RC
87
E6
FIRST AiB
;N the I.AB0RAT01
'O
i:Eli)EIDGE
IISCOE
A
FIRST AID IN THE
LABORATORY AND
WORKSHOP
BY
ARTHUR A. ELDRIDGE, B.Sc.
FELLOW OF THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY ; ASSOCIATE OF KING's COLLEGE
LONDON ; DEMONSTRATOR IN CHEMISTRY AT THE IMPERIAL COLLEGE
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY
AT THE TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, WIMBLEDON
AND
H. VINCENT A. BRISCOE, D.Sc.
ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, LONDON ; MEMBER AND
DIPLOMA OF THE IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ;
DEMONSTRATOR IN CHEMISTRY AT THE IMPERIAL COLLEGE
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WITH A FOREWORD BY
SURG.-GEN. SIR ALFRED KEOGH, K.C.B.
SECQNP, IMPRESSION', [V
LONDON
EDWARD ARNOLD
1917
[A^ rights reserved\
1
BIOLOGY
UBRARY
FOREWORD
BY
SURGEON-GENERAL SIR ALFRED KEOGH, K.C.B.
It often happens that persons who have attended
courses in First Aid find, in an emergency, that they
have forgotten the treatment appropriate for any
particular injury. The authors of this little work
have had much experience of injuries in chemical and
mechanical laboratories at the Imperial College and
elsewhere, and they have found that there is a need
for a work of reference as an aid to memory. Since
the recognition of the necessity for this handbook is
the outcome of experience, perhaps no more need be
said to commend the attempt which has been made,
but it is obvious that the essential thing in most
cases, where First Aid is required, is rapidity of
action.
Many handbooks are prolix, suitable only for the
study and not for the laboratory ; this little book, if
at hand, will tell in an instant what should be done.
A. K.
iii
394220
PREFACE
The authors have, for a considerable time, been in
charge of the First -Aid organization in chemical
and physical laboratories, and they have found that
the existing books on First Aid are not entirely suit-
able as guides to action in dealing with many of the
accidents which they ordinarily encounter. These
books devote a considerable amount of space to
serious fractures, etc., with which one seldom meets
in the special cases now under consideration, and
give but little information as to the treatment of
burns produced by chemical agents, injuries to the
eye, poisoning, etc., which are of more frequent
occurrence.
In these circumstances it appeared to be of use to
compile brief, clear directions for dealing with in-
juries and accidents such as are most likely to happen
in laboratories and workshops. While they have
used every endeavour to attain accuracy and to select
the best treatment for each case, the authors would
welcome any criticism which would enable them to
effect improvements.
The authors further desire to acknowledge their
indebtedness to many standard works upon First Aid
and Poisons, and especially to Dr. James Cantlie^s
''First Aid to the Injured," Blyth's "Poisons, their
Effects and Detection/' and Hale Whitens "Materia
Medica/^
A. A. B.
H. V. A. B,
South Kensington,
October, 1915.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS
CUTS AND WOUNDS
STOPPING BLEEDING
BURNS AND SCALDS -
EYE INJURIES -
MECHANICAL
BY ACIDS
BY ALKALIES
BY BROMINE OR CHLORINE
BRUISES
CRUSHED HAND OR FOOT
SHOCK .
ELECTRIC SHOCK
ASPHYXIA
POISONING
SYMPTOMS
TREATMENT
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
FIRE -
• • •
- 7
-
- 8
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 15
- 15
- 15
- 16
NE
• 16
- 17
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 21
- 22
- 29
. 31
DS AND ALKALIES
• 32
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
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FIRST AID
IN THE
LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
In the treatment of accidental injuries there are a
few general points of importance to which attention
must always be paid.
L Do not move the patient unless it is absolutely
essential to do so — e.g.j to remove from
electrical contact ; to provide fresh air, etc.
II. Avoid delay in applying treatment, especially
if the patient is unconscious.
III. Give no solid or liquid by the mouth while the
patient is unconscious.
IV. First arrest haemorrhage, and afterwards attend
to any other injuries.
