First Biennial Report of the Progress of the Geological Survey of Michigan: Embracing ...

Google

This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project

to make the world's books discoverable online.

It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject

to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books

are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.

Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the

publisher to a library and finally to you.

Usage guidelines

Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:

+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.

+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.

+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.

+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.

About Google Book Search

Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web

at |http: //books .google .com/I

;■-,■■ I. ^

The Branner Geological Library

>itt*c-.- t^*^ /

e^r

y iTJtJOTij^i-no'* '^:''.'S!<s— r

»

^jer - «

The Branner (ienlogical Library

'/y^^>.

nEST BIEmnAL eepobt

PROGRESS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

o 1^1 ivci o n I a-_A.i>^,

XHBRAONa OmSTATIONB OX TBI

GEOLOGI, ZOOLOGY AND BOTASI

IiO"WETt PENINSULA.

XASB TO TEE OOVBBHOB, SZOBICBEB 81, 1800.

^t{^ ^Ldhatilu,

LANSINGi
HoBzner & Kerr, Printers to the State.

s\

2087 1 1)

REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

To His ExccllcDcy Moses Wisner,

Oovemor of the Stale of Michigan:

I have the honor to submit herewith, the Report required of
me by the terms of the Legislative act, approved February 15,
1859, and entitled " An act to finish the Geological Survey of
the State." This Report is intended to set forth the progress
of the geological survey during the years 1859 and 1860.

Allow me, in communicating this Report, to acknowledge the
many personal kindnesses received at your hands, and the ap-
preciative interest which you have always manifested in the
progress of the work. Whatever useful results may be here
embodied, are due in no small degree to your connexion with
fhe origin and energetic prosecution of the survey.

I have the honor to be,

Tour most obedient servant,
A. WINCHELL,

Stale Oeohgist.
Aan Arbor, December 81, 1860.

INTRODUCTION.

SKBTCH OF tSE HISTOBT OF afOLOOT IH WOHIOAIT.

Before entering apon the consideration of the subjects strictly
belonging to this Report, k brief notice of what has heretofor*
been done in developing the Oeology of Hichigan, will ondonbt-
•dly be acceptable to the people of our State.

The explorations and diecoTeries of the Jesuit Missionaries,
pToaecnted for many years along the borders of the great Lakes,
aay be passed over as too remotely connected with the history
o£ Geology in tlichigan, to justify their introduction into tin
present report. The record of the wonderful labors and suffer^
ings of these early christian missionaries, may be found embod-
ied in the numerous volumes of a work entitled, "BelaUons dtt
«e que s'eat paese de plus romarqnablo aux Missions dcs peras
de la compagnie de Jesus, en la Nouvelle France."* A coi^
densed sketch derived from this source, is given in Foster and
Whitney's " Report on the Geology and Topography of a portum
of the Lake Superior Land District, in the State of Michigan,
Parti."

' The existence of copper in considerable quanti^, upon di*
shores of Lake Superior, had all along attracted the attention
of the Missionaries. The first mention made of the occurrence
•f this metal is found in the Relation for IG59-60. The first
mining enterprise of which we have any account, was euperin-

pomMliM of JodnCkBpball, rrtt
weluHt 10 ibl* [MTiKl tn "Tnnli

DTKflT. ntiiism jmgrHnKin I^IPP I ^'^^ lorKjlw' ■■»-*

iDilsitHi to

«MMWOtl»,IUllDllsbt«l toFrof. VbiM. Hwb fuMbw hillraitlsB BlTb* IM
■HWalf ia h HobtIH Frmw," mi " Tin— W^ Si M liM 4* Oww ryiV
Ml " SiiBiU A* VogncM," Putt, Un.

6 W- REPORT OF THE

tended by Alexander Henry, near the forks of the Ontonagon
river, .ii ini.

T}iP.*-eN| lorations of Alexander McKenzie, commenced in

17.80j'<?xtended over a portion of the shores of Lake Superior,

and' Ihence north-weat^ over the country whose waters flow

ibto the Arctic oco-in. In the account of his travels he speaks

/•.,')af the occurrence of "virgin copper^' on the south shore of the

••/•'lake.

In the year 1800, during the presidency of the elder Adams,
Congress passed a resolution,* providing for the employment
of an agent for the purpose of collecting information relative
to the "Copper Mines'* on the south shore of Lake Superior^
but it does not appear that this resolution was ever put in
execution.

In 1819, General Cass, under the authority of the Secretary
of War, directed an exploring expedition which passed along
the Southern shore of Lake Superior, f and crossed over to the
Mississippi. This expedition had among its principal objects,
that of investigating the north-western copper mines ; and was
■ accompanied by Mr. H. R. Schoolcraft in the capacity of mineral-
" ogist and geologist. His observations are recorded in his " Nar-
rative Journal of Travels from Detroit, north-west," &c., pub-
lished in 1821.

In the spring of 1 823, Major Long, acting under the orders
' of the War Department, and accompanied by several scientific
gentlemen, 'started on an expedition, the object of which was
to explore the river St. Peters a'.d the country situated on
ihe northern boundary of the United States, between the Red
•Biver of Hudson's Bay, and Lake Superior. In returning, they
coasted along the north shore of this Lake.

In 1831 an expedition wa^ sent out by the United States gov-
ernment, under the command of Mr. Schoolcraft, for the purpose
. of ascertaining the sources of the Mississippi river. Dr. Dou^
las Houghton was attached to this party, and be subsequentlj

f Kmw% or ibe United 6tal«f, Vol. in. , p. 40a
'■ . fJoanuaflCtbeilKptdiUuioCQeiMnlGMB.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1

•peabs of tbfl aid afforded by the obacrvations made at this time
in tracing the fragments of copper to their place in the rock.

Nothing further waa attempted at elucidating tbc mineral
resoQ'rces of any portion of the territory, until the admission of
Ifichigan into the Union in 1836, when the 'government at onc«
proceeded to the organization of a general, systematic snrvey.

The original act for the organization of the geological eurTej
of the State waa approved by Gov. Mason, Fobrnary 23d, 183T.*
It provided for a geological, zoological, botanical and topo-
graphical survey. Under this act the following corps of officers
was appointed.f

Douglas Houghton, Geologist.

Abram Sagcr, Principal Assistant, in charge of Botanical
Kid Zoological Departments.

S. W, Uiggina, Topographer and Dranghtaman.

Columbus 0. Douglas, Sub-Assistant.

Bela Hubbard, Sab- Assistant.

William P. Smith, Sub-Assistant in charge of Mechanical
Zoology.

Messrs. Douglas and Hubbard, during the following years,
were First Assistants.

On the 2tith of January, 1838, Dr. Houghton presented hW
iRM Annual Repori, a document of S7 pages, in which, after
alluding to tlic topography of the State, he notices tlie several
geological features of the Lower Peninsula under the following
heads : " Upj>vr Sandrock of the PmimuJa," " Oray Limext<me,'
" Lower Sandgtone or Oraywade Groupi" " Oypsum," " Brim
Springn," " Clay," " Sand," " Marl," "Bog Iron Ore," " MinenA
^trimjs." Several pages are devoted to the Brine Springs, aoA.
numeruus interesting analyses of the saline waters of Uichigati
are for the first time pnblished.

On theS2d of March tiie ODvernor approved a new act, re-
organizing the sarvcy in more comprehensiTo terms, and witb
more detailed provisions,^

• Benatu JaTinul ltS7, p. US. For Ui* let, w* ■• Uwi cf Uohliu," im. p. U.
f BBpurt, WW. ' "^

J-liW' UR-t,p.U*.

8 SEPOB.T OF THE

About the samo date, acts wore passed for the iDCorporation
of the " Clinton Salt Works,'' and for the improvement of the
State Salt Springs.''^ January 1, 1839, Dr. Houghton presented
a special " Report in relation to Salt Springs/'f and on the 28th
of the same month, a Report on Iron Ore in Branch Countj.^
The same day the Legislature passed an " Act relative to Sali
Springs."

On the 4th of February, 1839, Dr. Houghton presented his
"Second Annual RqxniJ^^ This document, of 153pp., was
nade up as follows :

1. Geology, by Dr. Houghton, 39 pp. " Northern Part ofvhi
Peninsula." " Topography and General Character," ''Rocks," " Ter-
tiary Clays;' " Shell Marl," " Oypsum," " Change of ElevaJtUm in
(he Waters of the Oreal Lakes. Southern Part or the Peninsula
'^ Coal," ** Salt Springs and Stale Salt Lands."

2. Zoology, by Dr. Abram Sager, 15 pp. A systematic cata-
logue of the animals of the State, as far as observed.

8. Botany, by Dr. John Wright, 29 pp. A catalogue of th«
plants of the State as far as observed.

4. Topography, by S. W. Higgins, 21 pp.

5. Geology of Eaton, Ingham and Jackson counties, by 0. 0.
Douglas, Assistant Qeologist, 13 pp.

6. Geology of Wayne and Monroe counties, by Bela Hubbard,
Assistant Geologist, 36 pp.

The Zoological and Botanical Departments were suspended
«arly in the year by the resignation of the officers in charge.

On the 6th of January, 1840, the State Geologist made a
leport in relation to the Salt Spring8||, and on the 3d of Februa-
^, presented his Third Anniud Beport^ of 111 pages, covering
' the following documents :

1. Geology, by Dr. Houghton, 38 pp. A description of th«
Topography and Geology of that portion of the Upper Penin-

• lAwsl887-«,p. 166.

iHouBe iHv*. , p. 89.
n).,p.8i2.
Hau»e iiuc., 1839, p. 810.
Hoose Doc., U40, Vol. I, pb U-
lb. Vol. n, p. 902.

STATE GEOLOGIST. »

nia bordering on Lakes Michigan and Huron, followed b; a
notice of the "Clay, Iron Stone and Bog Orea" of the Southern
Peninsula. The rocks of the Upper Peninsula are hero ar-
ranged under the two heads Prikart and Sediment art. The
Utter are subdivided into Lo\eer Limerock and Shales, and
C^iper Limerocks.

i. Topography, by S. W. Higgins, 18 pp.

8. Qeolooy, by C. 0. Donglaaa, 23 pp., containing " General
Bemarks on the counties of Jackson, Cathoun, Kalamaeoo,
Baton, Ionia and Kent," with considerable detail on tlic rocks
«f the coal measures, which are divided into "Upper" and
"Lower Coal Groups,"

1. OsotooT, byB. Hubbard, 36 pp. containing reports on Len-
awee, Hillsdale, Branch, St. Joseph, Cass, Benion, Washtenaw,
Oakland and Livingston Counties, and embracing a systematic
description of the various formations and economical t>roduct8
of these Counties ; a notice of the " Ancient Lake Ridge," and
nomerous practical suggestions on the use of Peat and Uarl.

A Committee of the House of liepresentatives reported on the
xeports of the State Geologist, at this session of the Legislature,*
and the Zoological and Botanical portions of the act establishing
the Survey were repealed. On the SStb of March, an aot waa
passed relative to the maps of the Stat« and Counties.

The Fourth Annttal Beport of the State Geologist was pre-
sented Febmary 1, 1841. This Report embraced the following
documents :

1. GioLooT, by Dr. Houghton, 89 pp. This was devoted to a
description of the Topogr^hy, Geology and Minerology of tbs
«ountry bordering on Lake Superior. The classi&cation of the
locks will be embraced in the table which follows. The report
unbraces a masterly discussion of the Mineral Veins of the
"Trap, Conglomerate, ^c.," and concludes with notices of tha
"Furs, Fish and Harbors of Lake Superior."

S. Latitudes and MAOKtno Variations, by Frederick Hubbard,
Special Assistant, 6 pp.

10 REPORT OF THE

3. Geology, by C. 0. Douglass, 15 pp., devoted mainly to the
general geology of the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula^
bordering on Lakes Huron and Michigan. The geological
series, as here made out, will also be embraced in the table.

4 Geology, by B. Hubbard, S3 pp., devoted to a general
resume of the geology of the organized counties, with tables of
the formations.

5. Topography, by S. W. Higgins, 26 pp., containing valuable
tables of magnetic variations, and of (he rise and fall of water
in the lakes.

On the 4tli February, Dr. Houghton presented a Report of
the progress of the County and State maps.*

Through the pressure of the financial crisis under which the
State and country were still suffering, the Legislature was in-
duced to curtail the appropriations for the continuance of the sur-
vey. The Fi/ih Annual Report therefore, dated January 25th,
1842,f is a brief paper of six pages, containing some notices of the
geology of the western portion of the Mineral District of Lake
Superior, surveyed by Dr. Houghton in connexion with his
duties as Boundary Commissioi.er. Dr. Houghton, not content
that a work to which he had devoted so much labor, and for
which he had undergone so many privations, should be inter-
rupted, and perhaps frustrated, by the supposed inability of
the State to caiTy it on, devised, in 1844, in connexion with
William A, Burt, Esq., tlie plan of connecting the linear
surveys of the public lands of the United States, with a
a geological and rainoralogical survey of tlie country. This
plan was fully set forth in a paper prepared and read by
him before the "Association of American Geologists," at
Washington, in that year. The immense advantages likely
to result from such a survey, if saccossfully carried into exe-
cution, were at once comprehended. The Commissioner of
the General Land Office, having obtained a promise from Dr.
Hought'^n to undertake the work, recommended to Congress an

• Hou83 Hoc., 1841, p. ©4.
t Jotni Doc. , 1849, p. 4M.

STATE GEOLOGIST 11

appropriation for that purpose This was made, and tlifl snrvey
commenced by Dr. Houghton,* According to the plan agreed
upon between Dr. Hougbton and Mr. Burt, the townehip lincii of
the Upper Fenineula were to be run by Mr. Burt, or under his-
Btipcrvjaion, while the subdivisiuns were to be mado'by other
deputy BUTveyore — Dr. Houghton having the especial control of
the whole. All roclcB crosacd by linoa were to be examined,
Bpecimena taken, and the exact locality noted, while at the same
time aa much iufwmation as could be obtained, waa to bo col-
lected in relation to the g'cological and topographical features
of the country. The surreyorB ware to bo accompanied along
the lines by a special barometrical observer. This system had
been fairly organised, and the field work of ono season nearly
completed, when his melancholy death by drowuing, occurred
during a Hturm on Lake Superior, near Eagle river, on the night
of Oct. I3th, 1815.f This unfortunate termination of the survey
was communicated to the Legislature by S. W. Uiggins, on the
tth of January, 1846.J

According to the plan entered upon, a full and minute report
was to have been prepared and returned by Dr. Houghton, to
the office of the Surveyor General. On the deccaao of the head
of the survey, his administrators employed Messrs. William A.
Burt and Bula Hubbard, to compile reports on the geological
results of the work for 1845, from the field notes of that year.
Mr. Burt's Report was prepared from his own notes, and Mr.
Hubbard's from those of Dr. Houghton. These two Rcports§
nnfold in an admirable manner the geological structure of the
trap and metaphorphic regions of Lake Superior, and anticipate

'results wliich were subsequently worked out by the United
States Geologists. Tho notes and maps of three townships
were in Dr. Houghton's posaeasion at the time of his death, and

" were never recovered

Thus ended the first geological survey of our State — a work

• See "TiwMiDTnliU'Klnn at Liiko Superior," bTj»cobHouj!ilOD, Jr.

ilb. Alwi Pnslfr uiil Wtalucj, Rep. Vol. I, p. 14,
Fqf m; liii<>wl«lge or Umm Boporto I UD tnUntj UidabMil M tta wock gf jH*Bin|liUa,

M REPORT OP THE

inaugurated within a little more than a year after her admia-
flion into the Union, and prosecuted, consequently, in the midst
of the greatest embarrassments. But though the work was
unavoidably arduous for the geologist, and expensive for the
State, it served to acquaint the world, at an early day, with
many of the sources of our mineral wealth, and to awaken and
maintain a lively desire for more full and definite information
relative to the Coal, Salt, Gypsum, Copper and Iron, of which
the published Reports of Progress had afforded hasty glimpses.
Dr. Houghton's Report, published in ,1841, furnished the world
with the first definite information relative to the occurrence of
native copper in place, on Lake Superior ;* and the promise of
wealth now so rapidly growing up in that region, has been to
a great extent created by the attention drawn in that direction
by this Report of my lamented predecessor.

The subjoined table, setting forth the order of arrangement
of the rocks of the State, as compiled from Dr. Houghton'b
Annual Reports, and those of his assistants, will perhaps suffi-
ciently extend, for the present occasion, this historical reference
to the former State Geological Survey.

Sticceasion of Strata in Michigan, as published in 1838— 41«

Arranged in Descending order.

XXXI. Recent Alluvions, (Hubbard, Rcp't 1841, p. 122.)
XXX. Ancient Alluvions, (lb. 120.)
XXIX Erratic Block Group or Diluviums, (lb. 115.)
XXVIII. Tertiary Clays. (Houghton, 1839, p. IT ; 1841, p. 43 ;

Hubbard, 1841, p. 123.)
XXVII. Brown or Gray Sandstone. (Douglass, 1840, p. 69 ;

Hubbard, 1841, p. 130.)
XXVI. Argillaceous Iron Ore in thin included beds, (lb.)
XXV. Coal Strata, alternating with friable, slaty sandstona^

and thick beds of black shale and slate, (lb.)
XXIV. Red or variegated sandstone. (Douglass, 1840, p. TO;

Hubbard, 1841, p. 129.)

« Whitaey'i IfoUUo WMlth of tha UnlUd SUtat, p. 911.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1*

ZXni. 6r«7 and yellow BUidstoiifl. (Hnbbard, 1841, p. 128.)
XXU. Shalee ftnd coalof tha "lowercoalmeaeurca." (Doug-
lass, 1840, p. 65 ; Hubbard, 1841, p. 1S6.)
ZXI. Blue, compact, slat; sandstone. (Hubbard, 1841, p.

180.)
XZ. Gray limestoile, or Vpper Limerock — 14 ft. (Hubfoard,
1841, pp. 125-130.) Douglass places this between
the " Upper" and " Lower Coal," and says the Gyp-
sum is above, or embraced in it. (1840, pp. 62-67 )
The Gypsum is also placed above by Houghton.
(1839, p. 11.)
XIX. Fossiliferous ferruginous sandstones. (Hubbard, 1840,
pp. 81-88.) Thinned out at Grand Bapids. (Hub-
bard, 1841, p. 138.) Subdivided as follows:
G. Coarse, quortzose, yellowish gray eandrock, 30 ft
P. Ash colored, or brown sandrock, with marine

fossils, 15 ft.
E. Ding^ and green, finegrained strata, with occasional

fossils and ferruginous spots.
D. Hard gray stratum of sandrock, 1 ft.
G. Dingy-green, finegrained sandstone, inters tratified
with slaty sandstone, and apparently with blue
clay shide, 15 to 20 ft.
B. Yellow, fossiliferous sandrock. Abounds in marine
fossils. 20 ft.

A. Finegrained saudrack.

XTIU. Kidney Iron Formation, 45 ft. (Hubbard, 1840, p. 86 ;
1841, p. 18 ; Houghton, 1840, p. 26.) Considered
the bottom of the Carboniferous System.

XTIL Sandstone of Ft. aux Barques. Passes south-west
and underlies the sandstone of Hillsdale county,
though not exposed there. (Hubbard, 1841, p. 132.)
Divided as follows :

B. Coarse sandstone or partial conglomerate. (Hub-

bard, 1841, p. 136.)

14 REPORT OF THE

A. Yellow and greenish Bandstones. (lb.) The sand*

stones XYII are supposed to be equivalent to tha
Ohio "Conglomerate'' and "Waverly Sandstone.''
(Hubbard, 1841, p. 133.)
iVI. Clay Slates and Flags of Lake Huron, 180 ft. (Hub-
bard, 1841, p. 136.) Dfvided into

B. Argillaceous sandstone, alternating with sandstone

and clay slates.

A. Blue clay slates and flags, witfi alternating gyp.

sum beds and gypseous marls. These two (A and
B) constitute the "Upper Salt Rock" (Hubbard,
1841, p. 133). The gypsum of Grand Rapids U
placed here by Hubbard, (1841, p. 188).
XV. Pt. au Ores and Manistee* limestone (Douglass, 1841,

pp. 102, 103).
XIV. Soft, coarse-grained sandstones, 230 ft. (Hubbard,
1841, p. 133.) Pierced at Grand Rapids, in the salt
well of Lucius Lyon. The "low^r salt rock" of
Ohio, Va. and Mich. (lb. 133.)
XIII. Black bituminous, aluminous slate, with pyrites (Hub-
bard, 1841, p. 134).

B. Light blue, argillaceous (Douglass, 1841, p. 102).
A. Black, containing pyrites. (lb.)

XII. Limestone of Lake E*rie, (Hubbard, 1889, pp. 88, 105 ;
1840, p. 83 ; 1841, p. 134). Subdivided as follows:
D. Cornifcrous limestone, (Douglass, 1841, p. 102).

C. Thunder Bay and Little Traverse Bay limestones,

(Douglass, 1841, pp. 112, 103).

(/) Blue silicious limestone, (Douglass, 1841, p.

109.)
(e) A confused mass of broken fossils, imbedded

in clay. (lb.)
(d) Vesiculatcd chert, colored with iron. (lb.)
(c) Flaggy limestone in very thin layers. (lb.)

•Tbs Umistono rcferrod to by Doaglass sdems to bo rather on tli* Maik«goa tiuui oa th»
'Mukistae river, which ii nuuij milei farther north.

STATB GEOLOGIST. 16

«

(h) Blue clay with iron pyrites. (Douglas, 1841^

pp 109.)
(a) Light blue limestone.
B. Black bituminous limestone. (Douglas, 1841, pp.

102, 103.)
A. Blue limestone. (lb.)
XI. Mackinac limestone, (Douglas, 1841, p. 102, 103,) —

" Manitoulin Portion of Upper Limerock." (Hough-
ton, 1840, pp. 19, 21.)
X. Polypi ferous Portion of Upper Limerock. (Houghton,

1840, pp. 19, 21.

IX. Pentamcrus Portion of Upper Limerock. (lb.) *

VIIl. Lower Limerock and Shales. (Houghton, 1840, p. 16.)
VII. Sandy Limerock. (Houghton, 1841, p. 20.)
VI. Upper grey Sandstone. (Houghton, 1841, p. 19.) Not

conformable with next stratum.
V. Lower, or Red Sandstone and Shales. (Houghton,

1841, p. 119.-)

IV. Mixed Conglomerate and Sandstone. (lb.) a

ni. Conglomerate. (lb. n.)B

II. Mctamorphic Rocks, (lb. 16.)c

I. Primary Rocks. (lb. 15 )d

Little more than a year after the suspension of the survey
under Dr. Houghton, Congress passed an act, approved March
1st, 1847, embracing provisions for the geological exploration
of the Lake Superior Land District, organized by tlie same act.
Under this act. Dr. C. T. Jackson was appointed by the Secretary
of the Treasury, to execute the required survey.

After having spent two seasons in the prosecution of this
work, he presented a report of 801 pages,* and resigned his
commission. In the meantime, the survey was continued, and
subsequently completed by Messrs. Foster and Whitney, United
States Geologists. Their Report, of 224 pages, on the " Copper

Af B, c. D. The Trape Intorsoci ibis terlcfl Tarioasly.

