Finnish grammar
FINNISH GRAMMAR, BY CLEMENS NX
NUEMI, CLEMENS.
FINNISH GRAMMAR
BT
CLEMENS NIEMI, A. M.
THIRD EDITION
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PREFACE
In preparing this book my aim has not been to write
a complete Finnish grammar. I have sought to present
only the fundamental principles in the briefest possible
way necessary for the study of the Finnish language.
The student should thoroughly master the sound values
of each letter before taking any advanced steps. In
doing so he is able to acquire accuracy in pronunci
ation.
It should be remembered that Finnish, as its cognate
Finno-Ugric languages, is an agglutinative language.,
that is to say, the words are formed of roots by adding
certain suffices or endings to the stem. In this process
of appending, the changes of letters for euphony or
harmony occur. The rules for these changes should be
carefully observed in connection with each lesson as
they come.
Each lesson consists of a statement of grammatical
principles, a vocabulary, exercises, and in some cases,
a brief reading lesson. The vocabulary at the head of
the lesson will help the student to understand the sen
tences which follow. The exercises have been devel
oped in such a way that each lesson brings out the
grammatical principles at hand. The rules of syntax
as well as grammatical questions have been scattered
throughout a long series of lessons for the purpose of
leading the student gradually to a thorough understand
ing of the rules. The case-endings and the use of the
cases are particularly emphasized, as they form a very
difficult and essential part in the study of the Finnish
language. The reading lessons are so arranged as to
give an early acquaintance 'with real Finnish, and they
continually add new -words to the student's vocabulary.
Fully aware of many defects, I hope that this book,
the only Finnish grammar of its kind in English, will
be of some aid to the learner of the Finnish language.
CLEMENS NIEML
CONTENTS
Lesson Pag-e
Introduction 7 14
I Nominative Case 15 16
II Accusative and Genitive Cases 17 19
HI The Verb 19 22
IV Essive and Partitive Cases 23 25
V Reading- Lesson 26 27
VI Potential nad Conditional Moods 27 30
VH TransJiative and Inessive Cases 30 32
VH3I Imperative Active, Infinitives, anld
Participles 32 35
DC Elative and Illative Cases 36 38
X The Auxiliary erb Olla, to be 38 41
XOO Adessive and Ablative Cases 42 44
xXM Allative and Abe>ssive Cases 44 47
XQDH Oomitative and Instructive Cases 47 51
XIV Reading- Lesson 51 53
XV Method of Expressing- the Auxiliary to
have 53 56
XVI legation 56 >59
XVEI Personal and Possessive Pronouns 5$ 613
XVIH Compound Tenses 63 6.6
XIX Reading. Lesson 67 69
XX Passive Voice 69 73
XXI (Method of Expressing- Future Time 74 77
XXH Comparison of Adjectives 78 81
XXDQn Interrogation 8184
XXOV Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 84 87
XXV Reflexive and Indefinite Pronouns 87 91
XXVI Cardinal Numbers- 91 95
XXVII Ordinal Numbers 95 99
XXVIII Compound Noun 99 102
XXIX Attribute, Appositive, and Adverb 102 105
XXX Prepositions and Postpositions 105 109
XXXI Conjunctions and Interjections 10*9 112
Derivation o f Stufostantives a- n d Adjec
tives 113 115
Rules of Syntax 115 139
Tables of Declension 139 155
Tables of Conjugation 155 173
Formation of Verb Stems 173 174
Alphabetical Last of Verbs 174178
Finnish-English Vocabulary 179 191
English-Finnish. Voca-bulary 192 205
Index 206207
INTRODUCTION
1. The Finnish alphabet consists of twenty-seven
letters :
a is always pronounced like a in sofa
b is always pronounced like b in bed
c is sometimes pronounced like c in calm or cease
d is always pronounced like d in day
e is always pronounced like e in met
f is always pronounced like f in /ar
g is always pronounced like g in game
h is always pronounced like h in home
i is always pronounced like i in dzn
j is always pronounced like y in ye
k is always pronounced like k in kodak
I is always pronounced like 1 in /and
m is always pronounced like m in men
n is always pronounced like n in net
o is always pronounced like o in open
p is always pronounced like p in pay
q is always pronounced like cou in could
r is always pronounced like r in rose
s is always pronounced like s in set
t is always pronounced like t in tell
u is always pronounced like u in put
v is always pronounced like v in vest
x is always pronounced like x in express
8 FINNISH GRAMMAR
y is always pronounced like French u or German u
z is not pronounced like English z (z ts or s)
a is -always pronounced like a in at
o is always pronounced like er in herb
There are no silent letters in Finnish; every letter
is sounded separately as it is written.
2. The vowels are a, e, i 3 o } u 3 y } a, 6. The long
vowel is indicated by the use of two letters of the same
kind ; the short vowel with one ; as, aa-mu, morning;
al-la, under; uu-ni 3 stove; u-ni, sleep, etc.
3. The consonants are b 3 c 3 d, f, g, H 3 j, k, I, m y n,
P> Q> r, $, t, v, x, z. Of these c 9 b, d, f, g, q, x, andz
are never found at the beginning of original Finnish
words.
4. The diphthongs are uo, ie 3 yd, au 3 ou, eu, iu, ay,
6y } ai } oi, ul 3 ai, 6i> and yi.
5. The diphthongs are pronounced:
at as in aisle
an as in how
ui as in quit
oi as in oil
ei as in tfight
ou as in \ow
Of the res-t eu, no, ie 3 yd, in, ay, ai, oi, and yi have
no exact equivalents in English
6. A sylable consists of a vowel or diphthong with
or without one or more consonants; as, a-pu, help;
hiek-ka, sand ; att-rf/z-Tco, sun.
INTRODUCTION 9
7. In the division of words into syllables the fol
lowing rules must be observed:
(a) A single consonant between two vowels must be
joined to the following vowel; as, ka-la, fish; ma-ta-
la, low.
(b) Double consonants kk, pp, rs, etc., are always
separated: as, kuk-ka } flowe.r; kep-pi 3 stick; ak-
kuna, window; ras-kas, heavy.
(c) When more than two consonants between two
vowels, the last one is joined to the following vowel;
as, myrs-ky, storm; palk-ka, wages.
8. Syllables are open or closed:
(a) A sylable ending in a vowel or a diphthong is
called open; as, ka-la, fish; tyo, work.
(b) A sylable ending in a consonant or an aspira
tion is said to be closed; as, vir-rat, rivers; sa-de,
rain.
NOTE A syllable can be long or short according 1 to the
length of time required for its pronounciaJtion. A syllable is
short when it ends in a short vowel; as sa-tu-ja, fables;
ky-la, village.
A syllable is long if it contains a long- vowel, diphthing,
or if it ends in a consonant; as, vaa-ryys, injustice;
neu-!at, needles.
9. W[ord accent is either principal or secondary.
The principal accent always rests in the first syllable
of a word; as, opit, you learned. The beginner
may safely ignore all but the principal accent.
10. Rules for vowel changes:
(a) A long vowel is shortened if followed by the
plural or imperfect sign i; as, maa, maita; saa, sain.
]0 FINNISH GRAMMAR
(b) Stems ending in short, o, d } u, y, form with f a
diphthong; as, talo, taloista; polio, polloille; sum, su-
ruinen; poly, polyinen.
(c) Monosyllabic words ending in no, ie y yd, when
followed by i, reject the first vowel; as, juon, join; vie,
vein; syon, soin.
(d) A in disyllabic stems, when followed by the
plural or imperfect sign i, is changed to o 3 with which
i forms a diphthong oi, if the first vowel of the word
is a, e, or i, but is rejected if o or u; as, when fol
lowed by the plural or imperfect sign i, as kantaa, kan-
toi; herra, herroille; piha, pihoilla; koira, koiria;
laistan, luistin.
(e) A or a is always rejected in disyllabic stems
when followed by the plural or imperfect sign i; as,
heitdn, heitin; keitdn, keitin.
(f) Verbs ending in -taa, if the first vowel of the
stem is a, have in the imperfect either oi or i; as, ant-
taa, auttoi, or autti; haistaa, haistoi, or haisti.
(g) Polysyllabic verbs always reject the final a or
a in the imperfect; as, janottaa, janotti; vdsyttdd } vd-
sytin.
(h) In polysyllabic nouns a or a is either rejected
or changed to o or o (oi, oi) when followed by the
plural sign /; as, emdnta, emdntien; matala, matalien;
pemna, perunoille; kynttild, kynttiloille.
INTRODUCTION 1 1
(i) A or a is rejected in all vowel stems ending in
-ma, -ma, -va, -va, -mpa, -mpa, -isa, -isd, when followed
by L But if the final a or a is preceded by two conso
nants (except m or v), or if the preceding syllable con
tains the vowel i, a or a is respectively changad to o or
o. Otherwise i with a or a forms a diphthong; as,
sanoma, sanomia riemuisa, riemuisia
hedelmd, hedelmid emisa, emisid
lihava, lihavia peruna, perunoita
pdtevd, pdtevid kipea, kipeoitd
pahempaa, pahempia kola, kalainen
pienempdd, pienempid petiija, petdjdinen
(j) If o or e (seldom u, y, i) precede the final a
or a, they may remain unchanged or form a contracted
diphthong; as, lankean, lankeaisin, or lankeisin; vir-
koan, virkoaisin, or virkolsin.
(k) Wihere stems ending in i are followed by a sec
ond i the second i is contracted with the first . But in
place of a short, f, e precedes i, thus forming the diph
thong ei; as, risti, risteissd; pres. hedelmoi, imp. he-
delmoi; pres. perin, imp. perin.
(1) In disyllabic words a or a become e before the
comparative signs -mpa or -mpa; as, paha, pahempi;
sievd, sievempi.
(m) Sometimes i between two vowels becomes /;
as, taloja (taloia) ; sauvaa, sauvoja (sauvoia) .
]2 FINNISH GRAMMAR
(n) Stems ending in e reject it when followed by i;
as, paimenella, paimenilla; lapsella, lapsilla.
11. Certain hard consonants become soft or are
rejected if a short open syllable or diphthong is closed
by a consonant or an aspiration 1 . The following
changes 2 must be observed:
(a) t becomes d; as in ladon for lato
(b) t becomes d; as in sade for sateen
(c) p becomes v; as in vavan for vapa
(d) nk becomes ng; as in kanget for kariki
(e) pp becomes p; as in opin for oppia
(f) tt becomes t; as in otan for ottaa
(g) kk becomes k; as in vakat for vakka
(h) p after m becomes m; as in rammat for rampa
(I) t after /z becomes rz; as in rannat for ra/zto
(j) t after / becomes f; as in sillan for
(k) t after r becomes r; as in virran for
(1) k between le becomes /; as in suljen for sulkea
(m) k between re becomes /; as in jdrjen for jdrked
(n) k between he becomes /; as in rohjetkoon for
Tbhkenen
(o) k between uu becomes v; as in luvun for Inku
(p) k between yy becomes v; as in kyvyn for /cy/cy
12. Other changes of consonants:
(a) ps as in /apsf becomes s; as in lasta (in nouns)
1 An aspiration is a remnant of a lost consonant which was
found at the end of a word. Though barely sounded, it causes
the softening of certain consonants. 2 Only the most impor
tant of these are here treated.
INTRODUCTION 1 3
(b) ts as in veitsi becomes s; as in veistd
(c) ts as in kaitsen becomes t; as in kaitkoon
(d) ks as in juoksen becomes s; as in juosta (in
verbs)
(e) m as in Z#/m becomes n; as in tota
(f) mp as in suurimpaan becomes n; as in suurinta
(g) ;rf as in kolmantena becomes t; as in kolmatta
(h) TZS as in kolmarisina becomes s; as in kolmas
(i) /c as in r#/cea is lost as in reen
13. Finnish has no grammatical gender.
14. There are fifteen cases in Finnish:
Latin Name. Finnish Name.
1. Nominative Nimento
2. Accusative Kohdanto
3. Genitive Omanto
4. Essive Olento
5. Partitive Osanto
6. Translative Tulento
7. Inessive Sisaolento
8. -Elative Sisaeronto
9. Illative Sisatulento
10. Adessive Ulko-olento
11. Ablative Ulkoeronto
12. Allative Ulkotulento
13. Abessive Vajanto
14. Comitative Seuranto
15. Instructive Keinonto
|4 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Their characteristics of form, meaning, and use are
illustrated in the paradigms and exercises which fol
low.
15. The different cases are formed by adding cer
tain case-endings to a fundamental part called the
stem.
16. The stem is the body of the word to which
endings are added to express the relation of the word
to other words.
17. The marks of punctuation are the same in
Finnish as in English, but the comma is used more
freely to set off subordinate clauses of all kinds.
LESSON I 15
LESSON I.
NOMINATIVE CASE.
18. The nominative singular has no ending. The
plural has the ending -t; as talo, house; talo\t y
houses.
19. In Finnish there is no article Talo may be
translated house, a house, or the house; and
talot, houses or the h o u s e s.
20. Adjectives agree with their nouns in number
and case ; as, Iso talo, a large house; Isot talot,
large houses.
21. The total subject denotes the whole of the
person or thing, and is put in 'the nominative case;
as, Polka tulee, The boy comes.
22. The total predicate noun or adjective express
es the whole of the person, thing, or quality which be
longs to the subject. It is put in the nominative case,
and agrees in number and case with the subject of
the verb (see also 46) ; as, Han on runoilija, H e i s a
p o 'e t ; Varpunen on lintu, A sparrow is a bird;
Talo on iso, The house is large.
Vocabulary.
laiha, thin leved, wide
koulu, school talo, house
|5 FINNISH GRAMMAR
vaimo, woman mies, man
neula, needle paperi, paper
isd, father diti, mother
tie, ro.'ad seina, wall
kirja, b-oo'k kuva, -pic'ture
iso, large hyva, good
terava, sharp vanha, old
silea, smooth pitka, long
tuolla, there foafla, here
o/i, is ovat, are
/a, and kaunis, beautiful
Hyvdd paivaa, Good day. Hyvda iUaa, Good
evening. Hyvda huomenta. Good morning.
Hyvdd yotd, Good night.
EXERCISE I.
A. 1. Isa ja aiti. 2. Aiti on hyva. 3. Isa ja aiti
ovat hyvat. 4. Neula on pitka. 5. Kuva on kaunis.
6. Silea tie on levea. 7. Hyva vaimo on taalla. 8. Tie
on silea. 9. Teravat neulat ovat tuolla. 10. Kauniit
kirjat, terava neula ja paperi ovat taalla. 11. Kaunis
koulu on iso. 12. Seina on pitka.
B. 1. The father and mother. 2. A beautiful
book. 3. The school is large. 4. The houses are large.
5. An old woman is here. 6. The sharp needles are
there. 7. Fathers and mothers. 8. The road is smooth
and long. 9. The picture is beautiful. 10. Good and
large books. 11. The house is large. 12. Long roads.
LESSON II 1 7
LESSON II.
ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE CASES
23. The accusative has the ending -n or 'has no
ending in the singular; -t in the plural; as, talo n or
talo, house; talo t houses.
24. The genitive singular has the ending -n; as,
talo\n, o f it ! h e h o us e.
25. The genitive plural is formed by adding to
the stem one of the following endings:
.(a) -en (-in) after a short i or after / "Which is pre
ceded by a short vowel; as diti en (aite|m), the
mothers' or of the mot tiers; talo\jen ta
lo | in 1 ) , of the houses.
(b) -den (-tten) after a diphthong; as, mai\den
('miai|tten), of the countries; tei\den (tei(tten),
o f the roads.
(c) -ten after a consonant; as las\ten } the chil
dren's; vuor\ten y of the mountains.
In English these endings are designated by the pre
position of, or by the apostrophe and s (*s) or (').
26. The plural sign is i which is placed between
the stem and the case-endings with the exception of
the nominative plural.
1 Stem talo-j-in become taloin. See rule 10, k.
18 FINNISH GRAMMAR
27. The total object denotes the whole of the per
son or thing affected by the action of <a transitive verb.
It is put in the accusative case (see also 44; as Mind
olen lukenut kirjan, I have or e a d the book;
Anna kirja minulle, Give me the book.
Vocabulary.
veitsi, knife leipa, bread
Perhe, family sisar, sister
serkku 3 cousin poika, boy
tytto, girl, daughter huone, r o o m
aina, always viisas, w i 's e
tamd } this pi eni, small
markkinat, market uusi, new
teatteri, theater kirkas, bright
rouva, Mrs. taide, art
neiti, Miss herra, M r.
Kuinka te voittet* How do you do? Oikein hy-
vin, kiitos! Very well, th-ank you!
EXERCISE II.
A. 1. Isan veitsi. .2. Tama on pojan 1 kirja. 3. Van
ham miesten kuva. 4. Tama on -kauniitten (kauniiden)
kuvien 2 huone. 5. Viisasten miesten kirjat ovat taalla.
6. Pienien poikien ja tyttojen huone. 7. Sisaren kirkas
veitsi. 8. Talon huoneet ovat pienet. 9. Tama on ison
1 k is dropped before the enetiv T e ending -n, and I between
two vowels is changed to j. Thus, poikan, becomes poian,
hence pojan. See the rule 10. m. 2 See the rule 10, d.
LESSON III 19
perheen talo. 10. Isan ja pojan kirja. 11. Taiteen teat-
teri. 12. Tama on viisaan ja hyvan miehen poika.
B. 1. Father's house. 2. The daughter's and mother's
needles. 3. Sister's books are here. 4. he boy's room
is small. 5. (Mother's daughter's. 6. Cousin's knife. 7.
The small boy's mother. 8. The wall is long. 9. Cou
sin's new book. 10. Father's and mother's pictures. 11.
The family is large. 12 Mother's sharp needle. 13.
Cousin's house is large. 14. Sisters' room is bright.
LESSON III.
THE VERB
28. Th' e Finnish verb has two voices, the active
and passive.
29. There are four moods, the indicative, potential,
conditional and imperative.
30. There are four tenses, the present, imperfect,
perfect, and pluperfect. The present and imperfect are
called simple tenses; and the perfect and pluperfect
are the compound tenses.
31. To. form the complete tenses the following ele
ments must be observed, the stem 1 , tense sign, and
personal endings.
1 For the vowel and sonsonant stems of verbs see para
graphs 294 and 295. Consult also the list of verbs in 296.
20
FINNISH GRAMMAR
32. The personal endings for all tenses of the finite
verb, except the imperative, are:
SINGULAR
1st person -n
2nd " -*
3rd "
PLURAL
-mme
-He
vat or -vat
The endings distinguish the different persons of
the verb.
33. The third person singular has no ending ex
cept that in the present indicative and potential the
final vowel of the stem is lengthening if it is not a
long vowel or diphthong. Thus, saa\n, I receive;
saa, he receives; tuo\n, I bring; tuo 3 he
brings,
34. PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1 . sano n, I say
sano|mme, w-e say
2. sano|f, thou sayest sano
3. sano o, he says sano
tie,
vat,
you say
they say
35. The present indicative has no tense sign. It
is formed by adding the personal endings to the stem.
36. The auxiliary verb to do does not exist in
Finnish. Hence the Finnsh language has but one
form to correspond to the three forms of the present
indicative in English ; as, mina sano n, I say I do
say, I am saying.
LESSON III
21
37. IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
PLURAL
i\mme 3 we said
SINGULAR
1. sano|i|t, I sai d sano
2. sano|z|t, tho u sai dst sano|f|tte, you said
3. sano|(, he said sanojfvat, they said
38. The imperfect indicative active is formed by
adding to the stem the imperfect sign i and the per
sonal endings (32).
39. The Finnish imperfect indicative may be
translated in various mays. Thus, mind sano\i n y may
men, I said, I did say, I was saying, I used
to say.
40. A verb agrees with its total subject (21) in
number and person; as Poika laulaa, The boy
sings; Pofat laulavat. T'he boys sing,
Vocabulary.
sanoa, to say
kirjoittaa, to write
laulaa, to sing
juosta, to run
sarkea, to break
kdrki, point
puhua, to speak
nauraa, to laugh
harikkia, to furnish,
to get
pyytaa, to catch
istua, t o s i t
Idhettddy to send
antaa, to give
nukkua, to sleep
vapa, fishing rod
kantaa, to carry
katsoa, to look
onki, fish hook or
fishing tackle
onkia, to fish
puuro } porridge
22 FINNISH GRAMMAR
mind, I; sina, thou; Han, he; me, we; te, you;
/ze, they.
EXERCISE III
2. 1. Poika puhuu. 2. Sieva tytto laulaa. 3. Tytto
ja poika laulavat. 4. Mina juoksin. 5. Sina nukuit.
6. Han juoksi. 7. Me puhuimme ja te kirjoititte. 8.
Me lauloimme ja he nukkuivat. 9. Aiti -kirj-oittaa. 10.
Pieni poika juoksee. 11. Serkku lahettaa 'kirjan. 12.
Hyva tytto aina nauraa. 13. Mina pyydan 1 kaloja 2 ,
14. iMe ongimme 3 taalla. 15. Sitten me -keitamme 4
puuroa ja syomme. 16. Mina hankin 5 teille hyvat on-
get 8 . 17. Mina kannoin 6 vavan 7 tanne. 18. Han sarki
ongen karjen 8 .
B. 1. Now i am laughing. 2. You write. 3. He
ran. 4. The boy <and girl sing. 5. The mother and
father sit and read. 6. They spoke. 7. Mr. and Mrs.
Harris sing. 8. The girl spoke and laughed. 9. Miss
Jones is coming here. 10. The man carried the books.
11. The boy ran. 12. The brothers and sisters laugh.
13. I carried the fishing tackle here. 14. He broke the
point of the fishhook. 15. They slept. 16. You sent
the letter. 17. I wrote the letter.
1 See 11, a. 2 See 10, m. 3 See 11, d. 4 See 11 f. 5 Sec
11, g-. 6 See 11, i. 7 See 11 c. 8 See 11, m.
LESSON IV 23
LESSON IV.
ESSIVE AND PARTITIVE CASES.
41. The essive is formed by adding the endings
-na or -na to the stem. This case expresses a state of
being regarded as continous. Thus, talo\na } as a
house; taloina, as houses; tytto\na, as a girl;
tyttoi\na, as girls.
42. The partitive denotes that the object was or
is affected only in part and has the endings:
(a) -a, -a after a shrot vowel of the unaccented
syllable, or after / which is preceded by a short syl
lable; as, tcdo\a, (some) house; tdlo\ja, (some)
houses. LLL
(b) -ta, -td after a consonant, long vowel, or diph
thong; as, las\ta, (some) child; maa\ta } (some)
land; maita (some) lands; tyo\ta (some) work.
43. In English the words some or any placed
before a noun or in French the partitive construction
(de-j-le, la or les) expresses this partitive idea;
as, lihaa, s<ome meat, de la viand e.
44. The partial object expresses a part of the
person or thing affected by the action of a transitive
verb. Its case is the partitive (see also 27) ; as, Poika
lukee kirjaa, The boy is reading a book (i.
e., reading a part of the book).
24 FINNISH GRAMMAR
45. The partial subject denotes a part of the
whole and is put in the partitive. Its predicate is al
ways in the singular (see also 21); as, Poikia, tulee,
Some boys are coming (lit. some boys come) .
46. The partial predicate noun or adjective denotes
the part of a district, area, or quality which belongs
to the subject. It is always put in the partitive; as
Tdma tato on kaupunkia, This house is a part
of the city, (i. e., within the limits); Mies on kuu-
luisaa sukua, The man is of a famous fam
ily; Huoneet ovat kylmia, The rooms are cold
(i. e. the rooms belong to the class of cold rooms).
Vocabulary.
pala, bit, part leipa, bread
sokeri, sugar vesi y water
kahvi, coffee maito, milk
kerma, cream juomalasi glass, t u m-
voi, butter bier
suola, salt tuoda, to bring
jttoda, to drink ajatella, to think
pitad, to hold, to re- syoda, to eat
gard hanelld on, he has
lakaista, to sweep omena, apple
Puhutteko suomenkielta? Do you speak Finn
ish? Kylla, herra, puhun vdhan. Yes, Sir, I
speak a little.
LESSON IV 25
EXERCISE IV.
A. 1. Hanella on pala leipaa. 2. Poika juo kahvia.
3. Tytto syo sokeria. 4. Aiti tuo lasin maitoa. 5. Han
piti vetta 1 kahvina. 6. Tytto istuu taalla. 7. Me joim-
me <kahvin vetena. 8. Poika soi 2 sokerin suolana. 9. Ha
nella on kirjoja. 10. Mina syon leipaa ja voita ja juon
vetta. 11. Taalla on kahvia ja sokeria. 12. Mies juok-
see tieta pitkin (along). 13. Omenat ovat pienia. 14.
Han on tohtori. 15. Huone on lammin. 16. Taalla on
pala omenaa. 17. Tytto lakaisee lattiaa.
B. a . He has some bread and butter. 2. The boy
drinks milk. 3. The girl 'brings some water and milk.
4. As a boy. 5. As a girl. 6. He brought water as a
drink. 7. The mother gives some bread. 8. They drank
water instead of milk 3 . 9. Small boys and girls drink
milk. 10. He brings a glass of water. 11. There is
some sugar and bread. 12. Some boys and girls are
singing. 13. The boy brings some bread, butter, milk,
and coffee. 14. The girl eats some meat and drinks
some tea. 15. He has a cup of tea. 16. They drink
coffee. 17. The girl sweeps the floor. She has some
apples.
1 See 81, 273. 2 See rule 10, c. 3 Use the essive case.
26 FINNISH GRAMMAR
LESSON V.
READING LESSON.
Vocabulary,
sade, ray kaikua, to echo
loistaa, to shine kutoa, to knit
tunkeutua, to p e n e heikko, weak
trate katkyt, cradle
maki, hill itkea, to cry
rinne, slope tyytyvainen, s a t i s f i e d
poimia, t-o pick opettaja, teacher
latva, top of a tree, nauru, laugh
top pallo, ball
Translate into English the following:
VELI JA SISKO.
Minulla on iso sisfco. Han kay koulua (she goes to
school). Han on hyva tytto. Kotona (at home) han
auttaa aitia. Han kutoo pikku veljen punaista sukkaa.
Veli on hyvin picni. Hanella on 'heikot jalat. Han ei
voi kavella (he cannot walk). Han nuikkuu kaunissa
katkyeessa. Han nauraa aanekkaasti (loudly), Joskus
(sometimes) han itkee. Silloin (then) hanella on nalka
(see 83). Aiti antaa hanelle (ho him) makeaa maitoa.
Sitten pieni veil nauraa. Han on tyyytvainen.
LESSON VI 27
KEVAT
On kaunis kevatpaiva. Pojat istuvat koulussa (in the
school) poytien ymparilla (around). Pojat haluavat
menna ulos (out). Auringon sateet loistavat klrkkaasti.
Kukkien tuoksu tunkeutuu kouluhuoneeseen (into the
school room). Opettaja antaa poikien menna ulos. He
juoksevat maen rinteele (to the slope) kukkia poimi-
maan (to pick). He heittavat palloja. Pallet lentavat
puiden latvojen yli. Poikien ilo ja nauru kaikuu ul-
kona. He ovat iloisia ja tyytyvaisia.
LESSON VI.
POTENTIAL AND CONDITIONAL MOODS
47. The potential mood is formed by adding to
the stem the -mood sign -ne (after s 3 I, and r, -se, -le,
re respectively) and the personal endings; as,
sano\ne\n, I may say; (nous\se n, I may rise,
tul\le\n, I may come; pur re n, I may bite).
48. PRESENT POTENTIAL ACTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. sano|7Z|n, I may sanoratfrnme, we may
say say
2. $ano|/zt, thou may- sano|/i0|tte, you may
estsay say
3. sano ne\e, h e m a y sano /ie|vat, they may
say say
28
FINNISH GRAMMAR
49. The conditional mood has also one simple
tense, the present. It is formed by adding to the
stem the mood sign -isi and the personal endings.
NOTE) The Finnish conditional mood can be translated by
using should and would, the preterit tenses o-f shall
and will. Would brings out more clearly the Finnish con
ditional statement in English. This same idea can also be
expressed by the use of the English preterit subjunctive in
stead of the conditional phrase; as, Jos olisin niin onnellinen.
If I were so happy (Subj.)=If I should be so
happy (Conditional); Pelkasin, etta epaonnfstuisln, I
feared I should (fail.
50. PRESENT CONDITIONAL ACTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. sano|zs|n, I should sano|$|mme, we
say shouldsay
tte, you would
2. sanojfcit, tihou san-ojisf
wouldst say say
3. sano|z'$4, he would sano|&z|vat, they would
say say
NOTE 3 h o u 1 d is not used in ehe sense of ought to ex
press duty of obligation. It expresses a condition.
Vocabulary.
hevonen, horse
koira, dog
kissa, cat
hattn, hat
musta, black
tulla, to com e
vuode, bed
reki 3 sleigh
ajaa, to drive
sallia, to permit,
to allow
mennd 3 t o g o
LESSON VI 29
tdnaan, to day huomenna, tomorrow
jos, i f tietdd, to know
tuoli, chair
EXERCISE VI.
A. 1. Mina sanonen. 2. Me sanoisimme, jos tulisit
tanna. 3. Han sallinee mustan koiran ajaa valkoista
kissaa. 4. Me ajamme hevosen 1 ja reen tanne. 5. Sa-
noisin asian, jos tietaisin. 6. Tytto laulaa tanaan. 7.
Isa ajanee hevosta. . Han menisi tanaan, jos tulisit.
9. He tuonevat hatun 2 , kengat 3 ja sukat 4 pojalle (to
the boy). 10. Jos tietaisin, niin laulaisin ta ; man lau-
lun. 11. Tama (this) koira purree poikaa. 12. Koira
purree miesta. 13. Joisin lasin vetta tai (or) kupin
kahvia, jos toisit tanne. 14. Pojat ja miehet tahtoisivat
syoda hyvan aterian tanaan. 15. Kirjoittaisin kirjeen,
jos antaisit paperia ja mustetta. 16. Nauranemme
taalla, jos sallitte.
B. 1. He may come. 2. They would go. 3. We
would sing the whole song. 4. I may give some coffee
and bread to you (sinulle). 5. The black cat would
sleep. 6. Father and mother would go to New York,
if you would come here. 7. Yes, I would come, if you
wait. 8. If they allow it, I would drive the horse. 9.
The dog -may come here. 10. We should live soberly
1 Words ending 1 in -nen change the n between two vowels
to s before the case-endings. See 272. 2 See 11, f. 3 See 11,
d. 4 See 11, g.
30 FINNISH GRAMMAR
(raittiisti). 11. You would speak to him (hanelle), if
'he were (olisi) here. 12. I would write a letter if
paper, ink, and pen were (olisivat) here. 13. They
would go fishing. 14. She would sweep the floor. 15.
