape vines.
These eggs are washed by rains to the ground where the
larvae hatch and burrow into the earth searching for a
grape root in which to feed. The larval life lasts for
nearly two years, the first winter being passed naked in the
burrow and the second enclosed in a thin hibemaculum of
silk. This, however, is. not the cocoon, for when spring
comes the larva works its way to near the surface of the
ground where it makes a tough cocoon of earth, excrement,
and silk within which it changes to a brown pupa with a
yellow-banded abdomen. About a month later (July or
August) the pupa comes half-way out of the ground and the
adult is freed.

This is the Raspberry Root-borer or
Bembecia Blackberry Crown-borer, both names in-

dicating the food habits of the larva,
while the generic name suggests the resemblance which
some of the adults of the genus bear to certain wasps
{Bembex). The female of this species has a wing expanse of
about 1.5 inches; the front wings are transparent except
for the brown margins, tips, and a band which crosses
each wing at about two thirds of the distance from the
base to the tips; the hind wings are altogether transparent
(except, of course, for the veins and outer fringe which are
opaque in most, if not all, species) ; the abdomen is banded
with brownish-black and yellow, the former color pre-
dominating in front, the latter behind; the legs are largely
yellow. The male is somewhat smaller than the female
and his abdomen has less yellow at the hind end. The
moths emerge in, usually, late summer; the eggs are laid
on the canes close to the ground; and the larvae, on hatch-
•ing, crawl down the stem where they hibernate under
the bark just below the surface of the ground. In the
spring they start to bore into the roots or the base of the
plant, often girdling it. They spend the second winter
in their burrows and the following spring work upward
in the plant to a point above ground where, just inside the
bark, they pupate. About a month later the pupa cuts
the bark with its "horn," crawls partly out, and the
adult emerges to mate and start the history anew.

206

THE PEACH-TREE BORER.

The Peach-tree Borer (Plate LX) is
Sanninoidea living just outside my back door and I
®^*'°^* am not philosophical enough to enjoy its

neighborliness. I have seen an estimate of $6,000,000
given for the annual damage done by it — not all on my
lot, of course. This species ought to have stuck to wild
cherries and plums, which are believed to have been its
original food, although it also feeds on willow. The
afflicted trees display distress signals by exuding large ■
masses of gum where the larv^ are working, which is
usually near the surface of the soil. The insect passes the
winter as a half-grown larva. After attaining its full
growth early the next season, the larva leaves its burrow
(usually) and makes its tinkempt cocoon of excrement,
pieces of bark,"gum, and silk on the trunk of the tree or on
the earth. About a month later (which may be from
June, or earher in the South, to September) the adults
appear. They have a wing expanse of an inch or more but
the sexes differ markedly in appearance. The female is
dark steel-blue (sometimes with a reddish glint) except
for the transparent hind wings and the orange band which
covers the fourth and, in the North, the fifth abdominal
segments. All the male's wings are transparent, with
blue edgings and blue crossbands like those of marginata;
the body is blue, banded with white or light yellow.
Each female lays from 200 to 800 eggs, about a fiftieth of
an inch long and much the color of the bark on which they
are placed. I have never seen them but, according to the
pictures, they are very pretty. I will admit that the
adults, also, are pretty. There is a generation every
year. This species does damage wherever peaches are
grown in this country, although it is an eastern species;
on the Pacific coast it is joined in the work of destruction
by San.iinoidea opalescens.

We can blame this on Europe, but it is
Synanthedon ^^^ ^^y^ naturalized, having been here for
tipuliformis ^^^^^ ^ hundred generations. It also oc-

curs in Asia and Australia. We would expect, from^ its
name, that it is very long-legged, like TipuHdae, but it is
not. Both sexes have both pairs of wings transparent

207

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

except for the golden markings, with purple reflections.
The body is dark purple, with three yellow abdominal
bands in the female and four in the male. The brown,
spherical eggs are placed singly on currant stems, and the
larva works up or down the pith. The larvse hibernate
when nearly full-grown; pupate the following spring in a
silk-lined cavity just under the bark; and emerge during
June and July. There is one generation a year.

Synanthedon is the genus Sesia of authors,
ynan e on ^j^^ name Sesia properly belonging to a
genus of Sphingidae. The work of this
species is often confused with that of exitiosa, but pictipes
prefers old trees with rough bark and works more often
on the trunk and larger branches than at the base of the
trees. Its cocoon is similar to that of exitiosa but smaller.
The adults, both sexes of which resemble the male exitiosa,
are also smaller. They fly during June and July. It is
said that this species attacks June-berry and chestnut
in addition to those three "favored" by exitiosa, but it
rarely does much damage to any.

PVRALIDiE

This is a large family of small moths and, although a
number of the species are somewhat expensive to the
farmer, he often does not know what is the matter. The
group does not seem to be a "popular " one. The following
are samples of some of the subfamilies.

Pyraustinae

The wings are rather thinly scaled. Most of the species
are yellow and white. The larvae usually live in webs,
sometimes socially.

The adult of the Grape Leaf -folder does

esmia ^^^ have the more or less typical color-

funeralis . ...

ation of the sub-family ; it is brownish-black,

with two white spots on each front wing and one (some-

208

PYRALID/E.

times divided in the female) on each liind wing. The larva
feeds on the upper surface of a grape leaf, folding the leaf
over and fastening it by strands of silk. Pupation takes
place in the folded leaf. The pupae of the second annual
generation hibernate in their retreats, which have fallen to
the ground.

This species is sometimes called "Garden
^°^-kU^^ Web- worm" but it is more at home on

weeds than on garden plants. The markings
of the yellowish and grayish-brown adult are difficult to
describe in a few words. The thing which is apt to attract
attention in the "field" is the black-spotted, yellow larvae
in their fine web, which encloses skeletonized leaves.
They pupate in silk-lined, underground cells.

Larvae of Symphysa adelalis feed on white lichens on the
trunks of oak and other trees, making large, dumbbell-
shaped cases for themselves of the lichens.

Larvae of Blepharomastix limata, between folded oak
leaves.

Larvae of Diaphania nitidalis and hyalinata, in stems of
Cucurbitaceae.

LarvcB of Pyrausta theseusalis web up tips of ferns; of
P. penitalis, in stems of lotus and cat-tail (Typha).

Nymphulinae

Small, for the most part brightly colored species, with
narrow wings, the front pair being more or less angular.
Many of the larvae live on water plants and are semi-
aauatic. Their life histories are probably interesting but
have not been carefully studied. The young larvae may
have gills. The larvae of Nymphula ohliteralis live in
cases on the leaves of greenhouse water-plants.
^4 209

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Pyralinae

This subfamily contains some rather troublesome
species such as the following:

The lar\^a of the Meal Snout-moth lives
Pyrahs -^^ cereals, flour, and clover hay. It is

whitish, a bit darkened at the ends, and has a
reddish head. It lives in a long tube, which it makes by
fastening its food-material together with silk. Pupation
occurs in a cocoon outside of the tube. The adult has a
wing expanse of about .75 inch. It may be recognized
by the front wings, which have chocolate-colored bases
and tips, separated from the light-brown central area by
curved white Imes. It is rather generally distributed
by commerce. There are from two to four generations
a year, depending on temperature and other conditions.

The larva of Hypsopygia costalis is the Clover-hay Worm
and is sometimes injurious.

Crambinae

The narrow front wings are sometimes drawn to a point
and are usually whitish, ornamented with golden or silvery
scales; the hind wings are broad and without markings;
the palpi are very long. When at rest, the wings are
wrapped so closely to the body that the moths look like
small cylinders. The larvae live in silken tubes just
above or below the surface of the ground.

The larva of Prionapteryx nebulifera in the Jersey pine-
barrens makes of silk and sand a tube leading from an
underground retreat to the leaves of sand-myrtle and
huckleberry upon which it feeds. At night it carries
pieces of leaves to its retreat for daytime meals.

Most of the larvag of Cramhus feed on grasses; that of C.
vulvivagellus (The Vagabond, Plate LXI) is sometimes very
destructive, feeding by night, and retiring by day to a
tube of cut grass and silk just below the surface of the
ground; C. caliginosellus has similar habits and, especially
in the South, injures tobacco.

Larvae of C^.ilo plejadellus bore in the stems of rice and
allied plants.

210

Plate LXI

Crambus vulvivagellus

ColeophorQ
lletcherellQ

OxyplUus periscelidQclylus

211

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Galleriinae

Galleria
mellonella

The adult Bee-moth (Plate LXI) has pur-
plish-brown front wings and pale brown or
yellowish hind wings. The female probably
enters the bee-hives at night and lays her eggs while the
bees are asleep for, when awake, they actively and success-
fully resent her presence. The larvae feed by night on the
wax of the combs. They make silken galleries in which
they hide during the day. The tough cocoons are usually
placed against the side of the hive. The Bee-moth is
found almost everywhere that honey-bees are kept but its
original home, probably Asia, is unknown.

Phycitinae

For the most part, these are a silky gray. Nearly all the
larvag live in silken tubes, which may be in the stems of
plants, in seeds, in flower heads, or in crtmipled leaves.
LcBtilia coccidivora feeds on the Tulip Soft Scale and the
Cottony Maple Scale.

There are many Leaf-crumplers but this

Mineola species is apt to be noticed on home grounds,

indiginella ^ , , .

It has not been troublesome since spraying

for the Codling Aloth became general. The larvae feed
on apple, plum, and cherry. In winter we can find with-
ered crumpled leaves fastened to twigs. If these leaves
conceal a larva encased in a tube of silk and frass, looking
like a small, much-twisted horn, we probably have this
species. In the spring, after banquets on yoimg leaves,
the larva pupates in its case and the adults, with silver-
marked, pale brown, front wings, emerge about July.

The larvae of Mineola vaccinii is the Cranberry Fruit-
worm.

The Mediterranean Flour-moth was first
Ephestia noticed in America about 1889. It is now

rather widely distributed in flour, "feed,"
and cereals. The cylindrical larva is the color of pink
flesh, with sparse, long hairs and a reddish-brown head.
Not only do the larvae destroy by eating, but they also
spin threads as they move about, so that the material in

212

CEREAL-FEEDING MOTHS.

which they are becomes thoroughly mixed with webs.
The larvse are sometimes so abundant in flour mills that
the spouts and machinery become absolutely clogged with
silk. The thin cocoons are usually placed on some dried
substance and often have foreign material imbedded in the
silk. The wing expanse is somewhat less than an inch;
the front wings are dark gray crossed by wavy lines, the
V-shaped marks near the bases making a W when the
wings are closed; the hind wings are silvery gray and both
are fringed with long hairs. Breeding continues through-
out the winter in warm places, giving as many as four
or five generations a year.

The common name, Indian-meal Moth,

. ° ** „ is not inclusive enough, for the larva is
interpunctella - . ,,

fond of all sorts of stored foods, including

nuts and raisins. It was called Indian-meal Moth by

Fitch, who found it in corn-meal in 1856. The larva

can usually be distinguished from those of similar habits

by a pale line which divides the brown thoracic shield in

halves; it is an active creature which goes backward about

as weU as forward and it spins a web wherever it goes.

The cocoon is usually placed in a crack or corner. The

wing-expanse is a little more than half an inch; the front

wings are creamy-white at their bases, and reddish-brown,

marked with black, beyond; the hind wings are dingy

gray and fringed with long hairs. There are three or

more generations a year, depending largely on temperature.

Larvae of Acrohasis demoiella bore into the ends of walnut
twigs; of A.angusella into hickory leaf-stems; of A. carya
into the twigs of hickory; of A. ruhrifasciella live in cases
between leaves of sweet fern (Comptonia) and of alder;
of A. hetulella in tubes between birch leaves; of A. comp-
toniella in cases between the terminal leaves of Comptonia
and Myrica.

Larvae of Pinipestis zimmermanni bore in pine.

Larvae of Salehria afflicteUa live in tubes of silk and excre-
ment between leaves of sweet gum.

Larvae of Melitara prodenialis bore in the leaves of prickly
pear (Opuntia).

Larvae of Zophodia grossularice, in gooseberries.

213

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Larvae of Euzophera semifuneralis bore under bark of
plum and cherry.

Pterophorid^

If I should ever take up Lepidoptera as a hobby, I might
be tempted to specialize on these delicate "Plume Moths."
The adults may be recognized by the fact that their
wings, at least the hind ones, are split so as to form plumes;
they are all small and long-legged. The larvae suggest
miniature Arctiids but, in addition to structural differ-
ences, they may be distinguished from Woolly-bears by
their habit of living in tubes and loose webs. The pupae
are soft, hairy, and hang by their tails like butterfly chrysa-
lids, although a few make an attempt at constructing
cocoons. The family is not a large one; less than twenty
species have been recorded from New Jersey, for example,
and, with the exception of periscelidactylus^ none seem to
be very common.

See Plate LXI. Once again we quote
Oxyptilus peri- ^^^^ Riley's model reports on the Noxious,
beneficial and other insects of the State of
Missouri: "The larva of the Grape-vine Plume invariably
hatches soon after the leaves begin to expand ; and though it
is very generally called the Leaf-folder (from the fact that
the larvae live in a nest made by folding several leaves to-
gether) , it must not be confounded with the true Leaf -folder
[Psychomorpha epimensis of the Agaristidae], which does its
principal damage later in the season. At first the larva
of our Plume is smooth and almost destitute of hairs, but
after each moult the hairs become more perceptible, and
when full grown the larva [has] hairs arising from a trans-
verse row of warts, each joint having four above and six
below the breathing pores. After feeding for about three
weeks, our little worm fastens itself securely by the hind
legs to the underside of some leaf or other object, and,
casting its hairy skin, transforms to the pupa state. This
pupa, with the lower part of the three or four terminal
joints attached to a little silk previously spun by the
worm, hangs at a slant of about 40^. It is of peculiar
and characteristic form, being ridged and angular, with

214

TORTRICID/E: LEAF=ROLLERS.

numerous projections, and having remnants of the larval
warts; it is obliquely truncated at the head, but is chiefly
distinguished by two compressed sharp-jointed horns;
it measures, on an average, rather more than one-third
inch, and varies in color [according to the color of the back-
ground on which it is formed] from light green with darker
green shadings, to pale straw-color with light brown shad-
ings. . . . The moth escapes from this pupa in about one
week, and, like all the species belonging to the genus, it
has a very active and impetuous flight, and rests with the
wings closed and stretched at right angles from the body,
so as to recall the letter T. It is of a tawny yellow color,
the front wings marked with white and dark brown, the
hind wings appearing like burnished copper, and the legs
being alternately banded with white and tawny yellow."
We have, in the Northeast, a species of a related family,
Orneodid^. It is called Orneodes hexadactyla, each wing
being divided into "six fingers," making twenty-four
altogether.

TORTRICIDiE

Like Pyralidae, this is a large family of small moths. It
gets its name from the habit, which many of its members
have, of rolling leaves in order that they may have a
sheltered place in which to feed. However, not all Tortri-
cid larvae roll leaves and not all leaf-rollers are Tortricids.
The front wings are rather broad and usually square-cut
at the outer end. When at rest, the wings are folded
against the body. The following are examples of the
principal subfamilies.

Olethreutinae

The worm of most wormy grapes is the

o yc osis larva of this species. If no accident, such
viteana i • i

as bemg eaten by humans, happens to this

larva, it will leave the grape berry and go to a leaf. Here

it cuts a little flap, puUs the flap over and fastens it down

to the main leaf with silk; the inside is then Hned with

silk and within this snug retreat the larva pupates. When

this operation is carried on near the middle of the leaf,

two flaps are cut and drawn together to make the shelter.

215

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Finally, the frosts drop the leaf and winter is passed on
the ground. The first annual generation of adults
emerges about June first. They are purpHsh-brown moths
with a wing-expanse of somewhat less than half an inch.
The first-generation larvae feed on the grape blossoms and
young grapes, making a slight web about them. They
pupate as described, and the second-generation adults
emerge in mid-summer. Occasionally there is a third
generation.

^^ ^^ '' Most of us have heard of the Codling

pom^nelJr ■• ^°*^ °^ Apple-worm (Plate LXII) and
nearly all of us have bitten into its larval
galleries. Like the majority of our insect pests, it came
to us from Europe, in its case about 1750. In 1909
Quaintance estimated that it destroyed annually $12,000,-
000 worth of fruit and that $4,000,000 were expended
annually in attempts to control it, not counting the salaries
of professional entomologists! Mature larvse pass the
winter in cocoons placed, usually, on trunks of trees and
rendered less conspicuous by having bits of bark mixed
with the silk. The larvae pupate in the spring, some-
times leaving their hibernaculum to spin a new, thinner
» cocoon, and at other times merely breaking open the
hibernaculum and closing it again with a thin layer of
silk through which the pupa can push in order to free
the adult. These adults, which have a wing expanse of
about .75 inch and fly just after apple-blossom time,
are well described by Slingerland and Crosby: "The
front wings have the general appearance of watered silk,
this effect being produced by alternating irregular lines of
brown and bluish gray. Near the hind angle is a large,
light brown area bounded on the inner side by an irregular
chocolate brown band and crossed by two similar bands
of metallic coppery or golden color in certain lights. The
hind wings are coppery brown, darker towards the margin.
The sexes are very similar, but the male may be dis--
tinguished by the presence of an elongate dark area on the
underside of the fore wing and a pencil of black hairs on
the upper surface of the hind wing." The scale-like eggs,
about half the size of a pin-head, are usually laid on the

216

Plate LXII

CarpocQpsQ
pomonellQ

Archips rosana

217

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

leaves and now is the time to start spraying, for the larvae
take a few mouthfuls of foliage before they bore into the
young fruit. This generation usually goes in at the blossom
end of the apple but later generations often go in at the
side; in any case it is not so much the amount of apple
they eat that worries us as it is the difficulty in missing
their excrement-filled burrows, and themselves, when we
come to eat the fruit. Most of the larvae leave their
burrows before the apple falls, and crawl down the limb
to a suitable place for making a cocoon. There are from
one to three, or more, generations a year, depending on
climate. While this is distinctly an apple-worm, it feeds
also on pears, quinces, and even English walnuts. It is
found pretty nearly everywhere that apples are grown.

Mexican "jumping beans" are usually seeds of a species
of Croton which contain a wriggling larva of Carpocapsa
saltitans. Kellogg says that another Tortricid larva,
Grapholitha sebastianice, has similar habits.

Larvae of the genus Rhyacionia feed in the shoots or
bark of pines and hibernate in the shoots or in the masses
of exuded resin.

Larvae of Polychrosis Uriodendrana, in silken tents on the
under surface of tulip-tree leaves; of P. magnoliana, in
tents on the under surface of magnolia leaves.

Larvae of Cymolomia exoleta crumples gooseberry leaves;
of C. inornatana crumples wild cherry leaves.

Larvae of Olethreutes daeckeana, in stalks and leaves of
the pitcher plant (Sarracenia) ; of 0. cyanana, in rose shoots;
of 0. hehesana, in seed pods of Tigridia, Iris, and other
plants; of 0. hemidesma bind together leaves and make
galleries in flower spikes of Spiraea; of 0. chionosema twist
apple leaves.

Larv^ae of Pseudogalleria ininiicella, in stems of cat-briar
{Smilax) .

Larvae of Eucosma cataclystiana, in stems of rag-weed
(Ambrosia); of E. strenuana make spindle-shaped galls in
Ambrosia stems; of E. otiosana, in stems of beggar- ticks
(Bidens) ; of E. suffusana (an introduced European species),
in flower buds and on young leaves of cultivated roses;
of E.juncticiliana, in goldenrod stems; of E. dorsisignatana,
in roots of the same; of E. nisella, in willow catkins; of

2l8

TORTRICID/E.

E. scudderiana, desertana, and possibly obfuscana, in galls
on the stems of goldenrod but the galls themselves are
probably made by Gnor into schema gallcesolidaginis; of E.
tripartitajia, in Cecidomyid galls on stems of Black-eyed
Susan (Rudbeckia).

Larvae of Cydia sigftatana, in tubes of silk and excrement
under a web on underside of maple leaves; of C. timidella,
in similar tubes on underside of oak leaves.

Larvae of Episimus argutanus twist leaflets of sumac
and leaves of other plants into a spiral tube.

Larvae of Proteoteras cesculanum, in stems of horse-
chestnut leaves.

Larv^ of Enarmonia piceafoliana and ratzeburgiana
mine spruce needles; of E. pyricolana, in rosebuds.

Larvae of Ancylis comptana roll strawberry (chiefly),
blackberry, and raspberry leaves; of A. platanana make
tents between veins of underside of sycamore leaves.

Larvae of Laspeyresia caryana, on hulls of hickory and
walnut; of L. prunivora, in thorn apples (CratcBgus); of
L. nigricana, in pods of cultivated peas.

Larvae of Ecdytolopha insiticiana, in gall-like swellings
in twigs of locust.

Larvae of MelUsopus latiferreana, in fallen acorns.

Larvae of Rhopobota vacciniana, the Vine-worm or Black-
head, on cranberry.

Larvae of Spilonota ocellana, in buds of apple and other
fruit trees.

Larvae of Phthinolophus indentanus web leaves of
huckleberry and bayberry.

Tortricinae

The larvae of Peronea minuta is the Fire- worm or Yellow-
head of the cranberry.

Larvae of Cenopis saracana crumple leaves of sassafras;
of C. testulana fasten together wild cherry leaves.

Larvae of Ar chips fervidana make nests on oak and
cherry, sometimes "thousands" join together and web
up an entire bush or small tree.

The larvcB of A. rosana (Plate LXII) feed on the leaves
of currant and other small fruits, orchard and shade trees.

219

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Larvae of Eulia pinatubana live in tubes made by fasten-
ing together the needles of white pine and then feed on
the outer ends.

We now come to a series of families which contain
"really righty" m^'cro-lepidoptera, but, as Smith said,
"many of them are veritable gems of beauty, far exceeding
in brilliancy and richness their relatives of larger size."
The larvae are largely miners in leaves.

"And there's never a blade nor leaf too mean
To be some happy creature's palace."

Yponomeutid^

Larvae of Plutella maculipennis are common on cabbage
and other crucifers; the pupae can be easily seen through
the delicate, lacy cocoons on the cabbage stalks.

Larvae of Argyresthia thuiella mine arbor- vitae leaves.

Gelechiid^

The Angoumois Grain-moth is another
Sitotroga pestiferous importation from Europe and

"receives its name from the fact that in
1760 it Vv-as found to swarm in all the wheat-fields and
granaries of Angoumois and of the neighboring provinces
[of France], the afflicted inhabitants being deprived of their
principal staple, and threatened with famine and pestilence
from want of wholesome bread." It apparently landed in
North Carolina about 1730. The larvae feed within the
seeds of wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, sorghum, and cow-
peas, eating to, but not through, the surface. The creature
hibernates as a larva wrapped in silk, and pupates in
the spring. The adult, which resembles the ordinary
clothes-moth, emerges in May or June and oviposits on
the young grain-heads. There are two or three generations
a year.

Larvae of Metzneria lapella feed on seeds of burdock,
hibernating in the burs.

Larvae of Platodora similiella, in sunflower heads.

220

"REAL MICROS.'

Larvae of Telphusa helangerella are rollers of alder
leaves.

Larvae of Aristotelia roseosuffusella mine red-clover
leaves and live also in fruit panicles of sumac ; of -4 . fungi'
vorella web leaves of bayberry.

Larvas of Recurvaria apicitripunctella, in hemlock leaves;
of R. piceaella, in spruce leaves; of R. obliguistrigella and
juniperella, in juniper leaves; of R. thujaella, in arbor- vitas
leaves, sometimes making the trees look burned; of R.
robiniella each fasten flatly together two leaves of locust.

Larvae of Trypanisma prudens, under a slight web on
upper side of oak leaves.

Larvae of Paralechia piiiifoliella mine needles of Pinus
rigida; of P. cristifasciella, between spun-together oak
leaves.

Larvae of Phthorimcea operculella mine stored potatoes.

Larvae of Gnorimoschema gallcEsolidaginis make spindle-
shaped, gall-like swellings in goldenrod {Solidago) stems;
of G. solidaginella have similar habits but are said to be
confined to Solidago sempervirens; of G. buskiella and
gallcEsteriella make galls in aster stems.

Larvae of Anacampsis innocuella, in curled leaves of
poplar; of A. lupinella, in folded- together leaves of Lupinus
perennis.

Larvce of Gelechia serotinella each fasten together the
edges of a wild cherry leaf and live within a tube of silk
and frass placed in the fold.

SXENOMATIDiE

Adults of Stenoma, when at rest, resemble gray and
white bird droppings.

(ECOPHORID^

Larvae of Eumeyrickia trimaculella, in spruce stumps.

Adults of Agnopteryx and Despressaria often hibernate
in outhouses, piles of brush, and the like. Larvae of A.
pulvipennella, in leaves, folded lengthwise, of Solidago and
Eupatorium; of A. robiniella, in similarly folded leaves of
locust. Larvs of D. cinereocostella fasten together leaves
of water parsnip.

221

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

BLASTOBASIDiE

Smith wrote: "These moths are usually small in size
with a peculiar silken sheen to the prevailing gray shade of
the forewings. The favorite time for flight is an hour
before sundown, when sometimes hundreds can be taken.
The larvae live in seeds, nuts, and buds, as well as Aphid
and Kermid galls." And in connection with Valenthiia
glandulella: "Almost every acorn found on the ground
in midwinter contains one or more of the larvae of this
species, often in company with a Tortricid and a Coleopter-
ous larva."

Elachistid^

Quoting Smith again, and most of the
Coleophora short notes which I give concerning moths

are culled from his Insects of New Jersey: "As many
of the species in the adult stage are indistinguishable
from each other, the only reliable way to identify
them is by breeding. The larvae are all case-makers,
the cases distinctive for each species. In shape they
range from slender flattened cylinders to one made of
clusters of flowers. Almost every plant supports one or
more species, many are confined to grasses, and others live
in seed heads. In general, the life histories are similar;
eggs are laid in summer, the larva makes a small case in
which it hibernates in the next to the last stage. In the
earliest days of spring it resumes feeding for a few weeks,
moths issuing May to July." The cases may be found
during the winter attached to trunks and larger limbs.
When the trees leaf out, the larvae move to the leaves.
C. carycefoliella, cylindrical dark brown case on hickory
leaves. C. corylifoliella, case flattened, with serrate edges,
on hazel. C. fletcherella, small dark brown flattened case on
apple (Plate LXI). C. laricella, small dark brown case
on larch. C. limosipennella, flat case, with serrate upper
edge, on elm. C. malivorella, black, pistol-shaped case
on apple. C. pruniella, large black pistol-shaped case
on wild cherry. C. ostryce, reddish-brown, flat case on
ironwood. C. guerciella, scimiter-case, anterior two

222

SOME LEAF-MINERS.

thirds white, the rest black, on oak. C. vagans, grayish
cyUndrical case on grass. C. viburnella, flat brown case
with upper edge serrated on viburnum.

Larvae of Batrachedra salicipomonella, in Cecidomyid and
Tentheredinid galls on willow leaves.

Larvas of Ajitispila cornifoliella make blotch mines in
Cortius leaves; of A. viticordifoliella make orange- colored
blotch mines on wild grape ( Vitis cordifolia) leaves.

Coptodisca. The larvae are leaf -miners and some, at
least, pupate in a case which they cut from the epidermis
of a leaf and attach to a tree trunk. C. lucifluella, on
hickory; C. ostrycofoliella, on iron wood; C. saliciella, on
willow; C. splendoriferella, on Cratcegus, apple, plum, and
wild cherry.

Larvae of Mompha hrevivittella and circumscrtpiella, in
seed-capsules of evening primrose; of M. eloisella, in stalks,
during winter, of the same plant.

TlNEID^

Most of the larvae are leaf-miners, their life being passed
in tunnels between the upper and under surfaces of a
single leaf, which, however, they usually desert to pupate
in a tough cocoon on a twig or on the ground. The shape
of the mine, as seen through the leaf, and the kind of leaf
it is in are frequently quite characteristic of a given species.
The following definitions are taken from Comstock. See
also Plate LXIL The long, narrow, and more or less
winding mines are described as "linear mines." Some
of these are very narrow at their beginning and gradually
enlarge, resembling in outline a serpent; frequently the
larger end is terminated by a blotch-like enlargement
suggesting a head. Such mines are termed "serpentine
mines." Other mines that start from a narrow beginning
enlarge more rapidly and extend in a more or less regular
cun^e; these are "trumpet mines." The mines of many
species are mere disk-like blotches; these are referred to as
"blotch mines." In some of the blotch mines the epider-
mis of one side of the leaf is thrown into a fold by the
growth of the leaf; these are "tentiform mines." A
"tract mine" is merely a broad linear one. A "com-

223

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

munity" mine is one in which there are several larvae;
it is probably formed by several blotch mines running
together.

These are among the smallest of Lepidop-
Stigmella ^^j.^^^ some having a wing expanse of not

over an eighth of an inch. S. amelanchieriella, broad
mines in leaves of June-berry {Amelanchier) ; S. anguinella,
narrow, serpentine mines in oak leaves; 5. saginella, moder-
ately broad, serpentine mines in oak and chestnut leaves;
6*. carycefoliella, very narrow, whitish mines in hickory
leaves; S. corylifoliella, long, narrow, winding mines in
hazel leaves; S. juglandifoliella, narrow, whitish mines in
walnut leaves; S. platanella, large, irregular, blotch mines
on under side of sycamore leaves; S. ostrycEfoliella, moder-
ately wide, tract mines in iron wood leaves; S. virginiella
long, narrow, track mines in iron wood leaves; S. platea,
moderately wide, winding mines in oak leaves; 5. pomi-
vorella mines in apple leaves; S. prunifoliella, narrow mines
in wild cherry leaves; S. roscBfoliella, serpentine mines in
sweetbrier leaves; S. ruhifolidla, blotch mines, and S.
villosella, narrow linear mines in blackberry leaves.

Bucculatrix larvae are leaf-miners when young but later
feed externally. They hibernate in slender cocoons which
have longitudinal ribs or ridges and which are usually
fastened to the trunks or large limbs of trees.

All the larvae are leaf-miners and there
PhyUonoryter ^^^ ^ ^^ number of species. The

or Lithocolletis ,, , ,, . ,

samples given here represent a very

small part of the Northeastern fauna, oak, especially,
being largely left out of account since it harbors so
many of the numerous species which make similar
mines. Oak: cincinnatiella makes large community
mines on the under side of leaves; conglomeratella,
leathery, brown blotch mines on upper side of leaves;
tubiferella, long, sinuate band-like mines, gradually
increasing in width and frequently crossing, on upper side
of leaves. Chestnut: macrocarpella, upper side of leaves
(also on oak); kearfottella, narrow mines on under side,
usually along a vein. Maple: lucidicostella, on under side;

224

SOME LEAF=MINERS.

saccharella, irregular blotch mines on upper side; aceriella,
broad tract mines on upper side of leaves. Birch : hetuli-
vora, small, nearly circular mines on upper side; lentella,
community mines on upper side of leaves (also on iron-
wood). Ironwood: obscuriocostella, under side; ostrya-
foliella, also on under side but mine is much wrinkled and
usually near the margin of the leaf; tritcenianella, rather
large tent mines on upper side of leaves; ostryarella, com-
munity mines on upper sides of leaves, also on horn-beam.
Locust: ostensackenella, yellow blotch mines on both
surfaces of leaves; there are other, more common ones,
but they are hard to differentiate. Hickory: carycBfoliella,
upper side of leaves. Basswood: lucetiella under side;
tilieacella nearly circular tent mines on upper side of
leaves. Elm: argentinotella, under side; ulmella, irregular
blotch mines on upper side of leaves. Poplar: salici-
foliella, under side of leaves; this species and others occur
on willow; populiella, very small tent mine on under side
of leaf. Alder: auronitens, rounded, flattened mines on
under side of leaves. Hazel: corylisella, blotch mines
on upper side of leaves. Witch-hazel: hamamelis, whitish
blotch mine on upper side of leaves. Apple: malimali-
foliella, small, much wrinkled, tent mine on the under
side of leaves; there are others. Honeysuckle (Lonicera):
fragilella, under side of leaves. Poison Ivy: guttifinitella,
upper side of leaves. This very incomplete list of a
single genus might well give us many humble thoughts.
What a world of creatures, each as important in its way
as we in ours, and each doing its appointed task in the
appointed way !

Larvae of Gracilaria arc all leaf-miners when young;
some leave the mines when half-grown and form cones
by twisting and rolling the end of a leaf.

Larvag of Parectopa lespedezcefoliella mine leaves of bush
clover {Lespedeza).

The larv^as of Ornix turn over the edge of a leaf, forming
a flap, three or four often being present on one leaf; the
cocoon is spun on the ground and the imago does not
issue until the following spring. 0. giittea (abundant)
and solitariella, on apple; kalmieUa, on sheep laurel {Kal-
mia); preciosella, on swamp huckleberry; cratagifoliella, on

1% 22^

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

black thorn; conspicuella, on birch; prunivorella, on wild
cherry; quadripunctella, on chokecherry.

Larvae of Mamara salictella mine long lines in the tender
inner bark of young willows.

Larvae of Proleucoptera smilaciella make blotch mines in
leaves of cat-brier (Smilax) ; pupae in hammock-like cocoons
on under side of leaves.

The larvae of the following species of Pliyllocnistis make
long, winding, thread-like mines in leaves: ampelopsiella, of
Virginia creeper; vilifoliella, of grape; liriodendrella, of
tulip poplar.

Larvae of Tischeria citripennella make trumpet-shaped
mines in oak leaves; quercitella, dentate mines on upper
side of oak leaves; solidaginifoliella mine goldenrod leaves;
malifoliella make yellowish-brown blotch mines in apple
leaves; anea, funnel-shaped blotch mines in blackberry
leaves.

The larvae of Setomorpha insectella, an almost cosmopoli-
tan species, feed on hair and other dry animal products,
but, in America at least, do not often become injurious
in houses.

Larvae of Xylesthia pruniramiella, in woody excrescences
on plum trees.

The larvae of Tinea feed on rotten wood, fungi, dry
animal products, and the like. There have been more
than a dozen species recorded from New Jersey alone,
although the adults have very secretive habits. The
following species is well known and widely distributed:

There are three species of Clothes-moths (see also
Buffalo-bugs), each belonging to a different genus but all
are Tineids and all are Old World species which have long
been associated with man, "corrupting" his treasures:
Tinea pellionella (Plate LXII) has a case-
Tr^ 11 making larva, the case being cylindrical,

about as long as the larva. Herrick
writes: "The young larva, of course, soon finds its case
too small and, as it grows, it has to enlarge the case from
time to time. This enlargement is done in a very interest-
ing manner. Without emerging from its case, the lar^^-a
cuts a slit halfway down one side, thus forming a triangular

226

CLOTHES-MOTHS.

opening. Into this opening it inserts a triangular gore
of the woolen material upon which it is feeding. This
process is repeated on the opposite side of the case and
without leaving its retreat it turns around and repeats
the same thing on the other half of the case. Thus the
case is enlarged in diameter, but it remains for the larva
to lengthen its home. This is done by additions to each
end of the case. On the outside, the case appears to be
composed of fibers of the material upon which the larva
has been feeding, but inside the case is lined with a soft
layer of fine silk. By transferring the larva to different
colored materials a curiously parti-colored case may be
obtained, for the insect will use the various materials for
the enlargements. The larva completes its growth by fall
and seeks a secluded place in which to secrete itself and
spend the winter in a torpid condition. The larvae have
been observed to leave the carpets upon which they were
feeding and drag their cases up a wall fifteen feet high and
fasten them to the ceiling. In the spring, the larvae
transform to pupae in the cases within which they have
lived during the winter." About three weeks later the
moths emerge. They have a wing expanse of about
half an inch; the front wings are shining, yellowish brown,
with indistinct dark spots; the hind wings are lighter and
plain; both pairs are fringed with long hairs. The second

species, Tineola hiselliella, has a webbing
Tineola larva; it makes no case but feeds, naked,

usually in a fold or crevice of the material
it is eating and often under the web of silk which it spins
wherever it goes. The cocoon is an irregular affair of
silk and food material, somewhat resembling the case of
pellionella. The adult is about the size of pellipnella;
the front wings are yellower and without spots; the hind

wings are pale. The third species, Tricho-
Tnchophaga phaga tapetzella, is, as yet, rather rare in
ape ze a America. Mr. Wm. T. Davis has bred it

from larvae in barn-owl pellets, but the larvae are usually
found in fur robes, horse-blankets, upholstering of car-
riages, and the like. It is not so domestic as the other
two species. The larvae burrow into their food-material,
making silk-lined galleries, within which they eventually

.i-'/

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

pupate. The adults have a wing expanse of about three-
quarters of an inch ; the bases of the front wings are black,
the rest being white, clouded with gray; the hind wings
are light gray ; the head bears long white hairs. The larvas
of all three species feed on hair, wool, feathers, and almost
any fabric of animal origin except (?) silk.

Larvae of Prodoxus intermedius bore in stalks of Yucca
in great nimibers.

"No discovery in recent years has been
Pronuba rnore interesting to students of insect and

plant life than that which was made in
1872 by Professor Riley, of the intimate relationship which
subsists between the beautiful plants, known as Yuccas,
and the genus of moths to which the present species
belongs. It has been ascertained that the fructification
of the various species of Yucca is almost absolutely de-
pendent upon the agency of the female moth ; and, strangely
enough, it has also been ascertained that the pollination
of the flowers is not the result of mere accidental attribu-
tion of the wings and other organs of the insect when
engaged in seeking for nectar in the flower and when
engaged in laying her eggs, but that she deliberately
collects the pollen with her mouth, which is peculiarly
modified to enable her to do this, and then applies the
pollen to the stigma with infinitely better care than it
could be done by the most skillful horticulturist using
the most delicate human appliances" (Holland) The
moth's actions are not altogether altruistic for she lays her
eggs in the seed capsules and her young feed on the tissue,
which would not develop if she did not pollinate. When
full-grown, the larva crawls out and hibernates in a tough
cocoon on or in the ground, pupating when spring comes.

The Hepialid^, Ghost-moths, and Micropterygid^, -
belonging to the suborder MICROPTERYGOIDEA, con-
tain small, rare moths closely related to the Trichoptera,
Caddice-flies ; see p. 57. The larvae of some, at least, of
the Hepialidae bore in roots; those of Micropterygid.-^ are
usually leaf-miners.

228

FLIES : TWOsWINQED INSECTS.

DIPTERA

Members of this order are Mosquitoes, Gnats, and
Flies. The last name is applied, with modifying adjec-
tives, to many other insects, but true flies never have more
than one pair of wings. The pair of small, knobbed or-
gans, called balancers or halteres, just back of these
wings, represents a second pair of wings. The scale-like
affairs above the halteres and back of the roots of the
wings are called squamce or calyptras (some authors call
them tegulae or alulae) ; there may be two pairs, one pair,
or none. Eggs of Diptera are sometimes called "nits";
the larvae are called "maggots," "wrigglers," or "bots."
Pupation often occurs inside the larval skin. About
10,000 species are already described from North America.

The venation of the wings and the arrangement of the
thoracic bristles are important in classification; also the
antennae, which vary greatly from group to group. Un-
fortunately there are several systems of names for the
veins and cells of the wings but the following (see Plate
LXIX) is in rather general use. The vein which forms
the front margin of, and runs for a variable distance
around, the wing is called the costal (or marginal). The
next vein back of it is the auxiliary; then come the longi-
tudinals (first to fifth), the last three of which are often
branched. The cell between the costal and auxiliary
veins is the costal cell; that between the auxiliary and first
longitudinal veins is the subcostal cell; then, in order along
the margin of the wing, are the marginal, first submarginal,
second suhmarginal (between branches of the third longi-
tudinal vein, if branched) , and the more or less numerous
posterior cells. The central cell is the discal; and at the
base, from front to back, are the first basal, second basal,
anal (not always present), and axillary cells, A cell is
said to be complete when it is entirely enclosed by veins.

229

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

I do not expect that this brief discussion will satisfy the
reader who attempts to apply it to all Diptera ; such special
students should go to special books such as Williston's
Manual of North American Diptera.

Some Diptera have thread-like or feathery antennse
with numerous similar joints; others, such as the ordinary
house-flies, have stubby antennas with only three joints,
the third bearing an arista. This arista may be bristle-
like and either feathered or plain; placed dorsally or at
the tip of the third joint. If it is at the tip and is rela-
tively stout, it is called a style. The forms of antennas
are numerous and varied. The space between the eyes
and above the roots of the antennae is called the front.
The vertex is the top of the head between the eyes.

The various parts of the thorax have been named and
are often important taxonomically. Plate LXIX shows
the achrostical (a.) and dorsocentral (d. c.) series of bristles
divided by the transverse suture (/. s.). The letter a. is
placed on the scutellum.

The following key divides ordinary flies into two sub-
orders: Nematocera and Brachycera. Another way of
dividing the order is as follows: those flies whose larvae
have a differentiated head, and whose adults leave the
surrounding pupal covering through a T-shaped opening
on the back of the anterior end, or rarely in a transverse
rent between the eighth and ninth abdominal rings, belong
to the suborder ORTHORRHAPHA; those flies whose
larvae do not have a differentiated head, whose pupae are
enclosed in the hardened larval skin (forming the so-called
puparium), and whose adults leave from the anterior
end through a circular orifice (the adults have an oval or
crescentic space, the "frontal lunule," above the roots of
the antennae, and usually have a "ptilinum," an inflatable
organ capable of being thrust out just above the roots of
the antennae which is used by the adult in springing off the
cap of the puparium), belong to the suborder CYCLOR-
RHAPHA. All Nematocera are Orthorrhapha and so
also are all Stratiomyidas, Tabanidae, Leptidae, Asilidae,
Bombyliidas, Dolichopodidae, and their near relatives
among the Brachycera.

230

FLIES: TWO-WINGED INSECTS.

Key to the

FAAilLIES OF DiPTERA

(adults)

1. Flies of a leathery or horny structure, living as per-
manent, blood-sucking parasites upon warm-blooded
vertebrates; the young (larvae) are born when nearly
ready to pupate. Wings very often reduced or lacking.
PUPIPARA (p. 279).

Flies of a softer structure, not living as permanent
parasites upon warm-blooded vertebrates in the adult
condition; egg-laying, rarely giving birth to hatched larvas.
Wings very rarely reduced or absent 2.

2. Antennae having numerous joints freely articulated
with each other (usually from 8 to 16). Wings usually
without discal cell; the anal cell rarely narrowed in the
border of the wing. Palpi as a rule with 4 to 5 joints.
Suborder NEMATOCERA 3.

Antennae are usually composed of 3 joints, usually
with a differentiated style or bristle (the last joint some-
times annulated). Wings almost always with a discal
cell; the anal cell, if present, closed or much narrowed in
the border of the wing. Palpi never with more than 2
joints. Suborder BRACHYCERA 13.

3. Wings with a spider-web-like secondary venation of
creased lines between the ordinary veins; slender, long-
legged species BLEPHAROCERIDiE (p. 246).

Only the ordinary venation in the wings 4.

4. Mesonotum divided into an anterior and a posterior
part by a more or less distinct transverse suture, which is
very often V-shaped. Legs very long and slender; body
and wings elongate, the wings sometimes with a discal ceU.
Never small; often very large TiPULiDiE (p. 236).

Mesonotum not divided by a transverse suture.
Never very large, often small 5*

5. A complete discal cell present; the costal vein much
thinned beyond the tip of the wing; wings usually spotted.
Medium sized, mosquito-hke RhyphiD/E.

No discal cell 6.

231

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

6. Wings almost always hairy, with only a few longitudinal
veins (as a rule 3, rarely 5), very often without apparent

cross- veins. Antennae long and slender

Itonidid^ (p. 242).

Wings always with more than 3 longitudinal veins and,
as a rule, with apparent cross-veins. In doubtful cases
there are either more than 5 longitudinal veins or else the
antennas are rather stout, shorter than the thorax 7.

7. At least 9 veins reach the margin of the wings, the
second and fourth longitudinal veins being forked; costal
vein continuing all aroimd the wing 8.

Less than 9 veins terminate in the margin of the
wing; the veins never very hairy or scaly 10.

8. Veins bare ; second longitudinal veins strongly arched
forward Dixid^ (p. 236).

Veins including the hind margin, and also body, very
hairy or scaly 9.

9. Wings ovate or pointed, with numerous longitudinal
veins and without apparent cross-veins. Small or minute,
moth-like flies; the wings, when at rest, held like a roof
above the abdomen Psychodid^ (p. 236).

Wings elongate, narrow, not held roof-like against the
body, with the anterior cross-vein near the middle of the
wing distinct CuLiciDiE (p. 238).

10. Antennae as a rule shorter than the thorax, rather
stout, without constrictions between the joints. Body
often stout, not mosquito-like 11.

Antennae long and slender, the joints longer than
broad. Second basal cell usually open (posterior cross-
vein wanting). Body slender, mosquito-like 12,

11. Second basal cell usually closed by a cross- vein.
Often medium sized Bibionid^ (p. 243).

Second basal cell open (or wanting). Never more
than .25 in. long, with large and broad wings. Simuliid^

(p- 243).

12. Coxae, as a rule, much elongate. All the tibiae with
apical spurs. Ocelli, as a rule, present. Mycetophilid^

(p. 242).
Coxae at most moderately long. Tibiae usually

without apical spurs. Ocelli absent Chironomid^

(p. 241).

232

KEY TO DIPTERA.

13. Antennae apparently two-jointed, with a three-
jointed arista. Wings (rarely wanting) with strong
anterior and much Ughter posterior longitudinal veins,
usually without discal cell. Small, hunchbacked, quick-
running, bristly flies Phorid^ (p. 253) .

Antennae almost invariably with 3 easily distinguish-
able j oints, the terminal one being often annulated . Di seal
cell, as a rule, present I4«

14. Three nearly equal pulvilliform pads under the tarsal
claws. Head and thorax without strong bristles 15.

Only two pads under the tarsal claws, the median one
wanting or represented by a bristly hair. Head and
thorax often with bristles IQ-

15. Squamae very large; thorax and abdomen inflated;
head small, with relatively large eyes Cyrtid^

(p. 248).

Squamae of moderate size or small, or the thorax and

abdomen not inflated 16.

16. Third joint of the antenna simple, not composed of
superficial rings. Costa enclosing the wing margin

beyond the tip. Squamae very small, vestigial

Leptid^e (p. 248).

Third joint of the antennae complex, 4- to 8-ringed,
rarely w^th a distinct bristle-like arista 17.

17. Costal vein not enclosing the hind margin of the
wing. Squamae small or vestigial Stratiomyid^

(p. 246).
Costal vein continuing around the hind margin of the

wing ^°*

18. Squamae conspicuous Tabanid^ (p. 247).

Squamae small or vestigial Xylophagid^.

19. Third longitudinal vein forked, delimiting two or
more submarginal cells 20.

Third longitudinal vein not forked, but one sub-
marginal cell 25.

20. Anal cell, when present, closed some distance from
the hind border of the wing, sometimes absent. Third
antennal joint usually with a terminal stjde. Vertex
flat or convex Empidid^ (p. 252).

Anal cell always present, either open or closed in or
near the margin of the wing 21,

233

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

21. Vertex flat or convex, the eyes not bulging; in the
males the eyes often contiguous 22.

Vertex sunken, distinctly hollowed out between the
eyes, which are never contiguous in the males. Mostly
large flies 24.

22. Fourth longitudinal vein terminating at or before the
tip of the wing. Three posterior cells. Proboscis hidden.
Antennas without a style or bristle. Flies of moderate
or small size, bare or scaly Scenopinid/E

(p. 249).

Fourth longitudinal vein terminating beyond the tip

of the wing. Antennae often with a terminal style. Body

usually bristly or pilose, sometimes of large size. Proboscis

projecting 23.

23. Five posterior cells in the wing. Abdomen rather

long and tapering. Proboscis moderately long

Therevid^ (p. 249).

As a rule, 4 or 3 posterior cells in the wing. Abdomen
usually stout, broad, hairy, rarely very slender and bare.

Proboscis often very long Bombyliid.-e

(p. 249).

24. Body without bristles. Proboscis with fleshy
labella at tip. Venation of the wing complicated, the
fourth longitudinal vein curves forward to terminate in
front of the wing-tip IMydaid.e

(p. 250).

Body bristly. Proboscis homy and rigid, without

fleshy labella at tip. Venation of the normal type. . . .

AsiLiD^ (p. 250).

25. Wings pointed; no cross- veins except at the base;
second longitudinal vein ending almost at the tip of the
wing. Length, less than .2 in Lonchopterid/E.

Wings roimded at the tip, the second longitudinal
vein ending before the tip of the wing; cross- veins present.
26.

26. Anal cell, when present, short, closed some distance
from the hind border of the wing, sometimes absent 27.

Anal cell elongate, acute, either open or closed toward
or near the border of the wing. Second basal cell as a
rule separated by a cross-vein from a complete discal
cell 29.

234

KEY TO DIPTERA.

27. Frontal lunule and suture (ptilinum) almost always
distinct. Head and thorax very often with bristles.
Third antennal joint usually with dorsal arista. Second
basal cell as a rule separated by a cross-vein from a com-
plete discal cell. Numerous IMuscoid families. See p. 258
and following pages.

No frontal suture. Second basal cell often confluent
with the discal cell, or the discal cell absent. Usually
small flies 28.

28. For the most part brilliantly colored (metallic green)
flies. Arista of the antennae dorsal or terminal. Second
basal cell merged with the discal cell Dolichopodid.e

(p. 250).

Color not brilliantly green. Arista of the antennae

usually terminal. Second basal cell rarely merged with

the discal cell Empidid^ (20).

29. Between the third and fourth longitudinal veins and
subparallel with them a spurious longitudinal vein, which
is rarely absent. Usually brightly colored flower-flies,
rarely with bristles Syrphid^ (p. 253).

No extra vein between the third and fourth longitudi-
nal veins 30-

30. Proboscis elongate and slender, often folding. No
bristles on head and thorax Conopid^ (p. 257).

Proboscis short, not projecting. Small flies 31.

31. Antennae with terminal arista. Head and thorax
with bristles Platypezid^.

Antennae with dorsal arista. Head and thorax with-
out true bristles. Wings much longer than the abdomen.

PlPUNCLXIDiE.

235

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

NEMATOCERA

TlPULID^

These are the Crane-flies or Daddy Long-legs — those
who complain

"My six long legs, all here and there,
Oppress my bosom with despair."

The long legs and the V-shaped suture between the wings
usually distinguish this family from other true flies.
They are sometimes mistaken for mosquitoes and the large
ones — some are over two inches long — are blamed on New
Jersey ; but they do not bite. I cannot tell you how to keep
the legs on your specimens. Chionea valga is wingless
and is found in northern United States crawling about
over the snow. Bittacomorpha clavipes has black legs with
white bands; its larva lives in shallow, debris-clogged
water. The larva of Tipula ahdominalis (Plate LXIII) is
also aquatic. The aquatic larvae are both vegetarians and
camivors. Tipulid larvae are sometimes called "leather
jackets" and many of them are found in decaying vegeta-
tion on dry land; others under bark and in fungi; some
feed, at least incidentally, on roots; and a few, such as
Cylindrotoma, on the leaves of violets, anemones, and
other terrestrial plants. The pupae are slim affairs with
relatively short wing-cases.

PSYCHODIDiE

These thickly haired Moth Flies are rarely more than a
sixth of an inch long. They fly but weakly in shady
places, on windows, and in outhouses; and are often abun-
dant at lights. Their larvae live in decaying vegetation,
in dung, and in water.

DlXIDiE

Rather long-legged, nearly hairless flies. The larvae
are aquatic and resemble those of mosquitoes. The
adults are usually found about moist places in forests,
sometimes dancing in swarms.

236

Plate LXIII

TipulQ Qbdominalis

^i' Simulidae
237

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

CULICID^

Everyone knows a Mosquito, or thinks he does. The
proboscis of the female is fitted for sucking but the mouth -
parts of the male are rudimentary (he cannot "bite") and
his antennae are very plumose. The veins of a mosquito's
wings are scaly, as is also the body. The larvae are aquatic ;
they are the "wrigglers" such as most of us have seen in
rain barrels. Owing to the interest in mosquitoes by
reason of their connection with malaria and yellow fever,
they have been extensively studied and many genera
and species have been described. For most purposes
we, in the North, can stick to the old division into two
principal genera, Anopheles and Culex. See Plate LXIV.

The palpi of the adult female are nearly
Anopheles ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^-^^ proboscis, so that her beak

appears to be three-pronged (do not mix in the antennae).
Possibly other species carry malaria but the only United
States species which has been definitely convicted is quadri-
maculatus {maculipennis of some authors). Plate LXIV
will help you identify it but beware of any three-beaked,
spotted-winged mosquito. When properly posed, it
holds the body at an angle to the surface upon which it
rests, the beak being in the same direction as the body.
It may have previously sucked the blood of a malarial
patient; the malarial parasite may then have worked
its way from the mosquito's "stomach" to its salivary
glands and be ready for injection into you. The eggs of
Anopheles are laid singly in water. The larvas live among
surface vegetation in fresh water, usually where sewage is
absent and a slight current prevents stagnation. Larvae
have been reported from brackish water but in my experi-
ence those found near salt meadows were in fresh-water
pools. They have a short breathing siphon at the hind
end of their body and float parallel with the surface of the.
water. Adults hibernate in sheltered places such as
cellars and hollow trees.

Our northern species are harmless, except
^"'®^ that the females bite; in fact, they bite

harder than Anopheles but they do not carry malaria.

238

Plate LXIV

Early stages
of Culex

LarvQ of
Anopheles

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Yellow fever is transmitted by calopus, a tropical and
subtropical species of a subgenus, or separate genus,
Aedes. This mosquito has also been called Stegomyia
fasciata. For the most part, the species of Culex have
unspotted wings; the palpi of the female are short, the
beak not appearing to have three nearly equal prongs.
The adults usually hold their bodies parallel to the surface
on which they rest, the beak being at an angle. The
larval breathing siphon is long and the larvae hang head-
down from the water's surface film. The eggs of Culex,
in a limited sense, such as those of the common, rain-
barrel C. pipiens, are laid in a floating, raft-like mass.
Those of what are now called Aedes, such as the common
salt-marsh mosquito with banded legs, A. sollicitans,
may be laid singly or in little masses in the mud of low
ground, or on the surface of the water, sinking to the
bottom and usually passing the winter in that stage. The
eggs of A. canadensis commonly hatch in woodland pools
before the weather moderates.

Wyeomyia smithii breeds in the leaves of pitcher plants
{Sarracenia) . "Larvae may be found at all times of the
year, the winter being passed in that stage, sometimes
active in mild weather, sometimes frozen solid" (Smith).
Even the female does not bite.

The pupae of mosquitoes are humpbacked wrigglers or,
rather, "flappers," which breathe by means of a pair of
trumpet-shaped siphons on their back. They are active
throughout pupal life but do not usually move unless dis-
turbed. The larv£e and pupas really breathe atmospheric
air, for they stick their breathing siphons just out of the
water. Kerosene, spread on the water, prevents them
from getting to the air, hence they smother. Furthermore,
the kerosene may corrode their tissues. However, the
best way to combat mosquitoes is to prevent their breed-
ing. Put fish in all pools which cannot readily be drained ;
keep the edges of streams and ponds sharp so that fish
can collect all the eggs, larvas, and pupae; drain swamps and
useless pools ; bury tin cans and the like ; and fill up all tree
holes. I hope this will never be completely done in my
lifetime. I would rather stand a few mosquitoes than
have all my collecting places for aquatic insects spoiled.

240

MIDGES, SAND=FUES, ETC.

Certain genera are grouped by some good authorities in a
separate family, CoRETHRiDiE. The wings and body are
covered with hairs instead of scales. The adults look
like mosquitoes, but probably do not feed, certainly do not
bite; the larv^ are predatory, often cannibalistic, whereas
mosquito larvag are vegetarians ; and the larvae, for the most
part, do not breathe atmospheric air but get their oxygen
by absorption from the water. These young Corethridae
are called Phantom Larvae on account of their almost
complete transparency. By looking carefully one may
see them in still, shaded pools, keeping a horizontal
position a little below the surface of the water. The eyes
are dark, and there are two pairs of dark spots, one pair on
the thorax and one near the end of the abdomen. These
are "air-sacs." I do not know how the air gets in there
or if it is real air. The pigment in the lining of these sacs
may have something to do with it. The pupa floats in
an upright position and doubtless gets atmospheric air
through the respiratory tnimpets on the top of its head.

Chironomid^

This is a large family of delicate, often minute, flies,
commonly known as Midges. The costal vein does not
go further than the tip of the wing. "The larvae are soft-
skinned, worm-like, often blood-red in color and usually
aquatic, as are also the active pupae, though some live in
decomposing vegetable matter, or in the earth. These
midges are often seen, especially in the early spring or in
the autumn, in immense swarms, dancing in the air, and
have doubtless in many cases given rise to exaggerated
stories of mosquitoes. . . . While at rest they usually
raise their fore legs in the air and keep them constantly
vibrating" (Williston). Alost of the adults are harmless,
but Sand-flies, Punkies, and No-see-ums, belonging to the
genus Culicoides, make life miserable. They are the
smallest blood-suckers, some of them being only .04 in.
long. Some larvae live under bark and fallen leaves, and
in sap flowing from wounded trees. Chironomus has
many inoffensive species; the larvae are common in tubes
in soft mud.

16 241

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

iTONlDIDiE (OR CECIDOMYIIDiE)

The la>'man usually knows these onh'' by their works.
Many of them are gall makers (see p. 457) or live in galls
made by other species; some breed in decaying wood and
bulbs, others under bark and in fungi, while still others
feed on plant Hce. Unlike most Diptera, many of these
pupae are enclosed in a cocoon formed by an exudation
from the larvag. The genus Miastor contains species
whose larvae sometimes develop eggs which hatch, without
fertilization, inside their "mothers," the children then
devouring their parent.

"Probably no other insect does so wide-
Mayetiola spread damage as the Hessian Fly, attacking

our chief staple, wheat, as well as rye and
barley. One-tenth of the whole crop, valued at $50,000,-
000 to $70,000,000, is generally conceded to be destroyed
by this pest every year. In certain sections the loss often
amounts to from 30 to 50 per cent., and in 1900 was esti-
mated at fully $100,000,000" (Sanderson). It (Plate
LXV) is a European insect which was first noticed on
Long Island shortly after the Hessian troops landed
there. The adults are dark-colored gnats, about .1 in.
long. The larvae imbed themselves in the plant, especially
where the stem is covered by a leaf, absorb the sap, and
weaken the straw. The "flax-seed" is the puparium.

The Wheat-midge, Diplosis tritici, was introduced from
Europe a few years after the Hessian Fly. Its larvae
feed on the developing wheat-heads and pupate in under-
ground cocoons. The larvae of Dasyneura leguminicola
feed on clover seed. The Pear Midge, Contarinia pyrivora,
is another immigrant from Europe; it causes a lumpy
growth in the fruit, the larvae working chiefly at the core.

MvCETOPHILIDiE

The larvae of these minute Fungus Gnats feed on ftmgus

(including cultivated mushrooms) and decaying vegetation,
often living in the soil of potted plants. I^Iany, especially
species of Sciara, are gregarious and travel in "armies"

242

SIMULIID/C: BLACK FLIES.

when looking for better food or when about to pupate.
The larvae often spin webs and some, at least, pupate in a
dense, spun cocoon. Luminous lar\'-ae have been described
but their light was probably borrowed from the fungi.

BlBIONID^

The name IVlarch Flies is misleading, as adults rarely
appear that earl3^ Some are common about fruit-tree
blossoms. The larvae feed on excrement, decaying roots,
and logs. The white- winged, rather long-legged, clumsy
fly which frequently occurs in large numbers in meadows
and is sometimes seen on windows is Bibio alhipennis
(Flate LXV).

SiMULIIDiE

Those who know the Black Flies of the North woods, or
the Buffalo Gnats and Turkey Gnats of other sections,
kncnv some adult Simulids: stout, hump-backed, short-
legged biting pests with very interesting larvae. See
Plate LXIII. The larvae are black and sit, in colonies,
on their tails on rocks, sticks, and leaves in shallow, swift-
flowing water. They cling by means of sucker-like hind
legs and they also have a front pair, which they use when
crawling. Miall's Aquatic Insects is a model of scientific
accuracy and charming diction. He says: "If seriously
alarmed, the larva lets go, and immediately disappears
from sight. But by watching the place attentively, we
shall before long see the larva working its way back, and in
a minute or two it will be found attached to the very same
leaf from which it started, or to some other leaf, equally
convenient, which it happens to fall in with. I found the
difficulties of observation in fast-flowing water crowded
with leaves very great, until at last it occurred to me to push
a white plate in among the leaves. Then the dark-coloured
larvae became perfectly evident on the white ground,
and I was able to see exactly how they managed. When
disturbed by the plate, some of them let go, and drift a
few inches away. They are not very easily frightened,
and most of them remain holding on by their sucker.
Those which quit the leaf remain stationary in the torrent
or nearly so, and on close observation a thread, or perhaps

243

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

a number of threads, become visible on the white ground.
These threads are in general stuck all over with small
vegetable particles, like fine dust, which make them much
more apparent. The threads extend in all directions
from leaf to leaf, and the larva has access to a perfect
labyrinth, along which it can travel to a fresh place by help
of the current and with the speed of lightning. . . . Al-
though the larva commonly slides along a thread previously
made, and easily seen to be an old one by the small parti-
cles which cling to it, it can upon a sudden emergency
spin a new thread, like a spider or a Geometer larva. . . .
When the time for pupation comes, special provision
has to be made for the peculiar circumstances in which the
whole of the aquatic life of the Simulium is passed. An
inactive and exposed pupa, like that of Chironomus,
may fare well enough on the soft muddy bottom of a slow
stream, but such a pupa would be swept away in a moment
by the currents in which Simulium is most at home.
Before pupation the Insect constructs for itself a kind of
nest, not unlike in shape to the nests of some Swallows.
This nest is glued fast to the surface of a water-weed.
The salivary glands, which furnished the mooring-threads,
supply the material of which the nest is composed. Shel-
tered within this smooth and tapering cocoon, whose
pointed tip is directed up-stream, while the open mouth
is turned down-stream, the pupa rests securely during
the time of its transformation. When the cocoon is first
formed, it is completely closed, but, when the Insect has
cast the larval skin, one end of the cocoon is knocked off,
and the pupa now thrusts the fore-part of its body into
the current of water. The respiratory filaments, which
project immediately behind the future head, just as in
Chironomus, draw a sufficient supply of air from the
well-aerated water around. The rings of the abdomen
are furnished with a number of projecting hooks, and as
the interior of the cocoon is felted by silken threads, the
pupa gets a firm grip of its cocoon. If it is forcibly dis-
lodged a number of the silken threads are drawn out from
the felted lining.

"A serious difficulty now appears. The fly is a delicate
and minute Insect, with gauzy wings. How does it escape

244

Plate LXV

Bibro

olbipennis

^ SlratiomyiQ
discQlis

Chrysops
niqer

C.univittQtus G.vittQtus

Tabanus ^ ^ ^ ^^

otratus losiophtholmas

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

from the rushing water into the air above, where the
remainder of its life has to be passed? . . . During the
latter part of the pupal stage, which lasts about a fortnight
in all, the pupal skin becomes inflated with air, which is
extracted from the water, and passed apparently through
the spiracles of the fly into the space immediately within
the pupal skin. The pupal skin thus becomes distended
with air, and assumes a more rounded shape in consequence.
At length it splits along the back, in the way usual among
Insects, and there emerges a small bubble of air, which
rises quickly to the surface of the water and then bursts.
When the bubble bursts, out comes the fly."

The larvae have, on their heads, brushes which gather up
food brought to them by the stream. This New Year's
I found them in large numbers where a much-used road
crossed a small brook; the automobilists apparently won-
dered what I was looking for in that cold water, but passed
on in ignorance of things far more interesting than so-
m-iny miles an hour.

BLEPHAROCERIDiE

The flat, aquatic larvae cling to stones in swift streams by
means of ventral suckers, one to each of the six sections
of the body, which are marked off by sharp constrictions.
The even flatter, heavily chitinized, shining black or brown
pupag are fastened by three pairs of pads.

BRACHYCERA

Having omitted several small families, we now reach
the flies with thick, few-segmented antennae.

SXRATIOMYIDiE

Some of the Soldier Flies are gay with yellow or green
and black cross-stripes on their flat, broad abdomens; the
abdomen is so wide in some species that it extends on each
side of the folded wings. The longitudinal veins are
crowded toward the front part of the wings, those which
are left in the hind part being much fainter. There are
numerous species, their larvae having various habits.

246

HORSE FLIES AND RELATIVES.

Aquatic larvae (such as those of Stratiomyia, Plate LXV,
and Odontomyia, Plate LXVI) have a circlet of bristles
on their tails which opens out flat when the larva is at the
surface taking atmospheric air into its tracheal system
through its tail-spiracles, but which folds together when the
larva wishes to free itself from the surface fikn. Many, or
most, of these aquatic larvae pupate in the mud at the
water's edge. Larvae also occur in cow dung {Myiochrysa),
in privies {Hermetia), under stones, in tree sap (Geosargus),
in decaying wood (Pachygaster), in moss, in catsup, and on
vegetables, such as potato tubers and growing lettuce.
Some are carnivorous; others are vegetarians. Pupation
occurs in the larval skin.

Tabanid^e

These (Plates LXV and LXVI) are surely of popular
interest; they are the Horse Flies, Green-headed Monsters,
Gad Flies, Breeze Flies, Ear Flies or Deer Flies. Only the
females bite; the males content themselves with sipping
sweets from flowers. The predaceous larvae live in water
or in moist earth, apparently hibernating as mature larvae
and pupating, free from the larval skin, the following
spring. The somewhat flattened larvae have a circle of
fleshy protuberances aroimd each segment, which aid
them in locomotion. There are many species, about
forty of Tabanus and thirty-five of Chrysops having been
recorded, for example, from New Jersey. The eyes of the
males touch each other above; those of the females are
somewhat separated; but those of both sexes, especially of
Chrysops, are beautifully marked with brilliant colors
in life. These colors may often be temporarily restored
in dried specimens by moistening with water or glycerine.

1. Hind tibiae with spurs at the tip 2.

Hind tibiae without spurs at tip ; ocelh absent 3.

2. Third joint of antennae composed of 5 superficially
separated rings, the first of which is much longer than the
following ones; oceUi present. Chrysops is the common
genus. The wings very often have broad, black crossbands.
The western SilJus is distinguished from it by having
the second antennal joint only half as long as the first.

247

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Third joint of the antennae composed of 8 rings, the
first of which is only slightly longer than the following
ones. Goniops (wings dark in front, clear behind; eyes of
female acutely angulated above) and Pangonia (wings
neariy clear or else uniformly darkened; female's eyes not
so angulated; proboscis often very long).
3. Third joint of antennae with 4 rings; front of female
very wide. Wings darkened and spotted with rings;
when at rest, held in a roof -like position Hcematopota.

Third joint of antennae with 5 rings and with a distinct
basal angle or process above (the southern Diachlorus
differs in not having this process); front of female not
unusually wide. Hind tibiae without long hairs (such as
the western Snowiella has) Tabanus.

Leptid^e

"These trim-appearing flies [see Leptis, Plate LXVII,
and Chrysopila, Plate LXVI] have rather long legs, a
cone-shaped abdomen tapering towards the hind end, and
sometimes a downward projecting proboscis, which with
the form of the body and legs has suggested the name
snipe-flies" (Comstock). They are usually of medium
size for flies and are frequently found resting head-down
on grass stems and tree trunks. The squama are rudi-
mentary; the costal vein surrounds the wing; the antennae
vary greatly from genus to genus but the joints beyond the
second are usually more or less fused. The larv^, which
live in decaying wood, under bark, in the burrows of wood-
boring insects, in moss, and even in water, are predaceous
as are also most of the adults.

Cyrtid^

These rarely noticed, small-headed flies have curious
habits. You may find Opsehius pterodontinus about the
webs of the common grass-spider, Agelena ncEvia, and can
recognize it by the tooth-like projection on the front
margins of the wings. Its larvae live in the spiders and its
relatives have similar habits. The tables are turned; in
this case the fly eats the spider.

248

Plate LXVI

•^^/^

OdontomyiQ
cinctQ

Tabanus
niqrovittatus

ChrijsopilQ
thoracicQ

V»/..^

Anthrax
iQterolis

Psiiopodinus
Bombylius patibulalus
major

VolucellQ
evecta

Sqrphus americanus

"<— _^,

Bcm'byliomyia
QbruptQ

MilesiQ

virqiniensis

BEE, WINDOW, AND STILETTO FLIES.

BOMBYLIIDiE

If you see a fuzzy fly hover in mid-air and suddenly
dart a few feet away to hover again, you may feel certain
that it is a Bee Fly. That name, and the "real ' ' name for
the family is just as bad, has always confused me, as it
seemed to go with certain more bee-like Asihds, but it
does not. Plate LXVI shows samples of Bombylius
(larvae live in the nest of bees, such as Andrena) and
Anthrax (the larv^ of some species of this genus are
probably parasites of Lepidoptera but those of others,
especially of those whose adults have wing-markings, are
parasites of Lepidoptera's parasites); Plate LXVII, of
Spogostylum, Systropus, and Exoprosopa. The BombyHid
face is not hollowed out and the eyes, especially of the
males, ahnost or quite touch above; the proboscis has
broad tips and is sometimes very long and slender; the
wings often have dark markings. The beak is chiefly
used to sip nectar. The larvae feed upon the eggs or young
stages of grasshoppers, beetles (e. g. Cicindela), Lepidop-
tera, bees, and wasps.

SCENOPINIDiE

We have only one genus, Scenopinus, of the Window
Flies and, of this, only fenestralis (Plate LXVII) is common.
It is bluish, with reddish-yellow legs; the head is placed
so low that the thorax seems quite convex. It is on our
windows because its worm-like larvae are under our carpets,
eating ' ' moths. ' ' Each of the larva's abdominal segments,
except the last, is constricted, so that it appears to have
nineteen segments.

THEREVID.E

The Stiletto Flies are like delicate, long-legged Asilidae
but the front of the head is not hollowed out between the
eyes; it may even be convex and the eyes of the males may
join on top. Their habits are those of the Asihdae. Psilo-
cephala (Plate LXVII) is a common genus.

249

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Mydaid^

This is a small family of large flies which resemble the
thin-bodied Asilidas and have similar habits but whose
probosces have fleshy lips at their tips. Only one genus,
My das (Plate LXVII), occurs in the Northeast.

ASILID^

In Plate LXVII, Leptogaster, Dasyllis, Erax, and Asilus
of the large family of Robber Flies are illustrated, the two
last-named being the more typical. Some species are two
inches long; they are frequently seen swooping upon insect
victims in mid-air or snatching them off of leaves and
carrying them away to a convenient spot where the sucking
of vital fluids may be quietly completed. The hairier and
stouter type is just as predaceous and possibly their
resemblance to peaceful bumble-bees helps them to get
close to their prey, although this mimicking may be a
protection against other predaceous animals which fear
the bees' sting, or again it may just "happen so." The
eyes bulge out so that the head seems to be hollowed
between them; the proboscis is stout, rather than long; the
legs are strong and bristly. The larvae, also, are pre-
daceous, feeding upon other larvae in rotting wood, under
bark, fallen leaves, or in loose soil.

DOLICHOPODID^

A technical point which distinguishes this family is that
the discal and second basal cells are united, there being no
separating cross-vein. They are usually less than .3 in.
long; have slender, tapering, usually metallic green abdo-
mens, and the tarsal part of the long legs are often rela-
tively quite long (See Psilopodinus, Plate LXVI). Prof.
Aldrich says: "This family perhaps surpasses any other
natural group of animals in the variety of secondary sexual
characters possessed by the males. These are ornaments,
and are paraded before the females, as are similar orna-
ments in the peacock and turkey-cock. They may occur
in the tarsi, tibiae, femora, wing-apex, face, third joint of
antenna, arista, palpi, and still other places. . . . The

250

Plate LXVII

Lept/is

mijstQcea

Spoqostylum
simson

ropus
iTiQcer

Ex^prosopQ
j€scipennis

PsilocephaFQ
hoemorrhoidQlis

ScenopinuS Muring

cIqvqIus

Lepfo(5Q5ter
jlavipes

EfQX

rujibarbus • ^

- , . Asilus

DosylliS tnorQcica sericeus

251

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

larvae are almost wholly unknown in the United States;
several species have been worked out in Europe. They
are found in moist earth rich in decaying vegetation, upon
which they feed; Dr. A. D. Hopkins has found larvae of
Medeterus in burrows of Scolytidae and thinks them pre-
daceous. ... In adult life all are predaceous, capturing
chiefly the minuter soft-bodied flies, which they enclose
within their soft labella [Hps], after the manner of Sca-
tophaga, while extracting the juices." The most common
place for adults is on shaded foHage but the sun is by no
means avoided. Wet earth at the edge of water is also
favored, while Hydrophorus and Hercostomus stand on the
surface of water. Thinophilus is partial to sea beaches.
Neurigona and Medeterus frequent the bark of trees, and
Tachytrechus old logs.

Empidid^

A question which one always expects, when out walking
with non-entomologists, is "What are those little things
dancing in the air? " The only way to answer (truthfully)
is to catch some and find out, for they may be Homoptera,
Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, or even some other
order. If Diptera, they may belong to any of a number of
families; the Chironomids are great dancers (Williston
told of such an immense ball that their wings produced a
"noise like that of a distant waterfall, and audible for a
considerable distance"), but the Empididse are called the
Dance Flies. "The males of certain species of Empis
and Hilara have the odd habit of blowing out bubbles of a
whitish viscid substance which they carry about with them
in the air. It is beHeved that these toy balloons are
attractive to the females" (Kellogg),

The species var>^ in size from .03 to more than .5 in.
in length. I do not know of any good "catch characters "
by which to recognize members of this family. They and -
the Dolichopodids have the wings noticeably rounded at
the tip and the second longitudinal vein ends considerably
before the tip of the wing; the eyes of the males often
meet; the first and second segments of the three-jointed
antennas are sometimes so small that they look like a single

252

SYRPHID/C: FLOWER FLIES

segment; the head is more or less spherical and loosely
fastened. The body is heavier than that of a Chironomid
and almost never metallic like the Dolichopodids; and the
legs, especially the first pair, are often curiously modified.
The adults are predaceous, as are probably also the larvae,
which live in decaying vegetable matter and in nmning
streams.

PHORID.E

These minute flies would probably not be noticed unless
you were looking for them, although they are sometimes
to be found on windows. The life histories are varied,
but those of the dwellers in ant-nests are probably the
most interesting. Apocephalus larv^ live inside the head
of an adult ant; the larvae of Metopina pachycondylcB curl
themselves around the neck of ant larvae and share the
food which the ants bring to their larvae.

We now start the division CYCLORRAPHA (see p. 230) ;
the last of the three joints of the antenna is not ringed or
complex and always bears an arista; the third longitudinal
wing-vein is never branched, and there are never more
than three complete posterior cells.

Syrphid^

This family is one of the richest in species of all Diptera.
A characteristic of the Syrphids is a "false vein" in the
wing between, and more or less parallel to, the third
and fourth longitudinal veins. The adults are so frequently
seen feeding on nectar and pollen that they are called
Flower Flies. Some are almost bare and resemble wasps
in appearance and manner of flying; others are hairy and
resemble bees, even in the droning or buzzing noise they
make; but all are quite harmless.

For the Northeast, at least, the following key will serve
to identify most of the common genera, if carefully used.
I. Antennae with a terminal style. First two antenna 1
joints elongated; wasp-like: Ceria. These joints short:
Pelecocera (about .4 in. long; eyes bare ) and Callicera
(larger; eyes pilose).

253

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Antennae with a dorsal arista 2.

2. Marginal cell of the wings open 3.

Marginal cell of the wings closed or petiolate 20.

3. Anterior cross-vein of the wings distinctly before the
middle of the discal cell, almost always perpendicular, . . .4.

Anterior cross-vein of the wings near, or beyond, the
middle of the discal cell, usually oblique 15.

4. Antennae longer than the head 5.

Antennae not longer than the head 8.

5. Side-margins of the thorax yellow. Chrysotoxum;
pubescens (.5 in. long) frequents low foliage and bases
of trees.

Side-margins of thorax not yellow 6.

6. Face with a projecting tubercle and wholly or partly
yellow. Paragus; generally fly low in moist, shady
places.

Margin of mouth projecting and face wholly black.
Chrysogaster; frequent on spring flowers.

Face without a projecting tubercle and mouth-margin
not projecting 7.

7. Scutellum flattened, often with spines or tubercles
on its border; a vein stump from the third longitudinal
vein in the first posterior cell. Mixogaster (abdomen
much narrowed at base) and Microdon (abdominal base
not narrowed). The slug-like larvae of Microdon live in
ants' nests.

Scutellum without spines; no such vein-stump;
less than .5 in. long. Pipiza; often hover in front of
flowers with exposed nectar, such as buttercup. The
larvae of radicum feed on root-lice.

8. Groimd-color of the face black. Both Chalcomyia
(scutellum large, nearly square) and Myiolepta (scutellum
not unusually large, broadest at its base) have the hind
femora distinctly thickened. Several genera have the
femora but little or not at all thickened ; of these the follow-
ing have a tubercle on the face but the margin of the
mouth does not project 9.

Ground-color of the face yellowish 10,

9. Facial orbits separated by a slender parallel groove;
metallic green or black flies. Chilosia; commonly found,
covered with pollen, on spring flowers.

254

KEY TO SYRPHID.^.

Face without orbital grooves; black, with more or
less metallic green or blue and with yellowish, reddish
or metallic cross-bands on abdomen. Wings not longer
than the abdomen: Pyrophczna. Wings longer than the
abdomen : Platychirus (Plate LXVIII ; front legs of males
with tarsi and end of tibiae dilated) and Melanostoma
(these joints slender in both sexes). Common at flowers.

10. Abdomen much narrowed toward the base, distinctly
club-shaped or spatulate in outline. Hind femora slender:
Baccha; frequently hover near flowers and tips of branches,
especially of pine. Hind femora thickened: Sphegina
(third joint of antennae rounded) and Neoascia (this joint
not rounded).

Abdomen oval or slender, not club-shaped or spatu-
late II.

11. Side-margins of thorax yellow 12.

Side-margins of thorax not yellow. Abdomen

without several definite yellow cross-bands: several not
very common genera, including Leucozona (thickly pilose;
a broad yellow band at base of black abdomen). Abdo-
men with several definite, yellow cross-bands 13.

12. A median, ashy line on thorax. Mesogramma (Plate
LXVIH). The larvae feed on aphids, although those of
polita are said to feed on corn-pollen.

No median ashy line on thorax. Spkccrophoria
(Plate LXVIH; face projecting below) and Xantho gramma
(face receding) .

13. EUnd femora much thickened. Syritta.

Hind femora slender. Third longitudinal vein with a
distinct bend into the first posterior cell: Didea. This
vein straight or only gently curved 14.

14. Margin of mouth produced into a long snout. . .Rhin-
gia.

Margin of mouth not produced. Syrphus (see
below).

15. Arista plumose 16.

Arista bare or merely pubescent 17.

16. Antennae elongate, the third joint more than twice
as long as wide. Volucella (see below).

Antennae short, the third joint not so proportionately
long. Sericomyia.

255

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

17. Third longitudinal vein deeply curved into the first
posterior cell. Several genera; of which Helophilus has
thickened hind femora, the face is not protuberant, and the
third antennal joint is oval. It has been reared from
brackish water as well as from carcasses.

Third longitudinal vein only gently curved 18.

18. Thorax with distinct yellow markings other than
on the shoulder protuberances. Wasp-like flies of large
size 19.

Not so. Numerous genera, some not rare.

19. Hind femora with a conical, tooth-like protuberance
below, near the outer end; sixth longitudinal vein directed
obliquely outward beyond the anal cell. Spilomyia.

Not so. Antennae inserted low down, near middle
of head's profile; face not longer than the front: Tem-
nosioma (Plate LXVIII). Antennae inserted on a conicai
process; face much produced downward: Sphecomyia.

20. Third longitudinal vein deeply bent into the first
posterior cell. Hind femora with a sharp, tooth-like
projection below, near outer end: Milesia (Plate LXVI).
Hind femora without such tooth, although sometimes
thickened: Eristalis (see below).

Third longitudinal vein not deeply bent; third
antennal joint elongate; arista feathery. Volucella (see
below).

V. evecta (Plate LXVI) differs from its
Volucella congeners by being furry. V. ohesa is

brilliant shining green; the wings are spotted at the end of
the auxiliary vein and on the cross- veins; lives in and
near the Tropics. V. jasciata is black with yellow markings
on the thorax and three rather broad yellow bands on the
abdomen; the wings have indistinct dark bands. Some
say that the larvae of Volucella feed on the larvae of bumble-
bees and wasps but probably they are merely scavengers
in the nests of these Hymenoptera.

About the middle of the i8th Century

rista s Reaumur, known also for his thermometer,

tenaz

wrote voluminously, and exceedingly well,

on life histories of insects. It was he who called the larva

256

THE RAT-TAILED MAGGOT.

of tenax the Rat-tailed Maggot, a name which has stuck.
This creature is extremely interesting but one must be
interested in order to enjoy it, for it usually lives in foul
water, such as privy vaults and the fluid in decaying car-
casses. The yellow and black adults, Drone Flies, resemble
honey bees, and it was this which led Ovid, Virgil, and
other ancient writers to tell about bees originating from
dead animals. Plate LXVIII shows both adult and larva;
the larva's tail lengthens and shortens like a telescope so
that the tip may reach the surface of the water and the
larva breathe atmospheric air through it while feeding
on decaying matter under water. Pupation occurs out
of the water in the larval skin. This was originally an
Old World species but it is now almost cosmopoHtan.
0-her species of the genus have similar habits.

These (Plate LXVI) and the other aphid-
Byrphus eating Syrphidae should be classed among

our friends. I have seen ants stop milking their aphid
cows to threaten a female Syrphus, and the ants even
ran from the upper to the under side of the leaf and back
ugain to keep her in sight but always she succeeded finally
\n depositing a minute egg in the midst of the herd. I do
not believe the ants reasoned that here was an enemy of
their friends; they were merely naturally pugnacious to-
ward any intruder and, at any rate, they never noticed the
eggs, which doubtless hatched, in the course of time, into
flat, transversely wrinkled, green larvas, pointed in front
and eyeless, but able to search out the sedentary aphids
and to suck their juices.

CONOPID^

Physocephala sagittaria (Plate LXVIII) gives a fair idea
of the family; some are even more wasp-like, some less; all
are "thick-headed." They feed on nectar and pollen
but the female, from time to time, leaves this sweet pas-
time to lay an Qgg on some bumble-bee, wasp, or grass-
hopper. The larval and pupal periods are passed in the
abdom'^.n of the host.

17 257

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The families of CALYPTERATE Diptera are very
difficult, even for specialists, but, on account of the im-
portance of some of the Muscidse, an effort must be made
to enable intelligent non-specialists to recognize a few of
the species. Differing from ACALYPTER^ (see p. 274),
these flies have well developed squamae; the auxiliary
vein is always distinct throughout; the first longitudinal
vein is never very short; the eyes of the males frequently
touch; the thorax has a complete transverse suture; and
the flies are never very small.

The technical terms, about to be used, are explained on
p. 230 and Plate LXIX, except " hypopleura, " the space on
the side of the thorax above the hind coxae, and "bucca, "
the cheeks, below the eyes. It should be remembered
that the keys will work only with the flies for which they
are intended; if you apply them to some other creature,
you will get weird results.

Since it is the Muscidae which are of principal interest,
it should be noted, when at 5, that Lucilia sylvarum has a
pair of bristles on the posterior margin of the second
abdominal segment but its legs are not noticeably long;
when at 6, the Muscid genus, Muscina, may give trouble
as the narrowing of the posterior cell is not very pro-
nounced.

