First Biennial Report of the Progress of the Geological Survey of Michigan: Embracing ...

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FIRST BIENinAL EEPOET

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PROGhHESS ,

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GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY

oin is/dciomo-A-isr,

EUBEtACINQ OBSERYATIONS ON THS

GEOLOai, ZOOLOGY AND BOTAM

OF THB

LO"W^ER PENINSULA.

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KADE TO THE OOVEBNOB, DEOEMBEB 81, 1800.

J^if. ^fkdhoniL^.

LANSING:
Hosxaer &> Kerr, Printers to the State.

iseiV '

INTRODUCTION

8KXTGH OF THK HlffrOBT OV CtSOLOGT IK IDCHiaAir.

Before entering upon the consideration of the subjects strictly
Helonging to this Report, a brief notice of what has heretofore
been done in developing the Geologj of Michigan, will undoub^
edlj be acceptable to the people of our State.

The explorations and discoTories of the Jesuit Missionaries,
prosecuted for many years along the borders of the great Lakes,
may be passed over as too remotely connected with the history
of Geology in Michigan, to justify their introduction into the
present report. The record of the wonderful labors and suffer*
ings of these early christian missionaries, may be found embod-
ied in the numerous volumes of a work entitled, '' Relations de
ce que s'est passe de plus remarquable aux Missions des peres
de la compagnie de Jesus, en la Nouvelle France."* A con-
densed sketch derived from this source, is given in Foster and
Whitney's " Report on the. Geology and Topography of a portion
of the Lake Superior Land District, in the State of Michigan,
Part I.''

The existence of copper in considerable quantity, upon the
shores of Lake Superior, had all along attracted the attention
of the Missionaries. The first mention made of the occurrence
ef this metal is found in the Relation for 1659-60. The first
mining enterprise of which we have aay account, was superin-

•▲ copy of this remarkable and rare old work is in the pomession of Judge Gampbell, Prof,
of Law in the University. Other sources of information relative to this period are " Travels
of the Jesuits into various parts of the world," ke. Vol. n., London, 1703. " Early Jesuit
maslons in North America," by Rev. William lagraham Kipp ; New York. 1847. ** Lettref
•diflaates et cur lenses." kc. Tome premier, pp. I87-€18, Paris, 1846. ix)r a knowledge of
Iheae works, I am indented to Prof, white, liuca further information mav be found in th«
'< Histoire de la Nouvelle France," and *< ThtTeoot'i Belationg de divers Voyagei Corleox,"
•ad « BecaeU de Voyages," Paris, IML

6 REPORT OF THE

tended by Alexander Henry, near the forks of the Ontonagon
river, in 1111.

The ex[ lorations of Alexander McKenzie, commenced in
1189, extended over a po'rtion of the shores of Lake Superior,
and tlience north- weit, tiver the (^oiintry. T^hose waters flow
into the Arctic ocean. In the account of his travels he speaks
of the occurrence of -^virgin copper" on the south shore of the
lake.

In the yeaar 1800, during the presidency of the elder Adamn,
Congress passed a resolution^* providing for the employment
of an agent for the purpose of collecting information relative
to the "Copper Mines" on the south shore of Lake Superior 5
but it does not appear that this resolution was ever put in
execution.

In 1819, General Cass, under the authority of the Secretary
of War, directed an exploring expedition^ which passed along
the Southern shore of Lake Superior,f and crossed over to the
Mississippi. This expedition had among its principal objects,
^that of investigating the north-western copper mines ; and was
accompanied by Mr. H. R. Schoolcraft in the capacity of mineral-
ogist and geologist. His observations are recorded in his " Nai>
rative Journal of Travels from Detroit, north-west," &c., pub-
Hshed in 1821.

In the spring of 1 823, Major Long, acting under the orders
of the War Department, and accompanied by several scientific
gentlemen, started on an expedition, the object of which was
to explore the river St. Peters and the country situated on
the northern boundary of the United States, between the Red
River of Hudson's Bay, and Lake Superior. In returning, they
coasted along the north shore of this Lake.

In 1831 an expedition was sent out by the United States gov-
ernment, under the command of Mr. Schoolcraft, for the purpose
of ascertaining the sources of the Mississippi river. Dr. Douj^
las Houghton was attached to this party, and he subsequentJy

♦Laws of the United States, Vol. m. , p. 403.
^Journal of the Expedition of General Caae.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1

speaks of the aid afforded by the observations made at this time
in tracing the fragments of copper to their place in the rock.

Nothing farther was attempted at elucidating the mineral
resources of any portion of the territory, until the admission of
Michigan into the Union in 1836, when the government at once
proceeded to the organization of a general, systematic survey.

The original act for the organization of the geological survey
of the State was approved by Gov. Mason, February 23d; 1831.*
It provided for a geological, zoological, botanical and topo-
graphical survey. Under this act the following corps of oAcetB
was appointed.*!*

Dougla^Houghton, Geologist.

Abram Sager, Principal Assistant; in charge of Botanical
aiid Zoological Departments.

S. W. Higgins, Topographer and Draughtsman.

Columbus 0. Dougla^ Sub-Assistant.

Bela Hubbard, Sub- Assistant.

William P. Smith, Sub-Assistant in charge of Mechanical
Zoology.

Messrs. Douglas^ and Hubbard, during the following years,
Were First Assistants.

On the 26th of January, 1838, Dr. Houghton presented his
v^ First Annual Report, a document of 3t pages, in which, after
alluding to the topography of the State, he notices the several
geological features of the Lower Peninsula under the following
heads : " Upper SandrocJc of the Feninsulay^* " Oray Limestone,'^
*^ Lower Sandstone or Oraywack Oroup,'" "Gypsum,*^ "Brine
Springs,^^ *' Clay," *'8and," '' Marl,", ''Bog Iron Ore," "Mineral
S^prings" Several pages are devoted to the Brine Springs, and
numerous interesting analyses of the saline waters of Michigan
are for the first time published.

On the 22d of March the Governor approved a new act, re-
organizing the survey in more comprehensive terms, and with
more detailed provisions.;]:

• Senate Journal 1837, p. 189. For the Act, see " Iawb of lUcbigan.'' 1837. p. 14.
t Report, 1838. • » » *'

J" Laws'* 1887-3, p. 119.

8 REPOET OF THE

About the same date, acts were passed for the incorporation
of the " Clinton Salt Works," and for the improvement of the
V State Salt Springs."* January 1, 1839, Dr. Houghton presented
a special " Report in relation to Salt Springs,"f and on the 28th
of the same month, a Report on Iron Ore in Branch County.J
Thei same daj the Legislature passed an " Act relative to Sail
Springs." '

On the 4th of February, 1839, Dr. Houghton presented hi«
^ ''Second Annual Beport"^ This document, of 163pp., warn
made up as follows :

1. GE0I.0GY, by Dr. Houghton, 39 pp. " Northern Fart of thi
Pkkinsula." " Topography and General Character ^^^ **Bock8," " Ter-
tiary CflaySf^' "SheUMarl/' ** Gypsum/^ " Change of Elevation in
the Waters of the Great Lakes. Southern Part or the Peninsula.
" Coal," " Salt Springs and State Salt Lands."
. 2. Zoology, by Dr. Abram Sager, 15 pp. A systematic cata-
logue of the animals of the State, as far as observed.

3. Botany, by Dr. John Wright, 29 pp. A catalogue of the
plants of the State as far as observed.

4. Topography, by S. W. Higgins, 21 pp.

5. Geology of Eaton, Ingham and Jackson counties, by C. 0.
Douglas, Assistant Geologist, 13 pp.

6. Geology of Wayne and Monroe ooimties, by Bela Hubbard,
Assistant Geologist, 36 pp.

The Zoological and Botanical Departments were suspended
early in the year by the resignation of the oflScers in charge.

On the 6th of January, 1840, the State Geologist made a
report in relation to the Salt Springs ||, and on the 3d of Februa-
ry, presented his Third Annual It^[)ort^ of 111 pages, covering
the following documents :
^ 1. Geology, by Dr. Houghton, 33 pp. A description of the
Topography and Geology of that portion of the Upper Penin- .

• Laws 1837-8, p. 166.

f House Doc. , p. 39.

1 lb., p. 842.

I House Doc., 1839, p. 380.

I House Doc. , 1840, Vol. I, P^ V.

f lb.Vol.n,p.m

STATE GEOLO&IST. 9

aula bordering on Lakes Michigan and Huron, followed by a
notice of the " Clay, Iron Stone and Bog Ores" of the Southern
Peninsula. The rocks of the Upper Peninsula are here ar-
ranged under the two heads Primart and Sedimentary. The
latter are subdivided into Lower Limerock and Shales, and
Upper Limerocks.

3. Topography, by S. W. Higgins, 18 pp.

8. Geolooy, by C. 0. Douglass, 23 pp., containing " General
Remarks on the counties of Jackson, Calhoun, Kalamazoo,
Eaton, Ionia and Kent,'' with considerable detail on the rocks
of the coal measures, which are dirided into ''Upper" and
"Lower Coal Groups."

4. Geology, by B. Hubbard, 3$ pp. containing reports on Len-
awee, Hillsdale, Branch, St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Washtenaw,
Oakland and Livingston Counties, and embracing a systematic
description of the various formations and economical products
of these Counties ; a notice of the " Ancient Lake Ridge," and
numerous practical suggestions on th« use of Peat and Marl.

A Committee of the House of Representatives reported on the
reports of the State Geologist, at this session of the Legislature,*
and the Zoological and Botanical portions of the act establishing
the Survey were repealed. On the 28th of March, an act was
passed relative to the maps of the State and Counties.
v< The Fourth Annual Report of the State Geologist was pre-
sented February 1, 1841. This Report embraced the following
documents :

1. Geology, by Dr. Houghton, 89 pp. This was devoted to a
description of the Topography, Geology and Minerology of the
country bordering on Lake Superior. The classification of the
rocks will be embraced in the table which follows. The report
embraces a masterly discussion of the Mineral Veins of the
''Trap, Conglomerate, &c.," and concludes with notices of the
"Furs, Fish and Harbors of Lake Superior.*

2. Latifudes akd MAaNsno Yabiations, by Frederick Hubbard,
Special Assistant, 6 pp.

4QaiiM Doc IMO, Vol. n. p. in.

10 REPORT OF THE

8. Geology, by C. 0. Douglass, 15 pp., devoted mainly to iht
general geology of the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula,
bordering on Lakes Huron and Michigan. The geological
series, as here made out, will also be embraced in the table.

4. Geology, by B. Hubbard, 83 pp., devoted to a generail
resume of the geology of the organized counties, with tables of
the formations.

5. Topography, by S. W. Higgins, 26 pp., containing valuable
tables of magnetic variations, and of the rise and fall of water
in the lakes.

On the 4th February, Dr. Houghton presented a Report of
the progress of the County and State maps.*

Through the pressure of the financial crisis under which the
State and country were still suffering, the Legislature was in-
duced to curtail the appropriations for the continuance of the sur-
vey. The Fifth Annual Report therefore, dated January 25th,
1842,f is a brief paper of six pages, containing some notices of the
geology of the western portion of the Mineral District of Lake
Superior, surveyed by Dr. Houghton in connexion with, his
duties as Boundary Commissioner. Dr. Houghton, not cont^txt
that a work to which he had devoted so much labor, and fdi*
which he had undergone so many privations, should be inter-
rupted, and perhaps frustrated, by the supposed inability of
the State to carry it on, devised, in 1844, in connexion with
William A. Burt, Esq., the plan of connecting the linear
surveys of the public lands of the United States, with a
a geological and mineralogical survey of the country. Thia
plan was fully set forth in a paper prepared and read by
him before the "Association of American Geologists," at
Washington, in that year. The immense advantages likely
to result from such a survey, if successfully carried into exe-
cution, were at once comprehended. The Commissioner of
the General Land Office, having obtained a promise from Dr.
Houghton to undertake the work, recommended to Congress an

♦ House Doc, 1841, p. 94.
f Joint Doc., 1942, p. 488.

-^ A illS'f lUS" /U./**^- ^^M't #^/.^- *.<•«. ve-#(>

STATE GEOLOGIST 11

appr()priation for that purpose. This was made, and tlie survey
commenced by Dr. Houghton.* According to the plan agreed
upon between Dr. Houghton and Mr. Burt, the township lines of
the Upper Peninsula were to be run by Mr. Burt, or under his
supervision, while the subdivisions were to be made by other
deputy surveyors — ^Dr, Houghton having the especial control of
the whole. All rocks crossed by lines were to be examined,
specimens taken, and the exact locality noted, while at the same
time as much information as could be obtained, was to be col-
lected in relation to the geological and topographical features
of the country. The surveyors were to be accompanied along
the lines by a special barometrical observer. This system had
been fairly organized, and the field work of one season nearly
completed, when his melancholy death by drowning, occurred
during a storm on Lake Superior, near Eagle river, on the night
of Oct. 18th, 1845.f This unfortunate termination of the survey'
was communicated to the Legislature by S. W. Higgins, on the
Tth of January, 18464

According to the plan entered upon, a full and minute report
was to have been prepared and returned by Dr. Houghton, to
the ofBce of the Sui'veyor General. On the decease of the head
of the survey, his administrators employed Messrs. William A.
Burt and Bela gubbard, ta compile reports on the geological
results of the work for 1845, from the field notes of that year.
Mr. Burt^s Report was prepared from his own notes, and Mr.
Hubbard's from those of Dr. Houghton. These two Reports§
unfold in au admirable manner the geological structure of the
trap and metaphorphic regions of Lake Superior, and anticipate
results which were subsequently worked out by the United
States Geologists. The notes and maps of three townships
were in Dr. Houghton's possession at the time of his death, and
were never recovered.

Thus ended the first geological survey of our State — a work

* See « The Mineral Region of Lake Superior," by Jacob Houghton, Jr.
t lb. Also Foster and Whitney, Rep. Vol. I, p. 14.
I Joint Doe. 1846, No. 13.

§ For my knowledge of these BMporks I am eatirelj indebted to the work of Jacob Booghton,
Jr., before referred to.

.1

12 REPORT OF THE

inangurated within a little more than a year after her admit-
.sion into the Union, and prosecuted, consequentlj, in the midat*
of the greatest embarrassments. But though the work was
4inavoidably arduous for the geologist, and expensive for the
State, it served to acquaint the world, at an early day, with
inany of the sources of our mineral wealth, and to awaken and
maintain a lively desire for more full and definite information
relative to the Coal, Salt, Gypsum, Copper and Iron, of which
the published Reports of Progress had afforded hasty glimpses.
Dr. Houghton's Report, published in 1841, furnished the world
with the first definite information relative to the occurrence of
native copper in place, on Lake Superior ]* and the promise of
wealth now so rapidly growing up in that region, has been to
41 great extent created by the attention drawn in that direction
by this Report of my lamented predecessor.

The subjoined table, setting forth the order of arrangement
of the rocks of the State, as compiled from Dr. Houghton^
Annual Reports, and those of his assistants, will perhaps sufiS-
ciently extend, for the present occasion, this historical reference
to the former State Geological Survey.

Succession of Strata in Michigan, as published in 1838—41,

Arranged in Descending order.

XXXI. Recent Alluvions, (Hubbard, Rep't 1841, p. 123.)
XXX. Ancient Alluvions, (lb. 120.)
XXIX. Erratic Block Group or Diluviums, (lb. 115.)
XXVIII. Tertiary Clays. (Houghton, 1839, p. IT ; 1841, p. 43 ;

Hubbard, 1841, p. 123.)
XXVII. Brown or Gray Sandstone. (Douglass, 1840, p. 69.;

Hubbard, 1841, p. 130.)
XXVI. Argillaceous Iron Ore in thin included beds, (lb.)
XXV. Coal Strata, alternating with friable, slaty sandstonn,

and thick beds of black shale and slate, (lb.)
XXIV. Red or variegated sandstone. (Douglass, 1840, p. TO;

Hubbard, 1841, p. 129.)

!!■ fl 1X<I

♦Wliitney'B MetaUo Weallh of the United St«tef , 9.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1ft

XXni. Gray and yellow sandstone. (Hubbard, 1841, p. 128.),.
XXII. Shales and coal of the "lower coal measures." (Doug-
lass, 1840, p. 66 ; Hubbard, 1841, p. 126.)
Blue, compact, slaty sandstone. (Hubbard, 1841, p./

136.)
Gray limestone, or Upper Limerock — 14 ft. (Hubbard, .
1841, pp. 125-130.) Douglass places this between.
the "Upper'' and "Lower Coal," and says the Gyp- '
sum is above, or embraced in it. (1840, pp. 62-6t.)
The Gypsum is also placed above by Houghton.'
(1839, p. 11.)
Fossiliferous ferruginous sandstones. (Hubbard, 1840,.
pp. 81-88.) Thinned out at Grand Kapids. (Hub-
bard, 1841, p. 138.) Subdivided as follows :
G. Coarse, quartzose, yellowish gray sandrock, 30 ft..
P. Ash colored, or brown sandrock, with marine^

fossils, 15 ft.
E. Dingy and green, finegrained strata, with occasional

fossils and ferruginous spots.
D. Hard gray stratum of sapdrock, 1 ft.
C. Dingy-green, finegrained sandstone, interstratified
with slaty sandstone, and apparently with blue
clay shale, 16 to 20 ft.
B. Yellow, fossiliferous sandrock. Abounds in marine
fossils. 20 ft.

A. Finegrained sandrock.

rVIIL Kidney Iron Formation, 45 ft. (Hubbard, 1840, p. 86 ;
1841, p. 13 ; Houghton, 1840, p. 25.) Considered
the bottom of the Carboniferous System.

IVII. Sandstone of Ft. aux Barques. Passes south-west
and underlies the sandstone of Hillsdale county,
though not exposed there. (Hubbard, 1841, p. 132.)
Divided as follows :

B. Coarse sandstone or partial conglomerate. (Hub-

bard, 1841, p. 136.)

i

14 REPORT OF THE

A. Yellow ancl greenish sandstones. (lb.) The cfaiKlf

stones XVII are supposed to be equivalent to the
Ohio "Conglomerate" and "Waverly Sandstone.*
(Hubbard, 1841, p. 132.)
XVI. Clay Slates and Flags of Lake Huron, 180 ft. (Hub-
bard, 1841, p. 136.) Divided into*

B. Argillaceous sandstone, alternating with sandstone

and clay slates.

A. Blue clay slates and flags, with alternating gyp.

sum beds and gypseous marls. These two (A and
B) constitute the, "Upper Salt Rock" (Hubbard,
1841, p. 133). The gypsum of Grand Rapids is
placed here by Hubbard, (1841, p. 133).
XV. Ft. au Gres and Manistee* limestone (Douglass, 1841,

pp. 102, 103).
XTV. Soft, coarse-grained sandstones, 230 ft. (Hubbard,
1841, p. 133.) Pierced at Grand Rapids, in the salt
well of Lucius Lyon. The "lower salt rock" of
Ohio, Va. and Mich. (lb. 133.)
XIII. Black bituminous, aluminous slate, with pyrites (Hub-
bard, 1841, p. 134).

B. Light blue, argillaceous (Douglass, 1841, p. 102).
A. Black, containing pyrites. (lb.)

XII. Limestone of Lake Erie, (Hubbard, 1839, pp. 88, 105 ;
1840, p. 83 ; 1841, p. 134). Subdivided as follows:
D. Corniferous limestone, (t)ouglass, 1841, p. 102).

C. Thunder Bay and Little Traverse Bay limestone^,

(Douglass, 1841, pp. 112, 103).

(/) Blue silicious limestone, (Douglass, 1841, p.

109.)
(e) A confused mass of broken fossils, imbedded

in clay. (lb.)
(d) Vesiculated chert, colored with iron. (lb.)
(c) Flaggy limestone in very thin layers. (lb.)

*Tbe lim^tone referred to by Doaglass seems to be rather on the Haskegon than <m Ih*
Ifanistee river, which is many miles further north.

STATE ©EOLOGIST. 16

(b) Bliie day with iron pyrites. (Douglas, 1841,

pp. 109.)
(a) Light blue limestone.
' B. Black bituminous limestone. (Douglas, 1841^ pp.

102, 103.)
A. Blue limestone. (lb.) i

XI. Mackinac limestone, (Douglas, 1841, p. 102, 103,) —

" Manitoulin Portion of Upper Limerock." (Hough*
ton, 1840, pp. 19, 21.)
X. Polypiferous Portion of Upper Limerock. (Houghton,

1840, pp. 19, 21.

IX. Pentamerus Portion of Upper Limerock. (lb.) .♦

VIII. Lower Limerock and Shales. (Houghton, 1840, p. 10.)
VII. Sandy Limerock. (Houghton, 1841, p. 20.)
VI. Upper grey Sandstone. (Houghton, 1841, p. 19.) Not

conformable with next stratum.
V. Lower, or Red Sandstone and Shales. (Houghton,

1841, p. 119.)

rV. Mixed Conglomerate and Sandstone. (Ib.)A

III. Conglomerate. (lb". 17.)b

It. MetamOrphic Rocks. (lb. 16.)c

I. Primary Rocks. (lb. 15 )d

Little more than a year after the suspension of the survey
under Dr. Houghton, Congress passed an act, approved March
1st, 1847, embracing provisions for the geological exploration
of the Lake Superior Land District, organized by the same act.
Under this act. Dr. C. T. Jackson was appointed by the Secretary
of the Treasury, to execute the required survey.

After having spent two seasons in the prosecution of this
work, he presented a report of 801 pages,* and resigned his
commission. In the meantime, the survey was continued, and
subsequently completed by Messrs. Foster and Whitney, United
States Geologists. Their Report, of 224 pages, on the *' Copper

A, B, 0. D. The Traps intersect this series variously.

•Ann. Mess, and Doc. 1849^^, Part HI. Also, Senate Doc. Ist Sees. 81st Gong. Vol. .S,
lS4»-60.

i

1j5 report of the

Lands," was submitted as Part I., on the 16th of April, 1850 *
Part XL, on the "Iron Region" and General Geology, was sub-
mitted November 12th, 1851, and forms a volume of 406 pages
and XXXV. Plates.f Messrs. Foster and Whitney were aided
in the field work of the survey by Messrs. S. W. Hill and
Edward JJesor as first assistants ; by Mr. William Schlater ati
Draughtsman, and Mr. W. D. Whitney as Botanist. The fossil*
iferous region was also passed over by Prof James Hall, the
palaeontologist of New York, whose observations and general
conclusions are embodied in the Report, together with papers on
the Geology of Wisconsin, by Dr. I. A. Lapham, and Col. Chas.
Whittlesey. The latter also communicated important chapters
on the " observed fluctuations of the surfaces of the Lakes," and
" magnetic variations," with a " comparison of terrestrial and
astronomical measurements." '

The examinations reported upon in Part II., extended around
the entire Lake shores of the Upper Peninsula, as far as the
head of Green Bay, and embraced the islands at the head of Lake
Huron, from Mackinac to Drummond's Island. ^ The groups of
of rocks observed wore found to conform to the geology of New
York and other States, and a parallelism was established, from
the Potsdam Sandstone to the Upper Helderberg Group.

No further public geological explorations were made with-
in the limits of our State, until the commencement of the
present survey. The mining companies of Lake Superior, how*
ever, maintained a series of Jocal explorations, which have con-
tributed a vast amount of detailed information, destined to be
of the greatest service in the compilation of a general report.

During the legislative session of 1858, numerous petitions
were presented for the completion of the geological survey of
the State. The number was greatly increased at the session of
1859, and, although the condition of the State Treasury was re-
ported to be such as hardly to justify embarkation upon any ex-
traordinary expenditures, it was finally deemed advisable to make

•Executive Doc. No. 69, 1st Sess. Slst Cong., Vol. 9, 1849.-50.
•f-Executive Doc. No. 4, Special Seas. 32d Oong. , Vol. 3, 1861.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

It

a commencement of the work of completing the geological survey,
and preparing for publication in a convenient and practical
form, a Report upon the Geology of the State, drawn from orig-
inal observationg, and all other accessible sources. The terms
of the act approved February 15, 1859, were copied almost lite*
rally from the original act of 183t ; and the survey thus insti*
tnted, possessed, of course, all the^ scope of the original under-
taking.

The following Report embraces only the results of the actual
observations made durimg the past two seasons. It must b«
borne in mind, however, that the provision made for the prose-
cution of this survey, has not as yet been such as to permit its
complete organization ; and the heads of the principal depart-
ments have only been employed during such time as could be
spared from other and regular professional engagements.

8

■; . ' I

' 9

JlJ^ tC JL. Jb.*

GEOLOGY

/ :•

'■t

V-.. .:-■

CHAPTER I.

OBOANIZATION OF THX SUBYET, AKD FLAK OF OPXRAnOKft.

On the receipt of my commission, dated March IHh, 1809,
designating me to take the charge of the work provided for
bj the "Act to Finish the Geological Sorrey of the State,''
approved February 16, 1859, I met you, by request, for the
purpose of consultation upon a plan (^ operations adapted to
the circumstances then existing. Besides the act just referred
to, a joint resolution had been previously passed, making an
appropriation for the " publication of Dr. Houghton's Notes.*
An examination of such sources of information as were acceo-
dible, had shown, however, at the time of our interview, thai
there were na ** notes '' made by Dr. Houghton or his assistants
which had not already been reported from, either by the ob-
servers themselves, or in the manner provided for by Dr.
Houghton's administrators, except the field notes upon four
townships in the Upper Peninsula, which were lost at the time
Df the melancholy occurrence which terminated the origiital
survey. It resulted, that the only further uss which could be
made of the "notes" referr^ te in the resolution, weuld be to
werk them up inte a detailed report upon the geology of the
State, as understood twenty years ago, before the geelogy tf
K^w Tork, Canada, and the Northwest, had contributed soek
importi^it aids to the {»roper understanding of the geelogj at
our own State. While such a publication as this would be but
a just tribute to the men who had labored and suffered for
jears in this great work, it was not deemed compatible with
tho interest of the State, nor conducive to the advancement of
science, to prosecute the publication of Dr. Houghton's "notes"
in all the details of a final report, and immediately follow it
with mother report, uixewiy provided. for, which. ikiwiSA ^xs»r

32 REPOKT OF THB

plete the elucidation of our geology, and adapt it in all respects
to our present wants and the present state of the science. This
view seemed the more • consistent, since any adequate report
upon our geology could not fail to do justice to the names of
those who were the jHonoers iu Michigan geology.

After the interval which had elapsed since the date of the
explorations made in the Lower Peninsula of the State, it was
obvious that a great multitude of facts must have com© to
light, calculated to have a bearing upon any final conclusions
as to the geological succession of our strata. New natural
exposures of the underlying rocks, had been discovered, new
quarries had been opened, the working of coal and gypsum had
actually- commenced on a successful scale, and especially were
new opportunities presented for the collection of fossils— the
language in which geological records are written. It seemed
necessary, therefore, to undertake the same thing which had
been undertaken by Massachusetts, by South Carolinia, Tennes-
see, and other States. The ground was to be gone over again^
for the purpose of posting up our collection of, facts. The
Lower Peninsula, as being least understood, was to receive the
first reconnoissance. Detailed examinations were to be made,
only with reference to settling the geographical distribution of
the coal, and resolving other questions of immediate economical
importance. The report which follows, will show I truist, a
satisfactory degree of success in making these determinations.
The geological observers, in the progress of their work, were
to embrace favorable opportunities for the collection of zoologi-
cal and botanical specimens; and the zool<>gical observers were
*o make note of all geological data which came in their way.
• IxL pursuance of the plan agreed upon, I made an exctrir-
sion on the first of April to the Maumee river, where, by the
enlightened liberality of Mr. George Glark, the proprietor of
several fishing stations on the rivers and lakes, I was enabled
to secure two or three barrels of specimens of the various spe-
icies of fishj and oth^ aquatic animals common to soui^-bastem
Mil^ij^skj^^^d northern Ohio. At the same time, Dr. Manly lilfiles,

STATE GE0L0GE5T 23

who had been c[esign«ted to take special charge ^f the depart-
ment of Zoology, descended the Saginaw river to its month, in
oompany with a yonng man who was subsequently employed
during the season as taxidermist and general assistatit. About
the middle of May, the necessary preparations having been
completed, I entered upon the field work of the season, by com*
mencing a geological survey of the county of Monroe. In this
part of the i^ork I was accompanied by Messrs. A. J)* White
and Lewis Spalding, two students of the University, who volun-
teered their assistiyice for the mere payment of their traveling
expenses. Mr. White continued in the service of the survey
during the season, and was again employed the present season.
I am happy here to testify to the faithful, able and obliging
manner in which he has co-operated in the execution of all my
plans.

After the completion of our observations in Monroe county,
our reconnoissance was extended through Jackson, Hillsdale,
Lenawee, Branch and Calhoun counties. Having familiarized
myself with the character of the Coal Formation in the vicinity
of Jackson, and traced its limits to the east and west of the
city, I had no hesitation in pronouncing upon the non-existance
of coal at Jonesville, or in Hillsdale county. I subsequently
had the opportunity to discourage the explorations for coal in
the vicinity of Albion, misguided to the same extent as those of
Hillsdale county. Similar duties, always unpleasant, and often
met by ingratitude and incredulity, have had to be performed in
scores of other places. The observations made at Jackson,
Woodville, Barry, Albion, Marshall, Battle Creek, Union City,
Jonesville and Hillsdale, have proved exceedingly instructive,
as will be shown in the ultimate publication of the details of
the survey.

The south-western part of the State promising to be less pro-
ductive of useful observations, Mr. White was instructed to
traverse the counties of St. Sfoseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren
and Kalamazoo, along designated lines, while I entered upon
the examination of^ tb» regions bordering u^u tb% ^\^^% ^\

84 SBPORT OF THE

public e^nveyano*. Our party of two, Mfm thus eonv^rted intt
two partiea, eaoh attcudinn^, more or less, to all the departoMute
of ike survey. Ib t£e begiauiug of autumn, we met by appoiui-
ment, at Grand Haven, aad proceeded over the country to Grand
Rapids. Here I made an examination of the geological rela-
tions of the gypsum and salt, and announced, as is believed, for
the first time, the true geological position ei those important
products. Here Mr. White was detained several weeks by an
intermittent, contracted from exposure at Grand Haven. In
the mean time, however, he succeeded in making several excur-
sions into the northern part of Kent county. Tewards tke
last of October, I returned to Grand Rapids, and after complet-
ing my geological observations, communicated, by request, to
James Scribner, Esq.> in writing, my conclusions as to the
geology of the Grand River Valley, and the depth at which the
brine horizon would be found to lie. I stated that the source of
the brine was from the shales of the gypseous group, near its
base; and that I had no evidence of the existence of stronger
brine at any greater depth in the formations which outcrop in
the southern part of tke State. I said that though the under-
lying formations are all somewhat saliferous, they are not
strongly so, but that there are fissures and powerful currents of
water at certain points, which would render extremely unprom-
ising the search for salt below the gypsum formation. I recall
these declarations at this time, for the purpose of vindicating
the reliability of geological inductions, however unfavorable to
individual or local interests and prejudices.

From Grand Rapids I proceeded to a cursoiy examination of
the coal of Shiawassee county, and the brine of Saginaw
county, while Mr. White proceeded through Barry, Eaton and
Jackson counties, to Ann Arbor. I found the salt boring at
East Saginaw progressing successfully under the enlightened
management of Dr. Lathrop, one of the best geologists in our
State, who had stimulated this enterprise as an inference from
. purely geological duta. My observations upon the outcrops of
jthe recks whieli tbis iKHring was penetrating, enabled me to

STATE GEOLOGIST. 25

I»edi6t witk oonsiderable confidence ibe depth at which the'
•ftlt bearing recki of Grand Rapids would be reached. The
subsequent result Tcry happily justified my judgment, and we
are enabled to day to look upon ene ef the Isading enterprises
of the State as the direct offspring" of theoretical geology.

Dr. Miles, after spending some time on the Flint and Saginaw
rivers, visited the numerous lakes and streams of Oakland,
Livingston, Genesee, Lapeer and Washtenaw counties, and to-
ward the close of the season paid a visit to the western part of
the State. He was accompanied during most ©f the season by
Mr. Dodge, of Fli«t, and for a few weeks by Dr. Jewell, of Ann
Arbor. While in the vicinity of Flushing, i« (Genesee ceunty,
he collected valuable observations and specimens from the
outcrop of the coal series; and these have been cemmunicated,
with proper diagrams, to this department.

In December, I entered upon a comparative exauii nation ef
Michigan and Ohio gypsum. A chemical analysis of each was
made, at my request, by Prof. L. R. Fisk, of the Agricultural
C<^lege; and at the instance of 0. A. Trowbridge, Esq., of De-
troit, I drew up a paper on the subject, which was placed in his
hands.

In the month of February, 1860, 1 paid a visit, b^^ request, to
the salt works at Grand Rapids. I cellected imfermation, and
explained the indications, in the light of the geological observa-
tions which I bad made in the southern part ef the Sta^te ; and
while there, delivered a public lecture vpen the subject of Salt
end iU Oeological EeloHona.

About the first of March, I drew mp a paper embracing a
brief exhibit of the geology of the southern peninsula, and a
condensed statement of the borings at various localities for salt.
This was transmitted to Dr. Fetter, the Superintendent of the salt
operations at East Saginaw, for the purpose of informing the
company which he represented, as to the geological position
ifrtiich their salt boring had reached, and what might be ex-
pected as the consequence of continuing to greater depths. For

26 REPORT OF THE

this communication, the company returned me a v^ry poiite t^b-
olution of thanks, with a retiuest for permifision to make the
communication public.

On the 9 th of April, I transmitted to you, an Informal Report
on the progress and results of the survey, which, while not
called for by the terms of the Act, was intended as an acknpwl-
edgement of the enlightened interest which you had all along
manifested in the progress of this work.

Before the close of March, I had commenced preparations for
the field work of 1860. On consultation with Dr. Miles, it had
been agreed to unite the geological and zoological parties, and
thus incur the expense of but a single outfit. The principal
part of the season's business was to be upon and near the
shores of the great Lakes. In these situations, where natural
sections are always presented down to the surface of the water,,
rock exposures are much more frequent than in the interior.
By determining the points on each side of the Peninsula, where^
the various formations intercept the lake shores, there is little
difficulty in tracing approximately the lines of outcrop acrosi*
the State.

It was intended to prosecute, before the season was suffi-
ciently advanced for safe navigation in small boats upon the
lakes, an examination of the vaUies of the Cass and Tittiba*
wassee rivers. Reports which had been rife during the previoua
season, of discoveries of coal, lead, iron, and "volcanic" rocks
and "craters," in th« vicinity of the Cass river, excited the hope
that some unexpected developments might accrue from a scien
tific examination of that region; while on the other hand it was
hoped that the ascent of the Tittiba wassee would result in
some revelations as to the nature and limits of the coal and
salt formations. On the 18th of May, Dr. Miles and Mr. White
set out upon the exploration ©f the Cass, but the anticipated
survey of the Tittibawassee, by myself, was prevented by
extreme family affliction, and death, occurriiig on the very day
that I had designated for my departure.

Finding that a suitable boat could not be procured in the

SSTATB «K)LOGIST. «f

«
loF^r part of tbe State without great sacrifioeB, I Ti'sited the

Sault, in the last of Maj, and purchased^ at a great saving, a.
Mackinaw boat, which proved to answer our purpo'be perfectly.
Early in June, the surveying corps made a rendezvous at East
Sagiaaw. Besides Dr. Miles and myself, the party consisted of
Mr. White, Mr. N. H. Winchell, who had been engaged aa
botanical assistant, and two voyageure, who had been secured
atthbSault. After carefully exploring the whele coast, from
the mouth of the Saginaw river to the vicinity of White Rock,
the party returned and entered upon the examination of the
west coast of the Bay and Lake, which was continued to Mack-
inac. After an examination of this and tbe neighboring islands
we coasted along eastward to Drummond*s Island, which, at
this time and subsequently, was completely circumnavigated.
We proceeded thence to the Bruce and Wellington mines, and
thence to the Sault. Hero my plan of operations called me to
another part of the State; and as Dr. Miles, who had left the
party at Thunder Bay on the 4th of July, did not rejoin it at
the Sault, Mr. White led the explorations for the remainder of
the season. His instructions took him back to the islands at
the head of Lake Huron, and thence to Mackinac; At this
place Dr. Miles rejoined the party. Thence they coasted along
as far as Northport, on the south side of Grand Traverse Bay,
following all the indentations of the coast, and entering all the
small lakes accessible by navigable streams. From this point
the patty returned home.

In August I made an axejursion to Olevelaaid and the Cuya-
hoga Falls,, for ihe purpose of procuring data with which to
compare my observations upon the coal measures and other
perplexing strata in our own State.

In September, I made, by request, a special examination of
the coal measures located in the vicinity of the Detroit and
Milwaukie railway, in Shiawassee county, and transmitted the
results of my observations; to W. K. Muir, Jjgsq., Superintendent.

I subsequently. revisited Grand Rapids, and made examina-
tions of some portions of Ionia, Glintoii and lagham co^ati^^.

.' I

9. The vallty of ihe<Au Sl^ubla mes. % & FetCibme, oi
4iui Arbor*

3. BrownstQwn, Waynt cowty. % B. F* Woodruff, of
feowngtowB, ,

$i^yei;al otber commuttioatioas are proamed^ a&d supposed to
l^i^progr^s.

. The uupaQkfug and labeliijig of the ipi^aenise numbers of gecH
logical specun^UGI roquired to illustrate tbe geology of all part»
^ the State, and comp^^^ the suites. of duplicates called fir
bj the Act establisliiDg the survey, forms , no ineonsiderable
share of the mecbaniqal labor imposed upojx the geologist.
The locality of each individual specimen must be {Nreserred
^Qiili the timeat is broken from. the rock, through all the vicissi-
tudes sf bagging, transportation by band, boxis^y transports^
tion, by public conyeyanse, and uiy)acking; and not only this,
for where a cliff presents two or more strata successiv'^ly su-^
ferimpossd, it is esse^tial for the geologist to know what fossils
o^ other specimens are ajSbrded by each stratum. Allusion is
lisre mads to the subject, for the purpose oi explaining thus
, ^iarly, the system of permanent labels which has beea adopted.
Every locality vwited by the gecdogicaV surrsyors is desig-
mated by a separate nnmben These locality-numbers forpi a
series reaching from the begini^ing to the end of the suirsy*
In a boek of localities proTided for the purpose, the precise
Iscality eprresponding to each number is stated in fuU, tst
irhich are added the nas^e of the ow^er of the land, (when
known,) the formation exposed, the fossils found, and remarks.
On every specimen coJilected is stuck a small oval piece ef
yellow paper on which is written the number d^^ating the
locality, which, in, t^s way^ i^^ SAire ,to be made an jpseparable
{(art of ^thjS.specinien. The successive strata .at any locally
are designated, by the letters of iJh^ alph^b^t, iiji all cases be-
gilinyig at Jibe bwest stratum.

The sj^eciiii^i^i cp%ctjpd <4uring the. piaist season hsiyp filled

oyer a hun4i;fd^ boxes, and. when it is knowii th^t each box cqu-

^ il^ froflpi A*^ *9. ^W l^W^^ ,W®9i^?P»i! *W? ^<^^*^ W? ba

REPORT OF THB

^rmed of the Alnotiiit *f mafiiptilatioii required for the perma-
nent and effectual labeling of the Bpecimens. The subsequeol
«tadj of the specimens is still all additional labor.

Besides the keeping of the book of localities, every observer
keeps a minute account of all his observations, written in a field
book on the occasion, while the objects are before him and all
Uieir relations are fresh in his mind. Such inferences as th«
atate of facts is calculated to suggest, are put down at the sam«
time. Thus, though subsequent observations may materiallif
modify or reverse these conclusions, they at all times possess
the value of being the impression made upon the judgment,
with alt the observed facts vividly before the mind. All these
nates are, at the end of the season, transcribed in order, in a
Note Book kept fo;r the purpose.

The third book kept i^ intended to show the geology of each
towriship of the St^te. Under the several counties are arranged
the townships in alphabetical order ; and opposite the name of
'each, are references to every locality visited in it. -Turning to
these localities in the Note Book, all that has been learned ot
the township is at once before the eye. "

Still another book iis provided for memoranda, historical data,
office work, &c. Thus, by this extensive and minute system of
riecofds and references, everything' which has been done or
learned is at all times immediately accessible ; and no casualty
to the geological corps, could result in losses asseriauB as when
a large part of the data are left till the clese of the survey, in
the custody of individual memories. ^

The limited provision made for the prosecution of the survey,
has rendered it impossible tp engage the servicas af a chemist
and mineralogist. The work of a gealogical survey — not inclu-'
^ing the zoology, botany, meteerology, and other researches
generally attached to i1^— embraces field observations, callee-^
tion of specimens, palseontolagy, mineralogy and chemistry ; .
and it is seldom tliat a single person is competent to do requi-
site justice to all these departihents. It is always desirable,
therefore, to attach to the survey soma smitable person to devote

STATte GEOLOdlSt. 91

l^faMelf to tiid dieniical examination of minerab, irbcks, •res,
soils, mineral \v1iters, Ac. This part of our snrvey has thus far
been jieglected. A few analyses have been made at mj re-
<|«est, by Prof. L. R. Fisk, of the Agricultural College, by which
that institution became connected with the survey, before the
appointinent of Dr. Miles to the chair of Zoology. By my ar-
rangement with Prof. Fisk, he has not as yet received any com-
pensation for his services, having agreed to await the action
(rf the Legislature, in reference to further provision for the
survey.

Immediately on the organization of the survey, I took steps
to ascertain whether some portion of the scientific investiga-
tions might not be completed by experts ef this and othei*
States, who would, in many cases, expect no further compensa-
tfcm for their services than the opportunity of looking over our
specimens, with permission to retain for their own cabinets,
duplicates of such species as might prove to be novel or pecu-
liar. I have aceordiDgly had the satisfaction of being assured
that different specialists stand teady to take up the different
orders of our insebts, and to furnish catalogues as soon as the
specimens are placed in their hands. The same is true of some
branches of the paleaontology. Di*. H. A. Prout, of St. Louis,
is already at Work tipon our Bryozoa, an important class ot'
fossil moliufica very abundant in th6 limestones of Thunder
Bay and Little Traverse Bay. Prof. Hall, the paleafontblogist «f
New York, has also afforded me many valuable suggfestiohs, oA
the identification of our fossils, and the parallelism of forma-
tions. Dr. J. S. Newberry, of Ohio, who has already rendered
me valuable assistance, staMs r^ady te undertake the investi-
gation of our fossil Flora. Capt. Meade has agreed to ptkce at
my service such maps, charts and observations of the 14ke^
survey, as may be needed in the preparation of a chapter on
the Hydrography of ■ the State; and Prof. Henry, the Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, offers copies of sush observations
taken for that Institution, as may be requisite for a chapter on
attr meteorology*

8^ PJ^URTOF T^

,V^ry maj^y priyate citi^eps, besides the «iirvcgw>r« be&^p#<
re^<^rred.tp, ha ve, already coiomumcated most vJluable informt^'n
tion on variQus p6i^t^, which will be incorporated into my final
report. Mr. Jaooies S. Lawson^ of Bisoo, Oakland couniy^ hiM»
furnished a description of an ancient lajke terrace which 40.,
found traversiug that part of the State; and I would be glad to^-
c^mmend this example to others vf]^o have the opportunity to
ipake observations upon such phenomena.

Mr. A. 0. Gurrier, of Grand Eapida^ has aided me mafterii^^y
in arriving at a knowledge of the succession of strata pe^ie-^
trated in the salt borings of that place He has further pro-
vided me with a printed ci^talogue of the mollusca of the.
Grand River Valley, apcQmpanied by a nearly complete suite of
specimens

Mr. Martin Metcalf, of the saoie place, has likewise, in hm
correspondence, furnished me with important notes on the salt.;
borings, and critical remarks on the parallelism of stri^a»

I am indebted to Dr. DeCamp, of the same place, for a fim
collection of geodes from the Grasd Rapids limestone, and for-
fofiisils; and to Prof. E. Dai^orUi for the loan of his coUection dT
fossils from this and other States.

Dr. G. A. Lathrop, of East Saginaw, has centributed impor^
tant aid in the carefully preserved series of borings taken from
the first salt well at that place; in specimens and suggestioas
btaring upon the geology of the vicinity of Saginaw Bay; in
facts and statistics illustrating the salt manufacture in the
Sta^te, and by the loan of a suite of fossils.

To Dr. H, 0. Potter, superintendent of the siUt works at East
Saginaw, I am similarly indebted fsr important facts conneoted
with the, salt manufactisre at that place.

Jdr. Henry D, Post, of EJoHand, Ottawa county, has furnisht^i
me, with observations on the outcifop^ of the Marshall sandstone,
l^hi^ vicinity. *

g^n L P. ChristiaRcy, of Monroe, has sj^nt the survey some
i^ter^^stingJ'ossil TjJmainsfrom^tbp Monroe llpaestone ; auji alppf
statistics relative to the products of his quarri^ in thi^: tqit^A^,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 88

ship of London, near Dundee. Mr. W. P. Chrifltiancy also con-
tributed some instructive specimens. *

Thomas Crawford, Esq., of Detroit, has laid me under many
obligations for polished specimens of marble from his quarry
near Presque Isle ; as also for some unique fossils from the
same.

Mr. M. B. Hess, of East Saginaw, has supplied some desirable
altitudes from the vicinity of Saginaw.

Thomas Frazer, Esq., of the Mich. C. R. R. office, in Detroit,
has commuiiiated the altitudes of the principal stations along
the line of that road.

Superintendent W. K. Muir has furnished a list of altitudes
of all the stations along the Detroit and Milwaukie railway, ac-
companied by other valuable observations.

Chief Engineer, John B. Frothingham, of Toledo, has also
promised to supply me with altitudes along the Michigan South*
em Railroad. It is hoped that such statistics will be further
communicated by Engineers, and others, to whom they are ac-
cessible.

I am indebted to the late John Farmer for a copy of the large
edition of his uncqualed map of the State, and to Benjamin
Fowle, Esq., for a mounted map of Hillsdale county.

Mr. John Holcroft, Superintendent of the Woodville Coal
Mine, furnished me with numerous data, and other facilities,
while investigating the coal formation of Jackson county.

Mr. C. E. Hovey, Superintendent of the Eagle Plaster Co., of
Grand Rapids, provided me with a liberal quantity of samples
of the crude and manufactured gypsum, including some orna-
mental vases.

«

Capt Maiden, keeper of the light house at Thunder Bay Isl-
and, furnished me with some interesting specimens froip the ^
Huron Group. He is now engaged in a series of meteorological
and tidal observations of great importance.

I am under obligations to very many of our citizens for ac-
companying me on my explorations, and conveying me to local-

34 REPORT OF THE

ities of interest, among whom, in addition to names already
introduced, I may mention Hon. L. H. Parsons and Alexander
McArthur, Esq., of Corunna; Benjamin 0. Williams, Es/j , of
Owosso; Adam L. Roof, Esq., Lyons; James Scribner and J.
W. Windsor, Esqs., Grand Rapids; H. S. Club.b, Grand Haven;
William Walker, Jackson; Mr. W. N. Carpenter, Detroit; 0. H.
Whittemore, Tawas City; J. K. Lock wood and Mr. Mel-
ville, Alpena; the sons of Thomas Crawford, Presque Isle coun-
ty; James Francis, Drummond^s Island; Commissioner S. P.

f

Mead, Sault; Langdon Hubbard, Willow Creek; J. V. Carmer,
Napoleon; John Manning, London; Prof. L. R. Fisk, Lansing.

Boxes of specimens have been transmitted by C. D. Randall,
Esq., Coldwater ; Hon. L. H. Parsons, Corunna ; J. H. Holcroft,
Woodville ;> Wm. S. Sizer, Esq , Jackson ; W. S. Brown, Grand
Ledge ; Dr. G. A. Lathrop, East Saginaw ; Hon. I. P. Chris-
tiancy, Monroe ; Francis Crawford, Esq., Detroit.

During the first season of the survey, the work was materially
aided by the free passes granted to Dr. Miles and myself over
the Michigan Southern, the Central and the Detroit & Milwaukee
Railroads. The latter road voluntarily tendered the same ap-

t

preciative acknowledgement of the importance of our labors
during the present season ; and I am happy here to allude to
the great courtesy that has at all times been exhibited by its
officers.

I should not forget to acknowledge the indebtedness of the
survey to the newspaper press of the State, for numerous notices
of a friendly character, calculated to awaken and increase the
popular interest in the work. Among the notices which have
met my eye, I am pleased to mention those of the Michigan Ar-
gu8 and State NewSj Ann Arbor ; the Commercicdj Monroe ; Pa^
riott Jackson ; darion^ Grand Haven ; Herald^ Mackinac ; Tri-
bune. Advertiser^ Free Press and Farmer, Detroit ; Enquirer,
Eagle and Oreat Western Journal, Grand Rapids ; Register, Hol-
land ; Courier, East Saginaw ; Republican, Lansing ; Citizen,
Flint ; Gazette, Pontiac.

It would be impracticable to enumerate all the acts of hospi*

STATE GEOLOGIST. 35

tality received from our citizens ; and it would be almost super-
fluous to say that we have been everywhere received with a
welcome, and furnished with every possible facility in further-
ance of our labors.

I cannot suffer the opportunity to pass without warning our
citizens against lending too credulous an ear to the representa-
tions of the self styled "geologists," itinerating amongst us.
Traveling under the cloak of science, they take pains to keep
out of the way of those "who would detect the imposition ; and
instead of informing themselves truly of the geological struc*
ture of the State, prowl around the frontiers of civilization, and
live upon the falsely excited hopes of a people too ready to
believe that every gravel hill conceals a mine of wealth. This
class of men lead their deluded followers over mounds of drift
materials, they explore clay banks, they dredge the lakes, and if
perchance a stray jiodule of kidney ore is found, they proclaim
the , discovery of a mine of haematite ; a piece of black shale
turns up, and the country is rich in coal ; they discoycr a green
streak upon a fragment of limestone, and lol copper is promised
to be forthcoming in unlimited quantities. I have seen too
much of this scientific quackery to allude to it with forbearance.
Let the people bear it in mind, that it is not every man who
styles himself a geologist who is worthy of being trusted in a
geological opinion. The questions which these men attempt to
decide, are the very ones most difficult for an acknowledged
expert to pronounce upon. They are the last conclusions of a
general ^nd scientific survey. How can a stranger drop down
in our State, without a line of knowledge of our peculiar geol-
ogy, and be at once a safe adviser in important mining ot quar-
rying enterprises. Even the man well versed in general geology
may often be at fault among our formations; but most of the
class of persons referred to, possess neither local nor general
information. It seems unnecessary to multiply words upon the
subject. Trust no "geologist" or "professor" whose creden-
tials are not known; none who clothe their actions with an air
of mystery, and hint at thingt* whicb lYvey Ao uoX, ^\^yd\.^ ^XaXfc^

86 REPORT OF THE

who make large pledges with small security for their perform-
ance^ and have no visible means of support but what their
splendid promises draw from a succession of dupes.

The act establishing the survey provides for the distribution
of duplicate specimens to the University, the Agricultural Col-
lege, and such other public institutions as the Governor may
designate. Under these provisions,, the following institutions
have been designated as depositories of suites of specimens,
viz.:

BY LEGISLAJIVK ACT.

1. The University, Ann Arbor,

2. The Agricultural College, Lansing.

BY EXECUTIVE iiPPOINTMENT.

3. Mechanic's Society, Detroit.

4. Scientific Institute, Flint

5. Lyceum of Natural History, Grand Rapids,

6. Young Men's Literary Association, Kalamazoo,
t. Young Men's Society, Detroit,

8. Young Men's Christian Association, Library and Reading
Room, Adrian,

9. The Normal School, Ypsilardi.

Such an extended distribution of the specimens of the sur-
vey must necessarily awaken a very general interest in the
energetic prosecution of the work, and the creditable elabora-
tion of the final results. It is quite obvious, however, that
this requirement multiplies the physical labors of the field geol-
gist, who is often called upon to carry many pounds of stones
for miles, over rocky and slippery beaches, or through tangled
cedar forests, in an unending conflict with musquitoes and flies,
under circumstances calculated to excite commiseration. By
thus increasing the amount of field work, it delays the comple-
tion of the survey. Still, there can be no doubt that the in-
terests of the State will be best subserved by the plan proposed,
even should its execution necessitate the outfit of a special
party of collectors.

STATE GEOLOGIST 87

During the year 1859 no special attention was devoted to
the Botany of the State, for the reason that the flora of the dis-
tricts then under survey was already pretty well understood.
All species before unobserved, all peculiarities, and some local
floras were, however, noted. In the explorations of the present
season, it was deemed desirable to attach a special botanical
assistant to the party. Combining the observations made
during the past two seasons, with notes kept by myself for
several years past, I am able to present, with the aid of the
University Herbarium, and Wright's Catalogue, heretofore pub-
lished, a pretty complete list of the indigen^ous plants of .the
Lower Peninsula. It has not been deemed advisable to attempt
to catalogue the plants of the Upper Peninsula, as the list
would necessarily be defective, and it is hoped that the oppor-
tunity will be presented for completing it, next season. Por
focal information respecting many of our plants, I am indebted
to Miss Mary Clark, of Ann Arbor.

For information respecting the progress and state of the
zoological survey, I would refer you to the Report of the State
Zoologist.

The question is often asked when the survey will be comple-
ted. It is obvious that the answer to this question will depend
entirely upon the action of the Legislature, in providing for a
more or less thorough execution of the work ; and upon the
number of persons kept in the field. A continuance ef the same
provisions which have been made for the past two years, would
enable us to extend the survey over the whole territory of the
3tate, in the manner in which it has been commenced, and to
furnish the final report ready for publication in three years more.
It would be much better, however, to increase the number of sur-
veying parties somewhat, with the view of effecting a more de-
tailed examination 'of the unsettled portions of the State, aii
well as the districts which lie along the probable outcrops of
those formations which possess considerable economical impor-
tance. It will not be necessary to multiply the zoological obser-
vations te the same extent as the geological. It is not nee-

38 REPORT OF THE

essaiy to identify each species of animals at every point within
the limits of its general distribution ; while, for the determinar
tion of the limits of the formations, this very minuteness isindis^
pensable. Moreover, the roving habits of animals bring a large
proportion of them under the notice of an observer who does
not go out of his own township, while rocks must be visited in
their places. It may not be amiss to state with reference to the
nature of zoological field work, that a single industrious collec-
tor, employed at small compensation, would be able in one sea-
son to accumulate large stores of specimens from the remoter
portions of our State. The same remark is true of botany.
The elaboration of the materials thus collected must, of course,
be confided to the ablest hands.

It will remain for the legislature to decide upon what scale
the prosecution of the survey shall be continued. I cherish the
hope, however, that provision may be made for the creditable
completion of the field work, within the space of two or three
years. So far as the geological work is concerned, I deem it
desirable to have parties engaged, during the next season, upon
the exploration of the following districts:

1st. A party upon the south shore of Lake Superior;

2d. A party upon the shores of Lake Michigan, as far as un-
explored;

3d. A party Jn the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula.

The personnel required for such a prosecution of the work,
besides the geologist in charge of the survey, would be as
follows :

One Chemist and Mineralogist;

One Draughtsman;

Two Assistants, capable of leading parties ;

Three Sub-Assistants;

Six Laborers and Boatmen.

Zoological and Botanical Collectors could be attached to the
parties thus organized, with little additional expense.

I desire to close this chapter of my report with an appeal to
all of our citizens to co-pperate with the State Geologist in ev-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 39

ery possible way Every specimen or item of information will
be thankfully received. Proprietors and managers of important
enterprises, have, in some instances, greatly mistaken their true
interests, in failing to furnish the data sought for, even by re-
peated applications. No authority is considered more reliable
than a State Geological Report, on the value and extent of the
mineral resources of a particular locality or district; and the
interests of proprietors of mineral locations, require them to
see that every evidence of the value and productiveness of their
locations is placed in the possession of the State Geologist.
Moreover, isolated facts or specimens calculated to throw
light upon the occurrence of any rock or mineral, in any part
of the State, especially those parts not yet explored, will always
prove of interest, and, in some cases, may constitute critical
data for deciding questions in doubt.

It will be seen, therefore, that two general classes of infor-
mation are desired.

. 1. Facts calculated to contribute to our knowledge of t&e*
characters and distribution of our rocks, with their included
minerals.

2. Statistics showing the condition of all mining enterprises
and their productiveness. This class of information embraces
every species of manufacture from the mineral substances ^f
our State, as bricks, tiles, pottery, earthenware, pipes, fire-
bricks, CDUcrete, moulding sand, glass, fluxes, land plaster^,
calcined plaster, alabaster ornaments, salt, its impurities, mar--
ble, quarry stones, quick-lime, water-lime, grindstones, hones^
coal, precious stones, iron,, copper, lead and other metals.

When the geological department is made the common depos*
itory of all such information, the way will be opened to such a
presentation to the world of our multifarious sources of wealth
as will constitute the strongQ3t possible attraction for settle*
ment, enterprise and capital.

CHAPTER II.

DEPOSITION, DISTURBANCE AND DENUDATION OF STRATA — GENERAL PHYSICAL

STRUCTURE OF THE NORTHWEST.

The geological series in our State is very complete from the
horizon of the oldest known rocks, to the top of the Carbonifer-
ous System. From this point to the Glacial Drift, the formations
observed in other parts of the county are, as far as investiga-
tions have extended, entirely wanting. All that portion of the
Michigan series lying above the Niagara Group, is found within
tke limits of the Lower Peninsula ; while the Niagara Group
and. all rocks below, are confined t(» the Upper Peninsula and
the islands at the head of Lake Hur ju.

The rocks of the Upper Penin^^ula not having as yet come
under the observation of the present survey, it is not deemed
necessary to refer to them at the present time, any further than
to show their connection with the geology of the contiguous
districts.

In order to convey a clear idea of the superposition and lines
of outcrop of our different rocks, it will be desirable te offer a
few words on the general conformation of the strata of the
Northwest. Although the stratified rocks of the. country suc-
ceed each other in regular ascending order, it must not be sup-
posed that these strata always oecupy a • horizontal position,
that they are necessarily continuous between distant points, or
that any given stratum is always actually overlain by those
strata which belong^igher in the series. The sediments from
which these rocks were formed, were seldom^deposited in per-
fectly horizontal sea bottoms, but to^^facilitate our explanation,
we may suppose that they were. We will suppose, also, that
one series- of sediments was deposited upon another for the
upace of many ageSi and forming a thickness of several thou-

42 REPORT OF THE

sand feet. We have thus the materials for several geological
formations, each with its own mineral characters, and em-
bracing the organic debris which characterized its own age.
Through some appropriate agency these sediments become
solidified- But at length some movements begin to be expe-
rienced by the solid crust of the earth, and our horizontal strata
begin to be elevated in one place and depressed in another
Here is a dome shaped bulge, and there is a long ridge, rising
in some of its parts above the surface of the sea. Successive
disturbances increase the inequalities, and at length our level
sea-floor presents all the irregularities of a carpet carelessly
thrown down. By degrees the general uplift of the sea bottom
has made an extensive addition to the continent.

Thus far we suppose each successive layer of rock to be con-
tinuous over every ridge and through every valley. But now
we miist consider the effect of denuding forces— those forces
which move over the surface, and plane down the inequalities.
Whether these results are attributable to the action of the
atmosphere, frost, glaciers, powerful currents of an invading
sea, floating icebergs, or to all of these agencies combined, or
in succession, cannot here be considered. It is sufficient to
know that such forces have acted, and that all the original ele-
vations have been more or less worn down, and the rubbish
produced strewn over the general surface, tending still further .
to obliterate its unevenness. Consider what would be the
effect of paring off the summits of the ridges and domes of up-
raised strata. The uppermost layer would be sliced through,
and the second in order would come in sight. Then the wear-
ing would continue till the second layer would be cut through,
and the third would appear. So, in some cases, the denudation
has continued, till thousands of feet of strata have been pared
off, and the underlying granite has been exposed ; and then this
has been planed down some hundreds of feet Glance now at
the cut edges of the strata. The lowest rock reached will be
found in the center of the dome, or along the eentral axis of
the ridge. If it is a dome, the overlying strata dip in all direo*

STATE GEOLOGIST. 4a

tions from the center. If it is a ridge, they dip to the right an<i
left of the axis. This ridge may have been planed down to the
general level of the country. If this is the case, we shall then,
in passing from the central lino either to the right or left, pass
continually from lower to higher rocks, withour changing our
elevation. We ascend stratigraphically, but not topographi-
cally.

This ridge may not pursue a straight course. It may finally
bend round, and proceed in a direction parallel with itself. It
is obvious then, that the strata between the two portions or
branches of the ridge, form trough-shaped depressions. In
many cases all the edges of the over-lying strata are turned
up, and they rest in a dish shaped depression. When the
irregularity of the original elevations is considered, it is obvi-
ous that the outcropping edge of any stratum, when traced
along over the surface of the earth may pursue a very tortuous
course, or strike. It is also obvious that the width of the stra-
tum at the suri'acQ will be more, if the surface cuts it very
obliquely, less, if the surface cuts it nearly at right angles.
This depends, in other words, upon the amount of the dip ; sa
that a thick formation, by being nearly vertical, may occupy a
very narrow belt of country; while a thin one, by being nearly
horizontal, may occupy a belt several miles in width.

All this is familiarly illustrated by the lines of the "grain''
of a smoothly planed board, especially if slightly gnarly or
knotty. The knots may represent the granite, while the layers
of wood surrounding it — here apparently thin, became cut
nearly at right angles, there spreading out, because cut more
obliquely, here running in a straight line, and there tracing a
zigzag path — may represent the layers of rock, occupying a
geological position above the granite.

These explanatory observations are here admitted, in the
hope of obviating some difficulties almost always experienced
by persons unversed in geology, in forming general concep-
tions of the geological structure of a particular region.
* The wide interval between the Alleghany and the Rocky

U REPORT OF THE

mountains was once an ocean bed, over which were strewn tho
various sediments that have formed the groups of rocks, which
stretch with more or less regularity from one end of this area
to the other. Geological agencies have left this ocean floor in
an undulating position; and subsequent denudation of the
higher points, has worn many holes through the upper layers
of rock, where they have been pushed up 'int^ exposed atti-
tudes. The city of Cincinnati stands upon a dome of older
strata, which have been uncovered by the planing off of the
higher beds. The strata dip in every direction from this vicin-
ity. Toward the north, however, the dip is least, and some-
thing of a ridge extends towards the common corner of Ohio,
Indiana and Michigan. It bifurcates, howeyer, before reaching
that point, and the east branch runs up to Monroe county,
crosses Lake Erie and subsides in Canada West; while the
west branch passes across northern Indiana and Illinois, to the
head of Lake Michigan, and thence north-westward.

A ridge extends through Canada, along a line nearly parallel
with the St. Lawrence, to the region north of Lake Ontario,
and thence trends north-west around the northern shores of
Lakes Huron and Superior. The rocks around the shores of
Lake Huron dip south-west and south, away from this ancient
axis of elevation.

It appears, therefore, that the Lower Peninsula of Michigan
is surrounded on all sides by ancient axes of elevation; and
even if the surrounding regions do not in all cases actually
occupy a higher level, we must expect to find the strata dip-
ping from all sides toward the centre. Each rocky stratum of
the Lower Peninsula is, therefore, dish shaped. All together,
they form a nest of dishes. The highest strata are near the
centre of the peninsula; and passing from this point in any
direction, we travel successively over the out-cropping edges
of older and older strata. The irregularities in the shape of
these dishes, will be pointed out in the sequel.

The southern part of the Upper Peninsula is covered by the
lower members of the southward dipping series, whose upper

STATE GEOLOGIST. 45

members are found in the Lower Peninsula, and whose axis of
elevation lies north of the great lakes. At Marquette, Keewe-
naw Point, the Porcupine Mountains, and other localities, how-
ever, we find accessory axis of elevation, giving rise to dips in
Tarious directions, which will be explained on some future occa-
sion. Lake Superior occupies a valley between the elevations
on the north and south shores, while the other lakes rest in
troughs, which have been excavated nearly along the outcrop-
^g edges of some of the softer formations. On the south, &
basin similar to that of lower Michigan, occupies the southern
part of Illinois; while, passing east from Sandusky, in Ohio,
we begin to step over the north-western limits of another one,
which reaches to the Alleghanies, and in the other direction
stretches from New York to Alabama. Still further west, an-
other basin rests, with its northern border in Iowa, and its
southern in Missouri.

A knowledge of these great undulations in the wide-spread
strata of the north-west, and of the effects of denudation of the
crests of the elevations, will aid materially, in connection with
the descriptions which follow, in giving definite ideas of the
geological structure underlying any particular portion of our
State.

CHAPTER III.

GENERAL SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF MICHIGAN, AND ITS CONNECTION

WITH SURROUNDING DISTRICTS.

The rockg which constitute the solid crust of our earth may

be arranged into great groups according to the following plan:

Stratified.

Fossiliferous.

Azoic, or unibssiliferous.

Unstratified.

"Volcanic, as lava, trap, &c.

Plutonic, or Granitic, as granite, syenite, &c.

Geologically speaking, the Fossiliferous strata are higher
than the Azoic, while the place of the Plutonic is generally be-
low the Azoic; and the relative antiquity of these three classes
of rocks is represented by this order of superposition. The
volcanic rocks have burst up through the other rocks at various
periods, and the same is to some extent true of the Plutonic —
some new granites appearing to have been formed since the
granitic substratum of the Azoic rocks was formed. The Upper
Peninsula furnishes us with abundant examples of all these
classes of rocks. After devoting a few words to the unstrati-
fied rocks, we shall proceed to speak of the stratified, as nearly
as possible, in chronological order, beginning with the oldest.

I,— PLUTONIC GROUP.

A belt of granitic rocks comes down from the northwest into
northern Wisconsin, and encroaches a few miles over ^he Mich-
igan boundary line between Montreal river and Lac Vieux
Desert. At the surface this is separated by a belt of Azoic
rocks from another mass of granite, which is probably a contin-
uation of the first, and which begins near the head waters of the
Sturgeon river, and extends east, gradually widening, until it
occupies the region a few miles back from the lake coae^t^ ^VV
the way from the Huron river to Preac^xx^ \Aft, ^\. ^V\Ovy \N5Vi

48 REPORT OF THE

points it abuts upon the coast^ reappearing again in the Huron
islands on the west, and Granite Island on the east. Another
granitic boss rises up in the district south of the Iron Region,
and covers about twelve townships, and still others, on a small
scale, are found east of the mouth of the Maohigamig river.

The rock throughout these exposures is seldom a true granite,
being composed mostly of feldspar and quartz, with occasional
ibtermixtures of mica in small quantity. Hornblende sometimes
replaces the mica, and the rock becomes syenite. The plutonic
rocks on the south shore of Lake Superior, appear to have been
upheaved after or towards the close of the Azoic period.

II -VOLCANIC GROUP.

A range of volcanic rocks extends from the extremity of
Keweenaw Point to Montreal river, running nearly parallel
with the lake coast, and having a width varying from two to
eight miles. About twelve miles east of Montreal river the belt
suddenly widens to about fifteen miles, sending a spur off on
the south side toward the southern extremity of Agogebic
lake. Another spur sets off north to the Porcupine Mountains.
To the ea«t of !|^ortage lake this belt is in reality two belts—
the ''northern" one consisting of inter stratified masses of
amygdaloid, conglomerate and coarse sandstone ; the " south-
em," or "Bohemian" range being a mass of crystalline trap.^
About a mile north of the northern range, another narrow belt
curves round parallel with the coast from a point opposite
Manitou Island, to the eastern point of Sand Bay. The belt
called the Korthern Range contains the larger number of copper
locations. These rocks were erupted during the period of the
Lake Superior Sandstone. A contemporsLneous range forms the
basis of Isle Royal.*

III.— THE AZOIC SYSTEM.

An immense thickness of unfossiliferou? strata is interposed
between the crystalline rocks just referred to, and the Lake Su-
perior sandstone. These, in the Upper Peninsula, commence at

^^1.— I— ■ I I ■■ — ^— ^-. ■!■ I -■■■■ ■ I ■■■■ ■ I — ■.^■-■- II — . ^» I ^-i ■- » ^^^^^■^1^— ^i^»^»^—^^»^^

c

*Ibr laformation conceraiiig tlio rocks of Lake Superior, see Foster and Wbitaey'B Report.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 49

and near the mouth of Chocolate river, and extend westward to
join another belt beginning a few miles south of Huron river.
The first belt in the neighborhood of the Machigamig river,
suddenly expands towards the south, so that on the State
boundary the Azoic belt stretches from beyond Lac Vieux De-
sert to Chippewa Island, in the Menomonee river. It extends
thence westward through Wisconsin and to the sources of the
Mississippi. The rocks of this system consist in Michigan of
talcose, chloritic and silicious slates, quartz, and beds of marble.
The silicious slate, becomes, near Marquette, a novaculite, from
which hones have been manufactured. In this system are found
the specular and magnetic iron ores of Lake Superior, as well
as of Pilot Knob, and perhaps the Iron Mountain, in Missouri,
the Adirondacks of New York, and other localities. This series
of rocks attains an enormous thickness on the northern shores of
Lakes Superior and Huron; and Sir Wm. Logan, the Director of
the Canadian Geological Survey, has decided that they consti-
tute two great systems, unconformable with each other, the
upper of which he styles the Huronian series and the lower the
Laureniian.* The Bruce, Wellington, and neighboring mines,
are located in these rocks, and are worked for the ore^ of cop-
per; while the Lake Superior mines are located in veins which
belong to the age of the trap, and are worked for native copper,

IY.-_FOSSILIFEROUS STRATA.

I. — LOWER SU.URIAN SYSTEM. /

1. — Lake Superior Sandstone,

The reddish, yellowish, grayish or mottled sandstone, found
, along the south shore of Lake Superior has, by difierent wri-
ters, been assigned to different geological periods; but the
weight of authority is decidedly in favor of placing it at the.
base of the Palaeozoic series, and on the horizon of the Potsdam

Sandstone of New York. Further examinations will undoubt-

_ ,

^Report 1862-8, p. 8j 1866, p. 171.

50 REPORT OF THE

cdly result in the discovery of data which will settle beyond
cavil this long mooted question.

The examinations of the past season have found this sand-
stone in place at the Falls of the St. Mary's river, where it has
a measured thickness of at least 18 feet. It is here thin bed-
ded, moderately coherent, reddish and blotched with gray, or
grayish blotched with red. It presents evidence of having been
deposited on an uneven sea bottom, and in shallow water. We
find local undulations, and very distinct ripple marks. On some
of the surfaces are obscure traces of AlgcB, On some specimens
from the Montreal river, not less than three species of fossil
plants have been discovered ; " sun cracks" are also frequent.
This sandstone is believed to underlie the whole of Sugar isl-
and, and the northern extremity of Sailor Encampment Island.
On the Canada shore, opposite the Neebish Rapids, an altered
sandstone is found, which apparently belongs to the same for-
mation. It is of a light gray color blotched with reddish pur-
ple spots, and having a rapid dip S. 55^ W. It is intersected
by nearly vertical divisior.al planes, running at right angles to
the dip. Near the northwestern extremity of St. Josepli's Isl-
and, a quartzose sandstone appears, striped and banded with
red along lines which appear to mark the original planes of
stratification. A little further east, rock is again seen resem-
bling that at the Neebish Rapids, and having a dip of 20®
toward S. 55^ W. On the south east shore of the bay which
indents the northern extremity of St. Joseph's island, a jaspery
conglomeratic sandstone is seen, rising in small rounded knobs,
possessing a general reddish color, and being destitute of obvi-
ous stratification. The small islands at the southern angle of
the channel which separates Campement d'Ours from St. Joseph's
Island, are formed by the same rock. It will hereafter be seen
that these quartzose and conglomeratic sandstones occur in close
proximity to fossiliferous limestones. Quartz rock is next seen
on Sulphur Island, north of Drummond's. It is slightly clouded
with reddish spots, and occurs in beds from three to six feet
thick, with shaly partings. It immediately underlies a limo«

STATE GEOLOGIST. 51

etonc containing fossils in & perfect state of preservation. A
conglomerate also occurs here, made up of rounded masses of
quartz, ranging from the size of a pea to boulders many tons
in weight, all cemented together by a silicious limestone, not
altered, but appearing as if deposited amongst the interstices
and open spaces of a pile of stones and gravel.

The solid' quartzose character of the rock on St. Joseph's and
Sulphur Islands, so unlike the conglomerate and altered sand-
stone of Lake Superior, seems to suggest the idea of its
being azoiCf and it is so colored on Foster and Whitney's
map, where, nevertheless, it is made to appear like a prolonga-
tion of the Potsdam sandstone of Sugar Island. The gradual
transition, however, from the unaltered sandstone of the Sault,
to the altered sandstone of Neebish Rapids and the extrem-
ity of St. Joseph's Island, the quartzose sandstone and jas-
pery conglomerate of the shore west of Campement d'Ours,
and the quartz and conglomerate of Sulphur Island, fa-
vors the idea of the equivalency of the sandstone and quartz-
ose rooks. The superposition of fossiliferous limestone, at
Sulphur Island (probably the Chazy limestone) immediately
opcHi the quartzite, favors the same inference, inasmuch as
there is no probabiilty that the sandstone would not be inter-
posed at this place between the Chazy* and the azoic rocks.
Moreover, the influence of the igneous disturbances which
have taken place at the Bruce mines and along the Canadian
shore but a few miles distant, furnish suflBcient cause for the
alteration suggested. The Canadian geologists have frequently
recognized the Potsdam sandstone in a similar condition.

2. — Calciferous Sandstone,

Though this formation, as just stated, is not recognized to
the east and south of St. Mary's Falls, it is thought best to emr
brace it in the enumeration, since it is represented as playing
an important part in the geology of the country west of St.
Mary's river.

64 REPORT OF THE

again beneath the carboniferous basin of Ohio, on the one hand,
and of Indiana on the other. At Cincinnati is another swellj
from the summit of which the overlying formations have been
denuded, and here the Hudson River Group again appears. Like
most of the other groups of the Palaeozoic System, it has through-
out the northern and north western States, a very great geo-
graphical development.

II. — UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM.

6. — Clinton Group.

At the eastern extremity of Drummond's Island, the lower 32
feet of Dickinson's quarry constitute the upper portion of the
Clinton Group of New York. It is an argillo calcareous lime-
stone^ fine grained and very evenly bedded, iu layers from two
to three feet thick, having a very gradual dip toward the south.
In color it is nearly white, some layers having an ashen hue.
The rock presents to the eye every appearance of a most beau-
tiful and desirable building stone, remarkably easy of access
and eligibly situated for quarrying. In November, 1859, the
company organized for working the quarry got out a large
quantity of fine blocks for building purposes. Severely cold
weather arrested their operations, and on the return of Spring,
the fine blocks quarried out were found considerably shattered,
apparently by the action of the frost. This effect was undoubt-
edly due to the sudden freezing of the stone while yet contain-
ing a large amount of quarry water. Whether a rock containing
so large a per centage of argillaceous matter would not, under
any circumstances, prove too absorbent and retentive of moist-
ure, to stand in exposed situations in our severe climate,
remains yet to bo ascertained; but I have some hope, that if
quarried in early summer, and left to dry before the approach
of frost, it might be found durable.

As a lithographic stone, whatever its qualities for building
purposes, I believe some of the layers jtvill answer well, when
polished ; the surface, to the naked eye, is quite fr-ee from imper-
fections, and under a glass some portions are so homogeneous

STATE GEOLOGIST. 65

as to seem made from an earthy impalpable powder. I havo
not had the opportuDity, however, to submit any'samples to tho
inspection of a competent lithographer, which alone would
decide the value of the rock for this purpose.

Rocks lower in the group are seen outcropping successively
along the shore of the island, from Dickinson's quarry to Pirate
Harbor, which, as before stated, is not more than three miles,
nearly along the strike of the formation, from the first appear-
ance of rocks of the Hudson River Group. The l*ormation re-
appears on the northwestern side of the island at Brown's and
Seaman's quarries (t90 and 196). An experimental quarry
of the ship canal company was opened in this vicinity in the
upper part of the group (792), but was subsequently aban-
doned.* The same rocks are seen at numerous points as far
south as the neighborhood of the old British Fort, the northern
extremity of the point of land at the west end of the island
being of the Clinton Group.