V. Cover all wounds as speedily as possible with
an aseptic or antiseptic dressing.
VI. Send for a doctor unless you are quite certain
that the injury is of the very slightest
character; accompany your request by a
brief written statement of the nature of the
accident and the condition of the patient.
VII. When in serious doubt as to the correct thing
to do, do nothing, except send for the doctor.
7
MATERIALS
A suitable cupboard containing the following
articles should be placed in a readily accessible
position, preferably close to a hot and cold water
supply :
A. "^Bandages, triangular and roller.
*Boric lint.
■*^Brush, camel-hair (small).
Cotton thread.
^Cotton wool (absorbent).
Court plaster.
Cyanide gauze.
''^Eye-bath.
*Grlasses, graduated.
Linen, surgical.
^Needles.
Oiled silk.
"^Pins, safety.
^Plaster, adhesive.
■^Scissors.
Sponge (small).
^Teaspoon.
^Thread.
Tumbler.
* For the convenience of those who do not desire to obtain a
complete outfit, those articles which we consider essential are
marked with an asterisk.
8
MATEKIALS 9
B. *Adrenaline. " Tabloid ^^ Hemisine; for use
dissolve one in 5 c.c. water (the solution
does not keep).
*Alcoliol.
*Alkaline wash for the eye. (5 gms. borax 4-
1 gm. sod. carb. in 100 c.c. water.)
*Arnica, tincture of.
■*^Boric acid (powder).
**^Boric acid, saturated aqueous solution.
"^Boric ointment. (10 per cent, boric acid in
white vaseline.)
■^Carbolic acid (phenol). (3 per cent, aqueous
solution.)
Carbolic vaseline. (1 per cent, phenol in
white vaseline.)
*Epsom salts, magnesium sulphate. Dose
(single), J to i oz. (7 to 14 gms.) ; repeated,
2 to 8 gms.
Ether.
*Friar's balsam.
■^Ferric hydroxide.
Keep separately a solution of ferric
chloride, 50 gms. per litre, and one of
ammonium carbonate, 50 gms. per litre.
For preparation of fresh ferric hydroxide,
mix equal volumes; filtration is unneces-
sary.
Ferrous sulphate.
Ipecacuanha wine. Dose, 1 teaspoonful every
15 minutes.
Lime-water, clear.
Magnesia, freshly precipitated, in water.
10 FIKST AID IN LABOBATOKY AND WOEKSHOP
B. "^Milk powder.
^Mustard. Dose, 1 dessert- spoonful in a
tumblerful of warm water.
Oil, olive.
*Oil, carron. Equal proportions of linseed-oil
and lime-water, well mixed.
*Oil, castor.
^Picric acid. Saturated aqueous solution.
*Salt, common.
*Sal volatile. Dose, 1 teaspoonful in a wine-
glassful of water.
"^Smelling-salts.
*Sodium bicarbonate. (Saturated aqueous
solution.)
Sodium sulphate (Glauber^s salt). Dose,
single, J to i oz. (7 to 14 gms.) ; repeated,
2 to 8 gms.
"^Starch, soluble.
Vaseline, white.
^Zinc sulphate. Dose, 1 gm. in a tumblerful
of water.
CUTS AND WOUNDS
Cleanliness is essential in the treatment of wounds.
All materials coming into contact with them (includ-
ing the operator's hands) should be either aseptic
(free from dirt and germs — e.g,, clean linen, paper,
cotton-wool, water, etc.), or antiseptic (treated with or
containing substances capable of killing germs ; such
as boric acid solution, boric lint [pink] , cyanide gauze
[violet]).
Two main cases arise, in which the essential points
of treatment are as follows :
A. SLIGHT WOUNDS,
which can be healed by simple means, without the
assistance of a doctor.
I. Clean the wound, removing glass or other
foreign bodies, if present.
II. Stop the bleeding. (See p. 12.)
Ill, Cover and bandage, so as to protect from
mechanical injury and germs.
