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p 75/2-

tela Guide to the

UMASS/AMHERST

312066 0308 1188

of Massachusetts

Blair Nikula
Jennifer L. Loose
Matthew R. Burne

Key Characteristics for Field Identification

Dragonflies and damselflies are in the insect
order Odonata, which has two suborders that
occur in Massachusetts, the Anisoptera and
Zygoptera, respectively. The Family Key below
can be used to determine the taxonomic family,
which narrows the number of species to consider
and will help avoid misidentifications.

Key characteristics, described in detail in the
species accounts, should be carefully examined
to determine species identifications (see page 1
for a diagram of odonate anatomy and key terms). The photograph above illustrates
the location of several important characters. The size and relative position of the eyes (a) is
an important family characteristic, and eye color may also be helpful in species identification.
Wing coloration and markings (b) are often very important in species identification, as are the
shape, color, and markings of the abdomen (c). The thorax may be marked with antehumeral
(shoulder) and/or lateral thoracic stripes (d) and other unique markings that facilitate field
identification. For some species, identification is possible only with careful examination of
the genitalia, or terminal appendages (e). Illustrations of male terminal appendages are
presented for many species to aid in identification.

Family Key

Damselflies: delicate and small bodied
with narrow abdomen; head wider
than long, with eyes separated by
more than their own width; forewings
and hind wings similar in shape, held
either pressed above the body or only
partially open at rest; weak fliers.

Zygoptera: Damselflies

la. Wings colored with amber,
black or red, no "stalk" at
base (a), body emerald
green, blue or bronze:
Calopterygidae (p. 13)

lb. Wings clear or with amber
wash with distinct "stalk" at
base (b): 2

2a. Wings held partially open at
rest (b), unless teneral:
Lestidae (p. 19)

2b. Wings held pressed together
over abdomen at rest (c):
COENAGRIONIDAE (p. 30)

Anisoptera: Dragonflies

la. Eyes separated, not touching
on top of head (a): 2

lb. Eyes touching either broadly
in a seam on top of the head
or just at a point (b, c, d): 3

Dragonflies: stout and large bodied;
head rounded, with eyes covering
much of top and sides of head;
forewings and hind wings different in
shape, held straight out to the sides
at rest; strong fliers.

2a. Large (3"), black and grey
dragonflies; usually perch
vertically: Petaluridae (p. 68)

2b. Small to large dragonflies, black or brown
with yellow, green or grey patterning,
abdomen often noticeably clubbed on end;
perch horizontally: GOMPHIDAE (p. 90)

3a. Eyes touch at a single point on top of head (c); thorax dark brown or
black with 2 yellow lateral thoracic stripes; perch vertically:
CORDULEGASTRIDAE (p. 120)

3b. Eyes touch on top of head, forming a distinct seam (b, d): 4

4a. Eyes very large covering much of the head, meeting on top with long
seam (d); large and often brightly colored bodies with blue, green, or
yellow, and sometimes red or purple; wings clear or with amber wash;
spend long periods on the wing; perch vertically: AESHNIDAE (p. 69)

4b. Eyes meet in short seam on top of head (b); wings clear or with obvious markings: 5

5a. Body brown or black with one yellow lateral thoracic stripe and striped face; perch
vertically: MACROMIIDAE (p. 124)

5b. Not as above: 6

6a. Bodies brown overall, but may have muted markings and/or iridescent
green patterns; eyes often green; anal loop of hind wing elongated, but
without distinct boot shape (e); often on the wing; usually perch vertically
or obliquely (except Williamsonia spp.): Corduliidae (p. 127)

6b. Primarily perching dragonflies of widely varying colors and patterns,
males and females often distinctly different in coloration; anal loop of
hind wing with distinct boot shape (f); perch horizontally or obliquely;
the most common and conspicuous family: LlBELLULiDAE (p. 152)

A publication of

^ Natural Heritage
Mk$K &■ Endangered Species

Program

MassWHdlife

MA Division of Fisheries <Sc Wildlife

1 Rabbit Hill Road, Westborough, MA 01581

www.masswildlife.org

Funding for the printing of this publication was provided by:

Guy Tudor, President
New York City Butterfly Club

SWEET WATER
TRUST

EXECUTIVE OFFICE of
EHVW0HM6MT/U. ATtVURS

Executive Office of
Environmental Affairs
Commonwealth of
Massach usetts

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts

T^cutive Office of Tnvironmental Affairs

251 Causeway Street, Suite 900

(Boston, <MA 02114-2119

Mitt Romney
GOVERNOR

Kerry Healey
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR

Ellen Roy Herzfelder
SECRETARY

Dear Friend of the Environment,

Tel: (617) 626-1000

Fax:(617)626-1181

or (617) 626-1 180

http:/Avww.mass.gov/envir

June, 2003

Dragonflies and damselflies are a fascinating and beautiful component of Massachusetts'
biodiversity. This field guide will raise public awareness and understanding of the state's dragonflies
and damselflies by providing an excellent educational tool with identification, life history, and
conservation information.

Educating people about the natural world helps them connect to it, and thereby increases their
interest in our natural heritage. What people will learn from this book, and from spending time
outside watching these fascinating creatures, will help to build an appreciation for biodiversity
and support for its protection. As Secretary of Environmental Affairs, it is very important for me
to build this support and see the great legacy of conservation in Massachusetts continue to grow.

Regards,

Ellen Roy Herzfelder

A Field Guide to the

Dragon flies and Dams el flies

of Massachusetts

Blair Nikula
Jennifer L. Loose
Matthew R. Burne

Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife
Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program

2003

Photographic Credits

The photographs in this book are the work of Blair Nikula, except as noted below (T = top,
Oocenter, B = bottom, L = left, R=right):

J. Bangma: 100B, 107L, 107R, 167T; R.A. Behrstock: 65T, 65B, 168B; M.R.
Burne, MNH&ESP: 6C, 6B, 7T, 7C, 8B, 9B; B. Byrne, MDFW: 1 IT; R.A. Cannings,
Royal British Columbia Museum: 75L, 79R; R. Charlton: 3C; G.P. Doerksen, Royal
British Columbia Museum: 25B, 180T; S. Dunkle: 21R, 27R, 35B, 36B, 37B, 39R,
40B, 41B, 43B, 44B, 45B, 48B, 49B, 51B, 53B, 54R, 59B, 73R, 84R, 88R, HOB, 115B,
116B, 118B, 134L, 134R, 136L, 136R, 139R; L.P. Kenney: 2C, 2B, 4C, 7B; R.S.
Krotzer: 5C, 17B, 59T, 72L, 84L, 103B, 123L, 130L, 158B, 171B, 182T; J.L. Loose,
MNH&ESP: 151B; MNH&JESP Files: 6T, 10B; J. Sones: 82R, 113B, 123R; B. Sorrie,
MNH&ESP: 9T; C. Stuart, MNH&ESP: IOC, 11B; P. Swain, MHN&ESP: 4B, 9C;
J. Trimble: 192B; M.F. Veit: 71L, 108B, 150B; D. Westover: 105T, 105B, 142B, 184B,
187B; H.L. Woolsey, MNH&ESP: 10T.

Front cover photos (River Jewelwing, Calopteryx aequabilis and Twin-spotted Spiketail,
Cordulegaster maculata) by Blair Nikula. Rear cover photos by Matthew R. Burne.

All illustrations by Matthew R. Burne. Front cover illustrations: (upper left) the heads of
four dragonfly adults; (lower right) terminal appendages of 3 Massachusetts bluets.

All photographs and illustrations are copyrighted. All rights are reserved.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Maria Aliberti; Bob Barber; Roy Beckemeyer; Paul-Michael Brunelle
Ginger Brown; Brian Cassie; Ralph Charlton; Betsy Colburn; Nick Donnelly; Sid Dunkle
Robert Durand; Dick Forster; David Gabriel; Leah Gibbons; Fred Goodwin; Patricia Huckery
Lynn Harper; Rick Heil; Richard Hildreth; Jeff Horton; Gail Howe; Diane Hinze Kanzler
Leo Kenney; Jim MacDougall; Dave McLain; Mark Mello; Peter Mirick; Fred Morrison
Dennis Paulson; Steve Roble; Fred SaintOurs; Laurie Sanders; Dave Small; Mike Thomas
Jeremiah Trimble; Peter Trimble; Christine Vaccaro; Michael Veit; Dave Wagner; Dick
Walton; and Hal White. We would also like to thank Henry Woolsey for all of his support
throughout this project.

We are grateful for the critical review of this manuscript provided by Christopher Leahy,
Massachusetts Audubon Society; Joan Milam, Massachusetts Audubon Society; Mike Nelson,
Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program; and Jackie Sones, Rhode
Island Natural History Survey.

We would like to thank Alan, Janet and Mason Burne; Lisa Dennehy; Robert Hamersley;
Mary, Leland and David Loose; and Jim and Maxine Nikula for all of their support.

Contents

Key characteristics for field identification i

Family Key i

About this book vii

What are dragonflies and damselflies? 1

Dragonfly anatomy

Adults

Larvae
Biology 3

Adults

Larvae
Observing odonates 6

Adults

Larvae

Collection

Field notes
Odonate conservation 9

Rare species

Identifying dragonflies and damselflies 12

Key to species accounts 12

Species Accounts: Zygoptera (Damselflies)

Calopterygidae: Broad-winged Damsels

Lestidae: Spreadwings

Coenagrionidae: Pond Damsels

13
19
30

Species Accounts: Anisoptera (Dragonflies)

Petaluridae: Petaltails

Aeshnidae: Darners

Gomphidae: Clubtails

Cordulegastridae: Spiketails

Macromiidae: Cruisers

Corduliidae: Emeralds

Libellulidae: Skimmers

.68

.69
.90
120
124
127
152

Glossary 193

References

194

Index and Checklist 195

About this book

This field guide is a product of the freshwater conservation initiative of the Massachusetts
Division of Fisheries & Wildlife's Natural Heritage &l Endangered Species Program. The
conservation of freshwater ecosystems is critical to the protection of biodiversity in
Massachusetts. Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) are an important component of aquatic
biodiversity and, as such, are a focus of conservation efforts.

Dragonflies and damselflies are an exciting group of animals to study, being both beautiful
and dramatic. Recent growth in the popularity of dragonfly watching and study was, in part,
the inspiration for this field guide which is the first to cover the entire fauna of Massachusetts.
Virginia Carpenter's Dragonflies and Damselflies of Cape Cod (Cape Cod Museum of Natural
History, 1991; now out of print) is notable in that it was one of the first regional field guides
to this fascinating insect order. Although odonates have been surveyed locally for over 100
years, and the statewide distribution of most species is fairly well known, many gaps in our
knowledge remain, particularly on the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. Although
specific to Massachusetts, this book will be useful across a wider geographic area as the
ranges of most species extend beyond Massachusetts.

This book will assist in the identification of the 166 species of dragonflies and damselflies
that have been recorded in Massachusetts. For some groups of species we have included
illustrations of characteristics such as male terminal appendages or thoracic stripes that are
important for species identification. However, diagnosis of some species, and many females,
is very difficult and may not be possible in the field. We have provided references and
additional resources that are available for these cases (p. 194).

Odonate larvae present a fascinating study in identification, biology, and ecology. Larval
sampling is one of the best ways to develop an understanding of species presence and population
structure in a habitat. However, identifying larvae to species often requires examination
under a microscope and the use of dichotomous keys, which is beyond the scope of this field
guide. On the first page for each family (with the exception of Petaluridae: Petaltails, p. 68)
we include an illustration of a typical larva of the family and point out some of the characters
useful in diagnosing larvae of that family.

Copies of this book are available through the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries &l Wildlife's
Natural Heritage <Sl Endangered Species Program, Route 135, Westborough, MA 01581,

(508) 792-7270, ext. 200.

What are dragonflies and damselflies?

Dragonflies and damselflies are insects of the taxonomic order Odonata, so named for
their formidable biting mouthparts (odon meaning tooth in Greek) and predatory nature.
Two suborders occur in North America, Anisoptera (dragonflies) and Zygoptera (damselflies).
Though "dragonfly" refers to the Anisoptera, it is often used to refer to the entire order.

Dragonfly anatomy
A basic understanding of dragonfly anatomy is important in distinguishing odonates from
other insects as well as in identifying species. Terms illustrated in the following diagram are
used repeatedly in the keys and species accounts in this book. All insects have 3 major body
sections: head (tan), thorax (blue), and abdomen (green).

Position of dorsal/
antehumeral stripes

Postocular spots
(if present)

DORSAL
(BACK)

Position of lateral
thoracic mark

Stigma

Tarsus

Tibia

Femur

Copulatory organs
(present on S2 in
males only)

S6 S7 S8 S9

Abdominal segments (SI -SI 0)

Damselflies
Zygoptera

Terminal
appendages
(reproductive
structures)

Forewing

Hind wing

III

Position of latera
thoracic markings

Face

Tarsus

Position of dorsal/
antehumeral stripes

Dragonflies
Anisoptera

0
0)
H
m

S9\

Terminal
appendages
(reproductive
structures)

S10

Tibia

Femur

Copulatory organs
(present on S2 in
males only)

Abdominal segments (S1 -S1 0)

VENTRAL
(UNDERSIDE)

Adults

^^^^^■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■Ml

Odonates have highly developed, multifaceted compound eyes; in some families the eyes
cover nearly the entire head, meeting in a broad seam along the top. The antennae are very
small and inconspicuous, unlike those of many other insect orders. They have two pairs of
densely veined wings. Odonates lack the hinge at the base of the wing that allows most other
insects to fold them back against the body. They therefore hold their wings straight out to
the sides (dragonflies) or pressed together vertically above the abdomen (most damselflies).
The abdomen is very long, often accounting for more than two-thirds of the body length, and
generally narrow in relation to overall body size. The abdomen has 10 segments and bears
terminal appendages that are often important in species identification. Adult male dragonflies
are distinguished from females (as well as other insects) by a secondary reproductive structure
used during copulation that is located on the ventral side of the second abdominal segment
(S2).

Dragonflies are generally large, stout animals while the damselflies are much smaller and
delicate. However, a diagnostic character is the shape of the base of the wings. In the
dragonflies the base of the hind wing is greatly broadened and different from the narrow base
of the forewing. In the damseflies, the base of the hind wing is very similar to that of the
fore wing.

Larvae

Odonata are unique among aquatic insect larvae,
having an articulated labium (lower jaw) that is
extended outward for capturing prey. It is a long,
jointed structure that is attached at the base of the
head and folded under the thorax. When retracted,
the labium fits mask-like over the face or flat against
the bottom of the head. In lightning-quick action the
larva shoots the labium outward, grasps prey, and
draws it into the powerful mandibles. The presence
of the articulated labium and vestigial antennae are
unmistakable characteristics of odonate larvae.

Dragonfly larvae are generally more robust and
larger than damselflies. The abdomens of dragonfly
larvae are at least slightly flattened and are broader
than the thoraxes. In damselfly larvae, the abdomens
are narrow and cylindrical, as wide or only slightly
narrower than the thoraxes. The diagnostic character
differentiating the suborders is gill structure.
Dragonflies have internal rectal gills, and a cluster of
5 short, stiff structures at the end of the abdomen. In
contrast, damselfly larvae have a set of 3 external,
feather-like gills called caudal lamellae at the end of
the abdomen.

The articulated labium, or lower jaw,
which in some species is nearly as long
as the legs when extended, is unique
to the Odonata.

Dragonfly larvae (top) are stout with 5
short, stiff spines at the end of the
abdomen. Damselfly larvae (bottom)
are slender and have 3 feather-like
gills at the end of the abdomen.

Adults

After emergence from the aquatic larval stage,
dragonflies begin what is essentially a terrestrial
existence. They are initially called tenerals until the
exoskeleton hardens and the wings lose their iridescent
sheen. Tenerals are generally very weak in flight and
are extremely vulnerable at this stage. Newly emerged
dragonflies undergo a prereproductive period,
sometimes straying far from water, while the
reproductive organs mature. At this stage they are
often seen hunting along forest edges, and in clearings
and open fields. Adults typically live for about a month,
though individuals of the larger species may survive
for a couple of months.

As dragonflies mature they begin the reproductive
stage of their lives. Males of some species are
territorial, and after finding appropriate breeding
habitat will attempt to establish and vigorously defend
a territory. Some species will remain in flight for long
periods, tirelessly patrolling a length of pond shore.
Others perch on branches, stems, or rocks and make
short forays away from the perches to defend their
territories or capture a meal, then return to their
perches. Females of most species frequent wetlands
only when ready to mate.

Dragonfly mating is a unique spectacle. The pair
forms a "mating wheel." The male grasps the female
at the back of her head with the terminal appendages
at the end of his abdomen. The female then curls her
abdomen forward such that the opening at the end of
her abdomen comes in contact with the male's sexual
organs, located on the ventral side of the second
abdominal segment at the base of his abdomen. Prior
to forming a mating wheel with a female, the male
transfers a packet of sperm (a spermatophore) from
the end of his abdomen to the sexual organs. Before
he transfers his spermatophore to the female, the male
may remove spermatophores present in the female
from any previous mating. After mating has occurred,
the male may leave; fly with and guard the female
while she oviposits; or guard by remaining in tandem
(still grasping the female at the back of the head) while

After emergence, the teneral adult's
exoskeleton and wings are not yet hard
and flight is weak.

Odonates exhibit a unique mating
behavior, copulating in a heart-shaped
"mating wheel." The male grasps the
female behind the head and the female
then curls her abdomen forward and
upward, joining the male on the
underside of his abdomen.

Many species oviposit while in tandem
to reduce competition from other
males, who have the ability to remove
sperm from prior mating.

eggs are deposited. Guarding allows a male to prevent
the removal of his own sperm by competing males.

Females lay eggs (oviposit) in one of three methods,
depending on the species. Eggs are either inserted
into the stems of reeds and sedges, moss, rotten wood,
or mud (endophytic oviposition); laid directly on the
surface of leaves or stems (epiphytic oviposition); or
directly into the water (exophytic oviposition). The
shape of the ovipositor reflects the method of
oviposition. Blade-shaped ovipositors are found in
species that slice open plant stems to insert eggs; spout-
shaped ovipositors are found in species that drive eggs
into mud; species without distinct ovipositors generally
oviposit directly into the water. In some species, eggs
hatch soon after being laid, while other species may
overwinter as eggs either in plant tissue or in dried
mud.

Larvae

Larvae of all Massachusetts species are truly aquatic
with the exception of the Gray Petaltail ( Tachopteryx
thoreyi), which is thought to develop in wet, mossy
seeps. The majority of an odonate's life is spent in
the larval stage which lasts from several months in
some species to 3-5 years or longer in others, while
the adult stage is much shorter (a few days to a few
months). The wetland habitat that supports larval
development is therefore the most critical factor
regulating the persistence of populations.

Odonates are found in a great diversity of wetlands.
They can be found in lakes and large rivers, small
vernal pools and shrub swamps, and in nearly every
other type of wetland and water body. The wide
variety of conditions in which odonates breed (for
example, the presence or absence of aquatic
vegetation, woody debris, silt, mud, or cobble) has
led to the evolution of different life styles among species
(life histories), and to differences in larval body shape
and structure. Dragonfly larvae can be classified by
their body shape as claspers, sprawlers, hiders, or
burrowers. Claspers are long and cylindrical and tend
to cling to aquatic vegetation (e.g., Aeshnidae).
Sprawlers have elongated legs and a flattened body
and tend to be found among bottom debris (e.g.,

Blade-like ovipositors (left) are used to
cut into plant tissue, allowing females
to insert eggs. Spout-like ovipositors
(right) are used to drive eggs into mud,
moss, and other substrates.

Some species may take advantage of
temporary habitats, such as vernal
pools. These are often fish-free,
effectively reducing predation on
odonate larvae.

There are not many aquatic insects
that develop in the saline water of salt
marshes. One exception is the Seaside
Dragonlet (Erythrodiplax berenice)
which breeds in these saline wetlands.

Corduliidae). Burrowers are stoutly shaped with legs
that are adapted for digging into sand or mud {e.g.,
Gomphidae). Hiders are also flattened and tend to
hide among flakes of bark and other debris {e.g., the
Dragonhunter, Hagenius brevistylus).

Dragonfly larvae are voracious predators. Within
fish-free habitats such as vernal pools, dragonfly larvae
may become the top predators as their size increases.
The larvae of large species (some of which reach nearly
3") are capable of catching tadpoles and small fish.
As in the adults, the compound eyes are highly
developed, and larvae are acute visual predators.
Larvae that burrow or hide among bottom sediments
will lie with only their eyes and antennae above the
sediment, waiting for prey. Dragonflies are
opportunistic predators, eating anything that they are
able to grasp and subdue. Dragonfly larvae with
streamlined bodies are fast swimmers and may actively
hunt for prey; those with flattened bodies and wide-
spread limbs hide among detritus at the bottom and
wait for prey to happen by. Most damselflies are
weak swimmers and hunt by hiding among aquatic
vegetation, camouflaged by cryptic coloration, and
waiting for prey.

At the end of the larval stage, an odonate undergoes
metamorphosis. The adult, still in the skin of the last
larval stage, crawls out of the water and then emerges
(called eclosion) from the larval skin (the exuviae).
Emergence takes place on bridge abutments, sandy
shoals, vegetation, and other available substrates.
Adults of many species emerge right at the water's
edge, while some crawl considerable distances before
eclosion. Exuviae of some species may be found 100
feet or more from the larval habitat. During eclosion,
the larval skin is split along the back and head, and
the adult dragonfly pulls itself free. The dragonfly
pumps its body full of air, sends fluid into the wing
veins, and expands into the familiar adult form. Initially
the teneral adult is pale and soft, and the wings have
a characteristic pearlescent sheen. Within a day or
so, the wings lose their teneral sheen, the body becomes
entirely hardened, and the colors characteristic of the
species begin to develop. .

The pharate adult, still in the skin of
the last larval stage, emerges from the
water on grass stems, bridge
abutments, or other suitable substrates
and begins the process of eclosion.
The larval skin is split along the back
and the adult then pulls itself free. The
shed larval skin (exuviae) remains after
eclosion.

Initially a vibrant yellow, the thoracic
markings of the Cobra Clubtail
[Gomphus vastus) fade to a dull olive
green as the adult ages.

Over time, coloration may change in
some species such as the Chalk-fronted
Corporal (Libellula julia). A powdery
coating called pruinosity develops,
which imparts a chalky-white to frosty
blue hue, depending on the species.

Observing odonates

Adults

Identifying the many species of odonates is
challenging. Having the animal in-hand permits a
close-up look at the colors, patterns, and other details
that allow an accurate identification. Close-focus
binoculars, a good insect net (preferably one with a
long handle), and a small hand lens or loupe (10X or
14X) are the tools of the trade, and will be invaluable
in learning to identify Odonata.

Though challenging, especially for the fast and
powerful fliers, catching dragonflies with an insect net
is a sublime way to spend a hot summer's afternoon.
Patience and practice will increase your success with
even the most high-flying and aerobatic species. Always
try to swing from behind or below the insect to reduce
the chance it will see the net and evade your swing.
Head-on swings are rarely successful and are more
likely to damage the insect.

Once netted, a twist of the wrist will close the
opening of the net and trap the dragonfly. Extracting
a dragonfly from the net takes as much practice as
getting one into it, and many will escape while you
gain experience! After carefully reaching into the net,
the dragonfly's wings can be brought together over its
back, allowing you to hold the animal securely without
harming it. A dragonfly can give your finger a strong
nip, but their bite is harmless. The dragonfly can be
held by the wings while the field guide is consulted,
allowing easy comparisons between photographs,
descriptions, and the animal in hand.

In general, dragonflies are most active from mid-
morning to mid-afternoon on sunny days. However,
understanding the various habitat preferences and
activity patterns of different species can increase the
chance of encountering a greater variety of dragonflies.
For example, shadowdragons (Neurocordulia) are active
for only a brief period at dusk. During the height of
summer some species will swarm during the late
afternoon, well away from wetlands, hunting mosquitos
and other flying insects. Walking power lines and
climbing hilltops during the afternoon or evening can
greatly increase the chances of encountering impressive

A long-handled insect net is essential
for catching dragonflies. Once in the
net, pinch the animal's wings together
over its back to bring it out of the net
for close inspection.

Using a small hand lens (or even
looking the "wrong" way through a
pair of binoculars), look at the terminal
appendages and other details, that are
important in identifying some species.

Power line cuts, fields, and other
clearings are great places to observe
the phenomenon of feeding swarms
which may comprise several different
species of dragonflies.

swarms of big darners (Aeshna) and emeralds
(Somatochlora). Patiently waiting along the banks of a
stream, you may be rewarded with the sighting of an
elusive riverine clubtail.

The odonate flight season in the Northeast typically
extends from about mid-April to mid-November,
though unusually warm or cold weather can extend
or contract the season. In the Northeast, the greatest
diversity of species is found during July. Although a
few species have long adult flight periods, most are
on the wing for just a month or two, and fall into one
of three categories: "spring," "summer," or "fall" fliers.
Spring fliers generally emerge in May and fly through
June into early July. Summer fliers appear in June and
are on the wing through August or early September.
Fall fliers generally emerge in mid-summer and fly
through early October, although a couple of species
may linger into November.

Larvae

Finding larval dragonflies requires a good pair of
boots or the willingness to get wet, a stout-handled
dip net, and a plastic or metal tray into which a sample
can be dumped. Since dragonflies breed in all types
of wetlands and aquatic systems, searching for larvae
in a variety of habitats such as marshes, kettlehole
bogs, fast-flowing and boulder-strewn rivers, etc., will
turn up a great diversity of species. Larvae are present
throughout the year, but summer searches will typically
yield the most species.

Collecting the cast skins (exuviae) of larvae is a great
way to learn which species are found in an aquatic
system. The exuviae may persist for quite some time
after the adult has emerged, and in many cases can be
used to identify the species with a taxonomic key.
Searching for exuviae is less disruptive to the aquatic
habitat than dip net sampling and provides
confirmation of successful larval development.
Collection of larvae and exuviae are the best ways to
document successful reproduction at a site. Larval
sampling is one of the best ways to measure species
abundance and population structure.

Many species of insects, including some
odonates, gravitate to the highest point
on the horizon, such as hill tops and
ridges.

While many odonate species wander
from their natal 'wetland habitats,
others, especially many forest stream
dwellers, apparently do not. These
species are rarely encountered more
than a few meters from their streams.

Search for larvae throughout the year
in ponds, streams, and other wetlands
using a sturdy aquatic dipnet.
Searching for exuviae is also
rewarding, and is a great way to prove
that dragonflies successfully breed at
a particular wetland. Many exuviae
can be keyed out to determine
species.

Collection

For some species, examination under a microscope
is the only way to be certain of identification, making
collection necessary. Many scientists studying
odonates maintain a collection of specimens, which
are often a part of, or are donated to a museum or
university collection. Collections are permanent and
verifiable records of species distributions. Collection
is also an excellent way to learn a group of organisms.
Due to the high reproductive rates characteristic of
insect populations, collection of a few individual
dragonflies is unlikely to impact a population. If a
collection is to be started and maintained, refer to an
entomology text such as Westfall and May (1996) to
learn the best way to collect and maintain specimens
such that there will be long term utility to yourself
and others. The advent of relatively cheap digital
imaging capable of capturing high-quality images
provides a good alternative.

Field notes

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Proper curation ensures the quality
and longevity of the data represented
by a specimen.

Taking field notes is an excellent way
to hone observational skills and to track
changes at a site over time.

Taking clear and consistent field notes is an important skill. Noting identifying characteristics
and behavior aids in learning species, and in tracking changes in abundance or species
assemblages that might occur over the years. A small pocket notebook is ideal. Writing in
pencil or waterproof pen is a good idea, as these won't run if they get wet.

Some useful notes include:

Location (as specific as possible)

Date

Time of day, as some species are more active at different times of day

Weather

Habitat description

Species present

Identifying characteristics of the species

Number and sex of individuals

Evidence of reproductive activity {e.g.> mating, oviposition, exuviae, teneral adults)

donate conservation

There are approximately 445 species of Odonata
found north of Mexico, and 166 (about 37%) are found
in Massachusetts. Habitats typical of the northern
boreal zone, found in the Berkshires and the northern
Worcester Plateau, fade into the northernmost
extension of the Atlantic coastal plain in Plymouth
County and Cape Cod. This habitat diversity is
reflected in our fauna, with species that are common
both well to the north and south of New England.
Several species reach the northern or southern extents
of their ranges, such as the Subarctic Darner {Aeshna
subarctica), a northern species at the southern extent
of its range, and the Attenuated Bluet {Enallagma
daeckii), a southern species whose range extends north
to southeastern Massachusetts. Both are more
common to the north and south, respectively, but are
rare here and therefore state-listed.

Stenotopic (inhabiting a narrow range of habitats)
species of Odonata are found across the
Commonwealth, from those inhabiting large rivers such
as the Connecticut River, to those found in sphagnum
bogs, to those that live in coastal plain ponds. Coastal
New England is a center of endemism, having many
species thought to have evolved here since the retreat
of the last glacier. Some of the species that occur in
Massachusetts are not found anywhere in the world
outside the northeastern United States. The pitch
pine barrens and the coastal plain ponds typical of
Plymouth County and Cape Cod are home to many
of these endemic species such as the Pine Barrens
Bluet (Enallagma recurvation). New England Bluet [E.
later ale), and Scarlet Bluet (E. pictum), all of which are
state-listed.

There are 32 state-listed odonates in Massachusetts,
and many reasons for the rarity or imperilment of
these species, but destruction and degradation of
habitat is the most important. Stenotopic species face
the greatest risk of extirpation, especially when they
rely on rare or threatened habitats. Habitats
considered to be most at risk in Massachusetts are
coastal plain ponds, high quality streams, large rivers,
bogs, and fens. Habitat destruction not only eliminates

The boreal zone extends into northern
Massachusetts and there are many
species that can only be found in the
habitats typical of this zone, such as
sphagnum bogs, fens, and coniferous
swamps.

Coastal plain ponds have a limited
global distribution, restricted to the
northeastern coastal plain. They are
habitat for several species endemic to
this region, some of which are rare
and not found anywhere else in the
world.

Within the Massachusetts landscape,
the Connecticut River is an example
of a rare habitat type. Several odonate
species are specially adapted to large
sand and silt-bottomed rivers.

the local population, but also limits the dispersal ability
of a species. Odonates use nearby habitat patches as
"stepping-stones" for dispersal. These "stepping-
stones" allow expansion and recolonization. If
abundance at one site is reduced by a catastrophic
abiotic event (e.g., weather) or biotic pressures such
as predation and disease, recolonization by populations
in adjacent habitats may subsequently occur. Such
population structure is called a "metapopulation," with
several smaller populations linked by emigration and
immigration. A viable metapopulation is better able
to face random events through recolonization and
genetic flexibility (movement between populations and
subsequent mating increases the genetic diversity of a
population).

Odonates have two distinct life stages (larva and
adult), and populations are regulated by events in
each. The larva is the most sensitive stage, as it is the
longest and is confined to the wetland. Threats to
Odonata are described below.

Anthropogenic threats to larval odonates
Odonates spend the majority of their lives as larvae
and are integral components of aquatic ecosystems.
They are major predators of invertebrates, especially
in fishless water bodies, and are prey for many larger
animals. Threats to larvae and their habitats are the
most serious due to the sensitivity of the larval stage.

Alteration of larval aquatic habitat

• Direct loss of habitat by in-filling, construction,
removal of substrate, trampling, and ORV use

• Increase in sediment load by destruction of
vegetation cover in catchment area and
subsequent erosion

• Destruction of heterogeneity of wetland margins
and rate of flow by channelization

• Intermittent exposure of littoral zone (shoreline)
by dam release, draining, drawdown from wells,
or water diversion

• Eutrophication and subsequent changes in
dissolved oxygen concentration

Driving off-road vehicles (ORVs)
through delicate pond shores destroys
the habitat for damselfly and dragonfly
larvae that live among the sedges and
grasses, and also may kill the eggs and
larvae.

Pond shore development can cause
eutrophication which leads to algal
blooms and subsequent reduction in
dissolved oxygen which suffocates
aquatic life. Natural pond shore
vegetation may also be impacted,
affecting adult dragonflies that roost
and hunt along the pond shore.

Pest controls, such as mosquito ditching
and spraying, can alter habitat and
directly kill non-target species,
including odonates.

• Direct and indirect effects of insecticides {e.g.,
mosquito control, agricultural runoff)

• Chemical or thermal contamination by runoff
or discharge of agricultural, industrial, or urban
effluent

• Major pollution event upstream

• Acidification of lakes by airborne industrial
emissions

• Degradation by invasive exotic plants and animals
Predation

• Increased predation of larvae due to stocking of
fish, or by introduction of waterfowl

Anthropogenic threats to adult odonates

Adults are important components of the terrestrial
ecosystem as they are voracious predators and are
themselves prey for many animals.

