Figures illustrating the structure of various invertebrate animals, (Mollusks and Articulata)

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FIGURES

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INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS.

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ILLUSTRATING THE STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS,

(MOLLUSKS AND ARTICULATA).

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CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE DUBLIN UNIVERSITY BOTANICAL
AND ZOOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, &e.

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“O Lord, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou
made them all: the earth is full of thy riches. So is the great and
wide sea, wherein are things creeping innumerable, both small and great
beasts. There go the nautili: there is that, leviathan, whom thou hast
made to play therein. These wait all upon thee; that thou mayest give
them their meat in due season.” —-CONJECTURAL READING.

LONDON :
JOHN VAN YVOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1860.

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The accompanying Figures are entirely from the Author's
dissections, who thinking that they may be of use or interest
to naturalists and physiologists—many of them being from
rare or little known animals, and the rest embracing inci-
dents of structure, more or less notable—has taken the
trouble, or rather given himself the pleasure of rendering
them permanent, and also of procuring a few duplicates, by
means of etching—an art, however, in which he confesses

himself an untaught and not over successful tyro.

Stoke-upon- Trent, Staffordshire,
July 19th., 1860.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE 1, CEPHALOPODA.
Fic. 1.—The anatomy of the Argonaut,
the respiratory sac or mantle and siphon
being slit, and the viscera displayed.

s, siphon: m, the cartilaginous prominences of the
mantle fitting the acetabula at the base of the
siphon: e,theear-sac: c,thecrop: +,a bristle
inserted into a dorsal cavity: g,salivary glands :
i, the ink-bag: 06, the branchie: s¢, the stom-
ach: ||, the ccecal stomach: 7, the branchial
ganglia: h, the branchial hearts: 7 ganglion
of the stomach: 1, nerves of the siphon: 2, do.
of the mantle: 8, branchial and visceral nerves :
4, anus: 5, liver: 6, pillars of the siphon:
7, bile-ducts: 8, aorta: 9, ovary: 10,10 ovi-
ducts: H, systemic heart drawn down with the
left branchial vein cut across.

Many of these references also apply to
Fig. 5 of this plate.

2, remains of Pteropoda from the stomach
of the Argonaut.

3, Entozoa infesting the same.

4, acetabula of the arms

5, the buccal mass, exposed from behind,
with the brain and eyes, and the ali-
mentary canal opened.

O, optie ganglia:

1, nerves of the feet: C, brain:

2, subocular gland with its duct: 3, crystalline

lens: 7, buccal mass: /, mouth.

6, side view of the maxille.

P, pharyngeal ganglia: g, salivary glands.

7, buccal mass opened from before, with
the anterior or lower part of the brain,
its nerves, and the esophagus.

t, tongue: g, salivary glands.

8, shews the distribution of the branchial

vessels,

9, socket of the tongue and its muscles.
10, plan of the tongue.

PLATE 2, CHPHALOPODA AND PTEROPODA.

Fic. 1.—Sepiola Atlantica with its man-
tle opened.

7, ink-bladder and rectum: g. stomach :
b, branchiz.

0, ovary :
ov, oviducts :

2, the beak of the same.
3, Loligo media.

0, ovary: ov, oviduct: 6,branchie: g, laminated

glands: vr, rectum.

4, young Sepia from ovum.

Ss a

2, ab,shellof do.: c, membrane forming the anterior
lamina of the shell magnified: d, the anterior
lamina of the shell seen from before, also magni-
fied: e, one of the middle lamin with its flat-
tened tubes arising from the sinuous lines, highly
magnified: f, a particle of the adult shell.

6 and 6’, spermatic capsules, §c., from the
oviduct of the female Sepiola.