The rocks of this group contain few fossils, but among our
collections I recognize the Avicula^ Murchisonia and Cytherina
(LeperdiiiafJ, referred to by Prof. Hall. The latter, particu-
larly, is characteristic at all the localities, and throughout the
whole vertical range ot the formation. At Dickinson's quarry,
some arenaceous layers are seen above the Clinton rocks from
four to six inches thick,' somewhat blotched with red, and
strongly ripple-marked. The resemblance to tho Medina sand-
stone is so strong that one expects next moment to find Livgula
ouneata in it, but careful search has revealed no organic
remains.

This group cuts across the southern part of St. Joseph's
Island, and passes on in the direction of the southern shore of
Munnusco Bay. '

6. — Niagara Group,

The principal part of the promontory known as Alarblehead
at the eastern extremity of Drummond's Island, is composed of
the Niagara limestone, so called by the New York geologists,

5e REPORT OP TEE

•

from its occurrence on the Niagara river. It reaches here an
elevation of nearly 100 feet above the lake, and dipping
southward sinks beneath the water on the south shore of
the island. This assemblage of strata embraces a band five
feet thick of highly arenaceous limestone, at bottom, overlain by
seven feet of a hard, gray crystalline limestone, which furnishes
an excellent quality of quicklinie. This is overlain by forty-
five feet of a rough, crystalline, geodiferous limestone, followed
upward by eight feet of broken thin-bedded limestone, and six
feet of rough vesicular limestone. The white, massive, marble-
like, magnesian limestone, twenty feet thick, occupying the
south shore of the island, is still higher ; and the series is com-
pleted by about six feet of thin bedded brown limestone,
abounding in Favoaites niagarensiSf HalysUes escharoideSf HdiO'
lUes spinipora^ &c. The thicker masses are eminently charac-
terized by FerUameri, while not one has been found in the Clin-
ton Group. The total observed and measured thickness of
these rocks does not exceed one hundred feet, and it is doubtful
whether the dip of the strata across Drummond's Island would
give them a calculated thickness much greater. The rocks
which emerge from the water on the south side, preserve a
gentle and pretty uniform rise to the top of the escarpment at
Marblehead, and west of there. Only the uppermost, thin-
bedded layers seen on the south shore, are wanting at Marble-
head.

The economical qualities of this limestone, so far as I am
Aware, have not been reliably tested. The large per centage
of carbonate of magnesia contained in the heavier beds, renders
them a pretty well characterized dolomite. According to the
researches of Vicat, this proportion pf carbonate of magnesia,
mixed with about 40 parts of carbonate of lime, possesses
hydraulic properties; and only a few hundredths of clay are
required to be added, to produce the strongest hydraulid cement.
It is not at all unlikely that somewhere upon the shores of
Drummond's Island a good hydraulic limestone may be found
compounded by the hand of natuie.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 57

At several points on the south shore of the island, the thick
strata above the Pentamerus beds, appear well calculated for
architectural uses. The rock is highly crystalline, hard and
white, with occasional stripes and blotches of a rose color, and
can be conveniently procured in blocks of any required size.
It is not at all unlikely that quarries may be opened which will
furnish a stone sufficiently homogeneous to be used for orna-
mental purposes. For rough, substantial masonry, there is no
rock in our State which is more worthy of attention; and when
once developed, there will be no building stone of equal excel-
lence half as accessible to our people.

This group of rocks occupies the southern portion of the
Manitoulin chain of islands to the east and south east of Drum-
mond's, underlying the peninsula between Georgian Bay and
Lake Huron, and stretching thence to Hamilton, in Canada
West, crossing the Niagara river between Grand Island and
Lake Ontario, and forming at Lockpori, in New York, the quarry
stone which has been sent a thousaiid miles to build the steps
at the St. Mary's Ship Canal.

Toward the west the Niagara Group occupies the whole
shore as far as Point Detour of Lake Michigan, except the
promontory, west of Mackinac. Continuing south-west, it
forms the Potawotoraie Islands, and the peninsula between
Green Bay and Lake Michigan, the coast of which it does not
leave until it reaches the neighborhood of Evanston, near Chi-
cago.

*!. — Onondaga SaU Oroup. *

On the east side of Little St. Martin's Island, north of Mack-
inac, is seen at the surface of the water a mass of gypseous
mottled clay, constituting the lowest beds of the Onondaga Salt
Group of New York. On the main lend west of Mackinac the
clays again appear, and in the vicinity of Little Pt. aux Chene
they are seen inclosing numerous masses of aggregated crys-
tals of brown and gray gypsum. From the latter locality sev-
eral ship loads were at one time sent off, but the business was

8

/•

58 REPORT OP THE

interrupted by the death of one of the proprietors, and has not
since been resumed.

At a higher level, we find at the base of Mackinac, Round
and Bois Blanc Islands, as well as at Sitting Rabbit on the
main land west, a fine, ash colored argillaceous limestone, con*
taining abundant acicular crystals, and becoming in the lower
part banded with darker streaks of aluminous matter, And
resembling the water limestone of this group in New York.
Above this, at the west end of Bois Blanc Island, are found
three feet of calcareous clay or marl ; while still higher and
immediately underlying the rocks of the next group, occurs at
all the above localities, a fine-grained, brown limestone. No
fossils have been discovered in this group, in the northern part
of the State.

Prom the region just referred to, this belt of rocks passes
under the bed of Lake Huron, reappearing on the Canada shore
I etween the river Au Sauble and Douglass Point. . It thence
extends to Gait, in Canada West, and crosses the Niagara
river south of Grand Island. On the west, it passes in a simi-
lar manner under the bed of Lake Michigan, and barely makes
an outcrop in the vicinity of Milwaukee, whence it has not
been certainly distinguished from the associated limestones of
the Clinton, Niagara and Helderberg groups, the entire assem-
blage bcipg commonly known as the " Clifi* Limestone."

No other outcrop of rocks of this group has heretofore been
known in our State. I have now, however, to announce the
existence of the Onondaga Salt Group in Monroe county, in the
south-eastern corner of Michigan. My attention was first at-
tracted by the peculiar character of the limestones at Montr
gomery's quarry, in the south part of the township of Ida. At
this place I found the characteristic acicular crystals in great
abundance, in a light, thin-bedded, fine-grained, argillaceous
limestone ; and discovered also, some beds of the brownish
banded argillaceous rock forming the water-limestone of the
group. At this place occur the only fossils yet detected in the

STATE GEOLOGIST. 59

group in this State. They consist of a tumted gasteropod
(Laxonema Boydiif) and an obscure Cjathophylloid coral.

The group was again recognized at the head of Ottawa Lake,
in the south western part of the county, and again at numer*
ous points in the bed of Otter Creek, in the eastern part of the
county. The deepest of the Plumb Creek quarries, two miles
south of Monroe, have penetrated the same formation and re-
vealed marked and satisfactory characters.

Since making the above observations, I have been informed
of the discovery 6f gypsum at Sylvania, in Ohio, just beyond
the State line, and am led to regard this as confirmatory evi-
dence of the distinct existence of this group in the southeastern
part of our State. It might not be too much to allege that the
gypsum exported from Sandusky, probably holds a position in
the same geological horizon.

The economical importance of the Onondaga Salt Group of
rocks is very great. It is the source of all the salt and gyp-
sum of the State of New York, and supplies at Gait, in Canada
West, a beatiful stone for building purposes. In our own State
it has been already shown to contain gypsum in workable
quantities on the shores of the Upper Peninsula, near Little
Pt. au Chene. The occurrence of gypsum at Sandusky and
Sylvania, in Ohio, justifies the search for it in Monroe county.
The localities most favorable for exploration are those alreadj
mentioned, viz.: the deepest excavations at Montgomery's
quarry, the Plumb Creek quairies, those at the head of Ottawa
Lake, and the gorges of Otter Creek. ,

Some indications likewise exist, of the saliferous character
of this formation, in Michigan. Occasional salt springs occur
in Monroe county, far beyond the outcrop of the saliferous sand-
stones of the center of the State. The most noteworthy of
these is 4J miles south of the Raisinville quarries, in the
township of Ida. An Artesian well sunk at Detroit in 1829-30,
after passing through 130 feet of unsolidified materials, and
120 feet of compact limestone, passed 2 feet of gypsum con-
taining salt. On the opposite side of the State^ ^^^ot^wi^ \.^

60 REPORT OP THE

information furnished by Dr. Miles, is a strong ^and copious salt
spring, located upon Harbor Island in the west arm of Grand
Traverse Bay. This is now overflowed by the waters ot the lake^
but tradition says that the Indians formerly manufactured salt
at this place, when the water was several feet lower. It ap-
pers quite possible, therefore, that borings which should pene-
trate this group of rocks might be rewarded by a profitable
supply of brine.

One other suggestion may be made in connection with the
economy of this group. The brown and banded argillaceous
limestone, which, in Monroe county, generally occurs in the
deeper parts of the quarries, may, on trial, be found to produce
a valuable water lime. The trial, if never made, should, by all
means, be undertaken. Even should this experiment fail, the
hydraulic character imparted to the quicklime manufactured
from this rock, or from rock with which this is mixed, must add
materially to the cementing properties of the lime, provided
it is used witii reference to the peculiar nature of hydraulic
cements.

in. — DEVONIAN ST^EM.

8. — Upper Helderherg Oroup.

In the lower part of the cliffs known as Chimney Rock and
Lover's Leap, on the west side of Mackinac Island, is seen a
cherty and agatiferous conglomerate, irregularly disposed, but
pretty persistent. On the main land west, close to the water's
edge, and beneath the brecciated mass, presently referred to, is
found a better characterized conglomerate, a few feet in thick-
ness. These beds, occupying the place of the Oriskany Sand-
stone of New York, and corresponding to it in lithological
characters, as seen at some of its exposures, may not improb-
ably be regarded as representing that formation. The uncer-
tainty of the identification, however, prevents me from giving it
a distinct place in the enumeration of our strata.

Above this curious conglomerate, rises one of the most
remarkable masses of rock to be seen in this or any State.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 61

The well characterized limestones of the Upper Helderberg^
Group, to the thickness of 260 feet, exist in a confusedly brec-
ciated condition. The individual fragments of the mass are
angular and seem to have been but little moved from their
original places. It appears as if the whole formation had been
shattered by sudden vibrations and. unequal uplifts, and after-
wards a thin calcareous mud poured over the broken mass, per-
colating through all the interstices, and re-cementing the frag-
ments.

This is the general physical character of the mass; but in
many places the original lines of stratification can be traced,
and individual layers of the formation can be Seen dipping at
various angles and in all directions, sometimes exhibiting
abrupt flexures, and not unfreqnently a complete downthrow af
15 or 20 feet. These phenomena were particularly noticed at
the cliff known as Robinson's Folly.

In the highest part of the island, back ol Old Fort Holmes,
the formation is much less brecciated, and ^exhibits ah oolitic
cljaracter, as first observed in the township of Bedford, in
Monroe county. The principal part of Round and Bois Blanc
Islands is composed of the brecciated mass. It forms the
promontory west of Mackinac, which, on the north side, sinks
abruptly to the low outcrop of the Onondaga* Salt Group,
stretching across from the Hare's Back to Little Pt. au Chene.
It is seen again in the vicinity of Old Mackinac, but it evidently
diminishes in thickness toward the south.

The elevated limestone region constituting the northern por-
tion of the peninsula, consists of the higher members of the
Upper Helderberg Group, which gradually subsides toward the
south, and in the southern part of Cheboygan county, as nearly
as can be judged, sinks beneath the shaly limestones of the
Hamilton Group. The strike of the formation determines the
trend of the ciast of Lake Huron, although the limestone bar-
riers to the lake are generally, at the present day, situated
some distance back from the immediate shore. A few miles
north-west of Adam's Point, at Crawford's marble quarry^ tha

«2 REPORT OF THE

higher members of the series abut upon the shore in a cliff
about seventy five feet high. At the base we find four feet of
brown calcareous sandstone which is assumed to be next in
order above the oolitic beds of Mackinac Island. From this
point, the outcrop of the formation is traced in a ridge passing
between Grand and Long Lakes, in Presque Isle county, and
abutting upon the shore again at a point nearly opposite Mid-
dle Island. This island is made up of fragments of the lime-
stone. Gradually subsiding toward the south, the formation at
Thunder Bay Island rises barely to the surface of the water,%
On the east side of the island, in the vicinity of the light-house,
it is seen forming vertical cliffs beneath the surface of tho-
water. In calm weather, upon a sunny day, the view of these
jsubaqueous precipices is truly impressive. Dark gorges, gloomy
caverns and perpendicular walls are seen dimly lit by the dimin-
ishing light, until darkness cuts ofl the view, and the plummet
feels its way to the depth of ninety feet, amongst the shadows
of the ruins of an ancient ocean stream. Passing hence under
the bed of the lake, the formation emerges on the Canadian
fihore, between Douglass Point and Benson's Creek. It passes
thence in a broad belt to the shore of Lake Erie, which it occu-
pies between Buffalo and Long Point. Dipping toward the south-
west beneath a trough of newer rocks, it appears again upon
the northern shore of the lake between Point aux Pins and the
Detroit river, and passing into south-eastern Michigan, it arches
over, forming the anticlinal axis whose denudation has uncov-
ered the Onondaga Salt Group. From this axis it dips north,
«outh-east and south-west, passing beneath three distinct coal
basins.

At the exposures of tiiis group of rocks in the southern part
of the State, we find its thickness very considerably diminished.
The conglomerate, supposed to represent the Oriskany sand-
iStone, has not been recognized. The thick brecciated mass is
not distinctly identifiable, though at Pt. aux Peaux and Stony
Pt, the formation is much broken up. Still the paleBontological
xiharacters of the rock seem rather to ally it with that part of

STATE GEOLOGIST. 68

the formation seen at Thunder Bay Island. The oolitic portion
seen at the summit of Mackinac Island is recognized at several
points in Monroe county, while the arenaceous strata of Crs^w-
ford's quarry are repeated in a beautiful white sand, derived
^om the disintegration of the rock in Kaisinville, 8 miles from
Monroe. The whole thickness of the formation in Monroe
oouQty cannot be oyer^50 or 60 feet from the oolitic beds to the
Onondaga Salt Group, while at Mackinac the same strata
attain a thickness of 275 feet.

To the west of Mackinac, the Helderberg limestones are^
found underlying the numeraus islands near the foot of Lake
Michigan, and formiug the highlands seen a few miles back
from the coast of the Peninsula, as far as Little Traverse Bay.
At the head of this bay, they are seen forming cliffs along the
shore. The highest beds are thick, light, argillo-calcareous, reg-
ularly stratified, abounding in Brachioppds, geodes and long
cylindrical cavities. At some points these beds are made up
of a large dome shaped coral, similar to those seen at Thunder
Bay Island. A cakareo-argillaceous, shaly layer, of a dark
gray color, one or two feet thick, separates these upper beds
from a pale buff, argillo-calcareous, thick bedded, fissile mass,
4 feet thick, which is underlain by 3J feet of a light dingy gray .,
argillo-calcareous, porous, geodiferous mass, breaking with a
very uneven fracture. Still lower we find 6 feet of light argil-
laceous, fine grained limestone, resembling that of the Clinton
Group. We next come to a light buff limestone, much shat-
tered, destitute of fossils, 6 feet thick, apparently representing
the brecciated mass about Mackinac. Finally, at the lowest
points, is seen a light buff limestome, banded with argillaceous
matter, and resembling the highest beds of the Onondaga Salt
Group.

The Helderberg limestones of Michigan are well stocked
with fossil remains, which are found not only in place, but scat-
tered with the drift to all parts of the State Probably three-
fifths of all the fossils picked up from the surface of the Lower
Peninsula — except in the immediate vicinity of the outcrop of

64 REPORT OF THE.

otlier fossiliferous strata — belong to this group; while more
than another fifth belong to the Hamilton Group. But little has
yet been done toward the identification of the numerous species,
in consequence of the long expected, but long delayed, appear-
ance of Prof. HalPs third volume on the PalsBontology of New
York. The highest members of the formation in Monroe county,
contain numerous ichthyodorulites and other traces of fishes, *
the most perfect of which have been furnished by Judge Chris-
tiancy, from his quarry near Dundee. A finely preserved spine
from this locality, exhibits the generic characters of New-
berry's Machceracanthus* except th'at it is solid throughout. I
have also a traditional account of a pair of powerfully armed
fish jaws. The same quarry contains an abundance of beauti-
fully preserved Tentacidites, showing the telescopic structure of
the sh'ell; a large encrinital stem, and a Gomphoceras (n. sp.),
which is found again in the highest beds of the formation at
Crawford's quarry, beyond Prcsque Isle. A little lower down,
in the borders of the oolitic beds, we find a Bhynchonella (n.
sp.). At Stony Pt. and PL aux Peaux, the' formation is much
shattered, and embraces large concretionary masses several
feet in diameter, which easily separate in concentric layers.
A similar structure was afterward's seen at Thunder Bay
Island, forming domes twelve and a-half feet in diameter,
rising up through the rocky floor of the island. Here,
however, a distinct coralline structure was discovered,
which has led to the conviction that the structure at Stony
Point, is also organic. Numerous trilobites occur in the rocks
at Monguagon, in Wayne county, among which Fhacops hufo
is conspicuous, 'iwo or three species of Euomphalus were seen
at Middle Island, and a very large Euomphaloid shell six or eight
inches across, hab been oltained from the west end df Lake
Erie. From Mackinac, besides Phacops bufo, Proetus (sp?) and
the other forms noticed by Prof. Hall*'!' I have detected only a
Cyathophylloid coral. From Little Traverse Bay, I have Spiri-

* « Fossil Fishes from the Devonian Bocks of Ohio," in BtdUtin qf the National IrutiMSj
- Jan. 26, 1857.

fFoBter & Whitney's Report, Vol. 11, p. 186.

STATE GEOLOGIST. M

fer gregaria, MBrisia, Cyrtia, (n. sp.) Aoervularia Davidaoni
(from the limestonei Beparating the Belderberg and Hamilton
Groups,) and numerous other fossils. From other parts of the
State, this group has furnished a BeUeropkoUj (n. sp.) Spirifer
acuminatust (cvltrijugaiua,) Syringopora^ Chotides, Frod%ictm»
-Atrypa reHcuLaria^ Sirophomena riifjosa, Spirifer duodenaria,
Sirophomena hemispherica, Atrypa (n, ep.J, Spirifer (peculiar for
plication in mesial sinus) Strophodonta (n, sp.) M^ristella, ( N.
Y. Regents Rep. 1859,) and many other forms.

The formation is extensively intersected by divisional planes;
and even in those portions not belonging to the brecciated mass
at. Mackinac, is apt to be considerably broken up. The open
character of the rock permits the escape of numerous copious
springs of fresh water, and occasionally gives rise to the sud-
den disappearance of streams and lakes. Various accounts are
current, in Monroe county, of subterranean communications
from lake to lake, and even between Lake Erie and the western
part of the county. I heard it repeatedly stated, that at cer-
tain seasons of the year, Ottawa Lake passes off by some
subterranean outlet, causing the death of all the fish which
remain, but that, on the refilling of the lake, the water is always
accompanied by a fresh stock of fish. In Mr. James Cummins'
quarry, about five miles, in a right line, north-east of Ottawa
Lake, the rock is described as cavernous and full of sink holes;
and what is remarkable, is the fact that this quarry is always
filled with water when the lake is high, and empty when it is
low; and whenever the quarry is full, it contains bass and dog-
fish of the common species of that region.

The curious, suture-like structure so often referred to by
other geologists, is frequently met with in Michigan — two con-
secutive layers of rock being studded, on their contact surfaces
with tooth-like or prism-like processes which fit into correspond-
ing pits on the opposite surface. A thin film of black bituminous
matter generally prevents a perfect contact of the contiguous
surfaces. Sometimes these processes are so little developed,

»

9

66 REPORT OF THE

that the line of cositact is merely zigzag, or truly iuture-like,
while in other cases they become elongated prisms. The same
structure was long ago noted in the same formation, in Ohio,
by Dr. Locke:* In New York it is found in the Niagara Lime-
stone, the Waterlime Group, and some of the higher Vrocks.f
These forms were termed \^ Prof. Eaton, Lignilites^ from their
resemblance to woody fibre. In consequence of Mr. Vanuxem's
suggestion, J that this structure might be owing to sulphate of
magnesia, Dr. Beck subjected to analysis a specimen from the
Niagara Limestone, and detected about 21 per cent, of carbon-
ate of magnesia. §

The limestones of this group are generally somewhat bitu-
minous, giving a brownish color and a fetid odor to the rock.
The bitumen at ,Christiancy'8 quarry in Monroe county, is so
abundant as to exude in the form of an eil, and float upon the
surface of the water. The bituminous exudation is very marked
in the Helderberg limestones of Northern Illinois. Black, bitu-
minous, 6haly partings frequently occur between the strata in
the upper part of the group.

Considerable horni^tone appears in the formation at Raisin-
ville, in Monroe county, and also at Little Traverse Bay. Ou-
"rious cherty concretions are very common. These sometimes
take the form of a perfect sphere, or ellipsoid of revolution, or
a gourd, and generally reveal at the centre, traces of some or-
ganic substance. These characters are supposed to appertain
to the " corniferous" or upper portion of the group. At Brest,
Stony Point, Pt. aux Peaux, and some other localities, the bro-
ken strata abound in StrorUianite, Dog Tooth Spar and Rhomb
Spar, At Brest, Amethyst is found in limited quantity. Some
of the cherty nodules or pebbles at Mackinac, pass to the char-
acter of chalcedony and well marked ugaie.

The economical importance of this group of rocks is very
great. They are everywhere useful for quicklime, and when

•Report of Geological Saryey, Ohio, 1888, p. 280.
>Hail, Geological Report, IV District , N. T. , p. 95.
~ sport, m District, for 1888, p. 271.
5l(, Mineralogy of N. T., p. 60.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 6*1

not too remote from settlements, are everywhere burned for this
purpose. Monroe county has long been celebrated for the
abundance and good quality of its lime. At Christiancy's
quarry, about 10,000 bushels are annually protfuced. The
Plumb Creek quarries, below Monroe, furnish a much larger
quantity. At Raiainville, where the outcrop . of the limestone
covers about 200 acres, are 13 kilns, with a capacity of 8,540
bushels. Supposing that these kilns burn, on an average, once
in three weeks, the total amount of lime produced is 145,1^0
bushels per year. Lime- is manufactured at numerous other
points in the county. According to statistics on hand, the aver-
age cost of the lime at the kilns is about 6 cents per bushel.
It is sold for 12 J cents at the kiins. Supposing the ?lumb
Greek quarries to produce 100,000 bushels anijually, and all
other kilns in the county 50,000 bushels, we have an aggregate
of 295,000 bushels, which. at 12J cents a bushel amounts to the
considerable sum of $36,8*15. This lime is generally pur-
chased by the farmers, who parry it in wagons to the surround-
irfg country, for a distance of 30 miles. It is generally sold by
them for 25 cents a bushel, making a profit to them of $36,875
which is likewise retained in the county. The aggregate an-
naal addition to the wealth of the county, therefore, from the
manufacture of lime alone, is $73,750.*

For architectural purposes, some portions of the Helderberg
limestones seem to be extremely well adapted. The sills, caps
and water table manufactured at Ohristiancy's quarry, have a
reputation of many years standing. They may be seen in the
Court house in Monroe, in the new hotel, in all the new bleck ef
stores en Washington street south of the city hall, in Wing
and Johnson's banking office, and three stores in Monroe street,
There is no stone which stands the weather better. They 'seem
even to improve under the influence of exposure. The distance
of the quarry from the railroad has, howf ver^ prevented these
■tones from coming into general use. During 1859, twelve

•The scope of this report does DOt permit farther details, though the materials are on
lutnd. They will be iatroduced into the flaal report, together with practical soggestions in
Mference to selecting aiid burning the stone, and improving the quality of the VL\sv«.

68 REPORT OF TBB

handred feet of caps, window sills and water table were work-
ed out, and about two hundred feet of d^oer sills. About one
hundred and twenty cords of roug^h stone are annually sold for
building purposes.

At Crawford's quarry, on the shore of Lake Huron, about
eighteen miles beyond Presque Isle, this limestone presents
characters which create the hope of very interesting -develop-
ments. The roek here is compact, fine-grained and handsomely
clouded by the unequal distribution of the bituminous matter^
80 that polished surfaces of the general mass present quite an
elegant appearance. The large dome-shaped coral, however,
spoken of as occurring at Thunder Bay Island and Little Tra-
verse Bay, produces in the stone at this quarry a very beautiful
effect. The undulating concentric laminae, when cut by right
planes, and the surfaces polished, exhibit a beautiful agate-like
structure, the effect of which is greatly heightened by the cor-
alline disposition of the calcareous matter, and the varied dis-
tribution of the bituminous color. Should it be proved that this
sort of rock can be procured in samples sufficiently large, the
Lake Huron marble will take its place by the side of the most
highly esteemed varieties.

The agricultural capabilities of the district underlain by this
group of rocks is very great. The whole of the elevated lime-
stone region north of the line joining Thunder and Little
Traverse Bays, is capable of supporting a dense population.
The contrast noticed in passing from the arenaceous soils of the
Marshall and Napoleon Groups, to the calcareovip soils of the
Helderberg Group, is very striking. The islands of Bois Blanc
and Mackinac, but especially the former, are covered with a
growth of timber, which, except the addition of a few scat-
tered- ConifercBy is a perfect reproduction of the forests of
Monroe "county, and Northern Ohio. The same might have
been said of the plateau upon the Niagara limestone, extending
west from Centralia, on Drummond^s Island. I saw here the
beech, black birch, sugar maple, and other trees growing to
an enormous size. One birch measured 10 feet in circumfer-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 69

ence. Mr. Francis showed me here eiccellent crops of Indian
corn, potatoes' and oats.

9,—EdmiUon Group.

On the east side of Thunder Bay Island, the rocks of the
Helderberg Group are seen overlain by a black bituminous
limestoi\e, abounding in Atrypa reticuhriSt and numerous other
Brachiopods allied to the types of this group. _ The locality
furnishes, also, two or three species of trilobites, a Favosiie$,
a large coral allied to Acervularia and some fish remains. The
rock breaks in every direction, and ^bounds in partings of dark
shaly matter.

The same beds are again seen at Carter's quarry, two or
thfiee miles above the mouth of Thunder Bay river, and here it
contains the same fossils. It is seen again on t!ie south shore of
Little Traverse Bay, replete with Brachiopods and Bryozoa, and
is here eighteen feet thick. It is overlain by two feet of dark
chocolate colored, compact, argillaceous limestone, much shat-
tered, and abounding in Cyathophylloids and other corals,
which, in turn, is surmounted by 14 feet of a limestone varying
from calcareous and crystalline to argillaceous, in beds from 2 to
24 inches thick. The whole series is completed by 6 inches of
black shale.

The exact order of superposition of all the rocks constituting
the Hamilton Group, has nowhere been observed. The bluff at
'Partridge Point, in Thunder Bay, is believed to come in next
above the bituminous limestone of the localities just cited. The
rock here is at bottom, a bluish, highly argillaceous limestone,
with shaly interlaminations, the whole wonderfully stocked
with the remains of Bryozoa and not a few encrinital stems ^
No calicos of Encrinites, however, could be found, except two
Fentremites picked up along the beach, and one CycUhocrinoid
found in place. Above these beds, which are but five feet thick,
occurs a mass of blue shale, six feet thick, calcareous in
places, and irregularly interstratified with blue, argillaceous
limestone. It contains Bryozoa, Cyathophyllidae and Trilobites^

10 REPORT OF THE

Still higher, is a massive limestone, below, filled with Brjozoa,
Endrinites and Brachiopods, above, little fossiliferous, the whole,
with interlaminations of clay.

At the upper rapids of Thunder Bay river, still a different but
entirely detached section was observed, and it is, as yet, impos-
sible to collocate it with the others. The same must be said of
the isolated exposure at the lower rapids. At the upper rapids
(N. E. 4 of S. W. J, sec. 7, T. 31 N., 8 E.,) on the south side of
the river, limestone is seen in a bluff" 15 feet high, dipping E.

5. E., about 6^. The whole section exposed is 25 feet, made

up as follows, from above:*

8. Limestone, bluish, flaggy, 8 ft.

7. Limestone, dark gray, highly crystalline, thick bedded,

with Favosites, 9 ft

6. Limestone, dark bluish, very fine grained, hard, com-

pact and heavy, with a few reddish streaks and spots,
and some encrinital stems and shells, and a few crys-
tals of spar interspersed, with occasional seams of
the same in the form of dog tooth spar. Would make
, an excellent building stone, and probably would re-
ceive a fine "polish, 6 ft.

6. Limestone, gray, crystalline, thick bedded, seen in bot-
tom of river. This rock resembles fragments seen at
the highest level about the lower rapids, 2 ft.

4. An interval of no exposure. Half-a-mile higher up the
stream, the section is continued, as follows:

3. Limestone, dark, bluish-gray, fine grained, compact, in
layers 2-4 inches thick. Resembles the rock at the
lower rapids.

2. Clay, indurated, regularly stratified, rather dark, 3 J ft,

. 1. Calcareous shale, with fossils, forming the bed of the
river.

The dip at this place is abnormal and evidently local. The
true geelogical position of the rocks must be determined by
future investigation.

The rocks ot the Hamilton Group are traced from the south *
shore of Little Traverse Bay to near the outlet of Grand Tra-
verse Bay. At some of the exposures Spirifer mucronatus is
recognized in great abundance, though by far the most abund-
ant Brachiopod is Atrypa reticularis.

«Zo aU the sections given in tbis Report, the numbering proceeds from below.

STAtE GEOLOGIST. Tl

The Hamilton Group seems to play a very important part in
the geology of the northern portion of the peninsula, but in the
southern part of the State it has net yet been satisfactorily
identified From Thunder Bay it passes under the bed of Lake
Huron, and reappears upon the Canada shore, between Ben-
son's Creek and Cape Ipperwash or Kettle Point. From here,
as nearly as oan be ascertained from the iepor4A of the Can-
adian Surrey, it passes southward in a belt about ten miles
wide to the south-eastern part of the county of Lambton, where
it is met by another outcropping belt, extending east from the
shores of Lake St. Clair. The united belts fill a trough in the
Helderberg limestone, which extends east to the shore of Lake
Erie between Point aux Pirs and Long Point, whemce it crosses
the l^ike, and reappears in Ohio.

The branch which comes in from the direction of Lake St.
Clair, ought to be recognized im the southern part of our penin-
j3ula, but though we hare here a great thickness of argillaceous
strata, they are supposed to belong rather to the group above
than to this one. It seems, at any rate, pretty obvious that the
eminently fossiliferous limestoues of Thunder and Little Tra-
verse Bays, do not reach tlie latitude of Detroit, a fact which
accords with the great attenuation of the Helderberg lime*
stones, in the same aireotien.

In an econonucal point of view, the rocks of this group have
not been shown to possess great interest. It would certainly
be well, however, to test the hydraulic properties of some of
the argillaceous limestones of Thunder Bay.

10. — Huron Oraup.

At Sulphur Island, in Thunder Bay, not more than a mile
east south-east from Partridge Pt., is found a black bituminous
slate, which is believed to overlie the fossiliferous cliffs at the
latter place. No undisturbed strata are seen on the Island,
which consists of a mass of fragments risiDg a few feet above
the water. These slates or^ shales burn with considerable free-
dom, and it is stated that a combustion started from camp fires
has, in several instances, continued spontaiiftQw^Vj I'ot tsv^xs:^

72 REPORT OP THE

months, in one case 16 months. The cinders resulting from these
fires are still very conspicuous. These shales furnish no fossils,
except a few vegetable impressions resembling a Catamites; and
some very indistinct* impressions of shells. Pyritous nodules^ and
■eptaria are quite common. Capt. Maiden, of Thunder Bay
Island, gave me a specimen of the latter, in the shape of a very
oblate ellipsoid, 14 inches in its greater diameter and 3 in the
lesser.

At Squaw Pt., on the main land south of the island, near the
residence of the old Indian Chief, Zwanno^ Quaddo, the black
slates are found in place, in a cliff 10 feet high. The exposed
surfaces are very much discolored by oxide of iron.

On the opposite side of the State the black shales are seen at
the south-east extremity of MucquaLake, in Emmet coui)Lty; on
the north side of Pine Lake, (sec. 3, T. 33 N., 7 W.); near the
outlet of Grand Traverse Bay, (sec. 3, T. 32 N., 9 W.), and a
few miles south of there, -and again near the head of Carp
Lake, in Leelanaw county. The greatest observed thickness in
this part of the State is 20 feet.

On the east shore of Grand Traverse Bay, nearly opposite
the north end of Torch Light Lake, is a bed of green shale oc-
cupying a position above the black shale. It is rather a softy
semi-indurated clay, traversed by bands of lighter color, appar-
ently calcareous.

No rocks have anywhere lieen seen reposing upon the black
or green shales.

From Sulphur Island, in Thunder Bay, the black shales pass
under the bed of Lake Huron toward the south-east, and
emerge at Cape Ipperwash, on the Canadian shore. From here
they are traced to the township of Mosa^ in Middlesex county,
and, from their occurrence at Enniskillen and other localities in
the vicinity, they may be regarded as occupying the triangle
embraced between the two bcHs of Hamilton rocks, before

referred to, and the National boundary line. This triangle

•

would be the thinning out corner of the great basin which
forms the Lower Peninsula of Michigan.

STATE GEOLOGIST. - . tS

These ehales, at Enniskillen, Bear Creek and neighboring
localities in Canada, become the source of large, quantities of
petroleum; and there is little doubt that the mineral oil of Ohio
is derived from the samt formation * Tliese shales, and the
great mass of less bituminous shales lying above them, contain
a vast amount of vegetable or animal matter, the source of the
rock oils. Thife oil is eliminated by a slow spontaneous distil-
lation, and rises up and saturates the overlying porous sand-
stone rocks, in which, in Ohio and Pennsylvania, it is found by
boring.

Does the rock oil oxist in Michigan? The oil bearing rocks
of Enniskillen, are but an elbow of a formation which belongs
properly to the Michigan side of the boundary line. The oil
producing shales unquestionably dip under our State, and are
not far from the surface throughout St. Clair, Oakland, Macomb,
Sanilac and Huron counties. But are they overlain by a
porous sandstone capable of becoming the repository of the
products of the spontaneous distillation of the oil, or are they
overlain by argillaceous strata which would prove completely
impervious to the ascent of volatile matters? In the present
state of our knowledge this. question cannot be satisfactorily
answered, but the indications are not altogetber favorable.
Nevertheless it is well known that at several points in St. Clair
county evidences of bituminous exudations exist, and streams
ol inflammable gas have escaped from the earth; moreover, an
overlying sandstone does not seem to be everywhere an essen-
tial condition to the accumulation of oil. In the present state
of the case there seems to be sufficient encouragement to em-
bark in explorations on a cautious scale.

The strike of the black bituminous shales beneath the bed of
the lake, from Thunder Bay to Kettle Point, must pass several
miles to the east of Point aux Barques. It follows, therefore,
that the shales and flagstones occurring along the shores of
Huron county and dipping toward the south-west, must be many

• See an interesting paper on the " Roclc Oils of Ohio,'' by Dr. J. S. Newberry, extracted
firom the Ohio Agricultaral B«port for 1869.

10

U - REPORT OF THE

feet higher than the shales of Thunder Bay and Kettle Point.
The Huron county shales and flagstones, however, are the next
rocks observed in ascending order. Not less than 180 feet of
them, are seen in Huron county, and the total thickness must
be much greater. They were penetrated 69 feet in Butter-
worth's salt well at Grand Rapids, 130 feet in the State salt
well, and 214 feet in Lyon's well.

The greater part of this member of the group consists of
shales, which are laminated, fissile, dark blue or blackish, bitu-
minous and pyritiferous. Their exposed surfaces generally
become covered with rust, and wheR protected from the
weather, with an astringent eflorescence resembling sulphate of
iron. Throughout the whole thickness, we find occasional bands
of hard limestone and bluish, fine-grained, somewhat argilla-
ceous sandstone, which at many points has been manufactured
into whet-stones, and might be used for flagging. The mere
shaly portion is surmounted by a more important mass of the
sandstone fifteen feet in thickness, from which the celebrated
Huron grindstones are manufactared. The rock here is bluish-
gray, fine-grained, perfectly homogeneous, with sharp grit and
a limited amount of argillaceous matter. Between the layers
are found sqjjie serpentine grooves and casts like worm tracks.
One of these was traceable twenty-eight inches and was three-
eighths of an inch in. width. In one fragment the pectoral fin
ef a fish is preserved. Numerous obscure tracss of terrestrial
vegetation are found between the strata, and in one. place the
workmen opened a cavity from which they took out a bushel of
good bituminous coal — b, discovery which was immedately fol-
lowed by a fever!

The junction between the gritstones and underlying shales,
is finely seen at the old quarry, about one mile east of the
principal one, the upper fourteen feet being sandstone, and the
the lower six, shale. It is again seen at the mouth of Willow
Creek, where, near the saw mill, the shale rises six feet, and is
overlain by the gritstone. • The latter is struck in all the wells
of the neighborhood, and forms a high ridge to the east of the

STATE GEOLOGIST. 75

yillage. Following up the creek for two and a half miles the
land is found to rise rapidly, and the banks of the creek are in
some places sixty to eighty feet high. The elevation here rises
up into the group next above.

At the light house, one mile east of WilUw Creek, the fol-
lowing section is seen:

9. Shale, with interlaminations of sandstone 12 ft»

8. Sandstone, bluish, fine, 2 ft.

7. Arenaceous shale, 2 ft.

6. Sandston^, bluish, hard, concretionary, 2 ft.

5. Shale, very persistent, 3 in.

4. Sandstone, calcareous, hard, highly fossiliferous; con-
tains Betziaf Merista^ Oomphoceras (f) Clymenia, Ehyn-
chonellaj a Spirifer resembling S, mucronatus and S.
medialiSf but distinct from Iboth, and a large LeptsB-
Boid shell, 2| inches across the hinge line, 2 ft.

3. Shale, 2 ft.

2. Sandstone, hard, pyritiferous, very persistent, IJ in.

1. Shale, '. 12 ft.

The' hard, projecting, pyritous layer, (2) affords an excellent
opportunity for measuring the dip of the formation, which was.
found to be one and a half degrees toward the south-west.

A short distance west of the light house occurs the most
extensive dislocation seen south of Mackinac. In the neighr
borhood of the disturbance, on each side, the strata exhibit
short .undulations, which finally become an actual break, and
downthrow of five or six feet. Indications of a sliding move-^
ment are seen in jthe vicinity, and the whole effect is such as
might be produced by a lateral pressure from the west.

The gritstones of Lake Huron are destined to play an im-
portant part in the eqonomical geology of the Lower Peninsula.
The principal quarry owned by Johnson, Pier ^nd Wallace
(sec. 30, T. 19 N., 14 E.) is now worked over an area of
little more than four by twelve rods. Two hundred tons of
grindstones were taken out during 1859, and I was informed
1 y the foreman that he expected to manufacture five hundred
tons duriDg 1860. Several stones have been finished, weighing
a ton each, and one which weighed three tons. These facts-

76 REPORT OF THiSi

«how the soundness and homogeneous character of the for-
mation.

For flagging, and for window caps, sills and water-tables,
this stone is equally adapted. When wrought, it has much the
appearance of the Waverly sandstone. Its color is decidedly
preferable to that of the freestone, so extensively introduced
frc»n Cleveland, Ohio. It contains less ferruginous matter, and
is less likely to stain.

,The outcrop of the shales of this group is seen in the south-
ern part of the State, near Adrian, in Lenawee county; near
Union City, and again near Coldwater, in Branch county; at
Athens, Leroy, and Newton, in Calhoun county; at Mendon and
Leonidas, in St. Joseph county; and at Bangor, in Van Buren
county. There is little doubt that the low argillaceous belt of
country between Adrian and the region west of Detroit, marks
the continuation of the outcrop of the same rocks. An Arte-
sian "well bored at Detroit 1829-30, showed the existence
of 118 feet of plastic clay overlain by ^0 feet of soil and
sub-soil, and underlain by 2 feet of sand and gravel rest-
ing on solid limestone. It has already been stated that the
shales were penetrated in three of the salt wells at Grand Rap-
ids. At the well of Hon. Lucius Lyon, the boring extended
214 foot into these strata, without reaching the bottom. This
boring passed a 2 feet band of sandrock 18 feet from the* top of
the shales, and a 1 foot band 60 feet from the top — the arena-
ceous element being thus shown to be much less abundant than
in Huron county. The shales were penetrated 130 feet in the
State salt well, 3 miles j^est of Grand Rapids, and 69 feet in
Butterworth's well.

In Branch county the shales, or more properly clays, are
freighted with a considerable abundance of kidney iron ore,
which was formerly used, to a limited extent, in the furnace at
Union City, but found too highly charged with sulphur to
answer well.

At two localities — Leroy, in Calhoun county, and Mendon, in
St Joseph county — ^these argillaceous beds present the charao-

STATE GEOLOGIST. n

ter of a black bituminous shale. In Mr. Canwright's well, near
Coldwater, the upper part is also bituminous, but soon passes
into a plastic dark blue clay, which he has worked very exten-
sively in the vicinity, in the manufacture of bricks. For this
use, the kidney iron clays are generally well adapted.

No fossils have been detected in this group in the southern
part of the State, except a TeUinaf a Solen undistinguishable
from one in the Marshall Group, a Chonetes and a Orammysia.

The bituminous character of most of the shales of this group,
and especially of that portion known as the '* Black Bituminous
Shales/' has given rise to numerous misapprehensions in regard
to their geological relations, and has been the occasion of the
practice of a great amount of geological quackery The pop-
ular opinion is, that coal must exist somewhere in the vicinity
of the black shales. The opportunity has been very many
times presented for discouraging explorations contemplated or
undertaken, under the influence of this illusion. Large tracts
of land have been secretly taken up, with the view of securing
eligibly situated coal mines. The reports so rife among the
Indians and their missionaries, of the occurrence of coal in
the neighborhood of Grand Traverse Bay, are undoubtedly
traceable to the same illusory shale. There is not the remotest
probability gf the occurrence of coal within a hundred miles of
Grand Traverse Bay. This statement is made in full recollec-
tion of the allegation of a learned judge, that he had seen
anthracite coal that was said to have been collected in that region.
One of the localities, , of Indian notoriety, is at the southern
extremity of Mucqua' Lake, south of Little Traverse Bay. The
Indians report that they have often resorted there for fuel, and
that they have burned the coal in their camp fires — a statement
perfectly credible if we substitute shale for coal.

Similar misguided expenditures have been made in the same
rocks in Canada, New York, Ohio and other States. .

The geological positon and equivalents of the Huron Group
of rocks, cannot yet be regarded as satisfactorily settled, and
f«r this reason they have received a provisional, local iva.x&.^ ,

W REPORT OP THE

The blaek bituminous slate of Michigan has generally been
regarded as equivalent to the "black slate" of Ohio and Indi-
ana, which is reputed to occupy the horizon of the Marcellus
shale or perhapi^the Genesee slate of New York; The Marcel-
lus shale, however, lies belo«v those New York rocks whose
equivalents are found at Partridge Point, while our black slate
lies above, more nearly in the position of the Genesee slate, or
some of the shales of the Hamilton Gr©up. The lithographical
resemblances, as inferred from the New York Reports, seem to
give color to this identification.

With reference to the ^tttlement of this and similar geolog-
ical questions, I paid a visit to several localities in the vicinity
of Cleveland, whert observations have been made by Dr. New-
berry, Prof Hall and others. Dr. Newberry accompanied me
to several points and rendered me every possible assistance.
About 3 miles east-south-east from Cleveland is an outcrop of
sandstone dipping south-east. This is at top, coarse, g, listening
and somewhat mottled. Below, it becomes light colored, then
dirty reddish gray, and then highly ferruginous, with ironstone
partings. On the whole it closely resembles the sandstone of
the upper part of the Marshall Group. It is said by Dr. New-
berry to be 150 to 200 feet below the conglomerate. At Mecca,
in Trumbull county, it is completely saturated with oil.

At a lower level I observed chocolate colored or reddish
shales with interlaminations of light blue, argillo-calcareous
slate. From the equivalent of these shales on the west side of
the Cuyahoga river, is manufactured the mineral paint of
Ohio

Still lower, were noticed beds of concretionary shale, or flag-
stones, underlain by fissile shale. The under surfaces ef the
former are marked by the appearance of flowing mud, a phe-
nomenon described as occurring in the Portage sandstones of
New York. .

At a still lower level occurs a large stone quarry, showing a
section through a series of bluish, fine-grained sandstones with
shaly partings from half an inch to a foot thick. These beds

STATE GEOLOGIST. 19

rerj closely resemble the Huron county gritstones, and are
regarded by Dr. Newberry as the base of the Portage Group
in Ohio.

Further down the ravine are seen twenty or thirty feet of
dark fissile shales, covered with iron rust and an astringent
efflorescence, and in every respect resembling the shales which
underlie the gritstones of Lake Huron. Unfortunately there is
no possibility of founding an equivalency on palseontological
evidence. Aside from this I am* constrained to regard the flag-
stones and sjiales of Cleveland as on the horizon of th« grit-
stones and shales of Lake Huron. But the Cleveland shales
are regarded by Dr. Newberry as *' Hamilton shales," perhaps,
however, using the term Hamilton in the extended sense, so as
to include all the New York strata from the Marcellus to the
Portage. If the overlying shales and flagstones of Lake Hu-
ron, and the underlying argillaceous limestones of Partridge
Pt. fall into the Hamiltoi^ Group, the intermediate black bitu-
minous shales occupy the same position. So I had been in-
clined to regard them So I subsequently learned the black
shailes of Enniskillen were at first^ regarded by Mr. Billings,
though he afterwards placed them in the Portage Group on the
judgment of Prof. Hall. This palaeontologist, whose authority
is not to be . questioned where paleeontological evidence is
within reach, thinks he likewise recognizes in the vegetable
impressions of the black shales of Michigan, and in their gen-
eral physical characters, satisfactory affinities with some of
the shales of the Portage Group. In this state of the case we
shall bo constrained for the present to regard the Huron
Group of Michigan, extending from the conglomerate above
the gritstones of Huron county, to the top of the argillaceous
limestones of Partridge Pt., as probably representing the f'ocks
of the Portage Group of New York.

From the description which has been given of the Huron
Group in its northern and southern outcrops, it appears that
the group is eomposed of coarser materials toward the north,
and probably attains in that direction, much the thickest devel-

80 BEPORT OF THB

opment, while, in the State of New York, the source of the
materials seems to have been from the east.

11. — Marshall Oroup,

In Huron county, we find the gritstones separated from
the higher sandstones by a conglomerate about two feet
in thickness, in which occur some of the fossils of the over-
lying group, especially a Bhynchonella of undescribed spe-
cies, which, in some localities, forms entire masses of rock.
From the grindstone quarries to Point au Chapeau, the coast
is occupied by sandstones which, at the various "Points"
rise m bluffs from eight to twenty feet high, and farther
back from the shore attain, in some instances, considerable
elevations. The distinction between the Marshall and Na-
poleon Groups is not clearly traced along this coast. ^ At
Hard Wood Point, three-foui>ths of a mile west of Pt. au Pain
Sucre, (called also Flat Rock Point,) are seen, proceeding from
the west, the first undoubted fossils of the Marshall Group.
The rock here, which rises but a few feet above the surface, is
a finp grained, bluish sandstone, with minute glistening scales
of white mica. It embraces • a Nucula characteristic of the
Marshall sandstone, a Solen^ a Clymenia and a Goniatites. The
Clymenia occurs in a purplish, fine grained saiidstone of ex-
ceeding hardness, equaling, in this respect, the Medina -Sand-
stone. In a specimen of the rock found here, containing car-
bonaceous specks, were seen small geodes lined with rusty
crystals of calcareeus spar, and containing small imbedded
crystals of native copper.

Between this locality and Flat Rock Point, the section near
the shore reveals several feet of purplish, greenish and yellow-
ish strata, success' vely lower in the series, in some of which I
recognized a minute Gypris-likQ shell similar to one seen at
numerous point's in the southern part of the State. At Flat^
Rock Point, still lower rocks rise ten feet above the water,
characterized by oblique laminae of great extent and uniformity,
dipping 45^ toward N. 38*^ E. The whole rock here is a purely

STATE GEOLOGIST. 81

qnartzose, friable saudstone, with many disseminated small
pebbles.

From this place to the immediate vicinity of Port Austin,
rocks lower and lower in^the series rise to the surface, frequently
attaining an elevation of 12 feet or more. The first of the
series is a bluish gray sandrock, 12 feet thick, followed by a
whitish and grayish, sometimes yellowish, fine grained sand-
stone, very pure and massive, occurring in beds 10 to 12 feet
thick, without pebbles or seams, and moderately coherent. At
the point one mile west of Port Austin, it is broken into im-
mense angular fragments forty feet and less, in diameter, which
lie about like the work of Titanean quarry men. Immense
chasms produced by fissures through the rock, extend inland
several rods, and in some cases return again to the water, thus
detaching areas a quarter of an acre in extent, and even more.
Upon these rocks are growing the Red Cedar, Hemlock, Pinu9
resinosa, Arbor Vitee or White Cedar, White Birch, Wintergreen
and extensive beds of the delicate little Linncea horealis.

At Pt. aux Barques, is seen a sandrock dipping south-west
1^^ and consequently passing beneath the last The outcrop
exposes 12 feet. The lowest beds here are red-striped sand-
stone, similar to some parts of the Marshall Group, in Calhoun
and Hillsdale counties. Farther along, on the most projecting
part of the point, the striped sandstone rises four feet above
the water, and in the immediate vicinity, the clifis attain the
heighth of 17 feet. This is by the Trigonometrical Station of
the Lake Survey. The overhanging cliffs here, seen from a
distance, bear a rude resemblance to the prow of a vessel pro-
jecting over the water, and suggested to the early navigators
the name which is still borne by the point, and to some extent
attaches itself to the whole region for several miles east and
west.

At the fishing station and residence of J. G. Stockman, half
a mile east of Pt aux Barques, I saw a fine specimen of highly
ferruginous sandstone, completely filled with^fossils, among

11 ^

82 REPORT OF THE

which occurs a Khynchonella (n. sp.) and the BeUerophonf so abun-
dant in the Marshall sandstone, which I have named B. galery-
culcUus,

At the first small point cast of Burnt Cabin Pt., a greenish
blue sandstone is seen rising to the surface and forming a bluff
8 feet high. This rock contains the Clymenia ef the grindstone
quarries, a mile further east, and with care may be traced to
that point where it is found, overlain by a conglomerate 2 feet
thick, apparently forming the base of the group.

Such is a general description of the sandstones of the coast
of Huron county, from the highest beds containing Nucula to
the ccn^lomerate above the gritstones, both included. It has
not been deemed proper to occupy space with the details of
stratification at the several points at the present time.

The rocks of this group, as well as those of the Napoleon and
Huron Groups, should make their appearance again on the
opposite side of Saginaw Bay, between Thunder Bay and Ot-
tawa Pt. This whole coast i§, however, destitute of a single
outcrop. Nevertheless, the great accumulation of sand along
the beach,' and the well known arenaceous character of the
country further west, affords a suflficiently strong presumption
that the limits stated cover the place of outcrop of these
groups. ^

In Sanilac county, near the head waters of the Cass river,
sandrock is exposed to a considerable extent, which undoubt-
edly belongs to the Huron county series. On the S. E. J sec.
1, T. 13 N., 12 E., are found numerous fragments of a coarse,
gray, micaceous sandrock, sometimes inclining to greenish, and
sometimes mottled or striped with red. Many of these frag-
ments contain white quartzose pebbles, and the whole aspect
of the rock recalls that seen at Pt. au Pain Sucre. From this
point actjial outcrops are frequent as far down the stream as
the line of Tuscola county, and even to S. W. J sec. 1, T. 13
N., 11 E., where it rises 5 J foet above the water. The general
character of the rock is shown by the following section on sea
7, T. 13 N., 12 E.:

STATE GEOLOGIST. 83

10. Sandstone, coarse, thin bedded and quite soft, (b45
A-F.)

9. Flaggy sandstone, (545 G.)

8. TLin shaly sandstone, passing down to a sandy shale,
containing much carbonaceous matter, and with oc-
casional partings of a substance composed of sand,
clay and carbonaceous matter finely comminuted,
(645, H-L.)

t. Sandstone, shaly and flaggy, (545, N.)

6. Sandstone, flaggy, striped with red, (545 0, and 544.)
Interval of 4j} rods, up stream.

b. Sandstone in thin layers, (543, A — ^B,^ 20 in.

4. Sandstone, thick beaded, mottled with red above,

striped below, (543, C— D,) 4ft

8. Sandstone, with quartz pebbles, (543, E — F )

2. Sandstone, thin bedded, (543, G.)

I. Sandstone, coarse, soft, very ferruginous, (543, H.)
Interval of 30 rods to collection of fragments be-
fore referred to.

Prom this neighborhood to Jackson county, no outcrops of
rock are known ; but the arenaceous character pf the drift
materials through Lapeer and Oakland counties and portions of
St Clair and Macomb, renders it not improbable*that the arena-
ceous strata of the Marshall and Napoleon groups would be
found underlying that region.

In the southern part of the State, the Marshall Group is bet*
ter characterized and more fully distinguished from the Napo-
leon Group above. Throughout all the northern part of Hills-
dale county, we find a series of highly ferruginous sandstones,
generally very fossiliferous, and easily recognized. The ferru-
ginous matter is often collected into bands of iron-stone,
&om one- fourth of an inch to four inches thick, sometimes
horizontal, sometimes oblique and sometimes concretionary
in their arrangement. From a brick red sandstone the rock
varies to pale red, yellowish and bufi*;- and lower down, becomed
yellowish-green, reddish-green, bluish-green and bluish. At the
lowest points, as in Noe's well at Jonesville, it becomes a
bluish, micaceous, thin-bedded, shaly sandstone, and thus pas-
ses into the shales of the Huron Group below.

Good exposures of the formation may be seen. \tv >2si^ a^'w?t\s»

84 REPORT OF THE

at Jonesville and Hillsdale, and at many points in the townships
of Moscow and Scipio. In Jackson county the formation
extends up into Liberty and Hanover, and has been pierced
nearly through at the depth of 105 feet in the well of S. Jacobs,
Jr., in the township of Pulaski. The most characteristic out-
crops are found in Calhoun county; and from that at Marshall,
the group has received its provisional name. At this place the
stratification is as follows:

4. Sandstone, rather tjiick-bedded, reddish, 10 ft^

3. Sandstone, dark-reddish, rather hard, very fossiliferous, 5 ft.

2. Sandstone, reddish- green, homogeneous, thick- bedded, . 10 ft

1. Sandstone, light, greenigh-gray, thick-bedded.

Several characteristic outcrops occur in the township of
Marengo, Calhoun county. At Battle Creek the lower beds of
the group are seen in places, highly calcareous and very hard,
but filled with chatacteristic fossils. The formation has not
yet been seen in place in Kalamazoo and Allegan counties, but,
numerous fragments of a purple sandstone are strewn over the^
surface, identical in general aspect with some layers of the
group at Pt. au Chapeau, on Lake Huron. In Ottawa county
the group presents well marked exposures at several points
on sec. 21, T, 5 N., 16 W. — township of Holland. I am also in-
formed by Henry D. Post, Esq., of Holland, that an outcrop occurs
in T. 6 N., 16 West., near the shore of Lake Michigan. At these
points it embraces, as usual, the characteristic fossils. One
mile east of Eastmanville, on the wagon road from Grand
Haven to Grand Rapids, a cut in the valley of Deer Creek ex-
poses the laminated areno-argillaceous strata belonging to the
lower part of the group ; and where the same road crosses
Sand Creek, about four miles east of Lament, numerous frag- •
ments and other indications of the neighborhood of an outcrop
may be seen. In some of the fragments,^ which are highly
ferruginous, I found the best preserved fossils that I have seen
in the State, including Nuculaj OrthiSf Ghonetes and Orlhoceras,

Further north than this, the group has not been traced; and
even to this point, the boundaries aro poorly defined, in conse-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 85

quence of the drift materials strewn over the surface, and the
perishable nature of the rock. Prom what has been said, it
'appears that this group touches Lake Michigan, and that the
Huron and Hamilton Groups (if both exist) must pass entirely
beneath the lake, re-appearing probably in Mason, Oceana and
Manistee counties, while the Marshall Group proceeds in the
direction of Newaygo and Lake counties.

Details of stratification and fossils at the vaMous ^ outcrops
cannot, of course, be appropriately giyen at the present time,
nor even an enumeration of all the outcrops.

The palaeontology of the Marshall Group possesses consid-
erable interest, both in consequence of the number of indi*
viduals and species found fossil, and the distinctness of the
fauna from that of other regions in the same geological horizon.
Considerable attention has been bestowed upon the collections
from this group, but not a single satisfactory identification
has yet been made. The most abundant and characteristic
fossils at the various localities belong to the genera NuctUa,
(5 species,) SoleUf (2 species,) Bellerophon, (3 species,) Ortho-
ceras (5 species), MydLina and Clymenia (5 species). Besides
these, I have referred to Cyrtoceras^ 4 species, Cryptoceraa,
2 species, TrocholiteSf 1 species, Ooniatitea, 6 species, Fleuroto-
mariaj 1 species, Tdlinaf 1 species, Cardium^ 2 species, Ludna^
I species, GhoneteSf Orihis and other Braehiopods, one or more
49pecies each.

There are, moreover, numerous* species which have not yet
been particularly examined, among which are a few fish remains
and land plants. As I intend communicating to the public at
an early day, further particulars regarding this assemblage of
fossils, I refrain from extended remarks at the present time.
The delay experienced, however, in printing this report, ena-
bles me to append a few observations relative to the ClymenisB.
According to all authorities, the two genera Clymenia and
Goniatites are widely distinguished by the position of the
siphon, being interior in the former and exterior in the latter.
It is true that all my specimens of Cephalopoda from thA IL^x-

86 REPORT OF THE

shall Group aro rather imperfect ; but I have bad the opportu*
nity to examine a large number of transverse sections of tlie 8(K
called Clymenia, and in every case I find indications of a siphon
closely internal, while in an, equal number of cases, the best
possible observations upon the dorsal surface have failed en-
tirely to disclose a siphon in this position. At the same time,
it must bo admitted that some of Sandberger's figures of
" Goniatites"ipresent a close resemblance to some of ray Clyme-
nisB— for* example, Figs. 13, 14a Taf. Ill, and lie Taf. VIIL
Even the sectional view, 11a, Taf. VIII., presents much the ap-
pearance of some of my specimens ; but while the specimen
here figured may have a dorsal siphon, my own specimens have
not.

Further, many of the Goniatites (now so-called), figured by
jDeKoninck, afibrd to my eye no indications of an external
siphon. I have specimens from Rockford, Ind , generally re-
puted identical with DeKoninck's O, roiaiorius and O. princepB^
(properly O, Ixion and O, Oiueni, Hallf) and while I admit ithat
the latter has a distinct dorsal siphon, I confess that the former
seems to me to have a distinct ventral onel

Such were my convictions at the the time of Prof. Hall's
visit to Ann Arbor, near the close of November last. In view
of the contradictions, I showed him some of my specimens, and
without making a critical examination, ho did not dissent from
my conclusion as to their generic relations. More recently, how-
ever, in a letter accompanying a copy of his *' Contributions to
Palaeontology," for 1858-9, and '60, he says, with reference to
specimens in his possession from New York and Indiana: *' On
reviewing my specimens after my return homo, I do not find
reason to doubt their Goniatitic character." And with reference
to my specimens, he adds, " The appearance of siphuncle on the
ventral side, which you pointed out, is, I think, deceptive." In
accordance with this view, he has referred to Goniatites all of
the closely coiled Gephalopods, characterized in this last num-
ber of his " Contributions." If, on careful examination of my
specimens, Prof. Hall should pronounce them Goniatitea, I

STATE GEOLOGIST 87

should yield to his judgment. But the shells in question seem
to my eyes to belong to Clymenia, and I can do nothing but
regard them as such until I am convicted or positively con-
tradicted.

I cannot doubt that the palaBontological characters and strat-
igra|.hical position of the Marshall sandstone place it conclu-
eivcly above the horizon of the Hamilton Group; and hence I
am not surprised that none of the nine species of Goniatites
described by Prof. Hall, and referred by him to the Hamilton
Group, bear any considerable fesemblance to the Michigan
fossils under consideration.

From this group were collected, at Battle Creek, the speci-
mens described by R. P. Stevens,* as Leda dens-mammUlata,
L, niumlceformis, L, pandoroeformiH, Nucula Houghtoni and
Chonetes Michiganensis. Not one of the Lamellibranchs has
been satisfactorily identified by me, amongst the fossils collect-
ed at the same locality. The Nuculoid shells have not the
pallial sinus nor posterior elongation required by their assign-
ment to the genus Leda) nor, supposing them true Nitculas, do
I find their specific characters clearly indicated. Moreover, Dr,
Stevens' reference of these fossils to " ochreous shales, belong-
ing to the coal measures," because ** associated with an Orlho-
ceras, a Nau'ilus and Bdlerophon Urei^ which is evidently carbon-
iferous," must undoubtedly be regarded as an oversight. The oc-
currence of Clymenia in these rocks establishes their Devonian
age, while the BeUerophon supposed to be the one referred to, is
quitc'distinct from B. Urei of Fleming, which is a dorsally sulca-
ted shell, while ours presents no trace of such a character. Still
further, B. TJrei, even if occurring here, would not identify
these rocks with the " coal measures," since the range of this
species is frofn the Upper Silurian to the Mountain Limestone.

The general aspect of the fauna of the Marshall Group bears
•some resemblance to that rep esented by the figures of the
fossil remains of the Rhenish Provinces of Nassau,f in Ger-

•f illiman's Joarnal. Vol. XXV, [2] p. 202.

f SeeSandberger*i^y8tematlitttht) Besclireibiing und AbbUdimg der TerttBiiienmgeii dat
heiniachen SenKhteBsyskmi in Kaaiaa.

88 BBPORT OF THE

many, though we have not so large a proportion of OomalUes;
while Trilobites and SpiriferidoB are entirely wanting. Neither
is our fauna by any means as rich.

The rocks of this group have been quite extensively employed
in the southern part of the State for building purposes, and in
moderate sized structures they answ( r suiBciently well, but for
very high structures the stone needs to be selected with care,
as some portions are too incoherent for security. For cellar
walls and other rough masonry they prove of gieat utility. At
Jones V ill e and other local i tit* s the uniformly colored, homo-
geneous, greenish strata, in the lower part of the group, have
been worked into very handsome caps and sills.

12. — Napoleon Group.

In approaching Point au Chapeau of Lake Huron, from the
south, the bottom of the lake is seen to be a solid greenish
sandstone. At the point is an outlier containing about four
square rods. The section exposed here is about 8 feet. The
action of the waves has undermined the rock, and excavated it
into purgatories through which the water rushes with the hollow
sound described as occurring in similar situations on the sea
coast. In one of these purgatories the following section was
observed:

4. Sandstone, reddish gray, with rusty specks, and many coarse

grains of white quartz.
3. Sandstone, very thinly laminated, fine-grained, and of a djrty

greenish color.
2. Sandstone, yellowish-red, with conspicuous grains of white

quartz, and particles of rusty matter.
1. Sandstone, reddish and otherwise similar to above

All the strata exhibit oblique and curved lamination, the dip
of the oblique laminae being at this place toward the north, at
an angle of 45^. Between (2) and (8) are thin layers of bluish
micaceous, carbonaceous sandstone of local occurrence.

On the east side of this point, the overhanging cliff has
formed a sheltered cave, in which, with some additions from
rude art, it is said an old hermit found a tolerable habitation
for several years. The mins of his stoye fir^. still visible.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 89

It must be oonfessed that in lithological characters, thes^
rooks cannot be distinguished from strata of the Marshall
Group; and they are assigned to the Napoleon Group simply
in consequence of their occurrence at a higher geological level
than the highest strata, (those at Pt. au Pain Sucre,) which
contain Nucula and Clymenia.

There is little doubt that some of the sandstones before refer-
red to, as occurring near the forks of the Cass river, should be
lustsigned a position in this group, but it is impossible with our
present knowledge, to draw dividing lines.

The next outcrop of these rocks is found at Napoleon, in
Jackson county, where they are quarried over an area of 88
acres, and expose a section of about 15 feet The rock is for
the most part of a grayish color, inclining to buff. Tbe beds
Are generally of sufficient thickness and perfection to answer
either for flagging or building. The following is the stratifica-
tion:

4 Sandstone, buff and bluish-gray, composed of transparent

and colored grains of quartz, thick bedded, .40 ft.

3. Sandstone, yellowish, thick bpdded, 4 ft.

2. Sandstone, thick bedded, pale greenish, 20 ft.

I. Sandstone, -'greenish buff, composed of minute rounded
grains of colored quartz pretty firmly cemented with
a very perceptible quantity of white calcareous mat-
ter, 11 ft.

The higher beds are worked on the grounds into excellent

window sills and water-tables, which sell for 28 cents per linear

foot. I saw some fine floated and moulded stone steps and

door-sills, selling for 37^ cts. a square foot. The rough stone

costs 25 cts. a perch at the quarries, or 50 cents a perch of 1600

lbs. on board cars. The charges for freight are two cents a

hundred to Jackson, four cents to Adrain, ten cents to Monroe.

The quarries at this place furnished the cut stone for the new

Union School building in Monroe, also for the City Hall at that

place, and the Union School House at Tecumseh. A fine store

of this stone, with smooth front, has been erected at Hillsdale.

. Some beds of this stone are sufficieBtlj oleau and sharp to
12

90 KEPORT OF THE

answer the requisites of a coarse grindstone, and some years
ago this manufacture had attained here a considerable degree
of importance.

The Napoleon sandstone outcrops at numerous other locals
ties in the south part of Jackson county, and further northwest
Being entirely destitute of fossils, it is not easy to distinguish
it from the sandstones above, and the unfossiliferous portions
of the sandstones below. The most northern exposure yet ex-
amined on the southern slope of the State, is in the right bank
of the Grand River about a mile above Grand ville, in Kent
county.

In all the borings for salt which have passed through the
Napoleon jsandstone it has been found separated from the Mar-
shall Group by a bed of clay. This, at the State salt well, was
14 feet thick; at Lyon's well, 9; at Butterworth's, 10; at Scrib-
ner's, JO; at the Indian Creek well, 15; at Windsor's, 10; at
East Saginaw,' 64 feet. The thickness of the overlying sand-
stones is pretty uniformly about one hundred feet.

The Napoleon sandstone bears considerable resemblance to
the conglomerate of Ohio, as seen in the gorge of the Cuyahoga^
at the falls; but it contains no pebbles, and occupies a position^
moreover, below the carboniferous limestone. As a distinct
formation, therefore, it has no satisfactory equivalent in sur-
rounding States; and there is no reason, except its negative
palsBontological characters, for separating it from the Marshall
Group. The uniformity in the petrographio character of the
sandstones of Huron county, has already been alluded to.
Should it hereafter appear that the separating shale which lies
between the Marshall and Napoleon Groups of the southern.
part of the State is wanting in the north, v?e shall be obliged
to regard the one hundred and nine feet of sandstone passed
in the deep well at East Saginaw as representing both these
groups, diminished to the thickness of one of them; while the
shale beneath, penetrated to the depth of 64 feet, must be re-
garded as the commencement of the argillaceous portion of tho
Huron Group. Such a thinning of strata toward the north

STATE GEOLOGIST. »1

would, however, constitute a reversal of the general law of our
strata, and I have consequently been induced for the present to
regard the shale reached in the Saginaw deep well as the thick-
ened separating shale lying between the Napoleon and Mar-
shall Groups.

13. — Michigan Salt Group.

The Napoleon sandstone, exposed along the right bank of the
Grand River a mile or two above Grandville, in Kent county
(S. B \ sec. 7, Wyoming), near the residence of Mr. Davidson,
is succeeded upwards by a remarkable series of saliferous
fihalca and intercalated beds of gypsum and magnesian lime-
stone, attaining a maximum observed thickness of 184 feet.
The lower portion of this formation outcrops in an extensive
salt marsh, on sec 3, T. 6 N., 12 West (Wyoming, Kent county).
This is the locality of the State salt well, near Grand Rapids.
Nearly opposite, on the north side of the river, in a bluff rising
60 or 80 feet above the water, are located extensive gypsum
(Juarries. At the quarry known as McReynolds & Stewart's,
I observed the following section:

19 Loam, variable in thickness.

18. Clay, yellowish and plastic, 3 ft.

17. Shalo 3 ft.

16. ** Plaster rock" — a series oi irregularly alterna-
ting layers of arenaceous limestone and shale,
inclosing many masses of reddish gypsum, .... 5 ft.

15. Limestone, argilloarenaceous (called ** flint/').. 4 in.

14. Shale, blue, thinly laminated, pretty uniform,. ... 4 ft. 6 in.

13. *• Water limestone," 8 in.

12. Shale 1 ft.

1 1 . W ater limestone, 10 in.

10. Shale, 3 ft.

9. "Plaster rock," composed of plaster, with some

clay, 2 ft.

8. Shale, 3 ft.

7. Water limestone, (which in Hovey's quarry was

found to pass into gypsum,) 2 ft.

6. Shalo, 3 ft.

6. Gypsum, 6 ft.

4. Shale, .9 in.

8. Gypsum, 13 ft. 6 in.

92 REPORT OF THE

2. Skale 2 ft.

1. Limestone and gypsum, more than 4 ft.

Total, 5t ft. 7 in.

The following is the section at Hovey & Co.'s plaster quarry
within a few rods of the last:

16. Loam, 6 ft.

15. Clay, 3 ft.

14. " Water limestone," 1 ft.

13. Shale, 4 ft.

12. Gypsum, 10 in.

11. Shale, 1 ft. « in.

10. Water limestone and clay in thin layers, 2 ft.

9. Shale, ' 3 It.

8. Gypsum, 1 ft 6 in.

t. Shale, 3 ft.

6. Water limestone, ... 10 in.

5. Shale, 4 ft.

4. Gypsum, 6 ft.

3. Shale, \ 1 ft. 3 in.

2. Gypsum, 13 ft.

1. Gypsum, hard, rather dark colored, through which
the excayations have not yet extended.

Total, 44 ft. 8 in.

In establishing a parallelism between these two sections, it
is probable that we must regard Nos. 1 and 2, (Hovey,) as the
equivalent of No. 3, (McReynolds;) No. 3 (H.)=4 (McR.) &c.;
No. 13, (H.) corresponding to 14 (McR.); 14 (H.) to 16 (McR.);
15 (H.) to 18 (McR.); so that the beds 15 and 17, (McR.) find
no equivalents in Hovey's quarry.

The 13 feet bed of gypsum is a pure and solid mass. At top
it is reddish, veined with the bluish color of the shale; below,
it becomes more bluish as a mass. At the center the fracture
and lustre remind one of hornstone, the mineral being trans-
lucent, fine grained, compact and homogeneous. From this to
the bottom of the bed, is a mottled and clouded gypsum of a
coarsely fibrous structure.

The shales of McReynolds & Stewart's quarry are said to

STATE GEOLOGIST. 93

effloresce with common salt in dry weather and furnish a favor-
ite "lick" for cattle.

The roof of McReynolds & Stewart's quarry dips N. W.^
about one foot in twenty. The dip in Hovey's quarry is very
slight, N. 10^ E.

By connecting these observations with those made in boring
the State salt well on the opposite side of the river, we arrive
at an approximation to the whole thickness of the group, thus:

Section measured at McR. & S.'s quarry, 68 ft.

From bottom of quarry to alluvial flat by river's edge, . . 50 ft.

Allowance for dip of formation, 16 ft.

Thickness of alluvium at salt well, 40 ft.

Residual thickness of salt strata in well, 21 ft.

Total, 184 ft

This series of rocks is penetrated in all the borings for salt,,
at Grand Rapids and that vicinity. It is found passing up-
wards through a few feet of calcareous sandstone, into the well
characterized carboniferous limestone. The thickness of the
group in Lyon's salt well, was found to be 1*11 ft.; in Butter-
worth's, 167 ft.; in Scribner's, 163 ft.; in the Indian Creek well,
(Ball's) 133 ft.; in Windsor's, 184 ft.; and it was penetrated
100 feet in Powers & Martin's well. In Jackson county it is
found to be 49 feet thick.

In Kent county, the Michigan Salt Group is undoubtedly the
source of the supply of brine, though the strength remains un-
diminished, as a matter of necessity, while the boring is con-
tinued in the underlying Napoleon sandstone, until a stream of
fresh water is struck, which, rising up, materially dilutes the
brine

On the opposite side of the State, this group outcrops on the
shore of Tawas Bay (Ottawa Bay), on the west side of Sagi-
naw Bay. Two miles beyond White Stone Pt., Bay county, T.
20 N., 7 E., is a bluff about 19 feet high, known as "Plaster
Bluff," at which the following section was observed:

94 REPORT OP TIIE

H. Clayey subspil.

G. Limestone, thin-bedded, resembling B., 4 fk

F. Sand, light greenish, with some ferruginous streaks —
scarcely at all cemented — having laminsa dipping
Eorth 45^, 4 fk

B. Limestone, thin bedded, with lenticular structure and
undulating laminsB — streaked with dark, efflorerces
with a salt having a cool and somewhat bitter taste,
resembling epsom salts, 8 ft,

D. Sandstone, greenish - gray, friable — the lower half

browner and harder, 2 ft.

*0. Gypsum, massive, white, hard, in small masses im-
pressed in the upper part of B

B. Limestone, brown, glistening, hard, with streaks of

green, 8 in.

A. Sandstone, bluish or greenish, moderately hard, with

concretionary masses harder and more brown, 3 fk

The dip seems to be from this point both north and south.

The strata, E, become in places highly ferruginous, and ex-
: hibit a tufaceous structure, which is probably a recent change
in the rock. In other places it becomes a true breccia, with
angular fragments of a brown limestone, held together by a
tufaceous cement. Small stalactites are forming in places
where the rock overhangs.

About 20 rods south from the main bluff, a blue clay is seen
at the water's edge, in place of D, the strata, E, being com-
mingled with the subsoil.

The layer, B, is not very persistent, being sometimes quite
c sandy, and passing into A.

The gypsum is in places imbedded in the blue sandstone A^
in belts.

To the north of the main section, the limestones, E, become
more arenaceous, and the sandstones, D, become shaly and in-
- crease to 4 feet, while the upper part of A is blue clay. The
sand, F, becomes 5 feet. The amount of gypsum increases
making a varying bed from six to twelve inches thick. A aeo
end gypsum layer appears in A, thicker than the other.

It is unlikely that a blufiF of materials embracing bo much
.soluble matter, has remained exposed to the action of the

STATE GEOLOGIST. 95

atmosphere and the lake, without undergoing important changes
from its original character. Especially are we unable to decide
from this exposure, as to the whole probable thickness of the
gypseous deposites. The waves of Lake Huron hare for ages
been breaking against the exposed edges of the strata, and the
gypsum has necessarily been dissolved out to a considerable
distance back from the shore. In confirmation of this inference
I found at Plaster Point, one mile north of the north lino of Bay
ooanty, numerous " sink holes," As if produced by the subsi-
dence of the overlying beds, after the dissolving out of the
gypsum. Some of these are eight feet deep. Water is stand-
ing in them, probably at the level of the lake. The sides are
steep, exactly as if the rocks had sunken. In one place a sink
is seen pursuing an irregular course for several rods, toward
the lake, and the whole appearance is exactly such as is pro-
duced by the falling in of the roof of a miner's "drift." Off
this point, in calm water, the bed of the lake is seen to be a
mass of pure white gypsum — the same, undoubtedly, which
i^ses above the surface at Plaster Bluff half a mile further north.

The land, back from the shore of Tawas Bay, rises in a suo-
oession of ridges running parallel with the lake. About 12
miles back, in the vicinity of the Au Gris river, the country
becomes very broken, resembling that upon Grand River in the
vicinity of the gypsum quarries. At the residence of Sherman
Wheeler, 4 J miles south of Tawas City, one of the parallel
ridges has attained an elevation of 40 feet, and the acclivity
facing the lake presents a slope of 30^ with the horizon. This
ridge is said to increase in height as far north as the Tawas
Biver. Mr. Wheeler informed me that no explorations had
aver been made in this bluff, except to a limited extent by Mr
Ghallis. Strata were found, called clay by Mr. Wheeler^ though
the specimen shown me was the brown limestone of the Michi-
gan Salt Group, as seen at Plaster Bluff. The green streaks in
it were pronounced by Mr. Ghallis to be indications of the
prpximity of copper. Coal was also prophesied in this ridge.