Habitat destruction and degradation

• Destruction of uplands, forests, and meadows
where adults hunt and roost

• Direct and indirect effects of insecticides

• Rapid water level rise (dam releases) and wave
action from passing boats (both kill delicate
emerging adults)

Other

• Road mortality

Suburban sprawl destroys and
fragments terrestrial and aquatic
habitats. It also increases degradation
of nearby wetlands.

Damming fragments a river, impeding
upstream movement of species and
altering the temperature regime and
nutrient dynamics of the river. Water
releases scour emergence sites, killing
delicate teneral adults.

Rare species

Massachusetts has a rich odonate fauna comprising 166 species, 32 of which are state-listed
as Endangered, Threatened, or Species of Special Concern. The Massachusetts Natural
Heritage &l Endangered Species Program (NHESP) maintains an extensive database of the
occurrence of rare species across the state, which is used in conservation planning, land
acquisition programs, and environmental review under the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection
Act and Endangered Species Act.

The listed status is included in the species accounts of this book. It is important that
observations of rare species are reported to the NHESP so that efforts to protect the state's
biodiversity are based on the most accurate data available. The current state list of protected
species and Rare Animal Observation Forms can be downloaded from the NHESP web site
(www.state.ma.us/dfwele/dfw/nhesp) or by contacting the NHESP at the Westborough office
of the Division of Fisheries & Wildlife (508/792-7270 ext. 200).

Identifying dragonflies and damselflies

Some species of dragonflies and damselflies can be
reliably identified without in-hand inspection. However,
many species require closer examination. These can be
captured with a net and held by carefully pinching the
wings together over the back of the animal. The animal
can then be examined closely for field characteristics.

Identification begins by determining the family to which
an individual belongs. Use the Family Key found inside
the front cover. The book is divided into sections by family. Within the family sections, the
accounts are grouped by appearance; similar-looking species are placed near each other. Pay
particular attention to the size bar and phenology diagram (flight period, see the "Key to
Species Accounts" below) which can give valuable clues and help eliminate some similar-
looking species. Carefully read the text descriptions to confirm an identification. In some
groups it will be necessary to examine the animal's terminal appendages or other characteristics
that are presented in illustrations. There are species for which identification will require
consultation with technical manuals, some of which are listed on page 194.

Key to species accounts

Common and scientific names. If
state-listed, status is in red box.
Size bar shows average body length
for the species, head to tip of
abdomen (Westfall and May, 1996;
Needham, Westfall, and May, 2000).

Photographs of adults. Males (c?)
generally on the left or above,
females (?) on the right or below.

Text description of diagnostic
characteristics and similar species.

Range (Dunkle, 2000; NatureServe,
2003), status, habitat, and
behavioral information.

Phenology diagrams illustrate flight
period (April-December). Darkest
portion of diagram represents the
period during which the species is
most likely to be encountered in
Massachusetts, and the lighter
portions show times of lesser
probability.

Male thorax brown with broad green to bluish-green dorsal stripes and two
green lateral stripes, front lateral stripe deeply indented on leading edge;
abdomen brown with blue markings on all segments. Eyes dull blue-gray to
greenish. Females similar, but pale areas often green or greenish-yellow.
Distinguished from Canada Darner (p. 76) by subtle differences in abdominal
pattern and face pattern (paler "lips"). Also similar to Lance-tipped Darner (p.
78), and Lake Darner (p. 79)

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout

MA.

HABITAT Bogs, fens, wet meadows, and marsh-bordered ponds.

NOTES Adults fly until dusk feeding in sunny clearings, along forest edges and in

early evening feeding swarms. They hang vertically from tree trunks or branches.

Males patrol shorelines scouting and defending breeding sites.

Broad-winged Damsel larvae
are relatively large, with long
antennae and long caudal gills.
The first antennal segment is
elongate. They are dark in
coloration and spend much of
their time climbing around and
clinging to vegetation and
detritus along the edges of
streams.

Calopterygidae: Broad-winged damsels

Broad-winged Damsels are large and colorful and, as
the common name suggests, the wings are broader than in
other damselflies. Calopterygidae means "beautiful wing,"
a reference to the variably colored wings of most species.
There are over 180 species in the family Calopterygidae
worldwide, most occurring in the tropics. Nine species
are known from North America, but only five are found
as far north as Massachusetts.

Their large size, iridescent coloration, and distinctively
shaped and patterned wings readily distinguish Broad-
winged Damsels as a group. Male jewelwings (Calopteryx
spp.) have brilliant, metallic green bodies (appearing blue
in some light) with species-specific wing patterns that range
in color from black to amber-tinted. Male rubyspots
(Hetaerina) have bronze colored bodies and a bright red
patch at the base of the wings. Females in both genera are

bronzy with wings similar in general pattern to the males, though duller in coloration. In most
species, the females have white stigmas. Although most females can be identified by sight,
some require in-hand identification using technical keys. All species have long, spindly, black
legs.

Members of this family breed exclusively in lotic (riverine) habitats. Some inhabit cold,
rocky streams while others prefer sluggish, warmer rivers. Jewelwings are primarily early
season fliers, flying from late May through July in Massachusetts. Rubyspots, in contrast,
typically do not appear until early August, and fly through September. Broad wings and
slow, bouncy flight give Broad-winged Damsels a unique, butterfly-like appearance on the
wing. Teneral adults may wander a few hundred feet from the natal stream, perching in
sunny spots in the woods. Sexually mature adults stay closer to the water, perching horizontally
on streamside vegetation or rocks, usually 1-4 ft. above the water. Unlike other odonate
families, females spend nearly as much time at the water as the males. Courtship behavior in
the Calopterygidae is elaborate. Males defend small territories, often no more than 2-3 ft.
wide along the river's edge. Various courtship displays are performed in front of females,
both in flight and while perched. Unreceptive females curve their abdomens upward and
spread their wings to indicate their unreceptiveness.

Females oviposit endophytically in partially or fully submerged vegetation. They curl their
abdomens below the surface and use their ovipositors to slice into the plants and deposit their
eggs. Typically the male hovers nearby, guarding the female against intrusion by competing
males. The attenuated, long legged-larvae cling to vegetation and debris on the stream
bottom. The larval stage lasts for about a year in the Ebony Jewelwing (Calopteryx maculata) ,
and up to 2-3 years in the River Jewelwing (Calopteryx aequabilis). Emergence takes place on
vegetation or other surfaces within a foot or so of the water's edge.

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Ebony Jewel wing

The only northeastern
odonate with entirely
black wings. Male thorax
and abdomen brilliant
green (appearing blue
when backlit). Wings black
and broader than other
jewelwings. Long black
legs with prominent spines.
Female more bronzy on
body with thicker
abdomen and dark brown
wings with conspicuous
white stigmas.

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RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout

MA.

HABITAT A variety of streams and small rivers but most common along shallow

forested streams. Tends to be found on smaller, more forested streams than the River

Jewel wing (C aequ a bill's).

NOTES Adults perch on streamside and emergent vegetation within a few feet of the

water. They fly low over the water or along forest paths in a bouncy, butterfly-like

manner. Males are territorial and perform fluttering courtship displays for females.

Females oviposit in floating, emergent or submergent vegetation, often with the male

guarding nearby.

A | B^JlJ | J A|S | O | N | P

Superb Jewelwing

Largest of the jewelwings,
with the narrowest wings.
Male thorax and abdomen
bright iridescent green
(appearing blue in some
light). Wings suffused with
amber, with darker tips on
hind wings. Long black
legs with prominent spines.
Female somewhat more
bronzy on body with
thicker abdomen. Variably
sized white stigmas on
wings and no dark tips on
hind wings. Our only
jewelwing in which the
male has no black on
wings.

Calopteryx amata

RANGE/STATUS Central to northeastern U.S.; eastern Canada. Uncommon, limited

to north-central and western MA.

HABITAT Cold, rocky streams.

NOTES Adults perch on streamside and emergent vegetation or rocks close to the

water. They fly within a few feet of the water in a bouncy, butterfly-like manner.

Males perform fluttering courtship displays for females. Females oviposit in floating

and emergent vegetation.

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iver Jewelwing

Calopteryx aequabili

Thorax and abdomen
bright metallic green
(appearing blue in some
light). Approximately
outer third of wings black,
with more black on hind
wings than forewings.
Long black legs with
prominent spines. Female
similar to male, but more
bronzy in color with thicker
abdomen; wings with
conspicuous white stigmas
and dark brown tips (brown
absent in some indi-
viduals). Similar to the
Sparkling Jewelwing (p.
1 7), but black on tips of
wings more extensive
(outer third vs. outer fifth)
and more extensive on hind
wings than forewings
(equal amounts of black in
Sparkling Jewelwing).

RANGE/STATUS Central to northern U.S.; southern Canada. Common throughout

interior MA, but absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT A wide range of streams and small rivers; especially common along swiftly

flowing riffle segments. Tends to be found on larger, more open streams and rivers

than the Ebony Jewelwing (C. maculata).

NOTES Adults perch on streamside and emergent vegetation within a few feet of the

shoreline. They fly low over the water in a bouncy, butterfly-like manner. Males are

territorial and perform fluttering courtship displays for females.

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Sparkling Jewelwing Calopteryx dimidiata

The smallest of the
jewelwings. Male thorax
and abdomen bright
metallic green. Wings
tipped with black (outer
fifth). Long black legs with
prominent spines. Female
more bronzy on body with
stockier abdomen; smoky
brown wash on wings, no
black tips, with small white
stigmas (occasionally
lacking). Similar to the
River Jewelwing (p. 16),
but black wing tips limited
to outer fifth (vs. outer
third in River Jewelwing),
and black tips equal in
extent on all four wings.

RANGE/STATUS Coastal central to southeastern U.S., north to southern NH.
Uncommon in MA, limited to south-central and eastern portions of the Commonwealth,
except absent on Cape Cod and the Islands.

HABITAT Slow-flowing streams and rivers with emergent vegetation.
NOTES Adults perch on streamside and emergent vegetation. They fly within a few
feet of the water in a bouncy, butterfly-like manner. Males perform fluttering courtship
displays in front of females. Females oviposit on floating and emergent vegetation,
often while the male guards nearby.

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American Rubyspot Hetaerina americana

A strikingly colored, large
damselfly. Male thorax
dark, reddish-bronze above
with thin, pale shoulder
stripes and pale yellowish
lower sides; abdomen dark
green to brown above
(appearing blackish in poor
light) with thin, pale rings.
Wings with large red basal
patch. Eyes brownish.
Female similar to male, but
wings suffused with amber
at base and along leading
edges, with tiny white
stigmas; thorax with green
(rather than red)
iridescence above, abdo-
men stockier. Red patch
in wings distinctive among
northeastern damselflies.

RANGE/STATUS The majority of the U.S., but more common to the south, and
extending into the Canadian Great Lakes region. Uncommon in MA and most often
reported from the north-central rivers, including Millers and Connecticut Rivers; there
are a few historic records along the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Moderately flowing streams and rivers with emergent vegetation.
NOTES Adults perch along the shoreline on vegetation and rocks. Flight is slow and
lilting, like that of a butterfly. Males perform mating displays and guard the female as
she oviposits in emergent vegetation or submerged, decaying wood.

O H D

Spreadwing larvae are long
and thin, golden brown to
green in color, and recognized
by their characteristic, stalk-
like prementum. They are
quite mobile, swimming
around or climbing in aquatic
vegetation.

Lestidae: Spreadwings

Spreadwings, unlike most other damselflies, perch with
their wings partially open. About 160 species of Lestidae
are known worldwide, with 19 or 20 known from North
America. Nine species have been found in Massachusetts,
all in the genus Lestes.

Spreadwings are recognizable by their relatively large size
and habit of perching at an oblique angle (roughly 45°),
often with wings spread (also at about a 45° angle; note,
however, that teneral individuals often hold their wings
closed over the back). Body coloration varies from
iridescent green in a few species to pale bluish-gray, to
drab black. In larger species, the abdomen is long and
slender, while smaller species have stockier abdomens.
Mature males typically develop a bluish-gray pruinosity at
the tip of the abdomen and on the thorax, and have bright

blue eyes. Females are more drab, with varying combinations of brown, gray, and black;
they have stockier abdomens than males. All species have pale "shoulder" stripes (more
technically called antehumeral stripes), the shape of which can be useful in identification;
however, these stripes often become obscure with age. The wings are clear in all of the
Lestidae except the Amber-winged Spreadwing (Lestes euhnus). The structure of the male
terminal appendages (p. 20) provides the most reliable means of identifying species. Females
are rarely identifiable except in the hand, and even then can present difficulties.

Spreadwings are found throughout the state, with some species being common and
widespread while others are rare and local. Most are on the wing from mid-June through late
August, although a few fly into autumn. They are weak fliers and their flights are low,
infrequent, and short in duration and distance. Spreadwings inhabit vegetated still water
(lentic) wetlands such as ponds, vernal pools, and marshes, and only rarely are encountered
in riverine systems. At favored sites some species can reach exceptional abundance, with
adults occasionally numbering into the thousands. Tenerals and young adults can be found
in the woods and fields close to the water. When sexually mature, males spend most of the
day at breeding sites where they perch on vertical stalks of emergent or shoreline vegetation.
Like most odonates, females return to the water only when ready to breed.

Females oviposit endophytically, using the well-developed ovipositors at the end of their
abdomens to slice into the stalks of emergent vegetation. In most cases the male remains
attached to the female during oviposition. The eggs are laid either above or just below the
water surface, those above the water eventually becoming submerged as the plant weakens
and dies with the season's passage. Larvae are long and slender, spending much of their time
clinging to stalks of aquatic vegetation. The larval stage lasts from a few months to a year.
Emergence takes place on vegetation or other surfaces within a foot or so of the water.

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Lestidae Male Terminal Appendages

Identifying the nine species of Lestes often requires looking
closely at the reproductive structures. The diagrams below
show a dorsal view (i.e., looking down from the top) of male
abdominal segment 10 (S10) and the terminal appendages.
The superior appendages (SA) and inferior appendages (IA)
have important characteristics that are described below each
illustration. Coloration of S10 and the appendages is not
important in identification. Females are not illustrated, refer
to the technical manuals (see p. 194).

basal tooth distal tooth

Common Spreadwing,
(L. disjunctus): Basal and distal
teeth prominent and similar in
size. IA nearly as long as SA.
p. 21

Sweetflacj Spreadwing,
(L. forcipatus): Basal teeth
distinctly larger than distal
teeth, p. 22

Lyre-tipped Spreadwing,
(L. unguiculatus): IA clearly
divergent at tips (lyre-shaped),
p. 24

Spotted Spreadwing,
(L congener): I A not longer
than 1/2 the length of SA.
Basal tooth large, distal tooth
indistinct, p. 23

Emerald Spreadwing,
(L. dryasj: I A boot shaped.
Basal and distal teeth
prominent and similar in size,
p. 25

Slender Spread-wing,
(L recta nqu la ris): r_^^x
IA curved down- f~~ Kf^^
ward in side i j^y^
view. p. 29

Amber-winged Spreadwing, Swamp Spreadwing, Elegant Spreadwing,

(L. eurinus): IA very short and (L vigilax}. IA slender and very (L. inaequalis): IA distinctly

stubby. SA smoothly rounded long, nearly as long as SA. longer than SA, and bent at a

on outer edge. p. 28 Distal teeth indistinct, p. 26 right angle near tip. p. 27

Common Spreadwing Lestes disjunctus

One of the smaller spreadwings. Male thorax
dark above with narrow, pale green shoulder
stripes (becoming obscure with age) and pale
yellow to bluish-gray sides; abdomen dark
above, often with green iridescence, gray at
tip (S9-S10) when mature. Eyes dark blue
above, light blue below. Female thorax blackish
above with pale shoulder stripes (often broader
than on male) and pale gray or tan sides;
abdomen dark iridescent green above and pale brown below. Very similar to the Lyre-
tipped (p. 24) and the Sweetflag (p. 22) spreadwings, and males are best distinguished in
the hand by the shape of the terminal appendages (p. 20).

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RANGE/STATUS Throughout much of U.S. and Canada. Common throughout
MA.

HABITAT A wide range of still-water habitats including vegetated, marshy, and bog-
bordered ponds, stream backwaters, swamps, and vernal pools.

NOTES Adults perch on emergent vegetation in the wetland or nearby grassy fields,
making short, slow flights. They perch in typical Lestes fashion, obliquely with the
abdomen lowered and wings partially spread. Females oviposit in tandem in vertical
stalks of emergent vegetation, slicing open the stems above the waterline and inserting
eggs with the ovipositors.

A southern form (L. disjunctus australis) may be a distinct species. The distal tooth on
male terminal appendages of L. d. australis is less strongly developed than in L. d.
disjunctus. Although not known from MA, it has been recorded in NY and CT and
should be looked for in late May and June.

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Sweetflag Spread wing Lestes forcipatus

Intermediate in size
among the spreadwings,
though size variable. Male
thorax blackish above with
pale shoulder stripes and
pale tan to bluish-gray
sides, often with a small
dark spot on lower sides;
abdomen blackish above
with pale gray tip (S9-
S10) when mature. Eyes
blue. Female thorax
blackish above, with pale
shoulder stripes; abdomen
blackish above. Quite
similar to other
spreadwings, but female
distinguished in the hand
by long ovipositor
(extending beyond

terminal appendages).
Both sexes often have a
small, pale brown spot on
lower side of thorax, like
the Spotted Spreadwing
(p. 23). Shoulder stripes of
both sexes usually taper
abruptly posteriorly. Male
very similar to the
Common Spreadwing (p.
21 ) though generally more
black above; can be
difficult to distinguish even in the hand.

RANGE/STATUS Scattered from the Rocky Mountains to the east coast, extending

into Canada. Fairly common at lower elevations throughout MA, most common on the

southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT A wide range of still-water habitats including vegetated ponds and pools,

boggy ponds, and marshes.

NOTES Adults fly slowly in and out of emergent vegetation along the shore or in

nearby grassy fields. They perch frequently in typical Lestes fashion, obliquely with the

abdomen lowered and the wings partially spread. Females oviposit in tandem, in emergent

vegetation above the waterline or in floating aquatic plants.

A|M|Jf J \k S jO| N | 0

Spotted Spread

wing

One of the smallest,
stockiest spreadwings.
Male thorax black above
with thin, pale shoulder
stripes (which become
obscure with age) and
pale yellowish to gray
sides; dark, elongate spots
on the lower side of the
thorax (present on both
sexes, but very difficult to
see except in the hand);
abdomen blackish dorsally
with blue-gray tip (S9-
S10). Eyes blue above.
Female thorax dark brown
above with pale shoulder
stripes and pale gray sides;
abdomen dark above and
pale brown to gray on
sides. Similar to other small
spreadwings (Common, p.
21 ; Lyre-tipped, p. 24),
but dark spots of lower
thorax absent on other
species, except the
Sweetflag (p. 22), which
often has a single,
somewhat paler spot on
each side.

RANGE/STATUS Mid-south through northern U.S. into Canada. Common
throughout MA.

HABITAT A wide range of still-water habitats including vegetated, marshy, and bog-
bordered ponds, stream backwaters, swamps, and vernal pools.

NOTES Adults perch on emergent vegetation in the wetland or nearby grassy fields,
making short, slow flights. They perch in typical Lestes fashion, obliquely with the
abdomen lowered and wings partially spread. Females oviposit in tandem in vertical
stalks of woody and herbaceous emergent vegetation, slicing open the stems above the
water line and inserting eggs with their ovipositors. Spotted Spreadwings have a late
flight season, being one of the latest odonates on the wing in the northeast.

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Lyre-tipped Spreadwing Lestes unguiculatus

One of the smallest
spreadwings. Male thorax
dark bronzy above, often
becoming pruinose blue-
gray with age, with pale
shoulder stripes and
grayish sides; abdomen
dark green to blackish
above, with pale gray tip
(S9-S10) when mature.
Female thorax greenish
above with pale shoulder
stripes and pale tan sides;
abdomen green above,
pale below. Very similar to
the Common Spreadwing
(p. 21) and best identified
by shape of male terminal
appendages (p. 20).

RANGE/STATUS Mid-southern U.S. northward through Canada. Local and

uncommon throughout MA. Many of the records are historic, suggesting a population

decline. All recent records are from the coastal plain, however this may reflect survey

bias.

HABITAT Small, open, vegetated ponds and temporary pools.

NOTES Adults fly slowly in and out of emergent vegetation along the shore and

through grassy upland fields. They perch frequently in typical Lestes fashion, obliquely

with the abdomen lowered and the wings partially spread. Females oviposit in tandem

in stalks of emergent vegetation.

A|M|JHX'':-""| |Q| N | D

Emerald Spreadwing Lestesdryi

One of the smallest,
stockiest spreadwings.
Male thorax bright green
above, with thin, pale
shoulder stripes and pale
yellow to blue sides;
abdomen green above
with pale bluish-gray tip
(S9-S10) when mature.
Eyes blue above. Similar to
other green spreadwings
(Elegant, p. 27; Swamp,
p. 26), but smaller and
stockier and usually
brighter green. Female
similar to Common
Spreadwing (p. 21) and
Lyre-tipped Spreadwing
(p. 24), but generally
much greener dorsally;
ovipositor typically
extends beyond tip of
abdomen (like Sweetflag
Spreadwing, p. 22)

RANGE/STATUS South-central U.S. north through Canada. Uncommon throughout
MA; all records from Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket are historic.
HABITAT A wide range of still-water habitats, often acidic and/or temporary, including
vegetated, marshy ponds and pools, and stream backwaters.

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One of the larger
spreadwings. Male thorax
metallic green above with
narrow brown shoulder
stripes and dull yellowish
sides, becoming pruinose
gray with age; abdomen
dark green above with
pale gray tip (S9-S10)
when mature. Eyes blue
above. Female thorax
green above, with brown
shoulder stripes and
grayish-yellow sides;
abdomen green above,
dull brown below. Both
sexes very similar to the
Elegant Spreadwing (p.
27), but averaging smaller
and duller green, with
more obvious brown
shoulder stripes.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; eastern Canada. Common and widespread throughout

MA.

HABITAT A wide range of still-water habitats, including vegetated ponds and pools,

marshy and bog-bordered ponds, and stream backwaters.

NOTES Adults fly slowly in and out of emergent vegetation along the shore and

through grassy upland fields, perching frequently on low vegetation. They perch in

typical Lestes fashion, obliquely with the abdomen lowered and the wings partially spread.

Females oviposit in tandem in vertical stalks of emergent vegetation, slicing open the

stems above the waterline and inserting eggs with their ovipositors.

A|M|j ] J JA:|S |Q|N|D

One of the largest spreadwings. Male thorax bright metallic

green dorsally, with lemon-yellow sides; abdomen bright

green above with a blue-gray tip (S9-S10) in mature

individuals. Eyes blue above. Long inferior appendages

(extending beyond superiors), often visible at close range

in the field. Female similar but coloration somewhat duller.

Both sexes very similar to the Swamp Spreadwing (p. 26),

averaging somewhat larger and brighter green above, but with less distinctive brown

shoulder stripes; often difficult to distinguish except in the hand. Amber-winged Spreadwing

(p. 28) is similar in length but is huskier, less green, has a dark, diagonal streak on sides

of thorax, and usually has at least a faint brownish wash in the wings.

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RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; eastern Canada. Fairly common throughout MA,

though less common on the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT A variety of still- water habitats including vegetated, marshy ponds and

pond-like expansions of streams often with heavily wooded shorelines.

NOTES Adults fly slowly in and out of emergent vegetation, perching frequently in

typical Lestes fashion, obliquely with the abdomen lowered and wings partially spread.

They also fly low over open water. Females oviposit in tandem in vertical stalks of

emergent vegetation and in floating aquatic plants, slicing open the plant tissues and

inserting eggs with their ovipositors.

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)readwini

,estes eurmus

■■■■■■■■■■■

One of the largest
spreadwings with varying
amounts of amber wash in
wings. Male thorax dark
green to bluish above,
with pale yellow sides and
a dark diagonal lateral
streak that fades with age;
abdomen dark green to
blackish above with a pale
gray tip (S9-S10) when
mature. Eyes bright blue
above. Wings typically
suffused with amber (but
occasionally faint). Female
thorax bronzy above with
pale yellow sides and a
dark diagonal lateral
streak; abdomen dark
green above, pale below.
Wings often with little or
no amber. Similar in size
to the Elegant Spreadwing
(p. 27), but stockier with
less green coloration and
dark lateral streak on
thorax. Amber wash in
wings is absent in most
other spreadwings.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northeastern U.S.; eastern Canada. Uncommon but

present throughout MA.

HABITAT A wide range of still-water habitats, most commonly boggy and temporary

ponds.

NOTES Adults fly slowly in and out of emergent vegetation along the shore and out

over open water. They perch frequently in typical Lestes fashion, obliquely with the

abdomen lowered and wings partially spread. Females oviposit in tandem in emergent

and floating vegetation. They have one of the earliest flight seasons among the

spreadwings.

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Slender Spreadwing Lestes rectangularis

One of the longest
spreadwings. Male thorax
dark above with pale,
often greenish shoulder
stripes and lemon-yellow
sides; abdomen very long
and slender (almost twice
the length of folded
wings), pale brown but
increasingly blackish
dorsally toward tip, and
lacking pale tip
characteristic of other
mature male spreadwings.
Terminal appendages
curved downward in side
view. Eyes blue above.
Female thorax brown
above with pale shoulder
stripes and yellow sides;
abdomen dark above and
stockier than male's (about
1 Vz times length of folded
wings). Wings in both
sexes occasionally tinged
with brown.

^^^■■■■^■H

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S. into central and eastern Canada. Common

throughout MA.

HABITAT A wide range of still-water habitats, including vegetated ponds and pools,

marshes, and vernal pools.

NOTES Adults perch on emergent vegetation along the shore, often in the shade,

flying infrequently. They are often found far from water, perched on low vegetation

along trails, roads, and fields. They perch in typical Lestes fashion, obliquely with the

abdomen lowered and wings partially spread. Females oviposit alone or in tandem in

vertical stalks of emergent vegetation, slicing open the stems and inserting eggs with

their ovipositors.

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Coenagrionidae: Pond damsels

Pond damsel larvae have
prominent eyes and short
antennae. They tend to be
smaller than the larvae of the
other damselfly families. They
climb on aquatic vegetation,
although the species of Argia
also sprawl on sand and mud
on stream or river bottoms.

Pond damsels are an exceptionally diverse family. Over
1,100 species have been described worldwide, with about
96 species from 13 genera known from North America.
There are 35 species in Massachusetts, belonging to seven
genera.

Pond damsels occur in a rainbow of colors, blue being
most common. Wings are usually clear, though in some
species can be dusky or faintly tinged with amber.
Identification varies from straightforward to extremely
difficult. In the field, many males and some females can be
distinguished by the color and pattern of the body, the
presence or absence of post-ocular spots ("eyespots"), and
the shape and size of the spots. Females of a few species
may be dichromatic; in one (homeochromatic) form their
color and pattern are similar to the male and in the other

(heterochromatic) form their color and pattern are different than the male. The structure of
the male terminal appendages (p. 3 1-32) provides the most reliable means of identifying many
species.

Pond damsels are found in a wide range of aquatic habitats, with a few even inhabiting
brackish wetlands. Some species are habitat specific, such as the coastal plain pond species,
while others are generalists, found in a variety of habitats. One generalist, the Eastern
Forktail (Ischnura verticalis), is probably the most widespread and common odonate in
Massachusetts. Pond damsels are weak fliers and spend most of their time perched horizontally
on flat surfaces (e.g., the ground, a rock, or a broad leaf) or horizontally on stalks of vegetation.
They are most often found in wetlands, but may be encountered in nearby fields and clearings.
They fly throughout the summer, with the earliest species often appearing in late April and
the last still on the wing in early October. However, each species generally has a limited flight
season, in many cases lasting only a month or so. Most species are active during the day,
with the exception of the Vesper Bluet {Enallagma vesperum), which is crepuscular.

Males are generally not territorial, and spend most of the day at water hunting and waiting
for receptive females. Females oviposit endophytically or epiphytically, either alone, with the
male guarding from a nearby perch, or with the male attached in tandem. In the dancers
[Argia) , numerous pairs often oviposit synchronously in mats of floating vegetation, creating
dense breeding congregations, the males still attached to the females in an upright position.
Pond damsel larvae are small and elongate, spending much of their time clinging to stalks of
aquatic vegetation or crawling along the undersides of leaves. The larval stage lasts from a
few months to a year. Emergence takes place a few inches from the water on emergent
vegetation.

Key to Coenagrionid genera
la. Tibial spines conspicuously long, more than twice as long as

the space between each (a): Argia (p. 64-67)
lb. Tibial spines not conspicuously longer than the space between
each (b): 2

2a.
2b.

3a.

Postocular spots absent (c): 3
Postocular spots present (d): 4

Body blue and black, conspicuous yellow patch on lower thorax: Chromagrion

(p. 33)
3b. Body metallic green with last 2 abdominal segments blue: Nehalennia (p. 62-63)
3c. Body red (&) or orange ( $ ) and black: Amphiagrion (p. 55)

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Enallagma, Coenagrion, Ischnura. Male terminal appendages are illustrated below.

Male Terminal Appendages: Coenagrionidae

In the following diagrams lateral views of S9,
S10 and the terminal appendages are
illustrated. Superior appendages (SA) and
inferior appendages (IA) are diagnostic.

The bluets (Enallagma) and similar species
are very difficult to identify without examining
the male terminal appendages under a hand
lens or loupe. Identification of females is
extremely difficult and often requires
examination under a microscope. Refer to
the technical manuals (see p. 194) for female
diagnostic characteristics. The following
illustrations are organized first by overall
coloration of the animal. The species that do

not have a blue and black abdomen are on this page, and those with a blue-and-black abdomen
are on page 32. Note that the appearance and extent of dorsal and lateral black coloration on
S10 is variable and often NOT a reliable diagnostic character.

ABDOMEN NOT BLUE AND BLACK

The following Coenagrionids do not have a blue and black abdomen. Body coloration of
these species is diagnostic, but terminal appendages should be examined for confirmation.

S8-S10

Orange Bluet, (Enallagma
signatum): thorax
orange; abdomen
mostly black, S9 entirely
orange, p. 52

Vesper Bluet, (Enallagma
vesperum): thorax bright
yellow; abdomen

mostly black, S9 entirely
blue. p. 53

Scarlet Bluet, (Enallagma
pictum): thorax red;
abdomen red/orange,
S9 with black above.
p.54

Eastern Red Damsel,
(Amphiagrion saucium). a
red damselfly, without
postocular spots. No dorsal
black on S4-S6. p.55

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Terminal Appendages: Enallagma, Coenagrion, Chromagrion

ABDOMEN BLUE AND BLACK

Most bluets (Enallagma), Coenagrion resolution and Chromagrion condkum are blue and black.
Though S8 and S9 on many are entirely blue, S2-S7 range from either more blue than black
to more black than blue. The following terminal appendage illustrations group the species by
overall abdomen coloration (more blue at the top of the page to more black at the bottom)
and by body size (larger species on the left to smaller species on the right).

| Big Bluet,

< (Enallagma durum)

Familiar Bluet,
(Enallagma civile)
p. 34

Atlantic Bluet,
(Enallagma doubledayi)
p. 38 "

Marsh Bluet,
(Enallagma ebrium)

p. 40 "

0 Boreal Bluet,

^ (Enallagma boreale)

< p. 35
Z

Northern Bluet,
(Enallagma cyathigerum)
p. 36 "

New England Bluet,
(Enallagma laterale)
p. 42 "

Hagen's Bluet,
(Enallagma hageni)
p. 41

Tule Bluet,

(Enallagma carunculatum)

p. 37

Taiga Bluet,
(Coenagrion resolutum)
p. 45

Pine Barrens Bluet,
(Enallagma recurvatum)
p. 43 "

Little Bluet,

(Enallagma minusculum)
p. 44 "

Attenuated Bluet,
(Enallagma daeckii)
p. 51

Azure Bluet,
(Enallagma aspersum)
p. 50

Slender Bluet,
(Enallagma tra via turn)
p.46

Stream Bluet,
(Enallagma exsulans)
p.47

Aurora Damsel,
(Chromagrion conditum)
p. 33

Turquoise Bluet,
(Enallagma divagans)
p. 48 "

Skimming Bluet,
(Enallagma geminatum)
p. 49 "

Resembles a bluet
{Enallagma), but typically
holds wings partially open
like a spreadwing. Male
thorax black above, with
blue sides and a distinctive
yellow patch on lower
sides; abdomen mostly
black on middle segments
(S3-S7) with blue rings,
S8-S9 blue with distinctive
pattern of thin black
markings on top. Eyes
blue, no postocular spots.
Female similar to male,
including distinctive
yellow patch on thorax,
but light brown to gray
where male is blue, and
S8-S9 black above.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Common throughout MA but scarce along southeast

coast.

