Fire engine tests and fire stream tables

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SB 315 375

LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

GIFT OF

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Class

FIRE ENGINE TESTS

AND

FIRE STREAM TABLES

« * * J eo

NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS
New York

Copyright, 1910, by
THE NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS

THE EVENING POST
JOB PRINTING OFFICE
136 FULTON ST.. N. Y.

PREFACE.

This pamphlet has been prepared for the purpose of assisting
fire department officials and others who may wish to determine
the condition of fire engines. It may also be of service in
testing the capacity of new engines with a view to their accept-
ance by a city.

Tests similar to those outlined herein have been adopted by
several fire departments and are being made by our engineers
in their investigation of cities throughout the country, so that
by corresponding with this Board, the location of the nearest
field party may be ascertained and if desired, an opportunity
afforded to observe such tests.

The appended fire stream tables, on pages 26 to 47, are based
on tests of rubber-lined fire hose made in October, 1909, by
our engineers, with the assistance of the New York Fire
Department and the co-operation of the Department of Water
Supply of New York City. These tables may also be used to
find the approximate amount of water used at a fire, if engineers
will observe from time to time the water pressure carried and
the length of time at work. With an approximate average
of the water pressure at each engine, the amount of water
delivered per minute can be found for each line if the size
of nozzle and length of hose is also known. Copies of this
pamphlet will be sent to such captains of companies and en-
gineers of steamers as would use them in keeping accurate
records of the performance of their engine at fires.

NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS
COMMITTEE ON FIRE PREVENTION,

135 William Street,

New York.
March, 1910. 237481

PRACTICAL TESTS FOR FIRE ENGINES.

It is the purpose of this manual to set forth convenient
and practical methods of making fire engine tests which will
show the physical condition of engines, their capacity for
delivering water at a reasonable pressure and the ability of
the operating crews. The method described has been in use
for a number of years and has been found practical, exact and
of great value. Although methods similar to that described below
are in use in some departments, the character of tests made in
many cities, and especially those for acceptance, are usually
more spectacular than exact. The throwing of a stream over
a church spire, city hall or court house does not necessarily
show that the engine is capable of delivering its full rated
capacity at a proper working pressure.

Investigation has shown that where regular and systematic
tests of engines are not made, even in well managed fire
departments, defects often exist which may continue unsuspected
for considerable periods and become manifest under the
stress of a large fire, where the engine is called upon to
deliver its full capacity under suitable working pressures.
Such tests will bring to light numerous defects, as, for ex-
ample, improper setting of steam valves, broken or worn pump
valves, broken, weak or displaced valve springs, loose or
tight bearings, worn or broken pump plungers, poor or
defective condition of the boiler and poor quality of the
coal supplied for engine fuel. Furthermore, regular tests
are a most valuable drill for engine crews, for in only a
few departments do they receive sufficient training in operat-
ing engines to capacity. The breakdown of an engine at a
fire or the inability of the crew to operate it to capacity may
be the direct cause of confusion and the needless loss of
property and perhaps of life, to the discredit of the depart-
ment.

Contracts for new fire engines usually contain guarantees
that the engine will deliver a certain quantity of water,
but often do not specify the pressure at which it is to be
delivered, nor provide for any definite tests which will

accurately determine whether the engine has fulfilled the
guarantee; or, in other words, if the department is getting
what it is paying for. In several cities, engines are required
to fill large measured tanks in a specified time, but this is a
cumbersome method at best, and such tanks are frequently
unavailable; this usually gives no definite results as to pres-
sure obtained and power developed.

A practical test should show, with fair accuracy, the
condition of both water and steam ends of pumps and the
condition of the boiler; determine the amount of water which
the engine will pump at a reasonable working pressure, such as
would be required when operating at a large fire; demonstrate
the ability of the engine to draft water, whether the pumps and
waterways are tight under high pressures and steam valves are
properly set, and whether the coal used is quick steaming and
free from objectionable impurities. In addition, the test should
be of such a character as to approach the working condition
at a serious fire where the full capacity of the engine would
be required, and at the same time be easily understood. The
following tests bring out all of these points.

The displacement test indicates very closely the actual
condition of the pumps as a whole and, in conjunction with
the high pressure and valve tests, the condition of the
plungers, pump valves, packing, etc. The high pressure
test, in connection with the results obtained from the capa-
city test, indicates the setting of steam valves and condition
of steam cylinders. The capacity test shows the steaming
quality of the boiler under heavy draft and the ability of
the engine to make sufficient speed to develop its capacity
when working against a reasonable water pressure. If the
test is made from a cistern or reservoir, it will show the
ability of the engine to draft. If made from a hydrant, the
percentage of slip obtained will indicate this feature as well,
as an engine showing less than 7 per cent, slip may be de-
pended upon to take suction satisfactorily. Incidentally,
the test also shows the ability of the engine crew in operating
and stoking the engine.

Any machine, when new, should be capable of greater work
than after several years of service; for this reason, a
new engine should be given an acceptance test at least as

APPARATUS OR TESTING

*2P\

CM

severe as any work it may have to perform in actual service.
This test should bring out not only the capacity to pump the
actual volume of water specified by the maker as the rated
capacity, but also to do this at a good working pressure. It is
the opinion of many supervising engineers that this pressure
should be at least 150 pounds if engine is likely to be required
to draft, and as this does not seem too severe and is required
in some specifications, the suggestion is made that engines
purchased be required to have sufficient boiler capacity to give
a net water pressure at acceptance test equivalent to the fol-
lowing values:

Hydrant Pressures Engine to Deliver

Under Fire Draft. Net Water Pressure of

50 Ibs. or over. 100 Ibs.

30 " to 50 Ibs. 120 "

10 " to 30 " 140 "

10 " or less. 150 "

Engines in service need not be given as severe a test as
those being accepted, as it is mainly their general condition that
is to be ascertained; for this reason, 100 pounds net water
pressure would seem a sufficiently high requirement for the
ordinary capacity test, which should be made at least yearly.