B. SERIOUS WOUNDS,
requiring treatment by a doctor,
I. Stop the bleeding. (See p. 12.)
II. Keep the wound covered, until the doctor arrives.
III. Treat shock, if it occurs.
11
12 FIRST AID IN LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP
STOPPING BLEEDING.
The following are the usual methods, begmnirig
with the simplest and passing to the most drastic.
For ordinary bleeding —
I. Wash cut in cold water, dry off, cover with
boric lint and bind up.
II. Apply gentle pressure for a few mmutes, cover
with boric lint and bind up.
For more serious bleeding — ■
III. Apply Friar's Balsam liberally to the cut, and
bind up fairly tightly.
IV. Elevate the injured part above the level of the
heart, if possible.
V. Apply pressure at the seat of injury by the
fingers, or by pad and bandage, and then —
VI. Apply pressure (1) to the arteries, at " pressure
point,^^ nearest the wound on side towards
the heart; or (2) to veins, by a ligature
round the limb on side of wound remote from
the heart.
VII. Apply adrenalin (p. 9) to arrest serious capil-
lary bleeding, as from a large shallow wound,
persistent bleeding from the nose, etc.
BUHTsTS AND SCALDS
N.B. — A slight degree of injury may be very serious if
it extends over any considerable a/rea.
The chief danger is shock. (See p. 18.)
BURNS BY DRY HEAT AND SCALDS.
Carefully cut away loose clothing; leave the parts
which stick to the skin, and saturate them with oil.
Avoid breaking blisters.
Cover immediately with lint or linen saturated with
carron oil (or with oil, boric ointment, cold cream,
etc.). Apply in strips, if to a large area. The object
is to exclude air.
Cover with layers of cotton-wool.
Bandage lightly to retain dressings.
Treat shock (p. 18).
For slight hums, apply picric acid solution, to
relieve pain.
BURNS BY CORROSIVE ACID.
Wash immediately with COPIOUS STREAMS of
water ; small amounts of water are dangerous.
Bathe with weak alkaline lotion, such as alkaline
eye-lotion, dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate, etc.
Treat as for ordinary burns. (See above.)
Treat shock, if it occurs.
13
14 FIRST AID IN LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP
BTIENS B7 GOREOSIVE ALKALI.
Wash immediately with large volumes of water.
Bathe with weak acid (dilute acetic acid, lemon-
juice, etc.).
Treat as for ordinary burns. (See above.)
Treat shock, if it occurs.
BURNS BY PHOSPHORUS.
DO NOT USE ANY OIL WHATEVER.
Apply dilute silver nitrate solution on wads of cotton-
wool.
Cover to exclude air^ with lint, cotton-wool, etc.
Treat shock, if it occurs.
Send for doctor.
BURNS BY BROMINE.
Wash with dilute solution of sodium carbonate.
Wash with alcohol.
Treat as for ordinary burns. (See p. 16.)
Treat shock, if it occurs.
EYE INJURIES
MECHANICAL,
as by broken glass, a piece of steel, etc.
Drop a little castor-oil into the eye, pulling down
the lower lid for the purpose.
Close the eye, cover lightly with cotton-wool, and —
Bandage lightly, but firmly enough to keep the eye-
ball steady.
Obtain medical aid as speedily as possible.
Note, — In case of dust or small solid bodies in the
eye, if medical aid cannot easily be obtained, proceed
as follows :
Seat patient in a chair, and stand behind him, with
his head resting against your chest. Pull down the
lower lid and remove solid with a camel-hair pencil
moistened with glycerine or castor-oil. If the solid
object is lodged under the upper lid, pull the lid for-
ward and downward over the lower lid, and then
release it so that its inner surface is brushed by the
lashes of the lower lid. If several attempts by this
method fail to dislodge the object, place- a small round
rod (round match, bodkin) along the upper side of the
upper lid, seize the eyelash, and turn the lid back
over the rod. Then get an assistant to remove the
object with the brush.
BY ACIDS.
Wash well with alkaline wash, until pain is relieved,
if injury is slight.
15
16 FIRST AID IN LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP
Drop a little castor-oil into the eye, a^d close the lids.