1. Mouth-opening small; mouth-parts small or ves-
tigial CEsTRiD^ (p. 259).

Mouth-opening normal; mouth-parts not ves-
tigial 2.

2. Hypopleurae with a tuft of bristles 3.

No tuft of bristles on the hypopleurae 6.

3. Antennal bristle (arista) bare or only slightly pu-
bescent Tachinid^ (p. 260).

Arista plumose or very distinctly pubescent 4.

4. Arista bare on the distal (outer) half . . Sarcophagid-iE
(p. 262).

Arista plumose or distinctly pubescent to tip 5.

5. Back of abdomen usually bristly on the anterior
part; legs usually long Dexiid^ (p. 260).

No bristles on front part of back of abdomen; legs not
noticeably elongated Some Muscid-^e (p. 266).

258

GAD FLIES OR BOT FLIES.

6. First posterior cell narrowed in the margin or dosed;

arista plumose to the tip Some Muscid^ (p. 266).

First posterior cell very slightly or not at all narrowed;

arista may be plumose, pubescent, or bare

Anthomyid^ (p. 263).

CESTRID^

These are the Gad Flies, Bot Flies, or Breeze Flies.
The adults are moderate or large in size; the eyes are
rather small and the lower part of the head is relatively
large.

" One of the most interesting and injurious
Gastrophilus -^ ^^^ -^^^^^ g^^ pj^^ GastropUlus equi.

The female horse bot fly lays from 400 to 500 eggs, all of
which may be placed, under favorable circumstances,
upon one horse. These eggs are fastened to the hairs,
generally of the fore legs, shoulders, or chest. A horse
instinctively fears this pest, and it will be seen, if in the
pasture, to start and strike with the fore feet, although
the cause of its nervousness is not visible. The adult
fly is brownish, more or less hairy, looking a little like a
small honey bee. It is most skillful in depositing its
yellowish eggs, 'nits' we sometimes call them, on the
animal's hairs. The moisture and friction which these
receive from the animal licking its hair cause them to
hatch, and further Ucking, occasioned possibly by the
irritation caused the skin by the presence of the tiny
larvag, carries the maggot into the mouth, whence it finds
its way into the horse's stomach, and there completes its
larval life, attached to the lining of the stomach, and
sometimes so abundant as to completely cover a portion
of it. . . . The bots live in the stomach or intestine
eight or ten months, moulting twice during that period,
and naturally, when numerous, sapping the vitality of the
horse. They also cause great irritation by attaching
themselves to the lining of the small intestine and rectum.
In the spring these bots lose their hold and pass out with
droppings, working their wa}' into the soil an inch or two,
or into some protected locality; each 'bot' or larva
changes to a pupa, lying within a pupal case, from which

259

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

the adult fly emerges after about thirty days" (Wash-
bum). A number of other species of this genus live in
the stomach of horses and asses.

The Warble-flies of cattle, "whose larvae
Hypoderma ^^j-g found in small tumors under the skin,
also have their eggs swallowed, and the young larvae may
be found in the mouth and oesophagus. But from here
they burrow out into the body-tissues of the host, finally
coming to rest underneath the skin along the back. When
the larva or grub is full-grown it gnaws through the skin,
drops to the ground, pupates, and in from three to six
weeks changes to the adult fly. The hides of cattle
attacked by these l^flies are rendered nearly valueless
by the holes, and are known as 'grubby' hides. Osborn
estimates that these warble-flies, of which we have two
species, Hypoderma hovis and H. lineata, cause a loss of
$50,000,000 annually in this country" (Kellogg).

(Estrus ovis is the sheep-bot. Its larvae live in the
nasal and other head passages of sheep, causing the disease
known as staggers, grub-in-the-head, or false gid. The
larvae found in the throats of deer are those of Cephenomyia
ahdominalis. Our largest species in the East, and prob-
ably our heaviest Dipteron, is Cuterehra buccata (Plate
LXVIII), whose larvae are found imder the skin of rabbits.

Dexiid^

"In habits and life histories, the Dexiidae closely re-
semble the Tachinidae, and the distinction between the
two families is very difficult to make, if it is not actually
evanescent ' ' (Williston) .

Tachinid^

This is a family concerning which, from the human view-
point, nothing but good can be seen; but the taxonomy is
difficult and the difficulties are being greatly increased by
certain workers who found not only new species but even
genera on intangible differences. Amateur Lepidopterists
often raise Tachinids instead of Lepidoptera when they

260

Plate LXVIII

PiQtijchirus marqinatQ
hyperboreus

SphoerophoriQ
cylindricQ

Eristalis
tenax

TemnosloiTiQ
Qlternans

CuterebrQ
buccQtQ ^ ,
Tricni

PhysocephalQ
SQgittariQ

LatreillimuiQ r A '"' ^

hifn^rintn LpQlpuS

signiferus

bijQSciatQ

Tetanocera
plumosa

ScQlophaqa SapromgiQ
stercoraria pniladelpnicd

261

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

work with caterpillars which were hatched afield. Plate
LXVIII shows Latreillimyia bifasciata and Epalpus sig-
niferus; the former is parasitic on various Ceratocampidas.
Trichopoda pennipes on the same plate has been bred from
the squash-bug, Anasa. Bombyliomyia ahrupta (Plate
LXVI) is often seen at the edge of woods and in clearings.
Williston says: "The habits of the mature fly are
similar for nearly all the members of the group. They will
be found on vegetation, on leaves or flowers, in such places
as are frequented by the hosts which they parasitize.
Not a few will be caught with the beating net. . . . The
larvae of this group are all parasitic in habit so far as
known, and the parasitism is probably confined to the
early stages of other insects; and the individual fly is not
very particular in the choice of larvae which she parasitizes.
Their usefulness in keeping injurious insects in check is
immeasurable. By far the largest number of species are
parasitic upon Lepidoptera, of which not less than four
hundred have been recorded [many more now]. About
seventy species are known to be parasitic upon Hymen-
optera, less than forty upon Coleoptera, a score upon
Orthoptera, five upon Hemiptera, and as many upon
other Diptera."

SARCOPHAGID-iE

These are popularly called Flesh Flies. The family
may be fairly well recognized by the key given on p. 258.
To be perfectly frank, I dislike writing about unclean
things and will use a short service with this family; be-
sides it is a very difficult group, taxonomically. The
Thomas Say Foundation, care of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, has just published a monograph
of the family by J. M. Aldrich. It is claimed that 20,000
eggs have been found in the ovaries of a single Sarcophagid.
The principal genus is Sarcophaga (see Plate LXX).
Although most of the Sarcophagidae justify their scientific
name and its English equivalent, the larvae of others
feed on dung and rotting vegetable material. Some
larvae are found under the skin of turtles, others in the
stomachs of frogs; while still others are parasitic in snails

262

THE LESSER HOUSE-FLY

and insects. Nasal myiasis in man is due to species of
this genus. The eggs frequently hatch in the female's
body, so that she lays living larvas.

Anthomyid^e

This is a large family of inconspicuously colored, small
to moderately large flies. The squama are usually of
considerable size. The larvae have four rows of thread-
like processes on the segments. The common Radish-
worm is the larva of Anthomyia radicum. The larva of
Phorhia fusciceps is a general feeder in roots of cabbage,
radish, onions, seed corn, and the like. It is an importa-
tion from Europe, first noted in this country in 1856.
The common Cabbage-maggot is the larva of Phorhia
brassiccB, which also attacks cauliflower and radishes.
Just as the plants are commencing to make a good growth,
they suddenly wilt and die although not cut off as by a
Noctuid larva. Old cabbage stumps should not be allowed
to stay in the garden, as they harbor late-generation
larvae and overwintering pupae. A troublesome pest in
onion bulbs is the Imported Onion-maggot (Phorbia
cepetorum), although the native Phorbia ceparum does
some damage (ChcBtopsis cBnea of the Ortalidae is another
onion maggot). The larvae of Phorbia rubivora girdle
the inner bark of the tips of young raspberry and black-
berry shoots. The larvae of Pegomyia vicina make tortu-
ous mines and large blotches in the leaves of beet and
spinach. Pupation takes place in loose soil or under fallen
leaves. Chittenden notes that "in many cases infestation
can be traced directly to the insect having bred in lambs-
quarters and similar weeds." Ophyra leucostoma breeds in
excrement.

Especially in May and June this, at
Homalomyia ^^^^ g-gj^^-^ g^^^jj edition of Musca domestica

is sometimes abundant in houses. Those
who do not know that insects do not grow after getting
functional wings believe them to be the young of the larger
and more common insect. However, all the veins run
without sharp bends to the margins of the wings. The

263

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

early spring adults have probably been hibernating in
the house. The larvae of the Lesser House-fly live in
waste vegetable matter, in the manure of different animals,
and especially in human excrement. They have also
been found in yellow-jacket (Vespa) nests where they were
probably cleaning up the debris.

MuSCIDiE

Insect pests, as well as diseases, were formerly taken
very much as matters of course. Indeed, some people
went further and gave reasons why they should be con-
sidered blessings exceedingly well disguised. We have
long since started to fight all diseases by all the means
we can command and when this fight leads us to certain
insects which are the transmitters of these diseases, it is
only logical that we should combat those particular insects
as well. Although this little book mentions a large num-
ber of the insects which injure our persons and pocket-
books, such represent a very small proportion of all insects;
they have been given space because they are common and
asked about. The best that can be said of common house-
flies is that they are scavengers; but they are scavengers
which come from their dirty surroundings to our tables
without disinfecting themselves. Furthermore, however
useful they may have been in the past, we are now able to
attend to cleaning up the civilized portions of the world
in a more cleanly way than by employing creatures which
insist upon tracking the disease-laden dirt over our food
and our persons.

According to Dr. L. O. Howard, 22,808 out of 23,087
flies actually captured on fly-paper in dining-rooms were
Musca domestica. The remaining three hundred, or so,
consisted of a number of different species. I have ar-
ranged a chart (see p. 265) which shows that the
Common House-fly, the Disease-carrying Fly, is the only
species which is very abundant both in dining-rooms and
on one of several things which we dislike to think of in
connection with dining-rooms. "Swat the fly " but, better
still, prevent its breeding by doing away with, or screening,
all possible breeding places within a mile of your house.

264

FLIES FOUND ON HUMAN EXCREMENT

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Drosophila melanogaster
Stomoxys calcitrans

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Pollenia rudis
Calliphora erythrocephala

Sarcophaga sarracenice
Ophyra leucostoma
P seudopyrellia ccesarion
Myospila fneditabunda

Sphcerocera subsultans
Borborus equinus

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26 =

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Fifteen genera, including a total of twenty species, have
been found within fifty miles of New York City and are so
widely distributed that they are to be looked for throughout
the United States and, indeed, the whole world. Still
another eastern genus {Protocalliphora) has the disagree-
able habit of breeding in nestling birds, causing their
death. It is hoped that the following key, taken in connec-
tion with the descriptions and figures, will enable the
careful student to identify the common species.

1 . Proboscis long, slender, homy, adapted for piercing . . 2.
Proboscis not so, having fleshy labellas ("lips") at

the tip 3,

2. Dark ash-gray, with a faint tinge of yellow; thorax
and abdomen with no distinct markings; not larger
than Musca domestica; palpi nearly as long as the
proboscis Hmmatobia irritans.

Palpi much shorter than the proboscis

Stomoxys calcitrans.

3. Thorax with a fairly distinct median dark stripe.
(When the stripe is very faint try 15) 4.

Thorax with the median stripe light, or thorax with
no distinct stripes 6.

4. Abdomen non-metallic in color, spotted or macu-
lated Graphomyia maculata.

Abdomen metallic blue or green ; not maculated 5.

5. Face light yellow; thorax metallic, stripes very
distinct Chrysomyia macellaria.

Face reddish-brown; thorax non-metallie; stripes
rather indistinct Cynomyia cadaverina.

6. Abdomen opaque brown, a pair of triangular black
spots on each of the second and third abdominal segments
of the male. These spots are faint or wanting in the
female Myospila meditabunda.

Abdomen not marked in this way 7.

7. The 4th longitudinal vein slightly bent 8.

The 4th longitudinal vein sharply bent 10.

8. First posterior cell narrowly contracted at the margin;
bluish-black, shining; the tip of the scutellum not reddish;
the median light stripe on the thorax more distinct than
the others Morellia micans.

266

KEY TO MUSCID^

First posterior cell scarcely contracted at the margin
black, not shining; tip of scutellum reddish 9

9. Legs and palpi wholly black Muscina assimilis

Legs and palpi partly or wholly yellow

Muscina stahulans

10. Abdomen non-metallic 11

Abdomen metallic 12

11. Thorax without distinct stripes and usually covered
with a yellowish "dust"; more than two pairs of acrostical
bristles; two anterior and three posterior dorso-centrals.

Pollenia rudis.

Thorax with distinct stripes only in front, if at all;
not more than two pairs of acrostical bristles; two anterior
and four posterior dorso-centrals . . . Myospila meditabunda.

Thorax with four stripes; not more than two pairs of
acrostical bristles; three anterior and four posterior dorso-
centrals Musca domestica.

12. Metallic between the eyes; a prominent bristle on
inner surface of each middle tibia . .Pseudopyrellia casarion.

Not so 13'

13. Abdomen grayish PoUeiiia rudis.

Abdomen greenish or bluish I4«

14. Thorax not metalHc; no spines on the 3rd longitudinal
vein except at its junction with the 2nd i5«

Thorax and abdomen bright metallic blue or green;
spines on the first section of the 3rd longitudinal vein. . .17.

15. Distal third of arista naked; bucca ("cheeks") red
in front, black behind Cynomyia cadaverina.

Distal third of arista bearing some hairs; bucca
unicolorous. Calliphora 16.

16. Bucca black, beard red C. vomitoria.

Bucca brownish or reddish, beard black

C. erythrocephala.
Bucca black, beard black C. viridescens.

17. Two stout bristles on dorsal posterior margin of the
2nd abdominal segment Lucilia sylvarum.

Not so 18.

18. Acrostical bristles in front of the transverse suture
wanting or feebly developed i9»

Acrostical bristles in front of the transverse suture

well developed 20.

267

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

19. Posterior acrosticals feebly developed; thorax some-
what flattened between the suture and the scutellum;
usually bluish-black; squamae brownish

Protophormia terra-nova.

Posterior acrosticals moderately developed; thorax

not flattened; dark greenish or bluish; squamae, whitish.

Phormia regina.

20. Having two posterior acrosticals; greenish or
bluish Lucilia ccesar .

Having three posterior acrosticals; greenish or
bronzy, rarely bluish Lucilia serricata.

Plate LXIX. The name Texas Fly was

Haematobia based on the supposition that this species
irntans . . ^^ ^

originated in the West. It came from

Europe to the vicinity of Philadelphia about 1887 and is

now found from Canada to the Gulf and at least as far

west as Idaho. It was formerly abundant in the East but

is now quite rare. The name Horn-fly comes from the

habit which the adults have of clustering about the base

of the horns of cattle to suck blood. The larvae live in

cow dung.

The figure (Plate LXX) and the piercing
Stomoxys mouth parts of the Biting House-fly make

identification easy. Hough says that speci-
mens taken on the borders of woods often have brownish
wings. Their superficial resemblance to M. domestica
and their biting habits have given rise to the error that the
latter species is adding to its many sins by sucking blood.
Both sexes suck blood. On account of calcitrans being
more troublesome during rains, it is sometimes called
the Storm-fly. Another common name is Stable-fly.
It has recently been accused of carrying infantile pa-
ralysis. The larvae feed on a wide range of decaying
matter, including fermenting grass cut from lawns,
horse manure, and human excrement. It is world-wide
in its distribution.

268

Plate LXIX

Cynomyia cadaverina Graphomyia maculata

PseudopijrelliQ
coesarion

PolleniQ .
rudis,

Phormia reqina

Muscma^tQbulQnS

HoennQtobiQ Morellia
irritans micana

1- lonqitudinal vein"
costal vein

: QuxiliQry vein
; I postal eel

Myospila
medilQbundQ

H'-^ lonqitudinal vein

269

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Plate LXIX. The squamae are slightly

Graphomyia dusky. Some, at least, American speci-

mens lack the yellowish color which has

been recorded for the European ones on the scutellum.

The larvas are said to live in excrement.

This species (Plate LXX) varies from
^^^^n°aT'* .25 to .50 in. in length. The normal
food of the larvae is carrion. Pupation
usually occurs in earth or moist debris. The mature
larva is .75 in. long and is provided with a ring of bristles
between each pair of segments. These and its pointed
shape make it somewhat resemble a screw, hence the
common name. Screw-worm. They occasionally feed on
living animals, including man, the eggs being laid in open
wounds or in the nose. In the latter case, the larvae work
their way into the cavities of the head and sometimes
cause death.

Adults (Plate LXIX) range from .25 to
Cynomyia ^^ ^^^ ^^ length. The thorax is slaty-black,

with indistinct stripes on the anterior
portion. It is very difficult to cite good characters for
separating this insect from Calliphora. However, common
species of Calliphora do not usually have markings on the
thorax; if they have, the markings are indistinct and not
as described for this species. Furthermore, the buccae
of cadaverina are grayish-black posteriorly and brown to
reddish anteriorly; those of Calliphora are usually uni-
colorous. Although the adults are captured about excre-
ment, it is probable that the larvae feed exclusively on
decaying flesh.

Plate LXIX. The squamae are yellowish.
Myospila /pj^^ larvae live in excrement. Only a few

(several dozen) eggs are laid by each female.
The eggs have a black stripe on each side and, as continua-
tions of these, a black curved appendage. This fly is
common to both Europe and America.

270

HOUSE=FLIES

Except that the tip of the abdomen is
Morellia brown with a hoary coating, there is little

which need be added to the characters given
in the key and Plate LXIX. The larvae breed in excre-
ment, often being abundant in human faeces. The life
history is completed in about three weeks.

Both stabulans (Plate LXIX) and assimi-
Muscina , . , . ,

hs are a bit larger and more robust than

M. domestica. The tip of the scutellum may be reddish.

The larvae feed on excrement and a variety of decaying

substances, including fungii and vegetables. M. stabulans

has been reared from the pupse of other insects but the

pupae had probably died first, as it is not likely that the

species is parasitic. Both species are widely distributed

in Europe and America, stabulans usually being the

commoner.

In addition to the characters given in
Pollenia ^^^ ^ ^^^ pj^^^ LXIX, it might be said

that the space between the eyes is white.
On account of its habit of overlapping the wings when at
rest, it often appears narrower than domestica. The exact
date of its introduction from Europe is unknown. It has
been bred from manure, but probably only when the
manure contained earthworms as it has been bred from
these common creatures. The adults are rather sluggish
and have been called Cluster-flies from their habit of
congregating in masses, especially about the ceilings
of rooms. They are looking for a place to hibernate and
may find it in closets, behind curtains, or in other nooks.
When mashed, these flies are very greasy and have an
odor which has been described by some as like honey and
by others as "very disagreeable." It is even more sus-
ceptible to attack by a fungus (Empusa) than is M.
domestica.

Like most of the Muscidae, the sexes of

domestica ^^^ House- or Disease-fly (Plate LXX) may

be told apart by the fact that the eyes of

the males are nearer together than they are in the females.

271

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The sides of the abdomen of the males are brownish near
the base and grayish elsewhere. The females are grayish
over all the abdomen with a variable pattern of darker
gray or black. It takes the egg about twelve hours,
on the average, to hatch. In about five days the larvae
are full-grown and the pupal stage lasts from five days to a
month or longer. The puparium is the old larval skin,
liardened and brown. Each female usually lays from one
to two hundred eggs in the garbage or manure which is the
food of the larvse. Adults may hibernate, but so also do
pupae and larvae. See Homalomyia.

Pseudopyrellia ccBsarion (Plate LXIX) is easily recog-
nized by the characters given in the key, especially those
in couplet 12. The brilliant blue larvae are often abundant
in cow dung.

^ „. , Other flies besides Calliplwra "blow,"

Calliphora ., . • , , ,

that is, lay eggs on meat, but the name

Blow-fly is usually applied to members of this genus.

The anatomy, physiology, and development of C. ery-

throcephala are very well known, thanks to Lowne's classic

work and Portchinski's careful observations. The other

two species (see the key and Plate LXX) probably differ

but little from it. It lays several hundred small eggs

on meat and dead animals. These eggs hatch in about

twenty-four hours or less, sometimes even hatching in the

female, so that she lays living larvae. It takes a week or

ten days to reach the pupal stage and then about two weeks

for adults to emerge. The mature larva may be nearly

or quite .75 in. long. Pupation usually takes place under

the food-mass or slightly below the surface of the ground.

All three species occur also in Europe.

, ... L. sylvarum is the bluest Blue-bottle:

LUClha .1^, ^ ■^r^T\ • r

ccesar (Plate LXX) is more often greenish;
ftnd sericata usually has a bronzy gleam, especially on the
abdomen. See also Phormia, p. 273. Carrion is their
chief larval food but L. ccesar has been reared from excre-
ment and garbage. The life-histories are completed in
from three to four weeks and are about equally divided
between larval and pupal stages.

272

P^ATE LXX

MuscQ domesticQ

StomoxLjs
CQlcitrans

rysomyiQ
macellQna

CqI !ipho/Q
vomitoVia

f}'6

LUsClMQ
'CQeSQP

Sarcoph^Qga
hcTemorrhoidQlis

Drosophilo
melanoqaster

COMBATING DANGEROUS FLIES.

Protophormia terrce-novcB is about .4 in. long; the eyes
of the male are closer together than those of the female
but not so close as in the male of Phormia regina; palpi,
light brown or yellowish; prothoracal stigma, black;
there are delicate spines along the proximal half of the
first section of the third longitudinal vein. See also the
next species. It is found about excrement but is not
usually common.

Phormia regina (Plate LXIX) is fairly common. Its
larvae live in carrion. The palpi are tipped with black;
prothoracal stigma red or yeUow; and the spines on the
third vein are well developed. Both it and the preceding
species are likely to be confused with Lucilia, but in that
genus the front, between the eyes, is usually distinctly
margined with white and it is not in these species.

Methods of Combating Dangerous Muscidas.

The usual methods employed in fighting the dangerous
Muscidas are really of little avail. Sticky fly-paper, wire
fly-traps, and poisons wiU undoubtedly kill a large number
but infinitely more are breeding where these came from.
Screening our windows and doors will undoubtedly keep
many out but it is not pleasant to live in a cage. Further-
more, the people from whom we buy our milk and other
food-stuffs may not be so careful. The only thorough-
going method is to stop the trouble at its source — prevent
breeding. If we could do away with the breeding-places,
or make them unfit for fly-larvas, or keep adult flies away
from them, the thing would be done. Nearly all the
books and lecturers say that this is easy. It is well to be
optimistic but better to recognize the whole truth. It
cannot be done easily.

"The remedy is simple, effective, practicable, and
inexpensive. Destroy their breeding-places and you will
have no flies." The latter sentence is manifestly true.
Stable manure should be kept in fly-proof bins ; treatment
with kerosene, chlorid of lime, etc., is not completely
satisfactory. Cess-pools must also be made fly proof.
Privies must be done away with, or all traces of excre-
ment removed and buried deeply at least once a week.
18 273

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Garbage must be buried or burned as often. Every bit of
organic rubbish must either be kept dry or be destroyed.
All these precautions can and should be taken. But —
the author quoted above says also: "Of course your
neighbor must keep his place clean too, for his flies are
just as apt to come into your house [or to get on your food
at the dealer's] as his, so the problem becomes one for the
whole community." This is the heart of the matter.
A few earnest individuals or well-meaning Improvement
Societies, acting by themselves, can do little more than
cause a great deal of trouble and achieve very little good.
Laws must be framed and enforced, so that the ignorant
or careless may not make of Httle or no avail the work
of the intelligent and careful. Dr. Howard has well said
"// is the duty of every individual to guard, so far as possible,
against the occurrence of flies upon his premises. It is the
duty of every community, through its board of health, to
spend money in the warfare against this enemy of mankind.
This duty is as pronounced as though the community were
attacked by bands of ravenous wolves.^'

We are now about to take up flies which are in
the ACALYPTERATE division of some authors. The
squamae are small or vestigial; the first longitudinal vein
is short; the eyes of the males never touch each other;
and the thorax is without a complete transverse suture.
For the most part, these flies are small. The following
families are those most likely to be noticed.

SCATOPHAGID^

Several species of Scatophaga (Plate LXVIII) are com-
mon about cow-dung; they are moderately large, yellow-
haired flies, with rather sHm bodies and longish legs. The
adults are predaceous, even catching honey-bees. The
larvae live in excrement.

BORBORIDiE

This is a small family of minute, active flies having no
distinct auxiliary vein; the first (and sometimes the

274

ACALYPTERATE FLIES.

second) joint of each hind tarsus is usually short and
broad. The adults of Borhorus and Sphcerocera are often
seen in clouds about the excrement in which the larvae
feed.

The Tetanocerid^ (or Sciomyzidae) are somewhat
sluggish, usually brown or yellow flies, many of which
have receding chins and marking on the wings. See
Tetanocera (Plate LXVIII). They are usually found
in moist places, the larvae being aquatic.

Sapromyza (Plate LXVIII) is fairly typical of the
Lauxaniid^. The}'- are small flies whose larvae live in
decaying vegetation.

Ortalidid^

The flies of this and the next family have prettily marked
wings. The distinctions between the families are, for the
most part, rather difficult to grasp; perhaps the easiest
concerns the auxiliary vein. In the Conopidas, Sepsidae,
Ortalididae, and other families, it is present and ends dis-
tinctly in the costa; in the Trypetidae, Drosophilidas, and
other families it is absent or incomplete. In the three
first-named families, the first longitudinal vein usually
ends in the costa, near or beyond the middle of the front
margin; in the two last-named ones, it usually ends before
the middle. Numerous species of Ortalididae are usually
found in meadows and some (e. g. Tritoxa flexa, Plate
LXXI) have been bred from onions but the life-histories
of most are unknown. The same plate shows Pyrgota
undata.

TRYPETIDiE

The Peacock Flies spend much of their time strutting
about with brown- or black-spotted wings elevated and
waved back and forth. Some of the females have relatively
long, homy ovipositors at the tip of the abdomens. See
Euaresta, Plate LXXI. Most of the larvae live in plant
tissues.

275

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Adults of the Apple Maggot (Plate LXXI)
Rhagoletis ^^.^ ^^ ^^ found from July to September.

By means of her sharp ovipositor the
female punctures the skin of the apple and lays her eggs
directly in the pulp. The white larvae, which taper some-
what toward the front, make winding burrows through the
pulp and attain a length of .25 in. or more. They then
bore out, usually after the apple has fallen, and go about
an inch underground where they spend the winter and
spring in a brownish puparium.

The larvae of similar flies, Rhagoletis cingulata and
R. fausta, are the cherry-worms, known to us all. The
currant and gooseberry worm is the larva of Epochra
canadensis. Several species make galls on goldenrod
stems (see p. 457), others mine leaves, live in roots, berries,
and fruits of numerous kinds, but practically all have
wing-pattems which are distinctive of the species.

PlOPHILIDiE

Ever see Cheese Skippers? Probably not unless you
have lived moderately long or quite near to Nature. The
acrobats are larvae of Piophila casei (Plate LXXI).
They are about .2 in. long, smooth, and tapered toward
the front. The leap is accompHshed by holding the tail
with the mouth, pulHng hard, and then letting go. Why,
I do not know. They live also in bacon or other fatty
material.

Drosophilid^

The little red-eyed Pomace-fly (Plate
Drosophila LXX)— also called Sour Fly and Vinegar-

fly — is sometimes common about the fruit
basket on our sideboard, but it is in the study of heredity
and sex that it has become famous, under the name of
D. ampelophila. Its larvae feed on ripe, or over-ripe,
bananas and other fruit, also on vinegar, stale beer, and
the like. The average duration, at living-room tempera-
tures, of the egg period is about 2 days; of the larval
period, about 6 days; and of the pupal period, about 5

276

Plate LXXI

PyrqotQ
undolQ

EuQresto
bellQ

PiophilQ,
CQsei

TritoxQ JlexQ

Rhaqoletis pomonello

OljersiQ
QmericQna Meloghaqus
ovinus

CtenocephQlus

CQnl5

Pulex irrltons

277

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

days. I have kept unmated adults alive, under the same
conditions, for about three months. A bit of banana in a
milk bottle is all the apparatus one needs to breed this
creature and twenty generations a year are easily reared.
These facts and its other virtues make it an ideal labora-
tory animal. Not only have simple cases of Mendelian
inheritance been conveniently studied but more complex
ones and also the relations between body-characteristics,
including sex, and the chromosomes in the germ-cells
have been analyzed by its aid. The adults are perfect
slaves to light (heliotropic). Put a number of them in a
bottle and they will all crowd to the part which is nearest
the window, no matter how much you may turn the bottle
about. The males are a trifle smaller than the females
and have the hind part of the abdomen more largely
pigmented. The males have relatively immense "sex
combs" on their front legs. These may be for the sake of
appearing more attractive to the females, as the males go
through their courtship dance, but, on numerous occasions,
I cut them off without thereby noticeably decreasing the
success of the combless males in the rivalry, which I then
staged, with normal males. The "sex combs" may be
to clean his antennae, but how does she keep hers clean?
They may just happen to be.

In this brief review of the Acalypterates the following,
among other, families have been skipped. Heteroneuri-
D^: the larvas live in decaying wood, etc., and "skip"
like Piophila. Sepsid^: Piophila has been put here;
they often swarm about the decaying vegetables and excre-
ment in which their larvae live. Diopsid^ : our only species
is Sphyracephala brevicornis, which occurs on skunk-
cabbage and may be recognized by its eyes being on stalks.
Ephydrid^: these small or even minute flies are usually
found about moist places; the aquatic larvae of some
species have "rat- tails" like Eristalis but the tail is forked;
some larvae live in salt or alkaUne water, others in the sap
of trees and in leaves. Agromyzid^: numerous small
flies; some larvae are leaf -miners, others hve in plant-galls;
others feed on plant-lice, creeping like leeches or Geometrid
larvae.

278

TICKS AND FLEAS.

PUPIPARA

This group is sometimes given the rank of Suborder. Its
members are all ectoparasites, that is, they live on, but not
in, their hosts. They are called Pupipara because the
lar\'se live inside the mother until they are ready to pupate
or have already done so. The wings are often vestigal or
wanting. They are probably degenerate Acalj^pterates.

The HiPPOBOSCiD^ (Plate LXXI) are parasitic upon
birds or mammals. The more commonly observed of the
winged species belong to Olfersia and live on hawks and
owls. A wingless species is the sheep-tick, Melophagus
ovinus.

Members of the family Nycteribiid^, also of Stre-
BLiD^, usually have no wings, although the halteres are
retained. Almost without exception, they are parasitic
on bats.

SUCTORIA

The adult Fleas are small, wingless, laterally com-
pressed, jumping, sucking insects which are parasitic upon
warm-blooded animals including man. The larvae (Plate
LXXI) are worm-like; they live in rubbish and dust, such
as accumulates at the edges of carpets and in the folds of
upholstery. The pupse are enclosed in cocoons. The
family Pulicid^ contains the common Dog-flea, Cteno-
cephalus cajiis; the usually rare (with us) Human-flea,
Pulex irritans (thorax and head shown in Plate LXXI);
and a Rat-flea, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, which transmits
plague in temperate regions. The Jigger-flea or Chigoe,
Dermatophilus penetrans, of the Dermatophilid^, is
confused with the Jigger or Chigger, which is a small red
Mite and also burrows into human skin. It infests domes-
tic animals and birds, as well as man. The male feeds
externally but the female works her way under the skin,
causing a serious ulcer through which the eggs are released.

279

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA

Beetles may usually be recognized, when adult, by the
fact that their front wings ("elytra") are hardened. The
elytra usually do not overlap but meet in a line (the "su-
ture") along the middle of the back; in all Staphylinid^,
and in some other groups, they do not, however, com-
pletely cover the abdomen. They have chewing mouth-
parts. Metamorphosis is complete. The larvae have no
abdominal legs except (often) on the last joint. Twelve or
fifteen thousand species are known from North America.
The student who desires to specialize is referred to the
following two books, from which many of the concise
descriptions given here have been copied:

Blatchley, W. S. An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the
Coleoptera or Beetles {exclusive of the Rhynchophora)
known to occur in Indiana.

Blatchley, W. S. and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora or
Weevils of North-Eastern America.

Coleoptera are divided by Sharp into the following six
series, not counting Strepsiptera (p. 405). For the con-
venience of American students, I have followed the order
of arrangement which is in general use in America. After
some familiarity with the various groups has been gained
by matching specimens with the pictures, the student will
be able to assign most beetles to their proper family on
"general appearance."

ADEPHAGA. Tarsi 5-jointed, the fourth quite dis-
tinct; antennae thread-like or nearly so, never lamelli-
form; abdomen with one more exposed segment at the
sides than along the middle, the numbers usually being five
and six. See p. 281.

POLYMORPHA. Antennae frequently with either a
club, i. e., the terminal joints broader than the others (the
Clavicorns), or the joints from the third onwards more or
less saw-like, the serrations being on the inner face (the
Serricoms) ; but these and all other characters, including
the number of joints in the feet, very variable. See
p. 292.

280

TIGER-BEETLES.

LAMELLICORNIA. Tarsi 5-jointed; antennae with
the three, or more, terminal joints leaf-hke (or at least
broader than the others), forming a club, the leaves of
which are movable and, in repose, fit together so as to
appear to be one piece. See p. 324.

PHYTOPHAGA. Tarsi apparently 4-jointed, the
three basal joints usually densely set with cushion-like
pubescence beneath; the third joint different from the
others in form, being divided into two lobes, or grooved
on its upper surface so as to allow the fourth joint to be
inserted near its base instead of at its extremity; sometimes
the tarsus is distinctly 5-jointed, a very small fourth joint
being apparent. Head not forming a definite prolonged
beak. See p. 336.

HETEROAIERA. Front and middle tarsi 5-jointed,
hind tarsi 4-jointed; other characters variable. See p. 380.

RHYNCHOPHORA. Head usually more or less pro-
longed in front to form a snout or beak; tarsi apparently
4-jointed but with a very minute additional joint at the
extreme base of the last joint, usually at least the third
joint broad and densely pubescent beneath. See p. 393.

ADEPHAGA

These are typically carnivorous, both as larvae and as
adults. The larvae, which are usually very active, have
two claws on each tarsus. The Cicindelidae and Carabidae
are terrestrial and bear numerous fine, erect, bristle-like
hairs, especially beneath; the others are aquatic and very
smooth.

ClCINDELID^

The adult Tiger-beetles have their eleven- jointed antennae
fastened to the front of the head above the base of the
mandibles. These beetles have much recumbent hair,
as well as erect bristles; the eyes are prominent; the head
is held vertically and is wider than the thorax. "They
are long-legged, rather slender, active beetles, predatory
in habit, living usually in open sandy places, and flying
readily when disturbed. The larvae are uncouth creatures,
with large head and prominent jaws, that live in vertical

281

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

burrows [usually] in sandy soil, watching at the mouth
for such unwary creatures as may come their way " (Smith).
The larvae have a hump on the fifth abdominal segment;
this hump is provided with forward-pointing hooks that
help the larvae to hold back if their prey should try to
get away. See Plate LXXII. The burrow, which is
often a foot or more deep and w^ithin which the larva
pupates, may be recognized by the smooth, circular depres-
sion, worn by the larva's feet, surrounding the opening.

Tetracha of the South and Omus of the
West Hve more like Carabidse but Cicindela
is the largest genus of the family and the one whose habits
have just been described. The following are some of the
common species in the Northeast. C. dorsalis (Plate
LXXII) is white with variable black markings; along
the sea-shore in July. Plate LXXIII shows generosa,
which lives on sandy plains, and sexguttata (the number of
w^hite dots is variable) of sunny, woodland paths. C.
repanda, of pond and river banks, is bronzy-brown above
with three white marks on each elytron: one (the "humeral
lunule") at the shoulder, one (the "apical lunule") at the
apex, and one, which is somewhat like an eighth-note
in music, in the middle. C. hirticollis is Hke it but hairier
and the humeral lunule is upturned at the tip. C. tran-
queharica is larger (about .6 in. long), the tip of the humeral
lunule is down- turned; frequents sandy roads. The
last three are most commonly found in spring and fall.
C. punctulata, which is dark above (greenish-blue beneath)
except for white dots, is abundant on roads, garden paths,
and even city streets, flying freely to light in midsummer;
each elytron has a row of green punctures along the suture
in addition to densely placed, uncolored ones. C. modesta
is black and C. rugifrons is green, each with three large
white spots; found in pine barrens.

CARABIDiE

Most of the many Ground-beetles are plain black or
brown. The antennae of the adults start from the side of
the head between the base of the mandibles and the eyes,
which are usually of moderate size; ornamental hairs are

282

Plate LXXII

qer beetle lorvQ

'CicindelQ dorsalis

Cychrus
eievQtus

Horpalus
Corabus CQliginosus

vinctu$

Pasimachus
depressus

Pteroblichus
Dicoelus lucublQndu5
elonqatus

'>«i

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

found only in Brachynus and ChlcBnius but erect setae are
present and are important in technical classification; the
head is held horizontally or slightly inclined and is usually
narrower than the thorax. Although some bright-colored
Lebiini hunt by day on plants, the majority hide under
stones or other cover. If disturbed, they run rapidly but
rarely fly except at night, when some species swarm about
lights. They are beneficial because of their predaceous
habits; the musky odor of many species telling of their
diet of flesh. The larvae are relatively long, and rather
flat; they have sharp, projecting mandibles and a pair of
posterior bristly appendages; they usually live in under-
ground burrows, pupating in small earthen cells.

Cychrus is a genus (late authors divide it into several
genera) which is usually rather rare and, since the violet
or brownish-purple beetles are of good size, they are
often sought by collectors. The pronotum is more or less
turned up at the edges. The head and mandibles are
long, narrow, and straight, so that they may be thrust
into snail-shells in order to draw out the owners; the palpi
are shaped like a long-handled spoon. As might be guessed,
they are to be found only where snails are common: in
moist woods and similar places. See Plate LXXII.

Carabus may be separated from Calosoma by the fact
that the former has the third joint of the antennae cylindri-
cal and the latter has it compressed.

The species of Carabus are black or brown-
ish-black, and about an inch long. C.
sylvosus: margins of the turned-up pronotum and of
elytra blue; striae on elytra veiy fine; usually in sandy
woods. C. serratus: m^argins of pronotum (slightly turned
up) and of elytra violet; elytra with two or three slight
notches in the margin near the base; usually in damp
places. C. limbatus: bluish margins; pronotum a half
wider than long; elytra deeply striate; usually in moist
upland woods. C. vinctus (Plate LXXII) : bronzed, prono-
tum with a greenish tinge at borders; usually under bark in
low, moist woods. All may be caught by sinking bottles
or cans, baited with molasses, in the soil.

284

CATERPILLAR-HUNTING BEETLES.

These are usually found, under cover,
in gardens, fields, and open woods. They
are often abundant at light. Their common name,
Caterpillar Hunters, should recommend them, as it is
well given. Plate LXXIII gives sufficient help in identify-
ing calidum and scrutator. C. externum is about 1.25 in.
long; margins of pronotum and elytra blue; pronotum
with the sides rounded, flattened, and turned up behind.
Mr. Davis told of a "specimen which was found under an
electric light and squirted its acrid fluid into my face at a
distance of about a foot." They will do that sometimes.
C. willcoxi is similar to scrutator but only about .75 in.
long; the thorax is relatively narrower, and the margins
of the elytra are sometimes green. C. frigidum: about
.8 in. long; black above, greenish-black below; pronotum
and elytra with narrow, green margins; spots on elytra,
green. C. sayi: similar, but found from N. Y. southward
while frigidum occurs from N. Y. northward. C. syco-
phanta has recently been introduced from Europe to aid in
fighting the Brown-tail Aloth.

„. . Even after I was supposed to know

Elaphrus , . , ^ , ,. • 1

something about Entomology 1 tried to

place E. ruscarius in Cicindela. All of the genus have the

general form of Tiger-beetles, but they are smaller and

lack the ornamental hairs. They inhabit sand-bars and

mud-flats. E. ruscarius is about .25 in. long; dull brassy

above, metallic green beneath; the numerous, circular

impressions on the elytra are purplish; legs, reddish-brown.

Adults have been taken at Christmas time as far north as

Indiana.

^ . , A black Carabid, which is an inch or so

Pasimachus , . , , . ,.

long and whose pronotum seems too big for

it (suggesting a collar that has come loose and moved up
the neck), probably belongs to this genus. They occur
especially where the soil is sandy, and are caterpillar hun-
ters. P. depressus (Plate LXXII) is blue-margined, but
often faintly. P. suhlcevis occurs on the beach; the
pronotum and elytra are margined (often faintly) with

2^^

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

blue; pronotum squarish but pushed in at the front and
somewhat bulged at the sides; tip of closed elytra rounded.

Scarites Species of Scarites are narrow; the pro-

notum is rounded behind and somewhat
"too big"; the wide, flat front tibiae are toothed. The
common species of our gardens is suhterraneus. It is
usually less than .8 in. long; the southern suhstriatus may
be only a large variety of it (an inch or more in length).
These species are shiny black; the head has two, deeply
indented, parallel lines; the sides of the squarish pronotum
are nearly straight and it is separated from the elytra by a
neck; the eltrya are distinctly striate. They are often
turned up in gardens and feign death by holding the body
rigid for a time, but soon run off to shelter.

Omophron Circular, yellow beetles, tessellated with

dark green, that live by day in the damp
sand of brook and pond shores and come out at night to
seek their prey. 0. americanum is our common species.

Numerous, small species of Dyschirius and Clivina Hve
in damp soil, especially sandy or muddy banks, and may
be collected by throwing water on the banks, forcing the
beetles out of the ground for air or to satisfy their curiosity
as to the state of the weather. They are usually less
than .4 in. long and have two bristle-bearing punctures
above each eye and at each hind angle of the pronotum.
Pasimachus and Scarites have only one at each of these
places. The pronotum of Dyschirius is globular or oval
and that of Clivina is squarish. Other, less common,
genera may be distinguished from Dyschirius and Clivina
by the fact that their front tarsi are dilated, while those of
D. and C. are slender, and by the absence of a neck be-
tween the thorax and the elytra. Bembidiitm and Tachys
are remarkable for the speed with which they move and
are easily recognized by the short, sharp, needle-like last
palpal joint. Bemhidium quadrimactdatum, less than
.15 in. long, with four conspicuous yellow spots, is common
in gardens. Tachys nanus, all black, and Tachys flavi-
cauda, brown with a yellow tip, both less than .12 in. long
are common imder the bark of dead trees.

286

Plate LXXIII

,*

Cicindela
sexqullQto. qenerosa

Lebia
grondis

''c Q 1 1 d u nV

Calosomo

Plaiynus _
cupripennis ^

Aqonoderus
pallipes

xV

BrQchinus lumans

BRACHINUS, THE BOMBARDIER.

_ . The members of this large genus are

Pterostichus

among the most common of the Carabidae,

but it is difficult to describe, without technicalities, even

lucuhlandus, which lives in tilled fields. Plate LXXII

shows its general form; its color is greenish or bluish.

Amara and Platynus (Plate LXXIII) are related and also

large genera. All the species are small. Amara angustata,

shining bronze, is common in gardens, running rapidly on

paths in midsummer, especially when weeding operations

disturb its shelter.

Similar to the preceding, but differing
sufficiently in form to be recognized from
the illustration on Plate LXXII is Diccslus elongatus, a
black, shiny beetle often found under stones.

A slender Carabid, .75 in. long, with
blackish head and elytra, and a narrow,
reddish-brown pronotum, is fairly certain to be this genus;
if the head is strongly rounded behind the eyes, it is
probably janus. G. bicolor is similar but has the back
of the head tapering, rather than rounded. They are
often abundant about lights but their home is in fence
rows or open woodlands. The larvae are bluish and
yellow.

Plate LXXIII shows a species, grandis^
which is credited with feeding on the eggs
and young larvae of potato beetles. It is fairly typical,
although one of the largest, of its genus, the members of
which live under stones and leaves but often climb plants
to feed on injurious insects. Their tarsi are comb-like,
a feature which probably helps them in climbing, and the
elytra are square-cut at apex.

The beetles mentioned from Bembidium (p. 286) to this
point have two bristle-bearing punctures above each eye.
The Carabidae which follow have but one.

These beetles (Plate LXXIII) have the

tip of the elytra square-cut; the head is

tapering behind and both it and the thorax are very

287

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS

narrow, as compared with the abdomen. They occur on
the ground under things, usually in damp places. Many
Carabidas, when disturbed, give off a defensive fluid from
a gland at the end of the abdomen but species of Brachi-
nus do it with a distinct "pop." For this reason, they
are called Bombardier Beetles, The discharged fluid
is either volatile or it is shot out in a fine spray, so that
it looks like smoke.

Under stones and logs in damp places
are often found Carabidae with a pro-
nounced musky odor and brilliant, bronzed or green,
backs, very finely clothed with short hair. C. sericeus
is all green, .6 in. long, with yellow legs, while other species
of the genus are smaller and variously colored.

„ . Plate LXXII 'shows one of the largest

Harpalus , ^ ... _

and commonest species, cahgtnosus. It

is black with reddish-brown antennas and tarsi. H.

pennsylvanicus is also common and is, superficially

much like caliginosus except that it is rarely more than

.7 in. long. For that matter, there are a dozen or more

species of Harpalus, in almost any region, for which our

figure would do except as to size. It might also pass for

related genera such as Selenophorus, Stenolophus, and

Anisodactylus. Unlike their relatives, some species of

Harpalus are said to feed, when adult, largely on seeds.

Harpalus viridiceneus, with shining, greenish-bronze

back, is common under boards in farmyards.

Agonoderus pallipes (Plate LXXIII) is a small relative
of Harpalus that often enters houses at night, attracted
by the lights.

The next three families are aquatic (see also Hydrophili-
das), although the adults may leave the water to seek
mates and new abiding places. The compound eyes of
the Gyrinid^ (series Polymorpha) are divided so that they
seem to have four such eyes; the abdomen has seven
segments; the middle and hind legs form short broad pad-
dles; the antennae are short. The eyes of Haliplidae and
Dytiscid® are not divided; the antennae are thread-like;

288

PREDACEOUS DIVING BEETLES.

and the abdomen has six segments. HalipHd antennae
are lo-jointed and none of the legs are modified for swim-
ming. Dytiscid antennae are ii -jointed and the hind
legs have fringes of long hairs, acting as oars.

Haliplid^e

These beetles are small, oval, brown or yellow, more or
less spotted with black, and have very much rounded
backs. They are widest near the front of the elytra.
They crawl about aquatic plants, usually in shallow water,
but do not swim well. The larvae are slender and each of
the body-segments has a fleshy lobe on the back, the hind
one being long and tapering. Alatheson states that they
feed on filamentous algas; if this be so, they are an excep-
tion to the carnivorous habits of the Adephaga.

DyTISCID/E

See above for the characteristics of these Predaceous
Diving Beetles. Their larvae (Plate LXXIV) are called
Water-tigers. The adults are said to hibernate in under-
water earth but they come out from time to time, especially
in early spring. During the summer they are frequently
attracted to lights. The males of certain genera, e. g.
Dytiscus, have the three basal segments of the front
(and, to a lesser extent, of the middle) tarsi modified to
form cup-like suckers, which may help them to cling to the
females while mating. Some females have furrowed
elytra. The adults have large spiracles near the hind end
and smaller ones along the side. When at rest, they
hang head-down with the tips of the elytra sticking out of
the water. In this way, the spiracles have access to the
upper air. When the beetle dives, a supply of air is
carried along under the elytra. Adults discharge, from
behind the head and also from anal glands, fluids which
differ somewhat from species to species but all of which
are probably defensive against fish and other enemies.
The mature beetles live for a long time, Harris having kept
a Dytiscus "three years and a half in perfect health, in a
glass vessel filled with water, and supported by morsels
of raw meat." Eggs of Dytiscus, as far as known, are

289

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

laid singly in slits made by the females in underwater
plant stems. It is said that Acilius lets the eggs drop
upon the mud while swimming about and Colymbetes
arranges its eggs upon leaves. Miall remarks that many
a raw naturalist has put these beetles into his collecting-
bottle or aquarium, to find after a few hours that they
have destroyed or mutilated almost his whole live stock.
When the larva swims about in a leisurely way, the legs
are the chief means of propulsion, but it can also make a
sudden spring by throwing its body into serpentine curves.
It may also be seen to creep on submerged leaves, and to
cling to them when resting or lying in ambush. The tip
of the tail carries two small appendages. These, as well
as the last two segments of the abdomen, are fringed
with hairs, which no doubt increase the effect of a stroke
given to the water. But these appendages are chiefly
used to buoy up the tail, when the larva requires to breathe.
At length the larva ceases to feed, creeps into moist earth
near the edge of the water, makes a roundish cell there,
and changes to a pupa.

The species of some genera, e. g. Bidessus, are less than
.12 in. long. The following are among the largest species.
Colymbetes sculptilis: about .7 in. long; top of head black,
with two small, pale spots; pronotum, front of the head,
and margins of elytra, dull yellow; a black, transverse,
median bar on pronotum; elytra dark. The general
color of Dytiscus is greenish black. Dytiscus fasciventris:
length, an inch or slightly more; abdominal segments
reddish-brown with darker margins; pronotum margined
with yellow only on the sides, or with a faint trace of yellow
at base and apex; each elytron of female with ten grooves,
which reach beyond the middle. D. hybridus: a trifle
more than an inch long; abdominal segments uniform
black; pronotum like fasciventris but shorter; yellow margin
of elytra of nearly equal width throughout, a narrow
yellow bar near apices; elytra of female smooth. D.
verticalis: length usually at least 1.4 in.; abdominal segment
uniform black; pronotum margined with yellow only on
the sides; marginal yellow stripes on elytra narrowing
behind; narrow, oblique, yellow cross-bars, near apices,
often indistinct; elytra of females smooth. D. harrisii:

290

Plate LXXIV

Dytiscus

Gyrinu5

Hijdrophilus

291

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

length usually at least 1.5 in.; all edges of the pronotum
distinctly margined with yellow; elytra marked much like
verticalis but cross-bar more distinct; females usually have
the elytra grooved. Cybister fimbriolatus is about 1.3 in
long; brown with a faint greenish tinge; pronotum and
elytra broadly margined with yellow; front of head, two
front pairs of legs, and spots at sides of the third to sixth,
inclusive, abdominal segments yellow; pronotum and
elytra of female, except along the suture, with numerous,
fine, short grooves.

POLYMORPHA

The following family has also been put in the Adephaga.

GvRINIDiE

All who observe have seen the steel-blue or black
Whirligig Beetles (Plate LXXIV, and p. 288) gyrating in
crowds on the surface of relatively still water or basking
like turtles on logs and stones. When disturbed, Whirligig
Beetles squeak by rubbing the tip of the abdomen against
the elytra. They also give off a fluid which is sometimes
ill-smelling but in other cases rather pleasantly suggests
apples. Although they spend most of their active time
on the surface of the water, they can fly well, if the}' can
climb out of the water so as to get a start, and they dive
freely, carrying down a bubble of air at the tips of, and
under, their elytra. The front legs are long and grasping.
Adults are, apparently, not very predaceous, but the
larv£e seem to be. The female lays a number of elongate,
oval eggs, end to end, upon the leaves of plants, usually
beneath the surface of the water and sometimes at a
considerable depth. The general appearance of the larva
is that of a small Centipede. The pupa of Gyrinus is so
well hidden that few have ever seen it. Probably about
the beginning of August the lar\'a creeps out of the water
by climbing up the water-plants, and then spins a grayish
cocoon pointed at both ends, the adult emerging towards
the end of the same month. Adults hibernate, coming
out during mild weather for mid-winter dances.

292

** WATER-SCAVENQER " BEETLES.

The two principal genera are Gyrinus (length less than
.35 in.; the triangular piece, scutellum, between the
bases of the closed elytra distinct) and Dineutes (length
.4 in., or more; scutellum hidden). Dineutes vittatus:
.5 in. or longer; sides of pronotum and elytra with an in-
distinct, bronzed, submarginal stripe. D. discolor: about
.5 in. long; above very dark, almost black, bronze, shining;
below, yellowish. D. emarginatus: less than .5 in. long;
above and below black, slightly bronzed, and not very
shiny; middle and hind legs, narrow margin, and tip of
the abdomen, paler. D. assimilis: length a trifle under
.5 in.; above black, strongly bronzed; beneath black,
ver}'' shining; abdominal segments often tinged with brown;
legs brownish yellow; is a common species with an apple
odor.

The CLAVICORN series starts here and includes the
families to, but not, the Elateridee. Only Hydrophilidag
are aquatic.

Hydrophilid^

These are called Water-Scavenger Beetles. The
adults do feed on decaying material but they also eat
water-plants and living animals, and, furthermore, not all
are aquatic; the larvae are largely predaceous. The
adults have five joints in each tarsus, but the first joint is
often very small. The eggs of Hydrophilus are usually
laid in a floating silken case with a handle-like mast (see
Plate LXXIV). The silk comes from glands at the hind
end of the female. The larvas are much Hke those of
Dytiscus but clumsier and their tarsi never have more than a
single claw, while those of the Dytiscidas and the Gyrinidae
have two. Pupation occurs in very moist earth at the
water's edge; the pupa being kept from touching its cell's
bottom by projecting hook-like spines. Unlike Dytiscus ^
the largest spiracles are well foru^ard and air is taken in
through the notch between the head and the thorax, the
velvety hairs keeping out the water and the hairy club of
the antennae helping to break the surface film. These
antennae, which are less than 11 -jointed and broadened
at the tip, are sometimes overlooked by the inexperienced,

293

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

who mistake the long palpi for antennae. One of the
main groups in the family, the Helophorini {Helophorus
and Ilydrochus are the principal genera), is made up of
small species which usually have the pronotum narrowed
behind, so that it is not as wide as the two elytra. The
others have it narrowed in front, the base being as wide
as the elytral base. Of these, the Hydrophilini and
Hydrobiini have the tarsal joints short. The metastemum
of an insect may be described as its breast-bone; it
is just in front of the bases of the hind legs. The meta-
stemum of the Hydrophilini is prolonged into a distinct
spine and that of the Hydrobiini is not. Finally, the
Sphagridiini (late authors make them a separate family)
have the first joint of each middle and hind tarsus elon-
gated. Some Sphaeridiini, living in manure, decaying
sea-weed, and the like, have a wide distribution.

As might be guessed from its generic

Sphseridium name, this insect belongs to the Sphaeridiini ;
scarabseoides , .^ -111

the specific name was suggested by the

fact that it resembles the Scarabaeidae in looks and habits.

It is a European insect which was introduced in the latter

part of the last century and is rapidly extending its range.

It lives in dung. The adult is about a .25 in. long; has a

very convex back; shining black above except that the

elytra have a reddish spot near the base and the apical

fourth is yellowish.

This genus (Plate LXXIV) contains the
two largest species (as well as some smaller
ones) of the family. They are both shiny black. H,
ovatus is about 1.25 in. long; the abdomen, which is
unmarked, is pubescent except for a narrow, smooth
streak down the middle of the last three segments. H.
triangularis is larger, even reaching 1.5 in.; the under side
of the abdomen is pubescent except for a broad, smooth
streak down the middle of all but the first segment; the
abdominal segments have more or less distinct, triangular,
yellow spots at the sides. They are at times common
under electric lights.

Hydrocharis is a related genus; ohtusatus is quite convex

294

CARRION BEETLES.

in cross-section, regularly oval in outline, and .6 in. long.
It is common in brackish pools.

SlLPHID^

Plate LXXV is sufficient help for the identification of
Silpha and Necrophorus, the only two genera of this
family which ordinarily attract notice as Carrion Beetles,
although there are not only numerous small species which
feed on carrion but some on decaying fungi and a few are
found only in ants* nests. There are six ventral abdominal
segments; the front coxae are conical, prominent, and,
except in eyeless species found in caves, nearly or quite
touch each other.

-- , Species of Necroplwrus are called Burying

Necrophorus t-. i o ^ -n i ■ i r

Beetles. So many have testified, either from

hearsay or from observation, to their burying small car-
casses and feeding on them under ground, that it must be
true. Probably I have been unfortunate: I have fur-
nished them with numerous carcasses but they ate
them all on top of even loose sand. Perhaps the right
' species did not come to my feast. The sensory pits in the
enlarged portion of the antennae are doubtless olfactory
and explain the insects' quickness in locating their particu-
lar kind of food. They are all black, usually marked
with red or yellow. The following three species of
Necrophorus have their hind (and, to a lesser extent, their
middle) legs bowed. N. americanus: an inch or more long;
pronotum rounded; orange- red on vertex of the head,
central part of pronotum, two irregular spots on each ely-
tron, and club of antennas. It usually feeds on reptiles.
N. sayi: less than an inch long; pronotum rounded; orange-
red in a cross-bar near base and a spot near apex of each
elytron. Not usually common. N. margifialus: (Plate
LXXV) the elytral spots are sometimes connected along
the margin, the basal spot sometimes divided. One of
the commonest. The following three have straight legs.
iV. orhicollis: marked much like sayi. N. pustulatus:
pronotum transversely oval, very little narrowed behind;
orange-red on antennal club and two spots, the apical
one sometimes double, on each elytron. Wholly black

295

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

individuals have been recorded. N. tomentosiis: not
over .8 in. long; pronotum broader than long, very little
narrowed behind; the disc clothed with yellow hairs; elytral
markings resemble those of marginatus but are narrower.

Silpha These beetles are extremely flattened.

S. surinamensis: .6 to i in. long; rather
elongate; eyes prominent; hind femora of males quite
stout; black, usually with a narrower orange-red cross-bar
(often broken into spots) near apex of each elytron. The
following are oval in shape, the eyes are not prominent, and
the hind femora are not enlarged. S. incEqualis: about
•5 in. long; all black. S. noveboracensis: see Plate LXXV.
S. americana: about .75 in. long; pronotum yellow with a
black central spot; elytra brownish with the crinkly eleva-
tions slightly darker; pronotum nearly twice as wide as
long; much narrowed in front. It occurs on toadstools
and in dung, as well as on carrion.

The ScYDMiENiDiE are usually less than .12 in. long;
shining; oval; convex; brownish or blackish; and usually
having erect hairs on the upper surface. They occur
beneath bark or stones in moist localities, also in ant's
nests. They differ from the Silphidas in having coarser
eye-facets. The hind coxae do not touch. Brathinus,
which is found in the North about mossy springs, has
been put in this family bi^t its coxae nearly t:)uch and a
separate family, Brathinid.e, is justified.

The PsELAPHiDiE are also very small. They agree with
the Staphylinidae in having short elytra, but the abdomen
is relatively shorter and not flexible. The head and
thorax are usually narrower than the combined elytra.
Some species "excrete from small tufts of hairs a sub-
stance of which ants are very fond, and they are therefore
tolerated in numbers in the nests of these insects. They
are even said to be fed by the ants and to ride about on
the backs of their hosts when so inclined." In general,
they are found with Scydmsenidae, and both families are
best obtained by sifting.

296

Plate LXXV

Silpha noveboracensis

Wecrophorus
morqinatus

Creophilus
villosus

SUphqiinid \arvQ

TQchinus
{imbriQius

1 n^v

Coccinel lo. 9- notalo

MeqillQ

"ubcllabri5

Adalia ^ , , ^

bipunciQiQ HippodamiQ

converijen:

A V- .r ^4 EpilQinne ,.

AnQiiS 15-punciQiQ boreaiib

ROVE BEETLES.

Staphylinid^

The Rove Beetles may be known by their long, narrow
form and elytra, which rarely half cover the abdomen.
The number of tarsal joints varies from 3 to 5 and is not
always the same in the different feet of the sa.me insect;
the abdomen has 10 dorsal segments, fewer below. Sharp
says that "it is probable that one hundred thousand
species or even more of Staphylinidas are at present in
existence." About 2,000 have already been described
from the United States and the number is rapidly increas-
ing. Probably fully 200 species can be found in almost
any region but their identification is rather technical and
no differentiation will be attempted here. "They live
on decaying animal or vegetable matter, in excrement, fun-
gi, or fermenting sap, and are among the most universally
distributed of all beetles. Many of them are predatory,
and some have been accused of feeding on living plants; but
on the whole they are of importance to the agriculturist
only as scavengers, and as they aid in reducing the dead
animal and vegetable matter into shape for assimilation
by plants" (Smith). Creopliilus villosus (Plate LXXV)
is common about carrion and excrement. When adults
are disturbed, they raise their tails as though they would
sting, but all the species are perfectly harmless. Tachinus
fimbriatus (Plate LXXV) is often found in mushrooms.

We now skip a number of families of very small beetles;
TRiCHOPTERYGiDiE, in decaying vegetable matter; Scaphi-
DiiD^, generally shining black, sometimes marked with
red or yellow spots, living in rotten wood, fungi, and the
like; Phalacrid^, shiny black, very convex, living on
flowers or under bark; and Corylophid.e, black or brown,
marked with yellow, in fermenting sap, fruits, and other
vegetable matter, on dead branches, and under bark.

COCCINELLID.^

I suppose it is a relief to the reader also when we reach,
as now, a family whose habits we like. Many of us have
quoted

297

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Lady-bird, lady-bird! Fly away home.
Your house is on fire.
Your children do roam.

Some of us add

Except little Nan, who sits in a pan
Weaving gold laces
As fast as she can.

And a few of us know what it is all at)out. Many Lady-
bird (CoccinelHd) larvae live on aphids and this rhyme
started in the Old Country, where they bum the hop-
vines after the harvest. These vines are usually full of
aphids and CoccinelHd children. A Nan who can not
roam but sits in a pan weaving gold laces is shown on
Plate LXX V. She is the yellow pupa. ' ' Why ' Lady-bird '
or 'Lady-beetle'?" That goes back still further: to the
Middle Ages when these insects were dedicated to the
Virgin and were the " Beetles of Our Lady." There are a
lot of superstitions about them.

The most distinctive characters of the family are the
(apparently) 3-jointed tarsi and the broad, hatchet-shaped
terminal joint of the maxillary palpi. They have the
antennae 11 -jointed, terminating in a more or less distinct
3-jointed club; head deeply immersed in the thorax,
which is transverse, rather small, and strongly emarginate
in front; elytra convex, not truncate at tip. Plate LXXV
shows a number of common species, some of which are
rather variable with respect to color and markings. Smith
says that "in a very general way, and subject to many
exceptions," those which are red or yellow, with black
spots, feed on plant-lice (aphids), and those which are
wholly black, or black with red or yellow spots, feed on
scale-insects. The larvae are often prettily marked with
black, blue, or orange, and are even more greedy feeders
on pests than are the adults. Some species have the
curious habit of congregating, as adults, in great masses
on mountain tops to spend the winter. Horticulturists
of California collect these masses "by the ton," put them
in cold storage until wanted, and distribute them among
the farmers at the proper season for controlHng aphids.

2q8

PLANT=EATING LADY-BEETLES.

Epilachna should be disowned by its family but it can
not be. Except for Epilachna borealis, all of our species
are distinctly beneficial because of their food habits,
although the ignorant often accuse them of being the
authors of the damage done by the Aphids and Coccids
upon which they are feeding. Some Coccinellidae take a
bit of pollen by way of a change, but borealis, larva and
adult, eats nothing but the leaves of pumpkin, squash, and
allied plants. The larva is yellow and armed with six
rows of forked, black spines. The adults hibernate. In
the West the ]Mexican E. varivestis eats the leaves and
green pods of beans.

Here we skip a number of families which are not well
represented in the United States. The Endomychid^
are something like Coccinellidse but the tarsal claws are
simple instead of being dilated or toothed at the base.
They live in fungi. The Erotylid^ also live in fungi;
"elongate or oval in form, and of medium or small size.
Many of them are very prettily bicolored, possessing a red
thorax, with black or black and red elytra, or the reverse.
A number, however, are of one hue." The tarsi are 5-
jointed, the fourth joint being small; antennae distinctly'-
clubbed. The Colydiid^ are slender, rather cylindrical,
usually brown, often with ridged wing-covers. They live
under bark, in fungi, or in the ground. Some, at least,
are predaceous. Up to several years ago only four North
American species of Rhyssodid^ had been described.
They live under bark ; and are narrow, elongate, somewhat
flattened, brown beetles; head and thorax deeply grooved
("v/rinkled"); head constricted to form a pronounced
neck; scutellum wanting; first three ventral segments of the
abdomen solidly united to each other.

CUCUJID^

Most of these also live under bark and the last sentence
would fit them fairly well except for the last three clauses.
The Cucujid head does not taper behind to form a neck;
the scutellum is distinct; and the abdomen has five free
ventral segments. Cucujiis clavipes is all-red in color,
.5 in. long, and flat as a piece of cardboard. Some Cucujid

299

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS

larvae are predaceous but the following, among others,
unfortunately is not.

Silvanus The enlarged figures on Plate LXXVI

surinamensis are sufficiently descriptive except as to
color ; the adult is chestnut-brown and the larvae are dirty
white with darker areas. It is one of the most abundant
beetles in all kinds of stored grains, especially in the
South, and it is sometimes destructive to dried fruits.
It is not a weevil, but two of its nicknames are Grain-
weevil and Saw-toothed Weevil, the latter referring to its
thorax. "The larva, when living in granular material,
like meal, usually builds a thin case out of the particles
and the whitish pupa may be found within. When the
insect is living in substances like fine flour it does not
build a case " (Herrick). It is cosmopoUtan in its distribu-
tion. Several other Cucujids also feed on stored grain,
fruits, and nuts, e. g. Cathartiis advena, which is particu-
larly fond of such as are stale. It is about the same size
and color as surinamensis but the pronotum is straight-
edged and nearly square.

Sharp states that the " Colydiidae, Cucujidae, and Rhysso-
didae, exhibit relations not only with other families of
Coleoptera Polymorpha, but also with most of the great
series; Adephaga, Rhyncophora, Phytophaga, and Hetero-
mera, being each closely approached."

The Cryptophagid^ are usually less than .i in. long
and "often of a light yellowish-brown color, with a silken
lustre produced by a very fine pubescence. Their habits
are exceedingl}' variable, some living in fungi, others
about wood and chip piles or in cellars, beneath dead leaves,
in rotten logs, or on flowers." The last three of the eleven
antennal joints are enlarged, loosel}^ forming a club.
Some of the males have only 4 joints, instead of 5, in each
hind tarsus; the front and middle coxae are very small
and deeply imbedded.

To the Mycetophagid^ "belong a limited number of
small oval, slightly convex beetles which live on fungi and
beneath bark. They have the upper surface hairy and

300

Plate LXXVI

Silvanus surinamensis

Dermestes lardarius

Attogenus piceu5

Anlhrenus
scrophularioe,

iOI

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

densely punctured and the elytra are brown or blackish,
usually prettily marked with yellow spots or bands, or
yellow with black spots." The tarsi are thread-like and
4-jointed, except that the front ones of the males are 3-
jointed, more or less dilated and pubescent beneath.

Dermestid^

The name means "skin-devouring" and the species
mentioned in detail below are fairly typical of the family.
The hind coxse are dilated into plates, which are grooved
for the reception of the femora; the under side of the
thorax is hollowed to receive the usually short, clubbed
antennae; tarsi s-jointed.

D. lardarius is the common Larder- or
Dermestes Bacon-beetle. The Hght areas (Plate

LXXVI) are pale yellowish. The larva is brown, some-
what hairy, and has two curved spines on the top of the
last segment. It feeds on animal substances such as
smoked meats, cheese, hoofs, horn, skin, feather, and hair.
There may be four or five generations a season. The
adult of D. vulpinus, the Leather-beetle, is like that of
lardarius except that the eljrtra have no light areas, being
sparsely and uniformly clothed with a mixture of black
and grayish-yellow hairs; the last abdominal segment has
two white spots below. Its food habits are much Uke those
of lardarius but it prefers skins. Herrick says that certain
London merchants offered a prize of £20,000 for a "practi-
cal and effectual remedy" but he does not say whether it
was awarded or not. There are other species outdoors
that seldom do indoor damage.

This is the Black Carpet-beetle. In
Attagenus ^j^g males the last antennal joint is about as

piceus j^^g ^g ^p^ ^^^ remainder of the antenna.

The larva (Plate LXXVI) is reddish-brown. Like most of
the Dermestids the adult does but little damage to our
goods; it much prefers pollen as food. The larva goes in
for almost anything of animal origin, especially woolens,
feathers, and the dried specimens of entomological collec-
tions.

302

BUFFALO=BUQS.

These are the Buffalo-moths or -bugs and
some are the worst enemies of entomological
collections. A. muscBorum has only 8 joints in each an-
tenna, including the two-jointed club, and the outline of
the eyes is not indented. It is found on flowers but is
not a frequent visitor in houses. The following species
have II joints in each antenna, including a three-jointed
club, and, except for verbasci, the outhne of eyes is in-
dented. The pronotum of A. verbasci is black, the central
part sparsely clothed with yellow scales, the sides more
densely with white ones; elytra black, with a large basal
ring and two transverse, zigzag bands of white scales
bordered by yellow ones; under surface of abdomen clothed
with fine, long, grayish-yellow scales. It is the common
museum pest. A. scrophularice is the Buffalo Moth.
The elytra have brick-red, or dull yellow, markings as
shown in Plate LXXVI. I do not know why this genus is
connected, by name, with the buffalo, unless the larva
has a fancied resemblance to that animal. Possibly it
got its nickname by being destructive of buffalo-robes in
the days when there were such things. The species
frequently injure carpets, but are also found on flowers.
They breed in organic matter, presumably in outbuildings
or outdoors as well as within, fly to the flowers and may
then, in the case of the Carpet-beetle at least, be carried
into dwellings before eggs are deposited. Infested carpets
should be taken up, thoroughly cleaned, and, if badly
infested, sprayed with benzine. Local injury can fre-
quently be stopped by passing a hot iron over a damp
cloth laid on the affected part of the carpet.

The habits of this creature are not those

Byturus ^^ Other Dermestidae but, in view of the

unicolor

fact that adults of most of the other species

mentioned here regularly leave hides and hair for a sojourn
among flowers, it may be retaining the ancestral activities.
The adult is about .14 in. long, reddish-yellow or reddish-
brown, and covered with a thick coat of pale, tawny hairs.
It appears about the middle of May and feeds on the
flower-buds and tender foliage of red raspberries. The
larva is plump, white, with tawny cross-bands and numer-

303

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

ous short white hairs. It feeds in the cup of the berries.
Pupation and hibernation occur in an earthen cell just
beneath the surface of the ground.

HiSTERIDiE

It has been suggested that Linnasus, in naming the type
genus of this family Hister, had in mind a filthy Mr. Hister
of Juvenal's Satires. I have not looked up the original
but, if the Roman was very bad, the name is not appropri-
ate for all the Histeridae, as some of them Hve in a fairly
cleanly manner under bark and in ants' nests. Even
those which take to carrion and excrement probably do
not eat it but feed on the other more Hister-like insects.
They are "small, usually black, shining beetles having
the elytra truncate behind, leaving two segments of the
abdomen uncovered. In form they are variable, either
oblong and flat or, more usually, rotmd, oval, globose, or
cylindrical. All are very compact, have a very hard
surface, and the elytra are usually marked with a, nimiber
of strise." The antennae are elbowed and have a short
compact club.

NiTIDULIDiE

Some adults are much like the Histeridae in form but
the antennae are straight; others suggest Staphylinidas;
and, all in all, it is difficult to tell them "at a glance." In
most species the pronotum has wide, thin sides. Some
feed on fungi or carrion, others are found chiefly in flowers,
but the majority feed on the sap of trees and juices of
fruits. Dury tells of trapping hundreds of specimens by
laying chips on top of a freshly cut maple stump. They
are also attracted to a mixture of vinegar and molasses.
Some of the species are prettily marked with yellow or
red. The genus Ips is often common under fallen, decay-
ing fruit as well as about flowing sap. I. ohtusus is .3 in.,
or more, in length and /. quadrigtittatus is less than .3 in.
long; both are black with two reddish-yellow {ohtusus)
or 27ellow (quadriguttatus) spots on each elytron. /.
satiguinolentus is less than .25 in. long; head and thorax

304

THE CADELLE.

black; abdomen and elytra red, except for tip and two
black spots on each elytron. Carpophilus hemipterus
is an introduced species which is found in grocery and
bakery shops. It is about .17 in. long; black, except for
the pale legs, a dull yellow shoulder-spot and an irregular
area of the same color covering the distal half of each
elytron. Omosita colon is often seen on greasy bones in
the back yard.

The Lathridiid^ are rarely more than .1 in. long.
They are usually reddish-yellow or brownish. Most of
the species occur under bark and stones, or in decaying
leaves; some are found on plants and some, e. g. Corticaria
ferruginea, in dried products such as drugs.

Temnochilid/E

There are not many species and most of them live
under bark.

_ .... Two species, mauretanica (the Cadelle)

Tenebnoides . . ,. . , .

and corttcalis, are found m granaries

throughout the world. The eighth antennal joint of
mauretanica is equal to the ninth; in our other species it is
smaller. Plate LXXVII is sufficient additional descrip-
tion of the blackish adult Cadelle. The dark areas shown
in the illustration of the larva are reddish brown. It
feeds on wheat, flour, and other foodstuffs. The fact that
it has been found in milk has been used to help prove
that milkmen enrich their goods with cornstarch. This
larva seems to be rather hardy as Webster recorded its
feeding on hellebore. It is said also to feed on other
insects and it has been known to bore into the wood of
grain bins.

The Parnid^ are small (less than .25 in.) beetles which
cling with their long tarsal claws to sticks and stones in
water, often even in swift streams. The flat, circular
larv£e occur in the same places, clinging tightly to their
support. Neither stage swims.

It may be of some use to name the families we now
skip. It would be of little use to describe them, as the

20 305

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

small and not numerous species are rarely noticed. They
are the Monotomid^e, Derodontid^, BvRRHiDiE, Geo-

RYSSIDiE, and HEXEROCERIDiE.

The remainder of the Polymorpha are known as SERRI-
CORNIA. "This series is primarily distinguished, as
its name indicates, by the serrate or saw-tooth character
of the antennas. The serrate antenna is, like the filiform,
usually slender and of nearly the same width throughout,
but differs in having each joint project more or less in-
wards, this projection being sometimes so long as to form
what is called the pectinate, or comb-toothed antenna"
(Blatchley) . However, Nature is not clear-cut in any of her
divisions. Apparently she does not use a card catalog.
"System" is a human invention. Passing by theDASCYL-
LiD^ and Rhipicerid^ we come to a large family some
members of which most people have noticed.

Elaterid^

With the exception of the subfamily Eucneminae, which
is considered by some authorities to be a separate family,
these beetles have a unique method of getting on their
feet if, by chance, they are on their back. They spring
into the air and turn over as they go. This trick has won
them various names such as Skip Jacks, Click Beetles,
Spring Beetles, and Snapping Bugs. Once, in Arizona,
I had a guide who had never noticed them before. I
made some of the species, which came to the camp light,
perform. He immediately christened them Break-backs
and began to count up how much he would win, after he
got back to Tucson, by betting on "whether they would
or wouldn't land right side up." I advised him to put
his money on "would" and for nights, thereafter, he
hung around my moth-tent, turning Elaterids on their
backs to see whether they would or wouldn't. I do not
know how he made out.

Break-backs is really not a bad name, as their pronotum
is very loosely joined to the rest of the body. Its hind
angles are prolonged backward but the elytra slope so
that the back can be bowed. This is done when the
beetle finds itself wrong side up and then the body is

306

Plate LXXVII

Tenebrioides mauretanlca

Corymbites
hieroglyphicus

ElQlBf

niqricolli5 .,\ "^, '
^ Melonotus ^

communis

Phoning

The chck'oppQrQTuA

Alaus oculatus

307

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

suddenly a little more than straightened, causing the beetle
to bounce into the air. The body is kept from bending
too far ventrally by a spine on the hind edge of the pro-
sternum. The antennae fit, when at rest, in grooves in the
prostemum. Most of the species are brown or black and
of medium or small size. The larv^ are commonly called
Wire-worms. They are long, narrow, cylindrical, hard-
shelled, brownish or yellowish-white creatures. Some
live in the ground, feeding on the roots of grasses and
other plants; some, especially the larvas of the snapless
Eucnemin^, live in dead wood and under bark; and some,
at least, are predaceous.

Two species occur in the Northeast (and
Aldus

elsewhere) but oculatus (Plate LXXVII)

is the more common. The black-and-white adult flies
throughout the seasorx. The larva, which lives in decayed
trunks of apple and other trees, reaches a length of nearly
2.5 inches. Lugger concluded that this larva "largel}^
subsists upon other insects" as all that he kept in deca^-ing
wood soon died if they were not provided with living in-
sects, "which were soon discovered by these cannibals and
devoured." If this be so, it is curious that myops is found
only in pine, for we would expect that it would be predace-
ous also and so not particular as to woods. The adult
myops averages somewhat smaller than oculatus and the
eye-like spots are not only narrower and smaller but their
gray margins are indistinct.

In the South, there are Elaterids which have a pair of
very luminous spots on the pronotimi. Several years ago
some enterprising individual secured a large number of the
Cuban Pyroplioriis noctilucus and sold living specimens
at Coney Island. They were probably purchased as
curiosities but, in the tropics, ladies wear them as orna-
ments.

The following United States species occur at least in the
Northeast and have relatively conspicuous characters
which help in their identification, but which should not
be considered conclusive.

308

ELATERID>E.

Adelocera discoidea is from .3 to .5 in. long; black except
for the yellow head and margins of the pronotum. Hiber-
nates under bark.

Elater nigricollis (Plate LXXVII): head and thorax
black; elytra all dull yellowish; occurs under bark and in
rotten wood, usually in damp woods. See Corymhites.
E. linteus, similar, but usually smaller, and the elytra are
black along the suture and at the apex. Under bark,
usually in dry situations. In E. discoideus the black covers
all the elytra except for the yellow outer margins. Under
the bark of hickor}', beech, and other trees. E. rubricollis
is .5 to .7 in. long; pronotum, except the apex and hind
angles, red; otherwise black. Under bark and on flowers,
E. coUaris is similar but is about .3 in. long and has no
black on pronotum. E. sangiiinipennis is about .3 in.
long; pronotum black, elytra all red. E. xanthomns is
about the same size but only the bases of the elytra are
red; otherwise black.

Pityohius anguinus is an inch or so long but narrow;
black; antennae feathered in male. Usually on pine.

Corymhites pyrrhos is about .75 in. long; dark reddish-
brown; narrow; pronotum relatively long and narrow.
C. tarsalis is about the size and color of Elater nigricollis.
They belong to different groups of genera, the Elaterini
having the hind coxal plates suddenly dilated about the
middle, the outer part much narrower than the inner,
and the Corymbitini having them gradually, sometimes
scarcely, dilated on the inner side. It is such technical
differences which make unteclinical catch-characters little
more than hints. C. hieroglyphicus (Plate LXXVII)
is found northward, especially on pine.

Melanactes piceus is i to 1.4 in. long and polished black.
It occurs under stones and rubbish in dry situations.

Melanotus communis (Plate LXXVII) is found under
the loose bark of fallen trees and is widely distributed.
With a strong lens its claws are seen to be comb-like.

The family Throscid^ "contains only a few small,
oblong, black or brownish beetles which resemble the
Elaterids and the next family, the Buprestids, in form and
in having the prostemimi prolonged behind into a spine

309

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

which fits into a cavity in the mesostemnm. They differ
from the Elateridas in having the pro- and meso-sterna
firmly joined, and so without the power of leaping possessed
by most click beetles. From the Buprestidas they are
distinguished by having the ventral abdominal segments
all free" (Blatchley). They are usually found on dead
wood or on flowers, and are inconspicuous as well as
small.

BuPRESTIDiE

These are usually elongate, usually stout (but some-
times cylindrical) beetles, with broad thorax, and elytra
tapering back from the shoulders; the prothorax closely
united to the mesothorax. A large proportion of them
are bronzed or metallic in color or reflection, and others
are gaudily marked with red or yellow bands or spots.
Alany of them have the upper surface deeply grooved or
pitted, and, altogether, they are very characteristic in
appearance. Most of them are very active and fly readily.
Square-heads is a local name for them, coined in recog-
nition of their broad, fiat, square-cut front.

The larvae are wood-borers, usually living under bark
and making broad, rather shallow furrows, galleries, or
chambers. In shape they are very much elongated, some-
what fiattened, the body segments well defined, head small,
the anterior segments much enlarged so as, apparently, to
form part of the head, giving rise to the common names
Hammer-head or Flat-head borers. Adults are fond of
basking in the sunshine, usually on their own food-plant,
and may best be collected by holding an umbrella under
branches and then jarring them. Since a taxonomic
key involves numerous technicalities, the species to be
mentioned will be grouped by their principal food-plants.

Orchard Trees

This (Plate LXXVIII) is called the

Ci^obothris Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, the name
femorata

referring to the larva, which, however,

attacks numerous other trees such as pear, plum, cherry,
peach, oak, sycamore, chestnut, hickory, maple, horse-

310

Plate LXXVIII

Chrijsobothris
{emoratQ

QjcercQ
divQrloQtQ

Pho'turis W. Photmys
pennsylvQnicQ 3CinTillQns

Calopteron
reticulatum

ChouliognQthus
pennsijlvQnicus

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

chesnut, mountain ash, linden, boxelder, and beech.
Adults appear about May, or later, and are given to sitting
on tree trunks where they are somewhat difficult to see on
account of their dull metallic brown color and roughened
elytra. When flying, the bright metallic greenish-blue
abdomen is quite conspicuous. The young larvae make
shallow galleries in the sapwood, but as they get older
they form somewhat dilated, irregular, flattened burrows
in the heartwood, where they hibernate. In the spring
they excavate a pupal-cell near the surface, completing the
life-history in one year.

The larva of this species bores in peach,
Dicerca cherry, beech, maple, and other deciduous

divaricata ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^p^^^^ LXXVIII) is

coppery or brassy above; the size and the spreading tips
of the elytra, whence the specific name, help to identify it.
The males have a little tooth on the under side of each
middle femur.

Small Fruits

The Red-necked Cane-borer causes the
fi ir swellings, usually with numerous slits,

which have been called "gouty galls," on
raspberry and blackberr3^ Adults emerge in May and
June; they are not over .3 in. long; head short but wide,
black; pronotum coppery-red; elytra bronzy-black. "The
young larva enters the bark at the axil of a leaf -stem, and
eats around the stem in a long spiral. By early August
the galls commence to form where the bark has been
girdled, though sometimes no gall results from the injury,
and the larvae mine into the pith. The larvae probably
become practically full grown in the fall and remain in
their burrows over winter, in which they transform to
pupae in late April " (Sanderson).

Coniferous Trees

Buprestids are ver\^ fond of conifers and, although this
division is quite restricted botanically, relatively few
species (all occurring on pine) can be mentioned here.

312

BUPRESTID/C.

Chalcophora virginiensis is one of our largest Buprestids,
attaining a length of i or i .25 inches. Much larger Bupres-
tids occur in the tropics, the family home, and many of
them are brilliantly colored. In this genus the hind tarsi
have the first joint elongated and the males have a distinct
sixth ventral segment. This species is dull black, feebly
bronzed, the impressions of the thorax and el3^ra often
brassy; head with a deep, median groove, which is broader
and deeper in front; pronotum one-third wider than long,
sides rounded on apical third, disk with a broad median
impression and two others each side, in the regions of the
front and hind angles ; eljrtra each with four to six elongate
impressed spaces which are finely and rather densely
punctate.