HABITAT Bogs, fens, small streams, and vernal pools.

NOTES Adults spend much of the time perched on low vegetation or on the ground

along the shoreline or on roads and trails near water. When perched they are similar to

a spreadwing (Lestidae) in habit, with the wings held partially spread. Flights are low

and brief. Females oviposit in tandem on floating or submerged plants.

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Familiar tuuet

Typically a large bluet
(though size quite
variable), with more blue
than black on abdomen.
Male thorax blue with
broad, black mid-dorsal
stripe and thinner black
shoulder stripes; abdomen
mostly blue with black
dorsal markings, black
most extensive on S6-S7,
and entirely blue on S8-
S9. Postocular spots usually
small and rounded or tear-
shaped. Female thoracic
pattern similar to male but
pale tan where male is
blue, though many
become dull blue with
age; abdomen mostly
black above. Both sexes
very similar to Boreal Bluet
(p. 35), Northern Bluet (p.
36), Tule Bluet (p. 37),
Atlantic Bluet (p. 38), and
Big Bluet (p. 39); safely
identified only by male
terminal appendages.
Females often indist-
inguishable in the field.

RANGE/STATUS U.S.; southern Canada. Common throughout MA.
HABITAT Large ponds, lakes, and sluggish rivers; sometimes found in brackish or
saline wetlands.

NOTES Adults fly low in and out of shoreline and emergent vegetation, perching
horizontally on the ground, rocks, logs, and foliage. They hunt in flight, gleaning
perched insects from vegetation. Males fly low over open water. Females oviposit in
tandem on submerged vegetation, often becoming completely submerged themselves.

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Boreal Bluet

Fairly large bluet with
more blue than black on
abdomen. Male thorax
blue with broad black mid-
dorsal stripe and thinner
black shoulder stripes;
abdomen mostly blue with
dorsal black markings,
black most extensive on
S6-S7, and entirely blue
on S8-S9. Postocular spots
typically rounded and
fairly large. Female thorax
similar to male, but pale
grayish-brown where male
is blue, often becoming
dull blue with age;
abdomen mostly black
above. Both sexes very
similar to Northern Bluet
(p. 36) and Familiar Bluet
(p. 34); safely identified
only by male terminal
appendages.

RANGE/STATUS U.S. and Canada. Fairly common in much of MA, but rare along

southeast coast.

HABITAT A wide variety of still-water habitats; often vegetated ponds.

NOTES Adults fly low in and out of shoreline vegetation, alighting horizontally or

obliquely on foliage. Females oviposit in tandem on floating or submerged vegetation.

Like the very similar Northern Bluet (p. 36), this species flies early in the season, reaching

peak abundance in June.

A I iflMllllA I S | O | N 1 D

Fairly large bluet with
more blue than black on
abdomen. Male thorax
blue with broad, black
mid-dorsal stripe and
thinner black shoulder
stripes; abdomen mostly
blue with black dorsal
markings, most extensive
on S6-S7, entirely blue on
S8-S9. Postocular spots
generally large and
rounded. Female thorax
similar to male, but pale
areas tan to dull blue;
abdomen mostly black
above, except S8 mostly
pale with thin black dorsal
line, expanding rearward.
Both sexes very similar to
Boreal Bluet (p. 35) and
Familiar Bluet (p. 34);
safely identified only by
male terminal appendages.

RANGE/STATUS Central U.S. north through Canada. Fairly common throughout

MA.

HABITAT A wide range of still-water habitats including vegetated ponds, bogs, and

vernal pools; occasionally sluggish streams.

NOTES Adults fly in and out of emergent and shoreline vegetation, alighting horizontally

or obliquely on foliage. Females oviposit in tandem in floating and submerged aquatic

plants. Like the very similar Boreal Bluet (p. 35), flies early in the season.

The form E. cyathigerum vernalemay be a distinct species; its status in MA is unclear.
Identification requires microscopic examination of the male terminal appendages.

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Tule Bluet

■■■■■■i

Enallagma carunculatum

Fairly large bluet with
abdomen slightly more
black than blue dorsally.
Male thorax blue with
broad black mid-dorsal
stripe and thinner black
shoulder stripes; abdomen
blue with black dorsal
markings on S2-S7 (S4-
S7 more black than blue
above), S8-S9 entirely
blue. Postocular spots
variable but generally
rather small and tear-
shaped. Female thorax
similar to male, but pale
areas light brown to blue-
gray; abdomen mostly
black above. Both sexes
very similar to Familiar
Bluet (p. 34), though male
typically with more black
on S4-S5, imparting a
somewhat darker

appearance overall. Safely
identified only by male
terminal appendages.

ncommon

and

RANGE/STATUS Central U.S. north through southern Canada.

local in central and western MA.

HABITAT Ponds and sluggish, mid-sized to large rivers.

NOTES Adults spend much of the time perched horizontally or obliquely on foliage,

rocks, and logs, making low, brief flights. Females oviposit in tandem on floating or

submerged vegetation.

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nallagma doubledayi

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Fairly large bluet with
more blue than black on
abdomen. Male thorax
blue with broad, black
mid-dorsal stripe and
thinner black shoulder
stripes; abdomen mostly
blue with black dorsal
markings, black most
extensive on S6-S7, and
S8-S9 entirely blue.
Postocular spots small and
connected by a pale bar
across rear of head. Female
thorax similar to male but
pale areas tan or dull blue;
abdomen black above.
Both sexes very similar to
Familiar Bluet (p. 34),
though fused postocular
spots usually distinctive.
Safely identified only by
male terminal appendages.
Also similar to Boreal Bluet
(p. 35), Northern Bluet (p.
36), and Big Bluet (p. 39).

RANGE/STATUS Southeastern U.S., north to MA. Common but local in southeastern

MA.

HABITAT Coastal plain ponds.

NOTES Adults fly among emergent shoreline vegetation, often perching on projecting

stems. Females oviposit in tandem on horizontal and vertical stems of emergent

vegetation. Although the range and flight season overlaps with the Familiar Bluet (£.

civile) in the southeast, the two species do not seem to occur together, Familiar Bluets

typically occurring in less-vegetated ponds.

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Large bluet, with somewhat more blue than black on

abdomen. Male thorax blue with broad, black dorsal stripe

bisected lengthwise by a thin blue line, and thinner black

shoulder stripes; abdomen mostly blue with black dorsal

markings, most extensive on S6-S7. Black on S3-S5

typically shaped like forward pointing daggers; entirely

blue on S8-S9. Postocular spots small and connected by

a pale bar across rear of head. Female thorax similar to male but pale areas tan to dull

blue; abdomen extensively black above. Very similar to Familiar Bluet (p. 34), but averages

larger with more black on middle abdominal segments, black mid-dorsal stripe on thorax

bisected by thin blue line, and postocular spots connected; however, safely distinguished

only by male terminal appendages.

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RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Uncommon in MA, recorded from the Connecticut

River and along the coast.

HABITAT Coastal ponds (often brackish) and large, sluggish rivers.

NOTES Adults perch in vegetation along the shoreline, often in the shade. Females

oviposit on submerged vegetation, sometimes entering the water head-first, with the

male guarding nearby.

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Small bluet with more blue
than black on abdomen.
Male thorax blue with
broad, black mid-dorsal
stripe and thinner black
shoulder stripes; abdomen
mostly blue with black
dorsal markings, most
extensive on S6-S7;
mostly blue on S8-S9.
Postocular spots small and
tear-shaped. Female
thorax similar to male, but
pale areas tan to blue-
green; abdomen exten-
sively black above. Both
sexes indistinguishable
from Hagen's Bluet (p.
41) without examination
of male terminal append-
ages or female meso-
stigmal plates on front of
thorax. Also very similar
to the Familiar Bluet (p.
34), but smaller.

RANGE/ STATUS Central to northern U.S.; southern Canada. Common throughout

MA but absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Grassy wetlands; usually not associated with acidic waters.

NOTES Adults fly slowly through emergent and shoreline vegetation, alighting

horizontally or obliquely on foliage. Females oviposit in tandem or alone, often becoming

completely submerged. Although this species and the virtually identical Hagen's Bluet

(B. hageni) have similar distributions and flight seasons, they typically do not use the

same habitat, the latter preferring more acidic conditions. However, they do co-occur

at a few sites.

a|m|jTj l^|s |o|n|d

Small bluet with more blue
than black on abdomen.
Male thorax blue with
broad, black mid-dorsal
stripe and black shoulder
stripes; abdomen mostly
blue with black dorsal
markings, most extensive
on S6-S7, mostly blue on
S8-S9. Postocular spots
small and tear-shaped.
Female thorax similar to
male, but pale areas light
brown to bluish or green;
abdomen extensively
black above. Both sexes
indistinguishable from
Marsh Bluet (p. 40)
without examination of
male terminal appendages
or female mesostigmal
plates on frong of thorax.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northeastern U.S.; Canada. Common throughout N IA
but absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Vegetated ponds and open bogs, more often in acidic wetlands than Marsh
Bluet {B. ebriuiri).

NOTES Adults fly slowly through emergent and shoreline vegetation, frequently alighting
horizontally or obliquely on foliage. Females o\iposit in tandem in floating and emergent
vegetation.

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Small bluet with more blue
than black on abdomen.
Male thorax blue with
broad, black mid-dorsal
stripe and black shoulder
stripes; abdomen mostly
blue with black dorsal
markings, black most
extensive on S6-S7; S8-
S9 mostly blue, with
variably sized horizonta
black mark on side of S8.
Postocular spots rather
small and tear-shaped.
Female thorax similar to
male, but pale areas tan
to blue-gray; abdomen
black above. Similar to the
Pine Barrens Bluet (p. 43),
but males typically less
black on S4-S5, with
larger black mark on side
of S8. Female virtually
identical to female Marsh
(p. 40) and Hagen's
(p. 41) Bluets.

RANGE/STATUS A northeastern endemic found from NJ north to southern ME. It
is uncommon to locally common throughout eastern and north-central MA.
HABITAT Acidic, sandy ponds (e.g., coastal plain ponds), bog-bordered ponds, and
other ponds with ample emergent vegetation.

NOTES Adults fly slowly through emergent and shoreline vegetation and along forest
roads and clearings near water, frequently alighting horizontally or obliquely on foliage.
Females oviposit in tandem in floating and emergent vegetation.

AllU |A[S |Q|N|D

■

ine Barrens Blu

Small bluet with more
black than blue on middle
of abdomen. Male thorax
blue with broad, black
mid-dorsal stripe and black
shoulder stripes; abdomen
blue with black markings,
black most extensive on
S6-S7, about equally blue
and black on S4-S5, and
S8-S9 mostly blue, with
small (occasionally absent),
horizontal black mark on
sides of S8. Postocular
spots small and tear-
shaped. Female thorax
similar to male, but pale
areas tan to blue-gray;
abdomen mostly black
above, except S8 partially
blue with forward-
pointing black triangle.
Similar to New England
Bluet (p. 42), but usually
more black on middle of
abdomen and black lateral
mark on S8 typically
smaller. Female most
similar to Skimming Bluet
(p. 49), but differs in
pattern on S2.

RANGE/STATUS A northeastern endemic found from N] north to southern ME

is uncommon and restricted to the southeast coastal plain in MA.

HABITAT Acidic, sandy ponds {e.g., coastal plain ponds).

NOTES Adults fly slowly through emergent and shoreline vegetation and along forest

roads and clearings near water, frequently alighting horizontally or obliquely on foliage.

Females oviposit in tandem in floating and emergent vegetation.

A MlJUJ |A|S |Q| N | P

One of the smallest bluets,
with about equally blue
and black abdomen. Male
thorax blue with broad,
black mid-dorsal stripe and
black shoulder stripes, blue
on top of thorax be-
coming lavender with age;
abdomen mostly blue with
black dorsal markings, S4-
S5 half to two-thirds
black, S6-S7 mostly black,
and S8-S9 entirely blue.
Female thorax similar to
male, but pale areas tan
to blue-gray; abdomen
black above. Lavender
color on male thorax is
distinctive. Female very
similar to Marsh (p. 40),
Hagen's (p. 41) and New
England (p. 42) Bluets.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Uncommon in central

and eastern MA, more common in the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Ponds with sparse emergent or aquatic vegetation and sandy substrate.

NOTES Adults fly slowly through emergent and shoreline vegetation, frequently alighting

horizontally or obliquely on foliage. Females oviposit in tandem in floating and emergent

vegetation.

A|M|J P"~[7'"|S |Q|N|D

Male thorax blue with
broad black mi d-d or sal
stripe and thinner black
shoulder stripes; lower
sides of thorax typically
tinged with pale green;
abdomen blue with black
dorsal markings, S3-S5
about equally blue and
black above, S6-S7 all
black, S8-S9 all blue.
Postocular spots tear-
shaped. Female thorax
similar to male with pale
areas more green;
abdomen entirely black
above. Male distinguished
from other bluets by
greenish-blue color and
pattern on S2.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northern U.S.; Canada. Rare in MA, with several

records from north-central and northeastern MA and one anomalous record from

Cape Cod.

HABITAT Marshes, bogs, and vegetated ponds.

NOTES Adults perch horizontally on emergent and shoreline vegetation and make

low, brief flights. Females oviposit in tandem on emergent or floating vegetation.

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Medium-sized bluet with
mostly black abdomen.
Male thorax pale blue with
broad, black mid-dorsal
stripe and thin black
shoulder stripes; abdomen
mostly black above on S3-

57, all blue on S8-S9
(except very short black
triangle extending onto
top of S8). Postocular
spots fairly large and
connected by a pale bar
across rear of head. Female
thorax similar to male, but
pale areas tan to light
blue; abdomen mostly
black above, but rear of

58, most of S9, and all of
S1 0 pale blue. Male similar
to Stream Bluet (p. 47),
but S8 all blue, middle of
abdomen not as distinctly
ringed, black shoulder
stripes thinner, and
postocular spots larger.
Female distinguished by
pattern of S8-S10.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. into the Canadian Great Lakes region. Fairly common

but local throughout MA.

HABITAT Ponds and lakes with ample emergent and aquatic vegetation.

NOTES Adults fly slowly through emergent and shoreline vegetation, alighting

horizontally or obliquely on foliage, rocks, and logs. Females oviposit in tandem in

floating and emergent vegetation.

A j M | JfXft I S | O I N | D

Medium -si zed bluet with
more black than blue on
abdomen. Male thorax
blue with broad, black
mid-dorsal stripe and thick
black shoulder stripes;
abdomen mostly black on
S3-S7, but with narrow
blue rings on rear of each
segment, S8 blue on sides
and black above, S9 all
blue. Postocular spots
small and connected by a
pale bar across rear of
head. Female thorax
similar to male, but pale
areas usually dull greenish,
and shoulder stripes brown
with black edging;
abdomen mostly black
above, but S10 and rear
half of S9 pale. Male
turquoise Bluet (p. 48)
similar, but abdomen lacks
conspic-uous blue rings
and more blue on S8.
Brown shoulder stripes of
female Stream Bluet are
dist-inctive.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout interior

MA, uncommon and local along the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Mid-sized to large streams and rivers; occasionally lakes.

NOTES Adults alight horizontally or obliquely on rocks, logs, foliage, and bare ground

along the shoreline. They occasionally hover just over the water. Females oviposit in

tandem in aquatic vegetation.

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Bl.

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divagans

A bluet with mostly black
abdomen. Male thorax
blue with broad, black
mid-dorsal stripe and
thinner black shoulder
stripes; abdomen mostly
black above, except S8-S9
entirely blue. Postocular
spots small, tear-shaped,
and connected by a pale
bar across rear of head.
Female thorax similar to
male, but pale areas dull
blue; abdomen mostly
black above, except S10
all blue, S9 partially blue
posteriorly, and S8 with
pale lateral spot on rear.
Stream Bluet (p. 47)
similar, but with obvious
blue rings on abdomen
and only S9 blue above.
Female distinguished by
pattern of S8-S1.0.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Fairly common in eastern and central MA.
HABITAT Slow reaches of streams; occasionally well-vegetated ponds and lakes.
NOTES Adults fly slowly in and out of emergent and shoreline vegetation, hovering
frequently and perching on foliage. Females oviposit in tandem on emergent vegetation;
the pair backs down the stem until the female is completely submerged. The male then
releases the female and guards the area.

A j Mf TTj |a I s i o i n i d

Skimming Bluet Enallagma gemma turn

Small bluet with mostly
black abdomen. Male
thorax blue with broad,
black mid-dorsal stripe and
black shoulder stripes;
abdomen mostly black
with narrow blue rings,
except S8-S9 mostly blue
and S2 blue with black
diamond above and
horizontal black "dash" on
side. Postocular spots small
and tear-shaped. Female
thorax similar to male, but
pale areas tan to pale
blue; abdomen black
above, except large,
paired blue ovals on top
of S8. Both sexes
distinguished from other
bluets by distinctive
pattern on S2.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Very common throughout

MA.

HABITAT A wide range of flowing and still-water habitats including clear streams and

well- vegetated ponds and lakes.

NOTES Adults perch horizontally on foliage along the shoreline, or on water lilies.

They fly very low, skimming the water's surface. Females oviposit in tandem or alone

on aquatic vegetation.

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ure Bluet

Fairly large bluet,
abdomen black in the
middle and blue at both
ends. Thorax blue with
broad black mid-dorsa
stripe and thin black
shoulder stripes; abdomen
mostly black on middle
segments (S3-S6), S7
black anteriorly (variable
in extent) and blue
posteriorly, S8-S9 entirely
blue. Large, round
postocular spots. Female
thorax similar to male,
except pale areas tan to
dull blue; abdomen black
above, except S7 mostly
pale with a thin black
dorsal line, S8 with pair of
pale ovals on top. Male
abdominal pattern dist-
inctive. Female disting-
uished by pattern on S7
and S8.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; extreme southeastern Canada. Common throughout

MA.

HABITAT Vegetated and bog-bordered ponds; vernal pools.

NOTES Adults spend much of the time perched horizontally or obliquely on foliage,

occasionally making low, brief flights. Males fly low over open water. Females oviposit

in tandem on floating or submerged vegetation.

AlMUlJ [A[:'iOlM|D

Our largest bluet. Male
thorax entirely pale blue,
except for very thin black
dorsal lines; abdomen
mostly blackish, except
S8-S10 and posterior Va
of S7 all blue. Postocular
spots very large, blending
into blue eyes, head, and
face. Female thorax similar
to male but pale areas tan
to light blue; abdomen
mostly blackish above
except S9-S10 all pale.
Near absence of black on
thorax and very long,
slender abdomen dist-
inguish both sexes of this
species from all other
northeastern bluets.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S., north to MA. Rare in MA, found only at a few sites

in the southeast.

HABITAT Well-vegetated ponds.

NOTES Adults fly in and out of emergent and shoreline vegetation, alighting on foliage,

often in the shade.

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The only orange bluet in the Northeast. Male thorax orange

with broad, black mid-dorsal stripe and black shoulder

stripes; abdomen mostly black, except S9 entirely orange.

Eyes orange; postocular spots small, orange, and connected

by an orange bar across rear of head. Stigma dull orange.

Female thorax similar to male, but pale areas dull yellow;

abdomen mostly black above, except S10 pale. Scarlet

Bluet (p. 54) similar, but male more reddish and S9 black above. Vesper Bluet (p.

similar, but male more yellow with thinner shoulder stripe and S9 all blue.

53)

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout MA.
HABITAT A wide range of still-water habitats including stream backwaters.
NOTES Adults fly slowly through emergent and shoreline vegetation, alighting
horizontally or obliquely on foliage, rocks, and logs, and skimming the water's surface.
They are most active late in the afternoon, and may fly through dusk. Females oviposit
in tandem in floating and emergent vegetation.

A|M|:JHii8^g O N D

haJIagma vesperu.

The only bright yellow
bluet in the Northeast.
Male thorax yellow with
broad, black mid-dorsal
stripe and thin black
shoulder stripes (nearly
absent in some

individuals); abdomen
mostly black above,
except S9 entirely blue.
Eyes yellowish; postocular
spots small, yellow, and
connected by a yellow bar
across rear of head. Stigma
pale yellow. Female
thorax similar to male, but
pale areas dull yellow;
abdomen mostly black
above, except S10 pale.
Female Orange Bluet (p.
52) very similar, but dark
shoulder stripes usually
thicker.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout MA.
HABITAT Ponds and lakes with emergent and aquatic vegetation.
NOTES A crepuscular species, most active at dusk and not often encountered at other
times of the day. Adults fly slowly through emergent and shoreline vegetation, alighting
horizontally or obliquely on foliage, lily pads, rocks, and logs. They fly low over the
water. Females oviposit in tandem in floating and emergent vegetation.

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The only red bluet in the Northeast. Male thorax red with
broad, black mid-dorsal stripe and black shoulder stripes;
abdomen orange below and extensively black above. Eyes
red; postocular spots small, red, and connected by a red
bar across rear of head. Female thorax similar to male,
but pale areas dull yellow; abdomen black above. Orange
Bluet (p. 52) similar, but not as red and S9 entirely orange.
Eastern Red Damsel (p. 55) is smaller with much less black
on abdomen and no postocular spots.

RANGE/STATUS A northeast endemic found from NJ to southern ME. Uncommon

and local in MA, primarily in the east.

HABITAT Acidic, sandy ponds (e.g.> coastal plain ponds) with floating vegetation,

especially water lilies (Nuphar and Nymphaea).

NOTES Adults perch on lily pads or emergent vegetation, flying infrequently and low

over the water. Females oviposit in tandem on the undersides of lily pads. They are

most often seen out on the water flying low and alighting on lily pads.

A|M|J|[jriA|S |Q|N|D

Male thorax black above
with pale, reddish-brown
sides; abdomen bright red
with black marks on S7-
S9. Eyes reddish. Female
similar but duller
brownish-red with no
black on thorax. Can be
confused with orange
(immature) female Eastern
Forktail (p. 56), but darker
red in color, much less
black on top of abdomen,
and no postocular spots.
Scarlet Bluet (p. 54)
larger, entirely dark on
top of abdomen, and has
postocular spots.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Uncommon and local in MA.
HABITAT Spring upwellings and seeps at pond, bog, or stream margins.
NOTES Despite their bright coloration, an inconspicuous and easily overlooked species.
Adults spend much of the time perched on emergent vegetation, making occasional
short flights through low vegetation, and seldom flying over open water. Females oviposit
in tandem on floating and emergent aquatic plants.

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The most common,
widespread forktail in the
Northeast. Male thorax
black above with green
shoulder stripes and pale
green sides; abdomen
mostly black above with
thin, pale rings, except
mostly blue with black
lateral marks on S8-S9.
Postocular spots small,
round, and green. Thorax
of young female mostly
orange with broad, black
mid-dorsal stripe and thin,
black shoulder stripes;
abdomen orange at base
and mostly black above.
Postocular spots orange.
Older female becomes
extensively pruinose blue-
gray. Rambur's Forktail (p.
57) very similar, but
slightly larger, male
abdomen blue only on S8
with no black lateral mark,
and postocular spots blue.
Orange female Rambur's
lacks black shoulder stripe.

■■■■HnnHi

RANGE/STATUS Rocky Mountains east, extending north into southeastern Canada.

Very common throughout MA.

HABITAT A wide range of vegetated wetlands including ponds and stream backwaters.

Often found in upland areas among dense vegetation.

NOTES This is one of the most common damselflies in MA and has one of the longest

flight periods. Adults fly in and out of shoreline and emergent vegetation, avoiding

open water, and either perch horizontally on vegetation or hang vertically from stems.

Females oviposit alone in floating and emergent vegetation.

A[|t]71ITA[S"j'fi|N|D

Male thorax black above
with green shoulder stripes
and pale green sides;
abdomen mostly black
above, with narrow, pale
rings, all blue S8, and blue
on sides of S9-S10 (rarely
blue above on S9). Small,
round, blue postocular
spots. Female occurs in two
color forms. Male-like
form is patterned like
male (including blue S8),
though pale areas tend to
be more bluish. Orange
form has orange thorax,
with broad, black mid-
dorsal stripe, no shoulder
stripes, and orange base of
abdomen; remainder of
abdomen entirely blackish
above. Eastern Forktail (p.
56) very similar, but
slightly smaller, male blue
above on S8-S9, with
green postocular spots.
Orange female Eastern
Forktail has dark shoulder
stripes.

RANGE/STATUS Southern U.S., north along the coast to ME. Rare and local in

MA, recorded only from Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard.

HABITAT Coastal ponds and wetlands, often brackish.

NOTES Adults fly in and out of emergent and shoreline vegetation, perching horizontally

or obliquely. Females oviposit alone, curling their abdomen to lay eggs on the underside

of vegetation.

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One of the smallest
forktails, with a distinctive
thoracic pattern. Male
thorax black above with
broken green shoulder
stripes, forming an
exclamation point, pale
green on sides; abdomen
black above, broken by
thin, pale rings (very rarely
a blue spot on S9).
Postocular spots small and
round. Female similar to
male, but pale areas
typically bluish. Older
female becomes

extensively pruinose blue-
gray, obscuring distinctive
shoulder stripes. Unlike
other forktails in our area,
female never orange.
Eastern Forktail (p. 56)
similar but larger, with
unbroken shoulder stripes,
male with blue on S8-S9.
Older, pruinose females are
very difficult to
distinguish.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout MA.
HABITAT A wide range of vegetated wetlands including ponds, swamps, streams, and
vernal pools.

NOTES Adults fly low in and out of emergent and shoreline vegetation, perching
horizontally, often remaining in the shade and avoiding open water. Females oviposit in
stalks of emergent and floating vegetation, slicing open the stems and inserting eggs
with their ovipositors.

Ajl~l J 1 J I A ~|S | O | N | D

A lanky forktai I of
southern swamps. Male
thorax black above with
narrow green shoulder
stripes and green sides;
abdomen mostly black
above, except S9 all blue;
stigma on forewing
fringed with white on
outer portion. Thorax of
immature female black
above with bright orange
sides; abdomen mostly
orange at base, but black
above on S5 - S10. Older
female green on sides of
thorax and brownish on
sides of abdomen. Similar
to Eastern Forktail (p. 56),
but more elongate and
male blue only on S9 (S8
&- S9 blue in Eastern
Forktail; only S8 blue in
male Rambur's Forktail).

RANGE/STATUS Southern U.S. A vagrant in MA, recorded only once on Cape

Cod.

HABITAT Swampy ponds.

NOTES A rather secretive species of shaded southern swamps. Adults fly low in and

out of shoreline and emergent vegetation.

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Lilypad rorktail

Appears more similar to a
bluet than a forktail. Male
thorax blue with broad,
black mid-dorsal stripe,
broad black shoulder
stripes, and horizontal
black stripe on sides;
abdomen mostly black,
except blue above on S8-
S9 (occasionally S10).
Postocular spots large and
rounded. Male stigma dark
blue on forewing. Female
thorax similar to male,
except pale areas bright
red; abdomen mostly
black, except red on S8-
S10; red areas become
pruinose blue-gray with
age. Males similar to
several bluets, most easily
distinguished by

combination of very large
postocular spots, black
horizontal stripe on sides
of thorax, abdominal
pattern (especially black
on sides of S8-S9), and
characteristic decurved tip
of abdomen when
perched. Red females
similar to male Scarlet
Bluet (p. 54), but postocular spots very large and abdomen red above on S8-S10.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Fairly common in eastern MA, but apparently scarce

in the western part of the state.

HABITAT Ponds with lily pads (Nuphar and Nymphaea).

NOTES A southern species that appears to have increased in MA recently. Adults

perch on lily pads, occasionally flying from pad to pad. They fly very low, within a

couple inches of the water's surface. Females oviposit in lily pads, usually in tandem.

h\M\) | J \k\$ |Q|N|D

■

itrine Forktail

The smallest damselfly in
the Northeast. Male thorax
black above with yellow or
greenish shoulder stripes
and yellow sides;
abdomen bright yellow
with black triangles above
on S3-S7; S8-S10 all
yellow. Small, yellow
"spike" on top of last
segment. Tiny, round
postocular spots. Stigmas
reddish on forewing and
black on hind wing.
Female thorax orange with
broad, black mid-dorsal
stripe and very thin black
shoulder stripes; abdomen
mostly orange on first five
segments, mostly black
above on S6-S9. Pale
areas on female become
extensively pruinose blue-
gray with age. Males are
distinctive, but older
females difficult to
distinguish from other
forktails.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northeastern U.S.; Canadian Great Lakes region.

Uncommon and local in MA, recorded from central and eastern MA.

HABITAT Marshy ponds, vernal pools, stream backwaters, and seeps.

NOTES A very inconspicuous and easily overlooked species. Adults fly low in and out

of emergent and shoreline vegetation, perching horizontally, and avoiding open water.

Females oviposit alone in stalks of emergent vegetation, slicing open the stems with

their ovipositors and inserting eggs.

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Sphagnum Sprite

A tiny green damselfly.
Male thorax bright metallic
green above becoming
blackish in some
individuals, pale green to
blue on sides; abdomen
dark, iridescent green
above, except mostly blue
on S8 and entirely blue on
S9-S10. No postocular
spots, but usually a thin
pale blue bar across rear
of head. Female similar to
male, but S8 (entirely) and
S9 (partially) dark green
above. Sedge Sprite (p.
63) very similar, but male
has dark dorsal markings
on S8-S10 (similar to
female Sphagnum Sprite).

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Fairly common throughout

MA.

HABITAT Sphagnum bogs and fens.

NOTES Adults fly low in and out of emergent and shoreline vegetation, perching

horizontally or obliquely on vegetation, and avoiding open water. Aggressive behavior

between males has been observed. Females oviposit in tandem in floating vegetation.

A I H J | J | j | S | O | N | D

Male thorax bright metallic green above becoming blackish

in some individuals, pale yellowish-green to blue on sides;

abdomen mostly dark iridescent green, except S8 blue on

sides and S9-S10 mostly blue with dark green dorsal spots

at base. No postocular spots, but usually a thin pale blue

bar across rear of head. Female similar to male, but sides

of thorax yellowish and S9-S10 mostly dark green above.

Sphagnum Sprite (p. 62) very similar, but male more blue above on S8-S10.

Spahgnum Sprite simiar to male Sedge Sprite.

Female

RANGE/STATUS Central to northern U.S.; southern to central Canada. Common

throughout MA, though scarce on the southeast coast.

HABITAT Marshes, sedge fens, grassy ponds, and vernal pools.

NOTES Adults fly low in and out of emergent and shoreline vegetation, perching

horizontally or obliquely and avoiding open water. Females oviposit in tandem in stems

of floating vegetation.

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Variable Dancer

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Argia tumipennis

The only violet damselfly
in the Northeast, and the
smallest of the dancers
{Argia) regionally. Male
thorax violet above with
narrow black stripes and
purple-gray sides;

abdomen violet with black
markings on S3-S6, mostly
black on S7, and mostly
blue on S8-S10. Small,
dark blue or purple
postocular spots,

connected with a thin bar.
Female thorax dull
brownish with a broad
black mid-dorsal stripe and
thin black shoulder stripes;
abdomen dull rusty brown
with black streaks and
spots on sides (becoming
obscure with age). Male
coloration is distinctive.
Female abdomen paler
dorsally than other female
dancers.

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and

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S. into southeastern Canada,
wide-spread throughout MA.

HABITAT A wide variety of wetlands, but most often vegetated streams and ponds.
NOTES Adults fly low in and out of vegetation along the shoreline, perching horizontally
on bare ground, rocks, logs, and foliage. Females oviposit in tandem on floating plants
and wet logs, sometimes with several breeding pairs close together.

A I m\T\ J'"p T |Q|N|D

Male thorax black with a
dull purplish sheen above,
pale sides darkening with
age; abdomen mostly
black with thin pale rings,
and distinctive blue and
black pattern on S8-S9.
Eyes dark blue above;
small, round postocular
spots. Female thorax pale
with broad, dark mid-
dorsal stripe and distinctive
split black shoulder stripes;
abdomen mostly dark with
thin pale rings and pale
lateral marks on S8-S9.
Dark coloration of male is
distinctive, as is split
shoulder stripe of female.

RANGE/STATUS Central and southern U.S. north to southern New England.
Uncommon and local in interior MA.