We might eat some bread and butter, and drink some
coffee or tea, if you would give it to us (meille).
LESSON VII.
TRANSLATIVE AND INESSIVE CASES
51. The translative expresses change from one
form to another. It is designated in English by the
prepostions 1 for, to, into. The ending of the
translative is -ksi; as talo\ksi } (made) into a
house.
52. The place within which is regularly denoted
by the inessive. It has the endings -ssa or -ssa; as,
talo\ssa, in the house; kyla\$$d } in the village.
In English this case is indicated by the propositions
in or at.
Vovabulary.
pata, kettle kaivanto, mine
pannu } pan kirjain, letter
pemna, potato te-onsana, verb
kappale, piece kielioppi, grammar
tuli, fire uuni, stove, oven,
t yd , work furnace
1 See note 1 on page 31.
LESSON VII 31
tee, tea Hha, meat
teepannu, tea kettle asua, to live
palaa, t -o burn muodostus, formation
kiehua, to boil asemosana, pronoun
kasvaa, to grow nimisana, noun
to/ifca, ash hoyry, steam
EXERCISE VII.
A. 1. Poika asuu talossa. 2. Tytto kasvoi pitkaksi.
3. Tuli palaa uunissa. 4. Kahvi kiehuu pannussa. 5.
Kaunis talo paloi poroksi. 6. Li'ha kiehuu kappaleiksi.
7. Perunat ovat padassa. 8. Poika kasvaa isoksi mie-
heksi. 9. Isa tulee (becomes vanhaksi. 1 10. Han tulee
jouluksi 2 kotiin. 11. He lainasivat kirjan paivaksi 2 .
12. M-ustissa padoissa on Paljon (much) vetta, 15.
Teepannussa on kuumaa (hot) teeta. 16. Liha paistuu
uunissa. 17. Talo on maalattu punaiseksi.
B. 1. In a house. 2. The house burned to ashes.
3. The boy grew into a tall man. 4. Father and mother
are in church. 5. He became (tuli) old. 6. Tea is
served (tarjotaan) in cups. 7. Grammar teaches the
formation of the verbs and pronouns. 8. The meat
boiled to pieces. 9. The man is working in a mine.
1 The verb become expresses also the transla-fcive
as Mies tuli vanhaksi, The man became old. 2 See
200.
32 FINNISH GRAMMAR
10. Coffee is boiling in the coffee pot. 11. They live
in large houses. 12. The boys grew strong. 13. The
book will be ready by Sunday (sunnuntaiksi . 14.
Water is changed (muuttunut) into steam. 15. I threw
some wood into the fire. 16. The house is painted
(maalattu) white and blue. 17. I cut the bread into
two (kahdeksi). 18. He cuts the potatoes into small
pieces. 19. We took (luulin) you for a doctor. 20. We
live in the city of New York.
LESSON VIII.
IMPERATIVE ACTIVE, INFINITIVES, AND
PARTICIPLES
53. The imperative expresses command or request.
It is formed by adding to the stem the following mood
signs and personal endings:
SINGULAR
2. mood sign , pers. ending
3. " " -koo or koo, " " -n
PLURAL
1. mood sign -kaa or -kaa, pers. ending -mme
2. " " -kaa or -kaa, " " (-tie)
3. " " -kaa or -kaa, " " -t
LESSON VIII 33
54. The imperative conjugation of sanoa, to say:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. sano|toz mme, let us
say
2. sano, say s&no\kaa\tte } say
3. sano/coo n, let him sano|/coo|^ let them
say say
NOTE The personal ending of the second person plural
is seldom used. Thus, use sano|kaa in place of sanokaa(tte).
55. The infinite in Finnish is a real verbal sub
stantive which is derived from a verbal stem, and ex
presses person, time, or modality. It can take the or
dinary case-endings and also the possessive suffixes.
56. The first infinitive 'has the sign -a or -a after
a short vowel and -da or -dd after a long vowel or
diphthong ; as sano a, to say; ela\a, to live;
saalda, to receive; syo\da, to eat. fois infinitive
ihas also the longer form with the translative ending
-kse and the possessive suffix, as sanoa\kse ni, in or
der t ; hat I may say, or so to say, (lit. for
my saying).
NOTE If the stem ends in I, n, or r the letters are doub
led; as, tul[!o, to come; men|na, to go; pur|ra, to bite.
Disyllabic stems ending in s or in a short vowel have either
-ta or -ta; as juosjta, to run; pes|ta", to wash; vastajta,
to answer; kyve|ta, to be able.
57. The last vowel of the stem of the second in
finitive is e in place of -a or -a, and sometimes i after
other vowels except L This infinitive has the inessive
34 FINNISH GRAMMAR
and instructive cases; as, $ano\e\$sa, in saying;
$ano\e n, with saying.
58. The third infinitive is formed by adding to
the stem -am or -md; as, sano\ma$sa, in saying;
syo\ma ssa, in eating. This infinitive is used in
six cases.
59. The fourth infinitive has the ending -minen in
the nominative and -mis- in the partitive; as, sano mi
nen, saying; sano\mis\ta 3 (something) to say.
This infinitive is a real substantive like the English
gerund,
60. There are two participles or verbal adjective
in Finnish. The first of these is formed by adding
-va or vd to the stem; as, sanova, saying; lentava,
flying.
61. The second participle is formed by adding -nut
or -nyt to the consonant stem, and -nee (-nei-plu.) to
the vowel stem; as sano\nut, said; teh\nyt, made;
sano\neet, sano\nei\po.
NOTE If s, I, r, or n is the last sound of the stern, they
are doubled; as peslsyt, washed; tuljlut, come; purjrut,
b i tjmenjnyt, g-one.
Vocabulary.
laulu, song Suomi, Finland
varsy, verse rukoilla, to pray
lukea, to read kiittdd, to thank
elda, to live luku, chapter
koko, whole kaikki, a 1 1
kolme, three viisi, five
LESSON VIII 35
EXERCISE VIII.
A. 1. Laula laulu. 2. Luke'kaamme. 3. Laulakoot
viisi varsya. 1 4. Elakoon Suomi. 2 5. Lue kolme lu-
kua. 6. Kiittakaatte. 7. Han tulkoon tanne. 8. Kaik-
ki rukoilkaamme. 9. Puhukoon, jos ban tahtoo. 10.
Naura. 11. Syokaamme ja juokaamme. 12. Kirjoita
'kirje tanaan. 13. Poika tahtoo pu'hua. 14. Laps! alkoi
itkea. 15. Sinun (you) pitaa tuleman. 16. Lukemal-
la (by reading) mina opin. 3 17. Tytto ja poika ollvat
ulmassa, minun tyota tehdessa (while I was working).
18. Juokseminen on terveellista. 19. Hanen pitaa lau-
laa.
B. 1. Sing the whole song. 2. Let us sing. 3. Let
them read. 4. Long live Finland. 5. Let them read
three verses. 6. To be (olla) good is to be happy.
7. Let us read the whole chapter. 8. Let them pray.
9. Let them laugh. 10. Long live America. 11. Let
us pray. 12. He has nothing to say. 13. I want to go.
14. The boy is swimming 4 . 15. You must go home,
16. She has (some) reading to be done (tehtavana).
17. They must come here, 18. Swimming is a good
exercise. 19. The book must (be read 5 ).
1 See 146, a. 2 Long live Finland (lit. let Finland live),
a See 11, e. 4. Use the inessive of the tHird infinitive. 5 Use
the instructive of luken of the third infinitive.
36 FINNISH GRAMMAR
LESSON IX.
ELATIVE AND ILLATIVE CASES.
62. The place from which is regularly de
noted by the elative. It is formed with the ending -sta,
or -sta; as, talo sta, from the house; kyla\sta,
from the village. This case is indicated in
English by the prepositions o f or from.
63. The illative is formed;
(a) By lengthening the last vowel of the stem+n,
if the stem ends in a short vowel; as, talo\on, into
the house.
(b) By adding to the monosyllable stem containing
a long vowel -or diphthong the consonants -h, -n, be
tween Which is inserted the last vowel of the stem;
as, kuuhun, into the moon; tyd\hdn, to the
w o r k.
(c) By adding -seen in the singular and -siin in the
plural after -the long vowel to the stem containing
more than one syllable ; as, venee seen, into the
boat; venei\siin } into the boats.
64. The illative expresses the place into which
motion takes place and is denoted in English by the
preposition into -or t o.
LESSON IX 37
Vocabulary.
Until, bird kirkas, bright
maa, land >kyla } village
kirkko, church puu, tree
kaupunki, city vuori, mountain
aurinko, sun pelto, field
paistaa, to shine pudota, to fall
lentddy to fly laakso, valley
EXERCISE IX.
A. 1 . Hyva poika tulee kirkosta. 2. Isa menee kau-
punkiin. 3. Han menee vieraisiin maihin. 4. Pojat
tulevat Suomesta Amerikaan. 5. Talo on tehty puus-
ta. 1 6. Linnut lensivat puihin. 7. Poika ja tytto me-
nivat kouluun. 8. Kolme veljesta on taalla. 9. Mies
on rikas ystavista. 2 10. Poika hukkui veteen. 11 Moin
kirjan kolmesta dollarista. 12. Lapsi tulee isaansa. 3
13. Miehet matkustavat kylasta kylaan ja kaupungista
kaupunkiin. 14. Mina astuin laaksoon. 15. Linnun
pesa on puussa.
B. 1. I go to school. 2. Boys and girls come from
school. 3. He sold the bird for three dollars. 4. He
is rich in friends, but poor in money. 2 5. Men came
from Finland to America. 6. The house is made of
wood. 7. The bird flew down from the tree. 8. The
bright sun shines into the room. 9. Boys and girls
are going to school. 10. He comes from the woods.
1 See 208. 2 See 2:2. 3 See 219.
38 FINNISH GRAMMAR
11. They went from the village to the city. 12. From
morning to evening. 13. Let them go to church. 14.
They stepped into the church. 15. We stepped into
the room. 16. I came from the room. 17. Let us go
to church. 18. Let them send the boy to town.
LESSON X.
THE AUXILIARY VERB OLLA, TO BE
65. The verb otta is irregular in many of its forms,
but it will be observed -that all the mood signs and
personal endings follow sequences already established
in the regular conjugation
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.
$g^ SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. olen, I am olemme, we are
2. olet, t h o u art olette, you are
3 on, h e i s ovat, they are
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
57^ SINGULAR. PLURAL,
1 . olin, I was olimme, we were
2. out, t h o u wast olitte, you were
3. oli 3 he was olivat, they were
LESSON X 39
PRESENT POTENTIAL ACTIVE.
gg^ SINGULAR PLURAL.
1. lienen, I may be lienemme, we may be
2. lienet, thou mayest lienette, you may be
be
3. lienee, he may be lienevat, they may be
PRESENT CONDITIONAL ACTIVE.
@9 SINGULAR. PLURAL,
1. olisin, I should be olisimme, we should
be
2. olisit,thou wouldst olisivat, they would
be be
3. olisi 3 he would be olisitte, you would be
IMPERATIVE ACTIVE.
7Q^ SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1 . olkaamme, let us be
2. 0/0, b e olkaatte, b e
3. olkoon, let him be olkoot, let them be
40 FINNISH GRAMMAR
INFINITIVES.
71. I. shorter form, olla, to be
longer form, ollakseni, in order that
I m ay be
II. In. ollessa, In being
III. olemassa, etc., in being, being
III. olemessa, etc., in being, being
IV. Nom. oleminen, (must) be, being
Part, olemista, being
PARTICIPLES
72. I, oleva, being II. ollut, been
Vocabulary.
taivas, sky, heaven tdytyy, must
tdhti, star pilvi, cloud
knu 9 moon kylma, cold
ilma, air, weather lammin, warm
sininen, blue seta, uncle
valkea, white tati, aunt
hiljainen, -silent, nyt, now
quiet koti, home
toivo, to wi sh, to
LESSON X 41
EXERCISE X.
A. 1. Taivas on sininen. 2. Pilvet ovat mustat
3. Nyt on lammin ilma. 4. Kirkas kuu paistaa huo-
neeseen. 5. Pojan taytyy olla tyossa. 6. Die hiljaa.
7. Seta ja tati olivat kylailemassa. 8. Han lienee huo-
neessa. 9. Han olisi taalla, jos sina tulisit. 10. Ilma
on kylmaa. 11. Taivas on sininen ja valkoinen. 12.
Isa ja aiti menivat kirkkoon. 13. Mina olen suoma-
lainen. 14. Han pitaa lampimasta 'huoneesta. 15. Olen
iloinen na'hdessani teidat. 16. Saanen kirjeen sedal-
tani (from my uncle). 17. Olkaamme taalla kunnes
(until) ! han tulee.
B. 1. The stars shine brightly. 2. The moon is
beautiful. 3. Uncle and aunt are at home. 1 4. The
boy must be here. 5. I may be there. 6. Let us be
silent. 7. I would be at the church. 8. We were in
the city. 9. The weather is warm and the moon
shines brightly. 10. They would be here today.
11. Let us hope for warm weather for tomorrow. 2 12.
You should be here until aunt and uncle come. 13. I
may be too (liian) quiet. 14. We are glad to see you.
15. They may come if the weather is warm. 16. I
would go home, if you would come with me (minun
kanssani). 17. He may be at home. 3
1 Use the essive case, kotona, a t h o m e. 2. Use the trans-
lative case, huomiseksi, for tomorrow. 3 See the foot
no'te 1.
42 FINNISH GRAMMAR
LESSON XL
ADESSIVE AND ABLATIVE CASES
73. The adessive expresses the place at or on
wh i c h, or the object with which anything is
done. It is formed with the endings -lla or lid; as
talo\tta, at the house; kdde\lla } on the hand;
Ostin kirjan rahallani, I bought the book with
my own money. (See Lesson XV) .
74. In English the prepositions at, on, upon
or with denote the endings of this case.
75. The place from which is regularly
denoted by the ablative with the endings -Ha or -ltd;
as, talo\lta, from the house; tyto\lta, from the
girl. This relation is indicated in English by the
prepositions from or of.
Vocabulary.
katto, roof paikka, place
lattia, floor poytdliina, tablecloth
tuoli, chair teevati, saucer
poyta, table muste, i n ik
lusikka, spoon kyna, pen
kahveli, fork lyijykynd, pencil
kola, fish laatikka, box, drawer
lautanen, plate raha, money
saada, to receive olkaa hyvd, pi e a s e
puuttua, to lack kirjuri, secretary
LESSON XI 43
EXERCISE XL
A. 1. Kaunis fcirja on poydalla. . Han istuu tuo-
lilla. . Mina syb'n veitsella ja kahvelilla. 1 4. Poika
kirjoittaa kynalla. 1 5. Minulta puuttuu rahaa. 6. 01-
kaa hyva ja antakaa minulle lyijykyna poydalta. 1.
lima tuntuu kylmalta. 2 8. Poytaliina on poydalla.
9. Poi'ka sal rahaa isalta. 10. Lapsi sol lautaselta.
11. Mies putosi katolta maahan. 12. Isa tulee maalta
kaupunkiin.
B. 1. The tablecloth is on the table. 2. I eat with
a knife and fork. 3. The butter is on the plate. 4.
The fork fell from the table. 5. I eat at a table.
7. Please give me some fish on a plate. 8. I sit in
the chair. 9. Write a letter in ink. 10. I see with
my eyes and hear with my ears. 1 11. The knife, fork,
and spoons are on the table. 12 There are five seats
at the table. 13. I work with my hands. 1 14. I speak
with my mouth.l
Hotellissa (At the Hotel).
Olkaa hyva ja antakaa minulle huone. Kylla te
saatte sen (it). Kirjoittakaa nimenne (your name)
paivakirjaan (into the registry-book). Ruokaa saatte
ruokasalissa. Ruokasalissa on poytia, ja tuoleja. Poy
dalla on kuppeja, teevateja, lautasia, veitsia, kahvelia,
1 See the rule 226. 2 See 235.
44 FINNISH GRAMMAR
lusikoita ja lautasliinoja. Lasit ja leipa ovat myoskin
poydalla. Tanaan meilla on hyva ruokahalun. Palvelija
tuo lihaa, vi'hanneksia, mansikoita ja omenia. Mina
pidan hyvin keitetysta (cooked) lihasta. Mina en (I
do not) syo jalkiruokaa (dessert) nyt, mutta otan ku-
pin kahvia. Mina juon vetta lasista ja teeta kupista.
Mina panen sokeria kahviin ja teehen lusi'kalla. Sit-
ten mina sekotan (stir) teen lusrkalla. Mina syon li
haa ja perunoita lautaselta. Mina syon leipaa, voita,
sokerileivoksia ja piirakkaa. Veitse (Hani, with my)
leikkaan leivan ja piirakkan. Kahvelilla syon piira-
kan. Veitsella panen voita leivan paalle (on). Olkaa
hyva ja anta-kaa lasi maitoa. Saanko kupin kahvia
tahi teeta. Mina syon aamiaisen aamusella (in the*
morning ruokasalissa. Mina istun poydassa, kun syon.
Paivallisen syon puolenpaivan aikaan (at noon).
Illallisen syon iltasella.
LESSON XII.
ALLATIVE AND ABESSIVE CASES.
76- The allative expresses the place towards
which motion takes place, and is formed with the
ending -lie; as, talo\lle, to the house. In English
the preposition t o indicates this relation.
77- The abessive expresses the a b s e n ce or
lack of something. It has the endings -tta or Ma;
LESSON XII 45
as, talo\ tta, without a house; kadettd, w i t h-
outahand. In English the preposition without
denotes the endings of this case.
Vocabulary.
takki, coat kenkd, shoe
housut, trousers sukka, sock, stocking
liivi, vest paita, shirt
taskukello, watch jalka, foot
kauluSj collar kirje, letter
tasku, p o c k e t sormi, finger
nappi 3 button urhoollinen, brave
ilman, without kavella> to walk
koyha, poor rikas, rich
EXERCISE XII.
A. 1. Han kirjoittaa hyvalle paperille. 2. Anna
kyna aidille. 3. Seta on talotta. 4. Iso poika juok-
see housuitta ja takitta. 5. Laheta kirja tytolle. 6. Ai-
ti antoi rahaa koyhalle miehelle. 7. Han on kaluk-
setta ja taskukellotta. 8. Antakaamme rahaa urhoolli-
selle pojalle. 9. Takki on napitta. 10. Isa lahetti pitkan
kirjeen pojalle. 11. Me juoksimme sukitta ja ken-
gitta. 12. Antakaamme koyhalle miehelle leipaa, voi-
ta ja maitoa.
B. I.I sent a letter to the boys. 2. Give the money
to the poor man. 3. He is without money. 4. I went
46 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Si
out without collar, vest, trousers, or coat. 5. The poor
boy is without mother and father. 6. The little girl
is without a home. 7. I went to the city of New York.
8. Give the watch to the big brother. 9. He is without
fingers. 10. I am without coat and trousers. 11. The
shirt is without buttons. 12. The boy runs without
shoes, and stockings.
Kauppapuodissa (At the Store)
( Missa (where) on vaatetavarakauppa ? Se on val-
takadulla (on hte main street). Haluaisin ostaa takin,
housut, liivit, henkselit, parin (a pair of) villasia alus-
vaatteita ja parin >kenkia. Ostan myoskin valkean pai-
dan, kaulanauhan, nenaliinan, pyyheliinan, lakanan,
tyynyn, takin ja poytatuukin. Tuo puku (suit of
clothes) sopii minulle (will fit me). Kuin'ka paljon
(how -much) se maksaa? Sen hinta on kolmekym-
menta dollaria. Tama puku olisi hyva, mutta ta'kin
hiat ovat liian lyhyet. Housut sopivat minulle parem-
min. Onko 1 teilla 2 halvempia (cheaper) pukuja? On-
ko 1 tama pu'ku taysivillainen (all wool) ? Kylla se on,
herra. Siksi se maksaa niin paljon. Mina en pida
tasta muodista. Sitapaitsi (besides) se on liian kallis.
Mika on taman puvun hinta? Se maksaa kaksikym-
mentaviisi dollaria. Hyva, mina ostan sen.
Minun pitaa menna viela rautakauppaan (into the
hardware store), makeiskauppaan, ruoka-kauppaan, li-
1 See 131. 2 See
LESSON XIII 47
hakatippaan. Rautakaupasta ostan kahvipannun, kuplt,
sokeriastian, veitset, ika'hvelit, seinakellon, keinutuolin,
vaatekaapin. Lihakaupasta ostan lihaa, makkaraa, voi-
ta ja lampaanlihaa. Makeiskaupasta ostan monenlai-
sia (all kinds of) hedelmia ja -makeisia. Sitten kun
olen tehnyt ostokseni, niin menen kotiin. Perheeni 1 on
sitten iloinen ostoksieni johdosta.
LESSON XIII.
COMITATIVE AND INSTRUCTIVE CASES.
78- The comitative is formed with the ending -ne
+ the possessive suffix, and expresses the person or
object in whose company an action takes place.
It has the plural form only; as, taloi\ne nsa, with
his, her or t h e i T house or houses.
79- The instructive has the ending -n; as, kasi\n,
with hands or by meansof hands, (used
almost always in the plural). This case denotes the
means or manner in accordance with
which anything is done.
80. The vowel stem of nouns and adjectives is
found by dropping -net, or -na of the essive singular;
as,
1 See 97.
48 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Essive sing, \ato\na, vowel stem, lato
" luku\na " " luku
lapse|/z<2 " " lapse 1
talo|/wz " " talo
hyva|/za " " hyva
" kylma|/ia " " kylma
sievaj/za " " sieva
81. The consonant stem of nouns and adjective
Is found by dropping the endings of the partitive
singular; as, *
Partitive sing, las|ta, consonant stem, las-
tul|te, " " tul-
un\ta, " " un-
kallis|ta, " " kallis-
" " vet-
" " 'kat-
Most disyllabic words ending in i (if t, s, h, I, r, n,
It, rt, nt> precede the last vowel of the stem) belong
to the above group.
NOTE Some nouns and adjectives may have both the
vowel or the consonant stem; as, lapsejna, the vowel stem
lapse; las|ta, the consonant stem las.
1 Stems ending In e have i in place of e in the nominative
singular. See also 273.
LESSON XIII
49
*-.
<o SJ
tt
G G
c ~ * h r"wSS > r-S*^ * >c ^<i> c ^<D
<i> *t3 C G of .2 -^ C/D c/> .5 .C '53 EL=E3 ^ ^
G :
C
_^~ __ ^^
'
Case
Singular
"1 ^a ^?I ^ ^
s
2
5
5!
OS
C
G G 03 ,^$co 2 n^^tiG
^
oo o oo OOP o ooooo
as 2 s s ss^ a ss^ss
&
.,
"3
Kn
05
G
03 "to $.2 G ^^^^C
G G GoS ^4 W c^ ^^_^.^
^S
C
oo o 60 oob o ooooo
o
CO
03 03 o3 cC o3 KJo3o3 cd c3o3ctfo3os
03
CO
8
Cj
- - i - s P
g s a a e d -- . a'sg'JL?
2< O w P- H.5PJ s <<O
to
G
50 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Vocabulary.
iy root leuka, chin
runko, stem rinta, breast
silma, eye suu } mouth
nend, nose voimakas, strong
lukea, to read hammas, tooth
purra, to bite kaula, neck
pad, head korva, ear
kuula, to hear vierailla, to visit
huuli 3 1 i p uida, to swim
kdsivarsi, arm nahda, to see
EXERCISE XIIL
A. 1. Mies meni kaupunkiin vaimoinensa ja lap-
sinensa. 2. He juoksivat kaikin voimin metsaan. 3. Isa
on taalla poikinensa. 4. Han juoksi veteen suin pain.
5. On oikein 1 silmin nahda ja korvin kuulla. 6. Mies
sukelsi kasin ja jaloin. 2 7. Pitka puunrunko seisoo
maassa juurin. 8. Han tekee tyota kaksin kasin.
9. Veli vierailee kaupungissa siskoineen. 3 10. Lapset
juoksevat paljain jaloin. 11. Vanha vaimo puhui li-
pein (flattering) kielin. 12. Han kaantyi minuun selin.
1 On oikein, it is right, etc. 2 Instructive case, kasin
ja jaloin, with his hands and feet. 3 Siskoineen or
siskoinensa, with his sister. The lengthening of the
last vowel of the stem has occurred in siskoineen. in place
of the possessive suffix.
LESSON XIV 5 ]
B, 1. The man came with his wife and children.
2. He swims with his hands and feet. 3. The boy reads
by means of his eyes. 4. An old woman came with
her children. 5. The boy is diving with the help of
'his hands and feet. 1 6. The tall tree stands in the
ground by means of its roots. 2 7. I bite with my teeth. 3
8. I also eat with my teeth. 3 9. He came home from
school with his books and pensils in his pocket. 10. A
small boy is running with no shoes on. 11. He works
with both hands in the office. 12. The teacher came
to school with his pupils.
LESSON XIV.
READING LESSON
Translate into English and find all the cases in the
following:
Punt.
Maassa kasvaa <kaikenlaisia puita. Juurineen ne ovat
maassa kiinni ja imevat (suck) maasta ravintoa. Va-
lotta ja lammotta ne eivat voi menestya. Suurimmat
(larger) kasvit -ovat puut. Puiden juuret levenevat laa-
jalle maahan. Juurista nousee puiden runko. Runko
1 "With the help of his hands and feet, ka-
sin ja jaloin. 2 By means of its roots, Juurin, 3 Use
the instructive case.
52 FINNISH GRAMMAR
jakautuu ylhaalla haaroihin (into branches). Jokaises-
sa (on each) haarassa on oksia. O'ksissa on lehtisll-
muja ja kukkaumpuja. Kevaalla puhkeavat lehdet, ja
kukat aukenevat. Hedelmapuissa on hedelmia. He-
delmapuut eivat kasva villeina (wild). Ne (they) kas-
vavat siemenesta. Syksylla (in fall) hedelma't kypsy-
vat. Syksylla muuttuvat lehdet keltaisiksi, punaisiksi,
ruskeiksi ja harmaiksi. Vihdoin ne putoavat pois puis-
ta. Kaikissa puissa ei ole le'htia. Niissa on neuloja
lehtien sijasta. Sellaisia (such) puita me kutsumme
(call) havupuiksi (fir trees).
Postikonttorissa (At the Post Office).
Mina olen outo kanpungissa. Haluaisin (I would
like) kysya, missa (where) on postikonttori. Posti-
konttori on tuolla. Haluaisin ostaa kaksi viiden sentin
postimerkkia (stamp) ja kymmenen kahden sentin.
Mina lahetan kirjeen aidilleni (to my mother) Suo-
meen. Han odottaa kirjetta minulta. Lahetan 'kirjeen
serkuilleni myos. He ovat New Yorkin kaupungissa.
He osaavat puhua englanninkielta selvasti. Mina ha-
luaisin vakuuttaa (to register) taman kirjeen. Paljon-
ko 1 siita menee vakuutukseen ? Vakuutus maksaa kym-
menen senttia. Se ei ole paljon. Olkaa hyva ja kir-
joittakaa nimenne ja osotteenne tahan. Mutta ulko-
maille vakuutus maksaa kymmenen senttia. Haluaisin
lahettaa rahaa Suomeen. Paljonko lahetatte? Lahetan
1 Paljonko, how muih?
LES'SON XV 53
noin (about) sata dollaria. Se raha taytyy lahettaa
ve'kselilla. Kenelle (to whom) se lahetetaan? Olkaa
hyva ja laihettakaa se kansallis-pankkiin Suomessa. Ra
bat lahetan tanaan. Kiitos paljon, herra.
LESSON XV.
OF EXPRESSING THE AUXILIARY
TO HAVE.
82. The auxiliary, to have has no exact equiva
lent in Finnish. It is, however, expressed by the verb
otta (65) s which is always in the third person singular
(regardless of its subject) and the word corresponding
to the subject in English in the adessive case: as,
Minulla on, I have.
Minulla oli, I h a d.
Minulla on ollut, I have had.
Minulla oil ollut, I had had.
Minulla lienee, I may have.
Minulla lienee ottut, I might had had.
Minulla olisi, I should (would) have.
Mnulla olisi ottut, I should (would) have
had.
83. Some idiomatic phrases:
Minulla on kylma, I am cold.
Minulla on lammin, I am warm.
54 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Minulla on kiire, I am busy.
Minulla on fano, I am thirsty.
Minulla on nalkd, I am hungry.
Han katsoo minuun, He is looking at me.
Olen iloinen nahdessani teitd, I a m g 1 a d t o
s ee you .
Terve tuloa, Welcome.
Vocabulary.
kertomus, story onnellinen, happy
kaksi, two vihannes, vegetable
nelja, four hedelma, fruit
lainehtia, t : o wave jarvi, lake
kurkku, throat foki, river
rinta, breast meri, sea, ocean
myoskin, also kuvastin, mirror
harvoin, seldom myrsky, storm
puoti, store sdastdd } to save
EXERICE XV.
A. 1. Minulla on kaksi -katta. 2. Poijalla oli nel-
ja omenaa. 1 3. Tytolla on ollut paljon rahaa. 4. Mi
nulla on kaksi silmaa, 1 kaksi korvaa, 1 kaksi jalkaa ja
yksi nena. 5. Mina ostiti vihanneksia ja hedelmia puo-
dista. 6. Minulla lienee ollut viisi dollaria. 1 7. Laaja
joki juoksee jarveen. 8. Hanella olisi ollut rahaa, jos
1. See 146.
LESSON XV 55
ban olisi saastanyt. 9. Hevosella on nelja jaikaa. 1 0.
Aurinko ja kuu paistavat. n . Suuri meri lalnehtil.
12. Pienella pojalla on hedelmia.
B. fl . I have two hands and two ears. 1 2. I have
also two feet. 1 3, The boy has some fruit. 4. We
bought some vegetables in a store. 5. The small girl
has two red apples. 1 6. The large river runs into a
lake. 7. I have had some coffee. 8. I may have a
letter to-morrow. 9. I should have had two letters.
^O. I might have had some fruit. 11. A mirror is
bright. 12. The brother has some oranges and the
sister has apples,
Ihmisen ruumin jasenet. L
Minulla on paa, kaksi silmaa, kaksi korvaa, kaksi
huulta 2 , leuka ja suu. Silmilla mina naen. Korvilla
mina kuulen. Suussa on minulla hampaat ja kieli.
Hampailla mina syon. Kiella mina puhun ja mais-
tan. Minulla on kasvot ja otsa. Minulla on myos
kaksi katta ja kaksi jaikaa. Kasilla mina teen tyota.