Cover with cotton-wool and bandage lightly.
Unless the pain is speedily relieved, send for
doctor.
BY ALKALIES.
Wash well with boric acid solution, until pain is re-
lieved, if injury is slight.
Drop a little castor-oil into the eye, and close the lids.
Cover with cotton-wool and bandage lightly.
Unless the pain is speedily relieved, send for doctor.
BY BROMINE OR CHLORINE.
Wash well with alkaline wash ; this may be omitted
if the injury is very slight.
Treat with VAPOUR of alcohol or alcohol + ether,
applied by holding near the eye a cloth, etc., soaked
with pure alcohol, or alcohol-ether mixture. (Do not
allow the liquids to enter the eye.)
This treatment should be continued until the pain
is relieved or medical aid arrives.
BEUISES
Apply ice or cold water bandages at once ; do not
rub the bruise.
Apply lint soaked in extract of wych-hazel (^^ Hazel-
ine^O* Arnica may be used if the skin is unbroken.
If skin is broken, treat as for cut (p. 11).
CEUSHED HAND OR FOOT
Fracture of small bones in hand or foot.
Cut off glove or hoot carefully.
Apply well-padded splint over whole palm of hand
(from above wrist to ends of fingers)^ or sole of foot.
Secure splint by narrow bandage in figure of eight.
Raise the limb; apply a large arm-sling; support
the foot in a slightly-raised position.
Treat shock, if it occurs (p. 18).
17
SHOCK
Signs and Symptoms, — Pallor; cold^ clammy skin;
feeble pulse^ shallow breathing ; yawning and sigh-
ing ; lowering of temperature of the body.
The chief aim of treatment is to prevent the body-
temperature falling to a point at which life is en-
dangered.
Attend to the cause — e.g., stop bleeding from wounds^
etc.
Loosen clothing about chest and abdomen.
Give fresh air.
Lay the patient down, with the head lower than the
feet, if possible.
Give sal volatile and water, or allow to smell
smelling-salts.
Keep the patient warm, by hot bottles, hot bricks,
blankets, overcoats, etc. (THIS IS VERY IMPOE-
TANT.)
Watch carefully, as the patient is liable to a sudden
relapse after a temporary improvement.
If breathing appears to have stopped^ applj artificial
respiration (p. 30).
18
ELECTEIC SHOCK
Switch off current at main switch, if this can be done
speedily.
Remove the sufferer from electrical contact, taking
precaution to insulate yourself from shock. {Dry
wool^ silk, cotton, paper, etc., are non-conductors.)
Loosen clothing, especially around chest and abdo-
men.
Flick face and chest with a wet towel, to rouse patient.
Apply artificial respiration, if breathing appears to
have stopped (p. 30).
19
ASPHYXIA (SUFFOCATION)
CAUSES.
1. Swelling of tissues of throat, as a consequence of
poisoning by corrosive materials, scalding of the
throat, or inflammation.
2. Nervous affections, which may be due to (a) nar-
cotic and other poisons ; (&) shock or collapse.
3. Inhaling poisonous or non-respirable gases — e.g,,
carbon monoxide (fumes from charcoal or coke fires,
producer gas, water-gas), or carbon dioxide (smoke,
sewer-gas, limekiln-gas), or coal-gas.
TREATMENT.
1. Remove cause, or remove patient from cause. In
case of swelling of the throat, apply hot fomentations
to the front of the neck, give ice to suck or cold
water to drink, and give repeated small doses of
animal or vegetable oil.
2. Give plenty of fresh air.
3. Apply artificial respiration (p. 29). In case of
poisoning by carbon monoxide^ cause patient to inhale
oxygen diluted with air. (Connect oxygen cylinder or
other source of oxygen with a funnel held about six
inches from patient's nose and mouth.)
20
POISONING
A. SYMPTOMS.
B ^
i
OQ
Poison.
1^
!
a
|1
d o
1
i
o
o
i
o
6
special Symptoms.
Acids, mineral
*
*
Acid, carbolic
*
*
Numbness.