•Aon. Mam. aad Doc. 184»-60, Pv% UL AIM, Seoato Doo. m Sen. 81st Cong. ToL 8^

16 REPORT OF THE

I^ands," was inbmitted ae Part L, on tiifi 16th of April, 1850 *
Part II., on the " Iron Region" and General Geology, was sub-
mitted November 12th, 1851, and forms a volume of 406 pages
and XXXV. Plates.f ■ Messrs. Foster and Whitney vere aided
in the field work of the survey by Messrs. S. W. Hill and
Edward l)esor as first assistants ; by Mr. William Schlater as
Draughtsman, and Mr. W. D. Whitney as Botanist The fossil-
iferous region was also passed over by Prof. James Hall, the

•

palaeontologist of Kew York, whose observations and general
conclusions are embodied in the Report, together with papers on
the Geology of Wisconsin, by Dr. I. A. Lapham, and Col. Chas.
Whittlesey. The latter also communicated important chapters
on the ** observed fluctuations of the surfaces of the Lakes,'' and
'' magnetic variations," with a " comparison of terrestrial and
astronomical measurements."

The examinations reported upon in Part II., extended around
the entire Lake shores of the Upper Peninsula, as far as the
head of Green Bay, and embraced the islands at the head of Lake
Huron, from Mackinac to Drummond's Island. The groups of
of rocks observed wore found to conform to the geology of New
York and other States, and a parallelism was established, from
the Potsdam Sandstone to the Upper Helderberg Group.

No further public geological explorations were made with-
in the limits of our State, until the commencement of the
present survey. The mining companies of Lake Superior, how*
ever, maintained a series of local explorations, which have con-
tributed a vast amount of detailed information, destined to be
of the greatest service in the compilation of a general report

During the legislative session of 1858, numerous petitions
were presented for the completion of the geological survey of
the State. The number was greatly increased at the session of
1859, and, although the condition of the State Treasury was re-
ported to be such as hardly to justify embarkation upon any ex-
traordinary expenditures, it was finally deemed advisable to make

•EiecuUro Dog. No. 69, Ut Sen. Slat Cong., Vol. 9, 1841MO.
fEsecatlYe Doc. No. 4» Sttecial Sen. aSi Obog., Vbl. 8, 1861.

STATE QKOLOQIST.

It

■ commencement of the work of ccHnpleting ti» geoloj^cal mmy,
and prepuing for publication in a convenient and practical
form, a Report apon the Geology of the State, drawn from otig-
inal obeerrationa, and all other accessible aoarcea. The tenu
of tlM act approved Febmary IS, 1859, were copied almoat lits.
rallj from the original act of 1831 ; and the sarrey Ihu insti-
tated, posseased, of conrae, all the acope of the original nnder-
takisg.

The following Report embraces only the reaolta of the actual
obserrationa made dnring the past two seasona. It mnst bs
boms in mind, howevflr, that the provision made for (he prose
cation of this anrray, has not as yet been each as to permit it*
complete organixation ; and the heads of- the principal depart
ments have only been employed daring sach time as could be
spared from other and regnlar professional eagagemests.

FAUT I.

GEOLOGY.

CHAPTER I.

OBOAimin^V OF THI SUBYKT, AMB FUlX of OPSBAnOMS.

On the receipt of my commission, dated March 9th, 1159,
designating me to take the charge of the work provided for
by the "Act to Finish the Gleelogical Survey of the State,"
approved February 16, 1859, I met you, by request, for the
purpose of consultation upon a plan of operations adapted to
the circumstances then existing. Besides the act just referred
to, a joint resolution had been previously passed, making an
appropriation for the '* publication of Dr. Houghton's Notes.*
An examination of such sources of information as were aecea-
sible, had shown, however, at the time of our interview, that
there were ne "notes" made by Dr. Houghton or his assistants
which had not already been reported from, either by the ob-
servers themselves, or in the manner provided for by Dr.
Houghton's administrators, except the field notes upon four
townships in the Upper Peninsula, which were lost at the time
of the melancholy occurrence which terminated the original
survey. It resulted, that the only further use which could be
made of the "notes" referred te in the resolution, would be to
work them up into a detailed report upon the geology of the
State, as understood twenty years ago, before the geology of
New York, Canada, and the Northsrest, had contributed such
important aids to the proper understanding of the geology of
our own State. While such a publication as this would be but
a just tribute te the men who had labored and suffered for
years in this great work, it was not deemed compatible with
the interest of the State, nor conducive to the advancement of
science, to prosecute the publication of Dr. Houghton's "notes"
in all the details of a final report, and immediately follow it
virith another report, already provided for, which should coai^*

23 REPORT OF THB

pleU the elucidation of our geology, and adapt it in all respecta -
to our present wants and the present state of the science. Thi»
view seemed the more consistent, since any adequate report
upon our geology could not fail to do justice to the names of
those who were the pioneers in Michigan geology.

After the interval which had elapsed since the date of the
explorations made in the Lower Peninsula of the State, it was
obvious that a great multitude of facts must have come to
light, calculated to have a bearing upon any final concluaioiui
aa to the geological succession of our strata. New natural
exposures of the underlying rockis, had been discovered, new
quarries had been opened, the working of coal and gypsum had
actually commenced on a successful scale, and especially were
new opportunities presented for the collection of fossils — the
language in which geological records are written. It seemed
necessary, therefore, to undertake the same thing which had
been undertaken by Massachusetts, by South Carolinia, Tennes-
see, and other States. The ground was to be gono over again,
for the purpose of posting up our collection of facts. The
Lowei: Peninsula, as being least understood, was to receive the
first reconnoissance. Detailed cs^aminations were to be made,
only with reference to settling the geographical distribution of
the coal, and resolving other questions of immediate economical
importance. The report which follows, will show I trust, a
satisfactory degree of success in making these determinations.
The geological observers, in the progress of their work, were
to embrace favorable opportunities for the collection of zoologi*
cal and botanical specimens^ and the zoological observers were
to make note of all geologi9al data which came in their way.

In pursuance of the plan agreed upon, I made an excur-
sion on the first of April to the Maumee river, where, by the
enlightened liberality of Mr George Clark, the proprietor of
several fishing stations on the rivers and lakes, I was enabled
to secure two or three barrels of specimens of the various spe-
cies of fish, and other aquatic animals common to south-eastern
Michigan and northern Ohio. At the same time^ Dr. Manly jtfil^^

STATE GEOLOGIST U

who had been deBignated to take epecial charge of the depart*
ment of Zoologj', descended the Saginav rirer to its month, in
company with a yoang man who was subsequCDtly employed
dnring tbo season aa taxidermist and general assiataiit. About
the middle of Uay, the necessary preparations having been
completed, I entered npoo the field work of the season, by com-
mencing a geological survey of the coonty of Uonroe. In thia
part of the work I was accompanied by Uessrs. A. D. Wliit«
and Lewis Spalding, two students of the University, who toIod-
teered their assistance for the mere payment of their traveling
expenses. Hr. White oontinaed in the service of the survey
during the season, and waa again employed t^e present season.
I am happy here to testify to the faithful, able and obliging
manner in which he has co-operated in the execution of all my
plans.

After tbe completion of oar observations in Uonroo conntyr
onr reconnoissance was extended through Jackson, Hillsdale,-
Lenawee, Branch and Galhoan counties. Having familiarized
myself with the character of the Coal Formation in the vicinity
of Jackson, and traced its limits to the east and west of tlie
city, i iiad no licsitation in prononncing upon the non-exiBtaucv
uf cual at Jonesville, or in llillsdale county. I subsequently
had the opportunity to disconrage the explorations for coal in
the vicinity of Albion, miEguidcd to tho same extent as those of
Hillsdale county. Similar duties, always unpleasant, and often
met by ingratitude and iucrednlity, have had to bo performed in
scores of other places. The observations made at Jackson,
Woodville, Barry, Albiun, Marshall, Battle Creek, Union Oity,.
Jonesville and Hillsdale, have proved exceedingly instructive,
as will be shown in the ultimate publication of the details of
the survey.

Tbe south-western part of the State promising to be less pro-
ductive of useful observations, Mr, White was instrncled to
traverse the counties of St. JoGeph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren
and Kalamazoo, along designated lines, while I entered upon
the examination of the regions bordering upon> the lines of

U REPORT OF THE

public coDTeyance. Our party of two, was thus converted inte
two parties, each attendinip, more or less, to ail the departments
of the survey. In the beginning of autumn, we met by appoiut-
menty at Qrand Haven, and proceeded over the country to Grand
Rapids. Here I made an examination of the geological rela-
tions of the gypsum and salt, and announced, as is believed, for
the first time, the true geological position ot those important
products. Here Mr. White was detained sevcra' weeks by au
intermittent, contracted from exposure at Grand Havea. In
the mean time, however, he succeeded in making several excur-
sions into the northern part of Kent county. Towaids the
last of October, I returned to Grand Rapids, and after cumplet-
iBg my geological observations, ct^mmunicated, by request, to
James Scribner, Esq., in writing, my conclusions as to the
geology of the Grand River Valley, and the depth at which the
brime horizon would be found to lie. I stated that the source of
the brine was from the shales of the gypseous group, near its
base; and that I had no evidence of the existence of stronger
brine at any greater depth in the formations which outcrop in
the southern part of the State. I said that though the under-
lying formations are all somewhat saliferous, they are not
strongly so, but that there are fissures and powerful currents of
water at certain points, which would render extremely unprom-
ising the search for salt below the gypsum formation. I recall
these declaratiens at this time, for the purpose of vindicating
the reliability ot geological inductions, however unfavorable to
individual or local interests and prejudices.

From Grand Rapids I proceeded to a cursory examination of
the coal of Shiawassee county, and the brine of Saginaw
county, while Mr. White proceeded through Barry, Eaton and
Jackson counties, to Ann Arbor. I foui.d the sali boring at
East Saginaw progressing successfully under the enlightened
management of Dr. Lathrop, one of the best geologists in our
State, who had stimulated this enterprise as au iniurence from
porely geological data. ' My observations upon the outcrop.s of
ibe rocks which this boring was pentarating, enabled me to

STATS OEOLOOIST. S5

predict with considereble conSdenco the depth *t which the
•alt heuing roekt of Grand Rapida won'd be reached. The
anbseqaent reanit veiy bappil; jostified tdj jadgment, aud we
are eaabled today to took upon one af the laadiog anterpriaea
of the State aa tha direct offspring of tbcuretical goologj.

Dr. Miles, after spending some time on the Flint aud Saginaw
rivers, visited the uumerona lakes and streams of Uaklaiid,
LiringstoQ, Goaasce, Lapeer and Washtenaw cuuntiee, ami to-
ward the close of the season paid a Tisit to tliu weHlem part of
the State. He waa accompanied during moat of tlu- scuson bj
Mr. Dodge, of Fliat, and for a few weeks by Dr Jowi'll, of Ann
Arbor. While in the Ticinity of Flushing, ia I loK-itee ceunty,
he collected ralnable observatioDB and ep-c meue from the
outcrop of the coal series; and these have Ll>'Ii commnnirai<-d,
with proper diagranu, to this department.

In Decenber, I entered up«n a cempitratiTe ex am. nation ef
Michigan aud Ohio gypsum. A chemical analysia of each waa
made, at my request, by Prof. L. R. Fisk, of the Agricultural
College; and at the instance of C. A. Trowbridg*, Esq., of De-
troit, I drew np a paper on Iht' subject, which was placad in his
hands.

In the nonth of February, 1860, t paid a visit, by request, t*
the salt works at Grand Rapids. 1 collected infarmatioB, asd
explained the indications, in the light of the geological observa-
tions which I nad made in the southern part ef the State ; and
while there, delivered a public lecture upen the subject of Bait
and it$ Oeological RdaHoru.

About the first of March, 1 drew up a paper embracing a
brief exliibit of the geol<^y of the southern peninsula, and a
condensed statement of tiie borings at variona localities for salt.
This waa transmitted to Dr, Patter, the Superintendent of the salt
operations at East Saginaw, for the purpose of informing the
company which he represented, as to the geological position
which their salt boring had reached, ami what might be ex-
pect«d aa the consequence of continuing to greater dapths. For

26 SEPORT OF THE

this communicatioD, the company returned me a very polite re»>
olution of thanks, with a request for permissiqp to make the
communication public.

On tho 9th of April, I transmitted to you, an lofonmil Report
on the progress and results of the survey, "which, while not
called for by the terms of the Act, was intended as an acknowl-
edgement of the enlightened interest which you had all along
manifested in the progress of this work.

Before the close of March, I had commenced preparations for
the field work of 1860. On consultation with Dr. Miles, it had
been agreed to unite the geological and zoological parties, and
thus incur the expense of but a single outfit. The principal
part of the season's business was to be upon and near the
shores of th6 great Lakes. In these situations, where natural
sections are always presented down to the surface of the water^
rock exposures are much more frequent than in the interior.
By determining the points on each side of the Peninsula, where-
the various formations intercept the lake shores, there is little
difficulty in tracing approximately the lines of outcrop across-
the State.

It was intended to prosecute, before the season was suffi-
ciently advanced for safe navigation in small boats upon the
lakes, an examination of the vallies of the Cass and Tittiba*
wassct rivers. Reports which had been rife during the previoua
season, of discoveries of coal, lead, iron, and "volcanic'' rocks
and "craters," in the vicinity of the Cass river, excited the hope
that som« unexpected developments might accrue from a scien
tific examination of that region ; while on the other hand it was-
hoped that the ascent of the Tittibawassee would^ result in
some revelations as to the nature and limits of the coal and
.salt formations. On the 18th of May, Dr. Miles and Mr. White,
set out upon the exploration «f the Cass, but the anticipated
survey of the Tittibawassee, by myself, was prevented by
extreme family affliction, and death, occurring on the very day
that I had designated for my departure.

Findifig that a suitable boat could n6t be procured in the

STATE GEOLOGIST. i%

lover part of tlie Stale without great aacrifices, I visited tbe
Sanit, in the last of Maj, and purchased, at » great aaving, a.
Uackinaw boat, which proved to aoswer our purpose pcrfcctlj.
Early iu June, th« stirvejinf corps made a rcndezvoud at East
Saginaw. Besides Dr. Uiles aod myself, tli« party consiated of
Mr. Wliitc, Mr. N. H. Winchell, wbo had been engaged aa-
botanical assistact, and two voyagewa, wbo bad been secured
at tbe Sault iit«r carefully exploring the wh»lfl coast, from,
the mouti) of th» Saginaw river to the vicinity of White Rock,,
the party returned and sntered upon tbe axamination of tbe
west coast of tbe Bay anVLake, which was continued t« Mack-
ioac. After an esSBiuatiou of this and the neighboring islands
we coasted along eastward to Driunniond's Island, which, at
this time and subsequently, was completely circumnavigated.
We proceeded thence to the Bruce and Wellington mines, and
thence to the Sault. Here my plan of operations called me to
another part of the State; and as Dr. Miles, who had left the
party at Thunder Bay oo the 4th of July, did nut rujoin it at
the Sault, Mr. While ted the explorations for tlic remainder of
tbe season. Uis instructions tuuk him back to the inlands at
the head uf Lake Huron, and thence to Mackinac. At this
place Dr. Miles rejoined the party. Thence they coasted along
OS far as Northport, on the south side of Grand Traverse Bay,
following all the indentations of the coast, and cnteriug all th»
amall lakes accessiblu by navigable streams. From this point
the party returned home.

In August I made an excursion to Cleveland and the Cuya-
hoga Falls, for the purpose of procuring data with which to
compare my observations upon the coal measures and other
perplexing strata in our own State.

In Scptijmber, I made, by request, a special ezamiuation of
the coal measures located in tbe vicinity of the Detroit and
Milwaukie railway, in Shiawassee county, and transmitted the
results of my observatioua to W. K. Muir, Esq., Superintendent.

I subsequently revisited Grand Kapids, and made examina-
tions of some portions of Ionia, Clinton and lugbam counties.

S8 REPORT OF THE

Deeming that a popular exhibition at the State Fair of the
economical results of the survey, thus far attained, weuld conr
duce to the diffusion of information relatiye to our resources,
4ind the awakening of increased interest in the surve j, I made
for this purpose a selection from such specimens as had been at
that time unpacked, and drew up, on a large scale, an outline
map of the geologj of the State to aeeompanj the specimens
in the exhibition. This undertaking appeared to be highly ap-
preciated, the vicinity of the collection being continually
'Crowded with interested observers and inquirers. The appre-
•ciative notices of the press were also of a very gratifying
•character. I have reason to believe that the exhibition, though
very hastily got together, and very incomplete, was productive
•of considerable good.

In September, 18f»9, I issued a circular addressed to Ceunty
Surveyors, and others throughout the State, the object of which
was to procure reports from competent persons, on the topo-
jpraphy of the various counties; the localities of rocks and min-
erals ; the nature of the soil ; the distribution of timber, &c.
Several responses were promptly made to this circular, and I
feel confirmed in the opinion that the county surveyors or former
surveyors of the State, or in case they will not act, the private
surveyors and engineers of the various counties, have it in
their power to contribute to the prosecution of the geological
:8urvey, some of the most valuable information. Localities of
xock exposure must almost always come to the knowledge of
the linear surveyor, and, by communicating this knowledge te
the geologist, great expense and delay may be saved, in trav-
•ersing territory barren of geological indications. I would take
this opportunity to urge upon surveyors and others, the im-
portanc/e of the service tliey are thus able to render to the geol-
ogist, with very little extra trouble to themselves.

The only communications actually received to this time in
response to the above circular, are the following :

1. Kent county, and the region west and north-west. By
«John Ball, of Qrand Rapids.

STATE GEOLOGIST. i»

i. Tbe Tails; of the An Sauljle river. By S. PetUlHtuu, ut
Ann Arbor.

3. Brownetown, Wft/ue coautj. Bjr B. F. Woodnifl^ of
Browns town.

Several other communicatioDB are promised, and aapposcd U>
be in progreM.

The unpacking' and labeling of the immenie numbera of geo-
logical specimens required to illustrate the geology of all parts-
ef tbe State, and complete the auites of duplicates CAlled fer
by the Act eatabliahing the survey, forma no inconsiderable
ahare of the mechanical tabor imposed upon tbe geologist
The locality of each individual specimea must be preaerred.
from the time it is broken from the rock, through alt the vicisai-
tades of bagging, transportation by hand, boxing, transporta-
tion by poblic conveyance, and unpacking; and not only thie,.
for where a cliff preaente two or more strata succeaaively su-
perimposed, it is essential for the geologist to know what faasilS'
or other speoiniena are afforded by each stratum. Allusion i^
here made to the subject, for the purpose of explaining thna-
early, the system of permanent labels which has been adopted.
Every locality visited by the geological aurvajora is desig-
nated by a separate namber. These locality-numbers forot a
series reaching from the beginning to the end of ibe survey.
In a boek of localities provided for the purpose, the precise
locality cor^aponding to each number is stated in full, t»
which are added the name of the owner of the land, (when
known,) the formation exposed, the fossils found, and remarks.
On every specimen collected is stuck a small oval piece of
yallow paper on wbicb is written the number designating the
locality, which, in this way, is sure to be made an inseparable
part of the specimen. The successive strata at any locality
are designated by the letters of the alphabet, in all cases be-
ginning at tbe lowest stratum.

The specimens collected during the past aeason have filled
over a hundred boxes, and when it is known that each box con-
taiBB from fifty to one hundred specimens, some idea may l)e

80 REPORT OF THE

formed of the amount of manipulation required for the perma-
nent and effectual labeling of the Bpecimens. The subsequent
study of the specimens is still an additional labor.

Besides the keeping of the book of localities, every observer
^eeps a minute account of all hik observations, written in a field
•book on the occasion, while the objects are before him and all
their relations are fresh in his mind. Such inferences as the
state of facts is calculated to suggest, are put down at the same
time. Thus, though subsequent observations may materially
•modify or reverse these conclusions, they at all times possess
the value of being the impression made upon the judgment,
with all the observed facts vividly before the mind. All these
notes arc, at the end of the season, transcribed in order, in a
Note Book kept for the purpose.

t'he third book kept is intended to show the geology of each
township of the State. Under the several counties are arranged
the townships in alphabetical order ; and opposite the name of
•each, arc references to every locality visited in it. Turning to
these localities in the Note Book, all that has been learned of
the township is at once before the eye.

Still another book is provided for memoranda, historical data,
•office work, &c. Thus, by this extensive and minute system of
records and references, everything which has been done or
learned is at all times immediately accessible ; and no casualty
to the geological corps, could result in losses as serious as when
41 large part of the data are left till the cl«se of the survey, in
the custody of individual memories.

The limited provision made for the prosecution of the survey,
lias rendered it impossible to engage the services of a chemist
and mineralogist. The work of a geological survey — not inclu-
ding the zoology, botany, meteorology, and other researches
generally attached to it — embraces field . observations, collec-
tion of Bpecimens, palseontology, mineralogy and chemistry ;
and it is seldom that a single person is competent to do requi-
«ite justice to all these departments. It is always desirable,
therefore, to attach to the survey some suitable persoA to devote

STATE GEOLOGIST. 81

himself to the chemical examination of minerals, rocks, ores,
soils, mineral waters, &c. This part of our suryej has thus far
been neglected. A few analyses have been made at my re-
quest, by Prof. L. R. Fisk, of the Agricnltaral College, by whioh
that institution became connected with the survey, before the
appointment of Dr. Miles to the chair of Zoology. By my ar-
rangement with Prof. Fisk, be has not as yet received any com-
pensation for his services, having agreed to await the action
of the Legislature, in reference to further provision for the
survey.

Immediately on the organization of the survey, I took steps
to ascertain whether some portion of the scientific investiga-
tions might not be completed by experts of this and other
States, who would, in many cases, expect no further compensa-
tion for their services than the opportunity of looking over our
specimens, with permission to retain for their own cdbincts,
duplicates of such species as might p^ove to be novel or pecu-
liar. I have acoopdingly had the satisfaction of being assured
that different specialists stand ready to take up the different
orders of our insects, and to furnish catalogues as soon as the
specimens are placed in their hands. The same is true of some
branches of the paleaontology. Dr. H. A. Prout, of St. Louis,
is already at work upon our Bryozoa, an important class of
fossil mollusca very abundant in the limestones of Thunder
Bay and Little Traverse Bay. Prof. Hall, the palaeontologist of
New Yprk, has also afforded me many valuable suggestions, on
the identification of our foi^ils, and the parallelism of forma-
tions. Dr. J. S. Newberry, of Ohio, who has already rendered
me valuable assistance, stands ready te undertake the investi-
gation of our fossil Flora. Capt Meade has agreed to place at
my service such maps, charts and observations of the lake
survey, as may be needed in the preparation of a chapter on
the Hydrography of the State; and Prof. Henry, the Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, offers copies of such observations
taken for that Institutioa, as may be requisite for a chapter on
our meteorology.

33 REPuBT OF THE

Very many private citizens, besides the surveyors before
referred to, have already communicated most valuable informa*
tion on various points, which will be incorporated into my final
report. Mr. James S. Lawson, of Disce, Oakland county, has
furnished a description of an ancient lake terrace which is
found traversing that part of the State; and I would be glad to
commend this example to others who have the opportunity to
make observations upon such phenomena.

Mr. A. 0. Curlier, of Qrand Rapids, has aided me materially
in arriving at a knowledge of the succession of strata pene-
trated in the salt borings of that place Ho has further pro-
vided me with a printed catalogue of the mollusoa of the
Orand River Valley, accompanied by a nearly complete suite of
specimens

Mr. Martin Metcalf, of the same place, has likewise, in his
correspondence, furnished mo with important notes on the salt
borings, and critical remarks on the parallelism of strata

I am indebted to Dr. DeCamp, of the same place, for a fine
collection of geodes from the Orand Rapids limestone, and for
fossils; and to Prof E. Danforth for the loan of his collection of
fossils from this and otl er States.

Dr. G. A. Lathrop, of East Saginaw, has contributed impor-
tant aid in the carefully preserved series of borings taken from-
the first salt well at that place; in specimens and suggestions
bearing upon the geology of the vicinity of Saginaw Bay; in
facts and statistics illustrating the salt manufacture in the
State, and by the loan of a suite of fossils

To Dr. H. C. Potter, superintendent of the salt works at East
Saginaw, I am similarly indebted for important facts connected
with the salt manufacture at that place.