7, a plan of the circulation in the Sepia.

a, veins from the feet, eyes, and head passing through
a foramen in the front of cranium, and joined by
veins 6, from the buccal mass and nervous
centre, to form the commencement of the cava
descendens: c, veins of the siphon: d, of the
mantle: e, hepatic: jf, secreting processes: g
veins of the stomach: 7, of the ink-bag, &c.: h,
veins from the ovary and bottom of the sac: 7,
-veins of the mantle: A A, the branchial hearts
with their appendages: j, branchial arteries:
i, branchial veins: 6, systemic heart opened :
1, the inferior aorta going to the viscera, ink-bag,
glands, and bottom of the sac: m,asmall artery :
n, the superioraorta: 0, artery going to the sides
of the mantle: p, hepatic: g, salivary: 7, the
aorta as it enters the cranial cartilage giving off
branches (¢) to the buccal mass, others (w,)
entering the orbit by a foramen on each side, the
vessels then uniting again and lying at first be-
tween the esophagus and the lower ganglion of
the sub-esophageal mass, then coming forwards
(v) between the arteries and posterior ganglia, to
be distributed to the feet (w).

8, the posterior view of a Cleodora, shewing

the genital orifice, &c.

9, front view of do.
10, viscera of do. unfolded,

o, mouth: s, stomach: A, heart:

t, testis,

@, anus : d, liver

Ii, the back part of the mantle and its
muscular fascicles.

12, the branchial tissue magnified.

13, the front view of Hyalea.

o, the mouth.

14, the back of do. the eyes, tentacles, and
The vis-
cera are not figured, as they are given
by Cuvier, and differ but little from
those of Cleodora.

_ genital openivgs being seen.

PLATE 3, GASTEROPODA.

Fig. 1, the animal of the Ovula, shewing
the reflection of the mantle and situation
of some of the viscera, marked by dotted
lines.

2, Magilus with the termination of its tube
or shell.

3, animal of Nerita littoralis, Lin.

3’, its nervous system with visceral and
branchial ganglia.

a, Ancylus fluviatilis: 6, its anatomy, the branchia

anus &c, being sinistral.

5, the anatomy of Natica glaucina, its re-
tractor muscle and operculum beingseen
behind.

6, Doris tuberculata, shewing its internal
organs developed, the foot and mantle
removed, the branchiz only partially
left ; there are minute ganglia on the
stomach as well as eye-spots on the
brain, the generative organs are on the
right, they having been reversed by
Cuvier’s engraver as in other instances.

7, the brain of Eolis (Cavolina) versicolor.

8, the brain of D. tuberculata as seen from

below with the acoustic spots.

C,brain: P, pharyngeal ganglia : m, nerves of the man-
tle: b,ofthe branchie: /f, ofthe feet: 7,nerve
forming the subesophageal ring: g, of the geni-
tal organs: 4, of the tentacles: o, of the mouth
and its muscles.

9, the brain of the Helix aspersa, the ring
being divided above and laid out.

C. cerebral part of the ring or collar: /P, pharyngeal
ganglia: ‘++,arteries: d, olfactory nerve: op.
optic do.: ¢, do. to tentacles: g, genital: p, to

the foot: m, tothe mantle and respiratory collar :

n, to the side of the neck: »v, visceral.

9’, the nervous system of Lymnzus stag-
nalis.
10, the anatomy of the common Aplysia,

the side-processes of the mantle laid
aside, and the branchiostegal membrane
and the shell removed ; a ccecal appen-
dage to the pylorus as in Doris, and two
small branchial ganglia.

(Akera bullata has two ganglia on the left nerve, one
on the right, Bulla only the latter, but two ad-
ditional at the anterior extremity ).

11, the anatomy of Chitonellus.

12, portion of the under surface of do.

12’, heart of Chiton marginatus.

13, the animal of Dentalium (a foreign
grooved species).

a, the mantle split and turned back: 6, the foot:
c, the mouth at the end of a proboscis: d, the
branchiz: e, intestine: jf. anus: g, muscles.

14, Hipponyx—parasitical upon Delphinula

15, the remarkable genital organs of On-
chidium, (from Amoy and apparently
the same species as was figured by
Cuvier) shewing that it has both testis
and ovary distinct. The anterior cu-
rious genital organs are not given, as
they are accurately figured by Cuvier,
but the extremity of his so-called “vais-
seau mince ” is not floating but at-
tached to the anterior extremity of the
side groove.