Apparatus Necessary for Testing. — For the tests outlined
below, no elaborate or costly outfit is needed, the only special
appliances absolutely required being as shown on Plate I and
listed below:

A revolution counter. (Figure 3.)

A stop-watch. (Figure 5.)

A small Pitot tube. (Figure 8.)

Two or more pressure gages. (Figures I and 9.)

A set of smooth bore nozzles. (Figure 4.)

A hydrant or engine-discharge cap. (Figure 2.)

The revolution counter should be of a type easily at-
tached to the engine frame, or any convenient part, and so
made as to register accurately at any speed likely to be
reached by a reciprocating engine and be easily read.

The counter may be provided with straps for attaching
to engine, or with the clamp and angle iron shown on Plates
I and II.

5

Tachometers and speed indicators are unsuitable for fire
engine work, as the vibration is apt to render their readings
unreliable.

A stop-watch can be purchased for less than $10, although
an ordinary watch can be used.

The Pitot tube may be any of several suitable types now
on the market, or the type shown on Plate I may be readily
constructed. Dimensions are given below. It should be con-
nected by J4-inch brass pipe fittings to a pressure gage as
shown.

NOZZLE STREAM PITOT

Scale Full Size
To be of brass and finished-smooth

The pressure gages should be preferably not more than
$1/2 inches in diameter, in order that they may be conveniently
handled. They should be of the compound type, in order

6

PLATE II.

METHOD OF ATTACHING GAGES
AND COUNTER FOR TESTING ENGINES.

that any disarrangement of the needle may be readily ob-
served, one capable of indicating pressures from a vacuum
up to 150 pounds and one up to 200 pounds, and preferably
divided for every pound and marked every 5 or 10 pounds,
as shown in Figures I and 9, Plate I. Gages, especially those
used with the Pitot, should be of good quality and accurate.
They should be carefully calibrated (tested) with a weight
tester or a standard gage before each day's work.

Nozzles suitable for testing are usually found in the
regular equipment of every fire department. Only smooth
bore tapered nozzles should be used, as discharges from ring
nozzles are uncertain. Care should be taken that the
tips are not nicked or otherwise injured, and that
washers do not project into the pipe, as a perfectly smooth
waterway is essential. The ring nozzles on many engines
have loose rings, which may be slipped out by unscrewing
the end cap, leaving a suitable smooth-bore tip. Shut-off
nozzles should not be used, as these generally have interior
projections or breaks in the waterway, likely to cause eddies
in the stream. Where much testing is to be done, it is better
to set aside nozzles, keeping them solely for that purpose. The
bore of nozzles should be accurate to size within 1/1,000 of an
inch and carefully measured.

The engine-discharge cap, or hydrant cap (in most cities
these have the same thread) is tapped for $£-inch pipe thread
and fitted with a nipple and stop-cock for attaching the test
gage. By attaching to the discharge outlet of the engine as
shown on Plate II, the engine water gage and the test gage
may be compared to determine if the engine gage is correct.
Where there is time to detach the water gage and a testing set
is available, the gage can be more accurately checked. The steam
gages are less likely to get out of order, being less subject to
sudden fluctuations, and a comparison of readings of side and
rear steam gages will usually be sufficient. If the engine
has no suction gage or tapped suction cap, the engine or
hydrant cap should be used on the second outlet of the hydrant
when testing an engine at a double outlet hydrant

Tests are best made by a supervisor (as the master
mechanic or other officer conducting the test will hereafter

be called), with an assistant accustomed to reading gages.
Tables showing the discharge at various pressures through
different nozzles, for use with Pitot tube readings, are to be
found on pages 24 and 25. A suitable form for recording data
of tests is shown on page 14, and until the supervisor becomes
familiar with tests, it is advisable to use a similar form at
the tests in order not to overlook any necessary data. Later,
a pocket note-book will doubtless be found more convenient,
care being taken to record all the necessary data.

Preliminary to Test. — If possible, calibrate gages of engine
before the test, by detaching and comparing on a portable
gage-testing set. They should be calibrated in the position in
which they are to be used, either horizontally or vertically. If
this is not done, check water and suction gages at test, as
explained below.

If it is desired to determine the ability of the regular
engine crew, the engine should, of course, be operated by
them; if the condition and capacity of the engine are the un-
known factors, a crew known to be efficient should be
selected.

If there is any convenient body of water, or cistern, where
water may be drafted with not over 10 feet of lift, then test
should be made at draft; otherwise, attach engine to hydrant,
care being taken to get a hydrant attached to a large main
(8-inch or larger), and that the hydrant pressure is not ex-
cessive, preferably below 40 pounds. Four-inch or larger
suction should be used. After suitably stationing engine,
light the fire; note the time when smoke comes from stack,
when steam gage needle moves, at 50 pounds of steam, at
100 pounds, and pressure and time of blowing off. If engine
has hot water in boiler, this may be omitted, noting only the
pressure at which safety valve blows off. Then, if water
gage on engine has not been calibrated (checked), attach
hydrant cap and 2OO-pound test gage to engine discharge
outlet, as shown on Plate II. Record zero of all three gages —
water, suction and test gages; open hydrant and record static
pressure on all three gages; then with churn (hand relief)
valve partly open and discharge gates shut, pump up pressure
and compare test and water gages at 80 pounds, 100, no, 120,
etc., up to no pounds over the static or hydrant pressure. li

8

engine has no suction gage, one of the suction caps on the
engine can be tapped to connect the gage, as shown on Plate II,
or the engine or hydrant cap provided with the second gage
should be attached to one hydrant outlet.

Let supervisor and assistant compare watches and set
second hands together, or nearly so; this is more quickly
accomplished if one watch has a stop-hand. The supervisor
will find it convenient to tie his watch to coat or wrist in
order to leave his hands free to hold note-book or Pitot. A
leather watch holder and wrist strap, as shown on Plate I,
such as any harness maker can make, is a convenient appliance
for this purpose. Attach the revolution counter and con-
nect with one of the eccentric strap oil cups or studs by a
short length of cord, as shown on Plate II; have engine
started slowly and adjust counter cord so that each revolu-
tion registers.