Mr. Henry D. Post, of Holland, Ottawa county, has furnished
me with observatious on the outcrops of the Marshall sandstone
in his vicinity.

Hon I. F. Christ iancy, of Momoe, has sent the survey some
interesting fossil remains from the Xionroe limestone; and also
statistics relative to the products of his quarries in the town*

STATE GEOLOGIST. 88

■hip of London, ne&r Dundee. Mr. W. P. Christisnc; klso con-
tributed some instrnctive Bpecimene.

Thomas Crawford, £aq., of Detroit, has laid me under many
obligations for polished ipecimeDS of marble from hia quarry
near Prcsque Isle ; as also for some unique fossils from the
same.

Kr. M. B. Hess, of East Saginaw, has supplied some desirabla
•Ititades from the ricinit; of Saginaw.

Thomas Frazer, Esq., of the Mich. C. R. K. office, in Detroit,
has commnniated the altitudes of the principal stations along
ttie line of that road.

Saperintendent W. E. Muir has furnished a list of altitudes
of all the stations along the Detroit and Milwaukie railway, ao
companied by other valuable observations.

Chief Engineer, John B. Frothingham, of Toledo, has also .
promised to supply me with altitudes along the Michigan Soutli-
em Railroad. It is hoped that such statistics will be further
communicated by Engiseera, and others, to whom they are ac-
cessible.

I am indebted to the late John Farmer for a copy of the large
edition of hia uucqualcd map of the State, and to Beigamin
Fowle, Esq., for a mounted map of Hillsdale county.

Mr. John Holcroft, SuperiDtecdent of the Woodville Coal
Mine, famished me with numerous data, and other facilities,
while investigating the coal formation of Jackson county.

Mr. C. E. HoToy, Superintendent of the Eagle Plaster Co., of
Grand Rapids, provided me with a liberal quantity of samples
of the crude and manufactured gypsum, including some oma-
meatal vases.

Capt Maiden, Keeper of the light house at Thunder Bay Isl-
and, furnished me with some interesting specimens from the
Huron Group. Ho is now engaged in a series of meteorological
and tidal observations of great importaucc.

I am under obligations to very many of our citizens for ac-
companying me on my explorations, and conveying me to local-

b

34 REPOBT OF THB

ities of interest, among whom, in addition to names already
introduced, I may mention Hon. L. H. Parsons and Alexander
McArthnr, Esq., of Gomnna; Benjamin 0. Williams, Esq., of
OwosBO; Adam L. Roof, Esq., Lyons; James Scribner and J.
W. Windsor, Esqs., Grand Rapids; H. S. Clubb, Grand Haven;
William Walker, Jackson; Mr. W. N. Carpenter, Detroit; 0, H.
Wbittcmore, Tawas City; J. K. Lockwood and Mr. Mel-
ville, Alpena; the sons of Thomas Crawford, Presque Isle coun-
ty; James Francis, Drummond's Island; Commissioner S. P.
Mead, Sanlt; Langdon Hubbard, Willow Creek; J. V. Carmer,
Napoleon; John Manning, London; Prof L. R. Fisk, Lansing.

Boxes of specimens have been transmitted by C. D. Randall,
Esq., Cqidwater ; Hon. L. H. Parsons, Corunna ; J. H. Holcroft^
Woodville ; Wm. 8. Sizer, Esq , Jackson ; W. S. Brown, Grand
Ledge ; Dr. G. A. Lathrop,«EaBt Saginaw ; Hon. I. P. Chrit-
tiancy, Moproe ; Francis Crawford, Esq., Detroit.

During the first season of the survey, the work was materially
aided by the free passes granted to Dr. Miles and myself over
the Michigan Southern, the Central and the Detroit & Milwaukee
Railroads. The latter road voluntarily tendered the same ap-
preciative acknowledgement of the importance of our labors
during the present season ; and I am happy here to allude to
the great courtesy that has at all times been exhibited by its
officers.

I should not forget to acknowledge the indebtedness of the
survey to the newspaper press of the State, for numerous notices
of a friendly character, calculated to awaken and increase the
popular interest in the work. Among the notices which have
met my eye, I am pleased to mention those of the Michigan Ar»
gii8 and SkU€ News, Ann Arbor ; the Commercial, Monroe ; Pat-
riot, Jackson ; Clarion, Grand Haven ; Herald, Mackinac ; Tri-
bune, Advertiser, Free Press and Farmer, Detroit; Enquirer,
Eagle and Oreai Western Journal, Grand Rapids ; Register, Hol-
land ; Courier, East Saginaw ; Republican, Lansing ; Citizen,
Flint ; Gazette, Pontiac.

It would be impracticable to enumerate all the acts of hoapi«

STATE GEOLOGIST. 86 ,

bditj rcMired from our citizens; and it vonld be Klmost super-
flaons to 8ay that we have been everywhere received with •
welcome, and farnished with every poaaible facility in fnrtiwr-
ance of oar labors.

I cannot snS'er the sppertnnity to pass without warning oar
citizens against lending too crednlous an car to the representa-
tions of the selfstyled "geologists," itinerating amongst ns.
Traveling nnder the cloak of science, they take pains to keep
out of the way of those who would detect the imposition; and
instead of informing themselves truly of the geological struc-
ture of the State, prowl around the frontiersef civilization, and
live upon the falsely excited hopes of a people toe ready to
believe that every gravel hill conceals a mine of wealth. This
class of men lead their deluded followers over mounds of drift
materials, they explore clay banks, they dredge the lakes, and if
perchance a stray nodule of kidney ore is f«und, they proclaim
tiie discsvery of a mine of biematite; a piece of black shale
tarns up, and the country is rich in coal; they discover a green
streak upon a fragment of liinestonc, and lol copper is promised
to be forthcoming in unlimited quantities. I have seen too
much of this scientific quackery to allude to it with forbearance.
Let the people bear it in mind, that it is not every man who
styles himself a geologist who is worthy of being trusted io a
geological opinion. The questions which these men attempt to
decide, are the very ones most difficult for an acknowledged
expert to pronounce upon. They are the last conclusions of a
genera) and scientific survey. How can a stranger drop down
in our State, without a line of knowledge of our peculiar geol-
ogy, and be at once a safe adviser in important mining or qnar-
lying enterprises. Even the man well versed in general geology
may oft«n be at fault among our formations; but most of the
class of persons referred to, possess neither local nor general
information. It seems unnecessary to multiply words upon the
•abject. Trust no "geologist" or "professor" whose creden-
tials are not known; none who clothe their actions with an air
of tuyatery, and bint at things which they do not plainly state.

36 REPORT OF THE

who make large pledges with small security for their perform-
ance, and have no visible means of support but what their
splendid promises draw from a succession of dupes.

The act establishing the survey provides for the distribution
of duplicate specynens to the University, the Agricultural Col-
lege, and such other public institutions as the Governor may
designate. Under these provisions, the following institutions
have been designated as depositories of suites of specimens,
viz.:

BT LEGISLATFVE ACT.

1. The University, Ann Arbor.

2. The Agricultural College, Lansing,

BY EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENT.

8. Mechanic's Society, Detroit,

4. Scientific Institute, Flint.

6. Lyceum of Natural Histoiy, Orand Rapids,

6. TouDg Men's Literary Association, Kalamazoo,

7. Young Men's Society, Detroit,

8. Young Men's Christian Association, Library and Reading
Room, Adrian.

9. The Normal School, YpsUanti.

Such an extended distribution of the specimens of the sur-
vey must necessarily awaken a very general interest in the
energetic prosecution of the work, and the creditable elabora-
tion of the final results. It is quite obvious, however, that
this requirement multiplies the pb^^sical labors of the field geol-
gist, who is often called upon to carry many pounds of stones
for miles, oveivrocky and slippery beaches, or through tangled
cedar forests, in an unending confiict with musquitoes and flies,
under circumstances calculated to excite commiseration. By
thus increasing the amount of field work, it delays the comple-
tion of tl.e survey. Still, there can be no doubt that the in-
terests of the State will be best subserved by the plan proposed,
even should its execution necessitate the outfit of a special
party of collectors.

STATE GEOLOGIST 87,

Daring the year 1859 no special attention was devoted to
the Botany of the State, for the reaBon that the flora of the dis-
tricts then under surrey was already pretty well underatood.
All species before unobserved, all peculiarities, and some local
floras were, however, noted. In the explorations of the present
season, it was deemed desirable to attach a special botanical
assistant to the party. Combining the observations made
dnring the past two seasons, with notes ke[ t by myself for
several years past, I am able to present, with the aid of the
Univei-sity Herbarium, and Wright's Catalogue, heretofore pub-
lished, a pretty complete list of the indigenous plants of the
Lower Peninsula. It has not been deemed advisable to attempt
to catalogue the plants of the Upper Peninsala, as the list
would necessarily be defective, and it is hoped that the oppor-
tunity will be presented for completing it, next season. For
local information respecting many of onr plants, I am indebted
to Miss Mary Clark, of Ann Arbor.

For information respecting the progress and state of the
zoological survey, I would refer you to the Report of the State
Zoologist.

The question is often asked when the survey will bo comple-
ted. It is obvious that the answer to this question will depend
entirely upon the action of the Legislature, in providing for a
more or less thorough execution of the work ; and upon tbe
number of persons kept in the field. A continuance of the same
provisions which have been made for the past two years, would
enable na to extend the survey over the whole territory of the
State, in the manner in which it has been commenced, and to
furnish the final report ready for publication in three years more.
It would be much better, however, to increase the number of sur-
veying parties somewhat, with the view of effecting a more de-
tailed examination of the unsettled portions of the State, as
well as the districts which llo along the probable outcrops of
those formations which possess considerable economical impor-
tance. It will not be necessary to mnltiply tbe zoological obsei^
vations to the same extent as the geological. It is Dot neo-

88 REPORT OF THE

essar; to identify each Bpccics of animals at every point within
the limits of ils general distnbution ; while, for the determine
tion of llic limits of the formations, this Tt-ry minutencsa is indis-
pensable. Moreover, the roving habits of animalu bring a large
proportion of them under tho notice of an observer who does
not go out of his own township, while rocks must be visHed in
their places. It may not be amiss to state with reference to the
natnre of zoological field work, that a single industrious collec-
tor, employed at small compensation, would be able in one sea-
eon to accumulate large stores of specimens from the remoter
portions of our State. The same remark is true of botany.
The elaboration of the materials thus collected must, of conree,
be confided to the ablest bands.

It will remain for the legislature to decide upon what scale
the prosecution of the survey shall be continued. I cherish the
hopo, however, that provision may be made for the creditable
completion of the field work, within the space of two or three
years. So far as the geological work is concerned, I deem it
deeirablo to have parties engaged, during the next season, upon
the exploration of the following districts:

Ist A party upon the south shore of Lake Superior;

td. A party uponjthe shores of Lake Michigan, as far as ou-
explored;

id. A party[^in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula.

Tho pertonnet required for sach a prosecution of the work,
besides the geologist in charge of the survey, would be as
follows:

One Chemist and Mineralogistj

One Draughtsman;

Two Assistants, capable of leading parties;

Three Sub-Assistants;

Six Laborers and Boatmen.

Zoological and Botanical Collectors could be attached to the
parties thus organized, with little additional expense.

I desire to close this chapter of my report with an appeal to
all of our citizens to co-operate with the itatc Geologist in ev-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 8»

erj poBitiblc way Evcrj spGciini.-n or item of tnrormation wilt
be thaiikfuliy recc;ived. Proprietors and managers^ of important
enterprises, liavc. in Bomc iostanccs, greatly miE taken tlieirtrne
interests, in failing to furnish the data sought for, even by re-
peated applicatiima. No authority is coDsidered more reliable
than a State Geological Report, on the value and extent of the
mineral resources of a particular lucality or district; and the
interests of proprietors of mineral locations, require them to
•ee that every evidence of the value and productiveness of their
locations is placed in the poBsession of the State Geologist
Uoreover, isolated facta or specimens calculated to throw
light upon the occnrrence of any rock or minoral, in any part
of the State, especially those parts not yet explored, will alwaya
prove of interest, and, in some cases, may constitute critical
data for deciding questions in doubt.

It will be seen, therefore, that two general classes of inform
mation are desired.

1. FaiAs calculated to contribute to our knowledge of the-
eharactcrs and distribution of our rocks, with their included
minerals.

3. StatiHice showing the coodition of all mining enterpriser
and their productivenesa. This class of information embraces
every spccii'S of mauuCncture from the mineral substances of
uur rjtate. ak bticka, tiles, pottery, earthenware, pipes, fire-
bricks, concrete, moulding sand, glass, fluxes, land plaster,
calcined [ilasCer, alabaster omamonts, salt, its impurities, mar-
ble, quarry stones, quick-lime, water-lime, g^ndstones, honeSr
coal, precious stones, iron, copper, lead and other metals.

■ When the geological department is made the common depos-
itory of all such information, the way will bo opened to such ik
presentation to tlie world of onr multifarious sources of wealth
as will constitute the strongest possible attraction for settle
ment, eutorprise and capital.

CHAPTER II.

The ^olo^ical scricu in oar State is very complote fiom the
horizon of tbo oldest known rocks, to the top of the Cui'liouifcr-
OU3 System. From this point to the Glacial Drift, the funiiatioDB
observed in other p;irts of the couaty are, aa far as iiivcstiga-
tiona have extended, entirely wanting, AH that portion of the
Michigan series lyJQg above tho Miagara Gruup, ia found witiiin
the limits of the Lower Pcainaula; wlitL' tUu Niagara Group
and all rocks below, arc confined to the Upper Fuuin-^utu and
the islands at the head of Lake Uui'mi.

The rockii of the Upper Penin^iiia not having as yet come
under the ubscivation of the pivseut survey, it is not deemed
necessary to refer to them at tlie present time, any further than
to show their connection with the geology of tbo contiguous
districts.

Id order to convey a clear ides of tlic superposition and lines
of oatcrop of our different rocks, it will be desirable to offer a
few words on the general conformation of the strata of the
Northwest. Although the stratitiud rocks of the country suc-
ceed each other in Regular ascending order, it must not be snp-
poaed that t^se strata always occupy a horizontal positios,
that tbcy are necessarily continuous between distant points, or
iiat any given stratum is always actually overlain by those
strata which belong'higher in the scries. The sodimonts from
which these rocks were formed, were seldom ^deposited in per-
fectly horizontal sea bottoms, but to facilitate oar explanation,
we may suppose that they were. We will suppose, also, that
one aeries of sediments was deposited upon another for tlie
■pace of many agea, and forming a thickness of several thoo-

42 REPORT OF THE

sand feet. Wc have thus the materialB for several geological
formations, each with its own mineral characters, and em-
bracing the organic debris which characterized its own age.
Through some appropriate agency these sediments become
Solidified. But at length some movements begin to be expe-
rienced by the solid crust of the earth, and our horizontal strata
begin to be elevated in one place and depressed in another
Here is a dome shaped bulge, and there is a ' long ridge, rising
in some of its parts above the surface of the sea. Successive
disturbances increase the inequalities, and at length our level
sea-floor presents all the irregularities of a carpet carelessly
thrown down. By degrees the general uplift of the sea bottom
has made an extensive addition to the continent.

Thus far we suppose each successive layer of rock to be con-
tinuous over every ridge and through every valley. But now
we must consider the effect of denuding forces — those ferces
which move over the surface, and plane down the inequalities.
Whether these results are attributable to the action of the
atmosphere, frost, glaciers, powerful currents of an invading
sea, floating icebergs, or to all of these agencies combined, or
in succession, cannot here be considered. It is sufficient to
know that such forces have acted, and that all the original ele-
vations have been more or less worn down, and the rubbish
produced strewn over the general surface, tending still further
to obliterate its. unevenness. Consider what would be the
^ect of paring off the summits of the ridges and domes of up-
raised strata. The uppermost layer would be sliced througii,
and the second in order would come in sight. Then the wear*
ing would continue till the second layer would bo cut through,
and the third would appear. So, in some cases, the denudation
has continued, till thousands of feet of strata have been pared
off, and the underlying granite has been exposed ; and then this
has been planed down some hundreds of feet Glance now at
the cut edges of the strata. The lowest rock reached will be
found in the center of the dome, or along the eentral axis of
tbe ridge. If it is a dome, the overlying strata dip in all dlreo-

STATS GEOLOGIST. 43

tkma &t»D the center. If it ia a ridge, the; dip to the right and
left of the axis. This ridf^ may have been planed down to the
general level of the country. If thia is the case, we shall then,
in passing from the central line either to the right or lefl^ pass
continaaliy from lower to higher rocks, withour changing our
elevation- We ascend stratigraphically, but not topographi-
cally.

This ridge may not pursue a straight coarse. It may finally
bend round, and proceed in a direction parallel with itself. It
is obvious then, that the strata between the two portions or
branches of the ridge, form trough-shaped depressions. In
many cases all the edges of the over-lying strata arc turned
tip, and they rest in a dish shaped depression. When the
irregularity of the original elevations is considered, it is obvi-
ous that the totcropping edge of any stratum, when traced
along over the surface of the earth may pursue a very tortuous
course, or ttrike. It is also obvious that the width of the stra-
tom at the surfaca will be more, if the aurfaco cuts it very
obliquely, leas, if the surface cuts it nearly at right angles.
This depends, in other words, upon the amimnt of the dip; so
that a thick formation, by being nearly vsrticid, may occnpy a '
very narrow belt of country; while a thin one, by being nearly
horizontal, may occupy a belt several miles in width.

All this is familiarly illustrated by the lines of the "grain"
of a smoothly planed board, especially if slightly gnarly or
knotty. The knots may represent the granite, while the layers
of wood surronnding it — here apparently thin, because cat
nearly at right angles, there spreading out, bocause cut mora
ohliqnely, here running in a straight line, and there tracing a
ngzag path — may represent the layers of rock, occupying a
geological position above the granite.

These explanatory observations are here admitted, in the
hope of obviating some difficulties almost always experienced
by pcraons unversed in geology, in forming general concep-
tions of the geological structure of a particular region.

The wide int«rval between the AUegbany and the Boo^

44 REPORT OF THB

monntains was once an ocean bed, over which were strewn tho
yarious sediments that have formed the groups of rocks, which
stretch with more or less regularity from one end of this area
to the other. Geological agencies have left this ocean floor in
an undulating position; and subsequent denudation of the
higher points, has worn many holes through the upper layciB
of rock, where they have been pushed up into exposed atti-
tudes. The city of Cincinnati stands upon a dome of older
•strata, which have been uncovered by the planing off of the
higher beds; The strata dip in every direction from this vicin-
ity. Toward the north, however, the dip is least, and some-
thing of a ridge extends towards the common corner of Ohio,
Indiana and Michigan. It bifurcates, however, before reaching
that point, and the east branc^i runs up to Monroe county,
crosses Lake Erie and subsides in Canada West; while the
west branch passes across northern Indiana and Illinois, to the

*

head of Lake Michigan, and thence north-westward.

A ridge extends through Canada, along a lino nearly parallel
with the St. Lawrence, to the region north of Lake Ontario,
and thence trends northwest around the northern shores d
Lakes Iluron and Superior. The rocks around the shores of
Lake Huron dip south-west and south, away from this anci^it
axis of elevation.

It appears, therefore, that the Xiower Peninsula of Michigan
is surrounded on all sides by ancient axes of elevation; and
even if the surrounding regions do not in all cases aetuallj
occupy a higher level, we must expect to find the strata dip-
ping from all sides toward the centre. Each rocky stratum of
tho Lower Peninsula is, therefore, dish shaped. All together,
they form a nest of dishes. The highest strata are near the
centre of tho peninsula; and passing from this point in any
direction, we travel successively over the outrcropping edges
of older and older strata. The irregularities in the shape of
these dishes, will be pointed out in the sequel.

The southern part of the Upper Peninsula is covered by the
lower members of the southward dipping eeries, whose upper

STATE GEOLOGIST.

45-

members are found in the Lover Peninsula, aod whose axis of
elevation lies north of the great lakes. At Marqnette, Keewe-
naw Point, the Porcupine Mountains, and other localities, how-
ever, we find accessory axis of elevation, giving rise to dips in
TariouB directions, which will be explained on some future occa-
sion. Iiake Superior occupies a valle; between the elevations
on the north and south shores, while the other lakes rest in
troughs, which have been excavated nearly along the outcrop-
ing ed^s of some of the softer foimations. On the south, a
basin similar to that of lower Michigan, occupies the southern
part of Illinois; while, passing east from Sandusky, in Ohio,
wo begin to step over the northwestern limits of another one,
which reaches to the Alleghanies, and in the other direction
Btretches from New York to Alabama. Still further west, an-
other basin rests, with its northern border in Iowa, and its
■ottthem in Missouri.

A knowledge of these great undulations in the wide-spread
strata of the north-west, and of the effects of denudation of tbft
crests of the elevations, will aid materially, in connection with
the descriptions which follow, in giving definite ideas of the
geological structure underlying any particular portion of our
State.

CHAPTER III

The rocks wliich constitute the solid cnist of our earth mAj
be arranged into great groups according to tbe followiDg plan:
Strati n ED.

FossiliferouB.

Azoic, or uiif'oBsiliferouB.

UHlCTBATIFIEn.

Volcanic, as lava, trap, &C.

Plutonic, or Granitic, as granite, syenite, &a.
Oaologtcally speaking, the Foasilifeious strata are highar
than the Azo:c, irbilo the place of the Plutonic is geoerall; be-
low the Azoic; and the relative antiquity of these three classes
of rocks is represented by this ordar of superposition. The
volcanic rocks have burst up through the other rocks at various
periods, and the same is to some extent troa of the Plutonic —
some new granites appearing to have been formed since the
granitic Bnbstratum of the Azoic rocks was formed. The Upper
Peninsula furuishea us with abundant examples of all these
classes of rocks. After devoting a few words to the UDstrati-
fied rocks, wo shall proceed to speak of the stratified, as nearly
as possible, in chronological order, beginning with the oldest.
I._PLUT0N1C GROITP.
A belt of granitic rocks comes down from the northwest into
northern Wisconsin, and encroaches a few miles over the Mich-
igan boundary line between Montreal river and Lac Vieux
Desert. At the surface this is separated by a. belt of Azcic
rooks from another mass of granite, which is probably a oontin-
aation of tbe first, and which begins near the head waters of the
Sturgeon river, and extends east, gradually widening, until it
occupies the region a few miles back from the lake coast, all
tlis way from the Hnron river to Preaque Isle, at which two

48 REPORT OF THE

points it abuts upon the coast, reappearing again in thq Huron
islands on the west, and Granite Island on the east. Another
granitic boss rises up in the district south of the Iron Region^
and covers about twelve townships, and still others, on a small
scale, are found east of the mouth of the Machigamig river.

The rock throughout these exposures is seldom a true granite,
being composed mostly of feldspar and quartz, with occasional
intermixtures of mica in small quantity. Hornblende sometimes-
replaces the mica, and the rock becomes syenite. The plutonic
rocks on tLo south shore of Lake Superior, appear to have been
upheaved after or towards the close of the Azoic period.

II.— VOLCANIC GROUP.

A range of volcanic rocks extends from the extremity of
Keweenaw Point to Montreal river, running nearly parallel
with the lake coast, and having a width varying from two to
eight miles. About twelve miles east of Montreal river the belt
suddenly widens to about fifteen miles, sending a spur off on
the south side toward the southern extremity of Agogebic
lake. Another spur sets off north to the Porcupine Mountains.
To the east of Portage lake this belt is in reality two belts —
the ''northern" one consisting of interstratified masses of
amygdaloid, conglomerate and coarse sandstone ; the '* soutb-
em," or "Bohemian" range being a mass of crystalline trap^
About a mile north of the northern range, another narrow belt
curves round parallel with the coast from a point opposite
Manitou Island, to the eastern point of Sand Bay. The belt
called the Northern Range contains the larger number of copper
locations. These rocks were erupted during the period of the
Lake Superior Sandstone. A contemporaneous range forms the
basis of Isle Royal.*

III.— THE AZOIC SYSTEM.