Oikealla kadella mina kifjoitan. Oikeassa kadessa mi
na pidan veitsen, kahvelin ja lusikan, kun olen syo-
massa. Minulla on viisi sormea kumpasessakin (on
each kadessa. Jaloilla mina kavelen, juoksen ja hyp-
paan. Minulla on viisi varvasta kumpaissakin (on
each) jalassa. Kun on kylma ilma, niin kasissani pi-
dan kasineet, etta kalvosimeni pysyisivat lampimana.
1 Use the essive singular. 2 See 146, a.
56 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Jaloissani pidan sukat ja kengat ja kenkien paalla pi-
dan paallyskengat. Kaulassani pidan kaulahuivin,
(scarf, muffler). Nain koko ruumiini, pysyy lampimana.
LESSON XVI.
NEGATION.
84. Verbs are made negative in Finnish by placing
the negative before the verb. The negative is capable
of taking the personal endings (32). Thus, literally
translatd en, means 'not F; et, 'not thou'; el,
'n o t h e', etc.
85. The conjugation of the negative for all moods
except the imperative, is as follows:
1st person sing, en, plural emme
2nd " " et, " ette
3rd " }} ei, " eivdt
86. The conjugation of the negative in the im
perative is:
1st person sing. plural dlkddmme or
" elkddmme
2nd " " did or eld 5J dlkddtte or
" elkddtte
3rd " " dlkoon or " dlkoot or
elkoon " elkoon
NOTE The personal ending 1 of the serond person plural is
seldom used. Thus, use alkaa or elka'a in place of alkaa(tte)
or elkaaCtte).
LES'SON XVI 5 7
87. The negative conjugation of the present in
dicative, potential, and conditional is formed by com
bining the negative (85) with the stem of each tense
respectively (the main verb does not take the -personal
endings); as, en sano, I do not say (I say not);
emme sano, we do not say (we say not; en
sanone, I may not say; en sanoisi, I would
not say, etc.
88. The negative and the nominative of the sec
ond participle of the main verb from the negative im
perfect indicative. The participle must agree with its
subject in number; as, en sanonnt, I did not say;
emme sanoneet, we did not say.
89. The imperative conjugation of the negative
and the stem 1 of the main verb form the negative im
perative conjugation; as old sano } say not; alkadm-
me sanoko, letusnotsay. L
90. The negative must agree with its subject in
number; as, en sano, I do not say; emme sano,
we do not say.
91. The object of the negative verb is always
partial; as, En lukenut kirjaa, I did not read
the book.
92. Some uses of the negative:
en y et, ei koskaan, never
ei 3 yksikaan, no one
1 The sit em ends in -ko or -ko in every person except the
second person singular.
58 FINNISH GRAMMAR
ei ketaan, nobody
ei mitaan, nothing, none
en, et } ei enempaa, no more
'en, et > ei kauempaa, no longer
en, et y ei ensinkaan, not at all
en, ei, ei ainoastaan, not only
93. The negative is not used with infinitives. The
English negative infinitive is expressed by the use of
the abessive of the third infinitive with the verb olla;
as, olla antamatta; not to give; olla menematta,
not to go, etc.
94. Learn the negative conjugation of sanoa, to
say, in 290.
Vocabulary.
aamiainen, breakfast aamu, morning
pdivallinen, dinner paiva, day
illallinen, supper ilia, evening
l&ksy, lesson yd, -night
koira, dog helppo, easy
kissa, cat vaikea, hard, difficult
yield, yet mutta, b u t
valmis, ready kylld, yes
EXERCISE XVI.
A. 1. Paivallinen ei ole viela -valmis. 2. Pojat ei-
vat ^ro aamiaista. 3. Me emme syo illallista. 4. Ly-
LESSON XVII 59
hyt laksy ei ole vaikea oppia. 5. El yksikaan ole ko-
tona. 1 6. Mustat koirat ja harmaa kissa eivat syo ka-
laa. 7. Ala tule tanne. 8. Alkaamme seisoko tiella.
9. Han ei liene kaupungissa. 10. Me emme kirjoittaisi,
jos 'ban ei vastaisi kirjetta. 11. En lukenut laksya..
12. He eivat syoneet viela aamiaista.
B. 1. I do not give any money. 2. No one is
here to-day. 3. Dinner is not ready yet, but breakfast
is always ready. 4. I did not read the book. 5. We
did not send the letter. 6. Do not run any longer.
7. Let us not speak too much. 8. I may not go to
church to-morrow. 9. We should not be without break
fast, dinner, or supper. 10. No one is at home. 1 I 1 .
Let them not say. 12. They do not live in the country.
13. They may not be at home. 1
LESSON XVII.
PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
95. The personal pronouns are:
SINGULAR PLURAL
mind, I me y w e
si nd, t h o u t e, y o u
hdn, he, she, se, it he, they
Of these sind is used among intimate friends, rela
tives, children, or in poetry. Te is used in less intimate
1 Use the ssive singular.
60 FINNISH GRAMMAR
talk. Se, plu. ne, the y, refers to things or animals.
Personal pronouns are inflected like nouns.
96. The exact possessive adjectives, my, thy,
h i s, etc., are lacking in Finnish. They are expressed
by the use of the genitive of the personal pronoun and
the possessive suffixes. Of the genitives of the per
sonal pronouns the first and second person can be left
out, but the third person singular and plural are al
most always used for clearness; as,
(minuri) kirja\ni y my (meiddri) kirja\mme
book o u r b o o k
(sinuri) kirjasij thy (teiddn) kirja\nne, your
b o o 'k book
(hdneri) kirfa\nsa, h i s (heidan) kirja\nsa,
ih e r b o o k their book
97. The possessive suffixes are:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st pers. -ni, my -emme, our
2nd " -si, thy -nne, your
3rd " -nsa or ~nsd, -nsa or -nsa, their
ti i s, her
98. Possessive suffixes are added to the case-end
ings, but if a case-ending ends in a consonant it is
rejected before the consonant of the possessive suffix;
as, taloo\ni (taloon-|-/zz)j into my house.
LESSON XVII 61
99. Possessive suffixes do not cause the weak
ening of the consonant of the stem, although they may
close a short syllable; as, kehto\nsa, his cradle,
but kehdo\n; hattu nsa, fa i s hat, but hatuln.
100. Learn the declension of mind, I; sind, th o u;
han, he or she; me, we; te, y o u; he, they, in 280.
Learn also the declension of the possessive suffixes in
281, 282, 283, 284.
Vocabulary.
laakari, doctor pappi, minister
kasi, hand kuukausi, m '0 n t fa
ruumiSj body sana, word
kenkd, sh o e lause, sentence
kampa, comb polvi, knee
harja, b r u s ! h kaula, neck
viikko, w e ek otsa, forehead
vttosi, year kasvot, face
niin, s o heitida, to throw
ulos, o u t korkea, high
EXERCISE XVII.
A. 1. Isani on taalla. 2. Sinun aitisi on kotona,
3. Mina heitan palloni korkealle. 4. Hanen poikansa
lukee laakariksi. 1 5. Olkaa hyva ja tuokaa sormukse-
ni ja harjani tanne. 6. Teidan ken'kanne ja sttkkanne
ovat lattialla. 7. Han lahetti kirjeen pojallensa. 8. En
saanut viela kirjeeseeni vastausta pojaltani. 9. Kir- '
jarnme ovat poydalla. 10. Viikkoni, kuukkautenl ja
62 FINNISH GRAMMAR
vuoteni taluvat (pass) taalla ollessani liian plan. 11.
Menkaamme taloosi nukkumaan. 12. Tulkaa kontto-
rilni kirjuriksi.
B. 1. My father and mother are here. 2. I sent
a letter to my brother. 3. I received a letter from
my sister. 4. Please send our shoes and socks. 5. Your
ring and brush are on the table. 6 .Their books are
on -the desk. 7. His boy is studying for the ministry. 1
8. The girls do not sing. 9. My comb and your brush
are here. 10. He received a book as a present from
your son. 11. The leadpencil is not sharp. 12. His
knee and hand are hurt
Koti.
Minulla on pieni koti, jota (which) rakastan pal-
jon. Isani taloa en voi (I cannot) koskaan unhottaa.
Siella olen kotonani; siella parhaiten viihdyn. En-
ko'pa tuntisi tieta ja verajaa (gate) ? Enkopa taloa ja
-tupaa muistaisi? Kaikki (all) on siella niin tuttua
minulle. Naita portaita (stairs) olen niin monesti as-
tunut. Taman (this) oven olen niin monesti (many
times) avannut (open). A'kkunasta olen ulos katso-
nut (look). Takkavalkean loistossa 2 olen lammitellyt.
Poydassa olen syonyt. Vuoteessa olen nukkunut. Jo-
kaisen (every) istuimen tunnen (known), jokaisen ki-
ven ja polun (path). Siella en eksyisi, en yon pimey-
dessakaan (in the darkness of night).
1 See 198. 2 Takkavalkean loistossa, before the
glowing hearth.
LESSON XVIII 63
Usein olin mukana (with), kun hevosia kaivolla
(well) juotim'me (to water). Usein saatoin lehmiam-
me laitumelle (to the pasture). Usein Mustille 1 nau-
roin kun se oravaa (squirrel) haukki (bark). Muis-
tan viela pihlajan (mountain ash) marjoista punaise-
na, ja koivun (birch), jossa pieni lintu lauloi. Ke-
salla olen aholla 2 mansikoita poiminut (to pick).
Talvella olen siella makea laskenut (to slide down).
Silloinpa iloa oli, kun jarvesta suli jaa ja kun paasim-
me veneella soutelemaan. Syksylla taas lentaa kiidim-
me kuin linnut 3 kirkkaalla jaalla.
(To be continued)
LESSON XVIII.
COMPOUND TENSES.
101. Compound tenses are the perfect and
p 1 u /p e r f e c t. Of these perfect and pluperfect oc
cur in the indicative; the perfect in 'the potential and
conditional.
102. The present of the auxiliary olla and fhe
nominative of the second participle form the perfect
indicative active; as, Olen sanonut, I have said.
This corresponds closely to the English perfect.
1 The name of a dog 1 , allative case. 2 Aho, a wood
land cleared of trees "by fir-e. 2 See 11, L
64 FINNISH GRAMMAR
103. The imperfect of olla and the nominative of
the second participle form the pluperfect indicative
active; as, Olin sanonut, I had said. This is equiva
lent to the English pluperfect.
104. The potential of olla and the nominative of
the second participle form the perfect potential active;
as, Lienen sanonut, I might said.
105. The conditional of the auxiliary olla and the
nominative of the second participle form the perfect
conditional active; as, Olisin sanonut, I should
have said.
106. The present negative conjugation of olla in
its different moods and the nominative of the second
participle form the negative perfect of the indicative,
potential, and conditional, while the negative imperfect
of olla with the second participle form the pluperfect
indicative; as,
En ole sanonut, I have not said
En ollut sanonut, I have not said
En liene sanonut, I might not have said
En olisi sanonut > I should not have said
107. The second participle must agree in number
with its subject; as, Olen sanonut, I have said;
Olernme sanoneet, Wie have said.
108. Learn the affirmative and negative conjuga
tion of compound tenses in 290.
LESSON XVIII 65
Vocabulary.
saapua, to arrive kysya, t o a s k
puhua 3 to speak sulkea, to close
lopettaa } to finish, ovi, door
to end akkuna, window
kuulla, to hear kartta, map
loytdd, to find asema, station
funa, train odottaa, to wait
vaunu, car katu 3 street
Myohdstya, to be late katuvanunu, street car
EXERCISE XVII.
A. 1. Olen kirjoittanut kirjeen aidilleni. 2. Han
asuu Bostonin kaupungissa. 3. Juna on myohastynyt
tanaan. 4. Se lienee mennyt radalta pois. 5. Setani
ja tatini olisivat odottaneet rainun tuloani. 6. Olen jo
ostanut matkaliptm sinulle. 7. Juna on odottamassa 1
sinua. 8. Han ei ole loytanyt 'katuvaunua. 9. Mies oli
nukkunut vaunussa. 10. Mina suljen 2 oven. 1L Isa
oli jo lopettanut tyonsa. 12. Veljeni ei ole viela saa-
punut.
B. 1. I have sent a letter to my brother. 2. He
had read it and was glad of it 3 . 3. The train had gone
already. 4. We had come to the station too late.
5. She has been in England. 6. I have not asked
him to come to me. 7. They may not have gone yet
1 On odottamassa sinua, is waiting for you. 2. See
11, 1. 3 was g-lad of It, off lloinen siita.
66 FINNISH GRAMMAR
8. I would 'have written to you. 9. We had finished
our work. 10. She has received a letter from her
brother. 11. They have been at work. 12. I have
found the railroad station.
Koti (continuation).
Va'hatpa siita (I do not mind), josko kotini on ollut
rikas tai koyha. Olen siella onnellisena elanyt. Siella
on ollut lammin ja hyva olla. Vaatetta ja ruokaa, hoi-
toa ja rakkautta olen siella saanut. Siella olen lapses-
ta asti -kasvanut. Siella on isani tyota tehnyt. Siella
on aitini minulle kauniita laulujaan laulanut. Iltasin
(at nights), kun rnenin vuoteelleni, kuulin aitin ru'koi-
levan edestani (for me).
Tiedan rakastaa pienta kotiani. Mutta en viela oi-
kein ymmarra (understand), miten (how) rakastaa si-
ta suurta kotia, jota (which) me sanomme isanmaak-
si. Siella on niin paljon toisin (different) kuin meilla
kotona. Tiet ovat toisenlaiset 1 (different), talot ovat
toisellaiset, ihmiset -ovat toisellaiset. Voin eksya siel
la, missa en ole koskaan ennen (before) ollut. Kukaan
ei (no one) minua siella tunne (know), enka mina-
kaan ketaan (no one) tunne, Kuinka voisin vierasta
rnaata rakastaa, Kuinka voisin olla onnellinen, iloinen
vierasten ihmisten luona?
'Niin kotini kylla tunnen; mutta mika on isanmaani?
1 toisenlalnen, plu. toisenlaiset (see 272).
LESSON XIX 67
LESSON XIX.
READING LESSON
Kanarialintu (Canary Bird)
Liisalla oli pieni kanarialintu. Se lauloi kaiken pal-
vaa. Se oli fayvin kaunis. Liisa antoi sille siemenia
(seeds) ja ruohoja (grass) syotavaksi. Mutta eraana
paivana se makasi kuolleena hakissaan (cage). Silloin
tyttonen 1 itki kovasti. Han itki yha edelleen, vaikka
aiti jo oli ostanut 'hanelle uuden linnun. Silloin sanoi
hanelle aiti: "Miksi itket? Taalla sinulla on toinen
lintu. Se laulaa niin 'hyvin kuin entinenkin (former)."
Liisa sanoi: "Mina olen ollut linnulle kiitamaton (un
thankful). iMina olen joskus syonyt itse sokeripalan
(a piece of sugar), vaikka se olisi kuulunut (to be
long) linnulle."
Jdnis fa koira.
Metsastaja meni koirinensa metsastarnaan (hunting).
Matkalla han puheli (spoke) koirallensa. Ole nyt
tanaan oikein nopea (swift) jaloiltasi. Kun janiksen
tavannet (meet), niin sinua hyvin syotan. Kun met-
sastaja kaukaa naki janiksen, niin han huusi (shouted)
koirallensa: Juokse, ota kiinni (catdh). M'Utta janis
juoksi kovin nopeasti. Koiran kaikki yritykset (ef-
1 tyttonen, a small girl. See also 174, e.
68 FINNISH GRAMMAR
forts) olivat turhat. Pian koira naki, etta ban tur-
haan juoksisi, vaikka kuinka voimiansa ponnistaisi.
Sentahden koira masentuneena (discouraged) tuli isan-
tansa (master) luo. Isanta sanoi koirallensa: "Hy-
vapa 1 lienet sinakin juoksemaan. Katso, miten pieni
janis on, mutta sinut se jattaa (leave) juoksussa kauas
jalkeensa." "Naura vain, jos tahdot," sanoi koira,
"mutta muista, etta janis juoksi henkensa ta ! hden, mina
taas juoksin ainoastaan leipapalasen (a piece of
bread) tahden."
Isdnmaani (Fatherland) .
Isani kertoo usein Suomesta. Han kutsuu sita isan-
maaksi.
"Min'katahden sanot Suomea isanmaaksi?" kysyin
kerran hanelta.
"Sentahden, etta olen siella syntynyt (born) , etta esi-
isani (forefather) ja karkki sukulaiseni ovat siella
kauan asuneet ja etta se on Suomen kansan kotimaa
(homeland)", vastasi isani.
"Mtitta onko Suomi minunkin isanmaani, vaikka
olen syntynyt Amerikassa?" sanoin taas.
"Oletko suomalainen?" kysyi isani.
"Olen luonnollisesti (naturally) ," sanoin -mina.
"Miksi'ka?" kysyi isani.
"Kim ipuhtin suomea ja kun isani ja aitini ovat suo-
malaisia, niin minakin olen suomalainen. 73
"Koska olet suomalainen ja Suomi on suomalais-
3 See 162.
LESSON XX 69
ten isanmaa, niin se on sinunkin isanmaasi. Suomen
kansa, jonka lapsia olet, on kasvanut Suomessa. Siel-
la ovat sen lama, tavat (customs), kieli ja laitokset
(institutions) va'hitellen (gradually) kehittyneet (de
veloped). Nyt kaikki puhuvat samaa kielta ja ,ovat
samaa kansaa (nation). Suomen kansa rakastaa Suo-
mea ja sille ei ole mikaan maa niin rakas kuin Suomi,
ei'ka mikaan kieli niin kaunis kuin suomenkieli."
Isani silmat loistivat (shine), kun ban sanoi nain
ja mina ymmarsin, etta ban rakasti Suomea suuresti.
(To be continued).
LESSON XX.
PASSIVE VOICE
109. The passive finite verb in Finnish is imper
sonal, that is to say, no pronoun or noun is connected
with it as subject. As the source of action is not men
tioned in the Finnish passive, it may be translated by
one, some one, people, or it is; as, sanotaan,
one or some one says, people says, it
is sai d; in French by the indefinite article on with
the verb always in the third person singular.
110. The stem of the passive verb ends in -ta- or
-td- after a long vowel, diphthong, or consonant; -tta-
70 FINNISH GRAMMAR
or -tta- after a short vowel. To form the passive simple
tenses the regular -mood and tense signs are added to
the passive stern. It ends (in every mood except the
imperative) in -n with the lengthening of the
last vowel of the stem or the mood sign; as
sano taan, some one says, etc. ; sano\ttane\ en,
some one may say; sano\naisi\in, some one
would say.
111. The present indicative of the passive ends in
-daan, 1 -ddari 1 after a long vowel or diphthong, -taan^
t'dan}- -laan?- -man 1 after n, I, or r respectively; as
saa\da\an 3 some one receives; tuo\da\an, some
one brings; syo\da\dn, some one eats;
men\na\an, some one goes; pan\na\an } some
one puts; tul\la\an, some one comes; pur\-
ra an, so me one bites. *
e present passive sign is always weakened.
Thus, -ta, -ta, become -da, -da, -nta become -nna, -nna, etc.
See Rule 11 for other changes.
112. The imperfect passive has the sign -tiin 1 after
a long vowel, diphthong, or consonant, -ttiin 1 after a
short vowel ; as, $aa\ti\in, some one received,
etc.; tuo\ti\in, some one brought, etc.; tul\tiin 3
some 0*1 e came, etc.
113. The English passive may be translated into
Finnish in the following way:
1 Tfee lengthening- of the last rowel of the tern has
occurred. See also rule 10, e.
LESSON XX 7 1
lam loved, Minna rakastetaan (lit. some one
loves me)
I was loved, Minua rakastettiin
I have been loved, Minna on rakastettu
I had been loved, Minna oil rakastettu
I shall be loved, Minna rakastetaan
I am told, Minulle kerrotaan
I was told, Minulle kerrottiin, etc.
114. The pronoun or noun subject of the English
passive becomes either a direct or indirect (dative-
objective) object in Finnish. The direct object is put
the partitive (if total in the accusative) the indirect in
the allative.
115. The third person singular of the auxiliary ol-
la in its different moods -and the second passive par
ticiple form the passive compound tenses; as, on sa-
nottn, some one has said; oli sanottn, some
one had said, etc.
116. The negative conjugation of the passive is
based on the same principle with that of the active,
except that the third person singular of the negative
and the passive item with mood signs are used. In
compound tenses the second passive participle is used;
as, ei sanota, some one does not say; ei ole
sanottn> some one has not said, etc.
117. The passive has two infinitives. The second
infinitive has the sign e or i, the latter forming a
72 FINNISH GRAMMAR
diphthong with the last vowel of the stern. This is
used in the inessive case; as, sano ttae\ssa 3 or sanc\t-
tai\ssa, in o n e's saying.
118. The third infinitive is formed by adding -ma
or -ma to the passive stem. The instructive case is
used of this infinitive in connection with the verb pi-
taa, must; as, pitdd sano\ttama\n, one must say.
119. The first participle adds the signs -va or -yd
to the passive stem; as, sanotta\va 3 to be said; syd-
tdvd, to be eaten.
The second participle has one of the following
signs 1 : -tu, -ty 3 -tta, -tty. These are added to the ac
tive stem ; as, saa\tu 3 received; teh\ty, made;
$ano\ttu, said; keite\tty, cooked.
120. Learn the passive affirmative and negative
conjugation of sanoa, to say, in 291.
Vocabulary.
saada, to receive ihailla, to admire
pestd, to wash viipya, to delay
kunnioittaa, to honor keittio, kitchen
moka, food keittad, to cook
kuolla y t o d i e paistaa, to bake
usein, often soppa, soup
pitdd, must sitten, then
saada valmiiksi, to get muna, egg
ready
1 -tu or -ty Is added after a long vowel, diphthong, or con
sonant; -ttu or -itty after a short vowel.
LESSON XX 73
EXERCISE XX.
A. 1. Minulle sanotaan. 2. Kirje kirjoitetaan. 3.
Paivallinen saadaan jo valmiiksi. 4. Sinun pitaa kun-
nioittaman isaasi ja aitiasi. 5. Hanta rakastettiin.
6. Kun olisi hyva ilma, niin mentaisiin kirkkoon. 7.
Poikaa ei ole nahty taalla. 8. Ei viivytty kauan mat-
kalla. 9. Ei liene kuultu hanen sanojansa. 10. Olisi
laulettu, jos laulu olisi ollut kaunis. 11. Minulle sa-
nottiin niin. 12. Kaikkien ihmisten pitaa kuoleman.
13. Sanottakoon tasta kirjeesta hanelle. 14. Kaunista
kuvaa ihaillaan. 15. Tehtakoon tama tyo ensin (first)
ja sitten mentakoon ulos. 16. Heille on sanottu se
asia. 17. iMunia oli paistettu meille. 18. Huomenna
satanee, kun taivas on pilvinen (clouded). <
B, 1. Books are sold. 2. The letter is written al
ready. 3. The book was given to him. 4. Some one
Is singing. 5. Some one is cooking soup in the kitchen.
6. On a rainy day one may easily catch cold. 7. One
sho-uld be careful about it. 8. Tickets are bought to
Chicago. 9. All must die. 10. The letter is not re
ceived. 11. Some one in the group had no money to
pay for his ticket. 12. I am loved. 13. We are told
to come here. 14. They have been loved. 15. We
had been told. 16. The letter was given. 17. I was
loved. 18. They may be loved. 19. We had been told.
20. The letter was sent to Chicago.
74 FINNISH GRAMMAR
LESSON XXL
METHOD OF EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME.
121. Future action in Finnish is usually expressed
by the present tense; as, Mind luen huomenna, I
shall read to -too r r o w, "I read to-morrow".
122. But future time can also be denoted by com
bining the auxiliary olla 3 to be, and the first par
ticiple of the main verb. The future thus formed has
the following meanings:
Olen sanova, I shall say
Olin sanova, I was about to say
Lienen, sanova, perhaps I shall say
or I may say (to-morrow)
Olisin sanova, I should say
Vocabulary.
ahkera, diligent lapio, spade
iloinen, cheerful ihminen, person,
varjo, shade humanbeing
kasvi, plant vaiva, trouble
etten, yesterday rakastaa, to love
kartano, garden katsoa, to look
menestya, to succeed vahingoittaa y to injure
palkita, to reward muistaa to remember
nuhdella, t o s c o 1 d eli, o r
kirves, ax
LESSON XXI 75
EXERCISE XXL
A. 1. Olen kirjoittava kirjeen huomenna. 2, Han
tulee junalla tanaan. 3. Sina olet oleva tyossasi ahke-
ra ja iloinen. 4. Han olisi sanova sinulle. 5. Veljeni
tulee 'huomenna. 6. Sade ei vahingoita kasveja huo
menna. 7. Kasvit eivat kasva varjossa, 8. Lapset leik-
kivat ikartanolla. 9. Puutarhuri rakastaa kasvejaan.
10. Han on iloinen ja katsoo kuinka hanen kasvinsa
menestyvat. 11. Ne (they) palkitsevat hanen vaivan-
sa. 12. Han tekee ty5ta kirveella, lapiolla ja hara-
valla. 1
B. I.I shall write a letter to my brother. 2. He
will come to visit us to-morrow. 3. Then I shall be
glad. 4. Perhaps I shall receive a letter from him be
fore he comes. 5. My mother and father will go to
New York. 6. I was about to leave for Chicago. 7. A
man is working in the garden with his spade and rake. 1
8. He is always diligent and cheerful. 9. The plants
will reward his troubles. 10. He does not let bad
boys injure the trees. 11. He also remembers that
plants do not grow well in the shade. 12. Children
will play in the garden to-day.
Puutarhuri. (The Gardener).
Pienessa talossa asuu vanha mies. Han on puutar-
huri. Han tekee puutarhassa ahkerasjti tyota lapiolla
1 See 226.
76 FINNISH GRAMMAR
ja haravalla. 1 Han on hyva ja ystavallinen. Iloisena
han katselee ptmtarhan kuokistavia (blossoming) kas-
veja. Han rakastaa niita (them). Ne menestyvat hy-
vin. Kasvit palkitsevat moninkertaisesti (many times)
hanen vaivansa. Joskus pafrat pojat vahingoittavat
ptdta. Silloin puutarhuri nuhtelee heita. Kuinka
saatatte niin tehda? Tama puu on kaunistuksena ja
varjona koko kartanolle. Ihrnisille ja elaimille siita
on iloa. Niin puutarhuri sanoo. Pojat menevat ha-
peissaan pois. Miehen sanat olivat pojille hyva ope-
tus. Sen he aina muistavat. 2
Holmoldisten elonleikkuu (harvesting).
Kun holmolaiset leikkasivat ruista (rye), niin he
tarvitsivat (needed) siihen seitseman (seven) henkea
(person). Yksi painoi (pressed) oljet (straws) alas;
toinen 3 piti puuta niiden alia; kolmas 3 leikkasi oljet
poikki; neljas 3 kantoi ne lyhteseen (lyhde bundle) ;
viides 3 sitoi lyhteet; kuudes 3 kantoi lyhteet kokoon
(pile) ; ja seitsemas 3 pani ne kuhilaalle (stacks) . Matti
sattui (happened) kerran nakemaan heidan tyonsa, ja
han ihmetteli heidan tyhmyyttaan (stupidity). Illalla
oli puoli 4 peltoa jo leikkattu ja toinen puoli oli leik-
kaamatta. iMatti halusi auttaa holmolaisia ja otti lei-
NOTE. Hdlmoltiinen, plu. hoimolaiset, were thougih-tless
people who made great blunders on account of their stupidity
and careless way of doing 1 things.
1 See 226. 2 Sen he afna muistavat, 't h e y will always
remember it. 3 See Lesson XXVII. 4 See 152.
LESSON XXI 77
katakseen sen, mika viela oli leikkaamatta. Kun ban
oli lopettanut tyonsa, niin han pani sirppinsa (sickle)
kuhilaan paalle ja meni nukkumaan. Holmolaiset tu-
livat aamulla, nakivat, etta heidan rukiinsa oli jo lei-
kattu, ja sirppi oli kuhilaalla. He suuresti ihmetteli-
vat. Kun he 'kaun tasta neuvottelivat (discussed), tu-
livat he viimein siihen paatokseen (conclusion), etta
sellainen (such) tyo oli noidan (witch) tyota, ja etta
noita oli muuttunut (changed) sirpiksi. Tama oli siis
hukutettava (to be drowned), etta se ei enaan pilaisi
(spoil) heidan hyvaa tyotaan. Mutta ei ollut hyva
koskea niin vaaralliseen esineeseen (object) ; sen vuok-
si otettin tanko (pole), sidottiin sen paahan silmuk-
ko (tie) ja talla, he vetivat (drew) sirpin pois ( kuhi-
laalta. Koko joukko (group) oli ihmeissaan (won
dered) siita, kuinka sirpin taytyi kulkea heidan peras-
sa jarven rantaan, vaikka se kaikin voimin (with all
its might) taisteli (fought) vastaan. Vihdoin s^atiin
sirppi veneeseen ja nyt soudettiin keskelle jarvea.
Varteen (handle) sidottiin iso kivi lujilla koysilla
(rope), etta se ei nousisi veden paalle, ja sitten se
heitettiin (throw) jarveen. Mutta B pahaksi onneksi
(unfortunately) tarttui (catch) sirpin tera (edge) ve-
neen laitaan, kivi paino, vene kaatui (was turned
over), ja holmolaiset paasivat (escaped) toin tuskin
(hardly) noidan pahoista pauloista (bad traps).
78 FINNISH GRAMMAR
LESSON XXII.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
123. Finnish adjectives have three degrees of
comparison, the positive, the comparative, and the
superlative.
124. The comparative is formed by adding, to the
stem of the positive the signs -mpa- or -mpd- which
are weakened to -mma- or -mmd-.
The nominative singular ends in -mpi; as, suu~
re
mpi, bigger.
125. The superlative (has the sign -in in the nom
inative singular. This is added to the positive stem;
as>,suur\in 3 biggest. In the other cases the signs
-impa- (-imma-, see 11, h) in the singular; -impi (-im-
mi-, see 11, h.) in the plural occur after the vowel
stem; as, suur\imma lie, to t>h e bigg est; $uur\im-
mi\tte, to the biggest (ones).
126. Adjectives of various degrees with proper
consonental and vowel changes are declined like
substantives, and they must agree in number and
case with the noun they modify; as, pienelle pofalle,
to the small boy; pienille pojille, to the
small boys, etc.
LESSON XXII
79
CD
Q
J3
CO
the compa
G
.2
"oS
S
O
tL,
CM &
s. illllil
l!llil?f
80 FINNISH GRAMMAR
129. Learn the declension of adjectives in 277,
278, 279.