Displacement and Capacity Test. — While the engine is get-
ting up steam, have firemen lay hose and connect nozzle.
If testing on a paved street, it is best to lay nozzle down in
gutter. Use a play-pipe holder or tie nozzle to any con-
venient post, in order to prevent pipe getting away from
pipeman and doing damage.

For the larger engines, attach a line of hose on each side
of the engine and connect into the Siamese of a deluge set.

With the smaller size engines, it is usually more convenient
to use a single line from one side of the engine; when deluge
sets are not available, single lines may be used on the larger
engines. In the tables on pages 18 and 19, the length of hose
and size of nozzle best adapted for testing engines of various
sizes are given. In testing with the siamesed lines, start the
engine with both lines open and bring it up to speed; if the
desired water pressure is not obtained, close the discharge gate
on one line slowly until the gage indicates the proper pressure.
Similarly, with a single line attached, the gate is closed slowly
after engine has obtained its full speed until the desired pres-
sure is obtained.

The supervisor can, from time to time, regulate this
discharge gate to keep the desired water pressure, although
if the crew operates the engine properly but little change
will have to be made throughout the test. The engineer

can be instructed to direct all his attention to operating
his engine to full capacity, and the supervisor or testing
engineer can regulate the water pressure, take the readings of
the revolution counter, steam, water and suction gages, while
his assistant takes readings of the nozzle pressure through-
out the test.

When siamesed lines are used, should the engine not be able
to maintain the desired water pressure with one line shut off
entirely, add another length of hose to each side, or use a
nozzle Ji-inch smaller. With single lines, when the engine
cannot maintain the desired pressure without undue throttling
of the discharge valve, use a smaller nozzle or add another
length of hose. The nozzle readings should, if possible, be over
40 pounds, as below this point readings must be very nearly
constant to give accurate results.

Should water pressure at the engine be too high with
both lines wide open, use a larger nozzle or cut out a length
of hose from each side.

Relief valves should be closed, sprinkler used only as
needed, and feed pumps operated regularly. The capacity test
should last at least 20 minutes from the time the engine reaches
full speed. During this time the water pressure at the engine
should be constant and such as to give a net water pressure over
the suction pressure as given on page 5. In all cases at least
loo pounds net pressure should be held. Unless the rubber tires
cause undue vibration, a modern engine, if in good condition,
can safely run for an indefinite period at 400 to 425 feet of piston
travel per minute, that is, 300 to 320 revolutions for an 8-inch
stroke.

It is usually better to hold about 10 pounds over the pres-
sure actually required, when the water pressure fluctuates
much, as most engineers read the top of swing of a gage
needle, while the supervisor, of course, should read the middle
of the vibration. Gages may be throttled to prevent excessive
vibration, but should always show some vibration to get
true readings. During the capacity test, the supervisor should
read counter (exactly at minute) and steam, water and suction
gages each minute in regular order, and note the handling and
stoking, feed water, leaks, uneven steam pressure, blowing
off, foaming of boiler, accidents, and the .other little details

10

PLATE III.

SHOWING UdS bit

NOZZLE

t-

which his experience teaches him to observe. Meanwhile the
supervisor's assistant should read the nozzle pressure every J4
minute. Special care should be taken in reading the nozzle
pressure. The Pitot should be held in the middle of the
stream, with the tip about one-half the diameter of the bore
from the end of the nozzle. Gage should be horizontal or ver-
tical, according to the position in which it was calibrated, and
at the same level as the end of the nozzle. This is shown on
Plate III.

High Pressure Test. — After a run of 20 minutes in which
there were no serious interruptions to readings, and pressure
was maintained at an average of at least 100 pounds net, stop
stoking; shut down, close discharge gates, partly open churn
valve and get steam down to between 70 and 80 pounds, drawing
fire if necessary. Then start engine slowly, and gradually close
churn valve tight. See that all other openings, feed pumps,
sprinklers, relief cocks, etc., are shut. Let engine turn in
this condition for one or two minutes; observe the number of
revolutions, and the water, steam and suction (now static)
pressures; note any uneven motion of engine, blowing through
of steam or imperfect valve setting, leaks in steam or water
ends, or fittings, etc. If pumps are in good condition and valves
set correctly, speed should not be over one revolution in 10
seconds in any modern type engine. (This does not apply to
a Silsby or a Button.) With 70 pounds steam and 50 pounds
suction, water pressure will reach about 250 pounds; this is
perfectly safe and not a severe test, as such pressures are
frequently met in operation when long lines are used.

Valve Tests. — After taking the observations for the high
pressure test, shut off throttle of engine and open cylinder
drips. Note the drop in water pressure for say one-half
minute. The manner in which this pressure holds up is an
indication of the condition of the discharge valves. A drop
of not over 15 pounds in one-half minute, provided there
are no external leaks visible around the pump, indicates a fairly
good condition of the valves.

Suction Test. — If the engine has been tested at a hydrant,
its ability to draft may be determined as follows, provided it
is equipped with a compound suction gage or one of the
suction caps is tapped to receive a compound gage: Discon-

ii

nect engine from hydrant while there is still some steam
pressure on boiler, put both suction caps on tight, open one
of the discharge gates and then open throttle, allowing en-
gine to run at a moderate speed, observe the reading of the
compound gage while running, and also after shutting down.
The drop of the vacuum after shutting down is an indication
of the condition of the suction valves, provided all joints are
good.