Mercury salts
«
«
Fainting. With non-
(corrosive)
corrosive salts, pal-
lor, languor, foetid
breath.
Acid, oxalic...
*
«
^
Vomit contains blood ;
languor.
Alkalies ...
*
*
*
Vomit very alkaline
and frothy, and con-
tains blood.
Phosphorus...
*
^^
^t
Breath may smell of
phosphorus.
Ammonia ...
^
*
*
As for alkalies ; odour
of ammonia.
Chloroform ...
¥:
^
Numbness; facial pal-
lor ; delirium.
Carbon mon-
*
«
«
Shivering ; headache ;
oxide
respiration slow and
rattling.
Cyanides
*
*
#
Confusion of si^ht ;
nausea ; salivation.
Barium salts
»
#
Muscular weakness.
Zinc salts ...
*
Purging ; prostration.
Aniline
fk
Weakness ; tempera-
ture low.
Camphor
»
^
Paralysis.
Facial pallor ; odour
of alcohol in breath ;
Alcohol
^
skin cold ; pulse
irregular.
Chlorine
^
Pain ; smarting of eyes
and nose.
Morphine ...
^
Pupil of eye almost
vanishes.
Strychnine ...
«
Rigidity ; tetanic con-
vulsions.
21
22 FIBST AID IN LABOKATOKY AND WORKSHOP
B. TREATMENT.
AciD^ Cakbolic (Phenol).
1. Emetic : Zinc sulphate, mustard, or ipecacuanha,
2. Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate) or Glauber's
salts (sodium sulphate) ; white of egg,
3. Stimulants : Sal volatile or brandy and water.
4. Gruard against collapse by applying hot-water
bottles and blankets. Watch the breathing.
The best antidote is any soluble sulphate. Chalk
and water forms a good antidote.
AciDj MiNEEAL,
1. Much lime-water, magnesia-water, soap and water,
or soda {not potash) ca/rhonate,
2. Olive-oil, milk^ or white of egg.
ACONITINE.
1. Emetic promptly : Zinc sulphate,
2. Recumbent position : artificial respiration.
3. Much weak brandy and water or whisky and
water.
4. Hot bottles and blankets.
Alcohol.
1. Emetic : Mustard or zinc sulphate,
2. Keep awake by shaking, etc.
3. Keep body warm ; head cool (cold water) •
Alkalies (Ammonia, Potash, Soda).
1. Emetic: Much luhewarm water; alternatively,
ipecacuanha wine or zinc sulphate.
POISONING 28
2. Lemon- juice, weak vinegar, or dilute acetic acid.
3. Then, olive-oil, white of egg, barley-water, or
arrowroot.
Ammonia.
See Alkalies
Antimony.
1. Emetic (if vomiting does not take place) : Zinc
sulphate.
2. Frequent doses of strong tea or 2 gms. of gallic
or tannic acid in warm water.
3. Milk, thin starch paste, etc., and keep warm.
Arsenic.
1. Emetic : Much tepid water or salt and water.
2. Give large quantities of freshly precipitated
ferric hydroxide^ or much magnesia, or castor-oil and
water.
3. Give olive-oil or white of egg.
4. Hot bottles and blankets to feet and abdomen.
The emetic chosen should be the least irritating
available.
The ferric hydroxide may be prepared by mixing
equal quantities of the specially-prepared solutions
(see p. 9), and used without filtering, or by mixing
laboratory solutions of ferric chloride and ammonium
carbonate, and filtering through a handkerchief.
Atropine (Belladonna).
1, Emetic: Much tepid water or salt and water.
2. Hot bottles to feet; blankets.
24 FIRST AID IN LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP
3. Artificial respiration if necessary.
Alternate hot and cold douches are also recom-
mended.
Belladonna.
See Atropine.
Benzene.
1. Emetic : Only necessary if benzene swallowed.
2. Plenty of fresh air. Artificial respiration if
necessary.
3. Hot and cold water to chest.
Bromine.
As for Chlorine.
Carbon Monoxide.