Vocabulary.
omena, apple marja, berry
sitruuna, lemon mansikka, strawberry
ruokahuone, d i i n g mustikka, b lueberry
room kukka, flower
vierashuone, parlor ruusu, rose
kyllin, enough makea, sweet
niin . . . kuin, a s . . . a s viheria, green
kuin, than myskyinen, stormy
kesa, s u m m e r yuodenaika, season
kevat; spring hapan, sour, bitter
EXERCISE XXII.
A. 1. Minim omenani on makeampi kuin sinun
omensasi 2. Talvi on pisin vuodenajoista. 3. Mutta
kesa on i'hanin vuodenaika. 4. Silloin viheria ruoho
kasvaa maassa ja ruusut kukkivat. 5. Han antoi lah-
jan aihkerammalle pajalle. 6. Sitruuna on happamem-
pi kuin omena. 7. Pieni poika on niin ahkera 'kuin
tyttokin. 8. Vierashuone on kauniim'pi kuin ruoka-
huone. 9. Syksy on myrskyisempi kuin kesa. 10. Sain
kirjeen rakkaimmalta ystavaltani. 11. Sina olet pit-
ka, ha'n on pitempi, -mutta tuo mies on kaikista pisin.
B. 1. An apple is sweeter than a lemon. 2. Good
strawberries and blueberries are found here. 3. Give
LESSON XXIII 8 1
this to the most diligent and cheerful boy. 4. A man
is stronger than a small boy. 5. Our dining room is
larger than the parlor. 6. But the parlor is more
beautiful. 7. I received a letter from my dearest
friend. 8. I sent letters to my good friends. 9. He
lives in a larger house than you. 10. They come from
the most beautiful city in America. 1 1 . Beautiful pic
tures are on the walls. 12. The man gave presents to
the poorest boys and girls.
LESSON XXIIL
INTERROGATION.
130. Word questions are introduced by various
interrogative pronouns and adverbs. The interrogatives
kuka, who; ken, who, are used of persons; mika,
what; kumpi, which o f th e two; kttmpainen,
whic'h one, are used of persons and things. The
first two are substantives while the last three can be
used substantively and adjectively
131. Sentence questions may be introduced by the
particles or enclitics -ko or -ko which are appended to
the emphatic word which usually stands first; as, Tu-
leeko hdn tanddn? Will he come to-day? Me-
neeko hdn kaupunkiin? Will he go to the
ci ty?
82 FINNISH GRAMMAJt
132. When negative questions are introduced by
*ko or -ko the enclitics are always appended to the
negative word; as, Eiko hdn title? I s 'h e not com
ing? Eivdtko he kirfoita? Do they not write?
133. Learn the declension of the interrogatives
in 287.
Vocabulary.
kokouSy m e e t i n g suunnitelma, scheme
uskaltaa, to dare hiljaa, quietly
kello y bell haukkua, to bark, to
pyydystaa, to catch insult
aani, voice, sound kukko, rooster
tietad, to know ottaa, to take
kylla, yes hiiri, mouse
keksia, to invent
EXERCISE XXIII.
A.I. Kuka tulee? 2. Taalla tulee minun isani.
3. Mika mies sina olet? 4. Ken en kirja on sinulla?
5. Kenelta sina saat rahaa? 6. ,Missa sina olet ollut?
7. Eiko poika tullut kaupunkiin? 8. Tuleeko han ta-
naan? 9. Kumpi teista osasi paremmin laksynsa ta-
nann? 10. Keta i han tahtoo? 11. Kumpaiselle pojal-
le tuli kirje? 12. Oliko han tullut junalla tahi jalan?
B. 1. Is brother coming home to-day? 2. What
man are you? 3. Where 'have you been? 4. Did we
not give the book to you? 5. Which of the two is
LESSON XXIII 83
here? 6. To whom shall I send the letter? 7. From
what city do you come? 8. Did the rooster crow?
9. Has not the black cat caught the mouse? 10. Yes,
she caught it. 11. To what city are you going? 12. Did
you come on the train or by foot?
Kissa fa Hiiret
Kissa pyydysti ja soi paljon hiiria. Sentahden hii-
ret hanra pelkasivat. Kerran 'hiiret pitivat kokousta
aitassa. He keksivat suunnitelman. Kissa tuli aina hy-
vin hiljaa. Se ei haukkunut kuin koira. Se ei laula-
nut kuin kukko. Sentahden he paattivat panna kellon
kissan kaulaan. Silloin kaikki kuulisivat kissan kellon
aanen. Mutta ei kukaan uskaltanut panna kelloa kissan
kaulaan. Hyva suunitelma meni hukkaan.
hanmaani (Continuation) .
Olin jo kauan tietanyt, etta olin suomalainen, olin
rakastanut suomenkielta, olin lukenut kauniita runoja
(poems), olin kuunnellut suomalaisia lauluja, kun ai-
tini tai joku muu (some one) oli niita laulanut, mut-
ta nyt vasta ymmarran, miten Suomi voi olla minun-
kin 1 isanmaani.
Kerran kysyin isaltani, mitenka suomalaisilla on niin
paljon omia kauniita lauluja.
Isani sanoi: "Suomen kaunis luoto (nature) on
1 See 163.
84 FINNISH GRAMMAR
kehittanyt (developed) kansamme sellaiseksi, etta se
rakastaa runoja ja lauluja. Suomen valoisat kesayot
(summer nights) ja lintujen laulut ovat tehneet sen,
itta ihmiset paitvat runoista ja lauluista.
Holla kuuntelen (listen to) aina, 'kun isani tai vel-
jenl kertoo Suomen tuhansista jarvista, koskista (water
fall) ja ihanista saarista. Myo^kln haluan kuulla Suo
men monista kuuluista (famous) miehista, ja naisista
(women), jotka ovat tehneet maansa kuuluisaksi ulko-
mailla (abroad). Haluan lukea myos kertomuksia, jot
ka puhuvat kuinka Suomen kansa on uskollisesti (faith
fully) tehnyt tyota isanmaansa hyvaksi.
Kun menen Europaan, niin haluan nahda Suomen
kaikkine ihanuuksineen (with all her splendors). Nyt
tiedan, mika on isanmaani.
LESSON XXIV
DEMONSTRATIVE AND RELATIVE
PRONOUNS.
134. The demonstrative pronouns are tamd, this,
plu. nama or namdt, these; tuo, that, plu. nuo,
those; $e, it or that, plu. ne, those. These
pronouns can be used substantively and adjectively.
They may refer to persons or things, 'and must agree
in number and case with the words for which they
stand.
LESSON XXIV 85
135. The relative pronouns are joka, who,
which; mikd, what. They refer to persons and
things and can be used as substantives or adjectives.
136. The relative pronoun must always be ex
pressed in Finnish, although it is often omitted in
English ; as, Ystdvdt, joita rakastan, The f r i en d s
(whom) I love; Kirja, jonka han myi, on kaunis,
The book (which) he sold is beauti ful.
The book (which) he sold is beautiful.
It should be noticed that the relative clause in Finn
ish is always separated from the main clause by a
comma.
137. Learn the declension of the demonstrative
and relative pronouns in 285, 286.
Vocabulary.
ravintola, restaurant ateria, meal
majatalo, hotel vahva, strong
Hike, business keskustella, to talk
karhu 3 bear paattaa, to decide
sopimus, agreement vetaa, to pull
kontata, -to crawl sitoa, to tie
sefaa, clear potkaista, to kick
fdrki, reason, mind kylki, side
EXERCISE XXIV.
A. I. Tama poika paatti menna kirkkoon. 2. Mina
annan talle tytolle kirjan. 3. Missa on hyva ravintola
86 FINNISH GRAMMAR
ja majatalo? 4. Tassa ravintolassa tarjoillaan kahvia
ja ruokaa. 5. iMies, joka on tuolla, on tyton seta.
6. Kahvila, josta tulen, ei ole kaukana itaalta. 7. Na-
mat miehet tekevat tyota kovasti. 8. Tuo mies tekee
tyota mieftiet tekevat tyota kovasti. 8. Tuo mies tekee
tyota ahkerammin kuin tama. 9. He vetavat karhun
ulos pesasta. 10. Han on syonyt hyvan aterian tassa
ravintolassa. 11. Kuin'ka paljon ma'ksaa ateria? 12.
Jarjetta 1 emme voi ajatella.
B. 1. Who is this boy? That boy is my brother.
3. Those flowers are beautiful. 4. The man whom you
saw is my friend. 5. These pictures are more beauti
ful than those you sold. 6. In what city do you live?
7. To w'hom shall I send this letter? 8. From whom
did you receive that present? 9. Where are you go
ing? 10. An hotel and a restaurant are found here.
11. We take our meals at this hotel. 12. The boys to
w'hom I shall send these boo : ks are my good friends.
Hotmolaisten Metsdstys.
Kerran menivat holmolaiset karhuja metsastamaan.
Kun olivat tulleet karhun pesalle, niin he ensin soi-
vaf vahvan aterian. Kun olivat syoneet, niin he paat-
tivat, etta Pekka konttaa ensin pesaan ja tuo karhun
ulos. Varmuuden vuoksi 2 'he olivat sitoneet koyden
(rope hanen jalkaansa. Jos hata (trouble) tulee,
1 Jarjetta, without brains. See also 11, m. 2 Var
muuden vuoksi, for precaution, or in order to be
safe.
LESSON XXIV 87
niin Pekka potkaisee, ja hanen toverinsa vetavat hanet
ulos. Sellainen oli sopimus. Pekka konttasi pesaan,
ja aivan heti 'kun 'ban oil paassyt pesaan, niin karhu
pun hanelta paan pois. Hiukan liikutti (moved) Pek
ka jalkojansa, mutta plan 'ban kuoli. Ulkopuolella
(ouside) olevat toverit (fellows) sanoivat: "Nyt Pek
ka potkaisi. Siella sisalla ei varmaan ole hyva olla.' J
Silloin he vetivat Pekan ulos, ja Pekka oli paat6n.
Niin, totisesti (truly) paaton. Niin holmolaiset neu-
vottelivat ja sanoivat, mita tama tarkoittaisi (mean).
Yksi heista vaitti (argued), etta ei ollut niin varmaa
(certain), oliko Pekalla paata silloinkaan 1 , kun ban
pesaan konttasi. Toinen sanoi: "Oli banella paa.
Nain selvaan, kuinka parta liikui, kun ban soi herneita
aamiaiseksi" (for breakfast).
LESSON XXV.
REFLEXIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
138. The reflexive pronoun is itse, self. It is
used with the possessive suffixes except in the nomina
tive case. Its singular and plural declensions are
alike; as,
mind Use, I m y s e 1 f me itse, we ourselves
1 -kaan Is only a strengthening particle.
88
FINNISH GRAMMAR
minulle itse\lle\ni, to meille itse\lle mme, to
my self ourselves
sind itse, thou thy- te itse y you yourself
self
sinulle itse\lle\si, t o th y- teille itse\lle nne, to
self yours elf
hdn Use he himself he itse, t'hey them
selves
hanelle ftee|Zte|nsa, to heille it$e\lle\nsa, to
himself themselves
NOTE. Any transitive verb can be used retflexively with
the reflexive pronoun its-e, s e If if the sense allows, that the
subject of the verb acts upon itself as the object; as,
leikkaan itseani.
my self
I cut
leikkaat itseasi, you cut
yourself
leikkaa itseansa, he cuts
himself
leikkaamme itseamrne, we
cut ourselves
leikkaatte itseanne, you cut
yourself
leikkaavat itseansa, they
cut ithernisielves
139. The indefinite pronouns are:
joka, every, any
joku 9 some one
fompiknmpi, o n e o f
the two
molemmat, both
eras, some one
moni y many
jokainen, every one
Some of these are formed from the relative and in
terrogative pronouns by adding the particles -kaan,
kukin, each, each one
mikin, any one
kumpikin, both
kukaan, any one
kerikddn, any one
kaikki, all
jokin, some
LESSON XXV 89
-kaan, -ka, -ka, or -kin. Of the pronoun jompikumpi
both component parts are declined.
NOTE. Kukaan and kenkaan are used only In negative
sentences?. The first component parts ku- and ken- of each
word are declined.
140. Reciprocal action is expressed by the word
toinen, second with the plural possessive suffixes.
The word is used doubled or singly; as, Rakastakaa
toinen toistanne or Rakastakee toisianne. Love one
another.
Vocabulary.
talonpoika, peasant huokea, cheap
kulkuri, wanderer kallis, expensive,
sokea, blind dear
kana, hen t ietaa, to know
erehtya, to err valehtelija, liar
peittaa, to conceal huvittaa, to amuse
vasen, left selittad, to explain
oikea, right matkustaa, to travel
laiva, ship maika y tour, trip
hinta, price
EXERCISE XXV.
A. 1. Kaupunkiin menee tie joka talosta. 2. Kum-
pikin poika sai omenaan isalta. 3. Eras kulkuri meni
tuohon taloon. 4. Molerrimat miehet ovat tyossa. 5.
Etko osaa sanoa mitaan? 6. Etko tunne ketaan naista
miehista? 7. En tunne kumpaakaan naista miehista.
90 FINNISH GRAMMAR
8. Isalla oli kaksi poikaa, mutta ban ei antanut ta-
loansa kummallekaan heista. 9. Aiti antoi tytoillensa
omenan kullekin. 10. Huvitin itseani pianon soitolla.
11. Rakastakaatte toisianne. 12. Lapsi vahingoitti it-
seansa.
B. 1. The mother gave an apple to each one of
her chidren. 2. Each one of you should do 'his best.
3. Some one asked for you. 4. Every one who wants
to travel in England must first cross the Atlantic. 5. I
myself wrote that letter. 6. He 'himself 1 saw it. 7.
Amuse yourself 2 when you come to our city. 8. Let
us love one another 3 . 9. All must be ready to go.
10. Both of these roses are beautiful. 11. No one
knows Where 'he is. 12. Both the left and right eye
of the horse are blind.
Hevosen Varkaus.
Eraalta talonpojalta varastettiin yolla hanen paras
hevosensa. Han meni markkinoille, joita pidettiin
eraassa etaisessa (remote) kaupungissa. Siella nan
naki oman hevosensa, jota eras aivan outo mies tarjosi
huokeasta hinnasta. Nopeasti han tarttui hevosen oh-
jaksiin kiinni ja huusi 4 ; "Tama on minun ; hevoseni. Se
on minulta talla viikolla varastettu." Outo mies sanoi:
1 Han itse, he himself, etc. 2 Huvita Itseasi, amuse
yourself etc. 8 Rakastakaamme toisiamme, let us
love one'another. 4 Stem huutaa, of which the final
a is dropped before the imperfect sign I (10, e) thus forming-
huutf, but t between the two vow-els is changed to s. This
change always occurs in the imperfect.
LESSON XXVI 9 1
"Te erehdytte, <hyva mies. Tama hevonen on minun,
vaikka se on suuresti teidan hevosenne nakoinen." Sil-
loin talonpoika peitti 'hevosensa molemmat silmat ja
sanoi: "Jos hevonen on teidan, niin sanokaa, kumpl
silma on sokea." Tama vastasi nopeasti: "Vasen."
"Niinko? ettepa tietanytkaan I" sanoi talonpoika. "Ei,
ei, mina sanoin epanuomiossa (by mistake) vaarin",
sanoi vieras. "Oikea silma silla on sokea." Silloin ta
lonpoika sanoi: "Nyt sina ole itse todistanut (proved),
etta olet varas ja valehtelija. Katsokaa, niiehet! Talla
hevosella ei ole kumpikaan silma sokea." Ymparilla
seisovat miehet sanoivat: "Nyt tuo mies joutui kiini
(is caught) ." Varas otettiin kiinni (was arrested) ja
sai rangaistuksensa.
LESSON XXVL
CARDINAL NUMBERS
141. Simple numerals are:
1. yksi 7. seitsemdn
2. kaksi 8. kahdeksan
3. kolme 9. yhdeksdn
4. neljd 10. kymmenen
5. viisi 100. sata
6. kuusi 1,000. tuhat
1,000,000 miljoona
92 FINNISH GRAMMAR
142. The numbers from eleven to twenyt are
formed by adding the suffix -toista to the correspond
ing number below ten; as,
11. yksitoista 15. viisitoista
12. kaksitoista 16. kuusitoista
13. kolmetoista 17. seitsemdntoista
14. neljdtoista 18. kahdeksantoista
19. yhdeksdntoista
143. Numbers denoting tens, hundreds,
thousands, and millions are compounds with
the smaller numeral first. Both component parts are
declinable.
20. kaksikymmentd 70. setts emdnkymmentd
30. kolmekymmentd 80. kahdeksankymmenta
40. neijdkymmentd 90. yhdeksdnkymmenta
50. viisikymmentd 200. kaksisataa
60. kuusikymmentd 3,000. kolmetuhatta
144. The numbers from twenty up between tens,
hundreds, thousands, etc., are formed by
placing the larger number first followed by the re
quired smaller number; as,
21. kaksikymmentdyksi
31. kolmekymmentdyksi
41. neljdkymmentdyksi
51. viisikymmentdyksi
6 1 . kuusikymmentdyksi
LESSON XXVI 93
7 1 . setts emdnkymmentdyksi
8 1 . kahdeksankymmentdyksi
9 1 . yhdeksankymmentayksi
101. satayksi
201. kaksiataayksi
301. kolmesataayksi
401. neljdsataayksi
501. viisisataayksi
601. kuusisataayksi
701. seitsemdnsataayksl
801. kahdeksansataayksi
901. yhdeksdnsataayksi
1001. tuhatyksi
145. Both cardinal and ordinal numbers are declin
able, but the first part only of the numbers from ten
to twenty is declined; the second part always remains
in the partitive; as, yhdelletoista miehelle, to the
eleven men; yhdeltdtoista mieheltd, from the
eleven men.
146. The numerals are used much the same way
in Finnish as in English, however, the following pecu
liarities should be noticed:
(a) If the cardinal number is in the nominative or
accusative (except yksi, one; miljoona, million)
the word modified by it should be always in the par
titive singular, as, kaksi miestd, two men; kolme
poikaa, three boys.
94 FINNISH GRAMMAR
(b) In other case sthe -numeral agrees with the
word it modifies; as, kuudelle miehelle, to six men,
etc.
147. Names of the months are:
tammikuUy January heinakuu, July
helmikuu, February elokuti, August
maaliskiiu, March syyskuu, September
huhtikuu, April lokakuu, October
toukokuu, May marraskuu, November
kesakuu, June joulukuu, December
148. The days of the week are:
maanantai, Monday torstai, Thursday
tiistai, Tuesday per j anted, Friday
keskiviikko, W e d n e s- lauantai, Saturday
day sunnuntai, Sunday
NOTE. -The names of the months and the days are no<t
capitalized in Finnish.
149. The distributive numbers are formed by the
endings -ttcun orttdin; as, kaksittain y two by two;
yksittain, one by one.
EXERCISE XXVI.
A. 1. Kaiksi miesta ja poika asuvat talossa. 2.
Viikossa on seitseman paivaa. 3. Vuodessa on kaksi-
toista kuukautta. 4. Mina nukuin kahdeksan tuntia.
5. Juna myofiastyi 'kymmenen tuntia. 6. Kaytava on
yhdeksan jalkaa pitka ja nelja jalkaa levea. 7. Isom-
pi poika painaa sata paunaa. 8. Tassa huoneessa on
kahdeksan tuolia ja yksi poyta. 9. Han on laulanut
LESSON XXVII 95
kahdellekymmenelle miehelle ja ikolmellekymmenelle
naiselle tassa huoneessa. 10. Pojilla on ruokaa kuu-
deksi viikoksi (see 200.). 11. Yksittain, kaksittain po-
jat astuivat ulos. 12. Kahdesti olen ollut Chicagossa.
B. 1. There are five men and three boys in this
room. 2. How old are you? 3. I am twenty-one years
old. 4. How many days are there in a week? 5. There
are seven days in a week. 6. There are twelve months
in a year. 7. How many dollars do you have in your
pocket? 8. I have one hundred and twenty- five dol
lars. 9. The boys stepped in, one by one. 10. I col
lected (kokosin) this money from five men. 11. Please
give me four dollars. 12. There are five children and
four women in this room.
LESSON XXVII.
ORDINAL NUMBERS
150. The formation of the ordinals is based upon
the same principle as that of the cardinals. It should,
however, be noticed that ordinals, except ensimainen,
first, and toinen, second, end in s in the nomina
tive; in other cases -nte (weakened to -enne~, see 11, i).
1st ensimainen 19th yhdeksastoista
2nd toinen 20th kahdeskymmenes
3rd kolmas 21st kahdeskymmenesyhdes
r 4th neljas 30th kolmaskymmenes
96
FINNISH GRAMMAR
31st kolmaskymmenesyhdes
40th neljaskymmenes
4 1 st neljaskymm enesyhdes
50th viideskymmenes
51st viideskymmenesyhdes
60th kuudeskymmenes
61st kuudeskymmenesyhdes
70th seitsemaskymmenes
71st seitsemaskymmenesyhdes
80th kahdeksaskymmenes
8 1 st kahdeksaskymmenesyhdes
90th yhdeksdskymmenes
91st yhdeksdskymmenesyhdes
100th
5th viides
6th kuudes
7th seitsemds
8th kahdeksas
9th yhdeksds
10th kymmenes
llth yhdestoista
12th kahdestoista
13th kolmastoista
14th nelfastoista
15th viidestoista
16th kuudestoista
17th seitsemdstoista
18th kahdeksastoista
151. Fractions can be expressed by the ordinal
number + osfl, p a r t, or b y the cardinal + ordinal
+ osa; as, one-fifth viides-osa or y/cs vzides osa; two-
thirds kaksi kolmas-osaa.
152. PwoZz, half, always takes the partitive sin
gular except when it modifies a numeral; as, pzzo/f
/zaa /z/zaa, a half pound of meat; pzzo/i
halfpast five.
153. Multiplications are expressed by combining
the word kerta (weakened to kerran, see 11, k) times
with the cardinal or ordinal number; as, kolme kertaa
(146, a) kolme, fhree times three; viisi kertaa
seitseman, five times seven; notice ensimainen
LESSON XXVII 97
kerta, the first time; kymmenes kerta, the
tenth time.
154. The time in years is expressed:
(a) By placing the word vuosi, year, in the es-
sive followed by a cardinal number which is not in
flected; as, vuonna tuhat yhdeksdnsataa viisitoista, in
the year nineteen hundred andfifteen.
(b) By placing both vuosi and the number in the
genitive ; as, kuuden vuoden vanha, six years old.
155. The day of the month is expressed:
i(a) By placing first the name of the month in the
genitive and an ordinal number and the word paiva,
day; in the essive; as, kesdkuun neljdntend paivand,
on or in the fourth day of June.
(to) By placing the ordinal number and paiva, in
the essive, and the name of the month either in the
partitive or inessive; as, neljdntend pdivdnd kesdkuuta,
or neljdntend pdivdnd kesdkuussa, on the fourth
day ofjune.
156. Fractions of an hour are denoted by the
word kello which is not inflected followed by a car
dinal number declined; as,
Kello on kymmenen minuuttia vailla 1 kuusi y 1 1 i s
ten minutes of six (lit the clock is lacking or
wanting ten minues.)
1 Vailla means lack or want.
98 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Kello on puol kahdeksan, It is half past
seven o'cl o ck.
Kello on viisttoista minuuttia yli 1 kolmen, It is
fifteen minutes past three (lit, the clock
is past or over Jifteen minutes).
Kello on yksitoistq, It is seven o'clock.
EXERCISE XXVII
A. 1. Nyt on kesakuun viides paiva. 2. Paljonko
on kello 2 ? 3. Kello on puoli kymmenen. 4. Kello on
viisi minuuttia vailla seitseman. 5. Onko huomenna
heinakuun neljas paiva 3 ? 6. Kylla se lienee. 7. Kun
syksy tulee, niin paiva paivalta ilma k&y kylmemmak-
si. 8. Kesakuu on vuoden kuudes kuukausi. 9. Ensi
sunnuntaina, viidentena paivana joulukuuta, menen
Chicagoon. 10. Columbus loysi Amerikan vuonna 1492.
11. Kello seitsemalta saamme jo aamiaista. 12. Juna
lahtee New Yorkiin puoli viisi jalkeen puolen paivan 4 .
B. 1. What time is it? 2. It is half past five. 3. It
is twenty minutes of six. 4. It is fifteen minutes after
four. 5. To-day we celebrate the Fourth of July. 6. In
the year 1915. 7. I shall see you on the tenth day of
December. 8. Read the sixth and eleventh chapters of
this book. 9. I live at 320 Fifteenth Street. 10. The
1 Yl! means ov-er or past, and governs the genetive
case 2 Paljonko on kello? w h.ait t i m e i s i t? 3 Onko
huomenna heinakuun neljas nalva? Is tomorrow t* e
Fourth of July? 4 jalkeen puolen paivan, in the
afternoon.
LESSON XXVIII 99
first day of the week is Sunday, i 1 . The first month
of the year is January. 12. The twenty-sixth of May
1916.
LESSON XXVIII.
COMPOUND NOUNS.
157. Compound nouns are:
(a) Co-ordinate in which case the hyphen 1 is used
to separate the words from each other; as, Suomalais-
englantilainen, F i n n i s h-E n g 1 i s h.
(b) Those in which the last woord is defined by the
first one which precedes it. The first component part
is often either in the nominative or genitive, and in
this case only the last component part is inflected; as,
isanmaa, fatherland; isanmaatte to the fa
therland; rautatie, railroad; rautatiella, to
the railroad.
But if the first word of a compound noun is an ad
jective then both component parts are inflected; as,
vierasmies, witness (lit. vieras, strange -f mies,
man); vieraaUemiehelle, to the witness; oma-
tunto, conscience; omantunnon, of the con-
s c i e n c e.
1 The hyphen is also used for clearness between -two com
ponent parts if the finst word ends and the second word
begins with the same vowel sound; as, esi-Isa, fore
father.
J 00 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Akti fa Paimen.
Paimen istui kerran : joen rannalla ja vuoli (chipped)
puuta. Vahingossa 1 putosi 2 veitsi hanen kadestansa jo-
keen ja meni pobjaan. Suruissansa (in sorrow) pai-
men alkoi itkea katkerasti. Ahti 3 kuuli hanen itkunsa.
Han tuli paimenen luo ja kysyi hanelta: "Mita itket?"
Paimen sanoi Mnelle syyn (reason, causte). Heti Ahti
sukelsi 2 (dove) pohjaan ja toi paimenelle kultaveitsen
(knift of gold). Paimen ei ottanut sita, vaan sanoi:
"Ei se ole 'minun veitseni". Han itki yha edelleen.
Ahti sukelsi taas pohjaan. Nyt han toi hopeaveitsen
(knife of silver) ja tarjosi sita paimenelle. Paimen sa
noi taaskin: "Ei sekaan ole minun veitseni." Ahti su
kelsi viela kerran pohjaan ja toi paimenelle rautaveit-
sen (knife or iron). Taman paimen ilolla omisti. Ahti
'kiittii paimenen rehellisyytta (honesty). Han lahjoitti
paimenelle molemmat seka kultaveitsen etta 'hopeaveit
sen.
Toiset saivat pian tietaa taman tapauksen. Eras pai
men ajatteli: "Ehka minullakin on yhta hyva onni."
Han meni joen rantaan, heitti jokeen veitsen ja alkoi
itkea. Ahti tuli taas ja toi kultaveitsen. Han tarjosi
sita paimenelle ja sanoi; "Tatako itket?" Paimen sa
noi: "Juuri sita." Han oikaisi (stretched) katensa ja
aikoi ottaa sen. Mutta Ahti, joka vihasi paimenen pe-
tollisuutta (deceitful act), meni pois ja otti kultaveit-
1 Vahingossa, by c-hanoe, etc. 2 See page 90, note 4.
Ahti, the god o-f the sea in the Finnish mythology.
LESSON XXVIII 101
sen mukaansa (with him). Paimen menetti siis viela
omankin veitsensa,
Rehellisyys maan perii.
Kettu ja KaLastaja (The Fox and the Fisherman).
Oli kerran mies 1 , joka sai eraana paivana niin pal-
jon kaloja, kuin suinkin mahtui hanen rekeensa 2 . Hy-
vin iloisena han meni kotiinsa. Han itse ajoi isoa kuor-
maansa. iMatkalla han lauloi iloista laulua. Mutta
mikahan tuo on, joka tuolla keskella tieta makaa?
Kuollut 'kettupa (see 162) se on. Taman mies piti
hyvana saaliina. Kaunis turkiksi 3 (furcoat), kettu kul-
ta. Satuitpa hyvaan aikaan! Mies nosti ketun kuor-
mansa (load) paalle, mutta itse han istui etupuolella
(front).
Mutta ilkea kettu ei ollut kuollut Silla oli omat
suunnitelmansa (scheme) .
"Miehen huomaamatta (without notice) heitteli se
kuormasta kaikki kalat tielle. Sitten hyppasi (jump)
se itsekin reesta alas. Nyt alkoi se kaloja tielta ko-
koamaan. Toiset se saasti. Toiset se soi suuhunsa.
Niin hyvaa ateriaa ei se ollut pitkaan aikaan saanut.
Mies, joka iloisena eteenpain (forward) ajoi, ei ta'ta
ollenkaan havainnut. Viimein tuli han kotiin kuor-
mineen. Vaimo tuli hanta vastaan.
1 OH kerran mies, one upon a time there was
a man, etc. 2 kuin suinkin . . . rekeensa, as his sleigh
could hold. 3 See 198.
102 FINNISH GRAMMAR
"Missa olet niin 'kauan ollut, mieheni?"
"Ala ole millasikaan 1 , vaimoni Nyt pidetaan suu-
ret (pidot (feast). Pane pata tulelle. Minulla on reki
taynna (full of) kaloja."
"Todellakin (truly), mieheni?"
"Aivan todella. Ja lisaksi on viela kaunis kettukin
(see 163), jortka loysin tielta kuolleena."
Vaimo tuli reelle. "Voi, mita hulluttelet (fooling),
mieheni? Eihan tassa ole yhtaan kalaa. Viela va-
'hemman tassa kettua naen." Miesta kovasti havetti
(was ashamed) .
"Kyllapa* huomaan, vaimoni. Viekas (cunning) ket-
tu -on meille aika kepposen (trick) tehnyt/*
LESSON XXIX.
ATTRIBUTE, APPOSITIVE, AND ADVERB.
158. An attribute is a direct modifier of the sub
stantive and is used as follows:
An adjective or substantive attribute agrees in num
ber and case with the word it modifies; as, Hyva polka
tulee, The good boy is coming; Helsinki, Suo-
men padkaupiznki, on Suomenlahden rannalla, H e 1-
singfors, the capital of Finland is lo
cated on the Gulf of Finland.