Buprestis lineata is .5 in. or more, long. Each elytron
has, typically, two longitudinal, yellowish stripes. The
general color, above, is metallic black; beneath, dull
bronze; head and prostemum, yellowish.

Buprestis ultramarina is about .5 in. long; brilliant green
with the sutural and outer margins of the el}i;ra coppery
red.

Dicerca punctulata is superficially much like D. divaricata
(p. 312) but smaller (about .5 in.), and has a pair of promi-
nent, shining, longitudinal ridges on the middle of the pro-
notum and parts of a second pair outside of these.

Melanophila acuminata (also called longipes) is often
nearly .5 in. long and all black. It is found on various
conifers. M. fulvo guttata is about the same size, and
has three yellow dots on each elytron; found on spruce and
hemlock. M. ceneola is rarely longer than .25 in.; prono-
tum bronzy; elytra metallic black.

The males of Chrysobothris floricola have a single, acute
tooth on each front tibia; those of dentipes have none, but
the tibiae are dilated at the tip (those of femorata, p. 310,
have numerous fine teeth on the inner edge).

Deciduous Forest Trees

The following are among the more easily recognized :
Buprestis fasciata about .6 in. long; brilliant metallic
green, often with blue iridescence; a wavy yellow band

313

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

across each elytron, back of the middle, a yellow spot
back of this and sometimes one in front. On maple and
poplar.

Chrysohothris azurea is usually a little more than .25 in.
long. Its color varies from blue to greenish, coppery, and
violet. Each elytron has the following brilliant blue or
green markings, which appear to be depressed : a somewhat
variable streak or combination of spots at the base, one
circular spot near the middle, and one two-thirds of the
way to the apex. On birch, sumac, and dogwood.

Brachys — The several species of this genus are leaf-
miners and abundant. The adult larva makes a curious
noise, within the mined leaf, by switching his body rapidly.

Herbaceous Plants

Pachyscelus purpureus mines in the leaves of the bush-
clover (Lespedeza). The adult is usually less than .2 in.
long and the shoulders are so broad that, from above, it
looks hunched up. The head and pronotum are black;
■elytra, purple.

Lampyrid^

Nearly all Americans who are blessed with eyes have
seen Fireflies and many have seen Glowworms. These
insects belong to this family but most of the species of
Lampyridae are not luminous. A family characteristic
is that the elytra, when present, are thin and flexible;
there are seven or eight visible, ventral, abdominal seg-
ments. For the most part, the species are predaceous,
especially as larvae. The larvae usually live under rubbish
or the bark of logs and dead trees.

Folsom says: "In Lampyridae, the light is emitted from
the ventral side of the posterior abdominal segments. In
our common Photinus, the seat of the light is a modified por-
tion of the fat-body — a, photogenic plate, situated immedi-
ately under the integument and supplied with a profusion
of fine tracheal branches. The cells of the photogenic
plate, it is said, secrete a substance which undergoes rapid
combustion in the rich supply of oxygen furnished by the
tracheae.

314

THE LIGHT OF FIREFLIES.

"The rays emitted by the common fireflies are re-
markable in being almost entirely light rays, with almost
no thermal or actinic rays. According to Young and
Langley, the radiations of an ordinary gas-flame contain
less than three per cent, of visible rays,, the remainder being
heat or chemical rays, of no value for illuminating purposes;
while the light-giving efficiency of the electric arc is only
ten per cent, and that of sunlight only thirty-five per
cent. The light of the firefly, however, may be rated
at one hundred per cent.; this light,, then, is perfect, and
as yet unapproached by artificial means.

"As to the use of this luminosity,^ there is a general
opinion that the light exists for the purpose of sexual
attraction — a belief held by the author in regard to Pho-
tinus, at least. Another view is that the light is a warning
signal to nocturnal birds, bats, or other insectivorous
animals; this is supported by the fact that lampyrids are
refused by birds in general, after experience; young birds
readily snap at a firefly for the first time, but at once
reject it and thereafter pay no attention to these insects."
In some species the eggs, also, are luminous.

The Lampyridae may be divided into four subfamilies:
Lycinas, Lampyrinae, Telephorinas, and Drilinae.

The Lycinas have the middle cox£e rather widely sepa-
rated by the mesonotum. The elytra usually have a
coarse network of fine elevated lines. The head is some-
times prolonged in front of the eyes into a long, narrow
beak. The antennae are usually conspicuously saw-toothed
or comb-like.

Lycostomus lateralis: about .4 in. long; black, with the
sides of the pronotum, the shoulders, and the front half of
the margin of the elytra, yellow.

Calopteron: the elytra gradually widen from base to
apex and each has six longitudinal ridges (costae) ; antennae
saw -toothed. C. terminale is .5 to .7 in. long; black,
except for the yellow basal half or two-thirds of the elytra
and a very narrow margin of yellow on the sides of the
pronotum. C. reticulatum and typicum axe about the
same size as termi-iale, but the pronotum, especially of
reticulatum (Plate LXXVIII), is broadly margined with

315

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

yellow, and the yellow area of the elytra is crossed by a
black band, which is very wide in typicum.

Celetes basalts is about .3 in. long; color much as in
Lycostomus lateralis but the elytral yellow much reduced.
The antennae, especially of the male, are decidedly comb-
like (feathered on one side).

Caniella dimidiata is apt to be confused with Calopteron
terminale but its antennas are comb-like, not merely saw-
toothed.

Eros. Most of the species of this genus, and also of
Plateros and Calochromus, are black, with yellow-mar-
gined pironota. However, E. aurora has scarlet elytra;
the under surface of the body is black.

The subfamily Lampyrinae contains the Ivuninous
species. The middle coxae touch each other; the elytra
are not reticulate (netted) ; and the head is nearly, or quite,
covered by the pronotum. The Lampyrini usually have
the bases of the antennae near together. Of the Lampyrini,
all except Photuris have the head completely covered by
the pronotum and the second joint of the antennae smalls
Polydasis is the only genus of this tribe having pectinate
(comb-like) antennae, and in it there are pectinations on both
sides. In Lucidota, Ellychnia, and Pyropyga the eyes are
small and the light-organs are feeble. For the most part,
they are black species with yellow on the pronotum. In
Pyractomena and Photinus the eyes are large, but larger in
the males than in the females and the light-organs are
well developed. Pyractomena and Photinus are dark
brown, or black, with yellow on the pronotum and margins
of the wings. These yellow margins are particularly
pronounced in Pyractomena angulata; the narrow-margined
forms are not easily differentiated. The females of
Pyractomena have the light-ofgans on the sides of the
abdomen and those of Photinus have them on the middle.
Pyractomena a7igulata is not usually common but is very
brilliant. Pyractomena ecostata is usually found about
marshes, its larvae probably living on snails. Photinus
marginellus and scintillans (Plate LXXVIII), are very
common. The males fly low and have a yellow light. The
females have only partially developed wings and do not fly.

316

THE FIREFLY FAMILY.

Photuris (see above) pennsylvanica about .5 in. long,
or a little longer; head and pronotum dull yellow, the
latter with a central red area crossed by a narrow median
dark stripe; elytra brownish, with pale markings (Plate
LXXVIII). This is the largest and most brilliant of our
common fireflies. Photuris frontalis is similar but smaller.
Both have a greenish light.

The males of Phengodes, a genus, which has been placed
in both Lampyrinag and Telephorinae, are not luminous
but the larvas and wingless females, which usually live
under stones, are the most brilliant of our forms, giving
off light from lateral joints along the body. They are
usually rare. The males may be recognized by their
resemblance to the species shown in Plate LXXVIII.

The subfamily Telephorinse differs from the Lampyrinae
in not having the head at least partly covered by the
pronotum. None of the species are luminous and the
sexes are much alike. For the most part, they are black
or brownish, with more or less yellow on the head and
pronotum.

In Podabrus modestus the pronotum is all yeUow; elytra
narrowly margined with yellow; legs black.

In TeUphorus rotundicollis the head, pronotum, and
legs are reddish; elytra, dark gray-brown.

Chauliognathus pennsylv aniens (Plate LXXVIII) and
C. marginatus are called Soldier Beetles. "The species
of this genus are known from all others by the elongate
head, and by the singular structure of the maxillary lobe,
which has a long, extensile, pilose, thread-like process
which can be pushed out and used to gather food. In
this respect it is somewhat similar to the tongue or pro-
boscis of a moth or butterfly. The mature beetles are
said to feed solely upon the honey and pollen of various
ilowers. The larvse are, however, strongly carnivorous,
those of our common species being very beneficial in that
they feed upon the larvas of the plum curculio and other
injurious forms." The two species mentioned above
may be separated by the facts that in pe^msylvanicus
the pronotum is wider than long and the head black, while
in mnrginatus the pronotum is longer than wide and the

317

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

head is yellow with black spots. In both, the light color
is yellow. The amount of black on the elytra is very
variable, sometimes covering nearly the whole elytra.
Adults of marginatus appear in the spring and eariy
summer, while those of pennsylvanicus are autumn crea-
tures, delighting especially in the goldenrod.

The subfamily Drilinae has but recently been doubtfully
detected in America. Telegeusis was described from the
Pacific Coast by Horn and is put in this subfamily by
some authorities. It was found in 1916 by the author
in Arizona. The maxillary lobe is nearly as long as the
beetle.

MALACHIIDiE

There are not many species in this family. The elytra
are soft, as in the Lampyridas; but Malachiidae are not
luminous, and they have only five or six visible, ventral,
abdominal segments. All of them are found on flowers
or herbage, some only in moist or low places, where they
are said to feed on insect eggs, larvae, and smaller insects
generally. The larvae, so far as known, are predaceous.
Collops guadritnaculatus (Plate LXXIX) is one of our
largest and commonest species. The head and abdomen
are black; pronotum and elytra, reddish-yellow, each
of the latter having two blue or bluish-black spots.

CLERIDiE

The Checkered Beetles are rather small, but, for the
most part, they are graceful and pretty. The thorax is
generally elongate and often much narrower than either
the head or the combined elytra. Some look like ants;
others resemble Lampyrids. The 11- (or, rarely, 10-)
jointed antennae are enlarged toward the tip somewhat
like a club. The tarsi are all 5-jointed but the first
and fourth joints are often inconspicuous; all but the fifth
have membranous appendages. The usually pubescent
adults occur chiefly on flowers, about flowing sap, and on
the foliage of trees and low shrubs. Both they and the
larvae are predaceous, especially on wood-boring larvae.

318

Plate LXXIX

Collops
^-moculatus

ThanBroclerus
Trichodes so^^'^Bii5
nutlolli

NecrobiQ rujipes' Sitodrepa

panicea

1

iQsiodermQ
serricorne

Lycfus
StriQtus

LucQni/5
daiBQ

PqssdIi/s Nlcoqas
cornutus obscuru^

319

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

We have three cosmopolitan species of Necrohia. They
are known as Bone Beetles because they are usually found
on carrion after most of the flesh is gone, probably feeding
on other insects there rather than on the carrion. N.
nifipes (Plate LXXIX) is called the Red-legged Ham-
beetle from its frequent appearance in that staple. Herrick
says: "When the larva gets ready to transform it makes
a curious and interesting cocoon in a rather novel way.
The lar\''a leaves the fatty portions and gnaws its way
either to the harder, more fibrous parts of the ham or may-
be into a near-by beam. Here it makes a glistening white
cocoon that looks much like paper. The cocoon is not
made from silk like the cocoons of most insects, but is
composed of small globules of spit out of the mouth of the
larva. These globules adhere to each other and when
dry form the paper-like cocoon." The three species
may be separated as follows (none exceed a quarter of an
inch in length) :

1. Pronotum and base of elytra red; rest of elytra blue
or green; head and abdomen black ruficollis.

No red on dorsal surface, but bluish 2.

2. Legs and basal joints of antennae red rufipes.

Legs and antennae dark violacea.

Necrohia is one of those genera in which the fourth
tarsal joint is indistinct and the disk of the thorax is
separated from the flanks by a marginal line. In TricJiodes
(front margin of eyes indented; antennal club triangular)
and Thaneroclerus (eye-margin not indented; the 3-jointed
antennal club gradually formed) the fourth tarsal joint is
of normal size (the first joint is very small and covered,
above, by the second; tarsal claws toothed). Trichodes
nuttalli (bluish, with reddish-yellow markings) and
Thaneroclerus sanguineus (brown, with red elytra) are
shown in Plate LXXIX.

Ptinid^

The small (,25 in. and less in length) beetles of this
family are so various that it is difficult to characterize the
family. The thorax usually extends above the head like

320

AN OMNIVOROUS BEETLE.

a hood, the head being bent under and rarely visible from
above; the front and middle coxas are cylindrical or nearly
globular; the first of the tarsal joints is often longer than
the second. They live on dry animal and vegetable
products and in dead wood. The following are rather
frequently noticed.

I had not been at the American Museum
Sitodrepa ^^ Natural History very long before a

mystified lady brought in some red pepper
which had been kept in a tight tin box and which, never-
theless, had in it reddish-brown beetles about .i in. long.
A lens showed the characteristic form (Plate LXXIX)
and bristling yellow pubescence of this Drug-store Beetle.
I assured her that even red pepper is not too strong for it.
At least forty-five different drugs, including aconite,
belladonna, squill, orris root, and ergot, are in its menu.
It has been known to bore through tin-foil and sheet-
lead. Printed books are not too dry for it; and it eats all
sorts of seeds and dry groceries. There still remained,
in the visitor's mind, curiosity concerning the sufficiency
of air and water in the " tight tin box." I took her pepper
and beetles, put them in a glass vial, corked it, sealed it
with paraffin, and put it in an exhibition case, suggesting
that she come back occasionally to see how her captives
were getting along. At the end of two years and a half
there had been numerous generations of offspring which,
by that time, had reduced the pepper and part of the cork
to such an unnutritious powder that even Sitodrepa had
to give up. Under favorable conditions there is a genera-
tion every two months.

This is a good place to say that there is no such thing
as tJie Book Worm among insects. This insect is one.
Another of the same family has a record of having "pene-
trated directly through twenty-seven large quarto volumes
in so straight a line that a string could be passed through
the opening and the whole series of volumes suspended."
This was Ptinus fur (Plate LXXIX) the small reddish-
brown Spider Beetle whose female has two white patches
on each elytron. In fact, almost any insect which feeds
on dry, starchy material may eat books.

21 -21

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

A spider-like creature, .1 in. long, with

11 "d* globose, mahogany back and pale brown,

velvety head and thorax, infests old, not

over clean dwellings. It occasionally is found in New York

restaurants in the sugar bowl.

The small burrows in cigars and cigarettes
Lasiodenna ^^^ usually the work of this species (Plate

LXXIX), the Cigar and Cigarette Beetle.
Although very fond of tobacco, its dietary is much the
same as that of Sitodrepa. It averages less than .2 in.
long, and the last three joints of the antennas are not
enlarged like those of Sitodrepa; the front angles of the
pronotum are more acute. The white larvae resemble
those of the Drug-store Beetle but are hairier.

This and several related species bore in

Anobium ^^^ wood of houses and furniture. In the

striatum

role of Death-watch they sometimes play a

grim joke on superstitious hvunans who believe that the

ticking sound which the beetle makes portends the death

of some one in the house. Swift had the right idea:

"A kettle of scalding hot water ejected
Infallibly cures the timber affected ;
The omen is broken, the danger is over.
The maggot will die, and the sick will recover."

They make the noise by bobbing their heads up and
down, tapping the wood. Instead of foretelling death,
it is doubtless a call for a mate and new lives.

BoSTRYCHIDiE

These are distinguished from the Ptinidae by, among other
characters, their more cylindrical form and by having
the first joint of the tarsi very short and imperfectly sepa-
rated from the second. The eyes are small, rounded, and
somewhat prominent (See Scolytidae). From Scolytidae
they may be diflferentiated also by the loose- jointed club
of the antennae. In Scolytidae this club is a compact knob.

Sinoxylon hasilare (length about .25 in.; black, with basal
third of elytra dull reddish-yellow; apical fourth of elytra

322

POWDERPOST BEETLES.

bent downward nearly at right angles on apical fourth,
with three tubercles on each side of the declivity) makes
short, curved galleries in the branches of a number of
trees such as hickory, persimmon, mulberry, apple, peach,
and grapevine.

Bostrichus hicornis (length, .3 to .5 in.; blackish with
irregular patches of yellowish scales; pronotum prolonged
in front in two serrate, hooked processes) bores into dead
twigs, under bark, and in fungi. Several other similar
species occur but this is usually the commonest.

Amphicerus hicaudatus is about .3 in. long; dark brown,
pubescent; has the pronotum roughened in front with
minute, elevated points (two little horns in the male);
and males have a thom-like projection near the end of each
elytron. In early spring the adults bore into twigs of
apple, pear, and cherry, apparently solely for food and
shelter, as the larvas live in the roots of cat-brier {Smilax)
and the dead shoots of grapevines.

LYCTID.E

Lyctus striatus (Plate LXXIX), and related species,
bore into dry wood of furniture, trimmings, and construc-
tion timber, often doing a great deal of harm that is
difficult to prevent. They are sometimes called Powder-
post Beetles and "all live in dry wood, either in cylindrical
burrows or beneath the bark, and sometimes in such
numbers that the timber is wholly destroyed by them."
Frequently the interior of the wood is largely reduced to
powder before the small exit holes of the beetles are noticed.
The common species are reddish-brown, cylindrical, and
about .2 in. long.

The Serricom series ends with a number of small families
of, for the most part, small, not frequently noticed, species.

CUPESIDiE

Cupes is our only genus and the pale brownish or ashy
gray concolor, .3 in. long, is the commonest species. The
eyes are prominent; the head and thorax are narrower
than the combined elytra, which are beautifully sculptured

323

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

in impressed rows separated by ridges. These insects are
found on dead wood and under bark.

Lymexylonid^

llie name of the typical genus, Lymexylon, means "to
niin wood," and the long (about .5 in.), slender, brown
with silky pubescence, L. sericeum, may occasionally be
found, particularly under the bark of oak logs. The very
slender larvae make small, irregular galleries.

ClOID^

These are somewhat cylindrical, black or brownish
beetles, which rarely are more than .13 in. long. They
are usually found under the bark of trees and in dry, woody
fungi. Some species have been accused of making small,
round holes in woodwork and books, but they are not
usually injurious.

Spindid^

Similar to the Cioidae in appearance and habits. Not
common.

LAMELLICORNIA

Seep. 281. The front tibiae are dilated and strongly
toothed or scalloped on the outer edge.

LUCANID^

These are the Stag-Beetles and Pinching Bugs par
excellence. The terminal joints, or lamellae, of the antennae
of this family are not decidedly flattened but are pro-
longed on the inner side to form a pectinate club, the
joints of which can not be brought closely together.
Some of the species come freely to lights. The larvae are
fat, white grubs, living in decaying wood.

1. Elytra with longitudinal grooves 4.

Elytra without longitudinal grooves 2.

2. Antennae elbowed at end of first joint, which is nearly
or quite as long as all the others united 3.

Antennae straight, first joint not so long; length, less
than .5 in Nicagus.

324

LUCANID/E : STAQ=BEETLES.

3. Length, .75 in. or more Lucanus.

Length, usually not more than .5 in. ; elytra with traces

of longitudinal grooves Platycerus.

4. Antennae elbowed at end of first joint, which is nearly
or quite as long as all the others united 5.

Antennae straight 6.

5. Length, more than .5 in.; eyes strongly notched by the
margin of the head Dorcus,

Length, less than .5 in.; eyes not strongly notched.

Platycerus.

6. Length, more than i in.; front of head with a short
bent horn on head Passalus,

Length, less than i in. ; no horn on head .... Ceruchus.

Lucanus It is only the males which have abnor-

mally long mandibles. L. elaphus is a
southern species which gets as far north as New Jersey and
Indiana. The mandibles of the male are as long as the
abdomen. The female may be separated from the other two
species mentioned by her black legs and chestnut-brown
elytra. Length of male (not including mandibles), 1,3 to
1.6 inches; of female, about 1.2 inches. L. dama (Plate
LXXIX), the common species near New York: like
placidus, the mandibles of the male are only about as long
as the thorax ; each mandible has but one tooth on the inner
side; the head of the male is broader than the thorax;
femora, light brown; length, i to 1.4 in. The mandibles
of the male placidus, sl species said to be common in the
Mississippi Valley but rare along the coast, are straight
and have several teeth on the inner side; the head of the
male is not broader than the thorax; the femora are dark
brown.

Dorcus parallelus: brownish black; male's head nearly
as broad as the pronotum, female's narrower.

Platycerus quercus: blackish or dark reddish-brown;
male's mandibles as long as the head, longer than the
female's, and with about six teeth at the tip; grooves on
elytra usually reduced to three or four faint ones near the
suture. Found most frequently imder bark of, as its
name indicates, oak.

325

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Ceruchus piceus: black or dark reddish-brown; male's
mandibles as long as the head, with a large median tooth;
female's mandibles about half as long as the head, with
three or four blunt teeth on inner side; elytral grooves
shallow.

Passalus cornutus (Plate LXXIX) can make a creaking
or a hissing noise by rubbing the elytra. The third pair
of larval legs are aborted but in some species, at least,
are used to make a noise by scratching the roughened
middle legs. Some authors put this genus in a separate
family, Passalid^.

Nicagus ohscurus (Plate LXXIX) occurs under drift
in damp, sandy places.

SCARAB^ID^

This large family (nearly 20,000 species and "increasing
by the discovery of about 300 new species every year")
contains such forms as the May Beetles (June Bugs), the
"shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hum" of Shakespeare,
and the Sacred Scarab of Egypt. The larvae are usually
yellowish-white, with a brown, chitinized head bearing
prominent mandibles; they are wrinkled, fat (especially
at the hind end) "grubs" which live in excrement, in
decaying wood, or in the ground, and normally lie on their
side with the hind end almost, or quite, touching the legs.
Several methods of classifying the members of this family
are in use, of which the following is about as convenient
as any.

Coprinae

Most of these differ from the rest of Lamellicorns by
living in dung and other animal matter. The abdominal
spiracles (breathing holes) are placed in a line on the
membrane connecting the dorsal and ventral plates and
are covered by the elytra when the wings are closed ; upper
surface of the head usually much dilated on the front and
sides. All except the Acanthocerini and Trogini have six
visible, ventral, abdominal segments.

326

Plate LXXX

Canthon loevis

&BO!rupes
blQckburnil

Copris CQrolinQ

Phyllophaga

Trox suberosus

Pelidnota punctatQ

MQcrodoctylus
subspinosus

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Clceotus is the only genus of the Acanthocerini (rounded,
smooth, shining; scutellum relatively large; five visible,
ventral, abdominal segments) that is likely to be found in
our region. The species are less than .25 in. long, and
live under bark and in rotten wood. Their body is partly
contractile so that it can be rolled up into a somewhat
hemispherical mass.

Of the Coprini (hind tibi^ usually with a single terminal
spur; tip of abdomen not covered by elytra), Canthon
may be recognized by the slender, somewhat curved,
middle and hind tibiae being but little enlarged at the
tip; the males never have horns. The others have these
tibiae much expanded at the tip and the males usually
have horns on the head or pronotum. Of these, Chceridium
and Onthophagus rarely exceed .3 in. in length.

Canthon These black or bronzed beetles are the

Tumble Bugs, which make balls of dung
and industriously roll them about (Plate LXXX) . Scara-
bcEus sacer is a related insect with similar habits; it occurs
in the IMediterranean region and was considered sacred
by the Egyptians. It seems that this creature, in its form
and actions, was believed by them to be emblematical of
such abstruse things as the planetary movements and
future life, not to mention minor matters. As a matter
of fact, we have a great deal to learn about the whys and
the hows of the ball-rolling. Comstock wrote that "this
is one of the instances, rare among insects, where the male
realizes that he has some responsibility as a father, and
assists the female in providing for the young." On the
other hand, Fabre, observing S. sacer, tells of females
helping each other to the extent of stealing the ball.

Copris Species of this genus do not roll their

food to some distant hole for burial but dig
a hole in the ground under or near the source of supply,
usually cow dung. This hole is then provisioned and a
single egg is laid in it. Our three common species are
plain black. C. Carolina (Plate LXXX) is rarely less than
.9 in. long and each elytron has but seven longitudinal

328

SCARAB^eiD^.

striae. C. minutus is less than .5 in. long, while the size of
anaglypticus is intermediate; they have eight striae on
each elytron.

Phanaeus These are brilliantly colored beetles.

The males of our species have quite a horn
on their heads and lack tarsi on their front legs. The first
joint of the antennal club is hollowed out to receive the
others. The male of carnifex is shown in Plate LXXXI.
The female has a short, blunt tubercle in place of the
male's horn.

No attempt will be made here to give the genera of
Aphodiini (hind tibiae with two spurs; abdomen covered by
elytra; antennae 9-jointed) in detail. Aplwdius is the
largest, both as regards the number of species and by having
the largest-sized species. They are dung-feeders which
frequently fly in great numbers during warm autumn after-
noons and, like their relatives, come freely to light. Aplw-
dius fossor is shiny black, nearly .5 in. long. ApJwdius
fimetarius has shin}'- black head and pronotum and brick-
red elytra; it is about .3 in. long. There are many smaller
species.

The principal genus, in the Northeast, of the Geotrupini
(antennse 11 -jointed; mandibles prominent and visible
from above) is Geotriipes (Plate LXXX). The antennal
clubs are not very large and the plates are of equal thick-
ness. Individuals of our common species range from .5
to .75 in. in length and vary from black to purple and
dark metallic green. Some provision holes, as does
Copris, with dung; others live in decaying "toadstools,"
especially in the underground stem. Some, possibly
all, of the species can make a faint sound by rubbing the
hind coxae against the abdomen. As for the other genera,
their antennal clubs are large, round, and convex on both
sides. The eyes of Bolboceras are partially divided by a
process from the side of the head, and those of Bolhocero-
soma (black-and-brown beetles in which the process between
the middle coxae has an erect tooth-like elevation) and of
Odontceus (brown beetles without this "tooth") are
entirely divided.

329

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

As far as we are concerned, Trox (Plate LXXX) is the
only genus of Trogini. Its species are oblong, convex,
dirty-looking, brown beetles, which occur under or about
■carrion, old hides, or feathers. The surface is usually
roughly sculptured and covered with a crust of earth which
is difficult to remove. Adults stridulate by rubbing the
abdomen against the elytra, special areas being roughened
"for this purpose."

Melolonthinae

Here belong the June Bugs or Cockchafers. The adults
are often very abundant about lights and feed chiefly on
leaves. The abdominal spiracles are placed almost in a
line but not more than the front three spiracles are on the
membrane connecting the dorsal and ventral parts of the
abdomen. The larvae live in the ground and feed chiefly
on roots. Our principal genera may be separated as
follows:

1. Middle and hind tibias with only one spur, this some-
times obsolete; hind tarsi with a single claw Hoplia.

Middle and hind tibiae with two spurs; all tarsi with
two equal claws 2.

2. Form elongate, slender; colors metallic green or
bronzed or dull yellow 3.

Form robust, heavy; color brownish, sometimes
iridescent 4.

3. Elytra pubescent, not densely scaly; claws capable
of being folded along the last joint of tarsi. . . Dichelonycka.

Elytra densely covered with elongate, yellowish
scales; tarsal claws not as above Macrodactylus.

4. Five ventral, abdominal segments; elytra either
uniformly and rather finely punctured or with punctured
striae Diplotaxis.

Six ventral, abdominal segments 5.

5. Less than .5 in. long; elytra with indistinct but regular
grooves Serica.

Usually more than .5 in. long; most of the elytra
without striae or grooves Phyllophaga.

330

JUNE BUGS, COCKCHAFERS.

Hoplia. Adults are usually found on flowers during
the day. The two sexes often differ in size and color,

Dichelonycha. Adults are usually found on leaves of
trees and shrubs. The eyes are rather large and promi-
nent. The antennal club of males is nearly as long as the
rest of the antenna.

Macrodactylus The name means "long fingered" and
all who grow roses will agree that it fits,
in both a literal and a figurative sense. There is little
you can do to combat this pest unless you wish either
to keep your roses, flowers and all, sprayed with poison
when the beetles are around or to plow deeply your lawn
and the lawns of all your neighbors every winter in order
to turn the young of these Rose Beetles out into the cold.
It is of some help to go out several times a day and knock
the adults which have made their appearance in the
intervals into a cup of kerosene. It is said that chickens
die from eating them. The Rose Beetle (Plate LXXX)
also feeds on grape blossoms. Its specific name is sub-
spinosus. A much i'ess common species, angustatus, also
occurs. It is more southern in its distribution and confines
its attentions chiefly to oak and other wild plants. The
specific distinctions are slight and technical.

Phyllophaga These (Plate LXXX) are the beetles

that buzz and bang about the room in the
early summer evenings, usually going under the name of
Lachnosterna. There are numerous species but distinguish-
ing them is a matter of considerable difficulty. The female
is said to deposit her eggs, enclosed in a ball of earth, among
the roots of grass. The larvse are "white grubs"; they
get to be about as thick as a man's little finger and are
frequently very injurious to the roots of various plants.
Cases have been reported in which they were so numerous in
lawns that they had completely cut the roots; the turf
could be rolled up like a carpet. The larval stage of some
species, at least, lasts for two or three years. Pupation
occurs in an underground cell.

331

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The remainder of the subfamilies have the abdominal
spiracles placed in two lines on each side, the front three
on the connecting membrane and the others on the ventral
segments.

Of the four genera of Rutelinae (claws on each tarsus
unequal in size, the inner one much more slender than the
outer) to be mentioned here, Anomala and Strigoderma
have 9-jointed antennas, and mandibles, when closed,
covered by the clypeus; Pelidnota and Cotalpa have lo-
jointed antennae and the mandibles are usually visible
beyond the clypeus. The elytra of Anomala are convex,
not notched at the base, shallowly striate, and with small
holes (punctate); the thorax is not hairy. The elytra of
Strigoderma are flattened, notched at the base, deeply
striate but not punctate; the thorax is hairy and has
impressed lines.

Cotalpa lanigera, the Goldsmith Beetle (Plate LXXXI),
is found on willow and poplar, occasionally on oak, and
at light. Its specific name refers to the whitish "wool"
on the under side.

Pelidnota punctata is, by day, common on grape, drawing
the leaves together for shelter, and by night at lights. It
is dull reddish-brown or brownish-yellow above, with
spots as shown in Plate LXXX. The larvas live in decay-
ing stumps, especially of oak and hickory.

Of our more common Dynastinse (claws on each tarsus
equal in size; front cox£e transverse, not very prominent;
body usually convex above), Cyclocephala and Dyscinetus
have the head and pronotum plain; the others have at
least a ridge or a tubercle on one or the other or both.
The color of our species of Cyclocephala is brownish-
yellow; the mandibles are narrow and scarcely curved.
Our species are about .5 in. long. The color of Dyscinetus .
trachypygus, our common species, is practically black;
the mandibles are broad, rounded on the outer side, and
curved. It is nearly .75 in. long and is found under
rubbish along the shores of the sea, lakes, and larger
streams, as well as at lights. Of the others:

332

Plate LXXXI

V

PhariGP-us
corn ilex

i

Aliorh'inQ
\ n i t i d a

«.

\

CotalpQ iQniqerQ

Desmocerus Saperdo GMllcne
pQlliatub Candida robinioe

M

'X X'lT X

Chrijsochu6
Quratus

GalerucellQ
luteolQ

OX-BEETLE AND RELATIVES.

Dynastes tityus is over i .5 in. long. It is usually greenish-
gray with brownish or blackish spots scattered irregularly
over the elytra. The common name, Unicorn Beetle, is
scarcely correct, for the males have three horns on the pro-
notum, the ones on the sides curved and very short, the
median one with yellowish hair beneath, notched at the
tip, and projecting forward to meet a long, curved horn
arising from the head. The females have only a slight
tubercle on the middle of the head. It is a southern
insect, rarely seen even in southern New Jersey, for
example; I have found larvae, pupse, and adults abundant
in rotten wood in southern Mississippi.

Stratagus antceus, the Ox-beetle, is an inch or more
long; shiny, dark reddish-brown, the male's pronotum
almost black. The male has one stout horn on each side
of the pronotum, and one on the front of the same
segment; the female has merely the front horn, much
reduced.

Xyloryctes satyrus is also an inch or more long and
rather stouter than the preceding species. Its color is
also much like that of the preceding but the male, instead
of horns on the thorax, has a long, stout one on the head.
It is called the Rhinoceros Beetle, but this is confusing
as that name is applied more aptly to certain tropical
species.

The Cetoniinae have the claws on each tarsus equal;
coxae conical, rather prominent; body rather flattened
above; the antenna? are lo-jointed. In flying, these
insects usually "do not raise the elytra as most beetles
do, but the inner wings pass out from the side under the
elytra, which are a little narrower at the tips than the
base and do not at all embrace the sides of the body.
The members of this subfamily differ from the other 'leaf
chafers' in being for the most part flower beetles, the
mouth organs being furnished with a brush of hairs with
which they collect the pollen. They are therefore mostly
diurnal, flying about from flower to flower during the
heat of the day. At night and in cloudy or rainy weather
they are to be found beneath bark or other cover."

333

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Plate LXXXI. In the South it is called
i^tida'''* *^^ Fig-eater. When flying, it is easily

mistaken for a loudly buzzing bumble-bee.
The head is deeply excavated, the front with a horizontal
spine extending forward nearly to the upturned spine of the
clypeus. The larv£e feed upon the roots of grass and
other plants, sometimes being decidedly injurious.

The pronotum is triangular; scutellum
Euphoria ^^^ covered; side pieces of the mesothorax

visible from above; elytra more or less wavy on the sides.
Comstock calls inda the Bumble Flower-beetle — a name
which covers its habits of humming, when flying, and of
feeding in flowers. However, the name might well be
applied to its relatives also. The adults often feed on
fruit and green com. The elevation between the middle
coxae is transverse; head and pronotum dark, feebly
bronzed, the latter often with yellowish spots; elytra brown-
ish-yellow, mottled with black spots which often tend to
form cross-bands; pronotum woolly; length somewhat
over half an inch. E. fulgidus is similar in size and form
but brilliant polished green in color.

This genus differs from Euphoria in
Cremas oc us j^a.ving the pronotum quadrate, with promi-
nent angles. The species are uniformly blackish and,
while not especially rare, they are not often seen, as they
live in and about the nests of ants. Our species are not
over .5 in. long. There are pubescent areas near the
angles of the pronotum which are glandular and furnish
agreeable food for ants. Sometimes even the angles are
gnawed off. The beetles are sluggish and "seem to be
held in captivity by the ants, which pull them back into
the vicinity of the nests whenever they attempt to escape."
However, it is probable that the advantages are not
entirely one-sided.

334

ODOR-OF-LEATHER BEETLES.

The name refers to the "odor of leather."
Osmoderma g^^-j^ of q^. species are largely nocturnal
and come to lights. 0. eremicola is an inch, or more, long;
shiny dark brown; head deeply excavated between the
eyes in both sexes, the edge with a tubercle above the base
of the antennae; elytra sparsely punctate. 0. scahra
is not more than an inch long; purplish-black, bronzed;
head of male as in eremicola, of female nearly flat; elytra
roughly sculptured. The larva of the latter, and probably
of the former also, lives in the hollows of beech, cherry,
and apple trees, feeding upon the rotten wood. In the
autumn, it makes an oval cell of fragments of wood strongly
cemented with a kind of glue. In this it pupates, emerging
the next summer.

We have only two species of this genus.
Valgus Their pronotum has a deep median groove,

and the body is more or less covered with whitish scales
instead of hairs. Adults hibernate in groups on the ground
but under some shelter such as half-buried logs. V.
canaliculatus is .25 in., or less, long; reddish-brown, feebly
shining; sides of pronotum, and base, middle, and apex
of elytra sparsely clothed with yellowish scales; front
tibiae with three or more slender, widely separated teeth
on the outer side. V. squamiger is slightly larger and
darker; front tibiae with five or six closely placed, stout,
rounded teeth.

The hind coxae touch each other; the
Trichius pronotum is rounded at base and has no

median groove; elytra not longer than wide; body pubes-
cent. Three of our more common species may be partially
separated as follows, all being a trifle less than .5 in. long..
Elytra reddish-brown, tinged with green, without trans-
verse, whitish bands or velvety spots on the sides; head,
thorax, body beneath, and legs, bright metaUic green:
bibens. Elytra reddish-brown, each with two short,
oblique, whitish bars; head and thorax greenish-black:
piger. T. afinis is much like piger but more shining and
separated on technical characters.

335

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

PHYTOPHAGA

The tarsi are really 5-jointed but are usually referred
to as 4-jointed for the small nodule ("true fourth joint")
at the base of the long claw-joint is not usually counted.
With this convention and excepting the Spondylidae,
we may say that the tarsi are "apparently four-jointed,
the three basal joints usually densely set with cushion-
like pubescence beneath; the third joint different in form,
being divided into two lobes, or grooved on its upper
surface so as to allow of the fourth joint being inserted
near its base instead of at its extremity ; head not forming
a definite prolonged beak; labrum always visible." Al-
most without exception, the larvae feed on some part or
another of plants. Although the families are sufficiently
distinct, once you know them, it is difficult to give a
satisfactory elementary key.

Spondylid^

These are called Aberrant Long-homed Beetles and,
although apparently related to the Cerambycidae, they do
not fit in the system very well. The fourth tarsal joint is
distinct, though not large, so that the tarsi are clearly 5-
jointed; the tarsal joints are neither much dilated nor pu-
bescent beneath; the antennae are short and inserted at the
sides of the head near the bases of the mandibles. Only one
genus, Parandra, and two species need be mentioned here.
Both are oblong, reddish to mahogany brown, somewhat
flattened, and varying from .4 to .75 in. in length. The
antennae reach about to the back of the pronotum; the
second joint about half as long as the third. In P. brunnea
the pronotum is distinctly wider than the head and punc-
tured; in P. polita it is not wider than the head and is not
punctured. Both breed in decaying deciduous and coni-
ferous trees, the adults usually being found just under
the bark.

336

LONa=HORNED BEETLES.

Cerambycid^e

The more than 13,000 species, in addition to the general
characteristics of Phytophaga, usually have very long
antennae, extending back of the pronotum and often
back of the tip of the abdomen. For this reason, they
are often called Longicornes or "Long-horns." Their
form is usually oblong, with parallel sides; and they have
distinct tibial spurs. When caught, the adults often
make a peculiar, squeaking noise. Sharp says they do it
"by rubbing a ridge inside the pronotum on a highly
specialized, striate surface at the base of the scutellum,
and therefore covered up when the Insect is contracted
in repose. A few [e. g., some of the Prioninse] produce noise
by rubbing the hind femora against the edge of the elytra,
somewhat after the fashion of grasshoppers." The larvae
are white, or yellowish, wood-borers and have powerful
jaws; the body tapers slightly from the fore part backwards.
They are called Round-headed Borers, in contrast with the
larvae of Buprestidae. Although many of the adults come
to light, the "good species" are usually obtained by the
use of good eyes on felled timber or by beating branches,
especially dead ones, above an upturned umbrella. Some
are also to be found under bark. Large numbers, especi-
ally of Lepturini, are attracted in early summer by flower-
ing shrubs. The three ^ subfamilies may be separated as
follows:

1. Pronotum "margined" (i. e., sides flattened and thin
for almost the whole length) and usually toothed along the
sides ; body usually broad and flattened. Prioninse (p. 338).

Pronotum not margined; body usually more or less
cj^lindrical 2.

2. Front tibiae not grooved; last joint of maxillary palpi
not sharp at tip, often more or less triangular

Cerambycinae (p. 338).

Front tibiae with a more or less distinct oblique groove

on the inner side; palpi with the last joint cylindrical,

pointed at tip Lamiinae (p. 352).

^ Craighead, following studies of larv^, makes five
subfamilies.

*2 337

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Prioninae

These are among our large beetles, and some tropical
species attain a length of six inches or more. The adults
are nocturnal.

1. Form elongate; antennae ii -jointed, the joints not
overlapping; width of pronotum more than twice its length,
three sharp teeth on each side; length, from i to 1.7 in.;
light chestnut-brown, shining. Larvae in oak (and other?)
stumps and logs Orihosoma brunneum.

Form, stout, broad; antennas (in our species) 12- to
20-jointed, the joints, especially in males, more or less
overlapping each other. Prionus. Length from .9 to
2 in. ; shining reddish-brown or black 2.

2. Antennae with 16 to 18 joints in the female and 18 to
20 in the male; pronotum very short and broad, its teeth,
especially the hind ones, not very distinct

Prionus imbricornis.
Antennae with only 12 joints 3.

3. Elytra, combined, at base not wider than the pronotum ;
all joints of the hind tarsi densely pubescent beneath;
antennae of male longer than the body, of female about
half the length. (Plate LXXXII.) The larvae live in
the roots of many trees and shrubs, including orchard
trees and small fruits such as blackberry; they are three
years in reaching maturity Prionus laticollis.

Elytra, combined, at base wider than the pronotum;
basal joint of each hind tarsus nearly smooth. Middle
and Southern States Prionus pocularis.

Cerambycinas

Quite a few of the very many species are pretty and
sure to attract attention,

1. Base of antennae not enveloped by the eyes 3.

Base of antennae partly enveloped by the eyes; head

inserted in the thorax 8.

2. Front coxae transverse, not prominent; antennae
with second joint rather large, one- third or more the length
of the third; head inserted in the thorax. (Division
Callidioides) 3.

338

KEY TO THE LONG-HORNS.

Front coxae conical (globose in Distenia), prominent;
second joint of antennae small; head usually attached to
thorax by a rather distinct neck, this appearance being
caused by the head being narrowed behind the eyes and the
thorax narrowed in front; elytra usually tapering behind
the middle. (Division Lepturoides) 4.

3. Second joint of antennas more than one-third as
long as the third; antennas, densely punctured and pubes-
cent; scutellum rounded behind; fifth ventral, abdominal
segment of the males transverse and the sixth visible,
fifth segment of females prolonged and the sixth invisible.

Tribe Asemini (p. 341).
Second joint of antennae not more than one-third as
long as the third; eyes finely granulate (i. e., the lines be-
tween the facets are feebly impressed) and deeply emargi-
nate; pronotum and elytra not spined; antennae of males
thicker at the base than those of females and usually longer
than the body Tribe Callidiini (p. 342).

4. Front coxse globose; mandibles chisel-shaped, not
fringed on the inner margin; pronotum spined on the sides,
and elytra spined at tips; body elongate; head large;
eyes large, feeble emarginate; antennae long, tapering,
first joint as long as the head. Tribe Disteniini, of which
only Distenia undata need be mentioned. It varies from
.7 to I in. long; dark brown, densely clothed with short,
gray pubescence; elytra marked with three serrate cross-
bands of darker pubescence. It occurs beneath the
bark of hickory, oak, and chestnut trees.

Front coxas conical 5»

5. Joints 3 to 5 of antennae much thickened at tips;
mandibles simple, not fringed; eyes nearly rounded,
suddenly and deeply emarginate. Tribe Desmocerini.
Plate LXXXI shows Desmocerus palliaius. Its larvae bore
in the stems of elder {Samhucus).

Joints 3 to 5 of antennae normal, usually slender;
mandibles acute, fringed on the inner margin; elytra not
colored as above 6.

6. Elytra short, not covering the wings. Tribe Necy-
dalini, of which only Necydalis mellitus is likely to be found
by users of this book. The abdomen, front and middle

339

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

legs, and basal joint of antennae are dull yellow; elytra

reddish-brown or yellow; otherwise black; .5 to .9 in. long.

Elytra of nomial length .7.

7. Front of face nearly vertical; neck, very short; first
joint of hind tarsi much longer than the other joints
combined. Tribe Encyclopini. In Encyclops, the only
genus occurring in eastern United States, the first, hind-
tarsal joint is cylindrical. E. cosruleus is about .3 in.
long; almost linear; shiny blue or green.

Front of face oblique or horizontal; elytra usually
tapering to the apex Tribe Lepturini (p. 349).

8. Second joint of antennas small, not over one-fourth
the length of the third; front coxas not conical though
sometimes prominent. (Division Cerambycoides) 9.

Second joint of antennse about one- third tlie length
of the third joint; front cox« globose, widely separated.
Division Atimioides. Rare with us. Atimia confusa is
about .3 in. long; dull black, clothed with rather long,
yellowish pubescence, with irregular, smooth, hairless
spots; hind tarsi with the first joint equal to the second
and third combined. On conifers.

9. Eyes coarsely granulated {i. e., the lines between the
facets deeply impressed) 10.

Eyes finelyTgranulated 11.

10. Front coxal cavities open behind; abdomen normal
in both sexes; antennae with the second joint small; scutel-
lum rounded behind, except in Chion; eyes not divided,
though always deeply emarginate Tribe Cerambycini

(P- 344)-

Front coxal cavities angulated, closed behind; first
segment of abdomen very long. Tribe Obriini. There
are two genera: Phyton, pronotum much narrower at
base than at apex; and Obrium, pronotum equally nar-
rowed at base and apex. The species are less than .3 in.
long.

11. Elytra either only about as long as the pronotum,
or elongated and awl-shaped. .Tribe Stenoptini (p. 345).'

Elytra normal 12.

12. Scutellum either rounded behind or broadly tri-
angular 130

340

KEY TO THE LONQ=HORNS.

Scutellum acutely triangular; front coxal cavities

open behind; eyes finely granulated

Tribe Trachyderini (p. 345).

13. Tibial spurs large; pronotum never with tubercles
or spines. 14.

Tibial spurs small; legs long and slender; femora very
slender at base, strongly and suddenly club-shaped at
apex. Tribe Rhopalophorini. Rhopalophora longipes is
about .3 in. long; bluish-black; pronotum red, with a
small obtuse tubercle on each side.

14. Tibae strongly ridged; form slender; puncturation
(pittings) sparse and coarse. Tribe Stenosphenini.
Stenosphenus notatus, breeding in hickory, is black; prono-
tum reddish with a central black spot; under side of head
and thorax reddish; about .4 in. long.

Tibiae not ridged; form rather stout; puncturation
fine. Our species usually have the elytra banded with
yellow, or white, and black pubescence; eyes finely granu-
lated and deeply emarginate, the lower lobe always
large Tribe Clytiiii (p. 346).

Asemini. (See page 339.)

1. Color, black or dark brown; form, cylindrical, scarcely
depressed 2.

Color, pale yellowish; form, depressed; length, about
.3 in.; eyes coarsely granulated and very deeply emargi-
nate. Occurs under unloosened bark of dead poplar, oak,
and other trees Smodicum cucujiforme.

2. Eyes not wholly divided, often deeply emarginate. ... 3.
Eyes divided, apparently four in number, rather

finely granulated; length, about .5 in,; dull, sooty brown.
Northern Tetropium cinfiamopterum.

3. Eyes moderate in size, finely granulated and hairy;
antennae finely pubescent; length, .5 in. or more; black.
Northern Asemum mcestum.

Eyes large, coarsely granulated, not hairy; about
I in. long Criocephalus.

341

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Callidiini. (See page 339.)

1. Elytra bluish-black, with narrow, raised, longitudinal,
white lines on the middle; pronotum with very deep,
median groove; femora distinctly club-shaped; general
color, black; .5 to .7 in. long. Larvae bore in elm

Physocnemum hrevilineum.
Elytra without distinct, raised, white lines a.

2. Pronotum very short, strongly rounded on the sides,
red; upper surface not shining; black; about .75 in. long.

Rhopalopus sanguinicollis,
Pronotum not very short, the width not much exceed-
ing the length; upper surface more or less shining 3.

3. Front coxae at least moderately separated. Merium
(pronotum with a broad, smooth, shining median space
on the basal half) and Hylotrupes (pronotum with a narrow
median elevation and moderate or small ones on the sides).
H. ligneus is usually not over .5 in. long; elytra yellow
except for apical third and a circular spot on each, which
portions are, together with the head and pronotum,
bluish-black. Breeds in cedar. H. hajalus is about .75
in. long; brown to black, with grayish-white pubescence
that may form two irregular bands on the elytra. Breeds
in pine and spruce.

Front coxae touching Phymatodes and Callidium.

Phymatodes varius is black to (especially thorax and
basal part of elytra) reddish-brown; two slightly curved
crossbars on elytra; about .3 in. long. The larvae mine
the inner bark of diseased oaks. P. variabilis (about .5 in.
long; elytra blue, or yellow, or blue with yellow margins.
Larvae in oak bark.) and P. amcenus (about .25 in. long;
elytra bluish. Larvae in dead grape stems.) have the
pronotum reddish-yellow. P. dimidiatus has an almost
black pronotum; elytra reddish-brown, lighter at the
base. The larvae are " bark- slippers " of cord- wood.
Callidium antennatum (over .5 in. long; surface rough)
and janthinum (about .5 in. long; surface shining) are
dark blue. They breed in conifers. C. czreum is less than
.5 in. long and brownish-yellow. Its larvae mine the inner
bark of chestnut.

342

Prionus
loficollis

Monohommus
titillQtor

Elophidion
villosum

Tetraopes
*etrQophlhQlmu5

t^'^

i43

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Cerambycini. (See page 340.)

1. With six cross-bands of yellow pubescence, two on
pronotum and four on elytra. West of the Alleghanies.
Larvag bore in dead beech and maple. Dryohius sexfasciatus.

With not more than one yellow cross-band 2,

2. Scutellum acute, triangular, pronotum with a short
spine on each side; antennae of female about the length
of the body, of the male longer; brownish, with sparse,
fine, gray pubescence; each elytron with two short spines
at apex and usually with an oblique, yellow blotch in front
of the middle; length varies from .6 to 1.3 in. Larvae in
hickory, oak, and plum Chion cinctus,

Scutelltim rounded behind 3.

3. Each elytron with two pairs of elliptical, elevated,
ivory-like spots on each; pale brownish-yellow. Larvae
bore in hickory, ash, and honey-locust

Eburia quadrigeminata.
Elytra without pairs of ivory-like spots 4.

4. Femora not distinctly club-shaped; antennal joints
and elytra with spines 5.

Femora distinctly club-shaped; elytra without spines
at tip. Tylonotus himaculatus (antennae grooved on
the outer side; two rounded, yellow spots on each elytron;
.5 in. long. Larvae in ash.) and Heterachthes (antennae
not grooved or hairy; less than .5 in. long). H. quadri-
maculatus is brownish-yellow with pale spots (sometimes
tip also pale) on each elytron. Larvae in hickory. H.
ebenus is dull black.

5. Not less than .75 in. long 6.

Usually less than .75 in. long 7.

6. Dark brown, with irregular spots of short, grayish
pubescence; pronotum without spines on sides. Occurs
beneath the bark of walnut, hickory, and hackberry.

Romaleum atomarium.

Reddish-brown with uniform pubescence of the

same color; pronotum with a small tubercle each side of

the median line. Larvae bore in oak and probably other

trees Romaleum rufulum. '

7. Antennae and elytra with long spines; femora spinose
at tips; dull reddish-brown, irregularly clothed with grayish

344

KEY TO THE LONG-HORNS.

yellow pubescence; length, nearly, or quite, .75 in. On

various deciduous trees, also on grape

Elaphidion mucronatum.
Antennal spines small; femora not spinose at tips.
Elaphidion unicolor. Uniform reddish-brown, very
sparsely pubescent; pronotum sparsely and irregularly
punctate; elytra with a short spine on tip of each. Larvae
bore in twigs of red-bud, plum, and (?) oak. E. incertum.
Dark reddish-brown, mottled with small patches of grayish-
brown pubescence; prothorax ahnost globose, wider than
long, sides rounded; small elevations, sometimes connected,
on each side of poUshed median line of pronotum ; each
elytron with two short spines at tip. E. villosum. (Plate
LXXXII.) Dark brown, clothed with grayish-yellow,
somewhat mottled pubescence; pronotum rather rough
and with coarse, deep punctures; the outer of the two
spines on the tip of each elytron the longer. The larva
is the Pruner. It breeds in a large variety of deciduous
trees, developing in the heart of a small shoot and, when
full-grown, girdling the shoot from within, so that it falls
in the first high wind. Pupation and hibernation usually
occur in this fallen twig, but the twig does not always fall.

Stenoptini. (See page 340.)

Molorchus himaculatus. Dull black, with sparse, long,
grayish hairs; elytra scarcely longer than the pronotum, a
large, dull, yellow spot often nearly covering each elytron;
antennae and legs reddish-brown; less than .3 in. long.
Breeds in dead hickory, maple, ash, dogwood, red-bud,
and walnut.

Callimoxys sanguinicoUis. Dull black; pronotum of
male red, with narrow, black, apical, and basal margins;
elytTB. brownish, elongate awl-shaped; femora swollen;
hind legs yellow, the tips of the joints black.

Trachyderini. (See page 341.)

This is a large tribe in the South and Southwest, but
only four northern species will be mentioned here.
I. Pronotum not shining, its sides with a spine or large
tubercle; length not less than .5 in 2.

345

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Pronotum shining, its sides unarmed; usually not
longer than .3 in.; dark red; antennae, legs, and often the
suture of the elytra varying from dusky red to black.
Adults often abundant on flowers Batyle suturalis.

2. Body pubescent; black; each elytron with a large
rounded orange spot near the base . . . Tragidion coguus.

Body not pubescent 3.

3. Black; each elytron with a large, triangular, scarlet
humeral area. Larvae probably in oak and hickory.

Purpuricenus humeralis.

Black ; front half of elytra orange yellow

Purpuricenus axillaris.

Clytini. (See page 341.)

1. Head small, face short; process of first ventral abdomi-
nal segment between the hind coxae rounded 2.

Head large, face long; process between the hind coxae
acute 7.

2. Pronotum with three yellow crossbands and exca-
vated transversely at the sides near the base 3.

Pronotum without yellow crossbands, but sometimes
with yellow, oblique bars on each side ; not excavated at
the sides 5.

3. Second joint of hind tarsi without hairs at the middle;
antennae of male longer than the body; velvety black:
head, pronotum, and elytra with narrow, yellow cross-
bands, the third one from the base of the elytra W-shaped,
the three behind it sinuous; length .5 to .8 in. Larvae
bore in hickory and elm. Adults in spring and early
summer Cyllene caryce (also called pictus).

Second joint of hind tarsi densely pubescent; antennae
not longer than the body 4.

4. Closely resembles C. carycB. Larvae bore in black
locust {Rohinia). Adults in late summer and fall. (Plate
LXXXI) Cyllene rohinicz.

Basal third of elytra orange yellow, remainder black
except for a 3'-ellow band behind the middle, and yellow tip;
pronotum yellow, with three short, narrow, black cross-
bars. A southern and western species Cyllene decorus.

5. Antennae compressed, somewhat serrate; black, dense

346

KEY TO THE LONQ=HORNS.

yellow pubescence covering the greater part of the head
and forming two short oblique bands on each side of the
pronotum and five on each elytron, the first two of which
are decidedly oblique and the last (apical) one broad and
including a dark spot; length, about i in. Larvae bore

in maples and are often injurious. Northern

Plagionotus speciosus.
Antennss thread-like 6.

6. Brownish-black, densely clothed with velvety pubes-
cence; each elytron usually with a rounded, yellow spot at
the base, a small one near it and the margin, a larger one
before the middle, and two narrow, transverse, sinuous
bands on apical half; antennas one-half the length of the
body, wliich is .8 in., or more Calloides nohilis.

Not more than .75 in. long; black; head and pronotum
covered with grayish pubescence, the latter with a large,
black spot in the center and a small, round one on each
side; elytra marked with obscure, zigzag bands of grayish
pubescence. Breeds in chestnut, oak, and butternut.

A rhopalus fulmi?7ans.

7. Elytra flat on basal third; not less than .3 in. long. ... 8.
Elytra swollen on basal third; small, ant-like species,

not over .4 in. long 18.

8. Front of head with one or more ridges 9.

Front of head without ridges 13.

9. Ridges on the front 'of the head reduced to an elongate
space; length usually not much more, if any, than

.5 in 10-

Ridges on face V- or Y-shaped; length usually not
much less, if any, than .5 in 11.

10. Ridge on face divided or impressed longitudinally;
black; thorax with four spots of yellowish pubescence;
el}i;ra with the sutural line and three oblique extensions
from it dull yellow. Usually on black alder

Xylotrechus quadrimaculatus.

Ridge on face scarcely divided; shining black beetle,

with yellow margins Xylotrechus nitidiis.

11. A spine on the outer angle of the obliquely-cut apex
of each elytron ; brownish, with white pubescence. Usually
on dead pine Xylotrechus sagittatus.

347

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

No distinct spine on the outer angle of the obliquely-
cut apex 12.

12. Black or brown; yellowish or whitish pubescence
arranged to form variable markings; usually four such
markings on the pronotum, and three bands (the front
one narrow and curved) and an apical spot on the elytra.

Xylotrechus colonus.

Black or dark brown; pronotum with Hght pubes-
cence on front and back margins; each elytron with a
narrow stripe of yellow pubescence running from the
scutellum to about the middle and then curving to the
outer margin, a short line of yellow in front of this and

two behind it. Breeds in spruce and hemlock

Xylotrechus undulatus

13. P*ronotum with short, transverse lines or ridges ... 14
Pronotum without transverse ridges 17

14. Middle and hind femora spined at apex 15

Middle and hind femora not spined at apex; black;

whitish pubescence on thorax; pronotum with narrow,
light, front margin; each elytron with a white or yellow
marking which nearly forms a circle near the base, a jagged
one just behind the middle, and an oblique one near the

apex. Breeds in ash, elm, and hickory

Neoclyius caprcea.

15. Pronotum with a longitudinal, elevated ridge;
antennas thread-like 16.

Pronotum with a few distinct, transverse ridges
arranged in a median row; antennae thickened towards
the apex; reddish-brown; elytra dark behind the first
band and with four, nearly straight, narrow crossbars
of bright yellow pubescence, the one at the base the least
distinct. Breeds in a variety of trees such as elm, maple,

black locust, hickorj% and dog- wood

Neoclytus erythrocephalus.

16. Blackish; two vertical yellow bands on the front
of the head and three transverse ones on the pronotum;
elytra with the base reddish-brown, the scutellum and
three narrow curved bands yellow. Said to breed in
hickory, elm, and grape Neoclytus scutellaris.

Very similar but the m.edian yellow band is lacking
from the pronotum and there is often a red spot (not of

348

KEY TO THE LONQ=HORNS.

hairs, but in the chitin) on each side. In hickory

Neoclytus luscus,

17. Black with the following yellow markings: a marginal
line on the pronotum, interrupted at the base; scutellum;
an oval, oblique spot on basal third of each elytron; a
strongly angulated band back of this; and an oblique bar
back of the middle. Kas been taken on hickory, elm,
and oak Clytanihus ruricola.

Blackish-brown, except reddish basal half of elytra.
Each elytron with the following markings of whitish
pubescence: a narrow, oblique line on basal half; a long,
narrow, curved band behind the middle; and a spot on
the apex. Has been taken on hickory, grape, and oak.

Clytanthus alhofasciatus ^

18. Each elytron with an oblique, wavy band; shining
black or dark reddish-brown. Looks like an ant. Breeds
in hickory and chestnut branches, possibly in other trees.

Euderces picipes.
No such band 19.

19. Eyes'emarginate; second joint of antennae distinctly
shorter than the fourth, third joint with a spine; black;
femora and basal three-fifths of elytra reddish-brown, the
latter marked with three narrow, oblique lines of whitish
pubescence and separated from the black portion by a
similar transverse line. Bores in beech, linden, chestnut,
and other trees Cyrtophorus verrucosus.

Eyes not emarginate; head and pronotum black;
elytra with markings of silvery hairs. Has been bred
from sumac and hickory. Rare .... Tillomorpha geminata.

Lepturini. (See page 340.)

Members of this tribe may often be found on flowers.

1. Spurs of hind tibiae not terminal but at the base of a
deep excavation; pronotum tuberculate at the sides.
Toxotus. T. vittiger has two long, longitudinal, whitish
stripes on each elytron. T. cylindricollis is also black
(or reddish) but without whitish markings.

Spurs of hind tibiae terminal 2.

2. First joint of hind tarsi with the usual brush of hair

349

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

beneath; pronotum, with rare exceptions, distinctly tuber-
culate or spined at the sides; head obHquely narrowed

behind the eyes 3.

First joint of hind tarsi without the brush-like sole;
pronotum usually broadest at the base, its sides never
spined or tuberculate; head constricted behind the eyes. . .8.

3. Antennae scarcely reaching the base of the elytra;
pronotum with a sharp spine on each side; elytra with
longitudinal raised ridges; black, mottled with brown and
gray pubescence; reddish-brown spots on elytra; length,
•5 to .75 in. Larvae under pine bark, making a nest of
chips Rhagium lineatum.

Antennae longer; elytra not strongly ridged 4.

4. Eyes globose and prominent; pronotum with a short,
acute tubercle on each side 5.

Eyes not prominent; pronotum angulated or rounded
on the sides; length, about .3 in 6.

5. Elytra uniform reddish-brown, somewhat square-cut
at tips. Bores in butternut and beech. Centroderadecolorata.

Elytra clay-yellow with irregular brown stripes and
blotches, the tips rounded; length, .5 in. Bores in hickory.

Centrodera picta.

6. Head, pronotum, and under surface black; elytra
shining bluish-green; antennae and legs pale brownish-
yellow. Breeds in butternut and probably other trees.

Gaurotes cyanipennis.
Not so. Acmceops. For two species see 7.

7. Stout ; usually dull brownish-yellow ; pronotum with two
black spots and each elytron with two longitudinal,
black stripes. Western A. hivittata.

Slender; head, pronotum, elytra, and under surface,
yellow except for the black suture, a median stripe, and
side margin of each elytron A. dire eta.

8. Form very slender, strongly tapering behind; last
ventral, abdominal segment of male deeply excavated, ... 9.

Form less slender and less tapering behind; last
ventral segment not excavated 12.

9. Longer than .75 in.; elytra strongly sinuate on the
sides; chestnut-brown to black, the elytra with paler
areas. Breeds in ash Bellamira scalaris.

Smaller 10.

350

KEY TO THE LONa=HORNS.

10. Head and pronotum wholly black; elytrsL dull yellow,
with margin and suture blackish .... Strangalia acuminata.

Head and pronotum not wholly black ii.

11. Elytra yellowish, usually marked with black. Stran-
galia famelica (antennae black) and S. luteicornis (antennae
yellow).

Elytra wholly black; head and pronotum reddish-
yellov/ Strangalia hicolor.

12. Antennae with smooth, impressed, pore-bearing
spaces near the bases of the sixth or seventh and the
following joints. Typocerus. T. iiiguhris is all-black.
The elytra of velutinus are reddish-brown with four yellow-
ish spots (which may be enlarged to form partial bands)
on each, and of zehratiis are black with one or two
basal spots and three bands, all yellowish, on each
elytron.

Antennae without such spaces. The large genus
Leptura, of which the following are fairly common 13.

13. Pronotum rather triangidar or bell-shaped, widest
at base 14.

Pronotum more squarish or rounded, usually con-
stricted in front and behind, hind angles not prolonged;
length, ,3 to .5 in 16.

14. Hind angles of pronotum prolonged 15.

Hind angles not prolonged; length, .4 to .6 in. L.

ruhrica (antennas ringed with yellow; elytra reddish;
pronotum black; abdomen of male red, of female black)
and proxima (antennae not ringed; elytra dull yellow
except at tips, which are broadly and obliquely marked
with black) .

15. Over an inch long; pronotum black, with yellow
pubescence; elytra red, with black tips. . .L. emarginata.

About .5 in., or less, long. L. lineola (narrow; elytra
decidedly narrowed behind, yellow, with black sutural,
median, and marginal stripes, which may be broken) and
nitens (pronotum black, with yellow pubescence, much
rounded in front of middle; elytra black with four golden
crossbars).

16. Pronotum scarcely narrowed in front and not con-
stricted behind; black; the elytra sometimes dull yellow
or with the tip alone dark L. mutabilis.

351

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

Pronotum much narrowed in front but only feebly
so at base; elytra protuberant at base. L. vittata (head
prolonged behind the eyes; shining black but each elytron
with a yellow stripe, rarely wholly black) and puhera
(head not prolonged; entirely black).

Lamiin^

A.dultsof this subfamily (see p. 337) are, as a rule, not as
brightly colored as those of the preceding one, nor are
they as active by day as some of their relatives. The
larvae differ from the remainder of the Cerambycidae in that
they have no legs. Those with elytra about half the
length of the abdomen, and front tibia not grooved, belong
to the tribe Methini, which some authors place in the
Cerambycinas.

1. Elytra about as long as the abdomen and with a
spine or protuberance near the scutellimi; rarely more
than .25 in. long 2.

Elytra about as long as the abdomen but without
such a spine or protuberance ; usually at least .25 in. long . 3.

2. Frontal coxal cavities rounded. Tribe Cyrtinini.
Cyrtinus pygmcBus is dark brown; antennae ringed with
yellow; elytra with a transverse blotch of white pubescence
before the middle. It lives on oak, hickory, locust, and
box elder.

Frontal cavities angulated. Tribe Psenocerini. Pseno-
cerus supernotatus is reddish-brown or blackish; scutellum,
a narrow oblique band about the middle of the elytra,
and a wider curved band, not reaching the suture, on apical
third, white. Larvae in stems of currant, gooseberry,
grape, and sometimes in apple twigs.

3. First joint of the antennas with a scar-Uke structure near
the tip (except in Dorcaschema) ; body elongate, nearly
cylindrical; antennae as long as, in males much longer than,
the body; mostly large species Tribe Monohammini.

(p. 353.)

First joint of the antennae without the scar-like

structure 4.

4. Tarsal claws (at least those on the front legs) arising
at opposite sides of the joint and separating widely 5.

352

KEY TO THE LONQ-HORNS.

Tarsal claws spreading only slightly from a common
base 8.

5. Front coxal cavities rounded; middle coxal cavities
closed or nearly so; body usually broad; antennae usually
very long in males Tribe Acanthoderini (p. 355).

Front coxal cavities angulate ; middle cavities open. . . 6.

6. Tarsal claws simple (except the outer one of the front
and middle tarsi in some males of Saperda) 7.

Tarsal claws cleft or with appendages

Tribe Phytoeciini (p. 361).

7. Small, flattened species; pronotum with a spine or
tubercle on the sides Tribe Pogonocherini (p. 358) .

Rather large, cylindrical species; pronotum without
spines or tubercles Tribe Saperdini (p. 359).

8. Front of face large and flat; front coxas angulated.
Tribe Onciderini. Oncideres ci?igulata is about .6 in. long;
antennae of male longer than the body, of female about as
long ; general color, smoky or reddish-brown to clay-yellow,
almost always lighter in a broad band across the elytra;
usually three small black dots in a cross-row on the prono-
tum. The female lays her eggs in twigs of hickory
(especially), apple, pear, plum, elm, linden, and other
trees; then chews a girdle around the twig below the eggs.
The twig dies and, broken off by the wind, falls to the
ground where the larvae mature. Adults are somewhat
abundant in August and September.

Front of face bent in; form very slender and elongate.
Tribe Hippopsini. Hippopsis lemniscata is about .5 in.
long; dark reddish-brown; pronotum with two whitish
lines on each side; each elytron with three whitish lines;
antennas pale brown, darker at bases, m.ore than twice as
long as the body, fringed with hairs beneath. Breeds
in stems of ragweed {Ambrosia) and in other herbaceous
plants.

Monohammini. (See page 352.)

I. Legs, especially the front ones of males, relatively

long 2.

Legs not especially long and all about equal ; pronotum
with a spine on each side 8.

23 353

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

2. Pronotum with spines on the sides 3,

Pronotum without spines 5,

3. The sutural angle of elytra acute or projecting as a
short spine; brownish, the elytra mottled with gray;
antennas of male sometimes four and a half times the
length of the body; Plate LXXXII. The variety caro-
linensis is paler and not much over half as long. Breeds
in pine Monohammus titillator.

The sutural angle not prolonged 4.

4. Black, distinctly bronzed, the elytra with very small
or no patches of white and brown pubescence; length .6
to I.I in. Breeds in pine Monohammus scutellatus.

Brown; elytra sparsely mottled with small patches
of gray and brown pubescence; length about 1.2 in. Larvae
in the inner bark and sapwood of dead and dying pines,

spruces, and balsams

Monohammus notatus (also called confusor).

5. Elytra rounded at the tip ; black or grayish-brown. ... 6.
Elytra pointed at the tip; black, densely clothed

with uniform ash-gray pubescence; length, .3 to .5 in.
Breeds in walnut, mulberry, osage-orange, and hickory.

Hetozmis cinerea.

6. Thorax cylindrical, longer than wide; brown with
grayish pubescence 7.

Prothorax slightly narrowed behind the middle,
nearly as wide as long ; uniform dull black ; length, .3 to .4
in. Breeds in hickory Dorcaschema nigrum.

7. Pronotum transversely wrinkled, indistinctly punc-
tured; length, .6 to .9 in. Breeds in mulberry and
osage-orange Dorcaschema wildii.

Pronotum not wrinkled, distinctly punctured; length,

.3 to .5 in. Breeds in mulberry and osage-orange

Dorcaschema alter natum,

8. Surface brownish; antennas of male not more than
a fourth longer than the body 9.

Shining black, pubescence whitish; elytra coarsely
punctured and each with a small, black spot behind the
middle ; antennae of male about twice the length of the body,

which is about .4 in. Breeds in oak and hickory

Goes oculata.

354

KEY TO THE LONQ-HORNS.

9. Elytra with a conspicuous space on the apical half
which is not pubescent 10.

Elytra without a conspicuous bare space on the apical
half; nearly an inch long 12.

10. Length about an inch 11.

Length about .5 in.; brown; head, pronotum, and last

third of elytra with reddish-yellow pubescence, basal part
of elytra mottled with gra3'ish pubescence. Breeds in
oak, probably also in chestnut and hickory . , . Goes dehilis.

11. Pubescence white. Breeds in hickory, oak, and
possibly other trees Goes tigrina.

Pubescence dark brown, silvery, and reddish-yellow;
there is a broad, transverse, Hghter band across the
elytra and the tips of these have golden pubescence.
Breeds in hickory Goes pulchra.

12. General pubescence brownish; elytra with small
spots of yellowish hairs arranged in irregular rows. Breeds
oak Goes tesselata.

General pubescence grayish or whitish; elytra in-
distinctly crossbarred at base, and again behind the
middle, with pale-brown pubescence; scutellum sometimes
clay-yellow. Apparently breeds in elm, ironwood, beech,
and oak Goes pulverulenta.

Acanthoderini. (See page 353.)

1. Basal joint of antennae club-shaped; pronotum with
dorsal tubercles and a large, acute spine near the middle
of each side; about .5 in. long 2.

Basal joint of antennae cylindrical; spines on sides of
pronotum, if present, behind the middle 3.

2. Dark brown, with yellowish-brown pubescence; each
elytron with a large, wavy, white crossbar near the middle
and a row of small alternate brown and white spots along
the suture. Larvae live in oak, hickory', beech, and
hackberry Acanthoderes quadrigihhus.

Dark brown, with yellowish and gray pubescence in
about equal proportions, the gray on elytra in three
obscure, oblique, nearly parallel bands; an indistinct,
M-shaped, black mark behind the middle of each elytron.
On poplar and hickory Acanthoderes decipiens.

355 -

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

3. Females with an elongated ovipositor. This is a
very unsatisfactory sort of a character to have in a key,
but I know of no better. Acanthocinus has no erect hairs
in the pubescence above; the antennae are very long, with
at least joints 3 and 4 densely fringed beneath with short
hairs. A. ohsoletus is dull yellowish with small blotches
and three undulated crossbars on elytra; length, .4 to
.6 in. Ceratographis (mesosternum narrow) and Graphi-
surus (mesosternum broad) have erect hairs. G. fasciatus
occurs under the bark of deciduous trees. It is grayish,
sprinkled with black spots and usually having two larger
blotches back of the middle of each elytron; .3 to .6 in.
long.

Females without elongated ovipositor; except as noted,
usually not over .3 in. long 4.

4. Pronotum distinctly angulate, or more frequently
with acute tubercles or short spines behind the middle. . . 10.

Pronotum only feebly tuberculate or angulate at the
sides a little behind the middle 5.

5. Elytra with small, tubercular elevations, each bearing
on its summit short, black, scale-like hairs 6.

Elytra without such structures; .2 to .4 in. long 9.

6. Pronotimi densely punctured; elytra with densely
placed, coarse, deep punctures; brownish, irregularly
mottled with grayish pubescence; each elytron with an
elongate, dark spot behind the base, another (sometimes
becoming a bar) behind the middle, and a third near the
apex. Breeds in pine Leptostylus sexguttatus.

Pronotum not densely punctured; elytral punctures
not closely placed, often inconspicuous or concealed 7.

7. Surface of pronotum not tuberculate, regularly
punctured 8.

Surface of pronotum more or less tuberculate, the
punctures irregularly placed; blackish-brown with grayish
pubescence; elytra with a whitish band behind the middle,
this band narrowing toward the sides and edged with a
black line behind which the surface is smoky brown;
joints of basal half of antennae spotted, those of apical half
ringed at tips with brown. Larvae under the bark of
diseased or recently cut sycamore, oak, apple, and other
trees Leptostylus aculiferus.

356

KEY TO THE LONG=HORNS.

8. Dull brownish-yellow; sides of pronotum and of
base of elytra black; elytra very indistinctly punctured,
especially at the apex, and having an angulate, white

band behind the middle. Breeds in hickory

Leptostylus biustus.

Brownish, with very fine, dark gray pubescence;
elytra distinctly punctured over the entire surface, the tips
slightly prolonged, an acutely angulate, oblique, white
band behind the middle. Breeds in oak and box elder.

Leptostylus parvus,
g. Brownish; pronotum with whitish pubescence forming
a broad stripe on each side, banded within by a narrow,
blackish stripe formed by a row of elongate, bare tubercles;
each elytron with a broad, irregular, white blotch behind
the middle and with six lines of minute, black spots. Breeds
in butternut, walnut, hickory, beech, and other twigs.

Leptostylus macula.

Dull clay-yellow; elytra sprinkled with minute,
black spots and irregular patches of dark and gray.
Breeds in chestnut Leptostylus collaris.

10. Antennae without fringed hairs beneath; first joint
of hind tarsi as long as the next two 1 1.

Antennas distinctly fringed beneath with hairs;
first joint of hind tarsi as long as the next three 13.

11. Form cylindrical; elytra with erect hairs, which
may be seen when viewed from the side; prostrate ash-
gray hairs cover the black color; an acute spine on each
side of pronotum near the base; .3 to .4 in. long. Breeds
in ragweed {Ambrosia), the larvas hibernating in the
stems Dectes spiyiosus.

Form somewhat flattened; elytra without erect
hairs 12.

12. Purplish-brown, mottled with black; elytra with
numerous, sm.all, irregular, black spots and a dark blotch,
bordered behind by gray, back of the middle; .3 to .5 in.
long. Breeds under the bark of honey-locust and box-
elder Liopus variegatus.

Usually dull reddish-brown with sparse, grayish
pubescence; elytra usually with four rows of small, black
dots and with an acute-angular, black band behind the
middle; pronotum with three, small, blackish spots.

357

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Breeds in sumac, apple, hickory, and locust . Liopus alpha.

Much like alpha but the oblique band on each elytron
(making the acute angle when the elytra are closed) is
replaced by an obscure band of gray. Breeds in dog-
wood (Cornus) and plum Liopus punctatus.

13. Each elytron with a distinct ridge on the outer side.
Hyperplatys, of which aspersus is our common species. It is
reddish-brown, with grayish pubescence; pronotum with
four black dots in a transverse row; each elytron with
three irregular rows of similar dots and usually a large,
black blotch behind the middle.

Elytra without a ridge on the outer side. Lepturges,
of which we have several rather variable species. The
spines on the sides of the pronotum of symmetricus are
rather broad and very close to the base. In the others
they are more slender and acute, not so close to the base
and the tips are recurved. The crossbar on the elytra
of signatus is interrupted at the suture; in querci (apex
of elytra not black ; crossbar angular) and in facetus (apex
black; bar transverse) it is broad and complete.

Pogonocherini. (See page 353.)

These beetles usually have long, erect hairs, in additioii
to the ordinary pubescence. The antennae are about the
length of the body, the joints progressively shorter toward
the tip. The following species are .25 to .5 in. long.

1. Femora club-shaped; vertex of head concave; antenna
tubercles prominent 4.

Femora not club-shaped; vertex flat or convex; anten-
nal tubercles not prominent; eyes coarsely granulated,
lower lobe as wide as long. Eupogonius 2.

2. Spine on side of thorax acute, well-marked 3.

Spine on side of thorax obtuse, small; black, with a

broad line of yellowish pubescence on* each side of
pronotum. On elm and linden E. suharmatus.

3. The puncturation of elytra feeble, almost obsolete
near apex; pubescence ash-gray or yellowish, forming
more or less transverse nettings. Has been bred from
apple twigs but is said to occur also on pine. E. tomentosus.

The puncturation coarse, gradually finer, but distinct,

358

KEY TO THE LONQ=HORNS.

at tip ; pale yellow pubescence arranged in irregular, small
patches. Breeds in dog-wood, hickory, walnut, pine,
and perhaps other trees E. vestitus.

4. Lower lobe of eyes elongate; spines on sides of prono-
turn large, median; pubescence mottled, gray and black,
mixed with short, scattered hairs on elytra. Breeds in dry
twigs of beech and linden Hoplosia nubila.

Lower lobe of eyes as wide as long, squarish or some-
what triangular 5.

5. Pronotum with spines on sides; black, elytra varie-
gated with dull brownish-yellow, and with a broad, oblique
band of white pubescence. Beneath bark of dead pine,
also on pear and willow Pogonocherus mixius.

Pronotum with feebly rounded sides; pale grayish-
brown; elytra with a narrow, curved, black band on basal
third. Breeds in red-bud, hickory, and probably other
trees Ecyrus dasycerus.

Saperdini. (See page 353.)

Saperda is our only genus. S. Candida is shown in
Plate LXXXI. The larva is known as the Round-headed
Apple-borer (see p. 310) but it also lives in quince, Cratcegus,
and Amelanchier. The larvae usually work in the base of
the trunk and in the large roots, more rarely in the large
limbs. Their presence may often be detected by piles
of "saw-dust" pushed out of the burrow through an open-
ing in the bark. From egg to adult takes three years.
Pupation occurs in the burrow. The adult, in emerging,
makes a hole in the bark as big around as a lead pencil.
Adults emerge throughout the season, starting as early as
April.

Two more of our species have complete, longitudinal
stripes on the elytra: puncticoUis (two pairs of black dots
on top of the yellow. pronotum and one dot on each side)
and lateralis (pronotum dark, with yellowish side-stripes).
The latter breeds in hickory and some specimens (variety
connecta) lack the narrow, yellow sutural line but have
developed oblique crossbars. Virginia creeper is the food-
plant of puncticoUis.

S. concolor is about .5 in. long and evenly clothed with

359

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

fine, gray pubescence. Its larvas make galls in poplar
and willow stems. The male discoidea also has unmarked
elytra; they are dark; there are light grayish lines on the
pronotum and the underside is silvery; legs reddish.
The female is yellow on the head, pronotum, scutellum, a
crescentic bar in the middle of each elytron, and a spot in
front and behind each of these. It breeds in hickory and
butternut.

S. vestiia, the Linden-borer, is olive-yellow but each
elytron has three small, black dots. Large specimens are
an inch long.

Our largest species is calcarata, the Poplar- and Cotton-
wood-borer. It is usually at least an inch long; dense,
gray pubescence, with the front of the head, three stripes
on the pronotum, the scutellum, and numerous lines and
blotches on the elytra, orange-yellow.

5. ohliqua (reddish, with lighter, oblique markings on
the elytra, which are spined at the tip; .6 to .8 in. long)
and mutica (black, with light markings; elytra not spined;
•4 to .6 in. long) have distinct color-rings on their antennae.
The former breeds in alder; the latter, more western, in
willow.

5. cretata is a fairly common apple-borer, especially
in the Middle West. It is brown, with two large, white
spots on each elytron and white stripes on the sides of the
pronotum; length, .5 to .8 in. 5". fayi is rarely .5 in. long;
darker and more slender than cretata; the elytral spots
narrow, and near the suture, and an additional small spot
at the base. Both make gall-like swellings in stems of
CratCBgus.

S. tridentata, the Elm -borer, is grayish-black; there
is an orange stripe on each side of the pronotum; each
elytron has a narrow orange stripe near the margin and
three bands, of which the last two are quite oblique and
usually meet the corresponding ones on the opposite side;
the front of head is ven,- flat; .4 to .6 in. long. S. imitans
resembles it but the elytra are rounded at their apices,
instead of being somewhat truncate; the elytral markings
are narrower, yellower, and the hind band is not distinctly
oblique.

\6o

KEY TO THE LONG-HORNS,

Phjrtoeciini. (See page 353.)

1. Each eye not divided but the outline deeply indented;
thorax cylindrical 2.

Each eye completely divided so that there appear to
be four eyes ; thorax dilated or tuberculate on the sides ... 9.

2. Antennae without hairy pile 3.

Antennae with thick, long hairs; black, feebly shining;

top of head, a stripe on each side of the pronotum, and often

the margins of the elytra, yellowish; .3 in. long

Amphionycha fiammata.

3. Nearly imiform gray above; tarsal claws feebly
toothed or cleft. Breed in stems of herbs

Alecas, usually inornala.

Not imiform gray above; tarsal claws broadly toothed;

.3 to .7 in. long. Oherea 4.

4. Pronotum with small, rounded, black elevations or
callosities 5.

Pronotum without callosities 8.

5. Pronotimi with four callosities; usually pale, dull
yellow; elytra, antennae, and tarsi often nearly black.
Breeds in living twigs of cotton- wood 0. schaumii.

Pronotum with two callosities, and often a third spot,
black. There are several named color-varieties of each
of the following species 6.

6. Tips of elytra rounded; body, below, and femora
entirely red; head and thorax usually red, rarely more or
less black ; two rounded, black spots on middle of pronotiun ;
elytra black. Probably breeds in blackberry stems.

0. ocellata.
Tips of elytra rather square-cut 7.

7. Shining black except the pronotum, which is yellow
with two, or three, black spots. Breeds in the canes of
raspberry and blackberry 0. himaculata.

Typically, the body, beneath, is largely yellow but
it is sometimes wholly black; pronotum yellow with three
black spots; each elytron with a wide, dull yellow stripe
bordered with blackish. Breeds in cottonwood and
blackberry 0. tripunctata.

8. Thorax pale reddish-j'-ellow; antennae, elytra, tibiae,
and tarsi, nearly black; pronotum without black spots;

361

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

elytra rather densely clothed with gray pubescence. On
sumac and sassafras 0. ruficoUis,

Pale, dull yellow with a dark brown elytral stripe

on each side 0. gracilis,

9. Elytra black; head and pronotum red, the latter with a
black spot. On alder, Tetrops monostigma (elytra with
black hairs ; western) and T. canescens (elytra with grayish
hairs; eastern).

Elytra red with black spots; head and pronotum red.
Tetraopes, of which the following are the more common
species. T. canteriator: pronotum with four round, black
spots; black areas on elytra form, when elytra are closed,
a heart-shaped space back of the middle; apex of elytra
also black; .3 to .5 in. long. T. tetraophthalmus: pronotum
with four black spots near the middle and sometimes a
blotch in front and behind; see Plate LXXXII. T.
femoratus: a western species, resembles tetraophthalmus^
but the apex and base of each joint of antennae are nar-
rowly ringed with gray; .5 in., or more, long. They are
usually found late in summer on milkweed, in the stems
and roots of which they breed. They stridulate loudly.
The extent of the black markings varies somewhat.