Arriving at Tawas City, I obtained some further information

96 REPORT OF THE

from Mr. C. H. Whittemore. He says that a "slate rock" can
be seen off White Stone Pt., extending out a mile from shore '
into 12 to 18 feet of water. He has traced this north to the
neighborhood of Wheeler's (630), where it approaches within ^
8 or 10 feet of the surface, and disappears bejieath the sand.
Mr. Whittemore has bored^30 feet at Tawas City, to strike it,
but thinks he has not succeeded. " It appears like a blue rock.
Challis says it is iron ore." Mr. Whittemore bored 24 feet ini
the pure clay at the foot of the bluff, back of Wheeler's. He
bored in several other places, including the top of the bluff,
and found nothing but soft clay. It will be noticed that the
statements of Mr. Whittemore are at variance with those of
Mr. Wheeler. In the present state of the case, while it is ob-
vious that gypsum occurs in considerable quantity along the
shore of Tawas Bay, it is necessary that borings should be
carefully made in several places, under the direction of a compe-
tent geologist — by which I do not mean one of those who search
in the Michigan Salt Group for coal, iron and copper.

The rocks of the Salt Group should be found gradually ria^
ing toward the north along the shore of Tawas Bay, The
gradual rise of the ridge, back of Wheeler's, conforms to this
condition. If this is the case, the gypsum of Plaster Bluff and
Whitestone Pt, should be found in this ridge. The limestone '
shown by Wheeler as taken from the ridge by Challis, belongs
to one of the beds exposed at Plaster Bluff. In spite, therefore,
of the negative results said to be obtained by Mr. Whittemore^
I cannot resist the conviction that adequate explorations alcmg
this shore would be amply rewarded.

A short distance south of Tawas City, this ridge is cnt
through by Dead Creek, which has very high banks. Though
no rocks are seen in place, numerous angular fragments are
said to occur. In town 23, range 7, on the Ottawa river, are
some hills 200 feet high, cut through by the river.

The region between the head of Tawas Bay and Kent county,
has not yet been geologically explored. It is likely that nii- .
merous valuable iacts could be gleaned from the notes of tfie

STATE GEOLOGIST. 91

linear surveyors. Mr. Wm. ^. Hess, of East Saginaw, has in
his custody maps and notes of resurveys, copies of which I had
hoped to procure, but the limited means at my disposal have
not been sufficient to enable me to incur the expense of copy-
ing them In the mean time there is little doubt that the rocks
of the Michigan Salt Group outcrop in abroad belt arching
northward from Tawas Bay through Ogemaw, Roscommon,
Missaukee, Wexford, Lake and Newaygo counties. The inter-
ests of the State demand that explorations be made across this
region at as early a day as possible. If the indications observ-
ed, be found verified, this resource will prove of incalculable
value to the central counties of the peninsula, at present cut
off from all ready communication with other parts of the State.
On the east side of Saginaw Bay some clays were seen at the
mouth of Pigeon river, in Huron county, which very much re-
semble those of the Salt Group; and as this is about the place
for the formation to strike the main land again, after crossing
the bay, there are reasons for undertaking some more thorough
explorations in that vicinity. Indications also exist of the
occurrence of the formation in Tuscola county. It is likely,
however, that the group Ihins out toward the south and nearly
disappears through Lapeer, Oakland, Washtenaw, Jackson and
Eaton counties, thus furnishing another illustration of the
thickening of our formations toward the north. The salt springs
at Saline, in Washtenaw county, and at various points in Jack-
son, may possibly issue from the attenuated representative of
the group; but I am more inclined to think that these waters,
like similar ones in Branch, Oakland, and the northern part of
Huron county, are supplied by the various formations outcrop-
ing at these localities. Borings for salt have shown the Napo-
leon and Marshall sandstones to be saliferous, while at Saginaw,
water from the coal measures stood at 1° of the Salome ter in
the upper part, and increased to 14^ before reaching the Parma
Sandstone. It is important to bear in mind that the occurrence
of a brine spring proves nothing more than that there is salf

somewhere in the State.
13

98 REPORT OP THE

Comminuted carbonaceous matter is. found in considerabk
abundance in some of the shales of the Salt Group. Besides
this, no organic traces have been discovered.

14. — Carboniferous Limestone,

The best known outcrop of this formation is at Grand Rapids,
in Kent county, where the Grand River experiences a fall of
about 18 feet in the space of two .miles. The rock here ex-
hibits gentle undulations, but the resultant dip is slightly toward
the north east. It occurs in generally thin, irregular beds,
which are considerably broken up, and embrace frequent part-
ings of argillaceous and bituminous matter. In composition,
it is generally eminently calcareous, but in the lower portion,
arenaceous matter gradually gains preponderance ; and belts
and patches of the same material are irregularly distributed
through the formation. In the upper part of the exposure
here, is a belt, 5 feet thick, of red, ferruginous, arenaceous
limestone. The thickness of the formation below this is 61
feet, while the thickness above, at this point, is unknown,
though it is probably less than that below. The portion of the
formation below the ferruginous stratum, contains numerous
geodes, filled with brown and white dog-tooth spar, brown pearl
spar, rhombic calcareous spar, selenite, anhydrite, aragonite,
pyrites, &c.

From Grand Rapids, the formation has been traced north
through Ada and Gannon, in Kent county, and to the rapids of
the Muskegon, in Newaygo county. South of Grand Rapids, it is
followed through Walker, Paris and Gaines, in Kent county,
to Belle vue, in Eaton county, and thence by numerous out-
crops to Parma, Sandstone, Spring Arber, Summit, and Leoni,
in Jackson county. The S. W. \ of S. E. J, sec. 13, Summit, is
believed to be the most southern well-characterized exposure
of this formation. It occurs in a quarry belonging to Michael
Shoemaker. The section exposed here is about 14 feet, as
follows:

STATE GEOLOGIST. ^ 99

D. Sandstone, red, calcareous, highly shattered, breaking
into cuneiform fragments, with conchoidal surfaces,
changing locally to C.,. 5 ft.

C. Limestone, highly ferruginous,* brecciated in places,

containing nodules of chert. • Passes upward into D. 4 ft.

B. Limestone, quite arenaceous, brecciated, shattered,

with thin layers which are sandy and greenish ; the
whole exterior of some of the blocks covered with a
thick, loose coating of the same material ; upper
surface undulating, but smoothed as if by aqueous
action, before the superior layers were deposited, ... 2 ft.

A. Limestone, compact, crystalline, silicious, bluish gray,

with some crystals of dog-tooth spar. Exposed, ... 3 ft.

The stratum D. is the parting layer between the upper and
lower portions of the formation. The characters of this bed
are exceedingly uniform at all the outcrops on th6 south and
west sides of the geological basin.

At the quarry of C. Roberts, S. E. J N. W. J sec. 1*1, Spring
Arbor, is found a section similar to the preceding:

D. Sandstone, ferruginous, highly calcareous, breaking with

cunoidal fracture.

C. Limestone, bluish-gray, hard crystalline, thick-bedded,

of excellent quality, containing small crystal-lined
geodes, . ^ 5 ft

B. Limestone, ragged, arenaceous, with irregular seams

and blotches of greenish sandstone, 2 ft.

A. !^mestone, fine-grained, hard, bluish, 2 ft.

This formation outcrops on sections 21, 26, 2*1, 28, 29, 31
and 32, in the township of Bellevue, Eaton county. From the
various quarries in the vicinity of the village, the following
succession of strata was made out:

G. Limestone, thick-bedded, calcareous, 3 ft.

F. Limestone, yellow, silicious, 2 ft.

E. Limestone, massive,* destitute of fossils, 6 ft.

D. Belt filled with a csespitose Cyathophylloid, 6 in.

C. Limestone, thick-bedded, containing Allorisma and a

large coiled shell (not seen).

B. Limestone, blue, compact, hard, thick-bedded, contain-

ing geodes.
A. Sandstone, bluish-gray.

From Leoni, in Jackson county, no actual outcrop oC thMk

100 REPORT OF THE

formation is knownj nhtil reaching Tilscola county. On the
S. E. J sec. 16, T. 12 N., 9 E., are found numerous fragments of
a compact, blue, non-fossiliferous limestone, which has been
quite extensively employed for burning. Rock is also felt in
the bed of Cass River, at this place.*

On the S. W. J sec. 22, T. 16 N., 9 E. (Sebewaing), Tuscola
county, are found abundant fragments of the lower arenaceona
member of the Carboniferous limestone, containing an Alio-
risma Further north, on the N. W. J sec. 13, T. 16 N., 9 B.,
half a mile above the mouth of Cheboyong Creek, is a distinct
outcrop of an arenaceous, yellowish limestone, containing nu-
merous specimens of Allorisma clavata, and other species iden-
' tical with the one found at Grand Rapids and Bellevue. In
this sandstone pccurs a thin layer, highly calcareous and ex-
ceedingly tough. The next outcrop occurs at the horthem
extremity of Stone Island (Shung-woi gue), in Saginaw Bay.
The rock rises but four or five feet above the water, and is
generally much brecciated. It is for the most part calcareous,
but exhibits bands' and patches of an arenaceous character;
and the beach is strewn with fragments apparently thrown up
from a greater depth, which seem to belong to the arenaceoui
strata exposed at Cheboyong Creek. Allorisma occurs here,
and geodes are not unfrequent. The lower arenaceous l^ers
appear again on North Island (Ash-qua-guin;dai-gue).

On the south side of Wild Fowl Bay, is a characteristic ou^
crop of the formation, extending along nearly the whole shore.
The dip is very slight toward the south-east. The greatest
actual exposure is only four feet, but the rock undoubtedly
rises in the bank to the height of 15 feet above the water. The
following stratigraphical characters were noted:

•F. Limestone, argillaceous, cherty, perforated extensively

by a Syringopora^ 10 in.

E. Limestone, compact, bluish, weathering white, 1 ft.

* About the forks of the Cass, above and below, are found numerori fragmonts of a lime-
stone of quite different character , and some kind of rook is felt with a pole in the bed of the
■(ream. The limestone is dark argillaceous, and occasionally arenaceous. This is the jplp^
atone from which the Indians of this vicinity cnt their pipes. It has somewhat the sp-
pewluioe of s bydranUc liipcstone.

¥

STATE GEOLOGIST. 101

D. Limestone, arenaceous, with nodules of chert. Seen

• dipping into the water 10 rods west, 4 in.

0. Limestone, dark, calcareous, with bituminous (flinty?)
streaks and laminsB — ^intersected by broad cracks
which have been subsequently filled with material
like D,. 10 in.

B. Limestone, yellowish, highly arenaceous, thin bedded,
rather incoherent, the lower one-fourth curiously band-
ed with lighter and darker streaks, 1^ ft.

A. Limestone, arenaceous, highly shattered and recement-
ed.

The flint nodules in the layer D, are bluish,' of a fine, homo-
geneous structure and strike fire with steel, with great readi-
ness. They exist in large quantity. Should there be a demand
for such an article, Wild Fowl Bay could furnish an abundant
supply.

The layer E, would furnish a superior building material.

The layers D, E and F, will make excellent lime, and the ele-
Tation above the water, especially if the rock enters into the
formation of the high bank along here, wpuld fully justify the
opening of a quarry. '

From this point the formation crosses Saginaw Bay, and next
Appears on the Charity Islands. The rock is seen under water
for a long distance south-west of Little Charity Island. It out-
crops along the northern, western and sohthern shores, consist-
ing of one or two layers 12 to 15 inches fhick. It abounds in
the Syringopora, before referred to, and contains some concre-
tions of a cherty nature. It is replete with traces of organic
remains, but nothing is well preserved or identifiable, sav6 some
Bryozoa and GyatkophyUidoB.

The formation outcrops more extensively on the north side of
Great Charity Island, where it rises about five feet above the
water, and presents the following section:

0. Limestone, areno-calcareous, containing Bryozoa^ Cyath-

ophyllidoB and AUorisma^ 10 in.

^ B. Limestone, with cherty nodules, 10 in.

A. Sandstone, calcareous, obliquely laminated, 4 ft

Some portions ^of A are well characterized sandstone, of a

lOi REPORT OF THE

whitish or grayish color. The laminsa extend from top tO ^
bottom of the mass, dipping north-west at an angle of about
45^. "they are quite undulating arid even contorted, and the
whole mass shows something of a rude concretionary structure.

The formation strikes the main land at Point au Ores. The
rock here, in spite of the name, is a limestone. That part of
the outcrop above the water consists of three layers, each about
15 inches thicfc. The upper layer is, in places, quite arena^
ceous, but is more solid than the rock at Cheboyong creek. It
contains stains of greenish matter and irregularly cylindrical,
somewhat concretionary, bodies, considerably colored. Here
occurs the Syringopora which occupies the top of the section at
Wild Fowl Bay. This layer is separated from the next by two
or three inches of laminated, argillo-calcareous sandstone.

The middle layer is more purely calcareous, but contains
some sand. Here I saw an Acervulnriaf a Syringopora, a Cy-
aJQtophyUoid, and the remains of a bony body, whose impression
left pits regularly disposed upon the rock.

The lower layer abounds in concretionary cherty nodules,
perforating the rock in every direction, often appearing, when
broken at the surface of the stratum, like plugs driven into the
rock. These modules are less flinty than those seen at Wild
Fowl Bay.

A large Productus was picked up on the beach.

Betweea this point and Newaygo county, .no definite informa-
tion has yet been collected respecting this formation. We
know from the surveyors' notes, that limestone outcrops at
various points, but I have s^en no specimens, and its geologi-
cal characters are in 4oubt.

The thickness of this formation is much greater on the west-
ern (and probably northern) borders of the basin, than on the
southern. It is 51 feet thick atScribner's well at Grand Rapids,
and the whole thickness in this vicinity is probably not less
than TO feet. It is found 65 feet thick in the salt wells of East
Saginaw.

As this calcareous member of the Carboniferous system pos-

STATE GEOLOGIST. ' 103

sesses gi-eat economical and gcientific interest, I have thought
best to enter into a greater amount of local and stratigraphical
detail than I have done in respect to the other groups. For the
determination of the parallelism between this formation and the
carboniferous limestones of the North-west, lithological con-
siderations become the more important, from the great scarcity
of fossils in our formation, and the entire absence of those
forms which furnish the means of certain identification in In-
diana, Illinois, Missouri and other States. i
From the account which has been given, there is obvous diffi-
culty iij identifying; our limestone with any of the groups that_
have been established by the researches of Owen, Hall, Swal-
low, Worthen, McChesney and others. Little attention has
yet been given to fossil remains, but the following notes of
species thus far observed, may be here recorded: ^

Notes on the Fossils of the Garhoniferous Limestone of Michigan,
[The numbers prefixed refer to the University Catalogue.]

polypi;

337. Lithostrotion mammillare, EdvxLrds and Haime.

The specimens agree entirely with figures and descriptions
by Hall (Iowa Rep.) and Owen (Geol. Iowa, Wisconsin, &€.).

Localities — Grand Rapids and boulders in that vicinity.

250. Lithostrotion (Lithodendron) longiconicum ? Phillips.
This abundant, generally distributed, luxuriantly caespitose
and branching Cyathophylloid, presents externally the non-
striated appearance of L. longiconicum, while it has the oval
columella of L. socialCf Phillips. It is less straight than
either of these species, and not improbably constitutes a dis-
tinct type.

Localities — Grand Rapids, Bellevut, Great Charity Island,

Pt. au Gres.

252. Cyathophyllum fungites, De Koninck,
These specimens considerably resemble TurMnolia fungites,
Fleming, (Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, PL III, Fig. 23.) They
are less broad than the figure of De Koninck, (Animaux Fobs.
de Belg. PI. D, Fig. 2,) but agree well with Owen's figure of
the same, (Iowa, &c.. Table IV, Fig. 4.) The last named is
reported from the Keokuk rapids.

REPORT OF THE

Localities — . "'^d Rapids, Stone Island, (Saginaw Bay.)

353. Cyathophyllum, sp?
More expanded than the preceding, and more irregular in its
outline.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

251. Caryophyllia duplicata, Martin.
Agreemeivfc very good.

Locality^ — Great Charity Island.

249. Acervularia, sp?

1 The obscure styliform elevation in the cup of this large coral
strikes the eye at first as belonging to a LithostrotioUf but
after careful examination, I am convinced that the coral pos-
sesses no columella As far as its characters can be inspec-
ted, it does not differ from Strombgdes^ as restricted by Pictet.
It has the general aspect, however, of an Acervularia, and
only differs in having the transverse floors more numerous
in the visceral chamber.

' Locality — Pt. au Gres.

548. Syringopora, ep?

Tubes small; much geniculated and with numerous oblique
connecting tubes or bars as large as the main tubes. A very
characteristic fossil, but very obscure.

Localities — Grand Rapids, Pt. ^u Gres, Wild Fowl Bay, Great

and Little Charity Islands.

eOhinodermata.

336. Archaeocidaris.
Remains of spines only, which more resemble HalPs figures
of -4. Agassiziiy (Burlington Limestone,) and A, Keokuk,
(Keokuk Limestone,) than any others accessible to me.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

BRYOZOA.

238. Fenestella membranacea (?), FJUUips.

Very closely related to Oorgonia (Retepora) membranacea^
Phillips and DeKoninck. The fenestrules, however, are but
little longer than broad.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

339. Fenestella, sp.?
Similar to the preceding, but the fenestrules are more elonga-
ted and less quadangular. A distinct, sharp keel runs along
the ray between the two rows of cellules. The form and
disposition of the cellules is a miniature representation of

STATE GEO LO GIST. 1 06

the fenestrnles. This species is scarcely distinguishftble
from specimens collected from the St. Louis limestone, two and
a-half miles west from Charboniore, on the Missouri .River.
It must bear considerable resemblance to F, patula, McGojr.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

841. Fencstella, sp.?
The rays are very narrow and flexuous between the lines of
«mall roundish fcncstrules.^ No cellules have been seen.

Locality — Grand iRapids.

£40. Polypora, sp ?

Allied to P. Shumardiit Prout, (Trans. Acad. St. Louis, I., p.
871), a Devonian species. The cellules are exceedingly mi-
nute and indistinct, though I imagine the specimen shows
the reverse side

Locality — Grand Rapids.

£42. Cladopora (?) sp?

Prof. HalPs characterization of this genus, (Pal. of N. Y., II,
137,) does not disagree with these specimens.

Locality— Gtrand Rapids.

243. Cladopora, sp?

The cellules are promiscuously arranged upon a flattened,
branching axis.

Locality — Great Charity Island.

S44. Goscinium (?)

Fenestrules quincuncially disposed on a flattened branching
axis, which is minutely porous.

Locality — Great Charity Island.

S4£l Monticulipora (?).sp? (Rhinopora, HaU,)

Minute, polygonal* crowded, rayless pores or cells, irregularly
studding the surface of a compressed, lobated, subspheroidal
mass.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

£47. Ptiloilyctia (?) sp? (Stictopora, ffaU.)

A branched, nearly terete stem, with pores apparently on all
sides.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

BBACHIOPODA.

£07. Frodvictus A\tonQj\s\s, Nortoood and Fraiten, (Journal Acad.
Nat. Sci ; Phil. [2| III, 7.)

Agrees very well. It bears some resemblance to P. cofUatiu
So'^erby, Var, Hall, (Iowa Rep. p. 712,) but it is hardlj
14

106 REPORT OF THE

broad enoagh for this variety, and has no mesial sii^is
though apparently flattened. It also resembles P. costahis,
Sow. (DeKoninck, Carbon. Foss. Belg. p. 164,) but it is not
broad enough Aor does it exhibit any granulations. The
striation of some specimens is exceedingly like that of P.
comoides, Sow. (Phillip^^ Geol. Yorkshire, PI. VII, Fig. 4,) P.
AUonensis is from the upper portion of the Carboniferous
limestone, (St. Louis Limestone of Hall.)

Locality — Grand Rapids.

208. Productus pileiformis, McChesney (New Pal. Foss, p. 40).
It bears some resemblance to P. ovaJtus, Hall, but the strise
are too fine. It differs in the same way from P. Altoneiisis,
and is, besides, broader than that species. From P. tenuicos-
titSy Hall, it differs from the mode of increase of the striae
which is by intercalation instead of bifurcation. The con-
centric rugae, moreover, are not sufficiently conspicuous.
P. pileiformis is from the Kaskaskia Limestone.

Locality — Ferris' limekiln, 2 miles north of Jackson.

209. Productus.

This was thought by Prof. McChesney, (without making di-
rect comparison) to be his F.fascicvlatiLS (Op. cit. p. 38). It
does not, however, agree sufficiently well.

It has some resemblance to P. Gordf D'Orbigny, as figured
by Owen (Op. cit. Table IV , Fig. 1), but my specimen ex-
hibits seven or eight ribs raised higher than the intervening
ones. The surface is covered by fine undulating concentric
striae, and when exfoliated, shows numerous punctate de-
pressions beneath. The spine bases are very scattered on tlie
ventral valve.

Locality— ^Viiknown. Supposed to be with preceding.

210. Productus Wilberanus (?), McCkesney.

The agreement is moderately good, but the concentric striae
or rugae are not generally distributed. 'This species comes
from the coal measures of Charboniere, Mo. It differs from
P. scabriuscvlus, DeKoninck, (Op cit, PI. IX., Fig. 5,) by the
irregular disposition of the pustules.

Locality — Unknown. Supposed to be with the preceding.

211. Productus, sp ?

A delicate species much too finely striated for P elegans, Nor-
wood and Pratten, and somewhat too much so for P. AUonen-
sis j while it is too regularly and coarsely striate for F.pileir
formis,

Locdity — Stone Island, in Saginaw Bay.

STATE GEOLOGIST. lOt

212. Pr«<luctu8, sp ?

A species destitute of radiating striae or ribs. The ventral
valve shows five or six varices or lines of growth j the dor-
sal, (if it is the same species) more than this. The surface
is punctate.

It is allied to P. gryphoides DeKoninck, (Op. cit. p. 182,
PI. IX., Fig. 1, but not to the other figures.)

Locality — Grand Rapids.

213. Productus, sp ?

Considerably resembles in form and size, P. muricatuSj Nor-
wood and Pratten, from the coal measures, but the radiating
ribs are too fine. It is somewhat like DeKoninck's figure of
P. costatuSy (PI VIIL, Fig. 8,) but is not sinuated. It closely
corresponds with P. costatua from the coal measures, 9 miles
north of St. Louis, Mo., except in not being sinuated, and in
the less conspicuous character of the concentric rugse.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

214. Productus, sp ?

Has the form of the last, but the radiating striae are much
fiaer and the concentric folds little conspicuous.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

215. Orthis umbraculum (?) von Buck.

Allied to 0. robusta, Hall, (Op. cit. 113.) Resembles 0. umr
ftroew^wm as figured by DeKoninck, (Op. cit. p. 223,) from
carboniferous limestone, but better as figured by Owen, (Op.
cit., Tab. v., Fig. 11.) It exceedingly resembles this species
as figured by Hall in Stansbury's Report, (PI. Ill, Fig. 6.)

Locality — Grand Rapids.

216. Orthis (?) sp?

A single flat valve with slender auriculate appendages ex-
tending the hinge line to nearly the greatest width of the
shell.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

232. Orthis, sp ?
A single dorsal valve more finely striate than the preceding.

Locality — Stone Island, in Saginaw Bay.

21*1. Athyris subquadrata, ffallf (Iowa Rep., 703.)
This species is from the Kaskaskia limestone.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

218. Athyris sublamellosa, Hall, (Iowa Rep., p. 702.)

Agrees pretty well, but the shell is not more than one-third
the dimensions of HalPs, and is proportidhally a little thinner.
This species is from the Kaskaskia limestone.

108 REPORT OP THE

i/OcaZ%-^Unknown. Supposed to be with the last.

219. Athyris, sp ?

Considerably resembles Terebraiula rhowJboidea, Phillips.
Also has some affinities with McChesney's A. ohmaxima
from the Keokuk limestone

ZocaZ%^ Grand Rapids. ^ ,

220. Athyris Roysii (?) DeKoninck,

Closely related to smooth specimens of this species. (Op.
cit , PL XX, Fig. 1 )

Locality — Grand "Rapids.

221. Athyris, sp ?
Locality — Grand Rapids.

222. Athyiis, sp ?
Locality — Grand Rapids.

223. Athyris, sp ?

Locality — Grand Ilapids.

225. Athyris ? sp ?

Bears considerable relationship to Terebraiula Roysii^ var^ Le-
veille, (DeKoninck, PI. XXI, Fig. J,) but it is somewhat
broader and more quadrate. It resembles A, cbma McCheck
ney, (p. 81,) but differs in having its two valves equally
convex, and in its faint radiating lines. It is less sinuate
than A. differentius, McChesney.

Localities — Grand Rapids, Pt. au Gres.
229. Athyris ? sp ?

Locality — Ferris' limekiln, 2 miles north of Jackson.
524. Terebraiula sacculus, var. hastata (?) DeKoninck,

Locality — Graad Rapids.

526 Terebratula subretziseforma (?) McChesney,

It is broader proportionally than this species from the Kas-
kaskia limestone, but otherwise it agrees closely. The cor-
respondence is also very good with T, subtUita, Hall, (Stans-
bury's Rep., p. 409,) but our shell is smaller. It is smaller,
thinner and less deeply sinuated than specimens of T, stibU"
lita, Hall, from the coal measures of La Salle, 111.

Locality — Grand Rapids.
221. Terebratula, sp ?

Locality — Grand Rapids.
528. Terebratula, sp ?

Locality — Grand Rapids.

STATE GEOLO^JIST. 10^

233. Terobratula, sp ?

Locality — Stone Island in Saginaw Bay.

235. Atrypa, sp ?
Large, very gibbous, with nnmeroue radiating ribs.

Locality — Pt. au Gres.

*234. Spirifer Keokuk, var. Hall,

The general aspect is of this^variety. The principal points f
are as follows : The valves are nearly equally convex ; the
mesial sinus, of the dprsal valve is abruptly elevated, but-
instead of being divided into four distinct plications, presents
but two, which are distinctly marked. The ventral valve
has a sinus, simple at its origin, but. soon divided by a dis-
tinct plication, and in some specimens by two lateral pnes.
Surface on each side of the mesial fold and sinus marked by
about 8 plications, the two adjacent tO' the mesial sinus and
^elevation originating from a single one near the apex. No
strisd are seen on the surface.

The variety above is from the St. Louis limestone.
Our shell bears also a close relation to ;S^. rotundaius var.
. planata, DeKoninck (PI. XIV, Fig. 2, and XVII, Fig. 4) It
is, however, a little more transverse than these figures, ap-
proaching in outline S. ax)uticostatuSf DeKoninck.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

LAMELLIBRANCHIArA.

201. Allorisma clavata, McChesney,

The "flatteneci or slightly concave space extending like a
sinus from the beak to the base" of the shell is scarcely per-
ceptible in my specimens. From the Kaskaskia Limestone. «

Locality — Cheboyong Creek, Tuscola county.

202. Allorisma, sp?

Bears some resemblance to A.^sintLotaf McChesney, from the
Kaskaskia Limestone, but difiers thus: Not prolonged poste-
riorly, nor extremely gibbous; beaks less than one third the
length of the shell back from the anterior extremity; ventral
margin but very slightly sinuate, and surfaces of valves
scarcely depressed; concentric ridges not very strong

In form and makings it resembles Lithodnmus Jenkinsoni,
McCoy, (Brit. Pal. Rocks and Foss. PI. 3 F. Fig. 2).

Localities — Grand Rapids, Stone Island, Great Charity Island.

203. Allorisma, sp?

Allied to A, sulcata, Fleming (King, Permian Fossils, PI. XX.
Fig 6), "from carboniferous shales, Redesdale, Nortlmmbec-

110 REPORT OP THE

land.'' I cannot, however, detect anj radiating pimples.
This form also resembles A. reguUxriu (Owen, Rep. Iowa, &c.,
Tab. V. Fig. 13).

Localities — Grand Rapids, Cheboyong Creek.

204. AUorisma, sp? '
The umbones almost overhang the anterior extremity.

Localities — Grand Rapids, Cheboyong C^eek.

206. AUorisma, sp?
Very gibbous, umbones sharp, incurved, overhanging the
anterior extremity.

Localities — Grand Rapids, Cheboyong Creek.

205. Nucula? sp? '

Perhaps an AUorisma or Myalina; very obscure.

Locality — Grand Rapids.
231. Nucula? sp?

Locality — Cheboyong Creek.

230.. Myalina lamellosa(?), DeKoninck.
The beak is rather too much recurved, and the surface teo
smooth, for this species. It has some resemblance to M,
Swallom, McChesney (Op, cit., p. 61), from the coal measures.

i/OcaZ%— Grand Rapids.

GASTEROPODA.

Remains of Euomphaloid casts have been found at Grand
Rapids. Very complete ceiled shells have been met ^ith
at Bellevue, in Eaton county, but I have not been fortunate
enough to secure any.

TRILOBFTES.

254. Phillipsia, sp ?

Fragments of tails, resembling P. Brogniarti, Fischer (De
Kon. Op. cit., PI. LIII , Fig. 7).

Locality — Grand Rapids.

255. Phillipsia, sp?

Fragments of two tuberculated tails.

Localities — Grand Rapids. From Great Charity Island is a
portion of a head which may belong to the same species.

FISHES.

Remains of spines and Psammodus-like teeth have been met
with at various localities.

STATE GEOLOGIST. Ill

Of the fifty-five species discriminated in the foregoing list,
only sixteen have been even doubtfully identified with species
hitherto described. Of these sixteen, twtlve only are known
to the writer to occur in the carboniferous rocks of the Western
States, and are distributed as follows:

In tht Coal Measures : Productus Wilberanus (?),
> In the Kaskaskia Limestone: Prodrictus pUeifomiiSj Athyris
subquadrataf A suhlamellosa Terebratula subretziceforma (?) Alio-
risma clavcUa.

In the St. Louis f.irnostoiie: Liihostrotion mammUlaref Pro-
ductus AUonensis, Spirifer Keokuk^ var. Also the Fenestella,
No. 239.

In the Keokuk Limestone: CyaihophyUum fungiiesf?)

In the Carboniferous Limestone generally: Orthis umbracu*
him.

In the present state of our knowledge, it would be prema-
ture to attempt to identify the Carboniferous Limestone of
Michigan with any of the group of Illinois and neighboring
States. Attention may, however, be directed to the following
points:

1. No indications of Archimedes have been detected in the
' formation,

2. Very few indications of Encrinites have been discovered,

3. The probable identification of five species, with forms be-
longing to the Kaskaskia Limestone, affords a pretty strong
indication that at least some parts of our formation lie in the
horizon of the very top of the general series.

4. The identification of four species with forms from the St.
Louis Limestone, foreshadows a strong affinity with that part
of the system. The brecciated character of many portions of
the rock, points, if anywhere, to the same relationship.

5. The ferruginous, arenaceous stratum, occurring in the
midst of the formation, may easily mark the boundary line be- '
tween the two successive epochs last mentioned ; although, at
present, it is impossible to say whether the distribution of the
fossils conforms with such a sepiaratioD.

112 REPORT OP THE

6. The arenaceous character of the lower part of the forma-
tion, becoming on the Charity Islands, a thick mass of yellow-
ish sandstone ; the blotches and disseminated particles of
greenish matter found here ; the frequent shaly partings of the
strata ; certain " vermicular ramifications" upon the bedding
surfaces, all recall the characters of the upper part of the
Warsaw Limestone.

7. At the same time, the portion below the ferruginous are*
naceous bed abounds in geodes filled with crystals of calc spar,
dog-tooth spar, pearl spar, selenite, anhydrite, pyrites, &c., which
recall the " Qeode Bed," below the Warsaw Limestone.

Whether our formation possesses real affinities with all the
groups from the "geode bed" to the Kaskaskia limestone, is an
interesting question which probably we shall yet bo able to
resolve. Such a result would not be surprising. The various
groups of the Silurian and Devonian Systems, stretching
through a vertical thickness of many thousand feet in New
York and Pennsylvania, are all faithfully represented within
the space of as many Imndred feet in the Lower Peninsula of
Michigan ; and we are prepared to foresee that our situation,
similarly, upon the borders of tho great carboniferous sea, has
resulted in an attenuated representation of the various groups
of the carboniferous limestone, which towards the south- went
thickens up to some thousands of feet.

15. — Parma Sandstone.

In the townships of Parma, Sandstone and Springport, in
Jackson county, is found a white, or slightly yellowish, quartar
ose, glistening sandstone, containing occasional traces of ter-
restrial vegetation. On the line between sections 18 and 19, in
the township of Sandstone, this rock is seen succeeding upwards
to the furruginous bed of the Carboniferous limestone. On the
N. W. J of N. W. J, sec. 29, at the quarry of Mrs. Titus, the
sandstone presents a characteristic exposure. The rock is
light- colored, thick-bedded, firnily cemented and appears to
furnish an excellent article for building purposes. It presents

STATE GEOLOGIST. 113

the remarkable dip of 45^ SSW, with vertical divisional plaaes
rnnning parallel with the strike.. The rock is ocqasionallj
stained with iron, is of medium fineness and glistens in the sun,
from the glassy clearness of the qnartzose grains. For caps
and sills it is apparently superior to the Napoleon sandstone.

This quarry occurs upon a ridge elevated about 35feet above
the limestone, which is exposed over an area of a square mile,
begiiming a few. rods further west. It has every appearance of
a violent uplift, but the undisturbed position of the underlying
limestone seems incompatible with this supposition, and we are
forced to conclude that the apparent dip of the formation is
nothing more than a very illusory example of oblique lamination.

At the N. E. J of S. W. J, see. 18, Parma, near where the
highway crosses Rice creek, this sandstone affords a Cdam/Ue,
At the S. W. \ of N. E. J, sec. 19, Parma, it has been quarried
by Mr. L. H. Fisk. The rock is nearly white, sometimes vary-
ing to a light straw color; and in some places is quite full of
small white quartzose pebbles. A portion* of the Albion flour
mill was built of stone from this quarry.

Very numerous quarries have been opened in this formation
in the northern part of Jackson county, but it is unnecessary
to particularize at present.

From Mrs. Titus' quarry, the outcrop trends south-east toward
the village of Barry, and is worked at several points. At Boyn-
ton's quarry, half a mile north-west of the Barry coal mines, is
a fine exposure of massive sandstone, which, though occupying
a higher geographical position than the coal, is nevertheless
believed to belong geologically below it. It is found above
the limestone in the vicinity of the quarry of Chester Wall,
and seems to be the highest rock throughout most of the inter*
val between Barry and Woodville coal mine. South of Wood*
ville it may be recognized by its glistening character, to the
immediate vicinity of Hayden's coal mine, and from here to the
region south of Jackson. It is unnecessary to particularize
localities. Indeed, it is separated in this part of the State, by

15

114 REPORT OP THE

80 short an interval, from the Napoleon Sandstone below, and
the Woodville Sandstone jibove, that the geographical distribu-
tion of this formation has not been very accurately determined,
even after a pretty careful survey.

This sandstone was pierced in the boring for salt at East
Saginaw, and its thickness was found to be 105 feet. It cannot
be a third of, this on the southern border of the basin.

No fossils, except imperfect Calatnites and vegetable traces,
have been detected in the Parma Sandstone, but accompanying
its outcrop, throughout its whole extent, are found angular
fragments of a flinty or cherty sandstone abounding in impres-
sions of Sigillarice. Not unlikely these remains belong to the
formation in question. They frequently recall the characters
of the Ohio Buhrstone.

The Parma Sandstone occupies the geologicqtl position of the
Ohio Conglomerate. The occurrence of pebbles at a single
locality observed, constitutes a faint physical resemblance, but
in other respects 4;hc correspondence is rather remote. Unliko
the Ohio Conglomerate, it is separated from the upper Devo-
nian rocks by a considerable thickness of calcareous and
arenaceous strata^

16. — Cod Measures,

The Coal Measures, with the overlying Woodville Sandstone,
occupy the whole central area of the Lower Peninsula. The
territory covered, embraces the counties of Saginaw, Shiawas-
see, Clinton, Ionia, Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella and Midland,
and the greater part of Tuscola, Genesee, Ingham, Katon and
Bay, being nearly thirteen counties, besides considerable por-
tions of Livingston, Jackson, and probably other counties on
the north. The whole area underlain by the coal measures is
approximately 18*1 townships, or 6,700 square miles. Over
nearly the whole of this extent of country the measures will be
found productive.

The southern border of the basin reaches probably into the
township of Blackman, in Jackson county. Beyond this seem
to be several detached outliers in which the measures do not

\.

I

STATE GEOLOGIST. ' 115

attain their normal thickness, though the principal Beam of coal
is very little diminished The most southerly point at which
coal has beeafound in place, is at Hayden's mine, where it was
discovered in 1835, in digging the foundation of a mill. This
is on section 1, in the township of Spring Arbor. The opening
occurs on Sandstone creek where it is crossed by the highway,
on the |th section line running south through the S. E. ^. The
outlier seems to be embraced in a gentle elevation, covering,
perhaps, 40 acres to the west of the opening. Some distance
up the hill slope, a boring was made with the following result:

E. Drift mateiialS; '. 8 ft

D. Shale, 22 ft.

0. Cs)al, 4 ft.

B. Under clay, 14 ft.

As Parma Sandstone.

•

In the drift which has been carried into the hill the coal is
found only three feet thick, and contains a seam of Iron Pyrites
one foot from the top. Fragments of Black Band Iron Ore are
brought out, which contain impressions of fishes. The sand-
stone (A) comes to the surface a few rods to the north, and a
boring for coal was executed in it, of course without success.
The boring, however, became an Artesian well.

One mile north of Hayden's mine, occurs the Woodville mine,
owned by the Detroit and Jackson Coal and Mining Company.
We here find the coal measures overlain by a sandstone, which,
from its good exposure in the cut of the side track from the
mine to the Central Railroad, has been designated provisionally
the W9odville Sandstone. The section passed in the shaft of
this mine is as follows:

E. Superficial materials, 12 ft.

D. Wood ville sandstone, 30 ft

0. Shales, dark bituminous, with 6 feet of fine light color-
ed clay 43 ft.

B. Bituminoiis coal, ^ 4 ft.

A. Under clays, ^ 3 ft.

A few rods from the shaft toward the north-west, the sand-
stone was found 45 feet thick in a boring. TVi'ft c>i\. o1 >^^ %Afe

116 REPORT OF THE

track shows this rock to be strikingly marked bj lines of
oblique lamination, which generally dip toward the south. The
rock has a pale buff color, uniequally distributed, and is but
moderately coherent, rather friable, and towards the top it
wholly disintegrated.

The shales are compact, fine, black and highly bituminous.
In traversing the drifts or chambers leading from the shaft, the
shaly roof i^ seen to be somewhat undulating and to present
many evidences of slight disturbance since solidification. It is
intersected by numerous fractures, and in many instances the
movements of the opposing faces against each other have pol-
ished them most perfectly. The blackness and solidity of the
shale give specimens the appearance of polished jet. The shale
contains a Lingvla probably unknown to science.

The coal is bituminous, solid, generally free from foreign
matters, but is intersected by a thin belt of iron pyrites which
is also slightly disseminated through the contiguous portions
of the coal. The coal furnishes a glistening coke, samples of
which were much admired at the State Fair.

It is uncertain whether this outcrop is connected with the
main basin or is only another outlier. Numerous explorations
for coal have been made in vain on the N. E. \ sec. 36, Sand-
stone, and extending over the line into the N. W. \ of the sec-
tion. At one point a boring was carried to the depth of 279
feet. The coal measures seem to be mainly denuded along the
interval between Woodville and Barry. At the deep boring,
the Parma Sandstone was found 24 feet thick ; a series of
calcareo-arenaceous strata holding the place of the carboniferous
limestone, 22 feet; a series of argillo-arenaceous strata occu-
pying the place of the gypseous, or Michigan Salt Group, 49
feet ; the Napoleon Group, including 20 feet of separating shale
at bottom, 114 feet. The boring extended 56 feet into the Mar-
shall Group. With such an interpretation of the results of this
experiment, it would be obviously inconsistent to encourage
further expenditures in the exploration of rocks below the
shales of the coal measures.

STATE GEOLOGIST. ^ 111

A little further west, at the village of Bany, the coal is
found again outcropping and has been worked to a considerable
extent by the Jackson City Coal Company. The coal possesses
nearly the san^e qualities here as at Woodville, though what I
saw seemed to be of a less solid character. Some specimens
were furnished me, howcrer, for exhibition at the State Pair,
which, in physical characters, appeared equal to any in the
State.

Tie geology of this vicinity is exceedingly complicated — ^tiie
carboniferous limestone and overlying Parma Sandstone appear-
ing at points north-east and north-west of the mines, at a higher
geographical position than the coal. There can be no doubt
that these mines are also situated on an outlier of the coal
basin, of but limited extent

An outcrop of coal is said to occur about half a mile west of
the village of Barry, East of here the*«oal is seen again out-
cropping in the bank of the Grand River at the mill-dam in the
city of Jackson, and indications of its approach to the surface ^
are seen at several other places in the neighborheod. Borings
and excavations have been made at various points, with no uni-
form results. In the shaft which was sunk by the Jackson City
Coal Company, the following section was passed, according to
the statement of Mr. William Walker:

G. Superficial materials, 3 ft.

P. Sandstone, white or slightly stained, banded below with
ferruginous and argillaceous streaks; contains CdLa-
mites and carbonaceous matter, 26 ft.

E. Black bituminous shale with Lingular 14 ft.

D. Black band iron ore, with abundance of LingiUa, ..... 3 ft.

0. Gannel coal, 2 ft.

B. Bituminous coal, 2 ft.

A. Finely arenaceous fire clay, with abundance of Stig- \
maricBf 1 ft.

Ill the boring close by, the section continues downward
through 30 feet of ai-enaceous materials, probably representing
the Parma Sandstone.

Numerous explorations have been made in the vicinity of the

118 REPORT OP THE

city of Jackson, but it would occupy too much space to detail
the results. It must here suffice to say in general terms, tLat
the statistics accumulated seem at first view to con«tituto a
perfectly chaotic mass, without the least trace of a fixed order
of succession among the strata, but that after correcting the
errors in the mineralogical language of the well borers, it is
found that the different explorations have pierced the Wood-
yille Sandstone, the Goal Measures and the Parma Sandstone;
that these three formations present numerous sudden flexures^
so that after denudation of the ridges, each has been brought
to the surface at numerous points. The consequence is, that in
some casies the exploration has commenced in the Woodville
Sandstone, in others, in the Coal Measures, and in still others,
in the Parma Sandstone, which is shown to consist in the lower
part, of an alternation of quartzose and argillaceous beds. It
further appears that the Artesian waters of this vicinity pro-
ceed from the lower portion of the Parma Sandstone, and that
the trough shaped attitudes into which the rocks have been
thrown, are exceedingly favorable to the reception and reten-
tion of largo quantities of water. In a full report upon our
geology, it will be interesting to exhibit the correspondence of
the results of the various explorations and to illustrate the
whole to the eye by appropriate diagrams.

As the three localities already referred to as the seat of coal
mining operations are thought to be situated upon outliers
of the great coal basin, so nothing more can at present be said
of the city of Jackson — the indications being, that rocks below
the coal measures occupy the surface to the north of the city.

Between Ingham and Genesee counties the boundary of the
coal formation has not been traced. In the south western part
of the township of Mt. Morris and contiguous portions of
Flushing, in the latter county, according to the observations
of- Dr. Miles, the shales and sandstones of the coal measures
make numerous outcrops. On the S. E. J sec. 26, Flushing,
the following section is observed in the bank of the Flint
River:

STATE GEOLOGIST. 119 '

Superficial materials, 4 ft.

Black shale, containiug Lwgula, Chonetes Smithii, Fro-

ductus a^perus and t''2)infer cameratus^ 3 ft.

Sandstone, tinged with iron, 7 in.

Shale, I ft

Sandstone, , 3 in.

Shale, 4 ft.

Sandstone, 6 in.

Shale to surface of water, 10 in.

A short distance west of here the section is seen to be ex-
tended upwards by the superposition of *l inches of sandstone
and five feet of an overlying shale. The bed of the fiver here
is covered by a somewhat undulating and shattered gray sand-
stone which is considerably quarried for building. At a point
on the N. E. J, section 35, Flushing, a sandstone was seen to
attain a thickness of about 12 feet, in an excavation made by
Mr. Niles.

, On the N. E. \ of S. W. J, section 22, Flushing, a shaft was
sunk on the farm of A. J. Brown, of which the following account
was obtained:

Superficial materials, 14 ft.

Sandstone, below, bluish, gritty, 8 ft.

Coal 2 J in.

"Horseback claystone," (Blackband?) ...... ^ 2 ft.

Same with kidney iron ore, 2 ft.

Shale, 5 ft.

Sandstone and salt water ^ 3 ft.

Shale, 4 ft

"Black hard stone," combustible, 4 ft

White Fire-clay, 2 ft

Hard white sandstone, 2 ft

Darker Sandstone, Unknown.

Striped sandstone, 3 ft.

Shale, Unknown.

" Coalblaze" with bands of iron ore, 11 ft

A small hole was bored from this point to the depth of 12
feet in the last named material, making the total depth attained
83 feet

The work seems to have been directed by " Prof. Chilis."
The shaft is now filled with salt water.

120 REPORT OP THE

Coal crops out at numerous places in the vicinity. It is said
sometimes to show a» thickness of two ov three feet at the out-
crop, but soon thins out.

Mr. Patton, on the east side of the river, near the south line
of section 22, has made an excavation for coal and found t
seam 18 inches thick which is tolerably hard.

The sandstone taken from the quarry above Flushing, is a
pale, bluish rock, abounding in scales of white mica, ferrugin-
ous streaks, pyrites, carbonaceous streaks and curls, and much
oblique lamination. What is quite remarkable, I saw in a
block of this stone, in the vaialt of the Bank in Flint, a long
club of fibrous talcosc slate, a mineral said to occur in consid-
erable abundance. This rock does not answer to the characters
•f the Woods'ille sandfttone at any point where its identity is
undoubted, and I am induced to regard it as a sandstone in-
cluded in the coal measures. If it is so, this is the only instance
within my knowledge where any o5 the included sandstones
have attained suflScient development to be worked. It is likely,
kowever, that the gray, homogenous, fine, gritty, faintly-banded
(Sandstone, found within a mile or two ef the city of Lansing,
will be found t© hold the same position.

Sandstone, not unlikely the Woodville sandstone, is found
outcropping in the township of Montrose, on the borders of
Saginaw county.

The nezt observed point in the boundary line of the coal
field is near the village of Tuscola, in Tuscola county. On the
S. W. J Sec. 29, T. 11 N. 9 E., a seam ef coal crops out in the
bank of the Cass river. Numerous fragments of an arenaceous
fire-clay, filled with SHgmaria roots, are strewn about. Some
shales occur here, in which is found a Lingvla,

According to information recently received from Dr. G. A.

Lathrop, to whom I am under great obligations for his free

co-operation in my researches, a shaft has been sunk on the

north side of the river, with the following results:

Clay, 14 ft.

Fire-clay, 3 ft.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 121

Dark sbale, 4 in.

Ooal Bimilar to cannel, 8 in.

Bituminous coal, • 2 ft.

Fire-clay, 4 ft.

Shale continuing at bottom, , ^ ft.

One-half mile east of this, on the south side of the river, a
hole was bored with the result as follows:

Sandstone, • 18 ft.

Coal, '. 4J ft.

Shale, 11 ft.

Sandstone continuing, i ft.

The outcrop of these strata traced northward, would probably ^hao»^
strike th e bay shore in t he vicinity of SebawaiBg . ImA-^ r^i*^ » ^^ •

From Barry, in Jackson county, around the northwest border
of the basin, the boundary is still less perfectly known. The
coal strata are known to outcrop, however, on Sec. 22, in the
township of Benton, Eaton county, near the mouth of Grind-
stone Greek, and still again near the mouth of Goal Creek, in
the same county. Indications aleo exist of the neighborhood of
an outcrop near the center of Ionia county; but beyond this no
authenMc observations have been made. Coal is reported, how-
ever, to occur near the Big Rapids of the Muskegon, in Mecosta
county. As a white quartzose sand, suitable for glass, is stated
to occur at the * Big Rapids, there is no improbability of the
approach of the coal basin to that vicinity, for there are no such
sandstones known except those which immediately overlie and
underlie the coal series.

Numerous outcrops are known within the area marked out
above. In the township of Lock, Ingham county, the coal has
been taken from the bank of the Red Cedar river. This point
is nearly in the straight line passing through Tuscola, Flushing
and Jackson, and possibly like these points, occupies a position
on the confines of the basin. As the strike of the underlying
rocks, however, bends considerably toward the east, it is not
unlikely that the eastern boundary of the coal basin will be
found passing through Livingston county.

16

122 REPORT OF THE

In the vicinity of Corunna, which is still further within tho
basin, the coal has been successfully worked on a small scaic
for a number of years. From an outcrop in the bank of a small
creek on the W. J N. E. frl. J, sec. 22, Caledonia, Mr. Alexander
McArthur has removed several thousand bushels of broken coal
for the supply of neighboring blacksmiths. An excavation
made at this place by the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad Com-
pany, reveals the following section:

Highly ferruginous loam, .......;... 4 fL

Blue clay, inter^sected by undulating bands of kidney iroii

nodules » 4 ft

Black bituminous shale, < 2 ft

Bituminous coal, 3^ ft

Clay.
Sandstone.

The coal is of a handsome quality, ^nd is intersected, like the
seam in Jackson county, by a streak of pyrites.

Half a mile east of here, the overlying Woodville sandstone
makes its appearance. In a shaft sunk by Frazer and Stanton,
not the one now worked, the following seciion was passed:

Superficial materials, 5 ft

Sandstone, 6 ft

Clay, 5 in.

Coal, 3 ft

Fire-clay, intersected by a band of impure, argillaceous

iron ore, 1 6 ft

Sandstone, 3 in.

Fire-clay, 4 ft

The prevailing sandstone exposed at Rock Bar, at Blossom's
quarry, and numerous other localities in the vicinity of Corunna,
is probably the sandstone which overlies the coal. '

At Owosso, a shaft was sunk by the Detroit and Milwaukee
Railroad Company, with the following result, as communicated
by B. 0. Williams, Esq., to whdm I am indebted for much
assistance:

Sandstone, flesh colored, seen also in bed of river, 14 ft

Black band iron ore, 1 ft

Cannel coal, ., • 2 ft

Dark shales wth vegetable remains, 16 ft

N

STATE GEOLOGIST. * l2a

Black band 8 in.

Bituminous coal, 8 ft.

Bluisli soft clay, 1 ft*

Shales and arenaceous fire-clays, (as ascertained by-
boring,) the lower part black, terminating in sk hard
pyrititerous stratum, 148 J ft

Near the mouth of Six Mile Creek, in the township of New
Haven, numerous explorations have been made. A sliaft sunk
at the mouth of the creek, furnished the following section, accord-
ing to information received from Mr. George Ott. The shaft
was sunk by Messrs. Silliman and Walker, 27^ feet, and the
section continued by boring:

Superficial materials, 11 ft.

Clay, bluish black, 9 ft

Calcareo-argillaceous black band, 2 ft.

Chnnd coal, 2 ft.

Clay and coal, 3 J ft.

Coal, , 5 ft.

Clay, light colored, 2J ft.

CoqI, 2'ft.

Clay, light colored, 1 J ft.

Coal, : 2 ft.

Clay, light colored.

A sandstone is seen in the vicinity, overlying the bluish black
shale. The black band outcrops in the bed and bank of the
Shiawassee river at the bridge, and has been quarried for build-
ing purposes. Half a mile up the Creek it is seen preBcnting a
compact, finegrained, calcareous character, of very black color,
and seems capable of taking a polish. According to the state-
ments given above, we have here 11 feet of coal within a verti-
cal thickness of 18 J ieet. /Ihe shafts which I have visited have
generally been fpund filled with water, so that it has been im-
possible for me to make personal observations. In such cases
I have deemed the statements of persons who watched the pro-
gress cf the work as better than an entire absence of informa-
tion At this place, as in most others, I had the opportunity to
inspect samples taken out. As to the nature of the strata,
therefore, I have judged for myself, while for their thickness, I
have had to depend upon others. If the information obtained

124 REPORT OF THE

from Mr. Ott is correct, (and it is corroborated by Mr. B.
Williams,) Six Mile Creek furnishes the greatest thickness of
workable coal that has yet become known in the State.

Next to this, the greatest known thickness of any single vein
of coal is 4 feet 1 inch, in a shaft and boring sunk on Sec. 35, in
the township of Delta, Eaton county. My only knowledge of this
locality is recently obtained from Messrs. J. A. Kerr and LaRue,
of Lansing, who furnished me from their records the following
•statement of rocks passed through:

Superficial materials, 5 ft.

Fire-clay, soft, 2 ft. 8 in.

€oal 2 ft 3 in.

Clay, somewhat bituminous, 4 ft. 3 in.

Coal, 1 ft. 11 in.

Fire-clay, white and hard, 5 ft. 8 in.

Argillaceous shale, • 16 ft. 2 in.

Coal, 8 in.

Argillaceous shale, with some pyrites, 12 ft.

Sandrock, 4 ft. 2 iiv.

Coal, .• 4 ft. lin.

Sandstone, grayish, soft.

We have here a total thickness of 8 ft. 11 in. of coal, distrib-
uted in bands, as follows:

Coal, 2 ft. 3 in.

Clay, 4 ft. 3 in.

Coal, 1 ft. 11 in.

Argillaceous strata, 21 ft. 10 in.

Coal, 8 in.

Intervening strata, 16 ft. 2 in.

Coal, , . . 4 ft. 1 in.

Total, ' 61 ft. 2 in.

The coal also outcrops at Chesaning, on the land of Sheriff
Turner, and at several other points along the river in this
township and St. Charles.

In the salt borings on the Saginaw river, ceal is struck be-
tween 120 and 140 feet. At East Saginaw, according to notes
of Dr. Lathrop, the following was found to be the section through
the coal measures: .

STATE GEOLOGIST. 125.

t

Alluvial and drift materials, . 92 ft.

Brown sandstone, ( Woodville,) 79 ft.

Shales, dark colored above, light below, 40 ft.

Bituminous coal, 3 or 4 ft^

Highly arenaceous fireclay and sandstones, 20 ft.

Shales, below, dark, bituminous, . 12 ft.

Sandstone, with thin seams of coal, 10 ft.

Shale, 38 ft.

White sandstone, (Parma,) 105 ft..

The whole thickness of the coal measures here, between the
overlying and underlying sandstones, is thus shown to be 123-
feet, which is the greatest thickness yet measured. Probably,
however, the thickness is still greater at Owosso.

Putting all the observations together, (of which it is not nec-
essary, to make any further details,) it appears that the rocks;
of the coal measures occupy a shallow basin, the longest axis
of which is nearly coincident with the axis of Saginaw bay.
This bay breaks over the northeastern rim of the basin, and
near its head the rocks will probably be found to exhibit their
greatest depression. It is not likely, however, that this depres-^
sion varies greatly between Saginaw and Ionia county. In
other words, the lowest depression ctf the carboniferous trough
lies beneath a line extending from Ionia county into Saginaw
bay. Along this line the coal measures will be found to have

the greatest thickness, and the coal seams will be developed in

»

greatest number and force.

When we speak of the carboniferous basin or trough, it must
nevertheless be remembered that all these rocks repose very
nearly in horizontal planes, so that the slight undulations into
which they have been thrown by gentle disturbances since their
solidification, have presented eminences and ridges which have
subsequently been more or less worn down. It follows, there-
fore, that the Woodville sandstone is not everywhere found
covering the coal measures, even within the area that has been
described. The denudation has sometimes extended entirely
through this sandstone, or into the shales below, or even so far
as to reach below the coal seams. The tracts, however, withiik
the carboniferous area, which have been entirely denuded of coal^

126 REPORT OP THE ^

must be very limited, so that in general terms, the whole area
will bp found productive.

From the numerous sections which have been given, it ap-
pears that one persistent seam of coal runs through the whole
formation. This ranges in thickness between three and five
feet, being thinnest near the borders of the basin. Toward the
central axis of the basin, ail the members of the series thicken,
and several accessory seams of coal make their appearance.
When this occurs, one of the seams is a cannel coal about 2
ft. in thickness. Immediately above this seam is a belt of
black band, becoming in places highly calcareous, and passing
into a black ornamental limestone or marble. To present the
general structure of our coal measures more clearly to the mind,
we may make use of the following table:

E. Bituminous shales and light clays, 40 ft

D. Black band passing into black limestone, 2 ft.

C. Bituminous and Cannel Coal in one or more seams, with

aggregate thickness of 3 to 11 feet, 1 1 ft

B. Fire-clays and sandstones .» 23 ft

A. Shale, clay, sandstone and thin seams of coal, 60 ft

The shales of the coal measures are well stocked with the
remains of the terrestrial vegetation. Fern leaves, in a beauti-
ful state of preservation, are sometimes found in the black band.
But few marine fossils occur, and these have been already
noted.

11. — WoodviUe Sandstone'.

Some account of this formation has necessarily been embraced
in the description already given of the Coal Measures, and I
«ball add but few observations. Wherever it is not denuded,
it is the capping stone of the coal measures. It is a friable,
rather coarse, quarlzose sandstone, stained to a variable extent
w^h oxyd of iron. At Jackson, the rock is nearly white, and
has been used in the manufacture of fine glass ; at Corunna it
is pale bufi*, and embraces abundant rich nodules of kidney iron
ore, which, on the disintegration of the rock, are left in the soil;
at Owosso it is flesh colored; near Lyons, in Ionia county, it ifl

STATE GEOLOGIST. 127

fetr'ped and mottled with red, or even of a uniformly brick red
color. It varies equally in hardness, being sometimes suflS-
ciently solid for grindstones and building stones. The State
Prison is l)uilt of a rock supposed to be this. Tho material for
tho county offices at Ionia was alsc derived from the same
flource.

This rock embraces numerous comminuted remains of vegeta-
tion, and some well preserved stems of CalamUes and LepidO'
dendron.

Although I have treated separately of the Parma Sandstone,
tho Goal Measures, and the Woodvillo Sandstone, there is no
doubt that they all belong strictly to one geological epoch, and
constitute what, in a more extended sense, may be designated
the coal measures. This remark, however, is somewhat more
applicable to the Woodville than the Parma Sandstone.

18. — Superficial Materials.

m

No traces have yet been discovered in the Lower Peninsula,
of any of the geological formations intervening between the
Goal Measures and the Boulder Drift. Drift materials are
strewn over nearly the entire surface, and constitute a very
serious obstacle in the way of the investigation of our geology.
A large number of facts and observations is on hand as data
lor the discussion of this formation, but it will be necessary to
content ourselves with a few general remarks.

Numerous evidences exist of the movement of heavy bodies
over the underlying rocks, previously to their burial by the
Drift. Wherever considerable surfaces are found exposed, they
are seen smoothed and striated in the manner usually attributed
to drift agency. The most remarkable examples are seen upon
the Helderberg limestone at Brest, Stony Pt., and Pt. aux Peaux
At Stony Pt., the surface of the limestone has been denuded
of soil by the action of the waves, over an area of several acres.
The whole surface is level, smooth and floor-like, and covered
with a sct,of striae running in perfectly parallel lines N. tO^ W.
One deep groove is seen belonging to this set The most

128 REPORT OF THE

remarkable feature seen here, howeyer, is the occurrence of
two parallel grooves crossing the first set and bearing N. 60**
E. These grooves are 4 ft. 6 J inches apart, 1| inches deep, 2
inches wide, and 25 feet long, issuing from under -the cover of
diluvial materials, and terminating at the point to which the
waves have broken away the rock. The first impression which
irresistibly forces itself upon the mind, is the conviction that a
loaded wagon has been driven over the surface while in a yield-
ing condition; and a couple of grooves parallel to these, seen
for a part of the distance like the tracks of the second pair of
wheels, greatly confirms the illusion.

The Island of Mackinac shows the most indubitable eviden-
ces of the former prevalence of the water, to the height of 250
feet above the present level of the lake; and there has been an
unbroken continuance of the same kind of aqueous action from
that time during the gradual subsidence of the waters to their
present condition. . No break can be detected in the evidence*
of this action from the present water-line upward for 30, 50 or
100 feet, and even up to the level of the grottoes excavated in
the brecciated materials of " Sugar Loaf," the level of *' Skull
Cave" and the " DeviPs Kitchen."

While we state the fact, however, of the continuity of the
action during all this period, it is not intended to allege that
the water of the lakes, as such, has ever stood at the level of
the summit of Sugar Loaf. Nor do we speak upon the question
whether these changes have been caused by the subsidence of
the lakes, or the uplift of the island and adjacent promontories.
It is true that the facts presented bear upon these and other
interesting questions, but we must forego any discussion of
them.*

•Abundant evidences are furnished along the shores of Lake Huron, of the unbroken con-
tiHuity of the action of those physical forces which have transported and assorted the mate-
rials of the Drift. From the shingle beach formed by the violence of the last gale, we
trace a series of beaches and terraces, gradually rising as we recede trom the shore, and
becoming more and more covered with the linchens and mould and forest growths which
denote antiquity, until, in some cases, the phenomena of shore action blend with the
features which characterize the glacial drift. . These observations tally so well with the
views of Pictet on the continuity of the Diluvian aad Modern Epochs, as established by
palsaootological evidences, that I cannot forbear referring the reader to an article of his
which falls under my notice as this report is going through the press. See Bibliolhegut
UMoendU de Genece, Vol. VIII. , p. 255. AUOy SiUiman's Joumcd, [2] XJTX/, 345.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 129

Upon the smooth and striated surfaces of the rockls, has been
brought an immense deposite of waterwom and comminuted
materials, derived frcmi the breaking up and disintegration of
pr^-existing strata. We generally — almost universally — find
the face of the rock overspread with a confused mixtiite of blue
clay and azoic and plutonic boulders ai^d pebbles. These coarse
materials -are often arranged in rude courses which have a
curved or irregular dip, and may often be seen outcropping on
a hill-side, or even upon the plain. At East Saginaw these ma*
terials are 90 to 100 feet below the surface. At Detroit they
lie 130 feet below the surface. Through the interior of the
State they are found outcropping at irregular intervals, produc-
ing occasional patches of ground principally noteworthy for
their cobble stones. A field was noticed in the southern p^rt
of Jackson county in which, by measurement, the average dis-
tance between adjacent stones was only four inches. This
small field had already furnished many hundred cords of these
stones; but every plowing seemed to favor the development of
a new crop. Strange to say, this and similar lands are found
to produce excellent crops of wheat.

f Great use is made of these cobble stones for purposes of pav-
ing in the cities, a use for which their great hardness and
toughness renders them eminently fit. Mineralogically, they
consist mostly of rounded fragments of syenite, greenstone,
vitreous and jaspery sandstones, and hornblendic, talcose, and
serpentinous rocks of the azoic series.

Above the boulder bed we find a deposite of argillaceous
and arenaceous materials more distinctly stratified and assorted,
as if by the action of eddying waters. So far as I have ob-
served, the lake ridges and terraces are worked in these mate-
rials. Here we find buried, numerous tree trunks, generally of
the White Cedar, many of which may be seen projecting frqjn
the bank which overhangs Lake Huron, near Fort Gratiot, and
at numerous other points on the lakes.

The materials of this assorted drift are not so exclusively of
extreme northern origin as those of the boulder drift. Perhaps

130 EBPORT OP THE

two-thirds of the whole has been derived from the deatruction
of rocks within the Lower Peninsula; while a large and char-
acteristic portion comes from the strata in the immediate neigh-
borhood. The vicinity of a cc^al outcrop has filled the subsoil
with fragments of coal, which can be traced, gradually dimin-
ishing in abundance, for one, two or ten miles. The experienced
observer, however, is able to tell wljiether the source of tbe
• materials is near or remote, for the further they have been
'transported the more uniformly they become scattered amongst
the other materials, while in the immediate vicinity of the
outcrop the carbonaceous debris is not only more abundant but
contains more fine matter ^ and is disposed in streaks. In a simi-
lar manner the vicinity of a limestone formation produces a
calcareous soil; sandstone an arenaceous one; shale an argilla-
ceous one. Nowhere is the connection between the soils and
geological structure better shown than in Michigan. Even
the arboreal vegetation of the peninsula'^ is distributed in belts
across the State, corresponding to the calcareous, arenaiceduB
and argillaceous belts of soil overlying the corresponding
rocks.

To this epoch of the drift seems to belong a bed of lignitci
discovered on Grand Trayerse Bay, near the outlet, on the north
shore. The following section embraces the lignite and associa-
ted beds:

F. Very fine yellow sand, 12 ft.

E. Small boulders, pebbles and coarse sand with shells of

Melania, and Physa, 1 ft.

D. Arenaceous clay, bituminous, soft, and somewhat plas-
tic, 2 ft

C. Lignite, dark brown, containing woody stems, (white

cedar?) becomii^g below, a highly bituminous clay, . . 3 fl.

B. Clay, dark gray, very tough, with a few grains of sand
and small pebbles, and considerable bituminous mat-
ter,. . 2J ft.

•A. Comminuted green shale, passing above into green clay, 2 ft.

Still lower, but not seen in this section, is a bed of green

shale, lying above the black bituminous shale, 13 ft.

( The lignite is compact, bituminous, and highly combustible.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 181

Hid bed is traceable along the shcMre for a quarter of a nifle,
but nothing more is known of its extent. A single fragment
was seen on the opposite shore of the bay.

The bed E, above the lignite, has evidently been deposited by
fbe action of fresh water, since the epoch of the li^ite; while
the bed B, beneath the lignite, may belong to the same or may
represent the glacial or boulder epoch.

Several other lignite beds are known upon the shore of Lake
Superior, and I amjnformed that the inhabitants of that region
are beginning^to learn their use.

The inequalities left in the surface of the assorted drift, upon
the withdrawal of the submerging ocean, remained filled witfe
water, which, by constant drainage to the sea, in connection
with accessions of fresh water only, have become our numerous
inland lakes. These for many ages have been gradually filling
up from several sources. 1st. Eains have transported the finer
materials from the surrounding hills into these little basins.
2di Spring-waters, charged with calcareous matter, have not
only supplied the lakes with that material, but have precipitated
large amounts upon the bottom. 3d. Mingled with these .cal-
careous sediments, the dead shells of fresh water molluscs have
Accumulated in very great abundance. The union of these
calcareous materials has formed a deposite of marl, continually
thickening.

Around the shallow margins of these lakes is always a belt^
abounding in various forms of aquatic vegetation, which, de-
caying, form a deposite of vegetable matters, resting upon the
marl, from the water's edge to the inner limit of vegetable
growth. With the filling of the interior, the shallow belt
extends toward the center, and the vegetable deposite contin-
ually encroaches upon the lacustrine area, until the whole lake
becomcB^a peaty marsh, with a bed of marl at bottom. Subse-
quent accessions of vegetable and calcareous matters fill the
interstices of the porous soil, exclude the standing water, and
convert the reeking marsh into dry and arable land. We

18S REPORT OP THE

behpldy at the present day, these changes in all stages of
progress.

The beaver and the mnskrat may exert some agency in th«
innndation and drainage of lands, but a few observations upon
the borderif of our lakes will suflSce to show that they are by
no mean^ the principal agents.

The beds of marl and peat thus accumulated constitute almost
exhaustions repositories of nutritive matter for the recuperation
of the hill-side soils, that have been exhausted of their soluble
ingredients by the leaching rains, and an improvident systemi
of farming. A consideration of the manner of preparing and
applying these materials would be exceedingly interesting, but
must be postponed for a final report.

Imbedded in these accumulations of marl and peat, are found
the remains of the Elephant, Mastodon and Elk, the two former
of which are now extinct from the continent, and the latter is
only seen rarely in the remoter portions of the State. A frag*
ment of a molar of tie Mastodon was found by Dr. Miles at
Green Oak, in Livingston county. A perfect molar of an ele-
phant has been exhumed in ditching in the northern part of
Jackson county. Other remains occur in Macomb county. By
far the most interesting discovery has been made by Mr. G. M.
Shattuck, in the township of Plymouth, in Wayne county. Mr.
Shattuck here exhumed nearly an entire set of teeth of a Maa-
todon, including ^ piece of one of the tusks several feet in
length. Some of these remains were in too friable a condition
to be preserved, and others were injured by the injudicious
handling of visitors, I have only had the opportunity as yet^
of seeing five teeth. These prove to be the molar teeth frbm
the lower jaw of Mastodon giganteus, three being from the left
side and two from the right. The anterior one from the left
side, is the single permanent premolar, and the posterior two,
like the two on * the right side, are the first and second true
molars— rthe third, which is the largest of all, not appearing to
h^vQ been developed at the time of the animaPs death. These
teeth aie all in a beautiful state of preservation, still retaining

STATE GEOLOGIST. 188

their glossy enamel, and most of the fan^s which belong to
molar teeth. The tubercles of the crowns of the teeth were
but little worn, showing, together with the absence of the third
or largest true molar, that the animal had scarcely attained full
maturity. The dimensions of the teeth were not extraordinary
for proboscideans, being from two inches to four or fiVe inches in
antero-posterior diameter along the crowns, while the third mo-
lar of an adult Mastodon ranges from 7^ to 8^ inches in the
same dimension. These interesting relics of a former age and
a former population, are retained in the hands of their discov-
erer. It is greatly to be hoped that he will not allow them to
become scattered or destroyed.

^During the progress of the former survey, a large vertebra
was discovered in the western part of the State which was
recognized at the time as the caudal vertebra of a whale, by
Prof. Sager, then State Zoologist.

••w,

CHAPTER IV.

General Observations — Table of Geological Formations

Many interesting considerations present themselves on a
general review of the geology of the peninsula. From the Lake
Superior Sandstone to the close of the Helderberg period, our
State seems to have had a common history with Canada West,
and the States on both sides of us. The same groups of rocks
are traced uninterruptedly from New York across the peninsula
of Canada to Michigan, and qven to the Mississippi riv^r, pre-
serving throughout that whole extent as great a degree of
palceontoloigical identity as could be expected of faunas stretch-
ing over m many degrees of the earth's surface. It is true, as
has been long since shown by Prof; Hall, that neaiiy .every
meflftber of the Silurian and lower Devonian systems, thins,
gradually in its westward prolongation, loses somewhat of its
arenaceous or argillaceous character, and becomes at the west ^
much more calcareous — changes which have generally been
regarded as proving the origin of the materials of those groups
to have been at the east. It is interesting to observe, however,
notwithstanding this westward attenuation, how completely we
are able to recognize all the essential features of the New Yor^
System in our own State.

From the close of the Helderberg period, on the contrary,
Michigan has had a history to some extent peculiar. The
rocks of the Hamilton group can indeed be traced almost con-
tinuously from New York into our own State, but the palteon-
tological characters are found materially changed, and the^
strata are more argillaceous. The Portage Group, of New
York, supposing it to be represented by our Huron group, has
received great accessions of argillaceous matter, and seems to
have been deposited under circumstances more unfavorable to

136 REPORT OP THE

the existence of animal life The Chemung Group, supposed to
be represented by our Marshall Group, has been traced uninter-
ruptedly into Ohio, where it becomes almost non-fossiliferous.
The Marshall Group is totally isolated from rocks oi the same
^e anywhere beyond the limits of our peninsula; and though
the sandstones bear some physical resemblance to those of the
■Chemung Group, of Ohio and New York, our formation contains
little or no argillaceous matter; its fauna is remarkably nch,
tind its species are nearly all peculiar. The Napoleon Group,
if correctly separated from the Marshall Group, has no distinct
•equivalent in surrounding States; and its entire destitution of
organic remains will cause its true geological relations to
remain in doubt.

If anything were wanting to show that the geological column
in Michigan has been built up as a distinct and independent
structure, the existence of the gypseous or Michigan Salt
Group, supplies the deficiency. But even further than this, no
obvious parallelism has yet been traced between the overlying
carboniferous limestone, and the groups of this system further
west. The indications already pointed out, however, lead to
the conjecture that our limestone was accumulating during sev-
eral of the epochs into which geologists have divided this
period, though the isolation of our sea has resulted in little
correspondence of organic remains. The paucity of rock-pro-
ducing materials seems to have continued through the epoch of
the coal — our measures not attaining one-twentieth the thick-
ness of the same rocks in Ohio. The evidences lead us to the
conviction that the Ohio and Michigan coal basins were never
continuous, and that the waters did not flow over the separating
ridge between the close of the Kelderberg period and the Drift.
It cannot be denied, however, that, supposing the carboniferous
sea to have been a general one, the remoteness and comparative
isolation- of the Michigan bay, furnished occasion for great con-
trasts in Btratigraphical, lithological and paljeontological
characters.

One other class of facts must be referred lo, which weigh in

STATE GEOLOGIST. 137

tho same direction. They constitute evidences that the mate-
rials for our upper Devonian and carboniferous rocks have been
derived from the north. The Helderberg limestcncs are 350
feet thick aUMackinac, and not more than 60 feet thick in Mon-
roe county. The Hamilton Group, so well de\celoped in Thun-
der and Little Traverse Bays, is not recognized in the southern
part of the State. The Huron Group with its gritstones and
6agstones at Pt. aux Barques, contains only two strata of
flagstone at Grand Rapids. The conglomerate at the base of
the Marshall Group, at Pt. aux Barques, is recognized at none
of the southern outcrops. The pebbles scattered through the
Marshall and Napoleon Groups in Huron county, are entirely
wanting in Jackson and Calhoun counties; while, on the con-
trary, extensive patches of the Marshall sandstone are found
finely cemented by calcareous matter at Battle Creek, Jonesville
and other southern points.

K our later palaeozoic rocks are entirely isolated from those
of adjoining regions; if their lithological characters are diflfer-
etit; if their organic contents are peculiar; if their materials
have been received from another dir.ection ; what prevents us
from saying that Michigan has had a little geological history of
ber own, that her boundaries were marked out many thousand
years ago — ^in short, that she was the very first of the States to
take her place in this great and imperishable Union.

One other remark is suggested by this review of our rocks.
The geology of Michigan discloses little connection l)etween
the Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures; while the
transition to Devonian rocks is imperceptible. I see no reason
for drawing the broad lines which separate great systems,
between the Marshall and Napoleon groups, or between tho
Napoleon group and the Carboniferous limestone. On the
contrary, I see thfs limestone characterized by a peculiar, per-
sistent, marine fauna, while the Parma Sandstone, the Coal
Measures and the Woodville Sandstone, were accumulated in
shallow waters near shores, or even in marshes ; and are char-

18

138 EEPOBT OF THE '

acterized, from bottom to top, by evidences of the proximity
and abundance of terrestrial vegetation. These contrasts hold-
throughout the country, and in all countries. Whatever marine
remains are found in the coal measures, belong to^species dis-
tinct from those in the Carboniferous Limestone; and if the
generic distinctions are not complete, the organic facies of one
is vegetable and terrestrial; that of the other, animal and:
marine. Downward the types of the lower Carboniferous rocks
iescend into the upper Devonian — some carboniferous species,
and numerous carboniferous types, even reaching the Hamilton
group. Observations in Michigan suggest rather to draw the
broad systematic lines below the Hamilton group, and between
the Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures.

SYOPTICAL VIEW OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE LOWER

PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN.

V. — QUATKRNARY SYSTEM.

'(c) Soil — Peat, Marl, Calcareous Tufa, Bog Iron ore. Ochre
Beds.

(b) Lake and river terraces, and other phenomena of altereid

drift; Lignite beds of lakes Michigan and Superi^Qr;i
Buried tree trunks. ,

(a) Boulder Drift; Diluvial striae.

IV. CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.

16. Woodville Sandstone, *I9 feet; Jackson, Woodville, Bavrj,
Shiawassee county; Lyons; Tuscola county, &c.

.15. Coal Measures, 123 ft.; consisting of

(e) Bituminous shales and clays, 40 ft.

l^d) Black band, passing into black limestone, 2 ft.

(c) Bituminous and Cannel coal in one or more seams, with

aggregate thickness of 3 to II ft.

(b) Fire clay and Sandstone, 23 It,

(a) Shale, Clay, Sandstone and thin seams of coal, 60 ft.

14. Parma Sandstone, 105 ft.; Jackson county and salt borings
at Saginaw.

13. Carboniferous Limestone, 66 feet:

(c) Upper, 10 ft.; Grand Rapids, Bellevue, Parma, Spring

Arbor, Wild Fowl Bay, Charity Islands, Pt. au Gres.

(b) Middle, or Red Layer, 5 feet; Grand Rapids, Bellevue,

Sandstone, Spring Arbor.

(:

STATE GEOLOGIST. 139

(a) Lower, 51 feet: seen at most of the above localities.

Beccmes arenaceous below.

13. Michigan Salt Group, 184 feet: f

(c) Carbonaceous and argillaceous shale,''gypseous and pyri- ,
tons marls.