NOTE. If the substanltive attribute Is not modified then
it cannot ibe declined; as, Pastor! Lehcfelle lahetin kirjeen,
I sent a letter to Reverend Lehti.
1 Ala ole mlllasdkaan, do not mind, etc.
LESSON XXIX 103
159. An appositive is a word used in a more in
direct way to describe or to define a noun or pronoun,
Its cases are:
(a) The essive if a substantive or adjective is
used as an appositive; as, Poikana hdnet tunsin, I, a s a
boy, knew him; Nuorena poikana, mies oil hyvin
iloinen, As a young boy, the man was very
cheerful (when the man was a young boy, he was
cheerful) .
(b) The nominative or partitive when a substan
tive is used as an appositive with some local case to
modify verbs and substantives; as, Pojot seisovat kddet
lanteilla rivissd, The boys, with their hands
on their hips are standing in line; Mies
juoksee likaa kasvoissa, The man, with dirt
on his face, is running.
160. Adverbs denote manner, place, time, or de
gree. Many of them are primitive words used as ad
verbs; as, vield, yet; heti, or plan, soon, etc.
161. But a great mass of adverbs are formed by
adding the following endings:
(a) -sti to adjectives; as, rakkaasti, dearly.
(b) -ten to pronouns; as, $iten, so; miten, how;
or -nne to express direction; as, tanne, hither; sin-
ne, thither.
(c) -tusten or -tysten to nouns to express a neutral
104 FINNISH GRAMMAR
relation ; as, rinnatusten, side by side; kcisitysten,
hand in hand.
162. The suffixes -han or -hdn, -pa or -pa -have a
strengthening or affirmative force; as,
Hdnhdn tuli> He did come.
Onhan hanella rahaa, He has some money.
Poikapa se oli, 1 1 w a s (just) a b o y.
Tyttohdn on kotona, The daughter is at
home.
163. The particle -kin has a strengthening force
meaning t o -o or also; as, Hankin tnlee, He is
coming too.
164. No absolute rule can be given for the 'posi
tion of adverbs. As a rule, they follow the verb; as,
H an laulaa kauniisti, She sings sweetly.
EXERCISE XXIX.
A. 1. Nama koyhat nuoret miehet ovat hyvia op-
pilaita. 2. Sain kirjeen runoilijaveljeltani. 3. Po-
jan laulu on kaunis. 4. Nuorena miehena han oli voi-
makas. 5. Poika nukkuu paa paljaana. 6. Tytto
astuu huoneeseen lunta jaloissa. 7. Aurinko paistaa
kirkkaasti ja lampimasti. 8. Puhuja puhui voimak-
kaasti ja selvasti. 9. Hankin saapuu tanne. 10. Pojat
seisovat rinnatusten. 11. Mina en ole viela kirjoitta-
nut hanelle. 12. Hanpa ei osannut laksyansa tanaan.
LESSON XXX ] 05
B. 1. Mr. Wilson, the president of the United
States, is here. 2. A young, handsome man stepped
into the house. 3. As a boy he was cheerful. 4 The
boy runs around with his head bared. 5. Where are
you going? 6. I, too, want to take my meal with you,
7. The moon shone brightly. 8. How are you getting
along? 1 9. I very seldom see you 'here. 10. Thank you,
sir, I get along well. 11. If you wish to visit me, I shall
give you my address. 12. He also gives -his address
to you.
LESSON XXX.
PREPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS.
165. Prepositions and postpositions show relation
of words. Some of these are declinable and capable
of taking the possessive suffixes.
166. The following postpositions govern the geni
tive case:
kanssa, with suhteen, in relation to
tdhden; for the sake alia (-ta y -le) under
of, for, in c o n s e- jdlki (~ssa, -sta, -en)
quence behind, after
viioksi, for the sake sisa, (~s$a, -sta 3 etc.) in,
of, for intheinterior
1 How are you getting along;? kuinka te voitte?
106
FINNISH; GRAMMAR
167. The following prepositions govern the geni
tive case:
halki, 1 through
kautta, by
lapP- through
poikki, 1 over, across
yli, 1 over, across
ympari, 1 around
kesken, in the midst
of
168. The following postpositions govern the par
titive case:
koht i, kohden, against, pain, towards
t o w a r ds
kohtaan, for, in re
spect to
rnyoten, along, ac
cording to
paitsi besides
vastaan, against
pitkin, along
vaiita, without
varten, for, for the
sake of
vast en, vast o in, against,
towards.
169. The following prepositions govern the par
titive case:
ennen, before
ilman, without
keskelld (-ltd, -lie} i n
the midst of
liki, likelld, near
Idhelld, near
besides
pitkin 3 along
vastapaatd, opposite
vast en, vastoin, for,
against
ympdri, around
1 Can be used as preposition
change of meaning 1 .
or postposition without
LESSON XXX ]Q7
EXERCISE XXX.
A. 1. Musta kolra makaa poydan alia. 2. Tuo mies
on matkustanut maan ympari. 3. Mene kirkkoon ha-
nen kanssaan. 4. Tule tanne minun tahteni. 5. Nyt
me matkustamme pohjoista kohti. 6. Pojat purjehtivat
jokea pitkin. 7. Tama koyha poika on rahaa vailla.
8. Pitkat miehet seisovat seinaa vasten. 9. Han tuli
tanne ennen minua. 10. Talo on lahella kirkkoa.. 11.
Tytar meni kylaan vastoin aitinsa tahtoa. 12. Me juok-
simme lapi laajan metsan.
B. 1. He came before I did. 2. We have traveled
through Finland. 3. The family is sitting around the
table. 4. This little boy is without shoes and money.
5. We sailed up the wide and beautiful river. 6. I
walked through the forest and across the field. 7. The
boat is in the midst of high }vaves. 8. They stand be
hind us. 9. He is coming for your sake. 10. The pen
cil is near the ink bottle. I 1 . I live across the street
just opposite your house. 12. The cat and dog are v
under the table.
Karhun Kalanpyynti (The Bear Catching Fish)
Kettu, joka oli syonyt vatsansa tayteen, istui nyt hy-
villa 1 rnielin metsan rinteessa (edge). Iso kasa (pile)
oli viela sen vieressa. Karhu sitten tuli hanen luo>k-
1 hyvilla mielin, contended, etc.
108 FINNISH GRAMMAR
sensa. Hyvaa paivaa, kettu kulta 1 (dear). Miten olet
saanut noin palijon kaloja?"
"Olen ne jarvesta onkinut"
"Sepa oli hyva saalis, Etko opettaisi minuakin on-
kimaan?"
"Kylla mielellani, kettu kulta."
"No, miten se kaypi 2 ?"
"Kylla sen sanon sinulle, karhu. "Mene avannolle
(avanto, a hole in the ice) jonakin talvi-iltana, kun on
paljon tahtia taivaalla. Pane sitten hantasi avantoon.
Istu sitten siina aivan liikkumatta (without moving)
aamuun asti. Veda sitten hantasi ylos Silloin on ka-
la tarttunut kiini (attach) jokaiseen >karvaan (hair).
Silla tavalla mina ongin."
"Kiitoksia, kettu 'kultaseni. Sepa on hyva neuvo
(advise)."
"Pida hyvanasi 3 , karhu kultaseni."
Samana iltana oil kova pakkanen (cold). Tahdet
kiiluivat taivaalla. Karhu, joka muisti ketun neuvon,
meni jarvelle. Siella han istui heti hantineen avan
toon. Va'han ajan perasta tunsi han ikaankuin (as if)
joku olisi purrut hanen hantaansa. Siitapa han tuli
oikein ihyville mielin 1 . Kalat ne nyt purevat itsensa
kiinni. Istun aivan hiljaa. Tastapa tulee paljon kaloja.
Siina istui karhu aina aamuun asti. Silla aikaa oli
avanto mennyt paksuun jaahan. Karhun hanra oli jaa-
1 kulta means lit. gold. But between intimate friends it
means dear. 2. No, miten se kaypi? Well, how is it
done? 3 Pida hyvanasi, Make use of 'the advice.
LESSON XXXI 109
tynyt (frozen) kiini siihen. Karhua alkoi jo vasyt-
taa (to get tired). Pitaa miun viimelnkin vetaa ylos
kalani. Mutta eipa se tahtonutkaan onnistua. Hanta
oli jaatynyt kiinni. Karhu ei paassyt paikaltansa liik-
kumaan.
(To be continued)
LESSON XXXI.
CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.
170. Co-ordinate conjunctions 1 are:
/a, and niin, so, accordingly
seka, also niinmuodoin, c o n s e-
sekd ettd, both quently
and nimittain, n a m el y
eli, takki, tahi, o r mutta, vaan, b u t
joko tai, e i t h e r o r kuitenkin, however
sentdhden, siis, there- paftsi, besides
fore my 6s, also
171. Subordinate conjunctions are:
'dy jotta, that kun, when
niin ettd, so that kuin, than
/os, i f koska, because
ennenkmn, before that ehka, p e r h a p s
ikadnkuin, as if niirikuin, a s i f
1 Many of the conjunctions a.re merely pronouns or ad
jectives inflected.
I 1 FINNISH GRAMMAR
172. Interjections express emotion. They are:
jo, hei, oi
mockery; aha, piti, kutti, etc.
sorrow and pain; ai, voi 3 oi } haa, etc.
astonishment; oho, no } aha, kah, hoi
disgust; hyi, ah, ui } etc.
EXERCISE XXXI.
A. 1. Mina luen ja sina laulat. 2. Aiti istuu se-
ka kertoo kertomuksia lapsilleen. 3. Seka isa etta poi-
ka nauravat. 4. Mina en sita voi tehda, vaan ehka vel-
jeni tekee. 5. Niin han sanoo, toiset taas toisin. 6.
Han lupasi tulla mukaan, etta tulisi suurempi joukko.
7. Hei, pojat, nyt juostaan! 8. Nyt on satanut, sen-
tahden kasvit kasvavat. 9. Ole taalla, kunnes han tu-
lee. iQ. Jos <tulet luokseni, niin olen iloinen. u . Joko
mina tahi minun veljeni tulee sinua vastaan asemalle.
12. Han kayttaytyy (acts) niinkuin han ei tuntisi mi-
nua.
B. LI went to the office, but you did not come
2. As soon as you have finis'hed your work come to
my office. 3. Our trip to Paris will be interesting, if
you come with us. 4. Then I shall stay in Paris until
you come back. 5. I shall either bring your meat here
or take you to a restaurant. 6. Which do you wish, to
row or to paddle? 7. Both my friends and I will visit
you. 8. I have not seen you for a long time, however,
I remember you quite well. 9. I was absent from
school because I was sick. 1 0. She came to visit me,
LESSON XXXI ] 1 I
for she is my aunt. n . They were not invited, conse
quently, they stayed away. 1 2. Perhaps he will stay
here until you come.
Kettu ja Jdnis.
Kerran tulivat kettu ja janis yhteen. Kettu sanoi ja-
nikselle: "Eipa sinua kukaan pelkaa!"
"Kuka sinua pelkaa?" vastasi janis,
"Kaikki minua pelkaavat", vastasi kettu. "Minulla
on pitka hanta, niin kaikki luulevat minua sudeksi 1 ,
kun matkan paasta nakevat. Sentahden minua pela-
taan, mutta ei sinua pelkaa kukaan!"
'Xyokaamme veto" 2 , sanoi janis. "Mina naytan, et-
ta minua pelataan."
Toinen suostui siihen, ja veto lyotiin. Bitten he me-
nivat yhdessa kavelemaan, ja niin janis huomasi (no
ticed) lammaslauman 3 aidan sivulla makaamassa
(sleeping). Kun janis na'ki taman, niin han hyppasi
heti lammaslaumaan. Lampaat pelastyivat siita ja hyp-
pasivat minka kerkesivat. Janis siita ilosta, etta han
vedon voitti, alkoi nauraa, ja hian nauroi niin -kovasti.
etta hanen suu repesi ristiin. Ja siita paivasta alkaen
onkin janiksen suu ollut ristiin halki.
Sen pituinen se.
1 luultevat minua sudeksi, take me for a wolf.
2 Lyokamme veto, let us bet.
3 lammaslauma. a flock of sheep.
1 1 2 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Karhun Kcdanpyynti (continuation).
Kettu, joka tahan aikaan oli ammukavelyllaan (morn
ing walk), huornasi karhun surkean tilan. Paha vei-
jari (rogue) tuo kettu oli. Ei ban karhua auttanut-
kaan. Painvastoin han juoksi kalastajan talolle. Siel
la han nousi katolle. Han huusi sielta savutorven
(chimney) kautta sisaan. Vaimo kulta, mene heti jar-
velle. Siella istuu karhu hantineen avannossasi, josta
vetta noudat (get).
Vaimo, joka viita kirnusi (churned), vihastui (to get
angry) kovin. Heti han, korento (pole) kadessaan,
juoksi jarvelle. Paha 'karhu, miksika avantoni pilaat
(to spoil) ? Kylla mina sinulle parempia tapoja (man
ners) opetan.
Niin loi (struck) han karhua .kaikin viomin koren-
nolla. Karhu oli suuressa hadassa (distress). Aina
kovemmin koetti han repia hantaansa irti. Viimein
(finally) kavi kovin pahasti 1 . Koko hanta katkesi
(break off) avantoon. Siita paivasta asti ei karhulla
ole ollut hantaa.
Kettu taas meni talon sisaan, jonka oven vaimo oli
jattanyt (left) lulkitsematta (unlocked). Siella han
kaatoi kirnun (churn). Nain han taas sai hyvan ate-
rian. Kylla hanen pahat juonensa (tricks) onnistui-
vat. Mutta sentahden kadottikin ban kaikki ystavan-
sa. Ei yksikaan enaan tuota pahaa kettua uskonut
(trust).
kovin pahasti, a bad accident occurred.
DERIVATION OF WORDS ] ] 3
DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES
AND ADJECTIVES.
173. The following suffixes are used to form sub
stantives from verbs:
(a) -fa, -jd, -ri, denote the doer or agent cor
responding to -er in English; as, laulaja, singer;
tekija, maker; tuomari, judge.
(b) -ma, -md, the signs of the third infinitive ex-
ipresses an action or result of action; as, sanoma, re
port; eldma, life.
(c) -minen (-mis) the sign of the fourth infinitive
expresses an acton in an abstract sense; as, eldrninen,
1 iv i n g.
(d) -nta, -nta, -nto, expresss a state arising from
an action ; as, annanta, giving; heitanta, throw
ing; ItiontOy nature; perinto, inheritance;
tuonii, bringing.
(e) -o., -6^ and iz -y, in such words as muisto, mem
ory; nako, s i g fi t ; itku, weeping, kyky, ability.
(f) -mus, -mys as in valmistus, preparation;
pyhimys, saint.
(g) -fo, -id, as in havio loss; arvio, estima
tion.
(h) -na, -na, as in kapina, revolt; rdhind, noise,
q uarr e 1.
174. The following suffixes are added to nouns
and adjectives:
]]4 FINNISH GRAMMAR
(a) -kko, ~kko, -ikko, -ikko, indicate a locality; as
rapakko, a muddy place; kivikko, a stony
place; petdjikko, a pine wood.
(b) -la, -la, designate locality; as, pappila, par
sonage; setala, uncle's place.
(c) -nko, -nko, -nne, express the kind of place; as,
alanko, a low land; ylanko, a high land; har-
janne, a ridge.
(d) -isto, -isto, -sto y -sto, denote a group of objects;
as, koivisto, a birch grove; mannistd, a pine
wood; laivasto, a fleet; kirjasto, a library.
(e) -nen is added to the disyllabic words and -nen
to monosyllabic words to form diminutives; as, kuk-
kanen, a small flower; oravainen, a small
squirrel.
(f) -lainen, -Idinen, denote nationality, class, or
place where a person or object belongs; as saomalai-
nen, a Fi n n; venalainen, a R u s si a n; maalainen, a
farmer.
(g) -tar, -tar suffixes denote femine names, as Ian-
lajatar, a woman singer; keittajatar, a woman
cook.
(h) -us, ~y$ after a vowel; (-uus, -yys) after a con
sonant are added to form abstract nouns; as, vapaus,
freedom; veljeys, brotherhood; piennuus,
s m a 1 1 n e s s; hyvyys, goodness.
175. The following suffixes are used to form ad
jectives:
RULES OF SYNTAX ] ] 5
(a) -va, -va 3 the signs of the first participle; as,
taitava, skilful; ndhtdva, visible,
(b) -nut, -nyt, the sign of the second participle; as
oppinut, learned; sivistynyt, educated,
(c) -inen is usually added to the nouns; as, aamui-
nen, early; villainen, woolen.
(d) -llinen is also added to the nouns; as, t yollinen,
nightly; vaarallinen, dangerous.
(e) -si, -isd, -has, -kds denote plentifulness; as,
kuuluisa, famous; leikkisa, playful; maukas,
rich in flavor; lystikds, humorous.
(f) ton, -ton (vowel stem -ttoma, -Homo) cor
respond to 'the English preposition without or less;
as, voimaton, powerless; sivistymdtdn, unedu
cated (without education) .
(g) -mainen, -mainen denote likeness English -is h;
as, poikamainen, boyis'h.
RULES OF SYNTAX.
176. See paragraphs 21, 22.
177. The nominative is the case of direct address;
as, Niinko ajattelette, herra? You think so, sir?
178. The nominative absolute is put in the nomi
native case; as, Han tuli hattu pddssd huoneeseen,
Having his hat on, he came into the
ro om.
] \ 6 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Genitive.
179. Possession or ownership is denoted by the
genitive ; as, Pojan kirja, The b o y 7 s book.
180. Subjective genitive denotes any agent whidh
makes something; as, Leivon laulu on erittdin kaunis,
The song of a lark is especially beau
tiful
181. Objective genitive expresses the object of an
action ; as, Jumalan pelko on viisauden alku, The
fear of God is the source of wisdom.
182. The genitive of specification limiting a noun
by means of more definite terms; as, Helsingin kau-
punki on Suomen paakaupuriki, The city of Hel-
singfors is the capital of Finland.
183. Adjectives ending in 4nen signifying age,
measure, or quality, take the genitive; as Lapsi on
viikon vanha, The child is a week old; Kay-
tdvd on kuuden jalan laajuinen. The hall is six
feet in width; Polka on isdnsd ndkoinen, The
boy resembles his father.
184. The genitive is used with some impersonal
verbs such as pitaa, kdskee, tulee, tdytyy, sopii, kelpaa,
tarvitsee, etc., and with the auxiliary olla, to be; as,
Hdnen taytyy, mennd kouluun, He must go to
school, etc.
RULES OF SYNTAX ] I 7
185. The genitive is used with the infinities to
express agent; as, Mind kdsken hdnen menna, I
ask e d him to go.
Accusative.
186. See paragraph 27.
187. The accusative is used to answer the ques
tions how many times?, how long?, what distance?;
as, Viikon olin poissa, I was away one week,
etc.
188. The total object complement is put in the
accusative; as, Han teki hatun liian suuren. He made
the hat too large.
Essive
189. The essive is used to express a definite period
of time during which something happens or during
which a continuous action is completed; as, Menitko
kirkkaon mime sunnuntaina? Did you go to
church last Sunday?; Sain kirjeen viime maa-
nantaina, I received the letter last Mon
day.
190. The essive is also used to denote the state,
character, or quality in which the subject is
at a given time; as, Veljeni on sdveltdjdnd, My
brother is a composer
191. An appositive is put in the essive; as, Poika-
na hdn oli Uoinen, As a boy, he was cheerful.
1 1 8 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Partitive.
192. The partitive is used with nouns that denote
measure, weight, or number; as, j<oukko miehia, a
group of men; parvi lintitja, a flock of birds,
etc.
193. The partitive is used also in comparison in
place of kuin, than, and the nominative of a noun
or pronoun; as, Mind olen hdntd vanhempi (vanhempi
kuin hdri) , / am older than he.
194. The partitive is used to denote measure; as,
Joki on kuutta jalkaa syvd, The river is six feet
deep.
195. The partial subject (45), object (44), predi
cate noun or adjective (46) are put in the partitive.
196. The partitive is also used in exclamations; as,
Hyvda huomenta! Good morning!
Translative.
197. The translative is used to denote a dhange
from one form to another; as, Han tuli vanhaksi, H e
became old; Lumi muuttui vedeksi, The snow
was c 'hanged into water.
Translative.
198. The purpose for which anything is fitted or
the purpose for which a thing or person can be used
is expressed by the translative; as, Han kelpaa pa-
piksi, He is fit for a minister.
RULES OF SYNTAX 1 ] 9
199. The translative is used to express the time
at which anything is to be done; as, Kokotis lykdttiin
huomiseksL The meeting was postponed
until t o-m o rrow.
200. The translative also expresses the limit of
time; as, Kirje tuli jouluksi, The letter came at
Christmas time.
201. Verbs signifying to name y consider., tell s call,
guess, etc., may take the translative; as, Sano tdmd
siiomeksi, Tell this in Finnish; Kutsuin han-
td hyvdksi pojaksi, I called him a good boy,
etc.
Inessive.
202. The inessive denotes existence in an object
or the limit for a given space; as, Poika istuu huonees-
sa, The boy is sitting in the room; Mies
ui vedessd, The man is swimming in the
water.
203. Local proper names are used either in the
interior cases (inessive, elative, illative), or in the ex
terior cases (adessive, ablative, allative) in the fol
lowing way:
(a) Substantives ending in -/a and names of coun
tries (except Vendfd, Russia), are in the interior
cases; as, Mattilassa, in Matt's place; Venajdlld,
in Russia.
(b) Names of countries ending in maa are in t h e
interior case when used in speaking of things that
120 FINNISH GRAMMAR
belong to a certain country, otherwise in the exterior
cases; as, Saksanmaassa on kauniita kaupunkeja,
There are beautiful cities in Ger
many.
NOTE. Suomenmaa, Finland, is always used in the
interior cases.
204. The inessive denotes the quality residing in
a person or thing; as, Hdnessd on yska, He has a
cold; Kirjassa on filo&ofiaa, There" is some
philosophy in the book.
205. The inessive expresses the time within
which; as, En pdivdssd voi paljoakaan tehdd, I can-
not do very much in a day.
206. The place where or occupation in which one
is engaged is expressed by the inessive; as, Olin-kau-
pungissa, I was in town; Polka on tyossd, The
boy is at work.
207* The inessive is used to denote direct connec
tion between objects or figuratively with the person
and abstract idea which could more naturally be ex
pressed by the adessive case; as, Polka on hevosen
seltissd, The boy is on the back of the
horse Hattu on naulassa, The hat is hung on
the hook; Han eldd koyhyydessd, He lives in
poverty.
Elative.
208. The elative is used to denote the origin of
anything or the material from which anything is made;
RULES OF SYNTAX 121
as, Han on hyvdsta perheestd, He comes from a
good family; Taskukello on tehty kullasta, The
watch is made of gold.
209. The elative is used to designate the whole of
which a part is taken usually in connection with the
comparative, superlative, or with some other numeral;
as, Vanhempi veljista on pitempi, The older of
the brothers is taller; Jama ruusu on kaunein
kaikista, This rose is the most beautiful
of all; Kaksi puhujista on taalla, Two of the
speakers are here.
210. The elative also denotes motion from an in
terior to a certain direction when the starting point is
not mentioned; as, Menin ovesta ulos, I went out
through the door.
211. The whole of which a part is under consider
ation is expressed by the elative; as, Poika leikkasi kap-
paleen leivastd, The boy cut a slice of bread.
212. The material in which one is rich or poor is
denoted by the elative; as, Han on rikas rahasta, He
is rich in money; Jarvi on koyhd kalasta, The
fish are scarce in the lake.
213. The selling price is expressed by the elative;
as, Myin kirfani dollarista, I sold my book for
one dollar.
214. The elative denotes the time during which
something takes place; as, Alkuvuodesta Han tulee,
In the beginning of the year he will
com e.
,122 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Illative.
215. The illative denotes motion into the interior
of an object; as, Menen kirkko-on, I am going
into the church.
216. The illative is used to express purpose or
the thing for Which anything serves or is unfit; as,
Han kelpaa virkaan, He is fitted for an office;
Tdmd Iddke on hyvd tuohon tautiin, This medi
cine is good for that sickness.
217. The illative is used to denote the cause of
an action; as, Mies knoll nalkadn, The man died
of starvation; Sotilas sbrtui sotaan, The sol
dier perished in war.
218. The illative designates price or the limit
which a number reaches; as, Nisun hinta nousi dolla-
riin, The price of wheat went up to one
dollar; Miesten luku, nousi kahteen sataan, The
number of men increased to two hun
dred.
219. The illative, with the verbs olla, tulla, vena-
ta y vaihtaa, etc., expresses likeness; as, Lapsi on isddn-
sd, The child is like his father.
220. The illative expresses the space of time dur
ing which anything has not occurred; as, En ole ndh-
nyt sinua pitkddn aikaan, I have not seen you
foralongtime.
221. The illative also denotes the period of time
RULES OF SYNTAX 123
at Vhich an action takes place; as, siihen aikaan, at
that time; joulun aikaan, at Christmas time.
222. The illative denotes the manner in accord
ance with which anything is done; as, Kerron sinulle
omaan tapaani, I tell you according to my
way.
Adessive.
223. The adessive expresses the place on which;
as, Kirja on poydalla, Thebookison thetable.
224. The adessive designates nearness, and is also
used with the third person of the auxiliary olla (see
82) ; as, Istun veljeni rinnalla, I am sitting close
to my brother; Minnlla on kirfa, I have a
book.
225. The adessive denotes an indefinite period of
time during which something occurs; as, Pdivalla teen
tyota, yolld lepdan, I work in the day time,
and rest at night.
226. The adessive is also used to express means
or the instrument by which an action is accomplished;
as, Ndin sen omilla silmittdni, I saw it with my
eyes; Hakkasin puun kirveella, I chopped the
tree with an ax.
227. The adessive denotes manner or way; as Mi-
nun tdytyy surulla ilmoittaa, I must inform
with sorrow.
124 FINNISH GRAMMAR
228. The price of buying is expressed by the
adessive; as, Ostin sen viidelld dollarilla, I bought
it for five dollars.
229. The adessive expresses occupation with the
verb alia, to be, in which some one is engaged; as,
olla aamiaisella, to be at breakfast.
230. The adessive is also used to signify age with
an ordinal number used as an attribute; as, Lapsi on
toisella vuodella, The c-hild is in its second
year.
231. The adessive also denotes external or internal
condition or state of an object; as, Lintu on korkealla
ilmossa, The bird is high in t Ire air; Poi-
ka on hyvalld pddlla, The boy in the air; Poi-
ka on hyvdlld padlla, The boy is in good hu
mor.
Ablative.
232. The ablative is used to express motion from
the exterior; as, Ota kirja poydaltd, Take the book
from the table; Sain kirjeen hdnelta, I receiv
ed a letter from h'im.
233. The ablative denotes the person who loses
something, or who is affected by anything; as, Hanel-
id kuoli isa, His father died (lit. father died
from him) ; Sen mind sinulta kielldn, I deny that
(from you).
234. The qualities or possession of a person are
expressed by the ablative; as, Han on hyvd tavoiltansa.
RULES O'P SYNTAX 125
He has no bad habits; Polka on Juho nimel-
t a, The boy isjohn by name (The boy's name
is John).
235. The ablative expresses impressions made by
an object on the senses; as, Kala maistuu hyvalta,
The fish tastes good; Talo ndyttdd kauniilta,
The house looks beautiful.
236. The condition in which an object is when it
becomes under the influence of the verb is expressed
by the ablative; as, Kissa nieli hiiren eldvalta. The
cat swallowed the mouse alive.
237. The ablative denotes time in various ways;
as, Kello viidelta nousin ylos, I got up at five
o'clock; Paivd pdivalta lima tulee lampimmak-
$i, Day by day the weather is getting
warm e r.
238. The ablative also expresses preventive hause ;
as, En voinut nukkua laulultasi, I could not sleep
on account of your singing.
Allative.
239. The allative denotes motion to or into an
object; as, Anna kirja minnlle. Give me the book.
240. Impressions made by an object on the senses
are also expressed by the allative; as, Omena maistuu
makeaUe, The apple tastes sweet.
J26 FINNISH GRAMMAR
241. The quality which is possessed by some one
is denoted by the allative; as, Tytto on hyvd tavoillen-
sa, The girl has good manners (the girl is
good in her manners.)
242. The allative denotes manner; as, He kulke-
vat hiljalleen, They are traveling slowly.
Comitative.
243. The comitative denotes the person or object
with which an 'action takes place. It is always used in
the plural ; as, Han lull vaimoinensa, Hecamewith
his wife; Mies on mennyt veljinensa, The man
has gone with his brother.
Instructive.
244. The instructive denotes manner or instrument
with which an action is performed; as, Lapset juokse-
vat pihcdla palfain jaloin, The children are
running in the yard with bare feet;
Ndin sen omin silmin, I saw it with my own
eyes.
245. The instructive expresses manner in which
something is performed wiih adjectives in the com
parative or superlative plural adverbially to modify
verbs; as, Han otti kirjan varkain, He took the
book by stealth; Han puhuu kovimmin kaikista,
He speaks the loudest of all.
RULES OF SYNTAX 127
246. The instructive is used to answer the ques
tions in what quantity?; as, En voinut kdvelld mailit-
tain, mutta vdhin erin, I could not walk miles
at once, but little by little; Molemmat
kuolivat, They both died.
247. Indefinte and unlimited periods of time, in
place of the adessive plural, is expressed by he in
structive ; as, aamuin } in the mornings; illoin,
in the evenings; Sin, in the nights.
Abessive.
248. The abessive denotes the lack or absence of
anything, or in the negative sense, manner, means, and
cause; as, Olen rahatta y I have no money (lit I
am without money) ; Rahatia en tule toimeen, lean-
not get along without money; Et eld tyota
tekemdtta, You cannot live without work
ing; Etko voi pnhuu nauramatta? Can you not
talk without laughing?
249. The preposition ilman, without,, used with
the partitive expresses the abessive case; as, Han on
ilman rahaa, He has no money or he is with
out any money.
128 FINNISH GRAMMAR
USE OF TENSES.
Indicative.
250. The present is used to indicate:
(a) An action that is going on at the present time.
It can be translated in the following ways: Mind sanon,
I s a y, I am saying, orldosay.
(b) Future action; as, Mind laulan huomenna, I
shall sing tomorrow.
251. The imperfect is used to denote:
(a) An action which is going on in the past time;
as, Tytto lakasi lattiaa, kun astuin huoneeseen. The
girl was sweeping the floor, when I en
tered the room.
(b) An action definitely completed in the past
time ; as, Tdnddn sain kirfeen, Today I received
a letter.