Chrysomelid^

The Chrysomelidae of the United States are never more
than moderately long, as beetles go; their antennas are
not very long, and their bodies are often chunky. Nearly a
thousand species are known from North America, about a
twentieth of the number known from the rest of the world.
One way of looking at the food habits of beetles is that
adopted by the celebrated Coleopterists, LeConte and
Horn: "As the function of the Cerambycidae is to hold
the vegetable world in check by destroying woody fiber,
the Bruchidae effect a similar result by attacking the seeds
and the Chrysomelidas by destroying the leaves." The
potato-grower would have to be a philosopher in order to
look at the Chr3'somelid Leptinotarsa in that way. Not
all Chrysomelidae are leaf-eaters, however, as will be pointed
out in the course of the discussion. No attempt will be
made to enable the reader to identify a large proportion

362

LEAF-EATING BEETLES.

of the species he may find, as was done with the Ceramby-
cidae. This is partly because of technical difficulties,
including the large number of species, and partly because
many of the species are small and not usually noticed.
All of them are diurnal.

The following hints may be useful. If the head is
constricted or neck-like behind the eyes, and the prothorax
is narrower than the combined elytra, the specimen belongs
to one of the following tribes: Donaciini, Sagrini, or
Criocerini, If the pronotum and el3'tra have broad,
expanded margins, the head concealed from above, and
the outline of the body ellipitical or nearly circular, see
Cassidini (p. 376). If the beetle is wedge-shaped, broad,
and square-cut behind, especially if the elytra are pitted
or hav^e a net- work surface, see Hispini (p. 375). If the
hind femora are thickened, fitting the beetle for jumping,
and the antennas are rather close together at the base, see
Halticini (p. 372). As for the rest, the majority of those
usually noticed are either Chrysomelini (antennas usually
further separated at the bases than the length of the first
joint; front coxae transverse and widely separated; third
tarsal joint rarely indented; see p. 368) or Galerucini
(antennee rather close together at base, inserted on the
front; front coxae conical and prominent; see p. 370).

Donaciini

In addition to the characters given above, this tribe may
be recognized by the fact that the first ventral, abdomi-
nal segment is about as long as all the others combined.
They look very much like certain Cerambycidae. Their
larvae live on the outside of the submerged roots of water-
lilies, skunk-cabbage, pickerel-weed, sedges, and other
aquatic or semi-aquatic plants. They pupate in cocoons, a
number of which are often fastened in a row to the stems
or roots of their food plants. The adults of Donacia are
commonly seen on the leaves of water lilies and other
aquatic plants in early summer, and fly from leaf to leaf
when disturbed. The color is usually more or less metallic
greenish, bronze, or purple; they are coated beneath Vvith
a satiny pile of fine hair. Donacia has numerous species

363

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

all of which have the tips of the elytra simple, and the
tarsi dilated, spongy beneath. With the exception of this
genus, the Northeast has only Hcemonia nigricornis,
which has narrow tarsi and a distinct spine at the outer
angle of each elytron. Adults of Donacia rarely enter the
water, except to lay eggs, but those of Hoemonia are more
aquatic.

Sagrini

In addition to the characters given above, members of
this tribe may be recognized by their first ventral, abdomi-
nal segment being not much longer, if any, than the two
following ; tarsal claws cleft or toothed and elytral punctures
irregular (not in rows). Our only common species is
Orsodacna atra. The sides of its pronotum are rounded
and have neither tooth nor tubercle — in distinction from
Zeugophora (outline of eyes indented) and Syneta (outline
of eyes not indented). Its color is so variable that seven
or more named varieties are recognized. It may be
practically all black, or the pronotum and elytra may be
reddish or yellowish, variously spotted or striped with
black. It is about .25 in. long and is often abundant on
willow and other very early blossoms.

Criocerini

Members of this tribe may be distinguished from the
Sagrini by their simple claws and their elytral punctures
being in rows. There are two genera: Lema, in which the
pronotum is constricted at about the middle, and Crioceris,
in which it is not.

The most frequently noticed species is
* trilineata. It is sometimes called the Old-

fashioned Potato-beetle because it was at work eating
potato leaves before the Potato-beetle came north and east,
It usually lays its eggs along the midrib of a leaf, not in a
cluster but at random. Its larvae have a curious, but
not unique, habit of piling their excrement on their backs.
Pupation takes place underground. The adult is shown

364

Plate LXXXIII

It-

C- •- -^

V

LematrilineatQ

Criocen^ Qsporaqi J

LeptinoTQrsa
lO-lineatQ

DiQbroticQ DiabroticQ PhyllotretQ
II-punctQtQ vittatQ vittata

CnQl6pU5

rubra

%^

LQi

CassidQ
bivittQto

/

CoptocgclQ
bicolor

ASPARAQUS=BEETLES.

in Plate LXXXIII. In hrunnicollis the elytra are wholly-
dark blue; head and pronotum red. In collaris the el^^tra
are wholly dark greenish-blue; head, black; pronotum,
red.

We have two species; both are from
Criocens Europe and largely confined, as yet, to the

East; and both attack asparagus. C. asparagi (Plate
LXXXIII) was introduced about 1862 near New York.
The three yellow spots are sometimes joined. Adults
hibernate under rubbish. The dark-brown eggs are
usually laid in rows. Pupation occurs underground;
there are several generations a year. Crioceris 12-punctata
is a trifle larger; red with six black spots on each el3rtron.
It was introduced about 1881 near Baltimore. Adults
emerging from hibernation eat the yoimg shoots but the
larvae prefer the ripening berries to "leaves." This species
pupates underground.

Clythrini

Adults of this tribe, also of the Chlamydini and Crypto-
cephalini, have "the basal ventral plates of the abdominal
segments somewhat shorter in the middle than at the sides,
the fourth one being often invisible in the middle, while
the fifth is very large." Sharp further says: "This
character appears to be connected with a very remarkable
habit, viz., the formation of a case to envelop the egg.
The tip of the abdomen is somewhat curved downwards,
and, in the female, bears a hollow near the extremity;
when an egg is extruded the female envelops it with a
covering said to be excrementitious. When the larva
hatches, it remains within this case, and subsequently
enlarges it by additions from its own body." The Cly-
thrini have short, serrate antenn£e, which are not received
in marginal grooves on the lower side of the thorax; the
prostemum does not extend between the front coxae;
the pronotum has thin side-margins and fits closely against
the elytra. The larvae of Coscinoptera dominicana are
said to feed on vegetable debris in ants' nests.

365

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Chlamydini

See the discussion under Clythrini, from which tribe
these beetles differ by having the upper surface of the
elytra and pronotum covered with wart-like tubercles and
by having their short, serrate ("saw- toothed") antennae
received in grooves on the under side of the thorax. "The
legs are closely contractile and when disturbed the beetles
draw them and the antennas in and feign death. They
then resemble the excrement of certain caterpillars so
closely as to render their detection difficult, unless the
collector is in especial search for them, and it is said that
birds will not pick them up for the same reason." The
larvae are case-making leaf-feeders and pupate in their
cases, which they first attach to twigs. We have two
genera: Chlamys, whose antennae are serrate from the
fourth or fifth joint; and Exema, whose antennal serrations
begin at the sixth joint.

Cryptocephalini

See the discussion under Clythrini, from which tribe
these beetles are distinguished by the antennae being usually
long and slender, and by the prosternum extending be-
tween the front coxae. We have six or eight genera and
numerous species, most of which are "variegated with
various combinations of spots or stripes which are some-
times very inconstant, so that numerous varieties have
been named." One of the variable and common species is
Cryptocephalus venustus. As its generic name indicates,
its head is hidden, the prothorax covering it above. It is
nearly .25 in. long and, in the typical form, the head and
pronotum is reddish-brown, the latter having a narrow
edging and two oblique spots yellow ; the elytra are yellow,
each with two broad, oblique, black or brown stripes. It is
found on potato and other garden, as well as wild, plants.

Eumolpini

The beetles of this tribe are usually of a uniform metallic
color, although some are dull yellow or spotted. Their

366

CHRYSOMELID/E : EUMOLPINI

head is visible from above although the pronotum comes
about to the eyes; the outline of the ej'-es is more or less
indented; the antennse are usually thread-like and widely
separated at their bases; the front coxas are globose and
separated by the prosternum; the third tarsal joint is
deeply bilobed; the claws, toothed or cleft. The following
key will help to identify eight of the genera. For the
most part our species are not over .25 in. long.

1. Front ventral margin of thorax curved, forming
lobes behind or below the eyes. (Only those beetles,
belonging here, whose elytra are not pubescent or scaly
are considered further) 2.

Front ventral margin of thorax straight 3,

2. Elytral punctures in distinct, regular rows; middle
and hind tibiae indented on outer edge near apex. Typo-
phorus. T. canellus is quite common on a variety of plants
and sometimes injurious to strawberries, raspberries, etc.
It is exceedingly variable in color and markings, reddish-
yellow and black being the usual elements. About all
that can be said here is that it is not .2 in. long and bright
blue (7". vtridicyaneus) , nor has it a saddle- shaped, black
space on the elytra {T. sellatiis).

Elytral punctures irregular; tibiae not indented. See

Plate LXXXI. Usually common on dog-bane

Chrysochus auratus.

3. Side-margins of pronotum not distinctly flattened 4.

Side-margins of pronotum distinctly flattened 6.

4. Not metallic above; head without a groove above
the eyes 5.

Metallic green or bronzed above; head with a groove
above the eyes. Graphops. The larvae of G. nebulosus
live in the roots of strawberries.

5. Front femora with a small tooth; third joint of
antennae not longer than the second. On oak and other
trees Xanthoma.

Femora not toothed; third joint of antennae longer
than the second. On grape and Virginia creeper. . . . Fidia.

6. Head with distinct grooves above the eyes; middle
and hind tibiae indented near apex. On oak and other
trees Metachroma.

Head without grooves above the eyes 7.

367

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

7. Pronotum about one-half wider than long, the sides
rather broadly curved, angles prominent; dull brownish-
or reddish-yellow; length usually not over .25 in. Adults

on various garden plants; larvae on roots of grape

Colaspis brunnea.
Sides of pronotum straight. Nodonota (third joint of
antennae distinctly longer than the second, the last five
joints not abruptly wider) and Chrysodina.

Chrysomelini

These oval, convex beetles are usually of moderate size
and variegated in color. The antennae are of moderate
length (see p. 363), the outer joints somewhat enlarged; the
eyes are not prominent and their outline is feebly indented ;
the pronotum has well-defined side-margins; the elytra
cover the abdomen.

Phyllodecta is distinguished by the tarsal claws being
toothed or bifid, and the tibiae neither dilated nor toothed.

The genera mentioned in this paragraph have the third
tarsal joint indented or bilobed. Species of Prasocuris
are usually not over .25 in. long; upper surface brassy-
green, or bronzed-black, with yellow stripes; pronotum
without a thin margin at the base. Plagiodera (punctures
of elytra in regular rows; tibiae not grooved on the outer
side) and Gastroidea (punctures confused; tibiae grooved)
have the sides of the pronotum thickened and unicolorous
elytra. G. cyanea is uniform, brilliant, green or blue, and
feeds on dock (Rumex) ; polygoni is like it but the pronotum,
legs, base of antennas, and tip of abdomen are reddish,
and it feeds on knot-grass; both are about .2 in. long. The
pronotum of Lina is thickened at the sides and the elytra
are usually spotted; length, .25 to .4 in. The pronotum
is dark metallic green, with yellow sides, in scripta and
interrupta. The elytra are usually reddish in life, fading
to yellow, with rounded black spots, which are some-
times merged into transverse bands {interrupta) or are.
longitudinally elongate {scripta). Both feed on willow,
and Populus, and both, sometimes, have the elytra wholly
dark-colored. L. tremulce is an introduced European
species with a green pronotum and unspotted, dull yellow

368

THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.

elytra. The pronotum of L. ohsoleta has reddish margins
enclosing a rounded, black spot, or is reddish with 3 or 4
black spots at the center; elytra purplish-black with the
margins, tips, and often two short, indistinct lines on basal
half, reddish-yellow.

The third tarsal joint of the following genera of this
tribe is not, or scarcely, indented ; the pronotum has a thin
margin at the base; the insects are usually more than .25
in. long, robust, and convex.

Labioderma clivicollis feeds on milkweed. It is dark
blackish-blue; elytra orange-yellow with variable, broad,
curved, black markings; mesostemum prominent, forming
a blunt tubercle between the middle coxae ; front femora of
male strongly toothed.

Leptinotarsa has simple femora and the mesostemum is
not raised above the level of the prostemum. L. decern-
lineata, the Colorado Potato Beetle (Plate LXXXIII), is
probably the most known Coleopteron in America. The
elytral punctures are confluent and in double rows. Until
about 1855 it was confined to the Rocky Mountain region
where it fed on the wild relatives of the potato. Then
man introduced potatoes to it, and it did the rest, spreading
over the entire East. Adults hibernate underground.
Each female lays about 500 eggs and there are two genera-
tions a year. In the South there is another species,
juncta, which is somewhat similar but the third and fourth
black bands on each elytron are usually united at the
base and apex; the elytral punctures are regular and in
single rows.

In Zygogramma the tarsal claws are parallel and united
at the bases; claw- joint toothed beneath. The adults of
suturalis, which occur on ragweed in the spring and on
golden-rod in the fall, are brown, feebly bronzed; elytra
yellow with dark brown stripes, or vice versa.

The elytra of our Chrysomela are without spots and the
sides of the pronotum are thickened. Like Calligrapha,
the last palpal joint is not shorter than the next to last.

The elytra of Calligrapha have dark markings and the

sides of the pronotum are not thickened. To mention a

few of the many variable species, first taking those with

yellow and brown stripes on the elytra: lunata (chiefly on

24 369

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

roses; median brown stripe of each elytron more or less
divided by yellow) and similis (chiefly on ragweed; that
stripe merely notched on the outer side) have the pronotum
wholly brown; it is partly yellowish in prcecelsis (the median
brown spot on pronotum reaching the base) and in elegans
(this spot not reaching the base of the pronotum; chiefly
on Bidens and Ambrosia). Of those with irregular spots
on the elytra : the pronotum is wholly dark in philadelphica
(suture pale but with, among other markings, a line each
side of it; chiefly on dogwood), in scalaris (sutural stripe
branched; a large crescentic shoulder-spot enclosing a
small dot, and, back of it, 6 or 8 small dots, on each elytron;
chiefly on elm and linden), and in rhoda (sutural stripe
branched; each shoulder-crescent usually enclosing two
spots; chiefly on hazel); the pronotum is yellow with
reddish-brown spots in multipunctata (chiefly on Cratcegus),
and olive-green or brown, with pale apical and side mar-
gins, in bigsbyana (on maple, willow, and alder).

Galerucini

The beetles of this tribe are usually more oblong and
have softer elytra than those previously considered (see
also p. 363). The head is exposed; the third antennal joint
usually smaller than the fourth ; hind femora not unusually
thick; hind tibiae usually without terminal spurs. The
following are the genera most likely to be noticed.

^ . .. One of the "usuallies, " above, was for

Galerucella , . , , . , . . r ■,

this genus; the third joint of the antennae

is longer than the fourth. The antennas are at least

half as long as the body; pronotum has a median and two

lateral impressions; front coxal cavities open behind;

tibiae ridged on the outer side and without terminal spurs;

first joint of hind tarsi not longer than the next two; tarsal

claws bifid in both sexes. There are about a dozen species

in New Jersey, for example, and different species, for

the most part, live on different plants but the one which

attracts attention is luteola, the Elm-leaf Beetle (Plate

LXXXI), Yes. It is another foreigner. ^ lost injurious

species are immigrants; the principal reason for their

becoming injurious is that their special enemies, which

370

THE ELM=LEAF BEETLE.

held them in check at home, did not come with them.
G. luteola came in at Baltimore about 1834. The adult
hibernates beneath bark, in cracks in buildings, and in
other shelter. It may go into hibernation quite yellow
and come out ver}'- dark green. The orange-yellow eggs
are laid in clusters on the lower side of a leaf and the
larvas feed on the lower side also, gradually skeletonizing
the leaf. When two or three weeks old, they enter the
ground and pupate, emerging as adults in about a week.
Usually it is the adults of the second annual brood which
hibernate. Hints as to some of the other species may be
gained from their food-plants. The following have stripes
(often narrow and indistinct, especially in americana)
on their elytra: americana is found on golden-rod; notulaia,
on rag- weed (Ambrosia); and notata, on Eupatorium.
The following have no elongate, dark markings on the
elytra: cavicoUis is found on peach, plum, and cherry;
rufosanguinea, on Azalea; nymphacB, on water-lilies;
tuherculata and decora, on willow.

Among others, Trirhabda may be distinguished from
Galerucella by having the third antennal joint shorter
than the fourth; and the antennas of Monoxia do not reach
the middle of the body, tarsal claws bifid only in males.

Two species are familiar to gardeners.
D. i2-punctata (Plate LXXXIII) is called
the Southern Corn Root-worm because its larvae live in the
roots of corn (and other grasses) and are sometimes quite
injurious in the South. It is called the Twelve-spotted
Cucumber Beetle because the adults eat cucumber leaves,
but they feed also on melons of various kinds. The
hibernating adults are among the first insects to appear
in the spring and the last to take shelter in the fall. The
Striped Cucumber Beetle, which feeds also on all the
melon family, is D. vittata (Plate LXXXIII). The larva;
live in the roots and in the base of the vine of cucumbers,
melons, etc. Adults hibernate in the ground. D. atri-
pennis (elytra black) and D. longicornis (elytra green or
yellow, without black margins) have the outer edge of their
tibias ridged. The latter species is called the Western
Corn Root- worm.

371

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Head, scutellum, and under side of body
trifurcata black; pronotum and elytra dull yellow,

rarely reddish; each elytron, usually but
not always, with black basal and side margins, the latter
extending nearly to the apex, and with three black spots
close to the suture, the hind one the smallest; antennae
and the legs yellow, the tibise and often the femora, in
part, black; length about .17 in. Common on peas, beans,
and other Legumes.

Halticini

"A large group of small or medium-sized leaf-eating
forms, distinguished from the preceding tribe mainly
by the fact that the hind thighs are greatly enlarged and
thickened for leaping. As a consequence they are known
as ' fiea-beetles ' or 'jumping beetles,' this term being
especially apphed to the small black species of Haltica and
Epitrix, which are very injurious to vegetation in the
mature or adult stage."

CEdionychis (last joint of hind tarsi globosely swollen).
Haltica (a feeble transverse impression on basal half of
pronotum; each hind tibia with a short, terminal spur),
Disonycha (first joint of hind tarsus short as compared
with the tibiae, and rather broad; beetles distinctly more
than .17 in. long), and Pliyllotreta have the frontal coxae
open behind.

The following two are the garden species.
D. triangularis: black (with a faint bluish
tinge on el>i;ra) except for the pronotum, which is yellow
with a pair of round, black spots and a small, linear one;
length, about .25 in.; on a variety of plants, sometimes
injurious to beets and spinach. D. xanthomelcena: re-
sembles the preceding but, among other things, is usually
smaller, has the pronotimi entirely yellow, the elytra with
a greenish tinge, and the abdomen yellow; it feeds upon a
number of wild plants but is known as the Spinach Flea-
beetle.

372

FLEA-BEETLES.

The hind tibiae are not grooved on the
Phyllotreta , , ,. i ,

outer edge, but skghtly excavated near the

tip and with a spur at the middle beneath. P. vittata

(Plate LXXXIII) is common all summer on cabbage and

other Cruciferce. The fifth joint of the antennae is longer

than either the fourth or the sixth; the male has the fifth

antennal joint tliickened.

„ , . The two common, garden species are

Haltica ... . , . . , , , ,

distinguished from the others by having

no longitudinal fold along the sides of the elytra; by the
antennse and legs being black; and by a deep groove
which extends completely across the pronotum in front
of the base. H. chalybea is the Grape Flea-beetle. It is
usually not less than .17 in. long; metallic blue, rarely
greenish; pronotum distinctly narrowed in front. H.
ignita is usually not more than .17 in. long; color varies
from a coppery-golden lustre, through greenish, to dark
blue; pronotum only slightly narrowed in front. In addi-
tion to feeding on a variety of wild plants it attacks straw-
berries and roses.

The following have the front coxal cavities closed
behind; the last joint of the hind tarsi is not inflated,
usually slender, although sometimes thickened in a side
view. The antennas of Blepharida are 12-jointed, instead
of 1 1 ; tarsal claws bifid. Chcetocnetna has the hind tibise
sinuate near the apex and with a distinct tooth on the outer
margin. Epitrix (elytra with rows of stiff hairs) and Crepi-
dodera (elytra without hairs; antennse shorter than the
body) have a distinct transverse impression in front of the
base of the pronotum. The following lack such an im-
pression: Dibolia (hind tibial spur broad, emarginate, or
bifid at apex), Mantura (pronotum with a short, deep
longitudinal impression on each side near the base), and
Systeiia (pronotum without any impression).

^, C. confinis is the species likely to be

noticed first. It feeds on sweet-potato,

morning-glory, and other Convolvulaceae. It is less than

.07 in. long; black, slightly bronzed; antennas and legs,

373

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

except hind femora, reddish-yellow; pronotum obliquely
cut off at the front angles and with an angulation in front
of the middle. C. pulicaria is locally common and some-
times injurious to com and millet. It is about the same
size; black, with faint greenish or bluish-bronzed lustre;
the base of antennse and tibiae and tarsi yellowish; side of
pronotum regularly curved and the front angles not cut
off; head without punctures, but a row along the basal
margin of the pronotum.

Only rufipes need be mentioned here.
Crepidodera ^^ .^ ^^^^^ ^ .^^ j^^^. ^^^^^ pronotum, and

legs dull reddish-yellow; elytra dark blue; there are no
punctures on the pronottun. On locust (Robinia), and
sometimes injurious to grape, peach, apple, and other
fruit trees.

Again we have two garden species. E.
^^^^^ cucumeris is not over .08 in. long; shining

black, with reddish-yellow antennae and legs, except the
hind femora. The pronotum is not densely punctate and
the impression in front of the base is well marked. It is
the Cucimiber Flea-beetle but is not at all choice in its
food, eating also the leaves of potato and other plants.
In E. parvula the pronotum is rather closely pimctate
and the impression is scarcely visible. It is about the
same size and dull reddish-yellow. The adults feed on
the leaves of potato, tomato, and egg-plant, but do their
greatest damage by eating holes in tobacco leaves. The
larvce feed on the roots of common weeds, such as the
nightshade and Jamestown weed.

And, finally, we note this pair. S.
Systena Jiudsonias: length, .17 in.; shining black

except for the yellow third to fifth anten-
nal joints. Common on many plants. S. tccjiiata: length,
about the same; color variable, usually reddish-or
brownish-yellow, shining; each elytron with a paler,
median stripe; narrow side-margins of pronotum and under
side of body usually black. Adults occur on various plants,
including cultivated ones,

374

LEAF=MININQ BEETLES.

Hispini

See p. 363. Most of the larv^ae live in leaves, feeding on
the tissue between the two surfaces. See in this connec-
tion the Micro-lepidoptera and Brachys. The first three
segments, back of the head, of a Hispine larva are wider
than the rest of the body.

Microrhopala (antennae either thread-like or the last 4
joints united into an oblong mass; elytra not, or only
feebly, ridged) and Octotoma (the last 2 antennal joints
enlarged; elytra with short, obhque folds) have 8 or 9
antennal joints. The others have 11, and some of them
may be separated as follows.

I Elytra ridged 2,

Elytra not ridged; body elongate. Stenispa. S.
■metallica is a imiform, shining black, slightly bronzed;
length .2 in. The pronotum of collaris is red; length
slightly over .25 in.

2. Middle tibiae strongly curved Charistena.

Middle tibiae straight. Chalepus, also called Odontata.

The following species are about .25 in. long, except as
noted 3,

3. Each elytron with ten rows of punctures ; ridged 4.

Each elytron with eight rows of punctures; color varies

from nearly uniform rose-red to nearly black, with a few
indistinct reddish or yellowish spots; legs pale; length
about .17 in. On locust Chalepus nervosa.

4. Each elytron with only three ridges 5,

Each elytron with three ridges, and a fourth (at base

and apex) between the second and third. See Plate
LXXXIII. On locust (Robina), basswood, and other
trees Chalepus rubra.

5. Elytra wholly black; pronotum wholly red

Chalepus hicolor.

Elytra black, with red shoulders; pronotum red, with a
dark center Chalepus scapularis.

Elytra and pronotum scarlet, fading to yellowish,
with a black, sutural line which becomes gradually broader
as it reaches the apex. The larva makes a blotch mine on
locust Chalepus dorsalis.

375

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Cassidini

On account of their form, these are often called Tortoise
Beetles. Many of them are beautifully colored in life,
but the golden hues rapidly fade after death. The oval,
flattened, prickly larvas feed upon the surface of leaves.
"The larvas are almost as disagreeable as the adult beetles
are attractive, but are nevertheless very interesting crea-
tures. Each of them is provided with a tail-like fork at
the end of the body which is almost as long as the body,
. . . Upon this fork are heaped the excrement and cast
skins of the larva, and when covered by this 'umbrella'
it is with great difficulty that the larva is distinguished
from a bit of mud or a bird-dropping. The manner in
which this fork increases with the size of the larva is rather
interesting. At each molt, the faeci-fork of the last stage
is held upon the new faeci-fork, and in this way those of
the different stages are telescoped, the one inside the other,
and the stage of growth of the larva may be readily deter-
mined by the number of cast skins held on the fork.
From the likeness of this burden to a pack, the larvae are
often known as 'peddlers.' In order to more firmly bind
the excrement and cast skins to the fork, the larvae fasten
them together by a fine network of silken threads, which
are attached to the spines at the sides of the body.
When fully grown the larva fastens itself to a leaf, its skin
spUts open along the back, and from it comes the pupa,
which is held to the leaf by its caudal fork, which is securely
incased in the faeci-fork of the larval skin" (Sanderson).
The adult hibernates. Unless otherwise stated, the
following feed chiefly on sweet-potatoes and other Con-
volvulaceae.

^, , , This has also been called ar^us. The

Chelymorpha . . , . „

cassidea front of the pronotum is incurved, partially

exposing the head; upper surface red or

yellow, with four or six black dots on pronotum, and six

on each elytron in addition to a sutural one near the base;

under surface black; length, about .4 in. The eggs are

laid in bunches, each egg being supported by a long stalk

or pedicle. When full-grown, the larva is about .5 in. long

376

TORTOISE BEETLES.

with the faeci-fork half as long again, slightly convex,
dirty yellowish, with numerous dark-brown tubercles and
prominent lateral spines. The yellowish to black ground-
color of the pupa is almost concealed by a bluish bloom or
waxy excretion resembling mold. On milkweeds, Con-
volvulus, and, sometimes, raspberries.

In the following, the pronotum is rounded in front,
covering the head; its side-margins are flattened (not
thickened as in Physonota). The antennae of Cassida
do not reach beyond the base of the pronotum; those of
Coptocycla extend beyond it. The names given are those
in general use, as yet. Students interested in possible
changes are referred to Proc, Ent. Soc. Washington, vol.
xviii., page 113.

C. nigripes is dull red or yellow after
death; each elytron with three obscure
black dots near the middle; base of antennas, part of tibiae,
and tarsi, reddish, rest of legs and antennae black. The
eggs are laid in rows of three or more, so that several of the
bright, straw-yellow larvee, having two crescentic, black
marks just back of the head and prominent, black-tipped
spines, will be found together. The mass of excrement
is usually much branched. The pronotum of C. hivittata
is yellowish, with a large, triangular, brownish-red space
at the base; elytra dull yellow, with the suture and two
stripes on each black or dark brown ; under surface and legs
black. Eggs are usually laid singly. The cream-colored,
with a longitudinal band along the back, larva (Plate
LXXXIII) does not carry excrement but merely cast skins
and holds them at an angle from the body, instead of close
over the back.

C. purpurata is usually not common in
the North. It is less than .25 in. long, with
unspotted, brownish-red elytra. Coptocycla bicolor (Plate
LXXXIII) is common on bindweed. It is one of several
"Gold-bugs." Harris said: "When living it has the
power of changing its hues, at one time appearing only of a
dull yellow color, and at other times shining with the
splendor of polished brass or gold, tinged sometimes also

377

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

with variable tints of pearl. The wing covers, the parts
which exhibit a change of color, are lined beneath with an
orange colored paint, which seems to be filled with little
vessels; and these are probably the source of the changeable
brilliancy of the insect." Freshly emerged adults are dull
orange and have three black dots on each elytron but,
as the golden color is assumed, these spots disappear.
After death, the elytra become dull reddish-yellow. Thanks
to Mr. Leng, who sifted several hibernating adults from the
fallen leaves in his garden just as the pubHshers were
calling for "copy, " I am able to give a figure colored from
life — the only one which has been published, as far as I
know. The under surface and last four joints of the
antennae are black; the flat margins of the pronotum and
elytra are very thin and translucent. The egg has three
spiny prongs; the larva's "pack" is trilobed in outline; the
pupa is hidden by the larval pack and has three dark
stripes on the pronotum, with similar markings over the
abdomen. The following two have dark markings on the
elytra. In C. clavata the disk of the elytra is quite rough
from the numerous tubercles or elevations; base of prono-
tum and the elytra, except for the apices and the middle
of the side margins, brown; under surface pale yellow;
length, .3 in. The disk of the elytra of C. signifera is
smooth; dull yellow; base of pronotum usually with a
large, black spot, enclosing two pale ones; disk of elytra
and shoulders black with irregular, yellow spots; length,
not over .25 in. "The larva is a pale straw-yellow color
during the first four stages when it carries excrement on
the faeci-fork in a peculiar branched shape much like that
of the black-legged tortoise-beetle larva, but after the
last moult the color changes to a pea green, and all the ex-
crement is removed from the faeci-fork, which makes the
larva very difficult to recognize on a green leaf. In as
much as the larva does not feed and remains entirely
motionless during this last stage, this change of color is
very evidently of protective value. The pupa is also a
bright green, marked only by a ring around each of the
first pair of abdominal spiracles" (Sanderson). The
discal space on the elytra of C. plicata is shiny black,
without spots.

0/

PEA AND BEAN WEEVILS.

Bruchid^

There are, relatively, not many of these beetles and, for
the most part, they are less than .25 in. long. They
differ from most of the Chrysomelidas by having short,
saw-toothed antennae, and the tip of the abdomen is
exposed. The larvee live in seeds, especially of Legumes,
and are often called "weevils" — a term which is confusing
because of its application to the Rhynchophora. We
have, all of us, eaten hundreds of the larvag with our peas
and beans, but — what's the difference? The eggs are
usually laid upon the pod when the peas, for example, are
quite small, and the young larvas bore inside.

Spermophagus has two slender, jointed spurs on each
hind tibia. The only Northeastern species, rohinicB,
breeds in the seeds of the locusts {Robinia and Gleditschia) .
The adult is about .3 in. long; dull reddish-brown, clothed
with grayish-yellow pubescence; elytra with small, black
spots arranged in five irregular, transverse rows.

This is the large and common genus.
The hind tibiae are without jointed spurs
and the prominent, front coxae touch each other. Only
two species (Plate LXXXIV) will be mentioned, but
many others ma}^ be obtained either in ordinary collecting
or, better because it gives food habits, by breeding from
seeds of wild plants. B. pisorum, the Pea -Weevil, has
a notch on the middle of each side of the pronotum and a
tooth on the outer side of each hind femur. It is black,
densely clothed with reddish-brown and whitish hairs;
pronotum with a triangular, whitish space in front of
scutellum; elytra with yellowish, grayish, and whitish
hairs. There is but one generation a year and this species
does not breed in dry peas. The adult hibernates. The
newly-hatched larva has legs but it loses these when it
becomes a fat, sedentary grub. Pupation occurs within
the seed. B. obtectus, the Bean Weevil, has no notch on the
sides of the pronotum and each hind femur has two fine
teeth in addition to a larger one near the tip. It is black,
clothed with grayish-yellow pubescence; abdomen dull
reddish-brown; antennae black, the apical and four basal

379

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

joints reddish; legs reddish-brown, underside of hind
femora black. In the field the eggs are laid upon, or are
inserted in, the bean-pod, but eggs are also placed loosely
among shelled beans. The larvae and pupae are much like
those of pisorum but, imlike that species, more than one
(28 have been recorded) may be inside a single seed. The
life-cycle takes from three to twelve, or more, weeks,
depending on conditions. Breeding is continuous through-
out the year, if it is warm enough.

H-ETEROMERA

The members of this series have five tarsal joints on
each of the front and middle legs and only four on each of
the hind legs.

1. Front coxal cavities closed behind 2.

Front coxal cavities open behind 4.

2. Tarsal claws simple 3.

Tarsal claws comb-like Cistelid^ (p. 384).

3. Next to last joint of tarsi not spongy beneath

TENEBRIONID.E (p. 381).

Next to last joint of tarsi spongy beneath; front coxae

prominent; last joint of antennae at least as long as the

three preceding joints combined Lagriid^ (p. 384).

4. Head not strongly and suddenly constricted behind
the eyes 5,

Head strongly and suddenly constricted behind the
eyes 7.

5. Middle coxae not very prominent 6.

Middle coxae very prominent; pronotum narrower at

base than elytra, its sides rounded and without a sharp
edge; next to last tarsal joint broad, slightly bilobed;

body-covering rather flimsy in texture

CEdemerid^ (p. 385).

6. Pronotum margined at sides, broad at base, its disk
(middle portion) with impressions near base; form usually
elongate, loosely jointed; maxillary palpi usually long and
pendulous, with the joints enlarged

Melandryid^ (p. 385).

Pronotum not margined, narrower behind, disk not

impressed at base; form usually long and narrow; head

sometimes prolonged into a beak Pythid^e (p. 385).

380

THE DARKLING BEETLES.

7. Pronotum with a sharp edge at sides, its base as wide
as elytra 8.

Sides of pronotum more or less rounded and without
a sharp edge 10.

8. Antennae thread-like 9.

Antennae with long, flat processes folding like a fan

(male) , or somewhat saw- toothed (female)

Pelecotoma of the RniPiPHORiDiE (p. 393).

9. Hind coxae with plates; head with vertex lobed or
ridged behind, so that, when extended, it rests on the
front edge of the pronotum; abdomen usually ending in a
pointed process Mordellid^ (p. 385).

Hind coxae without plates; length less than
.25 in Tribe Scraptiini of the Melandryid^ (p. 385).

10. Pronotum narrower at base than elytra ii»

Pronotum as wide at base as elytra; the abdomen not

ending in a spinous process; elytra usually shorter than
abdomen and narrowed behind; antennae comb-like in

males, frequently saw- toothed in females

Rhipiphorid^e (p. 393).

11. Hind coxae not prominent; tarsal claws simple;
antennae thread-like and simple; head with an abrupt,
narrow neck; length less than .5 in., usually less than
.2 in Anthicid^ (p. 386),

£Qnd coxae large, prominent 12.

12. Tarsal claws simple; head horizontal; antennae
usually branched in male, saw- toothed in female; next to
last tarsal joints very broad . . . .Pyrochroid^ (p. 386).

Tarsal claws cleft or toothed; front vertical; at least
.25 in. long Meloid^ (p. 387)^

TENEBRIONIDiE

These are the Darkling Beetles. There are many
species in the Southwest, where they occur like Carabidae,
but they are by no means lacking in the East: New Jersey,
for example, having more than sixty species. The eastern
species are not usually found under stones, as are those
in arid regions, but in dead wood, fungi, and dry vegetable
products. The western Pinacate (Eleodes), "the bug
that stands on his head, " is a member of this family.

381

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The larvae of T. obscurus (Plate LXXXIV)
and molitor are the large Meal-worms, which
have the distinction of being, probably, the only insects
injurious to man's goods which are purposely bred on a
large scale for commercial purposes. They destroy large
quantities of flour, meal, cereals, and the like but are
bred and sold for soft-billed birds to eat. The larvae
are hard, cylindrical, and strongly resemble wire-worms
(Elateridae) . That of obscurus is about an inch long, when
full-grown; yellow but shading off into yellowish-brown at
each end and where the segments join. That of molitor
is somewhat lighter. The pupae are whitish and about
.6 in. long; most of the abdominal segments have fringed
side-expansions and the last one ends in two spines. The
adults of both species are black or dark reddish-brown and
about .6 in. long; molitor is shiny and obscurus is not.
They are frequently attracted to lights. There seems
to be, normally, but one generation a year, but in heated
buildings this is not very definite. Related species occur
under bark.

Nyctobates pennsylvanica is a black beetle, nearly an
inch long, which is often common under the loose bark of
dead trees. The genus differs from Tenebrio by the tarsal
pubescence being fine and silky. The antennae do not
reach to the back of the pronotum, which is not narrowed
at the base.

We have two species of this genus which
occur in meal, grain, and other vegetable
products. To give them a common name different from
that applied to Tenebrio, they have been called Flour
Beetles, but neither name is very distinctive. Tribolium
ferrugineum is reddish-brown; its head is not expanded
beyond the eyes at the sides; its antennal club is distinctly
three-jointed ; and its length is less than .2 in. Its "cousin,"
confusum (Plate LXXXIV), is darker; its head is expanded
on each side in front of the eye; antennal joints gradually
broader at tip. It has been recorded as breeding in pepper
as well as in a variety of milder, starchy foods and it
also eats the eggs and larvae of other meal-feeding insects.

382

Plate LXXXIV

Bruchus obtQCtus

Bruchus plsorum

Tenebno obscurus

Boletotherus
bl]urcu&

Tribolium conjusum

rvlocerdes
melonura

MordellaS-punctQlo

383

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS,

The larvae and pupae are much like Tenebrio in miniatura.
Under favorable circumstances, a generation may be
completed in five or six weeks and there may be several
generations a year.

_ . . We have one species, bifurcus. It occurs,

Boletotherus . . , ^ ' ■' .,, , ., ,

often in numbers, m woody, bracket fungi,

such as grow on the sides of trees and stumps. The adults

are black or brownish-black. What attracts attention are

the homed males (Plate LXXXIV). A related genus,

Boletophagus, is found with it, but more often under bark.

In it each eye is completely divided and the antenna are

1 1 -jointed. There are two species, each not over .3 in.

long and black: in corticola the pronotum has numerous

tubercles, its margin is scalloped and, in front of the hind

angles, deeply notched; in depressus the pronotum is

merely coarsely punctured and its sides are evenly rounded.

Diaperis maculata is also common in hard fungi and
under bark. It is about .25 in. long, oval and convex.
The head and most of the elytra are reddish, otherwise
black.

The species of Cistelid^ are like those of the Tene-
brionidae in general structure, but see the key (p. 380).
They have longer, more slender antennas and generally
smooth, pubescent surface; they are usually brown in
color with no, or only confused, maculation and often
taper to a point posteriorly. They are found on leaves,
flowers, and under bark, the larv«, so far as known, living
in rotten wood and somewhat resembling wire-worms in
shape. None are of economic importance.

Of the Lagriid^ (see p. 380) there are probably less than
a dozen recognized species in the United States and only
two genera. These species are black or bronzed, with
rather thin, flexible el^'lra, and are found on flowers,
leaves, or under bark of trees. For our purposes, we may
say that our species of Arthromacra are about .5 in., and
of Statira usually less than .3 in. long.

384

MORDELLID/E AND RELATIVES.

Melandryid^ (see p. 380) is another small family but it
contains about ten times as many species as the preceding.
They feed on fungi and dry vegetable matter, such as
dead wood. Penthe ohliquata, about .5 in. long, is velvety
black with yellow on the scutellum; frequent under bark
of dead trees.

About two dozen species of Pythid^ (see p. 380) have
been described from the United States. They occur under
bark, especially of pine.

Of the CEdemerid^, Nacerdes melanura (Plate LXXXIV)
should be mentioned. It is a cosmopolitan beetle which
is rather common in cities about cellars, old boxes, and
lumber yards. It varies from ,3 to .5 in. in length; dull
yellow above, elytra tipped with blackish purple; each
front tibia with one spur; next to the last tarsal joints
broadly dilated. Other species are found on flowers,
leaves, and sometimes in crevices of logs, trees, or stumps.

MORDELLID^

See p. 381. "This family includes a large number of
small, wedge-shaped beetles having the body arched, the
head bent downward and the abdomen usually prolonged
into a style or pointed process. The hind legs are, in
most species, very long and stout, fitted for leaping; the
antennae long and slender and the thorax is as wide at
base as the elytra. The body is densely covered with fine
silky hairs, usually black, but often very prettily spotted or
banded with yeUow or silver hues. The adults occur on
flowers or on dead trees and are very active, flying and
running with great rapidity and in the net or beating
umbrella jumping and tumbling about in grotesque manner
in their efforts to escape. The larvae live in old wood
or in the pith of plants, and those of some species are said
to be carnivorous in habit, feeding upon the young of
Lepidoptera and Diptera which they find in the plant
stems" (Blatchley). The genus which has the most
species in our region is Mordellistena. They are usually
not over .25 in. long; their hind tibiae have a distinct ridge

25 385

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

near the apex and usually one or more oblique ones; their
eyes are coarsely granulated. The two following genera
agree with it in having the last abdominal segment pro-
longed into a conical "style" and their tarsal claws comb-
like, but their hind tibiae have but a small ridge near the
apex and their eyes are only finely granulated: in Tomoxia
the style is short, obtuse, and the scutellum is usually
indented behind; in Mordella (Plate LXXXIV) the anal
style is long, slender, and the scutellum is triangular.
Two other genera Pentaria and Anaspis (fourth joint of
the front and middle tarsi smaller than the third) are not
especially rare but they have few and small species; their
abdomen is not prolonged at the tips and the tarsal claws
are not cleft.

Anthicid^

Probably three hundred or more species are known
from North America; more than a hundred new species
were described in a single paper. They are, for the most
part, small creatures with drooping heads; the key (p. 380)
gives a number of technical points which distinguish them
from related families. They are to be found on flowers,
in rotten wood, and in burrows in sandy places near
water. Some of them resemble ants and others have a
prominent horn on the front part of the thorax. Of the
latter sort : Notoxus has the hind tarsi not longer than the
tibiae; they are much longei* than the tibiae in Mecynotarsus.
Our species of these genera are usually not over .25 in,
long.

Pyrochroid^e

See p. 381. Only a dozen or so species are known from
the United States and they are not usually very common.
The individuals are usually of moderate size with elytra
rather soft in texture, usually widened behind the middle,
and relatively long. The head is almost horizontal and'
constricted behind the eyes into a rather slender neck,
both head and thorax being much narrower than the
elytra. Most of our species have a reddish pronotum and

386

BLISTER=BEETLES.

black or blue elytra. The antenna vary from simple
in some species, through saw-toothed, to comb-like or
branched in the males of others. The larvae have a broad
head, stout legs, and two spines on the tip of the abdomen.
Dendroides may be distinguished from other genera by
having very large eyes which nearly touch each other.

MeloidvE

Concerning this curious family, I take the liberty of
quoting at some length from Sharp's excellent account of
insects in the Cambridge Natural History.

"This distinct family consists of Heteromera with soft
integument, and is remarkable for the fact that many of its
members contain a substance that, when extracted and
applied to the human skin, possesses the power of raising
blisters. The life-history is highly remarkable, the most
complex forms of hypermetamorphosis being exhibited.
The species now known amount to about 1500. . . . There
are two very distinct subfamilies, Cantharides and
Meloides ; the former are winged Insects, and are frequently
found on flowers or foliage. The Meloides are wingless,
and consequently terrestrial; they have a very short
metasternimi, so that the middle coxae touch the hind;
and they also have very peculiar wing-cases, one of the
two overlapping the other at the base; in a few Meloids
the wing-cases are merely rudiments.

"The post-embryonic development of these Insects is
amongst the most remarkable of modem entomological
discoveries. The first steps were made by Newport in
1 85 1, and the subject has since been greatly advanced by
Fabre, Riley, and others. As an example of these pecuhar
histories, we may cite Riley's account of Epicauta vittata
[See Plate LXXXV], a blister-beetle living at the expense
of North American locusts of the genus Calopternus
[Melanoplus], The locust lays its eggs undergroimd in
masses surrounded by an irregular capsule, and the Epicauta
deposits its eggs in spots frequented by the locust, but not
in special proximity to the eggs thereof. In a few days
the eggs of the blister-beetle hatch, giving rise to little
larvae [a] of the kind called triungulin, because each leg is

3^7

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

terminated by three tarsal spines or claws. In warm,
suimy weather these triungulins become very active; they
run about on the surface of the ground exploring all its
cracks, penetrating various spots and burrowing, till an
egg-pod of the locust is met with; into this the triungulin
at once eats its way, and commences to devour an egg.
Should two or more triungulins enter the same egg-pod,
battles occur till one is left. After a few days passed
in devouring a couple of eggs, the triungulin sheds its
skin and appears as a different larva [b], with soft skin,
short legs, small eyes, and different form and proportions;
a second moult takes place after about a week, but is not
accompanied by any very great change of form, though the
larva is now curved, less active, and in form like a larva
of Scarabaeidae ; when another moult occurs the fourth
instar appears as a still more helpless form of larva, which
increases rapidly in size, and when full grown leaves the
remains of the egg-pod it has been living on, and forms a
small cavity near by; here it lies on one side motionless,
but gradually contracting, till the skin separates and is
pushed down to the end of the body, disclosing a completely
helpless creature [c] that has been variously called a semi-
pupa, pseudo-pupa, or coarctate larva; in this state the
winter is passed. In the spring the skin of the coarctate
larva bursts, and there crawls out of it a sixth instar [d]
which resembles the fourth, except in the somewhat
reduced size and greater whiteness. It is worthy of
remark that the skin it has deserted retains its original form
almost intact. In this sixth instar the larva is rather
active and burrows about, but does not take food, and in
the course of a few days again moults and discloses the true
pupa. As usual in Coleoptera this instar lasts but a short
time, and in five or six days the perfect beetle appears.
It is extremely difficult to frame any explanation of this
complex development; there are, it will be noticed, no less
than five stages interposed between the first larval instar
and the pupal instar, and the creature assumes in the
penultimate one a quasi-pupal state, to again quit it for a
return to a previous state. It is possible to look on the
triungulin and the pupal instars as special adaptations to
external conditions; but it is not possible to account for

388

Plate LXXXV

Meloe
Qnqusticollis

EpicQuta
vitQtto marqinota

HvipermeUmorphos'is o\ EpiCQuta/illatQ

StL(IopId(ft

or.

StrepsipterQ

Rhipiphorus
jlQvipennis

^^

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

the intermediate instars in this way, and we must look
on them as necessitated by the physiological processes'
going on internally. Nothing, however, is known as to

these."

Fabre and others have described the European species
of Sitaris living in much the same way at the expense of
bees of the genus Anthophora.

This is our only genus of the subfamily
^®^°^ Meloinse, or Meloides as it is called in the
quotation from Sharp. The species are known as Oil-
beetles; when disturbed, they give off a disagreeable,
oily fluid. The short elytra do not nearly cover the over-
sized abdomen. "The female Meloe is very prolific.
She lays at three or four different intervals, in loose irregular
masses in the ground, and may produce from three to
four thousand eggs. These are soft, whitish, cylindrical,
and rounded at each end. They give birth to the triun-
guUns, which a few days after hatching— the number
depending on the temperature— run actively about and
climb on to Composite, Ranunculaceous, and other flowers,
from which they attach themselves to bees and flies that
visit the flowers. Fastening alike to many hairy Diptera
and to Hymenoptera which can be of little or no service
to them, many are doomed to perish, and only the few
fortunate ones are carried to the proper cells of some
Anthophora'' (Riley). It is probable that different species
of Meloe are parasitic on different ^ecies or even genera
of bees. Our species may be differentiated as follows :
I. Pronotum not longer than wide • ^'

Pronotum longer than wide, sparsely and irregularly
punctate; color deep bluish-black; elytra finely rugose;

see Plate LXXXV angusHcolhs

2 Color dull black ; pronotum with an impression on basal
half of median line impressus.

Color blue or bluish-black ; pronotum not impressed . . 3.
3. Pronotum rather densely punctate; elytra not roughly

sculptured ^ j'

Pronotum coarsely and deeply, not densely, punctured;
elytra coarsely sculptured; color more decidedly blue and
... , . .amencanus.

more shining

390

KEY TO CERTAIN MELOIDiC.

Some of our other genera, and the more important
species, may be separated as follows:

1. Front not prolonged beyond the base of the antennas;
labrum (upper lip) small, scarcely visible. Tribe Horiini,
of which Tricrania sanguinipennis should be looked for in
sandy places. It is about .3 in. long; black, with brick-
red elytra.

Front prolonged; labrum distinct 2.

2. Mandibles prolonged beyond the labrum, acute at
tip 3»

Mandibles not prolonged, obtuse; eljrtra entire;
antennae straight, not thickened toward the apex. Tribe
Cantharini 4»

3. Elytra rudimentary; no wings; tarsal claws not cleft.
Tribe Sitarini, to which Hornia minutipennis belongs. It
is reddish-brown; length about .7 in.; parasitic upon a
ground-bee (Anthophora) .

Elytra entire ; tarsal claws cleft. Tribe Nemognathini :
Nemognatha has the outer lobe of the maxillae (accessory
jaws below or behind the mandibles) prolonged ; it is not so
in Zonitis.

4. Second joint of antennae at least one-half as long as
the third. Macrobasis. M. unicolor: .3 to .5 in. long;
black, rather densely clothed with grayish hairs, which
give it an ashy color; second joint of male's antennae
slightly longer than the next two and nearly twice as wide.
The adults occur on various plants including potatoes
and iron weed.

Second joint of antennae much less than half the length
of the third 5*

5. Next to last joint of tarsi bilobed Tetraonyx,

Next to last joint of tarsi cylindrical 6.

6. Front femora with a silken, hairy spot on the under
side; second joint of antennas very short; mandibles short.
Larvae, as far as known, feed on eggs of grasshoppers.
Epicauta 7*

Front femora without a silken, hairy spot 13.

7. Antennal joints of equal thickness throughout, cylin-
drical, and closely united; eyes nearly as wide as long,
feebly or not at all indented in front 8.

Antennal joints on apical half more slender, loosely

391

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

united, and more or less compressed; eyes always longer
than wide, indented in front lo.

8. Head less densely punctured than pronotum, usually red
behind the eyes, though often wholly black or with a small
red spot in front; otherwise black, clothed with short,
rather dense, black or gray pubescence, which often forms
a marginal stripe and rarely a sutiu-al line on elytra;
length about .4 in. Adults on various plants, especially
Convolvulaceae Epicauta trichrus.

Head and pronotum similarly punctured, the former
always black; elytra clothed with dense gray or grayish-
yellow pubescence 9.

9. Pronotum longer than wide, densely pubescent, with
a dark line each side of the middle Epicauta strigosa.

Pronotum as wide as long, moderately shining, rather
coarsely and densely punctured Epicauta ferruginea.

10. Elytra clay-yellow and black; see Plate LXXXV.
See above for its biology. The adult shares with Lema
trilineata the name of Old-fashioned Potato-beetle but
feeds also on tomatoes and various weeds . . Epicauta vittata.

Elytra without stripes on their middle 11.

11. Body , beneath, clothed with gray pubescence; elytra
in part or wholly pubescent 12.

Body, above and beneath, wholly black; outer spur
of hind tibia broader than the inner; length, .3 to .5 in.
During autumn on goldenrod especially; sometimes
injures garden asters Epicauta pennsylvanica.

12. Elytra wholly clothed with uniform, gray pubescence;
length, .4 to .75 in. On potatoes and other plants

Epicauta cinerea.
Elytra black, with gray margins and suture; see

Plate LXXXV. May be only a variety of cinerea

Epicauta marginata.

13. Antennae thread-like, the outer joints cylindrical.

Pyrota.

Antennae thicker toward the apex, the outer joints

oval or rounded. Two genera, which will probably not be

noticed: Pomphopcea, with a deeply indented labrum;

and Cantharis, with labrum only slightly indented.

392

SNOUT=BEETLES AND RELATIVES.

RniPIPHORIDiE

See p. 381. "A small family of wedge-shaped beetles
resembling the Mordellidae in general appearance. . . .
The adults occur on flowers and are much less common
than the Mordellids. The larvae that are known are
parasitic, some in the nests of wasps and others on cock-
roaches" (Blatchley). See Rhipiphoriis flavipennis on
Plate LXXXV.

RHYNCHOPHORA

This suborder, or series, has never been very popular.
Furthermore, the taxonomy is difficult (possibly one of the
main reasons for the unpopularity), and these two facts
are sufficient excuse for giving short treatment here.
Measurements of length are from the front margin of the
eye or head (not the tip of the beak) to the hindmost part
of the body. In giving the key to families, which is pre-
sented here in a slightly modified fonn, Blatchley and
Leng say: " In using this key the student must remember
that while the beak in many Curculionidas is so long,
slender, and cur\^ed downwards as to permit of immediately
placing them in their family position, there are other
species, especially in the Otiorhynchinag, whose broader
beaks would suggest their belonging to the Scolytidas or
Anthribids. In such cases, if the antennae are elbowed,
he must find the serrate [saw-toothed] tibiee that character-
ize the Scolytidas, or if straight, the flexible palpi that
characterize the Anthribidae; otherwise the specimen
does not belong to those families."

1. Beak rarely absent, usually longer than broad; tibiae
never with a series of teeth externally 2.

Beak absent or extremely short and broad; tibiae with a
series of teeth externally or, if these are wanting, with a
prominent curved spine at apex; antennas short, but little
longer than the head, always elbowed and with a compact
club; palpi rigid; body short, more or less cylindrical,
rarely oval Scolytid^ (p. 404).

2. Antennae straight, without a distinct club, though with
the outer joints often more or less thickened ; beak present,

393

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

at least in female, and pointing directly forward; form
usually very slender and elongate — Brenthid^ (p. 394).

Antennae straight or elbowed, always with a distinct

club 3.

3. Beak always short and broad; labrum (upper lip)
present; antennal club rarely compact; palpi flexible;
pronotum with a transverse, raised line at or near the
base Anthribid^ (p. 395).

Beak variable in length, often long and curved down-
wards; labrum absent except in the subfamily Rhinom-
acerinas; antennal club usually compact; palpi rigid

CURCULIONID^ (p. 395).

Brenthid.^

The only northern species seems to be Eupsalis minuta
(Plate LXXXVI). It varies in length from about .25
to nearly .75 in. The color varies from reddish-brown
to black; elytra with narrow, longitudinal, yellowish
spots, which are often united to form two or three cross-
bars. The length of the elytra is more than twice their
combined width, and the pronotum is longer than broad.
The mandibles of the male are curved, flattened, pointed,
toothed on the inner edge; those of the female are small
and pincer-shaped, at the end of a slender beak. The
female uses this beak to bore deep holes in the wood be-
neath the bark of dead trees and she frequently takes the
better part of a day at each hole, afterwards laying one
egg in it. It is said that a male stands guard during the
operation "occasionally assisting the female in extracting
her beak; this he does by stationing himself at a right
angle with her body, and by pressing his heavy prostemum
against the tip of her abdomen ; her stout forelegs serving
as a fulcrum and her long body as a lever. When the
beak is extracted, the female uses her antennae for freeing
the pincers or jaws of bits of wood or dust, the antenn£e
being furnished with stiff hairs and forming an excellent
brush. Should a strange male approach, a heavy contest
at once ensues, and continues imtil one or the other is
thrown from the tree. The successful party then takes his
station as guard" (Howard). The larvae make extensive

394

SNOUT=BEETLES AND RELATIVES.

galleries in the solid wood of oak, also of chestnut, maple,,
and other deciduous trees.

Anthribid^

Some recent authorities use the name Polystomidae.
These beetles are usually found on dead wood or on those
fungi which grow on trees. Little is known of their life
histories. Eurymycter fasciatus is about .3 in. long and
has a conspicuous patch of white pubescence on the beak
as well as a broad, white band across the elytra. Brachy-
tarsus sticticus is not over .15 in. long, and breeds in the
smut of com and wheat. Euparius marmoreus, sooty
brown mottled with gray, is very common on tough
fungus on fallen logs, its color matching well with its
surroundings.

CuRCULIONIDiE

Tliis is a very large family, more than 20,000 species
ha\T.ng been described to date. The maggot-like larv^ae
have no more than bristly elevations for legs; the front
part of the body is usually the thickest and, when at rest,
the larvas are usually curled like a C. Pupation usually
occurs where the larvas live but some species pupate in the
ground. Thirteen subfamilies are recognized as follows:

1. Antennae straight, the beak not grooved to receive
them 2.

Antennae more or less completely elbowed, the beak
grooved to receive them when at rest; antennal club
compact 9*

2. Antennal club composed of completely separated
joints 3»

Club composed of compactly united joints 6.

3. Thorax without side margin 4*

Thorax acutely margined and excavated beneath;

three abdominal segments show beyond tip of abdomen.
Pterocolinae, of which only Pterocolus ovatus is known from
the eastern United States. It is blue, less than .17 in.
long.

395

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

4. Labnmi present; palpi well developed, flexible; form
elongate-oval. Feed on the staminate flowers of conifers.

Rhinomacerinae.
Labmm absent; palpi short, rigid 5.

5. Mandibles flat, toothed on inner and outer sides;
tibiae with short terminal spurs at tip; claws free, bifid
or acutely toothed; form usually elongate-oval, somewhat
depressed. Rhynchitinaj. Rhynchites hicolor (elytra, pro-
notum and head, back of eyes, red, otherwise black; length
.25 in.) breeds in the "hips" of roses.

Mandibles stout, pincer-shaped ; tibiae armed at tip
with two strong hooks; claws united at base; form short-
oval, robust Attelabinas (p. 398).

6. Tip of abdomen covered by elytra; trochanters large,
femora attached to their apex; form pear-shaped; not over
.2 in. long. Apioninae. There are many species of Apion,
one of which is abundant in late summer on Wild Indigo.
Podapion gallicola makes rather spherical galls on pine
twigs, and is rare.

Tip of abdomen exposed ; trochanters small 7.

7. First joint of antennae longer than the second 8.

First joint of antennas no longer than the second;

beak short, broad; hind coxae very widely separated; legs
elongate, clasping; length less than .13 in. Tachygoninae,
the only genus being Tachygonus.

8. Hind femora very broad, their outer margin strongly
curved, wrinkled; beak very slender, cyHndrical; length
about .14 in. Allocorhyninae, Allocorhynus slossoni from
Florida being the only known eastern species.

Hind femora normal; beak short and broad; length .5
in. or more. Ithycerinae, the large Ithycerus novehoracensis
being the only known eastern species.

9. Antennal club usually ringed, not shining ; tarsi usually
dilated, third joint bilobed, brush-like beneath, though
narrow and setose in some more or less aquatic species;
abdomen of male with an extra anal segment 10.

Antennal club with its basal joint usually enlarged or
shining or both, feebly or not at all ringed; tarsi frequently
narrow, not brush-like beneath 12.

10. Prostemum simple, or grooved to receive the beak,
not forming a triangular plate in front of the coxae 11.

396

Plate LXXXVI

Conotrachelus
nenuphar

CQlondro

Calandro
oryzQ^

Bolaninus
proboscoiaeus

ElipSQllS

minuta

Scolytus ruqulosus

Attelobus.
rhois

397

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Prostemum forming a triangular plate in front of the
coxae; beak received in the breast in repose; tarsi narrow,
not dilated. Thecesteminae. Thecesternus humeralis of the
Mississippi Valley is the most eastern, known species.

1 1 . Beak never long and slender ; mandibles with a decidu-
ous cusp, leaving a scar Otiorhynchin^ (p. 399).

Beak usually elongate, slender or, if short and stout,
received in the breast in repose. . . . CurcuHoninas (p. 400).

12. Tip of abdomen covered by elytra. Cossoninae.
The shining, black species of Cossonus, about .25 in. long,
are sometimes found in numbers under bark.

Tip of abdomen not covered by elytra

Calandrinae (p. 403).

Attelabinse

This is a small family of small beetles. The larvae feed
on the inside of "houses" prepared for them by their
mothers. Pupation is said to take place underground. I
quote concerning Attelahus rhois (Plate LXXXVI) from
the Fifth Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission,
a most excellent account of insects injurious to forest and
shade trees by A. S. Packard. "The singular thimble-
like rolls of this weevil may be found in June and July
on the alder, and also occur on the hazel, according to
LeConte [I have found them in large numbers on hazel].
When about to lay her eggs, the female begins to eat a sHt
near the base of the leaf on each side of the midrib, and at
right angles to it, so that the leaf may be folded together.
Before beginning to roll up the leaf she gnaws the stem
nearly off, so that after the roll is made, and has dried
for perhaps a day, it is easily detached by the wind and
falls to the ground. When folding the leaf, she tightly
rolls it up, neatly tucking in the ends, until a compact,
cylindrical soHd mass of vegetation is formed. Before
the leaf is entirely rolled she deposits a single egg, rarely
two, in the middle next to the midrib, where it hes loosely
in a little cavity. While all this is going on her consort
stands near by and she occasionally runs to him to receive
his caresses, to again resume her work." As we have but a
single genus, Attelahus, and the habits are so interesting,

398

NEST-MAKINQ SNOUT-BEETLES.

a

modification of Blatchley and Leng's key to our species

is given.

1. Surface shiny; color, above, either mainly bright red

or black i' '••.'"•'* u *

Surface pubescent; dull red (rarely blackish m the
melanic northern form); length about .2 in rhois.

2. Elytra bright red (except see analis) 3-

Black, faintly bluish, with a reddish spot on each

shoulder; length usually not .17 in.; front femora with a
small, acute tooth. Nests in April and May, on oak. . . .

bipustulatus.

3. Front femora slender, not toothed in male; elytra,
pronotum, base of head, prostemum, and abdomen bright
red (variety similis is darker); rest of body, including
appendages, blue-black; length rarely less than .2 in. It
rolls the leaves of oak, possibly also of sumac, hickory,

and wahiut ^"^^f"

Front femora stout, two-toothed m males; color like
analis except that all of the under surface of the body is
usually dull red; length usually less than .2 in. Sumac is
probably its only food-plant although adults occur on oak
and other trees nigripes.

Otiorhynchiaae

Some authors give these insects the rank of a family,
Psallidiidse. The deciduous cusps of the mandibles,
mentioned in the key to subfamiHes, are teeth which are
probably useful to the beetle in getting out of the pupal
case. They are soon lost but leave a "scar, " often difficult
to make out, on the front of each mandible. Of the
numerous species, the following deserve special mention.

EpiccBrus imhricatus is a little less than .5 in. long;
greenish-brown; when fresh, there is a median, longitudinal
stripe of white scales on the pronotum, two irregular, white
cross-bands on the el>-tra; the under surface and legs are
nearly white. The adult feeds on a variety of plants,
sometimes defoliating strawberries.

Species of Otiorhynchus have two short, fixed spurs on
each hind tibia; the tarsi are dilated, spong\^-pubescent
beneath, the third joint deeply bilobed; the eyes are

399

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

rounded or slightly oval; the beak is as long as the head,
more or less dilated, and notched at the tip. 0. sulcatus
and ovatus have the hind femora distinctly toothed. 0.
sulcatus is brownish-black; about .3 in. long; the femoral
tooth is small and acute ; the prothorax is rather cylindrical ;
elytra with small, remote patches of short, yellowish hair;
the tip of the beak has a forked ridge. The larva eats off
the roots of strawberry and, in greenhouses, other plants.
It is usually not so troublesome in this way as ovatus,
which is shiny black with reddish-brown legs and antennae;
length a trifle less than .25 in.; the femoral tooth large; tip
of beak not ridged; prothorax rather globose; short, yellow-
ish hairs on the prothorax and also on the elytra. Neither
species have wings and both occur also in Europe. The
adults have a troublesome habit, shared by some other
weevils, of nibbling at tender shoots, causing serious
damage at times to ornamental shrubs.

Curculioninae

This subfamily contains the great majority of the
species, only a few of which can be mentioned here.

Hyper a [Phytonomous] punctata is the Clover-leaf Beetle.
The larvag hibernate in the stems and among the old
leaves of clover.

Many species of Listronotus and Hyperodes feed on
aquatic plants.

The genus Balaninus contains the Nut and Acorn Wee-
vils. The species have a bulky body and a long, slender
beak, which is longer than the body in the females of some
species. It is used for drilling holes in nuts or acorns in
order that eggs may be placed in the kernel. The mouth
parts at the end of the beak work vertically, instead of
horizontally. Davis has noted that squirrels are fond of
eating the larvae, slightly opening many acorns, only to
discard them if no larvae are present. B. prohoscideus
(Plate LXXXVI) is .3 in., or more, in length (the beak
is not included in these measurements) ; dark brown, densely
but irregularly clothed with yellowish, scale-like hairs;
the second antennal joint longer than the third ; the beak of
the female often nearly twice as long as the body. The

400

NUT AND ACORN WEEVILS.

female lays its eggs in chestnuts by drilling a hole through
the burr. When the nuts fall, the larvai leave to hibernate
underground, pupating the next July. The Lesser Chest-
nut Weevil, B. algonquimis, is rarely .33 in. long; black,
with brownish scales; pronotum with a paler line near
each side; elytra with numerous, pale, yellow spots, which
sometimes form bands; second antennal joint shorter than
the third ; beak of female nearly twice as long as the body.
It usually lays its eggs in the chestnuts after the burrs are
opened and the larvae remain there all winter, unless eaten.
B. carycB is the Hickory-nut and Pecan Weevil. The
adult is about .3 in. long; brownish, with sparse, yellowish
hairs. B. ohtusus is the Hazel-nut Weevil. The infested
nuts fall early. Most of our other species feed on acorns.
B. rectus has a beak which, in the female, is nearly twice
the length of the body but in the other acom-eating species
the beak is relatively shorter. B. rectus has "the habit,
not known in the other species, of sealing the egg-hole
with excrement, thus forming a whitish spot."

TacJiypterus [A nthonomus] quadrigihhus is the Apple
Curculio. It is dark red; about .17 in. long; pronotum
with tliree lines of white pubescence; each elytron with
two prominent tubercles toward the back. The larvae
feed for about three weeks in the flesh of green apples and
pupate there. Even more damage is done by the adults
which feed on tender shoots or puncture the ripening fruit
in order to feed, causing it to become "dimpled and
gnarled." Adults hibernate.

Anthonomus signatus is the Strawberry Weevil. It is
not over .13 in. long. The injury is done by the females,
which lay their eggs in the strawberry buds and then cut
the stems so that the buds fall to the ground. A nthonomus
grandis, the Cotton-boll Weevil, has cost Texas alone more
than $150,000,000. It is a Mexican insect that spread
northward throughout practically the whole of the cotton
belt, due to the short-sightedness of legislatures in neither
appropriating sufficient money nor passing stringent enough
laws to control it at the start.

Ampeloglypter sesostris is pale reddish-brown, about
.12 in. long. It lays its eggs in grape canes, giving rise
to galls about tv/ice the diameter of the cane and an inch
26 401

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

or so long, with a deep scar on one side. There are usually
a number of these galls in a row. A. ater is much like it,
but black. Its female also lays her eggs in grapevines but,
instead of putting them in a longitudinal line, she deposits
them in a circle around the cane, girdling the vine so that
it breaks off.

Trichobaris trinotata is about .14 in. long; black, with
white, scale-like hairs, except on the scutellum and two
spots on the pronotum. Its larva is the Potato-stalk
Borer but it also lives in nettle.

Craponius incequalis, the Grape Curculio, is not over
.13 in. long; dark brown, with scattered patches of whitish
hairs. The hibernated adults feed on grape leaves until
the berries are about a fourth grown when the female lays
her eggs in them, the larvae feeding on the seeds, and
dropping to the ground to pupate under stones, and the
like, or just below the surface.

Ceutorhyncus rapcB larvae live in the seed stalks of
cabbage but more often in wild Crucifers.

Conotrachelus nenuphar (Plate LXXXVI) is the Plum
Curculio but it breeds also in peach, cherry, and apple,
causing an annual loss in the United States of more than
$8,000,000. It is about .25 in. long; dark brown, varied
with black; pubescence brownish-yellow, forming a curved,
forked line on each side of the pronotimi ; an elytral band of
yellow and white hairs back of the middle. "The adults
hibernate, and issue from their winter quarters about
the time the trees are in bloom, feeding on the tender
foliage, buds, and blossoms. Later they attack the newly
set fruit, cutting small circular holes through the skin
in feeding, while the females, in the operation of egg-laying,
make the small, crescent-shaped punctures so commonly
found on plums and other stone fruits. The egg, deposited
under the skin of the fruit, soon hatches into a very small
whitish grub, which makes its way into the flesh of the
fruit. Here it feeds greedily and grows rapidly, becoming,
in the course of a fortnight, the fat, dirty white 'worm'
so well known to fruit growers. When the larva obtains
full growth, which requires some twelve to eighteen days,
it bores its way out of the fruit and enters the soil, where it
forms an earthen cell in which to pupate."

402

BILL-BUGS AND QRAIN=WEEVILS.

Strawberry plants are often dwarfed or killed by the
larvae of Tyloderma fragrance, which mine out the interior
of the crown.

Calandrinae

This rather small group, also called Rhynchophoridas,
of usually large (relative to other Curculionidas) beetles
are the Bill-Bugs and Grain- Weevils. The larvas of the
larger species bore into the stems of plants; those of the
smaller ones feed on seeds and grain. Rhynchophorus
cruentatus is usually more than .75 in. long, shiny black
or partly red, and lives in the cabbage palmetto of the
Southern States. It is the largest of our species. The
antennal club is wedge-shaped in Rhodobcenus (third tarsal
joint broad, spongy beneath, the brush narrowly divided)
and Sphenophorus (this joint smooth, at least in the
middle) ; the species of each are .2 in., or more, long. The
antennal club of Calandra is oval, and the species are
smaller. Rhodobcsnus ij-punctatus is black beneath;
above, red with five black spots on the pronotum and a
number of more or less confluent ones on the elytra. It
breeds in the stems of a variety of weeds. An allied species
attacks sugar cane in the West Indies.

^ , , There are a large number of species, and

Sphenophorus .

their differentiation is difficult. "The

corn bill-bugs (or 'elephant bugs'), as the species of
Sphenophorus are commonly called, pass the winter in the
imago [adult] stage among dead leaves and rubbish, and
lay eggs early in the following summer, beginning probably
in May. The larvae hatch in June, feed on the bulbous
roots of grasses and grass-like plants, including com,
pass into the pupal stage in July, and begin to emerge as
imagoes late in July, continuing into August and possibly
for some time thereafter. The normal food plants are
wild grasses, especially those with bulbous roots" (Blatch-
ley and Leng).

403

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Two cosmopolitan species may be men-
tioned. C. granaria, probably the first
beetle to attract man's notice, is about .13 in. long; chest-
nut-brown to black, moderately shining; the pronotum
with coarse, oval punctures; the elytra with small punctures
in the longitudinal grooves. It is wingless and is found
about granaries or wherever grain goes. The larvae live
inside the kernels, a single grain of wheat being food
enough for one. This does not sound very destructive,
but the females are prolific and there are from three to
probably more than six generations a 3'ear. Authorities
have estimated that its food costs us about twenty million
dollars a year. C. oryzcs (Plate LXXXVI) is called the
Rice Weevil and is probably a native of India but now
infests all sorts of stored grain in this country. It is less
than .13 in. long; reddish-brown to black, not shining;
each elytron with two reddish spots. It is more apt to be
found in crackers and packages of cereals than is granaria.

ScOLYTIDiE

The U. S. Department of Agriculture has stated that if
the timber destroyed by Scolytidae in the United States
during the past fifty years were hving to-day, its stumpage
value would be more than $1,000,000,000. For the most
part, these beetles live between the bark and the wood,
making galleries which are often quite characteristic of the
particular species that fashioned them and which cause
the insects to be called Engraver Beetles. The insects
are small and their taxonomy is difficult. The eyes are
usually oblong (see Bostrychid^e). The following sub-
families have been recognized.

1. Anterior tarsi with the first joint longer than the next
three combined. Platypodinae, of which our only genus is
Platypus. They frequently come to light in the Southern
States.

Anterior tarsi with first joint shorter than the next'
three combined 2.

2. Anterior tibiae with a prominent process on the outer
apical angle Scolytinae.

Anterior tibias without such a process Ipinae.

404

ENGRAVER BEETLES.

Scolytus rugulosus (Plate LXXXVI), the Fniit-tree
Bark-beetle, is typical of the Scolytinae. The numerous
small "worm-holes," which make the outside of the bark
look as if it had received a load of shot, are formed by the
adults in boring out. Each female then burrows in at a
new place and eats a vertical tunnel partly in the bark and
partly in the sap-wood. Along the sides of this tunnel
she makes small pockets and puts an egg in each. The
young larvae tunnel at right angles to the "broad burrow"
and each pupates at the end of its own burrow. When the
adults emerge from these pupae, they bore straight out
and so give the tree the " shot " appearance. If the insects
are very numerous, their galleries girdle the tree and it
dies, although it happens that this particular species
usually works in trees that are dying from some other
cause. S. 4-spinosus terribly damages the hickory trees
near New York and its "bird-shot" emergence holes are a
common sight.

The subfamily Ipinas contains most of our species.
Their food-habits are various but they usually live in
trees, some in the solid wood instead of just beneath the
bark. It should be said that many, especially those living
in diseased wood, seem to feed more on the fungus ("am-
brosia") which grows in their galleries than they do on the
wood. Probably emerging females carry, but not inten-
tionally, the spores of these fungi when they leave their
childhood homes to start new establishments.

Strepsiptera

These curious creatures are put in a separate order, as
here, by some good authorities, while others class them as a
family, Stylopidas, of heteromerous beetles. They are all
parasitic upon other insects. The females are wingless
and Plate LXXXV shows one sticking out of the abdomen
of a wasp. The same plate shows a typical winged male,
greatly enlarged.

405

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Hymenoptera

To the layman these are the Saw-flies, Ants, Bees, and
Wasps; the last-mentioned name referring principally to
the Vespoidea and Sphecoidea, and only in a hazy way to
the large number of other Hymenoptera which are neither
ants nor bees. The State Geological and Natural History
Survey of Connecticut has recently published a large
Guide to the Hymenoptera of that State by H. L. Viereck
and others. The more special students of taxonomy are
referred to this and from it I have drawn freely for the
few remarks on classification which space permits us.

The notes on wing-venation refer to the front wings.
The following names (see the text-figure) are the ones

used here: -4, stigma; 5, costal vein; C, subcostal vein;
Dy marginal vein; E, transverse cubital veins; F, basal
vein; G and H, first and second recurrent veins; /, subdis-
coidal vein ; /, discoidal vein ; K, cubital vein ; a, marginal
cell; 6, median cell; c, d, e, and/, first, second, third, and
fourth submarginal or cubital cells;- g, submedian cell;
h, i, j, first, second, and third discoidal cells.

Hymenoptera are divided into a number of super-
families, which may be roughly characterized as follows,
the order not being natural but for convenience.

406

ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS.

(a) TENTHREDINOIDEA.— No marked constriction
between the thorax and abdomen, the abdomen being
broadly joined to the thorax; trochanters (the part between
the basal joint and the long femur) two-jointed. Saw-
flies; see p. 408.

In the groups & to j there is a marked constriction
between the thorax and abdomen, the two being joined
by a relatively thin stem (petiole or pedicel), which may
be either very short or long.

(b) CHALCIDOI DBA.— Usually less than an eighth of
an inch in length and metallic in appearance; trochanters
two-jointed; antennas elbowed, with one or more ring-like
segments between the shaft and lash; wings, if any, with
but few veins; wingless forms with indistinct or no ocelli;
female's ovipositor issuing from the ventral surface of the
abdomen some distance before the tip. See p. 414.

(c) SERPHOIDEA.— The Pelecinidas have one-jointed
trochanters; abdomen, and also antennae, long and slender;
black; front wings with no closed submarginal cells. The
others have two- jointed trochanters; body not metallic,
usually black with sometimes brown or red; antennae
straight or, if elbowed, without the ring-like segments;
the wingless forms with distinct ocelli; ovipositor issuing
from the tip of the abdomen. See p. 415.

(d) CYNIPOIDEA. — Trochanters two-jointed; antennae
with not more than 16 joints; front wings, if present,
without stigma (a thickening of the costal vein at about
two-thirds of the way along the front margin of the front _
wing) but usually with one or more closed cells; antennae
straight; body "flea-like." See p. 414.

(e) ICHNEUMONOIDEA.— Trochanters two-jointed
(except in rare forms); antennas with more than 16 joints;
front wings, if present, with a stigma and one or more
closed cells; antennas straight. See p. 411.

In groups / to j the trochanters are always one-jointed.

(/) CHRYSIDOIDEA.— Only three abdominal segments
visible; bright green, bluish, or golden; antennae short and
elbowed; front wings with no closed submarginal cells.
See p. 424.

(g) FORMICOIDEA.— First apparent abdominal seg-
ment (sometimes also the second) forming a lens-shaped

407

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

scale or knot, strongly differentiated from the rest of the
abdomen. (In what follows I will leave off the word
"apparent"; really the first abdominal segment of all
but the Tenthredinoidea is so closely fused to the thorax
that it does not appear as part of the abdomen and may,
for practical purposes, be forgotten.) The Formicoidea
are the True Ants and the workers are always wingless.
Seep. 415.

In groups h toj the petiole is not scale-like or nodiform;
body often hairy.

(h) APOIDEA.— First segment of hind tarsus (basi-
or metatarsus) expanded, flattened, and usually very
hairy; trochanters one-jointed; many of the hairs branched;
adults always winged. Bees; see p. 439.

In groups i and j (as well as in other Hymenoptera
which are not bees), the basitarsus is not as described for
bees and the body-hairs are not branched.
, (i) VESPOIDEA.— Pronotum extending back so that
its hind angles or tubercles touch or reach above the
tegulae (scale-like bodies, one in front of the base of each
wing) ; wingless forms are densely hairy; some of the winged
forms fold the front wings longitudinally when at rest.
Seep. 425.

(J) SPHECOIDEA. — Hind angles of pronotum remote
from tegulae and on a lower level (this is true also of the
bees); never wingless; front wings never folded. See
p. 430.

TENTHREDINOIDEA

The ovipositor of the female Saw-fly consists of an
external, flattened plate on each side ("saw-guides")
and two flattened, pointed, yellowish plates ("saws")
between them. The larvae either feed on the leaves of
plants or within their stems, including tree-trunks; some
of them make galls. Saw-fly larvae have only one oceUus
on each side of the head, whereas caterpillars have several;
also their abdominal legs, if present, do not have the circles
of booklets possessed by Lepidoptera. The larvae of
Siricidae and Cephidae are practically legless; when saw-
fly larvae have abdominal legs, there is always a pair on

40S

Plate LXXXVII

Cimbex omericonQ

urotoma
fosciato

, , PteronJdea
Tremex col umbo ribe^i

409

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

the fifth segment; larvae of some of the Tenthredinidae
have as many as eleven pairs of legs, including those on
the thorax.

Our few species of Xyelid^ may be known by their
antennae: the third of the more than three segments
usually being longer than all the following segments put
together. The larvae feed externally on various trees.

The hind margin of the pronotum of the Pamphiliid^e
is scarcely indented. A common species is Neurotoma
fasciata (Plate LXXXVII) whose larvae web the leaves
of wild cherry.

In the following families the pronotum is frequently so
indented that the middle portion seems absent.

The anterior tibiae of the Tenthredinid^ have two
apical spurs, while those of the following families have
but one. This is a very large family, including most of
the saw-flies. The following notes on larval food-habits
are merely suggestive: Diprion on conifers; Dolerus are
grass-feeders; Endelomyia cethiops is a common rose-leaf
pest; Calichroa cerasi is the cherry and pear "slug";
Ciinbex americana (Plate LXXXVII) is the big, white
larva, common on willow, also found on elm, poplar,
and linden; Cladius pectinicornis on roses in spring, also
on clematis; Diphadnus appendiculatus is the Gooseberry
Saw-fly; Euura and Pontania make galls on willow;
Pteronidea rihesi (Plate LXXXVII) is the common Cur-
rant-worm, also on gooseberry; Monophadnoides ruhi
is the Raspberry Saw-fly; Erythraspides pygmcBa on grape.

The antennas of the ORYSSiDiE are situated just above
the mandibles under a transverse ridge which conceals
their bases. The larva of Oryssus sayi bores in maple.

The Cephid^ are slender saw-flies of rather soft texture.
The larvae of Janus integer tunnel the pith of currants; of
Adirus trimaculatiis bore in the stems of blackberry; and of
Cephus pygmceus in wheat.

410

SAW-FLIES. PARASITIC WASPS.

The XiPHYDRiiD.E are moderate-sized creatures with
quite a long neck; the ovipositor is cyhndrical; the last
dorsal plate of the abdomen (see Siricidae) does not end in a
triangular or lance-shaped process.

The SiRiciD^ are the Horn-tails. The last dorsal
plate of the abdomen ends in a triangular or lance-shaped
process. These insects are wood-borers and sometimes
emerge in our houses from fire-wood or even furniture.

The adult Pigeon Tremex is well repre-
Jolumbl rented in Plate LXXXVII. It is also

called Horn-tail. The cylindrical larva,
with three pairs of legs near its head and a "horn" near
the other end, bores in the trunks of diseased maple, elm,
and other trees. It pupates in the larval burrow after
making a cocoon of silk and chips. On emerging, the
adult leaves a hole about the diameter of a lead pencil.

ICHNEUMONOIDEA

This is one of the most important groups of insects, from
an economic standpoint, but the classification of its species
is no task for any but the speciaHst. Many millions of
these ichneumon "wasps" are working every year, with
the assistance of other parasitic insects, in keeping down
insect pests and insects which might be pests. To be
sure, others, as "secondary parasites," prey upon the foes
of our foes, and it is one of the problems of professional
economic entomologists to know one from the other;
but in this group so much depends on the general looks of a
species, its "habitus," that experience and named collec-
tions are necessary to easy identification.

The easiest family to recognize, in a general way, is the
EvANiiDiE; the abdomen appears to be joined to the top,
instead of to the end, of the thorax. Evania urbana and
appendigaster (Plate LXXXVIII) have blunt abdomens
and breed in the eggs of cockroaches.

Plate XXXVIII shows the cocoons of one of the
Braconid^ on a Sphingid caterpillar. The lan^as live

411

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

within the caterpillar but come out and pupate just before
their host dies. Bunches of such cocoons are often found
fastened on plants; these belong to species which leave
their host before pupating. Other species live in plant-
lice, pupating within their host's dead body and cutting
a neat, circular hole through the abdominal wall when
emerging. Usually a member of the superfamily Ichneu-
monoidea which has no more than two apparent, dorsal,
abdominal segments is a Brachonid, especially if the cut-
ting edge of the mandibles be turned inwardly.

The family IcHNEUMONiDiE includes the largest and
most frequently noticed species. The first abdominal
segment is broadened or bulbous, not cylindrical. Fre-
quently a promising Satumid cocoon contains one of these,
Opliion macrurum (Plate LXXXVIII), instead of its
rightful owner. The Ophion larva, which was feeding
inside the caterpillar, allowed its host to live until the
cocoon was made, then killed the maker, spun a dense,
brownish cocoon of its own as an additional protection,
and pupated.

,, , A more commonly used name is Thalessa.

xVl6£rfl.r£ivssfl

Most of the female Ichneumonoidea carry

their ovipositors protruding from the tip of their body,
but the ovipositors in this genus are long, even when
compared with the large size of insects. They are parasi-
tic upon wood-boring larvae, such as Tremex, and are, in
turn, parasitized by Ihalia. Delicate as the ovipositor
seems to be, the female is able, with it, to pierce solid
wood in order to deposit an egg in the burrow of the Tremex
within the tree's trunk (Plate LXXXVIII). I do not
know how the females decide where to bore. The egg is
not necessarily laid near the Tremex larva but the burrow
must be reached and this is rarely, if ever, half an inch
wide. Because of the popular interest in the subject,
I assure you that the creature does not sting and give a
modification of Mr. Viereck's key to some of our species.