(b) Shales, marl, magnesian and silicious limestone,*" and

thick beds of gj^psum. The shales impregnated with
salt.
(a) Saliferous shales and alternating arenaceous limestones.

11. Napoleon Group, 123 feet:

'd) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 1 5 feet.

(c) Napoleon sandstone, T8 feet, highly saliferous in many
/ localities; Napoleon, Grand ville, Eush lake, Pt. aux

Barques.

(6) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 15 feet: Salt borings.

(a). Clay or shale, 15 feet, [more than 64 feet at East Sagi-
naw (?)]

in. — ^DEVONIAN SYSTEM.

10. Marshall Group, (Chemung,) 159 feet:

'(c) Reddish, yellowish and greenish sandstones, 147 feet:
Marshall, Jonesville, Hillsdale, Battle Creek, Holland,
Pt. aux Barques.
'b) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 10 feet: Jonesville, &c.
a) Conglomerate, 2 ft. : Grindstone Quarries, Pt. aux Barques.

9. Huron Group, (Portage), 224 feet:

'd) Fine bluish gritstones, 14 feet: Pt aux Barques.

c) Shales, limestones and flagstones, 18 feet. The Kidney

Iron clays of Branch county are supposed to belong

here. Shore of Lake Huron, below Pt aux Barques;.

Branch, Calhoun, Kalamazoo and Lenawee counties.
(6) Green shale, 10 feet: Grand Traverse Bay.
(a) Black bituminous shale, 20 feet; Sulphur^Island, Squaw

Pt., Grand Traverse Bay.

8. Hamilton Group, 65 fee':

(c) Crystalline limestone, with included lenticular clayey
masses, 83 feet: Partridge Pt., Little Traverse Bay.

(6) Argillaceous limestones, eminently fossilifcrous, with al-
ternating shales, 1*1 ft.: Partridge Pt., Little Traverse
Bay.

(a) Black bituminous limestone, 15 feet: Carter's quarry,
near Alpena; Thunder Pay Island, Little Traverise
Bay.

t. Upper He'.djrberg Grouo, 364 feet: ^ 1

i

i:

140 REPORT OP THE

(e) Brown, bituminous limestone, T5 feet: Monroe, Presqne

Isle and Emmet counties.
(<?) Arenaceous limestone, 4 feet: Monroe county, Crawford's

quarry. • ,

(c) Oolitic limestone, 2.'yfeet: Bedford, Raisinville, &c., Mon-

roe county; Mackinac. *

(b) Brecciated limestone, 250 feet: Stony Pt., Pt. aux Peaax,

Mackinac^and vicinity, i
(a) Conglomerate, cherty, and sometimes agatiferous, 3 feet:
Mackinac, Sitting Rabbit.

II. — UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM.

6. Onondaga Salt Group, 37 feet:

(d) Chocolate colored limestone, 10 feet: Monroe county,

Mackinac.

(c) Calcareous clay, 3 feet: Bois Blanc.

(6) Fine, ash colored, argillaceous limestone, with acicular
crystals, 14 feet: Monroe county, at Montgomery's
quarry, Ida; Otter Creek and Plumb Creek quarries;
Mackinac; Round and Bois Blanc islands.

(a) Variegated, gypseous marls, with imbedded niasses of
gypsum, 10 feet: St. Martin's islands; Little Pt au
Chene.

5, Niagara Group, 97 feet:

(g) Thin-bedded brown limestone, 6 feet: south side Drnm-

mond's Island.
(/) White, massive, crystalline limestone, 20 feet: south and

southeast sides Drummond's Island; coast *west of

Detour.

(c) Rough, vesicular limestone, 6 feet: east end of Drum-

mond's Island.

(d) Limestone, in thin broken layers, 8 feet: Ibid.

(c) Limestone, geodiferous, rough, crystalline, 46 feet: Ibid.
(6) Limestone, hard, gray, crystalline, 7 feet: Ibid.

(a) Arenaceous limestone, 5 feet: U)id.

4. Clinton Group, 51 feet:

(c) Argillo-calcareous limestone, very light colored, and
evenly bedded, 14 ft.: E. and W. ends of Drummond's
Island.

(b) Argillo-calcareous limestone, dark, containing geodes and

gashes, 3 feet: N. Hi. side DrummOnd's Island,
(a) Alternations of argillaceous, bituminous and calcareous
limestones, 34 feet: Ibid.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1«1

I. — LOWER SILURIAN STSTEH.

«

8. Hudson River Group, (observed,) 18 feet:

Argillaceous limestone, filled with fossils 'in the upper

part, 15 feet: N. side Drummond's Island.
Bluish-gray subcrystalline limestone, (observed,) 3 feet.

2. Trenton Group, 32 feet:

(e)»Dark blue, subcrystalline limestone, with 3 feet of dark-
green areno-calcareous shale above^ 1 feet; North side
Drummond's and St. Joseph^s Islands.
'd) Dull-gray limestone, hard, silicious, 2 feet. Ibid. *
c) Blue, argillaceous limestone, 9 feet: Ibid.
b) Limestone, dark, bluish-gray, with partings of green

shale, 12 feet: Ibid.
(a) Limestone, gray, silicious, resting on quartz, 2 feet: Sul-
phur Island, north of Drummond's.

1. Lake Superior Sandstone, (Potsdam), at the Sault, 18 feet*

Total observed thickness of the Palaeozoic rocks, 1,125 feet.
Actual thickness probably 2,500 feet.

CHAPTER V.

TMes of deep borings in the State ^ with an exhiMtion of their

Geology,

References have frequently been made to borings that have

been executed in our State, in search of salt, coal or other val-

I

uabl« products; and isolated facts, obtained by such borings,
have, in many instances, been incorporated into the preceding
chapters. In the present chapter, I present connected and com-
plete statements of the kin'd of rocks passed thropgh, in most
of the deep borings of our State. It has not been thought best
to present these records in all their details; I have, therefore,
greatly condensed them, taking care, however, to mention every
important change in the strata. The first column in all the
tables shows the depth of the well at the upper part of the
stratum named in the last column. The second column shows
the thickness of the stratum. When the several strata which
constitute a formation or group, are passed, a line is drawn
aorpss the second column, and the total thickness of the forma-
tion or group is entered opposite, in the third column. The
table at the end is a summary of the whole.

I. — ^Artesian Well at Detroit.

["During the years 1829-30, the Hydraulic Company, with a
view of supplying this city with spring water, commenced and
completed, (/il though without gaining the object intended,) an
artesian well, near that point where Wayne Street intersects
Fort Street. This point is elevated 36 feet above the level of
the surface of Detroit river. The work was conducted under
the direction of A. E. Hathon. In the North-western Journal
for April 21, 1830, an article was published from the pen of
that gentleman, of which the following is an abstract of the
strata and depth, in the words of the article to which allusion
is made:" — Dr. Houghton^ b NotesJ]

144

REPORT OP THE

At

Depth
of

Interven-
ing Thick-
ness.

*
DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &a

Ft.

10
128

Ft.
10
118
2

Ft.
130

" Common A'luvion."

' « Plaster Olay . " [" Marly. ' *—Houghbm.l

'' Common bL*aoh sand, with coarse gfavel."

'180

120

" Compact limostonc." [Probably Helderberg and Onopd&gasalt croup

togtjthor— TT.}
'' Gypsum and Salt."

250

2

252
260

8

"Compact Lime." [Probably Niagara limestone.— IF.]

II. — State Salt Well, Grand Rahds. Sec. 3, T. 6 N., 12 W.
Condensed from the records kept under Dr. Houghton's dired-
tions. Boied in 1841-2.

At
Depth
of

of Forma-
tions.

DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &a

Ft.

40

47
48

61

170
179

184

285
287
807
831

843

473

Ft.

40

• 7

1

13

109

101

2
20
24
12

130

Ft.

40

21

123

159
130

Alluvial, &c. , 6-6 feet clay, thin sand and gravel.

"Clay;" Gypsom 6)^ feet.

" Very hard rock, supposed to be hornstone."

•< Clay" and "slato" alternately, with 1-3 in. "hard rock," aevenl

times recurring in the lower 4 feet. ' ^

" Sandrock," " hard." At 68 feet, a spring, water brackish, oavlty 8

in.; sandrock contiouing; softer, with numerous cavities; htin»

strengthening; rock harder at 104 ft.
" Mixture of clay and Sand— quite hard."
'< Clay slate."

Hard sandrock, 19 ft.; cavitips, water very salt; "soft sandrock*' al
204-244 ft. ; very hard at 245-246; soft, 247-278. At 265 feet, brina
overflowing profusely, and increasing to 284 feet.

"Blue clay."

"Common sandrock."

" Ash colored clay and sandrock," " about equal parts.^'

" Sandrock, quite hard."

"Gayrock." Water doubled at 361, and somewhat stronger.^ Flrom
417-421 very soft like blue clay, then a few black gravel stones, tbea
shale.

"Glayrock." Oontinnlng.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

[II. — Ltoh'b Salt Well, Grand Bafids, sear Brings St. Bridge,
c<Hnmenced Jftnuary, 1840, aod finished Dec. 25tb, 1843, con-
dens«d from recoras kept under the direction of Hon. Lncias
Lyon.

At
Deijib

1?

|l

DESCEnWION or ROCKS, be.

ftT

fT

"^

.!

r.

alone.]

»

" Blue CUj."

VI

" CMrn, TeddiBh suiilrack."

37

ArglUaoooua bcdB, JoWratraHflBil -with gypBSOaa depmfta.

" Vory hard, shBi^.grltwd.blutali aandroct." it iBIt»l,trteh aprbic.

«l

Tfl

"C^Afrock.'' " First iDdicUJouB of-adl."

•lai

"t^dsandrock." [ltiee« Isfm Ire also caUed "miWrUDi«.")

dayrock.

...

-^

in

Suidrook, yaiTtogfroin " dark" and "hard," to " whLM" and "aoft,"
(1» t«l) i dart blua (fflfll i «>aT», loon and roddteti (SU). ChrtW
if 8 InchM, aod grewWlog of wBlor at 2M)i (i»l.

" Clajrock, Interniiled wllti Boa partklet ofHuul."

UB

Sandrocli, varytng between " bard," " ooarae" and "loOM,"

KB

"Cl»7 Bud eaodrocli Df abonl «iiial paru."

U<

li

' EODilrock, coarae, loose, — of about an asb color."
" Claj and ssndroct of about equal parts."

lai

"Coarse, loaeowndrocli;" water doublsd, and aallar.

'«

5

ISI

"Clayroct'"

la

a

«i

TO

214

edl

Clarrock"™tlaoJ«». Temp, of wat«ln «dI*OJ(M..

EXPORT OB* THB

IT' — ScBiBiraB's Sait Well, jtbak thk Bahjioav DbpOT, OuaM)
RitoB. Bored in 1869-60. Not«B fumishfld by Jitmra Scrib-
ner, Esq.

4

i>

111

DESCRIPTION OF BOCm, tii.

"Ft~

Ft,

Ft.

fil

%i]e, compact.

asrt tin. llDESUme, cited hare ■' W»l«1ime,"

61

, va

finegratosd laFcrsof BBndBUHM.trDml t<i t feet In imcknen. J
irgllLROMus roolte, Bomewbiit harder. First indlcwtons of salt. Tb.

M

whole ■ertea salUaroue, grpslferous aod prrllireroita. OciMSigail

layers of anrlBlone Bad limeetODe.

in

av.

«

^teudrock, pOTOoB, with Bait wiMr,

111

aae

66

u

SnadiockcODtlnDliiK.

STATE OEOLOGIST.

14^

v.— Powers and Martinis Salt Well. Grand Rapids, half mile
N. W. from Scribner's Well. Samples of the borings were
furnished for examination by Mr. A. 0. Currier.

OESGRIFTION OF ROCKS, &£.

Superficial materials.

Limestone, light grayish buff, fine grahied, with small disseibiiiated

crystals of spar.
Red, arenaceous limestone, passing above and below into the* gray

limestone.
Limestone, gray above, then somewhat pyritlferous, with alternating

shaly layers. Toward the bottom, becoming arenaceous, and in

places cherty.
Shale, black and carbonaceous, with grains of pyrites; becoming more

arenaceous below.
Clay, light colored, effervescing.
Clay, light, with nodules of pyrites, and some streaks of a white, pul-

verSent substance, which effervesces.
Shale, dark greenish, somewhat indurated.
Clay, unctuous, pyrilous, arenaceous.
Shaly grit, dark, carbonaceous.
Fire-clay, with streaks of snowy gypsum.
Shale , pyritouB , arenaceous , gypeiferous— B<»netime8 greenish.
Shale, filled with grit.
Shale, with angular fragments of chbrt and streaks of gypsum. LMrer

portion highly gypseous, and then dark brown.
Shale, abounding in quartzose sand. BetweOi 131-5 feet, highly gyp-
seous.
Sandstone, dark, shaly. very fine.
Shale, with gypsum and sand. Fhrd ioUwaUr. Below this, altematiag

clay and shale, both abounding in grit.
Siliceous limestonenvery hard. Salometer IQO", the supply, being half

gallon per minute. It is not thought that 'any brine was obtained

below 188 feet.

REPORT OP THE

TI. — Bottbewokth's Salt Wbll, Grand Rspids, at his Fonndry,
Notes furnished by R. E. Butterworth, Esq. Bored in 1860.

At

i'

Ui

'T

ui

MSCRIFTION OF BOCKS, be.

-nr

Ft.

Liin«i™o,12fl,;Botl 6»ndrocli,*n.; Uineroot.Kl.; otaj «lfl(e,irt.i

a

3

ilmareck, hard S ft.
Calcareous iaadrocfc, ton.

«

*

" Brotr'n, hard llmuloDe," flUed with spar. Plrat salt.

1Z2

Very hiid Umaroclt, with gypsnni.

m

irfill.i.wiiBBtraUi.wltmimehgypaum. Brine Bl gU. to buehol of «ll.
(n.ir^rworlh). AtlMn. brlnefi', BmnmB.lsmp. Hl*IWi.

in

I

UmMockantlgyi,.^-,,,

Bandrock, blnlsh-irray. WAUr jncreaeing.

an

IS

SanArodi grs7. Walsr Buddeolj gushing up at tha lala of SM g&lku

3T4

u

San drock, Uii 111. T, '..'.«

■»8

10

DiYidlng Bhalo. SaL ac lo aa*.

IIB

US

US

Sasdatffiieirllhshalr partings. Sal. 20- to 28".

Id

Allaniallng sbales and flagalODH.

190

auneci>i.liLmiL>t>.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

149

VII. — Salt Well of Indian Mill Creek Salt Co. Grand Rap-
ids, 25 rods N. of Powers and Martin's. Bored in 1860.
Notes furnished by Ball, Clay & Co.

DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &a

Ft.

81

84

02

06

180

187

141

160

157

181

9081

206

434

Ft.

81

8

8

4

84

7
4
9
7

42
2
9

814

106

819

16

884

29

868

2

865

69

424

10

Ft.

81

133

120

100

Gravel, sand, &c., with 4 inches clay at bottom. [This well seems to
have struck a fissure in the limestone, or a place where the lime-
stone had been entirely denuded.]

Gypsum j white.

Clay and shale.

EUird rock.

Clay, generally soft.
Hard sandrock.

At^feet,;lrai6Htie.

aay.

Coarse gravel (I)

Fine gravel. [Possibly the gravel, so called, consisted of gn^ns sad

nodules of pyrites disseminated tiiroui^ the clay, as In Poweri k

Martin's well.]
<* Sandrock,',' extremely hard. fSan;>osed to be the bottom of Powtev

& Martin's weU.]
Gypsum and Clay.
' < Black sandrock. ' '
< ' Hard sandrock. ' ' [These are probably the * < Waterlime" layers.]

Sandrock, soft. Brine, flowhig 10«allons per minute, at 19* Sal.

296 feet, Sal. 27*.
Clay and shale

Sandrock.

Black Iron-sand.

Sandrock.

Streaks of clay and sandrock.

Clay. Discharge of water, 186 gaUnis per mlnitte.

At

•

150

REPORT OF THE

VIII. — J. W. Windsor's Salt Well near Grand Rapids^ Lo
cality— fraction No. 1, Sec. 12; T. 1 N., 12 W. Notes fur-
nished by Mr. Windsor's Superintendent of operations. Well
bored in 1860.

At

Depth

of

It

e^"

DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &o.

rt.

I

48

04
72
76

88

M

188

183
166
166

17fe
188
240

248
827

446

Ft.

48

21

8

4
12

1
10

9

9fH

4
10
18

4

8

70
22

74
23

Ft.

43
21

184
101

97

Saperfldai.

LimeBtone. 8 in. clay and gravel at 63 ft. Drill went down rapidly 15

inches, at 67 ft.
Dark shale, with blue below, underlain by 8 in. hard Hmestone.
SandsUme, very hard, yellow and gray.
Shale, gypsum and clay.
Sandstone.

Clay, shale and gypsum.
Greenish day and shales, with black streaks.
Gypsum, alternating witn shale of varying hardness, and occasipnaUy

greenish.
Bfaidcidi-blQe dude.
Gypsum.

Black shale. Fxnt J»rine at 164 fed.
Gypseous clay, very salt, underlain by black, salt shale, alteriittUDg

with gypsum.
Black, very hard rock.

Dark flinty beds, intwiamtaiated with day and gypsum. Shale below.
Very hard, pyritiferous rock, with gypseous days.

Sandrock. Brine 16* at 250 ft.— 20o at 278 ft.— 17* at 810 ft.

day and sandrock, followed by clay, with some very hacd streaks.

Sal. 26*.
Sandrock, white. Sal. 81** at 391 ft. The overflow, 24*.
ArgiUaeeous sandrock, flne. Brine remahiing Uie same.

Same continuliig. JQIsduurge of water about 36 gallons per minute .

STATE GEOLOGIST.

IX.— Seep BoRiua fob Coal. . S. W. J N. W. J Sec. 86, Sand-
BtODC, Jackson' county. Notes made moetly from samples
preserved by John Hiolcrort, Esq. Greatly condensed.

4"

i

4

^

«

n

11

S3

loa

-;

U

wx

20

aM

»

1,4

IIB

,

DESCRIPTION OF BOCKS, fee

SaperncLaltnBterill>.

Suidetoiie, wflng from aeailj while to r^Uaw mi ochreoiui, noaUf

ufstoae,BUlBemi, (iteet,) followed by ocbreous uaduoiia, ueU1*-'~
reouB BAOdsUHK /3 r<wt}. etIcJferouB nndaUne with (TMDlih atrnbi
(2 feel), cberty llmeelone (3 tnt}, nil wbicli mlglil wma andw

Sudstone, Ughl, becom^g BrglllwieDiiI, litiWMiBB, with parUqf* at

itba fewpebblH (8 feet;; ffiUowed ky allanutttag «b«l«
Cbui(aitatJ| BbBls,wlUi P7rila(ltoot},

mi, uid BDDlher U W feet. In the lower bslt, leu BBlfl>r|a, ij
tarns cDlotail, »rglllBi»inB,e(ferYoKlng,Hi«r»er. ,

itnta, wHh occulana] thin irgahiceaQi pirtbiCB: pownful
racB at WS feet sad MS feet; endlog 1> • <tttr faud MUd-

S. — HiBBAitr's Artesian Weu,, Jackson. Notea fumMhed hj
William Walker.

t^

ii<

III

I«3tSIFnON OF ROCKS, ta.

^^

-«

»

is

hnditone, (wllbH>DwDTerlylDr«>U}.

«

!

is

ahBls, cODUInlng Ironatone above, ind beccmlng Sn-olar at IwtMm.

S3
IM

an

IS

I

„

Utenutlou of Sue mi ■' tbenj'' Mndstone, with Mne ud light color-

ed ■■ aL»t«," which nay hive b«n a flne wglUseeoiu Miditone.
SudMone, Tsrjlng from co«»e to ine.
Wiier.

152

REPORT OF THE

XI.— tEast Saginaw Salt Co.'s Wells. About J mile norljpeast
from the center of town, on the river, nearly opposite Carrol-
ton. Condensed from records kept by G. A. i.athrop, M. D.
Bored in 1859-60.

DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &a

H.

Ft.

92

92

79

171

40

211

23

234

12

.246

10

256

88

294

106

309

65

464

3

467

20

487

89

616

48

669

10

669

15

684

11

jB95

3

698

7

605

15

620

7

627

6

033

109

669

742

• 42

m

1

785

18

803

3

92

79

123

105

65

169

jB06

173

Alluvial and Drift materials. Salometer 1**.

Brown sandstone, with angular grains. Temp. 47*; Salometer 2*.-

Shales, first dark, then light.

Sandstone, [highly arenaceous Fire-clay ?] and 3 or 4 ft. of CkxU.

Shales, below, dark, bituminous.

Sandstone with thin seams of Goal.

Shales. Temp. 60", Sal. 14". Discharge 80 g&Ilons per mhiate.

White sandstone.

Limestone, embracing 6 beds of " sandstone," ^om 6 in. to 2 ft. thick,
(the uppermost 5^ ft.), and terminating in sm arenaceous limestoDA
with i^ly matter.

Shales.

Sandstone. Sal. 26".

Shales.

Shales, with intercalated sandstones 6 in.— 2 ft. thick. Sal. 44*-60*.

Fine blue sandstone. ['< Waterlime" ?] Sal. 64" at 568 ft.

Dark shales

Fine blue sandstone, [" Waterlime" ?] 3K f^- shale at 690>ii ft.

Grayish, coarser sandstone, with angular grains.

Dark shales.

Sandstone, hard, becomhig micaceous— at 610 ft. calcareous.

Dark shales. *

Limestone, hard, brown.

Sandstone * •

Bottom of first well.

Red shale.

Blue shale. /

Red shale.

Blue shale. >

Bottom of second well.

PI

•t

4

u
Si-;

SI

STATE GEOLOeiST.

-

■qidfW

$8

Ninti

'^mm

■wi»a

iM:^'ss:nn|;,

1

■^0,41

.'inii^P^nlnfl

=^MmN|

iii

■..,.,„.

.S ; : : S S
£ ; :

: . ; : :S

■iilJ.1!

_,■';: S S

NM';i

if

■sMii^mnj,

. i =SpS::;::|

-iiici.ia

i ; • = 5Si:ni|:!

i

■«..,„

.nM'=Siia^n;:8

•qidao

=:nr'-^=nNii'

■BMOnaiqi

. i;i; = SpS5;i;iS;

■liJ.HI

,Mir = sS5nM|i

1

■Mjn^ianu,

='n

v^*nHi=

mdaa

s i !

5 s ag ; ; i : ;

1

i

1

liij

«J»S5

li

ill

REPORT OP THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

1

I." : :aaS~-« : : : : Mgij

■r»OTwu'e ; ; aa : : : : :H

■wamoniL

c-:r"l»i:ii;

j'SSSi : I |i 1 ill

-qi<i»a

j,"a8 i i I i i ; i ; ;

1

■mm^mL

c* ; i M i M= i n =

■^riiiil i i^ilii ;

J
s

---^i^-nin ; \\\^'^

■wtaa

d° ; i i ; ; ; r ; S a :

-"MMnmn

■.«'= :'= M M ; ; ; ; Mj ;||

...g«X

ii* : ; :aa 1 : : : ; i^

Tnd'a

=° i H 1 i ; n n i

ii

■.»„.,^

^j i inn mi

■q«t.a'^ 11;: i ; ;;;;;;

1

■,.„Ji \\\\ w \\\\\\

■■■-oKiiMiii i iliili ijl

ll

-™.m

^innMnNMiii

■ItdM

iilii i i iiiiii ii

1

Hi

lllllllllill 1

CHAPTER VI.

ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.

It is undoubtedly contemplated, that in the presentation of a-
final report upon our geology, prominence shall be given to the
economical materials furnished by the earth's crust, embracing
an explanation of the principles concerned in searching for
them, plain practical rules of procedure, the best methods of
extracting, purifying and preparing them/ and the uses to which
they may. be applied.

In* the preceding descriptions of our formations, I hare, in
many cases, made allusion to the uses to which the various
rocks and mineral products of the Lower Peninsula seem to be
well adapted; and as a general statement, I do not deem it
best to do anything more than this in the present report. In
regard to the leading mineral interests of the Lower Peninsula,
however, it may be expected that I should furnish, even in a
report of progress, a greater amount of data for the practical
guidance of those interested. For the purpose of presenting a
view of the variety of our mineral resources, I subjoin tiie
following table:

CLASSIFIED LIST of Products of the Economic Geology of
the State of Michigan^ and of subjects connected tvith their
description.

L MKTjkiuo Obib.

.• Ofet <ff Jroti.

a. Iron Pyrites.

/. Spathic Iron Ore.

&. Mispinkel.

g. Manufactured Iron.

«. Magnetite.

h Associated Minerals.

d. Hsamatite.

2. Oopper ami itt Ora.

Specular.

a. Native Coiqwr.

Micaceous.

h. Copper Pyrites.

Red.

•

■A

c. Erubescite.

Bed Ocher.

^

d. Gray Oopper Ore.

Bed Chalk.

e. Ghrysocolla. '

Jaspery^Clay Iron.

/. Oopper in process of Manufacture

166

REPORT OF THE

day Iron Stone.
Lenticular Iron Ore.
e. Limonite.

Brown Haematite.
Yellow Ocher.
Yellow Clay Iron Stone.
Bog Iron Ore.

1. Bituminous Coals.

2. Gannel Coals.

Z. Associates of Goal.

g. Associated Minerals.
8. Silver and its associaUs.

4. Lead and Us associates.

5. Other Metallic Ores.

6. Fluxes used in the redttcHon qf Ores.

XL COJkL.

4. Cokes.
6. Gas.

1. Syenite and Granite.
.2. Sandstones.
'8. Limestones.

m. BniuMSFO Stones.

4. Gypsum.
6. Marble.

IV. MAiBRUia TDK GraiEins.

1. Quicklime.

2. Waterlime.

8. Gypsum.

V.

MAXBRIAUS FOK ObNAMXNTAL PnBPOSKS.

1. Gypsum.

2. Marble.

8. Chrysocolla.
4. Agate, &c.

VI. Matebiais For Paints.

1. Ocher.

2. Manganese.

8. Ferruginous shales.
Vn. Gypsum.

1. As a fertilizer.

2. As a cement.

8. Eor architectural purposes.
4. For ornamental purposes.

.

Vm. Saw.

1. Geological relations.

2. Brine.

8. Salt.

■0

4. Sections of Borings.

5. Statistics and Calculations.

IX. Clays.

1. For Fire-bricks. 8. For Pottery.

'2. For common Bricks, Tiles, &c. 4. For Pipes.

X. Sand and Gravel.

1. For Mortar. 4. For Bricks and Walls.

.2. For Glass. 6. Stationer's Sand.

8. For Moulding.

ZI. Gbhstones.

1. Materials for Grindstones.

2. Materials for Whetstones.

3. Materials fyr Hones and Oilstones.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 15t

Xn. LlTBOGRAFHIO STOMB.
Xm. MATKRIAL8 FOB ROADS AND WAUCS.

XIV. Soils.

XV. HATERIALS for IltPROVINa TBB SOIL.

I

1. Gypsam. 4. Brine.

% Harl. 6. Sand.

S. Feat. 6. Clay. '

XVI. Wklls aio) Sfrutgs.

1. Gommon Wells and Springs. 8. Mineral Waters.

2. Artesian W^Is.

Most of the materials embi^aced in the above enumeration •>
are of the very best quality; ^ and when the union of capital^^
and intelligence shall have brought our resources to such a-
degree of development as they admit, Michigan will be seen to^
stand among the leading States in point of mineral wealth.

COAL.

Many facts have already been stated which have a direct,
economical bearing upon the search for coal. A few sugges-
tions may hore be added:

1. The occurrence of fragments of coal in the soil, or in ex-
cavations for wells, does not prove the existence of a coal seam
within many miles, as the outcropping edges of all the rocks
have been broken up, and the fragments distributed toward the
south.

2. In th» examination of loose fragments, it may be remem-
bered that the nearer we approach -the outcrep of the solid
seam, the more abundant the fragments become, especially the
finer ones, while at the same time they are less equally distribu-
ted through the soil.

3. The eecurrence of an extensive nest of fragments may
result from the destruction of a former small outlier of the coal
liasin, and may be detached many miles from the principals
seam.

4. When an outcrep is actually found, it will frequently be
seen to dip away from the coal basin, as if bent down ^t.
the margin. The miner should not be misled by this peripheral
dip.

168 REPOKT OP THE

5. Such seam will^e found, generally, thinner than at points
nearer the center of the basin.

<5. The coal will be found mueh changed and deteriorated by
the action of the elements. The quality will be found to be
improved at increased distances from the surface. '

7. The structure of our measures is such that it is useless to
dig or bore anywhere to a greater depth than thirty feet below
any seam of coal two feet thick. All the rest, if any, will be
embraced within that distance.

8. It should be remembered that there are black shales hdom
the coal as.well as above,

9. It should also be remembered that the overlying (Wood-
ville) sandstone is not easily distinguished from the underlying
(Parma) sandstone, while these two sandstones are essentially
distinct — sometimes 123 feet apart, and sometimes, on the bor-
ders of the coal basin, only 15 feet apart.

10. At any point favorably situated in other respects, lying

«

a few miles within the circuit which has been traced out, pro-
ductive coal seams may be confidently sought for.

11. The great practical difficulty in working them will be
found in their situation below the general level of the sur-
rounding surface, so that the shafts and drifts will contain
water. By using good judgment, however, locations can be
selected sufficiently high to obviate any serious annoyances
from this source.

12. Care must be exercised against being misled by the
black bituminous shales of the northern part of the peninsula.
They burn freely, and closely resemble the coal shales; but
they lie five hundred feet below any seam of coal.

The qualities of our coals have not yet been scientifically
tested. It should be done. The following, the only chemical
analysis in my possession, is said to have been procured in
New York, by Mr. Hayden, of Jackson, upon a specimen of can*
;hel coal, from the shaft of the Jackson City Co. :

STATE GEOLOGIST.^ 16B

Analysis of Cannel Coal from Jackson.

Carbon, 45

Volatile matter, 49

Aish, 2

Water, « .* 2

Sulphur, 2

100

Of the bituminous coals, several qualities may be easily dis-
tinguished by inspection. Some samples, too carelessly quar-
ried, retain a considerable quantity of pyrites, which, on heat-
ing, gives off its sulphur, which becomes an annoyance in
domestic use, and a positive detriment for mechanieal purposes.
Other samples, taken at points near the outcrop, possess little
solidity, and present, to some extent, the appearance of mineral
charcoal. These samples, besides their - liability to contain sul-
phur, possess little durability in combustion, and but lovtr heat^
producing properties. Still other samples, taken from the m»re
solid portions of the seam, present a degree of lustre, hardness,
homogeneity and purity, which entitle them to a place in the
very first rank of bituminous coals. It is evident that our coals
ought to be judged from the character of these deeper-seated
portions of the seam.

Goal has been mined at several points in the vicinity of Jack-
son. At Woodville and Barry, the work has been prosecuted
vrith great energy and perseverance. At tlie latter place, drifti^
have been carried in from the outcrop. I am informed by Mc.
Fenny, one of the Directors of the compaay, that they are now
taking out about five hundred tons of coal per month, and thal^
it-sdls readily at the following prices :

Prices of iStevens' Ridge Coalf per ton.

OOABBI. VVT. BLAdC.

Delivered on M. 0. R. R. Cars, $2 50 $2 00 $0 70

" M. S. R. R " 3 00 2 50 1 30

" , to order in Jackson, 8 50 3 00 1 50

<« at the mine, 2 75 2 25 1 50

160 REPORT OF THE

! This coal is said to burn very freely in stoves and grates^

' an I to be free from '*clinker." The "Nut Coal" and "screen-

I ings" are excellent for making steam, and are used quite exten-

I fiively by blacksmiths. The gas-produciDg properties of the

I coal are good According to a certificate of John Murray, Su-

I perintendent of the Jackson City Gas Co., an extract, taken at

\ random from the Register of the works, proves this coal to pro-

[^ duce, on an average, 3.83 cubic feet of gas per pound of coal ;

and as the records were kept while the retorts were in a leaky

condition, Mr. Loomis, one of the Directors of the Gas Company,

certifies that the real production of gas was not less than 4.20

cubic feet per pound of coal. The gas is very rich — a fact of

as much importance as the quantity produced — ^having from 25

to 50 per cent, more illuminating power than that made from

"Willow Bank," and some other Ohio coals. The quantity of

lime necessary for purifying the gas, is about two bushels per

ton of coal. The yield of coke is said to be about forty bushela

per toil of coal, and is of a good quality. With proper ovens^

it can be co'ked to advantage.

According to information from P. E. Demill, Esq., Superin-
tendent of the Detroit Gas Light Co., 6850 lbs. of coal "from
Jackson Co." produced 29,400 cubic feet of go6d illuminating
gas, showing a yield of 4.29 ffeet to the pound of coal. He
also obtained from the same quantity thirty bushels of coke,^
weighing twenty-nine lbs. to the bushel, the standard weight
being thirty- two lbs. to the bushel. This experiment was n^ade *
in 185t, at a time when the quality of the coal taken out would
be likely to yield a lighter coke than the coal at present
obtained.

At Woodville, a shaft was sunk about 90 feet, and chamb6ts
have been excavated in various directions from the bottom of
the shaft. A large quantity of coal has already been tak^n
out.

*I cannot avoid thinking Mr. Demill means to say thirty bushels per ton of coal used. Hr.
Bolcroft certifies thai he gets forty bushels per ton. It may be added that thirty to forty
bushels per ton of coal is the usual yield of coke ft-om the English gas-producing coals (Cl«gp;
€11 Coal Gas, p. 121, &c.) The amount of coke is inversely as the amount of gas.

T~

^?

StATE GEOLOGIST.

161

The Woodville mine was first oprned in 1857. It proved, onl
working, to ba located within a nniall lianiu about 5i;0 i'vet in
diameter, the rise? of the coal to the outer edge being about
eleven feet. Within this basin the coal is intei seeled by i.u-
merouB faults, which cause a deterioratitm of its quality for
eeveial feet on each side. On extending the working of the
mine, however, beyond the rim of the basin, the seam of coal is
found to have greater regularity, compactness and purity. Va
consequence of the peculiar locality of tjie mine, the conipai y
have been obligc'd to deliver a grade of ci>ai somewhat inipure^
but the present workings are bringing out an article of improved
quality.

The coal of this mine is used with success both for domrstio!
and steam purposes. It ignites freely in an open grate, emits/
a cheerful fiame, and produces as nmeh heat us any other bitu*'
minous coal. It is used for heating the Insane Asylum at Kal-
amazoo It is also declared to be a superior article for gener-
ating steam. The screenings and reluse are used for engine j
fuel at tlie mine, and are taken by blaek^miths for their u^e toi
the distance of twenty miles north and b^oulh of the railn ad.

This coal makes a good coke for loci motives, malt In uses, &c , \
but for want of facilities for making it in laige quantities, the
coke has not yet been tested in furnacc>s for the manufac- \
.ture of inm. There can be no di ubt that lor gas purposes this
coal would be found similar to tl e Stevens' Kidge coal.

I am under obligatiims to John Holcioft, Esq., for particular
informatitm respecting this h cality.

Wr. Alexander MeArthur has taken largo quantities of sur- j
face coal from an outer* p near Corunna. This coal has long I
b«4?n in re(]uest for blacknmithing pui poses. Recently Wessrs.j
Frazer and Stanton have sunk a shaft at a point win re the coal
lies several fe< t from the surface, and below the thinn<'d pro-
longation of the Woodville sandsttme. Accounts state that
they are now daily sending several ions to the Detroit maiket.

The gas producing properties of the Ooiunua coal were also

21

162 REPORT OF THE

tested by the Detroit Gas Light Company, in 1867; but as any
coal taken out at that time, necessarily came from the immedi*^
ate outcrop of the seam, the result of the trial would throw no
light on the permanent qualities of the seam.

It is obvious that Michigan has a very great interest in the
development of this resource. Her forests are rapidly receding
before the axe, and the demand for coal is yearly increasing.
The amount of coal introduced into Detroit from Cleveland and
Erie during the present year is stated to be about 26,000 tons ;.
and this has not equaled the demand. The consumption, never-
theless, in consequence of the supply held over from last year,
has been 33 J per cent, greater than for 1859. This amount, at
$5 per ton, gives $130,000 as our annual tribute to the coal
mines of Ohio and Pennsylvania, through the Detroit market
alone.

MATERIALS FOR PAINTS.

Ochre beds are found in Jackson . county, embraced in the
Woodville Sandstone.

At several localities, ochreous deposites from springs, have
been found existing in such quantity as to justify attempts at
establishing a business. The N. E. \ of Sec. 21, Sharon, Wash-
tenaw county, on the land of J. Townsend, is one productive
locality. The deposite covers about 16 square rods, and ifl,
seven feet deep. Another deposite covers three acres.

An extensive deposite of a black substance, supposed to be
oxyd of manganese, occurs on the same farm, at the depth of
two feet beneath a bed of peat. It is 14 inches thick, and
covers an area of two or three acres. Mr. L. D. Gale, of Graes^,
Lake, has used this paint quite extensively on carriages.

Ferruginous and chocolate colored shales occur at numerou»r
localities in the coal measures, and might undoubtedly be made .
to afford a good mineral paint. A paint of this kind has been
used for outside work at Lansing, and has stood well for two
years.

STATE GEOLOGIST, v 163

GYPSUM.

So much has already been said of the geographical and geo-
Ibgical position of the gypsum of our State, that I only add a
ffew memoranda. •

The following analyses were performed, at my request, by
Prof. L. R. Fisk, of the Agricultural College:

^' Grand Rapids

Gypsum. Ohio GfpBum.

tV^ater, 20.8445 20.8631

Silicic acid Trace. . 0235

Alumina and Oxyd of Iron, 5H54 . 1626

Sulphuric acid, 46.2257 45.8303

Lime 32.03S5 31.6628

Potassa 2115 .2676

.Sodm 0140 .0944

Chlorine, 0078 .0050

Total, 99.8774 99.4093

The above statement does not exhibit at a glance, the com-
parative purity of the two products; we therefor* calculate the
following further reiults:

Grand Rapids. Ohio.

Lime, as above, 32.0385 31 .5628

Sulphuric acid required for this, 45 . 7696 45 . 0897

Water required for these two, 20 . 5962 20 . 2903

Total hydrous gypsum, 98 . 4043 f 6 . 9428

Excess of sulphuric acid, 4561 . 7406

Excess of water, 2483 .5728

^ther constituents, 7687 1 . 1531

Total as before, 99.8774 99.4093

' It thus appears that the sample of Gr4nd Rapids gypsum
analyzed, contained only 1^5957 parts in 100, of impurities,
And the Ohio gypsum only 3 . 0572. 6f these impurities, how-
ever, the sulphuric acid, potash and soda, are at least equally
Valuable with pure gypsum. These ingredients amount to

/6816 in the Grand Rapids sample, and 1.1026 in the Ohio
^sample, leaving for the residual, worthless constituents of the
ifbrmer .9141 per cent, and of the latter 1.9546 per cent.

16i REPORT OF THE

*The following anal} sis is said to have been made by Dr. Sb
P. Duffield, of Detroit:

Grand Bapids. Ohfoc

Water '. 19.00 20 . 70

Lime, 32.67 3-2.21

Sulphuric acid, 44 . 44 45 . 95

Organic matter and lutts, 3 . b9 1 . 03

«•

100.00 100.00

Here, on the contrary, the Ohio gypsum contains the most
sulphuric acid. It appears, however, that the quantity stated
for the Grand Rapids sample, is not sufficient to neutralize thd
lime by 2 . 23.

By unfair selection of samples, such analyses may be mado
to show anything. The gypsum as it finds its way to the mar*
ket is a mixture of diflferent grades. The only true test would
be an analysis of average samples taken direct from the mar-
ket, not picked for the occasion. The samples sent Pmf Fisk
were nearly the best of each. It is but justice to say, how-
ever, that a large proportion of the Giand Rapids gypsum, is
equally fine with the spc cimen anahzed.

1 have been unable to ascertain the extent of the plaster
business at Grand Rapids during the past year. While this
report is passing through the press, I am furnished b}' Mr.
Freeman Godfrey with some interesting facts relative to the
operations of a new company, and I desire to stimulate other
companies to a greater attenticm to their true interests, by
making the following brief mention of the " Florence Plaster
Mills," near Grand Rapids.

Last October M^*. (lodfrey purchased 103 acres of land upon
Plaster Creek, upon the south side of Grand River, and at once
began extensive preparatitms for the quarrying and giinding of
gypsum. At present the mill which has been erected is turning
put 40 tons of ground plaster per day, and Mr. Godfrey intend*
putting in another run oi stone next summer, and ercctijig it
building for the manufacture of stucco. The quarry is situated
in close proximity to the mill. The plaster is reached by stripr

STATE GEOLOGIST. 165

p*np:. 15 000 cubic yards having been already excavated, and
1,200 tons of plaster ta^en out froiri a bed 12 feet thick. At
tlie peseiit time from 60 to 100 tons are qii irried per day.

The amounts of gypsum received at Detroit during the past
year are as follows:

Toot.

Prom Grand Rapids, ^ • 6.030

•« baiidusky, .* 4.661 '

Total/. 10,691

Unless gypsum should be discovered in Monroe county, the
rogion along the Southem railroad will continue to be supplied
flora Ohio; but the gi;ei4ter portion of the Stato will soon bo
supplied with gypsum of our own production.

SALT.

The manufacture of salt is rapidly asflnming s great degree
^f imp<»rtance to our State. If the geological indications on
whi4'h 1 fiiund my opioions are not faltucious, we have the most
aiHgniiicrut saliferous basin upcm the continent, east of the
Uississippi. As might be expected, too, the strength of tbe
Wine iH proportioned to the extent of the basin.

1 omit any historical nf>tices of the rise and development of
(his inteiest from the time when the State commenced legislar
ting on this subject, in 1836. down to the present. Many of the
disappointnientH heretofore experienced, ni'ght have been avoicU
ed by an observance of such practical suggestions as are sub*
j« lined:

1. The occurrence of a salt spring is a fact of no conse*
ijneuce whatever, except in connection with all the other geo-
logiral facts.

2 Hi'ine is found issuing at the outcrops of the coal measures^
tlie Uypse<»U8 Group, the Napoleon Group, the Marhhaii Group
end the Onondaga Salt Group. In Ohio, it also iKsues front the
€oal Gonglomerate, the Hamilton Group and tlie Hudson River
tiroup.

' 8. Oaly two of these groaps will be found, in our State, to^

166 REPORT OF THE

p^od^ce brine of sufficient strength for manufacturing purpoeeai:
aiid at present oflly the Gypseous Gtroup is known to do tbia.

4. Before deciding on the indica^iions of a salt spring, there;-
fore, it is necessary t© know from what geological formatiou it
issues. Here the elaborate investigation of the order and dis;
tribution of our strata, finds one of its applications.

$. Before ike origin of the brine can be known, we must a.fk
certain whether it flows out horizontally at an outcrop, or rises
vertically through fissures in strata overlying th# salt rock. A
fundamental mistake, committed in the early explorations for
salt, grew out of the assumption that the brine of ouc springs
generally rises through fissures, and may be sought by boring
in the vicinity of the springs. *

6. Most of our springs issue at outcrops of saliferous strata^
so that the moment we begin to bore in such situations, we find
fPurselves beneath the source of the salt.

i. *[, The source of the salt must be sought by traveling froit
jthe spring toward the center of the basin, when, by boring
^wn, the brine may be expected in increased strength and
quantity.

8. Our saliferous basin extends from Grand Rapids to SaniU^
county, and an unknowp distance toward the north. Within
4dhi8 basin, the area covered by the Coal Measures may i^e takeil
as the area underlain by saliferous strata of maximum product
4iiveness.

A great deal of enterprise has been manifested in the estab^
lishment of the salt manufacture at Grand Rapids, and a fai|[
diOgree of success may yet be anticipated. This location is,
however, within three or, four miles of the outcrop of the salif^
reus strata, and I have all along thought and stated that th«
prospects were less encouraging than they would be farther
within the basin. The salt bearing strata lie here about 20$
leet from the surface; but those who have been engaged in thii
enterprise have been loth to shake off the old illusion that th4
great reservoir of the salt lies at the depth of six or eight hui^
djred feet. Th^ have, therefore^ in nearly every case, perfiisied

STATE GEOLOGIST. 167

hx g9mg down after the ** lower salt rock." So far as I know,
the uniform result has been a failure; though these explorations
have added much to our knowledge of the geology of the State.
It will be understood, nevertheless, that by boring sufficiently
deep, the Onondaga salt group would be reached, and strong
brine might rise to the surface. Tills formation lies about 350
feet below the bottom of Lyon's well. *

A company whose efforts were guided by James Scribner,
Esq., engaged in the first practical attempt to resuscitate the
•alt manufacture at Grand Rapids. A well was commenced
Aug. 12th, 1859, and finished Oct. 14th, being 257 feet deep,
and extending 56 feet into the Napoleon group. The well at
this time was discharging about 200 gallons of water per min-
ute, of such strength that, according to Mr. Scribner, 224 gal-
lons would produce a bushel of salt. A Sample \)f the brine
taken at this time was analy^d by Prof. Fisk^ with the follow-
ing result:

Specific gravity 1 .01752

Fixed constituents, 2.33385 per cent.

Carbonate of Iron, 0.00145 "

Lime, 0.00473 "

Magnesia, 0.00084 "

Free carbonic acid, 0.00603 "

Silicic acid, 0.00025 "

Sulphate of Lime 0.13120 "

CbU.rid of Calcium, 0.27641 "

Chlorid of Magnesium, 0.0T196 "

Chlorid of Potassium, 0.01561 "

Chlorid of Sodium, (Salt,) 1 . 73696 "

Loss, : 0.08841 "

2.33385 "

The above amount of solid constituents, if all salt, would re-
quire 290 gallons to the bushel. The actual per centage of
salt found, would require 392 gallons to the bushel. The impu-
rities are about 26 per cent of the solid constituents. Mr.
Scribner subsequently passed a tube to the bottom of the well,
«o »» to eliminate the fresh water, and by this means, obtained

163 REPORT OF THE

a brine of considrraMy greater stronglh. In Febniary of thla-
year, I round it standing 5° Bcaurnt*, (20^ Salonu;t«r,) at tlio
temperature of 50^ Fah.

In the meantime, borings had been undertaken by tlie Grand
River Salt (Jo, (Powers, Martin and Ijeonard,) and by Mr. R,
E. Butterworth Tlie loinier, on the wrst side of tlie river,,
nearly opposite Scribnei's, at the depth of 140 feet, found them-
Belves in possession of brine whicli stood at 100-' of the Saloin-
eter. This, however, did not rise to the surfai e, and the supply
"Was found to be limit^^d. According to information received
from Mr. Martin Metcalf, the phenomena presented by this weii
are as fiili.jws:

** When we first put in the pump, only about two quarts per
minute were furnished, ranging feO*^ to 100"^. Now, we can
pump one gallon in lt> aecondt^^ for 2^ minutes, behtre we feel a
tendtucy to vacuum; after which,* we get 1 40 100 gaUons per
minute. Now, if we let the well rest five minutes, we can
again pump one gallon every 16 seconds, for 2^ minutes, a$
.before, when we find a vacuiuu creating; and afterwards, if the
pumping is continued, we can obtain for half an hour, at leasl^
1 40 100 gallons per minute. 1 am told that 1^ galhms per
aniniite have been obtained lor several hours together — in fact
«as long as ihey have continued pumping — salometer ranging
iiom 80^ to 86-'."* These phenomena are probably attributable,
.AS Mr. Metcaif suggests, to the existence of a cavity holding
.abi*ut 11^ g A lions.

Mr. Biicterworth's well attained a depth of about 500 feet
''The ^ w of water fnnn the surface was immense, being not less
than ^iOO gallons per minute. By nieans of an i!igeni<»us ar»
■jangenHMit for stopping ofi* the Ireali water, Messrs. Metcalf and
tButterwoith f )und the b.in«', at 325 feet, to possess a strength
of 22"*; ami they succeeded in obtaining a constant flow from
the toi», of one galhm per i^iinu e. of the strengih of 20^, which
.would retpiire abnil 131 gallons for a busliel of solid ingredients.

liuriu;.^ the past se, son, two o'her we'^s h^v^^ b<MM» h Tecl,

»L8.tdr dalji >Uruk X6Ui, i<m

STATE GEOLOGIST. 169

»

"That of the Indian Mill Creek Co., in the? imTncdiate vicinity of
Ptiwei'H aiici Martin'8, was carried to a I'opth of 434 ft*et. At
SI4 fi*et, hrine was found at 19^, in the gypfwous group, and at
S95 feet, near the bottom of this group, at 2V. No increase
wa^ gained in boring the next lo9 feet.

Mr. Windsor's well is located three or four miles further
north. It has been carried to the depth of 466 feet. The
strength of the biine is stated to have increased somewhat after
nitering the Kandstones beneath the gypseous group. At 391
f«»et, (in the Marshall sandstone,) the salometer stood 1^. The
Strength of the overflow was 24^, at the rate of about 36 gal-
lons per minute.

Mr. Taylor's well is located very near Scribner's, but I have
received no data relating to it.

The manufacture of salt has commenced at Scribufi'^s. Wind-
•oi's, and the Indian Creek wells. Soribner erected a liruHh
.bouse, or rather two of them, 12 feet.* a part. Each house is 100
f*ct long, 30 feet high, and 7 feet wide. The brine is first
passed int(» a vat holding 32,000 galhms, from which it is
)uimped by water power to the top <»f the brusii house From
Lere it falls sh»wly through six tiers of brush, resting on frames,
to the bottom. Thence it flows again into the tank, to undergo
the same op*' rati* ui. Accordi?)g to Mr. Scribner, «me passage
tlirough the brush house in favorable weather strengthens the
brine ffoni 26° to 37°. During the process much of the iron is
precipitated.

From the vat, the concentrated brine is conveyed to two
Tits,* at the kettle house, each holding 8.000 gallons Here a
litik line in added. From these vats it is convryed in l(»gs to
the 50 kt'tth'S. A I er boiling some time in the sevm front ket-
tles on cacli Hide, the brine is tiansferred to f»nr vats, each
C by 8 by 2 feet, where it is allowed to stand f )ur hours, and
|>re*npitate a white substance, wlrch is prolably gypsnin.
Fn»m here it is coiiveyed into the bwck kettles, and the evapo-
fatiou continued. As the salt falls de^wu, it is skimmed into

22

ItO REPORT OF THE

baBkets and drained. The article maQufaotured by this proce^i
is white and beautiful. After staDding some months, a sligit^t
deliquescence is perceived, but not as great as upon most qf
our commercial salt. Experiment shows it to be perfectly fr^
from gypsum; though, of course, rigorous analyses is requisite
;to fully test its purity. I am not apprised of the results of ex-
periments on its preservative qualities. Two hundred an^
thirty barrels have been manufactured. *

At the Indian Creek Oo.'s works the evaporation is conducted
in large sheet-iron pans. At Windsor's, both pans and kettlep
are trnployed.

The salt business of the Saginaw valley was commenced by
the East Saginaw Salt Company, who bored a well about three-
fourths oi a mile north-east of the village on the bank of the
river. This well penetrated the saliferous beds between 464
and 627 feet, and ended at 669 feet The strength of the wa-
ter at diflferent depths was as follows: At 10 ft., 1°; at 102 ft«,
2^; at 211 ft., 10^; at 293 ft., 14^, discharging 80 gallons peir
minute of a temperature of 50^ Fah., and rising 14 feet above
the i^urface; at 481 ft, 26^; at 516 ft, 40«*; at 531 ft, 44<^; ajt
659 ft, 60^; at 569 ft, 64^; at 606 It, 86^, with a temperature df
54" Fah^ and at 639 ft, 90^, or ten degrees short df saturatidd.

A sample of this water at 64*^, from the depth of 5T5 ft., waB
examined by Dr. Chilton, of New York, with the foHowin|^
result:

Solid residuum in one wine pint, 1 155 grri.

Ohlorid of sodium (common salt,) 1014.51 "

Specific gravity, 1.110

A sample at 86^, from the depth of 61t ft, was examined by
Dr. J. 6. Webb, of Utica, N. Y., with results as follows:

Chlorid of sodium in one wine pint, 1416 gr&i

Other chlorides, 32 grs.*

Subsequently a more detailed analysis of the brine was made
by Dr. Webb, the results of which are given below:

• There mast be an error in this amount, as this brine standing at 86* should have aboijit
1800 grs. of solid matter to the pint.

STATE GEOLOGIST. llf

• Per Cent*

Chlorid of sodium, 19.088

" "calcium, 531

" " maguesium, 1.241

Sulphates of lime aud magnesia, 225

Total soli4 matter, '. 21.091

The following analysis was* published by Prof. Douglass
April 16th, I860, said to have been performed upon water fron^
the salt well of "Mr. Waldron, of Saginaw," but according t^
Mr. Waldron, of East Saginaw, taken from the well of the
abore compiany:

Specific gravity 1 . 170

^mline matter, 22.01T per cent.

Chlorid of sodium, (salt,) 17 . 912

Sulphate of lime, (gypsum,) .116

Chlorid of lime, [0. of calcium ?] 2 . 142

,Chlorid of magnesia, [C. of magnesium ?J . . . . 1.5^2

Carbonate of iron, 105

Chlorid of potassium, 220

Water, 77.983.

100.000

The chlorid of calcium given here is four times the amount
jfound by Dr. Webb.

In May, 1860, another and more accurate analysis of this-
)>rine was made by Dr. Chilton, with the following results:
Specific gravity at 60^ Fahrenheit,' 1 . 177

In 100 parts of brine, Salometer 90"*, are found,

Chlorid of sodium, 16.8710-

" " calcium, ' 3.2»7a

" " magnesium, 1 . 7743-

Bromid of sodium, 0401

Sulphate of lime 098^

Carbonate of lime, 050(y

Silica and alumina, 0245

Carbonate of iron, 0116-

Watfer, 77 . 8430

lOO.OOOO

172 REPORT OF TETB

«

III 100 p^rts of dry solid matter, there are,

Ohlorid of 8od um 76 143

Oihor 8ub»tauct;ei, 23 . 857

100.000
The total per crntage of solid matter is 22. 157.
Ill Olio wine pint there is, of sulid matter,

tH'ilorid of S'»diiun 1229.72 gri;

Other saline matters, 385 .30 "

*

lt.15.02 "

This well furnishert about 13,000 gallons of brine in 24 hours^
rangiig in strength from 75*^ to 80** by the salometer. Ao-
'Cording to Dr. H. 0. Poller, Superintendent of the works, the
brine is treated in tiie folh>wing manncp ** We get a d<^posit«
of iron in our settling vats, first, by putting the brine into them
heated, (running it through a I ea^er,) and, second, by using on
«eaoh 27,000 gallons a pailful of lin e. We are trying expert-
mcnitrt to settle with other materials. In the kettles we tised
:a!uni for cleansing for a time, but recently, and since cold
weather, we have used notliing. The chlorides can only be
removed by bailing out the residuum, after say the 6th to the
;8th drawing of salt, when the bitter water accumulates to such
an extent as to act on the imn of the kettle and rust the brine
an*! the salt. This course, of throwing cmt the bitter water, is
ad »pted in Kanawha, Va, and Pomeroy, Ohio, where the brine
resembles ours in che?nical compositiim, and th(»ugh an expen*
tsive one in loss of brine, seems the only one that is practi<*.abl(%
•^ * * The imparities remaining in our salt, after having
4»(?en drawn Jro?n the kettles, are removed by drainage, being^
liou d almost entirely. This thorough drainage is the essential
ypoint in our iruinufacture."

This company are engaging vigorously in the mannfactifro of

•fiiilt, b.)th by s "lar evaporation and by boiling. They have 20

covers, ll) feet scjuare, ft)r solar eyap<u-ation, and 100 kettles

ifor artificial heat They have produced to the date of Uiie

STATE GEOLOGIST. 173^

report about 4,500 barrels of salt, and aro making 6^0 to ^OO
barrels per month. Tlie salt is put up in extra quality of white-
oak barrels, costing 28 cents each. Fuel, ol' haid and »ul't
wood mixed, costs, delivered at the works, about $1 38 per
cord.

The quality of the salt produced is unsurpaspcd. either in
chemical purity or preservatve qualities. Si veral of the most
extensive ti.>hernien upon the lake shore having given it a thor*
ough trial, pronounce it **more ec<momical, (in quantity re-
quired,) sater and better than the Onondaga line salt." It ia
equally counnended by butchers. For butter it has been tested
both in our own Slate and in Orange county, N. Y., and pro-
oounced not at all inferior to the famous Ashton salt.

Tliis company have sunk another well during the past sum-
mer, under the same roof, to the depth of 806 feet. Though the
tubing has not been inserted, the indications are that a larger
aupply of strtmg brine haa been obtained. The only brino^
drawn up stands at 90^.

^'umerous olher enterprises have been started alo^ig the Sag-
inaw river, of which one is at csaginaw Uity, one at Carrolton^
one at Portsmouth, and one at Bay City. According to infor-
mation received from Wm. Walker, the strength of tlie brine at
varicms depths, in the Bay City well, was as follows: At 223
feet, 5^; at 229 it., 8"; at 235 ft, 12°; at 245 ft., li^; at 266-
ft., 16°; at 270 ft., 18<>; at 273 ft., 19°; at 434 ft., 20°; at 438
ft., 42°; at 444 ft., 60°; at 460 ft., 10°; at 480 ft., Tb°; at 481.
ft, 85°; at 490 ft., 90°. From this point to the depth of 513
feet, it varirs between 88° and 92°.

At the date of the printing of this report, the following par-
ties have either completed salt borings or have them in progress^
For the statements of outlay to Jan. 1st, 1^65, and estimates to
JuMU 1st, 1 rely upon an editorial article in the Detroit lYibuner

/

TY4 REPORT OF THE

I. — ^WELLS ON THE GRAND RIVER, (aT AND NEAR GRAND RAPIDS.)

Depth.
Feel, r

1. Grand TRapids Salt Manufacturing Co., (Scribner &

Co,) , 410

2. Grand River Salt Manufacturing Co., (Ball, Clay &

Co..) 402

3. R E Butterworth, 500

4. Indian Mill Creek Salt Manufacturing Co., (Powers &

Martin,) • 450

5. J. W. Windsor, 446

6. Ta^^lor, ^ 402

II. — ^WELLS ON THE iAGINAW RIVER. ?

Depth. Outlay Estimated

Feet. to Jan. 1. to June 1.

7. East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing

Co., (E. Saginaw,) 1st well, .... 669 ) ^^. ^^^ ^^ ^^^

8. Do., 2d well, 806 f *^^'""^ ?4U,uuu

9. Saginaw City Salt Manufacturing

Co , (Saginaw City,) 600 9,000 12,500

10. Hall, Gilbert & Co., (Florence,).. 350 2,000 5.000

11. Ward, Curtis & Co., (Carrolton,). 560 t,000 10,000
12 E. Litchfield & Co., " 680 4,000 10,000 '
13. G. A. Lathrop & Co., " (Commencing.) 5,000 10,000
li. Portsmouth Co., (Portsmouth,)... 66t 7,500 12,500

15. Bav City Salt Manufacturing Co.,

(Bay City,) 542 8,000 12,500

16. New York Salt Manufacturing Co.,

(East Saginaw,) (Commencing.)

IT. Saginaw and Buena Vista Salt Co., "

It is proposed to continue the boring in Taylor's well, at
Grand Rapids, until the Onondaga Salt Group is reached.

The East Saginaw Co. are manufacturing 40 to 50 barrels of
salt per day, and on getting their second arch of kettles in ope-
ration expect to produce about 100 barrels per day. This
"Company have received the diploma of the New York State
Agricultural Society, and the prize medal fr«m the Mechanic's
Institute of Chicago."

The Saginaw City Co. have 60 kettles on hand, and are pro-
ceeding with vigor.

It cannot be denied that the prospects of the ultimate success
•<)f the salt manufacture in Michigan are exceedingly encourag*

STATE GEOLOGIST lt&

ifig. Aside from the unparalleled strength of the brine of the
Saginaw valley, the position, surrounded by forests, which must
cheapen to the last degree the cost of barrels and fuel, and
upon the immediate shoie of navigable waters stretching from
Oswego to Chicago, is such as to enable us to compete success-
fully with any other source of supply to the western and north-
-western States.

As to the actual cost of producing a barrel of salt at either
of the pointy at which the manufacture has been commenced, I

sku not in possession of the data to enable me to speak defi-

I

rptely. At Saginaw, as I am authentically informed, wood of
mixed quality, (i.e. "hard" and "soft,") can be delivered for
$1 38 per cord. At Syracuse, experiments have shown that
one cord of hard wood will produce, in blocks of 50 or 60 ket-
tles, an average of abeut 53 bushels of salt. Assuming, as is
done at Syracuse, that two cords of hard wood are worth three
of soft, the cost of hard wood at Saginaw should be $1 656.
Reckoning 53 bushels to a cord of wood, this would make the
fuel cost at Saginaw $0 031 per bushel,* or $0 155 per barrel
of salt. If one block of kettlefe is capable of producing but 40
barrels of salt per day, and the services of six men, at $1 00
^per day, are required to attend them, the element of labor enter-
ing into the cost of a barrel is $0 15. At Syracuse barrels
cost 25 cents each, and I see no reason why they cannot be
produced for much less than this at Saginaw. I am iMfor^ed,
however, that the lowest bids offered are 27 cents per barrel.
II is admitted, however, that this is for a superier article. At
the works of the East Saginaw company, where it is stated 40
barrels per day are now manufaetured, it is reliably announced
tjiat net more than $25,000 have been expended in boring two
wells, the largest and deepest of which has not yet come into
use. Assuming that ome half this sum has been expended in
boring the well now in use, and that capital is worth 10 per
cent., the annual interest on the investment is $1,250, or $4 166
per day, or $0 104 per barrel of salt produced. Should the
wear and tear of fixtures and apparatus amount to 5 ^ev c><i^^^.

1T6 REPORT OF THE

more, this item would add $0 052 to the cost per barrel. Tho
cost I'f packing in stated to be 2^ cents per barrel at Syiacuse,
and it cuuld not be greater at Saginaw.

Bringing together now these various items, we find the cosi
of a barrel of sail at Saginaw to stand as follows:

Fuel, hard and soft equally mixed, I*^ 155

Labor of six men, at $1 00 per day, 1 '^0

Barrel of superior quality, 27(1

Packing, 02i

Interest at 10 per cent, on $12,500 104

Wear and tear at 5 per ctnt. 05il

Total N \ $U 75$

Aside from the cost of superintendence and incidentals, it
does not appear how the above aggregate can be materially
increased when the business is once fairly established. At tho
same time it must be admitted that it is rather early in tliQ
history of the enterprise to venture upon calculatiims as to tho
Ultimate minimum cost of the manufacture. As an existing
fact it should be borue in mind that, aside from the greater
expense attending the conmiencement of any manufacture, ami
that which is always incident to manufacturing on a small
scale, the cldorid of calcium which exists in considerable quan-
tity in all our briney, will materially enhance the cost of pro
duction until some cheap metht)d is discovered of eliminating ii
by chemical precipitaticm. With whatever confidence, tln^'O
fore, we may speak of the ultimate prosperity of this manufac-
ture in our State, it should not be forgotten that the enterpri^t
is still in its infancy; and, in view of the powerful competition
arrayed against it, siill needs the fostering care of the govern*
ment t-o a liberal extent.

Whether such liberality ought to extend to ^ continuance dt
the existing bounty on the manufacture of salt, depends upon
various considerations, whirh the legislature alone will be coin»
petent to estimate as a wIkjIc. In the meantime it may not \y%
amiss to oiTer the following suggestions, derived fn»m geoh)gicttl
data. I purposely iguore^the questions whether it is moral I j

STATE GEOLOGIST. 17T

honest to discontinue the bounty at the present juncture, and
whether the State is pecuuiarily able to continue any bounty, aa
these are nut geological questions:

1. Whatever may be the state of the salt enterprise at Sagi-
naw, the business is not established at any other point.

2. Though we believe strong brine may be procured through-
out the center of the State, this belief is purely a geological
inference. The public interest would be vastly promoted by
bringing this theory to the test of experiment.

3. Even supposing it certain that the Michigan Salt Oroup
will prove productive throughout the eeuter of the State, there^
is still another vast salt basin which has never been explored,
within our limits. This is situated about 800 or 900 feet below
the other basin, and literally underlies the entire peninsula.
Its margin rises to the surface at Mackinac on the north, Mil-
waukee on the west, Sylvania, Ohio, and Monroe county, Mich.,
(HI the south, and Gait, in Canada West, on the east. It is the
scarce of all the brine worked at Syracuse and vicinity, in the,
State of New York. There are some indications that the great
basin formed by these rocks in Michigan is also filled witli
brine. Suppose this to be the case. The result would be that
every county in the peninsula might become a salt producing
county. If it is not desirable to restrict the benefits of the
establishment of this manufacture, the State has an interest in
stimulating the exploration of these lower rocks. The offer of
a bounty would cost the State nothing unless the attempt should
prove successful. If successful, the payment of the bounty
would prove one of the best investments the State ever made.

4. Should it ncit, after all, appear to be good policy to stimu-
late researches by the offer of bounties, there are still other
methods l>y which the spirit of entei prise now awakened may
be seconded, unless indeed all idea of public encouragement to
ihe development of our State resources is to be entirely aban^
doned. The discovery of some economical means for the sepa-
ration of the chlorid of calcium, which constitutes the principal

23

I*r8 REPORT OF THE

difficulty in the working of our brine, is an object which ought
not to be left to the chances of private enterprise. The policy
recognized, and the experience gained in all similar cases in
the history of the past, both advise the setting apart of a spe-
cial sum as a proflfered reward for successful discovery in this
direction. Such reward should be open to universal competi-
tion. If success were not attained, no expense would accrue
to the State. If success were reached, millions of dollars would
be added in a day to the wealth of our people.

I must be pardoned for making the following further sugges-
tion:

If the State of Michigan contains a population of 150,000,
the total annual consumption bf salt, estimating at the rate of
45 lbs. per capita, is about 602,000 bushels, or 120,420 barrels.
During the past year the average price of salt delivered in De-
troit has been about $1 50 per barrel. At this rate the annual
contribution of Michigan to the business of other States (ex-
cept the small amount paid for freight on salt carried in Michi-
gan vessels) is $180,630. • Every political economist must re-
cognize the desirableness of retaining this expenditure within
our own State. The amount which the State could afford to
expend to effect this object would be the annual interest of the
money of which the State is thus deprived of the use. That
money is the whole amount of the profit to the manufacturer
and dealer until the commodity reaches our own borders.

Having presented as extended a statement as seems imme-
diately necessary", of the local details connected with the salt
enterprise in our State, it may be useful, in view of the general
interest felt in this new branch of industry, to append some
general and comparative statements for the purposes of reference
and comparison.

As the addition of common salt to pure water increases its
weight, bulk for bulk, it follows that the strength of any brine
may be known by comparing its weight with that of the same
bulk of pure water. This comparative weight is its spedfio
gravity. The most exact method of ascertaining the specific

\

STATE GEOLOeiST. ^ 119

grayity of brine is by weighing a given bulk of it with a deli-
cate balance. The most convenient method, however, is by
means of a hydrometer^ and this is sufficiently accurate for
most practical purposes. A hydrometer is an instrument gen-
erally made of glass, in the shape of a tube closed at both
ends with a large bulb blown in it, and a weight attached at
the lower end. The tube is graduated above the bulb, jn such
a manner that when the instrument is placed in pure water it
sinks to a mark designated 0, and when placed in a liquid
heavier tl»an water, it sinks to some mark below the first,
against which iik the figure which designates the true specific
gravity of the fluid. In Beaum^s hydrometer, which is the one
most used for general purposes, the figures on the scale do not
designate the specific gravity directly. The scale is graduated
from to some arbitrary point which reads 30° or 40^ — the
intervening spaee being equally, or nearly equally, divided, so
that the specific gravity can only be known from it by a
calculation.

The hydrometer, however, which is most convenient for ex-
periments with brine, is the one which marks 0° when immersed
in pure water, and 100° when immersed in saturated brine.
This instrument is called a scUometer. The number of degrees
indicated upon the salometer, therefore, is the per centage of
saturation possessed by the brine. We may speak of 25° on
the salometer or 25 per cent, of saturation.

It must be distinctly understood, that 25 per cent, of satura-
tion does not mean that 25 per cent, of the brine is composed
of salt. Twenty-five per cent, of salt produces 100 per cent,
of saturation— -and this happens to be 25° on Beaume^s hydrom-
eter.

It is apparent, therefore, that the specific gravity of a brine,
the readings of the hydrometer and salometer, and the per cent*
age of salt, are all different expressions for the same thing,
which may also be expressed by the number of gallons of brine
required for a bushel of salt of 56 lbs. As it is often desirable
to convert these expressions into each other, I have calculated

180 REPORT OF THE

the siilvj'iined tabic which, it is believed, will be found useful,
and suflSciently accurate.

It must be borne in mind that the calculations are based up-
on the BUfjposition that the brine contains no foreign cimstitii*
ents; but as all natural brines do contain varying amounts of
foreign constituents, it follows, first, that the total amount of
Bolid matter does not bear the same ratio to the density, as if
the brine were pure; and secondly, that the amount of salt may
be quite a different thing from the amount of solid constituents^
which alone; determines the density or specific gravity.

It must also be borne in mind that brings of the same
strength possesses different densities depending upon theiir
temperature — the density rapidly diminishing as the tempera-
ture rises. It is consequently necessary to experiment on
brines at a uniform or standard temperature. The ordinary
standard temperature for hydrometrical operations is 60 de^
grees, Fahrenheit's thermometer, but the standard temperature
at the Onandoga salines, is 62^, that being the natural tem*
perature of the brine as it issues from the well. As the natural
temperature of Michigan brines, obtained from ordinary depths/
would be nearly the same, 62° might have been adopted as the
standard in the following calculations. The results, however,
would not have bee» practically different from those given.

Constants, useful for reference, a portion of which are de-
duced from the subjoined calculation, and others the data upoB
which the calculation is based:

1. Specific gravity of pure water, 1 .

2. Specific gravity of commim salt, according to Ure,

2.0to 2.25 (mean), 2.125

3. Specific gravity of saturated l»rine 1 .205

4. According to Ure, 100 parts of water dissolve, at 62^*^

Fah., H5.88 parts of salt.

^6. One bushel of 8alt=9.8 gallons, wine measure; dis-
solves in 16.8 gallons of water, making, without
allowing for condensation, 26. 1 galhms of brine.

6. One hundred volumes ot the constituents of a satura-
ted solution of salt, become, by condensation, a
little less than 96 volumes, (Ure.;

STATE GEOLOGIST. 181

7. One cubic foot of saturated brine weighs 85 lbs.

' 8 One l)usliel of Bait wt igliH 56 lbs.

9. One wine pint contains 26 (525 cubic inches

10. One wine pint <»f distilled >vater weighw 7288 975 grains.

11. Every .001 variation in Bpecitic gravity C(»i responds to

about .25 gallon of brine required lor a buhhcl of salt.

12. One degree of Bcanni( =4^ Jralumeter, approximately.

13. Specitic gravity=?=rrn— -^ ^

14. Gallons of brine to a bualiel of 8alt= ^ 4.454.

Let s=per centage of salt in any brine,
g=speeific gravity of the brine,
B=it8 densiiy, by Hcaumr'a hjdnnneter,
• S=it8 percentage <»f saturation, by the Salometer,
G=nuniber of gallons rtquirt d for 1 bu. of salt,
Then the value of eacb of these quantities may be expressed in
terms of each of the others, as shown by the following twenty
equations:*

2608.88
t. G_^ 4.454 Wlien S— o, G«»«»

S

677.008

a. G» 4.4^ " B-<o,CU-»

• B

670.218
Z. G— — 4.464 •' i^o,G-4»

S

4.464

4. G-: *< g«^,G— «•

•As the standard bushel of salt weighs 66 lbs.,

5600

^pounds of brine required for 1 bu. of salt.

B

Aad since one gallon of distillel water weighs 8.355 U>s.,

6600 670.257
G, (l)

8.365 gs gs

But the value of s, or the par centage of salt in the brine, may bo expressed in terms of
the specific gravity of thu brino. l-or, the specific gravity of the brine is its weight divided
by the w ight ut' the sanii; bulk of wat jr. Making no allowance for condcnsaiion uf Uic ag-
gregatvi vuitme uf the constituents, this would be

100

K' (2)

w-.-

2125

*

In which w is the per centage of water in the brine, and 2 125 is the mean specific gravitj

•4lf salt. But expuiimj. t shows that Seme degree of condensaiion always takes place; and il

seems obvious that the amount of this conucnsation must be a direct function of the per

centage of salt i.i the solution. The data at command, however, do not seem to be consist-

•nt with this theory nor with each otlier.

Accun/inK to Dr. U>v, 100 m^^surcs uf th^ constituents of a saturated solution, make a littto
less than 96 m^^asuris of the briue; and this bi iae contains 35 6 per ceiit. uf salt. Now, ai
tbe specific gravity of this saturated solution is, by the same authority, 1.1062, we may cal-
«a]ale what would have been the specific gravity without coadenBatiou. This would bo

1206-1-96

—1 .1868
100

182

REPORT OF THE

5. S.

2603.88

G -I- 4.464

6. S—3.846B

7. S— 8.886 8

8. 8»686.616 —

686.616

g

" G=oo,S=«a
'« B— 0, S—

«« g=l,S--o

0. B»-

677.008

O-i- 4.464

10. &».26 S

11. B=1.0l8

162

12. B-J62

g

670.218
18. 8=-

G -I- 4.464

«

((

(i

G ' »i'0 ) B=0
8s=0,Bc=>0

" g=l, E=o

" 6»:ao , SsaO

But knowing the mean specific gravity of salt to be 2.126, we may also calculate the vpe-
cific gravity of the saturated solution (without allowance for condensation) from the per
centre of salt, by means of formula (2). This gives

g'=-1.1660

It is evident, therefore, that Dr. Ure's value of the condensation is too great, or else hid
per centage of salt in saturated brine is too great. But that per centage is less than given
by most other authorities, while by my own experiments upon commercial salt, it amounts
to 26.696.

Again, according to the experiments of MM. Francoeur and Dulong, when a brine con-
tains 10 per cent, of salt, its specific gravity is 1.0736^ and when 4t contains 16 per cent., it
is 1.1004. Now if we assume 10 for the per centage of salt in £q. (1), we get

g'=:l. 0559, instead of 1.0736.

If we assume 15 for the per centage of salt,

g'=-l . 0862, instead of 1 . 1094.

The increased specific gravity due to condensation in the first case, is .0186-^.186 p«r
cent, of 10, the per centage of salt. ^

In the second case, it is .0232=. 166 per cent, of 16, the per centage of salt.

Further, in the case of saturated brine, it is .049=. 191 per cent, of 26.6, the per centage
of salt, l^e first and last values are sufflcientiy consonant, but not so the second. _^The
mean of the first and last is .188 per cent. Assuming this "^

g=g' -|- .00186 s

Substituting the value of g' from Eq. (2) , we might thence deduce s in terms of g. '
Another view may be taken of this subject. It is evident that we may regard all the con-
densation as taking place in the salt ; and the result will be the same If we imagine It to
take place before the solution. We may then proceed to calculate what value of the specifio
gravity of the salt would be requisite in order to produce, without further condensation, a
brine of a given specific gravity, and containing a given per centage of salt.
If in (2) we make g'»1.0786, w>*90, 6=10 and 2.126=x, we get

x=3.186.
If in (2) we make g'=1.094, w=86, Ssl6, and put x forf2.126, we get

x^2.919.
Kagain we make g'Bl.206, w=74.6, s=25.6,

x=2.838. I

*

These results are but little accordant ; and show that the condensation is not proportioiua
to th&per centage of salt, or else that errors exist in the data. The mean of the three valaes
is 2.981.

If now in Eq. (2) we substitute 2.981 for 2.126, g' ought to become g, when wo shoidd
have

100

100

160.478

g-

B S

w-1- — 100— 8 ^

2.981 2.981

160.478 — 8

(8>

Whence, also,

-160.478 —

160.478
g

(4)

/

STATE GEOLOGIST.

183

14. 8«..257 S

15. s— .99 B

16. 8«150.478 —

160.478

g

18. g.

19. g.

20. g.

685.616

686.516 — S
162

152 — B
150.478

'» g— 1, a^o

" G»ao,g»l

" S-o,g— 1

*' B— o,g— 1

«* goO, g-»l

150.478 — s

Further, the number of grains of salt in a wine pint is
10968.268 S

Salt.