HABITAT Rivers, streams, and poorly vegetated ponds, lakes, and reservoirs.
NOTES Adults fly in and out of shoreline vegetation, perching horizontally on rocks,
logs, and foliage, preferring the shade. Females oviposit in tandem with the pair often
seeking dense foliage.

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Powdered D

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Argia moesta

One of the largest dancers.
Male thorax powdery
gray, with black shoulder
stripes becoming obscure
with age; abdomen black
with thin, pale rings and
grayish-white tip (S9-
S10). Eyes dark, with gray
postocular spots and face.
No other damselfly is so
extensively chalky in
coloration. Female thorax
either brown or blue, with
narrow, dark shoulder
stripes; abdomen mostly
blackish above, but
becoming pale at tip. Very
similar to female Blue-
fronted Dancer (p. 67),
but tip of abdomen (S8-
S1 0) somewhat paler. Blue
female also similar to male
Blue-fronted Dancer, but
somewhat duller and no
blue tip on abdomen.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common
throughout the interior of MA but scarce on the southeast coastal plain.
HABITAT Mid-sized to large rocky rivers; lakes with rocky shores.
NOTES Adults perch horizontally on rocks, logs, plants, and sandy stretches of shore,
frequently flying over the open water. Females oviposit in tandem in submerged wood
or moss-covered rocks, with the pair sometimes staying submerged for more than an
hour. Many pairs may oviposit close together, forming dense breeding congregations.

A|M|J ITIAJB |Q|INI|D

Blue-fro

One of the larger dancers
in the Northeast. Male
thorax brilliant blue on
top, with very thin black
stripes and blue-gray sides;
abdomen black above,
with conspicuous blue tip
(S8-S10). Eyes dark blue,
with tiny, pale blue post-
ocular spots and blue face.
Female occurs in two
forms, one mostly brown
on the thorax and the
other mostly blue;
abdomen blackish above
in both forms. Male
similar to female
Powdered Dancer (p. 66),
but brighter with blue S8-
S10. Female similar to
Powdered Dancer, but
averages darker on tip of
abdomen (S8-S10).

RANGE/STATUS Central through eastern U.S. Uncommon and local in interior

MA.

HABITAT Mid-sized to large, sand or mud-bottomed rivers; occasionally lakes and

ponds.

NOTES Adults fly in a lilting manner along the shore, often alighting horizontally on

bare ground, rocks, logs, or foliage. Males are territorial, and flick their wings and

chase away competing males. Females oviposit in tandem on floating plants, sometimes

with several breeding pairs close together.

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Petaluridae: Petaltails

Petaltails are the oldest family of extant dragonflies, with only ten species worldwide. Two
species occur in North America, one in the east and one in the west. The Gray Petaltail
( Tachopteryx thoreyi), the eastern species, may occur in Massachusetts. It is a large, mottled
gray dragonfly that is darner-like in appearance. However, the eyes are well-separated and
the stigmas on the wings are long and parallel-sided. Females have a well-developed, blade-
like ovipositor. This is the only eastern species whose larvae may not be truly aquatic,
developing in mucky, mossy seeps. The extent of the habitat types that are home to the
larvae is unknown.

There is a published record of this species based on a specimen reportedly collected in the
1800's in Massachusetts, however, there are no locality details in that record. The whereabouts
of the specimen is unknown, and given the frequent errors and uncertainties in records from
that era (especially in labeling), it seems prudent to consider this report hypothetical. However,
the species is found in southern New York close to the Massachusetts border, and there is an
unverified historic record from southern New Hampshire. The occurrence of this species in
Massachusetts is possible as appropriate habitat is present.

RANGE/STATUS Southeastern U.S.
north through southern New England.
Potentially in western MA.
HABIT Adults have been found at a variety
of habitats throughout its range, including
hillside seeps, sandy streams, and small
fens. In the northeast, it is thought to most
often occur in hillside seeps, however the
New Hampshire report describes several
adults along a sandy river bed.
NOTES This is a rarely encountered
dragonfly in the northeast. It is thought
that adults tend to stay close to the natal
habitat, spending much of the time perched
in sunny spots or hanging vertically from
tree trunks. They are not wary and
occasionally land on people. Males defend
a small territory, and pursue females up
into the canopy. Eggs are presumably laid
in mossy, wet areas of the seep.

A M

Darner larvae are long,
smooth, and slender, with fine,
6- to 7-segmented antennae.
They are patterned with
speckles and spots, often
golden brown to green in
color, and climb among
aquatic vegetation and
detritus.

Aeshnidae: Darners

Darners are large, strong-flying dragonflies, some
exceeding three inches in length. Over 430 species are
known worldwide, with 39 species recorded from North
America. In Massachusetts 20 species have been found,
comprising seven genera.

Darners are distinguished by their large eyes that meet
in a long seam on the top (vertex) of the head. Some are
patterned with blue, green, dull yellow, or tan on the
abdomen and have striped thoraxes; others are drab. The
two Anax species are bright green on the thorax with blue
or red abdomens. Aeshnid wings are typically clear, but
in some species, and especially among females, they can
be tinged with amber. Females are similar to males, though
with stockier abdomens and are often drabber in coloration.
Many species can be identified in the hand, using a

combination of characteristics including thoracic pattern and color (p. 70), abdominal pattern
and color, and eye color. A few species can be difficult to differentiate even in the hand and
may require a taxonomic key.

Darners inhabit a wide variety of wetlands. A few species fly early, reaching peak abundance
in June and disappearing by mid-July; these species tend to have short flight seasons. The
majority of darners reach a peak abundance in August. The Common Green Darner (Anax
Junius) has by far the longest flight season of any odonate in the Northeast, with the first
individuals (migrants from the south) typically appearing in mid- April, and the last often
lingering through November. Darners perch vertically, heads up, either by hanging from
branches or clinging flat against tree trunks. A few perch low in grasses or small shrubs, but
most perch high in trees where they are difficult to find. Most species hunt over upland
fields, dirt roads, and hilltops, often in mixed species swarms, and often far from where they
emerged. Feeding activity is most common late in the day, and extends until well after sunset.

Males spend long periods patrolling at breeding sites, in most species a few feet over the
water's surface, searching for females and driving off competing males. Females oviposit
endophytically in aquatic vegetation or wet, decaying wood by slicing into the substrate with
the long ovipositors on the underside of the abdomen. In most species the female oviposits
alone, but in the Common Green Darner the pair often remains in tandem while the female
lays eggs. Larvae are long and cylindrical, and spend much of their time crawling among and
clinging to stalks of aquatic vegetation, or hiding under rocks and woody debris. The larval
stage lasts from one to three or more years. Emergence takes place close to the water,
usually on stalks of emergent vegetation, where the exuviae may be found.

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Thoracic stripes of Aeshna and 2 similar species

Mosaic darners (Aeshna) can be identified by examining the
lateral thoracic patterns. In most species there is a distinct
front or anterior lateral stripe (ALS) and a rear or posterior
lateral stripe (PLS). LS shape is less variable than their color
and therefore is more useful for identification. Characteristics
that are important in identification are described below each
illustration.

Head

ALS Dorsal flag
PLS

Position of
mid-lateral spot

Canada Darner, (A. canadensis):
ALS deeply indented on leading
edge; dorsal flag. Yellow mid-
lateral spot. Blue on S2 shallowly
cleft, p. 76

Green-striped Darner, (A. verticalis}.
LS greenish. ALS deeply indented
but not as sharply as canadensis;
dorsal flag. Blue on S2 deeply cleft
or split, p. 77

Lake Darner, (A. eremita): Similar
to canadensis. ALS not as deeply
indented and often lacks flag; PLS
thicker; usually 1-3 blue mid-
lateral spots, p. 79

Lance-tipped Darner, (A. constricta):
ALS shallowly indented; dorsal
flag small or lacking. PLS thick
dorsally with rearward pointing
extension, p. 78

Subarctic Darner, (A. subarctica):
LS relatively thin, bent at mid-
point; ALS with long, very thin flag;
elongate, yellow to blue mid-
lateral spots, p. 80

Variable Darner, (A. interrupta):
LS broken into elongate, blue/
green spots, p. 81

Shadow Darner, (A umbrosa): LS
narrow and straight, thinly
outlined in black. Flag on ALS
narrow at base but broad and
blunt distally. p. 74

Black-tipped Darner, (A.
tubercuiifera): LS straight and
relatively uniform in width; short,
pointed flag on ALS. p. 75

Springtime Darner, (Basiaeschna
Janata): LS narrow, relatively
straight, and yellow or white with
no blackish outline, p. 71

Spatterdock Darner, (A. mutatah LS
relatively straight and thin, little or
no flag on ALS; PLS with little or no
dorsal expansion. Eyes, face bright
blue. p. 82

Mottled Darner, (A. clepsydra): LS
expanded into very broad,
irregularly-shaped patches with
additional spots, creating mottled
pattern, p. 83

Harlequin Darner, (Gomph-
aescnna furcilata): Mottled yellow
or greenish pattern on sides; no
distinct LS. p. 85

Springtime Darn

asiaeschna jan

Male thorax brown with thin, pale dorsal stripes and two narrow, straight, pale yellow to
ivory lateral stripes; abdomen brown with blue spots and markings on all segments. Eyes
brown to dark blue. Wings with small dark patches at base. Female similar, but abdominal
spots often greenish and wings often tinged brown. The mosaic darners (genus Aeshna)
are similar, but generally larger, lack dark basal spots on wings, and fly later in the season
(except Spatterdock Darner).

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout MA.
HABITAT Rivers and streams; well-oxygenated lakes and ponds with little aquatic
vegetation.

NOTES Adults fly over open fields and water from early in the day through dusk.
Flight is similar to that of the spotted darners' (Boyeria spp.) zigzagging, but faster and
higher. Like the Common Green Darner {Anax Junius) and the Lance-tipped Darner
(Aeshna constricta), commonly perches near the ground in brush and grasses. They also
hang vertically from tree trunks. Males patrol along the shoreline, scouting and defending
breeding sites. Females oviposit in aquatic vegetation, submerging their abdomens and
laying eggs endophytically under the waterline.

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Swamp Darner

Epiaeschna heros

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One of the largest dragonflies in MA. Male thorax brown with green dorsal stripes, two
broad, green lateral stripes, and a small green triangle between wing bases; abdomen
dark brown with narrow green rings. Eyes blue. Wings often with dusky tips and tinged
with amber or light brown. Female similar. The green-ringed abdomen is distinctive among
northeast darners.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Generally uncommon in MA, most regularly seen in
eastern portions; rarely, large incursions from the south occur during the early summer.
HABITAT Shady ponds, swamps, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults fly high over fields and clearings, and form late afternoon feeding
swarms, and occasionally enter buildings. They hang vertically from branches and tree
trunks, often high in trees. Males do not patrol at breeding sites. Females oviposit in
mud, dry pond bottoms, and stems up to several feet above the waterline. This species
is occasionally seen in Atlantic coast migratory swarms.

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Cyrano Darn

Jasiaeschna pentacantha

Male thorax brown with thick, green dorsal stripes (shaped like the number 7) and broad,
blue-green lateral stripes; abdomen distinctly tapered and brown with prominent blue/
green dorsal and lateral spots and patches. Eyes blue. Projecting "forehead." Female similar,
but abdomen thicker. Similar to some mosaic darners {Aeshna spp.), but stockier with very
thick lateral thoracic stripes and projecting "forehead," and has earlier flight season.

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RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Near the northern extent of

its range in MA. Uncommon and most often found in eastern MA.

HABITAT Ponds, slow streams, and coves of lakes.

NOTES Adults hunt in forests and do not join swarms. They frequently prey on other

dragonflies and damselflies. They perch vertically on tree trunks and vegetation. Males

patrol slowly above the water, zigzagging back and forth, without hovering. Females

oviposit in water-soaked logs and submerged vegetation.

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Shadow Darner

Male thorax brown with blue to greenish-yellow dorsal stripes and two blue to greenish-
yellow lateral stripes; lateral stripes relatively straight and narrowly outlined in black;
abdomen brown with blue markings, except S10 occasionally all dark; pale abdominal
markings smaller and often duller than in other Aeshna. Eyes dull, grayish-blue to greenish.
Female similar, but pale areas duller blue, green, or yellow, wings often tinged with
brown. Black-tipped Darner (p. 75) similar, but lateral thoracic stripes not outlined in
black, male terminal appendages not paddle-shaped with "spike."

RANGE/STATUS Mid-U.S. north to mid-Canada. Common throughout MA.
HABITAT Primarily small forested streams, but also beaver ponds, bogs, swamps, and
fens.

NOTES This is a crepuscular, shade-loving species. Adults forage along shaded forest
edges and may feed in swarms with other darners at dusk. They hang vertically from
vegetation. At breeding sites, males fly long beats that are punctuated by short periods
of hovering as they patrol along the shoreline. Females oviposit in wet, decaying wood.
This is one of the very few species that fly into early November.

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Black-tipped Dar

eshna tuberculife,

Male thorax brown with blue to bluish-green dorsal stripes and two green to blue lateral
stripes; lateral stripes relatively straight and parallel-sided; abdomen brown with blue
markings, except S10 all dark. Eyes dull blue-gray to greenish. Female similar, but pale
areas often green to greenish-yellow and wings occasionally tinted with amber. Shadow
Darner (p. 74) similar, but lateral thoracic stripes outlined in black and male terminal
appendages paddle-shaped and "spiked."

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RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada; northwestern U.S.

and southwestern Canada. Locally common throughout MA.

HABITAT Ponds and lakes with emergent vegetation, bog-bordered ponds, and marshy

streams.

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges, dirt roads, and in clearings. They may join

evening feeding swarms. Males patrol along the shoreline, usually at a height of 4-6 ft.,

over emergent vegetation and the water, scouting and defending breeding sites. Females

oviposit in emergent vegetation above and below the waterline, or in the mud of dry

pond beds.

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Canada Darner

Aeshna canadensis

Male thorax brown with blue or greenish-blue dorsal stripes and two blue to green lateral
stripes; the front lateral stripe deeply indented on leading edge; abdomen brown with
blue markings on all segments. Eyes dull bluish-gray to greenish. Females similar, but pale
areas green or greenish-yellow; wings occasionally amber-tinted. Very similar to several
other Aeshna. Green-striped Darner (p. 77) nearly identical, but often distinguishable by
a combination of subtle differences in shape and coloration of lateral stripes and spots (p.
70), pattern on sides of S2, and face pattern (darker "lips" of Canada). Lake Darner (p.
79) slightly larger, with subtly different shape of lateral thoracic stripes and a black cross-
line on face. Lance-tipped Darner (p. 78) differs in shape of male abdominal appendages
and shape of lateral thoracic stripes (p. 70).

RANGE/STATUS Northern U.S. and southern Canada. Very common in MA.
HABITAT Grassy marshes, fens, flooded beaver ponds, bog-bordered lakes with floating
vegetation, and sluggish marsh-bordered streams.

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges, in sunny clearings, and in late afternoon feeding
swarms. They hang vertically at rest. At breeding sites, males patrol over emergent vegetation
scouting for females and defending against other males. They typically fly at a height of 2-
4 ft., hovering frequently and regularly drop down into openings in the vegetation. Females
oviposit in emergent vegetation, just below the water line.

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Green-striped Darner Aeshna vertic

Male thorax brown with broad, green to bluish-green dorsal stripes and two green lateral
stripes, front lateral stripe deeply indented on leading edge; abdomen brown with blue
markings on all segments. Eyes dull blue-gray to greenish. Female similar, but pale areas
often green or greenish-yellow. Distinguished from Canada Darner (p. 76) by subtle
differences in pattern of thorax, S2, and face (paler "lips"). Also similar to Lance-tipped
Darner (p. 78) and Lake Darner (p. 79).

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RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Locally common in

MA.

HABITAT Bogs, fens, wet meadows, and marsh-bordered ponds.

NOTES Adults fly until dusk, feeding in sunny clearings, along forest edges, and in

early-evening feeding swarms. They hang vertically from tree trunks or branches.

Males patrol shorelines, scouting and defending breeding sites.

A|M|J | J ]a1. |Q|N|D

Lance-tipped Darner Aeshna constricta

Male thorax brown with green to bluish-green dorsal stripes and two blue or green lateral
stripes; abdomen brown with blue markings on all segments; terminal appendages paddle-
shaped with "spiked" tips. Eyes dull blue-gray to greenish-yellow. Female similar, but pale
areas blue-green to yellowish, S10 all dark, and wings often tinted with amber. Very
similar to Canada Darner (p. 76), Green-striped Darner (p. 77), and Lake Darner (p. 79),
but lateral thoracic pattern subtly different (p. 70), male terminal appendages "spiked,"
female S9 longer with pale patch extending down to lower sides, and female terminal
appendages more pointed at tip than other species.

RANGE/STATUS Mid to northern U.S. and southern Canada. Common in MA but

scarce or absent from higher elevations, and very rare on Cape Cod.

HABITAT Slow streams in open marshes, small ponds with emergent vegetation, temporary

ponds, and occasionally bogs.

NOTES Adults fly over grassy fields, open marshes, and join late afternoon feeding swarms.

One of three darners, and the only Aeshna, that commonly perches in grasses and low

weeds. They occasionally hang vertically from tree trunks and large shrubs. Females

oviposit in emergent vegetation, probably along open streams in marshes, well above the

water line, in plants such as sweet flag and cattails.

O N D

Male thorax brown with blue to bluish-green dorsal stripes and two bluish lateral stripes;
abdomen brown with blue markings on all segments. Eyes dull blue-gray to greenish.
Face with black "lips" and black bar across upper portion. Female similar, but pale areas
duller blue to greenish-yellow. Very similar to Canada Darner (p. 76), Green-striped Darner
(p. 77), and Lance-tipped Darner (p. 78), but usually distinguishable by shape of lateral
thoracic stripes (no horizontal "flag" on anterior lateral stripe and top half of posterior
lateral stripe broader, p. 70).

RANGE/STATUS Northern U.S. and Canada. At the extreme southern extent of its
range and rare in MA, found only at higher elevations in the north-central and western
parts of the Commonwealth.

HABITAT Bog and marsh-bordered lakes, fens, ponds, and slow streams.
NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges. They are active from dawn past dusk, and
will even fly in light rain. They hang vertically from tree trunks or branches. Males
patrol over the water, with abdomen slightly arched, but are not territorial. Females
oviposit in various floating and emergent plants, just below the waterline.

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Subarctic Darner

Male thorax brown with green to bluish-green dorsal stripes and two narrow, green to
blue lateral stripes; lateral stripes typically blue-green above and yellowish below, bent
forward, and separated by an irregularly-shaped streak; abdomen brown with greenish-
blue markings on all segments. Eyes dull blue-gray to greenish. Face has dark crossline.
Female similar, but pale areas often green or yellow; wings occasionally tinted with amber.
Similar to Canada Darner (p. 76), Green-striped Darner (p. 77), and Lance-tipped Darner
(p. 78), but slightly smaller with black crossline on face and thinner lateral thoracic stripes.

RANGE/STATUS A boreal species found in the northeastern U.S. and Canada.

Rare in MA; known from only a couple of sites in north-central MA.

HABITAT Sphagnum bogs and deep fens with wet sphagnum.

NOTES Adults hunt in open areas through dusk. Males patrol low over wetter areas

of bogs and fens. Not known to join feeding swarms. Females oviposit in soupy

patches of sphagnum or on edges of bog pools.

O N D

Variable Darner

eshna interrupta

Male thorax brown with thin, green to bluish-green dorsal and lateral stripes, lateral
thoracic stripes broken; abdomen brown with blue markings on all segments. Eyes dull
blue-gray to greenish. Black crossline on face. Female similar, but pale areas often green
or yellowish; wings occasionally tinged with brown. The broken lateral thoracic stripes are
diagnostic.

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RANGE/STATUS Northern U.S.; Canada. Near the southern extent of its range in
MA; fairly common in north-central and western portions of the state.
HABITAT Bogs and marshes with open water, slow streams.

NOTES Adults hunt along roads, over fields, and in evening feeding swarms and seem
especially numerous around hill tops. They perch vertically on tree trunks and other
vegetation. At breeding sites, they fly swiftly in a straight line, the flight punctuated by
periods of hovering. The males patrol along the shoreline, scouting and defending
breeding sites. Females oviposit in stalks of aquatic vegetation below the waterline.

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rner

?snna mutata

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Male thorax brown with blue dorsal stripes and two relatively straight and thin, blue
lateral stripes; abdomen brown with blue markings on all segments. Eyes bright blue.
Female similar, though thoracic markings generally duller. Bright blue eyes and early
flight season distinguish this species from other Aeshna. Cyrano Darner (p. 73) also has
blue eyes and an early flight season, but is huskier with thick green thoracic stripes.

RANGE/STATUS Uncommon and local in the northeastern U.S. and southern
Ontario. Uncommon in MA; found mainly in eastern and central MA.
HABITAT Vegetated ponds and pools, open marshes and bogs, often with spatterdock
(yellow water lily, Nuphar variegatum).

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges and dirt roads. They hang vertically from tree
trunks and branches. Males patrol over the water and along the shoreline, searching
for females and pursuing competing males. Females oviposit on the undersides of
spatterdock leaves, in other aquatic and emergent vegetation, and in shoreline mud.

The nearly identical Blue-eyed Darner (Aeshna multicolor), a species common in the
western U.S. and Canada, has been recorded once in MA in 1943. There are no other
records of the species in the eastern U.S., and it seems unlikely to occur in MA again.

AgB | |A|S |Q|N|D

Mottled Darner

Aeshna clepsydra

Male thorax brown with green to bluish dorsal stripes and mottled green to greenish-blue
lateral pattern (sides of thorax more blue than brown); abdomen brown with blue to
greenish markings on all segments. Eyes bluish-gray to greenish. Female similar to male
but pale markings often more green. The only Aeshna with a mottled lateral thoracic
pattern. Cyrano Darner (p. 73) similar but larger and huskier, with a protruding "forehead,"
blue eyes, and flies earlier in the season.

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RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Fairly common but

rather local in MA.

HABITAT Marshes and bogs with open water, coastal plain ponds, small lakes, and

bays of larger lakes.

NOTES Adults hunt in open forest and sunny clearings. They perch vertically on tree

trunks. Males patrol near the shoreline over emergent vegetation, scouting and defending

breeding sites from mid-morning to late afternoon. Females oviposit in emergent

vegetation just below the waterline.

A M J

Taper-tailed D

arner

Gomphaeschna antilope

Male thorax brown with pale dorsal stripes and mottled pale lateral pattern; abdomen
brown with complex pattern of dull greenish spots. Eyes dark gray (immature) to dull
green. Female similar but more drab, occasionally with brownish tint on outer wings.
Very similar to Harlequin Darner (p. 85) but drabber with dark abdominal markings paler
and less extensive; hind wings wider; the two are safely separable only in the hand.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Near the northern edge of its range and rare in MA.
Recorded at just a few sites in eastern MA.
HABITAT Sphagnum bogs, swamps, and fens.

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges and may form feeding swarms, especially
males. They perch on tree trunks, hang vertically from branches, and occasionally
perch on the ground. Females oviposit in wet wood above the waterline. Although not
known to migrate, small numbers have been recorded among other migrating dragonflies
in coastal MA. The flight season averages somewhat later than the similar Harlequin
Darner.

A | M | JHT[A | S |Q|N|D

Harlequin Darner

bmphaeschna furcillata

One of the smallest darners. Male thorax brown with green dorsal stripes and mottled,
pale green lateral pattern; abdomen brown with complex pattern of dull greenish spots.
Eyes dark gray (immature) to green. Female similar but stockier, with pale areas more
yellowish and often with brownish tint on outer wings. Very similar to Taper-tailed Darner
(p. 86), separable only in the hand.

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RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Locally common in MA,

especially inland.

HABITAT Sphagnum bogs, swamps, and fens.

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges and may form feeding swarms, especially

males. They fly long beats at varying heights, punctuated by rather lengthy periods of

hovering. While hovering they often change directions, occasionally rotating 360 degrees.

They perch on tree trunks, hang vertically from branches, and occasionally perch on

the ground. Males patrol over wetlands, often hovering for long periods. Females

oviposit in emergent vegetation or rotten wood, above the waterline.

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One of only two darners in the Northeast with an entirely green thorax. Male thorax
bright green without distinct markings; abdomen blue (becoming purple when cool),
brightest at base, with dark dorsal stripe that broadens distally. Eyes dull greenish-yellow
to brown. "Bulls-eye" pattern on "forehead." Female thorax green, often grayish-green on
sides; abdomen rusty brown to purple, with dark dorsal stripe. Eyes brown. Wings in both
sexes have yellow leading edges and are often tinted with amber, especially in females.
Immatures are quite reddish on the abdomen and can be confused with the Comet
Darner (p. 87), but are smaller, duller, and have "bulls-eye" on "forehead."

RANGE/STATUS Widespread in the U.S. and southern Canada. Common throughout
MA.

HABITAT A wide variety of wetlands, including well-vegetated ponds and lakes.
NOTES Adults fly from early morning until dusk, often joining late afternoon feeding
swarms. One of three darner species that perch low in grasses and weeds. Males patrol
shorelines, clashing with other males and searching for females. This is the only darner that
often lays eggs in tandem; the female submerges her abdomen and oviposits in aquatic and
emergent vegetation. Migrants from the south are some of the first dragonflies seen in the
spring. Southbound swarms in early fall may have thousands of individuals.

Male thorax bright green without obvious markings; abdomen bright red. Eyes dark
greenish. Green "forehead" lacks "bulls-eye." Legs reddish at base. Leading edge of wings
green. Female thorax entirely green; abdomen dull, rusty-red with paler dorsolateral
markings; eyes blue. Bright red abdomen of male, blue eyes of female, and lack of "bulls-
eye" on "forehead" in both sexes distinguish this species from immatures of Common
Green Darner.

RANGE/STATUS An uncommon species found in the eastern U.S., scattered north
along the Atlantic coast to southern New England, rarely to Nova Scotia. In MA most
often seen on the coastal plain where it is uncommon.
HABITAT Grassy ponds and coastal plain ponds.

NOTES This is a very fast-flying, spectacular dragonfly that cruises along pond shores
and over open water, usually at heights of 4-8 ft. It does not join feeding swarms.
Males patrol lengthy beats along the shoreline, clashing with other dragonflies and
searching for females. Females oviposit in emergent and aquatic vegetation.

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Male thorax dark grayish-brown with short, thin, greenish dorsal stripes and two round
yellow lateral spots; abdomen brown with yellowish lateral spots on S4-S9. Eyes brown
to dark green. Wing tips tinted brown. Female similar. Fawn Darner (p. 89) very similar
but paler brown overall, with smaller abdominal spots and more brown at base of wings.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada extending west to the
Great Lakes. An uncommon species in MA, found in northwestern portions of the
state.

HABITAT Swiftly-flowing, rocky forest streams and rivers; rocky-shored lakes.
NOTES This is a semi-crepuscular, shade-loving species that is not often seen in the
open. Males patrol short beats low over streams, with zigzagging flights, investigating
everything in their paths. They have been observed patrolling early in the morning.
Adults rest in trees, particularly conifers. Females oviposit in wet wood and aquatic
vegetation.

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Male thorax brown with short, thin, yellowish (often indistinct) dorsal stripes and two
round yellow lateral spots; abdomen brown with yellow lateral spots on S4-S8 (occasionally
S9). Eyes brown to dark green. Wings often tinted brown. Female similar. Ocellated
Darner (p. 88) very similar, but more gray overall, abdominal spots larger, dorsal thoracic
stripes brighter, and dark basal wing spots smaller or lacking.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. A common species that is
found throughout MA.

HABITAT Moderately-flowing shaded, forest streams and rivers; occasionally lakes.
NOTES This is a semi-crepuscular, shade-loving species that is not often seen in the
open. Males patrol short beats low over streams, with zigzagging flights. Like the
Ocellated Darner (B. grafiana), they investigate everything in their paths. Adults rest in
trees, particularly conifers. Females oviposit in wet wood near the waterline and in
aquatic and emergent vegetation.

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Gomphidae: Clubtails

Clubtail larvae are robust, with
a wedge shaped head and
thick 4-segmented antennae.
They are burrowers, hiding
just under sediment, and are
dark in color, ranging from a
deep golden brown to green.

Clubtails are an extremely diverse and variable group of
dragonflies. There are over 1,000 described species
worldwide. Nearly 100 species occur in North America
and 27, comprising nine genera, occur in Massachusetts.

Clubtails range in size from some of the smallest odonates,
little more than an inch in length, to some of the largest,
measuring a robust three inches or more. They are named
for a club-like expansion near the tip of the abdomen,
though this feature is highly variable and essentially absent
in some species. Unlike other dragonflies (with the
exception of the Gray Petaltail, p. 68), the eyes of clubtails
are widely separated on the head. Most clubtails are marked
with shades of yellow, green, brown, and black; red and
blue coloration is essentially absent. Most species have
clear wings. Females are similar in coloration to the males, differing primarily in their stockier
abdomens and shorter and more divergent terminal appendages. Sexually immature individuals
of both sexes are often more brightly colored than older individuals. Identification of gomphid
species is often difficult, although some species can be identified by sight in the field. While
it's often possible to place an individual into a genus or sub-genus based upon features such
as size, color and pattern of the thorax and abdomen, size of the "club," and eye color,
specific identification in most cases requires in-hand examination of male terminal appendages
(p. 91-92) and/or male hamules, or female vulvar lamina (refer to Needham era/, 2000).

Most clubtails are lotic (riverine) species, though a few species inhabit ponds and lakes.
Some are widely distributed across Massachusetts, while others have precise habitat
requirements and are rare and local in distribution, such as those found only along the
Connecticut River. The majority of clubtails fly during June, but a few fly in mid-summer and
the hanging clubtails (Stylurus spp.) are most abundant in August and early September. Most
species have rather short flight seasons, averaging just a month to six weeks, rarely exceeding
two months. Clubtails spend most of their time perched. They fly rather infrequently,
though the males of a few species may make lengthy patrols at breeding sites. Most species
perch horizontally on the ground or on rocks or logs. The hanging clubtails perch high in
trees on the surfaces of leaves. Immature adults can often be found in fields, power line cuts,
along dirt roads, or on hilltops, where they spend their time feeding prior to reaching breeding
condition.

Females oviposit alone while in flight, tapping the tips of their abdomens to the water's
surface to release the eggs. Larvae are robust, and either burrow into the substrate (many
Gomphus) or kick up sand and silt to cover themselves (Ophiogomphus spp.). One striking
exception is the larva of the Dragonhunter {Hagenius brevistylus)y which is flattened and discoidal
in shape and can be found lurking under loose bark on submerged trees or other debris.
Emergence takes place close to the water, often on sandbars, bridge abutments, or tree
trunks. Exuviae may be found in numbers just after emergence.

Terminal Appendages: Pondclubtailsandsnaketails

Identification of the clubtails is complex and best begun by placing an individual into one o(
the nine Massachusetts genera based on visual characteristics such as overall size, color and
pattern on the body, size of the "club" (swelling of terminal segments) and eye color.
Identification of species in the genera Hagenius, Dromogomphus, Lanthus, Progomphus,
StylogomphuS) and Stylurus can usually be made without examination of the terminal appendages,
and these species are not illustrated here. However, the remaining three genera are more
difficult and often require examination of the male terminal appendages for positive
identification.

The diagrams below show a dorsal view (i.e.t looking down
from the top) of male abdominal segment 10 (S10) and the terminal
appendages. Lateral (side) views are presented where useful or
necessary for diagnosis. In these diagrams, the superior appendages
(SA) are medium gray; inferior appendages (IA) are dark gray.
For identification of females, refer to technical manuals (e.g.y
Needham, et. aL, 2000).

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Pond clubtails (Arigomphus): Grayish-green
thorax with poorly defined dark stripes, poorly
developed club, large head, and yellow
terminal appendages. Inhabit ponds and
stagnant river backwaters.

Lilypad Clubtail
(A. furtiferj,p. 110

Unicorn Clubtail
(A. villosipes), p. 1 1 1

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Snaketails (Ophiogomphus): The snaketails are readily recognized by their
bright green thorax (but beware of the female Eastern Pond Hawk, p.
155). They are small to medium-sized and rather stocky, with short
legs and only moderately developed clubs. The abdomen is typically
marked with prominent yellow dorsal spots, the shape of which can be
useful in identification. Most inhabit swiftly flowing streams.

Rusty Snaketa

(O. rupinsulensis), p. 1 1 9

Riffle Snaketail
(O. cam I us), p. 1 1 7

Brook Snaketail
(O. aspersus), p. 1 1 6

Pygmy Snaketail
(O. howei), p. 1 1 5

Maine Snaketail

(O. mainensis), p. 1 1 8

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Terminal Appendages: Common clubtails (Gomphus)

Common clubtails in the genus Gomphus can
be divided into the following 3 subgenera that
are useful for identification. All species have
pale dorsal thoracic markings that, when
viewed from the front, look like two inverted
7s facing each other.