An immense thickness of unfossiliferou? strata is interposed
between the crystalline rocks just referred to, andtlio Lake Su-
perior sandstone. These, in the Upper Peninsula, commence at

^FK»r iafomiitkm oooconilDg th« rocki of lake Sapertor, lee Fbstor tnd Vhitoey^iRoport.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 4t

and near the month of Chocolate river, and extend westward to
join another belt beginning a few miles sonth of Enron river.
The iBrst belt in the neighborhood of the Machigamig river,
suddenly expands towards the sonth, so that on the State
boundary the Azoic belt stretches Irom beyond Lac Vienx De-
sert to Chippewa Island, in the Menomonee river. It extends
thence westward through Wisconsin and to the sources of tba
Uississippi. The rocks of this system consist in Michigan of
talcoee, chloritic and silicious slates, quartz, and beds of marble.
The' silicious slate, becomes, near Marquette, a novacnlite, from
which hones have been mannfactUTed. In this system are fonnd
the specnlar and magnetic iron ores of Lake Superior, as well
as of Pilot Knob, and perhaps the Iron Mountain, in MisBonrl,
the Adirondacks of New York, and other localities. This series
of rocks attains an enormous thickness on the northern shores of
Lakes Superior and Huron; and Sir Wm. Logan, the Director of
the Canadian Geological Survey, has decided that the^ cousti-
tnte two great systems, unconformable with each other, the
npper of which he' styles the Suronian scrice and the lower the
LaurejUian* The Bruce, "Wellington, and neighboring mines,
are located in these rocks, and are worked for the orea of coiy
per; while the Lake Superior mines are located in veins which
belong to the age of the trap, and are worked for native copper.

IV.— F03SILIFER0US STRATA.

I. — LOWER EILCBUM STBTEH.

1. — Lake Superior Sandstone.
The reddish, yellowish, grayish or mottled sandstone, fonnd
along the south shore of Lake Superior has, by different wri-
ters, been assigned to diflerent geological periods; but the
weight of authority is decidedly in favor of placing it at the
base of the Paleeozoic series, and on the horizon of the Potsdam
Sandstone of New York. Further examinations will undoubt
p. M-, UM, p. in.

60 REPORT OF THE

edlj rcHult in the discoTcry of data which will scttlo bcjond
cavil this long mooted question.

The examinations of the past season have found this sand-
stone in place at the Falls of the St Mary's river, where it has
a measured thickness of at least 18 feet. It is hero thin bed-
ded,, moderately coherent, reddish and blotched with gray, or
grayish blotched with red. It presents evidence of having been
deposited on an uneven sea bottom, and in shallow wat«r. We
find local undulations, and very distinct ripple marks. On some
of the surfaces are obscure traces of AlgoB. On some specimens
from the Montreal river, not less than three species of fossil
plants have been discovered ; ** sun cracks'' are also frequent.
This sandstone is believed to underlie the whole of Sugar Isl-
and, and the northern extremity of Sailor Encampment Island.
On the Canada shore, opposite the Neebish Rapids, an altered
sandstone is found, which apparently belongs to the same for-
mation. It is of a light gray color blotched with reddish pur-
ple spots, and having a rapid dip S, 55^ W. It is intersected
by nearly vertical divisio:.al planes, running at right angles to
the dip. Near the northwestern extremity of St. Joseph's Isl-
and, a quartzose sandstone appears^ striped and banded with
red along lines which appear to mark the original planes of
stratification. A little further east, rock is again seen resem-
bling that at the Neebish Rapids, and having a dip of 20^
toward S. 55*^ W. On the south cast shore of the bay which
indents the northern extremity of St. Joseph's island, a jaspery
conglomeratic sandstone is seen, rising in small rounded knobs,
possessing a general reddish color, and being destitute of o5vi-
ous stratification. The small islands at the southern angle of
the channel which separates Campement d'Ours from St. Joseph's
Island, are formed by the same rock. It will hereafter be seen
that these quartz ise and conglomeratic sandstones occur in close
proximity to fossiliferous limestones. Quartz rock is next seen
on Sulphur Island, north of Drummond's. It is slightly clouded
with reddish spots, and occurs in beds from three to six feet
thick, with shaly partings. It immediately underlies a lime-

STATE GEOLOGIST. fil

fltODC containing fi^sila in a perfect state of prcBcrvation. A
conglomerate also occurs bcrc, made up of rouuded masses of
quartz, ranging from tfac aizo of a pea to boulders many tons
in weight, all cemented tx)getfacr by a silicious limestone, not
altered, but appearing as if deposited amongst the intcraticca
and open spaces of a pile of stones and gravel.

The aolid quartzose character of the rock on St. Joseph's and
Snlphnr Islands, so unlike the conglomerate and al'cred sand-
stone of Lake Superior, seems to suggest the idea of its
being azote, and it is so colored on Foster and Whitneys
map, where, nevertbeless, it is made to appear like a prolonga*
tton of the Potsdam sandBtone of Sugar Island. The gradual
transition, however, from the unaltered Bandstone of the Sault,
to the altered sandstone of Neebish Rapids and the eitrem-
Itj of St. Joseph's Island, the quartzose sandstone and jas-
pery conglomerate of the shore wcat of Campcment d'Oura,
and the quartz and conglomeri^ of Sulphur Island, fa-
vors the idea of the equivalency of the sandstone aud quarts-
oae rocks. The superposition of fossilifurous limestone, at
Sulphur Island (probably the Chazy limestone) immediately
upon the quartzite, favors the same iufcreuce, inasmuch as
there is do probability that the sandstone would not be inter-
posed at this place between the Chazy and the azoic rocks.
Iforcover, the inSuence of the igneous disturbinccs which
have taken place at the Bruce mines and along the Canadian
shore but a few miles distant, furnish sufficient cause for the
alteration suggested. The Canadian geologists have frequently
recognized the Potsdam sandstone in a similar condition.
2. — Cfdctferoua Sandstone.
Though this formation, as just stated, is not recognized to
the east and south of St. Mary's Falls, it is thought beat to em-
brace it in the enumeration, since it is represented as playing
an important part in the geology of the countiy west of St
Ifary's river.

58 REPOBT UF THE

3. — Trenton Oroup,

Tlie gray silicious limestone seen resting on quartz on Sul-
phur Island, north of Drunimond's, is regarded as the lowest
fossilifcrous limestone within the limits which have come under
observation. On the south and south-east sides of Copper Bay,
in Montreal Channel, is observed a series of limestones sup-
posed to belong but a short distance higher up. The following
fossils have been recognized from the extensive collectionB
made along this shore. I have not the time at present to
classify them stratigraphically ; nor would such particularity
comport with the scope of the present report. They are re-
ferred to their localities:

At 158, Rhynchondla plena.

At 160, in fragments on the beach, SubtUUes elongahis, Cy^
pricardites ventricostLSf Murchisonia bicincta.

At 162 A.=d. in the Synoptical Table, next chapter, Bhytb-
choneUa plena^ Rhynchondla aUilis^ Strophomena (n, tp.)

At 163=162 F.=upper part of 110 D., Schizocrinus, LepUsna
suHenia, Svbulites elongaiuSf Cypricardites ventricosus, PluroUh
maria Bubconica, BhynchoneUa plena, Asaphus gigaa.

At 164=162 B., Strophomena camerata.

At 166, (not in place) Bhynchonella plena, Tetradxum CellW
lo8um.

At 169, the north-eastern extremity of the headland on the
south-east side of Copper Bay, LeperditiafabulUea, Leptasna siUT
tenia, Dalmannites caHicepholus, Ambonychia amygdalina, Stropho^
mena pHicifera, Cypricardiles (sp f), Asaphus gigas, Orthoceras^
aneUum (f) Pleurotomaria siCbconica, Illcenus, Subulilea n. «p,
Cypricardiles ventricom, Murchisonia, (sp ?) Orlhis bdlirugoea,
0, trisenana.

At 171, Strophomena JUitexta, Receptaculites

At 185, BhynchoneUa plena, Orthis (resembling O^pecHndlOf
but distinct).

At 186, Strepteloisma corniculum*

* The region from which the foregoing fossils were obtained, is colored on Foster and
Whitney's map, as lying along the northern margin of the Calciferous 8a&dston§ belt. For
identiflcaikms of species I am under great obligations to Prof. Ball.

STATE OEOLOaiST. &S

The Treaton Oronp of rocks forms a belt about four miles
-wide, extending west-northwest across St Joseph's Island, le-
i^peariug in the high blufis opposite Little Sailor Encaa^)-
ment Island, and extending thence across the middle of Oreat
Sailor EDQampment Islaiui From here it stretches west in a
gradnally widening belt, which, bending round to the south-
west, lies with its southern border on the west shore of Little
Bay de Koqnet and Green Bay, whence it continnes across
Wisconsin into northern Illinois.

i. — Hudson Eiver Group. *

On the north side of Dmmmond's Island are found scune
highly argillaceous limestones abounding in the fossils charac-
teristic of the Hudson Hirer Group of New York. These are
first seen about three miles west of Pirate Harbor, and extend
thence aronnd the coast to the point of land north of the bay
which indents the north-west side of the island, thus occnpyii^f
ft belt about three miles wide. A large proportion of the fos-
sils seen are Bryozoa, which have not yet been stndied. Che-
taiet lycoperdon is exceedingly abundant. FavisUila atdlata
occurs in prodigious masses and great numbers, (at 781, 186,
188.) At 781 (A) is an Ambonychxa not yet identified. The ar-
gillaceous strata are about fifteen feet thick, and underlain by
a bluish gray, subcrystalline limestone, of which three feet
were obserred.

This group forms a belt about four miles wide across St.
Joseph's Island, a little south of the middle, then, intercepting
the sonthem extremity of Great Sailor Encampment Island,
stretches westward along the south side of the region covered
by the Trenton Group, and occupies the space between Big and
LittleBaya de Koquet. Passing under the whole length of Green
Bay, it reappears at the southern extremity, Qud continues in
the direction of Winnebago and Horicon lakes, in Wiecousiu.

All round the circuit which is thus traced, the dip of the
formation carries it under the lower peninsula of Michigan. It
does not emerge on the southern side of the peninsula, being
overlain by the four groups next described, but dips dawn

16 .SEPOBT OF TQE

from its occurrence on the Niagara river. It reaches here an
elevation of nearly 100 feet above the lake, and dipping
southward sinks beneath the water on the south shore of
the island. This assemblage of strata embraces a band five
feet thick of highly arenaceous limestone, at bottom, overlain by
seven feet of a hard, gray crystalline limestone, which furnishes
an excellent quality of quicklime. This is overlain by forty-
five feet of a rough, crystalline, geodiferous limestone, followed
upward by /eight feet of broken thin-bedded limestone, and six
feet of rough vesicular limestone. The white, massive, marble-
like, magnesian limestone, twenty feet thick, occupying the
aouth shore of the island, is still higher ; und the series is comr
pleted by about six feet of thin bedded brown limestonei
abounding in FavosUea niagarejisis, HalysUes eacharoidea, Eduh
Ues apinipora, &c. The thicker masses ai:e eminently charao^
ierized by FerUamerif while not one has been found in the Clin-
ton Group. The total observed and measured thickness of
these rocks does not exceed one hundred f^et, and it is doubtful
whether the dip of the strata across Drununond's Island would
give them a calculated thickness much greater. The rocks
which emerge from the water on the south side, preserve a
gentle and pretty uniform rise to the top of 'the escarpment at
Marblehead, and west of there. Only the uppermost, thin-
bedded layers seen on the south shore, are wanting at Marble-
head.

The economical qualities of this limestone, so far as I am
awAre, have not been reliably tested. The large per centage
of carbonate of magnesia contained in the heavier beds, renders
them a pretty well characterized dolomite, AccordiDg to the
researches of Yicat, this proportion of carbonate of magnesia,
mixed with about 40 parts of carbonate of lime, poss€l9se;8
hydraulic properties; and only a few hundredths of clay are
required to be added, to produce the strongest hydraulic cement.
It is not at all unlikely that somewhere upon the shores of
Drummond's Island a good hydraulic limestone may be found
compounded by the hand of nature.

STATE OEOLOQIST. M

At Bereral pointa on the south shore of the isUad, the thick
strata above the PentameruB b«da, appear well calculated for
architectural uses. The rock is highly crystalline, hard and
white, with occasional stripes and blotches of a rose color, and
can be conveniently procured in blocks of any reqairad aise.
It is not at all unlikely that qnarriaa may be opened which will
fuinish a stone sufficiently homogeneous to be used for orna-
mental purposes. For rough, substantial masonry, there is no
rock in our State which is more worthy of attention; and when
once developed, there will be no building stone of equal excel-
lence half as accessible to our people.

This ^oup of rocks occupies the southern pinion of the
Manitonlin chain of islands to the east and aoiitli cast of Druui-
mond's, underlying the peninsula between Georgian Bayuud
Lake Huron, and stretching tlience to llamilton, in Canada
West, crossing the Niagara river bulweun Grand Inland and
Lake Ontario, and foiming at Lockpui i, iu New Yoi k, the quarry
stpne which has been sent a tboububd miles to build the steps
at the St. Uary's Ship Canal.

Toward the west the Niagara Group occupies the whole
ahore as far aa Point Detour of Lake Michigan, except the
promontory, west of Mackinac, Continuing south-west, it
forms the Potawotomie Islands, and the peninsula between
Oreen Bay and Lake Michigan, the coast of which it does not
leave until it reaches the neighborhood of EvanatAn, near Chi-
cago.

1. — Onondaga Sail Oroup.

On the east aide of Little St Martin'a Island, north of Mack-
inac, is seen at the anrface of the water a mass of gypseous
mottled clay, conatitutiag the lowcat beda of the Onondaga Salt
Oroup of New York. On tho main land west of Mackinac the
clays again appear, and in the vicinity of Little Pt. anx Ghene
they are seen inclosing numerous moasea of aggregated crya-
tala of brown and gray gypaum. From the latter locality sev-
eral ahip loads were at one time aent off, but the business was

6S REPORT OF THE

interrupted by tho death of one of the proprietors, and has not
since been resumed.

At a higRer level, we find at the base of Mackinac, Round
and Bois Blanc Islands, as well as at Sitting Rabbit on the
main land west, a fine, ash colored argillaceous limestone, con*
taining abundant acicular crystals, and becoming in the lower
part banded with darker streaks of aluminous matter, and
resembling the water limestone of this group in New York.
Above this, at the west end of Bois Blanc Island, are found
three feet of calcareous clay or marl; while still higher and
immediately underlying the rocks of the next group, occurs at
all the above localities, a fine-grained, brown limestone. No
fossils have been discovered in this group, in the northern part
of the State.

Prom the region' just referred to, this belt of xpcks passes
under the bed of Lake Uuron, reappearing on the Canada shore
letween the river Au Sauble and Douglass Point. It thence
extends to Gait, in Canada West, and crosses the Niagara
river south of Grand Island. On the west, it parses in a simi-
lar manner under the bed of Lake Michigan, and barely makes
an outcrop in the vicinity of Milwaukee, whence it has not
been certainly distinguished from the associated limestones of
the Clinton, Niagara and Helderberg groups, the entire assem-
blage being commonly known as the " Clifl' Limestone."

No other outcrop of rocks of this group has heretofore been
known in our State. I have now, however, to announce the
existence of the Onondaga Salt Group in Monroe county, in the
south-eastern corner of Michigan. My attention was first at-
tracted by the peculiar character of the limestones at Mont-
gomery's quarry, in the south part of the township of Ida. At
this place I found the characteristic acicular crystals in great
abundance, in a light, thin-bedded, fine-grained, argillaceous
limestone; and discovered also, some beds of the brownish
banded argillaceous rock forming the water-limestone of tho
group. At this place occur the only fossils yet detected in the

STATE GEOLOGIST. 6»

group JD this Stftte. The; cODBist of a tnrritcd gasteropod
(Laxonema Boijdiif) and an obscure Cjtitbopbylluid cor&L

Tlie group was again recognized at the bead of Ottawa Lako,
in the south western part of the count;, and again at numer-
ona points in the bed of Otlcr Creek, in Iho eastern part of tho
connl;. The deepest of the Plnmb Creek quarries, bwo' miles
eonth of Uonroo, have penetrated tho aamo formation and re*
vealcd marked and satis factor; characters.

Since making the above observations, I have been informed
of the discover; of gypsum at Sylvania, in Ohio, just beyond
the State line, and am led to regard this as confirmatory evi-
, dence of the distinct existence of this gronp in the southeastern
part of oUr State. It might not be too much to allege that the
gypsnm exported from Sandusky, probabl; holds a position in
tho same geological horizon.

The economical importance of the Onondaga Salt Oronp of
rocks is very gieat. It is the source of all the salt and gyp-
sum of the State of New York, and supplies at Gait, in Canada
West, a beatiful stone for building pnrposcs. In our own State
it has been already shown to contain gypsuro in workable
quantities on the shores of the Upper Pcuinaula, near Little
Pt. au Chcno. Tho occnrrcnco of gypsum at Sanduak; and
S;Ivania, in Ohio, justifies tho search for it in Monroe count;.
The localities most favorablo fur exploration ate those already
mentioned, viz.: the deepest excavations at Montgomery's
quarry, the Plumb Creek quairies, those at tlie head of Ottawa
Lake, and the gorges of Otter Creek.

Some indicatiims likewise exist, of tho saliforous character
of this foimation, in Michigan. Occasional salt springs occur
in Monroe count;, far beyond the outcrop of the salifcrous sand*
stones of tho center of the Slate. Tho most notewonliy of
these is 4J miles south of the Raisinville quarries, in tho
township of Ida. An Artesian well sunk at Detroit in 18S9-30,
after passing through 130 feet of unsolidifiod materials, and'
120 feet of compact limestone, passed 2 feet of gypsum con*
taining salt. On the opposite sido of the State, according to-

40 BEPOBT OF THE

information forniBhed by Dr. Miles, is a strong and copious salt
49pring, located upon Harbor Island in the west arm of Grand
Traverse Bay. This is now overflowed by the waters oi the lake,
bat tradition says that the Indians formerly manufactured salt
at this place, when the water was several feet lower. It ap«
pers quite possible, therefore, that borings which should pene-
trate this group of rocks might be rewarded by a profitable
supply of brine.

One other suggestion may be made in connection with the
economy of this group. The brown and banded argillaceous
limestone, which, in Monroe county, generally occurs in the
deeper parts of the quarries, may, on trial, be found to produce ,
a valuable water lime. The trial, if never made, should, by all
means, be undertaken. Even should this experiment fail, the
hydraulic character imparted to the quicklime manufactured
from this rock, or from rock with which this is mixed, must add
materially to the cementing properties of the lime, provided
it is used with reference to the peculiar nature of hydraulic
cements.

in. — DEVONIAN SYSTEM.

8. — Upper Helderherg Group,

In the lower part of the cliffs known as Chimney Rock and
Lover's Leap, on the west side of Mackinac Island, is seen a
cherty and agatiferous conglomerate, irregularly disposed, but
pretty persistent. On the main land west, close to the water's
edge, and beneath the brecciated mass^ presently referred to, is
found a better characterized conglomerate, a few feet in thick-
ness. These beds, occupying the place of the Oriskany Sand-
stone of New York, and corresponding to it in lithological
characters, as *seen at some of its exposures, may not improb-
ably be regarded as representing that formation. The uncer-
tainty of the identification, however, prevents me from giving it
a distinct place in the enumeration of our strata.

Above this curious conglomerate, rises one of the most
remarkable masses of rock to be seen in this or any State.

STATE GS0L9QIST. n

The wall characterized limeBtonea of the Upper Helierbe^
OroDp, to the thickness of S50 feet, exist in a confnaedl; breo-
oiated condition. The individual fragments of the mass are
angular and seem to have been but little moved from Iheir
orig;inaI places. It appears as if the whole fonuation had been
shattered b; sudden vibrations and nneqnal uplifts, and after-
wards a thin calcareous mud poured over the broken mass, per-
oolatiaff through all the interstices, and ro-comenting the frag-
ments.

Thia is the general physical character of the mass; but ih
many places tbe original lines of atrati6cation can be traced,
and individual layers of the formation oan be seen dipping at
▼ariouB angles and in all directions, sometimes exhibiting
abrupt flexures, and not unfrequcntly a complete downthrow of
15 or 30 feet. These pbcnomena were particularly noticed at
' tbe cliff known as Robinsou's Folly.

In the highest part of the island, back ol Old Fort Holmes,
tbe formation is much less brecciated, and exhibits an oolitic
character, as first observed- in the township of Bedford, in
Monroe county. The principal part of Round and Bois Blanc
Islands is composed of tbe brecciated mass. It forms the
promontory west of Mackinac, which, on the north side, sinks
abruptly b? tbe low outcrop of the Onondaga Salt Group,
stretching across from the Hare's Back to Little Pt. an Chen*.
It is seen again in the vicinity of Old Mackinac, but it evidently
, diminishes in thickness toward the south.

The elevated limestone r^ion constituting the northern poi^
tioB of the peninsula, consists of the higher members of tbe
Upper Helderberg Group, which gradually subsides toward the
south, and in the southern part of Cheboygan county, as nearly
as can be judged, ainks beneath tbe shaly limestones of the
Hamilton Group. The strike of the formation determines tbe
trend of the coast of Lake Boron, although the limestone bar-
riers to the lake are generally, at the present day, sitnated
some distance back from the immediate shore. A few mile*
Dortb-west of Adam^a Point, at Crawfbrd'a marble quarry, th»

<2 REPORT OF THE

higher members of the series abut upon tlio shore in a cliff
about seventy five feet high. At the base wo find four feet of
brown calcareous sandstone which is assumed to be next in
order above the oolitic bods of Mackinac Island. From this
point, the outcrop of the formation is traced in a ridge passing
between Grand and Long Lakes, in Presquc Isle county, and
•butting upon the shore again at a point nearly opposite Mid*
41o Island. This island is made up of fragments of the lime-
stone. Gradually subsiding toward the south, the formation at
Thunder Bay Island rises barely to the surface of the water.
On the east side of the island, in the vicinity of the light-housey
it is seen forming vertical cliffs beneath the surface of the
water. In calm weather, upon a sunny day, the yiew of theso
4Bubaqueous precipices is truly impressive. Dark gorges, gloomy
caverns and perpendicular walls are seen dimly lit by the dimin-
ishing light, until darkness cuts ofi the view, and the plummet
feels its way to the depth of ninety feet, amongst the shadows
of the ruins of an ancient ocean stream. Passing hence under
the bed of the lake, the formation emerges on The Canadian
«hore, between Douglass Point and Benson's Creek. It passes
thence in a broad belt to ihe shore of Lake Erie, which it occu-
pies between Buffalo and Long Point. Dipping toward the south-
west beneath a trough of nc^er rocks, it appears again upon
the northern shore of the lake between Point aux Pins and the
Detroit river, and passing into south-eastern Michigan, it arches
over, forming the anticlinal axis whose denudation has uncov- .
«red the Onondaga Salt Group. From this axis it dips north,
south-east and south-west, passing beneath three distinct coal
basins.