1. Wings without dark patches 2.

Wings with dark patches; more than .75 in. long 4.

2. More than .75 in. long; exserted portion of ovipositor
usually at least twice the length of the body 3.

412

Plate LXXXVIII

Spilochalcis moriiS^ ' '^^'polyt^urator

413

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Less than .75 in. long; thorax and abdomen entirely
black nitida.

3. Female mostly blackish, with fuscous (smoky) wings;
male mostly dark brown, with a dark, median stripe or
area on the hind end of the thorax atrata.

Both sexes mostly pale brown; wings not fuscous;
abdomen with yellow, lateral stripes, at least in the female ;
male without the dark marking on the end of the thorax.

nortoni.

4. Exserted portion of the ovipositor not much longer
than the body; front wings not dark brown except in and
near the marginal cell greenei.

Exserted portion of the ovipositor two times, or
more, as long as the body; front wings dark brown along
the basal vein and elsewhere lunator.

CYNIPOIDEA

There are several families in this group, the largest and
most interesting being the Cynipidae. They are largely gall-
makers; see p. 457 and Amphibolips, Plate LXXXVIII.
Some Cynipoidea, such as Ibalia, the largest of our Cyni-
poids and parasitic on Megarliyssa, are parasitic; others,
although breeding in galls, do not have any part in making
them but merely feed on the plant tissue which grew be-
cause of the activities of another insect. Some of the
Cynipid gall-makers have an interesting alternation of
generations: adults of generation A produce a certain
kind of gall from which hatches generation B; adults of
B differ from those of A and make a different kind of gall
but their offspring are A, starting the cycle over again.
This matter has not been worked out for the American
species.

CHALCIDOIDEA

A few, such as Isosoma, the "joint-worms" of grain,
are plant feeders. As a rule, they are parasitic, a large
number of them being secondary parasites, that is parasitic
upon parasitic insects. The fact that, in many instances,
an individual gets its entire nourishment from a single

414

THE SMALLEST INSECTS.

insect egg or a single scale-insect indicates the small size
of many species. Others feed on larger prey as, for in-
stance, Pteromalus puparum on the cabbage-worm. Only
last week a small boy brought in numbers of the yellow
Spilochalcis maricB (Plate LXXXVIII) which had come out
of cecropia cocoons he had gathered.

SERPHOIDEA

This superfamily is made up of the PROCTOTRYPiDiE
and Pelecinid^ of the older system of classification and
is now divided into a number of different families. Almost,
or quite, all are parasitic. Although they are nearly all
small, some being, in fact, the smallest of our insects and
practically invisible to the naked eye, Pelecinus polyturator
(Plate LXXXVIII) is quite large. It is the only species
of Pelecinidae v/ithin the geographic limits of this book,
and is parasitic upon the larvae of May beetles, Phyllophaga.
The elongate abdomen of the female enables her to reach
the underground larvae; the more normally shaped male is
quite rare. The small Proctotrupidae breed in the eggs
of various insects, some even swimming with their wings
under water to reach the eggs of aquatic forms.

FORMICOIDEA

There is only one family, Formicid^, of Ants. In
addition to males and sexual females, nearly every species
has modified females, which rarely reproduce. These
are the workers. There may be more than one sort of
worker, in which case they are usually much alike except
in size but some may be differentiated as "soldiers." It
is the workers which we ordinarily see and, as they never
have wings, many people think that all ants are wingless.
However, the sexual forms, which are usually produced
but once a year, are fully winged and indulge in a nuptial
flight. After it, the males die but the females lose their
wings and settle down to the sta3^-at-home task of produc-
ing offspring. The rearing of all except the first of these
offspring is attended to by the old-maid daughters unless

415

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

the species has learned the trick of keeping servants
("slaves"). The pupae of some species are enclosed in
cocoons (the "ant's eggs" of commerce); those of others
are naked.

Ants may be kept alive as pets. To do this, be sure that
you secure a queen; many workers to take care of things
are not required and, in fact, an unattended queen v/ill
often rear attendants, especially if she be young and
fertile. Things go more smoothly if the workers have
eggs, larv£e, and pupas to start with. The simplest
formicarium is a goblet set in a pan of water; in this case
considerable earth is necessary and one can not well see
what is going on. Janet used a plaster box much like the
one described on p. i6 except that he had several com-
municating chambers; three covers are desirable: a glass
one having a hole over each chamber (not strictly neces-
sary), pieces of glass to cover each of these holes, and an
opaque cover to all but one chamber (the feeding one).
The Fielde nest is made from two pieces of glass, one for
top and one for bottom ; the walls are made from strips of
glass (laid flat) or of heavy toweling, the feeding door
being a plug of cotton; there should be an opaque cover
for top and bottom of all but the feeding chamber ; moisture
is supplied by wetting a slice of sponge in the feeding
chamber. A little soil (or rotten wood) may be put in the
Janet nest and should be in the Fielde nest. Feed sugar,
bits of meat, fruit, or something of the sort.

The habits of ants are both interesting and diversified.
Of the many books devoted wholly, or in large part, to
them, by far the best is Prof. W. M. Wheeler's, published
by the Columbia University Press under the title of Ants:
Their Structure, Development, and Behavior. The following
key to the principal genera of our region refers only to
workers and, since it does not include all of the genera, no
surprise need be felt if all of your specimens do not fit. I
hope they will not fit in the wrong place. Following it
are a few notes to serve as starters. The key and notes'
are largely extracts from Wheeler's chapter in the Hymen-
optera of Connecticut.

416

KEY TO GENERA OF ANTS.

1. Cloacal orifice ventral, slit-shaped 7.

Cloacal orifice terminal, circular, surrounded by a

fringe of hairs; abdominal pedicel consisting of only a
single segment; no constriction between the first and
second gastric segments (The gaster is the swollen portion
of the abdomen); pupae usually enclosed in a cocoon.
Camponotinas 2.

2. Antennae 9-jointed Bracliymyrmex.

More than 9 antennal joints 3.

3. Workers strongly polymorphic, i. e., some large-
headed, some small-headed, and some intermediate ....

Camponotus.

Workers not polymorphic though often of variable

size 4.

4. Clypeal depression (The clypeus is the lower part of
the face; the labrum, or lip, is attached to it.) distinctly
separated from antennal depression Prenolepis.

Clypeal depression confluent with antennal depres-
sion 5.

5. Second to fifth joints of fimiculus (the antenna
beyond the first joint; the "lash") not longer than succeed-
ing joints; ocelli usually absent ^ Lasius.

These joints longer than the succeeding; ocelli distinct;
fourth joint of maxillary palpi a little longer than fifth. ... 6.

6. Mandibles with broad, dentate, apical border . Formica.
Mandibles narrow, falcate, and pointed. .Polyergus.

7. Sting developed, sometimes very small but still
exsertile; pedicel consisting of one or two segments (when
of only one, a distinct constriction between first and
second gastric segments) 9.

Sting vestigial; pedicel with one segment; no con-
striction between first and second gastric segments; often
with a peculiar, rancid-butter odor; pupae naked. Doli-
choderinas 8.

8. Chitinous integument hard and brittle, often strongly
sculptured; thorax and petiole often spinose or angular.

Dolichoderus.

Integument thin and flexible, smooth or very finely

sculptured; thorax and petiole unarmed; scale of petiole

vestigial or absent Tapinoma.

27 417

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

9. Pupae naked; abdominal pedicel consisting of two
segments 10.

Pupas enclosed in cocoons; pedicel with one segment;
gaster with a distinct constriction between its first and
second segments; frontal ridges separated or, if close
together, dilated to form oblique or horizontal plates
partly covering insertions of antennae. Ponerinas, of
which Ponera coarctata is our common species. It nests
under stones and in rotten logs in open woods and along
hedges.

10. Frontal ridges very close together, almost vertical,
not at all covering antennal insertions; eyes always
very small or absent; tropical or subtropical. Dor^'linae.

Frontal ridges of a different conformation and cover-
ing antennal insertions; eyes rarely vestigial or absent.
Myrmicinag. In the following, workers are developed and
clypeus usually extends back between frontal ridges .... 11.

11. Postpetiole joined to upper surface of gaster, which is
flattened above, more convex below, and pointed at tip.

Cremasto gaster,

Postpetiole joined to front end of gaster, which

is of the usual shape; antennal club consisting of several

joints, or antennae not i i-jointed 12.

12. Antennae lo-jointed, with a 2-jointed club . . Solenopsis.
Antennal club, when developed, with more than

two joints 13.

13. Posterior margin of clypeus elevated in the form of a
welt, bordering antennal depression in front; antennas
of workers with 11 (sub-genus Xiphomyrmex) or 12 joints,
of male lo-jointed Tetramorium.

Posterior border of clypeus not thus elevated 14.

14. Antennae i i-jointed 15.

Antennae 12-jointed 16.

15. Thorax and petiole without any traces of teeth or
spines; pronotum never angular; petiole distinctly pedun-
culate Monomorium. -

Epinotum (posterior part of thorax, above) armed
with spines or teeth. Leptothorax (see 19); Symmyrmica,
which fits here, may also be found.

16. Workers strongly dimorphic, usually without inter-

418

Plate LXXXIX

Monomor
phoraonis

Camponotus pennsylvanicus

Work ^nat

zl'TO

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

mediates; antennal club 3-jointed, longer than remainder

of funiculus Pheidole.

Workers monomorphic or polymorphic, i. e., with
intermediates; antennal club indistinct or shorter than
remainder of funiculus 17.

17. Last three antennal joints much shorter than re-
mainder of funiculus and not forming a distinct club;
back of thorax with an impressed suture 18.

Last three antennal joints forming a distinct club
nearly as long as remainder of funiculus 19.

18. Spurs of hind tibiae comb-like Myrmica.

Spurs of hind tibiae simple; eyes well developed;

no keels on clypeus; workers monomorphic . .Aphcsnogaster.

19. Clypeus with a pair of ridges which usually project
forward in the form of teeth Monomorium.

Clypeus of a different conformation, rarely 2-toothed ;
postpetiole constricted behind LeptotJiorax (see 15).

Monomorium pharaonis (Plate LXXXIX) is the little
red or 3^ellow ant which is often abundant in our houses.
A native of the Old World, it is now widely distributed.
M. minimum is very small and jet-black. It makes small
crater nests in sandy places. The workers move in files,
visiting plants in search of honey-dew and the secretion of
the extrafioral nectaries.

Solenopsis molesta. The minute, yellow workers are
common in open, grassy places where they may have nests
of their own under stones or they may tunnel the walls
of nests belonging to larger ants, stealing their food.

Pheidole pilifera is a true harvesting ant, storing the cham-
bers of its nests with seeds, especially of grass. The huge-
headed soldiers undoubtedly function as seed-crushers.

Cremastogaster lineolata (Plate LXXXIX), in several
varieties, is very common under stones, boards, etc. It
often makes paper-Hke partitions in its nest or over aphids
and coccids on plants — "cow sheds." The workers, which
have a disagreeable odor, move about in loose files and
often carry the triangular gaster over the thorax with the
tip turned forward.

Aphcsnogaster (several species) is usually found in shady
woods, in rotten wood, and imder stones.

420

ANTS.

Myrmica punctiventris has coarse, scattered punctures
on the first gastric segment; scabrinodis and its varieties
have the antennal scape toothed or lobed at base; brevm-
odis, and its varieties, have the scape merely curved. The
latter is host to species of Leptothorax and nests in bog-
hummocks.

Leptothorax emersoni obtains its food by licking the
surfaces and mouth parts of the Myrmica workers, and
brings up its brood in little cells which communicate, by
means of slender galleries, with the larger chambers and
runways of Myrmica. L. curvispinosus nests in hollow
twigs, empty galls, etc.; it is yellow, with two dark spots
on the first gastric segment.

Tetramorium ccespitum (Plate LXXXIX), from Eiirope,
occurs on lawns and in greenhouses.

Dolichoderus marice has a bright red head and thorax.
It forms large colonies, nesting in sandy places about the
roots of grasses and bushes. The workers ascend trees in
files and attend aphids and coccids. The colonies of D.
plagiatus are small; the head and thorax are coarsely
punctate and the gaster has large, yellowish-red spots.

Tapinoma sessile nests imder things, usually in sunny
places. The larv£e and pupae are salmon-colored.

Brachymyrmex heeri depilis is ver}^ small. It nests
under stones in shady woods and attends coccids on the
roots of plants.

Prenolepis imparls makes small crater nests in oak
woods, especially on clayey soil. The workers visit trees
for the purpose of attending aphids, obtaining the secre-
tion of extrafloral nectaries, etc. After imbibing these
liquids, the gaster often becomes so distended that it is
four or five times its normal size and the insects w^alk
with difficulty. In this replete condition imparts workers
may be said to represent a temporary stage of the more
extraordinary enlargement of the gaster seen in the honey
ants (Myrmecocystus) of the Southwestern States and
Mexico. The males and females of imparis often pass the
winter in the parental nest and celebrate their nuptial
flight early in the spring.

Lasius niger americanus (Plate LXXXIX) has 6- jointed
maxillary palpi, the last three joints being elongated and

421

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

of nearly equal length; scapes and legs without erect hairs.
"This ant, which passes in much of our entomological
literature as L. alienus, is not only the commonest of our
numerous species of Lasius, but the most abundant of
our ants, and hence, of all our insects. It occurs over the
whole of North America, except the extreme southern and
southwestern portions, from timberline on the highest
mountains to the sands of seashore. Even in circum-
scribed localities it shows, in its nesting sites, great adapt-
ability to different physical conditions, from the damp
rotten wood of dense forests to the sandy soil of dry, sunny
roads. Usually the workers living in the latter stations
are much paler in color than the woodland forms. The
nests are indifferently under bark, logs, or stones, in rotten
wood or in soil. When in the open soil, they are sur-
moimted by small single or clustered craters. Like all
of our other species of Lasius, L. niger var. americanus
is much given to cultivating root aphids in the chambers
and galleries of its nests; but, with the exception of the
variety neoniger [scapes and legs beset with erect hairs],
it is the only one of our forms that is not exclusively sub-
terranean in its habits."

A few of the species of Formica may be separated as
follows:

1. Clypeus with a notch in middle of anterior border.
F. sanguinea; var. suhintegra is light red, with brown
gaster, and var. rubicunda, among others, is deep red, with
black gaster.

Clypeus without such notch 2.

2. Posterior border of head broadly excised

F. exsectoides.
Posterior border of head not excised 3.

3. Body rather stout; head of larger workers usually
but little longer than broad; second to third funicular
joints much more elongated than sixth to eighth ; color red,
with brown or black gaster 4.

Body more slender and graceful; head of larger
workers distinctly longer than broad; second to third
funicular joints but little more elongated than sixth to

eighth; color rarely as in preceding 5.

422

I

SLAVES AND SLAVE-MAKERS.

4. Petiole broad, with sharp upper border; body and
lower surface of head without erect hairs

F. truncicola Integra.

Petiole narrow, thick, and blunt above

F. difficilis consocians.

5. Middle funicular joints more than one and a half
times as long as broad; scape very slender and nearly
straight; petiole with convex anterior and posterior sur-
faces, and blunt upper margin; body smooth and rather
shining P- pallide-fulva.

Middle funicular joints usually less than one and a
half times as long as broad; scape distinctly curved at
base; posterior surface of petiole flat; body more densely
pubescent F' fusca.

F. sanguinea usually nests under stones in grassy places
along the edges of woods. It obtains slaves, or auxiliary
workers, by kidnapping the larvae and pupae of fusca
subsericea.

F. exsectoides occurs chiefly in the Alleghanies. It
nests in and imder moimds which it constructs of earth
and vegetable debris. Not only are these mounds often
three or four feet in diameter and a foot or two high, but a
single colony often extends over several mounds. The
females get a start by estabHshing their colonies in de-
pauperate colonies of fusca subsericea. It feeds partly,
at least, on dead insects.

F. truncicola integra is our largest and most conspicuous
form of truncicola. The nests are in piles of large stones or
in old logs and stumps; they are stuffed with bits of grass
and leaves. Like most other species of Formica, integra
is much given to attending aphids. It is most abundant
in hilly regions, where it prefers clearings in the forests.

The females of F. difficilis consocians, which are yellow
and hardly larger than the largest workers, are temporary
parasites in the nests of schaufussi var. incerta. Soon after
fertilization the queen seeks adoption in some depauperate
and probably queenless colony of incerta and there permits
her hosts to bring up her young. Later the incerta workers
die off, leaving the consocians as a pure and independent
colony, which grows rapidly in size and shows no evidence

423

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

of its parasitic origin. The nests resemble those of Integra
but are smaller.

The subspecies, schaufussi (Plate LXXXIX), of F.
pallide-fulva, is yellowish or reddish-brown, gaster but little
darker; it has erect hairs on the lower surface of the head
and on the petiolar border. It is one of the commonest
species of Formica and nests in rather small colonies under
stones or in small, obscure mound-nests in sunny, grassy
fields. Its food consists largely of dead insects and the
excrement of aphids. See Polyergus lucidus.

Formica fusca var. suhsericea is extremely common.
Its habits are much like those of schaufussi and, like it,
suhsericea is very timid. As the preceding notes show, it
is a very convenient creature for its relatives.

Polyergus lucidus (Plate LXXXIX) is called the "shin-
ing slave-maker" or "shining amazon." Its slaves are
bred from pupae of Formica schaufussi, which are taken
from their maternal nests by the warlike lucidus workers.
The latter are quite unable to feed themselves, excavate
their nests, or care for their own brood, but have to depend
for these important activities on the schaufussi workers.
Hence the ants of this species are quite unable to live an
independent life and may be regarded as permanently
parasitic on fragments of schaufussi colonies which they
bring together with great skill.

The commonest Camponotus is herculeanus pennsylvani-
cus (Plate LXXXIX). It is the big, black Carpenter
Ant, which usually nests in shady woods in old logs and
stumps, whence it may migrate into old farm-houses and
suburban residences. In such an event, it becomes
a pest^ both by riddling the wood-work with its large
galleries and by hunting for sweets.

CHRYSIDOIDEA

The scientific name refers to the golden color of certain
(European) species and "Ruby Wasps" to the color of
others, but most American species are metallic green or
blue. " Cuckoo- wasps " is a name which describes their
habits, since they lay their eggs in the nests of other
Hymenoptera and their larvae deprive the rightful owner
of food, if they do not actually eat the owner first. The

424

Plate XC

5-cmctQ

MutlllQ

occidenlalis

f

Chrysi^ ^ , ,

coeruleans Eumenes jraiernus

/ iP^ ,m. MonobiQ

^ ■^--/▼'% QUQdridens

uaijneru5 birenimQculQiu5

s^--^

Vespa communis ^^ i^J^
^y. crabro' VmaculalQ

TYPICAL WASPS AND HORNETS.

hind part of the abdomen is modified to form a retractile
tube. The colors are extremely beautiful and well repay
the use of a lens. We have but one family, CHRYSiDiDiE.
The following key to certain genera is practically that of
the Hymenoptera of Connecticut.

1. Tongue not longer than thorax 2.

Tongue longer than thorax, bee-like Parnopes.

2. Third abdominal segment with grooves or pits near
the margin ; head at least as broad as postscutellum ....

Chrysis (Plate XC).
Third abdominal segment without such grooves 3.

3. Tarsal claw with 2 to 6 teeth besides apical one 4.

Not so 5.

4. Apical abdominal segment produced as if pinched;
apical margin of third abdominal segment indented, the
indentations more or less filled with a membrane . Notozus.

Apical segment not "pinched"; margin of third
segment notched, rounded Omalus.

5. One small, perpendicular tooth in middle of tarsal
claw Hedychridium.

Tarsal claws cleft Hedychrum.

VESPOIDEA

The typical "Wasps," Hornets, and their relatives,
belong here.

1. Winged 2.

Wingless, or with wings much reduced in size 10,

2. Hind wings without distinct venation, with no closed
cells. Parasitic 3.

Hind wings with well-developed venation and closed
cells 4.

3. Head oblong, rather flat above; antennae inserted at
the clypeus, at least 12 joints; small, usually black or
bronzed; females often wingless; abdomen more or less
elongate Bethylid^.

Head transverse or somewhat squared; antennas
10- jointed; front tarsi of female usually pincer-shaped . . . .

Dryinid.e.

425

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

4. Wings folded longitudinally when at rest (They are
indistinctly so in the Masarid^ of our West, which have
the end joints of the antennae thickened and more or less
fused) ; first discoidal cell much longer than the submedian;
antennas distinctly elbowed 5*

Wings not folded when at rest 6.

5. Middle tibiae with one spur at apex; tarsal claws
with one or more teeth Eumenid^ (p. 428).

Middle tibiae with two spurs at apex; tarsal claws
simple Vespid^ (p. 430).

6. Legs long, the hind femora reaching to or beyond
the apex of the abdomen; tibiae and tarsi nearly always
spiny or serrate ; middle tibiae with two spurs

PSAMMOCHARID^ (p. 428).

Legs of usual length 7.

7. A strong constriction or transverse furrow between
the first two segments of the abdomen, beneath 8.

No such furrow; clypeus nearly, or quite, as long
as wide; margin of eyes indented. Sapygid^. Sapyga
is the only Northeastern genus; in centrata the yellow line
on inner orbits extends beyond the top of the eyes, and in
americana it does not. They are parasitic on bees and
wasps.

8. Middle coxae usually widely separated by a bilobed or
triangular prolongation of the mesostemum ; tibiae usually
flattened, with bristles exteriorly ScoLiiDiE (p. 427).

Middle coxae toucliing 9.

9. Hind wings with an anal lobe, separated by a deep,
narrow notch. With three submarginal cells and no
upturned spine at apex of abdomen: male Myrmosid^;
the only species in the Northeast is Myrmosa unicolor.
With two submarginal cells and an upturned spine at
apex of abdomen: IMethocid^, of which Methoca stygia
is the only northeastern species.

Hind wings without an anal lobe, at most obtusely
indented; body hairy, the hairs often brightly colored.

Male MuTiLLiD^ (p. 427).

10. Back of thorax without visible sutures

Female MuTiLLiDiE (p. 427).
Back of thorax with one suture. Female Myr-
MOSID^ (see 9).

426

VELVET ♦♦ ANTS."

Back of thorax with two sutures ii.

11. Head long, usually distinctly longer than broad,
flattened above, the front horizontal; legs stout. Some
female Bethylid^e (see 3).

Head transverse, squared or rounded 12.

12. Antennae lo-jointed; front tarsi usually pincer-
shaped. Some Dryinid.e (see 3).

Antennae 12- jointed; front tarsi normal. Metho-
CID^ (see 9).

Antennae 13-jointed; wings present as small pads.
A few male AIuTiLLiDiE (see below).

SCOLIID/E

These hairy wasps burrow in the ground in search of
the larv£e of IVIay-beetles {Phyllophaga, etc.), on which
their larvae feed. The confusion of names need not con-
cern us here. The following are some of the genera, named
according to the Hymenoptera of Connecticut.

1. Inner margins of eyes indented; with yellow mark-
ings 2.

Inner margins of eyes not indented 4.

2. Tarsal claws cleft; middle tibise with two spurs.
Eliinae. Elis (Plate XC) is our only genus.

Tarsal claws simple; middle tibiae with one spur.
Scoliince 3.

3. Front wings with two recurrent veins. . . Campsomeris.
Front wings with one recurrent vein Scolia.

4. Middle tibiae with two spurs. Anthoboscinae

Sierolomorpha.

Middle tibiae with one spur. Tiphiinae 5.

5. First transverse cubital present but incomplete. Para-
tiphia, our only Eastern species being algonquina.

First transverse cubital wanting. Tiphia; a number
of species,

MUTILLID^

These are the Velvet Ants, pretty but the females
certainly can sting. As far as the amateur is concerned,
the Alethocidae and Myrmosidae might as well be grouped

427

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

with them; they formerly were. The common name is
well given. The wingless females of these wasps, scurrying
about in open, especially sandy, places, look like ants
covered with black, yellow, or red velvet. In the South-
west some of the species have long, white hair. The
winged males can not sting ; those of some species are often
found about flowers, others are nocturnal. The two sexes
of a given species usually have dissimilar markings.
Most of these insects are unkind guests in the nests of
other wasps and of bees. The old genus Mutilla (Plate
XC) is now divided into a number of subgenera, one
of which is Dasymutilla.

PSAMMOCHARID/E

These are the Pompilidae of older classifications. They
are rather slender, long-legged, solitary wasps; usually
black or blue, often with orange bands. The wings are
usually black and kept jerking while the insect is nmning
about. They prey chiefly upon spiders, the big Pepsis
of the Southwest not stopping short of the "tarantula."
Most of our species burrow in the ground to form their
nests but others make cells out of mud, placing them
under stones, etc., while the larvae of some live in the
nests of other diggers. Ceropales has the last-named
habit; the genus may be recognized by the claws of the
hind tarsi being bent at a right angle. Plate XCII shows
P sammochares atrox.

EUMENID^

The Potter Wasps seem to me to exceed their immediate
relatives, at least the solitary ones, in interesting habits.
The nest of Eumenes fraternus (Plate XC) justifies the com-
mon name given to the group but all of the species seem to
use clay more or less, even when their nests are burrows
in the pith of plant-stems. This is an extensive family
and, from an economic standpoint, of great importance
to our farmers and fruit-growers, very few of whom know
anything at all of the great benefit they are deriving every
year from these brightly marked wasps. Their prey is

428

HORNETS AND YELLOW-JACKETS.

destructive Lepidopterous and Coleopterous larvae, of
which they must destroy many thousands every year.
As with most solitary wasps, the prey is first paralyzed by
stinging and then packed in the nest as food for the larva
which will hatch from the egg laid before the nest is sealed.
Certain genera may be separated as follows:

1. Abdomen petiolate 2.

Abdomen sessile, or nearly so 3.

2. Head large, quadrate, much expanded behind the
eyes, making the cheeks broad; clypeus broader than long,
concealing the mandibles, when they are closed . . . Zetlius,

Head not expanded behind the eyes, which almost
entirely cover the cheeks; clypeus longer than broad;
mandibles, when closed, extending beneath the head
like a beak Eumenes.

3. First abdominal segment fimnel-shaped Nortonia.

Not so 4.

4. Maxillary palpi with 6 joints Odynerus (Plate XC).

Maxillary palpi with less than 6 joints

Monobia (Plate XC).

Vespid^

Tliis is the family which is usually concerned when people
speak of Wasps, Hornets, or Yellow-jackets. They are
all social creatures (among themselves) that make nests
of "paper" formed from chewed wood. In the South there
is Polybia, whose abdomen is short and ovate beyond the
first, petiolate, segment ; several mothers unite in producing
the young of a colony. We may, for practical purposes,
group our northern species in two genera: Vespa, first
abdominal segment very broad and sharply truncate
in front; and Polistes, this segment long and gradually
narrowed in front to a more or less distinct petiole. In
these, each colony is a single family in which unmarriageable
daughters help to build the house, keep it clean, and feed
the younger children. The food consists of chewed-up
animal matter, such as caterpillars, but some species use
honey and pollen also. The larvae are fed from day to
day, or oftener, no food being stored for them.

429

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

This genus (Plate XCI) makes a broad,
Polistes £g^^ jjgg^ without a protecting cover. P.

pallipes has an almost uniformly brown abdomen; annu-
laris, a conspicuous, yellow margin on the first abdominal
segment ; and variatus, many yellow bands or spots.

This genus makes a paper cover for the
Vespa nests which are otherwise much like those

of Polistes, except that there are a number of "floors."
The large, gray hornet's nest, hanging on trees or from the
eaves of houses, is that of V. maculata (Plates XC and XCI).
At the start, this nest has a long, tubular entrance. An
often equally large nest, but brown or yellow and usually
placed in some protected spot such as in a hollow tree or
under a porch-floor, is made by the European V. crabro
(Plate XC), which was introduced, several years ago,
near New York. The remainder of our species, the yellow-
jackets, usually make smaller nests and place them either
near or under the ground. In the latter case they usually
start in a deserted field mouse's burrow. We have the
following "Yellow-jackets" in the Northeast.

1. Eyes touching base of mandibles or separated from
them only by a line 3.

Eyes remote from the base of the mandibles 2»

2. Black and white arctica.

Black and yellow .1 diaholica.

3. Black and white consohrina.

Black and yellow, .communis (including what has

been called, in America, germanica and vulgaris). Plate
XC.

SPHECOIDEA

Dr. Bequaert kindly drew up the following key. It
does not include the Nitelid^; they are small species
and if a specimen of this family runs to couplet 2, it may
be recognized by the marginal cell having no appendix
or the venation of the hind wings being almost absent;
if it runs to couplet 10, note that it has but one apical
spur on each middle tibia and the second submarginal cell
is petiolate. The Peckhams have written both accurately

430

Plate XCI

Nest

VespQ
ttiqcuIqIq

(much reducefii)

Mud-dQubers nest
431

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

and entertainingly of The Instincts and Habits of the Solitary
Wasps, as the Sphecoidea are called.

1. Inner margins of the eyes notched, eyes being kidney-
shaped; one (rarely 2) distinct submarginal cells; marginal
oell without an appendix; each middle tibia with a single
apical spur Trypoxylonid^ (p. 436).

Inner margins of eyes not notched; when these are
slightly indented, note 3 submarginal cells 2.

2. One submarginal cell; marginal cell with an appendix;
one, or no, apical spur on middle tibias 3.

Two or 3 submarginal cells 4.

3. First submarginal cell separated from the first dis-
coidal; scutellum and post-scutellum without spines or
scales; eyes divergent above Crabronid^e (p. 434).

First submarginal and first cubital cells confluent;
sides of scutellum with marginal lamellse; postscutellum
with a spine or forked process ; eyes not divergent above.

OXYBELIDiE (p. 434).

4. Abdomen more or less constricted between the first
and second segments; three submarginal cells; marginal
cell without an appendix. Philanthid^ (p. 435). The
rare Mellinid^ may be distingtiished from them by having
two apical spurs on each middle tibia, no recurrent nervure
going to the second submarginal cell, and eyes never in-
dented on the inner margins.

Abdomen not constricted between the first and
second segments, but the first often shaped like a slender
petiole 5.

5. Main part of the abdomen joined to the thorax by a
more or less distinct, slender petiole, which may be short
or long, cylindrical or flattened above 6.

Main part of the abdomen directly joined to the
thorax (although there is a deep constriction between
them) ; 3 (rarely 2) submarginal cells 8.

6. Middle tibiae with one apical spur; 2 or 3 submarginal
cells; hind wings usually with two indentations in the.
basal half of the hind margin; small, black species

PsENiD^ (p. 434).
Middle tibiae with two apical spurs 7.

7. Mesostemimi produced into a forked process posteri-
orly; pronotum conically produced in front; 2 submarginal

432

KEY TO SOLITARY WASPS.

cells; marginal cell with an appendix; small, black species.
AMPULICID.E. Rare. Our only genus is Rhinopsis; it may-
prey on roaches.

Mesostemiun not produced posteriorly; pronotum
not conically produced; 3 (rarely 2) submarginal cells;
marginal cell without an appendix; shining black or
marked with reddish-brown Sphecid.^ (p. 438).

8. Labrum large, free, triangularly or semicircularly
elongated beyond the clypeus; marginal cell rarely with an
appendix; both recurrent nervures running to the second
submarginal cell 9.

Labrum small, not or scarcely extending beyond
the clypeus 10.

9. Middle tibise with a single apical spur; labrum much
longer than wide ; ocelli more or less aborted

Bembecid.e (p. 437).
Middle tibiae with two apical spurs; labrum wider
than long. Stizid.'E. The only eastern species is Sphecius
speciosus (Plate XCII). It is our largest Sphecoid and,
because of the food with which it stocks its underground
burrows, it is called the Cicada-killer.

10. Second submarginal cell petiolate or triangular;
marginal cell without appendix; middle tibiae with two
apical spurs ; antennae arising well above the clypeus ....11.

Second submarginal cell broadly sessile, not tri-
angular or petiolate 12.

11. Metathorax with the upper hind angles acute or
produced as short spines; 3, rarely 2, submarginal cells.
NvssoNiDiE. Nest in sand; Nysson our only genus.

Metathorax with the hind angles rounded or obtuse.
Alysonid.e. Alyso7i our only genus.

12. Marginal cell usually with an appendix; antennae
arising close to the clypeus ; middle tibiae with i or 2 apical
spurs; hind ocelli frequently aborted. .Larrid^ (p. 436).

Marginal cell without appendix; antennas arising
far above the clypeus; middle tibiae with 2 spurs; ocelli
normal. GorytiD/E. Gorytes, variously divided, is our
only genus. Its species nest in sand and provision with
Homoptera, especially Cercopidae.

«8 433

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

PSENID/E

1. Three complete submarginal cells. Pseninse. Our
principal genus is Psen. They nest either in sand or in
twigs and provision their nests with Homoptera.

Two complete submarginal cells. Pempliredoninae. . 2.

2. Eyes large, their inner margins converging above.
Plenoculus. Nests in sand.

Eyes small, inner margins not converging above;
head well developed behind the eyes 3.

3. Only I recurrent vein in front wings 4.

Two recurrent veins 5.

4. Abdomen with a distinct petiole. Stigmus. Our
species, americanus, provisions its nests, in branches or
stumps, with aphids.

Abdomen without a petiole. Spilomena; our principal
species is pusilla.

5. Abdomen with a petiole; head and thorax rather
hairy. Pemphredon. As far as known, the species
prefer to make their nests in decaying wood, provision-
ing with aphids.

Abdomen without a petiole; head and thorax not
hairy. Passaloecus. They nest in rotten wood, galleries
of wood-boring insects, and hollow plant-stems, provision-
ing with aphids and other small insects.

GXYBELIDiE

In Notoglossa emarginata the process on the back of the
thorax is broad and slightly forked at the tip. Our
other species belong to Oxybelus, the process being acute
at the tip. European observations indicate that they nest
in sand, provisioning with small flies, which they crush
with their mandibles but carry home on their sting.

Crabronid^

These wasps are usually much less than half an inch
long and black, often marked with yellow. The head is
large and rather square-cut. Anacrabro has the abdomen
deoressed, flat beneath; the second discoidal cell is much

434

Plate XCII

Psammochares Qtrox

Sceliphron
cementQnurn

Chalijbjon ^
CQeruleum

5pex

Chlorion j
ichneufnoneQ

\ urnariQ

Bembex ' spinoUe

Crabro

Cerceris t

clypeata ;

Spheciijs speciosus

SOLITARY WASPS.

longer than the first and pointed at the tip. Our only
species, ocellatus, nests in sand banks and provisions with
bugs of the genus Lygiis. Our other genus is Crabro
(Plate XCII), which is much split up in the recent classifica-
tions, but some of the distinctions are rather technical.
Different groups of species have different habits; nesting
in wood, stems, and soil; provisioning with mites, spiders,
flies, bugs, aphids, and moths.

PHILANTHID.E

In the Hymenoptera of Connecticut they have widely
separated Cerceris from Philanthus because the latter has
a suture on the sides of the thorax, below the front wings,
which the former lacks. For our purpose the four genera
accepted years ago seem sufficient.

1. Third submarginal cell very large, somewhat quadrate,
scarcely narrowed towards the marginal cell and extending
beyond it ; first abdominal segment narrowed. Eucerceris.
For the most part, western.

Third submarginal cell much narrowed towards
the marginal, leaving a broad deep sinus between them,
the former not extending beyond the latter 2.

2. Basal segment of abdomen narrower than the second,
all the segments more or less constricted; second sub-
marginal cell petiolate ; marginal cell rather obtuse at apex
and rarely extending beyond the third submarginal cell.

Cerceris (Plate XCII).
Basal segment of abdomen nearly or quite as broad
at apex as the base of second segment, segments rarely
constricted; second submarginal cell not petiolate; mar-
ginal cell usually narrowed, pointed at apex, and extending
beyond the third submarginal cell 3.

3. Inner margins of eyes indented; antennas arising
from the middle of the face not far above the clypeus,
not near each other; apex of marginal cell touching the
front margin Philanthus.

Margins of eyes not indented; antennae arising from
above the middle of the face, near each otlier or the clypeus ;

apex of marginal cell not touching the front margin

Aphilanthops.

435

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The Peckhams, in their account of SoHtary Wasps, have
called the members of this family Grave Diggers. The
name was probably not intended to be distinctive; its
appropriateness depends upon the viewpoint for, as is the
case with other families, the grave of the victims is the
nursery of the wasps. Cerceris stocks up with beetles,
especially weevils; while Philanthus uses bees, especially
Halictus; and Aphilanthops, queen-ants.

Trypoxylonid^

Our only genus is Trypoxylon. The abdomen is narrow
and longer than the head and thorax. The species are
either all black, or marked with red. They were formerly
accused of being parasitic because they had been reared
from nests made by other wasps. Then the charge was
changed to laziness, but I contend that they do well to use
perfectly good mud-daubers' nests, and the like, which
are no longer used by the original owners. Small species
use the hollows of cut straws and wood-boring beetles'
burrows. Chinks in masonry are also used. If the chinks
are too large, they may be made smaller by plastering them
with mud, and the partitions between the cells, each
containing an egg and sufficient food for one larva, are
made of mud. The nests are usually provisioned with
spiders. The male of Trypoxylon ruhrocinctum is excep-
tional among Hymenoptera in the interest he takes in
household affairs. He stands guard at the nest while the
female is out hunting food.

Larrid^

These wasps usually nest in the ground. While fairly
numerous, they are not very showy. The Larrinae usually
take Orthoptera for larval food; and the Astatinae, Homop-
tera.

I. Metastemum with a large process which is deeply
indented ventrally; middle tibiae with one apical spur;

marginal cell with an appendage. Larrinse 2.

Metastemum without a large, deeply indented pro-
cess; middle tibiae with two apical spurs; marginal cell

436

SOLITARY WASPS.

truncate; back of abdomen flattened. Astatinae. For
the most part, they are less than .5 in. long. Astata uni-
color (abdomen black) and bicolor (abdomen red) are
common species.

2. Hind ocelli perfect ; inner margins of eyes nearly parallel;
pronotum trilobed. Lyroda triloba (wings dark all over)
and subita (wings dark at tips). Larval food, Nemobius.

Hind ocelli imperfect, flattened; inner margins of
eyes converging above; pronotum simple 3.

3. Front of head strongly raised so that there is a trans-
verse ridge below front ocellus; mandibles toothed (in
Larra there are no teeth); hind ocelli narrow; tip of abdo-
men with silver pile. Notogonidea argentata; larval food,
immature crickets.

Front not strongly raised 4.

4. Hind ("side") ocelli oval or elongate-oval in outline;
front not raised along inner margins of eyes ; tip of abdomen
without pile. Tachysphex. There are a number of species
of these sand-loving wasps.

Hind ocelli larger dorsally so that they appear
hooked 5.

5. Front slightly raised along inner margins of eyes;
pygidium without pile. Larropsis distincta.

Front not raised along inner margins of eyes; pygidium
clothed with pile. Tachytes of which we have numerous
species, all probably nesting in sand and stocking their
nests with grasshoppers.

Bembecid^

All of this family nest in the ground. Bicyrtes seems
to prefer Hemiptera as larval food and, after stocking the
nest, seals it up. The other species, mentioned here, use
flies and, unlike most solitary wasps, feed their larvae from
day to day. Sometimes a large number of individuals
nest close to each other.

I. Mandibles simple. Microbembex, monodonta being
the specific name usually given to all from the Northeast;
black with greenish-white markings.

Mandibles having a tooth within 2.

437

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

2. Propodeum (apparently the hind part of the thorax)
indented behind. Bicyrtes ( = Bembidula) quadrifasciata
(length about .75 in.; metanotum black; abdominal
spots much wider at the sides), and ventralis (about .5 in. ;
metanotum with yellow spots; abdominal spots but
little, if any, wider at the sides).

Propodeum not indented behind, straight or con-
vex 3.

3. Front ocellus round or kidney-shaped. Stictia caro.
Una is an inch long and marked with black and yellow.

Front ocellus narrow. Bembex, of which spinola
(Plate XCII) is our common species.

Sphecid/e

These are the Thread-waisted Wasps. There have
been a number of unfortunate, but necessary, changes of
scientific names. Most confusing of these is the use of
Sphex for what had been called Ammophila. I fear the end
is not yet.

Chlorion is distinguished from the rest of the family
by the second and third submarginal cells each receiving
a recurrent vein; in the others, the second receives both.
The females make burrows in the ground for nurseries.
The following subgenera (or genera) occur in the Northeast
and elsewhere.

1. Second submarginal cell wider than long 2.

This cell longer than wide 3.

2. Tarsal claws with one inner tooth. Chlorion, in a
restricted sense. Provisions its nests with crickets.
Our common bronze- or purplish-blue species is cyaneum.

Claws with 3 to 6 teeth. Priononyx; abdomen of
bifoveolatum is reddish or yellowish, that of atratum is
dark brown or black. The latter, at least, provisions with
grasshoppers.

3. Petiole of abdomen more than twice the length of the
hind coxas; marginal cell not extending beyond the third
submarginal cell Isodontia.

Petiole of abdomen as long, or only a little longer
than, hind coxas; marginal cell extending beyond the third

438

BEES.

submarginal cell. Ammobia (formerly called Sphex);
pennsylvanicum has black abdomen and legs; for ichneu-
moneum, see Plate XCII. The nests are stocked with
grasshoppers.

In Sphex (in a limited sense) the petiole is composed
of the entire first and part of the second abdominal seg-
ment. Species of this genus stock their underground
nest with paralyzed caterpillars. S. abhreviata (abdomen
black) and procera (abdomen partly red) usually have
complete, transverse striae on the back between the wings.
Plate XCII shows urnaria. Psammophila is considered
by some to be a subgenus of Sphex, and, like it, has a U-
shaped dorsal area at the hind end of the thorax, but the
petiole is not especially long and is one-jointed, the second
abdominal segment being bell-shaped.

Chalyhion and Sceliphron have a U-shaped area on top
of the thorax at the hind end. See Plates XCI and XCII;
both species provision their clay nests with spiders. The
markings of 5. cementarius, the Mud-dauber, vary con-
siderably; its flat nests are to be found on the rafters of
nearly every garret.

APOIDEA

Although wasps visit flowers, they usually do so in
their individual interest : to secure food for themselves and
not to provide for their offspring. Bees, on the other hand,
not only eat pollen and nectar themselves but, except for
the "cuckoos" which lay their eggs in other bees' nests,
store their nests with honey (modified nectar) and pollen.
Although they thus take, in the aggregate, large quantities
of pollen, they are of great benefit to the plants because
they, incidentally and unconsciously, transfer this sub-
stance from one flower to another, thus fertilizing the
ovum, which develops into a seed. Male bees have 13-
jointed antennae and 7 visible, abdominal segments;
females, one less of each. Only the Bombidas and Apidae
have developed a "worker caste." In other families, the
mother does the work of provisioning the nest, carrying

439

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

home pollen on her hind legs, on the hairs of her abdomen
(e. g. Megachile), and in other ways, and regurgitating,
as honey, the nectar she swallowed.

In general, the Panurgid^, Prosopid^, Stelidid^,
Megachilid^, and a few Nomadid^ have but 2 sub-
marginal cells, and the remainder have 3, but this rule is
not without exceptions. As a rule, the females and most
males of Halictid.e to Anthophorid^ (p. 444), inclusive,
have a flat, triangular area on the last dorsal, abdominal
segment, the other families lacking it. In the Honey-bee
(p. 453) the marginal cell is very long and the posterior
tibiae have no apical spurs. These and the following notes
apply principally to Atlantic Coast species.

HALICTIDiE

For the most part small bees; the first discoidal cell
is not as long or scarcely longer than the marginal cell which
is not square-cut at the tip ; basal vein rounded posteriorly,
first recurrent vein not meeting the first transverse cubital;
second recurrent not sinuate; first submarginal cell con-
spicuously longer than the third and often as long as the
second and third combined ; stigma well developed, lanceo-
late; hind basitarsi narrower than tibise. The labrum is
not free from the mandibles and not as large as the clypeus,
which is hardly protuberant; tongue, acute, flat; no pubes-
cent depressions in the face. See also Andrenidse.

There are two main divisions which may be classed as
genera: Sphecodes (abdomen smooth, shining, naked, the
chitin usually red and black, fifth segment of female's
without a furrow) and Halictus (abdomen usually not shiny,
segments i to 4 or 5 usually fringed at apex with pale
pubescence, fifth of female's with a median longitudinal
furrow). Augochlora (body entirely metallic blue or
green; first rectirrent vein usually ending at or near the
apex of the second submarginal cell) and Agapostemon
(males have only the head and thorax metallic colored;
first recurrent vein received by the second submarginal
cell near the middle; Plate XCIV) may be classed as sub-
genera of Halictus, although other systems are used by
good authorities.

440

BEES.

Sphecodes, the Wasp-bees (so-called from their re-
semblance to small wasps, Plate XCIII), have had cham-
pions who opposed the charge that they lay their eggs in
nests prepared by others, their young devouring the food
and doubtless the yotmg of their hosts, but there is strong
evidence that they are supported by their relatives, Halictns,
and possibly by other bees. The other HaUctidse usually
nest in the ground, frequently making branched tunnels,
many individuals selecting the same restricted area for
their burrows. Some species of Halictus, in the limited
sense, are very small and are called Sweat-bees because
they seem fond of alighting on perspiring humanity.
Some of the species are among the first bees to appear in
the spring. The pupae are enclosed in transparent, skin-
like cocoons.

AXDRENID^

These are usually black (with pale pubescence), medium-
sized bees. They are closely related to the Halictidas
but the basal vein is almost, or quite, straight, and the
face, at least of females, has pubescent depressions. In
Melitta (apical joint of antennae obliquel}^ truncate; ocelli
placed in a curve) and Andrena (that joint not obliquely
truncate; ocelli placed in a triangle) the first submarginal
cell is conspicuously longer than the third but in the
southern Nomia it is about the same length. Our only
species of Melitta is americana.

Andrena (Plate XCIII), our principal genus, is extremely
well supplied with species. They all seem to nest in the
ground but the sites chosen for their burrows vary greatl}^
Some species make simple tunnels, others branched, but
none seem to do much more than smooth the sides and
stock each tunnel or branch with a pill of pollen and an!
egg, filhng the opening, of course, with loose dirt. At
least some of the species have two generations a year, and
it is not unlikely that, in some cases, what we now call
distinct species are merely the alternate generations of
one.

441

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

PANURGIDiE

The marginal cell is sharply truncate at the tip and
the lower comer has an appendicular vein except in Halic-
toides. This genus is often put in a separate family,
Dufouridas. It differs from the other genera in also
having the labrum free from the mandibles and as large
as the clypeus. With the exception of Protandrena, there
are only two submarginal veins. The stigma is large.
The chitin often has yellow markings; the clypeus is
hardly protuberant; and the tongue is acute and flat.
Macropis (often put in a separate family, Macropidae)
has the hind basitarsi as broad as the tibias. In Perdita
(Plate XCIII) the marginal cell is not longer than the
stigma ; they are small bees with the head and thorax usually
metallic dark green or blue, and the abdomen usually
with light, chitinous markings. In Calliopsis (hairy
bees, with hairy bands on the abdomen) and Panurginus
(abdomen shiny black, unhanded) the marginal cell is
relatively longer; the head and thorax are not metallic.

NOMADID^

These bees are usually less than half an inch long;
some are almost hairless, with yellow or red, chitinous
markings. They are rather wasp-like in appearance and
all are "cuckoos," lacking pollen-collecting apparatus
and living in the nests of other bees. There are usually
three submarginal cells; the first recurrent vein does not
meet the first transverse cubital; the first discoidal cell is
much longer than the marginal, which is rarely longer
than the first two submarginal cells united and not trun-
cate; first portion of subdiscoidal vein shorter than the
third portion of the discoidal; clypeus protuberant; labrum
large, free, convex; tongue elongate, slender; eyes extend-
ing to, or nearly to, the base of the mandibles. In Nomada
(Plate XCIV) the apex of the marginal cell touches the
front wing-margin and the abdomen has chitinous bands
or spots. In Epeolus (maxillary palpi 2-jointed) and
Triepeolus (maxillary palpi 3-jointed; Plate XCIII) the
apex of the marginal cell is obtuse and does not touch the

442

Plate XCIII

Xenoqlo55Q
pruinosa

E^.^P^>^.^ ^^ CeratinQ

bombiiormis

duplQ

OsmiQ
liqnQria

Meqachile Dlanlhidium
brevis notalum

Coelioxys
dubitata

Perdita
8-mQCulQtQ
Sphecodes arvensis Triepeolus

donotus

CoUeles
compaotus

AndrenD
443

f^OSOpjS

ziz'iae

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

wing-margin; abdomen black with pale bands of scale-
like hair. Neopasites has two submarginal cells; marginal
cell very obtuse; maxillary palpi 6-jointed.

Anthophorid^

These are moderately large, hairy, pollen-collecting
bees. The clypeus is protuberant and, in males, usually
yellow. The males often have long antennas. The tongue
is elongate and slender; the labrum large, free, and convex;
eyes extending to, or nearly to, the base of the mandibles;
marginal cell rarely longer than the first two submarginal
cells united; first recurrent vein not meeting the first
transverse cubital; first portion of the subdiscoidal vein
distinctly longer than the third portion of the discoidal;
stigma not well developed. There are usually 3 submargi-
nal cells.

In Anthophora (Anthophoridae in a limited sense) the
marginal cell is not bent away from the front wing-mar-
gins; first discoidal cell longer than the marginal cell;
third submarginal cell not narrower above than beneath.
In our other bees of this group the first discoidal cell is
not as long as, or scarcely longer than, the marginal cell,
which is bent away from the front.

In Melitoma (pads between the tarsal claws; tongue
reaching the base of the abdomen; first and tliird sub-
marginal cells of about equal length) and Emphor (no such
pads; first submarginal cells longer than the third, which
is narrowed towards the marginal) the vertex is not
crested; the males' antennas are only slightly, or not at
all, longer than the female's and the clypeus is not pale.
Of Melitoma we have only taurea (abdomen cross-banded
with white), and of Emphor only bombiformis (Plate XCIII)
or, in the North, its variety fuscojubatus (thorax evenly
covered with pale hairs; abdomen black except, sometimes,
for scattered, pale pubescence on the first segment).'
These genera have been put in a separate family, Emphori-
dce.

Most of the Eastern Anthophorids have been separated
off as Euceridae. They differ from the Emphoridas in
having the vertex raised. The male's clypeus is more or

444

BEES.

less yellowish and his antennae are noticeably longer than
the female's. In Tetralonia (maxillary palpi 6-jointed),
Xenoglossa (max. palpi 5-jointed; tarsal claws cleft), and
Cemolobus (max. palpi 5-jointed; claws toothed but not
cleft) the lower anterior portion of the orbits have a large,
somewhat triangular, space; the clypeus is remote from
the eyes. T. atriventris, X. pruinosa (the name referring
to the frosted bands on the abdomen; Plate XCIII),
and C. ipomcBCB are the Northeastern species. In Melts sodes
the orbital-malar space is small; clypeus nearly touching
the eyes; maxillary palpi usually 4-jointed. There are
numerous species.

The habits of all Anthophoridae are much alike: burrows
are made in the ground and stocked with a paste of pollen
and honey for larval food.

PROSOPID^

These small bees, black with yellow chitinous markings,
have two submarginal cells, the second of which is squarish,
slightly if any longer than high, and conspicuously shorter
than the first ; the first recurrent vein often meets the first
transverse cubital; the marginal cell is elongate and not
square-cut at the tip; tongue flat and bilobed; face pitted.
Prosopis (Plate XCIII) is our only genus. Perhaps we
should use the names HylcBus and Hylaeidae. The Masked
Bees have been accused of being lazy because they are
even less hairy than such confirmed cuckoos as Nomada.
However, their lack of hair may be correlated with the
fact that, unlike other industrious bees, they do not
carry pollen on the outside of their bodies. They first
eat it and then, having reached their nest, regurgitate it,
mixing it with honey, to prepare food for the babies they
never live to see. They nest in raspberry stalks and the
like.

COLLETIDiE

The first recurrent nervure is received by the second
of the three submarginal cells; first discoidal cell is not
as long or scarcely longer than the marginal; stigma well

445

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

developed; second recurrent nervure strongly bent out-
ward in its lower half; tongue flat and bilobed; face pitted.
The name of our only genus, Colletes (Plate XCIII),
means Plasterer. The species are black, with light hairs
but no yellow, chitinous markings. They nest in holes,
made in the ground or in loose masonry, and often a
number of females nest close to each other. They plaster
the sides of these holes, and the cells which they make in
them, with a secretion that dries rapidly to form "a mem-
brane more delicate than the thinnest goldbeater's skin,
and more lustrous than the most beautiful satin."

Megachelid^

In a broad sense, this includes bees having two sub-
marginal cells; tip of marginal pointed; second recurrent
vein not bent or directed outwardly before joining the
first portion of the subdiscoidal vein; face not pitted;
tongue long, rather thread-like. The under side of the
female abdomen has pollen-collecting hairs, except in the
cuckoo genera. The second submarginal cell is much
longer than high and almost equal, in length, to the first.

Stelis includes black bees with whitish margins on the
dorsal, abdominal segments, and with cuckoo habits. The
tarsal claws are cleft, having an inner tooth near the apex;
male abdomen not toothed or lobed at the apex. Coelioxys
(Plate XCIII) is also a lazy genus. The abdomen is
narrowed behind, and, in the males, armed with teeth
or spines; scutellum usually toothed on the sides; tarsal
claws simple or with a basal tooth; eyes with fine hairs.
Both genera have been put in families of their own.

The industrious members of our Megachilidae have the
tarsal claws as described for Coelioxys. In Dianthidium
(pads between tarsal claws; Plate XCIII) and Anthidium
(no such pads) the chitin of the abdomen bears pale mark-
ings and in the others it does not. The former makes
nests of resin on rocks, etc.; the latter uses the down off
of woolly-leaved plants for nests in burrows. Heriades
(stigma lanceolate, well developed; head considerably
extended behind the eyes) and Andronicus (stigma short,
not well developed) are black bees with tarsal pads. Osmia

446

BEES.

(Plate XCIII) includes metallic green, bluish, or purplish
bees with tarsal pads. They are called Mason-bees
because they construct small, earthen cells under stones,
in burrows excavated in twigs and decaying wood, in
deserted snail-shells, in plant-galls, and elsewhere. The
last to be mentioned but richest in species is Megachile
(Plate XCIII), moderately large bees without pads between
the tarsal claws; stigma short, not well developed; tip of
marginal cell obtuse and separated from the front wing-
margins. The species of Megachile are called Leaf-cutters
because the females snip more or less circular pieces out of
leaves, especially of roses, and of petals. These pieces
are fitted together and glued so skillfully that they form
tight, thimble-shaped cells, snugly filling some suitable,
ready-made space or burrows which the females make in
wood or earth. Putnam estimated that the thirty cells,
arranged in nine rows, under a board in his piazza roof
contained at least a thousand pieces. Reed recorded
nests made by one of our common species, brevis, in curled
plum leaves.

Ceratinid^ and Xylocopid^

The Carpenter-bees make nests in wood or in stems of
plants. There are three submarginal cells; the first dis-
coidal cell is not as long as or scarcely longer than the
marginal cell; apex of sixth dorsal, abdominal segment of
females with a spine. Ceratina (Plate XCIII) in-
cludes small, dark blue-green bees with the first sub-
marginal cell longer than the second and about as long
as the third; stigma well developed, lanceolate. They
dig out the pith of elder, raspberry, etc., so that they may
have tunnels in which to nest. The large Carpenter-bees
which make galleries in rather solid wood, such as porch-
posts, are Xylocopa {virginica, Plate XCIV, is the only
Northern species). The stigma is short and not well
developed; first submarginal cell shorter than the second,
third almost as long as the first and second combined.
They are given to biting through the base of a flower
instead of getting at the nectar in a more legitimate way.

447

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

BOMBID^

The burly Bumble-bees are so conspicuous, abundant,

and appealing, that I am giving them considerable space.

The first discoidal cell is not as long or scarcely longer

than the marginal, which is pointed at the tip and extends

far beyond the apex of the third submarginal cell; the

stigma is not well developed; second submarginal cell is

rather longer than either the first or third, and strongly

produced at the lower basal corner. Psithyrus is a lazy

genus that lives with its relatives. There are no workers,

the " queen " living in a Bomhus nest and letting the Bomhus

workers bring up its young. Bombus is a social bee; that

is, a family nest is made and the older daughters do not

mate but give their attention to caring for the nest and

feeding their younger brothers and sisters. The best book

, on their biology is by Sladen, The Humble-bee, its life-

history and how to domesticate it. As might be guessed by

the common name he uses, it is about EngHsh species,

but then we know very little about our own.

The fertilized female ("queen") passes the winter in
some snug retreat and early in spring starts her nest, it
may be in a deserted field-mouse's burrow. After arrang-
ing dried grass and the Hke to form the nest, she collects
pollen and makes a pile of it, moistened with honey, on the
floor of the nest. She also makes a honey-pot of wax
near the doorway and fills it with rather liquid honey.
Eggs are laid on the pollen-mass, covered over with wax,
and more or less incubated by the queen, especially during
inclement weather. At such times she feeds out of the
honey pot. When the larvae hatch, they feed on the pollen
mass under the waxen coverlet, which the mother pierces
from time to time in order to give them special meals of
honey and pollen, chewed up together. When the larv«
have attained full size (it takes ten days or two weeks),
each spins a thin, papery, but tough, oval cocoon and
pupates, the queen brooding on the cocoons and sipping-
from her honey-pot. In a week or two the first workers
emerge and take up the household duties. Workers
are females but smaller than queens; males and queens
are not born until late in the season.

448

KEY TO THE BUMBLE-BEES.

The following key is to the species of the Atlantic Coast
of the United States. The more western and extremely
variable rufocinctus is omitted. P. stands for Psithyrus;
B. for Bombus; and B.B. for Bombias, a subgenus of
Bombus. "Occiput" is the top of the head. "Pleura"
refers to the side of the thorax especially in front, below
the front wings. "Scutellum" is the triangular hind
part of the top of the thorax. "Interalar band" is on the
top of the thorax, between the wings. The "malar
space" is between the eyes and the jaws. The "supra-
orbital line" is an imaginary line from the top of one com-
pound eye to the top of the other. The notes on color
refer to the color of the hairs, not to the chitin; and the
upper side of the abdomen is all that is considered when
giving its color.

1. Divisions of tarsal claws very unequal; 12 antenna!
joints; 6 visible, abdominal segments (Females) 2.

Divisions of tarsal claws subequal; 13 antennal joints;
7 visible, abdominal segments (Males) 15.

Females

(The female of P. tricolor is imknown unless fernaldcs
be it.)

2. Outer face of hind tibise convex and hairy. Psithyrus. 3.
Outer face of hind tibiae concave and bare, except at

margins. Bombus 5,

3. Occiput black with little or no yellow; lower portion
of pleura with dark hairs P. ashtoni.

Occiput with much yellow 4.

4. Thorax without interalar, black hairs but disk bare;
pleura light; little or no yellow on fourth abdominal seg-
ment; face largely dark P. laboriosus.

Thorax with interalar, black hairs; pleura mostly
light; no reddish on fifth abdominal segment but yellow,
at least on the sides, on the fourth P. insularis.

Thorax with or without interalar, black hairs; lower
pleura yellow or dark; fourth abdominal segment almost
entirely covered with yellow; often with reddish on sides
of fifth; apical, abdominal segment very pointed and

strongly recurved P. fernalda,

29 449

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

5. No distinct interalar, black band 6.

Black interalar band 9.

6. First to fourth abdominal segments largely yellow.

B. fervidus dor salts.
Third and fourth segments largely black 7.

7. Ocelli large, the lateral ones farther from each other
than from the margins of the eyes and below the supra-
orbital line; occiput and face largely black; first abdominal
segment yellow, the others black except for (usually)
brownish at the middle of the base of the second

B. B. separatus.
Ocelli small 8.

8. First abdominal segment yellow, second and following
segments without yellow; occiput largely yellow; face
wide and largely black B. impatiens (Plate XCIV).

First abdominal segment yellow, some yellow at basal
middle of the second, otherwise the abdomen black;

occiput largely yellow ; face long, triangular, black

B. himaculatus.

First abdominal segment largely yellow; the yellow
which largely covers the second segment is notched in the
middle behind and, in the workers, usually mixed with
red; third to fifth black; frequently considerable interalar
black; occiput largely black; face wide and black; pleura
yellow B. affinis.

First and second segments largely yellow and re-
mainder of abdomen largely black; disk of thorax not nude
and without black; pleura usually black; occiput largely
yellow; face largely black B. per plexus.

First and usually the second abdominal segments
yellow, the remainder usually largely black; pleura yellow;
disk nude and with scattered, black hairs; occiput largely
yellow in queens and usually so in workers; face long and
largely black B. vagans.

9. Second and third abdominal segments red, second and
fourth largely yellow, the remainder black

B. ternarius (Plate XCIV).
Third and following segments black, the first two

largely yellow 10.

Third segment yellow 11.

10. Ocelli large, separated from each other, and below

450

Plate XCIV

Bombus

mpatiens

ernanus

«f-^

Nomada luteola Agapobtemon radiatus

i

KEY TO THE BUMBLE-BEES.

the supra-orbital line; yellow on second segment neithei

notched nor mixed with red ; face and occiput black

B. B. fraternus.
Otherwise, see B. affinis (8).

11. First to fourth segments yeUow, the remainder
largely black 12.

Fourth segment black, also pleura and often the
scutellum 13.

12. Pleura black; face and occiput largely light

B. bor-ealis.

Pleura largely yellow; face (largely) and occiput

black B. fervidus.

13. Ocelli large, separated, and below the supraorbital
line; first abdominal segment largely black, second largely
yellow, third yellow, the remainder black; occiput either
black or yellow; face black B.B. auricomus.

Otherwise 14.

14. Second and third abdominal segments 3^ellow, the
remainder black except that there is often considerable
yellow on the fifth and sixth; face (largely) and occiput
black B. terricola.

First (largely), second, and third abdominal segments

yellow, otherwise black ; face and occiput black

B. pennsylvanicus (Plate XCIV).

Males

15. Ocelli large, the lateral ones not much, if any, more
than their diameter from the margins of the eyes, and
below the supraorbital line; eyes bulging 16.

Ocelli otherwise 18.

16. First (usually), second, and third abdominal seg-
ments yellow, the remainder largely black; sometimes
interalar black; third antenna! segment as long as the
fourth and fifth combined B. B. auricomus.

Otherwise colored and third antennal segment at
most not much longer than the fifth 17.

17. First abdominal segment yellow, the remainder black
except for brownish on basal middle of the second and,
sometimes, yellow at sides of third; face largely yellow.

B. B. separatus.

451

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

First and second abdominal segments yellow, the
remainder largely black; face largely black. .B. B.fmternus.

1 8. Second and third abdominal segments red; first
(largely) and fourth yellow ; fifth and sixth black ; interalar
black; pleura, face, and occiput, yellow B. ternarius.

Third segment not red 19.

19. Sixth and seventh abdominal segments largely red,
the others variable; face largely black; occiput yellow. .

P. tricolor.
Sixth segment not largely red 20.

20. First and fourth abdominal segments black; second
and third yellow; the remainder variable; interalar black;
pleura black; face largely yellow B. terricola.

First abdominal segment largely yellow 21.

21. First to fourth, inclusive, abdominal segments largely
yellow 22.

Not so 23 (and also B. perplexus, 22).

22. First abdominal segment usually with some black,
fifth usually black; interalar, pleura usually, and scutellum
sometimes, black; occiput black; .6 to i in. long

B. pennsylvanicus (Plate XCIV).

No black on first or fifth abdominal segments; inter-
alar sometimes, and scutellimi, yellow; interalar usuall}^
and occiput black; .4 to .7 in. long B. fervidus.

No black on the first but usually on the fifth abdomi-
nal segments; interalar and usually the pleura black;
occiput and sometimes the pleura yellow. . . .B. borealis.

No black on the first abdominal segment, but the
fourth and fifth usually black although the whole abdo-
men may be yellow; interalar, occiput, and usually the
face and pleura, yellow; face triangular, not long (as in
fervidus and borealis) B. perplexus.

23. Second abdominal segment with little or no black. . 24.
This segment with considerable black 25.

24. Occiput, interalar, and pleura, largely yellow; face
largely black ; first abdominal segment, usually the second,
and sometimes the third, yellow; abdomen otherwise
black P. laboriosus.

Occiput (usually largely) and face black; interalar
often with much black; pleura, and most of the first
abdominal segment, yellow; yellow of the second segment

452

THE HONEY=BEE.

usually mixed with red and notched behind; remainder
of the abdomen without yellow B. affinis.

Occiput, pleura, and face (largely) yellow; very little,
if any, interalar black; first two abdominal segments

yellow, the remainder usually black B. vagans.

25. Face, occiput (usually), and pleura black; first
(usually) and fourth abdominal segments yellow, the
remiainder largely black P. ashtoni.

Face (largely), occiput, and pleura, yellow; first and
part of the second abdominal segments yellow, the re-
mainder black .B. himaculatus.

Face (usually), occiput (largely), pleura, and first
abdominal segment yellow; remainder of abdomen black.

B. impatiens.

Apid^

Although the American tropics have several genera of
Stingless Honey-bees, our only species of this family is the
introduced and cultivated Honey-bee or Hive-bee, Apis
mellifera (see p. 440). The color of the abdomen is variable.
It is probably the most written-about insect. Maeter-
linck's Life of the Bee is a classic. Beekeeping by Phillips
and How to Keep Bees by Airs. Comstock are both excel-
lent. The individuals usually seen are workers, almost
sexless females. As in other bees, and many other insects
as well, the legs are not concerned solely with walking.
Plate XCIII shows the device {a) on the front legs for
cleaning antennae, and a part of the pollen-gathering appara-
tus on the hind legs. The basitarsus [h) has pollen combs
on the inner side which scrape the pollen from the abdomen
and the second pair of legs. This pollen is a sticky mass
because of honey added from the bee's mouth. It is
removed from these pollen combs by a row of stiff hairs
at the end of the tibia and then is pushed upward into the
corbicula (c), or pollen basket, by means of the projection,
which is just below the tibial combs, shown at the base
of the basitarsus. The long hairs on each side of the
corbicula prevent the load from slipping sideways. The
notch between the tibia and tarsus has been called the
wax-shears, but it has nothing to do with the manipulation
of w^ax.

453

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The swarming of the honey-bee brings about an increase
in the number of colonies but it is the queen of the old
colony, and not one of her daughters, which goes out to
form the new colony. The stimulus to the act of swarm-
ing is not understood; since a swarm sometimes starts
without a queen, she can not be the instigator. In fact, if
she is detained by a trap or in some other way, the bees
may destroy her and swarm with a virgin queen.

The swarming bees usually cluster on a branch or some
other support before going to a cavity, such as a hollow
tree, in which to start the new colony. The old-fashioned
idea that ringing bells or beating tin pans will hasten this
clustering is a mistaken one. If there be a delay in finding
a suitable cavity, unprotected comb will be made on the
branch where the bees have clustered.

Shortly after the swarm has departed, a young queen
which has been left behind in her sealed-up cradle eats her
way out, takes her mating flight several days later, and
settles down to her work at the old stand with the help of
such of her unmarriageable sisters as have remained.

454

QALLS.

Notes on some of the

Galls made on Plants by insects

and their relatives

Plant Galls are interesting to the zoologist because most
of them are made by animals; to the botanist because of
the unsolved problems of abnormal plant growth they
present; and to all of us, not only because ornamental and
useful plants are frequently damaged thereby, but also be-
cause much of our food is dependent upon them. Potatoes
are fungus root-galls, and the bacterial root-galls of
legumes are Nature's principal agents in making atmos-
pheric nitrogen available for plant use. Of the galls
caused by insects, the only ones of commercial benefit
are the oak galls, which have been used in dyeing, tanning,
and the manufacture of ink.

As is the case with so many things in natural history,
we must go back to Pliny for the first ideas concerning
plant galls. This philosopher knew that a fly was pro-
duced in them, but he did not associate this fly with the
cause of the gall growth. He thought that galls sprang
up in a night and that the fly larv-ae merely devoured this
growth. However, the interest of the early observers
was not always entirely biological. Important prophecies
were deduced as to the events of the coming year by
observing whether galls contained spiders, worms, or flies.

The constant occiurence of certain larvae within certain
galls at length aroused the suspicion that galls were
formed by the larvae. To account for the presence of the
egg and larvae, it was supposed that the female insect laid
the egg in the ground and thence it was drawn up with the
sap and carried to the outer parts of the plant, where it
lodged and gall formation ensued. This theory soon
met with opposition. Redi, a poet and physician of the
seventeenth centiuy, not having seen the eggs laid, as-
sumed that the plant had a "vegetable soul" which pro-
duced galls with their eggs, larvse, etc., while at the same
time, it gave birth to flowers, fruits, and seeds.

455

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Sprengel, 1793, is credited with having been the first to
point out cross-fertilization in plants, but this is a mistake.
Thirty years before, Filippo Arena, an Italian, wrote
rather fully on the subject and, noting the cross-polli-
nation by insects, stated that galls were developed by the
plants for the express purpose of having insects ready at
hand for the sake of pollination.

Malpighi, late in the seventeenth century, was the first
to record the fact that the production of galls followed the
puncture of vegetable tissues by insects, and he came to
the conclusion that the insects inject a substance into
the plant tissue which produces a swelling similar to that
which the sting of a bee causes in animal tissue. Mal-
pighi seems to have been correct. At least, we have, as
yet, no better explanation of the origin of galls.

The number of different galls caused by animal parasites
runs into thousands. Almost no form of plant life is
exempt. Although certain of the higher plants, such as
the oak, willow, rose, and goldenrod, are preeminently
the gall-bearing plants, still algse, fungi, ferns, and gym-
nosperms come in for their share.

Many of the galls of woody plants have been omitted
here, but those of herbaceous plants, including grasses,
have been, necessarily, almost ignored. The most con-
sistent work with these, chiefly Itonididae, has been done
by Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New York, to
whose papers the student must be referred. The one
in the Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XXV., will be very helpful.

The notes and illustrations given here are arranged
according to the plants on which the galls occur and with
but little reference to the relationships of the makers.
The illustrations are, for the most part, about half-size.
The following list of genera will help to make the relation-
ships clear.

Mites : Acarus, Eriophyes, Phyllocoptes,
KOMOPTERA; Aphidid^: Chermes, Colopha, Hamamelis-
ies, Hormaphis, Pacliypsylla, Pemphigus, Phylloxera.

456

GALLS.

LepidopterA; Tortricid^: Eiicosma.
Gelechiid^ : Gnorimoschema.

DiPTERA; AIycetophilid^: Sciara.

Itonidid^, formerly called Cecidomyiidas :
Aster omyia, Caryomyia, Cecidomyia, Cincticornia,
Contarinia, Dasyneura, Hormomyia, Itonida, Lasi-
optera, Oligotrophus, Retinodiplosis, Rhahdophaga,
Rhopalomyia, Schizomyia, Thecodiplosis.

Trypetid^ : Eurosta, (Edaspis.

Agrom YZiDiE : A gromyza.

HymenopterA; Saw-flies: Euura, Pontania.

CYXiPiDiE: Acraspis, Amphibolips, Andricus,
Aulax, Biorhiza, Callirhytis, Cynips, Diastrophus,
Disholcaspis, Dryophanta, Gonaspis, Holcaspis, Neuro-
terus, Rhodites, Solenozopheria.

If the galls are inhabited, a clue to the makers may be
gained by a study of the inhabitants. Mites have four
pairs of legs, at least when full grown; no wings; and are
very small. Aphids have three pairs of legs and they
sometimes have wings. Galls made by both of these
groups are usually open. Saw-flies have thoracic, and
usually distinct abdominal, legs; their galls usually have a
large hollow on the inside. Gall-making Lepidopterous
larvae have thoracic but no abdominal legs. It is not so
easy to distinguish Hymenopterous and Dipterous larvae;
and it should always be remembered that galls may be
inhabited by creatures which did not make them — para-
sites of the maker and also inquilines, "guests" which
avail themselves of the abundant food but do not directl}^
injure the maker of the gall. Some galls are complicated
communities. We speak of creatures "making" the galls;
the plants really do this, acting on some (not understood)
stimulus furnished b}'' the animals. It is exceedingly
curious that insects which are so similar that they may be
distinguished only with difficult}^ cause such different and
distinctive galls. In addition to the unknown chemics
of the process, the gall-causing instinct is one of the most
mysterious things in entomology.

457

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

The orange-colored larva of Cecidomyia
Conifers pini-rigidcB lives in a basal enlargement of

shortened, deformed needles of pitch pine; and C. halsami-
cola, of balsam. Thecodiplosis ananassi makes a brown,
pineapple-like gall on cypress. Itonida anthici makes a
whitish, flower-shaped, fungus-like growth on cypress.
Retinodiplosis resinicola larvae arc orange "grubs" living
in clear or whitish masses of pitch on the under side of
pitch-pine branches; R. inopis, in resinous masses on
scrub-pine leaves.

Pemphigus populicaulis makes globular
Poplar and g^^g ^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ ^f \ea.ves (Plate XCV,

Fig. i)\ P. populi-transversus, oval, some-
what elongated galls on the petioles; P. populi-vencB, yel-
low galls on midrib of leaf; P. vagabundus folds and
crinkles the foliage. Agromyza aeniventris causes irregu-
lar, somewhat globular enlargements of young twigs.

More than fifty different galls have been
Willow described. See Plate XCV.

Twigs

Phytophaga (also put in Rhahdoplmga) rigidcB (Fig. 4);
Rhabdophaga batatas (Fig. 3) and strobiloides (Fig. 5). R.
strobiliscus is like strobiloides but all the leaves are pointed at
the tip. R. rhodoides and others make more open growths,
resembling small, double flowers. R. brassicoides: bunches
of oval, single-celled, sessile galls, each three-fourths to
two and a fourth inches, "like the sprouts of a cabbage
stump," usually not near tips of branches. R. triticoides:
many-celled and resemble a wheat-head. R. nodulus:
like batatas but smaller, more solitary, and only single-
celled. For Euura ovum see Fig. 6; E. nodus, a smooth
twig enlargement, one-fourth to twice normal diameter;
E. orbitalis, enlarged, bud-gall.

458

Plate XCV

TBiOUf

459

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Leaves

Hormomyia verruca: about .1 inch in diameter, on veins;
about evenly divided by the leaf, the upper side flattish
or with a minute nipple, the lower side wart-like. For
Pontania pomum see Fig. 7, on midrib. P. pisum: pea-
like, yellowish, on under side of leaves. P. desmodioides:
smooth, flattish, sessile, yellowish-green, about equally
divided by the leaf. P. hyalina: fleshy, reddish, in parallel
rows on either side of the midrib. P. borealis: solitary,
smooth, reddish, pear-shaped, about one-third above the
leaf. P. consors: gregarious, hairy, rather spherical, near
leaf -base, about one-third above the leaf. P. gracilis:
spherical, smooth, near petiole to one side of midrib, about
equally divided by leaf. P. terminalis: green swelling on
upper siuiace; the leaf eventually rolls.

Plate XCV. The principal twig-gall is
Hickory Phylloxera carycecaulis (Fig. 13). Numerous

other species of Phylloxera make galls on the leaves. Of
these the petiole bears caryceren, kidney-shaped; suh-
elliptica, elongate, nut-hke; and spinosa, irregular, spiny
galls. On the leaves, those of caryceyence axe keel-like
pleats along the leaf- veins; carycEfallax crowded, conical,
on upper surface; deplanata, reddish- or greenish-j^ellow,
conical below; depressa, depressed, fringed; pilosula,
hairy, hght green, flattened above, below convex and with
a nipple. The galls of Caryomyia holotricha (Fig. 8) are
pubescent; carycecola (Fig. 9), smooth; sanguinolenta
(Fig. 10), red; tuhicola (Fig. 11); and persicoides (Fig. 12),
brownish, downy. C. cynipsea makes a round, hard,
midrib gall, about half an inch across. C. nucicola de-
forms the husks.

Dasyneura serrulatoe causes deformations,
^*^®' with whitish "bloom," of terminal buds

(Plate XCV, Fig. 2).

460

Plate XCVI

461

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

More than three hundred different galls
^^^ have been listed.

Leaves

Plate XCVI shows Amphiholips confluentus (Fig. i),
spongy inside; A. inanis (Fig. 2), merely larval cell and
radiating threads inside; A. ilicifolicB (Fig. 3); A. coelehs
(Fig. 5); Callirhytis futilis (Fig. 4), somewhat flattened^
projecting on both sides of the leaf, inside are kernels
kept in position by white filaments; C. papillatus (Fig. 7),.
somewhat nipple-shaped, projects on both sides, sur-
rounded by a reddish areola; C. capsulus (Fig. 9); C.
palustris (Fig. 11), hollow inside except for a loose kernel;
Andricus singularis (Fig. 6), something like a small inanis;
Andricus flocci, also called lana (Fig. 8), like a mass of
wool with brown kernels; Andricus petiolicola (Fig. 10),
many celled.

On Plate XCVII: Andricus piger (Fig. i), under side of
midrib; Cynips prinoides (Fig. 2), shiny, single-celled, under
side of leaf; Cynips pisum (Fig. 3), surface finely netted,
two cavities; Acraspis erinacei (Fig. 4), spines red when
young; Dryophanta polita (Fig. 5), sometimes grows singly;
Neuroterus floccosus (Fig. 6), with white hairs, under side
of leaf; N. umhilicatus (Fig. 7), small nipple in deep,
central depression, under side of leaf; Cincticornia pilulm
(Fig. 8), upper side of leaf; Cecidomyia poculum (Fig. 9),
pale red to light lavender, under side of leaf; Cecidomyia
niveipila (Fig. 12), fold lined with white pubescence.
Cynips decidua makes galls about the size of wheat-grains
on the under side of midrib, often 30 on a leaf.

462

Plate XCVII

463

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Twigs and other parts

Plate XCVII, Fig. lo, shows the white, shot-like catkin
gall of Andricus pulchra and, Fig. ii, the acorn gall of
AmphihoUps prunus.

Plate XCVII I shows Callirhytis cornigerus (Fig. i);
C. punctatus (Fig. 2) resembles cornigerus but without
"horns"; C. seminator (Fig. 3), white or pinkish, woolly;
C. similis (Fig, 4), usually on scrub-oak; C. clavula (Fig.
5), usually on white oak; Cynips strohilana (Fig. 6), hard
and corky, with a single cell in each division ; Disholcaspis
globulus (Fig. 7); D. duricaria (Fig. 9), with sharp point at
apex; Biorhiza forticornis (Fig. 10), pale yellow with reddish
tinge when fresh, kernel of each division held by radiating
fibers; Neuroterus hatatus (Fig. 8), pale bluish bloom, corky,
many larval cells; N. noxiosus (Fig. 11), hard, woody,
many larval cells.

464

Plate XCVIII

Qas

465

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Plate XCIX, Fig. i, shows galls of Colopha
™ ulmicola. Pemphigus ulmifusus makes soli-

tary, spindle-shaped galls on the upper surface of red elm
leaves.

Plate XCIX shows Pachypsylla cucur-
ackberry ^^-^^ (Fig. 4) on under side of leaf, concave

in the middle, with a small nipple; P. vesiculum (Fig. 5),
flat, blister-like, convex with a small nipple; P. mamma
(Fig. 6), nearly cylindrical, apex rounded bluntly; P.
gemma (Fig. 7), variable in shape and size, woody, numer-
ous cells; P. venusta (Fig. 8), on petioles, several compart-
ments.

Plate XCIX: Hormaphis kamamelidis
Witch-hazel ^^ig. 2), greenish or reddish, on upper side
of leaf; Hamamelistes spinosus (Fig. 3), green or reddish
bud-galls.

Plate XCIX: Cecidomyia tulipifera
Tulip-tree ^pjg^ ^^ . Thecodiplosis liriodendri (Fig. 10),

brown spots with a yellow or greenish areola.

Plate XCIX, Fig. 11: Cecidomyia (?;
*P^® incorrectly classed in Sciara; probably not

a Mycetophilid, according to Dr. Felt) ocellaris, light
yellow or green, usually with a red, central dot; it has
never been reared. Phyllocoptes acericola make slender,
spindle-shaped galls on the upper surface of sugar-maple
leaves; and P. quadripes, small, bladder-like galls on the
upper surface of soft-maple leaves.

Plate XCIX, Fig. 12: Pemphigus rhois,
Sumac yellowish-green tinged with red, hollow,

on under side of leaf.

466

Plate XCIX

talip>ttee

467

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Plate C shows: Rhodites bicolor (Fig. i),
*^°^® yellowish-green sometimes tinged with red

in summer, brown in winter; R. radicum (Fig. 2), on root;
R. globulus (Fig. 3), smooth, abrupt at ends; R. dichlocerus
(Fig. 4), tapering at ends, reddish; R. roses. (Fig. 5), mossy
mass containing hard cells; R. ignota (Fig. 8), white-mealy
surface, rather round, sometimes coalescing; R. verncB
(Fig. 7), reddish; R. lenticularis (Fig. 6), somewhat
flattened.

Plate C, Fig. 9: Diastrophus radicum,
Raspberry especially on roots of black raspberry;

varies from size of a pea to 2 x i inches.

Plate C: Diastrophus hassettii (Fig. 10),
Blackberry ^^ ^^iQ stems of trailing blackberry close

to the ground; greenish, tinged with red, pithy with
many rounded cells; D. nebulosus (Fig. 11), dark green,
turning reddish; D. cuscutceformis (Pig. 12). Lasioptera
farinosa makes an irregularly ridged, warty, light brown
swelling, about half an inch long, on the under side of
leaf -veins; L. nodulosa, an irregular, elongate swelling about
an inch long on the smaller branches.

Cecidomyia bedeguar makes a tufted,
Crataegus nearly globular gall, about half an inch in

diameter, on midribs ; and Hormomyia cratcegifolia, a cocks-
comb gall on the leaves.

Plate C, Fig. 13: Gonaspis potentillce,
CinquefoU ^^ ^j^-|g q£ leaves, single-celled. Two

species of Diastrophus, niger and minimus, make galls on
the stems.

Plate C: Acarus serotincB (Fig. 14),
Wild Cherry hollow, stemmed pouches, opening on
under side of leaf; Cecidomyia serotincB (Fig. 15), bright
red in spring.

468

Plate C

CrnqnefoO

VMCtaKf

469

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Plate CI: Schizomyia pomum (Fig. i),
Grape variable, with 8 or 9 ridges when mature,

numerous longitudinal cells each divided by a partition;
Cecidomyia viticola (Fig. 2), green or red; Lasioptera vitis
(Fig. 3), yellowish-green or reddish, on stems and leaf-
stalks. S. coryloides makes a rounded mass, about 2
inches in diameter, of from 10 to 50 opaque, woolly, rather
spindle-shaped, green galls. Asteromyia petiolicola makes
spindle-shaped swellings on the petioles. For Phylloxera
vastatrix see page 88; the leaf -galls are hollow, fleshy
swellings, which are rather wrinkled and hairy, on the
under surface of leaves, opening above.

Plate CI, Fig. 4: Cecidomyia impatientis,
Touch-me-not succulent, semi-transparent, containing a
number of cells, at base of flower of Impatiens. Lasi-
optera impatientifolia causes a swelling of the base of leaves.

Plate CI, Fig. 5 : Cecidomyia verrucicola^
Linden ajd wart-like, about a fifth of an inch in di-
ameter, usually formed in July. Ceci-
domyia citrina deforms young terminal buds; Eriophyes
abnormis, top-shaped galls on the under side of leaves.

Plate CI, Fig. 6: Lasioptera clavula,
Dogwood contains an elongated channel inhabited

by a single larva.