686.616 — S ^

From these formulas the following table has been calculated :

And substituting this value of s in Eq. (1) ,

670.267 4.464
G « ^

(6)

160.478 g — 150.478 g — 1

It is often desirable to know G in terms of the degrees of Bcaume's scale. This value
may be obtained from the equation

162

162 — B »

(See MoCuIloch, Rep. on Sugar and Hydrometers, p. 71) In which 6 represents the degree!
of Beaume's hydrometer Expressive of the density of the brine. bubstitutlLg this vuiue of
gin (6), we get

677.008
G .r^ —4.464 (6)

Since 26** Beaume, or 100** of the salometer, marks saturated brine, it appears thot one
degree of Beaume equals 3.846 of the salometer; or,puttiug S for the readiug of the salumetor

B»..26S

And substituting this value of B in (6), we get

2603.88
G— — 4.464 (7)

S

From which may be calculated a table giving the number of gallons of brine required for
one bushel of salt, at every degree of the centigrade salometer.

Although, owing to the inconsistency of the data employed, the foregoing formulse can
give only approximate results, they may be sufficiently accurate for practical purposes; and
hence a table has been based upon them.

184

REPORT OF THE

TABLE gimnrj a comparin'^tn of difft^rent expremdons for Che
atreiigfh of Brint*. from zero to safuration.

•

u

1

e

Beau me.

^p< ciflc
gravity.

O J J

Grains to
1 pint.

Gallons to

' 1 bushel.

1

J

B

1

Beau me.

1

Fp ciflc
gravity.

1
Per ceut.

i tail.

Grains tol

Gallons to
1 bUSbel.

1.000

Iiiliiii:*.

51

13.26

1.095

n.u

1047

46. d

1

.26

1 002

. 0.26

19

2699

52

13.52

1.097

13 36

1070

45.6

2

.52

1.003

0.6i

3'

1297

53

13. 7h

1.100

13.62

1092

44.7

8

.7o

1.006

7:

66

863

5n

14 04

l.lOv;

13.8.

1115

43.8

4

1.04

1 oor

1.0?

7t

647

6;

14.31

LlO-i

14. i;

1137

42.9

b

1.3(

1.0O»

1 2^

9-.

516

. 51

14 66

1.1U6

14.3fc

1160

42.0

6

156

l.olu

1.64

lis

43U

57

14.81

l.lOc^

14. &

118;

41.2

7

1.82

1.012

1 8C

131

368

6

16 0.

l.lll

14.9.

120<

40.4

8

2 Oo

1 ou

2 06

152

321

5^

16.34

1.112

16.lt

122 ;»

39.7

9

2.34

1 016

2.31

171

285

6i

15.60

1.114

15 41

1262

38.9

10

2 6

1 oir

2 67

191

266

61

15. 8i

1.116

15.6

1276

38.2

11

2.86

1 019

2 83

210

2132

6:

16.1.

I.IL'

15.9;

VMf

37.6

12

3 12

1.021

3 08

22.,

213

63

16 3.

1.121

16.1;

1322

36.9

Vc

3.33

1 02>

3 34

249

19d
182

64

9-64

l.l2r.

. 16 4i

1340

86.2

14

3 64

1 026

3 6Ci

2QJ

66

16.90

1.125

16.70

1370

36.6

16

3.90

1 02(>

3.8f

28s

169

66

17.16

1.117

16. 9t

1393

85.0

16

4.1»

1 02'

4.11

3U»

158

67

17.42

1.129

17.22

1417

84.4

17

4.42

1.03(,

4 37

32

149

6

17.6.

1.131

17.4c

1441

83.0

18

4.6

1 03-^

4.61;

34»

140

6i.

17 94

1.13;

17.7.

146£

83.S

19

4.94

1 Oik

4.8>

866

133

7t

18. 2t

1.136

17.99

14 Sb

82. T

20

5.2U

1.036

5.14

38h

126

71

18.46

1.1.

18 20

161.'>

82.2

21

5.46

1.037

5.4<.

40

120

72

18.7^

1.140

18.50

153

81.7

22

5.7:^

1 039

6.66

42

114

73

1 .9fc

1.142

18.76

1562

81.2

2a

6.9.

1.041

5 9i

44

109

74

19.24

1.144

19.02

1587

80.7

24

6.2^

1.048

6.17

469

104

76

19.50

1.147

19 27

1611

80.8

26

6.50

1.046

6 42

4.S9

99.7

76

19.76

1.14b

19.53

1636

29.8

26

6.76

1.0^6

6 68

61(1

95.7

77

20.02

1.151

19. 7«

1661

29.4

27

7.02

1 04

6.9^

530

92 (

T<

* 20.2tt

1.154

ao.of

168€

28.0

28

7.2

1.050

7 20

551

89. 5

79

. 20.54

1.156

20. 8(

1710

28.6

-89

7.54

1.062

7.46

572

85. if

8(7

2a. 80

1.15b

20. 5e

1736

23.1

3u

7.8c

1.054

7.71

59

82.8

81

21.06

1.160

20.81

1761

27.7

31

8.06

1.066

7.97

6i;

7 J. 5

82

21 32

1.163

21.07

1786

27.8

82

8.32

1.06»

8.22

634

76. u

83

21.58

1.166

21.8:

1811

26.0

^

8.5.>

1 059

8.4S

656

74.5

84

21.84

1.167

21 5b

1837

26.6

84

8.84

1 061

8.74

67t

72.1

8f

22.10

1.170

21. 8f.

1861

26.2

^

9.10

1.063

8 9j

•697

69.9

8(

22.36

1 172

22. U

188r

25.8

^6

9.36

1.06C

9.26

7 a

67. t

8-

22 62

1.176

22. »

1914

26.6

87

9.6:i

1.06/

9.51

74<,

65.9

8

22.88

1.177

22.61

194(>

26.1

8»

9.8S

l.OOy

9.7r

761

64.1

89

23.14

1.179

22.87

1966

24.8

89

10.14

1.07i

10.02

783

62.;

9:

23 40

1.182

23.13

1992

24.6

40

10.4*

1.07.

10 2n

804

60. «

91

23. 6f

1.184

23.39

201b

24.2

41

10. 6t

1.07f

10.64

826

59.1

9

23.9:

1.186

23.64

2046

23.8

42

10. 9i

1.07/

10 7

84-

57. (

9:

24. 1(

1.189

23.90

2072

23.6

43

11. 1^

l.OZt.'

11 06

869

56.1

9s

24.4^

1.191

24.16

209^

23.2

44

U.4^

1.031

11 3i

891

54.7

95

24 70

1.194

24.41

212.

23.0

46

11.70

1.083

11.56

918

6i.4

96

24 96

1.196

24 67

. 2151

22.7

46

11.96

1 O.Sf

11.82

936

52.2

97

26.22

1.198

24.93

2170

22.4

47

12 22

1.0S7

11.0^

957

50.9

9>

25.48

1 2)1

25.19

2206

22.1

4S

12 4S

1 0<9

12 3.

979

49.8

99

25.74

1.20t

25.44

2232

21.8

49

12 74

i.o.n

12.5

loo:

4S.7

100

26.00

1.206

25.70

2269

21.6

t50

13.0c/

1.09C

12.86

1024

47.6

•

From this table tlie properties a d capabilities of any brine
-may be ascertained by knowing its strength as shown by the
ealometer. Suppose for instancj the salometer shows 53 de-
grees. The table sh jws at a glance that this corresponds to
13.78 degrees of Beanmo^s hjidrometer, a specific gravity of
1.100 and a per centage of 13.62; while a wine pint of the
brine wocild furiaiAli 1092 g. a .ns of solid residue, and 44 . 7 gal-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 185

Ions would produce a bushel. Or suppose the strength of a
briue is expressed, as iu Dr. Beck's Report, by giving its spe-
cific gravity, and we wish to compare the strength as thus
stated, with that of another brine given in degrees of the sa-
lometer, or the number of grains in a pint, &c. We look in the
column of "specific gravity *' in the foregoing table and find
the number which agrees nearest with the given one, then on
the 8am»^ horizontal line we have all the synonymous expres-
sions for the same strength, and it is seen at once whether the
brine with which we wish to make the comparison is stronger
or weaker. Or suppose, thirdly, that a land owner desires to
know the comparative strength of a brine spring ou his premi-
ses, while he possesses no instrument for taking ispecific gravity.
Let him evaporate a wine pint and weigh the residue, or take
it to the apothecary to weigh; then the number of grains, found
in the 5th column of the table, will show irim all the equivalent
expressions.

In making use of this table it must be remembered that it
will prove accurate only for pure solutions of hqU, In this State
the chlorid of calcium which exists to some extent in our brines
will cause the table to make a showing a little too favorable.
As the per centage of impurities is a variable quantity, it was
impossible to make allowance for them in the table. Though
we cannot therefore construct a table practically accurate, it
was not thought best to discard all attempts at a table. As
long as it is thought desirable to use the salometer, it seeras to
mo to be a matter of convenience to have at hand the ready
means for converting its reading into the equivalent expres-

m

sions. This want has been felt by myself, and 1 have no doubt
many others will find the tabic useful.

'«.,<■

S4

REPORT OP THE

i:::ilHii:imi;:i

STATE GEOLOGIST. 18*1

Dr. Houghton in his •report of 1838, gave Iho rcsulls of
analyses of 20 different brine springs IVom our Si ate, two of
which hare bfeen reproduced in the table. Of these spiijigs,
three were situated upon the Tittabawassee river, in Midland
county, seven near the Grand river, two near the source of
navigation of Maple river, in Gratiot county, two near tbo
Maple river, in Clinton county, and one near the Saline river,
in Washtenaw county. The solid censtituents of these brines
contained from 68 tct 8t per cent, of pure salt, the general
range being tO to 86 per cent. The purest brine was found on
section 24, T. 15 N., 1 W., Midland county, on the the Tittaba-
wasse river, half a mile above the mouth of Salt river.

The following table will also prove useful for general refer-
ence:

188

KEPORT OF THE

TABLE Showing the number of ImnhelH *f Sail mcideat the Ononr
djya Salt Sptinga, Nt^w Ytnjc, ainct June 20//i, 1797, which i$
iha dale, of* thejir,4 leusea of lots.

Pats.

BusnBLS.

Date.

Bushels.

17'.)7
170.^
]7^»9
IMjO
1801
J^()2
180:^
a?s04
180"»
1>06
1807
l-u8
1809
1810
Ihll
1812
1818
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1^22
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
il828

1

26 47J
59 92i
42 474
50.001
62.00(
7o,00(
90.00(
100.00(
154 071
122 57^
165 44b
319,61.
128.28-
450 00<
200,000
221,011
226.(0«
295 OOt
322 05.^
348 6Hf
408.665
4t>6 54(i
526 04*.'
548,374
558.329
481,562
726,9<^
816 634
757 20:;
811 023
983.1H
,ll0,88b

1829 : 1,291.280

183«> 1435,445

1831 1.514 03T

1832 1.652.985

1833 1,838,646

1834 1 943,252

1835 2,209,867

1836 1,912,858

1837 2.167 287

1838 2.57-,033

1839 2,864 718

1840 2 622.305

1841 3,340,769

842 2.29 ,903

1843 3.127,500

844 4.003,554

1845... 3,762,368

846 3,838,851

1847 3 951,355

1848 4.737,126

1849 5,083,369

1850 4.268,919

851 4,614,117

1852 4.922.533

1853 5,404,524

1854 5,803,347

855 6,082,885

1856 5,966.810

1857 4 312,12d^

1858 7,033,219

•859 6.894,272

I860.. 5,593,447

Total, 130,737 157

STATE GEOLOGIST. ^ 189

The following is an approximate statement of the amount of
salt manufactured in the United States during the year ls59:

Bushrlfi.

Massachusetts', (mostly in vats along the shore,) .... 1«,U(>0

Onondaga Halt wnrks, N. Y. • G 894 000

Pennsylvania, (Alleghany and Kiskiininetas rivers,) 1,000.000

Virginia, (Kanawha and King^s works,) 1,000 000

Kentucky, ( Go ise Greek, ) 300 000

Ohio, (Muskingum and H ►eking rivers,) 1,500 000

Ohio, (Pumeroy and West Columbia.) 2,500 000

Illinois, 5,000

Texas 20.000

Florida, 100 000

Total, 14,234,0(

Foreign salt importcni into the U. S. for the 3 ear end

ing June 30th, 1857, 17 105 000-

Foreign and domestic salt, 31.399,000

Export of dom stic salt 510,000

" foreign salt, 131,000

107,000

Annual consumption of salt in U. S , 30,692,000 .

Wljich for each individual amounts to, 52 J Ihs..

In Great Britain it is, 25 **

In France, 15J "

Receipts of salt at Detroit for two years:

1859 52.203 bbls.

1860, 58.212 *«

Receipts and shipments of salt at Chicago for seven years:

RecelptB,bbl8. Ship't8,bblfi;.

1852 92 907 59 3.^8

1853 • ^6 309 3^,7>5

1854, 176.52rt 91 534

1855 1 70 633 107. ^♦93

1856, 184 834 82.601

1857 2(»9,746 90 9 1 8

1858, 333,9.^8 191 279

1859, 316,897 250 467

1860, 223,01 8 164,401)

190 ^ KEPORT OF THE

Of the shipments for 1859 and 1860, the following amounts
were returned to Michigan:

1859. I860.

By Mich. C. R. R. 4,50t bbls. 2,478 bbls.

By Mich. S. R. R., 5,253 " 2,260 "

Total, besides shipments by lake,. . . 9,160 bbls. 4,738 bbls.

About one-third of the fine salt blocks at Onondaga, N. Y.,
are worked with coal, which is furnished from Pennsylvania at
$3,00 per ton. The use of coal has reduced the price of hard
wood at the works from five and six dollars per cord, to $3 50.
The latter sutn corresponds to $2 33 for "soft" wood, and $2 92
for "mixed" wood. The price of* barrels is at present about
26 cents. The prime cost of a barrel of salt (280 lbs.) at On
ondaga is stated to be 95 J cents. At Kanawha it is 87^ cents.

The solar salt manufacture was carried on at Onondaga in
1858, by 28 different parties, using an aggregate of 30,786
covers, and occupying 8,403,840 square feet, or nearly 193
acres of surface. In 1860 the whole number of covers has in-
creased to 36,302, occupying more than 207 acres of surface.

The fine salt manufacture was carried on in 1858 by 104 sep-
arate parties, who used an aggregate of 312 blocks and 16,434
kettles. No additions have been made to the close of 1860.

The aggregate value of the solar works, at $40

the cover, is, . $1,452,080

That of the fine salt works at $4,000 the block, is, . . 1,240,000

Total capital in salt manufacture, $2,692,080

About 21 per cent, of all the salt manufactured at Onondaga

«
is solar salt. This, it will be seen, requires a larger outlay of

capital than the 71) per cent, of fine salt. The cost of manu-
facture of the coarse salt i^, however, less, so that while one of
the elements of the prime cost of coarse salt is greater another

is less than the corresponding one for fine salt.*
«

The total annual produce of salt in the United Kingdom, is

> — ■ — 1

• For nearly all my iftformation rolativo to tho salt manufacture at Onondaga, I have
dop 'Q lol upon thu Aunual Reports of tho Super intendent, for which I am indebted to Supt.
•»V. W. Smith, and Prof. Geo. H. Cook.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 191

1,462,045 tons, which, at 2,000 lbs. per ton, amounts to

62,215,893 bushels. The total exports and their value for three

years, are as follows:

1865, 620,154 tons, valued at ^268,85T

1856, 745,513 " " 276,242

1857, 651,766 " " 239,969

The principal salt producing districts in England are Cheshire
and Worcestershire. It is mostly manufactured from rock salt. ,
At Northwich, in the former county, the bed of salt is not less
than 69 feet thick, a mile long, and 1,300 yards broad.

Salt is extensively manufactured from sea-water on the shores
of the Mediterranean, in tlie south France, and on the western
coast. At the saline of Bene the evaporating surfaces cover
an area of 815 English acres, and the annual manufacture is
20,000,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs. each), or 787,600 bushels.
The saline of Baynas yields annually 20,000 tons (757,500
bushels), 1,550 tons sulphate of soda (Glauber's salt), worth
30 francs the ton, and 200 tons of chlorid potassium, worth 360
francs the ton.

The total manufacture of salt, in France, in 1847, was as
follows :

Tons.

Salt marshes of the Mediterranean, 263,000

Western coast, 231,000

Salt springs and a mine, 76,000

670,000
This amount, reckoning 1,000 kilogrammes to the ton, is
equal to 22,443,750 bushels, and gives occupation to 16,650
workmen.*

Sea water is extensively evaporated by the Biscayans, on the
shores of Spain and Portugal. The salines of the lagoons of
Venice cover an area of about 1,630 English acres. The salt
mines of Central Europe have been celebrated for ages. Those
of Vieliczka and Bochnia, in Galicia, are well known. They be-

• For much valuable information on the manufacture of salt, eBpecially in France, see a
report *' On the extraction of salt from sea-water," by T. S. Hunt, in Canada Geological Re-
port for 1866, republished in Silliman's Journal, Vol. XXV [2] 361, May, 1868. Also Report
of Prof. Geo. H. Cook, in Superintendent's Report of Onondaga Salt Sprmgs, transmitted to
tho Legislature in 1863.

193 REPORT OF THE

long to the extensive saliferous tract lying along both sides of

the Carpathians, and embracing the mines of Wallachia, Traa*

sylvania, Galicia, Upper Hungary, Upper Austria, Styria, Sal:^?

berg and the Tyrol.

The total amount of salt annually produced by three of the

leading nations of the earth, is as follows; »

Great Britain, 62,215,8^3 bushels.

Fram-e, 22,413.750

United JStates, ^ 14,234,000

88,893,643 "
Besides the use of salt for mechanical and agricultural pur-
poses, it enters largely as an article of food into the consump-
tion of all classes of people; and it seems, like water and many
other natural products, to have been provided with special
reference to the physiological constitution of man. It is equally
Bought by the lower animals, especially the Ruminantia and
Pachydermata. Bees, even, are fond of sipping it from a state
of solution. Mungo Park sayb* that in the interior of Africa
**the greatest of all luxuries is salt. It would appear strange
to a European to sec a child suck a piece of rock salt as if it
were sugar. This, however, 1 have frequently seen; although
in the inland parts, the poorer class of inhabitants are so very
rarely indulged with this precious article, that to say a man
eats salt with his victuals, is the sam« as saying he is a rich
man. I have myself suffered great inconvenienoe from the
scarcity of this article. The long use of vegetable food creates
so painful a longing for salt, that no words can sufficiently
describe it." Burchell statesf that he sometimes had to send
90 miles for a gallon of salt.

The consumption of this article for food increases in the
direct ratio of the average I'efinement of a people, or of th^
world. We can therefore see no limit to the demand. Tbift
will continue to increase most rapidly in those regions where,
population and improvement are making most progress. In

this respect, no part of the world will compare with the great

— ■ . . . , , ^^

' •Travels, Vol. I. , p. 280. t Travels ia S. Africa.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 193

/ Northwest. When, in addition, it is remembered that salt has

long been used in some countries as an improver of the . soil,

• and that recent researches* have shown it to be well adapted

ft

for this purpose, there is no reason to fear that the manufacture
can ever be overdone. There are no evidences that the rapidly
increasing supply of Onondaga salt has perceptibly affected
the price for th^ period of 40 years.

Such being the facts, the vast geographical extent of the
salt basin of Michigan, together with the extraordinary strength
of the brine, furnish strong reasons to anticipate that at no
distant day Michigan will be the leading salt-producing State
of the Union; and a judicious public policy will be shaped with
r^erence to forwarding this result.

PEAT, LIGNrrE AND OTHER BITUMINOUS DEPOSITES.

Allusion has been made in a former part of this report, to the
existence of numerous depositest of Peat, scattered over the
surface of the Lower Peninsula. This substance is composed
almost entirely of vegetable matter, which is the distinguishing
characteristic of the luxurianl soils of the ** prairie" States.
Properly commingled, therefore, with our warm gravelly soils,
the result would be a union of the excellencies of two soils
quite distinct from each other. Impressed with a vague idea
of the agricultural value of peat, the farmer has not unfrequent-
ly strewn it in a crude state upon his fields and been disap*
pointed at the temporarily injurious effects produced. It must
be remembered, however, that peat is vegetable matter in a
tate ©f partial decomposition; and if it were not actually in-
jurious in this state, it could be of no use, as plants assimilate
^nly inorganic or disorganized matter. But partially decom-
posed vegetable matter is made up to a great extent of various
vegetable acids which impart a sourness to the soil, and prove *
a positive injury to crops. Obviously, therefore, the decompo-
sition of the peat must be completed before it is suitable As an
application to the soil. Various means are recommended for

• Yale Agricultural Lectures, p. 181.

25

194 REPORT OP THE

this purpose by writers on scientific agriculture, but as it is not
my intention here to enlarge upon this subject, I only allude
to two.

Firdt of all, the peat or muck should bo thrown out and left
where it can bo exposed to the process of alternate soaking
and drying, and if possible also to the action of frost.

Secondlj'', it may be mixed with lime, which, 'as an alkalino
agent, will neutralize the acidity, and at the same time facili-
tate decomposition. When thus mixed, it is much more prompt-
ly prepared for use. The lime for this purpose has not to be
quarried from a distant ledge and burned in a kiln. Nature hafir
placed it in the form of marl, in immediate juxtaposition with
the peat which needs its agency. Indeed the farmer can in
many cases load his cart with the mixed deposits without even
moving his team from their tracks. I hardly know a more
striking adaptation of natural means for the accomplishment of
a necessary object. The porous nature of our soils suffers
their soluble constituents . to be carried away to the lower
levels, where peat and marl are -accumulating, and where the
growths of ages unknown, have been adding a tholisand fold to
the nutritive elements broi!i«:ht down from the soils of the con-
tiguous hill slopes. These depositories of agricultural force, a
good economy will not fail to appreciate and apply to the recu-
peration of declining wheat land«.

While, however, the application of peat as a fertilizer to the
soil is its most obvious use in a purely agricultural region, it
cannot be said that this is its principal, or even its most im-
portant application. Though in a country like our own, covered
with priraiiive forests, the value of peat as a fuel is almost un-

known, the amount ctmsumed in older countries is truly enor-
mous. Thi3 bogs of Ireland are estimated to occupy 2,830,000
acres. Two million acres, at an average depth of nine feet,
assuming peat to be but on(j-sixth the value of coal, will furnish
an amouut of fuel equal to 410,000,000 tons of coal, worth thir-
teen hundred millions of dollars. For the purposes of ordinary
faeJ, the raw peat is prepared by subjecting it between cloths,

STATE GEOLOGIST, 1»6

to tbe pressure of a powerful hydraulic press. This condenses
it to one-third of its original volume, and three-fifths of its orig-
inal weight, through loss of moisture. At the large peat bog
near Liancourt, on the Northern Railway, nineteen leagues
north of Paris, the peat after having been thoroughly mixed
and worked together, is moulded under great pressuie into small
bricks, which, when dried, are heavier than water. The moulded
pjeat is worth in Paris 20 francs the .ton of 1,000 kilogrammcF,
(2,204 pounds avoirdupois.) The amount raised at this bog
annually is 10,000 to 12,000 tons. At Rheims 14,000 tons aro
annually produced. A peat bog in the vicinity of New York
city, six feet deep and forty acres in ext«nt, is stated by Prot
Mather to have yielded a fuel which retailed for $4 50 per cord,
realizing $4,500 per acre, a little mora than a third of which
was expenses.

For mechanical, and not unusually for domestic purposes, the
dried peat is first converted into a coke or charcoal, of which it
yields from 40 to 42 per cent. Peat charcoal sells in Paris for
about the same price as wood charcoal, or 13 francs the 100
kilogrammes — the relative prices of wood or peat charcoal,
mineral coal and wood, being as the numbers 13, 4^, 4| respect-,
ively. This proportion would of course vary with the relative
abundance of peat, wood and mineral coal, in any country.
Peat c jke occupies about the same space, weight fur weight,.
as ordinary coke, and only half that of charcoal, having a spe-
cific gravity of 1.040, that of charcoal from hard woods aver-
aging 0.505. For heating purposes, 7 tons <»f peat coke are
elquivalent to 6 tons of good coal coke. For the manufacture
and working of iron, peat coke is pronounced decidedly supe-
rior to charcoal, both in consequence of its greater heating
property and its production of a superior quality of iron. It is
extensively employed in preference to any other fuel in many
of the furnaces of Prance, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Bohemia and
, Sweden. For steam producing purposes, compressed peat has
been proved at least equal to any other fuel. A factitious coal
is prepared from peat by the Dublin Steam Na^\%Wcia\!L ^^\fiL-

IM REPORT OP THE

pany, 10 cwts. of which generate the same steam power as VH'
cwts. of pit coal. Peat is very extensively employed on the :
steamers which ply in the waters in and about Ireland, and
even upon the river Shannon, in the midst of a ^coal bearing
country. . Some of the prepared peats of Prance are also said
to be economically employed for stationary steam engines, and
even for locomotives.

< The uses to which peat has been profitably applied do not^
stop even here. A company exists at Kilberny, in Ireland, hav-
ing a factory in operation in which they produce from peat. Tar,
Paraffiue, Oil, Naphtha, Sulphate of Ammonia, and a Gas, th^
combustion of which is applied to the manufacture of Iron.
The most thorough and extensive manufacture of these pro*-
ducts, however, seems to be effected by Messrs. Babonneau & •
Co., at Paris. According to Mr. Armand, the skillful chemist
of this establishment, good peat yields, on an average, about
40 per cent, of charcoal, 15 to 18 per cent, of crude oil contain-
ing paraffine, 36 per cent, of water containing carbonatej acetate
and sulphydrate of ammonia, and a little wood spirit, besides
7^ per cent, of inflammable gases and loss. The ammonia mi
equial to 2 per cent, of sal ammoniac. The oil, by distillation, i»i
separated into a light oil or naphtha which is burned for illumi^
nation, in lamps of a peculiar construction, and a heavy, letiB
volatile portion which is used for lubricating machinery, or is
mingled with fat oils for burning in ordinary lamps. There ift?
obtaimed besides, a portion of solid bUumen or pitch amounting*
to 4 or 6 per cent, of the dried peat. The paraffine, which is>
dissolved in the oils, is separated by exposing them to cold, and
is afterwards purified. The yield of this product is 2 or 3 per
cent, c^ the peat. When pure, it is a white, fusible crystalline]
solid, devoid of taste or smell, much resembling spermaceti isi
appearance, and like it employed in the manufacture of candles.
The price of paraffine in France is a little more than one franc
per pound.

The gas evolved during the distillation of peat may be em^i
ployed, as at Kilberry, ia Ireland, for the purposes of healing \

STATE GEOLOGIST. 197

•i>r it maybe mixed with the gas obtained by the decomposition,

: at a high temperature, of the crude oil from peat. In this Way
an iUuminating gas is obtained which has three and four tenths
times the illuminating power of coal gas, while the yield is
equal to t&at from coal.

The solid bitumen resulting from the distillation of peat may
be employed like asphalt in the preparation of mastic for paving.
Even the crude peat, by being mixed after drying with 10 to 15

: per cent, of coal tar, and boiled for several hours, dissolves into
a viscid liquid, which, when cooled, is solid, and resembles
asphalt. The crude residues from the rectification of the oil of
peat are burned in proper apparatus, and furnish abundance of

•lampblack.

For the production of gunpowder, many varieties of peat are
superior to the charcoal of dogwood aiid alder.*

The reader, perhaps, will hardly deem it credible that so great
a variety of commercial products is obtained from a substance
00 common and so little valued as the " muclc" with which our
'' swamps" are filled. As all such doubts arise from ignorance
of the properties of peat, I present below a convenient synopsis
of the products and uses of this substance :

1. Crude peat as a fertilizer for the soil.

2. Prepared peat and peat-coke as fuel.

(a) For domestic and ordinary heating purposes.

(6) For the generation of steam.

(c) For the manufacture and working of metals.

3. Peat for the manufacture of gunpowder.

4. Peat or bitumen from peat for paving purposes.

5. Crude oil for purposes of lubrication, illumination and

gas-making.

6. Petroleum for burning in lamps.

1. Paraffine for the manufacture of candles.

8. Light, inflammable gas for heating.

9. Illuminating gas of superior quality.
10. Lampblack.

The value of peat for any or all of the above purposes will

obviously depend upon its freedom from earthly deposites. In

• For valuable information on the subject of Peat, the readerl b referred to ** Tltylor's Bta-
ilstics of Goal," and T. S. Hunt's Chemical Reports, In the Canada Geological Bf&\^xMk Vast
t86aandl856.

198 REPORT OP THE

those cases whcBo a bog has grown with the growth and decay
of Sphagnum, or other bog mosses, the peat is often composed ©f
almost pure vegetable matter. In other cases, where the bog^
has been periodically inundated, as around the margins of some
lakes and ponds, more or less of earthly sediment will be found
miKcd with the peaty materials.- A large proportion of our
principal peat bogs, however, will compare favorably in purity
with those in foreign countries, to which I have already aHuded.

It will of course be inferred that the bed of lignite which I
have described as occurring on the shore of Grand Traverse
Bay, possesses all the capabilities of ordinary peat. Should
the spontaneous, flow of petroleum from the rocks ever be ma-
terially diminished, the same product may be very cheaply dm-
tilled, as is done in foreign countries, from lignite and peat as
well as from coal.

Although it might be better to 'speak of Rock Oils or Petro-
leum under a distinct head, still tlie subject is here naturally
introduced, and I proceed to append the few remarks which 1
have to offer on this subject.

The distillation of bituminous shales and mineral bitumeps
is carried on to a fj:ieat extent both in England -and on the con-
tinent. To this class of matters belong ^the so-called Boghead
and cannel coals, as well as the bituminous minerals of various
parts of Fiance and Switzerland. Here belongs the black bitu-
minous shale of Canada West, and Thunder and Grand Traverse
Bays in this State, which will undoubtedly prove uncommonly
rich in bituminous matter. Indeed, the abundant spontaneous
distillation from shales of the same age, which has supplied the
oil wells of Pennsylvania and Ohio, is an evidence that the
products of artificial distillation would prove correspondingly
rich. These substances yield, in general, the same products as
peat. The amount of paraffiue, however, is said to be less, and
the residue left from distillation is, unlike that from peat, com-
paratively worthless. A yield of five per cent of bituminous
Diatter qualifies the shales in France to be economically worked.
The yield of our shales has never been accurately ascertaiiked,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1^9

and 1 have no means at my disposal for the determination of
these important questions.

Shales thus bituminized have an existence in our State, about
which there can be no question. I have elsewhere expressed
the hope that they will yet be found to yield a spontaneous flow
of Petroleum, like those of neighboring distfricts. The belt of
ccftmtry along which experiments might be made extends from
Wayne county to Port Huron, and from Thunder to Grand
Traverse Bay. The geological relations and the' surface indi-
cations are such, especially along the southern belt, that a few
borings would be fully justified. A few years ago, as I am in-
formed by Mr. F. P. Bouteller, a boring for water was under-
taken beneath a saw mill in the township of Greenfield, Wayne

a ft

county. After the drill has passed through a bed of bluish
flhale at the depth of 70 or 80 feet, it was suddenly wrested
from the hands of the workmen by the violent escape of a fetid
gas which threw up water and sand to the height of several
feet. By accident, the stream of gas was ignited, and sent a
column of flame to the roof of the mill, which had to be re-
moved. All efforts to entinguish it proved futile for several
hours, when the furnace pipe was placed over the well to guide
the flame. This, to the great relief of the owner, had the eflect
of smothering the fire. Grateful for his escape, he effectually
closed the door against any further eruption of the nether firea
by promptly filling the hole with stones well rammed down;
and has stoutly persisted in refusing to allow any further ex-
periments of this dangerous character upon his premises.'^ Sim-
ilar phenomena have been witnessed at various points along the
shores of the St: Clair river and lake.

Inflammable gas is the product of the distillation of petro-
leum, and it is not improbable that by extending explorations,
below the horizon of the gas, the reservoir of oil would bof
reached.

WELLS AND SPRINGS.

«

The late successful boring of several artesian wells m the

200 REPORT OP THE

Bouthern part of the State, has created a very general desire to
know to what extent artesian borings would prove successful
in other parts of the State. Several unsuccessful borings have
been made at points where the work has been directed rather
by empiricism than by any adequate knowledge of the exist-
ence of such a geological structure as could furnish reasonable
grounds for the expectation of success.

From what has already been stated of the general conforma-
tion of the strata underlying the Lower Peninsula, the accumu-
lation and retention of vast reservoirs of water in these great
peninsular dishes, will appear obvious and necessary. , Rains
falling upon the surface percolate downwards until the water
reaches an impervious stratum along which it flows till it
reaches the lowest depression of that stratum, somewhere be-
neath the center of the State, and some hundreds of feet from
the surface. The water-bearing strata are, therefore, porous
Bandstone, immediately underlain and overlain by impervious
Btrata of an argillacious or calcareous character. Each porous
Bandstone stratum thus underlain \and overlain throughout our
whole senes, becomes in this manner surcharged with water
admitted at its outcrop. It is obvious, now, that by boring
down at any point within the circuit of the outcrop of a water-
bearing stratum, until that stratum is pierced, the water will
rise through the hole to a point on a le^vel with the rim of the
ibasin which holds the water. If the place of boring is lower
than that point, the water will rise to the surface and overflow;
if higher, it will not.

In consequence of the general rise of the surface of the penin-
«ula froto the lake shores toward the interior, the outcrops of
the^ strata occur, as a general rule, at lower levels than the
points within the basins which they form ; and artesian wells
K^annot be a thing of general occurrence. In the southern part
♦of Jackson, and the northern part of Hillsdale counties, how
•ever, the sandstones of the Napoleon and Marshall Groups out-
crop at levels considerably higher than the general elevation of
the peninsula^ i^nd it is likely that the impediments to a free

STATE GEOLOGIST. 201

I

circulation of the water, in these strata, prevent it from sinking,
in these elevated sections, to the level of the lowest^ portions of
the basin in remote parts of the State. As a consequence, arte-
Bian borings might prove successful throughout the southern
half of Jackson county, and the eastern portion of Calhoun, if
continued down to the bottom of either of these groups.

It must not be supposed, however, that the artesian wells of
Jackson are supplied from this source. If I have, succeeded in
the identification of the rocks, in that vicinity, these wells are
Bupplied from the Parma Sandstone Albion is outside of the
rim of this formation, and the wells there have to be continued
down to the bottom of the Napoleon Sandstone. Marshall is
outside of the rim of this, and rests just upon the rim of the
Outcropping Marshall Group; and hence I should not expect
that the contained waters would rise to the surface. The arte-
sian (salt) wells of Grand Rapids are supplied from the Napo-
leon Group, the water being salted fn>in the group immediately
above. The wells at Saginaw issue from the same sandstones,
and are salted in the same way. In the southern part of Jack-
son and northern part of Hillsdale counties, where the streams
have cut through these rocks, the contained waters rush out in
extended chains of most beautiful and copious springs of pure
water. Adrian is located upon the argillaceous strata of the
Huron Group, and the first water-bearing stratum which would
be reached is included in the Monroe limestones, perhaips 250
feet below. But the purface slopes gradually toward Lake
Erie, so that the hydrostatic pressure would not be adequate to
an artesian overflow. Ann Arbor is supposed to lie within the
rim of the Marshall and Napoleon sandstones, but the consider-
able elevation of this place precludes all expectation of an
overflow. The artesian wells at Toledo do not reach the solid
rock at all, though this has been unsuccessfully explored to a
considerable depth. The alluvial deposites, which are here of
great depth, are made up of alternating sandy and argillaceous
beds, which slope gradually toward the bed of the lake, and of

26

202 SErORT OP THE

' course outxsrop successively on the higher levels, several miles
back from the lake shore. These, like the more solid water-
bearing strata, carry the water from the surface along imper-
vious floors^ until it passes under the city, and finds its way
into the artesian borings.

From what has been said of the occurrence of outlying
patches, or small detached basins of carboniferous rocks, and
the gently undulating character of the whole system, it will at
once be inferred that besides the great basins just alluded to as
reservoirs of water, there must be numerous smaller local
basins. Tlie indications seem to justify the conclusion that the
wells at Jackson are supplied from a local basin. It appears,
therefore, that a reliable opinion on the prospect of success at
any particular point involves not only a knowledge of the gei>
erarconformation of the rocks, but also an acquaintance with
the special geology of the region in question.

In those portions of Calhoun, Jackson and Hillsdale counties
which are situated over the outcrops of the Napoleon and Mar-
shall sandstones, very many of the common wells terminate in
these rocks, and from them derive their supply of water.
Nearly all the wells of the Lower Peninsula, however, derive
their supply from the sands of the Drift. The materials of the
upper portion of this formation have been, by geological agen-
cies, considerably assorted, so that beds of arenaceous mate-
rials alterno-te with beds of argillaceous materials, as in the
underlying rocks. There is, however, no general stratification
of these depusites Every bed of sand is comparatively locaL
No general parallelism can be traced among them. The aigil-
laceous layers of the drift may be compared to a pile of wooden
bowls thrown confusedly together — the interspaces being fill<^>d
with sand. At one point, a well will be found to be within the
rim of a given bowl, while at a very short distance from that,
an excavation would prove to be outside of the same basin and
would have to be carried perhaps to a much greater depth be-
fore reaching the bottom of the basin which underlies. On th»
University grounds, wells are sunk *10 to 80 feet before reach*

STATE GEOLOGIST. 2CS:

ing water, while at the Observatory, which is 42 feet higher,

the water rises within six feet of the surface. The latter well

is obviously supplied from a local basin which occupies a higher .

level.

The purity and salubrity of TiO'ell and spring water, in the

Lower Peninsula of Michigan, are generally very great. An

analysis of the water from the well oh the north side of the

University campus, was made by T. C. McNeill, A. B., of the

Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, with the following result;

Dcfpth of well, 70 feet 8 inches.

Temperature of water, 60^ Fah.

Free carbonic acid in 100 parts, .015598.

Solid constituents:

Carbonate of lime, 0.017800

Carbonate of magnesia,... . 006058

Carbonate of iron, . 00021)0

Chloridof sodium, 0.0'»0448

Sulphate of soda, 0.000507

Carbonate of soda, . 000 1 52

Sulphate of potash, 0.000678^

Silicic acid, • 0.0U0730

Organic matter, 0.002300

Total, . 02896a

The wells of Detroit, and much of the region along the lake

and river shore, from Toledo to St. Clair, are sunk in lacustrine

deposites, which impart a greater per centage of organic and

soluble matter. The following analysis was made by Prof. S,

H. Dcfuglass, in 1854, for the Board of Water Commissioners of

the city of Detroit. The water was taken from a well at the

residence of Amos T. Hall, on Woodward Avenue:

Chlorid of potassium, 0.01 lOOO

Chlorid of sodium, . 072r20

Chlorid of magnesium, . 034760

Sulphate of potassa, 01 0450

Sulphate of lime, 0.0-28-i60

Silica, 0.002370

Carbonate of lime, . 039 1 90

Carbonate of iron, . 001 020

i_

Total, C\ .V^^W?^

'204 REPORT OP THE

The water of Detroit river at the same time contained the
following constituents:

Sulphate of potassa, : 0.000283

Sulphate of soda, . 000750

Phosphate of lime ■ ; 0.003110

Alumina, 0.001050

Silica . 000500

Carbonate of lime, 0.003300

Carbonate of iron, ....* 0.0U0814

Total, :". 0.009801

By far the most important mineral waters of the Lower Pe-
-ninsula are those charged with chlorid of sodium. The ferru-
ginous sandstones of the lower part of the State, give origin,
however, to numerous springs which are strongly chalybeate,
while the bituminous rocks of the Huron and Upper Helderberg
groups, become the source of strongly sulphureous waters.
No formal investigations have been made of any of these
springs. The following analysis, however, by Mr. McNeill, be-
fore quoted, was made upon thQ water of a spring issuing upon
the land of Solomon Mann, Esq., Ann Arbor:

Temperature, 50*=^ Fah.
Specific gravity, 1.001.

Constituents of the solid matter:

Carbonate of lime, . 022800

Carbonate of magnesia, . 008936

Carbonate of iron, 0.000468

Chloride of sodium, 0.000488

Iodide of sodium, trace.

.Sulphate of soda, .* . 000971

Carbonate of soda, , 0.000042

Sulphate of potash,.... 0.000531

Silicic acid, , 0.001200

Organic matter, ' 0.002500

#

Total, 0.031936

Free and partially combined carbonic abid, 028500

The quantity of iron in this water is greater than that in the
chalybeate waters of Bath, England, and Karlsbad and Teplitz,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 205-

in BohemiAy though the total solid constituents are considerably
less.

The sulphur springs of the southern portion of the State are
exceedingly numerous, and I shall take the space in the present
report to allude particularly to only two.

A very remarkable spring occurs on section 22 (?), in the-
township of Erie, Monroe county. It is situated within the
marsh which borders the lake, about one mile from the lake-
shore and four miles south east from Vienna. The spriLg has
to be reached by boat. It is found occupying a conical depres-
sion, about 200 feet in diameter and 45 feet .deep. Some time
before reaching the spot the sulphureous odor can be detected,
when the wind is favorable. At the distance of 30 rods the
water of the bayou has a sulphuretted taste, and a whitish de-
posite can be seen on the stems of aquatic vegetation. At the
time of my visit the rim of the basin was 18 inches under water,
but later in the season the water subsides, and the.rim is con-
verted into a fine walk around the pool. Under these circum-
stances the flow of water from the spring forms a stream 10 feet
wide and 3 feet deep, with a considerate current.

Another interesting locality is found on the south side of the
Baisin river, nearly opposite the Raisinville lime quarries, in
Monroe county. Here is a chain of sulphur springs on the^ land
of Robert Talford. On approaching^ the locality sulphuretted
fames are very distinctly perceived. The water boils up in
very copious quantities at more than half a dozen points within
the area of a quarter of an acre. A copious, white — almost
snow white — deposite -lines the banks and bed of the stream
which flows off from these springs. The several rills uniting
form a stream capable of turning a small mill, or perhaps dis-
charging 1200 gallons of water per minute. Through a log
erected in one of the springs, the water rises 8 or 10 feet. In
the midst of the group is a fine spring of sweet water.

The evidences of sulphur here are equal to those seen at
some of the most celebrated watering places. It is a cause of
astonishment that efforts have not long since beeaix!La.d^l<^\^<^^-

206

REPOI^T OP THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

der this a place of resort for invalids and others. The springs
arc located in a dry, elevated limestone region. The surround-
ings, though not picturesque, are diversified and agreeable.
The water is strong and copious. Access i» comparatively
easy by public conveyance on the plank road 8^ miles fitm
Monroe.

Three other groups of springs of equal copiousness exist m
the immediate neighborhood, and numerous others are scatter^
ed tliroughout the county.

CHAPTER VII.

rHTSICAI, GEOGRAPHY, TOl'OGRAPHY, HYDROGRAPHY, METEOROLOGY.

It becomes necessary in the present hasty report, to omit all
reference to these subjects except what is embraced in the ful*
lowing table, which is partially reprcWuced from Higgins' Re**
port, as Topographer to the Geological Survey, (Rep. 1839, p.
ffl,) partly from Foster and Whitney's Report on the Lake Su-
perior Land Di$trict, Parti, pp. 18, 38 et seq, and is otherwise
Compiled from original observations, and other unpublished
data:

ALTITUDES of 'various points within the State of Michigan.

LOCALITIES.

Lake Kne

Detioit Riv'er at Detroit,

Base of old Capitol at Detroit,

Wayne Station,*

West line, Wayne county,

Ypsilanti Station, ». .

Gedde«' Station,

Ann Arbor Station,

University buildings, A.nn Arbor,f (by level froni

depot,)

Observatory, Ann Arbor, (by level from depot,)

Delhi, Washtenaw Co.,

Scio,

Dexter,

Chelsea,

West line Washtenaw Co., on railroad,

Francisco Station, Jackson Co

Grass Lake "
Leoni, '<

AboTO
tbo Sea.

It
tt
It

tt
tt
tt

tt
tt

665
'668
696
668
716
713
746
771

876
9ia
817
828
869
916
1015
1024
989
97»

^ Hoights of points along M. C. R. R., unless otherwise designated, have been communi-
eatod by Tbos. Frazjr, Esq. , of the Central Office, Detroit.

t The corrected rnaan of the Barometer at the University, for mos., ending F(!b., 1865,
was 29 047 inubcs, which corresponds to an altitude ol 809 feci, while the hoigbtof the pjoM
Of obs jr vation wa& supposed to be 891 feet.

208

REPORT OF THE

LOCALITIES.

Above
Lake Hu-

Above
the Sea.

ron.

363

941

400

918

362

940

365

943

351

929

54

632

313

951

280

858

26

844 i

100

618 1

232

810

341

925

354

932'

. 317

95g

218

85a

181

165

154

132

138

116

181

165

100

618*

14

652

53

631r

106

684

1.6

654

82

660

56

634

. 216

854

265

843

414

992]

238

8ia

145

128^

284

862

368

946

336

914

56

684

51

629^

((

ft

tt

tl

tt

tt

tt
tt
it
tt
it
It
tt
tt
tt

tt

tt

Michigan Ceuter, Jackson Co.,

Jackson,

Barry,

Albion, Calhoun Co.,

Kalamazoo river, Albion, Calhoun Co., (Higgins,)

Half Way House, Wayne Co.,

Head of Spectacle Lake, Calhoun Co.,

Rice Creek, near Marshall, " "

Honey Creek, Washtenaw Co.,

Huron river, Ypsilanti, '*

Huron river, Dexter, "

Sandstone Creek, Jackson Co.,

Outlet of Gillett's Lake,

Outlet of Grass Lake,

W. end of Prairie Ronde, Kalamazoo Co., **

Kalariftizoo R., sec. 3^, Augusta,

** Kalamazoo,

Crossing M. S. & N. I. R. R., at St. Joseph R.,

St Joseph Co., (Higgins,)

Branch, St Joseph R., sec. 35, Mattison, Branch

Co., (Higgins,)

Bank of L. Michigan, New Buffalo, Berrien Co.,

(Higgins,)

Bank of Galien R., 10 miles E. of New Buffalo,

Berrien Co , (Higgins,)

St. Joseph R., at Bertrand, Ber'n Co., (Higgins,)
Paw Paw R , Lafayette village. Van Buren Co.,

(Hijrgins,)

Buah Creek, near Mason, Van BVn Co., (Higgins,)
Stony Cxeek, '* crossing Northern R. R.," Ionia

Co., (Higgins,)

Mouth of Maple River, Ionia Co., (Higgins,)

N. branch Raisin R., Lenawee Co.,

Hasler's Creek, Lapeer Co.,

Head of Bell.e R., "

Flint River, Lapeer, Lapeer Co.,

Shiawassee R., Owosso, Shiawassee Co.,

Village of Newberry, St Clair Co.,

Head of Mill Creek,

Pnntiac, Oakland po.,

Bass R. crossing, "Northern R. R.," Ottawa Co.,

(Higgins,)

Crossing Southern R. R., 4 m. W. of Monroe,

(Higgins,)

<i

tt

tt

tt

tt

tt

tt

STATE GEOLOGIST.

209

LOCALITIES.

Above
Lake Hu-
ron.

Above
the Sea.

Cass R., T. 11 N., 5 E., 1 ft. above Saginaw R. at
East Saginaw, (M. B. Hess,) supposing the
river falls 1 ft. from there to the Bay,

Birch Run, T. 10 N., 6 JW., (M. B. Hess,)

Pine Run, T. 9 N., 6 E., " '*

Summit bet. Fliiit and Pine livers, in T. 9 N., 1
E., (M. B. Hess,)

Flint river, T. 7 N., 1 E., (M. B. Hess,)

Detroit Station, Detroit & Mil. R.,*

Royal Oak, Oakland Co.,

Birmingham,

Pontiac,

Drayton Plains, Oakland Co.,

Waterford,

ti

tt

ti

tt

tt

It

tt

tt

it

u

tt

tt

tt
tt
ft
tt

tt

tt.

tt
tt

tt

tt

Clarkston,

" Clarkston Cut,"

Springfield,

Davis burgh.

Holly,

Fentonville, Genesee Co.,

Linden, "

Gaines, "

Vernon, Shiawassee Co ,

Corunna,

Owosso,

Ovid, Clinton Co., . ,

St. Johns, " . .

Dallas, "

Pewamo, Ionia Co.,

Muir,

Ionia,

Saranac, (Boston,) Ionia Co.,

Lowell, Kent Co.,

Ada, " "

Lamphier^s Creek, (crossing, only,) Kent Co.,. . .

Orand Rapids, Kent Co., v

Berlin, Ottawa Co.,

Coopersville, "

Nunica,
Mill Po-nt,

Orand Haven, "

Mean height of Lower Peninsula, (Higgins,). . .

tt

tt

tt

tt

19

19i»

349

881

404

41f)

440

438

370

340

330

291

267

181

186

154

146

177

167

163

67

60

60

48

76

200

64

91

64

46

4

4

160

680
604
683

805
698
675
667
768
927
969
982
993
1018
1016
948
918
^08
869
845
769
763
732
724
765
735
731
645
638
628
626
653
778
632
669
632
623
682
682
738

* For heights of points along tha D. & M. B., I am indebted to Superintendent W. E. Muir.

2T

210

REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

LOGALTIIES.

Above
Lake Hu-
ron.

Above
the Sea.

tl

It

«

it

it

n

Lakes Huron and Michigan, (Higgins,)

Lake Ontario, "

Sliding bank, entrance to Hammond's Bay, Lake
Huron, (Halt 676,)

Bluff at Marble Quarry, E. end Drummond's I , . .

Fort Mackinac, (Higgins,) -.

Old Fort Holmes, Mackinac L, (Higgins,) ......

by Barometer, July, 1860, . . .
by Geological level, July, 1860,
according to Foster k Whitney,

Robinson's Folly, (Higgins,)

" " by Geol. level, July, 1860, . . .

Bluff facing Round I., "

Summit of Sugar Loaf, "

Chimney Rock,

Lover's Leap,

Top of arch at Arched Rock, by Geol. level, July,
1860, , . . . .

Top of arch at Arched Rock, by Barometer

To highest summit of Arched Rock, by level, . . .

Top of Buttress facing the lake at do. "

Principal Plateau of Mackinac Island, "

Upper Plateau of " " " . . .

Summit of St. Joseph L, (T. N. Molesworth,) . . .

Lake Superior, (Foster and Whitney,)

It

xt

it
tt
tt
tt

tt
tt
tt
tt

11

98
150
219
307
318
315
128
127
147
284
131
145

140
13^
149
105
150
294
400

573
235

655
676
728
797
885
897
89a
706
705
725
862
709
72a

718
716
72T
688
728
872
978
62T

LOCAIinES.

Above

Lake Su-

rior.

Above
the Seiw

Pie Island, N. shore L. Sup., (Foster & Whitney,)

McKay's Mountain,

Thunder Cape,

St. Ignace, (estimated,)

Les Petits Ecrits,

Pic Island,

Michipicoten Island,

Gros Cap, (estimated,).

Highest Point Porcupine Mts.,

Mt. Houghton, near head of Keweenaw Point,

(Foster & Whitnty,)

Grand Sable, L. S., (transported materials,) . . . .
Pt. Iroquois, " " "

tt

tl

tt

tt

tt

It

tt

tt

760

1000

1350

1300

850

760

800

700

1380

884
345
350

1381
162t
197T
192T
1477
1387
1427
1327
200T

1511
972
97T

fjs:rt n.

ZOOLOGY

CHAPTER VIII.

REPORT OP THE STATE ZOOLOaiST.

Lansing, Mich., Dec. 20th, 186Cf,

To Prop. A. Winchell, State Geologist:

Sir — I have the honor to transmit the following report pf pro-
gress made in the Zoological department of the Natural History
Survey of the State, during the past two years.

Owing to the limited appropriation made by the Legislati^re
for the purpose of recommencing the Geological Survey of the
State, and the desirableness of prosecuting the explorations in
the Geological department with as effective a force as possible,
I have been unable, as you are well aware^ to devote but a part
of my time to investigations in the department assigned me in
the organization of the Geological corps.

' The Zoological collections already made comprise such speci-
mens as could be readily obtained without the sacrifice of much
time, or detracting materially from the efScient progress of the
Geological reconnoissance.

Very much remains to be done before an approximation to a
oomplete knowledge of our fauna can be obtained.

From the nature of the subjects of investigation in this de-
partment, it is difficult, in a limited space, to give a satisfactory
account of the exact progress of the work, or even to embody
the results accomplished when so much remains unfinished.

The subjoined catalogue of the species known to inhabit our
State, will, perhc-ps, best present an outline of the labor already
performed, and at the same time furnish desirable information
in regard to the geographical range oi ft^^cvei^.

ai4 REPORT OP THE

In addition to the list here presented there are large nnmbers
of apectmens that remain to be identified and deecribed, which
irill materiall; increase the number of known species in the
State.

The fishes, insects, and cruetaceaiis have not been worked ap
and for that reason have been omitted from the catalngue.

It may not be out of place in this connection to make a brief
atAtement of the aims to be kept in view, and the results which
may be expected to follow from the^ameBt prosecution of the
study of the Zoology of our State.

Prom the intimate and important relations existing between
man and the various branches of the Animal Kingdom, he is
particularly interested in becoming acquainted with the lorms,
structure, metamorphoses, habits, and dispositioDS of the ani-
mate beings which surround him. He would tiins be better fit-
ted to act intelligently in availing himself of the benefits to be
derived from those species that are capable of improvement by
domestication, and at the same time be enabled to successfully
maiutais that influence and control over die economy of inferior
organizations which his snperior physical and mental develope-
ment, as well as interests, require of him. Dependent upon tba
animal kingdom, as he is to a great extent, for many of the
comforts and luxuries of life, it would seem that the importance
of a thoTongh investigation of the laws which govern this mag-
nificent creation of living, beings, and their relations toman's
well-being and interests cannot be too highly estimated.

In the present advanced state of the abstract sciences, every
branch of inquiry or investigation, ao matter how trivial or
unimportant it may in itself appear, tends directly to develop
i«6ults that are of practical application in the varied pu. suits
of life.

Kany illastratidfas of this fact might be adduced, and will
undoubtedly present themselves to the minds of those who are
familiar with the history of the useful arts. 1 will, however,
a single instance:

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 215

When it became known that sealing-wax, amber, and other
resinoua bodies, on being rubbed would attract pith-balls and
other light substances, the discovery was looked, upon as unim-
portant and trifling, and no one thought the knowledge capable
of being made available for any practical purpose; yet from
this small beginning the science of electricity has been devel-
oped, which, in its practical applications in the arts, no one in
the present age would venture to set a limit. From the appli-
cation of the principles of this science we are indebted for the
increased facilities in the art of printing, by the process of elec-
trotyping, improvements in the art of gilding, as well as for
that wonder of the age, the magnetic telegraph, that brings by
its network of wires the most remote places into almost instan-
taneous communication.

The so-called trifling experiments of philosophers, considered
by many as beneath, the attention of intelligent beings, have
brought forth fruit abundantly, the influence of which on the
world's progress can hardly be estimated.

Thus, in every department of knowledge, practical results
are constantly presenting themselves as the inevitable conse-
quence of progress in the purely abstract investigations of
science.

An accurate scientific knowledge of the appearance, food,
development, and mode of existence, of the various animal
forms we are brought in contact with in our every day pursuits,
as well as their varied relations to the vegetable and inorganic
kingdoms of nature, is indispensable if we would derive prac-
tical benefit from the different classes of the animal kingdom
and render them subservient to our prosperity and happiness.

Such knowledge to the agriculturalist would indeed be found
of incalculable advantage; it would enable him to protect, as
far as possible, the many, species that confer direct benefits by
furnishing various useful products, and to encourage the devel-
opment of those that assist in protecting his crops, by preying
on noxious forms, and thus preventing their inordinate increase,
and at the same time he would be better prepared to eido^t* ^'qkJ^-

216 KEPORT OF THE

able measures for destroying and keeping in check those that
by their depredations on his forest trees and grasses become
most formidable enemies and the pests of civilization.

The army of weevils, Hessian flies, midges, chinch bugs, and
cut worms attacking his wheat and other cereals, the numerous
species of borers, curculios, locusts, and moths so destructive
to his fruit and forest trees, all point to his interest in becoming
better acquainted with the economy of nature, and studying
more closely the varied phenomena presented lay organic beings.

The intimate relations of Zoology to the other departments of
science, might be cited as an incentive to a more general dis-
semination and increase uf the knowledge of organic beings.

Geology derives important aid in its investigations from the
application of the principles of Zoology; indeed, the rapid pro-
gress of the science of Geology at the present time is owing to
the accurate investigations of the relations existing between
the organic forms at present inhabiting our globe, and those
fossil remains that are the index of the faunas and floras of
past ages.

It Is in fact in consequence of the aid furnished by the kin-
dred sciences of Botany and Zoology that modern Geology hat
attained her proudest achievements.

In the State of New York alone hundreds of thousand of dol-
lars have been expended in explorations for coal, when an ex-
amination of a few shells that abound in her rocks, would have
shown that the entire geological formations of the State were
below the coal bearing series of rocks, and that explorations
for that mineral would consequently be fruitless.

In an educational point of view, a systematic knowledge of
the animals inhabiting our State, their habits and relations to
man and the surrounding world, would furnish a fund of mate-
rials for reflection and study, which, as a means of mental cul-
ture and developement, is capable ef attaining a higt rank
among the studies considered essential in our institutions of

•

learning, to a successful training of the intellec » al powers.
At the present time, when a knowledge of the principles of

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 211

Natural History is considered indispensable to a finished educa-
tion, the want of Museums in our State where the materials for
the prosecution of this most interesting branch of study may
be accessible to eVery one, is' severely felt.

To supply this want, complete collections of the plants and
animals of our State should be made so as fully to illustrate
their systematic relations and affinities of structure, due prom,
ineuce being given in their arrangement to the- exhibition in a
suitable manner of those species that are of benefit to the
agriculturalist, as well as those that from their habits are contin-
ually warring against his interests by committing ravages that
it is an object to keep within due bounds.

Aside from all this, the study of nature has a still higher sig-
nificance than can be measured by any merely practical or pe-
cuniary advantages accruing from its prosecution.

As the material expressions of the ideas of the Creator, the
Supreme Intelligence of the Universe, the world of organic be-
ings which He has created for man's contemplation and im-
provement, is certainly worthy the careful consideration of the
highest faculties of the human mind.

In conclusion, I would make this public acknowledgment of
my indebtedness to a number of scientific gentlemen for their
disinterested assistance and encouragement, and to the public
generally for the many acts of kindness shown to myself and
party, during the progress of the survey.

M. MILES,
State Zoologist.

28

A OATALOGHJE

GF THE

MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES AND MOLLUSKS,

9

m

BY U. MILES, M. D., STATE ZOOLOGIST. ^

CLASS MAMMALIA.

UNQUICULATA.

ORDJIR CHEIROPTER/i.

FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDAE.

1. Vespertilio Noveboracensis, Linn — New York Bat.

2.

ti

fuscus, p. de B,

S.

i<

subulatus, Say. — Brown Bat.

4.

a

phaiops, Temm.

6.

i(

Caroli,

\

ORDER RAPACIA.

SUB ORDER INSECTIVORA.

FAMILY SORICIDAE.

Sub-Family Soricince,
6. Blarina talpoides, Oray. — Shrew.

FAMILY TALPIDAE.

T. Scalops aquaticus, Fisch. — Common Mole.
8. " argentatus, Aud. & Bach.-— Silvery Mole.
'9. Condylura cristata, lUiger — Star-Nosed Mole.

SUB-ORDER CARNIVORA.

FAMILY FELIDAE.

10. Lynx rufus, ^/.— Wild Cat.

11. " Canandensis, i2(j^. — Lynx.

220 REPORT OF THE

FAMILY CANIDAE.

Sub Family Lvpinae,

12. Cam's occidentalis, var. griseo-albus, Bd, — ^Wolf.

13. " latrans, Say. — Prairie Wolf.

Sub Family Vulpinae,

14. Vulpes fulvus, Rich. — Red Fox.

15. " Virginianus, DeKay. — Gray Fox.

^ FAMILY MUSTELIDAE.

Sub-Family Martinae,

*16. Mustela Penantii, ErxL — Fisher.

*17. *' Americana, lurton. — Pine Marten..

18. Putorius cicognanii, Bd. — Brown Weasel.

19. " Noveboracensis, De Kay, ■•— White WeaseL

20. " vison, Bich. — Mink.
*21. Gulo luscus, Sabine. — Wolverine.

Sub- Family Lutrinae.

22. Lutra Canadensis, Sab. — Otter.

Sub Family Melinae.

23. Mephitis mephitica, Bd. - Skunk.

24. Taxidea Americana, Bd — Badger.

FAMILY URSIDAE. ^

25. Procyon lotor, Stori:. — Raccoon.

26. Ursus Americanu8,'PaZ/as. — Black Bear.

ORDER MARSUPIATA.

FAMILY DIDELPHIDAE.

*21. Didelphys Virginiana, Shaw, — Opossum.

ORDER RODENTIA.

FAMILY SCIURIDAE.

Sub-Family Sciurinae.

28. Sciurus Ludoricianus, Gustis. — Fox Squirrel.

29. " • Carolinensis, Gm. — Gray and Black SquirrelB.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 321

30. Sciurus Hudsonius, Pallas. — Red Squirrel.

31. Pteromys volucella, Des — Flying Squirrel. •
82- Tamias striatus, Baird. — ChipmuDk.

*33. Spermopbilus tridecein-lineatus, Aud. & Bach. — Striped

Prairie Squirrel.
34. Arctomys monax, Gm — Woodchuck.

Sub-Family Casiorinae,

*35. Castor CanadensiB, Kuhl. — Beaver.

FAMI1.Y MURIDAE.

Sub-Family Dipodinae.

36. Jaculus Hudsonius, Bd, — Jumping^ Mouse.

Sub-Family Murinae.

31. Mus musculus, Linn. — Common Mouse.

38. Hesperomys leucopus, Wag. — Deer Mouse.

30. " Michiganensis, Wagner. — ^Prairie Mouse.

• SubFamily Arvicolinae.

40. Arvicola riparia, Or-d. — Meadow Mouse.

41. Fiber zibethicus, Cuv. — Muskrat.

FAMILY HYSTRICIDAE.

42. Erethizon dorsatus, F. Cuv. — Porcupine.

s9. C. cristata. The star nosed mole appears to be a v.ery rare species within the limits of

this State. I have seen but a single specimen.
>16 and xl7. N. Pennantli, and M. Americana. The Fisher and Pine Martin undoubtedly havo

a place in our fauna, but I have not had an opportunity of examining specimens other

thaii hunter's sicins as found in market.
<21. G. luscus. The Wolverine is seldom foand in the Lower Peninsula, having been nearly

exterminated.
>27. D. Yirginiana. A single speciipen of the Opossum was killed in Genesee county last

season. The species is, however, frequently seen in the southern part of the State.
>^. S. tridecem-lineatus. The striped Prairie Squirrel is very common in the southern

eounties, but has not been known in the central parts of the State until within a tew

years past. It is gradually extending its range northward, where the timber has been

removed and the land brought under cultivation.
■8ft. C CbnadeDSis. At no very remote period the Beaver was found throughout the State as ,

is shown by the numerous remains of their dams in localities that are now deserted

by them. -At present their range is confined to the northern part of the Lower Pe-

joiosula, where they are found in abundance on the head waters (tf nearly everj

•tream running into Lake Huron. At Alpena several hundred skins are annuallj

brought in from Thunder Bay river and its tributaries.

2%% REPORT OF THE

ORDER RUMINANTIA.

FAMILY CERVIDAE.

"46. Alee Americanus, Jardine. — Moose.
*46. Rangifer caribou, Aud. & Bach. — Caribou.
*4t. Cervus Canadensis, Erxl, — Elk.
48. ** Virginianus, Bodd. — Deer.

FAMILY LEPORIDAK.

43. Lepns Americamis, Erxl, — Northern Hare.

44. ** sylvaticus, Bach. — Gray Rabbit.

CLASS AVES.

ORDER RAPTORES.

FAMILY VULTURIDAE.

1. Cathartes aura, IlUger — Turkey Buzzard.

FAMILY FALCONIDAE. *

Sub-Family Falconinae,

2. Palco anatum, Bon. — Duck Hawk.

3. " columbarius, Linn. — Pigeon Hawk.

4. " sparveriuB, Linn. — farrow Hawk.

Sub-Family Accipitrinae.

5. Accipiter Cooperii, Bon. — Cooper's Hawk.

6. ** fuscuB, Omd. — Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Sub-Family Buieoninae.

1. Buteo borealiB, Gmel. — Red-tailed Hawk. '

8, " lineatus, Omel — Red-shouldered Hawk.

*' — I >

xiS. A. Americanus. The Moose te seldom seen within the limits of the Stat^. BoiAers In-
form me that it is still occasionally taken, but it is rapidly disappearing firom itsXormer
haunts.

xi6. R. Caribou. The Caribou extends its southern range to the Upper Pmihirala, wher* it
is occasionally taken by hunters.

xi7. C. Canadensis. The Elk is found in abundance in the counties (^ Htiron and Sanilae
about the head waters of the Cass River. The unrelenting pursuit ai hunters by
means of the rifle and trap peas will soon exterminate it, unless means wro taken to
prevent an indiscrimate slaughter at all seasons of the year. *

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 23&

9. Butea Pcnnsylvanicus, Wilson,
*10. " Swainsoni, Bonap, — Swainflon'e Buzs^ard^

11. Archibnteo lagopus, Oeml. — Kough-legged Hawk.

12. " SanctiJohannis, Qmel. — ^Black Hawk.

, Svb-Family MHvinae.

13. Circus Hndsoniua, Linn, — ^Marsh Ha^k.

Sitb Family Aquilinae.

14. Haliactns Washingtonii, And, — ^Washington Eagle.
16. " Icucocephalns, Linn. — ^Bald Eagle.

16. Pandion Carolinensis, Qmd, — Fish Hawk. *

FAIQLY STRIGIDAB.

Svb-FaTfnAly Buboninae. .

11. Bubo Yirg^nianns, Omd, — Great Horned Owl.

18. Scops Asio, Linn. — Mottled Owl.

19. Otus Wilsonianua, Lesson. — Long-eared Owl.

20. Brachyotus Cassinii, Brewer. — Short-eard Owl.

Sub-Family Syminae.

21. Symium nebulosum, Fgster, — Barred Owl.

22. Nyctale Acadica, — Screech Owl.

Sub-Family Nycteininae.

23. Nyctea nivea, Daudin — Snewy Owl.

24. Snmia ulula, Linn, — Hawk Owl,

ORDER SOANSORES.

FAMILY CUCULIDAE.

25. Coccygns Am^ricanus, Bonap, — ^Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

26. " erythrophthalmus, Bonap. — ^Black-billed "

' FAMILY PICIDAE.

^ Sub-Family Fi^inwe,

2t. Picus villosus, Linn — Hairy Wood-pecker.

28. " pubescens, Linn, — Downy Wood-pecker.

29. Sphyrapicus varits, Bd — ^Yellow-bellied Wood-pecker.

30. Hylatomus pileatus, Bd. — Log Cock.

224 ' REPORT OF THE

31. Centurus Carolinus, Bon, — Red-bellied Wood-pecker.

32. Melan^rpes erythrocephalus, 8w, — Redheaded Wood-

pecker.

33. Colaptes auratus, 8w, — Flicker.

ORDER INSESSORES.
SUB-ORDER STRISORES.

FAMILY TROCHILIDAE.

34. Trochilus colubris, Linn, — Humming Bird^

FAMILY CYPSELIDAE.

35.^Chaetura pelasgia, Sieph, — €himney Swallow.

FAMILY CAPRIMCLGIDAE.

Svib-FamUy Gaprimulginae,

36. Antrostomus vociferus, Bon, — ^^Vhippoorwill.
36. Chordeiles popetue, Bd, — Night Hawk.

SUB ORDER CLAMATORES.

FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE.

38. Oeryle alcyon, Boie, — Kingfisher.

FAMILY COLOPTERIDAE.

4

Sub-Family Tyranninae,

«

39. Tyrannus Carolinensis, Bd. — King Bird.

40. Myiarchus crinitus, Cab. — Great crested Flycatcher.

41. Sayornis fuscus, Bd, — Pewee Fly-catcher.
*41.» " Sayus, Baird — Says Fly-catcher.

42. Contopus borealis, Bd. — Olive-sided Fly catcher.

43. " virens, Cab. — Wood Pewee.

44. Empidonax Traillii, Bd. — TrailPs Fly-catcher.

45. " acadicus, Bd, — ^Little Pewee.

*45.» " flaviventris, ^ef.— Yellow-bellied Fly-catcher. »

SUB-ORDER OSCINBlS.

FAMILY TURDIDAE.

Sub-Family Turdinae,
46 Tardus mustelinuB, Omd, — ^Wood Thrush.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 225

*46.* Tardus Pallasii, (7a6.— Hermit Thrush.

47. " migratorius, Linn, — Robin. •

48. Sialia sialis, Bd. — Blue Bird.

Sub-Family Begulinae.

49. Regulus calendula, Licht. — Ruby-crowned Wren.

60. " satrapa, Licht. — Golden crested "

FAMILY SYLVICOLIDAB.

Sub-Family MotaciUinae,

61. Axithus Ludovicianus, Licht. — Tit Lark.

Sub-Family Sylvicolinae,

62. Mniotilta varia, Vieill. — Black and White Creeper.

63. Parula Americana, Bon. — Blue Yellow-baqked Warbler.

64. Geothljpis trichas, Cab. — Maryland Yellow-throat.

66. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, C7a6.— 7Golden-winged War-
bler.
66. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Bd. — Nashville Warbler.
6t. Seiurus aurocapillus, Sw. — Golden crowned Thrush.

68. " Noveboracensis, Nultall. — Water Thrush.

69. " Ludovicianus, Bon.

60. Dendroica virens, Bd. — Black-throated Green Warbler.

61. " Canadensis, Bd. — Black-throated Blue "

62. " coronata. Gray. — ^Yellow-rumped "

63. " Blackburniae, Bd — Blackburnian "

64. " castanea, Bd. — Bay-breasted "
66. " pinus, Bd. — Pine-creeping, "
66. " Pennsylvanica, Bd. — Chestnutrsided "
6t. " aestiva, J5d — Summer Yellow Bird.

68. " maculosa, Bd — Black and Yellow Warbler.

69. " tigrina, Bd. — Cape May Warbler.

10. " discolor, Bd. — Prairie "

11. Myiodioctes mitratus, Aud. — Hooded Warbler.

Ir2. " pusillus, ^onop. — Green Black cap Ply-catcher.

13. " Canadensis, Aud. — Canada Fly-catcher.

14. Setophaga ruticilla, Svo. — KeJ Start.

29

S26 KEPORT OP THE

Sub-Family Tanagrinae. *

75. Pyranga rubra, Vieill. — Scarlet Tanager.

FAMILY HIRUNTDINIDAE.

Sub Family Hirundininae.

76. Hirundo horreorum, Barton. — Barn Swallow.

77. " lunifrons, Sjy.—GWff Swallow.

78. " bicolor, Vieill. — VVhite-bellied Swallow.

79. Cotyle riparia, Boie. — Bank Swallow.

80. ** serripennis, Bonap — Rough-winged Swallow*

81. Progne purpurea, Boie, — Purple Martin.

FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDAE.

82. Ampelis garrulus, Linn. — Bobeniian Wax-wing.

83. " cedrorum, Bd. — Cedar Bird.

• FAMILY LANIIDAK

Sub-Family Laminae.

«

84. Collyrio borealis, Bd, — Butcher Bird.

85. " excubitoroides, Bd — VVhite-rumped Shrike.

Sub Family Vireoninae,

86. Vireo olivaceus, Vieill. — Red-eyed Vireo.

87. " Noveboraeensis, Bonap. — White-eyed Vireo.
fc8. " flavifrons, Vieill. — Yellow-throated Vireo.

FAMILY LIOTRICHIDAE.

Sub-Family Iltminae

89. Mimus Carolinensis, Gray. — Cat Bird.

90. Harporhynchus rufus, (Jab. — Brown Thrush.

Sub-Family Troglodytinae,

90.' Thriothorus Ludoylci'dims.Bonop. — Great Carolina Wren,

91. Cistothorus palustris, Cab. — Long-billed Marsh Wren.

92. Troglodytes aedon, Vieill. — House AVren.

93. " hyemalis, Vieill — Winter Wren.
93.* " Amerrcanus, Aud, — Wood AVren.

* STATE ZOOLOGIST. . 221

Fi.MILY CERTHIADAE.

94. Certhia Americana, Bonap, — American Creeper.

95. Sitta Carulinensis, Gmel. — White-bellied Nuthatch.

96. " Canadensis, Linn. — Red-bellied Nuthatch.

FAMILY PARIDAE.

Svb Family Polioptilinae.

91. Polioptila caerulca. Set, — Blue-Gray Flycatcher.

Sub-Family Farinae,

98. Parus atricapillus, Linn. — Black cap Titmousfe.
*98*. " Carolinensis, Aud. — Carolina **

FAMILY ALAUDIDAE.

99 Eremophila cornuta. Bote, — Shore Lark.

FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE.

Sub-FamHy Coccothraustinae.

*69*. Carpodacus purpureus, Oroy. — Purple Fmch.

100 Chrysomitris tristis, Bon. — Yellow Bird.
■100* •* pinus, Bon. — Pine Finch

101 Curvirostra Americana, Wihon. — Red Cross bilL

102 ** leucoptera, Wdsoii. — White-winged Crossbill*

103 Aogiothus linaria, Cafe.— Lpsser Red Poll.

104 " canesccns, Cab. — Mealy Red Poll.
106 Piectrophanes nivalis, Meijer. — Snow Bunting.

Sub-Family Spizellinae,

106. Passerculus Savanna, Bonap — Savannah Sparrow.

107. PoocaBtcs gramineu^, Bd. — Grass Finch.

108. Chondestes graramaca, Bonc]). — ^Lark Finch.

109. Zonotrichia leiicophrys, Sw — Wlr'tc-crowncd Sparrow.

110. " albicullis, Bonap. — White throated "
•no.* Junco Oregonus, Sri. — Oregon Snow Bird. .

111. ** hyemalia, Sclater. — Snow Bird.

112. SpizQlla monticola, Bd. — Tree Sparrow.
liai " pusilla, j^onop— Field "

\

S28 REPORT OF THE

114. Spizella socialis, Bonap, — Chipping Sparrow.

115. Mejospiza melodia, Bd. — Song

116. " palustris, Bd. — Swamp

Sub Family Spizinae.

lit. Euspiza Americana, Bonap. — Black- throated Bunting.

118. Gulraca Ludoviciana, Sw. — Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
*118.* " melanocephala, Sw. — Black-headed '*

119. Cyanospiza cyanea, Bd. — Indigo Bird.

120. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Vieill. — Chewink.

FAMILY ICTERIDAE.

Sub-Family Agelainae,

121. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Sw. — Boblink.

122. Molothrus pecoris, Sw. — Cow Blackbird.

123. Agelaius phoeniceus, Vieill. — Red- winged Blackbird.

124. Sturnella magna, Sw. — Meadow Lark.

Sub-Family Iclerinae.

125. Icterus spurius, Bonap. — Orchard Oriole.

126. " Baltimore, Daud. — Baltimore Oriole.

Sub-Family Quiscalinae.

121. Scolecophagus ferruginous, 5t^.— Rusty Grakle.

128. Qaiscalus versicolor, Vieill. — Crow Blackbird.

EAMILY CORVinAE.

Sub Family Gorvinae.

129. Corvus carnivorus, Bart. — ^Raven.

130. " Americanus, Aud. — Crow.

Sub-Family Garrulinae.

131. Cyanura cristatus, Sw. — Blue Jay.

132. Perisoreus Canadensis, Bonap. — Canada Jay.

ORDER RASORES.
SUB-ORDER COLUMBAE,

FAMILY COLUMBIDAE.

Sub-Family Columbinae.

133. Ectopistes migratoria, Sw. — ^Wild Pigeon. ♦

- STATE ZOOLOGIST. 229

Sub-Family Zenaidinae.

134. Zenaidara Carolinensis, Bonap^ — Mourning Dove.

SUB-ORDER GALLINAE.
FAMILY PHASIANIDAE.

Sub-Family Meleagrinae.

135. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn. — Wild Turkey,

FAMILY TETRAONIDAE.

136. Tetrao Canadensis, Linn, — Canada Grouse.

137. Cupidonia cupido, Bd, — Prairie Chicken.

138. Bonasa umbellus, Steph. — Kufifed Grouse, Partridge.

FAMILY PERDICIDAE.

13d. Ortyx Virginianus, J?onqp.— Quail.

ORDER GRALLATORES.
SUB-ORDER HERlODIONBS.

FAMILY GRUIDAE.

*139.* Grus Canadensis, Temm. — Sand-hill Crane.

FAMILY ARDEIDAE.

140. Ardea Herodias, Linn. — Blue Heron. *

141. Ardetta exilis, Oray. — Least Bittern.
142.|B^taurus lentiginosus, Steph, — Bittern.
143. Butorides virescend, Bonap, — Green Heron.
l44.5Nyctiardea gardeni, Bd. — Night Heron.

SUB-ORDER GRALLAE.

FAMILY CHARADRIDAE.

145. Charadrlus Virginicus, Borck, — Golden Plorer.

146. Aegialitis vociferus, Gassin. — Kill-deer.

147. " semipalmatus, Bon, — King Plover.

148. Squatarola Helvetica, Guv. — Black-bellied Plover.

FAMILY HAEMATOFODIDAE.

149. Strepsilas interpres, III, — Turnstone.

FAMILY 800L0PACIDAB.

V

150. Philohela minor, Oray. — Woodcock.

230 • REPORT OF THE

151. Gallinago Wilsonii, Bonop. — Wilson's Snipe.

162. Macrorbamphiis giiscus, Leach. — Red-breasted Snipa

153. Tringa cauutus, Linn. — Robin Snipe.

154. " maculata, Vu^ilL — Jack Snipe.

155. " Wilsonii, Naitall. — Least Sandpiper.
«155.* " Bonapartii, Sch.

156. Ereunetes petriOcatus, III — Semi palmated Sandpiper.
*156.*Micropalama bimantopus, Bd. — Stilt "

Sub-Family Totaninae,

15*1. Gambetta melanoleuca, Bon. — Tell Tale.

158. " flavipes, Bon. — ^Yellow Legs.

159. Rbyacopbilus solitarius, Bonap. — Solitary Sandpiper.

160. Tringoides macularius, Graij. — Spotted "

161. Actiturus Bartramius, Bonap. — Field Plover.

162. Limosa fcdoa, Ord. — Mail>led God wit.

Sub-Family Rallinae.

• 163. Rallus Virginianue, Linn. — Virginia Rail.

164. Porzana Oarolina, Vieill — Sera Rail.

165. " Noveboracensis, Bd — Yellow Rail,

166. Fulica Americana. Gm — Coot.

»16t. Gallinula galeata, Ronap. — Florida Gallinule.

ORDER NATATORES.
SUB-ORDER ANSERES.

FAMILY AXATIDAE.

Sub Family Cygninae.

168. Cygnus Americanus, Sharpless. — Swan. •

SubJ^amily Anserinae,

169. Anser hyperboreus, Pallas — Snow Goose.

170. Bernicla Canadensis, 7^026 — Canada "

Sub' Family Analinae,

171. Anai^boscbas, Linn, — Mallard.

172. " obscura, Om. — Dusky Duck.

173. Dafila acuta, Jenyns. — Pintail Duck.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 231

174. Nettion Carolinensis, Bd — Green winged Teal.

175. Querquedula dificors, 67pp/i. — Bluo-winged "

176. Spatula clypeata, Boie. — Spoonbill.

177. Chaulelasmus streperus, Gray — Gadwall; Gray Duck.*?!

178. Mareca Americana, Sleph. — Baldpate; Widgeon.

179. Aix sponsa, Boie, — Wood Duck.

Sub Family Fuligulinae,

180. Fulix marila, Bd. — Scaup Duck

Isl. ** collaris, ^c?.— Ring necked Duck.

182. Aythya Americana, Bon. — Red head.

183. " vallieneria, Bo7i. — ^Canvas-back.

184. Bucephala Americana, Bd. — Golden Eye; Whistle Wing,

185. " albeola, ^d— Butter Ball.

186. Harelda glacial is, Leach. — Old Wife.

187. Oidemia bimaculata, Bd. — Huron Scoter.

Sibb Family Frismaturinae.

188. Erismatura rubida, Bonap — Ruddy Duck.

Sub-Family Merginae.

189. Mergus Americanus, Cassiri, — Sheldralce.

190. •* serrator, Linn. — Red-breasted Merganser.

191. liOphodytes cucullatus, Reich. — Hooded "

SUB-ORDER GAVIAE.

FAMILY LARIDAE.

Sub' Family Larinae,

192. Larus glaucus, Brunn. — Glaucous Gull.

193. " argentatus, Brunn. — Herring "

xlO. B. Swainsoni. I am indebted to my friend Dr. Daniel Clark/of Flint, for an opportonity
of examining a SQccimen of this rare buzzard, which was shot in Genesee county last
■ummer, and is noW preserved in the museum of the Flint Scientific Institute.

x41.« Sayornis Say us, Bd. On the authority of Rev. Charles Fox, who shot a speclmen'^ii
Owosso, Shiawassee county , July , 1863 The species in the catalogue marked * «' wer«
obtained at Gross Isle, Wayne Co., by Prof. Fox, and are given on his authority.

1167. G. galeata. This gallinule is frequently seen in the southern parts of the State; I have
seen several specimens as far north as Saginaw Bay,.aad am informed by Mr. John
Sharp, at ^ Saginaw Ught-hooie, that it brseds in the marfthet at the mouth of Sogl-
aaw River.

933 REPORT OF THE

»

194. Larus Delawarensis, Ord — Ring-billed Gull. ^

195. Chroicocephalus atricilla, Linn. — Laughing Gull.

196. " Philadelphia, i^awrence. — Bonaparte's GuU.

Sub-Family Slerninae.

19t. Sterna Wilsoni, Bonop. — Wilson's Tern.
*19T». " frenata, (jamfteZ— Least "

*i98. Hydrochelidon plumbea, Lawrence — Black Tern.

FAMILY COLYi[BIDAE.

Sub-Family Colymbinae.

199. ColymbuB torquatus, Brunn. — Loon.

Sub Family Podicipinae,

200. Podiceps griseigena, Gray. — Red-necked Grebe.

201. " cristatus, Zo^^i.— Crested "

202. " comutus, Lath. — Horned "

203. Podilymbus podiceps, Lawrence. — Pied-bill "

CLASS P.EPTILIA.

6rder testudinata.

SUB-ORDER AMYDAE.

FAMILY TRIONYCHIDAB.

■1. Amyda mutica, Fitz.

»2. Aspidonectes spinifer, Ag — Soft-shelled Turtle.

FAMILY CHELYDROIDAE.

3. Chelydra serpentina, Schw. — Snapping Turtle.

FAMILY CINOSTERNOIDAE.

'4. Ozotheca odorata, Ag.
h. Thyrosternum Pennsylvanicum, Ag. — ^Musk Turtle,

FAMILY EMYDOIDAK.

6. Graptemys geographica, Ag.

xl98. H. pit mbea. I shot sey^ral spec meos of ii^ beautiful Xst^ last Jane, ob the ehoi e of
Saginaw Bay. From the number of iudlTidoals in tbat viclnitj I auppoMd ii>(o b«
breeding tbere«

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 233

T. Graptemys LeSueurii, Ag,
*8. Chryserays marginata, Aq.
9. Emys Meleagris, Ag.
■10. Nanemys guttata, Ag.

ORDER OPHIDIA.

FAMILY CROTALIDAE.

11. Crotalophorus tergeminus, Holb. — Massasauga.

FAMILY COLUBRIDAE.
/

"12. Eutaenia saurita, B. & G. — Striped Snake.

13. ** sirtalis, B S G, — Garter Snake.

14. Nerodia sipedon, B. & G. — Water Snake.

15. " Agassizii, B. & G. *

«

16. Regina leberis, B. S G. — Striped Water Snake.
- "ll. Heterodox! platyrhinos, Lair. — Blowing Viper.

*18. Scotophis vulpinus, B. & G.

19. Ophibolus eximius, B. & G. — Milk Snake.

20. Bascanion constrictor, B. & G — Black Snake.

21. " Foxii, B.dcG.

22. Chlorosoma vernalis, B. <Sc G, — Green Snake.

23. Diadophis punctatus, B. d G. — Ring-necked Snake.

24. Storeria Dekayi, B. db G.

25. " occipito maculata, B. <fb G.

■1. A. mattica. This species seems'to be oomporatively rare. I bare teeo but a few ipeet^
mens which would indicate that its range is confined to the southern parls of the State.

>9. A. spinifer. The common soft shell turtle is found throughout the soathem half of tht
Lower Peninsula. It is frequently met with as Car north as Genesee ootrnty^ and in ths
streams of the eastern, as well as the western slope of the State.

^ O. odorata. The carapace of a small turtle obtained in Oakland ooonl^ I hare reforrtd
to this species, but as the specimen is imperfect I may be inoorrect in inolodlng the
species in our fauna.

■8. C. mirginata. This is the most abundant species of the Testudinata in our State. It wa»
, formerly confounded with C. picta, but was separated by Prof. Agassis in his oontribo*
tioQS to the Natural History of the United States. I am not aware that the latter spe-
cies is found in Michigan.

«10. N. guttata. Four specimens of this beautif &1 species have been collected v4thin th*
two years. One in Genesee county, one from Saginaw Bay, and the others from. Oak*
land county. On comparison with a specimen |>om Massachusetts, they appear to b*
Identical, the only difference noticed being the darker color of tha plastron in (hsldch-
igan specimens.

30

2U REPORT OF THE

CLASS BATRACHIA.
ORDER AN UR A.

FAMILY BUFONIDAE.

26. Bufo Americanus, LeConte.

FAMILY HYLADAE.

. 2*1, Acris crepitans, Bd,

28. Hj'l a versicolor, LeConte.

29. " Pickeriugii, Eoll
*30. HelocBBtes triseiiatus, Bd.

FAMILY RANIDAE.

31. Rana Catesbiana, Shaw. — Bull Frog.

32. " fontiiialia, LeConte. — Spring Frog.

33. " pipiens, Gmd. — Shad Frog.

34. " palustris, LeConte, — Pickerel Frog.

35. " sylvatica, LeConte. — Wood Frog.

ORDER URODELA.

ATRETODERA.
FAMILY AMBYSTOMIDAE.

36. Amby stoma pun ctatum, J?(/.
3t, " ' luridum, Bd. ,

»38. " laterale, Rail.

m

Z12. E. saurita. This well-marked specios is comparatiyely rare. I have seen but three or '
four specimens that have been collected within the limits of the State.

4,7. H. platyrhinos. I have not seen this species, but give it a place in our fauna on the
authority of Prof A. Sager, the able Zoologist of the former Geological corps, to whom
I am indebted for many acts of kindness and encouragement.

<18. S. vulpinus. The only specimens of this species collected are from the vicinity of Sagi- '
naw Bay, where it is found In abundance. Although perfectly harmless it hAS tht
unfounded reputation, in that locality, of being venomous and is therefore muck
* dreaded.

xSOl H. triseriatus. I am not acquainted with this species, but givfi it a place In the cata-
logue on the authority of Prof. Baird.

xSS. A. latorale. An immature specimen from Saginaw Bay, I have refbrrod to this species.

xfiL. P. erythronota. This is a common and widely distributed species, being found through-
<mt the State as far north as Lake Superior.
I have several undetermined specimens of Nectnrus, some of which will probably prov»
to be N. ma<ralAtus.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 235^

FAMILY TRITON IDAE.

39. Diem}'Ctylus miniatus, Eof,

40. " viridescens, Baf,

FAMILY PLETHODONTIDAB.

*41. riethodon erythronota, Bd.
42. " ciueieus,. TscTi.

Tremadolera.
'43. Necturus lateralis, Bd.

OTiASS GASTERC

MOLLUSCA.

FAMILY HELICIDAE.

h

Helix albolabrifii, Say,

»2.

alternata, Say,

3.

arborca, Say.

4.

chersina, Say.

5.

concava, Say.

6.

clausa, Say.

I.

exoleta, Bifiney.

8.

electrina, Gould.

9.

elcvata, Say.

10.

fallax, Say.

11.

fraterna, Say.

12.

fuliginosa, Oriffith.

13.

hirsuta, Say.

14.

hydropbyla, Ing.

15.

inflecta, Say.

17.

identata, Say.

18.

inornata, Say.

19.

ligera, Say.

20.

labyrinthica, Say.

21.

limatula, Ward.

22.

lineata, Say.

236 KEPORT OF THE

£3. Helix minuscula, Binney.

24. " monodon, Back,

25. " multilineata, Say.

26. " palliata, Say.

27. " perspectiva, Say,

28. " profunda, Say.
^29. " pulchella. Miller.

30. " Sajii, Binney.

31. " solitaria, /Say.-

32. " striatella, Anth.

33. " thyroides, Say.

34. " tridentata, Say.

35. Bulimus marginatus, Say.
^6. Achatina hibrica, JfuZ/.
^7. Succinea campestris, 5ay.

38. " avara, Say.

39. " ovalis, Say.

40. " vernietus, Say.

41. " obliqua, iSay.

42. Pupa pentodoD, Say.

43. ** armifera, Say.

44. '^" contracta, Say.

45. Vertigo Gouldii, Binn.

46. " ovata, iSbi/.

47. " simplex, Old.

FAMILY AIJRICtTLtDAE«

48. Carychium exiguum, Say.

FAMILY LIMNEIDAE.

49. Planorbis armifera, Say.
60. " bicarinatus, Say.
51. '' campanula! us. Say.

«52. " defleclus, Say.

53. " exacutus. Say.

54. *' lentus. Say.

55. •* parvus. Say,

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 23t

56. Planorbis trivolvis, .Say.
"57. " truncatus, Nobis.

58. Physa heterostropha, Say.

59. " eloDgata, Say.

60. '* Hildrethiana, Lea.
. 61. " vinosa, Gld.

62. Limnea apprcssa, Say.

63. " columella, Say.

64. " caperata, Say.

65. " desidiosa, Say.

66. " elodes, Say.
6t. " gracilis, Say.

.68. " jugulariH, Say.

69. " modicellus, iS'ay.

70. " reflexa, jGTaZei.

71. ** umbilicata, Adams.

72. " umbrosa. Say.

73. " pallida, Adams.

74. Ancylus fuscus, Adams.

75. " paralellus, ffcdd.

76. " tardus, Say.

FAMILY HELANIADAB.

77. Melania Virginica, Say.

78. *' depygis, Say.

19. " Niagarensis, Lea.

•

^0. " neglecta, Anth.

81. " livescens, Menka.

82. " pulchella, Anth.

FAMILY PALUDIJMIDAE,

83. Valvata sincera, Say.

84. " tricarinata, Say.
»85. '* humeralis, Say.

86. Paludina decisa. Say.
. 87. '* Integra, Say.
88. ** iscgona, Say.

i533 REPORT OF THE

»89. Paludina obesa, Lewes.

90. " ponderosa, Say,

91. . " rufa, Eald.
93. Amnicola gran a, Oould,

93. " lapidaria, Say,

94. " pallida, Eald,

CLASS ACEPHALA.

SIPHONIDA.

FAMILY CYCJ-ADIDAE.

95. Sphaerium occidentale, Prime,

96. " partumeia, Say,

97. " solidulum, Prime,

x2. H. alternata. This seems to be the most widely distributed mollusk In tho State^ bcini^
found everywhere as far north as Lake Superior.

xl4. H. hydrophyla. I am Indebted for this species to Mr 0. A. Currier, of Grand Rapld8||
who has made extensive colIcctioDS in the Grand Biver Valley, and has a valuable
cabinet of native shells to which ho has given me free access, thus materially fac^itat*
ing my labors in this department.

x29. H. pulchella. Mr. Albert D. White, who has rendered me valuable assistance in collect
ing Zoological specimens, has furnished a suite of the Helicidae from Ann Arbor, coa*
taluing this species. It is found there in abundance.

x52. P. dcflactus. This species is added to the catalogue on the authority of Mi;. Currier.

x57. P. truncutus, nobis. Shell sub-orbicular, color light chestnut \ the right side deeply
umbi!icat3d, the concavity bordered by an obtuse carina ; tho volutions seen from this
side are scarcely more than two ; left side truncated, presenting a flat surface extend*
ing across all the whorls, the suture being marked by a miuuto raised line, which
likewisd extends around the edge of the truncation; the space between the volutions
of this raised line, as well as the entire body of thQ shell, is beautifully marked with
delicate longitudinal lines, which are crossed by the minute, raised, transverse lines of
growth; the longitudinal lines are scarcely distinguishable without the alJ of a micro-
scope; whorls on left side four or five; aperture ovate, widest on tho right side, which
extends beyond the general plane of that side of the shell; the lip on the left sido is
straight for a short distance from the body whorl, and in a line with tho truncated
plane, at the outer edge of which it forms an angle, marked on tho inner surface by a
slight groove, corrcsiwnding to tho raised line separating the whorls on tho outside;
lip thin, slightly thickened by a bluish-white callus, bordered on the inner edge by a
purplish band; the longitudinal lines, as well as tho transverse lines of growth, ors
distinctly seen within the aperture. Measurements, .6 — .85. Hab. Saginaw Bay. In
a few specimens the growth of the whorls has not been in the samo plane, leaving a
slightly projecting turreted spire on the left side.

«86. V. hum3ralis. Grand River. Mr. Currier's cabinet.

1:89. P. obesa. Grand River Valley. Cabhict of Mr. Carrier.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 239

98. SphsBrium striatinum, Lam,

99. " sulcatum, Lam,

100. Pisidium abditum, Hald,

101. " compressum, Prime,

102. " ventricosum, Pnme.

103. " Virginicum, Bgt.

A8IPHONIOA.

FAMILY UNIOMIDAE.

104. Unio alatiis, Say.

105. ** asperrimus, Lea.

106. " bullatus, Raf
101. " coccine.us, Hild.

108. " coraplanatuB, Lea,

109. '* coelatus, Con.
•110. " cariosus, Say.

111. '* circulus, Lea,

112. " ellipsis, Lea.

113. " elcgans, Lea,

114. " gibbosus, Bar,

115. " gracilis. Bar,
fll6. " glans, Lea,

in. " HilJrctbianus, Lecu

118. " iris, />m.

119. " laj.illus, Say

120. " Isevissimus, Lea.
*121. " lutcolus, Lofin.

1 122. ** ligameiitinus, Lam,

*123. " multiradiatus, Lea,

124. " Novi-Eboraci, Lea.

125. " nasutus, iSby.
.126. " occidoDs, Lea.

127. " plicatus, Say.

128. ** perplexus. Lea.

129. " peiiitus. Con,

130. " pressus, Xea.

240 REPORT OF THE

131. Unio phaseohis, Eild.

132. " rectus, Lam.

133. " rubiginosus, Lea,
"134. " leprosus, Nobis.

135. '* subrotundus, Lea.

136. " Schoolcraftensis, Lea,

137. " spatulata, Lea.

138. • " subovatus, Lea.

139. " teniissimus, Lea.

140. " trigonus, Lea.

141. " triangularis, Bar.

142. " undulatus, Bar.

143. " verrucosus, Bar.

144. " ventricosus, Bar.

145. Alasmodon rugosa. Bar.

146. " marginata, Say.

147. " deltoides, Lea.
*148. Anodonta Benedictii, Lea.

149. " cataracta. Say.

150. " edentula, Zea.

*110. U. carioBUB. I give this species on the authority of Prof. Soger.

116. U. glans. This shuU was found in the Clinton River, at Pontiac, Oakland ooanty^by
Mr. John A. HcNiel,an cnthusifstic and indefatigable collector of shells, residing at
Grand Rapids.

m. U. luteolus. This bivalve presents a gr^t variety in form and appearance, and it
found in every part of the State. Among the collections are several well markad
varieties that may prove to be distinct species on further examination.

9134. U. leprosus, nobis. Shell, thick, oblong, transverse, very inequilateral, compressed Uk
wards the basal margin; posterior extremity rounded, nearer the basal than t]iedo»>
«t sal margin; anterior extremity sub-truncate; beaks slightly elevated; anterior lunal«
distinct, extending between the beaks; umbonal slope rounded, prominent; batal a&d
hinge margins nearly parallel; epidermis reddish brown, somewhat roughened tj
the lines of growth; cardinal teeth massive, prominent; lateral teeth long, elevated,
slightly curved; nacre white iridescent, with dark blotches towards the beaks, roogt^
ened by numerous pearlaccous tubercles; anterior cicatrices large, deep; posterior
eicatrices large, confluent, slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices dee1)ly impressed^sl^
nated in the shallow cavity of the beaks. Diam. 1.66. Length, 2.66. Breadth, 0«
Hab. Huron River Livingston county.

448. There are undoubtedly several additional species of the genus Anodonta, in the ool'
lections already made, which have not been determined, some of which may prove td
be undescribed. I am indebted to Mr. Cnrrier's cabinet for several species In the
caialogue of this genus. *

STATE ZOOLOGIST.

841

161. Anodonta fluyiatilis, Lea.

152.

' Ferrussaciana, Lea,

168.

' Footiana, Lea,

164.

' imbecilis, Say,

155.

* modesta. Lea,

156.

' ovata, Lea.

167.

' plana, Lea,

168.

' pallida, ArUh.

169.

* ^ Pepiniana, Lea,

160.

' Shafferiana, Lea,

161.

* 8ubcylii}dracea, Lea.

81

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rlkffiafg^itheseMKmof 1869, nanErpeou^ iMatMiical 4feuBistfliit 1^
ckfti^^oied Jvdtli the Bixniie J. A» tlie wotk^ of 1860, vfitLW to «t-
t€Kd ittito' portions of tibe State less koowA tatibe beiamst, Mr.
W. S> WMcliieU wad aelected to aecpmpanj tbe egcploikig' pi^
in the special capacity of botanical collector and assieltant, aad
tte §Mamkiig> cataiog^ao has teen? drawai «p by Iw batdft;

4^bi Mimtiig apps'die soivms frem whkA 1^ Bialeriabl^<i8<
this otttologiict bairie been deriyed: <

1. The observations of the geological parties in 1859 and
I860.

2. The catalogae published by Dr. Wright in the Qeological
Report of 183^ / i^ jj ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ' ' ' '

3. The University Herbariam which contains many plants
collected after the publication of Dr. Wright's Calalogue. A
list of these plants was made out at my request, and the whole
collection arraiiged by Mr. E. E. Baldwin.

'4. The catalogue prepared by W. D. Whitney, of plants ob-
serycd in the Lake Superior Land District, and published in
Poster and Whitney's Report, vol. ii.

5. The notes of Miss Mary Clark, of Ann Arbor, an enthusi-
astic botanist and collector from various parts of the State.

6. A collection of plants made in the neighborhood of Fort
Gratiot, near the foot of Lake Huron, by Mr. E. P. Austin, As-
sistant on the Coast Survey of the lakes.

< /'

246

REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

T. ObservaiioDB made by the writer during several years pas^
in the vicinity of Ann Arbor.

8. A Y^^y ^ew species have been admitted on the authority of
Gray's Manual of Botany.

* The catalogue shows, exeepi ih the case of very common
plants, evjry locality where each species was noted, and, affixed
to this, the date, provided the plant was seen in flower. Such
plants aa are cpm^iOQ to this list and Pr. Wright'n, l^ye th^ii^
localities: designated, in a general way, 4>y initials conrespond*
ing to the four quarters of the Lower Peninsula, thus: "S. B.,
(Wright)," " S. W., (Wright)," &c. All other localities are
definitely stated, and the authority, if other than our own ob*^
BervjatioiiS/ £i>llows in parenthesis. The correelioBs of BOoieB*
cls(iiiro wiU)ia the space of 20 years have converted manir of
Dr. Wright's names into synonyms, which are nad0'tof«>ilow
tb^smodfirii lifting thus: Hepatica triloba, Ghaix, ( JS. d.ntiari*r

For the purpose of oonirenieiit reference, as wellaa eeoncnaii*
ing ispaoe* tb» common names of most of the spepies/iiaiv^ h^n
placed in the left hand margin opposite the scienllfio fifltBuefik

t./

.■■- . >

-" ' !

' I

I . ♦

(

. »

-.•';.

i

. t

■ '. ! I ! '

LIST OF PLANTS.

mrgin*! Bower.

Ifkny Cleft
Anemone.

Long Fruited
Anemone.

Vail Anemone.

PeoDsylyanlan
Auemooe.

Wind Flower.

BonndLobed
Bepatica.

Shturp Lobod
Bepatica. #

Rue Anemone.

Early ^ea4o^

Rue. .

• V

Meadow Rue.

White Water-
Crowfoot.

Yellow Water-
Crowfoot.

fipear^ort.

Creeping Spear-
wort.

RANUNCULACEiE.

Clematis virpriniana, L. ( C. virgimca — W.)

Emmet Go. ; Ann Arbor, (Wright.)

Anomone Tnnltifida» DC.

Kouth Saginaw River, 14 June; Mackinac.

Anemone cvlindrica* Gray.

Ann Arbor ; Pigeon R. , 18 Jane.

Anomone virg-iniana, L.

J^minmoBd'B I.; Ann Arbor, (Wri|^t){ Ft. Gratioi; {Austin).

Anemone Prnnsylvanica, L. ( A, aeontiftilia. — TT.)

Shore Saginaw B.; ioin Arbor; Ft. Qrattot.

Anomone n<*moT<'Ba, L. «

Ann Arbor, very common) Ft. Orstiot.

Hepatica triloba, Chaix. {ff,ameriean<t. — -WJ

Axok jl^bor; very common. '

Hepatica acmiloha, DC. ' *

Ann Arbor, very comm<m; S. W. (Wright.)

Tlialich um anemonoides, Michx.

Ann Arbor. **

Thalictrnm dioictim, L. '

Ann Arbor.

Thaliotrnm Cornnti, L. .

Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B. ; Sulphnr I., north of Brammond's; Ft
Gratiot.

i

Ranunculns aqnatilis, L.

var. divar'cafns.
Ann Arbor; Middle I. , Lake Huron, July; Ft. Gratiot

Ranunculus Pu- sliii, Richards, (var. Jluviatilie —
Univ. Hoib.)

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.

Ranunculus Flammula, L.

var. rof)tan8
St- Mary 'a R., 31 July; S. E. (Univ. Herb ); L. of Llllei, (Miss Ctork.^

RamiTiruhi<5 i hr mhoideus, Goldie.

"Prairieg, Michigan," (Gray.)

948 REPORT OF THE

^^SSS"^ Ranunclus abortivus, L.

^^*^**^ Ann Arbor, oommon* Stone I. , Saginaw Bay; Ft. Grattoi.

yar. micrantnus.

Ann Arbor; Dmmmond's I.

Oined Qrowfoot. Ranunculus sceleratus, L.

App.Arby; S^ Hol^n» I., L. }pQh.,^ Ang,; Ft. Orpttiot

HMkadOrow- Ranunculus recurvatus, Poir. ,

"***• Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.

Brittiy Crowfoot. Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus, L.

8. W. (Wrigbt) ; Ann Arbor, (Hiss Clark.)

Euriy Crowfoot. Ranunculus fascicularig, Muhl.

ABftArbtNT) oommon.

Qro^ngOrow- Ranunculus repens, L.

Ann Arbor ; Pigeon B. , 18 June.

Battereape. Ranunculus acris, L.

Mackinac, 19 Jaljr: ISant St. Ifarle, abundant m well m at Blackinao: Ft.
Gratiot.

Marah Marigold. Catha palustris, L.

^Un^ irihbor, SlorgMik Ft, , I* Wxnm, yht lMgt» deeply orenate toavet.

smm^Giob^r TroUioft laxus, Salisb.

■**"• " Deep 8w»««j«,MlQti*" (Gray.)

*S2iSll2 Ooptis trifolia, Salisb.

iMiatnreaa. ^ ^ (Wright):} MmI Ukf^ (Mitt CSmrk,)

Wttd.Cohu^e. ^IIJ^Q,gj^.()glll^()0BI^^ L.

Ann Arbor ; shore of Saginaw & ; Dmom^oad^ L; F|. Gratiot.

lyiiArkBpQr. Delphinium exaltatum, Ait.
onai^^rwi, Hydrastis CanadeDsis, L.

Ann Arbor, (Wright.)

M BiMbarry. Actaea splcata, h, var. rubra, Michx. (-4. rubra.- W. )

P^ «' K Shore of Saginaw Bay ; Drommond's I. ; Ana Arbor; (Mias Clark).

WWJjBaneberry yaj., alba, Michx. (A, alba,— W,)
^^^* Ann Arbor ; Pt. an Chene, L. Mioh.

Btaok snakeroot. Cimcifuga racemosa, Ell.

S. E. (Uniy. Herb).
* MAGNOLUCE^.

Ttaiip-tree, Liriodcndron Tulipifera, L.

inpArbor;

papaw. Asimina triloba, Dunal.

Mcmroe Co. ; FarmiogtOB ; Ann Arbor, (Mlaa ClMrk). ^

MEKlSPEBkACEiE,

(kalian Moon- MeQispermuiiD Canadeus^, L

***^' S. W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, ,(|li8^ Clark).

STATU 6J5IOJ4OOI8T.

2i9

Bine OohoBh,
Pappoose-root.

Mandrake, May-
Apple.

Twin-leaf.

Water-slileld.

BERBKRIDA&K^.

Caulophyllum tkaliotroides, Michz. . /

Ann Arbor, (Miss Claris).

Podophyllum peltatuQi, L.

Ann Arbor, very common; shore of Sa^naw Bay^ |t. Gratiot.

Jeffer^onia diphylla, Peys.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

CABOMBACS^.

Brasenia peltata, Pursh.

S. E. (Univ. Herb).

NYMPHiEACEiE.

^^w^^ Nymphsea odorata, Ait.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.

Water-LUy.

^s^Tt^'SSdf^ ^"P^^r ad vena. Ait.

^ Saginaw B., common, 15 Jane; St. Mary's B., in flowier Jaly^M ; Ann

Arbor, (Miss Clark); F. Gratiot.

Y^Yj^d^y Nuphar Kalmiana, Pursh.

spawer-aocK. gaginaw B. , 16 June; S. W. (Wright) .

SARRACKNIACK.L.

Pitoher-plaiit.

Sarracenia purpurea, L.

Aoa Arbor,; n«ar << sitting rabbit," lY Aug.

PAPAVERAGB.£.

Bibod-root.

Sanguinaria Oanadensis, L.

Ann Artoor; St. Joseph's I.

FURMARIAGEAE.

OUmbing Fami-
gory,

Datohman's
Breeches.

Adlnmia cirrhosa, Raf.

Middle I., L. Enron, July; Grand Rapids, (Ifiss €9ark).

Dicentra CucuUaria, DO.

Detroit, (Austin).

Bquirreicom. Dicentra Canadensis, DC.

Gape Ipper wash, C. W., (Austin). Will nadoubtedly be found 'within
our limits.

Goidancorydaus. Corydalis aurea, Willd.

Middle I., L. Huron, July; Drummond's 1, 2B July.

paia Corydalis. Corydalis glanca, Purah.

Sanilac, (Austin) ; I^ummond's I. , 23 July, has the spur and lower part
of ooroUa pale red, and the upper part, with the tips of the petals,
yellow ; less common than the preceding, both prfferring the vicin-
ity of new clearings.

32

850

REPORT OP THE

Wat«r eren.
Harsh eresi.

Lakeereu.
Honeradiflh.

TDoUiwort, Pep-
per root.

Toothwort, Pep-
par-root.

Spring cFMi.

GDcicoo-fiower.

CSommon Bitter
cress.

Rock cress.

Bock cress.
Bock cress.
Sickle pod.
Tower mustard.

"Winter cress,
Yellow rocket.

CRUCIFERiE.

NaRtnrtiiiTn officinale, R. Br.

Northfleld, Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Nasturtium palnstro, DC.

Ann Arbor; shore of Saginaw Bay.

Nasturtium amphibtum, R. Br.

8. Michigan, (Wright).

Nasturtium lacustre, Gray. (N, natans — TT.)

8. E. (Univ. Horb).

Nasturtium Armoracia. Fries.

Ann Arbor; Pigeon river, IS June.

Dewtaria diphylla, L.

Ann Arbor.

Dentaria laciniata, Mubl.

Ann Arbor; N. E. (Univ. Herb).

Card amine rhomhoidea, DC.

Ann Arbor.

var. purpurea, Torr.

Ann Arbor.

Cardamine pratonsis, L.

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright); Livingston Co., (Miss Clark).

Cardamine hirsuta. L.

St. Helena I., L. Mich., 20 Aug.; S. W. (Wright); Ann Art)Or, (Mils

Clarlc).

var. Virffinica, Michx.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Arabifi lyrata, L.

Sand Pt. Saginaw R, 17 June; S. E. (Wright); Mont lAke, (Miss Clark).
The specimens seen at Sand Pt. w(>re the variety (Sifymlrivm artk
Indaides, Hock.) peculiar to '* Upper Michigan and northward.''

Arabis hirsuta. Scop. (A. Hamtfaia, — W.)

Middle I., L. Huron, 8 July ; S. £. (Wright).

Arabia laevigfata. OC.

Alpona; S. Michigan, (Wright).

Arabis Canadensis, L.

S. E. (Wright).

Turritis glabra, L.

Gros cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug.

Turritis stricta, Orabam.

stone I. , Saginaw B. , 10 June.

Turritis bracbvcarpa, Torr. & Gray,

i Ann Arbor; Alpena; Ft. Gratiot, (Gray).

Barbaroa vulpraris, II. Br.

Thunder B. Is.; St. Helena I. L. Mich., in blossom here 20 Aug., ai It
was at Thunder B. July 7th.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

Hedge Uastard.
Tan>7 Mustard.
YTliite MuiUurd/

Field Mastard,
Charlock.

Black Mustard.
WliiUow-graae.
Whitlow-gran.

Wild pepper-
grase.

';

Shepherd's parse

American sea-
rocket.

PoIaAisia.

Bcmn.VIeaTed
Vicflbt.

Sweet White
Violet.

Common Bine
Violet.

Hand-leaf Violet.

?'.

JLrrow-leavod
Violet.

Bird-foot Violet.

Long-spurred
Violet.

American Dog
Violet.

SiBymhrium officinale, Sc^.

Ann Arbor.

Sisymbrium caneseens, Natt.

Shore of L. Mich.

Sinapis alba, L.

Ann Arbor.

Sinapis arvensia, L.

Ann Arbor.

Sinapis nigra, L. ^

Ann Arbor.

Draba arabisans, Michx.

(( Upper Michigan,'' (Gray).

Draba iicmorosa, L.

Fi. Gratiot, (Gray).

Lepidiiim Vir^inicum, L.

Ann Arbor; Saginaw Bay, 14 June.

Lepidinm "ntermedium, Gray.

N. W. (Gray).

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench.

Ann Arbor ; Saut St. Marie, 80 July. AbundL n^ ev0rwliere.

Cakile Americana, Nutt.

Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug. ; frequently seen on san(*y beaches; raro>
ly seen with buth Joints of the pod coutaluLg ajperttict seed.

CAPPABIDAGFJB.

Polaniaia graveolens, Ra£

S. MicbigaQ, (Wright).

VIOLAOUB.

Viola Totundifylia, MicUx.

Sugar Island.

Viola blanda, Willd.

Ann Arbor; North shore L. Mich.

Viola cuciillata. Ait.

Ann Arbor; Saginaw B.; DrummcOkd^s L; Fi. GiPi£idt.

▼ar. pa I mat a.

Ann A^bor, (Mi^s Clark).

Viola sap^'ittAta, Ait. ( V. ovata—^W,)

Ann Arbor; Detroit, (Miss Clark).

Viola podata, L.

Ann Arbor.

Viola roHtrata, Piirsh.

Ann Arbor, compion in May.

Vi a MuibleAbergii, Torr.

A&n Arbor.

^u

BBPORT OF THfi

Ouiad* Violet.

Downy Yellow
Violet.

Frofltweed.

Hadaonia.

Pin-weed.

y . .

Rocmd-leayed
Sundew.

GriM ofPamM-

BOB.

Qnm of PamM-

Olaat St. JdtaU'
wort.

Shrubby St.
Jiduu-wort.

OommonSt.
•Jolma-wort.

Viola striata^ Ait.

Ann Arbor.

Yiola Caaadeitsis, L.

Ann Arbor; Emmet Co., 26 Aug.

Viola puvescens, Ait.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Emmet Go. ; common*

var. eriocarpa, Nutt.

Ann Arbor; Bmmet Co.; eoinBMn.

CISTACE^.

Helianthemum Canadense, Mi<shxl

Ann Arbor; Mouth Saginaw R., 14 June.

Hudsonia tomentosa, Hutt.

S. Michigan, (Univ. Herb). . ,

Leoh«a major, Michx.

S. Mich., (Wright).

DR0SERACI5JE.

Drosera rotundifolia, L.

Mouth Saginaw R. ; Saut St. Marie, 28 Jnly . '

Drosera longifolia, L.

S. Michigan, (Wright).

PABNASSIACE^.

Parnassia palustris, L.

'Ann Arbor; Drunu^ond's I.,St Jitj, none of the leayes heart-tb^ped,
though the sterile filaments were about 0.

Parnassia Catdliniana, Michx. (P, Americana — W,)

North shore of L. Mich., 17 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright).
HTPERieACfiJB.

Hyperiaum pyramidatnm, Ait. (ff. Acyroides—zW,)

S. Mich. (Wright); Ft. Gratiot.

Hypericum Kalmianum, L.

Ft. Gratiot, Groa Gap, L. Mich., 19 Aug. : Port Hsrdli, *< marshy margin
of river," (Miss Clark) ; S. Mich. (Wright).

HyperieiuB prolificum, L.

Drummond's I. , 22 July ; S. W. (Wri^lt) ; Ami Arbor.

Hypericum corymbosum, Muhl. {H, punctatum-^W.)

Anp. Arbor ;. fit. Gratiot, S. Ifich* (Wrtgfat).

Hypericum perforatum, L.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Hypericum ellipticum, Hook.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). ' .

Hypericum mutilum, L. {H, parviflorum. — W,)

S. W. (Wright); <'ilmfrood," (lOMaack). /

V

stme: GBOLoaiST i^

Hypericum CanadeBse, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sulphur L, otottli of Dyammond'g, 8 Aug. ; S.
W. (Wright).

,,'•■"•'

itorrt; ». John's- fiiodea Virginica, Nutt. {E'^pmmm Virginicum-'-

S. Michigan, (Wright).

itarA St. John's- Elodea petiolata, Pursh.

Groase Isle, (Hiss dark).

CARTOPHYLLAOEiE.

^wSrT^^- Saponaria officinalis, L.

^^(^ Ann Arb(Hr, 8. Michigan, (Wright).

Cow-Herb. Vaccarla vulgaris, Host. (Saponaria vaccaria — W,}.

8. Michigan, (Wright/.

stwrrj Campion, gilene stellata, Ait

S. Michigan, (Wright), i

Fiw Pink, Catch- sUene VirgiwCa, L.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

wndPink. Silene Pennsyjvamoa, Michx.

Mont Lake, (Miss dark).

Stoepyostcvy. Sileuc autirrhi^a, I/.

Mouth of Saginaw River, 14 Jane ;'S. E. (Wright).

N^^je'tog Silene noctiflora, L.

■ Port Huron, (Miss Clark).

com-cookie. AgTOfffcemma Githago, L.

k Ann Arbor;

Sandwott.

Alsine Michauxii, Fenzl. (Arenaria strida — W,)

S. Mich. (Wright).

^SSiSJI!^ Arenaria serpyllifolia, L.

Ann Arbor ; Mackinac, 10 July, common.

Moshrhigia. Moehringia lateriflora, L. (Arenaria loferi^Sbrffr- W.^

S. Mich. (Wright). . .

oom^n Chick. Stcllari a media, Smith.

Ft. Gratiot, S. Mich. (Wright).

stitchwort. Stellaria loDgifolia, Muhl. *

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Brace Mine, Ca., 26 July.

^wTwort. Stellaria longipes, Goldie.

Gros Cap, L. Mich. , 18 Aug. , abundakt in pure sfthd.

^*;jJJJ" ^»^^- Cerastium vulgatum, »L. "V "

Ann Arbor ; Mackinac, 10 July.

Field chickweed. Qerastium arven8e,*L. •

a Michigan, (Univ. Herb.) ^^>

^d?!?^r" Cerastum viscosum, L. ^

inn Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Willow-Creek, 20 June.

35A

Ooml^iTey.

Forked Chfck-
-Curpot-woed.

Common Pan-
laaa.

Spring Boaatf .

Gommon MoUow.
Telrat-Leaf.
Bladder Kotmia.

JkSBwood, Lin-
dan.

ITUdFIftx.

Flax.

Common Flax.

Tlolet Wood-
Sorrel.

Tellow Wood-
JorreL

REPORT OF TeS

Sperernia arvonsis, L.

a lOcb. (Wrigbt).

Anynliia di' hotoraa, Micbx.

8.'w. (Wright).

Mollnpfo verticillata, L.

Ft. Gratiot ; 8. Mich. (Wright). •

POBTULACACEiK.

Port 111 aca oleracea, L.

Ann Arbor; common.

Claytonia Virpfiiiira, L.

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (Wbitnoy).
MALVACfldS.

Malva rotundifolia, L.

Ann Arbor. S

Abmilon Avicennae, Gaerta. ^

Ann Arbor.

HibisruH Trionum, L.

Ann Arbor.

TILIACE^. •

Tilia Amerirana, L. {T. glabra — W)

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Emmet Co.; Antrim Co.; Pt. an Cbeno, L.
Mich. Thj Bosswood is of rroqa(*nt occarrencc throughout thv
Southern Peninsula, nuwh^re forming, huw -ver, a cousidurable por-
tion of thi foi-ifst gruwtb. His mwt oommitu along the infitnd
laicot of Emm t an I Antrim counUta^ wb^re it attains a large size,
comparing luvorably with the surroun ting Eims, Beaches and
Birches, in tlM b jaaty of its foliage and symmetry oi its jtruxU^ :

LINACE.fi.

Liniim Virginianum, L.

8. Mich., (Wright).

Lirmm Bocittii, Planchon.

S. Michigan, (Univ. Herb).

Linnm Tisitatissimum, L.

a Mich., (Wright).

OXALIDAGE^.

Oxalia violacea, L. '

a E. (Univ. Herb).

Oxalia striata, L.

Ann Arbor.

OxaliA corniciilata, L.

& Mich. (Univ. Harb.)

y

vSTATE GEPL^GJST.

»5

Wild Craaesl)!!!.

f *

Geranium maculatum, L.

Aon Arbor, commop ; S. ihore of Suglnaw B., common.

^luL** ^*^®'' Geranium Caroliniaiium, L

Drummond's I. ; Alcona Co. , IJulf. Oceun f palingly throagliotit ill*

northern counties.

Herb Robert. Geranium Robertianum, L.

stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June ; S. Mich. (Wright); Middle T.^ L. Huron ;
Drununond's I ; Mackinac. More common (turn the preceding.

Pale Toncb-me-
nofe.

Spotted Touch-
me-not.

Mbrthem Prickly
Ash, Toothache
/' Iree. ■

lairubb/ Trefoil,
Hop4ree.

Staghom Su-
mach.

emooth Sumach.
Ihparf Ssmacb.

Foison Sumach
or Dogwood.

Poison Ivy.
Poison Oalc.

flagrant Somach

BALSAMINACEiE.

Impatiens pallida, Nutt.

Bruce Mine, Ca., 27 July ; S. E. (Wright); Sugar I., abundant, 1 Aiig,

Impatiens fulva, Nutt.

Ann Arbor; Sugar L, 31 Julyf Brancb L.i Antrim Go. The prerafling

species.

I-

RUTACEJE. .

I J!

Zantboxylum Americanum, Mill.

Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.
Ptelea trifoliata, L.

S. Mich., (Wright).

ANACARDIACEiE.

Rhus tvphina, L.

Ann Arbor; Ftone 1., Saginaw B., 16 June; Emmet Co.; Grand Trayent
Co.; S. W. (Wright).

Rhus glabra, L.

Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.; N. shore of L. Mich.; S. W. (Wrigbt).

Rhus copHlina, L.

S. W. (Wright) ; Detroit, (Miss Clark).

Rhus venenata, DC.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Rhus Toxicridendron, L.

Ann Arbor; SUmp I., Saginaw B., 18 June; common In the conntlea
bordering on L Huron ; Sault St. Marie, common ; leas common on
L. Mich.

Rhus radicans. L.

Bear Creek, Emmet Co. ; S. E. (Wright).

Rhus aromatica, Ait.

DoTer, (Miss Clark).

Amunar Grape.

VFTACEJB.

VitiB SBRtivaliR, Michx.

Ann Arbor; 6. Mich. (Wright).

, /

S66

REPORT OP THB

Winter or Flroti
Ch«pe.

dr.

Vitis cordifolia, Micbx.

Inn Arbor ; Dnunmond's I. : Stone I. , Sagtauiw B.; SaiUl dniieB eC 1^
met Co. , ita vinn covering tlie surflice of fke sand !h abundiult^.

var riparia, ( V, riparie^—W.)

a R (Wright).

Axnpelopsia qudnquafolia, Michz.

CSiaritf U. , Sag. B. , 81 June ; Aim Irbor.

Kew Jersey Tea.

CUmbing Bitter-
aweek

Boming-Baah.
Waahoo.

Strawberry Bosh

rhamnacej:
Rhamnug alnifolius, L'Her. (^R./ranguloideti^'^W,)

a S. (Wright).

Ceanothns Americanus, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Sand Pt. , Saginaw B. , 17 Jane ; Smmet Oe.
GSLASTRACEiE.

OekMtma Boandecs, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Euonjmua atropnrpnreus, Jacq.

8. E. (Wright).

Enonjmus Amerieanus, L. rar. obovatus, Tore &
Gray. (E,obovcUtL8 — W.)

a W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Miss duk).

American Blad-
der-nat.

Fetid or Ohio
Buckeye.

>StripM Mttple.

\
Mountain Maple.

Sugar Maple. '

Black Sugar
Maple.

White or Silver
Maple.

Bed or Swamp
Maple.

Ash-leaved Ma-
ple, Box-Elder.

SAPUiDACEJS.

Staphylea trifolia, L.

S. W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, <MiBS Clark).

Aesculus glabra, Wild.

a Michigan, (Wright).

Acer Pcnrisylvanicum, L.

Alcona Co., (most southern known limit of ita range ift the BHitft);
common at False Presqu' Isle, and northward, a small slender tree,
the largest speclmeais seen measuring 6 inches in diameter, 8 feel
from the surface.

Acer spicatum, Lam.

Alcona Co., 1 July; False Presqu' Isle, common, and northward. lUs
is the prevaiUng species on the high lands of Drummond's, $t..
J(Meph^3 and Sugar Islands; smaUer than the last.

Acer «accharinum, Wang.

Ann Arbor* Mackinac, common, but the only^Deciea seen on the isl-
and I ; Emmet, Antrim and Leelanaw countieB, forming here a con-
spicuoi»3 and iinportsmt portion of the fijrest timber. Gonunon

throughout the State.

va.T. nigrnm, (^A. nigrum.— W,) *

Ann Arbor.

Acer dasycarpiim, Ehrhart. (A. eriocarpum, — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Acer rubrum, L. '

Ann Arbor; Brucei Mlne,'Oa.; Bratfcb L., Antrfttt Co.

Negundo aceroides, Moench.

S. Mich., (Univ. Herb).

..»

STATE GEOLOGIST.

257

POLYGALACEiE.

HUkwort.

IfOkwort.

fieneca Snake-
coot.

Slowering win-
tergreen.

Polygala sanguinea, L. (P. purpurea, — W.)

S. W. (Wright) ; Ana Arbor', (Miss Clark).

Polygala cruciata, L.

8. Mich., (Wright).

Polygala verticillata, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Polygala Senega, L.

Ann Arbor ; shore of Saginaw B.: Dmmmond'B L; Sugar I.; Saolt Ett
Marie ; North shore of L. Mich.

Polygala pol.vgama, Walt.

Ft. Gratiot ; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Polygala paucifolia, Willd.

Ann Arbor ; Drummond's I.

vai\ alba. Eights.

B. Mich. (Wright).

Wild Lapine.
Bed OoTor.

t

White Qover.

Sweet Clover,
White MelUot.

Lead Plant.

Cbmmon Locust,
False Acacia.

Goat's Rae,
Gatgut.

HUk-Yetch.
Tick IVefoil.
Tick Trefoil.
Tick Tlrefoll.
TIckTIrefbiL

LEGUMIN0SJ5.

Lupinus perennis, L.

Ann Arbor ; mouth of Saginaw R.

Trifolium pratense, L!

Ann Arbor ; Pigeon river, 18 June ; Presqu* Isle ; Dnuninond'BL; Grand
Traverse Co. Common everywhere.

Trifolium reperis, L.

Ann Arbor; Bois Blanc L, 15 July; SautSt. Marie; Emmet Co., wood*

lands.

Melilotiis alba, Lam.

Ann Arbor; Fine L. , Emmet Co. , 28 Aag.

Amorplia canescens, Nutt.

Western Michigan. '

Robinia Pseiidacacia, L.

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, in cultivation.

Tepbrosia Virginiana, Pers.

S. W. (Wright); Livingston Co., (Miss Clark),

Astragal 11*^ Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor; Belle river, (Miss Clark) ; S. W. (Wright).

Desnnodinni nudiflorum, DO.

S.Mich., (Wright).

Desmodinm acurainatiim, DO.

S.Mich., (Wright).

Desmodiunn pRuciflorum, DO.

Mont Lake, (Miss dark).

Desmodinni rotundifolium, DO.

S. Mich. (Wright).

33

258

REPORT OF THE

Tick Tirefoil.

Tick Trefoil.

Tick TrefoU.
Tick Tk-efoil.

Tick TrefoU.
Tick TrefoU.
Boflh Tk'efoU.
Tick TrefoU.
Tick TrefoU.
TIcktwfbil. •
Tick Trefoil.
Bash Qorer.

Slender Lespe-
deza.

BoBh Glover.

Bash Clover.

Bush Clover.

Vetch, Tare.
Vetch.

"Desmodium canescens, DC?"

S. W. (Wright).

Desmodiam cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. {D, bracteO'
sum — W.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Desmodium laevigatum, DO.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Desmodium Dillenii, Darlingt. (D.^Marylandicum —

W,)

8. W. [Wright); Mont L. (Miss Clark).

Desmodium paniculatum, DC.

a Mich. (Wright).

Desmodium strictum, DC.

& Mich. (Wright).

Desmodium Canadense, DC.

Ann Arbor; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).

Desmodium sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray.

8. Mich., (Univ. Herb).

Desmodium rigidum, DC.

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Univ. Herb).

Desmodium ciliare, DC.

8. Mich., (Wright).

Desmodium Marilandicum, Boott. (D, Musum — W\

& Mich., (Wright).

Lespedeza violacea, Pers.

8. W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

var. angustifolia. (L. retihuLaia. — TF.)

8. W. (Wright).

Lespedeza repcns, Torr. & Gray. (" 2y prostraJtaP^ —

W.)

S. Mich., (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Lespedeza Stuvei, Nutt.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Lespedeza hirta, Ell. (L. polystachia — W,)

8. W. (Wright).

Lespedeza capitata, Michx.

8. W. (Wright); Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).

var. angustifolia. (L. angustifolia — W.)

8. W. (Wright).

Vicia*Cracca, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Vicia Caroliuiana, Walt.

Ann Arbor, common.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

2&9

Vetch.
BoaohPe&.

Votchling.
Pole Yetohllng.

Vicia Americana, Muhl.

Ana Arbor ; W. Micb. (Miss Clark).

Lathyrus maritimus, Bigelow.

Ft. aa Sable, Saginaw B., 17 June ; shoro of L. Haron, common ; Ut.
St. Martin's I. ; S. W. (Univ. Herb.) ; Sand dunes of Emmet Co.

Lathyrus vcijosus, Muhl.

Ann Arbor. v

Lathyrus ochroleucus, Hook.

Ann Arbor ; Pte au Chapoan, Saginaw B. , 18 Juno. Among the settlei^
this species is called Indian Pea.

Marsh Vetchiing. Lathyrus palustris, L.

Kidney ^ei^i.
Qround-nut.
Hog Pea-nut.
Wild Indigo.

Red-bud.

Wild Senna.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Bay City, common : Psaganin, 26 June ; Drum-
mond's I. , 26 July ; Branch L. , Antrim do.

var. myrtifolius. (L. myrtifohus — W.)

Ft. Gratiot ; Alpena Co., 6 July ; Lit. St. Martin's I.; 8. Mich. (Wright).

Phaseolus divers if olius, Pers.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Apios tuberosa, Moencb.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Amphicarpaea monoica, Nutt.

S. W. (Wj*ight).

Baptisia tinctoria, R. Br.

Ann Arbor. ^

Baptisia leucantha, Torr. & Gray. (B. (dba. — W.)

Calhoun County.

Baptisia leucophaea, Nutt.

S. Mich., (Torr. & Gr.)

Cercis Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor.

Cassia Marilandica, L. i

Ami Arbor; S. W. (Wright).

^\ri^^^^ ^^®- Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam.

Ann Arbor.

"A^^i'^nSJey Gl«ditschia triacauthos, L.

liOcust! V Ann Arbor.

ROSACEA.

Wum^d^um ^^"^^^s Americana, Marshall.

* Ann Arbor; Pt. au Cliene, L. Mich.

Sand Cherry.

Prunus pumila, L. (P. depressa^ — W.)

Sand Point, Saginaw B.; shore of L. Huron to Drummond's I., (at
Middie I. 5 feet high, branching diUlisely from the base); Oroe
Cap, L. Mich. ; very abundant on the sand dunes of Emmet (x).; and
southward along the shore of L. Mich. The fruit is a black, medhim
slaed cherry ; flavor much like the choke-cherry, less astringent,
but more bitter.

260

REPORT OF THE

wiidRedcaierry. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L.

False Preeqa' Isle- Dnimmond's I., very common ; SoRar I.; Emmet
Co.; 8. E. (Wright). Small tree rarely exceeding 16 ft. in beight

Oioke Cherry. Prunus Virginiana, L. (P. obovafa—W.)

Ann Arbor ; Sand Point, Saginaw B.; False Presqu' Isle ; sbore of U
Mich. , Emmet and Antrim counties, abundant ; N. shore of L. Hich.

Prunus serotina, Ehrhart.

Ann Arbor ; Presqu' Isle : Emmet Co. Frequently attains Uie ciae Of
« a fine large tree.'' The largest specimens seen occur in BhiawaS'
see Co. , where it is an fibundant forest tree.

Spiraea opulifolia, L.

Ann Arbor; Thunder B. Is., 7 July; Lit. St. Martin's I.; Drummond'sl.,
common; Elk Rapids, Antrim Co., common; its clusters of white
flowers, or red winged pods, making it one of the most attractive
shrubs of the forest.

Wild Black
Cherry.

Kme-Bark.

OommoQ Mead-
ow-iweet.

Bsrdhaok,
Steeple-budL

Qneenof the
Prairie.

Bowman's Root.

Common Agri-
mony.

Small-FIowering
Agrimony.

Otmadlan Burnet.
Avens.

Large-Ieayed
Arens.

Weter or Purple
Avens.

Barren Straw-
berry.

Cinquefoil.

Spiraea salicifolia, L.

Ann Arbor; Alpena Co.,0 July; Drummond'sl.; Brace Mino^C^; A.
Mich. (Wright). L^ common than the last.

Spiraea tomentosa, L.

& W. (Wright) ; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).

Spiraea lobata, Murr.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Gillenia trifoliata, Meoench.

a Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Agrimonia Eupatoria, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. an Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug.

Agrimonia parviflora, Ait.

Detroit, (Miss Clark).

SaDguisorba Canadensis, L. .

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Geum album, Gmielin.

Shore of Saginaw B. , 26 June ; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. , 18 Angw

Geum Virginianum, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

Geum macrophyllum, Willd.

Ft. Gratiot? (Austin.) ^

Geum slrictum, Ait.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Bois Blanc L ; Ottawa, Iosco Co.

Geum livale, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ma<;I:inaw ; Lit. St. Martin's I.

Waldsteinia fragarioidcs, Tratt. ^

Livingston Co., 14 May ; S. Mich. (UniVs Herb.)

Potentilla Norvegica, L.

Grass Island, Thunder Bay, 8 July ; Drummond's I., common , 2i July;
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

STATE GEOLOGIST, 261

(taittoii cjique- Potentilla Canadensis, L.

IMl,FlT8-niiger. ^^^ ^^^^^^. ^^ Gratiot; Moath of Saginaw B., U Jane; UoaUi Sebawa-

ingR., Tuscola Co. .

aiwf Cinque- Potentilla argentea, L.

Ann Arbor , (Miss Clark) .

Potentilla arguta, Pursh.

Groe Cap, L. Mich. , 18 Aug. ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

«i¥er-weed. Potentilla Anserina, L.

Moutb of Scbawaing R., 14 June: shore of L. Huron, rery common;
Drummond's I.; Bruce Mine, uu; 8. W. (Wright).

flimibbj Cinque. Potentilla fruticosa, L.

Ann Arbor; Thunder Bay Is.; Drummond's I.; common on sandjand
graveily shores as well as near marshes, sometimes 4)^ ft. in bight.

uirahFiTe- Potentilla palustris, Scop. (P. Comarum—W.)

"°^''* Ft. Gratiot ; Sault Ste Marie, 28 July ; Traverse aty ; S. B. (Wright).

fitawberry. Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrhart.

Ann Arbor ; S. shore of Saginaw B., 13 June ; Drummond*s L; Traverse
City. More common ttian the next, except northward.

Birawberry. Fragaria vesca, L.

Ann Arbor ; Middlo I., L. Huron ; Huron Co.; Mackinac.

Otfibarda. Dalibarda repens, L. [D.fragaroides fviolaeoides) —

W\ '

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

J^^^^^^^fi Riibua odoratus, L.

Raspberry. ^ Gratiot ; Thander Bay I. , 7 July ; Presqn' blOj iibundant, 12 July ;

Gros Cap, L. Mich.

Whue Flowering Rubus Nutkanus, Mocino.

P orry. Thunder Bay Is. , 7 July ; Presqu' Isle, 12 July. Earlier out of blossom

tlian th«3 last.

Dwarf Raspberry Rubus triflorus, Richardson. [B. saxcUilis (var. Can-

adensiaj — W,]

Ann Arbor ; Lit. St. Martinis I., very abundant, trailing stems long and
slender, covering the ground in sliade of forests.

wnd Red Rasp- Rubus strigosua, Michx".

"^* Middle I., L. Huron; Thunder Bay Is., abundant; Bois Bland.; Sugar

I., very abundant and very prolific; Emmet Co.; Mont Lake, (Miss
Clark). Very common especially where the ground has been burn-
ovor. The fruit is largely manufactured into <* raspberry Jam"
which is sout to all parts of the United States and to the W. Indies.

ri«ikRajpborry, Rubiis occidentalis, L.

Thimbleberry. ...

Ann Arbor.

^S^e/r^'^^ Rubiia villosns, Ait.

Ann Arbor; Middle L, L. Huron; Drummond's I.; Emmet, Antrim and
Grand Traverse counties, abundant.

var \'vn]\d"su^. ( H.frondosvs. — W.)

Traverse City; S. E. (Wright).

Ljw Blackberry, Rubns Canadensis, L.

I>ewDorry. g^^ pt., Saginaw B. ; Saut St. Marie; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clarke-

common than the B. villosut; S. £. (Wright).

2^3

REPORT OF THE

Rubus hispidus, L.

Sqvaw Ft , Thunder & ; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark) ; a Mich. (UnW. iSerb) .

Ru^us trivialis, Mich^.

S. Mich. (Wright) ; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark)% Identification qnestioiiahle.

Rubus cuneifolius, Pursb.

(S.) Mich. (Miss Clark).

Rosa setigera, Michx.

Jackson Co.; Gross Isle, (Miss Clark).

Rosa Carolina, L.

St. Joseph's I. , 27 July ; Ann Arbor.

Rosa lucida, Ehrhart.

Ann Arbor ; Drummond's I. ; Sault Ste Marie.

var. parviflora, (Ehrhart). (B, parviJiorar--^W.y

Sand Ft. , Saginaw B. ; S. Mich. (Wright) .

Early Wild-Rose. R,oga blanda, Ait.

Ft. Gratiot ; S. shore of Saginaw B.: Drummond's I.: St. Joseph's L,
abundant, often forming the principal part of the shrubbery on
high, rocky soil, or along gravelly beaches ; Mackinac ; Emmet Co. :
Traverse City. The most frequent representative of this genus.

Rnnning Swamp
Blackberry.

Low-bush Black-
berry.

Sand Bl&skberry.

Gimbing or Prai-
rie Rose.

Swamp Ros^.

DwvfWil4-Ro&e.

Swoef-Brier.

Scarlet-fruited
Thorn.

Black or Pear
Thorn.

Cockspur Thorn.
Crab-Apple.

s,

Choke-berry.

American Moun*
tain -Ash.

June berry.
Shad-bush,
Service-berry.

Rosa rubi^inosa, L.

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, abundant, 10 July.

Crataegus coccinea, L.

Ann Arbor ; Stone I. , Saginaw B. , 16 June.

Crataegus tomentosa, L.

Ann Arbor ; Stone I. , Saginaw B. , 16 June.

var. pyrifolia.

Saut St. Marie; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

var. punctata. {G. punctata. — W.)

Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.

var mollis.

Ann Arbor.

Crataegus Crus-galli, L.

Ann Arbor.

Pyrus coronaria, L.

Ann Arbor.

Pyrus arbutifolia, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Saut St. Marie.

viar. melanocarpa, (P. melanocarpa, — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Pyrus Americana, DC.

St. Joseph I.

* *

Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gr.

Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I. ; Northport; Ft. au Chene, L. Mich.

var. Botryapium, (-4. Botryapium. — W.)

Mackinac.

var. oblongifolia.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

STATE GEOLOGIST

263

Medlar-baab.

Ammannia.

LooBestrife.

Spiked Loose-
strife.

Swamp Loose-
strife.

var. rotundifolia. [A. ovalis. — W,)

S. Mich. (Wright).

var. alnifolia.

Presqu'Islo.

var. oligocarpa, (^A sanguinea — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

LYTHRA«K«:.

Ammannia humilis, Michx.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Lythrum alatum, Pursh.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Lythrum Salicaria, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Nesaea verticillata, H. B. K. (Decodon vertiotUliUum

— W.)

S. Mich. (Wright). Gross Isle, (Miss Clark).

Great Willow-
Herb.

Common Eve-
ning-Primrose.

SundroiMi.

Gaura.

Soed-box.

ONAGRAGE^.

Epilobium angustifolium, L.

Ft. Gratiot ; Alcona Co., 1 July ; Thunder Bay, common ; Drommond't
1. , common : Bruce Mine, Ca. , common, a single specimen was found
with white flowers ; L. Sup. ; Ft. au Chene, L. Mich. A very com-
mon and conspicuous herb, northward, especially where the ground
has been burned over or cleared for settlement.

Epilobium palustre, L. Var. lineare. {E. lineare —
W.)

Saut St. Marie.

Epilobium molle, Torr.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Epilobium coloratum, Muhl.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Middle L.L. Huron, 8 Jaly; Ssnt fit MhtW,
common ; Ft. au Cheno, L. Mich. , 10 Aug. ; Traverse City.

GEuothera biennis, L.

Ann Arbor; Thunder Bay Is. ^ July ; Sugar L, common; Mackinac; Green
B., Emmet Co.; S. W. (Wright).

var. muricata, (CE, muricata, — W.)

S. W. (Wright).

(Enothera fruticosa, L.

Ann Arbor.

(Enothera pumila, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Gavra biennis, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Ludwigia alternifolia, L.

S. W. (Wright).

* False Loosestrife. Ludwigia polycarpa, Short k Peter.

Swamps, Michigan, (Dr. Fitcher).

264

REPORT OF THE

Wafer romaao. Ludwigia palustris, Ell.

8. Mich. ^Univ. Horb.)

niohanter*8
Nigbtabade.

Water laifoU.

llare'staU.

WUdCkMeeberry.

emootb Wild
GoMk'berry.

£mooUi Wild
Ckxxseborry.

ewampGooae-
borry.

Fetid Oirrant.

Wild BbKk Onr-
raat.

Bed Carrant.

Wild Balsam-
apple.

Girrsea Lntetiana, L.

Ft. Gratiot ; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. , 18 Aug. ; Pine Tvdce, Emmet Co., 2S
Aug. Found iu moist, cold woodlands, not common.

Ciroffia alpina, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; St. Joseph's I., 2 Aug.

Myriophyllum verticillatuni, L

S. Mich. (Wright).

Hippuris vulp^aris, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

GROSSULACFJE.

Ribes Cynofibati, L.

Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B. ; Drummond's I.

Ribes hirtellum. Michx.

Maclcinac; Ann Arbor, (Hiss Claris); Sitting Rabbit.

RiboB rotund ifoliiim. Micbx. (/?. Mflnrum — W )

St. Jo83ph'8 1. ; Sitting Rabbit; S. Mich. (Wright). Tho last two sp3cl3S
of goosvjborry Wv^re sjen at bitting R;ibbit growing within tbrco
foct of each oth^^r, in a boach composj 1 of t'rugm ^nts o( lira ststono,
very prolific. Though tho formsr spoci -s is g n jrally culti vatotl,
the latter is preforablu, thu fruit b.'ing targjr, with a pleasant tari
in place of the flit sweetness of the form ir, an I the branch^ less
thorny. Its branches are sprealingor procumbent; thoiij of the
form jr erect and rigid. By this diffjrenco they are easily dlstin>
guished at a distance.

Ribes lacustre, Poir.

Drummond's I. ; Sitting Babbit; Grand Traverse Co.

Ribes prostratum, L*Her.

St. Joseph's L

Ribes floridnm, L'Her.

stone I., Saghiaw B.; St. Joseph's I.; S. Mich. (Wright).

Ribes rubrum, L.

Ann Arbor.

CUCURBITACE^.

Echinocystis lobata, Torr. & Gr. (Mormordica echir
vafa — W.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

CRASSULACK25.

Diicb stoaocrop. Pentborum fc>edv)'des, L.

Ann Arbor.

SAXIFRAGACKiE.

Swamp Saxifrage Saxifia-^'a reimsylvaiiica, L.

Ann Arbor.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

265

Csmmoii Alum-
root.

Mire-wort,
Bishop's Gap.

llitre-wori,
Bishop's Gap.

Heuchera Americana, L.

Ann Arbor.

Mitel la diphylla, L.

Ann Arbor.

Mitella niida, L. (M. cordifolia. — W.)

Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron, 21 June; Drummond's I.; Pittsfield, (IQss
Clark;. «

«W8e Mitro-wort. Tiarella cordifolia, L.

Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw Bay; Bear Creek, Emmet Co., very
abundant ; Branch Lake, Antrim €|o., SO Aug.

Golden Saxifrage. Chrysosplonium Americanum, Schwnin.

S. W. (Wright).

HAMAMELACE^.

Witcb-Hazel.

Hamamelis Vii*ginica.

Ann Arbor; Mackinac; Traverse City; 8. W. (Wright).

UMBELLIFERiE.

IlitrBh Penny-
wort.

Hjdrocotyle Americana, L. *

Saot St. Marie, 30 July; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark^.

HydrocotyU; umbellata, L.

S. W. (Wright).

Sanicula Canadensis, L:

Ann Arbor. .

Sanicnla Marilandica, L.

Ft. Gratiot; shore of Saginaw B. , common; Drummond's I. ; Pt. aa Chens,
L. Michigan; S. Mich. (Wright).

Eryngium yuccaefolium, Michx. (E, aqxmticum^W,)

a W. (Wright).

PolytsBnia Xuttallii, DO.

S.*Mich. (Wright).

Cow Parsnip. Heracleum lanatum, Michx.

Ann Arbor ; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; Port Hope, Huron Cb.,
abundant and very large ; St. Helena I., L. Mich.

Harsh Penny-
wort.

6anicle, Black
Snakeroot.

6anlole, Black
Snakeroot.

Sattlesnake-Mas-
4er, Button
Snakeroot.

Gbmmon Pars-
nip.

Gbwl)ane.

Arohangelica.

Great Angelica.

Pastinaca ^ativa, L.

Ann Arbor ; Bois Blanc I.

Archemora rigida, DO. var. ambigua, (^. amhigua
— W)

S. Mich. ^Wright).

Achangclica hirsuta, Terr. & Gr. (Angelica triquir
71 at a. — W.)

Emmet Co.; S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Archangel ica atropurpurea, Hoffm. (^Angelica atro-
purpurea, — W.)

Ann Arbor.

84

/

see REPORT OF THE

MMdow Parttip. Thaspium barbinode, Nutt.

S. W. (Wright).

Meadow Parsnip. Thaspium aureum, Nutt. •

Ann Arbor, rather common; S. shore of Saginaw Bay, comm(»i; Dmm*-
mond'8 I.

. var. apterum. (Zizia aurea. — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Meado\f Parsnip. Thaspium trifoliatum, Gray, var. apterum, Torr. &

Gr. (Zizia cordaia. — W.)

S. W. (Wright).

V

Alexanders. Zizia integerrima, DC.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. an C!hene, L. Mich.; Ifackinac, (Ifiss Claxk).

gwtted cowbane Cicuta maculata, L.

Musquash-root. g ^^^^ ^^^^^^^

Cicuta buibifera, L.

Ann Arbor; Grand Traverse Go. ; Port HnroB, (Miss Clark).

Water-Parsnip. Sium lineare, Michsf.

S. Mich., (Univ. Herb).

Water-Parsnip, gium angustifoHum, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Sium latifolium of Wright's Catalogue is prob
ably one of these species.

Honowort. Cryptotsenia Canadensis, DC.

Ann Arbor.

SnaooUier Sweet Qsmorhiza longistylis, DC.

^^' Ann Arbor ; Charity Is. , 27 June; Pt aa Chene, L. Mich.

Hairy Sweet Osmorhiza brevistylis, DC.

ucey. Ft. Gratiot; shore of Saginaw Bay, 26 Juno; Pt. an Chcne, L. Mich.;

Ann Arbor. The prevailing species.

Poison Hemiocic. ConiuHi maculatum, L.

Maclcinac, common.

Harbinger of Erig^cnia bulbcsa, Nutt.

spring. ^^^ Arbor, (Miss Clark).

ARALIACE^.

spiiionard. Aralla raceraosa, L. ^

Ann Arbor; Sugar I., 31 July; Mackinac, (Miss Clark) T Not common.

^'ito^wud''^'^" -^^^^^^ bispida, Michx.

giflej. Sturgeon Pt. , L. Huron , 30 June, common : Drummond's I. ; Pt. au Chcne .

L. Mich.; Emmet Co.; Port Huron, (Miss Clark).

Wild sarsapariiia Aralia nudicaulis, L.

Ann Arbor; Pt an Sable, Sag. Bay , 16 Jane; Drummond's I. ^St. Jo8^h%
I. Very common.

Ginseng. Arab'a quinquefolia, Gray. (Panax quinquefoliwni.

"S. W. (Wright) ; Saut St. >Iarie, and Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

oJS'und^n^f °^' Aralia trifolia, Gray. (Panax trifolium.—W.)

Ann Arbor.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

26t

Dwarf Cornel,

Bunch-berry.

Flowering I)og-
wood.

Roimd-loayed
Cornel.

Silky Cornel,
Einnikinnik.

Bed-osier Dog-
wood.

Panicled Cornel.

Alternate-leaved
Cornel.

Pepperidge,
Tupelo.

CORNACiL£.

Cornus Canadensis, L.

Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw B., 18 Jnne; Dmmmond's I., common;
Sugar I.; St. Helena I.; Emmet Co., common; Leelanaw Co.: Pitts-
field, (Miss Clark). Very common and widely diffused, nortnward.

Cornus florida, L. V

S. Mich. (Wright).

Cornus circinata, L'Her.

False Presvu' Isle, L. Huron, 11 July ; S. Mich. ( Wright) .

Cornus sericea, L.

Ann Arbor.

Cornus stolonifera, Michx.

St<me I. , Saginaw B. , 16 June ; Sand dunes of Ottawa Co. , 80r Aug. ; Ann
Arbor.

Cornys paniculata, L'Her.

Ann Arbor; Stone 1., Saginaw Bay., 16 June; Bear Creek, Emmet Co.

Cornus alterni folia, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Little Traverse Bay.

Nyssa multiflora, Wang.

Ann Arbor; Bloomfield, Oakland Co.

CAPRIFOLIACEiE.

Twin flower.

Wolf-berry.

Snowberry.

Yellow Honey-
suckle.

Small Honey-
suckle.

Hairy Honey-
suckle.

Fly Honeysuckle.

Bush Honey -
Suckle.

Fever-wort.

Linnaea borealis, Gronov.

Pt.au Chapeau, Saginaw Bay, 18 Juno; shores of Lakes Huron and
Michigan, very abundant.

Symphoricarpus occidentalis, R. Br.

Fort Gratiot, (Austin).

Symphoricarpus racemosus, Michx.

Pt. au Chapeau, Sag. Bay, 18 June; Alpena Co.

Lonicera flava, Sims.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Lonicera parviflora, Lam.

Drummond's I. , common.

var. Douglassii.

Ann Arbor; Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron, 19 June; Bnunmond's L

Lonicera hirsuta, Eaton

Charity Is., Saginaw Bay, 27 June; Dmmmond^s L, common: Pt. au
Chene, L. Mich.

Lonicera ciliata, Mubl. (Hylosteum ciliatuny — W.)

Sugar Island.

Diervilla trifida, Moench. (2>. Canadensis, — W.)

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Barques, L. Huron, 19 Jnne; shore of L.
Hfiron, very common; St. Helena I.; Emmet, Antrim and Leelanaw
counties, very common; Sugar I., abundant.

Triosteum perfoliatum, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.

868

REPORT OP THE

Common Elder.

Bed-berried El-
der.

Sweet Vibamam.

Downy Arrow-
woo<l, Dock-
Mackio.

llaple-leayed
Arrow -wood.

SambnciiR Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor; Sanilac Co.

Samburus piibens, Mirhx. (S, pub(*scens. — W.)

Ann Arbor; Boin Blanc I.; Drammond's J.;Pt. an Cbene, I* lllch.;
Traversa City. Mure common northward than the last.

"^rtburnum Lontag^o, L. •

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.

Viburnum pul escens, Pursh.

Ann Arbor.

Vibnrnnm acorifolinm, L..

Ann Arbor : Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw Bay, 28 Jane; Mission FU«
Grand Traverse Co.

QpMiberry-veo. Viburnum Opulus, h (V. oxyroccusi. — W.)

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; shore of Saginaw Bay; St. Joseph's I.: Branch
Lake, Antrim Co., abundant along the marshy margin of the river.

RUBIACE^.

Clivers, Goose- Galium Aparine, L.

Grass. ^^^ g^ iiAvic; S. W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Bongh Bed-straw Galium asprollum, Mirhx.

Saat St. Marie, 29 July, growing rankly in the thickets near the river.
One specimen measured 6 ft. 5 in. in hight, ciimbl|^ and leaning on
shrubs; Ann Arbor.

Galium concinnum, Torr. &'Gr.

Ann Arbor.

Small Bed-straw. Galium tnfidum, L.

Ann Arbor; 8. shore of Saginaw Bay; Sant St. Marie, 20 July.

var. tnicionum. (G. Unct^trivm. — W)

S. shore of Saginaw Bay, common; 8. Mich., (Wright).

var. lantnliuiij, (6r. (.btuaum. — W.)

S. Mich., (Wright).

.Galium triflorum, Michx.

Willow river, shore of Sag. Bay, 20 Juno, common; Brace MIne,Gau,i27
July; St. Helena I.; Ann Arbor, iMiss Clark). Very common
throughout the northern portions of the State.

Galium pilosum, Aif.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark); S. Mich., (Univ. Herb.)

Galium cirraesana, Michx.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.

Galium hiijccolatum, Torr.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Galium horoalo, L

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw Bay.

Ccphalniitlius occidentalis, L.

Ann Arbor.

Sweet scented
Bedstraw.

Wild Liqaorico.

Wild Liquorice.

Northern Bed-
straw.

Batton-bush.

partridge-berry. Mitchell a repens, L.

Ft. Gratiot; Emmet Co., common: 8. W. fWrlght): rittsfldd. AOss
Clark). • ^

STATE GEOLOGIST.

26^

Bluets.

Oldenlandia purpurea.