1. Fresh air.
2. Inhalations of Mute oxygen. (See p. 20.)
Chlorine {Inhaled),
Inhale alcohol vapour or ammonia.
Chloroform.
If swallowed--^
1. Emetics immediately : Zinc sulphate or mustard.
2. Large draughts of water containing a little
sodium carbonate.
3. Keep patient roused by every possible means —
shouting, hitting, bathing, etc.
4. Artificial respiration if necessary.
POISONING 25
If inhaled-^
1. Plenty of fresh air.
2. Artificial respiration immediately.
3. If heart stops beating, strike chest at once over
heart.
A hot and cold douche may be applied with advan-
tage.
Chromium Salts and Chromates.
1. Emetic.
2. Magnesia or chalk and water.
3. Demulcent drinks — e.g,, barley-water.
Copper Salts.
After vomiting, give white of egg^ with much
water or milk.
Cyanides.
See Prussic Acid.
Ether.
As for Chloroform.
Iodine.
1. Emetics.
2. Plenty of dilute starch paste or thin boiled rice.
Laudanum.
See Morphine.
26 FIRST AID IN LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP
Lead Salts.
1. Emetic : Zinc sulphate or mustard.
2. Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate), or Glauher^s
salts (sodium sulphate).
3. If colic or collapse, hot bottles or fomentations.
4. Milk and white of egg.
Mercury Salts.
1. Emetic: Zinc sulphate, ipecacuanha, or mustard.
2. Much white of egg,
3. Milk; dilute starch paste.
4. A little sal volatile or brandy and water if
necessary.
If egg is not available, give meat-water made from
chopped fresh meat.
Methyl Sulphate.
If inhaled —
Inhale ammonia.
If spilled on clothes —
Change and bathe immediately.
Morphine (Opium; Laudanum).
1. Give warm dilute potassium permanganate solu-
tion, about 0*25 per cent, strength.
2. Emetic promptly.
3. Inhale ammonia.
4. Keep roused by shaking, etc.
5. Keep warm. Hot and cold douche to head.
6. Artificial respiration if necessary.
POISONING 27
NiTEB.
1. Emetic.
2. Plenty of water ; starch paste or barley-water.
3. Hot bottles.
Nitrobenzene.
1. Emetic : Zinc sulphate.
2. Keep patient roused.
3. Stimulants and artificial respiration if necessary.
Nitrous Oxide.
1, As for Chloroform.
2. Inhalations of diluted oxygen.
Opium.
See Morphine.
Oxalic Acid and Oxalates.
1. Emetic : Zinc sulphate; mustard.
2. If acid taken : Chalk- or lime-water (not soda or
potash).
Phenol.
See Acid, Carbolic
Phosphorus.
1. Emetic : Zinc sulphate.
2. Give mv^h water and a Utile French turpentine
(no other oil).
The best emetic for phosphorus poisoning is 0'2 to
0*3 gm. of copper sulphate crystals in water.
Potash.
See Alkalies.
28 FIRST AID IN LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP
Prussic Acid (Hydrocyanic Acid; Cyanides).
1. Great promptitude.
2. Give mixture of solutions of ferrous sulphate and
sodium carbonate.^
3. Emetic : Large doses, zinc sulphate or mustard.
4. Artificial respiration; inhale ammonia
5. Body warm; cold douche to head.
Soda, Caustic.
See Alkalies.
Strychnine (Nux Vomica).
1. Give potassium permanganate solution, 0*25 per
cent. (See Morphine.)
2. Emetic : Mustard or zinc sulphate.
3. Place in darkened room ; absolutely no noise.
4. Artificial respiration if necessary; inhale amyl
nitrite.
Obtain medical aid without delay.
Turpentine.
1. Emetic.
2. Plenty of water.
3. Hot bottles, etc.
Zinc Salts.
1. Give much water containing some sodium car-
honate,
2. Eggs and milk.
Strong tea or tannin solution.
• Convenient quantities are : 50 c.c. each of FeS04,7H20,
50 gms. per litre, and NagCOa^lOH^O, 50 gms. per litre.