The six Gomphus in the Phanogomph us subgenus
are medium-sized and rather slender with small
to moderate-sized clubs. They all have yellow
on the sides of the club (S8 and S9) and yellow
dorsal markings on the abdomen that are
helpful in distinguishing species.

Lancet Clubtail
(G. exilis), p. 94

Ashy Clubtail
(G. I/v/dus),p. 95

Rapids Clubtai

(G. quad ri co I or), p. 99

Dusky Clubtail
(G. spicatus), p. 96

Harpoon Clubtail
(G. descriptus), p. 98

Beaverpond Clubtai
(G. boreal is), p. 97

The two Gomphus in the Hy/ogomph us subgenus
are small and stocky with black legs, mostly
black abdomens, and poorly developed clubs.
They are most easily distinguished by face
pattern and the extent of yellow on the sides
of the club (S8 and S9).

The three Gomphurus
are characterized by
their large overall size,
broad club, large
thorax, and small
head. Face pattern
and relative amount
of yellow color on the
sides of the club (S8
and S9) can be useful
in identification.

Spine-crowned Clubtail Mustached Clubtail
(G. abbreviatus), p. 1 00 (G. adelphus), p. 1 0 1

Midland Clubtail
(G. f rater nus), p. 1 05

Cobra Clubtail
(G. vastus), p. 1 03

Skillet Clubtail

(G. ventricosus), p. 1 04

Dra8o„h

untei

The largest of the clubtails,
with a poorly developed
club and relatively small
head. Male thorax black,
boldly patterned with thin
yellow dorsal stripes, a
yellow collar, and two
thick yellow lateral stripes;
abdomen black with
almost no club, S1 -S8
(occasionally S9) with
yellow dorsal stripes, S8-
S9 with large, irregular,
yellow lateral spots;
terminal appendages short
and stocky. Eyes green.
Legs black. Female similar
but more extensively
yellow on sides of
abdomen. Combination of
very large size, poorly
developed club, and
thoracic pattern distinguish
this species from all other
clubtails.

(agenius brevistyh

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Fairly common

throughout interior MA but not found on the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Slow to moderately-flowing, forested rivers and streams; occasionally bays

and channels of lakes.

NOTES This impressive dragonfly is the largest clubtail in North America. Its primary

prey is other dragonflies. Away from water adults hunt along forest edges, slowly flying

a few feet above the ground and perching on rocks and vegetation. At the water males

fly long patrols a few feet over the water with the abdomen curved downward, and

perch on vegetation or rocks along the water's edge. Females oviposit by hovering near

the shore and splashing down, or by flying long patrols punctuated by dropping down

and tapping their abdomen on the water, washing eggs off of the tip of the abdomen.

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Lancet Clubtail

Gomphus exilis

One of the Phanogomphus
clubtails with a poorly
developed club. Male
thorax brown with yellow
dorsal stripes and two
yellow lateral stripes;
abdomen slender with
almost no club, dark
brown with yellow dorsal
streaks and lateral spots on
all segments (though S9
occasionally all dark
above), S8-S9 extensively
yellow on lower sides;
terminal appendages dark.
Eyes gray-blue. Legs
brown, paler basally.
Female abdomen thicker
with no club and more
extensively yellow on
sides. Very similar to other
species in the Phano-
gomphus group (pp. 94-
99); this is the only species
in the group that typically
has pale dorsal markings
on all abdominal segments
(though this is somwhat
variable). Safely identified
only through examination
of reproductive structures.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout MA;
one of the most widespread clubtails in the state.

HABITAT Slow streams and rivers, marshy river backwaters, and a variety of ponds.
NOTES Away from water, adults hunt along open roads and in fields, often perching
on the ground or rocks. Males perch on rocks, leaves or the ground at the shore
making brief patrolling flights low over water. When flushed they often fly off in a
roller-coaster pattern of dips and climbs (a habit shared by some other species in the
Phanogomphus group). Females oviposit by flying low and tapping their abdomens on
the water.

AlMBiU HIS |Q|N|D

Ashy Clubtail Gomphus lividi

One of the Phanogomphus
clubtai Is with a poorly
developed club, and one
of the dullest of the
group. Male thorax dark
brown with yellow to
gray-green .dorsal stripes
and two dull yellow to
gray-green lateral stripes;
abdomen slender with
almost no club, dark
brown with yellow dorsal
stripes on S1-S8, stripes
becoming progressively
shorter posteriorly, S9
varies from dull yellow to
brown dorsally, S10
usually dark above, S8-S9
streaked with yellow on
lower edge; terminal
appendages dark. Eyes
dull gray-blue. Legs pale
brown basal ly . Female
similar. Very similar to
other species in the Phano-
gomphus group (pp. 94-
99), especially the Dusky
Clubtail (p. 96).

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Fairly common in interior

MA.

HABITAT Slowly-flowing, small streams to swiftly-flowing, large rivers, with sandy

substrate and emergent vegetation.

NOTES Adults hunt near ground level in forest clearings and fields. They fly along

the water's edge, occasionally gliding, and perch on leaves. When flushed, males often

fly off with an undulating, roller-coaster like flight. Females oviposit in flight by tapping

their abdomens on the surface of the water.

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Dusky Clubtail

One of the drabbest of the
Phanogomphus clubtails.
Male thorax dark brown
with yellow to gray-green
dorsal stripes and two
yellow to gray-green
lateral stripes; abdomen
slender with almost no
club, black with yellow
dorsal streaks on S1-S8,
the streaks becoming
progressively shorter
posteriorly, S9-S10
usually all dark above, S8-
S9 with yellow patch on
lower sides; terminal
appendages dark. Eyes
dull gray-blue. Legs pale
on tarsus. Female much
more extensively yellow on
sides of abdomen. Very
similar to other species in
the Phanogomphus group
(pp. 94-99), especially the
Ashy Clubtail (p. 95), and
safely identified only in
the hand.

Gomph us spicatus

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common in central

and western MA.

HABITAT Still water. Bog- and marsh-bordered ponds and slow streams.

NOTES Adults fly low, near the ground. Like other species in the subgenus

Phanogomphus, they sometimes fly in an up-and-down, roller-coaster pattern. They

perch on the ground, low vegetation, and rocks. Females oviposit by flying low over

the water and tapping the surface with the tips of their abdomens.

A | M|j I i | A | S 1 0 | N |D

Beaverpond Clubtail Gomphus borealis

The most distinctly marked
of the Phanogomphus
clubtai Is. Male thorax
blackish with very broad,
yellow to gray-green
dorsal stripes forming a
broken "U", extensively
yellow to gray-green sides;
abdomen slender with
slight club, black with
yellow dorsal stripes on
S1-S7, stripes becoming
progressively shorter
posteriorly, S8 either all
black above or with small
yellow dorsal spot, S9-S1 0
black above, narrow
yellow streaks along lower
edges of club (S8-S9);
terminal appendages dark.
Eyes gray-blue to green.
Legs black. Female more
extensively yellow on top
and sides of abdomen,
wings occasionally tinged
with amber. Very similar to
other species in the
Phanogomphus group (pp.
94-99), but pale thoracic
markings more extensive.

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RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. This species is uncommon

in MA, found only in the north-central and western parts of the state.

HABITAT A variety of northern (boreal) wetlands including beaver ponds, slow streams,

bogs, and fens.

NOTES Males perch along the shore, making periodic patrols low over the water.

Adults hunt in upland meadows, and perch on rocks and grasses. Populations of this

species may have increased recently in response to expanding habitat created by a

burgeoning beaver population in MA.

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Harpoon Clubtail

One of the Phanogomphus
clubtails with a poorly
developed club. Male
thorax dark brown with
thick, yellow to gray-green
dorsal stripes forming a
broken "U", broad yellow
to gray-green lateral
stripes and patches;
abdomen slender with
almost no club, black with
thin yellow dorsal streaks
on S1-S7, streaks
becoming progressively
shorter posteriorly, S8-
S10 all dark above with
yellow on lower edges;
terminal appendages dark.
Eyes dull green. Legs black
(except female hind leg
streaked with green).
Female more extensively
yellow on top and sides of
abdomen. Wings occasion-
ally tinged with brown in
both sexes. Very similar to
other species in the Phano-
gomphus group (pp. 94-
99), especially the Beaver-
pond Clubtail (p. 97).

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Rare in MA, recorded

only in the western part of the state.

HABITAT Swift, rocky or sand-bottomed streams and rivers.

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges and in fields, perching on leaves or on the

ground. Males fly low over the water, especially over riffles, and perch on rocks or

overhanging leaves.

A I Ml J U | A |S I0| N | D

One of the smallest and
most brightly marked of
the Phanogomphus

clubtai Is. Male thorax
blackish with yellow to
gray-green dorsal stripes,
yellow to gray-green
lateral stripes; abdomen
slender with narrow club,
black with thin yellow
dorsal streaks on S1-S7,
streaks becoming progres-
sively shorter posteriorly,
S8-S1 0 dark above (rarely
with small yellow spot on
S8 or S10), S8-S9 with
yellow patches on lower
sides; terminal appendages
dark. Eyes blue-green.
Legs black. Female has
more yellow spotting on
abdomen. Very similar to
other species in the
Phanogomphus group (pp.
94-99), but male can be
distinguished by more
prominent club, less
yellow on top of
abdomen, and entirely
black legs.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S., extending into Canadian Great Lakes region.

Recorded only a few times in central MA.

HABITAT Large streams and rivers with rapids and riffles; occasionally mud-bottomed

rivers.

NOTES Adults fly along the river's edge and are often seen near rapids where females

oviposit, or in fields and clearings. They perch on leaves and broad grasses away from

the water, or on boulders and rocks in the river.

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Spine-cr owned Clubtail Gomphus abbreviates

One of the smallest and
stockiest clubtails; in the
Hylogomph us group. Male
thorax dark brown with
broad yellow dorsal stripes
forming a thick broken
"U", extensively yellow to
gray-green sides;

abdomen black with S1-
S3 extensively yellow
above, S4-S7 with yellow
dorsal spots anteriorly,
and S8-S9 dark above
with large, bright yellow
lateral spots; terminal
appendages black. Eyes
gray-blue to green. Face
yellow, without dark
stripes. Legs black. Female
similar, but with less
developed club and more
yellow on sides of
abdomen. Mustached
Clubtail (p. 101) very
similar, but face striped
black and male club mostly
dark.

RANGE/STATUS Found in a narrow band along the northeastern seaboard. Rather

rare, recorded only in central and eastern MA.

HABITAT Clean, sandy or rocky streams; rivers with muck deposits.

NOTES Adults fly along river edges, perching on leaves. Males hover above riffles

and perch on rocks. This species is most active in the afternoon and occasionally

found on hill tops.

100

Mustached Clubtail Gomphus adelphus

One of the smaller and
stockier clubtails; in the
Hylogomphus group. Male
thorax blackish with broad
yellow to dull green dorsal
stripes forming a broken
"U", extensively yellow to
gray-green sides; ab-
domen black with yellow
dorsal streaks on S1-S3,
small yellow dorsal spots
anteriorly on S4-S7, S8-
S10 dark above with littie
yellow on sides of club;
terminal appendages
black. Eyes green. Face
yellow with prominent
black cross-streaks. Legs
black. Female similar but
with less developed club
and more extensive yellow
markings on top and sides
of abdomen. Spine-
crowned Clubtail (p. 100)
very similar, but face
unstreaked and more
yellow on sides of male
club.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. A fairly common species

found primarily in central and western MA.

HABITAT Clear, rocky, swiftly-flowing rivers and streams.

NOTES Adults fly low over the water, males hovering over riffles with their abdomens

slightly arched. They perch on rocks and leaves.

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Black-shouldered Spinyleg Dromogomphus spina

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A rather large species with
moderate club. Male
thorax mostly pale yellow
to dull green with broad,
dark shoulder stripes;
abdomen dark with nearly
full-length, yellow dorsal
streaks on S1-S7, yellow
triangles dorsal ly (variable
in extent) on S8-S9,
yellow above on S10, and
limited yellow on sides of
club. Eyes green. Legs
black; very long hind legs
with prominent spines.
Female similar though
abdomen somewhat
thicker, less clubbed, and
more yellow on sides.
Distinguished from most
other clubtails by more
extensively pale thoracic
sides, darker sides of club,
and longer hind legs.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout MA.
HABITAT Slow streams and rivers; large lakes with rocky shores.
NOTES Adults hunt in forests and along forest edges. They perch in shade on leaves
or on the ground. Males patrol a few feet over the water, often far from shore,
hovering occasionally and flying with their abdomens slightly upturned. They will land
on slow moving boats or canoes. Females oviposit by flying rapidly low over the water,
occasionally tapping the surface to release eggs. This species seems more tolerant of
degraded water conditions than most clubtails.

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102

One of the Gomphurus
clubtails with a wel
developed club (as wide as
thorax). Male thorax dark
brown with yellow to
gray-green dorsal stripes
forming a "W," connected
to thin, pale shoulder
stripes, and extensively
yellow to gray-green sides
interrupted by thin dark
diagonal streaks; abdomen
black with thin, yellow
dorsal streaks on S3-S7
(thickest on S7), S8 dark
above with yellow lateral
spot at base, S9 black
above with large yellow
patch on sides, S10 all
black. Eyes green. Face
pale with black cross-
stripes. Wings occasionally
tinted yellow at base. Legs
black. Female similar,
though abdomen thicker
with less developed
(though still prominent)
club. Very similar to the
Skillet Clubtail (p. 104)
and Midland Clubtail (p.
105), but distinguished
from both by dark facial
cross streaks and thinner dorsal thoracic stripes.

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RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S., barely extending into southeastern Canada. Very
local in MA; known only from the Merrimack River, where its current status is uncertain,
and from the Connecticut River, where it is common.

HABITAT Medium to large, mud-bottomed rivers; sometimes large streams and lakes.
NOTES Adults perch in vegetation or on the ground along the shoreline or on sand
and gravel bars. They can occasionally be found in meadows and openings away from
water. Males fly long patrols with abdomen upturned, a few feet over the river,
periodically hovering and clashing with other males. Females oviposit in flight by tapping
their abdomens to the surface of the water.

A\M\ J 1 J |||S | 0 | N 1 D

103

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Skillet Clubtail

Gomphus ventricosus

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The smallest of the Gomphurus dubtails, but with the most prominent club (wider than
thorax). Male thorax dark brown with yellow to gray-green dorsal stripes forming a thick
"W"; sides mostly yellow to gray-green, lacking dark diagonal streaks; abdomen black
with thin, yellow dorsal streaks on S3-S7, S8-S9 dark above with wide yellow lateral
spots (often connected), and S10 and appendages all black. Eyes green. Legs black.
Female similar, though abdomen thicker with less developed (though still prominent)
club. Very similar to the Cobra Clubtail (p. 103) and Midland Clubtail (p. 105), but
smaller with no dark lateral thoracic streaks and much larger (and often connected) lateral
spots on S8-S9.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Rare in MA; recorded

only from the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Merrimack watersheds.

HABITAT Medium to large rivers, often with mud bottoms.

NOTES Males fly short patrols over the water. Adults perch low on vegetation or on

the ground along the shore and can occasionally be found in clearings away from the

water.

A|M|T|J|A|S | 0 | N | D

104

Midland Clubta

bmphus fraternu

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Endangered

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One of the Gomphurus
clubtails with a well-
developed club. Male
thorax dark brown with
thick, yellow to gray-green
dorsal stripes forming a fat
"U", sides mostly yellow to
gray-green, interrupted by
dark diagonal streaks;
abdomen black with thin,
yellow dorsal streaks on
S3-S7, S8 with small
yellow dorsal spot at base
and large lateral spot
(extending down to lower
edge), S9 dark above with
large yellow lateral spot,
S10 all black. Eyes green.
Face dull yellow. Legs
black (except hind leg of
female occasionally pale).
Female similar, though
abdomen thicker with
slightly narrower (though
still prominent) club. Very
similar to the Cobra
Clubtail (p. 103) and
Skillet Clubtail (p. 104),
but distinguished from
both by dorsal spot on S8,
from former by unmarked
face, and from latter by
smaller lateral spots on S8-S9.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Very rare in MA,

recorded only from a limited stretch of the Connecticut River.

HABITAT Medium to large, mud- and sand-bottomed rivers; large lakes with emergent

vegetation.

NOTES Adults fly along the edges of rivers, perching on the banks or leaves. Their

flight is swift and long, and a few feet above the water's surface. They often rest on

sunny rocks and sandbars. Females may oviposit in rapids or in turbulent shallows of

lakes.

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105

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Riverine Clubtail

Stylurus amnicola

Male thorax dark brown
with a yellow to gray-
green T-shaped collar,
dorsal stripes, and yellow
to gray-green sides with
narrow brown lateral
stripes; abdomen black
with well developed club,
S4-S9 with yellow dorsal
spots, small yellow lateral
spot on S7, prominent
yellow lateral spots on S8~
S9; dark terminal
appendages. Eyes green.
Face with dark streaks.
Legs black with some pale
on hind legs. Female
similar but abdomen
thicker with more
extensive yellow lateral
markings. Similar to the
Arrow Clubtail (p. 107),
but smaller, sides of thorax
paler, and S9 not
elongate.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Rare in MA, recorded only

from the Connecticut River.

HABITAT Medium to large rivers with sand, gravel, or mud bottoms.

NOTES Adults hunt in the trees along the shoreline, and apparently spend most of the

time high in the canopy. Males make patrols over the water from mid-morning to dusk.

A scarce, poorly-known species throughout its range.

A|M|lJj ;1|S 1 0 | N | D

106

One of the longest, most spindly clubtails. Male thorax dark brown to black with thin
yellow to gray-green dorsal stripes, thin pale collar, and pale lateral stripes; abdomen
long with slender club, S9 longer than S8, dark brown with yellow dorsal spots at base of
S3-S8, small yellow lateral spot on S7, large yellow lateral anterior spots on S8-S9. Eyes
green. Face dark. Legs black. Female similar, but abdomen thicker, not clubbed, and
more extensively marked with yellow.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Uncommon in MA,
found in only a handful of inland sites, including the Connecticut River.
HABITAT Mud- and sand-bottomed rivers; occasionally streams and lakes.
NOTES Adults perch on leaves and brush, apparently spending most of the time high
in tree tops. Males make swift, straight patrols over the water and are most active from
mid-afternoon through dusk.

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Zebra Clubtail

One of the most robust
and distinctly marked
clubtails. Male thorax dark
brown with slender yellow
dorsal stripes, a thin
yellow collar, and yellow
to gray-green lateral
stripes; abdomen black
with well developed club,
S3-S7 with prominent
yellow basal rings, S7-S8
with short, rearward
pointing, yellow dorsal
streaks, S8-S9 with yellow
lateral patches, and
appendages dark. Eyes
green. Face pale with
black stripes. Legs dark.
Female similar but
abdomen thicker, not
clubbed, with more yellow
on sides. No other large
clubtail has a ringed
abdomen.

Sty far us scudderi

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Uncommon, recorded
only from a handful of rivers and streams in central and western MA.
HABITAT Sand-bottomed streams and small rivers with riffles.

NOTES Adults hunt in forest clearings and along forest edges though they apparently
spend much of their time perched high in the canopy. Males perch on rocks and leaves
along rivers and make quick patrols over the water. They are most active from mid-
afternoon until dusk.

A M J J || A 1 1 1 0 | N D

108

Common Sanddragon Progomphusobscurus

The only clubtail in the
Northeast with dark basal
wing markings. Male
thorax dark brown with
yellow dorsal stripes
forming a thin "W"
pattern, thin shoulder
stripe, and yellow lateral
stripes; abdomen brown
and moderately clubbed,
S3-S7 with broad, yellow
dorsal triangles or squares,
yellow lateral patches
(often indistinct) on S7-
S9; terminal appendages
yellow. Eyes grayish-
green. Legs short and dark
brown. Wings with yellow
leading edges and small
brown basal spots. Female
similar but abdomen
thicker with more yellow
on sides. The combination
of basal wing spots and
yellow appendages
distinguishes this species
from all other clubtails.

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S. extending into the Canadian Great

Lakes region. A fairly common species in southeastern MA.

HABITAT Sandy -bottomed ponds, lakes, and streams.

NOTES Adults perch in vegetation or on the ground. At breeding sites males perch

on sandy ground and make swift patrols, sometimes hovering, very low over the water.

Females oviposit by either tapping their abdomens to the water, or releasing eggs a foot

or so above the water.

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109

-ad Clubtail

lypa

Angompnus turciter

Male thorax brown with
broad green dorsal stripes
(forming "W" pattern) and
mostly grayish-green sides;
abdomen only slightly
clubbed and blackish with
yellow dorsal streaks on
S1-S7, a short dorsal
streak on S8, rusty on sides
of S8-S9, yellow above
on S10; yellow append-
ages. Eyes pale blue. Face
plain, dull yellow. Legs
black. Female similar but
with more yellow on
abdomen. Very similar to
Unicorn Clubtail (p. 111),
but eyes typically more
blue, male abdomen less
clubbed, and legs a
black.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Somewhat uncommon

throughout MA, absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Still water with floating and aquatic vegetation, bog-bordered ponds and

lakes, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges, perching on the ground, rocks, and occasionally

broad-leaved vegetation. At breeding sites males perch along the shore and on floating

vegetation, such as lily pads. Females oviposit by tapping their abdomens to the water.

A|Mjj | J |A|S |0|NpD

Unicorn Clubtail

Male thorax brown with broad green dorsal stripes (forming "W" pattern) and mostly
grayish-green sides; abdomen only slightly clubbed and blackish with yellow dorsal streaks
on S1-S7 (occasionally a small dorsal spot on S8 and/or S9)# rusty on sides of S8-S9, and
mostly yellow on S10 and appendages. Eyes blue-green. Face plain, dull yellow. Legs
mostly black with pale yellow streak on tibia. Female similar but with more yellow on
sides of abdomen. Very similar to Lilypad Clubtail (p. 110), but eyes more green, male
abdomen more clubbed, and legs with pale streaks.

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RANGE/STATUS Central to northeastern U.S. Fairly common throughout MA, but
absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Muddy-bottomed lakes, ponds, slow streams, and stagnant waters.
NOTES Males perch on the shore or low vegetation. They make low patrols with their
abdomens turned slightly upward. Females oviposit by flying slowly above the water
and tapping their abdomens to the surface to release eggs. This species seems more
tolerant of degraded habitats than most other clubtails.

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Northern Pygmy Clubtail Lanthus parvulus

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One of the smallest
clubtai Is. Male thorax
black with short yellow to
gray-green dorsal stripes,
broken yellow collar, sides
extensively gray-green
with dark brown "H"
pattern; abdomen slender
with poorly developed
club, mostly black except
S1-S3 with yellow dorsal
markings, S3-S8 with
small lateral spots, S7-S9
with narrow yellow
posterior rings; terminal
appendages black. Eyes
dull green. Face pale with
dark cross-streaking.
Female similar but
abdomen with very thin,
yellow dorsal streaks on
S1-S7. Southern Pygmy
Clubtail (p. 1 1 3) very
similar, but dark lateral
thoracic markings less
extensive. Least Clubtail
(p. 1 14) has more pale
markings on abdomen and
pale terminal appendages.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Rare, documented only

at higher elevations in western MA.

HABITAT Small, rocky, forested streams.

NOTES Adults perch on leaves in sunny clearings. At the water they perch on sunny

rocks near riffles.

A|iy|"j""jriA|s 1 0 | N | P

112

Southern Pygmy Clubtail Lanthus vernalis

One of the smallest
clubtails. Male thorax
black with short yellow to
gray-green dorsal stripes,
broken yellow collar, and
sides extensively gray-
green with one complete
and one partial dark lateral
stripe; abdomen slender
with poorly developed
club, black except S1-S3
with yellow dorsal
markings, S3-S8 with
small lateral spots, S7-S9
with narrow, yellow
posterior rings; terminal
appendages black. Eyes
dull green. Face pale with
dark cross-streaks. Female
similar but abdomen with
yellow dorsal streaks on
S1-S7. Northern Pygmy
Clubtail (p. 1 12) very
similar, but dark lateral
thoracic markings more
extensive. Least Clubtail
(p. 1 1 4) has more pale
markings on abdomen and
pale terminal appendages.

RANGE/STATUS A narrow belt through the northeastern U.S. Uncommon, found

at lower elevations in eastern and central MA.

HABITAT Very small, rocky or gravelly forested streams, often semi-permanent.

Typically found at smaller, more shaded streams than the Northern Pygmy Clubtail (Z.

parvulus).

NOTES Adults hunt in clearings and perch on foliage. Near the water, males perch

close to riffles. They are less wary than most clubtails.

A|M|] I J [A|S 1 0 | N | D

113

east Club tail

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One of the smallest
clubtai Is. Male thorax
black with narrow yellow
dorsal stripes, yellow collar
stripe, and alternating
dark and pale lateral
stripes; abdomen slender
with poorly developed
club, black with yellow
basal rings (often broken)
on S4-S7, yellow lateral
spots on S8-S9; terminal
appendages white. Eyes
green. Face pale with
black streaks. Female
similar but yellow on
abdomen more extensive.
Very similar to both the
Northern Pygmy Clubtail
(p. 1 1 2) and Southern
Pygmy Clubtail (p. 113),
but terminal appendages
pale (both sexes), middle
abdominal segments
ringed, and lateral
thoracic markings thinner
and more intricate.

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. A fairly common

species in interior MA, but absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Riffles along rocky or sandy streams.

NOTES Adults hunt among the trees. Males fly above riffles, perching on rocks and

sandbars.

A | M|}'"~" "j'l B | S 1 0 | N | D

114

A small, bright green
clubtail with amber hind
wing patches. The smallest
and one of the most
poorly known snaketails.
Male thorax bright green
with dark mid-dorsal
stripe, paired dark
shoulder stripes, and thin,
dark lateral stripes;
abdomen blackish with
prominent club, pointed
yellow dorsal markings
and lateral spots on all
segments; dull yellowish
terminal appendages.
Hind wings washed with
amber on basal third. Eyes
and face green. Legs black.
Female similar but
abdomen thicker with
more extensive yellow
markings. Combination of
small size, bright green
coloration, and amber on
wings is distinctive.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S., including the Great Lakes region. The type

specimen of this species was collected near the Connecticut River in MA in 1928.

However, there have been no MA records since, and whether a population still exists in

the Connecticut River Valley is not known.

HABITAT Large, clear, gravel- and sand-bottomed rivers.

NOTES Adults hunt in the canopy along rivers or in nearby fields. Males make short

patrols with fast bounding flights over riffles.

A | N| j ji'i | A 1 S 1 0 1 N | D

115

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Male thorax bright green
with dark brown mid-
dorsal stripe, paired, thin
shoulder stripes, and single
thin dark lateral stripe;
abdomen black with
moderately sized club and
prominent yellow dorsal
markings on all segments,
those on S2-S8 dagger-
shaped and those on S9-
S10 rounded, lateral
yellow spots on all
segments, those on S8-S9
large and prominent;
terminal appendages
yellowish. Eyes green.
Face green and unmarked.
Legs often with pale stripe
on tibia. Female similar
but abdomen thicker. Very
similar to Riffle Snaketail
(p. 117) and Maine
Snaketail (p. 118); safely
identified only in the
hand.

RANGE/STATUS Spottily distributed across the northeastern U.S. and Great Lakes
region. An uncommon species found only in interior MA.

HABITAT Open, sand-bottomed streams and rivers with gravelly or rocky riffles.
NOTES Adults hunt in forest clearings and fields. Males patrol along rivers, perching
on rocks and sandbars and in overhanging trees. Females oviposit near riffles, flying
swiftly and striking the water with the tips of their abdomens.

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116

Ophiogomphus carolus

Riffle Snaket

Male thorax bright green
with broad, dark mid-
dorsal stripe, thick brown
shoulder stripes, and a
dark lateral stripe;
abdomen black with
moderately sized club,
prominent yellow dorsal
markings on all segments,
those on S3-S7 thick and
dagger-shaped with a
noticeable constriction, on
S8 rectangular, and on
S9-S10 rounded, lateral
yellow spots on all
segments, those on S8-S9
large and prominent;
terminal appendages dull
yellowish. Eyes green.
Face green and unmarked.
Legs black, occasionally
with pale stripe on tibia.
Female similar but
abdomen thicker. Very
similar to Brook Snaketail
(p. 116) and Maine
Snaketail (p. 118); safely
identified only in the
hand.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada. Uncommon in MA,

known only from the north-central and western parts of the state.

HABITAT Swiftly flowing, sandy or rocky streams and rivers.

NOTES Adults hunt in forest clearings away from the water, perching on broad

leaves, tips of herbaceous vegetation, and occasionally on the ground. Near water

they fly fast and low near riffles and rapids, and perch in overhanging trees, on exposed

rocks in the water, and on the ground along the shore.

Threatened

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117

Maine Snaketail

Male thorax bright green
with broad, dark mid-
dorsal stripe, thick brown
shoulder stripes, and dark
lateral stripe; abdomen
black with moderately
sized club, S3-S7 with
narrow yellow, dagger-
shaped dorsal streaks, S8-
S10 usually black above,
but occasionally with short
streaks or spots, large
lateral spots on S8-S9;
terminal appendages dull
yellowish. Eyes green.
Face green and unmarked.
Legs mostly black. Female
similar but abdomen
thicker with more yellow
on sides. Very similar
Brook Snaketail (p. 1 16)
and Riffle Snaketail (p.
117), but dorsal
abdominal markings
thinner and usually absent
on S8-S9.

Ophiogomphus mainensis

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RANGE/STATUS A narrow band along the northeastern U.S., extending into
southeastern Canada. An uncommon species found in central and western MA.
HABITAT Clear, rocky streams.

NOTES Adults hunt in fields and clearings. Males perch on rocks in streams or on
foliage along the shore.

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Male thorax bright green
with thin, pale brown mid-
dorsal stripe, narrow
brown shoulder stripes,
and faint lateral stripe;
abdomen rusty brown
with moderately sized
club, dull blackish patches
on S3-S9, dull yellow
dorsal and lateral spots on
S8-S10; terminal append-
ages dull yellowish. Eyes
green to blue-green. Face
green and unmarked. Legs
pale at base. Female
similar but abdomen
thicker. Rusty-brown
abdomen and faint
thoracic pattern distinctive
among the snaketails.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; south-central to southeastern Canada. An

uncommon species found in northeastern, central, and western MA.

HABITAT Swiftly to moderately flowing large streams and rivers. Apparently more

tolerant of silt than other snaketails {Ophiogomphus spp.).

NOTES Adults hunt in fields and forest openings near water, also visiting hill tops.

They perch on branches and other protruding vegetation and may also perch on the

ground or on rocks near the water. Males fly low over riffles and rapids, making erratic

patrols. Active until late in the day.

119

Cordulegastridae: Spiketails

Spiketail larvae are robust and
hairy, golden brown in color
with short, fine antennae, and
a mask-like labium. They use
their hind legs to kick up
sediment, burrowing down
backwards into the muck until
just their eyes and antennae
remain visible.

Spiketails are very large, brown or black dragonflies with
bold yellow markings. At least 35 species are known
worldwide, with eight species in North America, all in the
genus Cordulegaster. Three species occur in Massachusetts.

Spiketails range in length from about 2 lh to 3 inches and
are superficially similar to darners (Aeshnidae, p. 69).
However they behave quite differently, and their eyes,
though large, do not meet in a seam but rather barely touch
at one point. The eyes are bright green or bluish-green.
The three Massachusetts species are dark brown to blackish
with two yellow stripes on the sides of the thorax, yellow
stripes or spots on top of the thorax, and yellow markings
on the abdomen that can be used to distinguish the species.
The wings are clear. Females are identical to males in
pattern and coloration, but have thicker abdomens and
prominent ovipositors on the underside of the eighth

abdominal segment. The long ovipositor extends beyond the tip of the abdomen, giving the
family their common name "spiketails". Identification is fairly straightforward, based on the
distinctive abdominal patterns.

Spiketails inhabit streams or seeps where there is at least a slight water flow. They are
most common in June and early July. Adults hunt in fields and woodland clearings, and
perch obliquely (at about a 45° angle) on vertical or overhanging stems, usually low (1-3 ft.) to
the ground. They do not form feeding swarms. Males patrol up and down streams, low over
the water, searching for females and prey.