252. The perfect is equivalent to the English
Present Perfect; as, Olen saanut kirfeen, I
have received a letter.
Potential.
253. The potential expresses a possibility. The
present may refer to the present and future time; as
Han laulanee. He may sing; Han laulanee huo
menna, He may sing tomorrow.
254. The perfect denotes completed action in the
present and past; as, Han lienee laulanut, He might
have sung.
RULES OF SYNTAX 129
CONDITIONAL.
255. The present conditional refers to the present
and future time, while the perfect refers to completed
action in the present and past time; as, Han tekisi
tyotd, /os kaskisit, He would work, If you
asked him; Olisit tyosi saanut malmiiksi, fos ollsit
ollut ahkerampi, You would have completed
your work, if you had been more dili
gent; H*n oli, niinkuin minua el ollsi ollutkaan, H e
acted as the I had not been there.
256. The conditional mood in the independent
clause indicates:
(a) Result; as, Jos hdn niin sanoisi, niin hdn va-
lehteleisi, If he should say so he would
tell a lie.
(b) Wish in exclamations or doubt in exclamatory
questions, as, ]>ospa hdn tulisi! If he would
come! Minne menisin! Where should I go!
(c) Information, request, or question in polite
form ; as, Nyt olisi pdivdllinen valmis, Now the
dinner is ready, please; Antaisitteko minulle
kirjan ? Will you give me the book,
please?
257. Furthermore the conditional mood is used:
(a) In conditinoal clauses when the condition is
doubtful; as, Jos minulla olisi rahaa, niin menhin ul-
|30 FINNISH GRAMMAR
komaalle, If I had the money I should go
abroad.
(b) In concessvie clauses; as, Vaikka hdn kdskisi-
ikin minua, en sittenkddn Idhtisi, Even if he
asked me yet I would not go.
(c) In conditional clauses of comparison; as, Hdn
pufiuii ikddnkuin hdn tietdisi, He speaks as if
he knew.
(d) In final clauses to express the purpose of an
action; as, Aiti laulaa, ettd lapsi nukkuisi, The moth
er sings that the child may sleep.
(e) In relative clauses when the relative involves
some idea of purpose or quality, etc.; as, Minulla ei
die ketddn, fohon luottaisin, I have no one whom
I could trust; Mies, joka sanoisi tdmdn vdLehte-
leisij The man who would say thus would
tell a lie.
(f ) In temporal clause with kunnes or jahka, u n-
til; ennenkuin, before, to denote expected action.
The principal verb is then in the past time; as, Me
koetimme hdntd viivyttad tddlld kunnes isd tulisi, W e
tried to keep him here until father
came; Emme tahtoneet syodd ennenkuinhdnsaapuisi,
We did not want to eat before 'he came.
(g) In objective clauses with verbs asking, reques'.-
ing especially when they are in the past time; as, Ystd-
vd.nl pyysi, ettd muistaisin hdnt&, My friend re
quested that I should remember him.
RULES OF SYNTAX 131
(h) In indirect discourse; as, Isa sanoi ]uholle s
etta hdn Idhtisi kirkkoon, The father told John
that he should go to church.
Imperative.
258. The imperative is used in commands and re
quests. Thus, Anna kirja hanelle, Give him the
book; Elakoon Suomi! Long live Finland!
259. In concessive sense the perfect imperative is
rarely used ; as, Olkoon sanonut, Let him have
said.
260. The passive is impersonal; as, kirjoitetaan,
one writes or it is written, etc. ; Kirja on
luettu, The book is read; Minulle on sanottti,
I am told; Minna rakastetaan, I am loved, etc.
(See Lesson XX).
USE OF INFINITIVES.
261. The infinitive is a verbal noun capable of
inflection and of taking the possessive suffixes. It can
also take the object of an action. The fourth infin
itive is equivalent to an English participial infinitive
ending in -ing; as, sanominen, saying; kuolemi-
nen, dying, etc.
I 32 FINNISH GRAMMAR
First Infinitive.
262. The first infinitive has two forms:
(a)) The shorter form which is used without the
possessive suffixes; as, sanoa, to say; laulaa, to
sing, etc.
(b) The longer form is always used with the pos
sessive suffixes and expresses the purpose of the ac
tion of the main verb; as, Tuo leipad syddakseni,
Bring me some bread to eat (lit. bring me
some bread for my eating).
In English this action can be expressed by, in
order to, in order that, or by a simple infini
tive.
263. The shorter form is used:
(a) To express the object of an action; as, Onko
teilld hevosta myyda? Have you a horse to
sell?
(b) As a predicate noun in connection with an
adjective. The agent is denoted by the genitive; as,
Lakia on melkein mahdoton ihmisen tdyttaa, It is
almost impossible for man to live up to
the letter of the law; Kirj'a on hyva. lukea,
The book is good to read.
(c) As an attribute of substantives denoting oppor
tunity, righteousness, permission, duty, command, etc.;
as, Minulla on tilaisuss myydd taloni, I have a
chance to sell my house; Minulla on oikeus
RULES OF SYNTAX 133
ajaa mies ulos, I have a right to drive the
man out; Hdnella on lupa kysyd, He has per
mission to ask.
(d) As the subject of impersonal verbs pitdd, tdy-
tyy, tarvit$ee, tulee, sopii, kelpaa, kdskee, etc.; as,
Hdnen tdytyy mennd, He must go; Meiddn pitdd
tehdd, We must do, etc.
(e) As an object to define such verbs as voin, jak-
san, saaian, osaan, taidan, hdpeen, kehtaan, aion, etc.;
as, Hdn ei osaa tehdz mitddn, He does not know
how to do anything; Mind voin sen tehdd, 1
can do it, etc.
Second Infinitive.
264. The second infinitive is used:
(a) In the inessive to denote an action which
takes place at the same time with the principal verb.
The subject of the active form is expressed by the
subjective genitive (180) or by the possessive suffixes.
When the agent is not expressed the passive is used;
as, Kevddn tullessa linnut palaavat Suomeen, When
spring comes the birds return to Fin
land (lit. on the coming of spring the birds return
to Finland) ; Kyldd Idhetessdni, When I was ap
proaching the village; Kotiini palatessa ei
kuultu ketddn, When returning home no
one was heard; Palatessa viivyttiin viikko, 1 1
took one week to return.
]34 FINNISH GRAMMAR
The inessive of the second infinitive is used in place
of a temporal clause which is indicated in English
by when or as.
(b) In the instructive and to express manner in
which the action of the principal verb is performed;
as, Polka tuli itkien kotiin, The boy came home
crying; Tytto juoksi ohifseni nauraen, The girl
ran by me laughing.
Third Infinitive.
265. The third infinitive is used:
(a) In the inessive to denote action in which any
one is engaged ; as, H an on luistelemassa, He is
skating; Sind oil poikaa opettamassa, You were
teachi ng the boy.
(b) In the elative to designate an action from
which any one ceases, or from which any one is hin
dered or forbidden ; as, Tulen uimasta, I came from
swimming; Paha ilma esti minut tulemasta, Bad
weather prevented me from coming;
Kielsin lapsia ftioksemasta, I forbade the chil
dren to run.
(c) In the illative to express an action which is to
be performed by some one, or action for the perform
ance of which some one is fit or unfit, or for which
some one is encouraged. This case in its use closely
corresponds to the English infinitive; as, Mind menen
RULES OF SYNTAX 135
pait a noutamaan, I am going to get some
wood; Poika on hyvd lukemaan, The boy is
good in reading; Han ei kykene tdtd tekemdan,
He is unable to do this; Ystdvdni kehoitti mi~
nua laulamaan, My friend encouraged me
to sing.
(d) In the adessive to express the means by which
ai* action is performed, and with the verb olla, t o b e,
to denote an action which is about to take place. In
the latter case the possessive suffixes are used with
the infinitive; as, Lukemalla oppii, One learns by
reading; Olen nukkumaisillani, I am about to
sleep.
(e) In the abessive to denote action without which
the action of the principal verb occurs. The person is
expressed by the subjective genitive (180) and the
possessive suffix; as, Astuin huoneeseen sinun huomaa-
mattasi, I stepped into the room without
your noticing it; Se tiedetddn sanomattasikin,
It is known without your saying it.
NOTE Transitive verbs of the abessive case of the third
infinitive have often the passive or impersonal meaning; as
Kirja on lukematta, The book isnot read (lit. the book
is without reading).
(f) In the instructive with the verb pitdd in place
of the shorter form of the first infinitive; as, Meiddn
pitdd auttaman ystdvidmme, We must help our
friends; Tyo ptiad tehtdn&n, The work must
be done.
136 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Fourth Infinitive.
266. The fourth infinitive is used:
(a) In the nominative with impersonal verbs to
express an action which must be performed by some
one, or which is fit to be done by some one; as, Minun
on se tekeminen, I must do it; Kdyko niin sanomi-
nen? Is it proper to say so?
(b) In the partitive with the suffixes to express a
continuous action. It is used in negative sentences im
plying doubt ; as, Ehkd sinne ei ole menemista, 1 1
probably does not pay to go there; Tun-
sin, kuinka Idhenemistdni Idhenin tuota paikkaa, if
felt that I came nearer and nearer that
place.
USE OF PARTICIPLES.
267. Participles are verbal adjectives. The first
participle denotes a continuous action, the second
participle completed action.
268. Participles are used adjectively:
(a) As an attribute when it agrees in case and
number with the word it modifies. The first passive
participle expresses necessity or desirability; as, pu-
huttu kieli, the spoken language; laulava
lapsi, the singing child; laulavan lapsen, of
the singing child.
(b) To form compound tenses with the verb olla.
When the passive participle is used with this verb it
RULES OF SYNTAX 137
expresses desirability or necessity; as, Sinun on men-
tdvd veneelld, You must go by means of a
b at; Olin tehnyt tyoni, I had done my work.
(c) As predicate adjective, Mind olen kutsuttu, I
am invited; Sadut ovat opettavia, The fairy
tales are instructive.
(d) In the essive case the first participle with the
verb olla and the possessive suffix expresses something
pretended or supposed by the subject; as, Han luulee
olevansa viisas, He pretends to be wise;
Luulin tietdvdni, mutta en tiennytka&n, I thought I
knew but I did not.
(e) In the essive the first passive participle de
notes an action under whose influence some one is;
as, Han on setdnsd kasvatettavana, He is to be
educated by his uncle; Laiva on aaltojen
ajeltavana, The ship is being tossed by
the waves.
(f) In the translative the second active participle
with the verb tulla, to come, denotes incidental ac
tion, and with the verb saada, to receive, com
pleted action ; as, Hdn tuli sanoneeksi tdmdn asian, H e
happened to say this; Tuskin hdn sai sen sa
noneeksi, He could scarcely say it.
(g) As an appositive; as, Paljon kokeneena miehe-
na, tleddn sen, Being a much experienced
man I know it.
138 FINNISH GRAMMAR
269. Participles are used substantively :
(a) In the plural interior cases (seldom in the
exterior) to express state or condition of an object; as,
Han on r&kyvlssa, He is in sight; Mind en ollut
saapuvllla, I was not present.
(b) In the partitive when the second passive par
ticiple denotes an action antecedent to the action of
the principal verb. The subject of this temporal con
struction is expressed by the genitive and the possess
ive suffixes. Thus, Sydtyd Idhdetddn kdvelemddn,
After eating one goes for a walk; Han
tali lloiseksi heti hdnen poistuttuansa, He became
cheerful immediately after he had
gone.
270. The participles are used with the verbs feel
ing, observing, hoping, believing, guessing, saying,
thinking, knowing, etc., in place of the objective
clause which begins with ettd, th a t In this participial
construction the predicate must be in the accusative
singular ending in -72; as, Nam pojan tulevan (i.e.,
Nam, etta polka tulee) ; I saw the boy coming
(I saw that the boy is coming).
271. The subject of the participial construction is
put in the genitive if it is total (21) ; as, En ndhnyt
vleralden tulevan, I did not see the visitors
coming; in the partitive if the subject is partial
(45) ; as, Viholllnen ajattell sotamiehid oil linnassa) ,
The enemy thought the soldiers to be
in the fortification (The enemy thought
TABLES OF DECLENSION 139
that there were some soldiers in the
fortification); or the subject is expressed by
the possessive suffix if the principal verb and the
participial construction have the same subject; as, Han
luuli tehneensd siind oikein (Hdn luuli, ettd hdn teki
siind oikein), He thought to have done right
in that (He thought that he did right in
that).
The passive participal construction is without sub
ject and is impersonal; as, Niin kuulee usein sanotta-
van, One often hears that they say so.
TABLES OF DECLENSION
272. Declension of the noun, hevonen, horse.
All nouns or adjectives ending in -nen, are declined
according to this table
SINGULAR PLURAL
Norn. hevonen hevosejt
Ace \ hevonen hevose ,
ACC * i hevosejn
( hevosije/i
Gen. hevosej/z ( hev osjten
Ess. hevose|/w hevosf|na
Part. hevosfra hevosf|a
Trans. hevose[/cs hevosijksi
In. hevose ssa hevosf|ssa
El. hevosejsta
II. hevose! en hevosfw
140
FINNISH GRAMMAR
Ad.
Abl.
All.
Abes.
Com.
Instr.
hevose!//
hevosejto
hevosii/xe
hevostjlla
hevposf|lta
hevosf He
ansa
hevosi ne ansa
hevo$i\n
Norn.
Ace,
hevosij/z
NOTE n between two vowels is changed to s.
273. Declension of disyllabic nouns ending in i
in the nominative singular, e. g., kasi, hand; tuli,
fire.
NOTE The stem of Uie^e nouns ends in e.
SINGULAR
kasi tuli
( kasi j tuli
( kade|rc I tule n,
kadelrc tule n
katei/za tule na
kat\td tul|to
kadejfcsi tu\Q\ksi
kadejssa tulejssa
kadei^ta tulejsta
katej^/z tule en
kfidej//fl tulejZZa
kade[Zfa tulejZta
kade lie tuleiZZe
kadelftfi tulettfl
Gen.
Ess.
Part.
Trans.
In.
El.'
II.
Ad.
Abl.
All.
Abes.
Com.
Instr.
kade'/z
tulil/z
TABLES OP DECLENSION
141
Norn.
Ace.
Gen.
PLURAL
k&dejf
kfide't
j kasiJ0/z
j tuli\en
( katlten t tul'ten
Ess, kasfna tulz'na
Part. kasf | a tulfja
Trans. kasfkjsi tulzjksi
In. kasfjssa tulfjssa
EL kasfjSta tulz'ista
II. kasflf/z tulfji/x
Ad. kasf Ula tuli|lla
Abl. kasf|lta tulzjlle
All. kasf; lie tulfjlta
Abes. kasfitta tulfjtta
Com. kasf|nensa tulfinejnsa
Instr. kasf | n tuliln
274. Declension of the contracted or weakened
adjective rikas, rich; noun mies, man.
;^Q/FE :Nouns or adjectives ending in s in the nominative
singular are contracted or weakened, that is to say, in such
words a proper euphonic change of consonants and vowels
has occurred.
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Ess.
SINGULAR
rikas mies
j rikas mies
( rikkaain miehe]/z
rikkaa!/z miehejn
rikkaal/za miehe'na
142
FINNISH GRAMMAR
Part. rikas|a miesitd
Trans. rikkaaj/csz miehej/csz
In. rikkaajssa miehe ssd
EL rikkaajsia miehejsfa
II. rikkaajs#e/2 miehe en
Ad. rikkaaj/Za miehe|//a
Abl. rikkaa Ha miehe|/M
AIL rikkaaj/Ze miehellle
Abes. rikkaa|a mie'hejtta
Corn. rikka i\ne mieh i\ne\ns&
Instr. rikkajfj^ mieh i\n
PLURAL
Nom. rikkaaji miehelf
Ace. rikkaaji miehe|i
( rikasjf^/z mies|/^n
( rikkaij^e/z miehi\en
Ess. rikkafjna iniehfjna
Part. rikkafjta miehija
Trans. rikkaf|ksi miehz|ksi
In. rikkazjssa miehf|ssa
EL rikkafjsta miehji sta
II. rikkaf^fm mieh|ffn
Ad. rikka[Ila miehzjlla
Abl. rikkarjlta miehz|lta
All. rikkafjlle miehijlle
Abes, rikkaf|tta mietfu|tta
Com. rikkaf|ne miehzjnejnsa
Instr. rikkafjn miehzln
TABLES OF DECLENSION
143
275. Declension of the first participle active, lau-
lava, singing.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom.
laulava
laulavajt
Ace.
j laulava
(laulava|/i
laulavajf
( laulava'z/z
Gen.
laulavaj/z
i
t laulavi[erz
Ess.
laulava na
laulavf na
Part.
laulavaja
laulavf' a
Trans.
laulava ksi
laulavf | ksi
In.
laulava \ssa
laulavf i ssa
El.
laulavajsta
laulavf I sta
11.
laulavajarc
laulavf | in
Ad.
laulava|ZZa
laulavf|lla
Abl.
laulava* 1 It a
laulavf Ita
All.
laulavaj/te
laulavf [lie
Abes.
laulava tta
laulavf tta
Com.
laulavij/ze
laulavf]ne
Instr.
laulavf|/i
laulavfjn
276. Declension of the second
participle active,
laulanut, sung.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom.
laulanut
laulanee|t
Ace.
j laulanut
( laulaneej/z
laulaneejt
Gen.
laulaneejn
( laulanezjtten
Ess.
laulanee na
laulaneijna
144
FINNISH GRAMMAR
Part.
Trans.
In.
EL
II.
Ad.
Abi.
All
Abes.
Com.
Instr.
laulanutjta
laulaneel/csf
laulanee lie
laulaneetfa
laulanefi/z 1
laulanefjta
laulanef ksi
laulanef|ssa
laulanefjsta
laulanef|sfz/z
laulanefjlla
laulanefljta
laulanef] lie
laulanef tta
laulanef ne 1
laulanefjn 1
277. Declension of pieni poika, a small boy.
PLURAL
pienejtf poja|tf
piene t poja t
' } pien\ten poika \in
. pieni|#/z poiki|^/z
pienf jna poikf|na
pienf 'a poikfja
pienfjksi pojfj'ksi
pien fssa pojflssa
pienf sta pojf sta
pienf \in poikf|fn
pienf lla pojfjlla
pienfjlta pojf Ita
pienf lie pojf lie
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Ess.
Part.
Trans.
In.
EL
II.
Ad.
Abl.
AIL
SINGULAR
pieni poika
j pieni poika
[piene n poja
pienejft poja n
piene nd poikaj/za
pienjM poikaja
pienej/csf pojaite"
pienejssa poja\s$a
piene \s id pojalsto
pienei^n poika\an
piene|/Za
pienej/M
pienQ\lle
1 Very seldom used.
TABLES OF DECLENSION
145
Abes. piene tta pojajfta pienz'jtta pojz tta
Com. pitnine poikine nsa pienz'jne poik/ne nsa
Instr. pienz" n pojz"|/z pienz n pojz'n
278. Declension of the comparative, pienempi
smaller.
SINGULAR
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Ess.
Part.
Trans.
In.
EL
II.
Ad.
Abl.
AIL
Abes.
Com.
pienempi
f pienempi
j pienenrtmaj/z
pienemma|/z
pienempaj/w
pi en empale
pienemma|A:5z
pienemma|sifl
pienempa|<z/z
pienemma|/Za
pienemmalZta
pienemmaj//
pienemma,fM
pienempij/ze
279. Declension of the superlative, pienln, small
est.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
pienemnna t
fpienemina.f
[pienempa in
pienempz'e/z
pienempi na
pienempz" a
pienemmz'. 1 ksi
pienemmz; ssa
pienemmz sta
pienempi" in
pienemmz. Ha
pienemmz Ita
pienemmz lie
pienemmz tta
pienernprne
Nom.
Ace.
pienm
f pienin
( pienimnia|/z
PLURAL
pienimmail
pienirnmait
146
FINNISH GRAMMAR
Gen.
Ess.
Part.
f pienimpa|m
pienimma|/i
(pienimpa|/za
I pienimpi
en
pienin
ten
piemmpajtf
pienimma[/csi
pienimpf|na
pienimpz|a
pienimnu|'ksi
a pienimmr
pienimmajsia pienimmz
ssa
sta
an
pienimpa
pienimma|//a
pienimma|/fa
pienimmajZZe
pienimpijfn
pienimmf|//a
/;
Trans.
In.
EL
II.
Ad.
Abl.
AIL
Abes.
Com.
280. Declension of the personal pronouns mina,
t h o u ; han, he, she; me, we; te, you;
piemmnu
pienimmi
ltd
lie
pienimpi
ne
pienimmf|tta
pienimpflne
he, the y.
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Ess.
Part.
Trans.
In.
EL
II.
SINGULAR
mind
sind
hdn
j minu n
( sinu n
( hane|/z
[ minu t
(sinu t
1 hane|*
minujft
sinul/z
hane|/z
minu na
sinu|^a
hane|/za
mnu
a
mmu|5sa
minu]$fa
minu un
sinu | a
sinu ksi
sinu ssa
sinuJ5to
sinulzz/z
hane ssa
hane
sta
hane en
TABLES OF DECLENSION
147
Ad.
minujZZa
sinu|ZZa
hane^ZZa
Abl.
minujZfa sinu|Zfa
h&nelta
AIL
minujZZe sinujZZtf
hanejZZe
Abes.
mfnujfta
sinu tta
hanejte*
PLURAL
Nom.
me
te
he
Ace.
meiiddt
tei\ddt
hei\ddt
Gen.
mei\ddn
tei dan
hd\ddn
Ess.
mei\nd
tei nd
tei nd
Part.
mei
id
tei ta
tei\ta
Trans.
mei ksi
teij/csi
tei\ksi
In.
mei|ssa
tei\ssa
teilssa
El.
meijsM
tei std
teilstd
11.
mei
hin
tei\hin
tei\hin
Ad.
mei|ZZa tei|ZZa
tei\lla
Abl.
mei|Zfa
tei|M
td\ltd
All.
mei
lie
tei|ZZ^
tei\lle
Abes.
mei
tei|fta
teifttfl
281. Declension of the first person singular of
the possessive suffix, -/zf, m y.
SINGULAR
Nom. kirja ni, my book
Ace. kirja|/zz, my book
Gen. kirjajm^ of my boik
Ess. kirjana|;z, as my book
Part. kirjaal/u,, (some of) my book
Trans. kirjaksejm, (for) my book
In. kirjassa|m, in my book
148 FINNISH GRAMMAR
EL kirjasta|/iz, from my book
II. kirjaaj/H, into my book
Ad. kirj alia j/n",, on my book
Abl. kirjalta|m, from my book
All. kirjallel/zf, to my book
Abes. kirjattaj/zz", without my book
Com. kirjoinej/zz", with my book
PLURAL
Jsfom. kirja ni, my books
Ace. kirja ru 3 my books
Gen. kirjai|m, of my books
Ess. kirjoinajm, as my books
Part. kirjojaj/zi,, (some of) my books
Trans. 'kirjoikse|/zz, (for) my books
In. kirjoissa|/zz, in my books
El. kirjoista|/zz", from my books
II. kirjoihilm, into my books
Ad. kirjoillajm, on my boo^ks
Abl. kirjoilta|/, from my books
All. kirjoillejm, to my books
Abes. kirjoitta|n, without my books
Com. kirjoinej/zfj with my books
282. Declension of the second person singular of
the possessive suffix -sz, thy.
TABLES OF DECLENSION 149
SINGULAR
Nom. kirjalsf,, thy book
Ace. kirja|sf, thy book
Gen. kirjajsz,, thy book
Ess. kirjanajsij as thy book
Part. kirjaajsz, (some of) thy book
Trans. kirjaksejsf, (for) thy book
In. kirjassasi, in thy book
El. kirjastajsi., from thy book
II. kirjaajsf, into thy book
Ad. kirjallajsz", on thy book
Abl. kirjaltajsz, from thy book
AIL kirjallejsi, to thy book
Abes. kirjattajsz, without thy book
Com. kirjoinejsz,, with thy book
PLURAL
Nom. kirjajsz"., thy books
Ace. kirjasz", thy books
Gen. kirjaijsz,, of thy books
Ess. kirjoinalsij as thy books
Part. kirjojalsfj (some of) thy books
Trans. kirjoikse|si, (for) thy books
In. kirjoissai^f, in thy books
EL kirjoista|sf, from thy books
II. kirjoihijsf,, into thy books
Ad. kirjoilla|sf, on thy books
Abl. kirjoiltajsf, from thy books
AIL kirjoille'sf, to thy books
150 FINNISH GRAMMAR
Abes. 'kirjoittajsi, without thy books
Com. kirjoine si, with thy books.
283. Declension of the third person singular and
plural of the possessive suffix -nsa. Thus, kirfansa,
may mean, his, her, or their book.
SINGULAR
Norn. kirjsL\nsa } his book
Ace. kirjsL\nsa, his book
Gen. kirjaj/zm, of his book
Ess. kirjanal/zsa, as his book
Part. kirjaa|7i$a, (some of) his book
Trans. kirjaksej/zsa, for his book
In. kirjassa|/is<2,, in his book
El. kirjasta|/wa, from his book
Ad. 'kirja.3L\nsa, into his book
II. kirjallaj/zsa, on his book
Abl. kirjalta|/zsa, from his book
All. kirjalle nsa, to his book
Abes. kirjatta|/z$a, without his book
Com. kirjoine nsa, with his book
PLURAL
Nom. kirjsi\nsa, his books
Ace. kirja|/zsa, his boo'ks
Gen. kirjai\nsa, of his books
Ess. kirjoina|/isa., as his books
Part. kirjoja[/zs#, (some of) his books
Tran. kirjoikse[/z$a, for his books
TABLES OF DECLENSION I 5 1
In. kirjoissaj/zsa, in his books
EL kirjoista n$a } from his books
II. kirjoihi|/z$a, into his books
Ad. kirjoilla[/z$<2, on his books
Abl. kirjoiltaJTtsa., from his books
All. kirjoillej/z$-#, to his books
Abes. kirjoitta]/xsa,, without his books
Com. kirjoine|/z$aj with his books
NOTE -nsa is declined in the same :nanner as -nsa.
284. Declension of the first person plural of the
possessive suffix ~mme, our. The second person plural
is declined in the same manner as the first person
-mme.
SINGULAR
Nom. kirja|m77i, our book
Ace. kirj a j 77X7710, our book
Gen. kirja| 7717710, of our book
Ess. kirjana mme, as our book
Part. kirjaalmme,, (some of) our book
Trans. kirjaksejmme,, for our book
In. kirjassa] mm , in our book
EL kirjastajmme, from our book
II. kirjaajmm^ into our book
Ad. kirjalla]m7n^ on our book
Abl. kirjalta|m77ie,> from our book
All. kirjallejmTTi^ to our book
Abes. kirjatta]mme, without our book
Com. kirjoine mme, with our book
152
FINNISH GRAMMAR
PLURAL
Norn.
Ace.
Gen.
Ess.
Part.
Trans.
In.
El.
II.
Ad.
Abl.
All
Abes.
Com.
kirja
kirja
mme, our books
mme y our books
kirjai|m/n^ of our books
kirjoinajmm^ as our books
kirjoja|mme, (some of) our books
kirjoiksej/nm^ for our books
kirjoissa mme, In our books
kirjoista l/nm^ from our books
kirjolhil/nm^ into our books
kirjoillajrame, on our books
kirjoiltajmm^ from our books
kirjoillejmm^ to our boo-ks
kirjoitta|m/72, without our books
kirjoine|/nm^ with our books
285. Declension of the demonstrative pronouns
y this; tuo, that; se, it or that.
SINGULAR
Norn. tdmd tuo
se
. ( tdmdln ( tuo
Ace. i .. 1
( idma ( tuo
n
{seln
Ise
Gen. tarn
Ess. ta[n
a n tuo
a tuo
n
na
se n
si na
Part. tajfa tuo ta
si\td
Trans. tai&si tuo
ksi
si ksi
In. tajs.
?fl tuoj ssa
sii na
El. ta s
td tuolsta
sii td
TABLES OF DECLENSION
153
II.
Ad.
Abl.
AIL
tajM/z
tSZJa
m\lle
tuo\hon
tuo lla
tuo Ha
tno\lle
PLURAL
sli\hen
sillla
sl\ltd
si lie
f nama
Nom.
J
nuc
)
ne
(^ ndmtilt
Ace.
ndmd\t
nuo
ne
Gen.
( na.l\den
I n<ten
j noi den
I nal\tten
( ml\den
I nirMen
Ess.
nai nd
noij
na
nil nd
Part.
n&l\td
noi
ta
nil td
Trans.
naij/csi
noi
ksi
nil ksi
In. -
nai ssd
noi
ssa
nil ssd
El.
n&l\std
noi
sta
nii 'sta
11.
nal\hin
nQilhin
nii hin
Ad.
naijZ/a
noi
lla
nil lid
Abl.
nai ltd
noi
Ita
nii ltd
All.
nai lie
noi
lie
nll\lle
286. Declension of the relative pronoun joka, who
which. For mikd, who, which, what, see 287.
SINGULAR
Nom. jo\ka
Ace. jol/z'&a
Gen.
Ess.
jo\n\ka
joj/za
jolt ka
( jol\den
( joi\tten
joilna
154
FINNISH GRAMMAR
Part.
JQ\ta joi
ta
Xrans.
jo/csf joi\ksi
In.
jo\ssa joi
ssa
EL
jo|sta joi
sta
11.
jo\hon joi
hin
Ad.
jo //a joi lla
Abl.
jo Ita joi
Ita
All.
jo lie joi
lie
287. Declension
of the interrogatives
kuka, ken,
who; mikd, what.
SINGULAR
Nom. ku\ka ken
mi|M
Ace.
kenejf
mi|n- kd
Gen.
kene n
mi n\kd
Part. kujta ke td
mi td
"Trans.
kene|s$a
'mi\ksi
In. kujssa kene|sfa
mi\ssd
EL
kenelen
mi\std
11. ku\hun kene en
mi\hm
Ad.
kene lid
mi\lld
Abl.
kene|/ta
mi| ltd
All.
kene|//g
mi\lle
PLURAL
Nom. ku t
ka ke t\kd
ml\t\kd
Ace. kujtj/ca ke t\kd
mi\t\kd
( kui\den ( kei\den
Gen * I kui\tten I kQi\tten
TABLES OF CONJUGATION 155
Part. keijifl
Trans. keij/csz"
In. keijssa
EL ksi\sta (Other cases
II. kei|/zz'/z are declined
Ad. kei|ZZ5 like singular)
Abl. keijM
All. kei lie
umpi, which of -the two, is declined like
a comparative (see 278); kumpainen, which one, like ad
jectives and nouns ending 1 in -nen (see 272).
TABLES OF CONJUGATION
288. Active affirmative and negative conjugation
of olla, t o b e.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT.