At the exposures of this group of rocks in the southern part
of the State, we find its thickness very considerably diminished.
The conglomerate, supposed to represent the Oriskany sand-
stone, has not been recognized. The thick brecciated mass is
not distinctly identifiable, though at Pt. aux Peaux and Stony
Pt, the formation is much broken up. Still the palaaontological
•characters of the rock seem rather to ally it with that part of

STATE GEOLOGIST. 6S

tho formation bocq at Thunder Bay Island. Tbo oolitic portioa
■ccn at tlie aumrait of Uackiuac laland is recognizod at several
points in Moaroo county, wbile tho &reaacoou3 strata of Craw-
ford's quarry arc repeated in a beautiful wLiio sand, derived
from the disintegration of the rock in Raisinvillo, 8 miles from
Monroe.' The whole thickness of the formation in Monroo
oounty caimot be over 50 or 60 foet from the oolitic beds to th«
Onondaga. Salt Group, while at Uackiuac the same atrat*
attain a thickness of 215 feet.

To thp wetit of Mackluac, the Helderberg limestones am
found uuderlyiog the numerous islands near the foot of Laks
Uicbigan, and foroiiiig the highlands seen a few milqa back
from the coast of the Pcuinsula, as far as Little Traverse Bay.
At the head of this bay, they aro seen forming cliffs along the
ahore. The Jiigbcst beds arc thick, light, argillo-calcareous, reg-
ularly atralificd, ubouDding in Brachiopoda, geodes and long
cylindrical cavities. At some points these beds are made up
ol a large dome shaped coral, similar to those seen at Thunder
Bay Island. A calcaroo-argillacoous, shaly layer, of a dark
gray color, one or two feet thick, separates these upper beds
from a pale buff, argillo-calcarcous, thick bedded, (isailo maas,
4 feet thick, which is underlain by 3) feet of a light dingy gray
argillo-calcarcous, porous, geodiferous mass, breaking with a
very uneven fracture. Still lower we find feet of light argil-
laceous, Gne grained limestone, resembling that of the Clinton
Group. Wo next come to a light buff liroostone, much shat-
tered, destitute of fossils, 6 feet thick, apparently representing
the brccciatcd mass about Mackinac. Finally, at the lowest
points, is seen a fight bufflimestome, banded with argillaceous
matter, and rcscmbliDg the highest beds^f the Onondaga Salt
Group.

The Hclderbcrg limestones of Michigan are well stocked
with fossil remains, which aro found not only in place, but scat-
tered with the drift to all parts of the State Probably thrce-
Gnha of all the fossils picked up from the surface of the Lower
Feninsnla — except in the immediate viciiuty of the outcrop of

«4 BSPORT OF THE

oilier foasiliferous strata — ^belong to iMs group; while more
iSban another fifth belong to the Hamilton Group, But little haA
yet been done toward the identification of the nnmerons speciefl^
in coneeqnence of the long expected, but long delayed, appeimv
ance of Pt-of. HalPH third volume on the Paledontolog^ of New
York. The highest members of the formation in Monroe county,
contain numerous ichthyodorulites and other traces of fisbei^
the most perfect of which have been furnished by Judge Ohrm-
tiancy, from his quarry near Dundee. A finely preserved spiM
from this locality, exhibits the generic characters of New-
berry's Maehosracanthuef^ except that it is solid throughout. I
have^also a traditional account of a pair of powerfully anted
fish jaws. The same quarry contains an abundance of beapti*
fully preserved TentacvUtes^ showing the telescopic structure of
the shell; a large encrinital stem, and a Oomphoceras (n. sp.),
which is found again in the highest beds of the formation at
Crawford's quarry, beyond Prcsque Isle. A little lower dowii,
in the borders of the oolitic beds, we find a RhynchoneUa (n.
sp.). At Stony Pt. and Pt aux Peaux, the formation is mucb
shattered, and embraces large concretionary masses several
feet in diameter, which easily separate in cpncentric layers.
A similar structure was afterwards seen at Thunder Bay
Island, forming domes twelve anda-half feet in diameter,
rising up through the rocky floor of the island. Here,
however, a distinct coralline structure was discovered,
which has led to the conviction that the structure at Stony
Point, is also organic. Numerous trilobites occur in the' rocks
at Monguagon, in Wayne county, among which Phacqps hufo

m

is conspicuous. Iwo or three species of Buomphalns^were seen
at Middle Island, and i very large Euomphaloid shell six or eight
inches across, has been oi tained from the west end of Lake
Erie. From Mackinac, besides Phacops hufo, Proetus (sp?) and
the other forms notiged by Prof. Hall,f I have detected only a
Cyathophylloid coral. From Little Traverse Bay, I have l^nrir

• « Fossil Ftohes from the Devwian Boclu of Ohio/' in BvOetim tf tkt jyatioml
Jan. », 1857.
fFMter k Whitney's Report, Vol. n, p. 166.

STATK GEOLOGIST. W

ftr grtgaria, Meritta, Cyrfia, (n. sp ) Aeenmba^ Damthomi
(from the limeatonci separKtiDg the Belderberg and Hamilton
Groups,) &nd numerous other fjEsile. From other parta of the
State, this group has furnisbed a Betierophon, (n. ep.) Spirifer
tuTuminOLug, (cultnjugalus,) Syringopora, ChoneUa, Pndttctiut
Atrypa reticularia, Slrophomena rugota, ^irifer dvodenaria,
Blnjf^Kmiena itemiipherica, Atrypa (n. ep ), Spirifer (peculiar for
plication in mesial sioDs) StTophodtmta (n. ep.) MerisMla, ( N.
T. Regents Rep. 1859,) and many other forms.

The formation is extensively intersected by diviaional planea;
and even in those portions not belonging to the brecciated masa
at Mackinac, is apt to be considerably broken up. The open
character of the rock permits the escape of numerous copious
■prings of fresh water, and occasionally gives rise to the sud-
den disappcaranca of streams aod lakes. Various accounts are
current, in Monroe county, of subterranean commuui cations
from lake to Jake, and even between Lake Erie and the western
part of the county. I heard it repeatedly stated, that at cer-
tain seasons of the year, Ottawa Lake passes off by sone
subterranean outlet, causing the death of all the fish which
remain, but that, on the refilling ol the lake, the water is always
accompanied by a fresh stock of fish. In Mr. James Cummins'
quarry, about five miles, in a ri^t line, north-east of Ottawa
Lake, the rock is described as cavernous and full of sink holes;
and what is remarkable, is the fact that this quarry is always
filled with water when the lake is high, aad empty when it is
low; and whenever the quarry is full, it contains bass and dog-
fish of the common species of that region.

The carious, suture-like structure so often referred to by
other geologists, is frequently met with in Michigan — two con-
•ecntive layers of rock being studded, on their contact surfaces
with tooth-like or prism-like processes which fit into correspond-
ing pits on the opposite surface. A thin film of black bituminous
matter generally prevents a perfect contact of the contiguous
surfaces. Sometimes these processes ate so little developed}

«6 REPORT OF THE

that the Hue of contact is mei'cly sigsag, or trol; BOtore-like,
wbile in other canes they become elongatsd prisms. The same
stmctQie was long ago noted in the sam* formation, in Ohio,
b; Dr. Locko.* In New York it ia found in the Niagara Lime-
stone, the Waterlime Group, aid some of the higher rocks.f
These foiTis were termed by Prof. Eaton, LignUiiea, fnm their
resemblance to woody fibre. In coniaqucnce of Mr. Vanuzem's
suggestion,! '■'"'^ ^'^'^ structure might be owing to sulphate of
. magnesia, Dr. Beck subjected to analysis a specimen from the
Niagara Limestone, and detected about 21 per _cent of carbon-
ate of magnesia.g

The limestones of this group are generally somewhat bitu-
minous, giving a brownish color and a fetid odor to the rock.
The bitumen at Christiancy's quarry in Monroe county, is BO
abundaut as to exude in the form of an sil, and float upon the
surface of the water. The bituminous exudation is very marked
in the Helderberg limestones of Northern Illinois. Black, bitu-
minous, shaly partings frequently occur betwefti the strata in
the npper part of the group.

Considerable hornstone appears in the formation at Raisin-
ville, in Monroe county, and also at Little Traverse Bay. Ca-
rious chorty concretions are very common. These sometimes
take the form of a perfect sphere, or ellipsoid of levolution, or
a gourd, aud generally reveal at the centre, traces of some or-
ganic substance. These characters are supposed to appertain
to the " cornifcrous " or upper portion of the group. At Brest,
Stony Point, Pt aux Peaux, and some other localities, th^ bro-
ken strata abound in Slrontianite, Dog Tooth Spar and Bhomb
Spar. At 3reat, Am^yst is found in limited qnantity. Some
of the cherty nodules or pebbles at Mackinac, pass to the char-
acter of chalcedony and well marked agate.

The economical importance of this group of rocks ia veiy
gn»i. They are everywhere useful for quicklime, and whan

•finoM ef Oe^Hical Sanar, Oblv, ih*. i
-^11, QHloglal Report, IV Otalrkt, N. T.
tBuirt, m DMrtot, ror ItM, p. HI.
iBtit, iamttoa «t M. X., p. m.

"»*»"*;

STATE OBOLOQIST. 61

est too remot* from BetUemente, are cvetywhere burned for tlus
parpose. Uonroe coiintj- bas loug been celebrated for the
abundance and good quality of its time. At Cbristiancy'a
qnarry, about 10,000 bushels are annually produced. The
Plumb Creek quarries, bclon Monroe, furnish a much larger
quantity. At RaiBinriUc, whcr« the outcrop of ttie limeatono
•overB about 200 acres, are 13 kilos, with a capacity of 8,540
bnahels. Supposing tfiat these kilns burn, on an average, once
in three weeks, the total amount of lime produced ia 145,180
bwhela per year. Lime is manufactured at numerous other
ptHDts in the caunty. According to statistics ou hand, the aver-
age cost of the lime at the kilns is about 5 cents ppr bushel.
It is sold for 12} cents at the kilns. Supposing tiio Plumb
Greek quarries to produce 100,000 bushels annually, and all
other kilns in the oonnty 50,000 bushels, we have an aggregate
of 295,000 bushels, which at 12} cents a bushel amounts to tit»
considerable lum of $36,973. This lime is generally pur-
chased by the farmers, who carry it in wagons to the surround-
ing country, for a distance of 30 miles. It is generally sold by
them for 25 cents a bushel, making a profit to them of $36,815
which is likewise retained in the county. The aggregate an-
nual addition to the waaltti of the county, therefore, from the
manofacture of lime alone, is $73,750.*

For architectural purposes, some portions of the Uelderberg
limestones seem to be extremely well adapted. The sills, caps
and water table manufactured at Christiancy'e quarry, have a
repatation of many years standing. They may be seen in the
court bouse in Monroe, in the new hotel, in all the new block af
stores en Washington street south of the city hall, in Wing
and Johnson's banking ofSce, and three stores in Monroe street,
Here is no stone which stands the weather better. They seem
eren to improve under the inguence of exposure. The distance
of tbe qnarry from tho railroad has, however, prevented tbeae
atones from coming into general use. During IS.'iO, twelve

mil rorUMr dclnia, tboufh tba mitwluk nn bb
all ttpori, tocaUur wUti prKtlod innnllfni ta
LB, ud iBproTmf Ite qnBllIf of tha ItaBS.

68 REPORT OF TBE

hudred feet of caps, window sills and water table were work*
od out, and about two hundred feet of doer sills. About one*
hundred and twentj cords of rou^^h stone are annually sold for
building purposes.

At Crawford's quarry, on the shore of Lake Huron, about
eighteen miles beyond Presque Isle, this limestone presentB
characters which create the hope of very interesting develop-
ments. The roek here is compact, fine-grained and handsomely
clouded by the unequal distribution of the bituminous matter,
so that polished surfaces of the general mass present quite an
elegant appearance. The large dome-shaped coral, however,
spoken of as occurring at Thunder Bay Island and Little Tra>
verse Bay, produces in the stone at this quarry a very beautiful
effect. The undulating concentric laminae, when cut by right
planes, and the surfaces polished, exhibit a beautiful agate-like
structure, the effect of which is greatly heightened by the cor-
alline disposition of the calcareous matter, and the varied dis-
tribution of the bituminous color. Should it be proved that this
sort of rock can be procured in samples sufficiently large, the
Lake Huron marble will take its place by the side of the most
highly esteemed varieties.

The agricultural capabilities of the district underlain by this
group of rocks is very great. The whole of the elevated lime-
stone region north of the line joining Thunder and Little
Traverse Bays, is capable of supporting a dense population.
The contrast noticed in passing from the arenaceous soils of the
Marshall and Napoleon Groups, to the calcareous soils of the
Helderberg Group, is very striking. The islands of Bois Blanc
and Mackinac, but especially the former, are covered with a
growth of timber, which, except the addition of a few scat-
tered ConiferaBy is a perfect reproduction of the forests of
Monroe county, and Northern Ohio. The same might have
been said of the plateau upon the Niagara limestone, extending
west from Ccntralia, on Drummond's Island. I saw here the
beech, black birch, sugar maple, and other trees growing t#
an enormous size. One birch measured 10 feet in circumfer-

STATB GEOLOGIST. 69

•Doe. Ur. Francis showeii me bore exc«IIent crops of Induui
flom, potatoes and oats.

9. — Samillon Qroup.

On the east side of Thunder Bay Island, the rocks of the
Helderberg Group are seen overlain b; a black bituminous
limestone, abounding in Atrypa reticularia, and numerous otiier
BrachiopodB allied to the types of this group. The locali^
furnishes, also, two or three species of trilobitca, a FavosUet,
a large coral allied to Aceruuiariii and some fish remains. Tfi*
rock breaks in every direction, and abounds in partings of dark
ahaly matter.

The same beds are again seen at Carter's quarry, two or
three miles above the mouth of Thunder Bay river, and here it
contains the same fossils. It is seen again on the south shore of
Little Tfaverse Bay, replete with Brachiopods and Bryozoa, and
is here eighteen feet thick. It is overlain by two feet of dark
chocolate colored, compact, argillaceous limestone, much shat-
tered, and abounding in Cyathophylloids and other corals,
which, in turn, is surmounted by 14 feet of a limestone varying
from calcarcona and crystalline to argillaceons, in beds from 2 to
94 inches thick. The whole series is completed by 6 inches of
black shale.

The exact order of superposition of all the rocks constituting
the Hamilton Group, has nowhere been observed. The bluff at
Partridge Point, in Thunder Bay, is believed to come in next
above the bituminous limestone of the localities just cited. The
rock here is at bottom, a bluisli, highly argillaceous limestone,
with shaly interlamioatioos, the whole wonderfully stacked
with the remains of Bryozoa and not a few cncriuital stems
No calices of Encnnitcs, however, could be found, except tvo
PaUremUes picked up along tbc beach, and vne Cyalhocrinoid
found in place. Above these beds, which are butfive feet tbit^
.occurs a mass of blue shale, six feet thick, calcareous in
places, and irregularly intorstratified with blue, argillaceous
limestone. It contains Bryozoa, Cyathophyllidae and Trilobitos.

to REPORT OP THE

Stni higher, is a maasive limeitone, below, filled with BrjoMtft,
EncriniteB aod Brachiopods, above, little foaailiferons, the whole,
with into rl ami n at! ORB of clay.

At the upper rapids of Thunder Bay river, still a diSerent but
entirely dctaohed eectiou was observed, and it is, aa yet, impos-
■ible to ccllocate it with the others. The same must be said of
the isolated exposure at the lower rapids. At the upper rapids
(N. E. 1 of S. W. J, sec. 1, T. 31 N., 8 E.,) on the south side of
the river, limestone is seeu in a bluff 15 feet high, dipping E.

5. E., about 5°. The whole section exposed is 25 feet, made
up as follows, from abeve;*

8. Limeetoue, bluish, flaggy 8 ft,

1. Limestone, dark gray, highly crystalline, thick bedded,

with Favoaitea, 9 ft.

i. Limestona, dark bluish, very fine grained, hard, com-
pact and heavy, with a few reddish streaks and spots,
and some cncrinital stems and shells, and a few crys-
tals of Bp&r interspersed, with occasional seams of
the same in the form of dogtooth apar. Weuld make
an eiccllant building stone, and probably would re-
ceive a fine polish, 6 ft.

6. Limestone, gray, crystallin*, thick bedded, seen in bot-

tom of river. This rock resembles fragments seen at

the highest level about the lower rapids, 2 ft.

4. An interval of no exposure. Half-a mile higher up tha

stream, ihc section ia continutd, as follows:
8. Limestone, dark, bluish-gray, fine grained, compact, in

layers 2-4 inches thick. Res«mbles the rock at the

lower rapids.

2. Clay, indurated, regularly stratified, rather dark, S} ft.

1. Calcareous shale, with fossils, forming the bed of the

The dip at this place is abnormal and evidently local. The
true geological position of the rocks must be determined by
future investigation.

The rocks of the Hamilton Group are traced from the south
■bore of Little Traverse Bay to near the outlet of Grand Tra-
Terse Bay, At some of the exposures Spiri/er mucronatus is
recognized in great abundance, though by far the most abund-
nat Brauhlepod is Atrypa reticvlaria.

•tn all Uk KCttsu llTHi tn (hli Rsport, Ui> DnD11»rlB| [rocMdi frmn baloii.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 11

The Hamilton Group Be^bi's to pta; a very importaot part in
the ^ology or tbe northern portion of the peninaula, bat in the
Bonth«m part of the State it has not yet been satisfactoril/
identifivd From Thunder Bay it pasws under the bed of Lake
Huron, and reappears npon the Canada shore, between Bea-
Bon'B Oreek and Cape Ipperwasb or Kettle Point. From here,
aa nearly as can be ascertained fronf the leporta of tbe Can-
adian surrey, it passes southward in a belt about ten milea
wide to the south-eastern part of the county of Lambton, where
it is met by another outcropping belt, extending east from the
shores of Lake St Clair. The united belts fill a trough in the
Helderberg limestone, which extends east to the shore of Lake
Erie between Point auz Firs nod Long Point, whence it crosses
the lake, and reappears in Ohio.

The branch which comes in from the direction of Lake St.
Clair, osght to be recognized ia tbe southern pari of our penin-
sula, but though we have hero a groat thickness of argillac«oiU
stratA, they are supposed to belong rntber to the group above
than to this one. It seems, at any late, pretty obvious thatthe
eminently fossiliferous limestones of Thunder and Little Tra-
rerse Bays, do not reach t.ie latitude of Detroit, a fact whloh
accords with the grf^at attenuation of the Helderberg lime-
stones, in the sani': uii-ectisn.

In an eoonoi ncal point of viaw, the rocks «f this group hare

not been Hiiuwn to possess great interest. It would certainly

be will, however, to test the hydraulic properties of some of

tbe argillaccoHs limestones of Thnnder Bay.

10. — Suron Group.

At Sulphur Island, in Thunder Bay, not more than a mile
east south-east from Partridge Pt., ia found a black bituminous
slate, which is believed to overlie the fossiliferous clifia at the
latter place. No undisturbed strata aro seen on the Island,
which consists of a mass of fragments rising a few feet above
the water. These slates or shales burn with considerable free-
dom, and it is stated that a combustion started from camp fires
has, in several instauces, continued spontaneously for many

1i RBPOfiT OP THB

montiiB, in ono'caie 16 moutliB. Thicindere resulting from these
firea are atill ver; coneptcuous. TbcM shales furnish no foasils,
except a few vegetable impresBionB resembling a Calamiiee, and
some very indistinct impressions of shells. Pyritoua Lodulea and
septaria are quite common. Oapt. Maiden, of Thunder Bay
laland. gave me a specimen of the lattcj-, in the tihape of a verjr
oblate ellipsoid, 14 incHos in its greater diameter and 8 in the
Iflsser.

At Squaw I't., on the main land south of the inland, near the
residence of the old Indian Chief, Zwaiinu Quaddo, the black
slates are found in place, in a cliflT 10 feet high. The exposed
surfaces are very much discolored by oTcide of iron.

On the opposite side of the State the black shales are seen at
the south-east extremity of Mucqua Lake, in £mmet county; on
the north aide of Pine Lake, (sec. 3, T. 33 N., 7 W.); near the
<ratlet of Grand Traverse Bay, (sec. 8, T. 83 N., 9 W.), and a
fow miles south of there,4Lnd again near the head of Carp
Lake, in Lcelanaw county. The greatest observed thickaesa in
this part of the State is 20 ftet .

On the east shore of Grand Traverse Bay, nearly opposite
the north end of Torch Light Lake, is a bed of green shale oc-
onpying a position above the black sliale. It is rather a soft,
semi-iu dura ted clay, traversed by bands of lighter color, appar>
ently calcareous.

No rocks have anywhere been seen reposing upon the bla<^
or green shales.

From Sulphur Island, in Thunder Bay, the I'lack shales pass
under the bed of Lake Huron toward the south-east, and
emerge at Cape Ippcrwash, on the Canadian shore, from here
they are traced t > the township of Mosa, in Middlesex county,
and, from their occurrence at Eniiiskillen and other localities in
the vicinity, they may be regarJfd as (coiipying the triangle
embniccd between the two bi-lts of Hamilton nicks, before
referred to, and the National boundary line. This tiiangle
would be the thinning out corner of the great basin which
forms the Lower Peninsula of llichigau.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 18 .

Tbcae ehales, at EiutUkilleii, Bear Creek and neighborisg
localities in Canada, become the suurce of large quantities of
petroleum; and there is little doubl that the mineral oil of Obio
U derived from the same formatioa."' These shales, and the
great mass of less bituminous shales Ijiof; above them, contain
a vast amount of vegetable or animal matter, the source ol the
rock oils. This oil is eliminated by a slow Hpontaccous distil-
lation, and rises up and saturates the overlying porous sand-
stone rocks, in which, in Ohio and Pennsylvania, it is found by
boring.

Does the tock oil exist in Michigan? The oil bearing rocks
of Enniskillen, are but an elbow of a formation which belongs
properly to the Michigan side of the boundary line. The oil
producing shales unquestionably dip under our State, and are .
not far from the surface tliroughout St Clair, Oakland, lilacomb,
Sanilac and Huron counties But are they overlain by a
porous sandstone capable of becoming the reposilory of the
products of the spontaneous distillation of the oil, or are they
overlain by argillaceous strata which would prove completely
impervious to the ascent of volatile mattcrsf In the present
state of our knowledge this question cannot be satiefactonlj
answered, hut the indications are not aliogether favorable.
Nevertheless it is well known that at several points in St. Clair
county evidences of bituminous exudations exist, and streams
ol inflammable gas have escaped fiom the earth; moreover, an
overlying sandstone does not seem to be everywhere an essen-
tial condition to the accumulation of oil. In the present stale
of the case there seems to be sufGcicnt encouragement to em-
bark in explorations on a cautious scale.

ihc strike of the black bituminous shales beneath the bed of
the lake, from Thunder Bay to Kettle Point, must pass several
miles to the east of Point aux Barques. It follows, therefore,
that the shales and flagstones occurring along the shores of
Huron pounty and dipping toward the south-west, must be many

J. & Nawberrr , nlnoMd

1* REPORT OF THE

feet higher than the ahalae of Tkander Bay and Kettle Point.
The Huron connty ahalas and dagstones, however, are ifie next
rocks observed in ascending order. Vot less than 180 feet of
them, are seen in Huron county, and the total thickness mast
be much greater. Tbey were penetrated 59 feet in Bntter-
worth's salt well at Grand Rapide, 189 feet in the State salt
well, and 214 feet in Lyon's well.