To Figure Displacement. — (Displacement is figured as in-
dicated for sample test, pages 14 and 15.) In averaging the
nozzle, steam, water and suction pressures, subtract ^ of first
and last readings from sum of readings used (see page 15 and
sample test sheet). Average the nozzle pressure during a
period in which the engine ran steadily, water pressure was
well maintained and the nozzle pressure varied the least. When
possible, use a 20-minute period in figuring the displacement;
if for any reason there is much variation in the nozzle pressure,
say over 10 per cent, during any one minute, select as long a
period as possible, but at least 10 minutes, during which the
pressure has been well maintained. Correct for gage error.
Take out corresponding gallons from table, pages 24 and 25, in-
terpolating for odd pressures or for odd sized nozzles.

Example: il/2" nozzle, 61 pounds nozzle pressure.

62 pounds' nozzle pressure gives 525 gallons

60 " " " " 517 gallons

or 2 pounds give a difference of 8 gallons

and i pound gives l/i of this, or 4 gallons

Therefore, 61 pounds' nozzle pressure =5i7-{-4

=521 gallons
Example: i 9/16" nozzle, 60 pounds nozzle pressure.

60 pounds through \%" nozzle gives 607 gallons

60 " " i#* " " 517 gallons

or y%" difference in nozzle diameter gives ... 90 gallons
and 1/16" " " " "... 45 gallons

Therefore, i 9/16" nozzle at 60 pounds gives 517+45

=562 gallons

Divide the average gallons discharged by the average revo-
lutions per minute to obtain the actual net displacement of
the pumps. The nominal displacement will be found from
the table, page 16, allowing for the pump rods. The dimen-
sion of the pumps, such as stroke, diameter of pump barrel
and pump rods, should be accurately measured, if in question.
The difference between actual and nominal displacements is
the slip, which should be from 3 to 5 per cent, of the nominal
displacement in a new engine (6 per cent, in a rotary) ; of
this, about H per cent, is due to the feed water (i per cent,
with a Button or Silsby engine). After engine has been in
use a few months, slip will generally increase about I per
cent; thereafter, if valves and packings are given proper at-
tention, there should be only a slight increase. A slip of 10
per cent, or over indicates broken or displaced valve springs,
and more than this, a badly worn plunger or pump barrel,
or possibly a leaky suction. In a rotary, the wear is prin-
cipally in the pump cam slides, which will also stick at times,
causing increased slip even if not worn.

To Figure Capacity. — When the engine is run for 20 minutes
at a uniform speed during the displacement test, the average
discharge measured at the nozzle by the Pitot is the capacity
of the engine. If only a lo-minute period of the run is used
for figuring the displacement, the capacity of the engine is
determined by multiplying the actual displacement (found in
the displacement test) by the average revolutions per minute
during a 2O-minute period in which the engine worked at its
full capacity. Steam, water and suction pressures during the
capacity run should be averaged and corrected for gage error.
In figuring percentage of capacity delivered, for a new fire engine,
it is well to use contract figures for the rated capacity which
the engine is guaranteed to deliver. A capacity due to a piston
travel of about 420 feet per minute (315 revolutions for 8-inch
stroke) less a 3 per cent, allowance for slip, is reasonable for
a modern engine; older types vary considerably.

LOG OF. FIRE ENGINE TEST

GAGE

COMPARISON
TES

ENGINE: Size_

DIMENSIONS: Cylinders. ..^.T. ....... Pomp Bore ...

BOILER: Typ«_...-'._ ........... ........ Diame

fK

TIME COUNTER RRM

... Rated Capac(ty..K£?.<2...Bullt..../.W7 ...

.'. ....... ...._ Stroke ..... £.": .......... _•. Pump rods.. ^

' Height-...*^'-' ......... Bullt__-_.l*0Z....

+4

_2£

££

/*g

33

&

145

/3S

14J5L

3L

S2.

*L

4032

££.

31

a

DISPLACEMENT TEST

CAPACITY TEST

M GH PRESSURE TEST

.Corrprteri prg<^

Gnllons per min

. RP.VS. per min.

rijsnlacement

(nom-n

4-.ll

Slip per cent.

Figured

CALCULATIONS FOR ENGINE TESTS.

(FOR TEST ON OPPOSITE PAGE.)

DISPLACEMENT TEST.

AVERAGE DISCHARGE.
To obtain Average Nozzle Pressure;

Sum Column " Min." 1,870

Subtract % sum of first and
last figures 85

1,785

Sum Column "J4" 1.791

"H" 1,795

" "%" 1,802

Divide by 80 ) 7.173

Average Nozzle Reading. . 89.7
Correction from Gage Test
Sheet +2.0

Average Nozzle Pressure. 91.7
From Discharge Tables for 1%"
Nozzle:

92 Ibs. gives 751 gallons.

90 •• " ...743 »

1.7 Ibs. gives 6.8 "

Then 91.7 Ibs. = 749.8 gallons.

AVERAGE R. P. M.

Counter at 3. 59 4,358

" " 3.89 7,870

_
~

Divide by 20 )

Average R. P. M = 824.4
ACTUAL DISPLACEMENT.
Average Discharge _ 749.8
Average R. P. M~T ~~ 324.4

NOMINAL DISPLACEMENT.
From Engine Displacement Table:

4%" Bore, 8" Stroke 2.455

1^4" Pump Rod 085

Nominal Displacement = 2.370

SLIP, IN PER CENT.

Nom. DisplacenVt— Act. DisplacenVt
Nominal Displacement
2.370 — 2.311 _

OTO '*?•

CAPACITY TEST.
AVERAGE R. P. M.

Same as for Displacement Test in
this case.

GALLONS PER MINUTE.
Same as for Displacement Test in
this case.

AVERAGES OF PRESSURES.
Steam:

Sum of Column 2,787

16 of first and last figures 133

Divide by 20 ) 2,654

Average Steam Reading.. 132.7
Water:

Sum of Column 3,065

Y% of first and last figures. . . 142.5

Divided by 20 ) 2,922.5

Average Reading. ..... . 146. 1

— 1.0

Gage and Test Sheet, for
Gage No. 119

Average Water Pressure 145 . 1
Suction:

Sum of Column 746

^3 of first and last figures 85

Divide by 20... ...) 711

Average Reading 85.6

Correction from Test of Gage + 1.0

Average Suction Pressure 86.6
Net Pressure:

Average water pressure 145 . 1

Average suction pressure. . 86.6

Average net pressure. . 108.5
PERCENTAGE OF CAPACITY OBTAINED.
Reasonable capacity of
Pumps based on 400 Ft.
Piston Travel per Min. = 700 gals.