Affirmative.
Negative.
olen
olemme
en ole
emme ole
olet
olette
et ole
ette ole
on
ovat
ei ole
eivat ole
I am, etc.
I
am not, etc.
IMPERFECT.
Affirmative.
Negative.
olin
olimme
en ollut
ette olleet
olit
olitte
et ollut
eiva*t olleet
Oil
olivat
ei ollut
emme olleet
I was, etc.
I was not, etc.
156 FINNISH GRAMMAR
PERFECT.
Affirmative.
olen ollut olemme olleet
olet ollut olette olleet
on ollut ovat olleet
I have been, etc.
Negative.
en ole ollut emme ole olleet
et ole ollut ette ole olleet
ei ole ollut eivat ole olleet
I have not been, etc.
PLUPERFECT.
Affirmative.
olin ollut olimme olleet
olit ollut olitte olleet
oli ollut olivat olleet
I had been, etc.
Negative.
en ollut ollut emme olleet olleet
et ollut ollut ette olleet olleet
ei ollut ollut eivat olleet olleet
I had not been, etc.
TABLES OF CONJUGATION 157
POTENTIAL
PRESENT
A ffirmativ e Nega tiv e
lienen lienemme en liene emme Iiene
lienet lienette et liene ette liene
lienee lienevat ei liene eivat liene
I may be, etc. I may not be, etc,
PERFECT
Affirmative
lienen ollut lienemme olleet
lienet ollut lienette olleet
ei liene ollut lienevat olleet
I might have been, etc.
Negative
en liene ollut i emme liene olleet
et liene ollut ette liene olleet
ei liene ollut eivat liene olleet
I might not have been, etc.
CONDITIONAL
PRESENT
Affirmative Negative
olisin olisimme en olisi emme olisi
olisit olisitte et olisi ette olisi
olisi olisivat ei olisi eivat olisi
I should be, etc. I should not be, etc.
158 FINNISH GRAMMAR
PERFECT
Affirmative
olisin ollut olisimme olleet
olisit ollut olisitte olleet
olisi ollut olisivat olleet
I should have been, etc.
Negative
en olisi ollut emme olisi olleet
et olisi ollut ette olisi olleet
ei olisi ollut eivat olisi olleet
I should not have been, etc.
IMPERATIVE
Affirmative
olkaamme, let us be
ole, be olkaatte, be
olkoon, let him be olkoot, let them be
Negative
alkaamme olko, let us
n o t be
ala ole, b e n o t al'kaa (tte) olko, b e n o t
alkoon olko, let him alkoot olko, let them
not be notbe
TABLES OF CONJUGATION 159
INFINITIVES
I. shorter, olla, to be III. Ines. olemassa, etc. in
longer, ollakseni, in being
order that I IV. Nom. oleminen, b e-
might be (lit. i n g, (must) b e
for my being) Part, olemista, being
II. Ines. ollessa, in b e-
ing.
PARTICLES
I. oleva, being II. ollut, been
289. Passive affirmative and negative conjugation
of olla, t o b e.
INDICATIVE
Affirmative Negative
PRESENT
ollaan, o n e i s ei olla, one is not
IMPERFECT
oltiin, o n e w a s ei oltu, one was not
PERFECT
on oltu, one has been eiole oltu, one has not
been
PLUPERFECT
oli oltu, o n e h a d ei oltu, oltu, one had
been notbeen
160 FINNISH GRAMMAR
POTENTIAL
PRESENT
oltaneri, one may be ei oltane, one may not
be
PERFECT
llenee oltu, one might ei liene oltu, one might
have been nothavebeen
CONDITIONAL
PRKrfKXT
oltaisiin, one should ei oltaisi, one should
be not b e
PERFECT
ei olisi oltu, one should olisi oltu, one should
nothavebeen havebeen
IMPERATIVE
oltakoon, let one be alkoon oltako, let one
n ot be
INFINITIVES
II. Ines. ! taissa I (in) one's being
oltaessa j
III. Instr. oltaman,
(must) be
PARTICIPLES
I. oltava, (must) be II. oltu, been
290. Active affirmative and negative conjugation
the verb sanoa, to say.
TABL/ES OF CONJUGATION
161
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
Affirmative Negative
sanol/z sano[/7im en sano emme sano
sano t sano tie et sano ette sano
sano o s&no\vat ei sano eivat sano
I s a y, etc. I do not say, etc.
IMPERFECT
Affirmative
sano! in en sanonut
sano | i t et sanonut
sano i ei sanonut
I said, etc.
Negative
emme sanoneet
ette sanoneet
eivat sanoneet
I did not say, etc.
sano If
mme
sano
tte
sano
|vat
PERFECT
Affirmative
olen sanonut olemme sanoneet
olet sanonut olette sanoneet
on sanonut ovat sanoneet
I have said, etc.
Negative
en ole sanonut emme ole sanoneet
et ole sanonut ette ole sanoneet
ei ole sanonut eivat ole sanoneet
I have not said, etc.
]62 FINNISH GRAMMAR
PLUPERFECT
Affirmative
en ollut sanonut olimme sanoneet
et ollut sanonut olitte sanoneet
el ollut sanonut olivat sanoneet
I 'h a d said, etc.
Negative
emme olleet sanoneet en ollut sanonut
ette olleet sanoneet et ollut sanonut
eivat olleet sanoneet ei ollut sanonut
I had not said, etc.
POTENTIAL
PRESENT
Affirmative
sano
neln sano
ne mme
et sano \ne
sano \ne
tte
sano
ne e sano
ne vat
I may say, etc.
Negative
en sanoj/ze emme sano|/z
et sano|ne ette sano ne
ei sano|/ze eivat sano|/z#
I may not say, etc.
TABLES OF CONJUGATION
163
Affirmative
PERFECT
lienen sanonut lienemme sanoneet
lienet sanonut lienette sanoneet
lienee sanonut lienevat sanoneet
I might have said, etc.
Negative
en liene sanonut emme liene sanoneet
et liene sanonut ette liene sanoneet
ei liene sanonut ivat liene sanoneet
I might not have said, etc.
CONDITIONAL
PRESENT
Affirmative
sano
sano
isi mme
isi
tte
sano isi\n
sano[isi|t
sano|m" sano \isi\ vat
I should say, etc.
Negative
en sano isi
et sano
isi
emme sano|zsz
ette sano isi
ei sano|s eivat sanojisf
I should not say, etc.
]64 FINNISH GRAMMAR
PRESENT
Affirmative
olisin olisimme sanoneet
olisit sanonut olisitte sanoneet
olisi sanonut olisivat sanoneet
I should have said, etc.
Negative
en olisi sanonut emme olisi sanoneet
et olisi sanonut ette olisi sanoneet
ei olisi sanonut eivat olisi sanoneet
I should not have said, etc.
IMPERATIVE
Affirmative
, sano|fcoo|, 1 et them say
sano, say sa.no\kaa(tte) , say
sano|koo|n, 1 e t h i m s a y sano|/c^|mme, 1 e t u s s a y
Negative
alkaamme sano|/co, let us
not say
alkaatte sano ko, s a y n o t
alkoot sanol/co, let them
ala sano, saynot notsay
alkoon sano|/co^ let him sano|/coo|n, let him
notsay say
TABLES OF CONJUGATION ] 55
I. shorter, sano
longer, sano
INFINITIVES
a, to say
a kse (In) In order that I may
may say (lit. for my saying)
II. Ines.
fsanodssa i .
-} ., I i n s a y i n g
(sano|j|ssa J &
Inst.
(sano
i|n j w i t h or by saying
!y .
i sano
n J saying
III. Ines.
sano
ma ssa, In saying, saying
El.
sano|masta, from saying
11.
sano ma an, (to) say, saying
Ad.
sano
ma tta, without saying, not
Abes.
saying
sano
majlla, by saying
Instr.
sano
majn, (must) say
IV. Nom.
sano
minen, saying
Part.
sanol/nis ta, (something) to say
PARTICLES
I. sano|v<2, saying
II. Nom. $&no\nut } said
Gen. sano|/ie^|n, of saying
291. Passive affirmative and negative conjugation
of sanoa, to say.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
Affirmative Negative
sano|fa]an, one says ei sanojfa,, one doesnot
say
166 FINNISH GRAMMAR
IMPERFECT
sano|ttf|in, one did say ei sano|to, one did not
say
PERFECT
on sanojttu, o n e h a s ei ole sano|ttzz, one has
said notsaid
PLUPERFECT
oli sano tta, o n e h a d ei oltu sano ttu 3 one had
said notsaid
POTENTIAL
PRESENT
sano|ftaie|en, one may ei sano ttane, one may
say no t say
PERFECT
lienee sano|to, one ei liene sanojto, one
might have said m igh t n o t h a v e s a i d
CONDITIONAL
PRESENT
sano|#afci|in, one ei sano ttaisi, one
wouldsay * wouldnotsay
PERFECT
olisi sano|to, one ei olisi sano|to,, one
would have said would have not
said
TABLES OF CONJUGATION*
IMPERATIVE
sano|to&0|on, let one eisanojifa&o, le t one n ot
say say
INFINITIVES
in) one *s
III. Instr. sano ttama\n, (must be) said
PARTICIPLES
> ttava, (to be or must be) said
II. sano
ttu, said
292. Active affirmative and negative conjugation
of the verb saada, to receive.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
Affirmative Negative
saa n saaj/nme en saa emme saa
saa t saa tie et saa ette saa
'saa saajwrf ei saa eivat saa
I receive, etc. I do not receive, etc.
IMPERFECT
Affirmative Negative
sa|zn sa|f[mme en saanut emme saaneet
saf|t sajzjtte et saanut ette saaneet
sa|f sa|z|vat ei saanut eivat saaneet
I received, etc. I did not receive, etc.
FINNISH GRAMMAR
PEKETSOT
Affirmative
olen saanut olemme saaneet
olet saanut olette saaneet
on saanut ovat saaneet
I have received, etc.
Negative
en ole saanut emme ole saaneet
et ole saanut ette ole saaneet
ei ole saanut elvat ole saaneet
I have not received, etc.
PLUPERFECT
Affirmative
olin saanut olimme saaneet
olit saanut olitte saaneet
oli saanut olivat saaneet
I had received, etc.
Negative
en ollut saanut emme olleet saaneet
et ollut saanut ette olleet saaneet
ei ollut saanut eivat olleet saaneet
I had not received, etc.
TABLES OF CONJUGATION | 9
POTENTIAL
PRESENT
Affirmative Negative
ne emme saal/z#
saa/ze
saa
ne
saa
ne e
mme en saa
tte et saa ne ette s
vat ei saa \ne eivat
I may receive, etc. I may not receive,
etc.
PERFECT
Affirmative
lienen saanut Henemme saaneet
lienet saanut lienette saaneet
lienee saanut lienevat saaneet
I might have received, etc.
Negative
en liene saanut emme liene saaneet
et liene saanut ette liene saaneet
ei liene saanut eivat liene saaneet
I might not have received, etc.
CONDITIONAL
PRESENT
Affirmative Negative
sa list
mme en sa \isi emme sa
152
sajfsijt sa|zsz|tte et sajzsf ette sa isi
sa
isi sa zsz
vat ei sa lisi eivat salfsi
I should receive, should not receive,
etc. etc.
PERFECT
Affirmative
olisin saanut olisimme saaneet
olisit saanut olisitte saaneet
olisi saanut olisivat saaneet
I should have received, etc.
Negative
en olisi saanut emme olisi saaneet
et olisi saanut ette olisi saaneet
ei olisi saanut eivat olisi saaneet
I should not have received, etc.
IMPERATIVE
Affirmative
___ sa.&\kaa mme, let us re
ceive
saa, receive saa|faza|tte, receive
saa[/coon, let him re- saa|fcoo|f, let them re
ceive ceive
Negative
--- alkaamme saa|/co, let us
not re c eive
alasaa, receieve not
, , . rec-eivenot
alkoon H*> let him ^ . let them
not receive r j c eive
TABLES OF CONJUGATION
INFINITIVES
171
I. shorter, saa|da, to receive
longer, saa dajkse (ni), in order that I may
receive (lit. for my receiving)
II. In.
saa
de
ssa, in receiving
Instr.
saa|de
n, by or with receiving
III. In.
saa
ma
ssa, in receiving, receiv-
ing
El.
saa
ma
sta, from receiving
11.
saa
ma
an, (to) receive, receiving
Ad.
saa
ma|lla, by receiving
Abes.
saamajtta, without receiving,
not receiving
Instr.
&&\minen } receiving
IV. Norn.
saa
ma
n, (must) receive
Part.
saa
mista, (something) to receive
PARTICIPLES
I. saa va ) receiving II. saa]/zzz^ received
293. Passive affirmative and negative conjugation
of the verb saada, to receive.
INDICATIVE
Affirmative Negative
PRESENT
saa|<&z|an, one re- ei saa[da, one does not
c ei v es
receive
172 FINNISH GRAMMAR
IMPERFECT
saa ti\in, o n e r e- ei $&SL\tu 3 one did not
reived receive
PERFECT
on saa|ta, one -has re- ei ole saa|ta, one has not
ceived ceived
PLUPERFECT
oli saa|te, o n e h a d ei oltu saa tu, one had
received not received
POTENTIAL
PRESENT
saa|toze|en, one may ei saa tone, one may not
receive receive
PERFECT
lienee saajta, one ei liene saajta, one
might have re- mightnothave re
ceived ceived
CONDITIONAL
PRESENT
saa|faisz|in, one would ei saajtoisZj one would
receive notreceive
PERFECT
olisi saa|ta, one would ei olisi saa ta,,onewould
have received n o t h a ve r e ce ive d
VERB STEMS 173
INFINITIVES
saa|ta/cojon, 1 e t o n e r e- ei saa tako, let o n e n o t
ceive receive
TT T (saaitadssa ) ,. . , . .
II. Ines. ' (. (m) ones receiving
(saa|tojssa )
III. Instr. saatanaln
PARTICIPLES
I. saa.\tava, (must be) received
II. saa tu } received
FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS
294. The vowel stem of the verb is found by drop
ping ->koon or -koon, the endings of the third person
singular of the imperative active; as, sano kvon, vowel
stem sano- 1 syo\kodn, vowel stem syo-.
295. The consonanut stem may be found by drop
ping the same endings, -koon, -koon, of the imperative
active, as, tul\koon 3 consonant stem tul-; pes\koon,
consonant stem pes-.
It should be noticed that all the consonant stems
end in e in the present indicative active; as tu\len,
pese\n, pane\n, etc.
174
FINNISH GRAMMAR
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VERBS
296. Alphabetical list of verbs showing the first
person singular of the present indicative, the third
person singular of the imperfect indicative, the third
person singular of the imperative active, and the im
perative passive:
Present Imperfect Imperative
Imperative
Indicative Indicative Active
Passive
aicn aikoi aikokoon
aiottakoon
ajan ajoi ajakoon
ajettakoon
alan aikoi alkakoon
alettakoon
annan antoi antakoon
annettakoon
astun astui astukoon
astuttakoon
( auttoi
autan j autti auttakoon
autettakoon
eksyn eksyi eksykoon
eksyttakooE
elan eli elakoon
elettakoon
erehdyn erehtyi erehtykoon
erehdyttakoon
haluan halusin halutkoon
haluttakoon
hankin hankki hankkikoon
hankittakoon
heitan heitti heittakoon
heittakoon
huomaiitan liuomautti huomauttakoon
huomautettakoon
f huusi
huudan j huuti huutakoon
huudettakoon
huvitan huvitti
hyppaan hyppasi
hairitsen hairitsi
ihailen ihaili
huvittakoon
hypatkoon
hairitkoon
Ihailkoon
huvitettakoon
hypattakoon
hairittakooii
ihailtakoan
LIST OF VERBS
175
imen
iml
iniekoon
imettakoon
istun
istui
istukoon
istuttakoon
itken
itki
itkekoon
itkettakoon
jatkan
jatkoi
jatkakoon
jatkettakoon
Juhlin
juhli
juhlikoon
juhlittakoon
juon
joi
juokoon
juotakoon
jatan
jatti
jattakoon
jatettakoon
kalastan
kalasti
kalastakoon
kalastettakoon
kannan
kantoi
kantakoon
kannettakoon
kasvan
kasvoi
kasvakoon
kasvettakoon
katson
katsoi
katsokoon
katsottakoon
keitan
keitti
keittakoon
keitettakoon
keraan
kerasi
keratkoon
kerattakoon
kiitan
kiitt!
kiittakoon
kiitettakoon
kirjoitan.
kirjoitti
kirjoittakaon
klrjoitettakoon
koetan
koetti
koettakoon
koetettakoon
kohtaan
kohtasi
kohdatkoon
kohdattakO'On
konttaan
konttasi
kontatkoon
kontattakoon
kuulen
kuuli
kuulkoon
kuultakoon
kunnioitan
kunnioitti
kunnioittakoon
kunnloitettakoon
kuritan
kuritti
kurittakoon
kurltettakoon
kutsun
kutsui
kutsukoo'H
kutsuttakoon
kudon
kutoi
kutokoon
kudottakoon
kylailen
kylaili
kylailkoon
kylailtakoon
kysyn
kysyi
kysyk56n
kysyttakoon
kavelen
kaveli
kavelkoon
kaveltakoon
lennan
lensi
lentakoon
lennettakoon
lepaan
lepasi
levatkoon
levattakoon
loistan
loisti
loistakoon
loistettakoon
lopetan
lopetti
lopettakoan
lopetettakoon
loukkaan
loukkasi
loukatkoon
loukattakoon
luen
lukl
lukekoon
luettakoon
luulen
hiuli
luulkoon
luultakoon
lyon
151
lyokoon
lyotakoon
176
FINNISH GRAMMAR
lahden lahti
lahtekoon
lahdettakoon
lahetan lahetti
lahettakoon
lahetettakoon
maksan maksoi
maksakoon
maksettakoon
matkustan matkusti
matkustakoon
matkustettakoon
melon meloi
melokoon
melottakoon
menen meni
menkoon
mentakoon
menetan menetti
menettakob'n
menetettakoon
menestyn menestyi
menestykoon
men esty ttakoon
merkitsen merkitsi
merkitkoon
merkittakoon
metsastan metsasti
metsastakoon
metsastettakdon
muistan muisti
muistakoon
muistettakoon
muodostan muodosti
m-uodostakoon
muodostettakoon
muutun muuttui
muuttukoon
muututtakoon
myyn mo I
myykoon
myytakoon
myohastyn myohastyi
myohastykoon
myohastyttakoon
nauran nauroi
naurakoon
naurettakoon
nousen nousi
nouskoon
noustakoon
xMihtelen nuhteli
nuhdelkoon
nuhdeltakoon
nukun nukkui
nukkukoon
nukTittakoon
naen naki
nahkoon
nahtakoon
naytan naytti
nayttakoon
naytettakoon
odotan odotti
odottakoon
odotettakoon
\ ojensi
ojennan -j . ..
ojentakoon
ojennettakoon
olen oli
olkoon
oltakoon
omistan omisti
omistakoon
omistettakoon
ongin onkl
onkikoon
ongittakoon
opin oppi
oppikoon
opi ttakoon
osaan osasi
osatkoon
osattakoon
ostan osti
ostakoon
ostettakoon
otan otti
ottakoon
otettakoon
painan painoi
painakoon
painettakoon
paistan paistoi
paistakoon
paistettakoon
palkitsen palkitsi
palkitkoon
palklttakoon
LIST OF VERBS
177
poltan
poltti
polttakoon
poltettakoon
panen
pani
pankoon
pantakoon
peitan
peitti
peittakoon
peitettakooa
pelkaan
pelkasi
pelatkoon
pelattakoon
perin
peri
perikoon
perittakoon
pesen
pesi
peskoon
pestakoon
pidan
pit!
pitakoon
pidettakoon
poimin
poimi
poimikoon
poImlttakooE
potkaisen
potkaisi
potkaiskoon
poitkaistakoon
putoan
putosi
pudotkoon
pudottakooia
puren
puri
purkoon
purtakoon
pyydan
pyysi
pyytakoon
pyydettakoon
paasen
paasi
paaskoon
paastakoon
paatan
paatti
paattakoon
paatettakoon
raKastan
rakasti
rakastakoon
rakastettakoon
repaisen
repaisi
repaiskoon
repaistakoon
rukoilen
rukoili
rukoilkoon
rukoiitakoon
saan
sai
saakoon
saatakoon
saavun
saapui
saapukoon
saavuttakoon
saiiin
salli
sallikoon
sallittakcon
sanon
sanoi
sanokoon
sanottakoon
seison
seisoi
seisakoon
seisottakoon
selitan
selitti
selittakoon
selitettakoon
seuraan
seu<; asi
seuratkoon
sem attakooa
sidon
* sitoi
sltok&on
sidattakoon
sovin
sopi
sopikoon
sovittakoon
soudan
( sousi
j souti
soutakocn
soudettakoon
sukellaa
( sukelsi
sukeltakoon
sukellettakoon
] sukelti
saastan
(
saasti
saastakooE
saastettakoon
talidon
tahtoi
tahtokoon
tahdottakoon
tar joan
tarjosi
tarjotkoon
tarjottakoon
tartun
tarttui
tarttukoon
tartuttakoon
tehtakoon
tiedettakoon
toivottakoon
tultakoon
tunkeuduttakoon
tunnettakoon
tuotakoon
uitakoon
unnotettakoon
vahingoitettakooi
vaihdettakoon
vakuutettakoon
valittakoon
yarasteettakoon
vastattakoon
vedettakoon
vietakoon
vierailtakoon
viihdyttakoon
voitakoon
voitettakoon
vuoltakoon
ylettakoon
aannettakoon
FINNISH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
A
teen teki
tehkoon
tiedan ties!
tietakoon
toivon toivoi
toivokoon
tulen tuli
tulkoon
tunkeudun tunkeutui
tunkeutukoon
tunnen tunsi
tuntekoon
tuon tol
tuokoon
uin ui
uikoon
unhotan unhotti
unhottakoon
vahingoitan vahingoitti
vahingoittakoon
vaihdan vaihtoi
vaihtakoon
vakuutan vakuutti
vakuuttakoon
valitsen valitsi
valitkoon
varastan varasti
varastakoon
vastaan vastasi
vastatkoon
vedan veti
vetakoon
vien vei
viekoon
vierailen vieraili
vierailkoon
viihdyn viihtyi
viihtykoon
voin voi
voikoon
voitan voitti
voittakoon
vuolen vuoli
vuolkoon
ylenen yleni
yletkoon
1 OQ f} fl
aannan ] ^
( aansi
aantakoon
aalto, wave
aamiainen, breakfast
ah, alas
ahkera, dliligent
ahkerasti, diligently
Ahti, god of the sea
aika, time
aikoa, to intend
aina, always
airo, oar
FINNISH-ENGLISH
179
aita, fence
aitta, store (house
ajvo, "brain
ajaa, to drive
ajatella, to think
a jo, drive
ajuri, driver
akkuna, window
alas, down,
alusvaate, underclothes
alkaa, to begin, to start
alia, under
antaa, to give
apu, help
asema, trunk
asema, station, depot
askel, step
astia, vessel, utensil
astua, to step
asua, to live
aurinko, sun
auttaa, to help
edella, "before
ehka, perhaps
ei, not, no
ei ensinkaan, not at all
ei koskaan, never
eilen, yesterday
eksya, to err
eiokuu, August
elaa, to live
elain, animal
ell, or
enempi, comp. of paljo,
more
erehtya, to err, to mistake
eras, some one
etta, that
en in, superlative of paljo
most
ennenkun, before that
entinen, former
epahuomio, misunderstand
ing
etela, south
etaalia, far
H
haara, branch ha pan, sour, bitter
haarautua, to branch harja, brush
halki, through harmaa, gray
halpa, cheap harvoin, seldom
haluta, to wish, to desire hattu, hat
hammas, tooth haukkua, to bark, to insult
hankkia, to furnish, to get hauska, pleasant
180
VOCABULARY
havupuu, fir tree
he, they
hedelma, fruit
hedelmapuu, fruit tree
heikko, weak
heinakuu, July
heittaa, to throw
helmikuu, February
helppo, easy, cheap
henki, life
herra, Mr., Sir
herrasmies, gentleman
herne, pea
hevonen, horse
hiha, sleeve
hi Sri, mouse
hiljaa, silently, quietly
hiljainen, quiet, silent
hinta, price
hi us, plus, hiukset, hair
hoitaa, nurse
hoito, care
hopta, silver
housut, trousers
huomenna, tomorrow
huomauttaa, to call atten
tion, to remark
huomautus, remark
huone, room
huokea, cheap
huoleti, without care
huuli, lip
huutaa, to cry, to shout
hukkaan, in vain
huhtikuu, April
huvittaa, to amuse
hypata, to jump
hyvin, very
hyva, good
hairita, to disturb
han, he, she
hanella on, he or she has
hanta, tail
hata, distress, need
hoyry, steam
ihana, beautiful
ihailla, to admire
ilta, evening
imea, to suck, to imbibe
ihminen, man, human being iso, big, large
ikaankuin, as if
illallinen, supper
ilma, weather, air
ilman, without
i loin en, cheerful
ilo, joy, gladness
istua, to sit
isa, father
fsanta, master
itkea, to cry, to weep
Itse, self
FINNISH-ENGLISH
181
ja, and
jalopeura, lion
jakautua, to branch
jalka, foot
jatkaa, to continue
jo, already
joka, every
joka, who, which
jokainen, every
jo kin, something
joki, river
joko tai, either or
joku, some one
jompikumpi, one or other
of the two
jos, if
joskus, sometimes
jotakin, something
jotta, that
joulukuu, December
juhlia, to celebrate
juuri, root
juoda, to drink
juoma, drink
juomalasi, glass, tumbler
juosta, to run.
juna, train
jalki (-ssa), -sta, -en) behind,
after
jalki ruoka, dessert
janis, rabbit
jarvi, lake
jattaa, to leave
jaa, ice
K
kaali, cabbage
kahvi, coffee
kahvipannu, coffee pot
kahveli, fork
kailkki, all
kaikellainen, all kinds of
kaikkialla, everywhere
kaivanto, mine
kajahtaa, to echo
kaksittain, two by two
kaksi, two
kallio, rock
kail is, expensive, dear
kala, fish
kalastaa, to fish
kammoa, to disgust
kampa, comb
kana, hen
kanarialintu, canary bird
kansallinen, national
kanssa, with
kantaa, to bear, to carry
kartta, map
kartano, garden, yard,
katkera, bitter, sour
kasvi, plant
182
VOCABULARY
kasvaa, to grow
katsoa, to look, to see
katto, roof
katu, street
katuvaunu, street car
kaukana, far
kaula, neck
kaulus, collar
kaunis, pretty, beautiful
kaupunki, city
kautta, by
kehto, cradle
keittio, kitchen
keittaja, cook
keittaa, to cook
keksia, to invent
kello, bell
keltainen, yellow
kenka, shoe
kenkaan, any one
kertomus, -story
kesa, summer
kesakuu, June
keskiviikko, Wednesday
keskella, in the midst of
kesy y tame
kevat, spring
kerma, cream
kerata, to gather, to collect
kettu, fox
kfittaa, to thank
kiittamaton, unthankful
kieff, tongue
kielioppi, grammar
kiehua, to boil
kirja, book
kirje, letter
kirjain, letter
kirjoittaa, to write
kirkko, church
kirkas, bright, clear
kirves, ax
kissa, cat
koettaa, to try
kohdata, to meet
kohta, soon
koira, dog
koko, whole, size
kolme, three
kokous, meeting
konttori, office
kontata, to crawl
korkea, high
korva, ear
koska, because
koti, home
koulu, school
kova, hard
kuu, moon
kuin, than
kuulla, to hear
kuukausi, month
kukkaumpu, flower bud
kukka, flower
kukin r each
kukko, rooster
kukaan, any one
kulta, gold
FINNISH-ENGLISH
183
kulkuri, wanderer
kumma, wonder
kumpikin, one of the two
kunnioittaa, to honor
kunnes, until till
kim, when, as
kurittaa, to punish
kutsua, to call, to ask
kutoa, to weave
kuva, picture
kasi, hand
kasivarsi, arm
karki, point
kasitysten, hand in hand
katkyt, cradle
kavella, to walk
kayda, to go
kaytava, hall
koyha, poor
kylla, yes
kyla, village
ky I ail I a, to visit
kylma, cold
kyna, pen
kypsya, to ripen
kysya, to ask
laaja, wide
laakso, valley
laatikko, box
laatusana, adjective
lahja, gift, present
lahjoittaa, to present
laiha, thin
lainehtia, to wave
laiva, ship
lakana, bed sheet
lammas, lamb, sheep
lammaslauma, flock of
sheep
lampaanliha, mutton
lapio, spade
lapsi, child
lattia, floor
latva, top of a tree, top
lauantai, Saturday
laulaa, to sing
iauma, flock
laulu, song
lautanen, plate
lautasliina, napkin
lehti, leaf
leipa, bread
lentaa, to fly
fevata, to rest
leuka, chin
liian, too
IHke, business
Nivi, vest
liha, meat
lihakauppa, meat market
lihava, fat
liki (-IIS, -He) near
lintu, bird
loistaa, to shine
184
VOCABULARY
lokakuu, October
lopettaa, to end, to finish
loukata, to insult, to hurt
lukea, to read
luku, chapter
lumi, snow
luulla, to suppose, to pre
sume
fuokka, class
lusikka, spoon
maa, earth, land
maailma, world
maaliskuu, March
maanantal, Monday
maalata, to paint
maalari, painter
maito, milk
majatalo, hotel
mahtava, powerful, mighty
makea, sweet
makeinen, candy
makeiskauppa, confection
ery
makkara, sausage
maksaa, to pay
mansikka, strawberry
marja, berry
markkina, market
marraskuu, November
matto, carpet, rug-
matala, shallow, low
matka, trip, journey
lyijykyna, pencil
lyhyt, short
lyoda, to beat, to strike
lahde, spring
lahella, near
lahettaa, to send
lahtea, to start, to set off
laksy, lesson
lam min, warm
lampo, temperature
M
matkalippu, ticket
matkustaa, to travel
me, we
meioa, to paddle
menna, to go
menettaa, to lose
menestya, to 'succeed
merkita, to mark
meri, sea
metsa, *orest
metsastaa, to hunt
metsastys, hunting
mies, man
mikin 7 any one
milloin, when
minulla on, I have
minuutti, minute
mina, I
molemmat, both
moni, many
monenlainen, all kinds of
muinoin, formerly
FINNISH-ENGLISH
185
muistaa, to remember
mukana, along
muna, egg
muodostaa, to form
muodostus, formation
musta, black
muste, ink
mustikka, blueberry
mutta, but
naapuri, neighbor
n aura a, to laugh
nauru, laugh
ne, they, them, those
niinkuin, as if
niin muodoin, consequently
niin etta, so that
nlml, name
nimittain, namely
nimisana, noun
muualta, from elsewhere
muuttua, to change
myrsky, storm
myrskyinen, stormy
myyda, to sell
myohastya, to be late
myoskin, also
myoten, along, according to
maki, hill
N
no pea, swift, quick
nousta, to rise
nuhdella, to scold
nukkua, to sleep
nuo, those
nuori, young
nyt, now
nahda, to see
nama, these
nayttaa, to show
odottaa, to wait
oh!, oh!