Plate CI, Fig. 7 : Solenozopheria vaccinii^
Huckleberry ^^ stems of Vaccinium ; the illustration
shows an old gall with exit holes.

Plate CI, Fig. 8: Aulax tumidus varies
Wild Lettuce greatly, on main stalk of Lactuca canadensis,
often involving the flower-panicle.

470

Plate CI

471

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

Plate CI: Eurosta solidaginis (Fig. lo
Goldenrod gj^^^g ^^^^s from which the flies have

emerged), pithy inside with a rounded cell in the center on
the main stalk ; Rhopalomyia solidaginis (Fig. 1 1 ) , caused
by the arrest of stalk; (Edaspis polita (Fig. 12), caused by
the arrest of side branches. Lasioptera solidaginis makes
a gall much like that of Eurosta. Galls made by two
genera of moths are often confused with these but, if the
larvae are present, one can at least determine whether or
not they are Lepidopterous ; to mention two species: the
gall of Gnorimoschema gallcesolidaginis is about the size of
Eurosta but is more tapering (adults emerge in September
and hibernate), that of Eucosma scudderiana is merely an
elongate thickening of the stem near the flower head
(adults are found from June to August, larvae or pupae
hibernating). The aerial gall of Rhopalomyia hirtipes is
a large swelling of a bud "resembling a dried prune in
texture; hard center"; it also makes a subterranean root-
stalk swelling. R. fusifortnis causes a ribbed, elongate
structure, about a quarter of an inch in length, which
occurs singly or in masses on the stem or foliage. Species
of Asteromyia live mostly in galls, which are apparently
affected with fungus; carbonifera causes a black blister
and roscB, a rosy one; similar galls occur also on asters.
About 1 50 kinds of galls have been recorded from American
Compositae.

Plate CI, Fig. 9: Contarinia canadensis,
succulent, pale green and sometimes tinged
with red, formed in May or June. Eriophyes fraxiniflora
deforms the catkins ; and E. fraxini makes numerous galls
on a single leaf, wart-like, subdivided by irregular, hairy
curtains within. Dasyneura tumidoscE causes a gall much
like pellex but on the base of the midrib and apical part
of the petiole.

472

APPENDIX

473

APPENDIX

C^^t*^ Chitin is a definite organic chemical com-

^^^ pound that is found in the skin of most

Arthropoda (p. 32), as well as in some other invertebrates
and in certain fungi. The parts of an insect's skin which
contain chitin are, for that reason, hard and tough, in
contrast with other parts such as those between the seg-
ments of the body or the joints of the appendages. Chitin
is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, acetic acid, dilute
mineral acids, and dilute alkalies.

T?"ii- T. XX, It has become rather difficult for those

Killing Bottles -, . ,

Page 16 ^°t connected with scientific institutions to

get cyanide of potassium and there is a ra-
ther needless fear that cyanide bottles are dangerous in the
hands of children. Several entomologists have reported
good success with Carbona, a fluid that is sold for cleaning
purposes. I have not used it myself and, therefore, can not
vouch for its general adaptability. Cotton, saturated with
Carbona, is kept in an olive bottle or something of the sort
and specimens are killed by putting them into this bottle
for a few minutes.

Control of Thoreau said: "We accuse savages of

Injurious In- worshipping only the bad spirit or devil,
sects Though they may distinguish both a good

^^^ ^"^ and a bad, they regard only the one which

they fear, worship the devil only. We too are savages in
this, doing precisely the same thing. This occurred to me
yesterday as I sat in the woods admiring the beauty of the
blue butterfly. We are not chiefly interested in birds and
insects, for example, as they are ornamental to the earth
and cheering to man, but we spare the lives of the former
only on condition that they eat more grubs than they do
cherries, and the only account of the insects which the
State encourages is of the insects injurious to vegetation."
The appendix to the present book gives notes on introduced
pests which, alone, would justify all the work that has been

475

APPENDIX.

done in economic entomology, but it should be remembered
that less than half of one percent of the different kinds
of insects are distinctly injurious to man or his crops and
many times that number are distinctly beneficial, either
directly or by controlling injurious species. Parasitic and
predacious insects do much more in the latter field than do
birds.

Ticks are not insects but mites (p. 32).
All but the very young have four pairs of
legs; the "seed ticks" have only three pairs. The abdo-
men is neither distinctly segmented nor separated from the
head-thorax. The distinctions between the various kinds
of ticks are rather technical; see the bulletin of the U. S.
Dept, of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Technical
Series, No. 15, by Banks. Margaropus annulatus is the
principal cattle tick of the Southern States and the dis-
tributor of Texas Fever. Dermacentor venustus of the
Northwest is guilty of carrying Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever. The common eastern species, Dermacentor vari-
abilis, has not been proved guilty of bearing diseases.

Key to the Orders of Commonly Observed Insects.

Page 39

No "key" (see p. 27) is necessary in order to place most
of the commonly observed insects in their proper orders
(see p. 5), provided we remember that the True Flies have
no more than two wings and compose the order Diptera;
Beetles usually have hard front wings and are the Coleop-
tera; Butterflies and Moths are the Lepidoptera; Wasps,
Bees, and Ants are the Hymenoptera; True Bugs have
sucking mouth parts and are Hemiptera; and members of
the Grasshopper group are Orthoptera.

The following key is offered for the use of the increas-
ingly large number of nature-lovers who wish to go more
deeply into the details of insect classification. At the same
time, I have tried to simplify the subject by omitting cer-
tain forms that are almost certain not to be noticed by any
but the specialist.

476

APPENDIX.

1. Winged insects 2

Wingless insects, including the young of winged

adults 23.

2. The front, or mesothoracic, wings (those on the same
segment as the second pair of legs) entirely membranous,
except for the "veins," and not bearing scales 3.

These wings bearing scales, usually enough to hide the
veins. Butterflies and Moths. Lepidoptera (p. 115).

These wings not bearing scales but being in part, at
least, homy, leathery, or parchment-like 18.

3. Only one pair of wings 4.

Two pairs of wings 6.

4. Abdomen with a pair of caudal filaments 5.

Abdomen with no caudal filaments; a pair of knobbed

structures (halteres or "balancers") where hind wings
would be. True Flies. Diptera (p. 229).

5. Cross-veins between the long veins abundant in wings.
Certain rare May-flies. Plectoptera (p. 40).

No cross-veins. Male Scale-insects. Homoptera

(p- 91)-

6. Wings very narrow and almost veinless; the margins
fringed with long hairs. Not more than two tarsal joints,
the terminal one being swollen. Mouth fitted for sucking.
Small insects. Thrips. Thysanoptera (p. 79).

Not so 7.

7. Hind wings larger than the front ones and with the
hind (when the wings are expanded) part folded like a fan
when the insect is at rest 8.

Not so 10,

8. Tarsi three-jointed. Body somewhat flattened and
with prominent, jointed appendages at end of abdomen.
Stone flies. Plecoptera (p. 50).

Not so 9.

9. Front part of wings with but few, if any, cross-veins.
The wings fairly well covered with very fine hairs. Pro-
thorax small. Caddis-flies. Trichoptera (p. 57).

Not so. Dobson Flies, etc. Megaloptera (p. 52).

10. Antennae short and inconspicuous. Wings with many
cross-veins between the long veins 11.

Not so 12.

11. Long, thread-like appendages on end of abdomen.

477

APPENDIX.

Hind wings much smaller than the front wings. May-
flies. Plectoptera (p. 40).

Not so. Dragon- and Damsel-flies. Odonata (p. 42).

12. Head prolonged into a beak. Scorpion-flies. Mecop-
TERA (p. 56).

Not so 13.

13. Mouth-parts fitted for chewing 14.

Not so. No abdominal appendages. Few cross-veins.

Hemiptera. See p. 80 for the division into suborders, now
frequently considered as orders,

14. Tarsi five-jointed. No abdominal appendages. . ..15.
Tarsi with four or fewer joints. Wings with but few

veins 17.

15. Prothorax very long and cylindrical. Antennae many-
jointed. Wings with many cross-veins. Raphidioidea.
This order, including the Snake-flies, was not in the first
edition of the Field Book as its members are not often
noticed, even in the West, and are not found at all in the
East. Both larvae and adults are carnivorous, the former
usually living under bark. The single family, Raphidiidae,
contains two genera, Raphidia (three simple eyes, "ocelli,"
between the compound eyes) and Inocellia (no ocelli).

Not so i6.

16. Wings usually with many veins and cross-veins (wings
covered with a fine powder if veins are few); hind wings
usually about the same size as the front ones. Ant-lions,
etc. Neuroptera (p. 53).

Veins and cross-veins not numerous and wings not
powdered; hind wings smaller than the front ones. Abdo-
men usually constricted at the base and, in females, ending
in a sting or sting-like structure which is usually with-
drawn into the body. Wasps, Bees, and Ants. Hymen-
OPTERA (p. 406).

17. Prothorax inconspicuous. Hind wings smaller than
the front ones; wings held like the sloping sides of a roof
when the insect is at rest. Book- and Bark-lice. CoRRO-
DENTIA (p. 76).

Not so. IsoPTERA (tarsi apparently four-jointed) and
the tropical Embiidina (tarsi three- jointed). Isoptera are
White Ants; see p. 76.

18. Mesothoracic wings without apparent veins; hind

478

APPENDIX.

wings, when present, folded crossways as well as lengtnways.

Mouth-parts fitted for chewing 19.

Not having this combination of characters 20.

19. Movable forceps at end of abdomen. Earwigs.
Dermaptera (p. 61).

Not so. Front wings ("elytra") usually very hard.
Beetles. Coleoptera (p. 280).

20. Mouth-parts fitted for sucking. Hemiptera in a
broad sense. See p. 80.

Mouth-parts fitted for chewing. Meso thoracic wings
of nearly uniform texture throughout and usually with
many veins 21.

21. Front wings about as wide as the hind ones; the hind
ones not folded. White Ants. Isoptera (p. 76).

Not so 22.

22. Very small. Antennae short and few-jointed. Male
Strepsiptera (p. 405).

Not so. Roaches, Grasshoppers, etc. Orthoptera
(p. 62).

23. Legless, maggot-like creatures, without distinct body
parts. Larvae of either Diptera, Hymenoptera, or (more
rarely) Coleoptera; difficult to differentiate further.

Sedentary forms not capable of much, if any, locomo-
tion 24.

Neither of the above 29.

24. Small; scale-like, or covered with powder or cottony
tufts; with a beak for sucking sap. Homoptera (p. 80).

Not so. Pupas 25.

25. The skin encasing the legs, wings, etc., holding these
tightly against the body. Mouth-parts, if visible, a pro-
boscis 26.

Not so 27.

26. Proboscis, if any, long. Four wing-cases, if any.
Sometimes in a silken cocoon. LEProoPTERA (p. 115).

Not so. Diptera (p. 229).

27. Pro thorax small, fixed into one piece with the meso-
thorax. Sometimes enclosed in a cocoon. Hymenoptera
(p. 406).

Not so 28.

28. Wing-cases with few or no veins. Coleoptera (p.
280).

479

APPENDIX.

Wing-cases with a number of veins. JNeuroptera
(P- 53) S'lid related orders.

29. Parasites on man and other animals 30.

Not so 35.

30. Four pairs of legs. Not insects at all but mites or
ticks. Acarina (pp. 32 and 476).

Not more than three pairs of legs 31.

31. Body flattened sideways. Mouth-parts a sharp beak,
Jumping species. Fleas. Suctoria (p. 279).

Body flattened horizontally 32.

32. Mouth-parts fitted for chewing. Biting Bird-lice.
Mallophaga (p. 78).

Mouth-parts fitted for sucking 33.

33. Antennae inserted in pits, not visible from above.
PuPiPARA (p. 279).

Not so, although the antennae are short 34.

34. Beak not jointed. Tarsi hook-like. Lice. Siphun-
CULATA (p. 78).

Beak jointed. Tarsi not hook-like. Hemiptera
(p. 80).

35. Aquatic; larvae, usually gill-bearing 36.

Terrestrial (or on the surface of the water but not

living below it); breathing through spiracles 43.

36. Mouth-parts a strong, sharp beak. Hemiptera
(p. 80).

Mouth-parts, if any, fitted for chewing 37.

37. Living in a case of sand, pebbles, sticks, or leaves.
Caddis- worms. Trichoptera (p. 57).

Not so 38.

38. Lower lip furnished with a pair of hooks and folded
so that it can be extended forward. Odonata (p. 42).

Not so 39.

39. No gills along the sides of the abdomen 40.

With lateral gills on the abdomen 41.

40. The three divisions of the thorax loosely united;
antennae and caudal (usually two) filaments long and
slender. Plecoptera (p. 50).

Not so. Jointed thoracic legs. Coleoptera (p. 280).
Not so. No jointed thoracic legs. Larvae and pupae
of Mosquitoes, etc. Diptera (p. 229).

41. No pupal stage, hence wing-pads frequently present

480

APPENDIX.

Lateral gills on abdomen. Usually three, sometimes only
two, gills at end of abdomen. Tarsi with single claws
Plectoptera (p. 40).

Not so 42.

42. The larvse of Whirligig Beetles {Gyrinus, p. 292) have
a single pair of gills on each of the first eight abdominal
segments and two pairs on the ninth ; the tenth is armed with
two pairs of long, sharp, curved hooks. Except for that
genus, the aquatic larvae of Coleoptera (p. 280) do not
have "proplegs" armed with hooks or claws on the last
abdominal segment.

Among the Megaloptera (p. 52), Sialis has the last
abdominal segment prolonged as a hairy or fringed tail-
like process; Chauliodes (no fine gills at the base of each
lateral filament) and Corydalis (a tuft of fine gills at the
base of each lateral filament) have the last abdominal seg-
ment forked, each prong bearing a pair of hooks and a
small lateral filament.

43. Mouth-parts much reduced, drawn into the head and
scarcely, if at all, visible. Appendages on under side of
abdomen. Delicate, small insects. A number of orders
which are briefly referred to on p. 39 as "The Most Primi-
tive Insects."

Not so 44.

44. Mouth-parts fitted for chewing 45.

Mouth-parts, if any, fitted for sucking 55.

45. Larvas with fleshy "legs" on abdomen. Body cylin-
drical; thorax and abdomen not very distinct. Butterfly
and Moth caterpillars (Lepidoptera, p. 115) have not
more than five pairs of abdominal "legs"; Saw-fl}'- larvse
(Hymenoptera, p. 408) have more than five pairs of such
"legs."

Not so 46.

46. Antennae long and distinct 47.

Larvae with short antennae 54.

47. Strong, movable forceps at end of abdomen; prothorax
not fused to mesothorax. Earwigs. Dermaptera (p. 61).

No abdominal forceps 48.

48. Abdomen strongly constricted at the base; prothorax
fused to the mesothorax. Female Ants (p. 415), Velvet
Ants (p. 427), etc. Hymenoptera.

31 481

APPENDIX.

Abdomen not so; broadly joined to thorax 49,

49. Head drawn out like a beak. Mecoptera (p. 56).
Not so 50.

50. About an eighth of an inch, or less, in length; louse-
like. Prothorax inconspicuous. Book- and Bark-lice.

CORRODENTIA (p. 76).

Not so -j^

51. Hind legs with enlarged femora, fitted for jumping.
Grasshoppers, etc. Orthoptera (p. 62).

Not so 52.

52. Body white, or nearly so, and somewhat ant-like.
Tarsi apparently four- jointed ; no joint of the front tarsi
swollen. White Ants. Isoptera (p. 76).

Not so -,^

53. Either prothorax much longer than mesothorax and
front legs fitted for grasping prey (Mantidse, p. 64); or
antenna usually with more than fifteen joints and ab-
domen with appendages at the end, the body being either
flattened (Blattidae, the Roaches, p. 62) or stick-like (Phas-
midse, p. 65). Orthoptera.

Not so. Body often hard-shelled. Beetles. Cole-
OPTERA (p. 280).

54. Body cylindrical, caterpillar-like. Mecoptera (p.
56).

Body more or less flattened. Usually larv« of Coleop-
tera (Mandibles almost always separate from maxillse.
Raphidioidea, see couplet 15, and Strepsiptera would
also come here) but the specimens may be larvae of Neu-
ROPTERA (Mandibles united with the maxilla to form suck-
ing jaws).

55. Body densely clothed with hairs or scales. Proboscis,
if any, coiled under the head. Moths. LEProoPTERA
(p. 146).

Not so 55.

56. Last tarsi joint swollen and without claws. Very
small species. Thrips. Thysanoptera (p. 79).

Tarsi not so ey,

57* Prothorax distinct. Hemiptera in a broad sense!
See p. 80.

Prothorax small and not plainly visible from above.
Diptera (p. 229).

482

APPENDIX.

Since the first edition of this book was
Cooties prepared the unusual came to many people

and Pediculus vestimenti was, unfortunately,
not "rare." Cootie is another name for this disgusting*
uncomfortable and, by reason of the disease it may carry,
dangerous creature. Fortunately the return to sanitary,
uncrowded living conditions, combined with the delousing
measures taken by the army, will again make it usually
rare. While it is probable that capitis and vestimenti are
distinct species, they are difficult to differentiate.

Tree-hoppers or Insect Brownies (Membracidae)
Page 84 and Plate XXIII

The Tree-hoppers or Insect Brownies are small, but they
are so curiously shaped that they have attracted much
popular notice. W. D. Funkhouser has published {Memoir
II, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Station) a pleasing paper on
the species of central New York. In order to include a few
species which may be noticed by the users of this book and
were not covered by the statement under 4, p. 81, it would
have been better to have said that Membracidae have an
enlarged pronotum that usually extends over the abdomen.

The subfamily Centrotinae is distinguished from the
others by having a distinct scutellum not concealed by the
enlarged pronotum; Microcentrus carycz on hickory is our
common species.

The anterior tibiae of the subfamily Membracinas are
flattened, somewhat leaf -like. In Campylenchia the lateral
ridges of the anterior horn on the pronotum are close to the
upper margin; in Enchenopa they are about midway be-
tween the upper and lower margins. C. latipes lives on
grasses and has no yellow markings on its back. E. bino-
iata lives on trees, shrubs, and vines; its back is marked
with yellow and it covers its egg masses with a frothy
deposit.

Most of our Membracids, including the five species
shown on Plate XXIII, belong to the subfamily Smiliinae,
in which the anterior tibiae are simple.

The genus Ceresa can usually be recognized by the horn

483

APPENDIX.

on each shoulder, as is shown in the figure of bubalus (Plate
XXIII). C. dicer OS has brown transverse bands; those
species which follow do not have such bands. It is found
chiefly on box elder. C. basalts has the under surface of the
body strongly marked with black; those species which
follow do not. It is sometimes common on garden plants.
C. constans and palmeri are small species with the dorsal
crest marked with brown or reddish. The horns of con-
stans are long, sharp, much recurved, and elevated; it is
usually on locust. The horns of palmeri are shorter, little
elevated, and only slightly recurved; it is usually rare and
on hickory. C. borealis is much like bubalus but is smaller,
darker, and has a very hairy pronotum; commonest on
shrubs and low trees. C. bubalus (p. 84) has stout, nearly
straight horns. C. taurina is about the same size; horns
long, sloping upward, and recurved; common on fruit trees
and bushes.

Thelia bimaculata is frequently rather common on locust
trees, Robinia pseudacacia.

Telamona ampelopsidis is usually to be found on Virginia
creeper. The numerous species of this genus are difficult
to differentiate satisfactorily.

Adults of Archasia belfragei occur on oak and locust.
I do not know where its young live.

As stated on p. 84, ants attend some Membracidee for
the sake of "honey-dew." It has been stated that ants
assist Entylia sinuata to moult, but doubt has been cast
on the accuracy of the observation. Incidentally, it may
be that "honey-dew" is not the sole object of the ants'
visits; they seem to be interested also in the sap that flows
from the wounds made by the Membracids' beaks.

484

APPENDIX.

Hints for Identifying Caterpillars
Page 115

No more is given here than the heading promises — hints.
There are several extensive papers on the subject, such as
the one by S. B. Fracker {Illinois Biological Monographs,
vol. II., No. 1,1915), but they are necessarily both technical
and incomplete. A very good hint is to make use of the
plant index, page 525 ; it was prepared for this purpose.
Another good hint is to rear the caterpillar; this means
work but it will be both interesting and instructive. The
other hints given here are from notes kindly furnished me
by Mr. F. E. Watson, Assistant in charge of Lepidoptera
at The American Museum of Natural History. They con-
cern full-grown caterpillars and here we meet two diffi-
culties: nothing but experience will tell when a caterpillar
is full-grown and young caterpillars of a given species often
differ more in general appearance from full-grown speci-
mens of the same species than do caterpillars of different
species. This can not be helped; it is the way they are
made.

A "caterpillar" with only one ocellus on each side
of its head and no circles of hooklets on its abdominal
legs is not a caterpillar but the larva of a Saw-fly (p.
408).

A caterpillar more than three inches long is certain to be
one of the Sphingidae, if it has either a "horn" or an eye-
like spot on its eleventh body segment; otherwise it is
likely to be either a Saturnid or a Ceratocampid. A very
hairy caterpillar, unless very small, is almost certainly one
of the Arctiidae, but see below. A caterpillar without legs
on the sixth, seventh and eighth body segments and that
moves by "looping" belongs to the Geometridas, but note
that some Noctuidae lack one or more pairs of legs from the
middle of their body and also do a sort of a loop. Cater-
pillars with a sHt in the top of the first segment from which,
when disturbed, they protrude a yellowish or reddish V-
shaped scent organ are, in Eastern United States, those of
some Swallow-tail butterfly, Papilio.

485

APPENDIX.

Butterfly Caterpillars
Nymphalid^e

On Milkweed. — A pair of thread-like appendages neal
each end of the body; see Plate XXVII. On pages 1 16 and
127 I used the name Anosia plexippus for this butterfly,
calling attention to other names. Since then the subject
has been passed upon by authorities and it is said that the
name plexippus really belongs to an Asiatic species that is
similar to ours but has a band of large white spots across
each front wing. According to the rules, our species must
now be called archippus and its genus is Danaus, not
Danais. Let us hope that it will remain so ; see page 4.

Two southern species on Passion Flower, each about
1.5 in. long (page 117). — The larva of Heliconius chari-
thonius is dead white, with blackish spots and long black
spines. That of Dione vanillcB is brownish-red, with longi-
tudinal dark brown bands and long blackish spines.

Euptoieta claudia. — See p-ge 117 for foodplants; Passion
Flower and Sedum are favorites. The larva, about 1.4 in.
long, has a black head; body usually orange to brownish-
red. There are two bands of white spots on each side and
an indistinct one on top; two long, finely spined horns or
tubercle on the first segment and six rows of shorter ones
behind these.

Argynnis and Brenthis larvae feed by night and hide by
day under pieces of bark, etc. To find them search for
patches of Violets with irregular pieces eaten out of the
leaves and then look carefully among the dead leaves near
these plants. For A. idalia (about 2 in. long) and A.
cybele (about 1.75 in. long), see page 117. A. aphrodite
(page 118): about 1.5 in. long; blackish-brown with a
velvety black spot at base of each spine; spines black,
sometimes reddish-yellow at base. A. atlantis (page 118):
about 1.5 in. long; dark velvety purple with grayish spines.
The spines of B. myrina are blackish and those of bellona
are dull grayish-yellow; see page 118.

Phyciodes. — See descriptions of larvag, page 119. For
full-grown nycteis, about i in. long, look during early June
on Woodland Sunflowers (Helianthus divaricatus), espe-

486

APPENDIX.

cially along roads. P. tharos, about .75 in. long, on Asters.
The spines of the rare batesi are light ptirplish-brown;
similar to tharos and on Wavy-leafed Aster {Aster undula-

ius).

MelitcBa.—See pages 119 and 120 for descriptions of
larv«. M. phaeton, about 1.5 in. long, feeds especially on
Turtle-head (Chelone glabra). M. harrisi, about 1.25 in.
long, does not have the Baltimore's black coloring at each
extremity.

Having rows of barbed spines

Grapta, Junonia and Vanessa j-album have a pair of
spines on the head. Pyrameis and our other species of
Vanessa do not have spines on the head.

Grapta inter rogationis (page 120).— Head brown; body
chestnut, flecked with yellow dots in more or less longitu-
dinal Hnes; spines yellowish or reddish. Chiefly on Ehn.

Graptacomma (page 122).— Head blackish; body varying
from green to brown; spines whitish (a good distinguishing
character, but see f annus). Chiefly on Nettle.

Grapta progne (page 122).— Head brown; body yellowish-
brown; spines blackish. Chiefly on Currant and Goose-
berry.

Grapta f annus (page 122).— Head black; body browmsh-
yellow, with a large white patch back of the middle; spines
white. Chiefly on Black Birch.

Junonia cwnia (page 126).— Head dark brown; body
blackish-gray; spines metalic dark purple. Chiefly on

Gerardia.

Vanessa j -album (page 124).— Body varying from green
to dull red; spines mostly blackish. On White Birch.

The following do not have spines on the head (see above).

Vanessa antiopa (page 122 and plate XXX).— Head
black; body with a row of orange-red spots on the back;
spines black. Chiefly on Willow and Ehn.

Vanessa milberti (page 124).— Head black; body black,
lighter on the sides and with broken, yellow side-stripes;
spines black. On Nettles; usually not over an inch long.

Pyrameis atalanta (page 124).— Head black; body usu-

487

APPENDIX.

ally reddish-gray with a broken, yellow stripe on each side;
spines reddish. On Nettles.

Pyrameis hunter a (page 124).— Head black; body garnet
with yellow rings, yellowish sides and two rows of white
spots on the back; anterior spines blackish, the others
yellowish. On Everlastings.

Pyrameis cardui (page 126 and plate XXXI).— Head
black; body brownish-gray with a somewhat broken, yellow
stripe on each side and sometimes with two faint yellow
hnes down the middle of the back; spines yellowish.
Chiefly on Burdock.

Basilarchia. — Full-grown larvas of the species mentioned
on pages 126 and 127 are about 1.5 in. long and easily
recognized by the pair of long, spiny, warty tubercles on
the second segment and the humps along the back, es-
pecially prominent on the fifth segment (see Plate XX VH).
The tubercles on the second segment of astyanax are not
clubbed, the spiny warts being slender; those of arthemis
are conspicuously clubbed and short, the spiny warts being
short and conical; those of archippus slightly clubbed and
thickly covered with long, conical, spiny warts. All three
feed on Willow and Poplar, but arthemis prefers Birch and
astyanax feeds on Wild Cherry, both being sometimes found
on other plants.

Most of the caterpillars of the subfamily Satyrinee havo
the last segment forked and the head usually angulate on
top or even having a pair of horns. See page 128 and Plate
XXXn. The following notes are additional to the de-
scriptions given there. All of these species feed on Grasses.
Dehis portlandia: about 1.25 in. long; head yellowish-green,
the moderately high conical tubercles with red or pink
tips; body green, with a dark green line on top and a faint
yellow stripe on each side; anal forks long. Satyr odes
tanthus: about 1.25 in. long; head green, with two very
aigh, red, conical tubercles; body green, with longitudinal
stripes of darker green; anal forks long. Neonymphia
eurytus: about .75 in. long; head brownish and angulate,
almost tuberculate; body brownish-green, with a blackish
line on top and obscure, brown, longitudinal markings;
anal forks short. N. phocion: about i in. long; head pea-

488

APPENDIX.

green, with two small yellow-brown tubercles at the sum-
mits; body yellowish-green, with a dark green line on top
and five (two of which are indistinct) yellow lines on each
side. Satyrus dope: about 1.25 in. long; head green and
with no tubercles on the top; body dull, yellowish-green
with two yellow stripes on each side; anal fork short and
slender.

Lihythea bachmani. — Nearly an inch long; slender; dark
green, with longitudinal yellow lines. These caterpillars
look like Pierids and sometimes assume a somewhat
Sphinx-like pose. The second and third segments are
swollen, the former bearing two black tubercles in a yellow
ring. On Hackberry (Celtis) and doubtfully on Wolf-
berry (see p. 130).

ERYCINIDiE AND LyC^NID^

These larvae usually have the head much smaller than
the body, often completely retractile into the first segment
of the body. They are shaped something like "sow-bugs"
or "wood-lice," flat and with an oval outline. Their legs
are so short that they seem to glide, rather than to walk.

Erycinidae (page 130).— The larva of our only species,
Calephelis borealis, is unknown but, like other members of
its family, its head is probably at least half as broad as the
middle of its body, which is probably more cylindrical than
among Lyc^nidas.

Lycaenid^ (page 131).— Head less than half as broad as
the middle of the body. Many species have, on the back
of the posterior segments, from one to three, minute, ex-
tensible sacs from which exudes a secretion that is attrac-
tive to ants. Therefore, these larvae may sometimes be
found by noticing where ants are congregating (see page

132).

Thecla mdinus larvae, about .5 in. long, are dark, dull,
velvety brown. They are commonest in August on the
buds, flowers, and pods of Hairy Bush Clover {Lespedeza).
See page 13 1 for other food plants. The larva of T. damon
is about .5 in. long; dark green, with three rows of whitish
dashes on each side. Mr. Watson's directions for finding

489

APPENDIX.

larvae of T. titus, which get to be about .75 in. long and are
bright green with each extremity bright rose color, are:
" Look in June on small plants of Wild Cherry. First notice
if the leaves are eaten in an irregular manner; then if there
is an ants' nest at the base of the main stem. The next
step will be to remove carefully the earth around this main
stem to a depth of one or two inches. The larva will be
found resting on the stem with ants in attendance. It
crawls up to the top of the plant to feed at night,"

Fefiiseca tarquinius, about .5 in. long, grayish brown and
covered rather abundantly with short hairs. See page 132
for food-habits.

Chrysophanus hypophlaus larvas, on Field Sorrel (Rumex
acetosella), and those of C. thoe, on Curly Dock (R. crispus),
are bright green and get to be about .6 in. long. See page

133.

Lyccena comyntas, about .4 in. long, are brownish green;
chiefly on flowers of Bush Clover and Tick-trefoil. See
page 133. L. pseudargiolus is a better name than ladon for
our Common Blue. Its larva, about .5 in. long, varies
from whitish to greenish and is sometimes tinted with rose.

PlERIN^

These caterpillars are slender and usually not much
longer than one inch.

On Cruciferous Plants (pages 134 to 137). — Pieris
rapcB (Plate XXXIV) is green, with three pale longitudinal
stripes, one on the back and one on each side ; on Cabbage,
etc. P. protodice is green, striped with golden yellow and
dotted with small, black "warts"; not common; chiefly on
Lepidium virginicum, a round-seeded Pepper-grass. P.
napi is green, minutely dotted with black except for a
narrow streak down the back. P. monuste, about 1.25 in.
long, is yellow, longitudinally striped with dull bluish and
bright yellow bands and studded with shiny black warts,
the larger ones being spiny. Euchlo'e genutia is dark green,
striped with dark blue, orange, yellow, and white, and
dotted all over with minute black warts; June and late
May, especially on flowers and pods of the Rock-cres«.
Arabis lyrata.

490

APPENDIX.

On Leguminous Plants (pages 137 and 138). — Colias
pMlodice is grass-green, with a pale rose-colored stripe on
each side; chiefly on Clover. Eurytheme is like philodice
but with two rose-colored bands on each side; on Clovers,
especial!}^ Alfalfa. Meganostoma ccBSonia is yellowish-
green, generally with narrow transverse bands of yellow or
black or both, and dotted with small black warts ; on false
Indigo (Amorpha fruticosa). Catopsila eubule, about 1.75
in. long, is bluish-green, with a yellow stripe on each side,
blue transverse bands, and dotted with minute black warts;
on Cassia. Possibly all of our species of Terias feed on Cas-
sia. T. lisa is grass-green, with a white line on each side;
nicippe is green, with a broad yellow band, edged slightly
with blue, on each side.

Nathalis iole, about .5 in. long, is green, with a purple
stripe on the back and a double purple and yellow stripe
on each side. On Fetid Marigold (Bosbera papposa).

Papilionin^

See above (page 485).

Front Segments Much Larger Than Those Behind;
Eye-like Spots on the Third Segment. — P. troilus (page
140) has yellowish patches in line with these eye-spots but
on the fourth segment ; it is common on Sassafras and Spice-
bush. P. glaucus (page 140) does not have such yellow
patches and is usually foimd on either Wild Cherry or
TuHp-tree. P. palamedes is much like troilus but the spot
on the third segment is more distinctly an "eye spot" and
the pinkish spot behind this (on the fourth segment) has
no black spot at its hind edge; on Magnolia and Lauraceae.

Front Segments Much Larger Than Those Behind, but
Without Eye-spots. — P. cresphontes (page 138 and plate
I) lives on Citrus Trees. P. marcellus (page 142) is green,
with narrow yellow and black cross-bands, and lives on
Papaw.

Front Segments Not Much Larger Than Those Behind. —
P. philenor (page 141) is blackish-brown, with fleshy fila-
ments and orange tubercles ; rare in the North but common
southward on Aristolochia. P. polyxenes (page 141) is
green, with black cross-bands; on Carrot, Parsnip, and
allied plants.

491

APPENDIX.

Hesperiid^

"The larvae are smooth and usually have a head, some-
what rough and hairy, which looks too big and seems to be
supported by a too slender neck. The appearance of many
suggests moth larvse, and nearly all of the species show a
further resemblance to moths in that they spin a sort of a
cocoon within which they pupate" (page 142; see Plate
XXXVII). The first body segment of the caterpillars has
a chitinized band back of the neck ; this band is called the
thoracic shield.

The Hesperiinae (page 143) make horizontal nests on a
variety of plants (but not grasses), the young by folding
over a leaf and the more nearly full-grown by fastening
together several leaves. The Pamphilinae (page 144)
make vertical, tubular nests by spining together blades
of grass.

The following notes concern the Hesperiinag; the life
histories of the PamphiHnae are but poorly known.

Epargyreus tityrus (page 143). — Head reddish-brown,
with two bright orange-red spots; body yellowish-green
but first segment red and thoracic shield brown. Chiefly
on Locust.

Eudamus proteus (page 144). — Like tityrus but with
orange longitudinal bands. Especially on Tick-trefoil
(Meibomia) .

Achalarus (misspelled Achlarus on page 144) lycidas,
Thorybes bathyllus, and pylades. — Head black; body brown.
On Tick-trefoil and Bush Clover.

Thanaos brizo (two orange-red spots on the head), also
(six such spots) juvenalis and hor alius. — Head fawn-colored
body whitish-green. Chiefly on Oak. Adults of horatius
are distinguished from those oi juvenalis (plate XXXVII)
by their not having two whitish spots on the under side of
each hind wing just back of the front edge.

Thanaos lu^ilius (page 144). — Head black; body green.
On Columbine.

Pholisora catullus (page 144). — Head black; body green.
On Chenopodium and Amaranthus.

Hesperia tessellata (page 144). — Head black; body green.
On Sida.

492

APPENDIX.

SPHINGIDiE

Hairless caterpillars from two to five inches long having
either a horn or an eye-like tubercle on the eleventh seg-
ment are sure to belong to this family (p. 146), if they as-
sume a Sphinx-like attitude when at rest. The species
which have an eye-like tubercle instead of a horn are Sphe-
codina ahbotti, Pholus pandorus and achemon; see below.
The horn of Pachysphinx modesta is not well developed. A
few species belonging to other families have small larvae
with such a tubercle but they do not assume the Sphinx-
like pose.

Ceratomia amyntor on Elm and White Birch may be
recognized by the pair of tubercles on each of the third and
fourth segments.

Hemaris thysbe. — About 1.75 in. long. Head pale green;
body pale green, whitish on top, with two longitudinal
white stripes close together on top and two others which are
close together on the second segment and meet at the base
of the bluish horn. Common on Viburnum. See page 147.

Amphioti nessus. — About 2.75 in. long. Chocolate-
brown, flecked with black markings and brownish dots;
brownish stripes on the sides; horn reddish. On Virginia
Creeper and Grape. See page 147.

Sphecodina abbotii. — About 2.5 in. long. Sometimes
nearly green owing to large green patches on the brown
ground-color; with narrow dark lines and a shiny eye-like
tubercle instead of a horn. Common on Virginia Creeper
and Grape. See page 148.

Deilephila lineata. — Up to 3 in. long. Yellowish green
or black, with two rows of eye-like spots along the back.
See page 148.

Pholus. — P. pandorus is about 3.5 in. long; robust;
green or reddish brown, with six oval, cream-colored spots
on the sides; black, polished, eye-like tubercle instead of a
horn when full-grown, but the young have a recurved horn;
see Plate XXXVHI. P. achemon is similar but the light
spots are elongate and have an irregular outline. Both are
on Virginia Creeper and Grape. See page 149.

Ampelophagus. — A. myron is about 2.25 in. long. Body
green or brown, with two white longitudinal lines on top

493

APPENDIX.

from head to horn; also a row of yellow patches on top;
pale obHque stripes on the sides; horn red to bluish;
on Virginia Creeper and Grape (see page 149 and Plate
XXXVIII). A. pholus is about 2 in. long; similar t-o
myron but lacks the row of yellow patches on top; he n
white, with a bluish base and green tip ; on Viburnum. A .
versicolor is up to 3 in. long; similar to pholus but the ar-
rangement of the stripes is somewhat different and the
horn is black with red sides; chiefly on Buttonball but not
common.

Phlegethontius or Protoparce. — Green or brown cater-
pillars; 3 to 4 in. long; on Potato, Tomato, Tobacco, and
alhed plants. P. celeus has seven obhque yellowish- white
side-stripes that curve backward around and below th*
spiracles. In P. Carolina these stripes do not curve back
ward. See page 150 and Plate XXXIX.

Sphinx jamaicensis geminatus. — About 2.25 in. long.
Head triangular; green, with a yellow side-stripe. Body
green, with seven obhque, yellowish bands on each side and^
a short white longitudinal stripe on each side on the ante
rior segments; horn usually blue but sometimes greenish of
even pink. Body and head granular. Chiefly on Willo\^
and Poplar. See page 152.

Calasymholus. — The following are about 2.5 in. long ; head
triangular and partly green; body green, with seven oblique
side-stripes. C. exccecatus has a yellow side-stripe on the
head; two yellow longitudinal stripes on the back; horn
green; head and body granular; on a great variety of plants.
C. my ops also has a yellow stripe on the head ; usually four
rows of bright red spots on the body; horn green; head and
body not granular; on Cherry. C. astylus has yellowish-
green head and body ; head with pinkish sides and the seven
yellow oblique bands on each side of the body are marked
with pinkish above; two short pinkish stripes on the back
of the anterior segments; horn yellow, with a pink base;
chiefly on Huckleberry and rather rare.

Pachysphinx modesta is about 3 in. long. Head and body
light green, with white granulations; body with two yellow
longitudinal Hnes above and seven oblique ones on each
side; horn rudimentary. On Willow and Poplar. Seepage
150.

494

APPENDIX.

Cressonia juglandis. — About 2.5 in. long. Green or
brown, with white granulations; head triangular, pointed
at the top; body with seven pale, oblique stripes on each
side; horn brownish. Chiefly on Hickory, Walnut, and
Butternut.

Hyloicus. — H. eremitus is up to 3 in. long; dark reddish-
brown, with seven pale, oblique stripes on each side; on the
second segment is a tubercle-like projection, back of which
is an oval black spot; on Pepper, Wild Bergamot, Salvia,
and various species of the mint family. H. drupiferarum
has seven white side-stripes bordered with purple; chiefly
on Wild Cherry but also on Plum. H. kalmice has seven
oblique white side-stripes bordered with blue-black and
yellow. H. chersis has a whitish-green body, with the
oblique stripe pale yellow. The last three are up to 3.5 in.
long and rather robust; the last two feed chiefly on Lilac,
Privet, and Ash. See also page 153.

ChlcBnogrammajasminearum. — Up to 3.5 in. long. Rather
robust; green, with six oblique stripes white and the sev-
enth red. On Ash, probably also Lilac and Privet.

SATURNIIDiE AND CeRATOCAMPID^

These two families are often grouped together in our
minds because species of each are large and showy moths.
Large, robust, hairless (except B. imperialis) caterpillars
with prominent paired horns, or tubercles are fairly certain
to belong to one of them.

Philosamia cynthia. — About 2.75 in. long. Pale green,
covered with a whitish powder; six rows of bluish-green
tubercles. Chiefly on Ailanthus. See page 153 and Plate
XL.

Samia cercropia. — About 3.5 in. long. Bright green;
second and third segments each have a pair of large, coral-
red tubercles; a pair of yellow tubercles on the fourth seg-
ment and a single unpaired one on the eleventh segment.
On almost any kind of tree and woody shrub. See page
154 and Plate XLL

Callosamia promethea. — About 2.25 in. long. Pale green;
the second and third segments each have a pair of coral-red
tubercles and there is an unpaired yellow one on the eleventh

495

APPENDIX.

segment. On a great variety of trees and woody shrubs.
See page 156 and Plate XLII. The rather rare C. angulU
fera is similar to promethea but has yellow side-stripes; on
Tulip-tree.

Telea polyphemus. — About 2.75 in.- long. Bright apple-
green; six rows of scarlet tubercles which are silvered
on the sides. On a great variety of trees and shrubs,
Oak and Maple being favorites. See page 158 and Plate
XLIV.

Actias luna. — Very similar to T. polyphemus but the
tubercles are not silvered. Chiefly on Hickory and Sweet-
gum. See page 158 and Plate XLIII.

Automeris to. — This spiny caterpillar is easily recognized
by reference to Plate XLV. A favorite food is Wild Cherry.
See page 160.

Anisota. — About 2 in. long; three rows of short black
spines on each side and a pair of long ones on the second
segment; chiefly on Oak. A. stigma has a yellow head;
body light brown, with white granules and three dark
longitudinal stripes. A . virginiensis has a brown head with
a greenish or yellowish tinge; body dark greenish, with
four purplish stripes. A . senatoria has a black head ; body
dull black, with eight orange stripes. See pages 161 and
162 and Plate XLVIII.

Dryocampa rubicunda. — Plate XLV is sufficient de-
scription. On Maple and rarely on Oak. As noted on page
162, it is really an Anisota.

atheroma regalis. — About 5 in. long. Green ; second and
third segments each have a pair of very long horns and a
pair of shorter ones, orange with black tips; a short horn
on segment eleven. On Sweet-gum and Walnut, less com-
monly on other trees. See page 162 and Plate XLVI.
atheroma sepulchralis is smaller than regalis and is brown-
ish with yellowish horns; on Pine.

Basilona imperialis. — About 4 in. long. Color varying
from green through brownish orange to black; second and
third segments each have a pair of short yellow horns and
another pair of still shorter ones; a short one on the eleventh
segment; body covered with scattered, long hair. On a
great variety of trees, Sassafras, Sweet-gum, and White
Pine being favorites. See page 164 and Plate XLVII.

496

APPENDIX.

Woolly Bears

These are, typically, members of the family Arctiidae.
They are only moderately long and usually have dense
hair. There are a large number of species, but the com-
moner ones are described on pages i66 to 170 and figured on
Plates XLIX and L. See also Acronycta americana, page
174 and Plate LI; Malacosoma, page 191 and Plate LVII;
and Hemerocampa, page 186 and Plate LV.

Unfortunately this pest has invaded New
Gypsy Moth Jersey. Apparently it was a fresh introduc-
tion on nursery stock imported by the Duke
estate near Somerville. Owing to insufficient inspection
of importations at the docks, it was allowed to come in and,
owing to insufficient entomological service in New Jersey,
it became established and spread before it was discovered.
Both of these unfortunate oversights were due to insuffi-
cient appropriations for important work. Now many times
the cost of prevention must be spent for a cure.

A small Pyralid moth, Pyrausta nubilalis,
European -j^^^ found its way to this country from Eu-

Paee 200 rope, probably in a shipment of broom com

from Austria-Hungary about 19 10, and
some of our best economic entomologists fear that it may
become a very serious pest. It was discovered in 19 17
infesting com in the vicinity of Boston. The mature larva
is about an inch long, flesh-colored, often somewhat smoky
or reddish dorsally; head dark brown; each abdominal
segment with a cross-row of four dark spots, in each of
which is a short, stout spine, and behind each such row are
two smaller spots. The insect has only one brood a year
in some places; in others, adults not only appear in May
from larvae that have overwintered in old stalks and pu-
pated in the Spring but there is another generation in
midsummer. The larvag bore almost anywhere in the com
plant: in the tassel-stalk, causing it to break; in the main
stem, lowering the vitality of the plant; and in the ear,
sjpoiling it for food . Unfortunately , because this fact makes

497

APPENDIX.

the insect more difficult to control, it also breeds in a great
variety of weeds.

Through an inexcusable laxness in lan-
SimuliidsB guage I said that the larvae of these interest-

ing and often troublesome insects cling
by means of sucker-like hind legs. I should have said
"each larva clings by suckers located at the posterior end
of its body." Johannsen's description (N. Y. State Museum
Bulletin 68) is: "At the caudal end, with its plane nearly
at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body, are
concentric circles of tiny hooks, the center of the circle
being hollowed out, sucker-like. The rows of hooks, though
arranged in concentric circles, are also arranged radially,
so that about lOO radii may be counted, each radius with
from eight to 20 hooks (varying with the species and, per-
haps, also with the age)." These suckers are not true legs
and neither are the "front pair, which they use when
crawling," true legs; what has apparently happened is
that fleshy appendages, analogous to the proplegs of cater-
pillars, have been modified to form these structures.
Adults of Simulium have been accused of carrying pellagra
to man and anthrax to cattle.

Key to Some Families of Beetles

Page 280

In the general remarks about Coleoptera, I said : " Aftet
some familiarity with the various groups has been gained
by matching specimens with the pictures, the student will
be able to assign most beetles to their proper family on
'general appearance'." This is, as a matter of fact, the
way we usually work but there are even common species
that are troublesome because they are not entirely typical
of the family to which they belong. Mr. A. J. Mutchler,
Assistant in charge of Coleoptera at The American Mu-.
seumof Natural History, has kindly drawn up the following
key (see page 27) in order to help with these species and
also with families that do not have very striking character-
istics. Only those who have attempted such a task can

498

APPENDIX.

realize how difficult it is to make a key simple enough to be
used by an amateur and also scientifically accurate. I
believe that Mr. Mutchler has succeeded wonderfully
well.

The student should be careful when counting the tarsal
joints. The claws are not joints but the segment that bears
them is one, the last one. Where a joint is said to be small
or inconspicuous, it is often very much so. The few neces-
sary technical terms are explained either in the key or else-
where in the book; see the index. Where more than one
character is given, your specimen must have each of them,
unless there is a clear qualifying statement such as "usu-
ally." If your specimen does not have that combination
of characters, go on to the next step.

1. All of the tarsi three-jointed; second joint dilated and
pad-like beneath. Antennae eleven-jointed, terminating in
a more or less distinct three-jointed club. Last joint of the
maxillary palpi broad, hatchet-shaped. Head nearly con-
cealed by the thorax. Lady Beetles. CocciNELLiDiE.
See page 297 and Coccinella, Megilla, Adalia, Hippodamia,
Anatis, and Epilachna, Plate LXXV.

Not having this combination of characters 2.

2. Antennae arising from the front of the head, above the
base of the mandibles; eleven-jointed, thread-like, with at
least the six outer joints pubescent. Head usually verti-
cal, and usually wider than the thorax. Eyes usually
prominent (bulging). Legs slender. All tarsi distinctly
five-jointed. They are usually of a metallic green or
bronze color or, like lepida and dorsalis that live on white
sand, grayish white. Tiger Beetles. Cicindelid^. See
page 281 and Cicindella, Plates LXXH and LXXIII.

Not having this combination of characters 3.

3. Antennae arising from the sides of the head, between
the base of the mandibles and the eyes; eleven- jointed,
usually distinctly thread-like (however, see Scarites, page
286), with at least the six outer joints pubescent. Eyes
usually moderate in size (however, see Elaphrus, page 285).
Head usually horizontal or slightly inclined, and usually
narrower than the thorax. All of the tarsi distinctly five-
jointed. The species are usually black, blue, green, or

499

APPENDIX.

brown, and a few are spotted. CARABiDiE. See page 282
and Plates LXXII and LXXIII.

Not having this combination of characters 4.

4. First three and claw joints of all the tarsi plainly
visible; the third one is usually deeply notched; hidden in
this notch is a small fourth joint, which is immovably
united with the fifth or claw joint, making the tarsi appear
four-jointed. Sole of tarsi usually densely pubescent.
Antennas usually either filiform (thread-like) or serrate
(saw-toothed), rarely thickened towards the tip. (Where
posterior tarsi are five-jointed and the third joint is not
lobed, try 16. See also 6, 7, and 8 for species having the
first or fourth joint of the tarsi very small) 5.

Not having this combination of characters 6.

5. Front of head prolonged into a broad quadrate beak.
Antennae short, serrate, inserted in front of the eyes.
Margin of the eyes more or less indented in front. Elytra
short, leaving the last dorsal abdominal segment exposed.
Front and middle legs of moderate length, their femora not
dilated; hind femora dilated and often toothed beneath.
First tarsal joint elongate; this and the two following joints
clothed beneath with spongy pubescence; third joint deeply
bilobed; claws usually broadly toothed at the base. All
but one species are less than .25 inch in length. Bruchid^.
See page 379. Certain Rhynchophora, such as Anthribidae
(see 19) are difficult to separate from other beetles (see
pages 394 and 395) and the student may have them, also,
at this point.

Antennae usually long (rarely very short) ; their points of
insertion usually much embraced by the eyes and usually
upon frontal prominences. Eyes usually transverse, with
deeply indented margin or sometimes entirely divided.
(Species with eyes slightly or not indented may be hard to
separate from the next division and, in that case, other
characters should be carefully compared.) Elytra usually
covering the abdomen, but in a few species very short
(those species which are long and narrow and have short
elytra may superficially be mistaken for Staphylinidae).
Tibiae with more or less distinct spurs. Upper surface
usually hairy, but sometimes glabrous and shining.
Cerambycid^. See page 337.

500

APPENDIX.

Antennae either moderately long or short and either
thread-like, saw-toothed, or clubbed; their point of inser-
tion rarely, or not at all, surrounded by the eyes and not
upon frontal prominences. Margins of the eyes not, or
scarcely, indented. Elytra usually covering the abdomen,
sometimes leaving the last dorsal segment exposed and
rarely not nearly covering the enlarged abdomen of gravid
females. Legs usually short; hind femora frequently en-
larged; tibiag never serrate and usually without spurs.
Upper surface usually glabrous, often shining. Chry-
soMELiDiE. See page 362.

6. Tarsi very variable; usually five-jointed, with the first
joint usually small and somewhat inconspicuous; some-
times with fourth joint small; sometimes with the middle
and hind tarsi four-jointed in the males. Antennas either
thread-like or terminated by a slight club (usually the
outer joints are but slightly thickened) ; first joint usually
elongated, sometimes to a great degree. (Try also 7 and
8 which have the first joint of tarsi small or, if maxillary
palpi are longer than the antennae, try 15 for some species
with first tarsal joint small and inconspicuous.) Elytra
usually flat, strongly margined, and usually covering the
abdomen. Legs rather short. Femora large. Tibiae
slender. The species are generally flat and elongated,
sometimes excessively so, and usually of sombre tint.
CucujiD^. See page 299.

Not having this combination of characters 7.

7. Antennae with eleven or rarely ten joints; rather short;
usually serrate, the outer joints larger and forming an open
or less often a compact club. First and fourth tarsal joints
often very small; all but the fifth furnished beneath with
membranous appendages. The species are usually pubes-
cent and more or less cylindrical in form. Clerid^. See
page 318.

Not having this combination of characters 8.

8. Antennae eleven-jointed, more or less thickened
throughout, the outer joints being widest and forming a
club of varied form. Elytra never shortened, always cover-
ing the abdomen. Tarsi five-jointed, slender; first joint
very short; second slightly longer; last joint very long;
claws simple. Between the claws there is a short pad ter-

501

APPENDIX.

minated with two hairs. Form oblong or oval, usuall;^
flattened. They are usually black, reddish-black or steel
blue in color, and usually glabrous. TEMNOCHiLiDiE.
See page 305.

Not having this combination of characters 9.

9. Elytra short, usually leaving a greater part of the ab-
domen exposed above. Abdomen flexible, capable of being
turned upward, and with eight, or rarely only seven, seg-
ments visible from below. Mandibles somewhat long,
sharp, and sickle-shaped. Tarsi usually with five, or rarely
with only four or three, joints. Staphylinid^. See page
297.

Not having this combination of characters 10.

10. Prothorax loosely joined behind (the basal part fitting
loosely to the elytra); hind angles prolonged backwards
into more or less elongated points. None of the five ventral
segments of the abdomen more closely united than the
others. Middle of the prosternum with a spine-like pro-
longation which projects into, but does not fill, the cavity
at the middle of the mesosternum. Antennae more or less
saw- toothed, rarely fan-like or comb- like. Tarsal claws
either simple, toothed, or comb-like. Elaterid^. See
page 306.

Not having this combination of characters T.i,

11. Pro thorax fitting closely to the elytra; hind angles of
prothorax usually not, or at most slightly, prolonged.
Middle of the prosternum prolonged and fitting rather
tightly into the mesosternum. First and second ventral
segments of the abdomen more closely united than the
others. The junction of these segments may be (i) very
indistinct, making the first and second segment appear as
one large segment; (2) with a more or less distinct line
indicating the point of contact; or (3) the junction may be
distinct but not as markedly so as that between the other
segments. Elytra nearly or entirely covering the abdomen.
Antennae saw-toothed. All of the tarsi distinctly five-
jointed. The surface of these beetles is usually bronzed or
metallic and their bodies are hard and not flexible. Many
of them resemble the Elateridae in general form, but the
thorax and abdomen are more firmly imited. Bupres-
TJDJE. See page 310.

502

APPENDIX.

Not having this combination of characters 12.

12. Body and elytra softer than is usual for beetles.
Seven or eight segments of the abdomen showing on ventral
side. Often with light-giving apparatus, which is visible on
the under side of one or more segments of the abdomen.
Antennae usually eleven-jointed; usually saw-toothed,
rarely comb-like, or with long flat processes folding like a
fan. Elytra thin and flexible; sometimes short; never
embracing the sides of the abdomci. Legs long, slender,
and often compressed. Tarsi without appendages be-
neath; the fourth joint more or less bilobed. For the most
part, these are plain black, or brownish, or brownish-
yellow species; some are black and yellow. Lampyrid^.
See page 314.

Not having this combination of characters 13.

13. Antennae with seven to eleven, usually ten, joints and
usually with three, sometimes as many as seven, of the
external joints prolonged on one side so as to form an en-
largement consisting of leaf-like parts. These parts may
be brought together so that they seem to form a compact
club. Basal joint of the antennae elongate and thicker than
the third joint. Elytra usually short, leaving the last dor-
sal abdominal segment exposed. Front tibiae with finger-
like processes. Tarsi of middle and hind legs usually long
and always five-jointed; those on the anterior legs some-
times wanting. Scarab^eid^. See pages 326 to 335.

Not having this combination of characters 14.

14. Hind coxae grooved for the reception of the femora m
repose. Antennae with eleven (sometimes nine or ten)
joints; the last three joints forming a large club. Elytra
usually covering the abdomen. Legs short. Tibiae with
spurs. Tarsi five-jointed; claws usually simple. These
are usually oval, plump, dark beetles less than .4 in. long.
They often have the surface partly covered with pale gray
or brownish sp( ts composed of minute hairs which are
easily rubbed off. Dermestid^. See page 302.

Not having this combination of characters 15

15. Hind coxae more or less conical and prominent. Eyes
sometimes absent. Antennae with eleven (rarely nine or
ten) joints; gradually or suddenly thickened, usually
forming a club at the apex, but sometimes nearly filiform

503

APPENDIX.

Abdomen with five or six visible ventral segments. Tibae
sometimes fitted with spines for digging, sometimes slender
and with large terminal spurs. Tarsi usually five- jointed.
The elytra are sometimes a little shorter than the abdomen.
SiLPHiDyE. See page 295.

Not having this combination of characters 16.

16. First joint of antennae long, sometimes longer than all
the others united, and more or less bent or curved; the
second joint being attached a little to one side of the tip of
the first, the outer joints are naturally on an angle with the
first, making the antennae elbowed ("geniciilate"). Outer
antennal joints thicker, forming either a loose comb-like
or a compact club. (If the head is more or less prolonged
into a beak, see also 19) 17.

Antennae not elbowed ; either thread-like, or short and
thick, or with the outer joints forming a club 18.

17. First antennal joint long; the eighth and following
joints forming a compact club. Elytra truncate, leaving
che two end segments of the abdomen uncovered. All of
the tarsi five-jointed except in Acritus and Mletes, where
the hind ones are four- jointed. Compact beetles, with a
very hard surface. Histered^, See page 304.

Outer antennal joints broader on one side, so as to
form a peculiar pectinate (with branches like coarse teeth
of a comb) club, the parts of which are movable but not
capable of being folded together. Elytra covering the
abdomen. Front tibiae more or less toothed and fitted for
digging; middle and hind tibiae with lateral teeth and
terminal spurs. Tarsi slender, five-jointed; claws simple,
with a short bristle-bearing pad between them. LucAN-
ID^. See page 324.

18. Maxillary palpi usually longer than the antermae, and
by the inexperienced student often mistaken for the moder-
ately short antennae, which are usually concealed beneath
the head. Antennae six- to nine-iointed, the outer joints
forming an abrupt club ; all of the joints, excepting the basal
ones, are pubescent. Metasternum usually large, often
keeled, and often produced into a long spine behind. Tarsi
-on all legs five-jointed, the first joint often very small and
inconspicuous. The middle and hind tarsi are sometimes
more or less compressed and fringed for swimming. (There

504

APPENDIX.

are some species that have the thorax narro«ver than the
elytra; of elongate form; usually narrowed behind, and
often roughly sculptured. They are usually gray or brown
in color, more or less tinged with bronze or silver, and the
tarsi are not compressed. For this reason they do not re-
semble other members of the family.) Hydrophilid^.
See page 293.

Antennae eleven- join ted, usually thread-like and not
pubescent. Hind legs longest and strongly adapted for
swimming, being more or less flattened and fringed with
long hairs (these hairs may be flattened against the legs
and hard to see). Tarsi five-jointed; the fourth joint of
the anterior and middle tarsi obsolete in some of the
smaller species. Dytiscid^. See page 289.

Antennae short, thick, and stumpy; the third joint
enlarged. Eyes divided by the sides of the head into an
upper and underneath portion, giving the insects the ap-
pearance of having two eyes for looking up into the air
and two for gazing down into the water. Middle and hind
legs forming broad short paddles; front ones rather long
and slender. Gyrinid^. See page 292.

Not having these combinations of characters 19.

19. Front and middle tarsi five-jointed, hind tarsi four-
jointed; the joints are usually slender and bare or at most
sparsely haired or spinose. Heteromera. See page 380
for a key to families which is probably sufficiently plain to
separate any of the families that are likely to come to the
reader's attention. In separating this section from the
others, the tarsal characteristics wall hold good for all cf the
families contained in it, but there are a number of genera
in some of the other families which have the hind tarsi
four-jointed; they are: Sphindid^; some small Silphid^;
some male Cucujid^; some male Cryptophagid^ (see
page 300) ; and the genus Rhizophagus of the NixrouLiD^
(see page 304). There are also four families belonging to
the true Heteromera which are not mentioned in the key on
pages 380 and 381; they are: ^GiALiTiDiE, represented by
only two species and occurring from Alaska and California;
OTHINID.E, represented by four species, one from the East
and three from the West; Monommid^e, represented by four
species, one of which was described from Virginia, the

505

APPENDIX.

others are Western and Southwestern; and Cephaloid^,
represented by three species, all from the Western States.
Not having the tarsal characters of the Heteromera.
Head more or less prolonged to form a beak, which is
usually longer than broad. RHY^xoPHORA (for key, see
page 393; also Plate LXXXVI). See also Bruchidae, 5 and
page 379. Other characteristics of this suborder are as
follows. Tarsi usually four-jointed (five-jointed in Scoly-
tidae, pages 393 and 404; then the tibiae are saw- toothed
and the antermae elbowed). Antennae usually terminating
in a more or less compact club and usually elbowed, but
sometimes straight. Those with straight anteimae may
have either (i) a long slender beak, or (2) the beak may be
narrowed about the middle, or (3) thicker at the end be-
yond the insertion of the antermae, or (4) broad and fiat
(Anthribidae) ; in the last case there is on the top of the
prothorax a basal or ante-basal ridge, which is bent for-
ward at right angles or nearly so, forming a more or less
shortened side margin. The last dorsal segment is exposed
and with more c r less of a notch in the middle into which
the inner edges cf the elytra fit when closed.

There are a number of families of mostly small, incon-
spicuous, or rare species which have not been treated in the
foregoing key. The following notes, additional to those
given in the body of this book, may be of use to the reader
in case he should, by chance, come across such specimens,

Amphizoid^. — There are only two known North Amer-
ican species, ranging from Alaska to Southern California.
They are nearly equal in size (about .65 in. in length) and
are related to the Carabidae but can be separated from them
in having glabrous antennae. They have been said to be
related to the Dytiscidae but differ in that the legs are
similar to those of the Carabidae. They are found clinging
to logs or stones under the surface of streams.

Haliplid^, — Species .16 in. or less in length. The hind
coxae are much expanded, covering part of the hind femora
and three to six abdominal segments. See pages 288 and
289.

LEPTiNiDiE. — Only two species known from North
America. They are not over .1 in. in length and belong in

506

APPENDIX.

the section with club-like antennae. The palpi are distant
at the base and eyes wanting. They live with rodents and
Insectivora.

ScYDMiENiDiE. — See page 296.

Brathinid.e. — See page 296.

PsELAPHiD^. — See page 296.

Trichopterygid^. — This family includes the smallest
known beetles, the largest scarcely exceeding a pin head in
size. They belong in the series with three-jointed tarsi.
The wings (not elytra) are fringed with long hairs and there
are whorls of long hairs on the middle antennal joints.
They live in rotten wood and dung, on fungus covered logs
and in ants' nests.

PLATYPSYLLiDiE. — The Only species known resembles a
roach in miniature, and is parasitic on the beaver.

Hydroscaphid^. — The only species listed from North
America is found in California.

SpHiERiiD^. — See page 294, under Hydrophihdas.

ScAPHiDiiD^. — The members of this family are less than
.2 in. in length. They are thickest and arched in the middle
and narrowed toward each end. The tarsi are five-jointed.
The antennse are long, slender, and sometimes hair-like.
The elytra are shorter than the abdomen. See page 297.

Phalacrid^. — See page 297.

CoRYLOPHiD^. — Oval; rounded; about .08 in. or less in
length. The tarsi are four-jointed but the third joint is
concealed by the notched second joint and appears three-
jointed. Like the Trichopterygidae, the wings are fringed
with hairs but these hairs are shorter than in that family.
See page 297.

Endomychid.^. — These look somewhat like Coccinel-
lidae and may be put in the section with the three-jointed
tarsi, as the third joint is very small and concealed in the
base of the terminal joint. None are over. 7 in. in length
and they differ from the Coccinellidae in usually being less
convex, more elongate, and in having much longer an-
tennas. They occur on woody fungi, in decaying wood, and
beneath logs and bark. See page 299.

EROTYLiDiE. — Allied to the Endomychidae but differ
mainly by having the tarsi five-jointed, with the fourth
joint usually very small. They occur mostly upon fleshy

507

APPENDIX.

fungi growing upon logs, although the members of one
genus (Languria) are found upon plants and are more or
less injurious. See page 299.

CoL\T)iiD^. — Small elongate species and so closely
allied to the Cucujidae that they have been included as one
of its subfamilies, but the tarsi are four-jointed and the
first four ventral segments are firmly united. They are in
part carnivorous, as the larvae of certain genera are known
to feed on small wood-boring insects. See page 299.

Rhyssodid^. — See page 299.

Cryptophagid^. — Oval or oblong oval; never very de-
pressed. See page 300.

Mycetophagid^. — See page 300.

NiTiDULiDiE. — See page 304.

Lathridiid^.— These belong in the section with the
three-jointed tarsi. See page 305.

MoNOTOMK)^. — Probably none over .15 in. in length.
They are much depressed and look like some of the smaller
Cucujid^, but they have three-jointed tarsi, and the an-
tennas are ten-jointed. They live beneath the bark of trees
and in the nests of ants.

Derodontid^.— Only four North American species.
About .16 inch or less in length. The tarsi are five- jointed
and the antennae have the last three joints somewhat, but
not suddenly, enlarged. The color is brownish yellow.
The only species which is likely to come to notice is to be
found on fungi and beneath the bark of fungus-covered logs.

Byrrhid^. — The largest is probably less than .5 in. in
length. They are oval and convex. The tarsi are five-
jointed. The legs are retractile and the hind cox£e grooved
to receive the femora in repose. Found most commonly in
sandy places, where they are usually upon the ground,
either beneath cover or burrowing about the roots of the
tufts of coarse grasses which grow in such locaHties.

Georyssid^.— Represented in the United States by
only two species, each less than .4 in. in length, which live
on the margin of streams and'cover themselves with a coat-
ing of mud or fine sand, so that they can be detected only
when they move. They are minute, rounded, and convex.
The tarsi are four-jointed. The antennas short and nine-
jointed, the last three joints forming an oval club.

508

APPENDIX.

PARNiDiE. — The tarsi are five-jointed; the fifth, or last,
joint is longer than the other four united and is armed with
long simple claws. See page 305.

Heterocerid^, — The largest is not over .28 in. in length.
The antennae are short, the seven outer joints broad.
Tibiag dilated and armed with rows of spines and fitted for
digging. The labrum and mandibles project forward.
Tarsi four-jointed. They are semi-aquatic and live in
galleries which they excavate in the sand or mud, along the
borders of streams and lakes. When disturbed, they run
from these galleries and take flight.

DASCYLLiDiE. — None more than .26 in. in length. The
antennae are more or less saw-toothed. The tarsal claws
are either simple or comb-like. They are oval, somewhat
convex, and of rather soft texture and dull color. They
usually occur on plants near water, although some are
found on dead timber, others in rotten wood, and a few in
Ainning water.

Rhipicerid^. — The largest of the three species likely
to occur in the Eastern United States is less than i in. in
length. The antennae are saw-toothed and in most males
this is so pronounced as to be fan-like. The tarsal claws
have a large hairy pad between them. They are usually
found on or near dead trees.
Throsced^. — See page 30Q.

MALACHiiDiE. — Although similar to the Lampyridae,
these do not have the fourth tarsal joint bilobed and the
antennse of some male species are curiously knotted. See
page 318.

Ptinid^. — See page 320.
Bostrychid^. — See page 322.
CuPESiD^. — See page 323.

Lymexylonid^. — The three known North American
species vary from more than .4 in. to as small as .1 in. in
length. The antennae are short and saw-toothed; the
elytra nearly or quite as long as the abdomen. They are
elongate, narrow, and are probably all wood-borers, the
best known European species being called the ship-timber
beetle. See page 324.

Ciom.^. — These differ from most of the other Serri-
comia in having four-jointed tarsi. See page 324.

509

APPENDIX.

Sphindid/E. — The representatives of this family in the
United States consist of only three species, the largest
being about .i in. in length. They belong to the Serri-
comia but are "heteromerus" (the front and middle tarsi
being five- jointed and hind tarsi four- jointed). They occur
in dry fungi on logs and the trunks of trees.

SPONDYLEDiE. — See page 336.

It is pleasant to record that injurious
Calosoma insects are not the only introduced species

to spread beyond their point of entry.
Calosoma sycophanta, introduced near Boston for control-
ling the Gypsy Moth, is now to be found in the vicinity of
New York City. It is about the size of scrutator; the pro-
thorax and underside are dark blue ; and there is no reddish
margin on the elytra.

Another introduced pest that has become
, '®®° important since the first edition of this book

gggjjg is the Green Japanese Beetle, PopilUa

japonica. It is a Scarabaeid, of the subfamily
Rutelinae (page 332), about half an inch long, and may be
recognized by its being almost entirely green, except for
the brown elytra, which do not reach to the tip of the ab-
domen. When Messrs. Weiss and Dickerson, inspectors
for the New Jersey State Department of Agriculture, dis-
covered it in 1916 in Burlington County, N. J., they could
find only about a dozen beetles; a recent bulletin states
that in 1919 it had increased to such an extent that 20,000
beetles could "be collected by hand by one person in a
single day." The first beetles probably came in with earth
surrounding the roots of some ornamental plant such as
iris or azalea. The adults skeletonize the leaves of trees
and hardy shrubs, practically defoliating them.

There is always great danger in making
Antennae of unqualified statements cover a wide field
noidea ^ entomology. It is for that reason I have

put in "usually" and its various synonyms
so often. There is a case in point on page 407, where I said
that members of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea have

510

APPENDIX.

more than sixteen joints in each antenna. The very first
genus, Evania, mentioned under this divisicn on page 411
does not and there are others.

As was pointed out on page 430, Polistes
C|aper-making ^^q^qs no envelope for its nest but Vespa
does. Some authors consider that the in-
troduced crahro (Plate XC), having the ocelli much below
the level of the upper edges of the compound eyes and
nearer to each other and to the compound eyes than they
are to the back of the head, is our only true Vespa. The
others are called Vespula. Vespula is then divided into
subgenera : Vespula, proper, has the compound eyes nearly
touching the base of the mandibles and includes consobrina
and communis (the numbers 2 and 3 were unfortunately
transposed in the first edition of this book) ; Dolichovespula
has the eyes remote from the mandibles and includes
maculata, arctica, and diaholica. The markings of maculata
are whitish (often not as yellow as shown on plate XC) and
usually there are none on the first three segments ; the under
side of each antenna is reddish yellow. The so-called
germanica and vulgaris, referred to on page 430, are se-
parated from each other and from communis as follows : V.
germanica has the black spot on the first dorsal abdominal
segment lozenge-shaped; this spot is triangtilar or trans-
verse in vulgaris (base of the first dorsal abdominal seg-
ment black and a black point in the middle of the yellow
posterior margin) and communis (first dorsal abdominal seg-
ment yellow, with a transverse black spot). VespuH (in
the limited sense) vidus was not mentioned on page 430.
It has yellow markings like communis but the second ab-
dominal segment is black, except for a naro ,v even band
along the posterior margin, while in other species of the
subgenus Vespula the yellow covers much of the second
segment and the front edge of the yellow band is irregular.
A southern Vespula that comes as far north as New Jersey
is Carolina. It has a pair of longitudinal, pale lines extend-
ing to the posterior margin of the mesonotum. The
worker and male have yellow markings, including bands on
the abdomen; the light markings, including most of the
abdomen, of the queen are somewhat reddish or orange.

511

APPENDIX.

Key to Bees
Page 439

In order to make certain that the specimen is a bee, run
over the classification on pages 407 and 408. The wing
veins and cells referred to here are those of the front wings;
see p. 406 for their names and the figures on page 513 for
rather typical examples

1. Three closed submarginal cells .2.

Two closed submarginal cells 22.

Less than two closed submarginal cells. Phileremulus

(small, western Nomadidae, p. 442) and Stingless Honey-
bees (p. 453) of the tropics.

2. Marginal cell very long, almost reaching the apex of
the wing (Fig. i); no apical spurs on the hind tibiae; eyes
with hair visible imder a lens. The ordinary Hive or
Honey Bee. Apid^e (p. 453).

Not having this combination of characters 3.

3. First recurrent vein meeting the first transverse cubital.
Southern bees. Caupolicana {Megacilissa of some authors)
in the CoUetidas.

First recurrent vein received by the second submarginal
cell near or beyond its middle, rarely imiting with the
second transverse cubital vein. (One of the species in which

Explanation of Figures on Page 513

These figures are merely more or less typical examples; in some
genera there are considerable variations from species to species (and
sometimes even within a species) from the condition illustrated.

I. A wing of A ^j5 Tnei/i/era, the ordinary Hive-bee. 2. A dia-
gram of a side view of the head of a bee in which the posterior angle
of the mandible is not farther forward (toward the left) than the
posterior margin of the eye. 3. A similar diagram showing this
angle farther forward than the posterior margin of the eye. 4. A
wing of a Bumble-bee, Bombus. 5. A wing of a Carpenter Bee,
Xylocopa. 6. A wing of Anthophora. 7. A wing of Melissodes.
iJ. A wing of Exomalopsis. 9- A diagram of tarsal claws with a
pad, called pulvillus or empodium, between them. 10. A diagram
of tarsal claws without such a pad. 11. A wing oi Epeolus. 12.
A wing of Notnada. 13. A wing of Ceratina. 14. A wing of
Halicius. 15. A wing of Andrena. 16. A wing of Colletes. 17.
A wing of Prosopis. 18. A wing of a Leaf-cutting Bee, Megachilg,
19. A wing of a Perdita.

513

APPENDIX.

these veins meet is ProtoxcEa gloriosa of our Southwest.
This bee is nearly three-fourths of an inch long; has reddish
yellow pubescence; its marginal cell is very narrow; and
the submarginal cells increase in size from the first to the
third. See also Xylocopa, Fig. 5) 4.

4. Submarginal cells all of about the same size but the
second somewhat the longest and strongly produced to-
ward the body; the first usually divided by a delicate,
rather indistinct oblique nervure. Stigma not well de-
veloped. First discoidal cell not much longer than the
marginal cell, which is pointed at the tip and extends far
beyond the apex of the third submarginal cell. Fig. 4.
Rather large and densely hairy bees. Bombid^ (p. 448).

Not having this combination of characters 5»

5. Third submarginal cell almost as long as the first and
second combined ; the second wedge shaped, narrowed and
pointed toward the body; the third scarcely narrowed to-
ward the marginal cell, which is long and narrow. First
recurrent vein uniting with the second traverse cubital.
Stigma not well developed. First discoidal cell not much
longer than the marginal cell. Fig. 5. Large bees. Xylo-
copa, XylocopiD/E (p. 447).

Not having this combination of characters 6.

6. Posterior angle of mandible farther forward toward the
face than the posterior line of the eye (see Fig. 3). Body
hairy. First portion of subdiscoidal vein distinctly longer
than the third portion of the discoidal vein. Marginal cell
not especially long or narrow, rarely longer than the first
two submarginal cells united. Females and most males
with a flat triangular area on the apical dorsal abdominal
legment. Most Anthophoridae in a broad sense. See p.
444, where, however, some of the following are not men-
tioned 7.

Not having this combination of characters 13,

|. First discoidal cell much longer than the marginal cell.
5ee Fig. 6 •. 8.

First discoidal cell scarcely, if any, longer than the

marginal. See Figs. 7 and 8 g.

8. Third submarginal cell almost quadrate, not, or scarce-
ly, narrower above than beneath. Marginal cell obtuse at
the tip, which extends beyond the apex ot the third sub-

514

APPENDIX.

marginal cell onl}'- about as far as the marginal cell is wide.
Anthophora (Fig. 6 and p. 444; mandibles \dt\i not more
than two teeth) and Clisodon. C. terminalis nests in dead
wood; its female has yello\vish red hair on the apex of the
abdomen.

Third submarginal cell narrower above than beneath.
Tip of marginal cell far beyond the apex of the third sub-
marginal cell and touching the costal margin of the wing.
First recurrent vein reaching the apical corner of the second
submarginal cell. Largely western. Emphoropsis. A
common eastern species is E, floridana, a moderate-sized
black bee with grayish hair on the thorax and first ab-
dominal segment.

9. Stigma well developed, lanceolate. Second recurrent
nervure not strongly sinuose. First submarginal cell about
as long as the third. Fig. 8. Southern bees. Exomalopsis.

Not having this combination of characters 10.

10. Second submarginal cell rather longer than either the
first or third, not narrowed above. Marginal cell obtuse
at tip and not extending more than its width beyond the
apex of the third submarginal cell, which is very much
narrowed towards the marginal. Hind legs of female with
long, dense pubescence. Southern bees. Centris.

Second submarginal cell smaller than either the first
or third. See Fig. 7 ii»

11. Vertex raised in the middle at the ocelli; male anten-
nas usually conspicuously longer than the female's; male
clypeus with more or less yellowish markings. Tetralonia,
Xenoglossa, Cemolobus, and Melissodes (see Fig. 7 and
page 445).

Not so 12.

12. Pulvilli (pads between the tarsal claws; Fig. 9) pres-
ent. Melitoma (proboscis, when folded, extending be-
neath the thorax as far as the base of the abdomen; page
444) and Diadasia (proboscis not so elongate; western
bees).

Pulvilli absent. (See Fig. 10.) Emphor (page 444).

13. First discoidal cell much longer than the marginal
cell; first portion of the subdiscoidal vein shorter than the
third portion of the discoidal vein. (See Figs. 11 and 12.)
Posterior angle of mandible farther forward than the

515

APPENDIX.

posterior line of the eye (see Fig. 3). Females and most
males with a flat triangular area on the apical dorsal ab-
dominal segment. Females without pollen collecting ap-
paratus. Body usually with but few, if any, long hairs;
often black or red with white or yellow markings or else
nearly all red. Some Nomadidae (p. 442) ; for three genera
not mentioned there see 14,

Not having this combination of characters. First
discoidal cell not, or scarcely, longer than the marginal

cell 15.

14. Usually yellow and black or red and black bees; the
light markings on the abdomen not due to hairs. Nomada
(Figs. 12 and page 442).

Abdomen with hairs and the light markings, if any,
due to them. Bomhomelecta (scutellum with two spines;
abdomen without pale spots) and Pseudomelecta (scutel-
lum sometimes with merely two lobes or tubercles; usually
spots of white pubescence on abdomen) are western bees
with the marginal cell scarcely or not half the length 0/
the first discoidal cell and not, or scarcely, extending be-
yond the apex of the third submarginal cell. See Fig. 11
and page 442 for Epeolus and Triepeolus. Viereckella has
five-jointed maxillary palpi; our common species, pilosula,
looks like a black Nomada with hair on its abdomen.

15. Head, thorax, and sometimes the abdomen with
metallic bronze, blue, or green i6.

Head and thorax not metallic, usually black, rarely
with some red; in a few cases the abdomen with opalescent,
metallic bands . 18.

16. Small bees. First recurrent vein joining the second
submarginal cell near its apex; first submarginal cell about
as long as the third, longer than the second. Fig. 13. Apex
of last dorsal abdominal segment of female with a spine.
Ceratinid^ (page 447) ; Ceratina our only genus.

Not having this combination of characters. .17 (See
also 18).

17. Basal vein forming, more or less perfectly, an arc of a
circle (Fig. 14) ; face without pubescent depressions. Some
Halictid£e (page 440).

Basal vein not greatly arched (Some Panurgid^, page
442, recognizable by truncate marginal cell, would come

516

APPENDIX.

here by reason of exceptionally having three submarginal
cells. In that case go to 32) ; face of female, at least, with
pubescent depressions. See Fig. 15. Some Andrenidae
(page 441).

18. Stigma well developed, lanceolate 19.

Stigma not well developed, short and often nearly

obsolete Try 4 again.

19. Second recurrent vein strongly sinuose, the lower half
bulging outwardly towards the apex of the wings. Second
and third submarginal cells about equal in length. Fig. 16.
Hairy bees; the females collect pollen on their hind legs.
Collet es, CoLLETiDiE (page 445).

Not having this combination 20,

20. First submarginal cell conspicuously longer than the
third and about as long as the second and third com-
bined 21.

First submarginal cell about as long as the third.
Some Andrenidae (pages 441). Nomia, put by some au-
thors near Halictus (page 440), would come here. In fact,
the Halictidas probably should not be separated from the
Andrenidae.

21. Basal vein straight, or nearly so. Andrenidae (page
441); also Protandrena, which is put in Panurgidae on
page 442 and which has the apex of the marginal cell
truncated.

Basal vein arched. Some Halictidae (page 440).

22. Second submarginal cell nearly quadrate; only
sHghtly, if any, longer than high; and conspicuously smaller
than the first. First recurrent vein often uniting with the
first transverse cubital. Second recurrent vein bent or
directed outward before joining the first portion of the sub-
discoidal vein. Fig. 17. Small bees with very little hair;
usually black with pale markings on the face. PROSOPiDiE
(page 445).

Not having this combination of characters 23,

23. Second submarginal cell much longer than high and
usually not conspicuously shorter than the first. Second
recurrent vein not strongly bent or directed outward before
joining the first portion of the subdiscoidal vein. Marginal
cell not truncate at the tip. See Fig. 18. Many of the
females have pollen-collecting hairs on the under side of

517

APPENDIX.

the abdomen. No flat triangular area on the apical dorsal
abdominal segment. Megachilid^ (page 446). For further

details see 24.

Not having this combination of characters 31.

24. No pad between the tarsal claws (except in male
Lithurgus; see below). Not metallic colored. Usually of
medium or large size and with rather hairy thorax. Pollen-
collecting hairs on under side of female's abdomen. Apex
of marginal cell more or less distinctly separated from the
costal margin of the wings. Second submarginal cell re-
ceiving both recurrent veins. Fig. 18. Abdominal pale
markings, if any, caused by hairs. Megachile (page 447).
The southern and western Lithurgus has the marginal cell
sharply pointed, instead of obtuse, and the female's face
is protuberant.

Not having that combination of characters 25.

25. Pale markings in the surface of the abdomen, and not
merely, if at all, due to hairs. The last dorsal abdominal
segment of male toothed or lobed. Female with pollen-
collecting hairs on under side of abdomen. Abdominal
markings usually yellow or red. Anthidium and Dianthid-
ium (page 446).

Not having this combination of characters 26.

26. Abdomen conical ; pointed in female, armed with teeth
or spines in male; pale markings, if any, caused by hairs.
No pollen-collecting hairs on under side of female. No
pad between claws. Fine hairs, visible only with a lens,
on the eyes. Ccelioxys (page 446). A western genus,
Dioxys, has much the same form but does not have hairy
eyes; post-scutellum with a median tooth.

Not having that combination of characters 27.

27. Claws cleft, the inner tooth near the apex; a pad be-
tween the tarsal claws. Second recurrent vein received
beyond the tip of the second submarginal cell. No pollen-
collecting hairs on under side of abdomen. Usually black
with whitish markings on abdomen. Postscutellum not
toothed. Stelis (page 446). The western Chelynia has,
the second recurrent vein received at or a little before the
second transverse cubital; some of the species are dark
green or blue.

Not having that combination of characters. A pad

518

APPENDIX.

between the tarsal claws. Frequently metallic blue or
green. Sometimes rather small. Pollen collecting hairs on
under side of female's abdomen. Abdomen strongly con-
vex. The subfamily Osmiinae 28.

28. Metallic green, bluish, or purplish (rarely not). Apex
of marginal cell more or less distinctly separated from costal
margin of the wing. Second submarginal cell narrowed not
more than one-half towards the marginal. Stigma not well
developed. Antermse similar in both sexes. Abdomen
globose, or nearly so. Osmia (page 446). The rare Monu-
metha would come here but it is rather large; black; with
long, parallel- sided abdomen; male antennae somewhat as in
Alcidamea (see below) but without an apical hook.

Not having this combination of characters 29.

29. Stigma well developed; lanceolate. Head quadrate,
considerably extended behind the eyes. Vein separating
the stigma from the first submarginal cell not longer than
that between stigma and marginal cell. Base of first ab-
dominal segment with a flattened or concave, smooth,
shining plate or basin, the edge of which is well defined.
Heriades (page 446). Ashmeadiella has clear wings; male
abdomen ending with four projections; second ventral
segment with no prominent tooth or ridge.

Not having this combination of characters 30.

30. Stigma not well developed. Apex of marginal cell
reaching the costal margin of the wing. Second submar-
ginal cell narrowed at least two-thirds towards the mar-
ginal. Base of abdomen not as in Heraides. Southern
and western. Chelostoma.