The greater part of this member of the groap consiste of
ahalea, which are laminated, fissile, dark blue or blackish, bitn-
minons and pyritiferons. Their exposed surfaces generally
become covered with nut, and when protected from the
weather, with an astringent efloreacence resembling sulphate of
iron. Throughouttiie whole thickness, we find occasional bands
of hard limestone and bluish, fiaa-grained, somewhat argilla-
ceous sandstone, which at many points has been mannfactored
into whetrstones, and might be used for flagging. The mere
■haly portion is surmounted by a more important mass of the
sandstone fifteen feet in thickness, from which tbe celebrated
Huron ^indstones are manufactured. The rock here is blnish-
gray, fine-grained, perfectly homogeneous, with sharp grit and
a limited amount of argillaceous matter. Between the layers
are found some sorpcntlne grooves and casts like worm tracks.
One of Utese was traceable twenty-eight inches and was thrae-
eighths of an inch in width. In one fragment tho pectoral Sn
•f a fish is preserved. Numerous obscure traces of terrestrial
vegetation are found between the strata, and in one place the
workmen opened a cavity from which they took out a bushel of
good bituminous coal— a discovery which was immedatcly fol-
lowed by a fever!

The junction between the gritstones and underlying sbales,
is finely seen at the old quarry, about one nile east of the
principal one, tho upper fourteen feet being sandstone, and the
the lewer six, skale. It is again seen at the mouth of Willow
Greek, where, near the saw mill, the shale rises six feet, and is
overlain by the gritstone. The latter is struck in all the wells
of the neighborhood, and forms a high ridge to the east of the

STATE GEOLOGIST. Ifi

vfllk^. Foltowing up the creek for two and a half milcB the
land is found to rise rapidly, and the banks of the creek ara in
8ome places sixty to eighty feet high. The elevation here rise^
np into the group next above.

At the light house, one mile east of Willew Creek, the fol-
lowing section is seen:

9. Shale, with inter! amiuations of sandstone 12 ft.

8. Sandstone, bluish, fine 2 ft.

7. Arenaceous ebala 2 ft.

6. Sandstone, bluish, bard, concretionary , . 2 ft.

&. Shale, very persistent, 3 in,

4. Sandstone, calcareous, hard, highly fossiliferous; con-
tains Setzia, iferisUi, QomphoceriM f'f) Glymenia, Rhi/n-
chondla, a Spirifer resembling S, mucnynaivs and S.
medialis, but distinct from both, and a large Leptee-
noid shell, 2| inches across the hinge line 2 ft.

8. Shale, 2 ft.

8. Sandetoue, hard, pyritifereua, very persistent, IJin.

1. Shale 12 ft.

The hard, projecting, pyritons layer, (2) affords an excellent
opportunity for measuring the dip of the formation, which was
found to be one and a half degrees toward the south-west.

A shftrt distance west of the light bouse occurs the most
exteusive dislocation seen south of Mackinac. In the neigh-
borhood of die distarbance, on each side, the strata exhibit
short undulations, which finally become an actual break, and
downthrow of five or six feet. Indications of a sliding move-
ment are seep in the vicinity, and the whole efiect is such as
might be produced by a lateral pressure from the west.

The gritstones of Lake Huron are destined to play an im'
portant part in the economical geology of the Lower Peninsula.
The principal quarry owned by Johnson, Pier and Wallace
(sec. 30, T. 19 N., 14 £.) is now worked over an area of
little more than four by twelve rods. Two hundred tons of
grindstones were taken out during 18&9, and I was infomed
1 y the foreman that he expected to manufacture five hundred
tons during 1860. Several stones have been finished, weighing
» too each, and on* which weighed three tons. These facta

76 REPORT OF THJli

show the soundness and homogeneous character of the for-
mation.

For flagging, and for window caps, sills and water-tables,
this stone is equally adapted. When wrought, it has much the
appearance of the Waverly sandstone. Its color is decidedlj
preferable to that of the freestone, so extensively introduced
from Cleveland, Ohio. It contains less ferruginous matter, and
is loss likely to stain.

The outcrop of the shales of this group is seen in the south-
ern part of the State, near Adrian, in Lenawee county; near
Uuion City, and again near Col.d water, in Branch county; at
Athens, Leroy, and Newton, in Calhoun county; at Mendon and
Leonidas, in St. Joseph county; and at Bangor, in Van Buren
county. There is little doubl that the low argillaceous belt of
country between Adrian and the region west of Detroit, marks
the continuation of the outcrop of the same rocks. An Arte-
4Bian well bored at Detroit 1829-30, showed the existence
of 118 feet of plastic clay overlain by 10 feet of soil and
sub-soil, and underlain by 2 feet of sand and gravel rest-
ing on solid limestone. It has already been stated that the
shales were penetrated in three of the salt wells at Grand Rap-
ids. At the well of Hon. Lucius Lyon, the boring extended
214 feet into these strata, without reaching the bottom. This
boring passed a 2 feet band of sandrock 18 feet from the top of
the shales, and a 1 foot band 50 feet from the top — the arena-
ceous element being thus shown to be much less abundant than
in Iluron county. The shales were penetrated 180 feet in the
State salt well, 3 miles west of Grand Rapids, and 59 feet in
Butterworth's well.

In Branch county the shales, or more properly clays, are
freighted with a considerable abundance of kidney iron ore,
which was formerly used, to a limited extent, in the furnace at
Union City, but found too highly charged with sulphur to
answer well.

At two localities — Leroy, in Calhoun county, and Mendon, in
St. Joseph county — tiiese argillaceous beds present the charae-

STATS GEOLOGIST. It

ter of ft black bitnminotis shale. In Mr. Canwrigbt's well, near
Coldwater, the upper part is also bitnminonB, bat soon passes
into a plastic dark bine clay, which he hna worked very extec-
siTely Id the vicinity, in the manufaclDrc of bricks. For this
nsc, the kidney iron clays are generally well adapted

No fossils have been detected in this group in the sontheni
part of the State, except a TeUina, a Solen nndisttn^iBhable
from one in the Uarshall Oronp, a Chaneteg and a QrammyKia.

The bituminous character of most of the shales of this group,
and especially of that purtion known as tiie "Black Bituminoua
Shales," has given rise to numerous misapprehensions in regard
to their geological relations, and has been the occasion of the
practice of a great amount of geol<^ical quackery The pop-
nlar opinion is, that coal mtiirf exist somewhere in the vicinity
of the black shales. The opportunity has been very many
times presented for discouraging explorations contemplated or
undertaken, under the influence of this illusion. Large tracts
of land have been secretly taken up, with the view of securing
eligibly situated coal mines. The reports so rife among the
Indians and their missionaries, of the occurrence of coal in
the neighborhood of Grand Traverse Bay, are undoubtedly
traceable to the same illusory shale. There is not the remotest
probability of the occnrreoce of coal within a hundred miles of
Grand Traverse Bay. This statement is made in full recollec-
tion of the allegation of a learned judge, that he bad seen
aitthrttcUecoal that was ssid to have been collected in that region.
One of the localities, of Indian notoriety, is at the southern
extremity of Macqua Lake, south of Little Traverse Bay. The
Indians report that they have often resorted there for f^iel, and
Uiat they have burned the cmd in their camp fires — a statement
perfectly credible if we substitute shaU for caU.

Similar misguided expenditures have been made in the same
rocks in Canada, New York, Ohb and other States.

The geological positon and equivalents of the Huron Group
of rocks, cannot jet be regarded as satisfactorily scttk^d, and
for this reason tbsy have received a prorisional, local name.

78 EKPORT OF THE

The blaek bituminous slate of Michigan bas gauerally boeu
regarded as equivalent to the " black slate" of Ohio and Indi-
ana, which is reputed to occupy the horizon of tlie Marcellus
shale or perhaps the Genesee slate of New York. The Marcel
Ins shale, however, lies below thosa New York rocks whose
equivalents arc fouud at Partridgei Point, while our black slate
lies above, more nearly in the position of the Genesee slate, or
some of the shales of the Hamilton Graup. The lithograpbical
resemblance!, as inferred from the New York Reports, seem to
give color to this identification.

With reference to the setttlement of this and simitar geolog-
ical qaestioDs, I paid a visit to several localities iu the vicinity
of Cleveland, where observations have been made by Dr. New-
berry, Prof. Hall and others Dr. Newberry accomj)anied ma
to several points and rendered me every possible assistance.
About 3 miles east-south-east froin Cleveland is an outcrop of
sandstone dipping south-east. This is at top, coarse, glistening
and somewhat mottled. Below, it becomes light colored, then
dirty reddish gray, and then highly ferruginous, with ironstone
partings. On the whole it closely resembles the sandstone of
the upper part of the Karshall Qroup. It is said by Dr. New-
berry to be 150 to 200 feet below the conglomerate. At Mecca,
iu Trumbull county, it is completely saturated with^oil.

At a lower level I observed chocolate colored or reddish
shales with interlaminationa of light blue, argillo-calcareons
elate. From the equivalent of these shales on the west side of
the Cuyahoga river, ie manufactured the mineral paint of
Ohio

Still lower, were noticed beds of concretionary shale, cr flag-
etones, nadarlain by fissile shale. The under surfaces of tJia
former are marked by the appearance of flowing mud, a phe*
aomenon described as occurring in the Portage sandstones of
New York.

At a still lower level occurs a Urge stone quarry, showing »
section through a series of bluish, fine-grained sandstones with
ehaly partings from half an inch to a foot thick. These bedi

STATE GEOLOGIST. 19

rerj closely resemble the Huron couoty gritatones, and are
regarded by Dr. Newberry as the base of the Portage Group
iD OLio.

Further down tho ravine" are seen twenty or tliirty feet of
dark fissile shales, covered with iron rust and an astringent
efflorescunce, and in every respect resembling the shales which
underlie tUo gritstones of Lake Huron. Unfortunately there is
no possibility of founding au equivalency on palEcontological
evidence. Aside from this I am constrained to regard the flag-
fitonas uiiJ shali.'s o!' Ck-t-vljinI as on the horizon of the grit-
atone.-^ and shaUa of Lake Huron. But the Cleveland shalea
arc regarded by Dr. Newberry as "Hamilton shales," perhaps,
however, using the term Hamilton in the exleiided sense, so as
to include all the New York strata from the Marcellus to the
Portage. If the overlying shalts and flagstonea of Lake Hu-
ron, aad tho underlying argillaceous limestones of Partridge
Pt fall into the Hamilton .Group, the intermediate black bilu-
minous shales occupy tho lanie position. So I had been in-
clined to regard them So 1 subeequcutly learned the black
shales of Snniskillen were at first regarded by Ur. Billings,
though he afterwards placed them in the Portage Group on the
judgment of Prof. Hall. This palEeontologist, whose authority
is not to be questioned where paleeoutological evidence is
within reach, thinks he likewise recognizee in the vegetable
impressions of the black shales wf Uichigan, and in their gen-
eral physical characters, satisfactory affinities with some of
the shales of the Portage Group. In this state of the case we
ahall be constrained for the present to regard tho Huron
Orovp of Michigan, extending from the conglomerate above
the gritstonea of Huron county, to the top of the argillaceous
limestonea of Partridge Pt., as probably representing the rocka
of the Portage Grenp of New York.

From the description which has been given of the Huron
Oreup in its northern and aouthern outcrops, it appears that
the group is eoiapoaed of coarser materiala toward the north,
and probably attains in that direction, much the thickest dcvel-

80 REPORT OP THB

oproent, while, in tho State of New York, the aparce of the-
materialH seema to havo been from the east.
U. — Marishall .Oroup,

In Huron county, we find the grUetonea separated from
the higher aandBtoucs b; a conglomerate about two feet
in thickness, in which occur some of the foesils of the over-
lying group, e8|iecially a RhynchoneUa of undcscribcd ipe-
cies, which, in some localities, forms entire masaea of rock.
From tho grindstone quarries to Point au Chapeau, the coMt
is occupied by a. ndstones which, at the various "Points"
rise in bluffs from eight to twenty feet high, and farther
back from the shore attain, in some instances, considerable-
elevations. The distinction between the Marshall and Ifa*
poleon Groups is not clearly traced along this coast. At
Hard Wood Point, three-fourths of a mile west of Pt. au Paia
Sucre, (called also Flat Rock Poimt,) are seen, proceeding from
tho west, tho first undoubted fossils of the Marshall Group,
The rock here, which rises but a few feet above the surface, is-
ft fine grained, bluish sandstone, with minute glistening scaieft-
of white mica. It embraces a Nucula characteristic of the
Harshall sandstone, a Solen, a Clymenia and a OoniatUea. The
Clymenia occurs in a purplish, fine grained sandstone of ex-
ceeding hardness, equaling, in this respect, the Hedina Sand-
stone. In a specimen of tho rock found here, containing car-
bonaceous specks, were seen small geodes lined with rusty
crystals of calcareous spar, and containing small imbedded
crystals of nalioe copper.

Between this locality and Flat Rock Point, the section near
the shore reveals several fse t of pui'plish, greenish and yellow-
ish strata, success' vely lower in the seiica, in some of which I
reco);;nize[l a minute (7t/prt«-liko shell similar to one seen at
numerous points in the southern part of the State. At Flat
Bock Point, still lower rocks riae ten feet above the water,
characterized by oblique lamintc of great extent and uniformity,,
dipping 45" toward N. 38" E. The wliole rock here is a purely

STATE GEOLOGIST. 81

qnartxose, ftiftble sutdsloDC, with muij diucmiitftted muU
pebblea

From this pUce to the immcdiite Ticioitj of Port Aortiii,
rocks lower And lower in the aenes rise to the sorfsce, freqaentlj
Ribtioio^ »a vleratioD of 13 feet in v^m. The first of the
seriee is % bloish grsjr sutdrock, 13 feet thick, followed bj &
whitish knd grvjish, sonetiBe^ yell'-jwiab, fine grained sand-
stone, Teiy pore and massire, occmriB^ in beds 10 to 12 feet
thick, wiUK>Dt pehblea or aeanu, and nod^ratelj coherent. At
the point one mile west of Port Aostin, it is brokm ints dD'
meitse an^alar fragnents fortj feet and le«e, in diameter, which
lie sboat lik* tiM w:«k <A Titanean qoa tijm ea- Immense
rll'TTTT pntdnced br fifisaras throng the rock, extend inland
sereral n:<ds. and in Mtne cas«« renra again to ihe water, dras
dctachiitg anas a quarter of an ^at in extes:. and eren more.
Upoo ibeise to^e are gryi-wing the Bod C«dar. Hc-mlo^ Putaa
rmwMa. Artar Viw c-r White Cedar, White Birch, WiBtergma
aad cxceiH^** bed« of ue deiicste !:ttle Liimtea Icn^U.

At P:. am &ar<}-3e§. ;» seen ■ saii^rock dlpf-^tj w>c*.b.wnt
1|^ aad ecnaeqaeailT pasciD^ ienesth the [an The •Jo'.CT'jf
expoMS 13 ftct. T^l-wvtft t-«^ ber^ are r>d-«tripcid >as^
nooe. fi:^^ !» v.-z^ ;<af^ <' tLc- MarsLe!! Gri'cp, in CaSwvB
aikd Hilj.dhli t-.z::.'^*. Fanitr tl.'Ziz- '■•- 'i^ si-vei fo.-jectisg'
pan (4" tbe £«rat. ^ Ftritie-i sasdev:7ie rises i-xr feet abors
tbe watar. asd hi i^ inDnediav ricsJTr. tLe cl% attain tbe
keiginii 'A IT ftei. Tiis i« ij the Tng'-tKLmKHic*! Sutko rf
the Lake ^vrrrj. Tie crertaiif^tr c5ifi bere, oeen frwn a
fistOBce, bear a mda rao^ blanw I.-- ^iie prrw tif a vencj pt»-
jtKOag ^Ter tie water, utd eeppesM^ t? tl* eaiH nangatcn
4e suae wiici; is niS Ikxs^- br the ]>r«st, and te kch extcM
attaches itaelf lo ihe wb^ k^« f^r aeTcal miles cast and

Ai Uie 'fi«aiTi*r stau'jn and mideme tJ' J. G. :
a Kile can k4 Pi. asx Bar-jves. I saw a £ie nccmen of tdgUr
. cuofMPiaJT CM with fs^dla, amtrng
11

82 REPORT OF THH

wlncUncuaia It Ultynckondia (a sp.) and the Bellerophon, aoAhita-
dant ill the Marshall oandstuiic, which I havo namud B. gideri-
cvlaiui.

At (he ftiKt email point cast of Burnt Cabin Pt., a greenish
blue saiidgtane is seen rising to the surface and forming a bluff
8 foot high. This rock containe tho Clymenia of the grindstone
quarries, a mile further east, and with care may be traced to
that point where it is found overlain by a conglomerate 2 feet
tliick, apparently forming the base of the group.

Such is a general description of the sandstones of tho coast
of Huron county, from tho highest beds containing Nucula to
the cdljlomerato above tho gritstones, both included. It haa
not been deemed proper to occupy space with the details of
stratification at tho several points at the present time.

The rocks of this group, as woll as those of the Napoleon and
Huron Groups, should make their appearance again on the
opposite side of Saginaw Bay, between Thunder Bay and Ot-
tawa Pt. This whole coast is, however, destitute of a single
oatcrop. Nevertheless, the groat accumulation of sand along
the bcauh, and the well known arenaceous character of the
country further west, affurds a sufficiently strong presumption
that the limits stated cover the place of outcrop of these
groups.

In Sanilac county, near the head waters of the Cass river,
sandrock is exposed to a considerable extent, which undoubt-
edly belongs to the Huron county series. On the S. £. J sec
7, T. 13 N., 12 K., are found nun^crous fragments of a coarse,
gray, micaceous sandrock, sometimes inclining to greenish, and
sometimes mottled or striped with rod. Many of these frag-
ments contain white quartzose pebbles, and tho whole aspect
of the rock recalls that seen at PL au Pain Sucre. From this
point actual outcrops are frequent as far down tho stream as
ibe line of Tuscola county, and even to S. W. ^ sec. 1, T. 18
N., II E., where it rises SJ foet above tho water. The general
character of the rock*is shown by the following section on seo.
7, T. 13 N., 12 B.:

STATE GEOLOGIST. 88

10. Sandstone, coarse, thia bedded and quite soft, (545
A-F)

9. Flaggy gandstone, (545 0.)

8. Tbiu shaly sandstuiie, passing down to a sandy sbalo,
containing much curboiiaceuus matter, and witL uc-
casional partio^^B of a substance composed of sand,
clay and carbunaceous matter finely comminuted,
(545, H-L.)

T. Sandstone, sbaly and Saggy, (545, N.)

6. Sandstone, flaggy, striped with red, (645 0, and 544.)
Interval of 4U rods, up stream.

5. Sandutone in thin layers, (543, A— B,) 20 ia

4. Sandstone, thick beaded, mottled with red above,

striped below, (543, C~D,) ; 4 rt

5. Sandstone, with quartz pebbles, (543, E — F)
a. Sandstone, thin bedded, (543, G.)

1. Sandstone, coarse, soft, very ferruginous, (543, H.)
Interval of 30 rods to collection of fragments be-
fore referred to.

From this neigbborbood to Jackson county, no outcrops of
rock arc known j but the arenaceous character of tbo drift
materialx through Lapeer and Oakland counties and portions of
St. Glair and Macomb, rendors it not improbable tliat the arena-
ceous strata of the Marshall and Napoleon groups would bo
found underlying tbat region.

Id the southern part of the State, the Marshall Group is bet-
ter characterized and more fully distinguished from the Napo-
leon Group above. Throughout all the northern part of Uills-
dals county, we find a series of highly ferruginous sandstores,
generally very foBsilifcrous, and easily recognized. The ferru- .
ginouB matter Is often collected into bands of iron-stone,
from one fourtli of an inch to four inches thick, sometimes
horizontal, sometimes oblique and sometimes concretionary
in their arrangement. From a brick red saudstune the rock
varies to pale red, yellowish' and buff; and lower down, becomes
yellowish-green, reddish-green, bluish-green and bluish. At the
lowest points, as in Noe's well at Jonesvitle, it becomes a
bluish, micaceous, thiu-beddcd, shaly sandstone, and thus pas-
sea into the shales of the Huron Group below.

Good exposures of the formatinn may be seen in the quarries

84 REPORT OF THE

at Jonesville and Hillsdale, and at man/ points in the townahips
of Moscow and Scipio. In Jackson county the formation
extends up into Libert; and Hanover, and has been pierced
nearly thron^h at the depth of 105 feet in the well of S Jacobs,
Jr., in the township of Pulaski, The most characteristic out-
crops are found in Calbonn county; and from that at Marshall,
the groap has received its provisional name. At this place the
stratification is as follows:

4. Sandstone, rather thick-bedded, reddish 10 ft.

8. SandHtone, dark-reddish, rather hard, very fossil iferons, 5 ft.

3. Sandstone, reddish- green, homogeneous, thick bedded, . 10 ft.

I, Sandstone, light, greenisb-gray, thick-bedded.

Several characteristic outcrops occur in the township of
Marengo, Calhoun county. At Battle Creek the lower beda of
the group are seen in places, highly calcareous and very hard,
bot filled with characteristic fossils. The formation has not
yet been seen in place in Kalamazoo and Allegan counties, but
numerous fragments of a purple sandstone arc strewn over the
enrfaco, identical in general aspect with some layers of the
group at Pt. au Ghapcau, on Lake Huron. In Ottawa county
the group presents well marked exposures at several points
on sec. 21, T. 5 N., IS W.— township of Holland. I am also in-
formed by Henry D. Post, Esq., of Holland, that an outcrop occurs
in T. 5 N., 16 West., near the shore of Lake Michigan. At these
points it embraces, as usual, the characteristic fossils. One
mile east of EaatmanviUe, on the wagon road from Grand
Haven to Grand Rapids, a cut in the valley of Deer Creek ex-
poses the laminated arono-argillaceous strata belonging to the
lower part of the group; and where the same road crosses
Sand Creek, about four miles cast of Lamont, numerous frag-
ments and other indications of the neighborhood of an outcrop
may be seen. In some of the fragments, which are highly
ferruginous, I found tlie best preserved fossils that I have seen
in the State, including Nucula, Orlkis, Chonetes and Orthoceras.

Further north than this, the group has not been traced; and
even to this puint, the boundaries are poorly defined, in coose-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 8fi

qneDce of the drift materials strewa over tha surface, and tbe
periflhable nature of the rock. From irhat has been said, it
appears that this group touches Lake Michigan, and that tha
Huron and Hamilton Groups (if both exist) must pass entirely
beneath the lake, re-appearing probably in Mason, Oceana and
Manistee couatiea, while tbe Marshall Group proceeds in the ■
direction of Newaygo and Lake counties.

Details of stratification and fossils at the various outcrops
cannot, of course, be appropriately gircn at tbe present time,
nor even an enumeration of all the outcrops.

The paleeontology of the Marshall Group possesses consid-
erable interest, both in consequence of the number of indi-
viduals and species found fossil, and the distinctness of th«
fauna from that of other regions iu the same geological horizon.
Considerable attention has been bestowed upon the collections
from this group, but not a single satisfactory identificatioa
has yet been made. The most abundant and characteristic
fossils at tha various localities belong to the genera Nucula,
(5 species,) Solen, (2 species,) Bdlerophon, (3 species,) Ortho-
oeraa (5 species), Myalina and Cltpnenia (5 species). Besides
these, I have referred to Cyrioceroi, i species, Cryptocenu,
3 species, Trocholiies, I species, Ooniatiten, 5 species, Pleurotiy
. maria, 1 species, Teltina, 1 species, Cardium, 2 species, LMcina,
1 species, Chorietea, Orlhis and other Brachiopods, one or more
species each.