16, a portion of shell of Acmea virginea
magnified.

General references to the Gasteropoda.

Jf, the foot m,themantle: 6,branchia: o, mouth
a, anus: s, stomach: h, heart: g, salivary
glands: 7, tongue: w, spiny languette, ov,

ovary and oviduct: ¢ testis (mihi) which how-
ever may be an androgynous organ, in which case
my ovary must be a nidamentary organ: &, mu-
cous sac or kidney :

v, genital vesicle: c, colour

gland or vesicle.

PLATE 4, GASTEROPODA—THEIR REPRO-
DUCTIVE ORGANS, te.
Fic. 1, spermatozoa from Paludina.
2 and 3, the same after the action of water.
4, moving cells from the vesicle of the
Helix, and the same after endosmosis.

5, the reproductive organs of Helix aspersa.

t, the testis (conjoined ovary and testis of others):
v d, vas deferens opening into the granular
groove: or false duct of the matrix, and so going to
the penis, (p.): 0, theovary, (mihi,nidamentum of
others): m, the matrix: c, the ccecal canal in
which the ligule or spermatophore is found post
eoitum: v, the vesicle often filled with sperma-
ozoa and the debris of the ligule: +, the vagina
which receives the male organ: s, the muscular
sac containing the dart and having fimbrize which -
probably secretes its caleareous matter as well as
arare fluid: jp,’ the appendix of the male organ
in which is formed the ligule. ,

6, asection of the matrix, and of the gran-
ular false-duct (vas deferens).

7, the penis cut off, or shewn as protru-
ded with a portion of the enclosed ligule

8, the dart in its muscular sac.

9, the supposed ovary developed, shewing
how the vas deferens opens at its lower
part. ;

10, spermatozoa of Helix nemoralis.

11, the same after the action of water.

12, the same degenerating from endosmosis
13, the same undeveloped.

14, spermatozoa from Lymnzus stagnalis.
15, the same undeveloped.

16, mother-cells of the same

17, ootheca of Aucylus fluviatilis as deposi-
ted on stones in rivulets.

18, ootheca and ova of Doris aspera
19, cotheca of Janthina yiolacea.
20, the foot, &c., of that animal.

21. the reproductive organs of Lymnzeus
palustris ;

t the testis (mihi): vd, the ciliated vas deferens going
to the penis (p), through the receptacle (r): 0,
the ovary : m, the matrix with its conveluted and
ciliated part, globular gland, and laminated dila-
ted portion: v, the vesicle.

22, oral and lingual pieces of Dentalium.

minty

23, lingual pieces of Hipponyx

24, plan of the tongue of Chiton cinereus.
25, ditto of Chitonellus

26, ditto of Acmea virginea.

27, ditto of Fissurella.

28, silicious teeth from the tongue of Aply-
sia.

29, ditto of Ovula.

30, ditto of Melania.

31, ditto of Janthina.

32, ditto of Magilus.

33, ditto of Bullcea aperta.

PLATE 5, LAMELLIBRANCHIATA AND
BRACHIOPODA,

Fic. 1, Aspergillum Javanum—anteri-
or part of the shell.
2, the disk or rose.
3, the animal extracted.
4, ditto exposed by dissection in the shell.
5, the animal of Vulsella, the left valve and
the side of the mouth being removed.
6, ditto of Perna.
7, ditto of Solemya.
8, ditto of Trigoniz.
9, ditto of Cyrenoidea.
Generalreferences tothe Lamellibranchiata.

+, the mouth: f foot: 6, branchise: p, labial palps:
m, adductor muscles: 7, retractor do: s,stomach:

h, heart: c, crystalline body: a, anus.

10, 11, 11’, fossil Spirifers, showing their
interior.
12, Crania anomala.

aa, the spiral arms: 066, the adductor muscles:
d, the rectum emerging from the liver, which
opens into the stomach.