Females oviposit alone, hovering in a vertical (head-up) position and rapidly punching their
long ovipositor into shoreline mud in a sewing machine like fashion. Larvae are hairy and
sub-cylindrical (slightly dorso-laterally flattened) in shape, and are found in pools below riffles
or rapids, lurking just below the substrate. The larvae burrow into loose sand and substrate
or kick sand and silt up over their bodies, disguising themselves as they lie in wait for prey.
The larval stage is thought to last from 2 to 5 years.

120

elta-spotted Spiketai

'u/egaster d/astatop.

The smallest of the three MA spiketails. Male thorax blackish with two yellow dorsal
stripes and two broad yellow lateral stripes; abdomen black, with yellow lateral spots on
S1 -S9, those on S3-S8 dagger-shaped. Eyes green. Female similar but with thicker abdomen
and prominent ovipositor. Similar to Twin-spotted Spiketai! (p. 122) and Arrowhead
Spiketail (p. 123), but abdominal pattern distinct and female ovipositor shorter.

RANGE Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Fairly common throughout MA,
but absent from most of the southeast coastal plain.
HABITAT Small marshy streams and seeps.

NOTES Adults feed in forest clearings near streams. They perch at an oblique angle,
low to the ground on twigs and vegetation along the forest or water's edge. Males
patrol along streams or seeps at a height of about one foot. Females oviposit by hovering
over shallow water and driving their abdomens into the shallows again and again like a
sewing machine needle.

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121

win-spotted opiketail

CorauJegaster macula ta

The only MA spiketail with rounded abdominal markings. Male thorax blackish with two
yellow dorsal stripes and two broad yellow lateral stripes; abdomen black and slightly
clubbed, with paired, round yellow dorso-lateral spots on S3-S8. Eyes green. Female
similar but abdomen thicker and not clubbed, with very long ovipositor. Similar to the
Delta-spotted Spiketail (p. 121) and Arrowhead Spiketail (p. 123), but abdominal pattern
distinctive and female ovipositor longer.

RANGE Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout interior MA, but

absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Rocky forest streams and small, fast rivers.

NOTES Adults feed in forest clearings and along edges, stopping to perch at oblique

angles from twigs and vegetation, usually within 3 ft. of the ground. Males patrol a few

inches to a foot above water, flying long beats up and down rivers. Females oviposit by

hovering over shallow water and driving their abdomens into the shallows again and

again like a sewing machine needle.

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122

rowhead Spiketail Cordu Hiqua

The largest of the three MA spiketails, with a distinctive abdominal pattern. Male thorax
blackish with two yellow dorsal stripes and two broad yellow lateral stripes; abdomen
black with yellow dorsal spots on S1-S9, those on S4-S8 arrowhead-shaped. Eyes green.
Female similar but with thicker abdomen and prominent ovipositor. Similar to the Delta-
spotted Spiketail (p. 121) and Twin-spotted Spiketail (p. 122), but abdominal pattern
distinct.

RANGE Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Uncommon and local in central and

eastern MA.

HABITAT Semi-permanent streams and seeps.

NOTES Adults feed in forest clearings and perch low to the ground at an oblique

angle on twigs and vegetation. Males make patrols along streams at a height of 1-3 ft.

Females oviposit by hovering over shallow water and driving their abdomens into the

shallows again and again like a sewing machine needle.

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Macromiidae: Cruisers

Cruisers are fairly large, brown to black dragonflies with
yellow markings. There are at least 150 species worldwide,
with nine species and two genera in North America. In
Massachusetts, two species (of two genera) occur. The
Massachusetts species are both widely distributed across
the state.

Cruisers are brown to black in color and easily identified
as a group by a single yellow stripe on the side of the
thorax. They also have yellow bars and/or stripes on top
of their thoraxes, a yellow cross-stripe on their faces, and
yellow markings on their abdomens. Species in the genus
Macromia have brilliant green eyes when mature. Cruisers
are similar to spiketails (Cordulegastridae, p. 120) in general
appearance, but their eyes meet in a seam on top of the
head, they have just one pale lateral stripe on the thorax,
and a yellow cross-stripe on the face. Body color, abdominal
pattern, and eye color readily distinguish the two
Massachusetts species.

Cruisers inhabit rivers, ponds, and lakes where the males
patrol at low to moderate heights over the water. They
perch either obliquely or vertically from vegetation. The
Stream Cruiser (Didymops transversa) usually perches within
2-3 ft. of the ground, while the Illinois River Cruiser
{Macromia illinoiensis) often perches high in trees. Both species feed along woodland edges,
over clearings, and along dirt roads. Females oviposit by flying rapidly low over the water
and tapping the surface frequently with the tips of their abdomens to release their eggs, which
then drop to the bottom. Larvae sprawl on the substrate and are very broad and flattened
with very long legs, giving them a spider-like appearance. Emergence takes place many feet
from the water (in some cases over a hundred feet), and the exuviae may be found on rocks,
bridge abutments, docks, trees and even buildings.

Cruiser larvae are very
distinctive with their spider-
like shape. They have a flat
abdomen, sprawling, long
legs, a triangular horn
protruding from between their
eyes, and a mask-like labium.
They are sprawlers in habit,
lying in wait in the shallow
reaches of lake bottoms or the
slow sections of streams and
rivers. They become covered
with a fine layer of sediment,
further camouflaging their
golden brown form, as they lay
in wait for prey.

124

Somewhat clubtail-like in appearance, but behavior very different. Male thorax brown
with pale yellow dorsal crossbar at base of wings and a single ivory lateral stripe; abdomen
brown and slightly clubbed, with paired, ivory dorsal spots on S2-S7, those on S7-S8
fused; terminal appendages dull yellow. Eyes brown to dull olive-green. Face dark with
two yellow cross-stripes. Wings with small, dark brown basal patches and, when young,
yellow leading edges; occasionally tinted brown. Female similar but stockier and abdomen
not clubbed.

RANGE Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout MA.
HABITAT Sand-bottomed streams and rivers with a slow to medium current, large
ponds, and lakes.

NOTES Adults hunt low over fields and dirt roads, flying in and out of vegetation.
They perch obliquely from branches and grasses, usually 1-3 ft. above the ground.
Males patrol along the water's edge at moderate heights. Females oviposit by striking
their abdomens on the surface of the water, often near the shore.

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Our only species with bright green eyes combined with a single lateral thoracic stripe.
Male thorax dark brown with short, pale dorsal streaks (often obscured) and a single
yellow lateral stripe; abdomen black and slightly clubbed, with prominent yellow dorsal
spot on S7 and smaller dorsal spots on S2, S3, and occasionally S8. Eyes bright green
when mature. Face dark with two yellow cross-stripes. Female similar but abdomen thicker
and not clubbed, yellow dorsal markings more extensive, and eyes less green.

RANGE Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Fairly common throughout MA.
HABITAT Rivers and lakes.

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges and dirt roads flying at a height of 3-6 ft.
When hunting along roads they often patrol back and forth following a beat of a few
hundred feet. They sometimes can be seen high overhead in late-afternoon feeding
swarms. Males patrol low along the water's edge. Females oviposit by striking their
abdomens on the surface of the water, often near the shore.

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126

Corduliidae: Emeralds

Emeralds are a diverse group of dragonflies. Over 200
species have been described worldwide. About 50 species
in seven genera are known in North America, and 22 of
these have been found in Massachusetts. The family is
essentially northern in distribution and includes a few species
that are found as far north as any odonate.

Emeralds range in length from about 1 Vi to nearly 3
inches. Their bodies are brown to blackish, often with
pale yellow or white markings. In mature individuals of
many species the eyes are bright, iridescent green. The
wings are generally clear, though in baskettails (Epitheca
spp.) are variably marked with dark patches or spots.
Females are very similar to males in most species, but with
duller eyes and thicker abdomens. Although genera can
often be recognized in the field with experience,
identification to species is very difficult, typically requiring
in-hand examination of subtle body markings, male terminal
appendages (p. 128) or the female subgenital plate (refer to
Needham et al, 2000).

Members of the Emerald family inhabit a wide variety of
wetlands, including bogs, ponds, lakes, and rivers, though

Emerald larvae have long
spines or bumps down the back
and long spines on the tip of
their abdomens. They have a
wedge shaped head and mask-
like labium, with the long legs
of an insect that sprawls on the
bottom or climbs through
aquatic vegetation. The
sprawlers, those that lie in wait
on the bottom, are often dark
and hairy, and those that climb
among vegetation are smooth
and patterned with golden
brown and greens. Very
similar to skimmer larvae.

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many species have very specific habitat requirements. Emeralds are on the wing during the
spring and summer, with baskettails (Epitheca spp.), Ulher's Sundragons, and especially
boghaunters ( Williamsonia spp.) having some of the earliest flight seasons of any odonates.
Although not particularly secretive, many have inconspicuous habits, which combined with
their drab appearance makes them difficult to find. The shadowdragons (Neurocorduh'a spp.)
and striped emeralds (Somatochlora spp.) are among the most elusive odonates; shadowdragons
are only active for a brief period at dusk, apparently spending the remainder of the day high
in treetops. Emeralds perch either vertically or obliquely from vegetation. Many species
(especially the baskettails and striped emeralds) spend long periods on the wing and will join
mixed-species feeding swarms over upland fields and clearings, often late in the day.

Males patrol over breeding sites at low to moderate heights. Females exhibit a wide range
of ovipositing behaviors, though all oviposit alone. Some oviposit by flying low over the
water, tapping the surface repeatedly to release eggs. Others lay eggs in wet mud or shallow
water at the edges of wetlands, inserting their well-developed ovipositors into the substrate.
Female baskettails have a unique method of oviposition, in which all the eggs are connected
in a chain which the female carries balled up under the tip of the abdomen until finding an
appropriate site, at which point the ball is released into the water where it unwinds. Emerald
larvae are spider-like and are hairy or patterned with brown and green. They crawl amongst
submerged root clumps and vegetation. Emergence often takes place many feet from the
water on rocks, sides of buildings, emergent vegetation, and tree trunks.

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Terminal Appendages: Somatochlora

Identification of the 1 1 species of striped emeralds (genus Somatochlora) in Massachusetts is
difficult and rarely possible without examination of the male terminal appendages or the
female vulvar lamina. Other features that can be useful are overall size and thoracic pattern.
Most species have yellow lateral spots on the thorax, the size and shape of which can provide
clues to identification (see the species accounts). Male appendages are illustrated below; for
female identification refer to the technical manuals (e.g., Needham, et al.y 2000).

The diagrams below show a lateral (side) view of male abdominal
segment 10 (S10) and the terminal appendages. With the exception
of the Coppery Emerald, the coloration of the terminal appendages
is not important in identification; in these illustrations S10 is light
gray, superior appendages (SA) medium gray, and inferior
appendages (IA) dark gray. Illustrations are generally grouped
with the largest animals above, smaller below.

Clamp-tipped Emerald
Somatochlora tenebrosa, p. 1 30

Mocha Emerald
Somatochlora linearis, p. 1 33

Williamson's Emerald
Somatochlora williamsoni, p. 1 31

Incurvate Emerald
Somatochlora incurvata, p. 1 36

Ski-tailed Emerald
Somatochlora elongata, p. 1 32

Forcipate Emerald
Somatochlora forcipata, p. 1 35

Kennedy's Emerald
Somatochlora kennedyi, p. 1 34

Lake Emerald

Somatochlora cingulata, p. 1 37

Brush-tipped Emerald
Somatochlora walshii, p. 1 29

Ocellated Emerald
Somatochlora minor, p. 1 39

Coppery Emerald
Somatochlora georgiana, p. 1 38

128

Brush-tipped Emerald Somatochlora walshii

One of the smallest striped emeralds in MA. Male thorax blackish with dull greenish
iridescence and two yellow lateral markings, the anterior mark elongate, forming a short
stripe, the posterior shorter, more rounded and brighter (both marks fade with age);
abdomen rather short and black with yellow lateral spot on S2, pale basal ring on S3, and
small yellowish lateral spots on S5-S7 (occasionally S4 or S8) which fade with age. Eyes
bright green when mature. Male superior appendages blunt distally and hairy (p. 128).
Female similar, but wings occasionally tinged amber; ovipositor dark and obliquely triangular
in shape. Similar to other small striped emeralds and safely identified only in the hand.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern and northwestern U.S.; southern Canada. Fairly
common throughout MA but not recorded from the southeast coastal plain.
HABITAT Slow, clear streams running through bogs, fens, and marshes.
NOTES Adults forage along forest edges, often joining late afternoon feeding swarms.
Males patrol along streams, flying at a height of about 3 ft. with abdomens slightly
arched, hovering and darting frequently. Females oviposit by repeatedly dipping the
tips of their abdomens into the water near emergent vegetation.

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omatocnlora tenebrosa

One of the larger emeralds in MA. Male thorax blackish with dull greenish iridescence and
two yellow lateral stripes, the posterior stripe shorter and more ovate; both marks fade
with age; abdomen black with pale lateral spot on S2 and a pale basal ring on S3. Eyes
bright green when mature. Male appendages distinctly clamp-shaped in side view, with
dorsal spike on superiors (p. 128). Female similar but abdomen stockier, occasionally with
faint spots on S5-S8, with thorn-shaped ovipositor nearly perpendicular to abdomen
(angled slightly rearward) and wings occasionally tinged with amber. Similar to other
large striped emeralds, but male appendages distinctive and often visible in the field.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; narrow band along the eastern Canadian border.
Fairly common throughout most of MA (the most widespread Somatochlora in the state),
but rather rare to absent on Cape Cod and the islands.
HABITAT Boggy wetlands and shaded forest streams.

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges (often in the shade) and over fields flying at
varying heights. They are most active in the early morning and late evening. They
perch in the shade on vegetation, hanging vertically, high in trees. Males patrol streams
at a height of 2-3 ft., staying in the shade and hovering frequently. Females oviposit by
tapping their abdomens on the water near rocks and vegetation or in mud along the
shoreline.

O N

130

One of the larger emeralds in MA. Male thorax blackish with dull greenish iridescence and
two yellow lateral marks, the anterior mark elongate and forming a stripe, the posterior
shorter and more rounded; both marks darken with age; abdomen black with yellow
lateral spot on S2, pale basal ring on S3, and faint pale lateral spots on S6-S8 which
darken with age. Eyes bright green when mature. Male superior appendages recurved at
tip and hairy. Female similar but wings occasionally tinted with amber, abdomen thicker
with pale lateral spots on S4-S8; ovipositor thorn-shaped and perpendicular to abdomen.
Very similar to other large striped emeralds and positively identified only in the hand.
Female is especially similar to the Clamp-tipped Emerald (p. 130).

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S. south through the Appalachian Mountains;

southeastern Canada. Fairly common throughout MA but absent from the southeast

coastal plain.

HABITAT Shady streams and bog-bordered ponds.

NOTES Adults feed in forest clearings, sometimes joining late afternoon feeding

swarms. They have been observed flying at heights of 30-50 ft. Males patrol along

streams, just above the water in shade or much higher over open water. Females

oviposit by tapping their abdomens into mud and mosses along the waterline.

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Ski-tailed Emerald

Somatochlora elongata

One of the larger emeralds in MA. Male thorax blackish with dull greenish iridescence and
two yellow lateral marks, the anterior mark elongate forming a stripe, the posterior shorter
and more rounded; both marks fade with age; abdomen long and slender, basally
constricted, black with yellow lateral spot on S2 and pale basal ring on S3. Eyes bright
green when mature. Male superior appendages curve upward at tips (p. 128). Wings
occasionally washed with pale amber. Female similar, but abdomen thicker with triangular
ovipositor protruding at a right angle to the tip of abdomen. Very similar to other large
striped emeralds, especially the Clamp-tipped Emerald (p. 130) and Williamson's Emerald
(p. 131). Female's thick, triangular ovipositor is distinctive.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S. south through the Appalachian Mountains;

southeastern Canada. Uncommon in north-central and western MA.

HABITAT Very small, shaded streams and outlets of beaver ponds.

NOTES Adults forage high in forest clearings. Males patrol along shorelines, frequently

hovering, and occasionally perching on low vegetation. Females oviposit by striking the

tip of their abdomens onto the water's surface near the shore or in mosses just above

the waterline.

132

matochlora linearis

One of the largest and drabbest emeralds in MA. Male thorax dark brown with dull
greenish iridescence, no pale lateral markings; abdomen long and slender, basally
constricted, black with yellow lateral spot on S2, pale basal ring on S3, and pale lateral
spots on S3-S8 that fade with age. Eyes bright green when mature. Wings occasionally
suffused with brown. Male superior appendages with distinct, small distal spike (p. 128).
Female similar but abdomen thicker with more prominent, pale lateral markings; wings
often with extensive amber; ovipositor thorn-shaped and perpendicular to abdomen.
Usually distinguishable from other striped emeralds by large size, amber wash on wings,
and lack of pale thoracic markings.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Uncommon, found in eastern MA but absent from

the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Small, shaded streams.

NOTES Adults hunt in fields and forest openings, usually flying at a height of 6-10 ft.

They are most active in the morning and evening. Females oviposit as they fly along

stream banks, inserting their abdomens into mud.

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One of the drabbest of the striped emeralds. Male thorax blackish with dull greenish
iridescence and no obvious pale marks; abdomen long and slender, basally constricted,
black with pale lateral spot on S2 and pale basal ring on S3. Eyes bright green when
mature. Male superior appendages curve down in side view (p. 128). Female similar but
abdomen thicker, with yellowish ovipositor parallel to abdomen. Very similar to other
striped emeralds but generally lacking pale lateral marks.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; Canada. Rare, recorded only from a few sites

in central and eastern MA.

HABITAT Bogs, fens and swamps, often with flowing water.

NOTES Adults hunt in forest openings and over roads and streams, occasionally

perching on low vegetation. Males patrol over open water, flying at a height of 2-3 ft.

Females oviposit by tapping the tips of their abdomens into the water, releasing the

eggs.

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134

A medium-sized, slender striped
emerald. Male thorax blackish with
dull greenish iridescence and two
yellow lateral ovals, the anterior
more elongate (both marks fade
with age); abdomen long and
slender, basally constricted, black
with yellow lateral spot on S2, pale
basal ring on S3, and dull yellowish
lateral spots on S5-S7 (occasionally
S8). Eyes bright green when
mature. Male superior appendages
arched down in side view (p. 128).
Female similar but abdomen stockier
with pale lateral marks on S3-S7;
ovipositor dull yellowish, relatively
short, and lies flat against abdomen.
Very similar to other striped
emeralds and identifiable only in the
hand.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S. south through the Appalachian Mountains;

southeastern Canada. Rare, recorded from a handful of sites in north-central and

western MA.

HABITAT Bogs and small forested streams.

NOTES Adults forage in forest openings and along roads, often flying rather low.

They perch by hanging from branches, often high in trees. Males patrol along streams.

Females have been observed ovipositing by tapping the tips of their abdomens into

pockets of water along stream banks.

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y Incurvate Emerald Somatochlora incurvata

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One of the larger emeralds in MA. Male thorax blackish with dull greenish iridescence and
two indistinct lateral spots, the anterior spot more elongate, the posterior spot shorter
and more rounded (both fade with age); abdomen long and slender, basally constricted,
black with yellow lateral spot on S2, pale basal ring on S3, and diffuse, pale lateral spots
on S4-S8. Eyes bright green when mature. Male superior appendages curved down in
side view (p. 128). Female similar but abdomen thicker, with yellowish ovipositor parallel
to abdomen. Very similar to other large striped emeralds and generally identifiable only
in the hand.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; narrow band along southeastern Canadian

border. Rare and known only from a few sites in north-central MA.

HABITAT Sphagnumbogs.

NOTES Adults forage high in forest clearings, sometimes joining late afternoon feeding

swarms. Males fly over open bogs, stopping to hover at small pools. Females oviposit

in Sphagnum pools by dipping the tips of their abdomens into the water, releasing the

eggs.

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136

Lake Emerald

hlora cingula

A rather large and stocky striped
emerald. Male thorax blackish with
dull greenish iridescence, lacking
any yellowish marks; abdomen black
with prominent, white basal rings
on all segments. Eyes bright green
when mature. Female similar; lacks
an ovipositor. The ringed abdomen
is unique among Somatochlora in
southern New England.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S; eastern to west-central Canada. Recorded

only once in northwestern MA, on Mt. Greylock in 1973.

HABITAT Shallow lakes and sluggish reaches of rivers and streams.

NOTES Adults forage high overhead or low along the edges of woodland roads and

clearings. Males fly over open water and are not territorial.

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,oppery

mmmma
Somatochlora georgiana

Very unlike other Somatochlora,
somewhat similar in size and
coloration to a female meadow-
hawk (Sympetrum). Male thorax
brown with two pale lateral stripes
that fade with age; abdomen
slender and rusty brown with no
obvious marks. Eyes reddish-brown
(never green). Female similar, but
abdomen thicker with triangular
ovipositor perpendicular to
abdomen. Coloration distinguishes
this species from all others in the
genus.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern seaboard of U.S., from LA to NH. Rare, recorded only

from a few sites in eastern MA.

HABITAT Acidic, swampy, or forested streams.

NOTES Adults hunt in forest openings and in the forest canopy. They sometimes join

feeding swarms and may also glean prey by flying along forest edges and nabbing insects

off of the tips of branches. Males patrol stream banks.

O N D

138

One of the smallest of the striped emeralds. Male thorax blackish with dull greenish
iridescence and two yellow, oval lateral spots; abdomen short and entirely black except
for yellow lateral spots on S2 £r S3, and a pale basal ring on S3. Eyes bright green when
mature. Female similar, but wings often heavily tinged with amber; ovipositor dull yellow-
brown and spout-like. Similar to other small striped emeralds, especially Brush-tipped
Emerald (p. 129), though lateral thoracic stripes more rounded.

RANGE/STATUS Northern U.S.; Canada. One record from north-central MA in

the early 1980's.

HABITAT Clear, small forest streams.

NOTES Adults hunt in shady forest openings at a height of 4-5 ft. They perch in the

shade on low vegetation and twigs. Males patrol streams at a height of about a foot,

staying in the shade and hovering occasionally. Females oviposit by tapping their

abdomens on the water near rocks and vegetation or in moss along the shoreline.

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Common Baskettail Epitheca cynosura

Male thorax brown and
hairy, with elongate
yellowish lateral spot
(fades with age);
abdomen dark brown with
pale yellowish lateral
patches. Eyes dull blue-
green in mature males,
brown in immature males
and females. "Forehead"
often with black "J" spot
(occasionally absent). Hind
wings often with large,
triangular, dark basal
patch; however, some
have only small basal wing
spots. Female similar but
abdomen thicker. Dark-
winged individuals
distinctive but clear-
winged form very similar
to Beaverpond Baskettail
(p. 141) and Spiny
Baskettail (p. 142). These
two species are slightly
larger, mature males have
greener eyes, and females
often have a brown wash
in the wings.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Apparently common, but
status in MA is uncertain due to confusion with the very similar (conspecific?) Mantled
Baskettail (E. semiaquea).

HABITAT Marshy wetlands, lakes, ponds, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults hunt in sunny forest openings, fields, and over the water, flying swiftly
and erratically at a height of 4-10 ft. and occasionally forming swarms. They perch
obliquely on stems of low vegetation. Males patrol over wetlands, hovering frequently.
The Mantled Baskettail of the southeastern U.S. is virtually identical, inseparable in
the field, and of uncertain taxonomic distinction. Recent evidence suggests this form
may occur in southern New England.

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140

Beaverpond Baskettail Ep/thec.

a cams

Male thorax brown and hairy with elongate, yellowish lateral spot that fades with age;
abdomen dark brown with pale yellowish lateral patches. Eyes dull green in mature male,
brownish in immature male and female. "Forehead" lacks "T" spot. Wings with small, dark
basal spots, often washed with amber. Female similar but wings often heavily washed
with dark amber. Common Baskettail (p. 140) very similar but slightly smaller, often with
broad, dark basal wing patch; male lacks dorsal spike on appendages; female wings lack
amber. Spiny Baskettail (p. 142) very similar, but with dark "T" spot on "forehead," male
with ventral spike on superior appendages; female generally lacks amber wash on wings;
usually separable only in the hand.

RANGE/STATUS Northern U.S.; southern Canada. Common throughout most of
MA but absent from the southeast coastal plain.
HABITAT Beaver ponds and bogs with open water.

NOTES Adults hunt in sunny forest openings and may form feeding swarms. They
perch obliquely from twigs and stems, or on flat leaves of bushes and small trees. Males
patrol small territories over wetlands, hovering frequently. Females oviposit by producing
long strings of eggs, forming balls at the tips of their abdomens. They then tap the tips
of their abdomens on the surface of the water, releasing the eggs. The flight season
averages somewhat earlier than other baskettails.

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Spiny Baskettai

Male thorax brown and
hairy with elongate
yellowish lateral spot
(fades with age);
abdomen dark brown with
pale yellowish lateral
patches. Eyes dull blue-
green in mature male,
brown in immature male
and female. "Forehead"
with black "J" spot. Wings
with small, dark basal
spots. Male superior
appendages with small,
ventral spike approx-
imately 1/3 from base.
Female similar but wings
often washed with brown,
especially on outer
portions. Female append-
ages as long as S9 + S10.
Beaverpond Baskettail (p.
141) very similar but lacks
"T" spot on "forehead,"
male superior appendages
with distal dorsal spike;
female appendages
somewhat shorter (less
than S9 + S10).

RANGE/STATUS Northern U.S.; southern Canada. Uncommon in MA and absent

from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Bogs and boggy wetlands, marshes, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults forage along forest edges and over woodland roads. Males patrol over

wetlands, hovering frequently. Females oviposit by producing long strings of eggs,

forming balls at the tips of their abdomens. They then tap the tips on the surface of the

water to release the eggs.

142

Prince Bask

ettai

Much larger than other baskettails.
Male thorax dark brown and hairy;
abdomen dark brown with thin,
pale rings. Eyes green in mature
male, brownish in immature male
and female. Wing marks extensive
but variable; typically with a broad,
dark basal bar on leading edges, a
large, irregularly shaped patch at
the nodus, and dark tips, wrapping
around the trailing edges. Female
similar. Size, shape, and behavior
darner-like, but wing pattern
distinctive. Twelve-spotted Skimmer
(p. 164) and female Common
Whitetail (p. 1 63) have similar wing
patterns but are small, with shorter,
stockier abdomens, and behave very
differently. A large, slender
dragonfly with conspicuous wing
markings patrolling high over head
will be this species.

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout

MA.

HABITAT Ponds, lakes, and quiet rivers.

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges, roads, and in fields. They forage at the tops

of trees, and form feeding swarms high overhead in the late afternoon. On warm sunny

days they are also active very early in the morning. They perch by hanging vertically

under twigs and branches with the abdomen curled upward. Males patrol over water,

flying at a height of 3-6 ft. Females oviposit by producing long strings of eggs, forming

balls at the tips of their abdomens. They then tap the tips of their abdomens on the

surface of the water to release the eggs. Most often seen ovipositing in the early

evening.

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143

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uj Uhler's Sundragon

irduim uhleri

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Male thorax dark, bronzy brown and hairy, with iridescent greenish highlights; abdomen
black and swollen distally, with orange basal ring on S3, and S4-S8 with dull orange
lateral spots. Eyes green when mature. Face yellowish. Wings with dark basal spots, small
amber patches, dark, prominent crossveins on leading edge of wings basally, and
occasionally a brownish wash. Female similar but abdomen thicker and lateral spots larger.
Amber patches at base of wings and darkened crossveins distinguish this species from
other small emeralds.

RANGE/STATUS South-central to northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada.

Uncommon in MA and absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Clean, rapid streams and large lakes.

NOTES Adults forage along forest edges. They perch obliquely on twigs and stems

near the ground. Males patrol low over water and along shorelines with a fast, erratic

flight and occasional hovering. They are often active late in the day.

A|:-/a|J II |A|S |Q|N|D

144

American Emer

Male thorax dark, bronzy brown and hairy, with iridescent green highlights; abdomen
black and slightly swollen on S6-S8, with dull yellowish-brown marks along lower sides
of S1-S2 and a narrow yellow ring at the joint of S2-S3. Eyes bright green when mature.
Face dusky and "forehead" dark iridescent green. Female similar but abdomen stockier,
with white on lower sides of S3-S4 and duller eyes. Very similar to other small emeralds.
Male Racket-tailed Emerald (p. 1 47) is smaller and has more prominently clubbed abdomen.
Male Petite Emerald (p. 146) is smaller and has dull brownish-orange lateral basal spot on
S3. Male Uhler's Sundragon (p. 144) has yellow face, dark basal wing spots, and pale
lateral spots on S4-S8.

RANGE/STATUS Northern U.S.; Canada. Common throughout interior MA but
absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Vegetated ponds and lakes, beaver ponds, open boggy ponds and fens.
NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges, flying in and out of sunny patches. They
occasionally perch on vegetation, hanging under twigs or resting on flat leaves. Males
patrol short beats, flying a few feet above the water near the shore, hovering frequently.
Females oviposit by flying quickly over the water and tapping the tips of their abdomens
onto the surface to release eggs.

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145

One of the smallest of the emeralds. Male thorax dark, bronzy brown with iridescent
green highlights; abdomen black and slightly clubbed, with pale brown lateral spots on
S2-S3. Eyes bright green when mature. Top of face and "forehead" dark, iridescent
green. Female similar but abdomen stockier with pale lateral spots on S4-S7. Racket-
tailed Emerald (p. 147) very similar but slightly larger and abdomen more clubbed;
female abdomen also clubbed and without pale spots on S4-S7.

RANGE/STATUS A narrow band along the northeastern U.S. into southeastern

Canada. Uncommon and local throughout MA.

HABITAT Bogs and swamps; generally more acidic wetlands than the Racket-tailed

Emerald (D. libera).

NOTES Adults hunt in forest openings and fields. They occasionally perch on vegetation,

hanging under twigs or resting on flat leaves. Males patrol over emergent and shoreline

vegetation. Females oviposit by tapping the tips of their abdomens on the surface of the

water to release eggs.

A | Mj J 1 |jS | O | jj | D

146

Racket-tailed Emerald Dorocordulia libera

Male thorax dark, bronzy brown with iridescent greenish highlights; abdomen entirely
black and prominently clubbed, with dull orange-brown patches on S2-S3. Eyes bright
green when mature. Top of face and "forehead" dark iridescent green. Wings occasionally
tinted with amber at base. Female similar but abdomen slightly less clubbed. Petite Emerald
(p. 146) very similar but slightly smaller and abdomen less clubbed; female abdomen has
pale lateral spots on S4-S7.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Fairly common

throughout MA but absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Bogs, marshes, and ponds; usually less acidic wetlands than the Petite

Emerald (D. lepida).

NOTES Adults hunt along forest edges, flying in and out of sunny patches and

occasionally occur in feeding swarms late in the day. They occasionally perch on

vegetation, hanging under twigs or resting on flat leaves. Males patrol over open wetlands

at a height of 3-5 ft., flying slowly with their abdomens arched upward. Females oviposit

by tapping the tips of their abdomens onto the water's surface to release eggs.

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147

Umber Shadowdragon Neurocordulia obsoleta

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Male thorax dark brown and hairy
with a yellowish lateral spot;
abdomen brown with pale lateral
spots. Eyes brown. Wings with dark
basal patch, small dark spot at
nodus, dark crossveins on the
leading edges of the wings basally,
orange stigma, and often heavily
suffused with dark amber. Female
similar. The Stygian Shadowdragon
(p. 149) very similar but lateral
abdominal marks larger and
brighter and wings clear except for
basal patches.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Rare, recorded only in central and eastern MA. A
crepuscular species, it may be easily overlooked and more common than thought.
HABITAT Rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.

NOTES This crepuscular species spends the day hanging from twigs and branches in
the shade, apparently high in the trees as they are very rarely seen before dusk. Adults
forage close to shorelines and over open water, flying very low and erratically for a brief
period from sunset until dark. Mating and egg laying also occur at this time. The
presence of this species is most easily confirmed by locating their exuviae on bridge
abutments, retaining walls, dams, steep embankments, or tree trunks.

MM TJJ |A|S |Q|N|D

148

Stygian Shadowdragon Neurocordulia yamaskanens,

Male thorax dark brown and hairy
with a dull yellowish lateral spot;
abdomen brown with dull yellow
lateral patches. Eyes brown. Wings
with small, dark basal patch and
orange stigma. Female similar.
Umber Shadowdragon (p. 148)
similar but sides of abdomen duller
and wings have more prominent
crossveins on leading edges.

Spe< ial

Concern

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RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; narrow band along border of southeastern
Canada. Rare in MA, recorded from only a few sites along the Connecticut River. A
crepuscular species, it may be easily overlooked and more common than thought.
HABITAT Large rivers and lakes, often with rocky shores.