Marginal cell more or less distinctly separated from the
costal margin of the wing. Second submarginal cell nar-
rowed not more than one-half towards the marginal. Vein
separating the stigma from the first submarginal cell
longer than that between stigma and marginal cell. First
dorsal abdominal segment rounded and with a narrow
longitudinal sulcus; first ventral segment bluntly pointed.
Male flagellum (the "whip-lash" part of the antennae)
broad at first but abruptly narrowed at the sixth joint;
joints of unequal lengths, the terminal one simple. An-
dronicus (page 446). In Alcidamea the male's flagellum is
thickened, the joints of about equal length, the terminal

519

APPENDIX.

joint abruptly constricted into a slender curved spine.
In Robertsonella the flagellum is long and thread-like.

31. Thorax and head black; abdomen red, with white
markings due to hair; marginal cell long and obtuse or very
slightly truncate at its tip. Small parasitic bees. Neo-
pasites (page 444).

Not so 32.

32. Posterior angle of mandible not farther forward than
the posterior margin of the eye (See Fig. 2). Females and
most males with a fiat triangular area on the apical dorsal
abdominal segment. Panurgidae (page 442). Usually the
apex of the marginal cell is somewhat truncate, often dis-
tinctly so (see Fig. 19) but in Halictoides this cell is pointed
and its apex reaches the costal margin of the wing. Our
eastern H. novcB-anglice visits picker el- weed flowers; its
thorax is hairy; second submarginal cell narrowed above 33.

Not so. Usually rare genera which, although having
only two submarginal cells, belong to families that typi-
cally have three. 38,

33. Apex of marginal cell more or less remote from the
costa or else broadly obliquely truncate, mandibles not
toothed. (Perditella, largely yellow, has only one recurrent
vein) 34.

Apex of marginal cell reaching the costa, rather
pointed 37.

34. First submarginal cell not much, if any, longer than
the second. Abdomen black, smooth, shining. Ocelli
almost in line, not in a triangle. Scrapter.

First submarginal cell distinctly longer than the
second 35.

35. Marginal cell not longer than the well-developed
stigma; truncate at the tip. Fig. 19. Hind metatarsus
narrower than the tibia. Small bees with the head and
thorax more or less metallic green or blue and the abdomen
usually with light spots or bands. Perdita (page 442) , and
its subgenera.

Marginal cell much longer than the stigma ...... .36.

36. Abdomen with conspicuous light spots or bands in the
surface (not caused by hairs). Spinoliella.

Abdomen not so marked. Calliopsis has the ocelli
in a triangle and has rather conspicuous light-colored Ibands

520

APPENDIX*

of hair on the abdomen. Paniirginus (body delicately
punctured; mngs nearly clear) and Pseudopanurgus
(coarsely punctured; wings very dark) have no such bands.
Panurgus differs from these in not having the marginal
cell distinctly trimcate at the tip; female hind tibiae and
tarsi with long dense pubescence.

37. Abdomen short, rather globose; black or with white
hair-bands. Hind tibia and metatarsus of equal breadth;
female hind legs densely pubescent; male hind femora short
and stout. Macropis.

Abdomen usually rather long. Second joint of hind
tarsus not angulate beneath. Halidoides has the lab rum
as large as the clypeus; head and thorax sparsely pubes-
cent; antennas longer than the thorax; male clypeus black.
Parandrena has the head and thorax rather densely pubes-
cent; antennas not longer than the thorax; male clypeus
yellow; female abdomen at least partly reddish or brownish.
Dufourea (or Hemihalictus) differs from these in that the
transverse median vein joins the median vein before the
basal vein.

38. Basal vein arched in the fashion characteristic of its
family, Halictidee (page 440). Dialictus.

Basal vein not strongly arched 39.

39. Short, compact, southern Anthophorids (page 444).
Apex of marginal cell not touching the margin of the wing.
Anthophoriila , practically Exomalopsis (9 and Fig. 8)
with only two submarginal cells.

Marginal cell extremely small. Very small parasitic
bees (Nomadidas, page 442). Neolarra.

Marginal cell much longer than the stigma and obtuse
at its tip, which does not touch the wing's margin, second
submarginal cell much longer than high and receiving both
recurrent veins near each other at about its middle; third
discoidal cell contracted above. Small parasitic bees
(Nomadidae, page 442), usually red and black with pale
markings caused by scale-like hairs. Phileremus; has been
put near Ccelioxys (page 446).

52ti

APPENDIX.

Several whose opinions I value very highly

have objected to my referring (p. 455) to

potatoes as fungus root galls. My authority was Bernard,

a Frenchman. I do not know whether he was right or

wrong but I still believe that he was right.

On page 414 the alternation of generations in Cynipoidea
was mentioned and the confession made that the matter
had not been worked put for the American species. The
American Museum of Natural History has in press some
papers on the subject by Mr. Kinsey. It is found that such
a condition of afiFairs does exist in American species.

5»

FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS.

in closing, permit me to request that, if errors are de-
tected among the thousands of categorical statements
made in this book, they be brought to my attention. If
portions are not clear or if you desire further information,
I shall be glad to do what I can to help you. It is for such
a service, among others, that the American Museum of
Natural History, New York City, exists.

S23

HABITAT AND PLANT INDEX

It is hoped that the following index will be useful, but it gives only

hints. For example, in the matter of food: Many larvae feed on a

wide variety of plants; it would be out of the question to list them all.

Roughly grouping by habits and habitat the insects mentioned in

this book, notice:

On and in mammals, including man, 77, 231, 260, 268, 270, 279,
476, S07; birds, 77. 106, 279; frogs and turtles, 262; snails, 262,
284, 316; earthworms, 271.

In ants' nests, 132. 184, 253. 254- 296, 304, 334, 365, 507. S08.

Feeding on plant-lice or scale-insects, 108, 132, 212, 242, 254,
255. 257, 278, 298.

Under stones, boards, etc. Many insects, especially Carabidae,
hide in such places. See, also, 107, 112, 113, 247, 305, 507,

Under bark, 39, 61, 64, 79, 97. 112, 214, 236, 241, 242, 248, 297.
300, 304. 305, 308, 309, 323-325, 336, 337, 339. 342. 344. 350. 356,
35?. 384. 385. 398, 404. 507. 508.

In dry wood, 308, 323, 332, 337, 342, 411, 447, 508. 509.

In decaying wood, 184, 226, 242, 247, 248, 278, 297, 308, 309,
321, 324. 326, 332, 335, 336, 381, 385. 507. 509-

In decaying vegetables, etc., 236, 252, 268, 272, 276, 278.

At sap, 241, 247, 278, 297, 304, 318.

In or on fungi, toadstools, etc., 226, 236, 242, 295-300, 304, 324,
329. 381, 384. 385. 395. 405. 507, 508, 510.

In books, food-stuffs, cereals, drugs, etc., 39, 77, 210, 212, 213,
222. 247, 300, 302, 305. 321, 322, 324, 381. 382, 400, 404.

In dry animal matter, hair, feathers, ham, etc., 226, 272, 276,
302,320, 330.

In carrion, 272, 273. 295-297, 304, 305, 320, 330.

In and about excrement, 236, 247, 263, 264, 268, 270-274,
278, 294. 296, 297. 326, 329, 507.

Aquatic insects, 40-53, 57-60, 96-104, 209, 236-248, 256, 275,
278, 288-294, 305. 363. 400, 506, 509.

On snow, 40, 57, 236.

Galls. The main discussion, arranged according to plants,
455-472. See, also, 218, 219, 223, 278, 312, 360, 396, 401, 408,

410, 414, 522.

For some of the general feeders on orchard trees see pp. 82, 85,
93, 105, 140, 168, 194, 201, 219, 310, and 338; on shade trees, 82,
93, 176, 194, and 219. The following are the principal references
to special plants eaten by insects:

Actinomeris, 134.

Ailanthus, 153, 495.

Alder, 132, 153, 174, 213. 221.

225, 360, 362, 370, 398.
Amarantace^, 144.
Amaranthus, 492.
Ambrosia, 176, 218, 353, 357,

369-371.
Amelanchier, 224, 359.
Amorpha, 137, 491.
Anemones, 236.
Apple branches, etc., 85, 88, 94,

308, 323, 335. 352, 353. 356.

358, 360.
Apple fruit, 216, 276, 401, 402.
Apple leaves, 88, 148, 152, 168,

172, 181, 184, 185, 190, 191,

196, 200, 201, 212, 218, 219,

222-226, 374.
Aqnilegia, 144.

Arabis, 490.

Arbor- vitae, 220, 221.

Aristolochia, 141,491,

Ash, 153. 162, 168, 203, 344,

345. 348, 350,495-
Ash, Prickly, 140.
Ash, Mountain, 312.
Asparagus, 365.
Asters, 119, 120, 221, 392, 487.
Azalea, 149, 371.

Balsam, 354.

Barley, see Grasses.

Basswood, 225, 375.

Bayberry, 153, 219, 221.

Beans, see Legumes.

Beech, 213, 335. 344. 349. 3S0,

355. 357. 359.
Beets, 175, 263. 372.
Beggar-ticks, 218.

525

HABITAT AND PLANT INDEX.

Benzoin, 141.
Bergamot, Wild, 153, 495.
Bidens, 218, 370.
Bindweed, see Convolvulaceae.
Birch, 122, 124, 127. 152, 153,
158, 180, 181, 196, 213, 225.

226,314.487.488,493-
Blackberry, 185, IQS, 201, 206,

219, 224, 226, 263, 312,

338, 361, 410.
Black-eyed Susan, 194, 219.
Boebera, 491.
Bouvardia, 152.
Box-elder, 312, 352, 357, 483.
Burdock, 126, 220, 488.
Butternut and Walnut branches,

etc.. 213.344,345, 347, 350,

354. 357, 359. 360.
Butternut and Walnut hulls, 219.
Butternut and Walnut leaves,

132, 153. 158, 162. 181, 185,

224,399,495,496.
Buttonball, 149, 494.
Buttonwood, 152.

Cabbage, see Cruciferae.

Carrots, 141, 491.

Cassia, 138, 491.

Catalpa, 153.

Cat-briar, see Smilax.

Cat-tail, 209.

Cauliflower, see Cruciferae.

Ceanothus, 134.

Cedar, 131, 342,

Celery, 179.

Celtis, 489.

Cephalanthus, 149.

Chelone, 487,

Chenopodium, 144, 492.

Cherry branches, etc., 207, 214,

310,312,323.335.
Cherry fruit, 276, 402.
Cherry leaves, 127, 132, 140,

152, 153, 156, 166, 181, 190.

191. 195. 200, 212, 214, 218,

219, 221-224, 226, 371, 410,

488,490,491,494,495,496.
Chestnut branches, etc., 203,

208, 310, 339, 342, 347, 349,

355.357.395.
Chestnut leaves, 132, 162, 196,

224.
Chestnuts, 401.
Chionanihus, 152, 153.
Cimicifuga, 134.
Citrus, 140, 491.
Cbematis, 410.
Clover, 133, 137, 221, 225, 242,

400, 491.
Clover, Bush, 144, 225, 314,

489, 490, 492.
Columbine, 144, 492.
Composite, 119.
Comptonia, see Sweet-fern.
Conifers, 188, 198, 312, 340, 342,

396, 410.
CONVOLVULACE^, 152, 153, 373.
376, 377. 392.

Corn, 96, 112, 160, 176, 178,
200.220.263,334,371,374^
403.497.

Corn«5 134, 223, 314. 345. 348.

^ 358,359,370.

Cotton, III, 178, 182,401.

Cottonwood, see Populus.

Cranberry, 212, 219.

Cratcegus, 219, 223, 226, <so.
360, 370.

Crotalaria, i66.

Croton, 218.

Crucifer^, 114, 134, 136^ 13-^

179.220,263,373,402,490.
i^ucumber, 209, 371, 374.

CUCURBITACE^, 204, 200, 290
371.

Currant, 105, 122, 148, 195, 208.

219, 276, 352, 410, 487.
Cynoglossum, 131.

Dahlias, 106.

Daisies, 194, 195, see Compositae

Dangleberry, 152.

Decodon, 149.

Desmodium, 144.

Dock, 133, 176, 368, 490.

Doellingeria, 120.

Dogbane, 367.

Dogwood, see Cornus.

Dutchman's-pipe, 141.

Egg-plant, 150, 374.

Elder {S ambucus) , 339,

Elm branches, etc., 93, 124, 346,

348, 349. 353. 355, 360.
h.\vn. leaves, 120, 124, 153, 164,

166, 174, 222, 225, 370, 410,

487.493.
Epilobium, 149.
Eupatorium, 221, 371.
Euphorbia, 152.
Everlastings, 124, 488.

Ferns, 93, 209.

Gerardia, 126, 487.

Gleditsia, see Legumes.

Golden-rod, see Solidago.

Gooseberry, 122, 195, 213, 218,
352, 410, 487.

Grapefruit, 215. 276, 402.

Grape leaves, 88, 93, 147-149,
170, 202, 208, 214, 215,
223, 226, 332, 367, 373,
374. 402, 410, 493, 494.

Grape stems, etc., 88, 206, 323,
342, 345. 348, 349. 352, 368,
401.

Grasses and Sedges, including
Wheat, Oats, etc.: 85, 86,
88, III. 128. 130, 144, 146,
164, 175, 184, 210, 220, 222,
223, 242,308,331, 363, 371,
403. 410, 414, 483, 488,
492.

Hackberry, 130, 344, 355, 489.

526

HABITAT AND PLANT INDEX.

Hazel, 162, 222, 224, 225, 370.

398.
Hemlock, 164. 221, 313, 348.
Hickory branches, etc., 213,

310, 323, 332, 339. 341. 344.

345. 346. 348-360, 405, 483,

484.
Hickory hulls, 219.
Hickory leaves, I53, IS8, 162,

164, 170, 181, i8s, 213,

222-225, 309, 495. 496.
Hickory nuts, 401.
Hollyhock, 126.
Honeysuckle, 147, 225.
Hop, 120, 122, 124, 131-
Horn-beam, see Ironwood.
Horse chestnut, 219, 310-
Huckleberry, 132, 152, 153. 210,

219. 22s. 494-
Hydrangea, 149.
Hypericum, 131.

Indigo, 137, 396, 491-
Iris, 218.
Ironweed, 391-
Ironwood, iS3- 222-225. 355
Ivy, Poison, 225.

Jatnestown Weed, 374-
Jasminium, 152.
June-berry, 208, 224.
Juniper, 164, 221.

Kalmia, 132, 225.
Knot grass, 368.

Lamb's-quarters, 144, 263.

Larch, 222.

Laurace^, 142, 156, 491.

Laurel, 153, 225.

Legumes, 131. I33. 138, I44.

166, 219, 220, 299, 344,

357, 372, 379. 491.
Lepidium, 490.
Lespedeza, 144, 225, 314, 489-
Lettuce, 247.
Lichens, 164, 166, 209.
Lilac, 153. 495-
Linden, 153, 312, 349. 353. 358-

360, 370, 410.
Liquidamhar^ 156, 158.
Liriodendron ,93, is6, 158, 218,

226, 491, 496.
Locust, see Rohinia.
Locust, Honey, see Gleditsia.
Lonicera, 225.
Lotus, 209.
Lupinus, 221.

Magnolia. 142, 218, 491.

Mandrake, 117.

Maple branches, etc., 93. 203,

310, 312, 314. 344. 345.

347. 348. 395. 410.
Maple leaves, 92, 162, 164, 174.

190, 192, 196, 219. 224,

370, 496.
Marigold, Fetid, 491-

Meibomia, see Tick-trefoil.
Melons, 204, 209, 299, 371-
Milkweeds, 116, 169, 362, 369,

377. 486.
Millet, 374.
Morning-glory, see Convolvu-

lacese.
Moss. 247, 248.
Mulberry, 192, 323. 354-
Myrica, 213.

Nettles. 122, 124, 402, 487,

488.
Nightshade, 374.
Nuts, 222, 400.

Oak, acorns, 219, 222, 400,401.

Oak branches, etc., 92, 203, 310,
325. 332, 339. 342, 344-347.
352, 354-357. 395. 484.

Oak leaves, 88. no, 132, 144,
158. 160, 162, 164, 174,
181, 190, 199, 209, 219,
221, 223, 224, 226, 367,
399, 492. 496.

Oats, see Grasses.

Onions, 79, 263, 275.

Opuntia, 213.

Orange, iii.

Osage Orange, 192, 354.

Palmetto, 403.

Palms, 93.

Pansies, 117.

Papaw, 142, 492.

Parsley, 141.

Parsnip, 491.

Parsnip. Water. 221.

Passiflora, 153.

Passion-flower, 117, 486.

Peach, 93. 207, 310, 312, 323,

371, 374. 402.
Pear branches. 86,310, 323.353.

359.
Pear fruit, 218, 242.
Pear leaves, 86, 152, 190, 200,

410.
Peas, see Legumes.
Pepper, 153. 495-
Pepper-grass, 490.
Persimmon. 158. 162, 323.
Pickerel- weed, 363.
Pine branches, etc.. 108, 213,

218, 308, 309, 312, 342,

347. 350, 354. 356, 358,

359. 396.
Pine leaves, 132, 153, 164, 220,

221, 496.
Pitcher plants, 218, 240.
Plantain, 126, 169.
Plum branches, etc., 207, 214,

226. 310, 344. 345.353.358.
Plum fruit, 402.
Plum leaves, 132, 153, 181, 212,

223, 371, 495.
Poplar, see Populus.
Populus branches, etc., 124,

203, 314. 355. 360, 361.

527

HABITAT AND PLANT INDEX.

Populus leaves, 124, 127, 150,
152. 181, 221, 225, 332, 368!
410, 488, 494.

Portulacca, 117.

Potato, ISO, 176, 221, 247, 364,
366, 369, 374, 391, 392,
_ 402. 494-

Prickly pear, 213.

Primrose, evening, 223.

Privet, 495.

Ptelea, 140.

Pumpkin, 204. 209, 299, 371.

Pursley, 148.

Quince, 218, 359.

Radish, 2J53.
Rag- weed, see Ambrosia.
Raspberries, 113, 195.
Raspberry leaves, 195, 201, 219,

303. 367. 377. 410.
Raspberry stems, etc., 206, 263,

312,361,445.
Rattle-box, 166.
Red-bud, 345, 359.
Rice, see Grasses.
Robinia branches, etc., 203, 219,

346, 348, 352, 358, 483,

484, 492,
Robinia leaves, 143, 182, 221,
„ ^.225,374. 375.
Kobtnta seeds, 379.
Rock-cress, see Cruciferas.
Rose, 90, 106, 152, 185, 218. 219,

T> 224,331,370,373.396,410.

Kuaoeckta, 194, 219.
Rumex, 133, 176. 368, 490.
Rye, see Grasses.

Salvia, 153, 495,
Sand-myrtle, 210.
Sarracenia, 218, 240.
Sassafras, 141, 156, 219, 362,
491, 496.

SCROPHULARIACE^, 1 19.

Sedum, 486.

Shepherd's-purse, see Cruciferse.
Sida, 144, 492.
Skunk-cabbage, 278, 363.
Smart-weed, 90.
Smilax, 175. 218, 226, 323.
Snapdragon, 126.
Snowberry, 147.

SOLANACE^, 150.

Solidago, 164, 218, 219, 221, 226,

276, 369, 371, 392.
Sorghum, 220.
Sorrell, 133, 490.

Spice-bush, 141, 156, 491.

Spinach, 263, 372.

Spircea, 134, 218.

Spruce, 164, 219, 221, 313, 342

_ 348, 354.

oquash, 204, 209, 299, 371.

Strawberry, 105, 219, 367, 373

399-401. 403.
Sugar cane, 403.
Sumac, 162, 219, 221, 314, 358

359. 362. 399.
guntlower, 119, 126, 220, 486.
Sweet-brier, 224.
Sweet-fern, 153, 213.
Sweet-gum, 158, 162, 496.
Sweet-potato, see Convolvul-

aceae.
Sycamore, 153, 219, 224, 310,

356.
Sytnphoricarpos, 147.

Thistle, 126.

Thorn, Black, 226.

Tick-trefoil, 144, 490, 492.

Tigridia, 218.

Tobacco, 150, 178, 210, 374

494.
Tomato, 150, 176, 178, 374,

392, 494.
Trumpet vine, 153.
Tulip-tree, see Liriodendron.
Turtle-head, 487.
Typha, 209.

Vaccinium, see Huckleberry.
Viburnum, 147, 149, 223, 493,

-.r. 494.

Violets. 117, 118. 236, 486.
Virginia Creeper, 93, 147-149,

170, 202, 226, 359. 367.

484, 493, 494.

Walnut, see Butternut.
Walnuts, English, 218.
Water-lily, 363, 371.
Witch-hazel, 174, 225.
Wheat, see Grasses.
Willow branches, etc., 124, 203,

207, 226, 359, 360, 410.
Willow catkins, 218, 364.
Willow leaves, 122, 124, 127,

ISO, 152, 153, 181, 223, 225,

332, 368, 370, 371. 410,

487, 488, 494.
Wolfberry, 130, 489.

Yucca, 146, 228.

52»

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX

abboti, Oikelicus, 199.

abbotii, Sphecodina, 148, 493.

abbreviate, Sphex, 439.

Abdomen, 7.

abdominalis, Cephenomyia, 260.

abdominalis, Tipula, 236, LXIII.

Aberrant Long-horned Beetles,

^ 336.
abnormis, Eriophyes, 470.
abrupta, Bombyliomyia, 262,
LXVI.

ACALYPTER/E, 258, 279.

Acalypterate, 274.
Acanalonia, 85.
ACANTHIID^. 102.
Acanthocephala, 113.
Acanthocerini, 328.
Acanthocinus, 356.
Acanthoderes, 355.
Acanthoderini. 353, 355.

ACANTHOSOMIN^, II4.
Acanthus, 106.
ACARINA, 480.
Acarus, 456, 468.
acericola, Phenacoccus, 92.
acericola, Phyllocoptes, 466.
aceriella, Pkyllonoryter, 225.
Achalarus, 144, 492.
achemon, Pholus, 149, 493.
Achlarus, 144, 492.
Achrostical, 230.
Acilius, 290.
Acmaops, 350.
Acorn Weevil, 400.
acrcea, Estigmene, 168, XLIX.
Acraspis, 457, 462.
ACRIDIDvE, 66.
ACRIDIN^, 68
Acr/7M5, 504.
Acrobasis, 213.
Acronyc/a, 172, 497.
Acrosternum, 114.
Acrydium, 66, 68.
Ac<ia5, 158, 496.
aculiferus, Leptosiylus, 356.
acuminata, M elanophila, 313.
acuminata, Strangalia, 351.
Adalia, 499, LXXV.
adealUs, Symphysa, 209.
Adelocera, 309.
Adephaga, 280, 281, 292.
Adirus, 410.
admirabilis, Syrbula, 68.
Admiral, Red, 124.
advena, Cathartus, 300.
Acrfes, 240.
^GERiiD^, 203.

^GIALITID^, 505,

^letes, 504.
(znea. ChcBtopsis, 263.
cenea, Tischeria, 226.
(Bneola, Melanophila, 313.
aeniventris, A?romyza, 458.
«raJa, Synchlora, 195. LVIII.

(zreum, Callidium, 342.
iEscHiN^, 46.

iEsCHNID^, 45.

asculanum, Proteoteras, 219.
CBthiops, Endelomyia, 410.
ajffinis, Bombus, 450, 451, 453.
affinis, Trichius, 335.
afflictella, Salebria, 213.
Agamic reproduction, 87.
Agapostemon, 440.
Agaristid^, 170, 214.
Age/g«a, 36, 248.
Agelenid^. 38.
Ageneotettix, 69.
Agnopteryx, 221.
Agonoderus, 288.
Agrilus, 312.
Agriov, 45.
Agrowyza. 457, 458.
Agromyzid^, 278, 457.
Agro/j5, 172.

Ailanthus Silk-moth, 153.
ajaa;, Papilio, 142.
Alabama, 182.
A/aM5, 308.

albilinea, Leucania, 176, LII.
albipennis, Bibio, 243, LXV.
albofasciatus, Clytanthus, 349.
Alcidamea, 519.
Alderfly, 52.

ALEYRODIDiE, 8 I, 90.

Aio'''o^«5, 90.

algonquina, Paratiphia, 427.
algonquinus. Balaninus, 401.
alienus, Lasius. 422.

ALLOCORHYNINiE, 396.

Allocorhynus, 396.

Allorhina, 334.

aZo/>e, 5a/yrM5,i28,489, XXXII.

alpha, Liopus, 358.

Alsophila, 194.

alternans, Temnostoma, LXVIII.

alternatum, Dorcaschema, 354.

Alulae, 229.

A^yrfM5, 113.

Alypia, 170.

A/y5on, 433.

Alysonid^, 433.

Awcra, 287.

AMATID.E. 164.

Amber-wing, 48.

Amblycorpha, 71, 72.

Ambrosia, 405.

Awftry^MS, 96.

Ambush Bugs, no.

amelanchieriella, Stigmella, 224.

americalis, Epizeuxis, 184.

americana Acronycta, 174, 497,

americana, Cimbex. 410,

LXXXVII.
americana, Galerucella, 371.
americana, Harrisina, 202, LIX.
americana, HetcBrina, 44, X.

529

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

americana, Malacosoma, i68.
191, LVII.

americana, Melitta, 441.

americana, Notidobia, 57.

americana, Olfersia, LXXI.

americana, Feriplaneta, 64, XVI.

americana, Ranatra, 100, XXV.

americana, Sapyga, 426.

americana Schistocerca, 70,
XVIII.

americana, Silpha, 296.

americanum, Omophron, 286.

americanus, Chrysophanus, 133.

americanus, Lethocerus, 100.

americanus, Meloe, 390.

americanus, Nicrophorvs, 295.

americanus, Stigmus, 434.

americanus, Syrphus, LXVI.

arnica, Catocala, 181, LIV.

Ammalo, 169.

Ammobia, 439.

Ammophila, 438.

amcenus, Phymatodes, 342.

Ampeloglypter, 401.

Ampelophagus, 149, 493.

ampelophila, Drosophila, 276.

ampelopsidis, Telaniona, 484,
XXIII.

ampelopsiella, Phyllocnistis, 226.
Amphibolips, 4x4, 457, 462, 464,

•LXXX VIII.
Amphicerus, 323.
Amphion, 147, 493.
Amphionycka, 361.
Amphizoid^, 506.
Ampulicid^, 433.
amyntor, Ceratomia, 153, 493.
Anacampsis, 221.
Anacrabro, 434.
anaglypticus, Copris, 329.
Anal cell, 229.
analis, Attelabus, 399.
analts, Hydropsyche, 58.
ananassi, Thecodiplosis, 458.
Anasa, 113, 262.
Anas pis, 386.
Anatis, 499, LXXV.
/Iwaa:, 46.
Anaxipha, 76.
anchoceloides, Rhynchagrotis, 172

A«cy/i5, 219.
Ancyloxypha, 144.
ancylus, Aspidictus, XXIV.
Andrena, 249, 441, 512.
Andrenid^, 441, S17.
Andricus, 457, 462, 464.
Androconia, 143.
Andronicus, 446, 519.
Angle-wings, 120.
Angoumois Grain-moth, 220.
anguinella, Stigmella, 224.
anguinus, Pilyobius, 309.
angulala, Pyractomena, 316.
angulifera, Callosamia, 158, 496.
angusella, Acrobasis, 213,
angusii, Datana, 185.
angustata, Amara, 287.

anguslalus, Macrodactylus, 331
angusticollis, Meloe, ^oo.

LXXXV. '*^"'

Anisodactylus, 288.
^ nisolahts, 61.
Anisoplera, 45.
^ wj\yoi>^e?'3'.r, 194.
Anisola, 160, 496.
annularis, Pnlisies, 430.
annulatus, Margaropus, 476.
annulicornis, Helicopsyche, 57,

-^ V .
Anobium, Z3>2.
Anomala, 332.
Anopheles, 238, LXIV.
Aplasia, 116, 127, 138, 486.
antcBus, Stratcegus, ^zz-
Antenna, 7, 32.
anlennata, Xylina, 172, LIT.
antennalor, Charieslerus, 113.
antennalum, Calliaium, ZA2.
anthici, Ilonida. 458.
Anthicid^;, 381, 386.
Anthidium, 446, 518.
Anthoboscin^, 427.
Anthocorid^, 97.
Anthomyia, 263.
Anthomyid^, 259, 263.
Anthonomus, 401.
Anthophora, 390, 391, 444, 512,

515.
Anthophorid^, 440, 444, 514

521.
Anthophorula, 521,
Anthrax, 24g.
Anthrenus, 303.
Anthribid^, 393, 394, 395, 500,

506.
antiopa, Vanessa, 122. 4.87

XXX. ^ '•

Antispila, 223.

Ant-lion, 54, 478.

Ant's cows, 88.

Ants, True, 88, 106, 132, 134,

184. 253. 254. 295, 304,

334. 365. 408, 41S, 436,

478, 481, 484, 489.
Ants, Velvet, 427, 481.
Ants, White, 76, 478, 479, 482.
Apantesis, 169.
Apaiela, 172.
Apcenogaster, 420.
Aphidid^. 82, 87, 132, 456.
Aphids. 79, 87, 132. 222, 434,

XXIV. ^ ^

Aphilanthops, 435, 436.
Aphis, 88.
Aphis-lion, 54.
Aphodiini, 329.
Aphodius, 329.
aphrodite, Argynnis, 118, 486,

XXVIII.
apicitripunctella Recurvaria, 221
apiculaia, Nepa, 100.
Apid^, 439, 453, 512.
Apiomerus, 107.
Apion, 396.
Apionin^, 396.

530

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Apis, 453. 512.

ApoiDiSA, 408, 439, 512-521.

Apocephahis. 25,^.

appendiculatus, Diphadyitis, 410.

appendigaster, Evania, 411.

Apple-borer, i6o.

Apple Curculio, 401.

Apple Maggot, 276.

Apple- wcrm, 216.

APTERA, 39.

Aquarius, 104.

aquaticus, Sminthurus, 40, VIII.

ARACHINIDA, 32.

Aradid^, 97, 112.

Aranea 34, 36.

Archasia, 484, XXIII.

Archimerus, n3.

archippus, Basilarchia, 116, 127,

XXVII.
archippus, Danaus, 486.
Archips, 219.
arctia, Hadena, 175, LI.
arctica, Vespa, 430, 511.
ARCTIID.E, 166, 214, 497.
Arctocorixa, 99.

arcuata, Corythuca, no, XXVI.
argentata, Halisidota, 170.
argentata, Notogonidea, 437-
argentinotella, Phyllonoryter. 225.
argillacea, Alabama, 182, LII.
Argiope, 36.
Argiopid^. 33. 34-
argus. Chelymorpha, 376.
argM5, Halesus, 57, XV.
argutanus, Episimus, 219.
..4rgyMn/5, 117, 118. 486.
Argyresthia, 220.
Arhopalus, 347.
Arilus, 108.
Arista, 230.
Aristotelia, 221.
Armored Scales. 92.
armiger, Heliothis, 178, LII.
Army maggots, 242.
Army-worm, Beet, 175.
Army- worm, Fall, 175.
Army- worm, Wheat-head, 176.
Arnly, 53.
Arphia, 70.
arthemis, Basilarchia, 127, 488,

XXVII.
Arthromacra, 384.
ARTHROPODA, 32.
arvensis. Sphecodes, XCIII.
Asemini, 339, 341.
Asemum, 341.
Asexual reproduction, 87.
Ashmeadiella. 519.
ashtoni, Psithyrus, 449, 453.
AsiLiD/E, 230, 234. 249. 250.
Asilus, 250.
AsoPiN^, 114.
asparagi, Crioceris, 365,

LXXXIII.
aspersus, Hyperplatys, 358.
Aspidiotus, 93, XXIV.
Assassin-bugs, 107.
assimilis, Dineutes, 293.

assimilis, Muscina, 267, 271.
.45/a<a. 437.
Astatine, 436.
Asteromyia, 4.57, 470, 472.
aster ias, Papilio, 141.
a5/>'ona.r, Basilarchia, 126, 488,

XXXI.
astylus, Calasymbolus, 152, 494.
atalanta, Pyrameis, 124, 487,

XXXI.
o/^, Ampeloglypler, 402.
Atitnia, 340.
Atimioides. 340.
Atlanticus, 73.
atlantis, Argynnis, 118, 486.
atomarium, Romaleum, 344.
a/ra, Orsodachna, 364.
atrata, Megarhyssa, 414.
atratum, Priononyx. 438.
atratus, Tabanus, LXV.
atripennis, Diabrotica, 371-
atriventris, Tetralonia, 445-
Atropid^, 76.
Atropos, 78.

atrox, Psammochares, 428, XCII.
Airyione, 146.
Attacin^, 158.
Attagenus, 302.
Attelabin^, 396, 398.
Attelabus, 398.
AttiD/E, 38.
Augochlora, 440.
augustus, Thecla, 132.
Ajt/cA;, 457, 470.
auraniia, Miranda, 36.
auratiis, Chrysochus, 367?

LXXXI.
auricomus. Bombias, 451-
auricularia, Forficula, 61.
auronitens, Phyllonoryter, 225.
aurora, Eros, 316.
australasia, Periplaneta 64,

XVI.
Autographa, 179.
Aw/owjerj5, 160, 496.
Auxiliary vein, 229, 269.
axillaris, Purpuricenus, 346.
Axillary Cell, 229.
azurea, Chrysobothris, 3i4«

Baccha, 255.

bachmani, Libythea, 130, 489,

XXXIII.
Back-swimmers, 100.
Bacon-beetle, 302.
baculus, Lipeurus, 78, XXI.
Bag-worm, 198.
bajalus, Hylotrupes, 342.
Balancers, 229.
Balaninus, 400.
balsamicola, Cecidotnyia, 458.
Baltimore, 119.
Barce, 108.
Bark-beetle, 405.
Bark-lice, 78. 91. 478, 482.
Bark-slippers, 342.
Basal cell. 229-
Basal veins, 406.

531

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

basalts, Celetes, 316.
basalts, Ceresa, 484.
Basilarchia, 116, 126, 127, 488.
basilare, Sinoxylon, 322.
Basilona, 164, 496.
Basitarsus, 8, 408.
basseitii, Diastrophus, 468.
batatas, Rhabdophaga, 458.
batatus, Neuroterus, 464.
batesi, Phyciodes, 119, 487.
bathyllus, Tharybes, 144, 492,

XXXVII.
Batrachedra, 223.
Batyle, 346.
Bean Weevil, 379.
Beare-wormes, 166, 497.
Bed-bug, 106, 112.
Bed-bug, Big, 107.
bedeguar, Cecidomyia, 468.
Bee Fly, 249.
Bee-moth, 212.
Bees, 249, 406, 408, 439, 478,

512-521.
Beetles, 280, 479, 482, 498.
Beetles of Our Lady, 298.
belangerella, Telphusa, 221.
belfragei, Archasia, 484, XXIII.
bella, Euaresta, LXXI.
bella, Utetheisa, 166, XLIX.
Bellamira, 350.
bcllona, Brenthis, 118 486,

XXIX.
Belostoma, 90, 100.

BELOSTOMIDiC, 96, 99.

Bembecia, 206.
Bembecid/E, 433, 437.
Bembex, 438.
Bembidium, 286, 287.
Bembidula, 438.
Benacus, 100.
berenice, Anosia, 116.
Berytid^. 112.
Bethylid/E, 425, 427.
betulella, Acrobasis, 213.
betulivora, Pkyllonoryter, 225.
bibens, Trichius, 335.
Bibio, 243.
BiBiONiD^, 232, 243.
bicaudatus, Amphicerus, 323.
bicolor, Astata, 437.
bicolor, Chalepus, 375.
bicolor. Coptocycla, 377,

LXXXIII.
bicolor, Galerita, 287.
bicolor, Rhodites, 468.
bicolor, Rhynchites, 396.
bicolor, Strangalia, 351.
bicornis, Bostrichus, 323.
Bicyrtes, 437, 438.
Bidessus, 290,
bifasciata, Latreillimyia, 262,

LXVIII.
bifoveolatutn, Prtononyx, 438.
bifurcus. Boletotherus, 384,

LXXXIV.
bigsbyana, Calligrapha, 370.
Bill-bugs, 403.
bimaculata, Oberea, 361.

bimaculaia, Thelia, 484, XXIII.
btmaculatus, Bombus, 450, 453.
bimaculatus, Molorchus, 345.
btmaculatus, Tylonotus, 344.
binotata, Enchenopa, 483.
Biorhiza, 457, 464.
bipunctata, Adnlia. LXXV.
bipunctata, Xabea, 76.
bipustulatus, Atlelabus, 399.
Bird Lice, 78.
Bird Locust, 70.
birenimaculatus, Odynerus, XC.
biselliella, Tineola, 227.
Bittncomorpha, 236.
Bittacus, 56.

biusius, Leptostylus, 357.
bivittata, Acanalonia, 85. XXIII.
bivittata, Acmaops, 350.
bivittata, Cassida, 37 7,

LXXXIII.
Black-bettle, 64.
Blackberry, Crown-borer. 206.
blackburnii, Ceotrupes, LXXX.
Black-flies, 70, 243.
Black-head of Cranberry, 219.
Black-wing, 45.
Blastobasid.^, 222.
blatchleyi, Manomera, 65.
Blatta, 64.
Blattella, 62.
Blattid^, 62, 482.
Blepharida, 373.
Blepharocerid^, 231, 246.
Blepharomastix, 209.
Blight, 87.
Blissus, III.
Blister-beetle, 387.
Blow-fly, 272.
Blue-bottle, 272.
Blue, Common, 134, 490.
Blue, Eastern Tailed, 133.
Body-louse, 79.
Bolboceras, 329.
Bolbocerosoma, 329.
Boletophagus, 384.
Boletotherus, 384.
bolii, Spharagemon. XVIII.
Bombardier Beetles, 288.
Bombias, 449.
BoMBiDiE, 439. 448, 514-
bombiformis, Emphor, 444,

XCIIL
Bombomelecta, 516.
Bombus. 4, 448, 449, 512.
BoMBYCiD^, 192.
bombycoides. La para, 153.

BOMBYLIIDiE, 230, 234. 249.

Bombyliomyia, 262.
Bombylius, 249.
Bombyx, 192.
Bone Beetles, 320.
Book-lice, 78, 478, 482.
Book Worm, 321.
BoRBORiD^. 274.
Borborus, 265, 275-
borealis, Bombus, 451, 452.
borealis, Calephelis, 130, 489i
XXXIII.

532

ENTOMOLOGICAL LNDEX.

borealis, Ceresa, 484.

borealis, Epilachna, 299, LXXV.

borealis, Gryllolalpa, XX.

borealis, PotUania, 460.

Boreus, 57.

Bostrickus, 323.

BOSTRYCHIDyB, 322.

Bot Flies, 259.

Bots, 229, 259.

bovis, Hypoderma, 260.

Brachinus, 287.

BRACHYCERA. 230. 231. 246.

Brachymyrmex, 417, 421.

Brachynus, 284.

Brachypeplus, 71.

Brachys, 314.

Brachytarsus, 395.

BRACONIDiE, 411.

Brain, 7.
Brand. 143.

brassiccB, Autographa, 179, LI.
hrassicce, Phorbia, 263.
brassicoides, Rhabdophaga, 458.
Brathinid^, 296.
Brathinus, 296.
Break-backs, 306.
Breeze Flies, 247, 259.
Brenthis, 118, 486.
Brentid^, 394.
breincornis, Sphyracephala, 278.
brevicornis, Truxalis, 68, XVIII.
brevilineum, Physocnemum, 342.
brevinodis, Myrmica, 421.
brevipennis, Emesa, 108, XXVI.
brevis, Megachile, 447, XCIII.
brevivitella, Motnpha, 223.
brizo, Thanaos, 144, 492.
Brochymena, 114.
Brownies, 84, 483.
Brown-tail Moth, 188, 190, 285.
Bruchid.^, 362, 379, 500, 506.
Bruchus, 379.
brunnea, Colaspis, 368.
brunnea, Mantispa, XV.
brunnea, Parandra, 336.
brunneum, Orthosoma, 338.
brunnicollis, Lema, 365.
Brush-footed Butterflies, 116.
biihalus, Ceresa, 85, 484, XXIII.
Bucca, 258, 267.
buccata, Cuterebra, 260, LXVIII.
Bucculatrix, 224.
Buckeye, 126.
Bud-worm, False, 178.
Bud-worm. True, 178.
Buffalo-bugs, 303.
Buffalo Gnats, 243.
Buffalo-moths, 303.
Buffalo Tree-hopper, 85.
Bugs, True, 95.
Bumble -bee, 448, 512.
Bumble Flower-beetle, 334.
BuPRESTiD^, 310, 337. 502.
Buprestis, 313.
Burrowing-bugs, 114.
Burying Beetles, 29S
buskiella, Gnorimoschema, 221.
Butterflies, 115. 477-

Byrrhid^, 306, 508.
By turns, 303.

Cabbage-bug, 114.
Cabbage-butterfly, Imported,

134.
Cabbage-butterfly, Old-Fash-

ioned, 136.
Cabbage-butterfly, Southern,

136.
Cabbage-maggot, 263,
cacti. Coccus, 91.
cadaverina, Cynomyia, 266, 267,

270,LXIX.
Caddice flies, worms, 57, 228,

477. 480.
Cadelle, 305.
Cceniella, 316.
ccenius, Calephelis, 130.
ccBTuleum, Chalybion, XCII.
ccEsar, Lucilia, 265, 268, 272,

LXX.
ccBSarion, Pseudopyrellia, 265,

267, 272, LXIX.
ccBSonia, Meganosloma, 137,

.491. XXXV.
ccespitum, T etr amor turn , 421,

LXXXIX.
Calandra, 403, 404.
Calandrin^, 398, 403.
calanus, Thecla, 131.
Calasymbolus, 152, 494.
calcarata, Saperda, 360.
calcilrans, Stomoxys, 266, 268,

LXX.
Calephelis, 130, 489.
Calichroa, 410.
Calico-back, 114.
calidum, Calosoma, 285, LXXIII.
caliginosus, Harpalus, 288,

LXXII.
calignosellus, Cr ambus, 210.
Callicera, 253.
Callidiini, 339, 342.
Callidioides, 338.
Callidium, 342.
callidus, Chrysops, LXV.
Calligrapha, 369.
Callimoxys, 345,
Calliopsis, 442, 520.
Callipbora, 265, 267, 270, 272.
Callirjiytis, 457, 462, 464.
Calloides, 347.
Callosamia, 156, 495.
Calochromus, 316.
Calopternus, 387.
Calopteron, 315.
Calopteryx, 45.
calopus, Aedes, 240.
Calosoma, 284, 285, 510.
Calypterate Diptera, 258.
Calyptrae, 229.
Camberwell Beauty, 122.
Camel crickets, 73.
camellifolia, Pterophylla, 71,

XIX.
Camponotin^, 417.
Camponotus, 417, 424.

533

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Campso',ne.-is, 42''.

Campylenchia, 483.

canadensis, A'edes, 240.

canadensis, Contarinia, 472.

canadensis, Epochra, 276.

canaliculatus. Valgus, 335.

Cancer-worme, 196.

Candida, Saperda, 359, LXXXI.

canellus, Typophorus, 367.

canescens, Tetrops, 362.

canicular is, Homalomyia, 263,
265.

canis, Ctenocephalus, 279, LXXI.

Canker-worm, Fall, 194.

Canker-worm, Spring, 196.

canteriator, Telraopes, 362.

Cantharides, 387.

Cantharini, 391.

Cantharis, 392.

Canthon, 328.

canthus, Satyrodes, 128, 488,
XXXII.

capitis, Pediculus, 79, 483,
XXI.

caprcea, Neoclytus, 348.

CAPSID.E, 105.
capsulus, Callirhylis, 462
care, Catocala, 181. LIII.

Carabid^, 281, 282, 381, SOD,
506,

Carabus, 284.

carbonifera, Asteromyia, 472.

cardui, Pyrameis, 126, 488,

XXXI.
carnifex, Phanceus, 329,

LXXXI.
Carnivore, The, 132.
Carolina, Copris, 328, LXXX.
Carolina, Dissosteira, 69, XIX.
Carolina, Luteva, 108.
Carolina, Phlegethontius, 150,

494. XXXIX.
Carolina, Stagmomantis, 6s,

XVII.
Carolina, Stictia, 438.
Carolina, Vespa, 511.
carolinensis, Monohammus, 354.
Carpenter Ant, 424.
Carpenter-bees, 447, 5 12.
Carpet-beetle, 303.
Carpet-beetle, Black, 302.
Carpocapsa, 216, 218.
Carpophilus, 305.
Carrion Beetles, 295.
Carter ia, 91.
carya, Acrobasis, 213.
caryce, Acrobasis, 213.
caryce, Balaninus, 401.
carycz, Cyllene, 346.
caryce, Halisidota, 170, L.
carycB, Microcentrus, 483.
carycBcaulis, Phylloxera, 400.
carycecola, Caryomyia, 460.
carycefallax. Phylloxera, 460.
caryoefoliella, Coleophora. 222.
carycefoliella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
caryoefoliella, Stigmella, 224.
caryosren, Phylloxera, 460.

caryceyence. Phylloxera, 460.

caryana. Laspeyresia, 219.

Caryo W3/?a, 457, 460.

Case-makers, 222.

ca5«, Piophila, 276, LXXI.

Cassida, 377.

cassidea, Chelymorpha, 376.

Cassidini, 363, 376.

Castianeira, 36.

cataclystiana, Eucosma, 218.

calalpcE, Ceratomia, 153.

Caterpillar Hunter, 285.

Caterpillars, 481, 485.

Cathartus, 300.

Catia, 144.

Catocala, 179.

CatocaliN/E, 180.

Catopsilia, 137, 491.

Cattle Tick, 476.

Catullus, Pholisora, 144, 492.

Caupolicana, 512.

Cave crickets, 73.

cavicollis, Galerucella, 371.

Cecidomyia, 457, 458. 462, 466,

468, 470.
Cecidomyiid^, 242, 457.
cecropia. Samia, 154, 415, 495,

XLI.
cecrops, Thecla, 131.
ce/er, Chrysops, LXV.
Celerio, 148.
Celery Looper, 179.
Celetes, 316.

celeus, Phlegethontius, 150, 494.
Celithemis, 50.
cementarius, Sceliphron, 430.

XCII.
Cemolobus, 445, 515.
Cenopis, 219.
Centipede, 32, 38.
centrata, Sapyga, 426.
Centris, 515.
Centrodera. 350.
Centrotin/e, 483.
ceparum, Phorbia, 263.
cepetorum, Phorbia, 263.
CephaloiD/E, 506.
Cephalothorax, 33.
Cephenomyia, 260.
Cephid^, 408, 410.
Cephus, 410.

Cerambycid^, 337, 362, 500.
Cerambycin^. 337. 338, 352.
Cerambycini, 340, 344.
Cerambycoides, 340.
cerasi, Cahroa, 410.
Ceratina, 447, 512, 516,
Ceratinid^, 447, 516.
Ceratocampid^, 100, 262,

495.
Ceratogr aphis, 356.
Ceratomia, 153, 493.
Ceratophyllus, 279.
Cerceris, 435, 436.
Cercopid/E, 81, 86, 433.
cerealella, Sitolroga, 220.
Cercic, 8s, 483.
Ceria, 253.

534

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

cerisyi, Sphinx, 152.

Ceropales, 428.

Cerotoma, 372.

Ceruchus, 325, 326.

Cetoniin^, 333-

CeuthopliUus, 73, XX.

Ceutorhyncus, 402.

CkcEtocnema, 373.

Chceiopsis, 263.

Chalcidid^, 90.

Chalcidoidea, 407, 4I4.

Chalcomyia, 254.

Chalcophora, 313.

Chalepus, 375-

chalybea, Haltica, 373.

Chalybion, 439.

Changa, 74.

Chariesterus, II3.

Charistena, 375-

charithottius, Heliconius, 111 Aoo-

Chaultodes, 52, 481.

Chauliognathus, 317-

Checkered Beetles, 318.

Checkered White. The, 136.

Cheese Skippers, 276.

Chelostoma, 519.

Chelymorpha, 376.

Chelynia, 518.

Chermes, 456.

Chermid^e, 81, 86.

Cherry-worms, 276.

chersis, Hyloicus, iS3. 495-

Chestnut Weevil, Lesser, 401.

Chicken-louse, 78.

Chigger, 279-

Chigoe. 279.

Chilo, 210.

CHILOPODA, 32. 38.

Chilosia, 254.

Chinch-bug, iii.

Chion, 340, 344.

Chionaspis, XXIV.

Chionea, 236.

chionosema, Olethreutes, 218.

Chironomid^, 232, 241, 252.

Chironomus, 241, 244.

Chitin, 6, 475.

Chlcenius, 284. 288.

Chlcenogramma, 153. 495-

Chlamydini, 365, 366.

Chlamys, 366.

Chlcealtis, 69.

Chloeon, 40.

Chloridea, 178.

Chlorion, 438.

chloris, Euclea, 200, LIX.

Chlorochroa, 114.

Chceridium, 328.

Choerocampa, 152.

CnCEROCAMPINiE, I47«

Chorthippus, 69.

Chortophaga, 70.

Chrysalis, 116.

CHRYSIDIDiE, 425-

Chrysidoidea, 407. 424.
CAryst^, 425-

Chrysobothris, 310, 313. 314-
Chrysochus, 367.

Chrysodina, 368.
Chrysogaster, 254.
Chrysomela, 369.
Chrysomelid^. 362, 379. 501'
Chrysomelini, 363. 368.
Chrysomyia, 266. 270.
Ckrysopa, 56, XIV.
Chrysophanus, 133. 490.
ChrysopiD/E, 54, 90.
Chrysopila, 248.
Chrysops, 247.

chrysorrhcea, Euproctis, 190, LVl.
Chrysotoxum, 254-
Cicada, 84.
Cicada, 82.
Cicada-killer, 433-
ClCADELLID^, 81, 86.
ClCADID^, 80, 82.

Cicindela, 249. 282, 285, 499.
ClciNDELlD^, 281, 499-
Cigarette Beetle, 322.
Cimbex, 410.

cimbiciformis, Hemaris, I47.
Cimex, 106.
CiMiciD^, 97. 106.
cincinnatiella, Phyllonoryter, 224.
cincta, Odontomyia, LXVI.
Cincticornia, 457. 462.
cinctipes, Halisidota, 170.
cinctipes, Podops, 114.
cinctus, Chion, 344-
cinctus, PseUiopus, 108.
cinerea, Epicauta, 392.
cinerea, Hetcemis, 354-
cinerea, Molanna, SI, XV.
cinereOt Piesma, 1 10.
cinereocostella, Despressaria, 221.
cingulata, Oncideres, 353*
cingulaia, Phlegethontius, 152.
cingulata, Rhagoletis, 276.
cinnamoplerum, Tetropium, 341.
CioiD^, 324. 509-
Circoteitix, 70.
circumscriptella, Mompha, 223.

ClSTELID^, 380, 384-

atheroma. 162, 164, 496.

CitheroniD/E, 160.

ct7ri, Pseudococcus, 92.

citrina, Cecidomyia, 470.

citripennella, Tischeria, 226.

Cladius, 410.

ClcBOtus, 328.

clandestina, Noctua, 172, LI.

Class, 5.

Claudia, Euptoieta, 117. 486,

XXVIII.
clavata, Coptocycla, 378.
clavatus, Mydas, LXVII.
Clavicorns, The, 280, 293-
clavipes, Bittacomorpha, 236.
clavipes, Cucujus, 299-
Clavula, Callirhytis, 464.
clavula, Lasioptera, 470.
clavidn, Lasioptera, 470.
Clerid^, 318, 501.
Click Beetles, 306.
Cb'siocampa, 191.
Clisodon, 5 IS-

535

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

clivicollis, Labioderma, 369.
Clivina, 286.
Clothes-louse, 79.
Clothes-moths, 226.
Clover-hay Worm, 210.
Clover-leaf Beetle, 400.
Clubionid^, 36.
Cluster-flies, 271.
clymene, Haploa, 168, XLIX.
clypeata, Cerceris, XCII.
Clypeus, 417.
Clytanthus, 349.
Clythrini, 365, 366,
Clytini, 341, 346.
c-nigrum, Nociua, 172, LI.
coarctata, Ponera, 418.
Coccid, XXIV.

COCCID^, 81, 91.

coccidivora, Lcetilia, 212.

CocciN^, 92.

coccinea, Graphocephala, 86,

XXIII.
Coccinella, 499,

LXXV.

COCCINELLID/E, 90, 297, 499,
507.

Coccus, 91.
Cochineal Insect, 91.
CocHLiDiiDiE, 200.
Cockchafers. 330.
Cocoon, 116.
Codling-moth, 212, 216.
ccelebs, Amphibolips, 462.
Ccelioxys, 446. 518, 521.
coenia, Jiinonia, 126, 487.

XXXI.
coeruleans. Ckrysis, XC.
cceruleus, Encyclops, 340.
Colas pis, 368.
Coleophora, 222.
COLEOPTERA, 2, 280. 479-

482, 498.
Colias, 137, 491.
collaris, Elater, 309.
collaris, Lema, 365.
collaris, Leptostylus, 357.
collaris, Stenispa, 375.
COLLEMBOLA. 39, 40.
Colleies, 446, 512, 517.
C0LLETID.E, 445, 512, 517.
Collops. 318.
colon, Omosita, 305.
colonus. Xylotrechus, 348.
Colopha, 456, 466.
Colorado Potato Beetle, 369.
columba, Tremex, 411,

LXXXVII.
Columbia, Samia, 156.
CoLYDiiD^, 299, 300, 508.
Colymbetes, 290.

comma, Grapta, 122, 487, XXX.
Comma, Gray, 122.
communis, Melanotus, 309,

LXXVII.
communis, Vespa, 430, 511,

j^ (_^,
compactus, Colleies, XCIII.
comptana, Ancylis, 219.

Compton Tortoise, 124.
comptoniella, Acrobasis, 213.
comyntas, Lyccena, 133, 400

xxxiii. "^ ^^ ■

concavus, Cyrtophyllus, 72.
concinna, Schizura, 185, LV.
concolor, Cupes, 323.
concolor, Saperda. 359.
concumbens, Catocala, 181, LIV.
confinis, Chcetocnema, 373.
confluentus, Amphibolips, 462
confusa, Atimia, 340.
confusor, Monohammus, 354.
confusum, Tribolium, 382.

LXXXIV.
conglomeratella, Phyllonoryter,

224.
coniferarum, Lapara, 153.
CONIOPTERYGID^, 54.
connecta, Saperda, 359.
Conniption-bug, 53.
Conocephalus, 72, XX.
CoNOPiD^, 235. 257, 275-
Conorhinus, 107.
Conotrachelus, 402.
consobrina, Vespa, 430, 511.
consors, Pontania, 460.
conspersa, Chlcealtis, 69.
conspicuella, Ornix, 226.
constans, Ceresa, 484.
Contarinia, 242, 457. 472.
convergens, Hippodamia, LXXV.
Cooties, 483.
Copper, American, 133.
Copper, The Bronze, 133.
Coppers, The, 131.
COPRIN^, 326.
Coprini, 328.
Copris, 328.
Coptocycla, 377,
Coptodisca, 223.
coquus, Tragidion, 346,
cora^. Pontes, 144, XXXVII.
Corbicula, 453.
CORDULIN^, 48.
COREID^, 98, 112, 113.
CORETHRID^, 241.
CORIMEL^NID^, 98.

Coriscus, 98.
Corium, 95.
Corixa, 99.
CORIXID/E, 96, 99.
Corn bill-bugs, 403.
Corn-borer, European, 497.
Corn Ear- worm, 178.
cornifoliella, Antispila, 223.
cornigerus, Callirhytis, 464.
Corn-root aj,;his 90.
cornut'j, Coryd~lis. 53,'#CIII.
cornM/u5.Pc55o7M5.326,LXXIX.
CORRODEXTIA, 2. 76, 478.

482.
cortialis, Tenebrioides, 305.
Corticaria. 305.
corticola, Boletophagus, 384.
CORYDALIDiE, 52.
Corydalis, 52, 53. 481.
corylifoUella, Coleophora, 222.

536

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

corylifoliella, Stigmella, 224.
coryliseUa,, Phyllonoryter, 225.
coryloides, Schizomyia, 470.
CORYLOPHID/E, 297, 507.

Corymbites, 309.
Corymbitini, 309.
Corythuca, no.
CoscinopLera, 365.
CossiDiE, 202.

CoSSONINiE, 398.

Cossonus, 398.

Costal cell, 229, 269.

Costal vein, 229, 269, 406.

costalis, Hypsopygia, 210.

Cotalpa, 332.

Cotton Boll- worm, 178.

Cotton-boll Weevil, 401.

Cottony Cushion Scale, in.

Cottony Scale, 93, 212.

Cotton-stainer, in.

Cottonwood-borer, 360.

" Cow sheds," 420.

Coxa, 8.

Crab-louse, 79.

Crabro, 435, XCII.

crabro, Vespa, 430, 511, XC.

Crabs, 32.

Crab-spider, 36.

Crabronid^, 432, 434.

Crambin^, 210.

Crambus, 210.

Cranberry Fire- worm, 219.

Cranberry Fruit- worm, 212.

Cranberry Vine- worm, 219.

Crane-flies, 112, 236.

Craponius, 402.

crassipes, Apiomerus, 107.

cratcegifolia, Hormomyia, 468.

cratcBgifoliella, Ornix, 225.

Crawler, 53.

Crayfish, 32.

Cretnastochilus, 334.

Cremastogaster, 418, 420.

Creophilus, 297.

Crepidodera, 373. 374.

Crescent, Pearl, 119.

Crescent, Silver, 119.

cresphontes, Papilio, 138, 491, I.

Cressonia, 153, 495.

cretata, Saperda, 360.

Crickets, 73, 74, 438.

Criocephalus, 341.

Criocerini, 363, 364.

Crioceris, 364, 365.

crisp ata, Megalopyge, 201.

cristatus, Arilus, 108, XXV.

cristifasciella, Paralechia, 221.

Croton-bug, 64.

cruentatus, Rhynchophorus, 403.

Crustacea, 32.

Cryptocephalini, 365, 366.

Cryptocephalus, 366.

CRYPTOPHAGIDiE, 3OO, 50S, 508.

Ctenocephalus, 279.
Ctenucha, 164.
Cubital cell, 406,
Cubital veins, 406.
Cuckoo-bees, 4391 442.

Cuckoo wasps, 424.
CucuiiD.^, 299, 300, SOI, SOS

508.
cucujiforyne, Smodicum, 341.
Cucujus, 299.
cucumeris, Epitrix, 374.
cucurbila, Pachypsylla, 466.
Culex, 238, LXIV.

CULICID^, 232, 238.

Culicoides, 241.

cunea, Hyphanlria, 168, L.

Cuneus, 95.

Cupes, 323.

CuPESiD^, 323.

cupripennis, Platynus, LXXIII,

CURCULIONID^, 393, 394, 395,
CURCULIONIN^, 398, 400.

Currant- worm, 276, 410.
Currant Span-worm, 195.
curtipennis, Chorthippus, 69.
curvispinosus, Leptothorax, 421.
cuscuiceformis, Diastrophus, 468.
Cuterebra, 260.
Cut-worms, 172. 175.
cyanana, Olethreutes, 218.
cyanea, Gastroidea, 368.
cyaneum, Chlorion, 438.
cyanipennis, Gaurotes, 350.
cybele, Argynnis, 118, 486,

XXVIII.
Cybister, 292.
Cychrus, 284.
Cyclocephata, 332.
Cyclorrhapha, 230, 253.
Cycnia, 169.
Cydia, 219.
Cydnid^, 98.
Cydnin^, 114.
cylindrica, S ph(Brophoria,

LXVIII.
cylindricollis, Toxotus, 349.
Cylindrotoma, 236.
Cyllene, 346.
Cymatophora, 195.
Cymolomia, 218.
Cynipid^, 414, 457-
Cynipoidea, 407, 414, 522.
Cynips, 457, 462, 464.
cynipsea, Caryomyia, 460.
Cynomyia, 266, 267, 270.
Cynthia, Philosamia, 153, 495,

XL.
Cyrtid^, 233, 248.
Cyrtinini, 352.
Cyrtinus, 352.
Cyrtophorus, 349.
Cyrtophyllus, 72.

Dactylopin^, 92.
Daddy-long-legs, 32, 236.
daeckeana, Olethreutes, 218.
Dagger-moths, 172.
dama, Lucanus, 325, LXXIX.
damnifica, Schistocerca, 70.
damon, Thecla, 131, 480,

XXXIII.
Damsel-bugs, 98.
Damsel-flies, 42, 44. 478.

537

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Danais, Ii6, 486.

Dance Flies, 252.

Dancing insects, 42, 241, 252.

Darkling Beetles, 381.

Darning-needles, 42.

Dascyllid^, 306, 509.

dasycerus, Ecyrus, 359.

Dasyllis, 250.

Dasymutilla, 428.

Dasyneura, 242, 457, 460, 472.

Datana, 184.

daunus, Papilio, 142.

Death-watch, 78, 322.

debilis. Goes, 355.

Debis, 128, 488.

decimlineata, Leptinotarsa, 369,

LXXXIII.
decidua, Cynips, 462.
decipiens, Acanthoderes, 355.
decolorata, Centrodera, 350.
decora, Galerucella, 371.
decoriis, Cyllene, 346.
Dectes, 357.
Deer Flies, 247.
Deilephila, 148, 493.
rfe/jc, Terias, 138.
Deltoids, 184.
demotella, Acrobasis, 213.
Dendroides, 387.
dentipes, Chrysobothris, 313.
deplanata. Phylloxera, 460.
depressa. Phylloxera, 460.
depressus, Boletophagus, 384.
depressus, Pasimachus, 285,

LXXII.
derhami, Tegenaria, 38.
Dermacentor, 476.
DERMAPTERA,2,.6i,479,48i.
Dermatophilid^, 279.
Dermatophilus, 279.
Dermestes, 302.
DermestidvE, 302, 503.
Derodontid^, 306, 508.
descripta, Castianeira, 36.
desertana, Eucosma, 219.
Desmia, 208.
Desmocerini, 339.
Desmocerus, 339.
desmodioides, Pontania, 460.
Despressaria, 221.
destructor, Mayetiola, 242, LXV.
devastatrix, Hadena, 175, LI.
Devil's Rearhorse, 65.
DEXIID.E, 258, 260.
diabolica, Vespa, 430, 511.
Diabrotica, 371.
Diachlorus, 248.
Diacrisia, 169.
Diadasia, 515.
diadema, Sinea, 108.
Dialictus, 521.
diana, Azgynnis, 118.
Dianthimum, 446, 518.
Diaperis, 384.
Diaphania, 209.
Diapheromera, 65.
DlASPlN^, 92, 93.
Diastrophus, 457, 468.

Dibolia, 373.

DiccBlus, 287.

Dicer ca, 312, 313.

dueros, Ceresa, 484.

Dichelonycha, 330, 331.

dichlocerus, Rhodites, 468.

Dicromorpha, 69.

Dictyna, 34.

DiCTYNiD^, 34.

Didea, 255.

difficilis consocians,Formica,42Z.

diffinis, Hemaris, 147.

Dilophonota, 152.

dimidiata, Cceniella, 316.

dimidiatus, Phymatodes, 342.

Dineutes, 293.

Dione, 117, 486.

DlOPSID^, 278.

Dfox3'5. 518.

Diphadnus, 410.

DIPLOPODA, 32,38.

Diplosis, 242.

Diplotaxis, 330.

Diprion, 410.

DIPTERA, 2, 229, 457, 477.

479, 480, 482.
dipterum, Chloeon, 40.
directa, Acmceops, 350.
Discal cell, 229, 269.
discalis, Stratiomyia, LXV.
Discoidal cell, 406.
Discoidal vein, 406.
discoidea, Adelocera, 309.
discoidea, Saperda, 360.
discoideus, Elaier, 309.
discolor, Dineutes, 293.
Disease-carrying Fly, 264.
Disease-fly, 278.
Disholcaspis, 457, 464.
disippus, Basilarchia, 127.
Disonycha, 372.
dispar, Porthetria, 188, LVI.
Dissosteira, 69, 70.
disstria Malacosoma, 191, 1921

Lvn.

Distenia, 339.
Disteniini, 339.
distincta, Larropsis, 437.
divaricata, Dicerca, 312, 313,

LXXVIII.
divinatorius. Trades, 78.
DixiD^, 232, 236.
Dobson-fly, 53, 477.
Dodgers, 86.
Dog-face, 137.
Dog-flea, 279.
Dolba, 153.
Dolerus, 410.

DOLICHODERIN^, 417.
Dolichoderus, 417, 421.

DOLICHOPODID^, 230, 23s, 250.

Dolichovespula, 511.
domestica, Lepisvia, 39, VIII.
domestica, Musca, 263, 265, 267.

268, 271, LXX.
domesticus, Gryllus, 74-
dominicana, Coscinoptera, 365.
domitia, Perithemis, 48, X.

538

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Donacia, 363. 364.^

Donaciini, 363-

donaius, Triepeolus, XCIII.

Dorcaschema, 352, 354.

Dorcus, 325.

dorsalis, Chalepus, 37s.

dorsalis, Cicindela, 282, 499,

LXXII.
dorsisignatana, Eucosma, 218.
Dorso-central, 230.
DoRYLiN^, 418.
Dragon-flies, 42, 45, 478.
Drake, Gray, 42.
Drilin^, 315. 318.
Drone Flies, 257.
Drosophila, 265, 276.
Drosophilida:, 27s. 276.
Drug-store Beetle, 321.
drupiferarum, Hyloicus, I53.

495.
druryi egeremet, Catia, I44t

XXXVII.
dryas, Grapta, 122.
Dryinid^, 425. 427.
Dryobius, 344.
Dryocampa, 162, 496.
Dryophanta, 457. 462.
dubitata, Coelioxys, XCIII.
Dufourea, 521.
Dufourid^, 442.
Duns, 57-

duodecim-punctata, Crioceris,zos-
duodecim-punctata, Diabrotica,

371.LXXXIII.
dupla, Ceratina, XCIII.
duricaria, Disholcaspis, 464-
Dynastes, 333.

DVNASTIN^, 332.

Dyschirius, 286.
Dyscinetus, 332.
Dysdercus, iii.
Dytiscid/E, 288, 289. 293. 505,

506.
Dytiscus, 289, 290, 292, LXXIV.

Eacles, 164.

Ear, 7. 66, 71. 73.

Ear Flies, 247.

Earwigs, 61, 479. 481.

ebenus, Heterachthes, 344-

Eburia, 344.

Ecdytolopha, 219.

ecostata, Pyractomena, 316.

Ecyrus, 359-

egeremet, catia, 144.

^gZe, Euchcetias, 169, XLIX.

eglenensis, PareuchcBtes, 169.

ELACHISTIDiE, 222.

Elaphidion, 345-
Elaphrus, 285, 499-
elaphus, Lucanus, 325-
Elater, 309.

Elaterid^, 306, 382, 502.
Elaterini, 309-
elathea, Terias, 138.
Electric-light Bugs, 99.
elegans, Calligrapha, 370.
Eleodes, 381.

Elephant Bugs, 403.
elevatus, Cychrus, LXXII.
EliiN/E, 427.
£/t5, 427.

elisa, Celiihemis, 50.
«//o, Dilophonota, 152.
Ellychnia, 316.
Elm-borer, 360.
Elm-leaf Beetle, 370.
eloisella, Mompha, 223.
elongatus, Dicculus, 287, LXXIL
Elytra, 280.

emarginaia, Leptura, 3SI-
emarginata, Notoglossa, 434-
emarginatuf!, Dineutes, 293.
EMBIIDINA. 478.
emersoni, Leptothorax, 421.
Emesa, 108.
Emesid^e, 97. 108.
Emphor, 444. SiS-
EMPHORiDiE, 444.
Emphoropsis, SiS-
Empidid/E, 233. 235. 252.
Em pis, 252.
Enarmonia, 219.

F.nchenopa, 483.
Encoptolophus, 70.

Encyclopini, 340.

Encyclops, 340-

Endelomyia, 410.

Endomychid^. 299. S07.

Engraver Beetles. 404.

Ennomos, 196.

Entylia, 484. XXIII.

Epalpus, 262.

Epargyreus. I43. 492.

Epeira, 34.

Epeiridse, 32.

Epeolus, 442, 512, S16.

Ephemera, 42. VIII.

ephemerceformis. Thyridoperyx,
198, 201, LIX.

Ephemerid^, 2, 40.

Ephestia, 212.

Ephydrid^, 278.

EpicBSchna, 46.

EpiccBTUs, 399.

Epicauta, 387. 39i. 392.

Epicordulia, 48. w,^

Epilachna, 299. 499. LXXV.

epimensis, Psychomorpha, 214.

Episimus, 219.

Epitrix, 372, 373. 374-

Epizeiixis, 184.

Epochra, 276.

eponina, Celithemis, 50, XII.

egwt, Gastrophilus, 259-

equinus, Borborus, 265.

Erax, 250.

Erebus, 182.

eremicola, Osmoderma, 335-

eremitus, Hyloicus, IS3. 495.

erinacei, Acraspis, 462.

Eriophyes, 4S6, 470, 472.

Eristalis, 256, 278.

Eritettix, 68.

£r05, 316. xrvTTT

eroja, Phytnata, no, XX VL

539

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

EROTYLIDiE, 299, 507.
errabunda, Ploiariola. 108.
Erycinid^,ii6,I30,i3i,i34.489.
Erynnis, 144.
Erythraspides, 410.
erythrocephala, Calliphora, 265,

267, 272.
erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 348.
Estigmene, 168.
Euaresta, 275.
eubule, Catopsilia, 137, 491.
Eucerceris, 435.
EucERiD^, 444.
EuchcBtias, 169.
Euchloe, 137, 490.
Euclea, 200.

EUCNEMIN^, 306, 308.

Eucosma, 218, 457, 472.
Eudamus, 144, 492.
Euderces, 349.
Eulecanium, 93.
Eulia, 220.
Eumenes, 428, 429.

EUMENID^, 426, 428.
Eumeyrickia, 221.
Eumolpini, 366.
Eupartus, 395.
Euparthenos, 182.
Euphoria, 334.
EUPLEXOPTERA, 61.

EUPLCEIN/E, 116.

Eupogonius, 358, 359-

Euproctis, 190,

Eupsalis, 394.

Euptoieta, 117, 486.

European Corn-borer, 497.

Eurosta, 457, 472.

Eurymycter, 395.

Euryopthalmus, in.

eury theme, Colias, 137, 491.

eMry/M5, Neonympha, 128,

488. XXXII.
Euschistus, 114.
Euthochtha, 113.
Euura, 410, 457, 458.
Euxoa, 172.
Euzophera, 214.
Evania, 411, 511.

EvANIIDiE, 411.

evecta, Volucella, 256, LXVI.

exc(Bcaus, Calasymbolus, 152, 494.

Exema, 366.

exigua, Anaxipha, 76.

exigua, Laphygtna, 175, LI.

exittosa, Sanninoidea, 207, 208,

LX.
exolela, Cymolomia, 218.
Exotnalopsis, 512, 515, 521.
Exoprosopa. 249.
exsectoides, Formica, 422, 423.
externum, Calosoma, 285.
Eye, 8.

fabricii, Grapta, 120.
facetus, Lepturges, 358.
False gid, 260.
False, vein, 253.
famelica, Strangalia, 351.

Family, 5.

farinalts, Pyrdlis, 210.
farinosa, Lasioptera, 468.
fasciata, Buprestts, 313.
Jasciata, Neurotoma, 410,

LXXXVII.
fasciata, Stegomyia, 240.
fasciata, Volucella, 256.
fasciatus, Ceratophyllus, 279.
fasciatus, Eurymycter. 395.
fasciatus, Graphisurus, 356.
fasciatus, Oncopeltus, 112.
fascipennis, Exoprosopa, LXVII.
fasciventris, Dyttscus. 290.
faunus. Grapta, 122, 487.
fausta, Rhagoletis, 270.
favonius, Thecla, 131.
/ay/, Saperda, 360.
femorata, Ckrysobothris, 310,

313. LXXVIII.
femorata, Diapheromera, 65.
femoratus, Pelecoris, 96.
femoraius, Tetraopes, 362.
Femur, 8.

femur-rubrum, Melanoplus, 71.
fenestralis, Psinidia, 70.
fenestralis, Scenopinus, 240.

LXVII.
Feniseca, 132, 490.
fernaldce, Psithyrus, 449.
ferruginea, Corticaria, 305.
ferruginea, Epicauta, 392.
ferrugineum, Tribolium, 382.
fervidana, Archips, 219.
fervidus, Bombus, 451, 452.
fervidus dorsalis, Bombus, 450.
Fidia, 367.
Fig-eater, 334.
Filiform, 500.
fimbriatus, Tachinus, 297,

LXXV.
fimbriolatus, Cybister, 292.
fimetarius, Aphodius, 329.
Fire-brat, 39.
Fire-bug, 114.
Fire-flies, 314, 317.
Fish-flies, 52.
Fish-moth, 39.

flammata, Amphionycha, 361.
Flannel-moth, Crinkled, 201.
Flappers, 240.
Flat-bugs, 112.
Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer,

310.
Flat-head Borers, 310.
flavicauda. Tacky s, 286.
flavipennis, Rhipiphorus, 303.

LXXXV.
flavipes, Leptogaster, LXVII.
flavipes, Termes, 76, XXI.
Flax-seed, 242,
Flea-beetles, 372.
Fleas. 279, 480.
Flesh Flies, 262.
fletcherella, Coleophora , 22 2 ,LXI,
#f.ra, Trttoxa, 275, LXXI.
Flies, 229, 477.
flocci, Andricus, 462.

540

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

floccosus, Neurolerus, 462.
fioricola, Chrysobothris, 313.
floridana, Emphoropsis, 515.
Flour Beetles, 382.
Flour-moth, 212.
Flower Flies, 253.
Footman Moths, 166.
ftorbesi, Aspidiotus, XXIV.
forceps, Scutigera, 38, VII.
Foresters, 170.
Forficula, 61.
Formica, 417, 422.
F0RMICID.E, 415.
FoRMicoiDEA, 407, 415.
forticornis, Biorhiza, 464.
fossor, Aphodius, 329.
Four-lined Leaf-bug, 105.
Foveola, 68.

fragilella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
fragarice, Tyloderma, 403.
fraternus, Bombias, 451, 452.
fraternus, Eumenes, 428, XC.
fraxini, Eriophyes, 472.
fraxiniflora, Eriophyes, 472.
frigidum, Calosoma, 285.
Fritillary, Great-Spangled, ii7-
Fritillary, Gulf, 117.
Fritillary, Meadow, 118.
Fritillary, Regal, 117.
Fritillary, Silver-bordered, 118.
Fritillary, Variegated, 117.
Frog-hoppers, 86.
Front, 230.

frontalis, Photuris, 317.
frontalis, Psilotreta, 57.
Frosted Scale, 93.
frugiperda, Laphygma, 175, LI.
Fruit-fly, 276.
Fruit-tree Bark-beetle, 405.
fucosa, Hypoprepia, 166,

XLVIII.
fulgidus. Euphoria, 334.
Fulgora, 85, XXIII.

FULGORID^. 81, 85.
fulminans, Arhopalus, 347.
fulvicollis. Scepsis, 164, XLVIII.
fulvoguttata, Melanophila, 313.
fumans, Brachinus, LXXIII.
funeralis, Desmia, 208.
fungivorella, Aristotelia, 221.
Fungus Gnats, 242.
Funiculus, 417.
fur, Plinus, 321, LXXIX.
furfura, Chionaspis, XXIV.
fusca, Formica, 423.
fusca subsericea, Formica, 423,

424.
fusciceps, Phorbia, 263.
fuscilabris, Megilla, LXXV.
fuscojubatus, Emphor, 444.
fusiformis, Rhopalomyia, 472.
futilis, Callirhytis, 462.

Gad Flies, 247, 259.
galeator, Euthochtha, 113.
Galerita, 287.
Galerucella, 370.
Galerucini, 363, 370.

Galgulid/E, 95.
Galgulus, 95, 102.
gallcesolidaginis, Gnorimoschemar

219. 221. 472.
gallcBSteriella, Gnorimoschema,

221.
Galleria, 212.
Galleriin^, 212.
gallicola, Podapion, 396.
Galls, 221, 222, 243, 276, 278,
^ 312.455,522.
Gaster, 417.
Gaslroidea, 368.
Gastrophilus, 259.
Gaurotes, 350.
Gelastocoris, 95, 102, XXV.
Gelastocorid^, 95, 96.
Gelechia, 221.
Gelechiid^, 220, 457.
geminata, Tillomorpha, 349.
geminatus. Sphinx, 150, 494,

XXXIX.
gemma, Pachypsyla, 466.
generosa, Cicindela, 282,

LXXIII.
Geuiculate, 504.
Genus, 5.
genutia, Euchloe, 137, 490,

XXXIV.

GEOMETRIDiE, I92.

Geometrin/E, 195.

Georyssid/E, 306, 508.

Geosargus, 247.

Geotrupes, 329.

Geotrupini, 329.

germanica. Blattella, 62, XVI.

germanica, Vespa, 430, 511.

Gerrid^e, 96, 103, 104.

Gerris, 103, 104.

Ghost-moth, 228.

Giant Water-bugs, 99.

Gibbium,z22.

glandulella, Valentinia, 222.

glaucus, Papilio, 140, 491,

XXXVI.
globulus, Dtsholcaspis, 464.
globulus, Rhodites, 468.
gloriosa, Protoxcea, 514.
gloveri, Samia, 156.
Glow-worms, 314.
Gnats, 229.
Gnorimoschema, 219, 221, 457,

472.
Goat-moths, 202.
Goes, 354. 355.
Gold-bugs. 377.
Goldsmith Beetle, 332.

GOMPHIN^,45.

Gonaspis, 457, 468.
Goniops, 248.
Gooseberry Saw-f!y, 410.
Gooseberry Worm, 276.
gordius, Hyloicus, 153.
Gorytes, 433.
Gorytid^, 433.
Gossamer, 33.
Gouty Galls, 312.
Gracilaria, 225.

541

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

gracilis, Hemaris, 147.
gracilis, Micrathena, 36, VII.
gracilis, Oberea, 362.
gracilis, Pontania, 460.
Grain-weevil, 300, 403.
granaria, Calandra, 404.
Grandfather-graybeard, 32.
grandis, Anthonomus, 401.
grandis, Lebia, 287, LXXIII.
Grape Curculio, 402.
Grape Flea-beetle, 373.
Grape Leaf-folder, 208.
Grape-vine Plume, 214.
Graphisurus, 356.
Graphocephala, 86,
Grapkoliiha, 218.
Graphomyia, 266, 270.
Graphops, 367.
Graphosomin^, 114.
Grapta, 120, 122, 124, 487.
Grasshoppers, 66, 71, 438, 479,

482.
Grass-nymphs, 128.
Grass-spider, 248.
Grave Diggers, 436.
Gray-back, 79.
Gray drake, 42.
Green Plies, 87.
Green-headed Monsters, 247.
greenei, Megarhyssa, 414.
Green Japanese Beetle. 510.
griseus, Benacus, 100, XXV.
grossularicE, Zophodia, 213.
Ground-beetles, 282.
Ground-pearls, 91.
Grouse Locusts, 66.
Grub-in-the-head, 260.
Grubs, White, 172.
Gryllid^, 71, 73.
Gryllotalpa, 73.
Gryllus, 73, 74, XX.
grynea, Caiocala, 181, LIV.
guttea, Ornix, 225.
guUifinitella, Phy Honor yter, 225.
Gypsy Moth, 188, 497, 510.

GYRINIDiE, 288, 292, 293, 505.

Gyrinus, 293, 481, LXXIV.

Hadena, 175.
HcBmatobia, 266, 268.
Hcematopinus, 79.
Hoemotopota, 248.
Hcemonia, 364.
Hcemorrhagia, 147.
hcemorrhoidalis, Psilocephala,

LXVII.
hamorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga,

LXX.
Hag-moth, 200.
Hair-streaks,, 131
Halesus, 57.
halesus, Thecla, 131.
HALiCTiDiE, 440, 516, 517.
Halictoides, 442, 520, 521.
Halictus, 436, 440, 512, 517.
HALiPLiDiE, 288, 289, 506.
Halisidota, 170.
Halteres, 229.

Haltica, 372, 373.

Halticini, 363, 372.

H alliens, 106.

Ham-beetle, Red-legged, 320.

hamamelidis, Hormaphis, 466.

hamamelis, Acronycta. 174.

hamamelis, Phyllonoryter, 225.

Hamamelistes. 456, 466.

Hammer-head, 310.

Haploa, 168.

Harlequin Cabbage-bug, 114.

Harlequin caterpillar, 169.

Harpalus, 288.

harrisii, Dytiscus. 290.

harrisi, Grapta, 122.

harrisi, Melilcea, 120, 487.

Harrisina, 202.

Harvester, The, 132.

Harvest-flies, 82.

Harvest-man, 32.

hastulifera, Acronycta, 174.

Hawk Moth, 146

Hazel-nut Weevil, 401.

Head-louse, 79,

hebesana, Olethreutes, 218.

Hebrides, 96.

Hebrus, 96.

Hedgehog, 168.

Hedychridium, 425.

Hedychrum, 425.

/reert deptlis, Brachymyrmex,

421.
Heliconiin,,^, 117.
Heliconius, 117, 486.
Helicopsyche, 57.
Heliophtla, 175.
Heliothis, 176, 178.
Hell-diver;-devil, 53.
Hellgrammite, 53.
Helophilus, 256.
Helophorini, 294.
Helophorus, 294.
Hemaris, 147, 203, 493.
Hemerobiid,,e, 54, 56.
Hemerocampa, 186, 497.
hemidesma, Olethreutes, 218.
Hemihalictus, 521.
HEMIPTERA, 2. 80, 95, 478-

480, 482.
hemipterus, Carpophilus, 305.
Hepialid^, 228.
Hercostomus, 252.
herculeanus pennsylvanicus,Cam-

ponolus, 424.
Heriades, 446, 519.
Hermetia, 247.
heros, Epiceschina, 46, XI.
Hesperia, 144, 492.
HESPERiiDiE, 116, 142, 492.
Hesperiin^, 143, 492.
hesperius, Metrobates, 104.
Hesperotettix, 71.
Hessian Fly, 242.
Hetcerina, 44.
Heterachthes, 344.
Heterocera, 115, 146.
Heterocerid^, 306, 509.
i Heteromera, 281, 380, 505.