13, the lower valve, mouth, muscles, and
_ ovaries.

14, the same as 12, but showing

c, the mouth: ee, the intestinal canal: 6, the anus.

15, a portion of the mantle magnified, also

a portion of the liver, and ova from the
mantle.

16, 17, 18, and 19, the anatomy of a species
of Lingula from Amoy

c, cilia surrounding the margin of the mantle :
the lobes of the mantle with the vessels and res-

mM,

piratory striz :
common to both :

a, the spiral arms haying a canal

o, the mouth with two ganglia
uponit: J, the liver of a greener colour than the
reproductive glands (ov) which apparenily open
between the mantle-folds in front of the hearts:
h, the hearts, each consisting of a red-coloured
auricle and ventricle: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, muscles :
the stomach and intestine, into the former of
which the liver sends three ducts, are seen in Fig.
18. They abounded in Foraminifera.

, a microscopical section of a pearl of the Mytilus
edulis, shewing the dark nucleus and waved nacre:
b, section of the shell of Crania:
Anomia: d, nacre from Vulsella :

"a Perna.

c, surface of
7, surface of

20’ round particles from the venous organ
of mollusks.

a, of the Unio: 5, of the Helix: c, of the Lymneus:
d, of the Purpura.

21, the Pedal ganglia and acoustic sacs of
Cvclas cornea (480 diam.)

PLATE 6, CIRRIPEDA AND ARTICULATA,
(NERVOUS SYSTEM ONLY OF THE LAQTER),

Fig. 1, Lepas anatina—the capitulum
opened and the pedicle sliced.

+, the mouth: ov, ovaties, from which ducts lead
towards the openings at the base of the first cirri
o, the opening by which the fluid is admitted be-
neath the envelope of the animal’s body from the
canal of the pedicle: e, the eye to which a trans-
parent spot (t) of tunic corresponds: ad, the
muscle closing the valves, above which isseen the
double cerebral ganglion giving nerves to the ped_
icle and optic filaments: 6, branchie: a, the
lower cirri having in their base the supposed an-
ditory sac and an enclosed capsule which appears
to be deciduous: c, the cirri: , the penis.

1’, a view of the animal shewing

(d) the oviduct, the eye, (e) and the transparent point
in the tunic (s) to admit the light.

2, the Gymnolepas Cuvieri with its auri-
cles and five rudimentary valves.

3, the same with the horny tunic removed
and sliced to shew the interior ova, §c

4, the animal removed.

b, the branchiz: p, the penis or ovipositor :
adductor muscle :

ad, the
c, the anus.

5, portion of the same,

m, the oral apparatus :
p, the penis.

s, thestomach: ¢, the testis:

6, four of the cirri and the male organ
and ovipositor of G. vittata.

7, G. Hunteri (?) upon the carapax of a
crab from Amoy ; here the eye is on
the oral side of the adductor, the re-
verse of it in Lepas.

8, the Hermit crab, Pagurus Bernhardus,
shewing the plan of its nervous system.

9, the scorpion shewing its nervous system

and ‘that a third column does not exist,

a vessel having been mistaken for it.

10, the nervous system of a Tarantula seen
from below.

11, a, b, c, shew the nervous system of a
Scolopendron, the omitted ganglia being

There is here no third
column as has been described, that part
being vascular, the longitudinal cords
however seen alittle less enveloped by
the ganglionic matter on the upper
surface.

12, a dissection of the caterpillar of a La-
siocampa, principally to shew the ner-
vous system ; much of the fatty matter
and many of the tracheal tufts being
removed.

but repetitions.

G TURNER, PRINTER, LIVERPOOL ROAD, STOKE-UPON-TRENT,.

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BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

THE NATURAL TIISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF STAFFORD,

Including also its Antiquities, Topography, &c., in 1 Vol. 8vo., with Map,
and many Illustrations.

A SUPPLEMENT
To the NATUBAL HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE, containing much additional

information. Price of the History with the Supplemeut complete, 10 shillings.
The latter is sold separate, price half-a-erown.

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