ohjas, rein
oikea, right
ojentaa, stretch, to
straighten
oksa, branch, twig
olio, to be
oli, was
olivat, were
olkaa hyva, please
olki, straw
oma, own
omistaa, to own
omena, apple
on, is
onki, fishing tackle, fish
hook
onkia, to fish with a hook
onni, luck
onnellinen, happy
oppia, to learn
186
VOCABULARY
opettaja, teacher
osata, to know
osa, part
osote, address
ostaa, to buy
ostos, purchase
otsa, forehead
ottaa, to take
ottaa, kiinni, to catch
outo, strange
ovat, are
ovi, door
paikka, place, patch
paimen, shepherd
painaa, to press, to weigh
paita, shirt
paistaa, to bake
paitsi, besides, except
pa ha, bad
palkita, to reward
pallo, ball
pala, piece
polttaa, to bum
paljo, much
paljas, bare
palvelija, servant
pankki, bank
panna, to put
pannu, pan
pap pi, priest, minister
paperi, paper
parempi, comp. of hyva,
better
paras, sup. of hyva, best
pata, kettle
peittaa, to cover
peite, cover
Pekka, Peter
pelto, field
pelata, to be afraid
perhe, family
peria, to inherit
perjantal, Friday
peruna, potato
pesa, nest
pesta, to wash
petollinen, deceitful
pian, soon
pieni, small
piirakka, pie
pilvi, cloud
pi me a, dark
pisin, sup. of pitka, longest,
tallest
pitkin, along
pitka, long
pitaa, to hold, to regard, to
like
poikki, across
poika, boy
poimia, to pick, to gather
pohja, bottom
pohjoinen, northern, north
polvi, knee
FINNISH-ENGLISH
187
ponnistus, effort, exertion
ponnistaa, to exert
postikonttori, post office
potkaista, to kick
pud ota, to fall
puku, suit
puhua, to speak
punainen, red
puoli, half
puotti, store
purra, to bite
purjehtia, to -sail
puu, tree
puuro porridge
puuttua, to lack, to want
puutarhuri, gardener
pyyhetiina, towel
pyytaa, to beg, to ask
pysty, an upright position
pyorea, round
paa, head
paaskynen, swallow
paasta, to reach
paattaa, to decide
painvastoin, on the contrary
paiva, day
paivallinen, dinner
paivakirja, registry-book
poyta, table
poytaliina, tablecloth
rakas, dear
rakastaa, to love
rakentaa, to build
rangaista, to punish
rangaistus, punishment
ranta, shore, coast
Ranska, France
rata, track
rauta, iron
rautatic, railroad
ravinto, nourishment, food ,
ravintola, restaurant
rehellinen, honest
reki, sleigh
repaista, to tear
rikas, rich
rinnatusten, side by side
rinne, slope
rinta, breast
ripustaa, to hang
risti, cross, trouble
rouva, Mrs.
ruoho, grass
ruokahuone, dining room
ruoka, food
rukoilla, to pray
ruskea, brown
ruumls, body
ruusu, rose
raystas, eaves
188
VOCABULARY
saada, to receive
saada valmiiksi, to get
ready
saalis, booty, prey
saapua, to reach, to
arrive
sade, rain
sallia, to allow, to permit
salaa, secretly
sama, same
sana, word
sanoa, to say
seina, wall
seinakello, clock
seison, to stand
sekoittaa, to stir
se, it
seka, also
seka - etta, both and
sellainen, such
selittaa, to explain, to de
scribe
selka, back
selva, clear
semmoinen, such
sentahden, therefore, for
serkku, cousin
seta, uncle
seurata, to follow
seuraava, next
sieva, nice, fine
si is, therefore
siisti, neat
sija, case, seat
silma, eye
silea, smooth
silloin, then
silla', for
sininen, blue
sin a, thou
sinun, thy
sisar, sister
sisa (-ssa, -sta, -Ita, etc.) in,
in the interior
sitten, then
sittenkun, after that
sitoa, to tie, to bind
sitruuna, lemon
sokea, blind
sokerj, sugar
sokeripala, a piece of sugar
sokeriastia, sugar bowl
sokerleivos, cake
sopimus, agreement
so pi a, to fit
soppa, soup
sormi, finger
sarmus, ring
soutaa, to row
suhteen, in relation to
sukka, sock, stocking
sukeitaa, to dive
sunnuntai, Sunday
suola, salt
suomalainen, Finn, Finnish
Suomi, Finland
FINNISH-ENGLISH
189
suru, sorrow
susi, wolf
syva, deep
syy, cause, reason
suunnitelma, scheme, plan syyskuu, September
suu, mouth
syksy, fall, autumn
sade, ray, beam
saastaa, to save
taas, again
tahtoa, to want, to desire
taide, art
tavas, sky, heaven
takki, coat
talo, house
talonpoika, peasant, farm
er
talvi, winter
tammikuu, January
tapahtua, to happen, to
occur
tapaus, event, occurrence
tarjota, to offer
tarttua, to take hold of, to
attach
tasku, pocket
taskukello, watch
te, you
tee, tea
teepannu, tea pot
teevati, saucer
tehda, to make
teonsana, verb
terava, sharp
tie, road, way
tietaa, to know
tiistai, Tuesday
toivo, hope
toivoa, to hope, to w*sh
tosi, true
tosin, truly
toukkokuu, May
torstai, Thursday
tukka, hair
tulla, to come
tuli, fire
tunkeutua, to penetrate
tunti, hour
tuntea, to feel
tuoda, to bring
tuoksu, odor, smell
tuolla, there
tuoli, chair
tuo, that
tupa, house
turhaan, in vain
tytto, girl
tytar, daughter
tyyty vain-en, satisfied
tyo, work
tahti, star
takki, blanket, cover
tahden, on account of
190
VOCABULARY
taaJla, here
tama, this
tanne, here
tanaan, today
uida, to swim
ulos, out
ulkomaa, foreign country
unhottaa, to forget
usein, often
uskaltaa, to dare, to ven
ture
tati, aunt
taysi, full
taytyy, must
tayttaa, to fill
U
urhooHinen, brave
uuni, stove, furnace, oven
uni, sleep, dream
usea, many
uusi, new
vaan, but
vaara, danger
vaate, cloth
vaatekaappi y wardrobe
vaatekauppa, clothing-
store
vahingoittaa, to injure, to
harm
vahinko, injury, harm
vahva, strong
vaihtaa, to change
vaikka, but
vaikea, difficult, hard
vaimo, woman
vaiva, trouble
vakuuttaa, to register, to
assert
valehtelija, liar
valita, to choose
V
valkea, white
valmis, ready
vapaa, free
vapa, fishing rod
vanha, old
varhainen, early
varjo, shade
Varmaan, -surely
varpunen, sparrow
varas, thief
varastaa, to steal
vartalo, trunk, figure
varten, for, the sake of
vasen, left
vastaan, against
vastapaata, opposite
vastata, to answer
vastaus, answer
vatsa, stomach
FINNISH-ENGLISH
191
vatinu, car
veitsi, knife
veli, brother
vene, boat
veri, blood
veraja, gate, passageway
vesij water
vetaa, to pull, to draw
vieda, to carry
viela, yet
vierailla, to visit
vieras, stranger
vierasmies, witness
vierashuone, parlor
vihdoin, at last
vihannes, vegetable
vihata, to hate
vihastua, to get angry
viheria, green
viihtya, to feel at home
viikko, week
viimein, finally, at last
viimemen, last
viisas, wise
viisi, five
villanen, woolen
virkamies, officer, office
holder
voida, to get along-, can
voi, butter
voima, strength
voimakas, powerful
voittaa, to win
vuode, bed
vuoksi, for, for the sake of
vuolla, to whittle
vuori, mountain
vuosi, year
vakeva, powerful
varsy, verse
vaara, wrong, crooked
yhteen, together
Yhdysvallat, the United
States
yksi, one
yksittain, one by one
yleta, to rise
y!i, over, across
yritys, enterprise, attempt
ysta'va, friend
ympari, around
yo, night
aiti, mother
aaneti, silent
aani, voice, tone
aantaa, to pronounce
oljy, oil
192
VOCABULARY
ENGLISH-FINNISH VOCABULARY
according to, myoten
across, yli, poikki
address, osote, osottaa
adjective, laatusana
admire, ihailla
advise, neuvoa
afraid of, pelata
after, jaiki (-ss&, -s<ta, -en)
again, taas
against, vastaan, vasten
air, ilma
alas, ah
all, kaikki
-all kinds of, kaikellainen
allow, sallia
almost, pitkin, myoten
along, pitkin, myoten
already, jo
also, myoskin
always, aina
amuse, huvittaa
and, ja
answer, vastata, vastaus
animal, elain
any one, kenkaan, mikin
apple, omena
April, nuhtikuu
are, ovat
arm, kasivarsi
around, ympari
art, taide
as if, ikaankuin, niinkuin
as, kun
ask, kysya, pyytaa
attempt, yritys
at last, vihdoin, viimein
August, elokuu
aunt, tati
ax, kirves
back, selka, taka
bad, paha
ball, pallo
bank, pankki
bare, pal j as
bark, haukkua
be, olla
be late, myohastya
bear, kantaa
bear, karhu
beat, lyoda
beautiful, ihana
bed, vuode
before, ennen, edella
before that, ennenkun
beg, pyytaa
begin, alkaa
berry, marja
ENGLISH-FINNISH
193
besides, paitsi, sen lisaksi
best, paras
better, parempi
big, iso
bind, sitoa
bird, lintu
bite, purra
bitter, katkera
b!ack, musta
blanket, villanen peite
blind, sokea
blow, pulialtaa
blue, sininen
boat, vene
body, ruumis
boil, kieliua
book, kirja
both, molemmat
both and, seka etta
box, laatikko
boy, poika
brain, aivo
branch, oksa, haara
brave, rohkea, urlioollmen
bread, leipa
break, sarkea
breakfast, aamiainen.
breast, rinta
bright, kirkas
bring, tuoda
brown, ruskea
brush, liarja
build, rakentaa
business, Hike
burn, polttaa
but, mutta, vaikka
butter, voi
button, nappi
buy, ostaa
cabbage, kaali
cake, sokerileivos
call, kutsua
calm, tyyni, hiljainen
can, kannu
can, voida
car, vaunu
canary bird, kanarialintu
careful, huolellinen
carry, fcantaa, vieda
case, sija
cat, kissa
cause, syy
ceiling, valikatto
celebrate, juMia
certain, varma
^hair, tuoli
change, nauuttaa muutos
chapter, luku
check, veksell
child, lapsi
chin, leuka
choose, valita
church, kirkko
194
VOCABULARY
city, kaupunki
claim, vaatia
class, luokka
clause, lause
clock, seniakello
close, sulkea, atidas
cloth, vaate
cloud, pilvi
coat, takki
coffee, kahvi
coffeepot, kakvipaBim
cold, kylma
collar, kaulus
comb, kampa
come, tulla
confectionery, makeiskaup-
pa
consequently, niin muodon,
siis
cook, kei-ttaa, keittaja
cover, peittaa, peitto
cradle, katkyt
crawl, kontata
cream, kenna
cross, risti
cry, itkea, kuutaa
cut, leikata
danger, vaara
dangerous, vaarallinen
dare, usk'altaa
dark, pimea
day, paiva
clear, rakas, kallis
deceitful, petollinen
decide, paattaa
deep, syva
desire, Valuta, tahtoa
difficult, vaikea
diligent, alikera
diligently, atikerasti
dining room, ruokasali
dinner, paivallinen
distress, hata
disturb, fcatrita
dog, koira
down, alas
dream, uni
drink, juoda, juoma
drive, ajaa, ajo
driver, ajaja
dry goods store, rllikama-
kauppa
each, joka
ear, korva
early, varliaiii
earth, maa
easy, lielppo
eaves, raystas
echo, kajahtaa
edge, reuria, raja
ENGLISH-FINNISH
195
either or, joko tai
end, loppu, lopettaa
err, erehtya
evening, ilta
event, tapaus
every, joka, jokainen
everybody, joka mies
everyone, joka yks!
everywhere, kaikklalla
expensive, kallis
eye, silma
fall, epaonnistua
fall, pudota
fall, syksy
family, perhe
famous, kuuluisa
far, kaukana
fast, kiivas
fasten, sitoa
father, isa
February, helmikuu
feel, ttmtea
feel at home, viihtya
fence, aita
field, pelto
finally, viimein, vjhdoin
find, loytaa
finger, sormi
Finn, suomalainen
Finland, Suomi
fir tree, vavupuu
fire, tuli
fishhook, onki
fit, sopia
five, viisi
flock, lauma
flock of sheep, lammas-
lauma
floor,, lattia
flower, kukka
fly, lentaa
food, ruoka
foot, jalka
for, silla
for the sake of, vuoksi, var-
ten
forehead, otsa
foreign country, ulkomaa
foreigner, ulkomaalainen
forest, metsa
forget, unhottaa
fork, kahveli
form, muodostaa, mnoto
formation, muodostus
former, entinen
forward, eteenpain
fox, kettu
France, Ranska
free, vapaa
Friday,, perjantai
friend, ystava
friendly, ystavallinen
from (see Sea 62 and 75)
from somewhere, jostakin
196
VOCABULARY
fruit, hedelma
fruit tree, kedelmapuu
full, taysi tayttaa
furnish, hankkia
gardener, puutrhuri
garden, kartano, pilia
gate, veraja, portti
gather, kerata, koota
gentleman, herrasmies
get, saada
get angry, vihaustua
get ready, saada valmiiksi
gift, lalaja
give, antaa
glad, iloinen
go, menna
gold, kulta
grammar, kielioppi
grass, ruolio
gray, hannaa
green, viheria
grow, kasvaa
hair, tukka, plu. Mukset
half, puoli
hall, kaytava
hand, kasi
hand in hand, kasi kadessa
hang, ripustaa
happy, onnelllnen
happen, tapahtua
hard, kova
harm, vaMngoittaa
Bate, viliata, viha
hat, liattu
have, (see Lesson XV)
he, Mn
he has, hanella on
head, paa
hear, kuulla
heart, sydan
heaven, taivas
heavy, raskas
hefp, auttaa, apu
hen, kana
her, hanen
here, taalla
hide, piiloutua
high, korkea
hill, maki
his, ban en
hold, pitaa
hold fast, pitaa kiinni
home, koti
honest, rehellinen
hook, koukku
hope, toivoa, toivo
horse, hevonen
hot, kuuma
ENGLISH-FINNISH
197
hour, tunti
house, talo
hotel, hotelli
how, kuinka
human being, ihminen
hunger, nalka
hunt, metsastaa
hunting, metsastys
I, mina
I have, mirmlla on
ice, jaa
if, jos
immediately, heti
in, (see Sec. 52)
in relation to, suhteen
in the interior, sisa (-ssa,
-sta, -lia, etc.)
in the midst of, keskella
in vain, turhaan, tiukkaan
indeed, todellakin
intend, aikoa
inherit, peria
injury, vaMnko
injure, vahingoittaa
ink, muste
insult, loukata
invent, keksia
iron, rauta
January, tammikuu
journey, matka
joy, ilo
key, avain
kettle, pata
kill, tappaa
kitchen, keittio
July, heinakuu
jump, hypata
June, kesakuu
K
knee, polvl
knit, kutoa
knif^ veitsi V:
know, tietaa
lack, puuttua
lady, nainen
lake, jarvi
lamb, lammas
land, maa
last, viimeinen
late, myohainen
laugh, nauraa, naura
198
VOCABULARY
law, laki
lawn, nurmikko
leaf, lefcti
learn, oppia
leave, jattaa
left, vasen
leg, saari
length, pi tuns
lesson, laksy
letter, kirje, kirjain
liar, valehtelija
mail, post!
make, tehda
man, mies
many, monl, usea
many times,- monta kertaa
March, maali-skuu
mark, merkita, merkki
market, marketti
master, Isantp,
May, toukokuu
meadow, niitty
measure, mitta, mitata
meat, lilia
meaimarket, lihakauppa
meet, koMata
memory, muisto
merchandise, kauppatavara
nail, naula
liberty, vapaus
life, elama
light, valo
lion, leijona
lip, buuli
live, asua, elaa
long, pitka
lose, menettaa, kadottaa
Jove, rakastaa
low, matala
M
merchant, kauppias
milk, maito
mind, mieli
mine, kaivanto
minute, mimmtti
Miss, neiti
Mr., Iierra
Mrs., rouva
month, kuukausi
moon, kuu
morning, aamu
most, enin
mother, aiti
mutton, lamp-aanliha
mountain, vuori
my, minun (see Sec. 96)
N
napkin, lautasliina
national, kansallinen
ENGLISH-FINNISH
199
nature, luonto
near, lahella, liki (-Ha,
-He, etc.)
neat, siisti
necessary, tarpeellinen
neck, kaula
needle, neula
neighbor, naapuri
nest, pesa
never, ei koskaan
new, uusi
next, seuraava
night, yo
no, ei (see Section 85)
4ta, no one, ei yksikaan
noise, melu
noon, puolipaiva
nose, nena
not at all, ei ensinkaan
notice, huomata, huomatitus
nourishment, ravinto, ruoka
November, marraskuu
now, nyt
number, numero
nurse, hoitaa, hoitaja
obey, todella
occur, tapahtua
October, lokakuu
odor, tuoksu
of, (see Section 25)
offer, tarjota, tarjous
officer, virkamies
office, konttori
often, usein
oil, oljy
old, vanha
on, paalla (see Sec. 74)
on account of, bahden
one by one, yksittain
one of the two, jompikumpi
open, aukaista
opposite, vastapaata
aar, airo
or, eli, tahi
other, toinen
ought, pitaa
our, meidan (see Sec. 96)
out, ulos
own, oma, omistaa
paddle, meloa
page, sivu
pain, tuska, kipu
paint, maalata, maali
painter, maalari
pair, pari
pan, pannu
paper, paperi
parents, Tanhemmat
park, puisto
parlor, vierastmone
part, osa
200
VOCABULARY
passenger, matkustaja
path, polku
pay, maksaa, maksu
pea, herne
peace, rauha
penetrate, tunkeutua
pen, kyna
pencil, lyijykyna
permit, sallia
Peter, Pekka
pick, poimia
piece of sugar, sokeripala
pie, piirakka
place, paikka, sija
plate, lautanen
play, leikkia
please, olkaa kyva
pleasant, hauska
point, karki
poor, koyha
potato, peruna
powerful, voimakas
pray, rukoilla
press, painaa
present, lalija
price, hinta
pronounce, aantaa
pull, vetaa
punish, rangaista
punishment, rangaistus
push, tyontaa
put, panna
quarter, neljas osa
question, kysymys
quick, vilkas
quiet, Mljanen
rabbit, janis
railroad, rantatie
rain, sade
raise, nostaa
rake, harava
ray, sade
reach, saapua, paasta
perille
read, lukea
ready, valmis
reason, syy
receive, saada
red, punainen
regard, pitaa
register, vakuuttaa
registry-book, paivakirja
rein, ohjas
relation to, sufcteen
remark, liuomauttaa
remember, muistaa
rest, levata, lepo
restaurant, ravintola
return, palata talcaisin
reward, palkita
rich, rikas
right, oikea
ENGLISH-FINNISH
201
ring, sormus
ripen, kypsya
rise, nousta
road, tie
rock, kallio, givi
roof, katto
room, huone
rooster, kukko
root, juuri
rope, koysi
rose, ruusu
rough, karkea
round, pyorea
row, soutaa
rug, matto
sack, sakki
sail, pur jeli tia
sale, myynti
salt, suola
same, sama
sand, hiekka
satisfied, tyytyrainen
Saturday, lauantai
sausage, makkara
save, saastaa
saw, saha
say, sanoa
scenery, maisema
school, koulu
scold, nuhdella
sea, meri
search, hakea
season, vuodenaika
seat, istuin
secret, salainen
secretly, salaisesti
see, Bahda
seed, siemen
seek, etsia
seldom, harvoin
self, itse
sell, myyda
send, laliettaa
September, syyskuu
servant, palvelija
shadow, varjo
shake, heilluttaa, ravistaa
shame, Mpea
share, osa
sharp, terava
shave, ajaa parta
she, nan
sheet, lakana
shepherd, palmen
shine, pai-staa, lolstaa
ship, laiva
shirt, paita
shoe, kenka
shore, ranta
short, lyhyt
shoulder, hartiat, olkapaa
shout, Imutaa
show, nayttaa
202
VOCABULARY
shut, sulkea
side, sivu
sign, merkki
silent, hiljainen
silver, hopea
since, jalkeen, koska
sing, laulaa
singular, yksikko
sink, paimia
Sir, lierra
sister, sisar
sit, istua
skin, nahka, kuori
skirt, hame
sky, taivas
Sunday, sunnuntai
supper, illallinen
surely, Tarmasti
surface, pinta
suspect, epailla
sweep, lakaista
swallow, paaskynen
sweet, makea
swift, nopea
swing, keilua
swim, uida
soil, maa
some, joku, muuan
some one, joku
something, jotain
somewhere, jossakin
son, polka
song, 3aulu
soon, pian, joutuin
sorrow, sum
sound, aani
sour, hapan
south, etela
sow, kylvaa
spade, lapio
spare, saastaa
spark, sakene
sparrow, varpunen
speak, puliua
special, erityinen, ylimaa-
rainen
spend, kuluttaa
spoon, lusikka
spread, levita, levittaa
spring, kevat
stair, porras
stamp, postimerkki* leima
stand, seisoa
star, tahti
stir, sekottaa
start, alkaa
station, asema
stay, jaada, viipya
steal, Yarastaa
steam, hoyry
step, askel
stick, keppi
stocking, sukka
stomach, vatsa
stone, kivi
stop, pysahtya
store, puoti
storm, lijyrsky
ENGLISH-FINNISH
203
stormy, myrskyinen
story, kertomus
stove, uuni
straight, suora
strange, outo
stranger, vieras
straw, olki, korsi
strawberry, mansikka
street, katu
strength, voima
strike, lyoda, lakko
strong, vakeva
study, opetella
subject, alus, aine
succeed, menestya
such, sellainen
suffer, karsia
sugar, sokeri
sugarbowl, sokeriastia
suit, puku
sun, aurinko
sleep, nukkua
sleeve, Mlia
sleigh, reki
slope, rinne
slow, hidas
small, pieni
smooth, silea
snow, lumi
so, niin
soap, saippua
sock, sukka
soft, pelimea
table, poyta
tail, hanta
tailor, raatali
take, ottaa
tame, kesy
tea, tee
teapot, teepannu
teach, opettaa
tear, repia
teeth, hampaat
tell, sanoa, kertoa
temperature, lampomSara
ten, kymmenen
than, kuin
thank, kiittaa
that, tuo
thaw, stilaa
their, lieidan
them, ne, nama
then, sitten
there, tuolla, slella
these, nama
they, he
thick, paksu
thief, varas
thing, asia, esine
think, ajatella
thirst, jano
this, tama
those, ne
204
VOCABULARY
thou, sina
though, vaikka
thrice, kolmasti
throat, kurkku
through, lapi
throw, heittaa, viskata
Thursday, torstai
thy, simin (see Sec. 97)
ticket, paasylippu, matka-
lippu
tie, sitoa, kaulanauha
time, aika
tire, vksya
to, (see Sec. 64 and 76)
today, tanaan
toe, varvas
tomorrow, huomenna
tongue, kieli
tonight, tana iltana
too, myoskin, liian, viela
tooth, hammas.
top, latva
ugly, ruma
uncle, seta, eno
under, alia
understand, ymmartaa,
kasittaa
unite, yhdistaa
touch, koskea
tour, matka
towel, pyyheliina
town, kaupunki
track, rata
train, juna
translate, kaantaa (kiel.)
transparent, lapinakyva
travel, matkustaa
treasure, aarre
treat, koMella, kasitella
tree, puu
trick, keino, temppu, kep-
ponen
trip, matka, retki
trouble, hankaluus
trust, luottaa
truth, totuus
try, koettaa
Tuesday, tilstai
turn, kaantaa
twice, kahdesti
U
unless, jollei, paitsi
until, asti, kunnes, saakka
upon, paalla (see Sec. 74)
upward, ylospain
urge, kehoittaa
use, kayttaa
valley, laakso
vegetable, vihannes
verb, teonsana
verse, varsy
vest, liivi
victim, uhri
ENGLISH-FINNISH
205
virtue, hyve
visit, kylailla, kylaily
wage, palkka
wagon, karry
waist, vyotaro
wake, herata
walk, kavella
wall, seina
want, tahtoa, haluta
wardrobe, vaatekaappi, vaa-
tevarasto
warm, lammin
was, oli
wash, pesta
watch, taskykello
watch, vartloida
water, vesi
west, lansi
wave, aalto
way, tie, tapa
we, me
weak, heikko
wealth, rikkaus
wear, kaytlaa, kuluttaa,
kestaa
weather, ilma, -saa
Wednesday, kesklviikko
week, viikko
weep, itkea
weigh, paina'a
welcome, tervetulliit
well, hyvin, kaivo
visitor, kylailija
voice, aani
W
what, mita
when, milloin
whence, mista
where, missa
which, mika, kuka
while, silla aikaa kun,
hetki
v/hite, valkea
who, joka, mika
whole, koko
whose, jonka, minka
why, miksi
wide, levea, laaja
wife, vaimo
wild, villi, raaka
win, volttaa
wind, tuuli
window, akkuna
wise, vilsas
wing, siipi
wish, tahto, haluta
wisdom, viisaus
with, kanssa (see Sec. 74
and 78)
without, Ilman (see Sec. 77)
wolf, susi
woman, nainen
wood, puu, metsa
wool, villa
word, sana
206 VOCABULARY
work, tyo write, kirjoittaa
world, maailma wrong, vaara, vaarfn
wrist, kalvosin, ranne
yard, kartano, piha yet, viela
year, vuosl you, te, sina
yellow, keltanen young, nuori
yes, kylla your, teldan (see Sec. 97)
yesterday, eilen youth, nuornkainen
INDEX
NOTE References are to paragraphs unless otherwise
indicated.
abesslve case, 77, 248, 249,
ablative case, 7-5, 232, 233,
234, 235, 236, 287, 23'8.
accent, 9.
accusative case, 23, 27, 187,
188.
adjectives, agreement of, 20;
comparison,, 123; declension,
12)6; 277, '278, 279; deriva
tion, 175; irregular, '128;
possessive, &6.
adesslve case, 73, 82, 2-23, 224,
225, 22'6, 227, 228, 229, 230,
231
adverbs, definition, 160; for-
'mation, 161; .position of.
164.
allatlve case, 76, 239, 240, 241,
242.
alphabet, 1.
appositive, 159.
aspiration, 11, note 1; 8, b.
article, none In Finnish, 19.
auxiliary, verb olla, 65; con
jugation, 288, 289.
attribute, 158.
cardinal numlbers, 141; for
mation, 142, 143, 144.
comparative, 124; declined,
278.
comitative case, 78, 243.
compound nouns, 157.
compound tenses, Lesson No.
XVIII.
conditional moods, 49, 50,
255, 256.,
conjugations, 2S8, 28$, 2$0,
291.
conjunctions, co-ordinate, 170;
subordinate, 171.
consonant, stem, 81, 295.
consonants, 3; 7, b.
consonant changes, 11, 12.
contracted words, 274.
diminutives, 174, e.
dipthongs, 4; how pro
nounced, 5,
distributives, 149.
elative case, 62, 208, 209, 210,
211, 212, 2il3, 214.
essive case, 41, 189, 190, 191.
future time, 121, 122.
gender, 13.
genitive case, 24, 25, 179, 180.
181, 182, 183, 184, 185.
have, 82.
Illative case, 63, 64, 215, 216,
217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 2!22.
imperative, 53, 54, 258, 260.
imperfect, 37, 38, 39, 112, 251.
impersonal veilbs, 109.
indicative, 33, 35, 111, 250.
Infinitives, first, 56, 261, 262,
263; second, 57, -117, 264;
third, 58, 118, 265; fourth,
69, 266.
Inessive case, 52, 202, 203,
204, 205, 206, 207.
instructive case, 79, 244, 245,
246, 247.
interjections, 172.
Interrogation 130, 131, 132.
Interrogative ipronouns, 130,
287,
moods., 29.
multiplications, 153.
negation, Lesson XVI.
negative, verbs, Lesson XVI.
numbers, cardinal, 141; or
dinal, 151.
nominative case, 1'8, 21, 22,
177, 178.
nouns, derivation, 173.
object, total, 27; partial, 44,
208
INDEX
participles, 267, 268, 269, 270,
271, 272; agreement of, 107;
first, 60, 119; second, 61,
120.
participial construction, 270,
271, 272.
particles., 163
partitive case, 42, 44, 45, 46,
192, 193, 194, 195, 196.
partial, object, 44; subject,
45; predicate noun or ad
jective, 46.
passive, Lesion XX.
perfect .tense, 102, 10-4, 105,
106, 115, 252.
personal endings, 32, 53; pro
nouns, 95.
plural sign, 26.
pluperfect tense, 10'3, 115.
poss.essive, adjectives, 96;
suffixes, 98.
postpositions, 165, 166, 168.
potential snood, 47, 48, 253,
254.
predicate, 40; nouns or adjec
tives, 22, 46.
prepositions, 165, 167, 169.
present tense, 34, 35, 47, 48,
49, 50.
pronouns, personal, 95, 280;
reflexive, 138; possessive,
&6; demonstrative, 134, 285;
relative, 135, 136, 2S6; in
terrogative, 130, 287; inde
finite, 139.
punctuation marks, 17.
reciprocal action, 140.
rules for consonant changes,
11, 12.
ruies for vowel changes, 10.
simple tenses, 30.
stem, 16, SO, SI, 294, 295.
subject, total, 21; partial, 45.
suffixes, 98, 162, 173, 174, 175.
superlative degree, 125 de
clined, 279.
syllables, 6, 7, 8.
time in years, 154; in months.
155.
translative case, 51, 197, 198.
199, 200, 201.
verb, agreement of, 40; nega
tive, Lesson XVI; reflexive,
138.
vowels, 2.
vowel changes, 10; stem, 80,
294.