NOTES This crepuscular species spends the day hanging from twigs and branches in
the shade apparently very high in the canopy, as they are very rarely seen before dusk.
Adults forage close to shorelines and over open water, flying very low and erratically
for a brief period from sunset until dark. Mating and egg laying also take place during
this time. The larvae emerge on bridge abutments, revetments, steep banks, and tree
trunks, and the presence of exuviae provides the easiest means to confirm this species'
occurrence.

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aunter

uhamsonia fletcheri

Male thorax blackish and
unmarked; abdomen
black with narrow white
rings on S2-S4. Eyes green
in mature males. Wings
clear. Face dark. Female
similar but eyes gray.
Ringed Boghaunter (p.
1 51 ) similar but with
orange rings on S2-S9
and paler face. Whitefaces
(Leucorrhinia spp.) similar
in size, behavior, and
habitat, but with white
face and yellow or red
marks on the body.

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Rare, known only from

a handful of sites in north-central MA.

HABITAT Sphagnum bogs and swamps with open pools.

NOTES Adults frequent sunny patches in or near wetlands, perching low on tree

trunks, brush, and the ground. They are not active flyers. Males make brief patrols

low over open pools. Females oviposit in small pools and wet depressions in the sphagnum

mat. Both species of boghaunters ( Williamsonia spp.) are considered to be glacial relicts

that may have been more common during the colder period after the glacier retreated

and before the temperate forests extended north.

atmtxTjTTa i s i o i n i d

150

Male thorax dark brown
and unmarked; abdomen
black with prominent
orange dorsal rings on S2-
S9. Eyes blue-gray. Face
pale orange-brown.
Female similar, but
abdomen thicker. Ebony
Boghaunter similar but
lacks orange rings on S5-
S9, face darker, and eyes
green in mature males.
Whitefaces {Leucorrhinia
spp.) similar in size,
behavior, and habitats, but
have white faces and
yellow, or red markings on
body.

RANGE/STATUS Spottily distributed in the northeastern U.S. and Great Lakes Region.
Rare, known only from north-central and eastern MA.
HABITAT Sphagnum bogs with open pools.

NOTES Adults frequent sunny patches, including sun-dappled roadsides. They fly
low, landing often in sunny spots and on light-colored tree trunks. They are not active
flyers and are seldom encountered in wetlands. Both species of boghaunters ( Williamsonia
spp J are considered to be glacial relicts that may have been more common during the
colder period after the glacier retreated and before the temperate forests extended
north.

A i ~.\§\ J 1 A | S 1 0 1 N | D

151

Libellulidae: Skimmers

Skimmer larvae are plump,
sometimes hairy, with a mask-
like labium and short, thread-
like antennae. Some are
elongate, while others are
spider-like, with a more disc
shaped body and long, spindly
legs. They are patterned with
brown and green. They climb
around aquatic vegetation and
detritus along the shore.
Overall, they are very similar
to emerald larvae.

Skimmers comprise the largest and most diverse family
of odonates worldwide, with over 1,000 described species.
Of the 105 species and 26 genera in North America, 41
species in 1 1 genera have been recorded in Massachusetts.

Skimmers range in size from very small, barely an inch
or so, to fairly large, approaching IMi inches in length.
They are extremely diverse in both color and pattern, some
rivaling butterflies with their bold and bright coloration. In
some species the wings are prominently colored and
patterned as well as the body. The eyes are very large and
meet in a seam along the top of the head. Identification of
most species is possible in the field based on a combination
of body, eye and wing color and pattern. Females and
immature males often look very different from adult males,
which can lead to confusion for the novice. Some species
develop a blue-gray, waxy pruinosity on the body as an
individual matures. In a few groups, most notably the
meadowhawks {Sympetrum spp.), some species can be
identified only by in-hand examination of morphological
characteristics, and even then identification can be difficult
because of unresolved taxonomic issues.

Skimmers inhabit a wide variety of wetlands, though most species are scarce to absent in
riverine systems. They are most common at well-vegetated ponds, where as many as a dozen
or more species can co-occur. Adults tend to wander far from water, maturing and feeding
in fields and clearings. The majority are summer fliers, but the whitefaces {Leucorrhinia spp.)
are among the first dragonflies on the wing in the spring, while some of the meadowhawks
(Sympetrum spp.) remain active into the late fall. Most species are perchers, spending much of
their time perched horizontally or obliquely on vegetation, logs, rocks, or, in a few species,
flat on the ground. Some "tee-up" horizontally on the tops of small shrubs or stiff grasses,
pivoting in the breeze like small flags. Several species, primarily the gliders (Pantala spp.) and
saddlebags (Tramea spp.), spend long periods on the wing; many of these species are also
migratory and are occasionally seen in large numbers along the coast in spring and fall.
Skimmers are typically the most numerous and conspicuous odonates at wetlands, and many
species routinely frequent upland fields and clearings far from water.

Males of many species are territorial, defending short stretches of shoreline from other
males. In a few species, the males perform flight displays in unison with competing males.
Females oviposit in the water by tapping the surface with the tips of their abdomens. They
may oviposit alone, with the male guarding nearby, or with the male still attached in tandem.
Larvae are cylindrical and elongate; they live on the bottom, crawling amongst debris. Exuviae
are often found on emergent vegetation, rocks, or logs just above the waterline.

152

Eastern Amberwing Perithemis tenera

Male thorax brown with
two large yellow lateral
spots; abdomen orange-
brown with very thin
yellow rings; terminal
appendages whitish. Eyes
reddish-brown. Wings
entirely orange, with dark
reddish-orange stigmas.
Female body similar but
abdomen more brown
and wings generally clear
with a variably-sized
brown spot proximally and
a brown band distal ly .
The combination of small
size and wing pattern is
distinctive among

northeastern dragonflies.

RANGE/STATUS Central and eastern U.S. Common throughout MA, though scarce

at higher elevations.

HABITAT A variety of wetlands including vegetated ponds, lakes, and slow streams;

often seen alighting on pickerel weed (Pontederia cor data).

NOTES Adults fly low, in and out of vegetation along shorelines or over water. They

perch horizontally on the tips of emergent vegetation. This species is a wasp mimic;

when perched they pump their abdomen and wings up and down in a wasp-like fashion.

Males patrol small territories over water with emergent vegetation, flying with their

abdomen raised. Females oviposit on emergent vegetation, and fly with their abdomens

and hind wings tilted sharply upwards.

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153

11-11

'achyaiplax Longipennis

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Male thorax brown with
thin yellow dorsal bars and
stripes, and yellow lateral
stripes; abdomen pruinose
blue-gray when mature,
with black tip (S8-S10).
Eyes green. Face white.
Hind wings have amber
basal patches with black
streaks; wings often tinted
with brown distal ly .
Female and immature
male thorax similar;
abdomen mostly black
with yellow sides on basal
segments and distinctive
paired yellow dorsal streaks
on S3-S8 (fade with age).
Eyes rusty brown. Female
hind wings lack black basal
streaks. The combination
of striped thorax and
black-tipped, blue abdo-
men of the male is
distinctive, as is the paired
dorsal streaks on the
abdomen of immature
males and females.

RANGE/STATUS Throughout the U.S. except the Rocky Mountain states; scattered

localities along the southeastern Canadian border. Common to abundant throughout

MA, especially at lower elevations.

HABITAT A variety of wetlands, but most common in well-vegetated ponds. Apparently

tolerant of polluted waters.

NOTES Adults often forage along shorelines, perching horizontally on vegetation

often with their wings cocked downward. Males make short patrols over water, clashing

with other males and hovering frequently. Females oviposit in flight, hovering and

dipping the tips of their abdomens into the water, often with males hovering or perching

nearby. This species occasionally participates in Atlantic Coast migrations.

154

Eastern Pondhawk

Mature male thorax and
abdomen entirely pruin-
ose blue; immature male
thorax bright green. Eyes
blackish. Face green.
Wings clear with brownish
stigmas. Superior append-
ages yellow-white. Female
thorax entirely bright
green; abdomen yellowish
green with black dorsal
patches on S4-S6, mostly
black on S7-S9, with
white terminal append-
ages. Eyes grayish green.
Face green. Male is the
only entirely blue skimmer
with green face and pale
terminal appendages.
Female and immature can
be confused only with the
rarer snaketails (p. 1 1 5-
1 19), but are larger, with
differently patterned and
unclubbed abdomen, and
eyes that meet on top of
the head.

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S.; Canadian Great Lakes region. Common
in MA; one of the most widespread and frequently seen dragonflies in the state.
HABITAT Vegetated ponds, lakes, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults are voracious hunters, foraging on low vegetation and near the ground.
They fly near water, in fields, along roads, and other open areas, and perch horizontally
on logs, rocks, leaves, and the ground, or obliquely on vegetation. Males patrol small
territories over floating vegetation; competing males fly characteristic loop-de-loops,
alternately passing below then in front of each other. Females oviposit in flight, hovering
low over the water and repeatedly dipping their abdomens into the water to release the
eggs, while the male guards nearby.

155

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Spangled Skimmer Libellula cyanea

Male thorax and abdomen
entirely dark blue. Eyes
and face blackish. Wings
with small dark basal
streaks, amber streak along
leading edge, and stigmas
strikingly white and black.
Female and immature
male thorax dark brown
above with broad, white
mid-dorsal stripe and pale
yellow sides and a single
brown lateral stripe;
abdomen yellow with
broad black dorsal stripe
and lateral stripes. Female
wing tips dusky. No other
dragonfly in the Northeast
has white stigmas.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S. Common throughout MA.

HABITAT Vegetated ponds, lakes, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults forage in fields and clearings near water. They perch horizontally on

weed tips or obliquely on plant stems. Males are territorial near or over the water.

Females oviposit in flight by dipping the tips of their abdomens into the water.

A | MjJ ]JT- IS 1 0 1 N | D

156

Slaty Skimm

Libellula inces*

Male thorax and abdomen
entirely dark blue, often
appearing blackish. Eyes
and face black. Wings
mostly clear with black
stigma and dusky tips;
occasionally with thin
dark bar on outer leading
edge of wing and/or dark
basal streaks. Female and
immature male thorax
brown above with broad,
pale mid-dorsal stripe and
large ivory patches on
sides; abdomen yellowish
with broad black dorsal
stripe. Female abdomen
with prominent flange on
lower sides of S8. Female
wings often with broad,
dark tips. Face brown.
Male is distinctive. Female
Great Blue Skimmer very
similar but has white face;
other female skimmers
distinguished by wing
pattern.

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common throughout

MA; one of the most widespread dragonfly species in the state.

HABITAT Ponds, lakes, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults forage along forest edges. They perch horizontally on twigs or obliquely

from plant stems, occasionally also on logs or rocks. Males are territorial, perching on

stems along shorelines. They clash frequently with other males, performing horizontal

loop-de-loops around each other.

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157

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Great Blue Skimmer

Male thorax and abdomen
entirely pale blue. Eyes
bluish-green. Face chalky
white. Wings with narrow
black basal bar, black spot
at nodus, black stigma,
dark tips, and occasionally
a black bar between nodus
and stigma. Female and
immature male thorax
brown with broad pale
mid-dorsal stripe and
mostly pale sides;
abdomen yellow with full-
length, black dorsal stripe
and a flange on lower
edge of S8. Eyes rusty
brown. Older females
become entirely grayish-
brown. Male Eastern
Pondhawk (p. 1 55) similar
but smaller, face green,
terminal appendages
white, and lacks black
wing marks. Female Slaty
Skimmer (p. 1 57) similar
but face darker.

Libellula vibrans

RANGE/STATUS Southeastern U.S. A species recorded only sporadically in south

and northeastern MA.

HABITAT Swampy pools and streams.

NOTES Adults forage in fields and along forest edges, perching obliquely or horizontally

on plant stems. Males are territorial near shorelines. Females oviposit in flight by

tapping the tips of their abdomens to the water's surface, often with males hovering

nearby. Small numbers are sometimes seen in Atlantic Coast migrations. Occasional

northward incursions bring this species into southern New England.

A IH II BOND

158

A large, blackish and gray dragonfly of the southeastern U.S. Male thorax pruinose gray
above and on sides; abdomen blackish, becoming pruinose gray on the basal three
segments. Wings have narrow dark streak at base, black spot at nodus, dark streak on
leading edge between nodus and stigma, narrow black band wrapping around tip, and
pruinose gray patch at base of hind wing. Eyes dark. Female and immature male thorax
brown with broad, pale mid-dorsal stripe and extensively pale sides; abdomen yellow
with full-length, black dorsal stripe; wings similar to male, but lack gray patch. Older
females become dusky grayish-brown. Similar to Slaty Skimmer (p. 1 57) and Great Blue
Skimmer (p. 1 58), but maies more gray (less blue) on body and dark wing marks more
extensive (especially bar between nodus and stigma), with gray patch at base of hind
wing.

RANGE/STATUS Southeastern U.S., north to MA. Two records from MA, both

males: one in Eastham in 1996, and one in Bourne in 2001.

HABITAT Vegetated ponds and vernal pools.

NOTES Adults perch at various heights on the tips of emergent vegetation, up to the

tops of trees. Males patrol over open pools in wetlands. Small numbers of this species

occasionally wander north along the Atlantic Coast.

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Blue Corporal

Male thorax blue above,
dark brown on sides;
abdomen blue. Eyes dark
brown to black. Wings
with dark basal streaks,
longer and thicker on the
hind wings; stigma brown.
Female and immature
male thorax dark brown
with pale dorsal stripes;
abdomen brick red with
connected, forward-
pointing black triangles on
top of S3-S9. Older female
becomes drab gray/blue.
White Corporal (p. 161)
similar but male abdomen
whiter and without blue
on thorax; female
abdomen paler with black
dorsal stripe (no triangles).

Libellula (Ladona) deplanata

RANGE/STATUS Southeastern U.S., north to MA. A locally common species of the

coastal plain.

HABITAT Coastal plain ponds.

NOTES Adults forage in fields and clearings near water. They perch horizontally on

the ground or logs, or vertically on tree trunks. Males are territorial, flying low over

open water and clashing frequently with other males. Females oviposit in flight by dipping

the tips of their abdomens into the water, washing off the eggs.

A||'j ;[JTA|S |0|N|D

160

Whi

Libellula (Ladona) exusti

Male thorax dark brown
with pale shoulder stripes
(fade with age); abdomen
mostly pale, pruinose
white. Eyes dark brown.
Wings with small dark
basal patch, larger on
hind wing. Female and
immature male thorax dark
brown with pale dorsal
stripes; abdomen pale
rusty with black dorsal
stripe. Older female can
look like a drab male. Blue
Corporal (p. 160) similar
but dark basal wing marks
split into distinct bars,
male thorax blue on top
and abdomen darker blue;
female abdomen darker
with black dorsal triangles.
Chalk-fronted Corporal (p.
162) wings have smaller
basal spots; male has gray
top of thorax and only
basal half of abdomen
whitish; female has wider
black dorsal abdominal
stripe.

RANGE/STATUS A narrow band along the northeastern coastal plain, extending

into southeastern Canada. Fairly common throughout MA.

HABITAT Vegetated and bog-bordered ponds and lakes.

NOTES Adults forage in fields and clearings near water. They perch on floating

vegetation and logs, the ground, or on tree trunks. Males are territorial and make

frequent forays low over water.

a I BTTT Ta I s | o | n

161

■■■■■■■■

■■■■■■■■■■■ill^

halk-fronted Corporal Libellula (Ladona) julia

Male thorax grayish-white
above and dark brown on
sides; abdomen blackish
with chalky gray pruinosity
on basal half (S2-S4 or
S5). Wings with small dark
basal patch, larger on
hind wings. Female and
immature male thorax dark
brown with pale dorsal
stripes; abdomen rusty
brown with black dorsal
stripe. Older female
becomes drab with dull
pruinosity on abdomen.
White Corporal (p. 161)
similar but basal wing
patch larger, male lacks
white on thorax and
abdomen more exten-
sively grayish-white;
female abdomen paler
with slightly thicker black
dorsal stripe.

RANGE/STATUS A narrow band across the northern U.S. and southern Canada.

Common to abundant throughout interior MA, but absent from the southeast coastal

plain.

HABITAT Boggy and marsh-bordered ponds and lakes.

NOTES Adults forage near the ground and bushes in sunny forest openings. They

perch horizontally on the ground, logs or rocks, and occasionally on plant stems. Males

will perch near shorelines or on floating vegetation, flying low, swift patrols over open

water, chasing each other and occasionally hovering.

0 N

162

itetail

Male thorax dark brown
with two pale lateral stripes
that fade with age;
abdomen stocky and
entirely pruinose white.
Eyes dark brown. Wings
with elongate basal patch
on leading edge and
broad black band across
middle third. Female and
immature male thorax
brown with two yellow
lateral stripes; abdomen
brown with broken,
angled, yellowish latera
patches. Female wings
with elongate basal patch,
large irregularly shaped
patch at nodus, and broad
black tip. Mature male
unmistakable. Female
Twelve-spotted Skimmer
(p. 164) wing pattern
similar, but abdomen not
as chunky, yellow on sides
of abdomen continuous
(not broken).

RANGE/STATUS U.S.; southern Canada. Common throughout MA; one of the

most widespread and abundant dragonflies in the state.

HABITAT A variety of wetlands including ponds, slow-moving, muddy-bottomed rivers

and streams, and marshes; apparently tolerant of degraded habitats.

NOTES Adults stray far from water, foraging in fields and forest openings and perching

horizontally on the ground or obliquely on low vegetation. Males defend small territories

and raise their abdomens aggressively in flight when clashing with other males. Females

oviposit in flight, tapping the tips of their abdomens to the water's surface to release the

eggs. Males often hover nearby during oviposition.

A | HI j [J | A |S 1 0 | N I D

163

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Twelve-spotted Skimmer Libellula pulchella

Male thorax brown with
two yellow lateral stripes
that fade with age;
abdomen becomes pre-
dominantly pruinose gray.
Eyes dark reddish-brown.
Wings with elongate,
black basal patch, black
patch at the nodus, and
black tip; older males
develop pruinose white
patches between the black
patches. Female and
immature male similar, but
abdomen brown with full-
length, yellow lateral
stripes and wings without
white patches. Female has
flange on lower edge of
S8. Female Common
Whitetail (p. 163) has
similar wing pattern, but
abdomen stockier and
lateral yellow marks
broken.

RANGE/STATUS U.S.; southern Canada. Common throughout MA.
HABITAT Ponds, slow streams, and lakes; occasionally marshes or bogs.
NOTES Adults forage in fields, perching horizontally or obliquely on stem tips. Males
perch near shore in sunny spots on emergent vegetation. They are territorial and
patrol over water, loop-de-looping with competing males. Small numbers of this species
occasionally take part in Atlantic Coast migrations.

0 N D

164

I/id

Male thorax blackish,
becoming pruinose gray
above; abdomen mostly
pruinose gray. Eyes dark
brown. Wings dark brown
to black over basal third
with pruinose white bands
outside the black. Female
and immature male thorax
dark brown with broad,
pale mid-dorsal stripe;
abdomen yellow with
broad, black dorsal stripe.
Wings similar to male but
lack white patches. Male
Common Whitetail (p.
1 63) similar, but dark
bands in middle of wing
and white wing patches
lacking.

RANGE/STATUS Much of the U.S., extending into southwestern and southeastern

Canada. Common throughout much of MA, but rare to absent on Cape Cod and the

offshore islands.

HABITAT Ponds, lakes, marshes, and stream backwaters.

NOTES Adults forage in open fields, often far from water. They perch obliquely on

plant stems. Males defend small territories at breeding sites; at high densities dominant

males are most successful at mating. Females oviposit in flight, dipping the tips of their

abdomens to release eggs.

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165

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Golden-winged Skimme

r Libellula auripennis

Male thorax orange-

brown above with paler

11 ^Vr fill

sides; abdomen bright

orange with black dorsal

stripe. Eyes reddish-

Ww'Jjff^S^^^

brown. Face orange.

Wings suffused with

orange; stigma red-

orange. Female and

immature male thorax

brown with broad white

mid-dorsal stripe and pale

sides; pale areas of

abdomen yellow and

wings tinged yellow.

Needham's Skimmer (p.
1 67) very similar, but male
more red, tibia of hind leg

^B J^^^^^H ^V j

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pale brown, and inner

leading edge of wing dark

brown (except in older

m^ff^^Kt^"**"' ' ■ -i&^^^Sj tni^^

males).

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RftH^<

RANGE/STATUS Southeastern U.S., north to MA. Uncommon and local in MA,

restricted to the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Coastal plain ponds.

NOTES Adults forage in fields and clearings near water, making sorties from the tops

of stems where they perch horizontally or obliquely. Males defend territories along the

shore or over open water, frequently clashing with other males. Females oviposit in

flight by dipping the tips of their abdomens into the water, washing off the eggs.

A M J

US'

166

eedham's Skimmer Libellula needhami

Male thorax reddish-
brown; abdomen bright
reddish-orange with black
dorsal stripe. Eyes reddish-
brown. Face red. Anterior
portion of wings red-
orange, except leading
edge usually brown
basally; stigma reddish.
Tibia of hind legs pale
brown. Female and
immature male thorax
brown above with broad,
pale mid-dorsal stripe and
pale sides; pale areas of
abdomen yellow; face
yellow; front half of wings
tinged yellow. Golden-
winged Skimmer (p. 166)
very similar but male
abdomen less red, leading
edge of wing orange/
yellow basally, posterior
half of wings suffused with
orange/yellow, and tibia
of hind legs black. Older
male often difficult to
distinguish in the field.

RANGE/STATUS A narrow band along the Gulf Coast from TX to FL, and the

Atlantic Coast from FL to NH. An uncommon species in MA, found primarily along

the coast.

HABITAT Ponds, lakes, and brackish wetlands.

NOTES Adults forage in marshes along the coast. Males are territorial, and perch

horizontally or obliquely from emergent or shoreline vegetation.

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167

Painted Skimmer

Male thorax rusty brown
with two pale lateral
stripes; abdomen orange,
brightest on sides, with
diffuse gray dorsal marks
on S3-S5 and black dorsal
marks on S6-S10. Eyes
rusty brown. Wings amber
at base, along leading
edge, and at tip, with
large brown spot at nodus,
brown band near tip,
elongate dark streak at
base of hind wing, and
orange-brown stigma.
Females similar but orange
coloration duller. Hal-
loween Pennant (p. 171)
similar but smaller, with
wings entirely suffused
with orange and brown
patches more extensive.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S., extending north into Nova Scotia. Fairly common in
eastern MA, scarce inland.

HABITAT Grassy ponds, vernal pools, bog-bordered ponds, and slow streams.
NOTES Adults forage in fields and clearings, perching horizontally or obliquely on
plant stems. They are often seen in upland areas far from water. Males are territorial,
clashing frequently with other males. They occasionally make migratory movements
along the Atlantic Coast. Immigrants from the south apparently account for at least a
portion of the population in MA.

ATWj !'j ;fl|S | O | N l D

168

;bellula quadrimacu

Male thorax brown and
hairy with yellow lateral
spots; abdomen mostly
brown on S1-S6, mostly
black on S7-S10, with
yellow lateral stripes. Eyes
brown. Wings have amber
leading edge, black spot
at nodus, black stigma;
triangular black basal
patch on hind wings.
Females similar but
abdomen thicker. Wing
pattern and half brown/
half black abdomen are
distinctive.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northern U.S.; Canada. Common throughout interior

MA, scarcer on the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Bog-bordered ponds, fens, and acidic, marshy streams.

NOTES Adults stray from water to forage in fields and clearings. They perch obliquely

or horizontally on vegetation. Females oviposit in flight, tapping the tips of their abdomens

to the water's surface to release the eggs. Males often hover nearby during oviposition.

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169

Calico Penn

Celithemis elisa

The reddest of the
pennants. Male thorax
dark red; abdomen black
with red, posteriorly-
pointing triangles on top
of S3-S7, red on sides of
S1-S4; terminal append-
ages reddish. Eyes reddish-
brown. Distinctive wing
pattern (though some-
what variable): stigmas
reddish; wing tips dark
brown (clear on some
individuals), dark brown
spots (variable in size)
between nodus and
stigma, reddish-brown
venation on leading
edges, large, reddish-
brown patch occupying
basal quarter of hind wing.
Female and immature
male similar but yellow
where mature males are
red (including stigmas).
Halloween Pennant (p.
1 71) similar, but wings
amber without large basal
hind wing patch, outer
wings banded (not
spotted), and mature male
more orange.

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S.; narrow band along the southeastern

Canadian border. Common and widespread throughout MA.

HABITAT Vegetated ponds, lakes, bogs, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults forage in open fields and along shorelines, perching on the tips of

grasses and other vegetation. Males wait for females near the shore, chasing off other

males. They also fly low over water. Females oviposit in tandem, most often in the

morning, dipping the tips of their abdomens into the water to release the eggs.

A | M| ; " ■■" J ; .A |- S [ 0 | N | D

170

alloween Pennant

Orange coloration of male
distinct among the
pennants. Male thorax
dark rusty orange;
abdomen black with
orange dorsal marks on
S3-S7; orange terminal
appendages. Eyes reddish-
brown. Wings amber with
dark brown bands crossing
outer portion, dark brown
bands (occasionally
broken) at mid-wing,
large brown basal spot,
and reddish stigmas; wing
tips occasionally dusky.
Female and immature
male similar, but pale
areas on body yellow
rather than orange. Flight
rather bouncy and
butterfly-like. Calico
Pennant (p. 1 70) similar
but with large, basal hind
wing patch and spotted
(not banded) outer wings.

Celithemis eponina

RANGE/STATUS Central to eastern U.S.; narrow band along the southeastern
Canadian border. Common in MA, primarily at lower elevations.
HABITAT Vegetated ponds, lakes, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults forage in open fields, often far from water, and along shorelines,
fluttering like butterflies and perching on the tips of grasses and other vegetation, often
with wings cocked upward. Males are not territorial, but wait for females near the
water. Females oviposit in tandem, most often in the morning, dipping the tips of their
abdomens into the water to release the eggs.

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171

Banded rennant

The only mostly black
pennant with extensive
wing marks. Male thorax
blackish and hairy;
abdomen entirely dark,
blackish-blue. Eyes black.
Wing pattern variable, but
typically with large black
basal bars on leading
edge, large black spots
between nodus and
stigma, small basal hind
wing spots, black tips
(occasionally lacking), and
blackish stigmas. Female
and immature male thorax
boldly patterned with
yellow and black marks,
fading with age; abdomen
black with yellow dorsa
spots on S3-S7; wings
similar to male but often
with clear tips and yellow
basal venation. Eyes
chestnut. Martha's

Pennant (p. 173) similar,
but wing marks limited to
basal patch.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northeastern U.S. Uncommon in central and eastern

MA.

HABITAT Ponds, lakes, and reservoirs.

NOTES Adults forage from the tops of tall bushes and trees and perch on the tops of

tall bushes near shorelines. Males are not territorial, but wait for females near the

water. Females oviposit in tandem, most often in the morning, dipping the tips of their

abdomens into the water to release the eggs

A M

172

The only blackish pennant
with clear outer wings.
Male thorax black and
hairy; abdomen dark
bluish-black. Wings clear
except for black basal
patches on hind wing, and
brownish stigma. Eyes
black. Female and
immature male thorax dark
with yellowish marks,
abdomen dark with yel-
low dorsal spots on S3-S7;
often has yellow venation
and amber wash at base
of hind wing. Banded
Pennant (p. 172) similar
but wings much more
extensively marked. Black
Saddlebags (p. 191)
similar but much larger,
with broader wings and
larger dark basal hind
wing patch.

RANGE/STATUS A narrow band along the northeastern coastal plain. An uncommon

species found in south-central MA and the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Vegetated ponds and lakes.

NOTES Adults forage in open fields and along shorelines, perching on the tips of

grasses and other vegetation. Males patrol over emergent vegetation, flying at a height

of 2-4 ft., and are most active in the morning. Females oviposit in tandem, most often

in the morning, dipping the tips of their abdomens into the water to release the eggs.

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A | M| Jl! J"[A|S 1 0 | N | D

173

Elfin Skimmer

Nannothemis bella

The smallest dragonfly in
North America. Male
thorax and abdomen
powdery blue; abdomen
slightly clubbed. Eyes rusty
brown. Immature male
blackish on thorax and
abdomen. Female thorax
dark brown with yellow
dorsal stripes and lateral
spots; abdomen black with
yellow dorsal bars,
broadest on basal
segments (giving a bee-like
appearance). Female
wings have large amber
basal patch. Both sexes
typically perch with wings
drooped downward.
Extremely small size is
distinctive.

RANGE/STATUS Eastern U.S.; a narrow band along the southeastern Canadian

border. Fairly common but local in appropriate habitat in MA, scarce in the southeast

coastal plain.

HABITAT Bogs and seeps.

NOTES Adults forage inconspicuously a few inches above bog mats, flying in and out

of vegetation and perching horizontally or obliquely on vegetation, often with wings

drooped downward. In flight females resemble bees. Females oviposit in open pools

within bogs, often with males hovering nearby.

Uglj \ J |A

174

aside Dragonlet

Male thorax dark navy
blue to black; abdomen
slender and black with
dull orange lateral spots
on S3-S7 (fade with age).
Eyes dark brown. Face
blackish. Female and
immature male thorax
intricately patterned in
narrow orange and black
"tiger" stripes; abdomen
mostly orange above on
S1-S7 and black below.
Wings of some females
have large amber patch at
mid-point and amber at
base. Older female
becomes all dark and
similar to male. Both sexes
often hold the wings
cocked downward. Male
Slaty Skimmer (p. 1 57)
similar but much larger
and does not occur in
saline habitats. Female
Blue Dasher (p. 1 54) larger
with paired yellow dorsal
streaks on abdomen.

Erythrodiplax berenice

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RANGE/STATUS Salt marshes and mangrove swamps along the eastern shore of the
U.S.; saline lakes in the southwestern U.S. Common to abundant in the salt marshes
along the MA coast.
HABITAT Salt marshes.

NOTES This is the only small dragonfly occurring in salt water habitats. Adults forage
over marshes, perching among and on the tips of marsh grasses. Males defend small
territories around pools and tidal creeks. Females oviposit in tandem on algal mats.
Even where numerous, their small size, coloration, and low, weak flights make them
inconspicuous.

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Male thorax reddish
brown; abdomen bright
red with black, usually
triangular, marks on lower
sides, often black dorsal
spots on S8-S9. Eyes dark
reddish-black. Face usually
pale brownish. Wings
mostly clear, with rusty
brown stigma and small
amber basal patch. Legs all
black. Female and
immature male abdomen
yellow, becoming drab
olive-brown or dull
reddish in older females.
Indistinguishable in the
field from the Cherry-faced
Meadowhawk (p. 177)
and some White-faced
Meadowhawks (p. 178).

RANGE/ STATUS Central to eastern U.S.; southeastern Canada. Common in coastal
MA, but apparently rare elsewhere; confusion with Cherry-faced Meadowhawk
(Sympetrum internum) makes delineation of range difficult.

HABITAT A variety of wetlands including temporary ponds, bogs, and slow streams.
NOTES Adults forage in fields, clearings, and backyards, often far from water. They
fly low, perching horizontally on vegetation, rocks, and brush. Males are territorial
near wetlands. Females oviposit in flight, sometimes with males hovering nearby.

A | M| J ! j \}S | N | D

176

EHHH ■■■■■■■■I ■■
herry-faced Meadowhawk Sympetrum internum

Male thorax reddish-brown; abdomen bright red with black, usually triangular, marks on
lower sides, often black dorsal spots on S8-S9. Eyes dark reddish-black. Face usually pale
brownish or dull ivory, rarely tinged reddish in southern New England. Wings mostly
clear, with rusty brown stigma and small amber basal patch. Legs black. Female and
immature male abdomen yellow, becoming drab olive-brown or dull reddish in older
females. Indistinguishable in the field from the Ruby Meadowhawk (p. 176), and some
White-faced Meadowhawks (p. 178).

RANGE/STATUS Central to northern U.S.; southern to central Canada. Common
throughout central and western MA and apparently rare in the southeast; however, the
taxonomy of this complex is unclear and the distribution of the three forms uncertain.
Jane's Meadowhawk {Sympetrum janeae) was described in 1993, distinguished from others
in the Ruby/Cherry-faced/White-faced complex by subtle morphological features.
According to this treatment, southern New England populations are Jane's Meadowhawk,
with Cherry-faced Meadowhawk not occurring at all in southern New England.
However, the validity of S. janeae is still debated and, pending further study, we have
chosen to retain the traditional taxonomy.
HABITAT Ponds, lakes, marshes, and slow streams.

NOTES Adults forage low over wet meadows and wetlands and perch horizontally on
rocks and vegetation. Oviposition occurs in tandem, with females dropping eggs over
water and onto wet ground near the water's edge.