Obtained at Test 750 gals.

or 107^ of Rating.

ENGINE DISPLACEMENT TABLE.

DOUBLE PUMPS.

PLUNGER DISPLACEMENT.

PUMP ROD CORRECTION.

GALLONS PER REVOLUTION.

GALLONS PER REVOLUTION.

Bore

Stroke in Inches.

Diameter

Stroke in Inches.

of Pump

of

Inches.

789

Pump Rods.

789

3 1/2

1.166 1.333 1.500

1 "

0.047 0.054 0.061

3 5/8

1.251 1.480 1.609

1 1/16

0.053 0.061 0.069

3 3/4

1.339 1.530 1.721

1 1/8

0.060 0.069 0.078

3 7/8

1.430 1.634 1.888

1 8/16

0.067 0.077 0.087

4

1.528 1.740 1.958

1 1/4

0.074 0.085 0.096

4 1/8

1.620 1.851 2.082

1 6/16

0.081 0.098 0.105

4 1/4

1.719 1.965 2.211

1 3/8

0.089 0.102 0.115

4 3/8

1.822 2.088 2.343

1 7/16

0.098 0.112 0.126

4 1/2

1.928 2.203 2.478

1 1/2

0.107 0.122 0.138

4 5/8

2.036 2.327 2.618

1 9/16

0.116 0.183 0.150

4 3/4

2.148 2.455 2.762

1 5/8

0.126 0.143 0.162

4 7/8

2.268 2.586 2.909

1 11/16

0.186 0.155 0.174

5

2.380 2.720 3.060

1 3/4

0.146 0.167 0.188

5 1/8

2.500 2.858 3.215

5 1/4

2.624 2.999 3.374

5 3/8

2.750 3.143 3.536

Subtract pump rod correction from

plunger displacement to obtain cor-

5 1/2

2.880 8.291 3.702

rect displacement of engine.

5 5/8

3.012 8.442 3.872

For single-pump engines, use one-

5 3/4

8.147 3.597 4.047

half of result obtained.

6 7/8

8.286 3.755 4.225

6

8.427 8.917 4.407

Example : Engine with 5J4-inch pump, 9-inch stroke and IJ^-inch pump

rod.

From Table above :

Displacement of Plunger = 3.874 gallons.
Correction for Rod = 0 . 1 38 gallons.

Nominal Displacement = 3. 236 gallons

16

The following table gives the reasonable capacity of
several common sizes of fire engines:

REASONABLE CAPACITIES OF MODERN STEAM FIRE ENGINES.

Bore of Pumps,
Inches.

Stroke, Inches.

Capacity,
Gallons per Minute.

6

9

1,100

Sti

8 or 9

1,000

5/2

8

900

3%

8 or 9

850

5

8

750

4ti

8

700

4/2

7 or 8

600

4l/4

7 or 8

550

4

7

500

RATED CAPACITY OF SILSBY ENGINES.

Maker's
Size.

Nominal Displacement
per Revolution, Rated Capacity,
Gallons. Gallons per Minute.

Extra First
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth

1.261 1,000
1.141 900
0.952 700
0.804 600
0.675 500
0.513 400

II

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1-

R

FIRE STREAM TABLES.

These tables are arranged to show the pressures required at
the hydrant or fire engine, while stream is flowing, to maintain
nozzle pressures given in the first columns, through various
lengths of 2^-, 3~ and 3^-inch rubber lined hose in single lines
and two lines of 2^-inch hose siamesed.

The pressure at the hydrant or fire engine is that indicated
by a gage attached to the hydrant or fire engine while the
stream is flowing. The pressure at the nozzle is that indicated
by a Pitot gage held in the stream.

The hydrant (or engine) pressures are obtained by adding
to the nozzle pressure the friction loss in the hose, and also the
small additional loss in the hydrant outlet or engine discharge.

Friction losses in hose are based on tests of best quality
rubber-lined fire hose and are for loo-foot lengths measured
without pressure applied. Diameters of hose, as measured under
75 pounds pressure, assumed as the average working condition,
were as follows: For nominal 2j^-inch, 2.575 or about 2 9/16
inches; for nominal 3-inch, 3.125 or 3^ inches; for nominal
3j^-inch, 3.685 or about 3 11/16 inches.

The smoothness of the lining has a very considerable effect
on the friction loss, some samples tested showing losses 50 per
cent, in excess of those given. A slight variation in diameter
also produces a marked difference in friction loss; in the case
of 25^-inch hose, a variation of 1/16 inch in diameter will
result in 10 per cent, difference in loss. If properly beveled
2j^-inch couplings are used on 3-inch hose, the loss of pressure
due to them will be less than 5 per cent, of that gained by the
use of the larger hose. For instance, for a flow of 300 gallons
per minute, the loss in 2^-inch hose will be about 21 pounds,
in 3-inch hose with 3-inch couplings about 8 pounds, and in 3-inch
with 2^-inch couplings about S1A pounds.

For siamesed lines, an allowance was made for the loss
in the Siamese connection and for 20 feet of 3^-inch lead hose.

20

The pressures given are for the nozzle at the same elevation
as the hydrant or engine discharge outlet. Add or subtract
i pound to the pressure given for each 2 1/3 feet difference in
elevation. The arrangement of the table allows a comparison
to be readily made of the results obtainable with 3-inch hose
and siamesed lines against single lines of 224-inch hose.

21

EFFECTIVE REACH OF FIRE STREAMS.

SHOWING THE DISTANCE IN FEET FROM THE NOZZLE AT

WHICH STREAMS WILL DO EFFECTIVE WORK WITH A

MODERATE WIND BLOWING. WITH A STRONG WIND

THE REACH is GREATLY REDUCED.