Ann Arbor.

var. longifolia.
8. Hich., (Univ. Herb); Dover, (Miss dark).

var. ciliolata, (//. cxLiolala. — TF.)

S. Michigan, (Wright). .

Valerian.
Valerian.

Gbm Salad,
lAmb-Lettace.

VALERIANACEiE.

Valeriana sylvatica, Richards.

Ann Arbor.

Valeriana odulis, Nutt.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Fedia radiata, Michx.

Low grounds and moist fields, (Dr. Pitcher).

Wild Teasel.

•DIPSACE.fi.

Dipsarus sylvestris, Mill.

Ann Arbor.

Iroa-weed.

Iron-weed.

Biasing star.

Button Sniike-
root.

Button Snake-
root. -

Gay-Feather.

Button Snake-
root.

Euhnla.

jfoe-Pye Weed.
Trumpet-Weea.

Upland Boneset.

Toroughwort,
Boneset.

COMPOSITE.

Vernonia Noveboraceusis, Willd.

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Vernonia fasciculata, Michx.

S. W. (Univ. Herb).

Liatris squarrosa, Willd.

Ann Arbor.

Liatris cylindracea, Michx.

S. Mich., (Wright).

Liatris scariosa Willd.

Ann Arbor.

Liatris spicata, Willd.

S. W. (Wright). 4

Liatris pycnostachya, Michx.

Mont Lake, (Miss Clark), f

Kuhnia eupatorioides, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Eupatorium purpureura. L.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I; Bruco Mine, Ca., common; Pt. au Chene, L.-
Mich.: Mission Point; Saut St. Marie, common; Branch Lake, An-
trim Co. , abundant.

var. niaculatum, (E amoenum, — W,)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Eupatorium sessilifolium, L.

S. Mich., (Wright).

Eupatorium perfoliatum, L.

Ann Arbor; Drummond'g L, 22 July.

S10

REPORT OF TBE

White Snake-
root.

Mist flower.

Sweet Oolts-foot.

Colts-foot.

Corymbed Aster.

Large Leaved
iLfiter.

Silky Aster.

Iaz Leaved

Aster.

Spreading Aster.

Smooth Aster.

Axore Aster.

Wavy Aster.

Heart Leaved

Aster.

Arrow Leaved
Aster.

Heath-like Aster.

Many Flowered
Aster.

Tradescant^s
Aster.

Dwarf Aster.

Simple Aster.

i<Thin Leaved
Aster.

Eupatorium ageratoides, L.

Ann Arbor.

Conoclinium coBlestinum, DC.

" Rkh soil," (Gray).

NardoQmia palmatai, Hook.

lAke Huron, (Nuttall).

Tussilago Farfara, L.

Saut St. Marie, (Whitney).

Aster corymbosus, Ait.

a Mich. (Wright).

Aster macrophyllus, L.

& W. (Univ. Herb).

Aster sericeus, Vent.

a Michigan, (Wright).

Aster laxifolius, Nees.

L. Huron, (Dr. Pitcher.)

Aster patens, Ait.
var. phlogifolius.

Ann Arbor, (Miss dark).

Aster IsBvis, L.

Ann Arbor. •

var* laevigatus.

Ann Arbor.

Aster azureus, Lindl.

S. W. (Univ. Herb); Fort Gratiot, (Dr. Pitcher); Ann Arbor, (iUas
Clark.)

Aster imdulatus, L. ("-4. diversifolius?" — W,)

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Aster cordifolius, L. (A. paniculatus. — W,)

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I. , common; Emmet Co.

Aster sagittifolius, Willd.

Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I., 5 Aug.; S. W. (Univ. Herb).

Aster ericoides, L.

Drummond's I., 9 Aug.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Aster multiflorus. Ait.

Ann Arbor, 26 Sept. , very common.

Aster Tradescanti, L.

Ann Arbor.

Aster miser, L., Ait.

• Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Aster simplex, Willd.

Leelanaw Co.

Aster tenuifolius, L.

Emmet Co. , 3 Sept.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 2U

Fiftriicoiored ^gter cameus,. Nees.

Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. , 18 Aug.

liong^Leaved Aster longifolius, Lam. (A. laxus. — W.)

Ann Arbor.

^^t^'*^^ Aster NovaB-ADgliae, L.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

a^jpLeaved ^gter acuminatus, Michx.

^^^* ",S. Michigan,?" (Wright).

u>ny Aster. ^gter prgBaltus, Poir. {''A. salicifolius, ?"— W,)

S. Mich., (Wright). As this species is not embraced in Gray's Manual,
Wright's determination may be regarded as exceedingly doubtful.

*^^er*"^^ Aster ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray.

Drummoud's 1., 10 Aug.; S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Horee-weed, Erifferoii Caiiadense, L. *

Butter-weed. . ° . .^ ^ ,, , « x ^x -., . » , « -.r i .

Ann Arbor; Drummoud's I.; Saut St. Mane; Leelanaw Co.;Mackmac;

Port Huron, (Miss Clark); S. W. (Wright). Very common every-
where.

Robin's Plantain. Erigeron bellidifolium, Muhl.

Ann Arbor.

Fieabane. ErigeroD Pliiladelphicum, L.

' Ann Arbor ; Stone I. , Saginaw B. , 16 June; Drummond'a I. , 26 July.

^St&fabtoSs' Erigeron annuum, Pers. (E. heterophyllum. — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Daisy Fieabane. Erigeron strigosum, Muhl.

Ann Arbor; S. shore of Sag. Bay, 21 June; Drummond's I., 9 Aug.

Golden-rod. Solid ago bicolor, L.

•ros Cap, L. Mich. , 18 Aug. Bare.

• var. concolor.

Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; Drummond's I., common; Sugar I., very com-
mon ; Alcona Co.

Solidago latifolia, L.

Ann Arbor.

Solidago caesia, L. (S. axillaris and fieosicauU^.

— W.)

* Ann Arbor, common ; Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug. ; Traverse Qty :

Northport. Common in the sandy soil of Emmet, Antrim, Grand
Traverse and Leelanaw counties.

Solidago puberula, Nutt. i

Presqu' Isle Co.. IS July, growing in a sandy beach ; St. Joseph's I., 8
Aug., growmg among other herbs and shrubs, in a gravelly soil, a
^ few rods from the water.

Solidago stricta, Ait.

Drummond's I.

«

Solidago speciosa, Nutt.

Ann Arbor.

var. angustata.

Ann Arbor.

ata

REPORT OF THE

Etocampane.

Loafctip.

Solid ago rigiHa, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (WrigUt.)

Solidago Ohioensis, Riddell.

Drummond's I., 9^ Aug.

Solidago Riddell ii, Frank.

Emmet Co. , 3 Sept. ; S. W. (Dnlv. Herb).

Sol id ago Iloughtonii, Torr & Gr.

Drummond'8'f.,2fi July, plant sometimes 2 ft. in heigM,with a
pound corymb -of 160 flowerheads.

Solid ago patula, Muhl.

Ann Arbor.

Solidugo arguta, Ait.

Ann Arbor.

V ar. j un ce a, (S. juncea — TT. )

S. Mich., (Wright).

var. scabrella.

Ann Arbor.

Solidago altissima, L.

Ann Arbor.

Solidago ulmifolia, Mohl.

8. W. (Univ. Herb).

Solidago nemoralis, Ait. ^

Aiyi Arbor; Drummond's I.; N. W. (Univ. Herb).

Solidago serotina, Ait.

S. Mich. tWright).

Solidago Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.. 25 July, common; Saut St. ICarie; Eaimet
Co.,comman; Northport, common ; S. W. (Wright).

Solidago 8^otina, Ait. »

S. Mich. (Wright). -

Solidago lanceolata, L.

Drummond's I., 26 July; Pine Lake, 80 Aug.; S. W. (Wright).

Inula Helenium, L.

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Poljmnia ([Janadensis, L.

S.*Mich. (Wright).

• Yellow Lear-cop. Polyninia TJvedalla, L.

S. Mich.,(Wright9.

Bosin-weed,
Oompass-plant.

Prairie-dock.

Silphium laciniatum, L. (S. gummiferum — W,^

S. Mich., (Wright).

Silphium terebinthinaceurii, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Silphium intogrifolium, Mich.

8. W. (Univ. Herb).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

273

Oip-pllMat-

Silphium perfoliatiKli, L.

a Mich. (Wright).

QreatBagweed. Ambrosia trifida, L.

8. Mich. (Wright) ; Gross Isle, 8 Aug. (Miss Clark.)

^oo3rS*"eed 'A.mbrosia artemisiaefolia, L. {A, elatior, — IF.)

Bttter-weedT ' Ann Arbor; very common.

Oo^Iebar.
Glothur.

Ok>^«.

Pnrple Oone-
flower.

Ome-flower.

Oone-flower.

Ctone-flower.

lonflower.

ionflower.

Sunflower.

Sonflower.

Sunflower.

Sunflower^

Xanthium strnmarium, L.

S. Mich. (Wright). ^

var. ecbmatum.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Heliopsis Isevis, Pers.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

^ var, scabra.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Ecbinacea purpurea, Moencb. (Budbeckia purpurea

— W.)

S. W. (Univ. Herb).

Ome-flower. Rudbeckia laciniata, L.

Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; 8. W. (Wright); Korthfleld, QDn
Clark).

Eudbeckia speciosay Wender.

Ann Arbor.

Rudbeckia fulgida, Ait.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Rudbeckia birta, L.

Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chapeau, Saginaw Baf , 18 June; Drummond'tl

Lepacbys pinnata, Torr & Or. {Rudbeckia pinnolUL
—W.)

a Mich. (Wright).

Helianthus rigidus Desf.

Ann Arbor, 6 ft. in height.

Hellantbus occidentalifi, Riddell.

8. W. (Univ. Herb.)

Heliantbus giganteus, L. (JST. giganteus and aiUis-
simus — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Helianthus divaricatus, L.

Ann Arbor.

Heliantliup hirRutus, Raf.

Ann Arbor, 26 Sept. ; S. W. (Univ. Herb).

Helianthus strumosus, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Helianthus tracheliifolius, Wild.

S. Mich. (Wright).

35

m

REPORT OF THE

Sonflower.

Sunflower.

AoUnomerls.

Tlokseed Son-

Tiyi Goraopsis.

QMam«a Beggar-
itbkB.

Swamp Beggar-
Ucks.

Bor-llarigoli.
Bur-Marigold.

8taaeie-weed.

Common May-
weed.

Helianthus decapalalus, Ia (^Kfrondosus — W.)

8. Michigan, (Wright).

Helianthus doronicoides, Lam.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clarlc).

Actinomeris equarrosa, Nutt.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Coreopsis trichosperma, Michx.

a Mich. (Wright).

Coreopsis aristosa, Michx.

& Michigan, (Univ. Herb).

Coreopsis tripteris, L.

8. Mich. (Wright). ^

Coreopsis palmata, Nutt.

8. Mioh. (Wright).

Coreopsfs lanceolata, L.

L. Huron, 29 Jane; Dummond's I.; Trayerse City.

Bidens frondona, L.

Ann Arbor', Korthport, 11 Sept.

Bidens connata, Muhl. (B peiuMor^W,)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Bidens cernua, L.

a Mich. (Wright).

Bidens chrysahthemoides, Midix.

Ann Arbor; Trayerve Otj.

Bidens Beckii, Torr.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Helenium autumnale, L.

Ann Arbor.

Maruta Cotula, DC.

Ann Arbor: Saut St. Marie; Emmet Co.; Ndrtb^rt. Ter|r;

overywnere.

Yarrow, Milfoil. Achillea Millefolium, L.

Ox-eye Daisy.
Cammon Tansy.

Oinada Worm-
wood.

Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw Bay; Drumihondt L; Sani St. Maria.
Common.

Lencanthemum vulorarej Lam.

Sand Ft. , Saginaw Bay , 18 Jane ; Bois Blanc L

Tanacetum vulgare, L.

Ann Arbor.

Tanacetum Huronense, Nutt.

Sand dunes of Emmet Co., common. '

Artemisia Canadensis, Michx.

Sand dunes of Ottawa Co., 80 Aug. ; Sand dunes of Emmet Co.i S5 JLng.;

Drummond's I.

STATE. GEOLOGIST. 2J6

^wort^**"* Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt.

var. p:naphalodes.

(Univ. Herb).

Breriafliing. Gnaphaliiim decurrens, Ives.

SautSt.^rie, (Whitney).

^SSm^"' On^phalium poljcephalum^ Michx.

** Ann Arbor.

i>)w-cadweed. Gnaphalium uliginosum, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot, (Miss Clark).

Biittiy EteriMt- Antennaria margaritacea, R. Rr.

* Maclcinac, 19 Jaly.

^^ETdrSis^g^ Antennaria plantaginifolia, Hook. (Onaphalium

plantagineum — W.)

Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.

Fireweed. Erechthites hieracifolia, Raf. Senecio hieracifc^B

— W.)

Leelanaw Co. , 10 Sept. ; S Mich. (Wright). Oommon, eepedally In lh»
vioiaity of recant clearings at'ter the gromul has been burnod oyer,
whence it receives its popular name.

»JJ,J«»» «^- Caoalia atriplicifolia, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

^^Z^^^ Caoalia tiiberosa, Mutt. .

S. Mich. (Wright).

Caoalia suaveolens, L.

LOdi, (Miss Clark).

Qjjnon Ground- Seneoio vulgaris, L.

S. W. (Wright).

flSSlw-,^"'* Senecio aureus, L.

The Oov^, L. Huron, 1 July; S. Midi. (Untr. Hecb);

var. obovatus.

Ann Arbor.

far. Balsamitae. (Sfmedio BoLMmtitae — W)

V Middle I., L. Huron, 1 July; Drummond's I., common: 8. Michigan.

(Wright). Throughout the northern shores of Lakes Huron ana
Mich., this variety is very common.

Oommon Thistle. Cijaium lanoeolatum, Soop. (Gnicus lanceolatus-^

W.)

Ann Arbor, common ; Mackinac.

Cirsium Pitcheri, Torr. & G. (Cnicus Pitcheri — W,)

Sand Ft. Saginaw B., 17 June ; Emmet Co. Sandy shores.

Cirsium undulatum,.Spreng.

Orummond's I. ; 21 July.

Cirsium discolor, Spreng. (^Cnicus discolor — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Swamp Thistle. Cirsium mutioum, Michx. (Cnicus glutinosus — W,)

Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July ; Drummond's I.*; Emmet Co.: S. Michigan
(Wright).

276

REPORT OF THE

Pastore Thistle.
Geuiada Thistle.
Bardock.

Succory,
Ctohory.

Dwarf Dandelion.

(>nthia.

Canada Hawk-

Boogb Bawk-
need.

Lcmg-hearded
Bawkweed.

Hairy Hawk-
weed.

Battlesnake-
weed.

Fanlded Hawk-
weed.

White Lettuce.

TaM White Let-
tuce.

Dandelion.

Wild Lettuce.

Cirsium pumilum, Spreng. (Cnicus odoratus — W.)

DrumrnoKd'i If 21 July -, S. W. (Wright).

Cirsium arvense, Scop. '

Detroit, abundant ; Ann Arbor, (Hiss Clark).

Lappa major, Gaertn. (Arctium Lappa — W.)

Ann Arbor ; Huron Co. ; S. W. (Wright) ; Mackinac.

Cichorium Intybus, L.

Detroit, (Hiss Oark).

Krigia Virginica, Willd.

Psagnin, Bay Co., 20 June, rich, swampy soil; *< Bockaway,'' (Mi»
dark).

Cynthia Virginica, Don. (Krigia amplexicaulia —
W.)

Ann Arbor, common ; Ft. Gratiot ; Pt. aux Gres, L. Huron.

Hieracium Canadense, Michx. (H, Kalmii — TF.)

^ Saut St. Marie, 80 July ; Sand dune» of Emmet Co. , 21 Aug.

Hieracium scabrum, Mich. (H. marianum — W,)

Ann Arbor ; Sand dunes of Emmet Co. , 21 Aug. ; S. Mich. (Wriglit}j
Port Huron, (Hies Clark).

Hieracium longipilnm, Torr. (ff, Scouleri — TF.)

Traverse City, 9 Sept. ; S. W. (Wright).

Hieracium Gronovii, L.

S.W. (Wright).

Hieracium venosum, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Pigeon River, Sag. B., 18 June ; Grand TnCV-
erse Bay.

Hieracium paniculatum, L.

S.Hich: (Wright).

NabaluB albus, Hook.

Ann Arbor; Pt. au Cbene, L. Hidi., 18 Aug.

var. Serpentaria, (Prenanthes Serpentaria — W,J)

Ann Arbor ; 8. W. '(Wright) .

Nabalus altissimus, Hook.

Ann Arbor.

Nabaliis racemosus, Hook. (Prenanthes racemosa —

W.)

Shore of L. Mich., near Sitting Babbit; 8. W. (Wright).

Taraxacum Deng leouis, Dcsf. (Leontodon Taraxa-
cum — W.)

Ann Arbor; Saginaw Bay; Saut St. Marie; S. W. (Wright).

Lactuca elongata, Muhl. *

S. W. (Wright).

var. sanguiiiea, Bigl. (L, san guinea-^ W,)

S.W. (Wright).

STATE GEOLOGIST. 277

MjjHuo i.t. Mulgedium leucophaeum, DC.

Ft. Gratiot; St. Joseph's I. , common along St. Mary's River.

^^fiSw^taue Sonchus asper, Vill. (8. oleraceus, var. a^er—W.)

S. E. (Wright).

LOBELUCE^.

Ordinal Flower. Lobelia cardinalis, L.

Ann Arbor ; Bear Creek, Emmet Go. , 24 Aag.

Groat Lobelia. Lobelia syphilitica, L.

Ann Arbor ; Branch Lake, Antrim Go. , 30 Aag.

Lobelia spicata, Lam. (L. Glaytoniana — W,) '

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; month of Saginaw R., 24 June ; Thunder Bay ;
Drummond's I.

Lobelia Kalmii, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Drummond's I., 25 July ; S. W. (Wright).
CAMPANULACEiE.

Barebeu. Campanula rotundifolia, L. *

Ann Arbor. Ft. Gratiot.

var. linifolia.

Ann Arbor ; S. shore of Saginaw Bay, common. This is % very delicate
and pretty species, occurring constantly and in eyery variety of
situation. At Saginaw Bay it was in bloom in the middle of June,
and was still abundantly in blossom Aug. 10th, at Grand Traverse
Bay.

Marsh Beiiflowor. Campanula aparinoides, Pursh. ((7. erinoides — W.)

St. Mary's River, 31 July j S. Mich. (Wright).

TaiiBeiiflower. Campanula Americana, L.

Ann Arbor.

^«J^8 1^>^^- Specularia perfoliata, A. DC.

^ S.E. (Univ. Horb).

ERICACEiE

muoTMigie, Gaylussacia frondosa, Torr. & Gr.

uangieoerry. ^^^ ^^^^^^

Black Huckie- Gavlussacia resinosa, Torr. & Gr. (Vaccinium re*

Dorry. , \

sinosum — W,)

■ Ann Arbor; Grand Traverse Co.

SmaU Cranberry. Vacciuium OxyCOCCUS, L.

Anu Arbor.

»

^S^o^nborry Vaocinium macrocarpon, Ait (Oxycoccun macrocar-

pus — W.)

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).

DwarfBiueberry Vaccinium Pennsylvauicum, Lam.

Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I. , northern part. Abundant along the Canada
Shore of St. Mary's R. , prodncing abundance of frdlt In the sparse
soil of the hollows and crevices of metamorphio rocks: S. Mich.
(Wright).

278

REPORT OF THE

Gaoada Blae-
berry.

Low BlQeberry.

Oommoo Swamp
Blueberry.

Qreeplni^ Snow-
berry.

Bearberry.

ItaiUngArbatui,

Aromatic Wia-
tergreen.

LsaOier-Ieaf.

WUdBoeemary.

£boep Laorel,
lambkiU.

Swamp Laurel.
Labrador 'Pea.

Botrad-leayed
Pyrola.

Vaccinium Canadonso, Kalm.

Bitting rabbil ; S. £. (wright).

Vaccinum vaciltanR, Solander.

Si. Joseph's I. ; oommon in Emmot, Antrim, Gxynd Travene and iJMlb-
naw coonties. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Vaccinium corymbosum, L.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Chiogenes hiftpidula, Torr. & Gr. (OanUheria hispi-
dula-^W.)

& Mich., (Wright).

Arctofftapbylos Uva-urBi, Spreng. {ArbuJhis Uva-

Shores of L. Huron everywhere, yery common ; S. Mich. (Wright).

Epigsea repens, L.

& E. (Wright).

Gaultberia procumbens, L.

Monroe Co. ; Ottawa Go. : shores of L. Huron, very common : shore of,
L. Mich., Emmet, toliselanaw Co., oommon : ti. W. (Wrignt): Mont
Lake, (Miss Clark).

Cassandra calyculata, Don. (Andromeda cdycvlaJta

— W.)

Livingston CO. : Shore of L. Mich. , Emmet Co. : Drummond's L : S. Mich.
(Wright).

Andromeda polifolia, L.

S. Mich. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). A shrub not distinguish-
able from this was seen at toe mouth of Saginaw R., June 14, with
coruUa dark purple, awn wanting, pedicels dark brown 1)^ in. long
from bracts.

Kalraia anpcnstifulia, L.

Tawas City, 29 June, exquisitely beanttftil and yery abmidant; ^tmtfer
Bay, common.

/

Shin-leaf.

Small Pyrola.
One-aided Pyrola

Kalmia g'lauca, Ait.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Ledum latifoliura, Ait.

Gros Cap. , L. Mich.

Pyrola rotnndifolia, L.

Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Pain Sucre, 19 June: St. Joseph's I., Little Bt. Mar-
tin's I. ; Drummond's I., oommon; B. Mich. (Wright).

var asarilolia.

The Cove, L. Huron, 1 July.

Pyrola elliptica, Nu<t.

Ann Arbor; The Cove, L. Huron; Drummond's L; Si. Joflspb X.; Grand
Traverse Co.

Pyrola chlorantha, Swartz.

Ft. Gratiot. ^

Pyrola secunda, L.

Ft. Gratiot ; the Cove, L. Huron ; St. Joseph's L ; DrammondHi I. ; S. IV.

(Wright).

I

STATE GEOLOGIST. 319

OM^'weTeATj- Moneses uniflora, Gray. i

Ft. Gratiot ; Little St. Martin's I. , 17 July, sweet scented.

^Pi^teSSr^aL Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt. (Pyrola umbeUatOr-'

W.)

Ft. Gratiot ; L. Huron, AlconA Go. ; L. Sup. ; & Ifioh. (Wright).

Pino drops. Pterospora Andromedea, Nutt.

Sitting Rabbit, 17 Aug.

^!S«^Rikni Monotropa uniflora, L.

irruM. Rn ^^ Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Sitting rabbit.

Corpse-Plant.

"SLShi^ Monotropa Hypopitys, L.

«»w« " "**• PI Gratiot, (Austin):

AQUIFOLIACEJB.

wS^rtffrv ^^^ verticillata, Gray. (Prinos verticiUatus — W.}

ry. g ^ (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Mountain Houy. Nemopanthps Canadensis, DC.

S. Mich. (Wright).

PLANTAGINACEiB.

OonmonPian- Plantago major, L.

Ann Arbor ; Sant Ste Marie ; Mackinfte.

PI ant ago cordate, Lam.

Tuscola Co.; S. Mich. (Wright).

^«Sf fcS?teh" P^antap:o lanceolata, L.

Plantain. -^^^ Arbor.

PRIMULACEJS.

Bird's eye Prim- Primula farinosa, L.

rose. '

Drmmond's I.

Primula Mistassinica, Michx.

S. E. (Univ. Herb).

<3»ick-winter- ^ Trientalis Americana, Pursh.

green. Ft. Gratiot; Pt. auz Barques, Sag. B.,21 June; St. Jotepb'8 I.: Inn

Arbor, (Miss aark)'.

Loosestrife. Lysimachia stricta. Ait.

Ft. Gratiot; Saut St. Marie, 28 July; S. Mich. (Wright).

Lysimachia quadrifolia, L.

Ann Arbor.

Lysimachia ciliata, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.

Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt,
var. hybrida. (L. kybrida — W.)

S. W. (Wright).

Lyaimachia longifolia, Pursh. (L, revoluia^—W.)

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

880

REPORT OF THE

Tufted Loose-
strife.

Naumburgia thyrsifi )ra, Reidi. (L. CapUata — W.)

Ann Arbor ; Drummond's I. , ci'mmoQ la swampy soil ; Sturgooa Pt. ,
SO June.

Common pimper- Anagallis arvensis, L.

'^®*' Ann Arbor, (Miss Clarlc).

WaterPimper- Samolus Valerandi, L.

nel.Brookwoed ^odj^ ^11,33 dark).

var. Americanus.

•N. W. (Univ. Herb.)

Greater Bladder-
wort.

Smaller Bladder-
wort.

Purple Bladder-
wort.

Homed Bladder-
wort.

Siaaw root,
Guicer-root.

One-flowered
Guicer-root.

Oommon Mullein.

Mbtb MuUein.

Wild Toad-Flax.

Toad-Fiax, Bat-
ter-and-eggs,
Ramstad.

Figwori.

Gollinsia.

LENTIBULACEiE.

Utricularia vulgaris, L. (6'' macrorhiza — W,)

S. Mich. (Wright); Cape Ipperwash, C. W. (Austin).

Utricularia minor, L. (U. gibba — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Utricularia intermedia, Haync.

Ann Arbor.

Utricularia purpurea, Walt.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Utricularia cornuta, Michx.

Pt. an Ghene, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; S. Mich. {TJn\v. Herb).
OROBANCHAGEJE.

Conopholis Americana, Wallroth. {Orobanche
A mericana — W. )

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. W. (Wright).

Aphyllon uniflorum, Torr. & Gr. (Orobanche unir
flora-— W.)

8. E. (Wright).

SCBOPHULARI ACEiE .

Verbascum Thapsus, L.

False Presqu' Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; Grass Lake; Ann%rbor, common;
Ft. Gratiot.

Verbascum Blattaria, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Linaria Canadensis, Spreng.

S. shore Saginaw B. , 17 Juno.

Linaria vulgaris, Mill.

Ann Arbor.

Scrophularia nodosa, L. (5. MarUandka and lanr
ceolata — W.)

\ Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Gollinsia verna, Nutt.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright); N. E. (tJniv. Herb).

STATE GEOLOGIST. S81

T^tie-head, Chelone glabra, L.

aoaKe-Doa . ^^ ^^^^ ^ ««Nebi8" R., La Croix, Emmet Co.; S. W. (Wright). Ite

leaves vary from >^ ia. to 1^ laches m diameter.

PraStemon'*^' PentstemoD pubescens, Solander.

Ami Arbor, common.

Monkey-Flower. Mimulus riugens, L.

Ann Arbor ; 8. W. (Wright).

Monkey-Flower. Mimulus alatUS, Ait.

S. W. (Wright). .

Monkey^owcr. Mimulus Jamesii, Torr.

Mackinac, 17 July, abundant near the cool spring at the base of " Rob-
inson's Folly ;" St. Helena L , Straits of Mackinap, 20 Aug. , abundant
in wet, rich, low marshes. The plant is not always ^^STnooth^'*
being sometimes pubescent on the calyx, peduncles and lower sido
of the leaves. Both at Mackinac and St. Helena I. it Wdis in com-
pany with Veronica Americana, Schioeinitz.

flodge Hyssop. Gratiola Virginiana, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Faiso Pimpernel. Hyganthcs gratioloides, Benih> (Lltidemia attenu-

aia and dilatata — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright); Port Huron, (Miss Cluk).

synthyris. Syiitljyris Ilougbtoniana, Benth.

High prairies and hills, S. Mich. (Wright).

Ann Arbor ; the Ck)ve, L. H<iron» 16 July ; Mackinac. Common.

oHyefSic. Veronica Vi'rginica, L.

' Ann Arbor.

Water Speedwell. Veronica Anagallis. L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Marsh speedweu. Veronica scutellata, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

^"X^^P®®^* Veronica officinalis, L.

Ann Arbor.

^PjJjJ Speed- Veronica alpina, L.

. Saut St. Marie, 28 May.

•^s^dwefr'^ Veronica serpjllifolia, L.

P&ul's Betony. -^^ Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July.

^^^r&weS: Veronica peregrina, L.

Ann Arbor, common.

Com Speedwell. Veronica arvensis, L.

Ann Arbor, common.

muo-hoarts. Buchnera Americana, L.

S. W. (Wright); Mont Lake (Miss Clark).

86

S89

REPORT OF THE

Purple GerardUL

flnderCtorardls.

Downy False-
Foi^^ove.

Bmoopi Falae-
I\)zgloTe.

Boarlet Fldnted-
cai».

Louteworty
Wood BeUmy.

Gow-wheat.

Water Willow.

Veryain.

Blue Vervain.

Gerardia purpurea, L.

8. Mich. (Wright); Maokinac, (Whitney).

Gerardia aspera, Don^l.

Sitting rabbit, 17 Aug., # common; Ft. a« Chwie^L. Mich., atandaxitf In
sandy marshes.

Gerardia tenuifolia, Vahl. .

Ann Arbor. ^

Gerardia flava, L. partly.

& Mich. (Wr^ht).

Gerardia quercifolia, Pureh, (G, glaucOr-^W.)

8. W. (Wright); Mont Lake, Livingston Co., (Misftdarkji.

Gerardia pedicularia L.

Traverse City, 9 Sept. ; Ann Arbor.

Gerardia auriculata, Michx.

S. W. (Wright).

Castilleia coccinea, Spreng. (^Euchroma coccinecH—
W.)

Ann Arbor, common; Ft. Gratiot; Month Saginaw R ,a variety with
yellow bracts instead of scarlet, 13 June; Mackinac; Drummond'a
I; Saut St. Marie.

Pedicularia Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor, common; False Presqu' Isle, L. Huron; Sugar I.; 8. W.
(Wright).

Pedicularis lanceolata, Michx (P.pcdlida — W.^

Ann Arbar; S. W. (Wright).

Melampynim Americanum, Michx.

Ft. Gratiot; False Presqu' Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; Drummond%l.,'very
common; L. Sup.; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).

ACANTHACEiE.

Dianthera Americana, L.

Ann Arbor.

Dipteracanthus ciliosus, Nees.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Dipteracanthus strepens, Need. (BueUia strepen
W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

TERBEKACE^.

Verbena angustifolia, Michx.

a Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Verbena hfrstata, L.

Bay City, 12 June ; Bruce Mine, Ga., 26 July ; Maddnac ; Ann Arbor.

S^'f.fi^r.l'* Verbena urticifolia, L.

Ann Arbor.

White Vervain.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

28^^

Lopseed.

WoodSa{;e.
Fsppmn&it*

WUdlOni.
Bngleweed.

Vater Bora-
hound.

If^jra^L

Monotain Hint,
BbsU.

Ifonntain Hint.
Basil.

GUamlnth.

BBBa

American Penny-
royal.

Horse Baitt,

Rich-weed,

Stone-Soot.

Oswego Tea,
Bee Balm.

Wild Bergamot.

Bone-mint.

Phryma Leptostachya, L.

Pt. aa Chene, 18 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright).

LA'blATiB.

Teucrium Canadense, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright;.

Mentha Piperita, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Mentha Canadensis, L. {M, horecdis — W.)

Ann Arbor ; Bruce Mine, Oa. , 26 July ; Brummoad's I. ; Sugar L Oom-
mon about the shores of L. Huron.

Lycopus Virginicus, L.

Ann Arbor ; Bruce Mine, Ga. , 25 July : Pte Ste Ignaoe, oommon, corolI»
has five almost equal lobes, probably owing to the large npper
lobe being 2-cleft, and often a small i^ddltional calyx tooth between
the bases of the regular ones.

Lycopus EuropsBus, L.

& Mich. (Wright).

var. sinuatus.
Brummond's I. , 22 July. *

Hyssopus officinalis, L.

8. W. (Univ. Herb).

Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, Pursh. (P. Virginicum
— W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Pycnanthemum linifoliura, Pursh.

Ann Arbor, moist woods and exsiccated swamps.

Calamintha glahella, Benth. var. Nuttallii.

Brummond's I. , 22 July, in crevices of limestone rocks, very common.
fTbis plant has a strong savor like the American Pennjfrojfaly for
which it is often mistaken, especially by the settlers throughout
the northern lake shores wnere the true Atnerican Fennyrojfal has
not, as yet, been found; S. E. (Wright).

Calamintha Clinopodium, Benth.

Ft. Gratiot.

Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Hedeoma hispida, Pursh. (?)

Middle I. , L. Huron, 9 July.

Collinsonia Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright) ; Elmwood, netroit,( Miss Oark).

Moiiarda didyma, L.

Ft. Gratiot, (Austin).

Monarda fistulosa, L. (M, dlophyUa — W.)

Ann Arbor; Emmet Co., 22 Aug., common in sandy soli; 8.
(Wright).

Monarda punctata, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Mich.

284

BtophilU.

Giant Hyssop.

GEtt-mint,
Catnip.

False Dragon
liead.

Heal-all,
8elf-heai.

Skollcap.

Ifad-dog Skull-
cap.

Horehomid.
Bemp-nottle.

Red Hemp-nettle.
. Hadge-nettle.

REPORT OF THE
Blephilia ciliata, Raf.

Alpena Go. (?) 6 Julj. having four perfect stamens and two Btrongijr
awDod teetii on tne lower lip of the calyx: Ann Arbor: Saut St.
Marie.

Blephilia hirsuta, Benth.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Lophanthus nepetoides, Benth. (^HyBsopus nepeto-
ide.^ — W.)

S. W. (Wright); Groese Isle, (Miss Clark).

Lophanthus scrophularisefoliuB, Benth« (Hysscpus
scrophularice/oliuii — W, )

S. Mich. (Wright).

Nepeta Cataria, L.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's 1, Ang.

Physostegia Virginiana, Benth. (Dracocephalum
Virginian u m — W. )

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).;

Brunella vulgaris, L. {Prunella vulgaris — W,)

Ann Arbor, common; Alpena, 6 July; Drummond's I., a yarie^.with
white corolla; Saut St. Marie.

Scutellaria versicolor, Nutt. (S. cordifolia — W,)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Scutellaria pilosa, Michx.

8. W. (Univ. Herb).

Scutellaria integrifolia, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Scutellaria parvula, Michx. {S. ambigua — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Scutellaria galericulata, L.

Ann Arbor ; Bay Co., common, 27 June ; Port Huron, (Miss CSark).

Scutellaria lateriflora, L.

Sulphur I., (north of Drummond's,) 8 Aug., common ; Ann Arbor.

Marrubium vulgare, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Galeopsis Tetrahit, L.

Mackinac, 19 July, commoD ; Sugar I., very abundant, but it was no-
ticed that the upper lip of the corolla is not entire but almost
always with three or four teeth at its apex ; and that the ihro«
lobca of the lower lip are similar, the middle one a little larger, —
all oval ; S. E. (Wright).

Galeopsis Ladanum, L

Ft. Gratiot ; Saut St. Marie.

Stachys palustris, L. var. aspera, {S. aspera — W.)

S. W.' (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Stachys hyssopifolia, Miohx. '

S. Mich. (Wright).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

285

IfoUierwort.

Cbmmon'Coin-
flrey.

Corn Cromwell.

Oommon Grom-
welL

Leonurns Cardiaca, L.

Pine Lake, Emmet Co. , 29 Aug. ; Ami Arbor.
BORRAGINACE^.

Symphytum officinale, L.

Ann Arbor ; Port Austin, Huron Co.

Lithospermum arvcnse, L.

Ann Arbor.

Lithospermum officinale, L.

Uackinac, 16 July ; S. Mich. (Wright).

Lithospermum latifolium, Micbx.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Hairy Puccoon. Lithospermum hirtum, Lebm. .

Bbary Paccoon.«

Burly Forget-me-
not.

Stick-seed.
Boimd's tongue.
Wild Oonkflrey.
Beggar*! Lice.

Watertoaf.

Sand Pt., Saginaw B.,17 June, abundant : Monroe Co., (Miaa Clark) l:
Ft. Gratiot. ' *^ "^

Lithospermum canescens, Lehm. (Batschiacaneacena
— W.)

Ann Arbor, common.

Myosotis verna, Nutt.

Ann Arbor, (Dr. Lord).

Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm.

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, 18 July.

Cynoglossum officinale, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

%

Cynoglossum Virginicum, L. (<7. amplexicavle — W,y

Ft. Gratiot ; Presqu' Isle, L. Huron ; S. Mich. (Wright).

Cynoglossum Morrisoni, DC.

Ann Arbor.

HYDROPHYLLACEiE.

Hydrophyllum Virginicum, L.

Ann Arbor.

Hydrophyllum Canadense, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Hairy Waterieaf. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Michx.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

POLEMONIACE-fi.

^g^sweet wii- Phlox maculat a, L.

Rich woods apd riverbanks, (Gray).

(Molina Phlox. Phlox Carolina, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Hairy Phlox. phlox pilosa, L.

Ann Arbor.

286

REPORT OF THE

Diraricate Fbloz.

Ground or Ifoes
Pink.

WUd Potato-vine,
Ifan-of-the-earth.

Bindweed.

Hedge Bindweed.

Low Bindweed.

Dodder.

Btttenweet.

Oommoa Niglit-
aluide.

Ground Cherry.
Groand C*herry.
Apple of Peru.
Black Henbane.
Stramoniom.
Wild Tobacco.

American Cen-
taury.

.American Co-
lumbo.

Phlox divaricata, L.

Ann Arbor.

Phlox subulata, L.

& Mich. (Univ. Herb).

CONVOLVULACEJB.

Ipomoea pandurata, Mryer.

Ann Arbor.

Convolvulus arvensis^ L.

Ann Arbor.

Calysteg^ia sepium, R. Br.

Ft. Gratiot ; S. W. (Wright); Gross Isle, (Miss dark).

var. repens.

S. shore of &igin&w K, lA June.

Calystegia spithamsea, Pursh.

stone I. , Saginaw Bay, 16 June ; 8. £. (Wright^.

Cuscuta Gronovii, Willd. (G, Americanor—W.)

8. W. (Wright).

Cuscuta gloraerata, Choisy.

Moist prairies, (Gray).

80LANACEJ:.

Solanunl Dulcamara, L.

Ann Arbor ; Pine Lake, ^ Aug.

SolaDum nigrum, L.

Ann Arbor ; Sugar I., 81 July ; S. Mich. (Wright;).

Physalis pubescens, L. (P. obseura—W,)

Ann Arbor.

Physalis viscosa, L.

Ann Arbor ; Drummond's I., 23 July.

Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn.

Ann Arbor.

Hyoscyamus niger, L.

Ft. Gratiot ; Mackinac, 19 July, abundant.

Datura Stramonium, L. (Z> Tatuh — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Nicotiana rustica, L.

Emmet Co. , 25 Aug. , cultivated by the Indians.
GENTIANACE^.

Sabbatia angulavis, Pursh.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Frasera Carolinensis, Walt.

Jackson Co. and westward ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark>.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

iSt

Sgianei Gentian.

Five-flowered
Gentian.

Halenia deflexa, Griseb. ^

Middle I., L. Huron, 9 July ; Drummond's I.; St. Helena I., common,
a E. (Univ. Herb).

Gentian a quyiqucflora, L.

Ann Arbor.

. var. occidentalis. •

Ann Arbor.

Fringed Gentian. Gentiana crinita, Froel.

Ann Arbor ; Mackinac, (Whitney).

Gentiana detonsa, Pries.

Ann Arbor ; Drummond's I., 13 Aug.; Ft. an Cheno, L. Mich.

analler Fringed
Gentian.

s.

Simw Colcred
Gentian.

Whitish Gentian.

Olesed Gentian.

Soapwort Gen-
tian.

florow-fltem.

1IMc1i;i)9Wi-

fl|nm(1liig Pup-
bane.

lodUnHomp.

Milkweed,
fiilkweed.

Poke Milkweed.
Porple Milkweed.

Gentiana ochroleuca, Froel. ^

Mont Lake, (]Miss Clark).

Gentiana alba, Muhl.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Univ. Herb).

Gentiana Andrewsii, Griseb.

S. Mich. (Unfv. Herb).

Gentiana Saponaria, L.

S. Mich'. (Wright).

var. linearis.

Pt. an Chene, L. Mich., 19 Aug., sandy swamps*

Gentiana pnberula, Michx.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Bartonia tenella, Muhl. (CerUaureUa pdniculakh^

W.)

a^W- (Wright).

Menyanthes trifoliata, L.

Ann Arbor; S. Mich. (Wright).

APOCYNACE^. ,

Apocynnm androsaBrpHbliuTn, L.

Ann Arbor ; The Cove, L. Huron, 1 July ; St. Joseph's L

Apocynum cannabinum, L. var. glaberrimum*

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

var. pube8cens, DO.

Ft. Gratiot ; Charity I., 27 June.

var. hypericilblium. (A. hyperid/olium — W,)

a Mich. (Wright).

ASCLEPIADACE^.

Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. (A. Syriaca — W,)

Ann Arbor ; Charity Is., 27 June ; Sand dunes, &nmet Co.

4.sclepia8 phytolaccoides, Pursh.

Aim Arbor, very short pedicels except the terminal one ; Ft. Gratiot.

Asclepias purpurascens, L.

Ann Arbor.

288

REPORT OF THE

Variegated Milk-
weed.

Foar-leaved Milk-
weed.

8w»mp Milkweed

Botterlly-weed,
Fleuiity-root.

WhorledMilk-
weed«

Green Milkweed.

White Aah.

Bed Ash.
Green Ash.

Black Ash,
Water Ash.

BloeAsh.

Asclepias varie^^ata, L.

Ann Arbor.

Asclepias quadrifolia, Jacq.

Ann Arbor.

Asclepias incarnata, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Grand Traverse Co. ; S. W. (Wrlj^t).

Asclepias tnberosa, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

Asclepias verticillata; L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Acerates viridiflora, Ell. (Asclepias lanceoUUa — W.)

Ft. Gratiot ; S. W. Mich. (Wright).

OLEACEJE.

Praxinus Americana, L. (F. acuminata ^W.)

Ann Arbor ; Drummond's I. : Emmet Co. Common in the Sonthem Pe*
ninsola, but I4)parentl7 less firequcnt northward.

Frazinus pubescens, L.

Drummond's I. ; S. Mich. (Wright). Comparatively rare.

Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f.

Ann Arbor.

«

Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lara.

Ann Arbor; Sugar I., common; Fine Lake; S. W. (Wright).

Fraxinus quadrangulata, Micbx.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). The wood of the Ash is highly esteemed for ite
strength and suppleness, especially the first and last species above.
The White Ash is most a mmon and most extensively used, its aii>
nual growths being least liable to separate into layers. It is muclft
preferable for oars, being light as well as tough when seasoned. II
is also extensively used by fishermen for hoops and staves, but for
this the Black Ash is always preferred from the greater ease witb
which its layers are separated.

The Black Ash is a smaller tree, and is generally found in the
vicinity of swamps or along streams. The value of its timber i»
increased by th« rapidity of its growth. It is tougher and mat9
clastic than the White Ash, but kss durable upon exposure to4ke
vicissitudes of moistare and dryness. North of the Straits of Mack-
inac this is the prevailing species. The Blue ^h is found only iA.
the southern part of the State. Its timber is prized equally witk
that of the White Ash, for which it is substituted in many of it»
uses. The Reef Ash is a smaller tree and furnishes lees valuable
timber.

ARISTOLOCHIACEii:.

Wild Ginger. Asarum Ctinadciise, L.

Ann Arbor.

rilYTOLACCACEJi.

Poke Scoke, Gar- Phytolacca dfM'aiidra, L.
C'ryT"" S. Mich. (Wright).

CIIRN'OPODIACE.E.

^Goose^foot^ Cheiiopodiurri hybridnm, L.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I. ; Mackinac.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 289

pi^^eed?*^'*"^' Chenopodium album, L.

Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I.

v^i^T^^' Chenopodium Botrys, L.

nium. -A^^ Arbor ; S. W. (Wright.)

Mexican Tea. Chenopodium ambrosioides, L.

S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Qark).

" Chenopodium rubriim, L."

S. Mich. (Wright). [Probably a synonym of [one of the preceding
species.]

Strawberry Elite Blitum capitatum, L.

Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron, 20 June; Dnimmond's I. ; Emmet Co. Oom*
mon about the shores of lakes Huron and Ifichigan.

AMARANTACE^.

Pi'^e^*'^"^"** Amarantus hybridus, L.

Ann Arbor.

Prince's Feather. Amarantus hypochondriacus,^L.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Pigweed. Amarantus retroflexus, L.

Ann Arbor.

Amarantus albus; L.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Montelia tartiariscina, Gray.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Acnida cannabina, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

POLYGONACEiE.

Prince's Feather. Polygonum orient ale, L.

Ann Arbor.

WaterPersicaria. Polygonum amphibium, L.

« Ft. Gratiot ; Saginaw Bay, 16 June.

var. aquaticum^L.

Ann Arbor ; St. Mary's R. 1 Aug. ; Mont Lake, (Miss dark).

Polygonum nodosum, Pers. var. incamatum.

Ann Arbor.

Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

lady's THumb. Polygonum Persicaria, L.

Ann Arbor.

Smartwecd. Polygonum Hydropiper, L.

Ann Arbor.

Wild Smar tweed.

Polygonum acre, H. B. K. (P. punctaium — W,J

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (Miss Clark).

37

290

REPORT OF THE

lOld Water-pop-
per.

Enotf^rass,

GoosoKrass,

Door-wocd.

Slender Knot-
grass.

Jointweed.

Halbord-Ieaved
Tear-thumb.

Arrow-leaved
Toar-thumb.

Black Bindweed.

GUmbing False
Baokwheat.

Backwheat.

Swamp Dock.
TUlDock.
Willow Dock.

Great Water
Dock.

Bitter Dock.

Curled Dock.

Bloody-vinod
Dock.

Field or Horso
I^Sorrel.

Polygonum hydropiperoides, Michx. (P. mite — W,)

8. Mich., (Wright).

Polygonum aviculare, L.

Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July.

var. erectum, Roth.

Ann Arbor.

Polygonum tenue, Michx.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Polygonum articulatum, L.

Traverse City, 8 Sept., beginning to blossom, abundant.

Polygonum Virginianum, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Polygonum arifolium, L.

Gros Gap, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright).

Polygonum sagittatum, L.

Saut St. Marie 31 July; S. Mich. (Wright).

Polygonum Convolvulus, L.

aw. (Wright).

Polygonum cilinode, Michx.

Drummond's I., common; Huron Co., 20 June; Saut St. Marie.

Polygonum dumetorum, L. (P. scandens — W,)

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (Miss Clark).

Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench. (Polygonum Fa-
gopyrum — W.)

Ann Arbor.

RumoK verticillatus, L. (B. Brittanica — W.)

Ann Arbor; Islands of Thunder Bay, 7 July; S. W. (Wright).

Rumex altissimus, Wood.

Saut St. Marie, 29 July.

Rumex salicifolius, Weinmann, Hook.

Villa Cross, Emmot Co. , 22 Aug.

Rumex Hydrolapathum, Hudson, var. American-
um, Gray.

Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Rumex obtusifolius, L.

Saut St. Marie, 29 July; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Rumex crispus, L.

Ann Arbor; Saut St. Marie, 29 July. Commonest species of dock.

Rumex sanginneus, L.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Rumex Acetosella, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Saginaw B. ; Drummond's I. ; Mackinac. Com-
mon.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

291

Sassafras.

Fever-bash »
Bpioo-bush,
Benjamia-bash,
Wild Allspice.

Leather wood,
MooBo-wood.

Shepherdia.

Bastard Toad-
flax.

LLiard'sTaU.

Shore Spurge.
^Spotted Spurge.

Flowering
Spurge.

Throe-seeded
Mercury.

LAUIIACE^.

Sassafras officinale, Nees. (^Lauras Sassafras — W,)

Ann Arbor.

Benzoin odoriferum, Nees. (^Laurus Benzoin — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor.

THYMELEACEiE.

Dirca palustris, L.

Ann Arbor.

EL^AGNACEiE.

Shepherdia Canadensis, Nutt.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I., common about rocky shores.
SANTALACEiE.

«

Coraandia umbellata, Nutt.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sand Ft. , Saginaw Bay, 18 June, common. C.
Iwida occurs at Cove I. , L. Huron.

SAURURACE.*.

Saururus cernuus, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

EUPHORBIACEiK.

Euphorbia polygonifolia, L.

S. Mich. (Wright) ; Fort Gratiot.

Euphorbia maculata, L.

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright); Grosse Isle, (Miss Clark),* Ft. Gratiot.

4

Euphorbia corollata, L.

Ann Arbor.

Euphorbia comniutata, Englm.

Ann Arbor.

Acalypha Virginica, L.

Ann Arbor; S. Mich. (Wright).
URTICACE^.

Slippery or Red
Elm.

American or
Whito Elm.

Corky Whito
Elm.

Ulmus fulva, Midix.

Ann Arbor; Emmot Co. ; Branch Lake, Antrim Co. Loss common than
tho next.

Ulmus Americana, L.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Sugar I., large and common in the low
lands of this island; Antrim Co.; ISaut St. Mario, several fine native
specimens stand cast of the town near the rivor.

Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.

Ann Arbor, in a swamp about a mile south of the city.

The Elm prefers low grounds and rich soils. It is especially
flourishing at the head of Branch Lake, Antrim Co., where the Red
anfl the White Elm were found growing large and promiscuoualY
together, the latter, however, excelling Im^.Vt.^.

\

292

JiEPOUT OF THE

Sogarberry.
Hackberry.

TUl wild Nettto.

Qreat Stinging
Nettle.

Wood Netae.

Riohwoed.
Qearweed.

Hemp. -

Hop.

Plane, Sycamore.

Celtis occidentalis, L.

Grossc Isle, (Miss Clark).

var. crassilblia, (C. crassifolia — W,)

8. W. (Wright).

Urtica gracilis, Ait.

Ann Arbor; Saut St. Marie, 29 July.

Urtica dioica, L.

Gros Gap, L. Mich. , 18 Aug. ; S. W. (Wright).

Laportea Canadensis, Gaudich. ( Urtica Canadensis
— W.J

Ann Arbor ; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. , 18 Aug. ; Pine Lake ,- Lodi, (Miss Clark).

Pilea puraila, Gray. (Urtica pumila — W.)

& W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Boehmeria cylindrica, Willd. (Urtica capitata-^W» J

S. W. (Wright).

Cannabis sativa, L. '

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright) ; Mackinac, (MiES Clark).

Humulus Lupulus, L.

Ann Arbor.

Platanus occidentalis, L.

Ann Arbor.

JUGLANDACE^.

Battemat.

Black Walnut.

Shell-bark or
Shag-bark
Hickory.

nick Shell-bark
Hickory.

Small-fmited
Hickory.

Pignut, Broom
Hickory.

Bitter-nut,
Swamp Hickory.

Bur-Oak.
White Oak.

Juglans cinerea, L.

Ann Arbor.

Juglans nigra, L.

Ann Arbor. Generally throaghout the southern part Of the PeninBuAk.

Carya alba, Nutt.

Ann Arbor, &c., common.

Carya sulcata, Nutt.

Ann Arbor, &c., common.

Carya microcarpa, Nutt.

Ann Arbor.

Carya glabra, Torr.

Ann Arbor, common.

Carya amara, Nntt.

Ann Arbor. This genus is abundantly represented in Southern Miciw
igan.

CUPULIFER^.

Quercus rpacrocarpa, Aliclix.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. r Wright). Common.

Quercus alba, L.

Ann Arbor; Gr^dTi-avcrso Bay. Common throughout the soulhem.
peninsula.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

293

Swamp White Quercus Prinus, L.
^*^ vaf. discolor, Michx. ( Q. bicolor

Ann Arbor.

Yellow caiestnnt Quercus Castanea, Willd. '

OaJc

Ann Arbor.

Chinquapin or Quercus ptinoides, Willd.

Dwarf Chest- ^.„„ a^k«/^»
nulOak. Ann Arbor.?

laurel or Shingle Quercus imbrlcaria, Michx.

Ann Arbor.

—W.)

Qdcrettnm or
' Hack Oak, Tel-
loW'barkedOak

.^Ss^lolOak.

f&BdOak.

6«smp Spanish,
or Pin Oak.

caiGstnut.

Quercus tinctoria, Bartram.

Ann Arbor.

Quercus coccinea, Wang.

Ann Arbor; Traverse City.

Quercus rubra, L.

Drummond's I. ; Sugar I. . common; Emmet Co., in the northern part of
this county attains the largest size seen, growing in sandy soil in
the valleys of the sand dunes, and producing fruit in great abund-
ance. One tree measured 8 feet in circumference, 3 feet above the
surface.* The lee side of these dunes is covered more or less with
trees and shrubs of the general character of the flora of the region,
imbedded in the sand sometimes half their height.

Quercus palustris, Du Roi.

Ann Arbor. The oak family is abundantly represented hi the southern
peninsula, forming a great part of the forest timber. Still the im-
mediate snore of L. Huron from Bay county to the Straits of Mack-
inac is apparently entirely destitute of oaks. Thence northward
along St. Mary's river Q. rubra is the only species, wbidi is quite
common but never attains a large size. Southward thte species is
of rarer occurrence, but is replaced by other and more valuable
species. At Traverse City Q. <dba and Q. coccinea make their most
northern appearance as far as observed. There they are about
equally frequent, growing in a sandy soil , sometimes in patches
surrounded by the pines and more or less dispersed amongst them,
the former forming a large and shapely trunk, the latter being a
smaller, but well proportioned tree. South of this tho species mul-
tiply both in numbers and frequency of occurrence.

Castanea vesca, L.

Monroe Co. Not common in tho southern peninsula.

American Beech. Fagus ferrug"inea, Ait. (F. sylvatica — W.J

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, common, but so reduced in size as to be of little
value; Drummond's I.; shore of L. Mich., from the Straits of Mack-
inac to Northport, the beech here forming a very large and valu-
able part of tho forest growth. Here were seen the largest and
most perfect specimens. In the southern counties It is very com-
mon, and furnishes excellent fuel.

Wild Hazelnut.

Corylus lAmericana, Walt.

Ann Arbor; Mackinac.

Baakod Hazelnut. Corylus rostratd, Ait.

St. Joseph's I.; Drummond's I.

IIornbnan,BIuo
or Water Beech.
Iron-wood.

Hop-Hornbean,

Lover-wood.

Iron-wood.

Carpinus Americana, Miciix.

Ann Arbor.

Ostrya Virg'inica, Willd.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Emmet Co., commor.

294

REPORT OF THE

MYRICACE^.

Baybeny.
Wax-lfyrtie.

SwMt fern.

Myrica* cerifera, L.

& Mich. (UniT. Herb.)

Comptonia asplenifolia, Ait.

Alpena; Traverse aty; Ottawa Co. ; Oakland Co., (Miss Clark) ; 8. IBch.
(Wriglit).

BETULACE^.

P^wr Birohy
Csnoe Birch.

Tellow Birch.

Cherry Birch,
Sweet or Oack
Birch.

Low Birch.

Speckled or
Hoary Alder.

Smooth Alder.

gBetula papyracea, Ait.

Gravelly Pt. , L. Huron; False Presqn' Isle, L. Haron; Dmmmond'sL;
Sugar L ; Emmet Co. Tliis is a very common tree tiirooghoQi th«
lake shores, growing in the most unfavorable situations, but seldom
forming a large trunk. It is apt to spring up as second growth
where the forest has been destroyed by fire. There is a variety (T)
known as " red birch" by the Indians and Half-Breeds, with pals
reddish bark much more brittle than the ordinary.

Betula excelsa, Ait.

Ann Arbor; Ft. auz Barques, L. Huron; Ft. an Chene, L. Mich.; Emmel
Co. ; Drummond's I. Less common that the preceding, but often
grows to a large tree. One specimen in Antrim Co. luuCL a circum-
ference of 11 ft. 4 in. , four feet above %he ground.

«

Betula lenta, L.

Drummond's L , only seen at this place, but attains a monstrous siaSj
one specimen measuring 10 feet in circumference. This*" is a valo-
able tree, and it is unfortunate that so little ia found in Uio State.

•

Betula pumila, L. (B. glandulosa — W.)

S. E. (Wright).

Alnus incana, Willd.

Shores of L. Huron; Drummond's I., common; Saut St. Marie, and
along the banks of St. Mary's river, abundant.

Alnus serrulata, Ait.

Traverse City; S. Mich. (Wright).

SALICACE^.

Hoary Willow.

Low Bush Wil-
low.

Glaucous Willow.

Silky-headed
Willow.

Silky-leaved
Willow.

Petioled Willow.

Salix Candida, Willd.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; north shore of Little L. George, very
abundant, growing in the shallow margin of the lake.

Salix humilis, Marshall.

Drummond's I.

Salix discolor, Muhl.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Fine Lake, Emmet Co., abundant along the
margin of the .lake, occasionally reaching the size of a small tree.
One tree measured 6>^ inches in diameter a foot from the surface.

Salix eriocephala, Michx.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.

Salix sericea, Marshall.

Ann Arbor ? Drummond's I.

Salix petiolaris, Smith.

Saut St. Marie; S. E. (Univ. Harb).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

295

Heart-leaved
WUlow.

Narrow-leaved
Willow.

Long-beaked
Willow.

BritUe Willow.

Black Willow.

Salix cordata, Muhl.

Grand Traverse Oo.

Salix an^c^ustata, Pursh.

Ann Arbor.

Salix ro8trata, Richardson.

Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I. ; S. K (Univ. Herb). A common species.

Salix fragilis, L.

Ann Arbor.

Salix nigra, Marshall.

Ann Arbor.

Shining WiUow. galix lucida, Muhl.

Drummond's I. ; S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Looff-Ieaved
WiUow.

Salix longifolia, Muhl.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Stalk-fhiited
Willow.

Salix pedicellaris, Pursh.

Drummond's I.; S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Weeping Willow, galix Babylonica, L.

Cultivated in many places for "ornament. Barely spontaneous.

American Aspen. Populus tremuloides, Michx.

Ann Arbor; Sand Pt., Saginaw B.; Drummond's I.; Sugar I., this and
the next were growing abundant, large and promiscuously to-
gether ; Antrim O). This is one of the most common trees abont
the lake shores, seldom attaining, however, a large size. It often
' springs up abundantly w4th Bdma papyracea in exposed situationB

where the forest growth has been prostrated by fire or^tempest. ^ ^

Lurge-toothed
Aspen.

Downy-Ieavcd
Poplar.

Cotton wood,
Necklace Pop-
lar.

Balsam Poplar,
Tacamahac.

Balm of Gilead.

Lombardy Pop-
lar.

Populus grandidentata, MicL—

Ann Arbor; Sand Pt., Saginaw Bay; Sugar I.; Antrim Co."' This Is a
rarer but more valuable tree than the last. They are often found
in company, but this was never Icnown to accept an exposed or
unfavoiable situaiion for the sake of such company; while the
formeroften intrudes upon soil and situations chosen by the latter.
This often forms a largo tree with a naked, smooth and dingy-yel-
low trunk expanding its brawny and conspicuous limbs at a height
of 60 feet.

Populus heterophil la, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Populus monilifera, Ait. (P. Canadensis — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Populus balsamifera, L.

Thunder Bay, L. Huron; L. Mich. , common* This is a common tree in
low lands about the borders of rivers and swamps. It is very
common on Drummond's I., but it is of little economical value, its
height seldom reaching SO feet, while its usual size Is about fifteen.

var. candicans. {P, candicans — W.J

This is common in cultivation, but rare In a wild state. But a single
specimen was seen which was a large tree standing near the IsSce
shore a few miles north of Elk Rapids, Antrim C»

Populus dilatata, Ait.

Ann Arbor, in cultivation, and at many other localities, sparlnglylnat-
uralized. Probably the largest specimens of this tree in the State
are on the site of the '< Old British Fort" near the mouth of St.
Mary's R. , on Drummond's I. ^

296 REPORT OP THE

COXIFERiE.

Gijyorl^heni Pinus Banksiaiia, Landn rt.
8orab Pine. '

Sand Pt. Saginaw Bay, and northward along tUo shore of L. Huron.

not common.

Bed Pine. Pinus rosiiiosa, Ait.

Pt. au Chapoau, Sag. B., northward along the shore of L. Huron, Driin-
mond's I., and the shore of L. Mich., both on the Upper and Lowor
Peninsula, common. This is improperly called " Norway Pino" by
the lumbermen.

PiichPine. Pinus rip^ida, Miller.

' 8. Mich. (Wright).

White Pine. Pinus Strobus. L.

Abundant in the valley of the Sagiuaw R. and its branches; shoro of
L. Huron; Drummond's I.; Sugar I., hago solitary specimens of the
species wore seen overtopping the s irrounding forest, generally
large but not abundant; Shore of L. Mich, to Traverse City; Otta-
wa Co., &c.

Of the Pines, the last is most valuable and most abundant. In^
the valley of the Saginaw river, within 21 miles of its mouth
there are fifty steam suw mills which are employed upon the logs
of this spcci3S principally, and within tho space of three miles
there may be seen no less than 21 mills. These logs are '* poled"
down the river and its branches from the pine lands through which
they flow. Also on the south shoro of Saginaw B. ^nd at Pigeon
River, Pinnebog, Port Austin and Willow River, Huron Co., the
lumber business is extensively carried on. Also northward ,^ along
the shore of L. Huron, wherever there are facilities for transport-
ing the logs by means of the small streams, mills have been erect-
ed for the manufacture of lumber. Along the northern shore, the
" Norway Pine" becomes frequent. At Elk Rapids and Traverse
City, P. renno«a is more extensively sawed, which furnishes lesa
valuable lumber for general purposes, though very suitable for
flooring. This is generally found in sandy soil on level tracts form-
ing << Pine plains," the trees having tall, straight and naked trunks,
and presenting a beautiful orchard-like appearance.' The shore of
L. Michigan produces the white and rod pine in about equal abun-
dance, nowhere forming exclusive forests, but rather standing alono
or in small clusters in the midst of surrounding Beeches, Maples
and Hemlocks. P. Banksiana is a small irregular tree of little
value, preferring the most expos^ and barren situations.

^teMoFir- Abies balsamea, Marshall.

Shores and islands of L. Huron, very common; St. Mary's river and '
shore of L. Mich., everywhere common. This is the prevailing
spocios of the genus; and next to tho Arbor Vitae, is the most fre-
quent of the family Gmiferce A. Canadensis prefers higher lautl
among the beeches, largo poplars and birches, more inland; while
this occupies the lower, more recent drift, nearer the lake. Often
it is seen growing at tho base of a ledge of rocks, while at tho
summit and further inland A. Canadensis grows largo and abundant*

Smau-frui^d or Abios Frasori; Purslj. •

Double Balsam xt xrr /n • u i %
pjj.^ N. W. (Uuiv. Herl)).

Jismiock Spruce. Abies Canadensis, Miclix.

Shore of L. Huron, but not common, from Huron county northward;
Drummond's I.; Emmet and Antrim counti s. Nowhero is this
sp 'cies known to excel the 1 irge and majestic growth which it at-
tiins on the shores of L.Mich., in Antrim county. In(ioed,with
this oxeeption, it \v;is rarely m -t with during th ' entire season. It
is.found also in Ottawi, Kent and Allegan cor.utiiS.

Black, or Double Abies lliiJ.' a, Tnir

SP'*"^- Whitmore

comm

i Lakf^, Wit.shtonrivv Co.; The Tove, L. Huron; Drummond's I.;

non; Sugar I.; shon- oi L. Mich., less common.

STATE GE(JLOGIST.

ayr

WUfte, or Single
BpruGO.

lAroh, Tama-
l^raok, Hackma-
iaok.

Arbor TitsD^
MTliikeGadar.

Jooipcr.

Bad Cedar,
Savin.

Amorican Tew
Ground Hem-
look.

Abies alba, Micbx.

Drummond's I., common; Sugar and St. Joseph's Is.; Shore of L. Mich.,
rare. The blacl^ spruce is more widely diffused over the State than
the white, but the white predominates In the northern districts.

Larix Amoricana, Michx. {Pinus pendula — WJ)

Ann Arbor; False Presqu' Isle, L. Huron; Drummond's I.; Sugar I.,
abundant and very large, rising to the hlght of 100 feet or more,
with a circumference of six and a half fe^t, two feet aboye tho
ground. Swampy lands at the head of Branch Lake, Antrim Co.,
very large. This is a common tree in low, marshy land, and often
mingles with the white cedar in the well known '' cedar swampe."

Thuja occidontab's, L.

The most striking and hardy tree
tions, with its roots immersed
and inaccessible heights. In
extensive "cedar swamps

of the foreet, growing in all situa-
in water, and on the meet barren
low and level tracts it often forms
It may always be seen about itie
shore of aninland lake or the margin of a river, its dense foliage or
dry scraggy limbs projecting over the water. It is generally a
tree about 25 ft. in height, but sometimes grows to a mon-
strous size on high lands where there is soil sufficient to sustain it.
The largest Specimens seen wore growing in the sandy soil of Em-
met Ck)., in higher situations than is ufiuul for the tree. One speci-
men among others scattered through the forest composed mostly
of boucho!* and hemlocks, had a diameter of 4 ft. 2 in. four feet from
the ground. It is of slow growth, and requires centuries to attain
such dimcn.sions. Its wood has the great, si durability and is much
used for fence posts, while its bark fuinir.bes thatching for tho
wigwam of the Indian and tho cabin of the settler; 8. Michigan
(Wright). On Drummond's Ljland were seen willows 25 to 80
years old . growing above the nror-tniti' trunks of the white codar,
still remaining in a pertcct stut • of preservation. In othor oases it
is equally sound beneath p;^at i>ols, or buried 80 f<'ot un;ler " modi-
fled drift," whore it must huv.- inia for ages.

Junipenis communis. 1.

Ann Arbor; Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron; False Presqu' Isle, L. Huron;
Old Ft. Mackinac, Emmut Co. Ck)mmon about the lake shores.

Juniperus Virgiuiana, L.

^n Arbor; Thunder Bay Is.; N. W. (Univ. Herb); S. Mich. (Wright).

var. humilis, Hook.

False Presqu' Isie, with trailing stems 25 ft. long; Sand dunes, Emmot

Ck)., abuai'iLmt.

Taxus baccata, L. var. Canadensis, Gray.

Middle I., L. Huron, very abundant; Drummond's I., common; L. Mich.
Common throughout the northern counties, especially in the shade
of evergreens, a declining, one-sided shrub, having a luxuriant
dark-green foliage and pres^mting a beautiful appearance where it
covers the surface, but vieing with the White Cedar In forming a
most persistent obstruction to the progress of the pedestrian.

Indian Turnip.

Creen Dragon,
Dragon-root.

Arrow Arum.

Water Arum.

ARACrJC.

ArisaBma tripliyllum, Torr. {Ar\i,m triphyllum — W,)

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Northport.

Arissema Dracontium, Scb'li.

Ann Arbor.

Peltandra Virginica, Raf. (Rensselaeria Virginica
— W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Calla pabistris, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

38

298

Skunk Cabbage.

Sweet Flag,
Otlamna.

Oat-taUJIag.
Bar-reed.
Bor-reed.
Bar-reed.

Dodrvreed,
Duck's-meat.

Dadrvreed.
Dackweed.

Fondweed.

Pondwoed.

Pondweed.

Pondweed.

Pond weed.

Pondwoed.

Pondweed.

Arrow-graas.

REPORT OP THE

Symplocarpiis foBtidus, Salisb. (Ictodea foetidu
W.)

Ann Arbor ; Northport.

Acorus Calamus, L.

Qoanecoaaee, Toacola Go. ; Brace Mine, Oa.
TYPHACE^.

Typha latifolia, L.

Ann Arbor, common; Saginaw R , common; Saat St. Ifarie.

Sparganium eurycarpum, n. sp. Englm.

Ann Arbor ; Saginaw Bay, 14 Jane.

Sparganium ramosum, Hudson.

& Mich. (Wright); Ft. Wtiot.

Sparganium simplex, Hudson. (5. Americcmum —
TT.)

Ft. Gratiot; Saginaw Bay, 14 Jane; S. E. (Wright).
LEMNACE^.

Lemna trisulca, L.

& K (Wright).

Lemna minor, L.

a W. (Univ. Herb); Northfleld, Washtenaw Co., (Miss Clark).

Lemna polyrhiza, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

NAIADACE^.

Potamogeton pectinatus, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Potamogeton pauciflorus, Pursh.

S. E. (Univ Herb).

Potamogeton perfoliatus, L.

S. Mich., (Wright).

Potamogeton pr felon gus, Wulf.

Saginaw Bay, 16 June; (Univ. Herb).

Potamogeton lucens, L.

S.Mich., (Wright).

var. ? fluitans.

S. E. (Univ. Herb)

Patamogeton natans, L.

S. Mich., (Wright).

Potamogeton heterophyllus, Schreber.

S. Mich. (Wright).

ALISMACE.fi.

Triglochin palustre, L.

S. W. (Wright).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

299

Arrow-grass.

Selieaclizeria.
Water Plantain.

Arrow-bead.

Arrow-bead.
Arrow^bead.

Triglochin maritimum, L.

S. Mich., (Wright).

var. elatum.

FUsePresqa' IsIe.L. Haron, 11 Joly, common; Drommond's I. ; Ann
Arbor, (Miss Claris).

Scheuchzeria palustris, L.

S. W. (Wright).

Alisma Plantago, L. var. Americanum, Gray. (-4..
Plantago — W.)

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright). ,

Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm.

" Paaganing," Bay Co. , 26 June; Ann Arbor.

var. diversifolia.

S. Mich., (Univ. Herb).

var. angustifolia.

Elk Rapids , Antrim Co.

Sagittaria heterophylla, Pursh.

EUc Rapids, Antrim Co.

Sagittaria pusilla, Nutt.

8. W. (Univ. Herb).

Waterweed.

Tape grass,
Eel grass.

Showy Orchis.

Naked-gland
Orchis.

Largo Round-
leaved Orchis.

Smaller two-
leaved Orchis.

Bracted Green
Orchis.

Northern Green
Orchis.

HYDROCHARIDACE^. ^

Anacharis Canadensis, Planchon.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Vallisneria spiralis, L.

Ann Arbor.

ORCHmACEiB.

Orchis spectabilis, L.

Ann Arbor. Near the light-house at the Inouth of Saginaw river is a
variety with light purple lip, interruptedly streaked and mottled
with dark purple. In bloom, 14 June.

Gymnadenia tridentata, Lindl. (^Habenaria triden-
tata—W.)

S. W. (Wright).

Platanthera orbiculata, Lindl. (JSabenaria orbicu-
lata—W.)

Ft. Gratiot; False Presqn' Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; Drummond's I.; Sant
Ste Marie, (Miss Gark). Rare.

Platanthera Hookeri, Lindl.

S.E. (Univ. Herb).

Platanthera bracteata, Torr. (JSiabenaria bracteata —

W.)

Ann Arbor; Emmet Co.

Platanthera hyperborea, Lindl. (Habenaria huron-
ensis — W.)

Ann Arbor; Squaw Pt. , Thunder Bay, 6 July; Northport^ S^W. iW/ight^.
Common. *•-'.--'

^00

REPORT OF THE

Noriborn Wlxite
Orchis.

Yellowish OrcUii

Yellow Fringed
Orchis.

White Frlhced
Orchis.

Western Orchis.

Ragged Orchis.

Small Purple
Fringed-Orchis.

Large Purple
Fringed-Orchis.

Rattlesnake
Plantain.

Rattlesnake
Plantain.

Ladies' Tressee.

Ladies' Tresses.
Ladies' Tresses.
Arethusa.
Pogonia.
Pogonia.
Calopogou.
Calypso.
Crano-Fly Orchis.

Adder's-Mouth.

Platanthera dilatata, Lindl.

Drummond's L , 22 July; S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Platanthera flava, Gray. (Rabenaria herbiola — W.)

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).

Platanthera ciliaris, Lindl. (^ffabenaria ciliaris — W.)

Ana Arbor.

Platanthera blepharigllottis, Lindl.

S. Mich., (Univ. Herb).

Platanthera leucophaea, N'utt.

Ann Arbor.

Platanthera lacera, Gray. (Habenaria psycodes,
partly — W,)

'Ann Arbor.

Platanthera psycodes, Gray. (Habenaria psycodes,
partly, H. grandijlora and finibriata — W,)

Ft. Gratiot; Drummond's L, 22 July; 8. W. (Wright).

Platanthera fimbriata; Lindl.

Milford, Oakland Co.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). P. oUmata occurs at
Cove L, L. Huron, (Austin).

Goody era re pecs, R. Br.

Antrim Co., 3 Sept., common in the shade of woods.

Goodyera pubescens, R. Br.

Ann Arbor.

Spiranthes graieilis, Big.

S. W. (Wright).

Spiranthes latifolia, Torr. in Lindl.

Drnmmond's I., common; S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Spiranthes cernua, Richard.

Ann Arbor.

Arethusa bulbosa, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Pogrmia ophioglossoides, Nutt.

S. W. (Wright).

Pog-oiiia p^Midula, 1 And].* (Triphora pendula — W,)

S. W. (Wright).

Calopng-on pulchellus, R. Br.

Ann Arbor; Mouth Saginaw E., 24 June; S. Mich. (Wiight).

Calyppd boroalis, Salisb.

Forty-mile point, Prtsqu' Islo Co.

Tipularia discolor, Nutt.

N. Mich. (Dr. Cooley).

Microstylis (jpliioglossoidcs, Nutt.

S. W. (Wright).

STATE GEOLOGIST 301

Adder's-Moath. Microstylis nioiiophyllos, Lindl.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark) .

Twaybiadc. Liparis liliifolia, Richard. (Malaxis liliifoliar--W,)

S. W. (Wright).

oorai-root. Corallorhiza innata, R. Br. {G, vema—W,)

S. E. (Wright).

Coral-root. Corallorhiza multiflora, Nutt.

Ft. anx Barques, Huron Co., 20 June; St. Martin's I., 17 July; S. W^.
(Wright).

Ctorai-root. Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Nutt.

Rich woods, (Gray.)

Coral-root. Corallorhiza Macrroi, Gray.

Mackinac, (C. G. Loring, Jr., and Whitney).

^^^Ik^,, Aplectrum hyemale, Nutt.

S. E. (Univ. Herb).

^ylsupV Cypripedium pubesceas, Willd.

* Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; Drummond's 1.

^d^sifpper. Cypripedium parviflorum, Salisb.

' Ann Arbor.

^SS^^^'* Cypripedium candidum, Muhl.

Ann Arbor.

^^^Jffliro^r Cypripedium spoctabile, Swartz.

* Ann Arbor; Tawas Bay, 28 June.

^™r^^'' Cypripedium acaule, Ait.

Ann Arbor; Grand Rapids, (Miss dark). C, aridimim occnrs at Gape
Ipperwash, C. W. , a few miles from Port Huron.

AMARYLLIDACE^.

stap-graaB. Hypoxys erecta, L.

Ann Arbor, common; Ft. Gratiot; shores of Sag. B., common.

H.fiMODORACEiE.

^I^ Aletris farinosa, L.

S. E. (Wright).

Star-gnuM.

IRIDACEiE.

lArger Blue Flag, jrig versicolor, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Saginaw Bay, common; Mackinac. Commox».
all over the Southern Peninsula.

Lake Dwarf IrlB. Irig lacustris, Nutt.

Bois Blanc I. ; Mackinac; Drummond's I. ; Old Fort Mackinac.

Biue-Eyod Grass. Sisyrinchium Burmudiana, L.

Ann Arbor, very common; Ft. Gratiot; shores of Saginaw Bay 14 Juno^
common.

var. anceps, (6^ a ncfps — W.) - .-. -- -

S.W. (Wright). '^ ' \ :'■ '

303 JIEPORT OF THE

DIOSCORACEiE.

wud Yam-root. Dioscorea villosa, L.

8. W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor.

SMILACE^.

Coami^Qrem- Smilax rotundifolia, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Smilax hispida, Muhl.

Ann Arbor.

Carrion Flower. Smilax herbacea, L.

Ann Arbor.

var. pulverulenta, (S. peduncularia — W.)

a Mich. (Wright).

Smilax tamnifolia, Michx.

Ann Arbor.

^^m*°^2tf ■ Trillium cernuum, L.

Eobin. 8- Mich. , (Wright) .

W*oS."""°' Trillium erectum, L.

Ann Arbor.

var. album.

Ann Arbor.

^uiiS'*^ Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I. A variety occurs at Ann Arbor with flow*
ors tetramcrous throughout.

Painted TriUium. Trillium erythrocarpum, Michx.

a Mich. (Wright).