There are, moreover, numerous speoies which have not yet
been particularly examined, among which are a few fish remains
and land plants. As I intend commuuicating to the public at
an early day, further particulars regarding this assemblage of
fossils, I refrain from extended remarks at the present time.
The delay experienced, however, in printing this report, «n»-
blee ma to append a few observations relative to the OlymeniiB.
According to all authorities, tli< two genera Clymcnia and
Qoniatites are widely distinguislied by tho poeition of the
aiphoa, b^iog interior in tbe fomter and exterior in the lattfli.
It is tnw that all my epeoimens of Cephalopoda from the Itar-

86 REPORT OF THE

shall Group are rather imperfect ;.but I have had the opporta-
nity to csamine a large number wf transverse sectioDS of the B<h
called Ol^mcnia, and iu every case I find indicatiuns of a siphon
cluecly internal, while in an equal number of cases, the best
poBsibto observations upon the dorsal surface have failed en-
tirely to disclose a siphon in this position. At the same time,
it must bo admitted that some of Sandberger's figures of
" Goniatites " present a chise resemblance to some of my Glyme-
niro— for example, Figs. 13, Ua Taf. III., and Uc Taf. VIII.
£ven the sectional view, llu, Taf. VIII., presents much the ap-
pearance of some of my specimens ; but while the specimen
here figured may hava a dorsal siphon, my own specimens have
not.

Further, many of the Goniatites (now so-called), figured by
DeKoDJnck, afibrd to my eye no indications of an ezteraol
BiphuD. I have specimens from Rockford, In d , generally re-
puted identical with DeEoninck's O. rolaioriim and O. prince]^
(properly 0. Ixum and 0. Oweni, Bail,) and while I admit that
the latter has a distinct dorsal siphon, I confess that the former
seems to me to have a distinct ventral one I

Such were my convictions at the the time of Prof. Hall's
visit to Ann Arbor, near- the close orNovetnbcr last In view
of the contradictions, I showed him some of my s^jecimens, and
without making a critical examination, he did not dissent from '
my conclusion as to their generic relations. More recently, how-
ever, in a letter accompanying a copy of his " Contributions to
Paleeontology," fur 1858-9, and '60, he says, with reference to
specimens in his possession from New York and Indiana: " On
reviewing my specimens after my retnm homo, I do not &nd
reason to 4onbt their Qoniatitic character." And with refercnc«
to my specimens, he adds, " The appearance of siphuncle on the
TSntral side, which you pointed out, is, I think, deceptive." In
accordance with this view, he has referred to Goniatites all of
the closely coiled Cephalopods, characterized in this last nnm-
her of his " Contribntions." If, on careful exunination of my
spedaena, Prof. Ball should prononmoo them GonUtitM, I

STATE GEOLOGIST 81

should yield to his judgrocDt. But tlic shells in question seem
to my eyes to belong to CtymMiia, and I can do nothing but
regard them ;i8 suc!i until I am convicted or positively con-
tradicted.

1 cannot doifbt that the palseontological characters and slrat-
igra|ihical position of the Marshall sandstone place it concln-
sively above the horizon of the Hamilton Group; and Lcnce I
am not surprised that none of the nine species of GouiatiteB
described by Prof. Hall, and referred by him to the Hamilton
Group, bear any considerable resemblance to the Uichigau
fossils nnder consideration.

From this gronp were collected, at Battle Creek, the speoi-
mens descrihedby R. P. Stevens,* as Leda dens^mammiilata,
L. nuculcB/ormie, L. pandormformin, Nucida Houghtoni and
Chonetas Mirhiganensis. Not one of the Lamellibrancbs has
been satisfactorily identified by me, amongst the fossils collect-
ed at the same locality. The Nuculoid shells have not the
pallial sinus nor posterior elongation required by their assign-
ment to the genus Leda; nor, supposing them true Nucvias, do
I find their specific characters clearly indicated. Moreover, Dr.
Stevens' reference of these fossils to " ochrcous shales, belong-
ing to the coal measures," because " associated with an Orlho-
cerax, & Nan'ilux and BtUcrophon XJrei, which is evidently carbon-
iferous," must undoubtedly be regarded as an oversight. The oc-
currence of Clymenia in these rocks establishes their Devonian
age, while the BeUerophon. supposed to be the one referred to, is
qaitedistinct from B. Urei of Fleming, which is a dorsally sulca-
ted shell, while ours prvaents no trace of such a character. Still
further, B. Urei, even if occurring hero, would not identify
these rocks with the "coal measures," since the range of this
species is from the Upper Silurian to the Monntain Limestone.

The general aspect of the fauna of the Marshall Group baan
aome resemblance to that repiesented by the figures of Uie
foosil remains of the Khenish Provinces of NaBsaa,f in G«i^

88 EBPORT OF THB

manj, though wo have not eo large a proportion of Ooniatites;
while TVilobileit and Spiriferidce arc entirely wanting. Neither
iM our fauna by any means as ricli.

The rocks of thirt group havo been quite esteiiaively employed
in the Bouthera part of tlie St^Ui fur buildinjf purposes, aad in
moderate sized structures they auswcr sufhuiently well, but for
Tery high structures the stone needs to be selected with care,
ks some portions arc too iucohereiit for rtecuriiy. For cellar
walls and other rough masonry they prore <jf great utility. At
Jonesville and other localities the uniformly colored, homo-
geneous, greenish strata, in the lower part of tlio group, bar*
been werked into very handsome caps and sills.
Vi.-:— Napoleon Group. ■

In approaching Point au Chapeau of Lake Huron, from the
south, the bottom of the lake is seen to be a solid greenisk
eandstone. At the point is an outlier containing about four
■quare rods. The section exposed here is about 8 feet. The
Action of the waxes has undermined the rock, and excavated it
into purgatories through which the water rushes with the hollow
sound described as occurring in similar situations on the sea
eoast. In one of these purgatories the following section wu
observed :

4. Sandstone, reddish gray, with rustj specks, and many coarse

grains of white quartz.
3. Sandstone, very thinly laminated, fine-grained, and of a dirty

greenish color.
2. Sandstone, yellowish-red, with conspicuous grains of whits

quartz, and particles of rusty matter.
1. Sandstone, reddish and otherwise similar to above

All the strata exhibit oblique and curved lamination, the dip
of the oblique laminte being at this place toward the north, at
an angle of 45°. Between (2) and (3) are thin layers of bluish
micaceous, carbonaceous sandstone of local occurrence.

On the east side of this point, the overhanging cliff has
formed a sheltered cave, in which, with some additions from
rude art, it is said an old hermit Ibaod a tolerable habitation
for Mveral yean. The rninB of hia atov* an«tttl Titibto.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 8»

It mnst b« «onfeesed that in lithological characters, these
rocks cannot be distinguished hum strata of the Marshall
Group; and they arc assigned to the Napoleon Group simply
in consequence or thoir occurrence at a higher geological level
than the highest strata, (those at Pt. au Pain Sucre,) which
contain Nucula and Clymenia.

There is little doubt that some of the sandstones before refer-
red to, as occurring near the forks of the Caas river, shonld be
Msigned a position in ^his group, but it is impossible with our
present knowledge, to draw dividing lines.

The next outcrop of these rocks is found at Napoleon, in
Jackeon county, where Ihcy are quarried over an area of 88
acres, and expose a section of about lb feet The rock is for
the most part of a grayish color, inclining tu buff. The beds
are generally of sufficient thickness aiul jicrl'ection to answer
either for flagging or building. The following is the stratifica-
tion:

i Sandstone, huff and bluisli-gryv.i- imposed of transparent

and colored grains of quart/., thick bedded, 10 ft.

8. Sandstone, yellowish, thick bedded 4 ft

3. Sandstone, thick bedded, pale greeuisli 30 ft.

1. Sandstone, greenish buff, composed of minute rounded
grains of colored quartz pretty firmly c«nieuted with
a very perceptitda quantity of white calcareous mat^
tar, lift.

The higher beds are worked on the grounds into excellent
window sills and water-tables, which sell for 28 cents per linear
foot I saw some fine floated and moulded stone steps and
door-sille, selling for SIJ cts, a .-square foot. The rough st>ine
€oats 25 cts. a perch at the quarries, or 50 cents a perch of IGOO
lbs. on board cars. The charges for freight are two cents a
hundred to Jackson, four cents to Adrais, ten cents to Monroe.
Tbe quarries at this place furnished the cut stone (or the new
Union School building in Monroe, also for the City Hall at that
plac«, and the Union School House at Tefcumseh. A fine store
of this stone, with smootli front, has been erected at Eitlsdale.

SoDM bods of thi* aton* ar* iuffleientty t^ean and ahaip'to
IS

90 BEPOBT OF THE

answer the requisites of a coarse grindstone, and some yeara
ago this mauuracture had attained here a considerable degree
of impui' lance.

The Napoleon sandstone outcrops at nnmeroua other locali-
ties in the south part of Jackson county, and further northweat.
Being entirely destitute of fossils, ^t is not easy to distinguish
it from the sandstones above, and the unrussilifcrous portions
of the sandstones below. The most northern exposure yet ex-
amined on the southern slope of the State, is in the right bank
of the Grand River about a milo above Grandville, in Kent
county.

In all the borings for salt which have passed through the
Kapoloon sandstone it has been found separated from the Mar-
shall Group by a bed of clay. This, at the Stat** salt well, was
14 feet thick; at Lyon's well, 9; at Butter worth's, 10; at Scrib-
ner's, 10; at the Indian Creek welt, 15; at Windsor's, 10; at
East Saginaw, 64 feet. The thickness of the overlying sand-
■tones is pretty uniformly about one hundred feet.

The Napoleon sandstone bears considerable resemblance to
the conglomerate of Ohio, a& seen in the gorge of the Cuyahoga,
at the falls ; but it contains no pebbles, and occupies a position,
moreover, below the carboniferons limestone. As a distinct *
formation, therefore, it has no satisfactory equivalent in snr-
Tounding Statos; and there is no reason, except its negative
palosontological characters, fur separating it from the Marshall
Group. The uniformity in the petrographtc character of the
sandstones of Huron county, has already been alluded to.
Should it hereafter appear that the separating shals which lies
between the Marshall and Napoleon Groups of the sonthem
part of the State is wanting in the north, we shall be obliged
to regard the one hundred aad nine feet of sandstone passed
is the deep well at East Saginaw as representing both these
(lonps, diminished to the thickness of one of tkem; whil* the
■hale beneath, penetlftted to the depth of 84 feet, must be re-
garded as the commencement of the argillaceous portion of the
HutXHi Qroop. Such a thinniny of atrato toward the north

STATE GEOLOGIST. »1

would, however, constitute a reversal of the general law of our
strata, and I have consequently been induced for the present to
regard the shale reached in the Saginaw deep well as the thick-
ened separating shale lying between tlic Napoleon and Mar-
shall Groups.

13. — Michigan Salt Group.
The Napoleon sandstone, exposed along the right bank of the
Grand River a mile or two above Grandville, in Kent county
(S. B. \ see. 1, Wyoming), near the residence of Mr. Davidson,
is succeeded upwards by a remarkable scries of saliferons
shales and intercalated beds of gypsum and magncsian lime-
stone, attaining a maximum observed thickness of 184 feet.
The lower portion of this formation outcrops in an extensive
salt marsh, on sec 3, T. 8 N., 12 West (Wyoming, Kent county).
This is the locality of the State salt well, near Grand Kapids.
Nearly opposite, on the north side of the river, in a bluff rising
60 or 80 feet above the water, are located extensive gypsmn
qoarries. At the quarry known as HcRcynolds & Stewart's,
I observed the following section:

19. Loam, variable in thickness.

18. Clay, yellowish and plastic, 8 ft.

n. Shale 8 ft,

18. " Plaster rock " — a series o) irregularly alterna-
ting layers of arenaceous limestone and shale,
inclosing many masses of reddish gypsum, .... fi ft

16, Limestone, argillo-arenaceuus (called "flint,").. 4 in.

14. Shale, blue, thinly laminated, pretty uniform 4 ft. 6 in.

15. " Water limestone," 8 in.

la. Shale I ft

II. Water limestone, 10 in.

10. Shale, 8 ft.

' 9. " Plaster rock," composed of plaster, with some

day, 2 ft

8. Shale S ft.

7. Water limestooe, (whick in Hovey's quarry was

found to pass into gypram,) 2 ft.

«. Shale 8 ft

6. Gypsum, ft ft.

4. Shale, 9 i»-

t. Oypttun. IS ft Sin.

93 REPORT OF THE

3. Skale, 2 ft

1. Limestone aod gypsum, more thftn 4 ft

Total, 57 ft 1 in.

The following is ttie section at Hovey & Co.'s plaster quanr
within a few rods of the last:

16. Loam, 6 ft

15. Clay 3 ft

14. " Water limestone," 1 ft,

13. Shale 4 ft

12. Gypsum, lOin.

11. Shale, 1 a i in.

10. Water liraeHtone and clay in thin layers, 2 ft.

9. Shiile, 3 tt.

5. Oypsum, 1 ft 6 in.

1. Shal 3 ft.

6, Water limestone 10 in.

6. Shale, 4 ft,

4. Qypsnm, <1 ft.

3. Shale 1 ft 8 in.

5. Gypsum, 13 ft,

1. Qypsum, hard, rather dark colored, through which

the eicavations have not yet extended.

Total, 44 ft 8 in.

In establishing a parallelism between these two sections, it
is probable that we most regard NoB, 1 and 2, (Hovey,) as the
equivalent of No. 3, (McReynolds;) No. 3 (H.)=4 (McR.) Ac;
No, 13, (D.) corresponding to 14 (McR.); 14 (H.) to 16 (McR,);
15 (U.) to IS (McG.); BO that the beds 15 and 11. (McR.) find
nu equivalents in Hovey's quarry.

llie 13 foot bed of gypsum is a pure and solid mass. At top
it is reddish, veined with the binish color of the shale; below,
it becomes more blnisb as a mass. At the center tbe fractnre
And laatro remind one of homstone, the mineral being trasB'
lucent, fine grained, compact and homogeneous. From this to
the bottom of the bed, is a mottled and clouded gypsnu of.a
coarsely fibrous structtire.

The shales of McReynoIds St Stewart's quarry are mid to

STATE GEOLOGIST. 9&

B with common salt in dry weather and farnish a favor^
ite "lick" for cattle.

The roof of llcReynolds & Stewart's qnairy dips N. W,,
about one foot in twenty. The dip in Hovey'a quarry ia very
Blight, N. 10» E.

By connecting: these observationa with those made in boring
the State salt well on the opposite aido of th,e rirer, we arrive
at an approximation to tho whole thickness of the group, thus:

Section measured at McR. & S.'s qnany, 68 ft,

From bottom of quarry to alluvial flat by river'a edge,, . 50 ft.

Allowance for dip of fermation, 16 ft.

ThiekneBB of alluvium at salt well 40 ft.

Residual thicknesa of salt strata in well 31 ft.

ToUl, 184 ft

This series of rocks is penetrated in all th« borings for salt,
at Grand Rapids and that vioinity. It is found passing up-
wards through a few feet of calcareous sandstone, into Uie well
characterized carboniferons limestone. The thickness of the
gronp in Lyon's salt well, was found to be 111 ft.; in Butter-
worth's, 151 ft.; in Scribner'a, 153 ft ; in tho Indian Creek well,
(Ball's) 133 ft.: in Windsor's, 184 ft.; and it was penetrated
100 feet in Powers & Uartin'a well. In Jackson county it is
found to be 4S feet thick.

In Kent county, the Hichigan Salt Group is nndoubtcdly the
source of the supply of brine, though the strength remains un-
diminished, as a matter of necessity, while the boring is con-
tinued in the underlying Napoleon sandstone, until a stream of
fire^ water is struck, which, rising up, materially dilutes the
brine

On the opposite side of the State, this group outcrops on the
shore of Tawas Bay (Ottawa Bay), on the west side of Sagi<
naw Bay, Two miles beyond White Stone Ft, Bay county, T.
SO N,, 7 E., is a bluff about 19 feet high, known as "Plaster
Blnff," at which the foUvwing section was observed:

94 REPORT OF TQE

H. Clayey subsoil.

O. Limestone, tliin-bcdiJcd, reaembling E,, 1 ft.

F. Sand, light grociiiuh, with some ferruginoue Btruake — ■

Bcai'ccly at all cemciiled — having tamiuee dipping
north 45" 4 a

E. Limeatone, thin bedded, with lenticular structarc and
undulating laminsD — streaked with dark, efflurercca
with a salt having a cool and somewhat bitter taste,
resembling epsoui salts, S ft.

D. Sandstone, greenish -gray, friable — ^the lower half

browner and harder, S ft.

G. Gypsum, massive, white, hard, in small masses im-

pressed in the upper part of B

B. Limestone, brown, glistening, hard, with streaks of

green, 8 in.

A. Sandstone, bluish or greenish, moderately hard, with

concretionary masses harder and more brown, 3 ft.

The dip seems to bo from this point both north and south.

The strata, E, become in places highly ferruginous, and ex-
hibit a tufaceous structure, which ia probably a recent change
in the rock. In other places It becomes a true breccia, with
angular fragments of a brown limestone, held together by ft
tnfaceons cement Small stalactites are forming in places
where the rock overhangs.

About 20 rods south from the main bluff, a blue clay is seen
at the water's edge, in place of D, the strata, E, being con>
mingled with the subsoil.

The layer, B, is not very porsiatent, being sometimes quite
sandy, and passing into A.

The gypsum is in places igabedded in the blue sandstone A,
in belts.

To the north of the main section, the limestones, £, become
more arenaceous, and the sandstones, D, become shaly and in-
crease to 4 feet, while the upper part of A is blue clay. The
sand, P, becomes 5 feet. The amount of gypsum increases
making a varying bed from six to twelve inches thick. A sec-
ond gypsum layer appears in A, thicker than the other.

It is unlikely that a bluff of materials embracing so mnch
.soluble matter, has remained exposed to the action of tin

STATE GEOLOGIST. 95

ktmospliirc and the lake, without undcrgoio^; important changes
from its original cljaracter. Eapocially are wo unablu to decide
from this exposure, as to the whole probable thickness of the
gjpseoiis deposites. The waves of Lake Huron have for ages
been breaking agaiust the exposed edges of the strata, and the
(^Bum has necessarily been dissolved out to a considerable
distance back from the shore. In confirmation of this inference
I found at Plaster Point, one mile north of the north lino of Bay
county, numerous "sink holes," as if prod u cod by the Eubsi-
dencc of tlio overlying beds, after the dissolving out of ths
gypsum. So»e of these are eight feet deep. Water is stand-
ing in tbem, probably at the level of the lake. The sides are
steep, exactly as if the rocks had sunken. In one place a sink
is seen pursuing an irregular course for several rods, toward
the lake, and the whole appearance is exactly such as is pro-
duced by the falling iu of the roof of a miner's "drift." Off
tliia point, in calm water, the bed of the lake is seen to be a
mass of pure white gypsum — the same, undoubtedly, which
rises above the surface at Plaster Bluff half a mile further north.

The land, back from the shore ofTawas Bay, rises in a suc-
ceBsioQ of ridges running parallel with the lake. About 13
miles back, in the vicinity of the An Gris river, the country
becomes veiy broken, resembling that upon Grand River in the
vicinity of the gypsum quarries. At the residence of Sherman
Wheeler, 4^ miles south of Tawas City,-one of the parallel
ridges baa attained an elevation of 40 fret, and the acclivity
facing the take presents a slope of 30° with the horizon. This
ridge is said to increase in height as far north as the Tawas
River. Mr. Wheeler informed me that no explorations ball
•ver been made in this bluff, except to a limited extent by Mr
Cballis. Strata were found, called clay by Mr. Wheeler, though
the specimen shown me was the brown limestono nf the Michi-
gan Salt Group, as seen at Plaster Bluff. The green streaks in
it were pronounced by Mr. Challis to be indications of the
proximity of copper. Coal was also prophesied in this ridge.

Arriving at Tawas OU7, 1 obtained some further infurmntion

96 REPORT OF THE

from Mr. C. H. Whittciuore. IIo eays tbatft"slate rock" can
be eeen nfT White Stime Pt., extending out a mile from Bhor«
into 12 to 18 feet of water. He has traced this north to the
neigh bo rhcHjd of Wbeelcr'i (630), where it approaches within
8 or 10 feet of tlic surface, and dieappcars beneath the sand.
' Mr. Whittemore has bored 30 feet at Tawas City, to strike it,
bnt thinks he haa not euccccdcd. "It appears like a bine ruck.
ChalUs sayg it is iron ore " Mr, Whittemore bored S4 feet in
the pure clay at the foot of the bluff, back of Wheeler's He
bored in several other places, including the top of the bluff,
and found nothing but soft clay. It will be noticed that the
statements of Mr. Whittemore are at variance with those of
Mr. Wlieeler. In the present state of the case, while it is ob-
vious that gypsum occurs in considerable quantity along the
shore of Tawas Bay, it is necessary that borings should be
carefully made in several places, under the direction of a compe>
tent geologist— ;-by which I do not mean one of those who search
in tlic Michigan Salt Group for coal, iron and copper.

The rocks of the Siilt Group should be fomid gradually ris-
ing toward the north uluug tlic shore of Tawas Bay. The
gradual rise of the ridge, back of Wheeler's, conforms to this
condition. If this is the case, tiic gypsum of Plaster Blu£f and
Whitestoue Pt., slioald be found in this ridge. The limestone
shown by Wheeler as taken from the ridgo by Ghallis, belongs
to one of the beds exposed at Plaster Blufl'. In spite, tlierefore,
of the negative results said to be obtained by Mr. Whittemore,
I cannot resist the conviction that adequate explorations along
this shore would be amply rewarded.

A short distance south of Tawas City, this ridge la cut
through by Dead Creek, which has very high banks. Though
no rocks are seen in place, numerous angular ftagmenta are
•aid to occur, lu town 23, range 1, on the Ottawa river, ar«
Bome hills 200 feet high, cut through by the river.

The region between the head of Tawas Bay and Kent coanty,
has not yet been geologically riplored It is likely that nn-
3 valuable tacts could bo gleaned from th« notes of th«

STATE GBOLOei^T. »^

llneiir ttu; vfyiti^. Mr. T^m. £. B*s&, of t-ss: Skginaw. has »
iuK cuBi'MiT nuqte aia£ iioicf iif TceoTTrTs. c-zipics of which I b«d
htiped 1L' priKrnrt, bui ibr limiied meaiu^ «i my die^uisfcl h&w
noi iK«ei; BuS^nm: -u eiMl-itr me ip iiicn: i.bc- «ippnsr of cnpT-
iiigr -JieTD 111 ■u* mefcn moe tiierp is l«t)c dosl't ihni ihe r.vtn
of tbe Michipu; Sah Group .->mcpop in k broad WIi «rolii7ij
nordiward &uiii Tiwbe BkT thrijnr'b O^aaw. KositNuninfm.
HiBBBnkee. Werford, Like and N**r»Tjro ci-anncs. Tlw inwr-
eMtf of tte sane demaBd that eiplf-raiions l<e ma.lc across this
regrion at a« «ar!y a dat- as poasiWc. If tbc :n(iii-*tiviTis oh!»#TX'
•d, be funnd rerified, iIuf repo»rce will proro of inc«1<^1aM*
vkIdv to the ceiiir*! ccuratie? of th« peninsula, ai jiro srnt cnt
9ff from all readr cimminicaiioD with other parts (if t)ie Stat^.
Od tbe east side of Saginaw Bar some days were soi^n at th«
moutli oT Pigeon rJTer, in Hnron connly, which very nmch re-
semble those uf the Salt Group; aod as this is ab<>)it ihe plaoe
for the fonuati«D to strike the main land a(;ain, after orossin|;
titc bay, tJiere are reasons fur undertaking sone more thori>iigh
explorations in that ricinity. Indicaliuiis also txist of t1)«
occnrrence of the furmatiou in Tuscola ttmnty. ll is likoly,
however, tbat the gronp thins out towani the south and ne.^rly
disappears through Lapcsr, Oakland, Washtenaw, Jackson and
Eaton counties, thus fnrsishing anoUier illustration of the
thickeaing of our formatinna toward the north. Tlie salt spriitffti
at Saline, in WaHhtenaw county, and at various points in Jack-
son, may possibly issue from the attenuat^ni repruHcntutivc of
the (fToup; but I am more inclined to think that thea* waters,
like similar ones in Branch, Oakland, and the northern part of
Huron county, are supplied by the Tarious formatisns outcrop-
ing at these localities. Boringa for salt hav« shown tlio Napo-
leon and Hai^hall sandstones to be salifcrous, whil* at Saginaw,
water from the coal measnrcs stood at 1° of the Salomotor (n
the upper part, and increased to 14° before reaching the I'arma
Saadfltone. It is important to bear in miad that the occurrono*
of a brine spring proves nothing more than that tlioro In nalt
svmewbere in the Stat*.
18

98 REPOKt' OF THE

Comminntod c&rbonaceaus matter is found in considerftblfi
abundance in Bomc of the Rhalea of the Salt Group. Besides
this, no organic traces have been discovered.
H. — CaTboniferous Limestone.