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Male thorax reddish-
brown; abdomen bright
red with black, usually
triangular, marks on lower
sides, and often black
dorsal spots on S8-S9.
Eyes, dark reddish-black.
Face white when mature.
Wings mostly clear, with
rusty brown stigma and
small amber basal patch.
Legs black. Female and
immature male abdomen
yellow, becoming drab
olive-brown or dull
reddish in older females.
White face of mature male
distinctive, but otherwise
indistinguishable in the
field from the Cherry-faced
Meadowhawk (p. 1 77) or
Ruby Meadowhawk (p.
176). Hudsonian White-
face (p. 183) similar but
more extensively black on
abdomen, with dark basal
wing patches, and flies
earlier in the season.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northern U.S.; southern to central Canada. Rare in
MA, recorded only from central MA and historically from the southeast coastal plain;
apparently once much more common.

HABITAT A variety of wetlands including temporary ponds, bogs, and slow streams.
NOTES Adults forage in fields and clearings, often far from water. They fly low,
perching horizontally on vegetation, rocks, and brush. Males are territorial near wetlands.
Females oviposit in flight, sometimes with males hovering nearby.

A | M| J J | A |S |p|N~[D

178

Yellow-legged Meadowhawk Sympetrum vich

Male thorax rusty brown;
abdomen red with black
marks along lower edge
and occasionally small
black dorsal markings on
S8-S9. Eyes dark reddish-
brown. Face reddish.
Wings clear with small
amber basal patch and
reddish stigma. Legs
brown. Female and
immature male abdomen
yellow, legs dull yel-
lowish; older females often
become dull red. Female
with distinctive triangular
ovipositor on underside of
S8. Lack of black on legs
and (usually) less black on
sides of abdomen disting-
uish this species from the
Ruby Meadowhawk (p.
176), Cherry-faced

Meadowhawk (p. 177),
and White-faced Meadow-
hawk (p. 178). Saffron-
winged Meadowhawk (p.
180) larger, with amber
leading edge on wings
(except some older males)
and some black on legs.

RANGE/STATUS Much of the U.S., extending into southeastern and southwestern

Canada. Common throughout MA.

HABITAT Ponds, lakes, marshes, and temporary pools.

NOTES Adults often forage over fields and clearings far from water. They perch

horizontally on rocks and low vegetation, occasionally vertically on tree trunks and on

cool days will even land on light colored clothing. Females oviposit in tandem, the pair

dipping down to the water and the female tapping the surface with the abdomen, releasing

the eggs. Mass movements of adults have been observed in the fall. The last odonate

on the wing, with adults regularly seen into November and (rarely) early December.

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Male thorax rusty brown;
abdomen red with black
marks along lower edge
and (usually) dark dorsal
marks on S8-S9; termina
appendages pale reddish
Eyes dark. Face du
reddish. Wings with amber
veins anteriorly that fade
with age and very small
amber basal patch. Legs
mostly black but often
pale at base. Female and
immature male abdomen
and stigmas yellow; older
females become brown or
reddish. Males are duller
red than other meadow-
hawks, and the other
species lack amber on
leading edge of wings and
most have more black on
sides of abdomen.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northern U.S., extending into southern Canada.
Uncommon and local throughout MA, most numerous on the southeast coastal plain.
HABITAT Ponds and lakes; acidic and brackish wetlands.

NOTES Adults forage in fields and clearings, often far from water, perching horizontally
on low vegetation or on the ground. At breeding sites, males make brief patrols over
water. Oviposition occurs in tandem, the pair dipping down and the female touching
the water's surface with the tip of the abdomen to release eggs. This species is more
tolerant of brackish conditions than other meadowhawks.

A | Mj J iJlTA fS" JO I N I D

180

Band-winged Meadowhawk Sympetrum semicinctum

The smallest of the
meadowhawks. Male
thorax reddish-brown;
abdomen bright red with
black, usually triangular,
marks on lower sides, often
black dorsal spots on S8-
S9. Eyes dark reddish-
black. Face usually pale
brownish. Wings mostly
clear, with broad amber
basal band, most
prominent on hind wings,
and reddish-brown stigma.
Legs black. Female and
immature male abdomen
yellow, becoming olive-
brown or dull red in older
female. The broad amber
wing bands are distinctive
among meadowhawks.

RANGE/STATUS Central U.S. north into southern Canada. Fairly common

throughout interior MA, but less so on the coastal plain.

HABITAT Marshes, marsh-bordered ponds and rivers, bogs, and fens.

NOTES Adults forage over fields and clearings, sometimes far from water. They

perch horizontally on rocks and low vegetation. Females oviposit in tandem, the pair

dipping down to touch the water's surface with the female's abdomen.

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181

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rariegated Meadowhawk Sympetrum corruption

A brightly patterned
species, unlike other
meadowhawks. Male
thorax brown with two
white or yellow latera
stripes that fade to spots
with age; abdomen mostly
red with gray dorsal
patches on S3-S7, black
dorsally on S8-S9, and
white lateral patches on
S2-S8 outlined in black.
Wings suffused with
yellow on leading edges;
distal half of stigma
yellow. Face red and eyes
grayish. Female and
immature male similar but
abdomen yellow where
male is red, and face dull
tan. Abdominal pattern is
distinctive in both sexes.

RANGE/STATUS Western U.S. and southwestern Canada, occasionally wandering

eastward. A regular vagrant on the East Coast but very rare north of NJ. Has been

recorded in MA only three times.

HABITAT A variety of wetlands including ponds, temporary pools, slow streams, and

saline lakes.

NOTES Adults forage in fields and openings, even parking lots, and perch horizontally

on the ground or low vegetation. Males defend territories over water. Females oviposit

in tandem. This is a migratory species, with large movements along the Pacific Coast.

Others occasionally stray eastward toward the Atlantic.

A | M IprjTfA | S 1 0 1 N | D

182

Hudsonian Whiteface Leucorrhinia hudsonica

One of the smallest and
most colorful of the
whitefaces. Male thorax
mostly red dorsally and
mottled red and black on
sides; abdomen black with
red dorsal spots on S2-S7
(occasionally small spot on
S8). Eyes blackish. Face
white. Hind wings have
small dark basal patch.
Female and immature
male similar but pale
marks yellow; eyes rusty
brown. Broad red
abdominal spots distin-
guish male from other
whitefaces. Female very
similar to other whitefaces;
especially similar to the
Dot-tailed Whiteface (p.
184), but dorsal spot on
S7 typically more
triangular.

RANGE/STATUS Central to northern U.S.; Canada. Fairly common in MA but

absent from the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Bog or marsh-bordered ponds and lakes, bogs, and fens.

NOTES Adults forage in or near wetlands. They perch horizontally on the ground,

low bushes, and floating vegetation, or hang obliquely from stems. Males patrol small

territories. Females oviposit in flight by tapping their abdomens to the water's surface.

This is one of the first odonates to emerge in the spring.

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Male thorax and abdomen
black with bright yellow
spot on S7. Eyes black.
Face white. Female and
immature male thorax dark
brown with yellow marks;
abdomen blackish with
yellow dorsal spots and
streaks on S2-S7, spot on
S7 usually wider than
those on S4-S6; yellow
marks fade with age. Eyes
dark brown. Hind wings
have small dark basal
patches. Mature male
unmistakable; female
similar to other whitefaces,
especially the Hudsonian
Whiteface (p. 183), but
spot on S7 more
rectangular, and wider
than spots on S5-S6.

' '«

RANGE/STATUS Central to northern U.S.; southern Canada. Common and

widespread throughout MA.

HABITAT Vegetated and bog-bordered ponds and lakes.

NOTES Adults forage in or near wetlands. They perch horizontally on the ground,

low bushes, and floating vegetation, especially lily pads. Males sometimes maintain

small territories. Females oviposit in flight by tapping their abdomens to the water's

surface, often with males hovering nearby. This species seems fairly tolerant of degraded

conditions.

Apfl | " j" t A | S 1 0 | N | D

184

■

rosted Whitefac

One of the smallest and
least colorful of the
whitefaces. Male thorax
entirely blackish; abdomen
black with white pruinosity
on S2-S4. Eyes black. Face
white. Hind wings have
small dark basal spots.
Female and immature
male thorax dark brown
with yellow lateral
patches; abdomen mostly
yellow on S2-S3,
otherwise black with
yellow dorsal spots on S3-
S7, spots becoming smaller
and narrower posteriorly,
on S7 typically a thin
short streak. Wings have
amber wash around dark
basal spots. Older female
can become somewhat
male-like. Red-waisted
Whiteface (p. 187) very
similar but larger with
longer and more slender
abdomen, male with a hint
of red coloration between
the wings; female lacks
amber at base of \

orrhinia frigidi

RANGE/STATUS Northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada, from the Great Lakes

region to the east coast and north to Nova Scotia. Common throughout interior MA,

scarce on the southeast coastal plain.

HABITAT Bog and marsh-bordered ponds and lakes.

NOTES Adults hunt in or near wetlands, flying low and perching on the tips of grasses

and brush. Males defend small territories along the shore or over floating vegetation.

Females oviposit in flight by tapping their abdomens to the water's surface, often with

males hovering nearby.

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185

Crimson-ringed Whit ef ace Leucorrhinia glacialis

Q.
0
W

One of the largest of the
whitefaces. Male thorax
red dorsally and black on
the sides; abdomen bright
red at base (S2-S3),
otherwise all black. Face
white. Eyes blackish. Hind
wings have small dark
basal patch. Female and
immature male thorax
black with broad yellow
shoulder stripes and yellow
lateral marks; abdomen
black with narrow yellow
dorsal spots on S3-S7.
Yellow marks turn red on
some older females. Eyes
dark reddish-brown. Red-
waisted Whiteface (p.
187) similar but male less
red with pruinose base of
abdomen; female indist-
inguishable, except in the
hand.

RANGE/STATUS Northern U.S.; southern Canada. Uncommon in MA, recorded

primarily from the western and central parts of the state.

HABITAT Bog-bordered ponds, vegetated ponds and lakes.

NOTES Adults forage in or near wetlands. They perch horizontally on the ground,

low bushes, and floating vegetation. Males are territorial. Females oviposit in flight by

tapping their abdomens to the water's surface, often with males hovering nearby.

M|j | J II S 0 N D

186

Red-waisted Whiteface

One of the largest
whitefaces. Male thorax
blackish with red dorsal
coloration, especially
between wings; abdomen
black with white pruinosity
on S2-S4 (occasionally S5-
S6). Eyes blackish. Face
white. Hind wings have
small dark basal patch.
Female and immature
male thorax dark brown
with yellow marks;
abdomen black with
yellow dorsal spots and
streaks on S2-S7; yellow
marks fade with age and
may become reddish in
older females. Mature
male very similar to
Frosted Whiteface (p.
185), but larger and
usually with red on thorax
between wings. Females
not separable from the
Crimson-ringed Whiteface
(p. 1 86) except in the
hand.

Leucorrhinia proxima

RANGE/STATUS Northern U.S.; Canada. Uncommon in MA, found only in the

central and western parts of the state.

HABITAT Bog and marsh-bordered ponds and lakes, open fens.

NOTES Adults forage in forest openings near wetlands, flying low and perching

horizontally on twigs and grasses. Males defend small territories. Females oviposit in

flight by tapping their abdomens to the water's surface, often with males hovering

nearby.

IHHA

187

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Wandering Under

Fantala flavescens

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Ul

Male thorax dull brown with pale grayish sides; abdomen yellow-orange with dark dorsal
marks, darkest on the posterior segments. Eyes reddish. Face yellow. Hind wings broad
and clear, with orange stigma and often an amber wash on tip. Female and immature
male similar but abdomen more yellow. Spot-winged Glider (p. 189) similar, but lacks
yellow on abdomen and has dark basal hind wing spot. Other skimmers with mostly
yellow abdomen have narrower wings, more rounded abdomen, and different behavior.

■■■■M

RANGE/STATUS Throughout most of U.S.; southeastern Canada. Fairly common
throughout MA, especially near the coast.
HABITAT Temporary pools and puddles.

NOTES Adults glide along over fields and clearings, sometimes in feeding swarms.
They perch vertically or obliquely on vegetation, typically near the ground. Some
migrate north in the spring, lay eggs, and the adults from the next generation migrate
south in the late summer or fall. Females oviposit in small, temporary pools, even
puddles, and have been seen attempting to lay eggs on the shiny hoods and roofs of
automobiles. They are wanderers, sometimes seen hundreds of miles out to sea, and
are the only truly cosmopolitan dragonfly, found on every continent except Antarctica.

A |M| Jll J | A I S t> | N | D

188

Spot-winged Glider Pantala hymenaea

Male thorax dull brown
with pale mottled grayish
sides; abdomen dull, rusty
brown with diffuse mot-
tled pattern. Eyes chestnut.
Face red. Wings broad
with brown basal spot on
hind wing (often hard to
see) and reddish-brown
stigma. Female and
immature male similar but
face yellow and abdomina
pattern more distinct.
Wandering Glider (p. 188)
similar, but abdomen
yellow or orange and lacks
basal spot on hind wing.

RANGE/STATUS Throughout much of U.S.; Canadian Great Lakes Region. Fairly
common throughout MA, occasionally abundant along the coast.
HABITAT Temporary pools and puddles.

NOTES Adults glide over fields and clearings, sometimes in feeding swarms. They
perch vertically or obliquely on vegetation a few feet above the ground. Adults are
wanderers, often seen far from water. Some migrate north in the spring, lay eggs, and
the next generation migrates south in the late summer or fall. Unlike the Wandering
Glider (P. flavescens)y they are most common in early summer.

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189

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Male thorax rusty brown; abdomen bright red with black dorsal patches on S8-S9. Eyes
dark reddish-brown. "Forehead" metallic violet. Hind wings very broad with large red
basal patch; forewing with reddish basal venation; stigma red. Female and immature
male similar, but reddish-brown where male is red. Male Calico Pennant (p. 170) much
smaller, with outer wing marks and more black than red on abdomen. Striped Saddlebags
(p. 1 92), a very rare vagrant in the Northeast, has lateral stripes on thorax and narrower
"saddle."

RANGE/STATUS South-central to eastern U.S. extending into Nova Scotia.

Uncommon in MA, occurring primarily in the southeast coastal plain, with scattered

records in south-central MA.

HABITAT Coastal plain ponds, temporary pools.

NOTES Adults fly along shorelines and over fields and clearings in a leisurely manner,

alternating between gliding and flapping, usually at a height of 4-8 ft. Males patrol large

expanses of wetlands, and are most active in the morning. Females oviposit either alone

or in tandem, with the males periodically releasing the females as they drop down to tap

the tips of their abdomen to the water's surface to release eggs. This is a migratory

species, occasionally seen along the coast in summer and early fall.

N D

190

Black Saddlebag

Male thorax and abdomen black with yellowish dorsal spots on S3-S7 that darken with
age, those on S7 persisting the longest. Face and eyes black. Hind wings very broad with
large black basal patch; forewings with short basal bars; stigma dark brown. Female and
immature male similar. An unmistakable species, though in poor light the Carolina
Saddlebags (p. 190) can look similarly dark.

RANGE/STATUS U.S.; Canadian Great Lakes region. Fairly common throughout

MA, though scarce at higher elevations.

HABITAT Ponds, lakes, marshes, and temporary pools.

NOTES Adults fly along shorelines and over fields and clearings in a leisurely manner,

alternating between gliding and flapping, usually at a height of 4-8 ft. Males patrol large

expanses of wetlands. Females oviposit either alone or in tandem, with the males

periodically releasing the female as they drop down to tap the tips of their abdomens to

the water's surface to release eggs. This is a migratory species, often seen along the

coastline or mountain ridges in summer and early fall.

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191

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otnped baddlebags 1 ramea calverti

A large, bright red dragonfly with large
reddish brown wing patches. Male thorax
rusty brown with pale gray or whitish lateral
stripes; abdomen bright red, except mostly
black on S8-S9. Eyes dark reddish-brown.
Hind wing very broad, with large reddish-
brown basal patch; forewing with reddish
basal venation; stigma red. Female and
immature male similar, but reddish-brown
where male is red. Carolina Saddlebags (p.
190) similar but without lateral stripes on
thorax and with a broader "saddle."

RANGE/STATUS Southern tip of TX and FL. A tropical species that occasionally

wanders northward. There are two records from Massachusetts: a sight record from

Eastham in 1997, and a specimen collected in Ipswich in 1999.

HABITAT Ponds and slow streams.

NOTES Adults forage over fields. Males patrol along shorelines, perching on emergent

vegetation. In MA, most likely along the coast.

ermuion

Saddleb

ags

ramea a

A tropical species that is a rare vagrant in
the north. A large, bright red dragonfly
with large red wing patches. Male thorax
rusty brown; abdomen bright red with black
dorsal patches on S8-S9. Eyes dark reddish-
brown. Hind wing very broad with red basal
patch; forewing with reddish basal venation;
stigma red. Female and immature male
similar, but reddish-brown where male is
red. Striped Saddlebags (above) similar, but
with pale lateral stripes on thorax. Carolina
Saddlebags (p. 190) has broader, more
irregularly shaped "saddle."

RANGE/STATUS Southern tip of TX and FL. A tropical species recorded only once
north of FL: an 1800's specimen from Nantucket

192

Glossary

Anisoptera (the dragonflies) a sub-order of Odonata, characterized by (among other features) having

hind wings wider at the base than the front wings

ANTERIOR in front, opposite of posterior

APICAL at or near the tip (apex) of a structure

BASAL at or closest to the body

CERCUS (plural cerci) appendage at the end of the 10th abdominal segment

crepuscular active at dusk

distal furthest away from the body (opposite of proximal)

DORSAL upper surface; opposite of ventral

eclosion emergence of the adult from the skin of the last larval stage; emergence of the larva from the

egg

EMERGENCE eclosion of the winged adult from the last larval stage

ENDOPHYTIC method of oviposition in which eggs are inserted into plant tissue, such as stems or leaves

EPIPHYTIC method of oviposition in which the eggs are laid directly onto plant tissue or other substrates

epiproct dorsal projection from the 10th abdominal segment

EXOPHYTIC method of oviposition in which eggs are either dropped or laid into the water and are not

placed on or in plant tissue

EXUVIAE (always plural) the shed skin (cuticle) from the molt from the previous larval instar, often refers

to the shed skin from the last larval stage

FEMUR segment of the leg which is proximal to the thorax (the "thigh")

hamule either of the two pairs of forked appendages located ventrally on the second abdominal segment

of the adult male, part of the secondary genitalia

INFERIOR APPENDAGE ventral appendages at end of 10th abdominal segment

LATERAL on the side

LARVA (plural larvae) immature stage of an insect, between egg and adult, also called nymph or naiad

LENTIC Stillwater

lotic flowing water

NODUS stout cross-vein near the middle of the leading edge of the wing

oviposition the act of laying eggs

OVIPOSITOR tubular or valved structure at the end of the female abdomen through which eggs are laid

paraproct one of the two lobes formed by the ventrolateral parts of the epiproct

PHARATE adult an adult fully formed, but not yet emerged, from the larval skin (exuviae)

POSTERIOR hindmost, opposite of anterior

POSTOCULAR SPOTS colored spots on the rear of the head behind the eyes q

PROXIMAL nearest the body or base of a given part (opposite of distal) r~

PRUINOSITY a bluish-white bloom on the body of some adult dragonfly species (f)

STIGMA (pterostigma) a thickened, opaque spot on the leading edge of the wing near the wing tip ^

SUPERIOR APPENDAGES dorsal appendages at end of 10th abdominal segment ^

tandem reproductive behavior in which the male and female are linked, the male grasping the female

behind her head with his terminal appendages

TARSUS segment of the leg farthest from the body, bearing the claws (the "foot")

teneral an adult, just after emergence from the larval stage, when the flight muscles are not fully

developed and the exoskeleton is soft, pale, and the wings pearlescent

TIBIA section of the leg between the femur and tarsus (the "calf)

terminal APPENDAGES appendages at the end of the 10th abdominal segment

ventral underside; opposite of dorsal

VULVAR lamina the pair of finger or scoop like projections on the underside of the 9th abdominal segment

in females of the Gomphidae, Corduliidae, and Libellulidae. Vulvar lamina are used in oviposition.

Zygoptera (the damselflies) sub-order of Odonata, characterized by (among other features) having

hindwings and forewings similar in shape

193

References

Arnett, R.H. Jr. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of Insects of America North of Mexico Second
Ed. CRC Press. 1024 pp.

Cannings, R.A. 2002. Introducing the Dragonflies of British Columbia and the Yukon. Royal British
Columbia Museum. 96 pp.

Carpenter, V. 1991. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Cape Cod. Cape Cod Museum of Natural History.
Brewster, MA. 79 pp.

Corbet, P.S. 1999. Dragonflies: Behavior and Ecology of Odonata. Comstock Publishing Associates
(Cornell Univ. Press). 829 pp.

Curry, J.R. 2001. Dragonflies of Indiana. Indiana Academy of Science. 303 pp.

Glotzhober, R.C. and D. McShaffery (Ed.). 2002. The Dragonflies and Damselflies of Ohio. Ohio
Biological Survey Bulletin New Series. Vol. 14, No. 2. 364 pp.

Dunkle, S.W. 1989. Dragonflies of the Florida Peninsula, Bermuda and the Bahamas. Scientific Publishers.

154 pp.

Dunkle, S.W. 1990. Damselflies of Florida, Bermuda and the Bahamas. Scientific Publishers. 148 pp.

Dunkle, S.W. 2000. Dragonflies Through Binoculars. Oxford Univ. Press. 352 pp.

Legler, K., D. Legler, and D. Westover. 1998. Color Guide to Common Dragonflies of Wisconsin Sauk
City, WI .

NatureServe. 2003. www.natureserve.org.

Needham, J.G., M.S. Westfall, Jr., and M.L. May. 2000. Dragonflies of North America. Scientific
_ Publishers. 650 pp.

uj Nikula, B., J. Sones, D. Stokes, and L. Stokes. 2002. Beginner's Guide to Dragonflies. Donald and

O Lillian

w Stokes. 159 pp.

uj Rosche, L. 2002. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Northeast Ohio. Cleveland Museum of Natural History
x 94 pp.

Walker, E.M. 1953. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska, Vol I. Univ. Toronto Press. 292 pp.

Walker, E.M. 1958. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska, Vol II. Univ. Toronto Press. 318 pp.

Walker, E.M. and P.S. Corbet. 1975. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska, Vol III. Univ. Toronto
Press. 308 pp.

Westfall, M.J., Jr. and M.L. May. 1996. Damselflies of North America. Scientific Publishers. 649 pp.

A complete bibliography of New England Odonata is available online at www.odenews.net
194

Index and Checklist

Both common and scientific names are indexed for the species in this hook. Use the cirt les
to the right of each column to maintain a record of species observed.

AESHNIDAE

Bluet (continued)

Coenagrk >n rcs< flutum

Aeshna

Skimming

COENAGRIONIDAE

canadensis

Slender

CORDULEGASTRIDAE

120

clepsydra

Stream

Cordulegaster

constricta

Taiga

i liastatops

121

eremita

Tule SC

maculata

122

interrupts

Turquoise

obliqua

123

multicolor

Vesper

Cord ul in shurtleffii

145

mutata E

Boyeria

CORDULIIDAE

127

subarctica T

grafiana SC

Corporal

tuberculifera

vinosa

Blue

160

umbrosa

Boghaunter

Chalk-fronted

162

verticalis

Ebony E

150

White

161

Amberwing, Eastern

153

Ringed E

151

Cruiser

Amphiagrion saucium

Broad-winged Damsels

Illinois River

126

Anax

CALOPTERYGIDAE

Stream

125

Junius

Calopteryx

Cruisers

124

longipes SC

aequabilis

Damsel

Argia

amata

Aurora

apicalis

dimidiata

Eastern Red

fumipennis

maculata

Dancer

moesta

Celithemis

Blue-fronted

translata

elisa

170

Dusky

Arigomphus

eponina

171

Powdered

furcifer

110

fasciata

172

Variable

villosipes

111

martha

173

Darner

Basiaeschna Janata

Chromagrion conditum

Black-tipped

Baskettail

Clubtail

Blue-eyed

Beaverpond

141

Arrow T

107

Canada

Common

140

Ashy

Comet SC

Mantled

140

Beaverpond SC

Common Green

Prince

143

Cobra SC

103

Cyrano

Spiny

142

Dusky

Fawn

Bluet

Harpoon E

Green-striped

Atlantic

Lancet

Harlequin

Attenuated SC

Least

114

Lake

Azure

Lilypad

110

Lance-tipped

Big

Midland E

105

Mottled

Boreal

o !

Mustached

101

Ocellated SC

Familiar

Pygmy, Northern

112

Shadow

Hagen's

Pygmy, Southern

113

Spatterdock E

Little

Rapids T

Springtime

Marsh

Riverine E

106

Subarctic T

New England SC

Skillet SC

104

Swamp

Northern

Spine-crowned E

100

Taper-tailed

Orange

Unicorn

111

Variable

Pine Barrens T

Zebra E

108

Darners

Scarlet T

Clubtails

Thoracic stripes

If you encounter a state-listed species (Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern), please
fill out a Rare Animal Observation Form, available at www.state.ma.us/dfwele/dfw/nhesp.

195

Dasher, Blue

154

Erythrodiplax berenice

175

Lestes (continued)

Didymops transversa

125

Forktail

inaequalis

Dorocordulia

Citrine

rectangularis

lepida

146

Eastern

unguiculatus

libera

147

Fragile

vigilax

Dragonhunter

Furtive

Leucorrhinia

Dragonlet, Seaside

175

Lilypad

frigida

185

Dromogomphus spinosus

102

Rambur's

glacialis

186

Emerald

Glider

hudsonica

183

American

145

Spot-winged

189

intacta

184

Brush-tipped

129

Wandering

188

proxima

187

Clamp-tipped

130

Gomphaeschna

Libellula

Coppery E

138

antilope

auripennis

166

Forcipate SC

135

fur cilia ta

axilena

159

Incurvate T

136

GOMPHIDAE

cyanea

156

Kennedy's E

134

Gomphus

deplanata

160

Lake SC

137

abbreviatus E

100

exusta

161

Mocha SC

133

adelphus

101

incesta

157

Ocellated

139

borealis SC

julia

162

Petite

146

o 1

descriptus E

luctuosa

165

Racket-tailed

147

exilis

lydia

163

Ski-tailed SC

132

Ira tern us E

105

needhami

167

Williamson's

131

lividus

pulchella

164

Emeralds

127

quadricolor T

quadrimaculata

169

Enallagma

spicatus

semifasciata

168

aspersum

vastus SC

103

vibrans

158

boreale

ventricosus SC

104

LIBELLULIDAE

152

carunculatum SC

Hagenius brevistylus

MACROMIIDAE

124

cyathigerum

Helocordulia uhleri

144

Macromia illinoiensis

126

civile

Hetaerina americana

Meadowhawk

daeckii SC

Ischnura

Band-winged

181

divagans

hastata

Cherry-faced

177

doubledayi

kellicotti

Jane's

177

durum

posita

Ruby

176

ebrium

prognata

Saffron- winged

180

exulans

ramburii

Variegated

182

geminatum

verticalis

White-faced

178

hageni

Jewelwing

Yellow-legged

179

later ale SC

Ebony

Nannothemis bella

174

minusculum

River

Nasiaeschna pentacantha

pictum T

Sparkling

Nehalennia

recurvatum T

Superb

gracilis

signatum

Lanthus

Irene

tra via turn

parvulus

112

Neurocordulia

vesperum

vernalis

113

obsoleta SC

148

Epiaeschna heros

LESTIDAE

yamaskanensis SC

149

Epitheca

Lestes

Ophiogomphus

canis

141

congener

aspersus SC

116

cynosura

140

disjunctus

carolus T

117

princeps

143

dryas

howei

115

semiaquea

140

eurinus

mainensis

118

spinigera

142

forcipatus

rupinsulensis

119

Erythemis simplicicollis

155

196

Pachydiplax longipennis 1 54 O
Pantala

flavescens 188 O

hymenaea 189 O
Pennant

Banded 172 O

Calico 170 O

Halloween 171 O

Martha's 173 O

Perithemis tenera 153 O

Petaltail, Gray 68 O

PETALURIDAE 68

Pondhawk, Eastern 155 O

Pond Damsels 30

Progomphus obscurus 1 09 O

Rubyspot, American 18 O
Saddlebags

Black 191 O

Carolina 190 O

Striped 192 O

Vermilion 192 O

Sanddragon, Common 109 O
Shadowdragon

Umber SC 148 O

Stygian SC 149 O
Skimmer

Bar-winged 159 O

Elfin 174 O

Four-spotted 169 O

Golden-winged 166 O

Great Blue 158 O

Needham's 167 O

Painted 168 O

Slaty 157 O

Spangled 156 O

Twelve-spotted 164 O

Widow 165 O

Skimmers 152

About the authors

Snaketail

Brook SC 116 O

Maine 118 O

Pygmy 115 O

Riffle T 117 O

Rusty 119 O

Somatochlora

cingulata SC 137 O

elongata SC 132 O

forcipata SC 135 O

georgiana E 138 O

incurvata T 136 O

JcennedyiE 134 O

linearis SC 133 O

minor 139 O

tenebrosa 130 O

uWs/j// 129 O

williamsoni 131 O

Spiketail

Arrowhead 123 O

Delta-spotted 121 O

Twin-spotted 122 O

Spiketails 120

Spinyleg

Black-shouldered 102 O

Spreadwings 19

Spreadwing

Amber-winged 28 O

Common 21 O

Elegant 27 O

Emerald 25 O

Lyre-tipped 24 O

Slender 29 O

Spotted 23 O

Swamp 26 O

Sweetflag 22 O

Sprite

Sedge 63 O

Sphagnum 62 O

Stylogomphusalhistylus 114 O

Stylurus

amnicola E 106 O

scudderiE 108 O

spiniceps T 107 O

Sundragon, Uhler's 144 O

Sympctrum

corruptum 1 82 O

costiferum 1 80 O

internum 177 O

janeae 177 O

obtrusum 1 78 O

rubicundulum 1 76 O

semicinctum 181 O

vicinum 1 79 O

Tachopteryx thoreyi 68 O

Terminal Appendages

Coenagrionidae 31
Lestidae {Lestes spp. ) 20

Gomphidae 91

Somatochlora 1 28

Tra/nea

abdominalis 192 O

calverti 192 O

Carolina 190 O

lacerata 191 O

Whiteface

Crimson-ringed 186 O

Dot-tailed 184 O

Frosted 185 O

Hudsonian 183 O

Red-waisted 187 O

Whitetail, Common 163 O

Williamsonia

fletcheriE 150 O

lintneri E 151 O

Blair Nikula has been studying and photographing dragonflies for the past decade. He
coedits the dragonfly newsletter Ode News, and maintains the Ode News website,
www.odenews.net. Blair is a member of the MA Natural Heritage &l Endangered Species
Advisory Committee.

Jennifer L. Loose is an Invertebrate Zoologist with the MA Natural Heritage &l Endangered
Species Program. She has been involved in research on the Odonata for several years and
has helped direct NHESP's Odonate scientific programs.

Matthew R. Burne was the Vernal Pool Ecologist with the MA Natural Heritage &l
Endangered Species Program from 1995-2003. He currently does wetlands consulting and
freelance graphic design and scientific illustration.

D
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197

Across Massachusetts, dragonflies and
damselflies can be seen flying over streams,
rivers, lakes, and fields. Their dramatic
colors and expert flying skills draw our
attention and attract us to their rich diversity.
The 166 species that occur in Massachusetts
are an excellent subject for nature study, as
well as an important part of the state's
natural heritage in need of conservation.

This field guide is a valuable tool for those
interested in learning about and working
toward conserving the diverse odonate
fauna of Massachusetts. Included are:

• Detailed accounts of all species
recorded in Massachusetts;

• Illustrations of diagnostic characteristics
for different species groups;

• Phenology diagrams illustrating flight
periods in the state;

• Useful information on range, habitat,
and behavior for all species.

This field guide is a product of the Living
Waters project, the freshwater conservation
initiative of the Massachusetts Division of
Fisheries & Wildlife's Natural Heritage &
Endangered Species Program. Living
Waters is a statewide effort to identify and
map habitats critical to the long-term
conservation of Massachusetts' rare and
endangered aquatic species, as well as the
diversity of aquatic systems upon which
these species depend.

Help Save Endangered Wildlife!

Please contribute to the Massachusetts

^$Z^ Natural Heritage

&l Endangered Species
* Fund

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■J. *<g*

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To learn more about the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program,
visit our web site at: www. state. ma. us/dfwele/dfw/nhesp.

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