AETIFICIAL KESPIKATION
No time should be lost in applying artificial respira-
tion when directed^ or in any case of insensibility
when breathing cannot be discerned.
Schafer's Method. — To be used unless injuries — e.g.,
to ribs — prevent :
1. Lay patient face downwards on floor with head
turned to one side.
2. Kneel beside patient, facing towards his head.
3. Place hands on lower ribs of patient, with the
thumbs nearly meeting in the small of the back.
4. Press firmly, but not violently^ directly down-
wards upon the back and lower part of the chest,
thus causing expiration,
5. Release pressure more rapidly, but without re-
moving the hands, thus causing inspiration,
6. Repeat operations 4 and 5 twelve to fifteen
times per minute.
Laborde's Method. — To be used when Schafer's
method is not applicable :
1. Lay patient on back or side and clear the mouth.
2. Seize tongue (using a handkerchief to prevent
slipping), and depress lower jaw.
3. Pull tongue forward, and hold for two seconds.
4. Allow tongue to recede into mouth.
5. Repeat operations 3 and 4 twelve to fifteen
times per minute.
29
80 FIRST AID IN LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP
Notes,
When artificial respiration is used it should be
maintained without intermission until medical assist-
ance is obtained ; it has been known to prove success-
ful after a lapse of over two hours.
When natural breathing commences, the artificial
respiration must be regulated to correspond thereto.
Give no solid or liquid food or stimulant by the mouth
while the patient is unconscious.
Steps should also be taken :
1. To excite respiration, by applying smelling salts
or snuif to the nose, and flicking the chest with a
damp towel.
2. To aid circulation, when breathing has recom-
menced, by wrapping the patient in blankets, etc.,
rubbing the limbs energetically (towards the heart),
applying hot-water bottles or hot bricks to the feet,
limbs, and body, and administering hot tea, coffee, or
meat extract, il the patient can swallow.
FIKE
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE.
1. Keep buckets of sand as well as of water in an
easily accessible place.
Efficient ^^ chemical '^ fire extinguishers are on the
market.
2. Keep at hand a large blanket for wrapping round
a person^s burning clothes.
3. All the usual precautions regarding the manipu-
lation of highly inflammable substances should be
strictly observed.
4. The staff in a large building should always be
made familiar with the position and use of the fire-
alarmSj extinguishers, hydrants, and escapes, of the
telephone, and of First- Aid appliances.
5. Each room should have affixed over the door
brief and explicit directions for leaving in case of
fire — e,g,,
Second Floor — Koom 17.
in case of
FIEE,
DESCEND TO BASEMENT,
PASS THROUGH CYCLE STORE, AND LEAVE
BY DOOR ON RIGHT.
IN CASE OF FIRE.
1. Shout for assistance if conflagration other than
local.
2. Use sand or extinguisher
! • • ^^ • • • • .
s * « • ••
. • • • .•
:\ : • ••
32 FIRST AID IN LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP
3. If liquids are on fire, use sand only.
4. If sodium or potassium is burning, or is liable to
take fire, dry sand only must be used.
5. Otherwise, pour water cai^efully into the centre
of the conflagration.
6. If clothes are burning, lay patient on the floor,
burning part of clothes upwards, and extinguish
flames by covering or wrapping with blanket. Treat
for burns (p. 14).
ACCIDENTS WITH STRONG
ACIDS AND ALKALIES
1. Strong acids or alkalies on the shin, see p. 13 ;
in the eye^ see p. 15.
2. Strong acids on garments — apply ammonium
carbonate or ammonia solution at once.
3. Strong alkalies on garments — apply dilute acetic
acid solution at once (alternatively, use lemon- juice).
Wash with water, then neutralize remaining acid
with ammonium carbonate.
4. Strong acids on bench, floor, etc, — throw on
handfuls of chalk or lime.
VILLINO ktiO Vi^ys, I*XD., PRINTERS, OUILDrORO, BSTOLAKD
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW
AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS
WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN
THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY
WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH
DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY
OVERDUE.
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