^J^j.^J°°^- Medeola Virginica, L. {Oyromia Virginica — W,)

Alcona Co., 1 July; S. Mich. (Wright).
LILIACE^.

^"^on'B^^ai. Polygonatum biflorum, Ell.

Ann Arbor. •

^'|^*jSoiomon'8 Polygonatum giganteum, Dietrich. (OonvaUaria

muUiflora — W. )

Ann Arbor.

False Spikenard. Smllacina riicemosa, Desf.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.

Smilacina stellata, Desf.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sand dunes, Ottawa Co., SO Aug., but 3-Soed-
od ! ; Huron Co.

Smilacina trifolia, Desf.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Smilacina bifolia, Ker

'•; ••;-'• ; , Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. Common everywhere.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

303

Wild Leek.
Wild Onion.

WUd Sleadoir
Garlic.

Wild Orango-red
Lily.

Wild Yellovr
Lily.

Turk'B cap Lily.

YeUow Adder's
tongue.

Clintonia borealis, Raf.

Gommon in shady, moist woods throughout the northern counties of
the peninsula.

Allium tricoccum, Ait.

St. Martin's L, 17 July; S. W. (Wright).

Allium cernuum, Roth.

S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clarlc).

Allium Canadense, Kalm.

Ann Arbor; S. shore of Saginaw Bay, 14 June; S. Mich. (Wright).

Lilium Philadelphicum, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Stone L,Saghiaw B.,16 June; The €k>ye, L.
Huron.

Lilium Canadense, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron, 80 June.

«

Lilium Buperbunl, L.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Claris).

Erythronium Americanum, Smith.

Ann Arbor.

lAfgo-flowered
BaUwort.

Senile-leaved
Bellwort.

Twistod-staUc.

Twistod-stalii:.
Zygadene.

FUseajsphodcI.

Wood-rush.

Wood-rush.

Obmmon,or Soft
Rush.

Ruth.

Rush.

MELANTHACE^.

Uvularia grandiflora, Smith.

Ann Arbor.

Uvularia sessifojia, L.

S. E. (Wright).

Streptopus amplexifolius DC.

Ft. Gratiot; St. Joseph's!

Streptopus roseus, Michx.

Drummond's I ; Sugar I.

Zygadenus glaucus, Nutt. (Melanthium glaucum —
W.)

S. W. (Wright). /

Tofieldia glutinosa, Willd.

False Presqu' Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; Drummond's L

JUNCACE^. '

Luzula pilosa, Willd.

(Wright).

Luzula compestris, DC.

Ann Arbor.

Juncus effusus, L.

S. E. (Wright).

Juncus filiformis, L.

Saginaw Bay, 16 June.

Juncus Balticus, Willd.

Drummond's I., 25 July; Pine Lake, Emmet Co.\ lia<b\o»jw« ^Ci.^*^,^ ,
(Wright). Sandy shores f common.

304

REP.^RT OF THE

RoBh.
Rush.
Rash.
Rush.
Rasb.
Rush.

Rash.

»

Rash.

Juncus setaceus, Rostk. •

Sulphur I., north of Drummond's; S. Mich. (Wright).

Juncus paradoxus, E. Meyer, (r/. polycephaius — W.)

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Juncus acuminatus, Michx.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Juncus articulatus, I^.

Drummond's I., 22 July; Grand Traverse Bay (E. arm), abnnda&k

Juncus nodosus, L.

Drummond's I., 25 July; Grand Traverse Bay (E. arm), abnndani.

Juncus marginatus, Rostk.

S. Mich., (Univ. Herb)

Juncua tenuis, Willd.

sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Juncus bufonius, L.

S. E. (Wright).

PONTEDERIACE^.

Pickeroi-wood. Pontederia cordata, L.

Ann Arbor.

Water Star grass. SchoUera graminea, Willd.

S. W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Day-flower.

Commelyna Virginica, L. ((7. angustifolia — W.)

S. W. (Wright).

^^J« Spider Tradescantia Virginica, L.

Ann Arbor.

XYRIDACE^.

Yellow-eyed
Grass.

Pipewort.

Gallngale.

Xyris bulboi^a, Kunth.

S. W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

ERIOCAULONACE^.

Eriocaulon septangulare, Withering. (^E. pelluci-
dum — W.J

S. W. (Wright).

CYI'KRACEiE.

^

Cyperus di and ins, Torr.

Ann Arbor.

var. castaiiens.

S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Cyperus flavesccns, L.

S, Mich. (Wright).

Cyperus strigosus, L.

*S. W. (Wright).

STAT^ GEOLOGIST.

305

Dallchium.
Htenicarpa.

flkilko-nuh.

gplke-nuh.

flpike-ruBh.

*

gpike-nuBh.
Spike-roili.
SpiJ^e-nuBh.
Spike-rnslL
Spike-nuBh.
Spike-rash.

Bolrntii.
Balrash.
BoIradL
Bolroih.

Bidnwb.

'* Cyperus phymatodes, Muhl.?"

8. W. (Wright).

Cyperus filiculmis, Vahl. (C. marisccndeS'^W,^

8. Mich. (Wright).

Dulichium spathaceum, Pers. ' ' . '

S. Mich.*(Wrighi).

Hemicarpa subsquarrosa, Nees. {Scirpua stibsqwir-
rosa — W,)

S.W. (Wright).

Ekocharis equisetoides, Torr. (5drptt« equisetoideB

— W,)

S. E. (Wright).

Eleocharis quadraDgulata, R. Br.

8. Mich. (Gray).

Eleocharis obtusa, Shultes. (Scirpus capitaJtus — W.)

8. E. (Wright).

Eleocharis palustris, R.'Br. {^Scirpus pdif^ris-^W.)

Stargeon Pt., L. Huron; Ft. aa'Chene, L. Mich. ; 8. Mich. (Wr^hl).

Eleocharis rostellata, Torr.

Drommond'B I. , 22 July.

Eleocharis intermedia, Schultes.

Grand Traverse Bay.

Eleocharis tenuis, Schultes. {^Scirpus ienui8-"W^

S. E. (Wright).

Eleocharis compressa, SuUivant.

Branch L. , Emmet Co.

Eleocharis acicularis, R. Br. (Scirptis aciciUaria —

W.)

S. W. (Wright).

Scirr^us subtermin^Us, Torr.

8. Michigan, (Wright).

Scirpus pungens, Vahl. (S. A(nericanu^ — W.)

■ Ft. au Chene, L. Mich. , 10 Aug. ; Grand Traverse Bay ; 8. Mich. (Wright).

Scirpus Torreyi, Olney.

Borders of ponds, (Gray).

Scirpus lacustris, L. {S. lacustris and acutus — W,)i

Saginaw B., common; Pine Lake, Emmet Co., abundant; S.E. (Wright).
This species is extensively used by the IncUans to make mats. It.ii
cut late in summer just as the fruit is rl^eoing. In Fine Lake i&
grows very large, the culpi sometimes being 12 ft. or more tdf
length.

Scirpus debilis, Pursh. .

Low banks of strpams, (Gray).

39

806

8Mk C ab-roflb.

BiTor 6ab-ni£b.

Bolrosb.

Balrasb.

^kilrnsb.

Wool-gran.

CBieathod Cotton-
grass.

Virginian Ck)tton
gross.

Ifany etemroed
CultoQ grass.

Craccfal Cotton
grufis.

Cmbrolla-grtsfl.

4

Bjak-rusb.
^Ipak-rosb.
Qoali-nisb.
Twig-rush.

REPORT OF THE
Scirpiis maritimus, L. (^S, macrostachyos — W.J

8. Micb., (Wright).

Scirpns fliiviatilis, Gray.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Scirpns sylvalicus, L. var. atrovirens.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Scirpus polyphyllus, Vahl. (5. brunneus — W,J

8. Mich. (Wright).

Scirpus lineatus, Michx*

8. Mich. (Wright).

Scirpus Eriophorum, Michx. (S. Erisphorw — W.f)

8. W. (Univ. Herb).

Eriophorum vng*inatum, L.

8. Mich., (Univ. Herb).

Eriopliornm Virgiiiicum, L. /

8. Micb. (Univ. Herb).

Eriopliornm poljstacbyon, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Var. latit'olinm.

S. Mich. (Uuiv. Herb).

Eriopliornm p^racile, Koch. (J57. angustifolium — W,)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Fimbristylis spadicea, Vahl. (^Scirpus spadiceus —
W.)

8. W. (Wright).

Fimbristylis autumn alis, Roem. & Shult. (^ScirpUM
autumvalis — W,)

8. Michigan, (Wright).

Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray. (ScirpUs capiUaris —
W.)

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Fnirona sqnarrosa, Michx.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Rhynchospora alba, Vahl.

S.'W. (Wright); N. E. (Univ. Harb).

Rhynchospora capillacea, Torr.

Bogs and river banks, (Gray). ' i

Rhynchospora gloraerata, Vahl.

S.Mich., (Wright).

Cladium mariscoides, Torr. (Schomus mariscoide
W.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

iM-ralh.

Ifttl'-TUih.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 807

Scleria trip:lomerata, Michx.

S, Mich., (Wright).

Scleria verticillata, Muhl.

Swamps, (Cooley).

Carex gynocrates, WormBkiold.

N. E. and N. W., (Univ. Herb).

Carex scirpoidea, Michx.

N. E. (Univ. Herb).

Carox polytrichoides. Muhl.

^ S. Mich. (Wright); N. W. (Univ. Herb).

Carex bromoides, Schk.

Antrim Co.; S. E. (Wright). .

Carex Sartwellii, Dew.

S. Mich. (Univ. Horb).

Carex tcretiuscula, Good.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Carex decomposita, Muhl. [C, panicvlata — W,t)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Carex vulpinoidea, Michx. (G.setacka — W.)

Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; S. Mich. (Wright).

Carex stipata, Muhl.

B. Mich. (Wright).

Carex cephalophora, Muhl.

S. E. (Wright).

Carex rosea, Schk.

• Ann Arbor.

Carex tenella, Schk. (C. dispermia — JT.V

8. E. (Wright).

Carex trisperma, Dew.

(Wright).

Carex canescens, L. ((7. curta — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Carex Dewoyana, Schw.

S. Mich. (Wright). •

Carex stellulata, Good.

Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; S. E. (Wright).

var, 8t« rilis.

8. Mich. (Univ. Horb).

Carex Rcoparia, Schk.

S.E. (Univ. Herb).

Carex lajropodioides, Schk.

S. Mich. (Wright).

var. cristata, (G. cristata — W.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

801 REPORT OP THE

Carex festucacea, Schk.

S. Mich. (Wright).

var. teuera, ( C. tenera — W,)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex straminea, Schk.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex vulgaris, Fries. (C. eaespitosa — TT.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex stricta, Lam. (C acuta — W.)

8. Mich, (Wright).

Carex aquatilis, Wahl. •

Kear Sitting rabbit, 18 Aag.; 8. E. (Wright).

Carex crinita, Lam.

Asm Arbor; Sturgeon Pt., L. Haron; S. Mich. (Wright)

Carex limosa, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex Buxbaumii, Wahl.

& E. (UniT. Herb).

Carex aurea, Nutt.

& E. (Wright).

Carex tetanica, Schk.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Carex Crawei, Dewi

K. Mich. (BuU).

Carex granularis, Muhl.

Drammond'B I. , 26 Jaly ; S. K (Wright).

Carex conoidea, Schk.

* aE. (Wright).

Carex grisea, Wahl. var. mutica.

Itamnmond '8 1. , 25 Joly .

Carex Davisii, Schw. & Torr.

Sitting rabbit.

Carex formosa, Dew.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex gracillima, Schk.

8. E. (Wright).

Carex virescens, Muhl.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex plantaginea, Lam. (C, anceps — W.f)

8. Mich. (Wright). '

Carex laxiflora, Lam.

8. Mich., (Wright).

STATE GEOLOGIST. 80»

Oarex eburnea, Booth. (C. alba, var. setifolia-^W,)

Drammond'8 1. , 28 July ; L. Mich. , Emmet Co. ; S. W. (Wright).

Oarex podunculata, Muhl. ( C lupuLina — .)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Oarex Novse-AngliaB, Schw. ( (7. coUecta, nigra-mar'
ginata — W.)

8. E. (Wright).

var. Emmonsii.

Grand Traverse Bay.

Oarex Pennsylvanica, Lam. (G. marginata — W.)

Ann A^hor.

" Carex varia, Muhl. ?"

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex pubescens, Muhl.

S. Mich. (Wright).

. Carex miliacea, MuhL •

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex scabrata, Schw.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex arctata, Boott. (0. sylvaiica — W,)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex flava, L.

Emmet Co.; S. E. (Wright).

Carex (Ederi, Ehrh.

Drummond's I. , 25 July.

Carex filiformis, Gmelin.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex languinosa, Michx.

8. E. (Univ. Herb).

•Carex lacustris, Willa.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex aristata.

Lalce shores and river-banks, (Univ. Herb).

Carex trichocarpa, Muhl.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Carex comosa, Boott.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

• Carex pseiido-cyperus, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Carex hystricina, Willd.

8. E. (Univ. Herb).

Carex tentaculata, Muhl.

Antrim Co.; & Mich. (Wright).

810

REPORT OF THE

BlM Oiit>graas.

Whito-gnuv.

Indian Rice,
Water Oats.

floating foxtail.

Tlmothjr,
Bard't-grasL

nUB-Oraas.

Bata-Qrtm'.

Carex intumesccns, Rifdge.

N. W. (Univ. Herb.)

Carex folliculata, L. (G.follifulcUa and xanthophy-

a Mich. (Wright).

Carex lupuUna, Muhl.

Ann Arbor.

Carex sqiiarrosa, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Carex retrosa, Schw.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Carex ampuUacea, Good.

Bear Creeic, Emmot Co. ; S. Mich. (Wright).

var. utriculata.

& K. (Univ. Herb>.

Carex cylindrica, Schw.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Carex bullata, Sohk.

8. Mich. (Wright^.

Care'< digosperma, Michx.

Oakland Co. (Prof. Williams.)

GRAMINEiE.

Leersia oryzoides, Swartz.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Leersia Virginica, Willd.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Zizania aquatica, L.

(Wright).

Alopecurus ^eniculatus, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Phleum pratense, L.

Meadows, common.

Sporobolus cryptandrus, Gray.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Sporobolus serotinus, Gray.

Sandy wet places, (Gray).

Agrostis perennans, Tuckerm. (Trichodium scdh
rum — W.) •

8. Mich. (Wright).

Agrostis scabra, Willd, (IHchodium lax\/lortagk-'^
W.)

3. Mich. (Wright).

STATE GEOLOGIST. 311

Brown Bont- Affrostis caiiiiia, L.

grass. 4 A V

Ann Arbor.

Af^rostis vulgaris, VVilh.

Ann Arbor.

White Bent- Agrostis alba, L.

*''®""* S. Mich. (Wright).

Cinna arundinacea, L.

S. W. Mich. (Wright).

Drop-seed Grass. Muhlenbergia s(5tolifera. Gray.

Open rocky woods, S. Mich. (Gray). *

Drop-toed Grass. Muhlenbergia glome rata, Trin. (^Polypogon racemo*

sus — W.)

S. W. (Wright).

Dnv-wod Grass. Muhlenbergia Mexicana, Trin. (Agrostis IcUeriflora

— W,) . '

8. Mich. (Wright).

Drop-flfod Grass. Muhlenbergia Willdenovii, Trin. (^Agrostis tenuis

flora— W.)

8. Michigan, (Wright).

Kimhio wui. Muhlenbergia diffu8a, Schreber.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Brachyelytrum aristatum, Bcauv.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Bhie Joint-Grass. Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv. (Arundo Cana-
densis — W.) '

Pt. au Gheno, L. Mich. ; S. E. (Wright).

Heed Bcmt-grass. Oalamagrostis coarctata, Torr. (^Arundo coarctata —

— W.)

S. Mich., (Wright).

Calamagrostis" longifolia, iflwk.

Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. , 19 Aug. ; Antrim Co., common: 3. W. (Univ.
Herb).

gea Sand Reed. Calamagrostis aronaria, Roth.

Pt. an Chcne, L. Mich., 19 Aug.

Oryzopsis melanocarpa, Muhl. (Fiptatherum nv
gruvi — W.) ^

8. Mich. (Wright).

Mountain Rice. Oryzopsis asperifolia, Michx.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Oryzopsis Canadensis, Torr. (Milium pungms^ — W.)

8. E. (Wright). '

Biaek Oat Grass, gtipa avenacea, L. .

8. W. (Wright).

813

REPORT OF THE

forcQpino GraM.

riPe«b-Walor
Cord-Grass.

ICoskit-grass.

Wire-grass.
tUI Rdd-Top.
Popontia.
DUuTbena.
Kflsleria.

Battlesnake-
Grass.

ISeed Meadow-
Grass.

fiOw Spear-Grass.

Slipa spartea, Trin. (^S.juncea — W.)

8. Mich., (Wright).

Aristida striata, Michx.

a Mich., (Wright). [Doubtful.]

Aristida piirpurascens.

8. Mich., (Univ. Herb)

Spa«tina cynosuroides, Willd.

a Mich., (Wright).

Bouteloua curtipendula,'Gray. (Aiheropogon aplu-
dioidea — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Elusine Indica, Gaertn.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Tricuspifl seslerioides, Torr.

S. W. (Wright).

Dupontia Cooleyi, Gray.

Washington, Macomb Co., (Gray).

Diarrhena Americana, Beauv.

& Mich. (Wright).

Eoeleria cristata, Pers.

& E. (Wright).

Eatonia obtusata, Gray. (Kceleria truncata — W.)

a K. (Wright).

Eatonia Pennsylvanica, Gray. (^Koeleria PennsyU
vanica — W.) ' •

a Mich. (Wright).

Glvceria Canadensis.

a W. (Univ. Herb.)

GlycerialRongata, Trin.

Wet woods, (Gray.)

Glyceria nervata, Trin. (Poa nervata — W,)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Glyceria aqiiatica, Smith. (Poa aquatica, var. Amer-
icana — W.)

a Mich., (Wright).

Glyceria fluitans, R. Br.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Poa annua, L.

Ann Arbor ; 8. E. (Wright).

Poa dobilis, Torr

S. Michigan, (Univ. Herb).

Poa sylvestris, Gray. ,

a Mich. (Univ. Herb).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

313

False Rod-Top,
Fowl Meadow
Grass.

Bough Meadow
Grass.

Green, or Com-
mon Meadow
Grass.

Blue-Grass,
Wire-Grass.

Fdscae-GraSs.

Gbeat, Chess.
Wild Chess.

Rood.

Bearded Darnel.

Couch-Grass,
Quitch-Grass,
Quick-Grass.

Awned Wheat
Grass.

Poa serotina Ehrh.

Little Traverse Bay, 24 Aug. ; S. Mich. (Wright).

Poa nemoralis, L.

S. Mich., (Wright).

«

Poa trivial is, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Poa pratensiB, L.

S. E. (Wright).

.Poa c^mpressa, L.

Ann Arbor.

ijiragrostis reptans, Nees. [Poa reptans — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright). ^

Erap^rostis poseoides, (Poa eragrostu- — W.)

Ann Arbor.

EragroBtis capillaris.^Nees. (Poa capillaris and Mr-
suta— W)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Eragrostis pectinacea. Gray. {Poa hirsuta — W.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

var. spectabilis.

§. Mich., (Univ. Horb^.

Festuca tenella, Willd.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Festuca ovina, Gray.

var. duriuscula. (F. duriuscula — TT.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Festuca nutans, Willd.

S. E. (Wright).

Bromus secalinus, L. # •

Ann Arbor; Fields, Grand Traverse (%.

Bromus Kalmii, Gray. J^B. cilialus — W.)

S. E. r Wright).

Bromus ciliatus, L.

Charlevoix, Emmet Co.; S. Mich. (Wright).

var. purgans, (J9. Purgans — W.)
Phragmites comraunis, Trin.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Lolium tremulentum, L.

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Triticura repens, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Triticum caninum, L. (Agropyron caninum — W.)

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

40

314

REPORT OF THE

Bottle-Drosh
Qran.

Bair-GraBt.
WUdOati.
IViwtam.
Oat.

Vanilla, or Sene-
ca-Graw.

Reod Canary-
Grass.

Uillet-grass.

Panlo-Grass.

Oab -Grass,
Finger-Grass.

Triticnni dasystachyum, Gray.

N. W. (Univ. Herb).

Elymua VIrginicus, L.

S. E. (Wright).

Elyinus Canadensis, L.

Drummond's I., 24 July; Antrim Co., common; S. E. (WrigM).

vai*. fi:laucit'olius.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Elymiis striatus, Willd.

var. villosus. (^E. villosxis — JF.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

£]ymu8 mollis, Trin.

Shore of^ Huron, (Gray).

Gymnostichum Hystrix, Schrcb. (Mymus Hystrvg
— W.)

Ann Arbor ; S. Mich. (Wright). •

Aira csBspitosa, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Danthonia spicata, Beauv.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Trisetnm subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray.

N.E. (Univ. Herb). *

Avena striata, Michx. (^Trisetum purpurascena —

W.) .

S. j:. (Wright).

Hierochloa borealis, Roem. & Schultes.

S. E. (Univ Herb).

Phalaris arundinacea, L.

. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Milium effusum, L.

S. E. (Wright).

Panicum filiforme, L. (^Digitaria fiiiformis—W.)

S. W. (Wright).

Panicum glabrum, Gaudin.

Ann Arbor.

Panicum sanguinale, L. (^Digitaria sanguinale — IF.)

, Ann Arbor.

Panicum capillare, L.

Ann Arbor; Mission Point, Grand Traverse Co.

Panicum virgatum, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Panicum latifolium, L.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).'

STATE GEOLOGIST.

315*

Panicura dichotomum, L. (P. nitidum and puhes*

cens — W.)

Grand Traverso Co.; S. Mich. (Wright).

Barnyard-Grass. Panicum Cms-galli, L.

IbztaU.

Green Foxtail,
BotUe-Gra£8.

Bar-Gran.

Baard-Gran.

Broom-Oom.

Horsotail,
Scouring Kosh.

Meadow Horse-
tail.

Wood Horsetail.

Swamp Horse-
taiL

Share-Grass.

Sooaring Rush.
Sooorlng ftush.

Polypody.

Ann Arbor.

Panicum nervosum, Muhl.

S. Mich. (Wright). [A synonym?]

Setaria glauca, Beauv.

Ann Arbor.

Setaria viridis, Beauv.

Ann Arbor; Emmet Co. , growing in fields with the following.

Setaria Italica, Kunth.

Enmiet Co. , cultivated by the Indians as MiUet.

Cenchrus tribuloides, L. ( G. echinatus, var. tribu*
hides — W.)

S. W. (Wright).

Andropog-on furcatus, Muhl.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Andropogon scoparius, Michx.

Antrim Co., common; S. K and S. W. (Wright).

Andropop^on Virginicus, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Sorghum nutans, Gray. (^Andropogon nutans — W,y

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

EQUISETACEiB.

Equisetum arvense, L.

Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca. ; Drummond's I., abundant, in sandy soil..

Equisetum pratense, Ehrh.

Ann Arbor; Pine Lake, Emmet Co.

Equisetum sylvaticum, L^

Drummond's I.

Equisetum limosum, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. E. (Wright).

Equisetum hycmale, L.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I. , very abundant in sandy soil; Branch Laka^
Antrim Co., very abundant, growing in the marshy margin of thft^

river near its mouth.

Equisetum variegatum, Schleicher.

Drummond's I.; S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Equisetum scirpoides, Michx.

Shore of Lake Michigan, Emmet Co.

FILICES.

Polypodium vulgare, L.

Drummond's I.

•316

REPORT OF THE

-OstrichTern.

Rocic Brake.

Bock Brake.
^Common Brake.

- Ifaiden-bair.

Woodwardia.
» Spleen wort.
; Spleen wort.
;SpIeenwort.

'^veryS^Ieen-
wort.

Qplaenwort.

Woodsia.
Bladder-Fern.

Bladder-Fern.

Wood-Fern,
Shield-Forn.

Wood-Fern,
"Shield-Fern.

Wood -Fern,
Shield-Fern.

Struthiopteris Germanica, Willd.

Ann Arbor.

Allosorus gracilis, Presl.

Louse Island.

Allosorus atropurpureus, Gray.

N. E. (Univ. Herb).

Pteris aquilina, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Dnimmond's I.; Emmet Co.; Trayerse Citj;
Ottawa Co.; S. Mich. (Wright). Common.

Adiantum pedatum, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Emmet Co., rich woods, common; S. Mich.
(Wright).

Woodwardia Virginica, Willd.

& Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Asplenium Ruta-muraria, L.

N. E. (Univ. Herb).

Asplenium Trichomanes, L.

N. E. (Univ. Herb).

Asplenium angustifolium. Michx.

8. W. (Wright).

Asplenium thely^pteroides, Miclix.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. Mich. (Wright).

Asplenium Filix-foemina, R. Br.

Ann Arbor; Bear Creek, Emmet Co. ; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Dicksonia punctilobula, Hook.

Bear Creek, Emmet Co.

Woodsia Ilvensis, R. Br.

N. E. (Univ. Herb).

Cystopteris bulbifera, Bernh. (Aspidium bulbtfe"
rum — W.)

Ann Arbor; S. E. (Wright).

Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.

Drummond's I.

Aspidium Thelypteris, Willd.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Aspidium noveboracense, Willd.

S. W. (Wright).

Aspidium spinulosum, Swartz. (^A. intermedium —

W.)

Ann Arbor; Emmet Co.; S. Mich. (Wright).

var. Bootii, Gray-
Ann Arbor.

Aspidium cristatum, Swartz.

Ann Arbor

STATE GEOLOGIST

31t

Wood-Fern.

\

"Wood-Fern.

Sensitive-Fern.

Flowering Fern.

Cinnamon Fern,
lloonwort.

Shining CInl)-
moss.

Clab-mofis.
Gul>-mo8S.
Ground Pine.

dab-moss.
Qab-mosf.

Aspidium acrostichoides, Willd.

Ft. Gratiot; S. Mich. (Wright).

"Aspidium asplenoides, L."

S. Mich. (Wright).

Onoclea sensibilis, L.

Bear CreelCj Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor.

Osmunda regal is. L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.

var. spectabilis.

Ann Arbor.

Osmunda Claytoniana, L. (0. interrupta — W.)

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

Osmunda cinnamonea, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

Botrychium lunarioides, Swartz. (B, fumarioides —

W,)

Ft. Gratiot; S. Mich. (Wright).

Botrychium Virginicum, Swartz.

Ft. Gratiot; Squaw Pt., Thunder Bay, 6 July; Drummond's I., 13 Aug. ^
Emmet Co.^ rich woods^ rather common, S. Mich. (Wright).

LYCOPODIACE^.

Lycopodium lucidulum, Michx.

Drummond's I. , 24 July ; Emmet Co. ; S. £. (Wright);

Lycopodium inundatum, L. Tar. Bigelovii, Tuck.

Willow River, Huron Co. ^ 20 June; Drummond's I. ; Sugar I.

Lycopodium annotinum, L.

The Cove, L. Huron; EmQiet Co., common.

Lycopodium den'droideum, Michx.

Ft. Gratiot; Pt. aux Barques, Huron Co., 19 June; Sugar I., 81 Joljr; N.
W. (Univ. Herb).

Lycopodium clavatum, L.

Pt. aux Barques, Huron Co., 21 June; V. E. (Univ. Herb).

Lycopodium complanatum, L.

Traverse City, common in shade of phies; N. E..(Univ. Herb), .

Selaginella apus, Spring.

Ann Arbor. This is not «SL sdaginoidet.

CHAPTER X.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PRECEDING CATALOGUE.

Although the territory represented by the foregoing Cata-
logue does not exteiid into the Upper Penii\pula, it nevertheless
embraces a portion of the "Lake Superior Land District" as
reported upon by the Botanist of Foster and Whitney's Survey.
Within this portion of thair territory, we have detected 95 spe-
cies of plants not enumerated in W. D. Whitney's Catalogue.

The number of species embraced in this Catalogue is 2T4
more than in the Catalogue former]}'- published by Dr. Wright.

The total number of species enumerated (excluding varie-
ties) is 1205. Of these, 85 species are of foreign origin. The
introduced species embrace a large proportion of our common
weeds The Black Mustard (Sinapis nigra), Shepherd's Purse
{Gapsella Bursa pastorisj] Mouse-Ear (Gerastium vulgatumsmd
(7. viscosumj, Purslane (Portulaca okracea)^ Mallows (Malva
roiundijolia), Corn Speedwell (Veronica arvensisj, Pigweeds
( Chenopodium hyhridum and (7. album), Amaranths (Amaranttia
hybridus and A. retofiexus), Princes Feather (Polygonum orien-
iale), Sorrel (Rumex acetosella), Crabgl-ass (Panicum sangui-
nale), and the Foxtail grasses (Selaria glauca and S, viridis),
are common garden nuisances, and several of them spread
themselves extensively through cultivated fields. The follow-
ing more rarely encroach upon our gardens, but make them-
selves at home in cultivated and pasture fields : Buttercups
^Ranunculus acris), Horse Radish (Nasturtium arvioracia),
Field Mustard ( Sinapis arvensis), Cockle (Agrostemma Giihago),
Sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifolia), Chick weed (Stellaria media),
Bladder Ketmia (Hibiscus Trionum), White Melilot (Melilolus
<Uba), Common Daisy (Lecanthemum vulgare), Groundsel (Sene-
do vulgaris )i Common and Canada Thistles (Girsium lanceoLa-

320 REPORT OP TUB

turn and C. arvensej, Burdock (Lappa major J^ Spiny Sow This-
tle fSouchus asperjf Field Bindweed (Convolvvlue arvensis),
Niglishade (Solarium nigrum)^ Jamestown weed (Datura sira-
moniumj, Wild Tobacco (Nicotiana ruaticajf Lady's Thumb and
Black Bindweed (Polygonum Peraicaria and P. convolvulus),
Hemp (Cannabis so/tua), Brown Bent Grass (Agrostis canmd),
Floating Foxtail (Alopecurus geniculaius). Wire grass (^Eleur
sine Indica), Eragrostis (Eragrostis pooeoides). Chess (Bromus
Becalinus), and Barpyard grass (Panicum crusgaUi) A few of
our naturalized plants seem to have escaped from a state of
oultivation, such as Red Clover (Trifolium pratense), Parsnep
(Pastinaca saliva), Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), Peppermint
(Mentha piperita), Horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger), Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculenium) and
Timothy Grass (Phleum pratense). Several species seem to be
confined almost entirely to roadsides and waste places. Of
sudh we may name Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium officinale),
Soap wort or Bouncing Bet (Saponaria officinalis), Cowherb
( Vaccaria vulgaris), which is not common, Indian Mallow (Abu-
tilow Avicennce), equally rare, Spotted Hemlock (Conium macu-
latum). Wild Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris), Elecampane (Inula
helenium), Mayweed (Maruta coiula), Tansy (Tanacetum wJr
gare), Great Mullein ( Verbascum Thapsus), an abundant pest in
old fields, Toad Flax or Butter and Eggs (Linaria vulgaris),
^ten a bold intruder into cultivated fields, Vervain ( Verbena
hastata and V. urticifolia), Cati^p (Nepeta CatariaJ, Hemp Net-
tle (Oaleopsis tetrahit and G, Ladanum), Motherwort (LeonurvA
cardiaca), Comfrey (Symphytum officinale), Gromwell (Lithos-
permum arvense and L. offixdnale), Stickseed (Echinospermum
Lappula), Hound Tongue (Cynoglossum offimnale), Apple of
Peru (Nicandra physaloides), Jerusalum Oak and Mexican Tea
(Ghenopodium botrys and G. ambrosioides), Smartweed (Polygo-
num hydropiper), Dock (Eumex crispus and jB. obtusi/olius),
and Stinging Nettle ( Urtica dioica). Bui few trees and shrubs
have been truly naturalized in the peninsula. Of such I have
recognized the Sweet Brier (Bosa nibiginosa),YeTj common on

STATE GEOLOGIST. 321

Mabl^inAC island, Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), the Brittto
Willow {Sdix fragUu), and the Lombardy Poplar {PcpubM
dOataia).

A very considerable number of our wild plants are known to
possess medicinal properties. Fourteen of the naturalized
species fall into this category, viz: Toad Flax, Butter Cups,
Black Mustard, Horse Radish, Spotted Hemlock, Elecampane,
Bittersweet, (Solanum dulcamara), Jamestown Weed or Stra-
monium, Henbane, Great Mullein, Horefaound, Pepp^mi&t,
Wormseed, and Hemp. A more considerable number of our.
native plants hold an established place in the pharmacopoeia,
viz: Flowering Dogwood ("Cofnwsjrtorirfa^, Spotted Oranesbill
(Geranium maculatumj, Butternut (Juglana cineteaj, Mandrake
(Podophyllum peUaJtum), Goldthread (Coptis trifoliaj, Black
Snakeroot (Cvmcifuga racemosa), Creeping Spearwort (Banun-
cuius Jlammula Y&T, reptans), Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi-
ftraj, Bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis), Seneca Snakeroot
(Pclygdta Senega), Wood* Sorrel (Oxalis stricta). Poison I^
(Bhu8 toxico dendron), Indian Physic (GUlenia trifolidia), Wild
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina). Ginseng (Panax quinqu^b-
Inmi), Dandelion Y^oroAracum dens4eonis). Lobelia (LcMiatnr
ft^kk), Wintergreen f ffaiiZfAmo pmcumbefns), Bearberry (Af^
UMfh^i^si w^drtT^i), Prince's Ym^((Mm(iplMla umbdlata), ^iee
BwAxf Benzoin odoriferum), Pleurisy Root (Asclepias iuberosd),
BuckheaJi (Menyanihes trifoliata). Sassafras (Sassafras cfficin^
ale). Hops (Humulus lupulus), Slippery Elm (IJlmus fulva)^
Juniper (Juniperus communis), Sweet Flag (Aoorus calamus)
Wild Turnip (Ariscema iriphyUum), Columbo (Frasera caroU'
nensis), which is different from the imported Columbo, Prickly
AA> (Zanihoxylum Americanum), Agrimony (Agrimonia eupo^
ieria). Fever Root flVio^eum perfcliatum), Black Alder (Hex
verHc^laUi), Culver's Physic (Veronica Virginiea), Pennyroyal
.(Hedeomapulegiioides), Dogbane (Apocynumandroscemifoliun^),
Wild Ginger (^.4«irvin Canadense), Poke weed (Phytdocoa ^
cimira). Brake (Pteria aquUinaX Wood Fern (AspidvufrnT^toi^

41

88S BETOBT OF THS

beracensej, Flowfiring Fern fOsmunda regalis), 'Olubmo»s fLy*
oopodiuni clavatum). Several of the preceding are the Ameri*
can analogues of European slpecies that enjoy, perhaps without^
teason, a greater reputation than the American ones. The
American representatives of numerous other European species
will undoubtedly be found to possess equal virtues with their
foreign congeners; and not a few of these have already acquiret!
considerable standing.

A number of our native plants, much larger than is generally
supposed, are worthy of cultivation for ornament. Our penin-
sula affords some of the most magnificent shade trees known.
The Sugar Maple (Acer saccharinurn) has no superior, while
Uie Silver Maple (Acer dasyGarpum), Tulip tree (Liriodindron .
Udvpifera), Basswood {Tilva. Americana), Locust (^Bohiniapaeit-
do-acacia), Kentucky Coffee Bean (Gymnocladus Canadensis),
Honey Locust (Oleditschia iriacarUhus), Wild Black Cherry
(Prunus «ero^ina). Butternut {Juglans cinerea),' Black Walnut
(^i^lans nigra), Balm of Gilead (^PopuLtis bdsamifera var. oonr^
dicans), and a number of others have long been extensively
^Euployed for shade and ornament. Besides theap, our flc^a is
rich in coniferous evergreens, of which the W^ite Pine {Pintu^
sbrobus), Hemlock (Abies Canadensis), Balsam Fir (Abies tal-
maned). Black Spruce (Abies nigra). Arbor Yitee (Thuja occide^^
Ufils), improperly called White Gedar^ and Red Cedar («7tfnijpe*>^
rus Virginiana), are in greatest favor; while few trees offer a
more graceful foliage than our Tamarack (Larix 4^^nerimna)*
Of smaller sized ornamental treci^ may be mentioned ithe Pop
Tree (PteUa irifoliaia). Striped Maple (Acer Permzylxyanicum) ,
ooltivated in Europe, Red Bud (Cerais Canadensis), Wild Grab
Apple (Pyru8 corqnaria), Mountain Ash (Pyrus Americana) ^
Flowering Dogwood (Cornus Jlorida), Aojiong shrubs orna^
mental in cultivation we have Stag's Horn Sumac (Bhus typh^
f^l)^ Burning Bush (Euonymus atropurpureus), Nine Bark ,.
(Bpirasa cpiUifdlia), Flowering Rskspbeny (Bubus odoratus and
&,Nuthanus), Snpw Berry (Spmphorioarpus raoemosus), Bed^*

' .-.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 828-

Berrifed Elder (8aMhucv;s pubens) an attracMve object at Mack-
mac and northward, Snowball (Viburnum opulus), Bear Berry
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), Sheep Laurel (Kdmia auguStifolia),
which, with its beautiful and showy pink flowers, is very abun-
dant at Thunder Bay, Trailing Red Cedar (Juniperus Virgini-
ana yar. humilis)^ Juniper (Juniperus communis), American
Yew (Tojcus baccata var. Canadensis). Of herbaceous plants
attractive for the beauty of their flowers or the peculiarity of
their foliage may be mentioned the Wild Columbine (Aquilegia
Canadensis), more desirable 4^a^ the foreign species, White
Pond Lily (Nymphcea odotaJta) the various species of Violets,
American Pitcher Plant (/Sarrflcenm purpurea), Dodder ^Cus-
cvia Oronovii), Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) , Fringed Poly-
gala (Polygala paucifolia). Wild Lupine (Luphius perennis).
Goat's Rue (Tephrosa Virginiana), Silver Weed (Poteniilla an-
serina)f Great Willow Herb (EpUobium augustifolium), Evening
PtimToae (CSnothera biennis), Wild Valerian (Valeriana sylva-
<ioa), Blazing Star (Liahri^ spico^a), Silky and Azure Asters
(Aster sericeus and A, azureus), Compass Plant and Prairie
Dock (SUphium laciniatum and 8, terebinthinaceum). Cardinal
Flower (Lobelia cardinalis). Syphilitic Lobelia (Lobelia syphUp'
Hca), Painted Cup CasiUlna coccinea). Hairy* Puccoon (Ltthos*
peTinum hirhiin), Moss Pink (Phlox suhuiata). Fringed and '
White Gentians (Ckntiana cnmfti and O. Alba), Pleurisy Root *
(Asdlepias iuberosa), Flowering Spurge (Euphorbia coroUata)
Showy Orchils (Orchis spectabUis), Large Round-leaved Orchis
(Platanthera orbiculaia), Yellow Fringed Orchis (P. ciUaris)^
Large Purple Fringed Orchis (P.flimbriaia), Grass Pink (Colo-
pogonpulcheUu8),S\iowyL3Lc{ya Slipper (Gypripedivm specUy
Wte), Turk's Cap Lily (Li^tum.8t^erfeum), Spiderwort (Trades*
cmMa F*r<ginica) -and Maiden's Hair Fern (Adia/Uum pedatum).
Among climbing and trailing plants may be mentioned, besides
oar native grapes and the trailing Bearberry, Red Cedar and
Tew, our far famed American Ivy (Ampelopsis i(uinqutfoLia)^
^Nnr Virgin's Bower (OZtfnuiMi Vuviniam), the Climbing Btttler

SM REPORT OF THE

Sweet {OdoBtrtM dornidem), and a delicate herbaceous yine^
CHimbing Famitory (Adlunm cirrhtma) seen only on Middle '
Island of Lake Huron.

The Floras of the varioas sections of the peninsula are not
yet sufficiently made known to justify any extended discussion
of the g^graphical distribution of the species. Such facts as
have been collected, however, foreshadow the nature of some
general conclusions to which even now a brief reference may
be made.

A large proportion of all our species are generally distrib-
uted, but the northern half of the peninsula receives a very
ccmsiderable number of characteristic northern types. There
is no definite line separating the boreal types from the austrsd,
but in traveling northward we find a continual accession of
forms more and more exclusively northern, until in the extreme
norfiiem limit of the district under consideration we find our-
selves for the first time within the range of such species aa
Primula farinoaa, MtmtUi^ Jamesii, Veronica alpina, Triglochiu
marUimum, var. elaium, Calyp90 borealis, Tqfieldia gliUiao6§,
tec. A few species in that part of the district are almost or ^
quite restricted to the White Mountains in their eastward dis^
tribution^ while moBt of the others which characterize the norti^:-
em district occur also in New York and Pennsylvania, and
extend southward along the Alleghanies. It is worthy of pmt-
ticular remark titiat many of the species of Pennsylvania aafd
New York are found in Michigan in a latitude considerably
higher;, while, in accordance with this fact, several of the ^le-
cies whose northern limit is in Ohio are found, further west, to
have extended up into Michigan. The following are exan^les
of species which, on a more easterly meridian, are not kno^yn^
to range as far north as our State: Silene Fennsyhnmiem
(Wright), Le^deza repena (Wright), Gercis Canadensis, Agri-
monia parwflora (Miss Clark), Liairis squarrosa, Rudbeckia spe-
daaa, R.fvlgida (Miss Olark), Vaocinium vadllans, ScuteUaria*
irUegrifolia (Wright), Oerdiana oeArofei«ea (Miss Glairk). A Sew

STATE GEOLOGIST. tt5

more strictly Atlantic coast species, also, reappear in our State,
mostly on a higher parallel than in their eastern habitat. Such
Jure Desmodium IcBvigaium (Wright), 2>. siridum (Wright), Cb-
reopsia trichoaperma (Wright); UtrictUaria purpwrea (Wright),
Aonida cannabina (Wright), Barionia temeUa (Wright), Smkm
iomntfolia — ^though the appended authorities in these lists
show that I have not generally verified the identifications.
It would seem then that the isofloral lines, like the isothermal
ones, are, in their westward prolongation, deflected scnaiewhat
toward the north, though the deflection is considerably more in
the former than the latter.

The following is a list of the species which have not l>een
observed south of the mouth of the Saginaw river. It cannot
by any means be asserted, however, that none of these ocoar
in the more southern counties, though very few, if Miy, will be
discovered as far south as Ann Arbor :

List of Native Plants not observed aoiUh of the mouth of Bagintm

river*

Anemone, multifida, ^

Amelanchier Canadensis,

Oorydalis aurea.

vars. botryapium & alnifoHa,

" glauca,

Epilobium palustre, var. liniare,

Sisymbrium arabidoides,

Bibes lacustre,

Turritis glabra,

" prostratum,

" stricta,

Lonicera parviflora.

Barbarea vulgaris,

" hirsuta.

Sisymbrium canescens,

•

'" ciliata,

Gakile Americana,

Nardosmia palmata,

Viola rotundifolia,

Aster simplex,

Hudsonia tomentosa.

Solidago puberula,

Drosera rotundifolia.

" stricta,

Geranium Bobertianum,

f " Houghtonif,

Acer Pennsylvanicum,

Coreopsis lanceolata,

Acer spicatum,

Tanacetum Huronense,

Bubus Nutkanus,

Artemesia Canadensis,

Pyrus Americana,

" Ludoviciana,

tt6

REPOBT OF THE

yar. gnaphalodeSi
Antennaria Marg^aritaoeai
« Oirsimn Pitcheriy
** undalatumy
Hieraciam Ganadenae,
Ohiogenes hispidala,
SLalmia ang^tifolia,

" glaoca, .
Lednm latifoliam,
Pteroapora Andioiaeda,
Primula farinosa,
MinmlaB Jamesii,
Veronica Alpina,
Gerardia aspera,
Hal^a defleza^

var. linearis,
Blitom capitatum,
Polygonum articulatum,

" cilinode,
Bumex altisgimus,
'' «alicifoliu0,
Gorylus rostrata,
Betula papyracea^
Betula lenta,
Alnus incana,
Popalus balsamifera,
Pinus Bankaiana,

'* resinosa,
Abies Fraseri,

" alba,
Juniperus Yirginiana,

var. humilis,
Taxus baccata, vm:. Cc^nadensis,
Potamog$ton pectinatus,
y * prrolongus,
Trjglochin maritimum,

var. elatum.
GkHK^rera repens^ •
Calypso borealia,
Tipularia discolor,
Corallorhiza Macr»i,
Iris lacustris,
Trillium erythrocarpum,
Smilacina trifolia,
Streptppus roseus,
Tefieldia glutinosa,
Lusula pilosa,
Juncus filiformis,

*' Balticus,

** articulatuSi

" nodosus,
Eleoohafis rostellatai

" intermedia,
Oarex gynocrates,

" scirpoidea,

" trisperma,

" Crawei,

** (Men,

« grisea,

** aristata,
Zizania aquatica,
Galamagrostis areoaria,
Oryzopsis asperifolia,
Poa serotina,
Triticum dasysti^cbyum,
Elymus mollis, ,
Aira caespitosa,
Trisetum subspicatum,
Equisetum sylvaticum,

" scirpoidep,
AHosorus atropurpur^us,
Asplenium Ruta-muraria,

STATE QEOLOOIST.

ma

var. Bigeloviiy
Lycopodiuin annotiQum,
'' cooQtpIanatuiD.

Aspleniuni Trichomanea^
Woodsia Ilvcnsis,
Cystopteris fr^gilis,
I^ycopodium inundatum,

Pature observations will undoubtedly greatly reduce the fore-
going list, ^6 well as the following:

Liai of native Plants seen only on the southwestern slope of the

Peninsuia,

Amorpba canesceus,
D^smodium canescens,
Lespedeza violacea,
var. augustifolia^
Lespedeza hirta,
Ludwigia alterjiifolia,
Qbrysoplenium Americanum,
Hydrocotyje xunbellata,
Eryngium yuccaefolium,
Thaspium barbinode,
*• trifoliatum,
Vernonia fasciculata,
Liatris spicata,
Solidago ulmifolia,
Silphiura laciniatum,

" integrifolium,
Echinacea purpurea,
Helianthus occidentalis,
Hieracium Gronovii,
Lysimachia lanceolata,

*

var. hybrida, .
Mimulus alatus,
Veronica anagallis,
Buchnera Americana,
Gerardia auriculata,
Scutellaria pilosa,
CuBCuta Gronovii,

Bartonia tenella,
Boebmeria cylindrica,
Celtis occidentalis,
var. orassifolia^
Trigloohin palustre,
Scheucbzeria palustris,
Sagittaria pusilla,
Gymnadenia tridentata,
Spiranthes gracilis,
Pogonia ophioglossoideSi

" pendnla,
Microstylis ophioglossoides,
Liparis liliifolia,
Zygadenus glaucus,
Coramelyna Virginica,
Eriocaulon septangulare,
Cyperus strigosus,

" phymatodes,
Hemicarpba subsquarrosa,
Eleocharis acicularis,
Fimbristylis spadicea,
, Agrostis scabra,
Mublenbergia glomerata,
Stipa avenacea,
Tricuspis seslerioides,
Glyceria Canadensis,.
Panicum filiforme.

REPORT OF THE

Oenchrus tribuloides, Aspidiom Noveboracense.

Asplenium augustifolium,

At Stone island and Drummond's island some pains were
taken to make out pretty extended lists of the plants jioticed.
^tone island is the middle one of three small islands in Saginaw
Bay, lying near the east shore. The following species wete
noted at these two localities.

1. — Vegetation of Stone Island ^ Saginaw Bay,

Pinus . Strobus, Thnja occidentalis, Tilia Americana, Pteris
aquilina, Geranium Robertiannm, Act»a spicata, Trilliam erec-
tnm, Smilacina bifolia, Ribes cynosbati, Galium circaBzans,

Orat»gus coccinea ? Rhus glabra, R. Toxicodendron, Zan-

thoxylum Americanum, Rhus typhina, Erigeron Philadelphicuip,
Aquilegia Canadensis, Sassafras officinale, Yitis cordifolia,

i^uercus tinctoria, Smilax ? Geranium maculatum, Prunnji

, Adiillea millefolium, Viola cucullata, Eupatorium perfora-
tum, Anemone Pennsylvanica, Fragaria Virginiana, Rubus
(small vine), Galium trifidum. Ranunculus abortivus, Erigeron
Philadelphicum, Rubus villosus. Podophyllum peltatum, Sani-
cula Canadensis, Ribes fioridum, Carpinus Americana, Hypozys
erecta, Crataegus tomentosa, var. molliip, Potentilla Canadensi/B,
Acer saccharinum, Acer nigrum, Potentilla anserina. Castilleia
coccinea, Apocynum androsromifolium, Rosa blanda, Calystegia

spitham»a, Nabalus , Iris versicolor, Polygala senega^

Brunella vulgaris, Stellaria longifolia, Turritis stricta, Hera-
cleum lanatnm, Thalictrum cornuti, Comus stolonifera, Cornus
paniculata, Linaria Canadensis, Cypripedium pubescens, An-
tennaria plantaginifolia.

2. — Flora of DrummomPs Island,

•
Cirsium undulatum, Lonicera parviflora, Platanthera orbicu-

lata, Abies alba, Aetata spicata, var. alba, Castilleia coccinea,
Lycopodium clavatum, Platanthera dilatata, Hypericum prolific
cum, Brunella vulgaris, (a variety with white corolla,) Eupato-
rium perfoliatum, Calamintha glabella, var. Nutallii, Usnea

STATE GEO LOOIST. tm

bftrbata, ParaasBia palustris^ Lycopus Surop»us, yar. siuuatuv,
Airotostaphylos Uva-ursi, Primula farinosa, Solidago Hough-
ionii, Solidago stricta, Platanthera psycodes, Spirantbes latifo^
Ua, Eleo(diaris rostellata, Pteris aquilina, Campanula Fotundi-
lolia, very abundant, Juncus artioulatus, Anemone Yirginiana,
Botvyehium Virginicum, Ainus incana, abundant, Spir»a opuli-
folia, common, Rosa lucida, Thuja oocidentalis, Lari:^ Americana,
Abies balsamea, Pinus reninosa, Acer saccharinum, Fagus fei?-
Fttginea, Populus tremuloidea, Clintonia borealis, Quercus rubra,
Oarydalis aurea, Coccus stolonifera, Fragaria Yirginiana, Gor-
nus circinata, Betula papyracea^ Epilobium angustifoliura, Ge-
sanium Garolinianuin, Blitum capitatuip. Polygonum cilinodei
Puaus strobus, Acer spicatum, Acer Peunsylvauieum, Eubus
triflorus, Taxus baqcata, var. Canadensis, Aralia nudicauljd,
Diervilla trifida, Cornus Canadensis, Chimaplula umbellata,
^us toxicodendron, Bumex acetosella, Amelancbier CiDrnden-
sis, Corydalis glauca, Rosa blanda, Salix Candida, Salix liiicida,
9pilobium coloratum, Potentilla fiutioosa, Salix p^dicellaris,
Sinilacina racemosa, Lonicera hirsuta, Physalis vificosa, Bib^
lacustriSy Lycopodium inundatum, Lycopodium lucidulum, Mel-
ampyrum Americanum, (Enotbera biennis, Achillea millefolium,
Geum strictum, Lonicera paryiflora^ Ostrya Yirginica, Tilia
Americana, Erigeron Canadense, Symphoricarpus racemosus,
Sambucus pubens, Chenopodium hybridum, Aster cordifolius,
Potentilla Noryegiea, Blepbilia ciliata, Ulmus Americana, San-
ioula Marilandica, Anemone multifida, Prunus Virginiana,
Fraxin^is Americana, Betula lenta, Prunus pumila, Cornus Can-
adensis, Linnasa borealis, Abies nigra, Juniperus communis,
Juniperus Virginiana, yar. humilis, Populus balsamifera, Gay-
lussacia resinosa, Spirea.salicifolia, Comandra umbellata, Tri-
glochin maritimum, yar. elatum, Viola cucullata, Brunella
yulgaris, Senecio aureus, yar. balsamitae, Polygala senega. Iris
lacustris, Potentilla anserina, Ribes hirtellum, Eupatorium pur-
pureum, Tofieldia glutinosa, Lilium Pbiladelphicum, Antennaria
margaritacea, Zantboxylum Americanum, Anemone Pennsyl-

42

880 REPORT OP THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

Tanioa, Ribes hirtellam, Vitis cordifoUa, Trillium ^randi-
flomm, Elymas Ganadenfiis, Gorans circinata, Geranium Rob-
ertianum, Salix humiiiSi Lathyrus palustris, Salix sericea,
Jnucus nodosus^ Salix discolor, Salix eriocephala, Junoue
Baiticus, Equisetum sylvaticum, Equisetxmi variegafum, Oa-
rex granulans. Lobelia Kalmii, Oarox eburnea, Solidago
Oanadensis, Solidago lanoeolata, Garex grisea, var. mutica,
Oarex (Ederi, Erigeron Philadelphicum, Polygala paucifolia,
Oypripedium pubesoens, Fraxinus pubescena, Hieracium Gas-
adeuBe, Hypericum Ganadense, Solidago puberula, Solidago
OhioenBis, Erigeron strigosum, Aster eriooidcs, Erigeron Gan^
adense, Mulgedium leuoophesum, Nepeta eataria, Kumex oris-

pus, Aralia raoemosa, Actflsa spicata, Aster 7 Nauixi>

burgia tbyrsiflora, Aster ptarmicoides, Abies Ganadensis, Pop-
ulus grandidentata, Lappa major, Aster cordifolius, Abies
balsamea, Pyrola elliptica, Goreopsis lanceolata, Lathyrus mar-
itimus, Lycopodium clavatum, Apocynum androsaBmifolium,
Aster sagittifolius, Equisetum hyemale, Equisetum arvense,
Pteris aquilina, Sanguinaria Ganadensis, Gorylus rostrata,
Girsium muticum, Pastina^a sativa, Oaleopsis Tetrahit, SteV
laria longifolia, Mentha Ganadensis, Eupatorium pet'foliatuili,
Ribes floridum, Populus dilatatus, Lathyrus palustris, Gentiana
detonsa, Solidago nemoralis, Gystopteris fragilis, Ranunculus
abortivus, Artemisia Ganadensis, Gampanula aparinoides, Poly-
podium vulgare. Total observed, 18^ species.

1 ' . . I

INDEX.

INDEX.

334

INDEX.

Brine. Table of ADalysefl of, ....186

BritiBD Fori (old), Dn]mmond*s I. , 66

Browo, A. J. , shaft of, at Fluabing, 119

Browa'8 Quarry, Drummond*8 1. , 65

Bryoaoa, «9, 101

Burnt Cabin PC, 82

Burt, William A., coopurating wllh Dr.

Houghton, 10

Batterworth'8 Salt Well, 74, 70, 00, 93

Statistics of, 148,168

C.

/kUamlia, 72,118,114,117

-Cyciruroua Sandstone, 61

QOedon la, Shiawassee Go., 122

Calhoun Co., 76,81,82

Gunpcm jnt d'Ours, 60

Cannon, Kent Co., 93

Qinvrright's well, Cold water, 77

Carboniferous Limestone, 93

distribution of, 93 ct soq.

Geological equivalents of, — 103 «

FalsBoatology of, 103 "

Thiclcncss of, 163

Cardiumj 86

Qarp Lalcc, 72

Garter's Quarry, 69

•Oauy:»^yUia duplica/ay 104

C^ss River, 82,89

CkaSxiss lycoperdony 63

Chalcedony, 66

ChaUis,*'Frof.," 96,119

Charity Islands, .....101

Cliazy Limestone, 61

Cbeboygan Co., 61

Cbeboyong Creek, Huron Co., 100, 102

Chemung Group in Mioh., 136

•Cherty concretions, 66

Chssaning, Saginaw Co., 124

Cbimney Kock^ 60

Chocolate river,.. 49

Oumda, 66,77,84,86

MicMfpmensia^ 87

SmitkU^ 119

Cbrifttiaocy, Boo. I. P., aid received

Arom, 82,64

Chnstiaocy's. Quarry, 64, 66, 67

Ctncinaati , Geological positkA of, 44, 64

Cladopora sp? 106

Churk, George, aid raceivod firom, 22

Ctark, Mifls Mary, Botanical information

ftt)m, K 87,246

cuff LimestonQy. 68

CHnCon Co., 114

Clinton Group, 64, 63

KHijimenia, 76, 80, 82, 86, 87

Coal, reported oa by Dr. Houghton and

assistants. 89

<)9al, diviied into <* Upper" and *<Lower"

toy Dr. Houghton and assistants, 89

Ooal. misgaidod dxpk>ratk>ns for, 23, 177

in the Huron Group, 74

hints on the search for, 157

qualities of, at WoodviUo mine,. 116, 161

a( Barry, 117,169

atCorunna, 122,161

evi jences of proximity to 180, 167

prices of, at Barry, 168

operations for , at Woodville,. ... 160, 160

at Oorunna,. . : ^ . . 161

oonsamptioB of, ia Mich., 162

•Coal, Qumel, analysis <^, 169

-Goal Oreek, Eaton Co.,. 121

•QonI Ueasures, deseriptkm of in Mich. ,. . . 114

eontain brine, . 97

iPMIgraphiGalezUuDitor, 114

>X>>al Measures, general section of, ift

never continuous from Ohio to Mioh., .136 '

thickness of, 153

Coke, from Michigan coal, 110,161

from Peat. 106

Goldwaicr. Bri^ich Co. , 76, 77

CoBgloftierate of L. Superior 19

on Sulphur I , t 60

at base of Holderberg Group, 66 '

at base of Marshall Group, 80

C<m\fera 63,206

Copper Bay, ." 02

Copper, Native, Greological position of,. 49, 86

found in Marshall Sandstone, 80

Copper Ores. Geological position of, 49

Cornnna, Sluawassee Go. , 122, 126

5fe«j,aUo,"Coal."

€%Mctnttim, .105.

County Surveyors, Circular to, 28

Crawford's Marble Quarry, 61, 63. 64, 68

Crawford, Thomas, aid received from;... S3 '

Cryploceras^ 86

Cummins, James, 66

Currier, A. O., aid received fromi 82

Cuyahoga river, Ohio, 78

CyaJOiocrinida^ 69

OyaXkophylliday, 69, 64, 69, 101, 102

C^fqfti/^yUum fxa^Ueit 108

sp? ...104

Cypricardites wntriconUf 62

sp? 62

Cyprinoid shells in Marshall Sandstone,.. 80

CyrHcLt 06 .

(^rtoceraSf 86

qfOiarina, 66

DalmannUet caXlicephaltUf 63

Dead Creek, Ioec3 Co., 06

De Gamp, Dr. , aid received from, 82

Deep boring for "OoaL statistics of,. .... . .161

Deer Creek, Ottawa Co., 84

Delta, Eaton Co., 124

Denudation of strata, 41

Deposition of strata, • 41

fiepositorles of speci mens of the sur v^, * . 86
Descriptions of new species of shells,.^, 210

Detroit, Huron Group at, 70

Depth of Drift at, 129

Artesian well at, 140

Detroit and Milwaukee Railway Go. , coal

mining of, 122

Devonian System, 60

Dickinson 's Quarry , 64, 65

"Diluviums," 12

Dip of strata, what and how caused, 48

Dislocation, at Mackinac,. 61

at Pt. aux Barques Light-house, 75

Disturbance of strata, '. . *. 41

Dodge, Mr. , Zoological Assistant 1859,. ... 25

Dog Tooth Spar^ 60

Dolomite of Drummond's I. , 66

Douglass, C. 0. , Assistant State Geo'ogist, V

Drift Forces, continuity of, r 128

Drift materials and phenomena, ... 127

Drift, modified, 129

Drummond's L, 58,66

Eastmanville, Ottawa Go. , 81

East Saginaw, Salt explorations at, 24

Depth of Drift at, 12t

East Saginaw Salt Wells, . . . .90, l<tt, 114, IM
*■ CommonieaUon on geology of, IS

Statistics of, ,,.Ut^

barton Co., w^mt

INDEX.

385

V PAGB.

BMDopKiaJ Goologj,. 156

Bdoaomical Mat^ruls, Usl of, 165

BI«phaiit,Fo6Sll, 132

Blk.Foeail, 132

BUnirooS) : 291

Bmmot Co., 72

Sincrinit«»^ 69

HiDi8ktUoQ,C. W., 72,Td,79

• Brio, MonrooCo., 205

*« Krratio Block Group," 12

Buompbaloid costs in Oarbonii'erouB Lime-

tftmo, 110

tktomphcUm. 64

Rrateton , 111. , 67

BKhibitioQ of Geological Speclmans at *

8tote Fair, 28

lil[ploraUon8, in 1859, 23,24

In 1800, 26,27

In vicinity of Cleveland and Cuyahoga
Fails for comparison, 27

Fair, Stat3 Agricultural, Geological Exhi-
bition at, 28

Fkrmjr, Ji>hn,aii received from, 83

nurisUUa ntdlata, 53

M»9o$ita NiagaraisiSf 66

ap? 69

Finsstdla mjnUjranacea^ 104

8p? 104,105

Rsl^ remalQS, 64, 69, 85, 102, 110, 115

Fl8lc,L. H., quarry of, 118

Flak, Prof. L. li., chemical analyses by,.. 81

Flagitoncs of L. Huron, 73, 74, 76

Flat Rock Pt.,L. Huron, 80

Flora of Lower Peninsula. ^S^ '* Plants."

ilusbing, Genesee Co. , ,. . . . 118, 119. 120

Formula) for equivalent values of strength

of brine, 181

FkDSSiliferous strata, 49

ftater and Whitney, U.S Geologists,.... 16

Voirle, Benjamin, ali received from, 83

nrsocis, llr.,Drummond's I., 69

Fh»er and Stanton, coal mining of, 122

a-.

aftines,Kent Co., 98

Gftlt,C. W., 69

as»,from coal, 160

from peat, 196

Chtioropoda, Catalogue of, ...236

Qoikerai Obsarvations on the Geology of

t}io Lower Peninsula, 135

Qoaesoe Co. , 114

Geological Series, how complete in Mich., 41
'(Geologists," self -sty led, cautions against, 35
Godfrey, Freeman, operations of, for gyp-

•ttm, 164

Ckmphooeroif 64,75

Ckmiatites, 80,85,88

roiatoriusy 86

/a»»n, 86

princepSt 86

Owenif 86

OooftaberrljB, 264

Onuamysia^ 77

Qnnd Lake, Prtsqu' Isle Co., 62

Grsni Ripiis, Carboniferous Limestone

1^ AO

Grsad Rapids, salt explorations at,*.*84,'25,* 166

Qrsad Traverse Bay, 70. 72. 77. ISO

OrmndvlUo, Kent Co., 90

wAioi Co., 114

^Qray Limwtone,". 18

OrsoQBav 68,67 I

^IroMiOakyLivinptonOo., 188 |

FAGB.

, Grindstone Creek, Eaton Co...... ..191

Grindstone Grit of L. Huron, .. . . . .74, 76, 7^

Gunpowder, from peat, 19T

Gypeom, at Little Pt. au Chene, ; . . . . 67

at Sylvania, Ohio, 68

in MonroeOo., 68

at Detroit, 88

In Kent Co., 81

at Plaster Bluff, Bay Co., 8A

analyses of, 168

consumption of, 166'

Hall, Prof. James, aid received from,. .... 81
on the geological position of the Black

Bituminous Slate, t8

on the Cephalopods of the Marshall

Sandstone, 8Y

Hali/siles escharoides, 66

Hamilton, C. W.. 6T

Hamilton Group,'description of, 69

distribution of, TO

economical importance of, 71

paladontologiual poculiaritiue of, 186

thickness of, 154

"Hamilton Shales," 78

Hanover, Jackson Co., 84

Harbor I., Brine spring at, 69

Hard Wood PI., L. Huron, 80

Hare's Back, L. Michigan, 61

Hayden's Coal mnc, 118,116

Hi)lderberg Group. See " ITppor Helder-
berg Group."

Hdioliks tpiniporaj'. 66

Hemlock trees, St96

Henry, Alexander, first miner of L. Supe-
rior, 6

Henry, Prof. J. . aid offared py 81

Hess, M. B., aid received from, 88

information in possession of, 87

Hibbard'B Artesian well, statistics of,. . . .161

Higgin*, S. W. , State Topographer, T

HiUsdaleCo., 81,88

Hillsdale, Hillsdale Co.. 84

History of Geology in Michigan, 6

Holcroft, John, aid received from,. . . .88, 161

Holland, Ottawa Go., 84

Horicon L., Wis.,....^ i.. 68

Houghton, Dr. Douglass, exploratloos of,

along L. Superior. 8

appointed State Geologist, f

appointed Boundary Commissioner,. . 10
plan of, for connecting linear a&d soi-

entifio surveys, 10

fatal disaster to , 11

Houghton, Jacob, Jr., information from,. 11

Hovey , C. £. . aid received from, 88

Hovcy & Co. 'B plaster quarry, * 68

Hubbard, Bela, AssisUnt State Oeologisi, T

Hubbard , Frederick , report of, 8

Hudson River Group 68.

Huron Co., 73,76,97

Huron Group, description of, 71

economical importance of, 76

goological equivalents of , 77

thickness of, 168

Huronian Series of Logan, 48

Huron Is., 48

Huron R., L. Superior, 47, 48

Bydra^Ilo limestone, at Drummond's I.,.. 68

la Monroe Oo., 88

Hydrography , . . 807

Hydrometer, 179

I.

TtMhrntflafutittn

334

INDEX.

Pi^GB.

Brine, Table of ADalysefl of, ....186

BriiiBD Fort (old), Drummond*s I., 65

Browa, A. J., shaft of, at Fluabing, 119

Browu'8 Quarry , DrummoDd*8 1. , 55

Bryoaoa, «9, 101

Bjrnt Cabin PC, 82

Burt, William A., coopurating wHh Dr.

Houghton , 10

Battcrworth'8 Salt Well, 74, 70, 00, 93

StatiBticfl of, 148,168

C.

/kUamlia, 72,118,114,117

■Cydruroua Sandstone, 61

QUedonia, Shiawassee Oo., 122

Calhoun Co., 76,81,82

CUmpcnunt d'Ours, 60

Gannon, Kent Co., 93

Qinvrright's well, Goldwater, 77

Carboniferous Limestone, 93

distribution of, 93 ct ssq.

Geological equivalents of, — 103 *<

FalasoQtology of, 103 <<

Thickness of, 153

Cardium^ 85

0»rp Lake, 72

Carter's Quarry, 69

•OauTfoj^yUia dupliccUat 104

C^ss River, 82,89

Ckaides l^fooperdon^ 63

Chalcedony, 66

ChalIis,"Frof.," 95,119

Charity Islands, 101

Chazy Limestone, 61

Cheboygan Co. , 61

Cbeboyong Greek, Huron Co., 100, 102

Ghemang Group in Mioh., 136

•Cherty concretions, 66

Chesaning, Saginaw Co., 124

Cbtmney Rock, 60

Oioooiate river, 49

Chumeteg, 66, 77,84,85

Mkkit^memiSt 87

SmUkU, 119

Cbrifttiancy, Boo. 1. P., aid received

Arem, 82,64

Cbrntiaocy 's. Quarry , 64, 66, 67

Ctncimiati , Geological poBitkMi of, 44, 64

dadopora sp? 105

Churk, George, aid received firoBEk, 22

Ctark, Mlas Mary, Botanical information

tnm 1 87,245

Cliff LimeatonOy. 58

atnCon Co., 114

Clinton Group, 64,63

<nifmeniaf 76,80,82,86,87

Coal, reported, on by Dr. Houghton and

usistants. 89

<)9al, diviied into " Upper" and "Lower"

tof Dr. Houghton and assistimts, 89

Ooal. misgaided Explorations for, 23, 177

in the Huron Group, 74

hints on thesaarch for, 157

qualities of, at Woodvilio mine,. 116, 161

a( Barry , 117, 159

atCorunna, 122,161

evi jences of proximity to, 180, 167

prices of,at Barry, 158

operations for, at Woodville,. . . . 160, 160

at Oorunna,. . : 161

oonsamption of, ia Midi., 162

•Cot], Qumel, analysis of, 159

-OMdOreek, Eaton Oo.r ....« 121

•CkMl Ueasures, deaeriptSon of in Mich.,. . .114

eoBtain brine, ^ 4.. . 97

'JieQgraphicalesUuDitor,.... 114

>X>>al Measuree, gonoral section of, ttH

never continuous from Ohio to Mioh. ,.186 '

thickness of, 163

Coke, from Michigan coal, 110,161

from Peat 105

Coldwaicr, Branch Co., 76,77

CoBglomerate of L. Superior 1$

on fiulpbur I , t 60

at base of Holderberg Group, 66

at base of Marshall Group, 80

Coni/era 03,296

Copper Bay, .' 62

Copper, Native, Geological position of,. 49, 80

found in Marshall Sandstone, 80

Copper Ores. Geological position of, 49

Cornnna, Shiawassee Co., 122,120

5a, oUo," Coal."

CoBcinium, .105.

County Surveyors, Circular to, 28

Crawford's Marble Quarry, 61, 63. 64, 68

Crawford, Thomas, aid received from;... 83 '

Cryptoceras^ 85

Cummins, James, 66

Currier, A. O., aid received from, 82

Cuyahoga river, Ohio, 78

CyathocrinidcBy 69

Cyathophyllida,r. 69, 64, 69, 101, 102

C)f<dh(i}hyUum ftmgiteit ..108

sp? ...104

Cypricardiles venbrioosui^ 62

sp? 62

Cyprinoid shells in Marshall Sandstone,.. 80

Cyrtia, 06

OyrtoceraSy 86

Cifiierina^ 66

D<dmannite» (xiUicephaluif 63

Dead Creek, Ioec3 Co., fiO

De Gamp, Dr. , aid received from, 82

Deep boring for •coal, statistica of,. ..... .151

Deer Creek, Ottawa Co., 84

Delta, Eaton Co...... 124

Denudation of strata, 41

Deposition of strata, •• 41

fiepositories of specimens of the surv^, 4 . 86
Descriptions of new species of shells,.^, 210

Detroit, Huron Group at, 70

Depth of Drift at, 129

Artesian well at, 140

Detroit and Milwaukee Railway Go., coal

mining of, 122

Devonian System, 60

Dickinson's Quarry, 64, 65

"Diluviums," 12

Dip of strata, what and how caused, 48

Di^ocat ion, at Mackinac,. 61

at Pt. aux Barques Light-house, 75

Disturbance of strata, ". . •. 41

Dodge, Mr. , Zoological Assistant 1859,. ... 25

DoqToo^Spar^ 60

Dolomite of Drummond's I. , 66

Douglass, C. G. , Assistant State Geo'Ogist, V

Drift Forces, continuity of, r 138

Drift materials and phenomena, 127

Drift, modified, 120

Drummond's L, 68,66

Eastman ville, Ottawa Go. , 81

East Saginaw, Salt explorations at, 24

Depth of Drift at, 120

East Saginaw Salt Wells,. . . .90, l<tt, 114, 121
* Commonicatioii on geology of, 20

Statistics of, ,.,Wf

tairton Go Ol^Ur

'

INDEX.

385

FAGB.

BMDopKial Goologj, 156

Bdoaomical Mat^^rUts, Usl of, 165

BI«phaiit,F06Sll, 132

Blk.Foeail, 132

BUntrotiS, ; 291

Bmmofc Co., 72

SiiicrinUe»^ 69

Hini8kiU0Q,C. W., 72,Td,79

' Brio, Mod roe Co., 205

*« Erratio Block Group," 12

Buompholoid c^ts in CarboniierouB Limd-

tftmo, 110

AwmpAoIitf, 64

Rrateton , 111. , 67

BKhibitioQ of Geological Speclmans at *

Stole Fair, 28

lil[ploration8, in 1859, 23, 24

In 1850, 26,27

In vicinity of Cleveland and Cuyahoga
Fails for comparison, 27

Fair, Stat3 Agricultural, Geological Exhi-
bition at, -. 28

Fkrm^r, Juhn,aii received from, 83

Fbiri$UUa ntdlata, 53

M»9o$ita Niagarensis 66

8p? 69

Finsstdla msmtfranacea^ 104

8p? 104,105

PtsI) remaius, 64, 69, 85, 102, 110, 115

Fl8lc,L. H., quarry of, 118

Elak, Prof. L. R., chemical analyses by,.. 81

nagstoncs of L. Huron, 73, 74, 76

Flat Bock Pt.,L. Huron, 80

Flora of Lower Foniasula. ^S^ " Plants."

Flusbiag, Gonesee Co. , ,. . . . 118, 119, 120

Formula) for equivalent values of strength

of brine, 181

Ftasiliferous strata, 49

ftater and Whitney, U.S Geologists,.... 16

VmtIo, Boi\jamin, ali received from, 83

nrsocis, Hr., Drummond's I., 69

nrsser and Stanton, coal mining of, 122

a-.

Ofttnes, Kent Co., 98

Gftlt,C. W., 69

QMyfrom coal, 160

from peat, 196

Gblf<0ro2Mx2a, Catalogue of, 286

Qsikeral Obsarvations on the Geology of

tiie Lower Peninsula, 135

QoaesoeCo., 114

Geological Series, how complete in Mich., 41
"Geologists," selv-sty led, cautions against, 35
Godfrey, Freeman, operations of, for gyp-

•um, 164

CkmfhooenUt 64,75

ChmiatUa, 80,85,88

roCotoriitf, 86

/a»»n, 86

princept, 86

Oioeni, 86

QooBoberrijs, 264

Orommysiay 77

Qnnd Like, Presqa' Isle Co., 62

Grsnd Ripiis, Carboniferous Limestone

1^ QQ

Grand Rapids, salt expioralions at,V24, 25,166

Grand Traverse Bav, 70, 72, 77, ISO

Grandyillo, Kent Co., 90

Graiioi Co., 114

^Qra/ Limwtooe,". 18

OmaBay •»,67

GrooaOakyUvinptonOo., US

FAGB.

j- Grindstone Creek, Eaton Oo.,....< 191

Grindstone Grit of L. Huron,.. ... .74, 76, 7^

Gunpowder, from peat, ..19T

Gypsom, at Little Pt. au Chene, ; . . . . 67

at Sylvania, Ohio, 69

in Monroe Cb., 69

at Detroit, 60

In Kent Co 01

at Plaster Bluff, Bay Co., M

analyses of, 16S

consumption of, 166 .

Hall, Prof. James, aid received from,... .. SI
on the geological position of the Black

Bituminous Slate, T9

on the Cephalopods of the Marshall

Sandstone, 8Y

HalytUa excharoUes^ 66

Hamilton, C. W.. 6T

Hamilton Group,'di«scription of, 69

distribution of, TO

economical importance of, 71

paladontologiual peculiarities of, 186

thickness of, 154

"Hamilton Shales," 79

Hanover, Jackson Co., 84

Hirbor I., Brine spring at, 69

Hard Wood Pt.,L. Huron, 80

Hare's Back, L. Michigan, 61

Hayden's Coal mnc, 118,116

H^lderberg Group. See " Upper Heider-
berg Group."

Hdioliks tpiniporaf*.. 66

Hemlock trees, St96

Henry, Alexander, first miner of L. Supe-
rior, 6

Henry, Prof. J. . aid offered ^y 81

Hess, M. B. , aid received from, 88

information in possession of, 07

Hibbard's Artesian well, statistics of,.... 161

Higgin*, S. W. , State Topographer, T

Hillsdale Co., 81,88

Hillsdale, Hillsdale Co 84

History of Geology in Michigan, 6

Holcroft, John, aid received from,. . . .88, 161

Holland, Ottawa Co., 84

Horicon L., Wi8.,.....« i.. 68

Houghton, Dr. Douglass, explorations of,

along L. Superior. 8

appointed State Geologist, f

appointed Boundary Commissioner,. . 10
plan of, for connecting linear a&d soi-

entifio surveys, 10

fatal disaster to, 11

Houghton, Jacob, Jr., information from,. 11

Hovey , C. £. , aid received from, 88

Hovcy &Co.'s plaster quarry, '08

Hubbard, Bela, Assistant Stete Oeologtei, T

Hubbard , Frederick , report of,

Hudson River Group, 68.

Huron Co. , 73, 76, 97

Huron Group, description of, 71

economical importance of » 75

goological equivalents of, tT

thickness of, 168

Huronian Series of Logan, 48

Huron Is., 48

Huron R., L. Superior 47, 49

Bydra^Iio limestone, at Drummond'a L,.. 68

in Monroe Oo., 80

Hydrography , 907

Hydrometer , 1T9

I.

TMhmtUfwuUtin