542

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Heteroneurid/e, 278.
HETEROPTERA. 2, 80, 95.
Hetcsmis, 354.
hexadactyla, Orneodes, 215.
Hexapoda, 32.
Hickory Horned Devil, 162.
Hickory-nut Weevil, 401.
hieroglyphica. Cicada, 84, XXII.
hieroglyphicus, Corymbites, 309,

LXXVII.
Hilar a, 252.
Hippiscus, 70.
HiPPOBOSciDiE, 279.
Hippodamta, 499, LXXV.
Hippopsini, 353.
Hippopsis, 353.
hirticollis, Cicindela, 282.
hirtipes, Rhopalomyia, 472.
hirundinis, CEciacus, 106.
Hispini, 375.
Hister, 304.
HiSTERiD^, 304, 504.
histrionica, Murgantia, 114,

XXVI.
Hive-bees, 453.
hohomok, Atrytone, 146,

XXXVII.
Holcaspis, 457.
holotricha, Caryotnyia, 460.
Homalomyia, 263, 265.
HOMOPTERA, 2, So, 456. 477.

479.
Honey, 429, 440.
Honey-ants, 421.
Honey-bee. 257, 440, 453. 5I2.
Honey-dew, 84, 86, 88, 91, 93,

420, 484.
Hoplia, 330, 331.
Hoplosia, 359.
Hop-merchants, 122.
horatius, Thanaos, 492.
Horiini, 391.
Hormaphis, 456, 466.
Hormomyia, 457, 460, 468.
Horn-blowers, 150.
Horned Devil, 162.
Hornets, 425, 429.
Horn-fly, 268.
Hornia. 391.
Horn-tails, 411.
Horse Bot Fly, 259.
Horse Flies, 247.
Horseshoe Crab, 32.
Horse-stingers, 42.
House-flies, 264.
House-fly, Bitinp. 268.
House-fly, Comnnc- 264, 271.
House-fly, Lesser, 261.
hudsonias, Systera, 374.
Human-flea, 279.
Humble-bee, 448.
humeralis, Purpuricenus, 346.
humeralis, Thecesternus, 398.
Humming-bird Moths, 147.
humuli, Hypena, 184.
huntera, Pyrameis, 124, 488,

XXXI.
Hunter's Butterfly, 124.

hyalina. Pontania, 460.
hyalinata, Diaphania, 209.
hybridus, Dytiscus, 290.
Hydria, 195.
Hydrobatid^, 103.
Hydrobiini, 294.
Hydrocharis, 294.
f Hydrochus, 294
Hydrcecia, 176.
Hydromelra, 104.
Hydrometrid^, 96, 103, 104.
Hydrophilid^, 293, 505.
Hydrophilini, 294.
Hydropkilus. 293, 294, LXXIV.
Hydrophorus, 252.
Hydropsyche, 58, XV.
Hydropsychid^, 60,
Hydroptilid^, 60.
Hydroscaphid^, 507.
Hygrotrechus, 103.
HyL/EId^, 445.
HylcBus, 445.
hyloeus, Dolba, 153.
Hylephila, 144.
Hyloicus, 153, 495-
Hylotrupes, 342.
HYMENOPTERA. 2, 406, 457.

478, 479, 481.
Hypena, 184.
Hypenid/E, 184.
Hypera, 400.
hyperboreus, Platychirus,

LXVIII.
Hyperchiria, 160.
Hyperodes, 400.
Hyperplatys, 3 5 8.
Hyphantria, 168.
Hypoderma, 260.
hypophlcBus, Chrysophanus, I33.

490, XXXIII.
Hypopleura, 258.
Hypoprepia, 166.
Hypsopygia, 210.

Ibalia, 412, 414.
icelus, Thanaos, 143.
ichneumonea, Chlorion, XCII.
ichneumoneum, Ammobia, 439-

ICHNEUMONIDyE, 412.
ICHNEUMONOIDEA, 407. 41 If
510.

idalia, Argynnis, 117. 486,

XXVIII.
ignita, Haltica, 373-
ignota, Rhodites, 468.
ilicifolicE, Amphibolips, 462.
imbricatus, Epicarus, 399-
imbricornis, Prionus, 338.
imitans, Saperda, 360.
immaculata , Pieris, 134.
imparts, Prenolepis, 421.
impatiens, Bombus, 450, 453.

XCIV.
impatienti folia, Lasiopier a, 4T0.
impatientis, Cecidomyia, 470.
Imperial Moth, 164.
imperialis, Basilona, 164, 496,

XLVII.

543

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

impressus, Meloe, 390.
inaqualis, Craponius, 402.
incBQuatis, Silpha, 296.
inanis, Amphibolips, 462.
incertum, Elaphidion, 345.
Inch-worms, 194.
inda. Euphoria, 334.
indentanus, Phthinolophus, 219.
Indian-meal Moth. 213.
indiginella, Mineola, 212.
inguinalis, Phthirius, 79, XXI.
inimicella , Pseudogalleria, 218.
innocuella, Anacampsis, 221.
innumerabilis, Pulvinaria, 92.
Inocellia, 478.
inopinatus, Euchatias, 169.
iitopis, Retinodiplosis, 458.
inornata, Mecas, 361.
inornatana, Cymolomia, 218.
insectella, Setomorpha, 226.
insiticiana, Ecdytolopha, 219.
insularis, Psithyrus, 449.
integer, Janus, 410.
integerrina, Datana, 185.
Integra, Formica, 423, 424.
Interalar band, 449.
intermedia, Deilephila, 148.
intermedins, Prodoxus, 228.
inter punctella, Plodia, 213.
ititerrogationis, Grapta, 120.

487. XXX.
interrupta, Arctocoria, XXV.
interrupta, Lina, 368.
interrupta, Phryganea, 57, 2CV.
«o, Automeris, 160, 496, XLV.
ioZe, Nathalis, 138, 491.
Ipin^, 404, 405.
ipomoecB Cemolobus, 445.
7^5. 304.
irritans, Hamatobia, 266, 268,

LXIX.
irritans, Pulex, 279, LJCXI,
isabella, Isia, 168, XLIX.
Ischnoptera, 64.
/5/a, 168.
Isodontia, 438.
ISOPTERA. 76, 478. 479,

482.
Isosoma, 414.
Ithycerin^, 396.
Ithycerus, 396.
Itonida, 457, 458.
Itonidid^, 232, 242, 457.

j-album, Vanessa, 124, 487.

Jalysus, 112.

jamaicensis geminatus. Sphinx,

ISO. 494.
janthinum. Callidium, 342.
Janus, 410.
janus, Galeriia, 287.
Japanese Beetle. 510.
aponica, Popillia, 510.
jasminearum, Chlanogramma,

153. 495-
jASSIDiE, 86.
jASSINiE, 81.

Jerusalem Cricket, 73.

Jigger, 279.
Jigger-flea, 279.
Joint-worms, 414.
jorulla, Rothschildia, 154.
jucunda, Terias, 138.
juglandifoliella, Stigmella, 224.
juglandis, Cressonia, 153, 495.
Jumping-beans, 218.
Jumping-beetles, 372.
Jumping Spiders, 38.
juncta, Leptinotarsa, 369.
juncticiliana, Eucosma, 218.
June Bugs, 326, 330.
juniperella, Recurvaria, 221.
^MniM^, A«fla:, 46, IX.
Junonia, 126, 487.
juvenalis, Thanaos, 144, 49a.
XXXVII.

kalmicB, Hyloicus, 153, 495.

kalmiella. Or nix, 225.

kalmii, Lygceus, 112, XXVI.

Katydid, 72.

kearfottella, Phyllonoryter, 244,

Kermes, 92.

Key, How to use, 27.

King Crab, 32.

Kissing Bugs, 107.

kuehntella, Ephestia, 212.

Labella, 252, 266.

Labia, 61.

Labioderma, 369.

Labium, 8.

laboriosus, Psithyrus, 449, 452.

Labrum, 417.

lacca, Carteria, 91.

Lace-bugs, no.

Lachnosterna, 331.

Lacosomid^, 199.

ladon, Lyccena, 134, 490,

XXXIII.
Lady-beetle, 298, 499.
Lady-bird, 298.
Lcettlia, 212.
/ffiz'f5, Canthon, LXXX.
Lagriid/E, 380, 384.
Lamellicornia, 281, 324.
Lamiin^, 337, 352.

LAMPVRIDiE, 314, 315, 503.

Lampyrin^, 315, 316.

Lampyrini, 316.

lana, Andricus, 462.

Languria, 508.

lanigera, Cotalpa, 332, LXXXI.

lanigera, Schizoneura, 88, XXIV.

Lantern-flies, 85.

lanternaria, Fulgora, 85.

Lapara, 153.

lapella, Metzneria, 220.

Laphygma, 175.

lardarius, Dermestes, 302,

LXXVL
Larder-beetle, 302.
Largus, in.

laricella, Coleophora, 222.
Larra, 437.
L.\rrid^, 433, 436.

544

ENTOMOLOQICAL INDEX.

LarRIN^,436.
Larropsis, 437-
Larva, 7.

Lasiocampid^, iqi.
Lasioderma, 322.
lasiophthalmus, Tabanus,LX\ .
Lasioptera, 457. 468, 470, 472.
Lassius, 88,417. 421.
Laspeyresia, 219.
lateralis. Anthrax, LXVI.
lateralis. Lycostc^mus, 315, 316.
lateralis, Saperda, 359-
Lathridiid^, 305. 508.
lattcollis, Prionus, 338,

LXXXII.
latiferreana, Mellisopus, 219.
latipes, Campylenchia, 483.
Latreillimyia, 262.
Latrodectus, 34.
Lauxaniid^, 275-
Leaf-chafers, 333-
Leaf-crumplers, 212.
Leaf-cutters, 447.
Leaf-folder, 214.
Leaf-hoppers, 86.
Leaf-miners, 220, 223, 224, 22S.

276, 278, 375.
Leaf-rollers, 215.
Leather-beetle, 302.
Leather-jackets, 236.
Lebia, 287.
Lebiini, 284.
lectularius, Citnex, 106.
leguminicola, Dasyneura, 242.
Lenta, 364. 365. 392.
lemniscata, Hippopsis, 353-
Lemoniid^. 130.
lentella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
lenticularis, Rhodites, 468.
Leopard-moth, 202.
lepida, Cincindella, 499-
LEPIDOPTERA, 2. 60, 115.

457. 477. 479. 481. 482.
Lepidosaphes, 94.
Lepisma, 39.
Leptid^, 230, 233, 248.
Leptinid^, 506.
Leptinotarsa, 362, 369.
Leptis, 248.
LEPTOCERID-.E, 60.

Leptogaster, 250.
Leptoglossus, 1 13.
Leptostylus, 356, 357-
Leptothorax, 418, 420, 421.
Leptura, 351. 352.
Lepturges, 358.
Lepturini, 337. 340, 349-
Lepturoides, 339.
lespedezcefoiella, Parectopa, 225.
Lestes, 44. IX.
Lethocerus, 99. lOO.
Leucania, 175- witt

leucopterus, Blissus, iii, XXVi.
leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 186,

leucostoma, Ophyra, 263, 205.
Leucozona, 255.
Libellula, 48.

LlBELLULID^, 46.
LiBELLULINiE, 48.

Libythea, 130, 489.
LiBYTHEINiE, 13O.
Lice, 78, 79. 480.
lignaria, Osmia, XCIII.
ligneus, Hylotrupes, 342.
L1MACODID.E, 200.
limata, Blepharomastix, 209.
limbatus, Carabus, 284.
Limenitis, 127.
Limnobates, 104.

LiMNOBATIDiE, IO4.

LIMNOPHILID.E, 58, 60.
Limnoporus, 104.
Limnotrechus, 103.
limosipennella, Coleophora, 222.
Lina, 368.
Linden-borer, 360.
lineata, Buprestis, 313-
lineata, Deilephila, 148, 493.

XXXVIH.
lineata, Hydrometra, 104.
lineata, Hypoderma, 260.
lineatum, Rhagium, 350.
lineatus, Pacilocapsus, lOS.

XXV.
lineola, Leptura, 35 1-
lineolata, Cremastogaster, 420,
LXXXIX.

linteus, Elater, 309.

Liopus, 357. 358.

LiPARiD^, 170, 186.

liparops, Thecla, 132.

Lipeurus, 78.

liriodendrana, Polychrosis, 218.

liriodendrella, Phyllocnistis, 226.

Ijriodendri, Thecodiplosis, 466.

i/5a, Terias, 138, 49i. XXXV.

Listronotiis, 400.

Lithocolletis, 224.

LlTHOSIID^, 166.

Lithurgus, 518.

Lobster, 32.

LOCUSTID.^, 71.

LOCUSTIN/E, 70.

Locusts, 66, 82.

Locust, Seventeen-year, 82.

LONCHOPTERID^, 234-

Long-horns, 337-
Longicornes, 337-
longicornis, Diabrotica, 371.
longipes, Emesa, no.
longipes, Melanophila, 313-
longipes. Rhopalophora, 341.
Longitudinal vein, 229, 269.
Loopers, i79. i94.
Loxostege, 209.
Lubber Grasshopper, 71.
lubricalis, Epizeuxis, 184, LV.
LuCANiD^, 324. 504-
Lucanus, 325.

lucetiella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
lucidicostella, Phyllonoryter, 224.
Lucidota, 316. .^

lucidus, Polycentropus, 58, A v.
lucidus. Polyergus, 424*

LXXXIX.

545

ENTOAIOLOQICAL INDEX.

lucifluella, Coptodisca, 223.
Lucilia, 258, 265, 267, 268, 272.
lucilius, Thanaos, 143, 144,

492.
luctuosa, Libellula, 48, XII.
lucublandus, Pierostichus, 287,

LXXII.
lugens, Mormidea, 114, XXVI.
lugubris, Typocerus, 351.
Luminous insects, 243, 308,314.
luna, Actias, 158, 496, XLIII.
Luna Motl^ 158.
lunata, Calligrapha, 369.
lunator, Megarhyssa, 414.
Lunule, apical, 282.
Lunule, frontal, 230.
Lunule, humeral, 282.
lupinella, Anacampsis, 221.
lusciliosa, Hyloicus, 153.
luscus, Neodyius, 349.
luteicornis, Strangalia, 351.
luteola, Galerucella, 370,

LXXXI
luteola, Nomada, XCIV.
Luteva, 108.
Lycana, 133, 134, 490.
LvCiENiD/E. 116, 131, 134,489.
lycidas, Achalarus, 144, 492.
LvciNiE, 315.
Lycomorpha, 164.
Lycosa, 33, VII.
Lycosid^, 38.
Lycostomus, 315, 316.
Lyctid^, 323.
Lyctus, 323.

Lyg^id^, 98, III, 112.
Lygceus, 112.
Lygzi^, 105, 435,
Lymexylon, 324.
Lymexylonid/E, 324, 509.
Lyroda, 437.

macellaria, Chrysomyia, 266, 270,

LXX.
macer, Systropus, LXVII.
Macrobasis, 391.
macrocarpella, Phyllonoryter,

224.
Macrocephalus, no.
Macrodactylus, 330, 331.
MacroglossiN/E, 147.

MACROPIDiE, 442.
Macropis, 442, 521. .
Macros, 198.
macrurum, Ophion, 412,

LXXXVin.
mactans, Latrodectus, 34.
macula, Lepiostylus, 357.
maculata, Calopteryx, 45, X.
maculata, Diaperis, 384.
maculata, Craphomyia, 266, 270,

LXIX.
maculata, Halisidota, 170.
maculata, Vespa, 430, 511, XC,

XCI.
maculipennis. Anopheles, 238.
maculipennis, Platycentropus, 57 ,

XV.

maculipennis, Plutella, 220.
maculiventris, Podisus, XXVI.
Maggots, 229.
m.agnarius, Ennomos, 196,

LVIII.
magnoliana, Polychrosis, 218.
magnus, BrachyPeplus. 71.
maidi-radicis, Aphis, 90.
major, Bombylius, LXVI.
Malachiid^, 318, 509.
Malacosoma, 168, 191, 192,497.
m-album, Thecla, 131.
Malar space, 449.
Malaria, 238.
ma/i. Aphis, 88.
malifoliella, Tischeria, 226.
malimalifoUella, Phyllonoryter ,

225.
malivorella, Coleophora, 222.
MALLOPHAGA, 2, 78, 480.
Mamara, 226.
Mamestra, 172.
mamma, Pachypsylla, 466.
Mandibles, 8.
M anomera, 65, XVII.
Mantid^, 64, 482.
Mantis, 65.
Mantispid^, 54.
Mantura, 373.
Maple-moth, Rosy, 162.
marcellus, Papilio, 142, 491.
March Flies, 243.
marcia, Phyciodes, 119.
Margarodes, 91.
Margaropus, 476.
Marginal cell, 229, 269, 406.
Marginal vein, 229, 406.
marginata, Bembecia, 206, 207.
marginata, Epicauta, 392,

LXXXV.
marginata, Mesogramma,

LXVIII.
marginatus, Chauliognathus, 317.
marginatus, Cerris, 103, 104.
marginatus, Necrophorus, 295,

LXXV.
marginatus, Spirobolus, VII.
marginellus, Photinus, 316.
marice, Dolichoderus, 421.
marioe, Spilochalcis, 415,

LXXXVIII.
maritima, Anisolabis, 61.
maritima, Satyrus, 130.
maritima, Trimerotropis, 70.
marmorata, Scirletica, 70.
marmoreus, Euparius, 395.
Marsh-treaders, 104.
martini, Hydrometra, 104.
Mar«mfea, 150.
Masarid^, 426.
Masked Bed-bug Hunter, 107.
Masked Bees, 445.
Mason-bees, 447.
mauretanica, Tenebroides, 305-

LXXVII.
Maxillae, 8.

May Beetles, 326, 415, 427.
Mayetiola, 242.

546

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

May-flies, 40, 477, 478.
Meadow-browns, 128.
Meal Snouth-moth, 210.
Meal-worms, 382.
Mealy-bugs, 91, 92.
Measuring-worms, 179, 194.
Mecas, 361.

MECOPTERA, 2, 56, 478, 482.
Mecostethus, 69.
Mecynolarsus, 386.
Medeterus, 252.
Median cell, 406.
meditabunda, Myospila, 265,

266, 267. 270, LXIX.
Mediterranean Flour-moth, 212.
Megachile, 440, 447, 512, 518.
Megachilid/E, 440, 446, S18.
Megacilissa, 512.
MEGALOPTERA, 52, 54. 477,

481.
Megalopyge, 201.

MeGALOPYGID^, 201.

Meganostoma, 137, 491.
Megarhyssa, 412. LXXXVIII.

MEGATHYMINiE, I46.
Megathymus, 146.
Megilla. 499. LXXV.
Melanactes, 309.
Melandryid^. 380. 381, 385.
melanogaster, Drosophila, 265,

276, LXX.
Melanolestes, 107.
Melanophila, 313.
Mdanoplus, 66, 71, 387.
Melanostoma, 255.
Melanotui, 309.
melaniira, Nacerdes, 385,

LXXXIV.
melinus, Thecla, 131, 489,

XXXIII.
Melissodes, 44s, 5 12, 515.
Melitcza, 119, 120, 487.
Melitara, 213.
Melitoma, 444, 515.
Melitta, 441.
Melittia, 204.
mellifera. Apis, 453, 512,

XCIII.

MELLINIDiE, 432.

Mellisopus, 219.
melliius, Necydalis, 339.
mellonella, Galleria,2i2,li'KI.
Melo'e, 390.
Meloid/E, 381, 387.
Meloides, 387, 390.
Meloin^, 390.
Melolonthin^, 330,
Melophagus, 279.
Membracid^, 81, 84, 483.
Membrane, 95.
Memythrus, 204.
Menopon, 78.
M ermiria, 68.
Merium, 342.
Mesogramma, 255.
Mesothorax, 8.
Mesovelia, 97.
Mesoveliid,*, 97. 103.

messoria, Euxoa, 172, LI.

Metachroma, 367.

Metal-marks, 130.

metallica, Stenispa, 375.

Metamorphosis, 6, 40.

Metargiope, 36.

Metatarsus, 8, 408.

Metathorax, 8.

Methini, 352.

Methoca, 426.

Methocid^, 426, 427.

Metopina, 253.

Metrobates, 104.

Metzneria, 220.

Miastor, 242.

micans, Morellia, 266, 271,

LXIX.
Micrathena, 36.
Microbembex, 437.
Microcentrus, 483.
Microdon, 254.
Micro-lepidoptera, 198, 220.
microptera, Romalea, 71.

MiCROPTERYGIDiE, 228.

Micropterygoidea, 228.

Microrhopala, 375.

Micros, 198.

Midges, 241.

milberti, Vamssa, 124,487.

Milesia, 256.

Milliped, 32, 38.

Milyas, 108.

Mimicry, 127, 203, 250.

Mineola, 212.

Mine, blotch, 223.

Mine, community, 224.

Mine, linear, 223.

Mine, serpentine, 223.

Mine, tentiform, 223.

Mine, tract, 223.

Mine, trumpet, 223.

miniata, Hypoprepia, 166.

minimum, Monomorium, 420.

minimus, Diasirophus, 468.

ministra, Datana, 185, LV.

minor. Labia, 61, XVI.

minuta, /iM^5a/j5,394.LXXXVI.

minuta, Peronea, 219.

minutipennis, Hornia, 391.

minutus, Copris, 329.

Miranda, 36.

MiRlDiE, 98. 105.

Misumena, 36.

Mites, 32, III, 279. 456, 476,

480.
Mixogaster, 254.
mixtus, Pogonocherus, 359.
modesta, Cicindela, 282.
modesta, Pachvsphinx, 150, 493,

494. XXXIX.
modestus, Podabrus, 317.
mcestum, Asemum, 341.
Molanna, 57.
Mole cricket, 73.
molesta, Solenopsis. 420.
molitor, Tenebrio, 382.
Molorchus, 34s.
Molt, 6.

547

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Mompha, 223.
Monarch, 116.
Monobia, 429.

monodonia, Microbembex, 437.
Monohammini, 352, 353.
Monohammus, 354.
MoNOMMiD^, 505.
M(onomorium, 418, 420.
Mononyx, 95.
Monophadnoides, 410.
tnonostigma, Tetrops, 362.
MONOTOMID/E, 306, 508.
Monoxia, 371.
montinus, Brenthis, 119.
Monumetka, 519-
monuste. Pier is, 136, 490
Mordella, 386.

MoRDELLiDiE, 381, 38St 393-
Mordellistena, 385-
Morellia, 266, 271.
mori, Bombyx, 192.
Mormidea, 114.
Mosquito, 229. 238, 480.
Moth Flies, 236.
Moths, 115. 146. 477. 482.
Mourning Cloak, 122.
mucronatum, Elaphidion, 345.
Mud-dauber, 436, 439.
Mule-killer, 65.
mulsanti, Mesovelia, 97.
multipunctata, Calligrapha, 370.
Murgantia, 114.
tnuscBorum, Anthrenus, 303.
Musca, 263, 264, 265-268, 271.
MusciD^, 258, 259. 264.
Muscina, 258, 265, 267, 271-
Mustard White, 136.
mutabilis, Leptura, 35 1-
mutica, Saperda, 360.
Mutilla, 428.

MUTILLID/E, 426, 427.
MvCETOPHAGIDiE, 300.
MvcETOPHiLiDiE, 232, 242, 457
MydaiD/E, 234. 250.
Mydas, 250.
Myiasis, 263.
Myiochrysa, 247.
Myiolepta, 2 54'

MyODOCHID^, III.

Myodochus, 112.

myops, Alaus, 308.

myops, Calasymbolus, 152, 494«

Myospila, 265-267, 270.

tnyrina, Brenthis, 118, 486,

XXIX.
Myrmecocystus, 421.
Myrmeleonid/e, S3. 54. XIV.
Myrmica, 420, 421.
MyrmiciN/E, 418.
Myywo50, 426.
Myrmosid^, 426, 427.
myron, Ampelophagus, 149, 493.

XXXVIII.
mystacea, Leptis, LXVII.
mystic, Thymelicus, 144-
Mytilaspis, 94.

Nabid^, 98.

Nabis, 98.

Nacerdes, 385.

navia, Agelena, 36, 248.

naj5, Apantesis, 169, XiLJ^X.

nanus, Tachys, 286.

na/>t, Pieris, 136.

na/>t oleracea, Pieris, XXXIV.

Nathalis, 138, 491,

Naucorid^e, 96.

nebulifera, Prionapteryx, 210.

nebulosa, Panorpa, XV.

nebulosus, Diastrophus, 468.

nebulosus, Graphops, 367.

Necrobia, 320.

Necrophorus, 295.

Nectar, 440.

Necydalini, 339.

Necydalis, 339.

Negro-bugs, 114.

Neidid,*:. 98, 112.

Nematocera, 230, 231, 236.

Nemobius, 73, 74. 437.

Nemognatha, 391.

Nemognathini, 391.

nenuphar, Conoirachelus, 402,

LXXXVI.
Neoascia, 255.
Neoclytus, 348, 349.
N eoconocephalus, 72.
Neolarra, 521.
neoniger, Lasius. 422.
Neonympha, 128, 488.
Neopasites. 444, 520.
Neoteitix, 68.
Nepa, 100.

nephele, Satyrus, 130, XXXII.
Nepid^, 96, 100.
Nerthra, 95.
nervosa, Chalepus,3T 5.
nessus, Amphion, 147, 493.
NETHRIDiE, 95-
Neurigona, 252.
NEUROPTERA, 2. 52. S3. 478.

479. 482.
Neuroterus, 457, 462, 464.
Neurotoma, 410.
Nicagus, 324, 326.
nicippe, Terias, 138, 491.
wtger americanus, Lasius, 421,

LXXXIX.
niger, Chrysops. LXV.
niger, Diastrophus, 468.
niger, Lasius, 90.
niger, Meloe, 390.
Mjger neoniger, Lasius, 422.
nigricana, Laspeyresia, 219.
nigricollis, Elater, 309, LXXVII.
nigricornis, Hcemonia, 364.
nigripes, Attelabus, 399-
nigripes, Cassida, 377.
nigrofasciatum , Eulecanium, 93. '
nigrovittatus, Tahanus, LXVI.
nigrum, Dorcaschema, 354.
niphon, Thecla, 132.
nisella, Eucosma, 218.
nitela, Papaipema, 176, LII.
NiTELiD^, 430.
nitens, Leptura, 351.

548

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

nitida, Allorhina, 334, LXXXI.
nitida, Megarhyssa, 414-
nitidalis, Diaphania, 209.
NiTiDULiD^. 304. 505.
nitidus, Xylotrechus, 347-
Nits, 229.

niveipila, Cecidomyia, 462.
nobilis, Calloides, 347-
noctilucus, Pyrophorus, 308,
Noctua, 172.
NocTUiD/E, 172.
Nodonoia, 368.
nodulosa, Lasioptera, 468.
nodulus, Rhabdophaga, 458.
nodus, Euura, 458.
Nomada, 442, 445. 5i2. 5io-
NOMADID^, 440, 442. 512, Sio,

521.

Nomia, 441, 517.
Nomotettix, 68.
Northern Metalmark, 130.
Nortonia, 429.
nortoni, Megarhyssa, 414-
No-see-ums, 241.
notata, Galerucella, 37 1-
notatum, Dianthidium, XCIII.
nofa/M5, Monohammus, 354.
notatus, Stenosphenus, 34i-
Notched-wing Geometer, 190.
Notidobia, 57.

NOTODONTID>E, 1 84.

Notoglossa, 434-
Notogonidea, 437-
Notonecta, 102.

NOTONECTIDiE, 96, 99. 100-

Notoxus, 386.

Notozus, 425.

Notum, 8.

notulata, Galerucella, 37i-

novcB-anglice, Halictoides, 520,

noveboracensis, Ithycerus, 396-

noveboyacen5«, Silpha, 290,

LXXV.
Hovem-notata ,Coccinella,'LX'KY .
noxiosus, Neuroterus, 464.
nubila, Hoplosia, 359.
nubilis, Euparthenos, 182, LiV.
nubilalis, Pyrausta, 497-
nucicola, Caryomyia, 460.
numitor, Ancyloxypha, I44.

XXXVII.
Nut Weevil, 400. ^^tv

nuttalli, Trichodes. 320, LX-XiJ^
nycteis, Phyciodes, 119. XXIX.
Nycteribiid^, 279.
Nyctobates. 382.
nymphcea, Galerucella, 371.

NYMPHALID.E, I16, 13O, 486.
NYMPHALINiE, 117-

Nymph (young insect), 40.
Nymphs, 128.
Nytnphula, 209.
Nymphulin-e, 209
Ny55on, 433-
Nyssonid^e, 433-

Oberea, 361. 362.
o6e50, Rhagovelia, 103.

obesa, Volucella, 256.
obfuscana, Eucosma, 219.
obliqua, Saperda, 360.
obliquata, Penthe, 385.
obliquistrigella, Recurvaria, 221.
obliterans, Nytnphula, 209.
oblongifolia, Amblycorypha, 72,

XIX.
Obriini, 340.
Obrium, 340.
obscuriocostella, Phyllonoryter ,

225.
obscurus, Nicagus, 326, LXXIX.
o6scMrM5, Tenebrio, 382,

LXXXIV.
obsoleia, Heliothis, 178.
obsoleta, Lina, 369.
obsoletus, Acanthocinus. 356.
obtectus, BrMc/iM5, 379.LXXXI V»
obtusatus, Hydrocharis, 294.
obtusus, Balaninus, 401.
o6/M5MS, 7^5, 304.
occidentalis, Mutilla, XC.
occidentalis, Pachysphinx, iSO-
Occiput, 449.
ocellana, Spilonota, 219.
ocellaris, Cecidomyia, 466.
ocellata, Oberea, 361.
ocellatus, Anacrabro, 435-
Ocellus, 8.

OCHTERIDyE, 95.

Ochterus, 95.

octomaculata, Alypia, 170, L.
octomaculata, Perdita, XCIII.
octopunctata,Mordella,\j'K.'K'XlV .

Ociotoma,ziS-

oculata. Goes, 354-

oculatus, Alaus, 308, LXXVII.

oculatus, Gelastocoris, XXV.

ODONATA, 2, 42. 478, 480.

Odontata, 375.

OdontcBus, 329.

Odontomyia, 247.

odora, Erebus, 182, LIV.

Odynerus, 429.

CEcanthus, 74, XIX.

CEciacus, 106.

CEcoPHORiD^, 221.

CEdaspis, 457. 472.

CEdemerid^, 380,385.

(Edionychis, 372.

CEoiPODINiE, 69.

CEsTRiD^, 258, 259-

CEstrus, 260.

Oiketicus, 199.

Oil-beetles, 390-

Okanagana, 84.

Old-fashioned Potato-beetle, 304.

392.
oleracea, Pieris napi, XXXIV.
Olethreutes, 218.
OlethreutiN/E, 215.
Olfersia, 279.
Oligoirophus, 457-
Omalus, 425.
Ommatidium, 8.
Omophron, 286.
Omosita, 305.

549

ENTOMOLOQICAL INDEX.

Omus, 282.
Oncideres, 353.
Onciderini, 353.
Ovcopeltus, 112.
Onion-maggot, Imported, 263.
Onion-thrips, 79.
Onthophagus, 328.
opalescens, Sanninoidea, 207.
operculella, Phthorimaa, 221.
Ophion, 412.
Ophyra, 263, 265.
Opsebius, 248.
Orange-dog, 138.
Orange-tip, Falcate, 137.
orbicollis, Necrophorus, 295.
orbitalis, Euura, 458.
Orchelimum, 72.
Order, s, 476 (Key).
orientalis, Blatta, 64, XVI.
Orizaba, Rothschildia, 154.
on-fly, 52.

ornata, Celithemis, 50, XII.
ornatus, Acrydium, 66, XVIII.
ornatrix, Utetheisa, 166.
Orneodes, 215.
Orneodid^e, 215.
Or nix, 225.
Orphulella, 69.
Orsodachna, 364.
Ortalidid^, 263, 275.
ORTHOPTERA. 2, 62, 479.

482.
Orthorrhapha, 230.
Orthosoma, 338.
Oryssid^, 410.
OrywM^. 410,

oryza, Calandra, 404, LXXXVI.
Osmia, 446, 519.
OsMiiN/E, 519.
Osmoderma, 335.
ostensackenella, Phyllonoryter,

225.
ostrecsformis, Aspidiotus, XXIV.
05/ryffi, Coleophora, 222,
ostryafoliella, Coptodisca, 223.
osiryafoliella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
ostrycefoliella, Stigmella, 224.
ostryarella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
Othinid.*:, 505.

Otiorhynchin^, 393, 398, 399,
Otiorhynchus, 399.
otiosana, Eucosma, 218.
ovatus, Hydrophilus, 294.
ovatus, Otiorhynchus, 400.
ovatus, Pierocolus, 395.
ovinus, Melophagus, 279, LXXI.
Ovipositor, 72.
or/^, CEstrus, 260.
oi'Mwi, Euura, 458.
Owlet-moths, 172.
Ox-beetle, 333.
OxYBELiD/E, 432, 434.
Oxybelus, 434.
Oxyptilus, 214.
Oyster-shell Scale, 94.

pachycondyla, Metopina, 253.
P achy gaster, 7X1

Pachypsylla, 86, 456, 466.
Pachyscelus, 314.
Pachysphinx, 150, 493, 494.
Painted Beauty, 124.
Painted Lady, 126.
Palamedes, Papilio, 142, 491.
Paleacrita, 195, 196.
palliatus, Desmocerus, 339,

LXXXI.
pallide-fvlva, Formica, 423. 424.
pallidum, Menopon, 78, XXI.
pallipes, Agonoderus, 288,

LXXIII.
pallipes, Polistes, 430.
palmeri, Ceresa, 484.
Palmer-worms, 166.
Palps. 8, 33.

palustris, Callirhytis, 462.
Pamphiliid.(E, 410.
Pamphilin.«, 142, 143, 144, 492.
Panchlora, 64, XIX.
pandorus, Pholus, 149, 493,

XXXVIII.
Pangonia, 248.

panicea, Sitodrepa, 321, LXXIX.
Panorpa, 56.
Panurgid/E. 440, 442, 516, 517,

520.
Panurginus, 442, 521.
Panurgus, 521.
Paonis, 152.
Papaipema, 176.
Papilio, 138, 140, 141, 142, 48s.

491.
Papilionid/E, 116, 134.
Papilionin^, 138, 491.
papillatus, Callirhytis, 462.
Parandra, 336.
Parandrena, 521.
Paragus, 254.
Paralechia, 221.
parallelus, Dorcus, 325
PARASITA. 79.
Parasitica, 2.
Paratenodera, 65.
Paratettix, 68.
Paratiphia, 427.
Parectopa, 225.
Pareuchcetes, 169.
Parnassius, 138.
Parnid/E, 305. 509.
Parnopes, 425.
Paroxya, 71.
parvula, Epitrix, 374.
/)arz;M5, Leptostylus, 357.
Pasimachus, 285, 286.
PASSALiDiE, 326.
Passalcecus, 434.
Passalus, 325, 326.
patibulatus, Psilopodinus, LXVI.
Pea Weevil, 379.
Peach-tree Borer, 207.
Peacock Flies, 275.
Pear Midge, 242.
Pear Psylla. 86.
Pearly Eye, 128.
Pecan Weevil, 401.
Pectinate, 504.

550

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

pectinicornis, Cladius, 410.

Peddlers, 376.

Pedicel, 407.

Pediculus, 79, 483.

Pegomyia, 263.

Pepsis, 4, 8.

Pelecinid^, 407, 415.

Pelecinus, 415.

Pelecocera, 253.

Pelecotoma, 381.

Pelidnota, 332.

pellex, Dasyneura, 472.

pellionella. Tinea, 226, LXII.

Pelocoris, 96.

Pemphigus, 456, 458, 466.

Pemphredon, 434.

Pemphredonin^, 434-

penetrans, Dermatophilus, 279.

penitalis, Pyrausta, 209.

pennipes, Trichopoda, 262,

LXVIII.
pennsylvanica, Epicaula, 392.
pennsylvanica, Nyctobates, 382.
pennsylvanica, Photuris, 317.

LXXVIII.
Pennsylvanicum, Atnmobia, 439.
pennsylvanicus, Bombus, 451,

452, XCIV.
Pennsylvatiicus, Camponstus,

LXXXIX.
pennsylvanicus, Chauliognathus,

317. LXXVIII.
pennsylvanicus, Harpalus, 288.
Pentaria, 386.
Pentatomid^e, 98, H3.

PENTATOMINiE, II4.

Penthe, 385.

Pepsis, 428.

Perdita, 442, 512, 520.

Perditella, 520.

Peridroma, 172.

Periplaneta, 64.

periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 214,

LXI.
Perithemis, 48.
Perlid.«, so.
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 93 1

XXIV.
Peronea, 219.

perplexus, Bombus, 450, 452.
Persicoides, Caryomyia, 460.
personatus, Reduvius, 107,

XXV.
Petiole, 407.

Petiolicola, Andricus, 462.
Petiolicola, Asteromyia, 470.
phaeton, Melitcea, 119, 487,

XXIX.
Phalacrid^e, 297.
Phanceus, 329.
Phantom Larva, 241.
pharaonis, Monomorium, 420,

LXXXIX.
Phasmid^, 6s, 482.
Pheidole, 420.
Phenacoccus, 92.
Phengodes. 317. LXXVIII.
philadelphica, Calligrapha, 370.

philadelphica, Sapromyza

LXVIII.
Philanthid/E, 432, 43S.
Philanthus, 43s, 436.
philenor, Papilio, 141, 491,

XXXVI.
Phileremulus, 512.
Phileremus, S21.
philodice, Colias, 137, 491,

XXXV.
Philosamia, 153, 495.
Phlegethontius. 150, 152, 493.
Phobetron, 200.

phocion, Neonympha, 128, 488.
Pholisora, 144, 492.
Pholus, 149, 493.
pholus, Ampelophagus, 149, 494.
pholus, Lycomorpha, 164,

XLVIII.
Phorbia, 263.
Phorid^, 233. 253.
Phormia, 268, 273.
Photinus, 314, 316.
Photogenic plate, 314.
Photuris, 316, 317.
Phryganea, 57.
PhryganeiD/E, 60.
Phthinolophus, 219.
Phthirius, 79.
Phthorimcea, 221.
Phyciodes, 119, 120, 486.
Phycitin^, 212.
phylceus, Hylephila, 144,

XXXVII.
Phyllocnistis, 226.
Phyllocoptes, 456, 466.
Phyllodecta, 368.
Phyllonoryter, 224.
Phyllophaga, 330, 331, 415, 427,

LXXX.
Phyllotreta, 372, 373-
Phylloxera, 88, 4s6, 460, 470.
Phymata, no.
Phymatid^, 9S. 97. no.
Phymatodes, 342.
Physocephala, 257.
Physocnemum, 342.
Physonota, 377.
Phytoeciini, 3S3. 361.
Phyton, 340.
Phytonomus, 400.
Phytophaga, 281, 336, 458.
piceaella, Recurvaria, 221.
Piceafoliana, Enarmonia, 219.
piceus, Attagenus, 302, LXXVI.
piceus, Ceruchus, 326.
piceus, Melanactes, 309.
picipes, Euderces, 349.
picipes, Melanolestes, 107.
picta, Centrodera, 350.
picta, Mamestra, 172, LI.
pictipes, Synanthedon, 208.
pictus, Cyllene, 346.
pictus, Trepobates, 104.
Pterins, 138, 490.
Pieris, 134, 136, 137. I79i

490.
Piesma, no.

551

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

PiEMiN^, no.
Pigeon Louse, 78.
Pigeon Tremex, 411.
piger, Andricus, 462.
piger, Trichius, 335,
pilifera, Pheidole, 420.
pilosula. Phylloxera, 460.
pilosula, Viereckella, 516.
pilulcB, Cincticornia, 462.
pilumnus, Papilio, 142.
Pinacate, 381.
pinaiubana, Eulia, 220.
Pinching Bugs, 324.
Pine-devil, 164.
pinifoliella, Paralechia, 221.
Pinipestis, 213.
pini-rigidcB, Cecidomyia, 458.
Pink Insects, 72, 85.
Piophila, 276, 278.

PlOPHILAD/E, 276.

pipiens, Culex, 240, LXIV.

Pipiza, 254.

PiPUNCULID/E, 235.

pisorum, Bruchus, 379,

LXXXIV.
pisum, Cynips, 462.
pisum, Pontania, 460.
pithecium, Phobetrom, 200.
Pityobius, 309.
placidus, Lucanus, 325.
plagiatus, Dolichoderus, 421.
Plagiodera, 368.
Plagionolus, 347.
Plant Galls, 455; 5ee, aZ^o, Plant

Index.
Plant-lice, 86, 87, 132.
Plasterer, 446.
platanana, Ancylis, 219.
platanella, Stigmella, 224.
platea, Stigmella, 224.
Plater OS, 316.
Plathemis, 48.
Platodora, 220.
Platycentropus, 57.
Platycerus, 325.
Platychirus, 255.
Platynus, 287.

PLATYPEZIDiE, 235.

Platypodin^, 404.

PLATYPSYLLIDiE, 5O7.

PLATYPTERA, 2.
Platypus, 404.
P/ea, 95. 102.
plebeius, Hyloicus, 153.
PLECOPTERA. 2, 50, 477. 480,

XIII.
PLECTOPTERA, 40, 477. 478,

481.
plejadellus, Chile, 210.
Plenoculus, 434.
Pleura, 449.
plexippus, Anosia, 116, 127, 486,

XXVII.
plicata, Coptocycla, 378,
Plodia, 213.
Ploiariola, 108.
Plum Curculio, 402.
plumbea, Rhagovelia, 103.

Plume Moths, 214.

plumosa, Tetanocera, LXVIII.

Plusia, 179.

Plulella, 220.

Pocahontas, Atrytone, 146,

XXXVII.
pocularis, Prionus, 338.
poculum, Cecidomyia, 462.
Podabrus, 317.
Podapion, 396.
Podisus, 114.
Podops, 114.
Pcecilocapsus, 105.
Pogonocherini, 353, 358.
Pogonocherus, 359.
Poison bait, 172.
Polistes, 144, 204, 429, 430, SI I,

XCI.
polisiiformis, Memythrus, 204,

LX.
polita, Dryophanta, 462.
Polita, Alesogramma, 255.
Polita, CEdaspis, 472.
polita, Parandra, 336.
Pollenia, 265, 267, 271.
Polybia, 429.
Polycentropus, 58.
Polychrosis, 215, 218.
Polyclasis, 316.
polydamas, Papilio, 142.
Polyergus, 417, 424.
polygoni, Gaslroidea, 368.
Polyphemus, Telea, 158, 496,

XLIV.

POLYMORPHA, 280, 292.
POLYSTOMID^, 395-
polyturator, Pelecinus, 415,

LXXXVIII.
polyxenes, Papilio, 141, 491,

XXXVI.
Pomace-fly, 276.
Pometaria, Alsophila, 194, LVIII.
pomivorella, Stigmella, 224.
pom.onella, Carpocapsa, 216,

LXII.
pomonella, Rhagoletis, 276,

LXXI.
pomorum Mytilaspis, 94.
Pomphoptoea, 392.
PoMPiLiD^, 428.
pomum, Pontania, 460.
pomum, Schizomyia, 470.
Pond-skaters, 103.
Ponera, 418.
PoNERiN^, 418.
Pontania, 410, 457. 460.
Pontia, 137.
Popillia, 510.
Poplar-borer, 360.
Populicaulis, Pemphigus, 458.
populiella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
populi-transversus. Pemphigus,

458.
populi-vencB, Pemphigus, 458.
Porthetria, 188.
portlandta, Debis, 128, 488,

XXXII.
Posterior cell, 229, 269.

552

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Potato Beetle, Colorado, 364.
Potato Beetle, Old fashioned,

364, 392.
Potato-stalk Borer, 402.
potentillce, Gonaspis, 468.
Potter Wasps, 428.
Powder-post Beetles, 323.
prcecelsis, Calligrapha, 370.
Prasocuris, 368.
pratensis, Lygus, 105, XXV.
Praying Mantis, 64, 108.
preciosella, Ornix, 225.
Predaceous Diving Beetles, 289.
Prenolepis, 417, 421.
princeps, Epicordulia, 48, XII.
prinoides, Cynips, 462.
Prionapleryx, 210.
Prionin^, 337. 338.
Priononyx, 438.
Prionoxystus, 203.
Prionus, 338.
proboscideiis, Balaninus, 400,

LXXXVI.
procera, Sphex, 439.
Proctotrypid^, 415.
prodenialis, Melitara, 213.
Prodoxus, 228.

progne, Grapta, 122, 482, XXX.
Proleucoptera, 226.
promeihea, Callosamia, 156,

495. XXX.
Pronotum, prosternum, etc., 8.
Pronuba, 228.
Prop legs, 8.

Prosopid^, 440, 445, 517.
Prosopis, 445, 512.
Prolandrena, 442, 517.
Proteoteras, 219.
Proteus, Eudamus, 144, 492.
Prothorax, 8.
Protocalliphora, 266.
protodice, Pieris, 136, 490,

XXXIV.
Protoparce, 150, 152, 494.
Protophormia, 268, 273.
ProtoxcBa, 514.
proxima, Leptura, 351.
' prudens, Trypanisma, 221.
pruiniella, Coleophora, 222.
pruinifoliella, Stigmella, 224.
pruiniramiella. Xylesthia, 226.
pruinosa, Xenoglossa, 445,

XCIII.
pruinosum, Eulecanium, 93.
Pruner, 345.

prunivora, Laspeyresia, 219.
prunivorella, Ornix, 226.
prunus, Amphiholips, 464.

PSALLIDIID.5, 399.

Psammochares, 428.

PSAMMOCHARID^, 426, 428.

Psammophila, 439.

PSELAPHID^. 296.

Pselliopus, 108.
P5en. 434.
PsENiD^, 432, 434.

PSENIN.E, 434.

Psenocerini, 352.

Psenocerus, 352.

pseudargiolus, Lycana, 134, 49(X
Pseudococcus, 92.
Pseudogalleria, 218.
Pseudomelecta, 516.
Pseudopanurgus, 521.
Pseudopomala, 68.
Pseiidopyrellia, 265, 267, 272.
Pseudoscorpion, 32.
Psilocephala, 249.
Psilopodinus, 250.
Psilotreta, 57.
Psinidia, 70.
Psithyrus, 448, 449.
PsociDiE, 76.

PSYCHIDiE, 198.
PSYCHODID^, 232, 236.

Psychomorpha, 214.
Psylla, 86.

psylloides, Gihhiiim, 322.
Pterocolin^, 395.
Pterocolus, 395.
pterodontinus, Opsebius, 248.
Pteromalus, 415.
Pteronidea, 410.

PxEROPHORIDiE, 2I4.

Pierophylla, 72.
Pterostichus, 287.
Ptilinum, 230.
Ptinid^, 320.
Ptinus, 321.
pubera, Leptura, 3S2.
pubescens, Chrysotoxum, 254.
pulchella, Libellula, 48, X.
pulchra, Andricus, 464.
pulchra. Goes, 355-
Pulex, 279.

pulicaria, Chcetocnema, 374.
PuLiciD^, 279.
pulsatoria, Atropos, 78.
pulverulenta. Goes, 3S5»
Pulvinaria, 92.

pulvipenneUa. Agnopteryx, 221.
punctata, Pelidnota, 332,LXXX.
punctata, Hypera, 400,
punctatus, Callirhytis, 464.
punctatus, Liopus, 358.
punciicollis. Saperda, 359.
punctiventris, Myrmica, 421.
punctulata, Cicindela, 282.
punctulata, Dicerca, 313.
Punkies, 241.
Pupa, 6.
Puparium, 230,
puparum, Pteromalus, 415.
PUPIPARA, 231, 279, 480.
Purple, Banded, 127.
Purple, Red-spotted, 126.
purpurata, Coptocycla, 377.
purpureus, Pachyscelus, 314.
Purpuricenus, 346.
pusilla, Spilomena, 434.
pustulatus, Necrophorus, 295.
pygmcea, Erythraspides, 410.
pygmcBUS, Cephus, 410.
pygmcetis, Cyrtinus, 352.
pylades, Thorybes, 144, 492.
Pyractomena, 316.

553

ENTOMOLOQICAL INDEX.

Pyralid;e. 208.
pyralin.e, 210
Pyralis, 210.

Pyrameis, 124, 126, 487, 488.
Pyrausla, 209, 497.
Pyraustin/E, 208.
Pyrgola, 275.
pyricola, Psylla, 86.
pyricolana, Enarmonia, 219.
pyrina, Zeuzera, 202, LX.
pyrivora, Contarinia, 242.
PyrochroiD/E, 381, 386.
Pyromorphid^, 202.
PyrophcETia, 255.
Pyrophorus, 308.
Pyropyga, 316.
Pyrota, 392.

PyRRHOCORID^, 98, III.

pyrrhos, Corymbites, 300.
Pythid^, 380, 385.

quadridens, Monobia, XC.
quadrifasciata, Bicyrtes, 438.
quadrigeminata, Eburia, 344.
quadrigibbus, Acanthoderes, 355
quadrigibbus, Tachypterus, 401.
qiiadriguiiatus, Ips, 304.
quadrimaculatum, Bembidium,

286.
quadrimaculatus, Anopheles, 2^8,

LXIV.
quadrimaculatus, Collops, -^iS,

LXXIX.
quadrimaculatus, Heterachthes,

344-
quadrimaculatus, Xylotrechus,

347.
quadripes, Phyllocoptes, 466.
quadripunctella, Ornix, 226.
quadripustulata, Brochymena,

114.
quadrt-sptnosus, Scolytus, 405.
Queen, The, 116.
querci, Lepturges, 358.
querciella, Coleophora, 222.
quercitella, Tischeria, 226.
quercus, Platycerus, 325.
quercus. Phylloxera, 88,
Question Mark, 120.
quindecim- punctata, Anatis,

LXXV.
quinque-cincta, Elis, XC.
guinque-maculatus, Phlegethon-
tius, 150.

radiatus, Agapostemon, XCIV.

radicum, Anthomyia, 263.

radicum, Diastrophus, 468.

radicum, Pipiza, 254.

radicum, Rhodites, 468.

Radish-worm, 263.

Ranaira, 100.

rapcB, Ceutorhyncus, 402.

yai>«. Pieris, 134, 136, 179, 490,

XXXIV.
Raphidia, 478.
RAPHIDIOIDEA. 478. 482.
Raspberry Root-borer, 206.

Raspberry Saw-fly, 410.

Rat-flea, 279.

Rat-tailed Maggot, 257.

Rat-tails, 278.

ratzeburgiana, Enarmonia, 215

rectangularis, Lestes, IX.

rectus, Belaninus, 401.

Recurrent veins, 406.

Recurvaria, 221.

Red Admiral, 124.

Red-bugs, iii.

Red-necked Cane-borer, 312.

Reduviid^, 97, 107, 108.

Reduviolus, 98.

Reduvius, 107.

regalis, Citheronia, 162, 496.

XLVI. ^ •

regina, Phormia, 268, 273,LXIX.
relicta, Catocala, 180, 181, LIII.
religiosa. Mantis, 65.
remigis, Aquarius, 104.
remigis, Gerris. 103, XXV.
repanda, Cicindela, 282.
resinicola, Retinodiplosis, 458.
reticulntum, Calopteron. ^le,

LXXVITI. "^ ^'

Retinodiplosis, 457, 458.
Rhabdophaga, 457, 458,
Rhagium, 350.
Rhagoletis, 276.
Rhagovelia, 103.
Rhingia, 255.
Rhinoceros Beetle, 333.

RHINOMACERINiE, 396.

Rhinopsis, 433.
Rhipicerid^, 306, 509.
Rhipiphorid^. 381, 393.
Rhipiphorus, 393.
Rhizophagus, 505.
rhoda, Calligrapha, 370.
Rhodites, 457, 468.
Rhodobcenus, 403.
rhodoides. Rhabdophaga, 458.
rAots. Attelabus, 398, ^00.

LXXXVI.
rhois. Pemphigus, 466.
Rhopalocera, IIS, 116.
Rhopalomyia, 457, 472.
Rhopalophora, 341.
Rhopalophorini, 341.
Rhopclopus, 342.
Rhopobota, 219.
Rhyacionia, 218.
Rhyacophilid^, 60.
Rhynchagrotis, 172.
Rhynchites, 396.
Rhynchitin^, 396.
Rhynchophora, 281, 379, 393,

SOD, 506.
Rhynchophorid^, 403.
Rhynchophorus, 403.
RHYPHIDyE, 231.

Rhyssodid^, 299, 300.
ribearia. Cvmatophora, 195,

LVIII. '
ribesi, Pteronidea, 410.

LXXXVII.
Rice Weevil, 404.

554

ENTOMOLOQICAL INDEX.

rigidce, Phytophaga, 458.
riparia, Argiope, 36.
Roaches, 62, 479, 482.
Robber Flies, 250.
Robertsonella, 520.
robinicB, Cyllene, 346, LXXXI.
robinice, Prionoxystus, 203.
robinice, Spermophagus, 379.
robiniella, Agnopteryx, 221.
robiniella, Recurvaria, 221.
Rocky Mt. Locust, 66.
Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever, 476.
Romalea, 71.
Romaleum, 344.
rosce, Asteromyia, 472.
ro5«, Rhodites, 468.
roscBfoliella, Stigmella, 224.
rosana, Archips, 219, LXII.
Rose Beetles, 331.
roseosuffusella, Aristotelia, 221.
Rothschildia, 154.
rotulaia, Galerucella, 371.
rotundicollis, Telephorus, 317.
Round-headed Apple-borer, 359-
Round-headed Borers, 337.
Rove Beetles, 297.
rudis, Pollenia, 267, 271.
rwft/, Monophadnoides, 410.
rubicunda, Dryocampa, 162,

406, XLV.
rubifoliella, Stigmella, 224.
rubivora, Phorbia, 263.
rttftra, Chalepus. 375. LXXXIII.
rubra, Samia, 156.
rubrica, Leptura, 351.
rubricollis, Elater, 309.
rubrifasciella, Acrobasis, 213.
rubrocinctum, Trypoxlon, 436.
Ruby-spot, 44.
Ruby Wasps, 424.
rMdt5 Pollenia, 265, 271, LXIX.
rw/c, Formica, 184.
rufibarbus, Erax, LXVII.
ruficollis, Agrilus, 312.
ruficollis, Necrobia, 320.
ruficollis, Oberea, 362.
rufipes, Crepidodera, 374.
rufipes, Necrobia, 320, LXXIX.
rufocinctus, Bombus, 449,
rufosanguinea, Galerucella, 371.
rufoscutellatus, Limnoporus, 104.
rufulum, Romaleum, 344.
rugifrons, Cicindela, 282,
rugulosus, Scolytus, 405,

LXXXVI.
ruricola, Clytanthus, 349.
ruscarius, Elaphrus, 285.
rustica, Phlegethontius, 152.
RuTELiN^, 332, 510.

saccharella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
saccharina, Lepisma, 39, VIII.
sacer, Scarabceus, 328.
Sacred Scarab, 326.
Saddle-back, The, 200.
saginella, Stigmella, 224.
sagittaria, Physocephala, 257.
LXVIII.

sagittatus, Xylotrechus, 347.

Sagrini, 363. 364.

Saissetia, 93.

Saldid^, 97, 102.

Saldula, 102.

Salebria, 213.

saliciella, Coptodisca, 223.

salicifoliella, Phyllonoryter , 225.

salicipomonella, Batrachedra, 223.

salictella. Mamara, 226.

Salmon-fly, 50.

Salticus, 38.

saltitans, Carpocapsa, 21 8.

Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 168.

5awta, 154, 495.

Sand-flies, 241.

sanguinea, Formica, 422, 424.

sanguinea rubicunda, Formica,

422.
sanguinea subintegra, Formica,

422.
sanguineus, Thaneroclerus, 320,

LXXIX.
sanguinicollis, Callimoxys, 345.
sanguinicollis, Rhopalopus, 342.
sanguinipennis, Elater, 309.
sanguinipennis, Tricrania, 391.
sanguinolenta, Caryomyia, 460.
sanguinolentus, Ips, 304.
sanguisuga, Triatoma, 107.
San Jose Scale, 93.
Sanninoidea, 207.
Saperda, 353, 359. 360.
Saperdini, 353, 359.
Sapromyza, 275.
Sapyga, 426.
Sapygid^, 426.
saracans, Cenopis, 219,
Sarcophaga, 262.

SARCOPHAGIDiE, 258, 262.
sarracenicR, Sarcophaga, 265.
5as5acM5, Erynnzs, 144, XXXVII.
satellitia, Pholus, 149.
SaturniiD/E, 153. 495-
Saturniin^e, 158.
SatyriN/E, 128, 488. _
satyriniformis, Melittia, 204, LX.
Satyrodes. 128, 488.
Satyrs, 128.
5aiyrM5, 128, 489.
safyrw^, Xyloryctes, 333.
saucia, Peridroma, 172.
Saw-flies, 406, 407, 408, 457,

481, 485.
Saw-toothed Weevil, 300.
5ayi, Calosoma, 285.
5ayi, Necrophorus, 295.
^ayt, Oryssus, 410.
5ayi, Tibicen, XXII.
scabra, Osmoderma, 335.
scabrionodis, Myrmica, 421.
scalaris, Bellamira, 350.
scalaris, Calligrapha, 370.
Scale-insects, True, 91. m. 212,
^ 477.

SCAPHIDIID^, 297. 507.

scapularis, Chalepus, 375-

SCARAB^ID^, 326, 503, SIC.

555

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

scarabcBoides, Sphaeridium, 2Q4.

Scarabaus, 328.

Scarce Bordered Straw, 178.

Scarites, 286, 409.

Scar on mandible, 399.

Scatophaga, 252, 274.

SCATOPHAGID^, 274.
Sceliphron, 439.
ScENOPINIDiE, 234, 249.
Scenopinus, 249.
Scent-scales, 141, 143.
Scepsis, 164.

schaufussi, Formica, 4.24,'L'X'XIX.
schaufussi incerta, Formica, 423.
schaumii, Oberea, 361.
Schistocerca, 70, 71.
Schizomyia, 457, 470.
Schizoneura, 88.
Sckizura, 185.
Sciara, 242, 457, 466.
scintillans, Photinus, 316,
LXXVIII.

5ciOMYZID/E, 275.

Scirtetica, 70.
sclopetaria, Epeira, 34.
Scolia, 427.
ScoLiiDiE, 426, 427.
Scolops, 85.

ScOLYTIDiE, 252, 393, 404, 506.
ScOLYTINiE, 404, 405.

Scolytus, 405.
Scorpion, 32.
Scorpion fly, 56, 478.
Scrapter, 520.
Scraptiini, 381.
Screw-worm, 270.
scripia, Lina, 368.
scrophulariee, Anthrenus, 303,

LXXVI.
scrutator, Calosoma, 285, 510,

LXXIII.
Scudderia, 71.

scudderiana, Eucosma, 219, 472.
sculptilis, Colymbetes, 290.
scutellaris, Neoclytus, 348.
scutellatus, Monohammus, 354.

SCUTELLERID/E, 98.
ScUTELLERINiE, II4.

Scutellum, 230, 449.
Scutigera, 38.
SCYDMiENIDiE, 296.

sebastianicB, Grapholitha, 218.
Selenophorus, 288.
sellatus, Typophorus, 367.
semicincium, Sympetrum, 50,

XIL
semifasciata, Libellula, 48, XI.
semif utter alis, Euzophera, 214.
Semi-loopers, 179.
seminator, Callirhytis, 464.
senatoria, Anisoia, 160, 162,

496, XLVIII.
senicus, Salticus, 38, VII.
separatus, Bombias, 450, 451.
SEPSiDiE, 275, 278.
septendecim, Tibicina, 82, XXII.
sepulchralis, Citheronia, 164,

496.

Serica, 330.

sericata, Aranea, 34, VI.
sericata, Lucilia, 272.
sericeum, Lymexylon, 324.
sericeus, Asilus, LXVII.
sericeus, Chlanius, 288.
Sericomyia, 255.
Sericostomatid^, 60.
serotincB, Acarus, 468.
serotincE, Cecidomyia, 468.
serotinella, Gelechia, 221.
Serphoidea, 407, 415.
Serrate, 366, 393, 500.
serratus, Carabus, 284.
serricata, Lucilia, 268.
serricorne, Lasioderma, 323,

LXXIX.
Serricornia, 306.
Serricorns, 280, 306.
serripes, Myodochus, H2,

XXVI.
serrulata, Dasyneura, 460.
Sesia, 208.
Sesiid^, 203.

5e505/rz,s, Ampeloglypier, 401.
sessile, Tapinoma, 421.
Setomorpha, 226.
sexfasciatus, Dryobius, 344.
sexguttata, Cicindela, 282,

LXXIII.
sexguttatus, Leptostylus, 356.
sexta, Phlegethontius, 150.
Sharpshooters, 86.
Sheep-bot, 260.
Sheep-tick, 279.
Shellac, 91.
Shield-bugs, 113. 114.
Shining Amazon, 424.
Shining Slave-maker, 424.

SlALIDID^, 52.

Sialis, 52, 481.
Sibine, 200.
Sierolomorpha, 427.
signatana, Cydia, 219.
signatus, Anihonomus, 401.
signatus, Lepturges, 358.
signifera, Coptocycla, 378.
signiferus, Epalpus, 262,

LXVIII.
Silk, 33.

Silk-moth, Spice-bush, 156.
Silk-worm, Commercial, 192.
Silk- worm. Moths Giant, 153.
Silpha, 295, 296.
SiLPHiDiE, 295. 504. 505.
Silvanus, 300.
Silver-fish, 39.
Silver-spot, Mountain, 118.
Silvius, 247.
similalis, Loxostege, 209.
similiella, Platodora, 220.
similis, Aitelabus, 399.
similis, Calligrapha, 370.
similis, Callirhytis, 464.
simson, Spogostylum, LXVII.
simplex, Autographa, 179, LI.
SiMULiiD^, 232, 243, 498,

LXIII.

556

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Simulium, 244, 498.

Stnea, 108.

sinensis, Paratenodera, 6$.

singularis, Andricus, 462.

Sinoxylon, 322.

sinuata, Entylia, 484, XXIII.

SIPHONOPTERA. 2.

SIPHUNCULATA, 78. 80, 480.

SiRICID.E, 408, 411.

Sitarini, 391.

Sitaris, 390.

Sitodrepa, 321.

Sitotroga, 220.

Skimmers, 46.

Skip Jacks, 306.

Skippers, 142.

Slaves, 416.

slossoni, Allocorhynus, 396.

"Slug," 410.

Slug-moth, Green, 200.

Smerinthin^, 150.

smilaciella, Proleucopiera, 226.

SmiliincE, 483.

Sminthurus, 40.

smithii, Wyeomyia, 240.

Smodicum, 341.

Snake-doctors; feeders, 42.

Snake-flies, 478.

Snapping Bugs, 306.

Snipe-flies, 248.

Snout-butterfly, 130.

Snout-moths, 184.

Snowiella, 248.

Social Bees, 448.

Soft Scales, 92, 212.

Soldier Beetles, 317.

Soldier Flies, 246.

Soldiers, 415.

Solenopsis, 418, 420.

Solenozopheria, 457. 470.

solidaginella, Gnorimoschema,

221
solidaginifoliella, Tischeria, 226.
solidaginis, Eurosta, 472.
soldidaginis, Lasioptera, 472.
solidaginis, Rhopalomyia, 472.
solitariella, Ornix, 225.
Solitary Wasps, 432.
sollicitans, Aedes, 240.
Soothsayer, 65.
sordidus, Encopiolophus, 70.
Sour Fly, 276.

Southern Corn Root-worm, 371.
Sowbug, 32.
Span-worms, 194.
Species, 5.

speciosus, Plagionotus, 347.
speciosus, Sphecius, 433, XCII.
Spermophagus, 379.
Sphaeridiini, 294-
Sphasridium, 294.
SphcBTocera, 265, 275.
Sphmrophoria, 255.
Spharagemon, 70.
Sphecid^, 433, 438.
Sphecius, 433.
Sphecodes, 440, 44i-
Sphecodina, 148, 493,

Sphecoidea, 408, 430, 432.

Sphecomyia, 256.

Sphegina, 25s.

Sphenophorus, 403.

Sphex, 438, 439.

Sphindid/e, 50s. Sio.

Sphingid/e, 146, 202, 48s, 493

Sphingin^, 150.

sphinx, 146, 150, 153, 494

Sphinx, Hog, 149.

Sphinx, Modest, 150.

Sphinx, Purslane, 148.

Sphinx, Striped, 148.

Sphinx, Twin-spot, 150.

Sphyracephala, 278.

Spice-bush Silk-moth, 156.

Spider, 32, no.

Spider Beetle, 321.

Spider's Bite, 107.

S pilochalcis, 415.

Spilomena, 434.

Spilomyia, 256.

Spilonota, 219.

Spilosoma, 169.

Spinach Flea-beetle, 372.

Spindid^, 324.

Spinnerets, 33.

spinolcE, Bembex, 438, XCII.

Spinoliella, 520.

spinosa. Phylloxera, 460.

spinosus, Dectes, 357-

spinosus, Hamamelistes, 466.

spinosus, Jalysus, 112.

Spiracle, 7, iSO.

Spirobolus, 38.

Spittle-insects, 86.

splendoriferella, Coptodisca, 223

Spogostylum, 249.

Spondylid/E, 336.

Spotted Fever, 476.

spretus, Melanoplus, 66, 71.

Spring Azure, 134.

Spring Beetles, 306.

Spring-tails, 40.

Squamae, 229.

squamiger. Valgus, 335.

Square-heads, 310.

Squash-bug, 113. 262.

Stable-fly, 268.

stabulans, Muscina, 265, 267,

271. LXIX.
Stag Beetles, 324.
Staggers, 260.
Stagmomantis, 65.
Staphylinid^, 61, 297f 304t

502.

Statira, 384.
Stegomyia, 240.
Stelidid-iE, 440.
Stelis, 446, 5 1 8.
Stem mother, 87.
Stenispa, 375.
Stenolophus, 288.
Stenoma, 221.
StenomatiD/E, 221.
Stenopelmatus, 73.
Stenoptini, 340, 345-
Stenosphenini, 341.

557

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Stenosphenus, 341.

stercoraria, Scatophaga, LXVIII.

Sternum, 8.

Stick Insect, 65.

Stictia, 438.

slicticus, Brachytarsus, 395.

Stigma, 406.

stigma, Anisota, 162, 496,

Stigmella, 224,

Stigmus, 434.

Stiletto Fies, 249.

Stilt-bug, 112.

stitnulea, Sibine, 200, LIX.

Stingless Honey-bees, 453, 512.

Stink-bugs, 113.

Stizid^, 433.

Stomoxys, 265, 266, 268.

Stone-fly, 50, 477.

Storm-fly, 268.

Strangalia, 35 i.

StratcBgus, 333-

Stratiomyia, 247.

Stratiomyid^, 230, 233, 246.

Strawberry Weevil, 401.

Streblid^, 279.

strenuana, Eucosma, 218.

STREPSIPTERA. 405, 479.

482, LXXXV.
striatum, Anobium, 322.
striatus, Lyctus, 323, LXXIX.
Striogoderma, 332.
strigosa, Epicauta, 392.
strigosus, Bitlacus, XV.
striola. Plea, 102.
Striped Cucumber Beetle, 371.
strobilana, Cynips, 464.
strobiliscus, Rhabdophaga, 458.
strobiloides, Rhabdophaga, 458.
stygia, Methoca, 426.
Style, 230,

SxYLOPiDiE, 405, LXXXV.
subarmatus, Eupagonius, 358.
Subcostal Cell, 229.
Subcostal vein, 406.
Subdiscoidal vein, 406.
subelliptica. Phylloxera. 460.
suberosus, Trox, LXXX.
Subfamily, 5.
subita, Lyroda, 437.
sublcevis, Pasimachus, 285.
sublata, Dictyna, 34.
Submarginal cell, 229, 269, 406.
Submedian cell, 406.
Suborder, 5.
subspinosus, Macrodactylus 33,

LXXX.
substriatus, Scarites, 286.
subsultans, Spharocera, 265.
subterraneus, Scarites, 286.
succinctus, Euryophthalmus, iii.
SUCTORIA, 279. 480, LXXL
suffusana, Eucosma, 218.
stilcatus, Otiorhynchus, 400.
sulcipes, Scolops, 85, XXIII.
Sulphur, Common, 137.
Sulphur, Little, 138.
supernotatus, Psenocerus, 352.
Supra-orbital line, 449.

surinamensis, Silpha, 296.
surinamensis, Silvanus, 30O1

LXXVI.
suturalts, Batyle, 346.
suturalis, Zygogramma, 369.
Suture, 280.
Suture, transverse, 230.
suturellus, Dysdercus, 1 1 1 .
Swallow-tails, 134, 485.
Swallow-tail, Giant, 138.
Swallow-tai 1 , Green-clouded, 140.
Swallow-tail, Pipe-vine, 141.
Swallow-tail, Spice-bush, 140.
Swallow- tail. Tiger, 140.
Sweat-bees, 441.
sycophanla Calosoma, 285, 510.
sylvarum, Lucilia, 258, 267, 272.
sylvosus, Carabus, 284.
symmetricus, Lepturges, 358.
Symmyrmica, 418.
Sympetrum, 50.
Symphysa, 209.
Synanthedon, 207, 208.
Synchlora, 195.
Syneta, 364.
Syntomid^, 164.
Syrbula, 68.
Syritta, 255.

Syrphid^, 90, 23s, 253.
Syrphus, 255, 257.
Systena, 373, 374.
Systropus, 249.

tabaci, Thrips, 79.
Tabanid^, 230, 233, 247.
Tabanus, 247, 248.
Tachinid^, 258, 260.
Tachinus, 297.
TachygoniN/E, 396.
Tachygonus, 396.
Tachypterus, 401.
Tachys, 286.
Tachysphex, 437.
Tachytes, 437.
Tackytrechus, 252.
tceniata, Systena, 374.
tapetzella, Trichophaga, 227.
Tapinoma, 417, 421.
Tarantula, 33.
Tarantula-hawk, 428.
Tarnished Plant-bug, 105.
tarquinius, Feniseca, 132, 49a

XXXIII.
tarsalis, Corymbites, 309.
Tarsus, 8.

taurea, Melitoma, 444.
taurina, Ceresa, 484.
Taxonomy, 5.
Tegenaria, 38.
Tegmina, 66.
Tegula, 229, 408.
Telamona, 484, XXIII.
Telea, 158, 496.
Telegeusis, 318.
Telephorin/E, 315, 317.
Telephorus, 317.
Telphusa, 221.
Temnochilid,<e, 305. 502.

558

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Temnostoma, 256.
tenax, Eristalis, 256, LXVIII.
Tenebrio, 382.
Tenebrioides, 305.
Tenebrionid^, 380, 381, 384.
Tent-caterpillar, 191, 192.
Tent-caterpillar, Forest, 192.
Tenthredinid^, 410.
Tenthredinoidea, 407. 408.
tepidariorum, Theridion, 34.
Terias, 138, 491.
Termes, 76.

terminale, Calopteron, 31S
tertninalis, Clisodon, 515.
terminalis, Pontania, 460.
tenariusj Bombus, 450. 452

XCIV.
terr(B.nov(B,Protophormia,26^,2'iZ'
Terrapin-bug, 114.
Terrapin Scale, 93.
terricola, Bombus, 451, 452.
tersa, Theretra, 152.
tesselata. Goes, 355.
tessellaris, Halisidota, 170.
tessellata, Hesperia, 144, 492,

XXXVII.
testulana, Cenopis, 219.
Tetanocera, 275.

TeTANOCERID^, 275'

Tetrachat282.
Tetralonia, 445. 5I5-
Tetramorium, 418, 421.
Tc/raonyx, 391-
Tetraopes, 362.
tetraophthalmus, Tetraopes, 362,

LXXXII.
Tetropium, 341.
Tetrops, 362.
Tettigia, 84.
Tettigidea, 68.

TETTIGINiE, 66.

Tettigoniid^, 71.

Texas Fever, 476.

Texas Fly. 268.

Thalessa, 412.

Thanaos, 143. I44. 492.

Thaneroclerus, 320.

/Aaros.F/tycJodes. 1 19.487. XXIX.

ThecesterniN/E, 398.

Thecesternus, 398.

Thecla, 131. 489.

Thecodiplosis, 457. 458. 466.

r/tciia, 484. XXIII.

Theretra, 152.

THEREViDiE, 234, 249.

Theridiid^, 34-

Theridion, 34.

theseusalis, Pyrausta, 209.

Thinophilus, 252.

Thirteen-year Locust, 82.

Thistle Butterfly, 126.

thoas, Papilio, 140.

/feoc, Chrysophanus, 133.

Thomisid^, 36.

thoracica, Chrysophila, LXVl.

thoracica, Dasyllis, LXVII.

Thorax, 7.

Thorybes, I44. 492.

Thread-legged Bugs, 108.
Thread-waisted Wasps, 438.
Thrips, 79, 477. 482.
Throscid^, 309.
thuiella, Argyresthia, 220.
ihujaella, Recurvaria, 221.
Thymelicus, 144.
Thyreocorin^, 98, 114.
Thyridopteryx, 198.
THYSANOPTERA, 2, 79.

477, 482.
THYSANURA, 2.39.
thysbe, Hemaris, 147, 493.

XXXVIII.
Tibia, 8.
Tibicen, 84.
tibicen. Cicada, 84.
Tibicina, 82.
Ticks, 476, 480.
Tiger-beetles, 281, 285, 499-
Tiger, Hickory, 170.
Tiger Moth, 166.
tigrina. Goes, 3 5 5-
tilieacella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
Tillomorpha, 349.
timidella, Cydia, 219.
Tinea, 226.
TiNEiDiE, 223.

TiNEOIDEA, 198.

Tineola, 227.

TiNGIDIDiE, 97. 110-

Tiphia, 427-
TiPHIIN/E, 427.
Tipula, 236.

TiPULID/E, 231. 236.

tipuliformis, Synanthedon, 207.

Tischeria, 226.

titillator, Monohammus, 354.

LXXXII.
ft7tts, Thecla, 132, 490.
tityus, Dynastes, 333-
tityrus, Epargyreus, I43, 492,

XXXVII.
Toad-bugs, 95.
Tobacco Bud- worm, 178.
Tobacco Worms, 150.
Tomato Fruit-worm, 178.
Tomato Worms, 150.
tomentosus, Eupogonius, 358.
totnentosus, Necrophorus, 296.
Tomoxia, 386.
Tortoise Beetles, 376.
Tortoise, Compton, 124.
Tortoise-shell, American, 124.

TORTRICID/E, 215. 457-
Tortricin^, 219-
Toxotus, 349.
Trachea, 7.

Trachyderini, 34i. 345-
trachyPygus, Dyscinetus, 332.
Tragidion, 346.
tranquebarica, Cicindela, 282.
Trap-door nests, 34>
tredecim-punctatus, Rhodobcenus,

^ 403. ,
Tree crickets, 74-
Tree-hoppers, 84, 483.
Tretnex, 411, 412.

559

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

tremulcB, Lina, 368.
Trepobates, 104.
triangularis, Disonycha, 372.
triangularis, Hydrophilus, 294
Triatoma, 107.
Tribolium, 382.
Trichius, 335.
Trichobaris, 402.
Trichodes, 320.
Trichophaga, 227.
Trichopoda, 162.
TRICHOPTERA, 2. 57, 228.

477.480.
Trichopterygid^, 297, 507.
Irichrus, Epicauta, 392.
tricolor, Psitkyrus, 449, 452.
Tricrania, 391.
Tridactylus, 74.
tridentata, Saperda, 360.
Triepeolus, 442. 516.
trifasciata, Metargiope, 36
trifurcata, Ceroioma, 372.
trilineata, Lema, 364, 392,

LXXXIII.
triloba, Lyroda, 437.
trimaculata, Plathemis, 48, XI.
trimaculatus, Adirus, 410.
trimaculella, Eumeyrickia, 221.
Trimerotropis, 70.
trinotata, Trichobaris, 402.
tripartitana, Eucosma, 219.
tripartitus. Sphinx, 152.
tripunctata, Oberea, 361.
Trirhabda, 371,
irt^/f5, Anasa, 113, XXVI.
tritcBnianella, Phyllonoryter, 225.
tritici, Diplosis, 242.
triticoides, Rhabdophaga, 458.
Tritoxa, 275.
Triungulin, 387.
Trochanter, 8, 407.
Troctes, 78. XXI.
Trogini, 330.

/ro»7M5.Pa/>j7io,i40,49i,XXXVI.
T'j'oa;. 330.

truncicola integra. Form tea, 423.
Truxalin^, 68.
Truxalis, 68.
Trypanisma, 221.
Trypetid^, 27s, 457.
Trypoxylon, 436.

TRYPOXYLONIDiE. 432, 436.

tuherculata, Galerucella, 371.

tubicola, Caryomyia, 460.

tubiferella, Phyllonoryter, 224.

tulifera, Cecidomyia, 466.

tulipipifercE, Eulecanium, 93.

Tumble Bugs, 328.

tumidoscB, Dasyneura, 472.

tumidus, Aulax, 470.

turbulenta, Hadena, 175.

Turkey Gnats, 243.

turnus, Papilio. 140, XXXVI.

Tussock Moth, 170.

Tussock Moth, White-marked,
186.

Twelve-spotted Cucumber Bee-
tle, 371.

Tyloderma, 403.
Tylonotus, 344.
typicum, Calopteron, 315.
Typocerus, 351.
Typophorus, 367.

uhleri, Chorochroa, 114.
uhleri, Halticus, 106.
ulmella, Phyllonoryter, 225
mZw*. Lepidosaphes, 94, XXH
ulmicola, Colopha, 466.
ulmifusus. Pemphigus, 466.
ultramarina, Buprestis, 313.
ulironia, Catocala, 181, LIII.
umbilicatus, Neuroterus, 462.
umbrosa, Grapta, 120.
undata, Distenia, 239.
undata, Pyrgota, 275, LXXI.
Under-wings, 180.
undulata, Hydria, 195, LVIII.
undulata, Notonecta, XXV.
undulatus, Xylotrechus, 34S.
unguiculata, Lestes, 45.
unicolor, Astata, 437.
unicolor, Byturus, 303.
unicolor, Elaphidion, 345.
unicolor, Macrobasis, 391.
unicolor, Myrmosa, 426.
Unicorn Beetle, 333.
unipuncta, Leucania, 175. LIT.
univittatus, Chrysops, LXV.
urbana, Evania, 411, LXXXVIII.
urnaria, Sphex, 439, XCII.
Ursula, Basilarchia, 127.
Utetheisa, 166.

vacciniana, Rhopobata, 219.
vaccina, Mineola, 212.
vaccina, Solenozopheria, 470.
Vagabond, 210.
vagabundus. Pemphigus, 458.
vagans, Bombus, 450, 453.
vagans, Coleophora, 223.
Valentinia, 222.
valga, Chionea, 236.
Fa/gMj, 335.
■Fawe55G, 122, 124, 487.
vanilla, Dione, 117, 486.
vaporarium, Aleyrodes, 00.

XXIV.
Vaporer, 186.
z-aria. Ephemera, 42, VIII.
variabilis, Dermacentor, 476.
variabilis, Phymaiodes, 342.
variatus, Polistes, 430.
variegatus, Liopus, 357.
Variety, 5.

variolarius, Euschistus, XXVI.
varius, Phymatodes, 342.
varivesiis, Epilachna, 299.
vastatrix. Phylloxera, 88. 470.
fa/ta, Misumena, 36, VII.
VELiiDiE, 96, 103.
velutinus, Typocerus, 351.
Velvet Ants, 427.
Venation of Diptera, 229.
Venation of Hymenoptera, 406.
ventralis, Bicyrtes, 438.

560

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

tenusla, Pachypsylla, 466.

venustus, Cryplocephalus, 366.

venustus, Dermacentor, 476.

verbasci, Anthrenus, 303.

vernce, Rhodites, 468.

vernalis, Pieris, 136.

vernata, Paleacrita. iQSf 196,

LVIII.
verruca, Hormomyia, 460.
verrucicola, Cecidomyia, 470.
»errMC05U5, Cyrtophorus, 349.
versicolor, Ampelophagus, 149,

494.
Vertex, 230.
verticalis, Dytiscus, 290.
vesiculum, Pachypsylla, 466.
Fc5/)o. 429. 430. Sii.
Vespid^, 426, 429.
Vespoidea, 408, 425.
Vespula, SII.
vestimenti, Pediculus, 79, 483,

XXI.
vestita, Saperda, 360.
vestitus, Eupogonius, 359.
viburnella, Coleophora, 223.
vicarius, CEciacus, 106.
Viceroy, 127.
vicina, Andrena, XCIII.
vicina, Pegomyia, 263.
vidua, Catocala, 181, LIII.
vidus, Vespa, 51 !•
Viereckella, 516.
villosella, Stigmella, 224.
villosum, Elaphidion, 34s,

LXXXII.
villosus, Creophilus, 297, LXXV,
vinctus, Carabus, 284, LXXII.
Vinegar-fly, 276.
violecea, Necrobia, 320.
Violet-tip, 120.
virescens, Chloridea, 178.
virginica, Ctenucha, 164.
virginica, Diacrisia, 169, XLIX.
virginica, Xylocopa, 447, XCIV.
virginiella, Stigmella, 224.
virginiensis, Anisota, 160,

496, XLVIII.
virginiensis, Calephelis, 130.
virginiensis, Chalcophora, 313
virginiensis, Milesia, LXVI.
viridescens, Calliphora, 267.
virdiceneus, Harpalus, 288.
viridicyaneus, Typophorus, 367.
viridifasciata, Chortophaga, 70.
viridis, Dichromorpha, 69.
viteana, Polychrosis, 215.
viticola, Cecidomyia, 470.
viticordifoliella, Antispila, 223.
vitifoliella, Phyllocnistis, 226.
»t7j5, Lasioptera, 470.
pt^flia, Dtfl6ro/tca. 37 1. LXXXIII.
viitata, Epicauta, 387. 392,

LXXXV.
vittata, Leptura, 352.
vittata, Phyllotreta, 373,

LXXXIII.
vittatus, Chrysops, LXV.
vittatus, Dineutes, 293.

vittiger, Toxotus, 349^
Volucella, 255, 256.
vomitoria, Calliphora, 267, LXX.
vulgaris, Fes^a, 430, Si !•
vulpinus, Dermestes, 302.
vulvivagellus, Cr ambus, 210,
LXI.

Walking Stick, 65, no.
Walnut-moth, Royal, 162.
Wanderer, The, 132.
Warble-flies, 260.
Wasp-bees, 441.
Wasps, 406, 425, 429, 478, 510.
Water-boatmen, 99.
Water-prince, 48.
Water-scavenger Beetles, 293.
Water-scorpions, 100.
Water-striders, 103.
Water-tigers, 289.
Web, Spider's, 34.
Web-worm, Fall, 168.
Web-worm, Garden, 209.
Weeping trees, 86.
Weevils, 379.

Western Corn Root-worm, 371
Wheat-midge, 242.
Wheel-bug, 108.
Whirligig Beetles, 292, 481.
White Ants, 76.
White, checkered, 136.
White, Common, 130.
White, Gray-veined, 136.
White, Mustard, 136.
White-fly, 90.
White-grubs, 172, 331.
White-tail, 48.
wildii, Dorcaschema, 354.
willcoxi, Calosoma, 28s.
Window Flies, 249.
Wire-worms, 308, 382.
wittfeldi, Thecla, 131.
Wolf Spiders. 38.
Wood-nymph, Common, 128.
Wood-satyr, Little, 128.
Woolly Alder-aphis, 132.
Woolly Apple-aphis, 88.
Woolly Bears, 166, 214, 497'
Workers. 415.
Wrigglers, 229, 238, 240.
Wyeomyia, 240.

Xabea, 76.
Xanthogramma, 255.
xanthomelcena, Disonycha, 372.
xanthomus, Elater, 309.
Xanthoma, 367.
Xenoglossa, 44s, 5I5'
Xtphidium, 73-
Xtphomyrmex, 418.

XiPHYRIDiE, 411.
XvELIDiE, 410.

Xylesthia, 226.

Xylina, 172.

Xylocopa, 447, S12, 514.

XVLOCOPIDiE, 447, SI4«

Xylophagid^, 233.
Xylophasia, 175.

561

ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX.

Xyloryctes, 333.

Xylotrechus, 34 7 . 34 8 . \

Yellow-bear, 169.
Yellow fever, 240.
Yellow-head of Cranberry, 219.
Yellow-jackets, 429, 430.
YponomeutiD/E, 220,
ypsilon, Agrotis, 172, LI.
yuccasella, Pronuba, 228.

Zaitha, 99.

Zebra, 117.

zebratus, Typocerus, 351,

Zerene, 137.

Zelhus, 429.

Zeugophora, 364.

Zeuzera, 202.

zimmermanni, Pinipestis, 213.

zizicE, Prosopis, XCIII.

Zonitis, 391.

Zophodia, 213.

Zygogramma, 369.

Zygoptera, 44.

5to

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