SIZE OF NOZZLE.

<u

1

i-Inch.

i|-Inch.

ii-Inch.

it-Inch.

ii-Inch.

55

rt

it

it

- <u

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71

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II

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Vertica
tance,

1 Horizon
tance,

20

35

37

36

38

36

39

36

40

37

42

25

43

42

44

44

47

46

45

47

46

49

30

5i

47

52

5°

52

52

53

54

54

56

35

58

51

59

54

59

58

59

59

62

62

40

64

55

65

59

65

62

66

64

69

66

45

69

58

70

63

70

65

72

68

74

7i

50

73

61

75

66

75

69

77

72

79

75

55

76

64

79

69

80

72

81

75

82

78

60

79

67

83

72

84

75

85

77

87

80

65

82

70

86

75

87

78

88

79

90

81

70

85

72

88

77

90

80

9'

82

92

84

75

87

74

90

79

92

82

93

84

94

86

80

89

76

92

81

94

84

95

86

96

88

85

9i

78

94

83

96

87

97

88

99

90

90

92

80

96

85

98

89

99

90

100

9i

NOTE. — Nozzle pressures
vertical distances are based on
Am. Soc. C. EM Vol. XXI.

are as indicated
experiments by

22

by Pitot tube. The horizontal and
Mr. John R. Freeman, Transactions,

FRICTION LOSS IN FIRE HOSE.

BASED ON TESTS OF BEST QUALITY RUBBER LINED FIRE HOSE.*

Flow, Gal Ions per
Minute.

PRESSURE Loss IN EACH
100 FEET OF HOSE,
POUNDS PER SQ. INCH.

Flow, Gallons per
Minute.

PRESSURE Loss IN
EACH 100 FEET OF
HOSE, POUNDS PER
SQ. INCH.

2*"

Hose.

Hose.

3*'

Hose.

2 Lines of

2|*

Siamesed.

Hose.

3r

Hose.

2 Lines of

2|"

Siamesed.

140

5-2

2.0

0.9

1.4

525

23.2

10.5

16.6

1 60

6.6

2.6

I .2

1.9

550

25.2

11.4

18.1

1 80

8-3

3-2

i-5

2-3

575

27.5

12.4

19.0

200

10. I

3-9

1.8

2.8

600

29.9

13-4

21 .2

220

12.0

4.2

2.1

3-3

625

32.0

14.4

23.0

240

T4. I

5-4

2.5

3-9

650

34-5

i5 5

24.8

260

16.4

6.3

2.9

4-5

675

37-0

16.6

26.5

280

18.7

7-2

3-3

5.2

700

39-5

17.7

28.3

300

21 .2

8.2

3-7

5-9

725

42-3

18.9

30-2

320

23-8

93

4-2

6.6

750

45.0

20.1

32.2

340

26.9

10.5

4-7

7-4

775

47.8

21.4

34-2

360

3O.O

11.5

5.2

8-3

800

50.5

22.7

36.2

380

33 -o

12.8

5.8

9.2

825

53-5

24.0

38.4

400

36.2

14.1

6-3

10. I

850

56.5

25.4

40.7

425

40.8

15-7

7.0

"•3

875

59-7

26.8

43-1

45°

45-2

17-5

7-9

12.5

900

63.0

28.2

45-2

475

50.0

19-3

8-7

13-8

1,000

76.5

34-3

55.0

500

55.0

21.2

9-5

15.2

1,100

91.5

41 .0

65.5

* Rough rubber lining is liable to increase the losses given in the table as
much as 50 per cent.

23

DISCHARGE TABLE FOR SMOOTH NOZZLES.

NOZZLE PRESSURE MEASURED BY PITOT GAGE.

Nozzle
ressure
Ibs. per
q. inch.

NOZZLE DIAM. IN INCHES.
1 1^ 1J4 1% 1^

Nozzle
Pressure
in Ibs. per
sq. inch.

NOZZLE DIAM. IN
1 m 1J4

INCHES.
1%

w

Gallons

per minute.

Gallons per Minute.

5

66

84

103

125

149

60

229

290

3n7

434

517

6

72

92

118

187

163

62

233

295

363

441

525

7

78

99

122

148

176

64

287

299

369

448

533

8

84

106

131

158

188

66

240

804

875

455

542

9

89

112

139

168

200

68

244

308

881

462

550

10

93

118

146

177

211

70

247

313

386

469

558

12

102

180

160

194

231

72

251

318

391

475

566

14

110

140

173

210

249

74

254

322

897

482

574

16

118

150

185

224

267

76

258

326

402

488

582

18

125

159

196

237

283

78

261

880

407

494

589

20

182

167

206

250

298

80

264

835

418

500

596

22

189

175

216

263

818

82

268

839

418

507

604

24

145

183

226

275

327

84

271

848

423

513

611

26

151

191

235

286

840

86

274

847

428

519

618

28

157

198

244

297

353

88

277

351

483

525

626

30

162

205

253

307

365

90

280

355

438

531

633

82

167

212

261

317

877

92

288

359

448

537

640

34

172

218

269

327

889

94

286

368

447

548

647

36

177

224

277

886

400

96

289

367

452

549

654

38

182

231

285

345

411

98

292

870

456

554

660

40

187

287

292

354

422

100

295

374

461

560

667

42

192

243

299

368

432

105

303

388

478

574

683

44

196

248

806

872

442

110

810

892

484

588

699

46

200

254

313

880

452

115

317

401

495

600

715

48

205

259

320

888

462

120

324

410

505

613

780

50

209

265

826

896

472

125

331

418

516

626

745

52

213

270

333

404

481

130

337

427

526

638

760

54

217

275

339

412

490

135

843

435

536

650

775

56

221

280

845

419

499

140

350

448

546

662

789

58

225

285

351

426

508

145

356

450

556

674

803

60

229

290

357

434

517

150

362

458

565

686

817

Assumed coefficient of discharge per cent.
24

.99 .99

DISCHARGE TABLE FOR SMOOTH NOZZLES.

NOZZLE PRESSURE MEASURED BY PITOT GAGE.

Nozzle
'ressure
i Ibs. per
sq. inch.

NOZZLE DIAM. IN INCHES.

m m m a 2&

Nozzle
Pressure
in Ibs. per
sq. inch.

NOZZLE DIAM. IN
1« 1% 1%

INCHES.
2 2*4

Gallons per Minute.

Gallons per Minute.

5

175

203

234

266

337

60

607

704

810

920

1168

6

192

223

256

292

369

62

617

716

823

936

1188

7

207

241

277

315

399

64

627

727

836

951

1207

8

222

257

296

336

427

66

636

788

850

965

1225

9

235

273

814

357

452 !

68

646

750

862

980

1243

10

248

288

380

876

477

70

655

761

875

994

1261

12

271

315

362

412

522

72

665

771

887

1008

1279

14

293

340

891

.445

564

74

674

782.

900

1023

1297

16

313

364

418

475

603

76

683

792

911

1036

1314

18

332

386

444

504

640

78

692

808

924

1050

1381

20

350

407

468

532

674 \

80

700

818

935

1063

1848

22

367

427

490

557

707

82

709

823

946

1076

1865

24

384

446

512

582

739

84

718

833

959

1089

1381

26

400

464

533

606

769

86

726

843

970

1102

1897

28

415

481

554

629

799

88

735

853

981

1115

1418

30

429

498

572

651

826

90

743

862

992

1128

1430

32

443

514

591

,673

854

92

751

872

1002

1140

1446

34

457

530

610

693

880

94

759

881

1012

1152

1461

36

470

546

627

713

905

96

767

890

1022

1164

1477

38

483

561

645

733

930

98

775

900

1082

1176

1492

40

496

575

661

752

954

100

783

909

1043

1189

1507

42

508

589

678

770

978

105

803

932

1070

1218

1543

44

520

603

694

788

1000

110

822

954

1095

1247

1580

46

581

617

710

806

1021

115

840

975

1120

1275

1617

48

543

630

725

824

1043

120

858

996

1144

1303

1651

50

554

643

740

841

1065

125

876

1016

1168

1829

1685

52

565

656

754

857

1087

130

893

1086

1191

1356

1719

54

576

668

769

878

1108

135

910

1056

1218

1382

1752

56

586

680

782

889

1129

140

927

1076

1285

1407

1783

58

596

692

796

905

1149

145

944

1095

1257

1432

1815

60

607

704

810

920

1168

150

960

1114

1279

1456

1846

Assumed coefficient of discharge per cent.
25

.995 .996 .997 .998

[-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE.

PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HYDRANT OR

1 >,

c
o

MAINTAIN NOZZLE PRESSURES GIVEN

LENGTHS OF BEST QUALITY

^ r^A ^Q

Otj

11s

g

hp^>,

Single 2^-inch Lines.

!j~£

Is.

IE;1""

.£2

IOO

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Q

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet,

20

132

25

30

35

39

44

49

53

58

25

148

3i

37

43

49

55

60

66

72

30

162

38

44

5i

58

65

72

78

85

35

175

44

52

59

67

75

83

9i

98

40

187

50

59

68

77

86

94

103

112

45

198

56

66

76

86

96

1 06

H5

125

50

209

62

73

84

95

106

117

128

139

55

219

68

80

92

104

116

128

140

152

60

229

75

88

101

114

127

140

153

166

65

238

81

95

109

123

137

151

165

179

70

247

87

1 02

117

132

147

162

177

I92

75

256

93

109

125

141

157

173

189

205

80

264

99

116

133

150

167

183

200

217

85

272

105

123

141

159

177

195

212

230

90

280

in

130

149

167

1 86

205

224

243

95

287

117

137

157

177

196

216

236

256

100

295

123

144

165

185

206

227

247

268

26

2J/3- AND 3-INCH HOSE,

FIRE ENGINE, WHILE STREAM is FLOWING, TO

IN FIRST COLUMN, THROUGH VARIOUS

|

2|- AND 3-iNCH RUBBER LINED HOSE.

t/i bJ3

Single 3-inch Lines.

Two 2^-inch
Lines Siamesed.

>- QJ rj

1,000

I,20O

800

1,000

1,200

1,500

1,000

1,500

2,000

1"

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

68

77

35

39

42

48

33

40

46

20

84

95

43

48

52

59

4i

49

57

25

99

112

52

57

62

70

49

59

68

30

114

I30

60

66

72

81

57

68

79

35

130

148

68

75

82

92

65

78

90

40

145

I65

77

84

92

103

72

86

99

45

160

182

85

93

102

114

80

95

IIO

50

175

199

93

102

112

125

88

105

121

55

192

218

102

112

122

137

96

114

I32

60

207

235

110

121

131

148

103

122

141

65

222

252

118

130

141

159

in

I32

152

70

237

269

127

139

151

170

1 20

142

164

75

251

285

135

148

161

181

128

151

175

SO

266

302

143

I56

170

191

135

159

184

85

280

....

151

I65

1 80

202

H3

169

195

90

295

158

173

189

211

150

177

204

95

3IO

...

167

I83

199

223

157

1 86

215

100

27

i 1/8-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE.—

«/>

PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HYDRANT OR FIRE

£! 2

o

NOZZLE PRESSURES GIVEN IN FIRST

1^ .

1 «j

QUALITY T.\- AND

*> £o

~.£

Single 2j-inch Lines.

1|

111

5

8 ?

84>
<U

8 "S

O Id
5- W

§1

|?

J QJ

O <u

5 Id
Q. <u

N. <y

20

167

"Is

35

42

49

56

64

71

78

92

107

25

187

35

44

53

62

71

79

88

97

H5

133

30

205

42

52

63

73

84

95

105

116

137

158

35

221

49

61

73

85

97

IIO

122

134

158

183

40

237

55

69

83

96

IIO

124

138

i5i

179

206

45

251

62

77

93

108

123

139

154

169

20O

230

50

265

69

86

103

120

137

154

171

1 88

222

256

55

277

76

94

112

131

149

1 68

1 86

204

241

278

60

290

83

103

123

143

163

183

203

223

263

304

65

301

89

in

I32

154

175

197

218

240

283

326

70

313

96

119

142

165

1 88

211

234

257

303

75

324

103

128

152

177

202

227

252

276

325

80

335

no

136

162

1 88

215

241

267

294

85

345

116

144

171

199

226

254

282

3<>9

...

90

355

123

152

181

210

240

269

298

327

95

365

130

160

191

222

252

283

3M

100

374

136

1 68

20 1

233

265

297

329

28

a 1/2- AND 3-INCH HOSE.

ENGINE, WHILE STREAM is FLOWING, TO MAINTAIN

=0 «

COLUMN, THROUGH VARIOUS LENGTHS OF BEST

"c Sf

3-iNCH RUBBER LINED HOSE.

3 O

Single 3-inch Lines.

Two 2j-inch Lines
Siamesed.

|l

8tj
D

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Bi

§ti

\$

i%

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32

37

43

48

54

62

71

38

42

46

53

60

20

40

46

53

60

67

77

87

45

50

55

63

70

25

47

55

63

71

79

9i

103

53

59

65

74

82

30

55

65

74

83

93

107

121

62

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63

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1 08

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1 06

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130

150

169

88

98

107

121

135

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86

100

114

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142

164

185

96

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93

109

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139

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105

116

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1 60

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101

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151

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I92

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174

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1 80

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173

192

221

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75

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147

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207

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277

313

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181

198

224

249

95

154

178

203

228

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20\3

172

190

208

235

26

100

29

I 1/4-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE.—

1-1 O

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PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HYDRANT OR FIRE
PRESSURES GIVEN IN FIRST COLUMN,

<u jz bo

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Single 2^-inch Lines.

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40

292

63

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246

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45

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70

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206

229

274

319

50

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78

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128

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178

203

228

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303

55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
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342
357
372
386

399
413

438

461

86
93

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108
116
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139

153

123

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152

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172
182
191

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1 88

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225
236

248

167
182
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2IO
224
240

254
269
282
295

194

211
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244
26l
279

312
327

222
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260
278
297
318

249
270
292
312
333

276
300
323

330

—

30

a 1/2- AND 3-INCH HOSE,

ENGINE, WHILE STREAM is FLOWING, TO MAINTAIN NOZZLE
THROUGH VARIOUS LENGTHS OF BEST QUALITY
RUBBER LINED HOSE.

Nozzle Pressure In-
dicated by Pitot Gage.

Single 3-inch Lines.

Two 2^-inch Lines
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80

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80
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I 3/8-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE.—

1! &

CO

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PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HYDRANT OR FIRE
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32

2 1/2- AND 3-INCH HOSE.

ENGINE, WHILE STREAM is FLOWING, TO MAINTAIN
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PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HYDRANT OR FIRE
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58

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287

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246

286

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320

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34

2 1/2- AND 3-INCH HOSE.

ENGINE, WHILE STREAM is FLOWING, TO MAINTAIN
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.i oJ

3-iNCH RUBBER LINED HOSE.

1' Nozzle Pressure
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259
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305

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327

50
55
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80
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90
95
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....

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35

5/8-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE.—

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||

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20
25
30
35
40
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55
60
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70
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392
429

463
496
525
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631
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PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HYDRANT OR FIRE
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,

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—

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36

2 i/2= AND 3-INCH HOSE.

ENGINE, WHILE STREAM is FLOWING, TO MAINTAIN
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37

I 3/4-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE,—

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PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HYDRANT OR FIRE
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50
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....

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38

2 1/2- AND 3-INCH HOSE.

ENGINE, WHILE STREAM is FLOWING, TO MAINTAIN

T3 «J.

COLUMN, THROUGH VARIOUS LENGTHS OF BEST

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2 1/2- AND 3-INCH HOSE.

ENGINE, WHILE STREAM is FLOWING, TO MAINTAIN
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161
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20
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45
50
55
60
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80
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05
100

1/4-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE 3 1/2-INCH HOSE.

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PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HY-

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i 3/8-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE.— 3 1/2-INCH HOSE.

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1/2-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE 3 i/a-INCH HOSE.

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—

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—

44

3/4-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE — 3 i/3-INCH HOSE.

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PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HYDRANT OR

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25

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60

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127

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135

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222

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280

100

45

5/8-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE.-3 1/2-INCH HOSE.

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PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HY-

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25

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46

60

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161

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53

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496

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68

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131

152

173

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236

45

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50

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133

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247

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55

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90

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172

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267

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100

46

2-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE.- 3 I/2-INCK

C fcuo
>-. "
11

Discharge, Gallons
per Minute.

PRESSURES REQUIRED AT HY-
DRANT OR FIRE ENGINE, WHILE
STREAM IS FLOWING, TO MAINTAIN
NOZZLE PRESSURES GIVEN IN FIRST
COLUMN, THROUGH VARIOUS
LENGTHS OF BEST QUALITY 3^-
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^ bio
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25

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65

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40

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72

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45

50

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80

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1 80

205

255

305

50

55

881

88

116

143

170

197

225

279

....

55

60
65
70
75

80

920

994
1,029
1,063

96
104

112
119
127

126
136
146
156
1 66

155
1 68
1 80
192
205

185

200
214
229
243

214
232
248
265
282

244
263
282

303

60
65
70
75

80

....

85
90
95
100

1,095
1,128
1,158
1,189

135

151
I58

176
1 86
196
206

217
229
241
253

258
272
286
3OI

299

...

....

85
90
95
100

47

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST
STAMPED BELOW

AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS

WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN
THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY
WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH
DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY
OVERDUE.

YB 5 1 965

22748t
7/933*3