The best known outcrop of this foimation is at Grand Kapids, ■
in Kent cuuuty, where the Grand River csperiencGB a fall of
about IS feet in the space uf two miles. The rocli liorc ci-
bibitd gentle undulations, but the resultant dip ia slightly toward
the uartheast It occurs in generally thin, iriTguIar beds,
which arc considerably broktn up, and embrace frequent part-
ings of argillaceous and bituminous matter. In cumpusition,
it is generally eminently calcareous, but in the lower portion,
arenaceous matter gradually gaius preponderance ; and belts
and patches of the same matenal arc irregularly distributed
through the formation. In the upper part of the exposure
here, is a belt, 5 feet thick, of red, ferruginous, arenaceous
limestone. The thickness of the formation below this is 61
foot, while the thickness abiivc, at this point, is uuknown,
though it is probably less than that below. Tlic portion of the
formation below the ferruginous stratum, contains numerous
geodes, filled with brown aLd white dog-tooth spar, brown pearl
spar, rhombic calcareous spar, aclonttc, anhydrite, aragonite,
pyrites, &c.

From Grand Kapids, tlic formation has been traced north
tlirough Alia aud Cannon, in Kent county, and to the rapids of
the Muskt'gon, in Newaygo county. South of Grand Rupids, it is
followed through Walker, Paris and Gaines, in Kent county,
to Bellevuc, in Eaton county, and thence by numerous oul>
crops to Parma, Sandstone, Spring Arbor, Summit, aud Lconi,
in Jackscm county. The S. W. J of S. E. J, sec. 43, Summit, is
believed ti) bo the most soutliorn well-cliaractcrized exposure
of this formation. It occurs in a quarry belonging to Michael
Shoemaker. Tha section exposed here ia abont 14 feet, as
follows :

STATE GEOLOGIST. 99

D. Sandstone, red, calcareons, htgfaly Ghattered, breaking
into caneiform fragments, with conchoidat sorfacee,
changing locally to C, 5 ft.

0. Limestone, highly ferruginous, brecciated in places,

containing nodules of chert. Passes upward into D. i ft.

B. Limestone, quite arenaceous, biecciatcd, shattered,
witti tliiQ layers wtiich arc Eaady and g^recnish ; the
whole exterior of some of the blocks covered with a
• thick, loose coating of the game ntatcrial ; upper
surface undulating, but smoothed as if by aqueous
action, before the superior layers were deposited, ... 2 ft

A, Limestone, compact, crystalline, silicious, bluish gray,

with Borae crystals oi dog-tooth spar. Exposed,. . . 3 ft.

The stratum D. is the parting layer between the upper and
lower portions of the formation. The characters of this bed
ue exceedingly uniform at all the outcrops on the south and
west sides of the geological basin.

At the quarry of C. Roberts, S. E. J N. W. J sec. 11, Spring
Arbor, is found a section simitar to the preceding:

D.^ Sandstone, ferruginous, highly calcareous, breaking witb
cunoidal fracture.

0. Limestone, bluish gray, hard cr3-stalline, thick-bedded,
of excellent quality, containing email crystal-lined
gcodes, 5 ft

B, Limestone, ragged, arenaceous, with irregular seams

and blotches of greenish sandstone, 2 ft.

A. Limestone, fine grained, hard, bluish, 2 ft.

This formation outcrops on sections 21, 26, 21, 28, 29, 31
uid 32, in the towusbip of Bfllevuc, Eaton county. From the
various quarries in the vicinity of the village, the following
succession of strata was made out:

G. Limestone, thiuk-bedded, calcareous, 3 fL

V. Limestone, yellcjw, silicious 2 ft

B. Limestone, wnassivo, destitute of fofe-sils, . . . , 6 ft

D. Belt filled with a cajspitose Cyuthophylloid, 6 in.

0. Limestone, thick bedded, containing AUorisma and a

large coiled shell (not seen).

B. Limestone, blue, compact, hard, thick-bedded, contain-
ing geodes.

A. SaodBtuuc, bluish-gray.

From Leoni, in Jsckson county, no KctntI outcrop of tUa

100 BGPORT OF THE

formation is knownfhmtil reaching Tascola county. Ob tlift
S. E, 4 sec. 18, T. 12 N., 9 B., aro found uumeroua fragments of
% compact, blue, non-fossiliferous limestone, which has been
quite extensively employed for burning. Kock is altio felt in
the bed of Cass River, at this place.*

On the S. W. J sec. 22, T. 16 N., E. (Sobewaing), Tuacola
county, are found abundant fragmenlH of the lower arenaceous
member of the Carboniferous linic stone, containing an Alio-
riama. Further north, on the N. W. J ace. 13, T. 16 N., 9 E.,
half a mile above the mouth of Cheboyong Creek, is a distinct
outcrop of an arenaceous, yellowish limestone, containing nu-
merous specimens of AUoriimia claaata, and other npeoies iden-
tical with the one found at Grand Rapids and Bellovue. In
this sandstone occurs a thin layer, highly calcaroous and ex-
ceedingly tough. The next outcrop occurs at the aortliern
extremity of Stone lulaud {Shung-wotgue), in Saginaw Bay,
The rock rises but four or five feel above the water, and is
generally much brecciated. It is for the most pa^ calcareous,
but exhibits bands and patches of an arenaceous character;
and the beach is strewn with fragments apparently thrown up
from a greater depth, which seem to belong to the arenaceous
strata exposed at Cheboyong Creek. AUorvsma occurs here,
and geodcB arc not unfrequent. Tha lower arenaceous layers
appear again on North Island (Ash-qua-guin-dai-guc).

On the sonth side of Wild Fowl Bay, is a characteristic out-
crop of the formation, extend I ng'^Iong nearly the whole shore.
The dip is very slight toward the south-east. The greatest
actual exposure is uuly four feet, but the rock uudouhtedly
riaes in the bank to the height of ! 5 feet above the water. Th«
following strati graphical characlerii were uuled:

F. Limestone, argillaceous, chcrty, perforated cxteusirely

by a Syringopora, 10 in.

E. Limestone, compact, bluish, weathering while, 1 ft.

KUttm. Tlielfta»l(nieliiiliirk>rglllacei»s,ud«r:ulouUT*nBunDI. TbU la lb* fd;*.
risM Cram vblch Uw Indtuu of Uila fkUrttj eat tlwlr t^m. It liu KBxrhnl U» ap-
fnwnw of > bf di«uUe UdiMibh.

"• _•

STATE GEOLOGIST. 101

m

D. Limeitone, arenaceous, with noduks of chert, ^^x^.

dipping into the water 10 rods west, -..*.' 4 in.

C. Lim^tone, dark, calcareous, with bituminous (flinty?) .•'
streaks and laminte — intersected by broad cracks-.*
which have been subsequently filled with material ''-•
like D, 10 in,--

B. Limestone, yellowish, highly arenaceous, thin bedded,

rather incoherent, the lower one-fourth curiously band-
ed with lighter and darker streaks, 1| ft.

A. Limestone, arenaceous, highly shattered and recement-

ed.

The flint nodules in the layer D, arc bluish, of a fine, homo-
geneous structure and strike fire with steel, with great readi-
ness. They exist in large quantity. Should there be a demand
for such an article. Wild Fowl Bay could furnish an abundant
supply.

The layer E, would furnish a superior building material.

The layers D, E and F, will make excellent lime, and the ele-
vation above the water, especially if the rock enters into the
formation of the high bank along here, Would fully justify the
opening of a quarry.

From this point the formation crosses Saginaw Bay, and next
appears on the Charity Islands. The rock is seen under water
for a long distance south-west of Little Charity Island. It out-
crops along the nortliern, western and southern shores, consist-
ing of one or two layers 12 to 15 inches thick. It abounds in
the Syringoporaf before referred to, and contains some concre-
tions of a cherty nature. It is rcplet<4 with traces of organic
remains, but nothing is well preserved or identifiable, save some
Bryozoa and CyathophyllidcD,

The formation outcrops more extensively on the n/Drth side of
Great Charity Island, where it rises about five feet above the
water,' and presents the following section:

C. Limestone, areno-calcarcous, containing Bryozoa^ Cyath-

ophyllidw and Allorisma^ 10 in.

B. Limestone, with cherty nodules, 10 in.

A. Sandstone, calcareous, obliquely laminated, 4 ft,

Some portions of A are well characterized sandstone, of a

lOa .;.•'■ RKPOET OP THB

'wbittsli.'ta. grayish color. Th« laminsB extend fron top to
bottoip.dl' the mass, dipping aortb-west at an angt« of abont
45?.. They are quite undulating and even contorted, and the
. nholo mass shows something of n rude concretionary structure.
'*■'.'. The formation- strikes the main land at Point au Grcs. The
'•,'tock here, in spite of tho name, is a limestone. That part of
the outcrop aboTO tbo water consists of three layers, each about
15 inches thick. The upper layer is, in places, quite arena-
ceons, bi^t is more solid than the rock at Cheboyong creek. It
contains stains of greenish matter and irregularly cylindrical,
somewhat concretionary, bodies, considerably colored. Here
occnrs the Syring<^i&ra which occupies the top of the section at
Wild Fowl Bay. This layer is separated from the next by two
or three inches of laminated, argillo calcareous sandstone.

The middle layer is more purely calcareous, but contains
some sand. Here I saw an A<xrvularia, a Syringopora, a Oy-
atAophylloid, and the remains of a bony body, whose imprcsBion
left pits regularly disposed upon the rock.

The lower layer abounds in concretionary cherty nodules,
perforating the rock in every dii-cction, often appearing, when
broken at the surface of the stratum, like plugs driven into the
rock. These nodules are less flinty than those seen at Wild
Fowl Bay.

A large Froduclus was picked up on the beach. *

Between this point and Nowaygo county, no definite informs'
tion lias yet been coUicted respecting this formation. We
know from the surveyors' notes, that limestone outcrops at
various points, but I have seen no specimens, and its geologi-
cal characters are in doubt.

The thickness of this formation is much greater on the west-
ern (and probably northern) borders of the basin, than on the
southern. ItisTtl feet thick at Scribncr's well at Grand Rapids,
and the whole thickness in tliis vicinity is probably not less
than 70 feet It is found 65 feet thick in the salt wells of East
Saginaw. ^

As this calcareons member of the GarboniferosB system pos-

STATE OEOLOOIST. 1«a

great economical and Hcientific interost, I havo thought
best to enter into a greater ainuunt of local and stratigrapliicid
detail th|kB I have done in respect to the other groupH. For the
determination of the panillolism between this furmutinn and tho
carboniferous h'nicstonca of llic North-west, lithological con-
aiderations become tlie nn»ro important, from tho gn^at scarcity
of fossils in our formation, and the entire absence of those
forms which furnish the means of certain identification in In-
diana, Illinois, Missouri and other States.

From the account which has been given, there is obvous diffi-
culty in identifying our limestone with any of the groups that
have been established by the researches of Owen, IlaH, Swal-
low, Worthen, McCliesney and others. Little attention has
yet been given to fc.»S8il remains, but tlio folK)wing notes of
species thus far observed, may f»c hero rec\>rded:

Noiea on the Fomi-^ of the Carbofn/crfnta Linifi^tonc </ Michigan,

[The numbers prefixed refer to the University Catalogue.]

roLvn.

S37. Lithostrotion mammillare, Htiuxtnls atui lioimt.

Tho specimens ajrrec* entin ly wilh figures i\\\\\ dosoriptioim
by Hall (Iowa Kep ^ :ui.l Owen ^tJe**!. bnva. Wisconsin, it o.^

Localilies — Grand I!a;«id8 nnd boulder^ in th;»t vii'inity.

5I.*)0. Lithostrotion (Lith- tieijdrrn) Kinj:ir»'nieum ? rhMf^
This abundant, generally disiributeil, luxuriantly o«»Npi(oiio
and branching Cyathophylloiil. presents externally tho non»
striated appearance o^ L, hnujictmicum, wliile it bus tho ov^l
columella (»f L. iWia/f\ rhillips. It is less straight tlmn
either of these species, and not improbably eon.»*tit»ite8 a \\\9
tinct type.

LocalUieA — Grand Rapids, Bellevua, Great Charity Ulaud.

Pt an Ores.

252. Cyathophyllum fongiteR,Fi>r Konincl\

These specimens considerablv resemble TuMnoh\t f\nuji(fit^
Fleming, (Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, PI. Ill, Kig. a;U Thoy
are less broad than the figure of l>e Koninek, (Anintaux Kosa.
de Belg. PI. D, Fig. 2,) but agree well wilh Ow(M\'s liguro of
the same, (Iowa, &c.. Table IV, Fig. 4.)^ The last numcd i«
reported from the Keokuk rapids.

104 REPORT OF THE

Localitiea — Grand Rapida, Stone leland, (Saginaw Bay.)
353. Cyathophyllum, sp?

Hitre expanded than the preceding^, and mure irregular in its

outline.

Locaiiiu — Grand Rapid»,
251. Caryophyllia duplicata, Maiiin.

Agreement very good.

Localily — Great Charity Island. ^

249. AcervuUria, wp?

The obscuiu atvlirurm elevation in the cup uf thtB large coral

BtrikeB the eye at first as belonging to a Lithoshvtion, but

after careful ex ami n at inn, 1 am convinced that the coral pos-

tCBsen nu culuui<jlla As far as ito characters ctiu be inspoc-

ted, it does not diffei' from Stromboden, as restricted by Pictet.

It has the genera! aspef;t, however, of nn Anervularia, and

only differs in having tlie iraiisveren floors more nomeroui

in tho visceral chamber.

Locality — Pt. an Ores.
248. Syringopora, sp?

Tubes email; much geniculated and with numerous oblique

connecting tubes or bars as large as the main tubes. Avery

characteristic fossil, but very obscure.

LocatUieB—Qnitd Rapids, Pt. au Ores, Wild Fowl Bay, Great
and Little Charity Islands.

236. Archreocidaris.

Remains of spines only, which more resemble Hall's figures
of A. Agassizii, (Burlington Limestone,) and A. Ktokuk,
(Keokuk Limestone,) than any others accessible to me.
Locality — Grand Rapids.

288. Fenestella membranacea (?), PhiUips.
Very closely related to Oorgmxia (Beteporaj mambranacoa,
Phillips and DeKoninck. The fenestrules, howBTer, are bat
little longer than broad.
LocdUy — Grand Rapids.

38ft. Fenestella, sp.?

Similar to the preceding, but the fcnestrulss are more elonga-
ted and less quad%gular. A distinct, sharp keel runs along
the ray between the two rows of cellules. The form and
disposition of the^llulss is a miniature representation of

STATE GEOLOGIST. 105

the feneBtmles. This species is scarcely distinguishable
from specimens collected from the St. Louis limestone, two and
a-half miles west from Charboniere, on the Missouri River.
It must bear considerable resemblance to F, patula^ McCoy.

LocalU}^ — Grand Rapids.

241. Fenestella, sp.?

The rays are very narrow and tlexuous between the lines of
small roundish feuestrules. No cellules have been seen.

Localii}^ — Grand Rapids.

240. Polypora, sp ?

Allied to F. Shumardiij Prout, (Trans. Acad. St. Louis. I., p.
371), a Devonian species The cellules are exceedingly mi-
nute and indistinct, though I imagine the Bpeciinon shows
the reverse side

Locality — Grand Rapids.

242. Cladopora (?) sp?

Prof. Hairs characterization of thi8 pronus, (Pal, of X. Y., 11,
137,) does not disagree with these h|»cciniens.

Locdiiy — Grand Rapids.

243. Cladopora, sp?

The cellules are pninHgcnouslv unungcd up«»n u Uatiencd,
branching axis.

Locality — Great Charity Island.

244. Coscinium (?)

Fencstrules quincuncially disposed on u flattened branching
axis, which is minuti-ly porous.

Locality — Great Charity island.

245. Monticulipora (?) sp? (Rhinon-na, Hall.)

Minute, polyg<»iial, crowded, rayUsH pores or cells, irregularly
studding the hurfacc of a comprchsed, lobated, subspheroidal
mass.

Locality — Grand Rapfds.

247. Ptilodyctia(?) sp? (Stictopura, Hall)

A branched, nearly terete stem, with pores apparently on all
sides.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

BRACHIOPODA.

207. Productus Altoncnsis, Norxoood and FraUen, (Journal Acad.
Nat. Sci , Phil. [2| 111, 7.)

Agrees very well. It bears some resAblance to P. eosiaiuB
Soverby, Var, Hall, (Iowa Rep. p. 712,) but it is hardly
14

108 REPORT OF THE

broad enoagh tor this variety, and has do mesial Binati
thou^li apparently flattened. It also resembles P. cosialuM,
Sow. (DeKoninck, Carbon Foss Belg. p. 1C4,) but it is not
broad enough nor docs it exhibit any gT&nulatioss. The
atrintion of some specimens is exceedingly like that of i*.
cornoides, Sow. (Phillips, Geo!. Yorkshire. PI. VII, Pig. 4,)^^.
AUonensis is from tho upper portion of the Carbon iferooo
limestone, (St liouis limestone of Hall.)
LocatHy — Graod Rapids.
■ 208. Prodiictus plluiformis, SfcChesjtey (New Pal. Foss. p. <0).
It bears some reaemblanco.to P. ovaius, Hall, but the stria
are too fine. It difTers in the same way from P. Altoneiisie,
aod IB, besides, broader than that species. Jrom P. tenuicoa-
tu», Hall, it diCTers from the mode of increase of the strise
which is by intercalation instead of bifurcation. The con-
centric rugEQ, moreover, arc not sufficiently conspicnooB.
P. pUeiformis is from the Kaekaskia Limestone.
/•ocoZiiy— Ferris' limekiln, 2 miles north of Jackson.

309. ProductuB.

This was thought by Prof McChesney, (without making di-
rect comparison) to be his P./asdcultUiia (Op. cit. p. S8). It
does not, Iioweycr, agree sufficiently well.

It has some resemblance to P. Cora, D'Orbigny, as figured
by Owen (Op. cit. Table IV , Fig. 1), but my specimen ex-
hibits seven or eight riba raised higher than the intervening
ones. Tiio surface is covered by fine undulating concentric
strice, and when exfoliated, shows numerous punctata de-
pressions beneath. Tlic spine bases are very scattered on the
ventral valve.
Localily — Unknown. Supposed to be with preceding.

310. ProductuB Wilberanus (?), McChesney.

The agreement is moderately good, but the concentric strite
or rugte are not generally distributed. This species comes
from the coal measures of Uharboniere, Ho. It differs from
P. scfliriuscM^iw, DeKoninck, (Op eit,Pl. IX., Fig. 5,) by the
irregular disposition of the pustules.
Locality — Unknown. Supposed to be with the prescding.
211. Productus, spT
A delicate species much too finely striated for P elegana, Nor-
wood and Pratten, and somewhat too much so for P. Allonen-
aia, while it is too regularly and coarsely striate for P. piiti-
/ormis.
LocaiHy — Stone IslAd, in Saginaw Bay.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 101

SIS. Productus, sp ?
A species destitute of radiating striaB or ribs. The ventral
valve shows five or six varices or lines of growth ; the dor-
sal, (if it is the same species) more than this. The surface
is punctate.

It is allied to P. gryphoides DeKoninck, (Op. cit. p. 182,
PI. IX., Fig. 1, but not to the other figures.)

Localii'ii — Grand Rapids.

218. Productus, sp ?
Considerably resembles in form and size, P. muriadu^f Nor-
wood and Pratten, from the coal measures, but the radiating
ribs are too fine. It is somewhat like DeKoninck's figure of
P. cosiatus, (PI VIII., Fig. 8,) but is not sinuated. It closely
corresponds with P. costatus from the coal measures, 9 miles
north of St. Louis, Mo., except in not being sinuated, and in
the less conspicuous character of the concentric rugse.

Localitif — Grand Rapids.

214. Productus, sp?

Has the form of the last, but the radiating stria) are much
fiser and the concentric folds little conspicuous.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

215. Orthis umbraculum (?) von BucK,

Allied to 0. Tx>busiaf Uall, (Op. cit. 713.) Resembles O. um'^
bracidufn as figured by DeKoninck, (Op. cit. p. 223,) from
carboniferous limestone, but better as figured by Owen, (Op.
cit.. Tab. v., Fig. 11.) It exceedingly resembles this species
as figured by Hall in Stanabuiys Report, (PI. Ill, Fig. 6.)

Locality — Grand Rapids.

216. Orthis (?) sp?

A single flat valve with slender auriculate appendages ex-
tending the hinge line to nearly the greatest width of the
shell.

Locality — Grand Rapids.

232. Orthis, sp ?
A single dorsal valve store finely striate than the preceding.

Locality — Stone Island, in Saginaw Bay.

211. Athyris subquadrata. Hall, (Iowa Rep., t03.)
This species is from the Kaskaskia limc8lx>ne.

2/Ocaii^t/— Grand'Rapids.

218. Athyris sublamellosa, Hall, (Iowa Rep., p. 702.)

Agrees pretty well, but the shell is not more than one-third
tlie dimensions of Hall's, and is proportlbnally a little thinner.
This species is from the Kaskaskia limestone.

108 REPORT OP THE

Locality — Uaknown. Supposed to be with the lut.
2ia. Atliyrifi, ep ?
CDnsidarably reeembles TerdinUula rhimixndea. Phillips.
Also has Bonte affinilias with McChesney's A. obmaxima
fcoui the Keokuk limastoD*
Locality— Gr&nd Rapids.

226. Atliyris Roysii (?) DeKoninck.

Closely rt'latcd t<i smootli specimens of this species. (Op.

cit , PI. XX, Fig. 1 )

Locality — Grand Rapids.
221. Athyris, ap?

Locality — Grand Rapids.
S32. Athyris, Bp ?

Locality — Grand Rapids.

223. Athyris, sp ?
Locality — Grand Uapids.

225. AtbyriB? sp ?

Bears considerable relationship to Ihvbratnla Soyai, V€r, Le-
vciile, (DeKoninck, PI. XXI, Fig. 1,) but it is somewhat
broader and more quadrsta. It resembles A. obvia McChes-
ney, (p. 81,) biit differs in having its two valves oquatly
couvei, and in its faint radiating lines. It is less sinuate
than A. differenliuB, McChosncy.
Localitixa — Grand Rapids, Pt. au Ores.

229. Athyris? sp?

Locality — Ferris' limekiln, 2 miles north of Jackson.

224. TerebratDlasaccnlns, var. haBtata(?) DeKoninck.
Locality — Grand Rapids.

228 Tcrebratulii subretziteforma (?) McChemey.

It is broader proportionally thau this species from the Kas-
kusliia limestone, but otherwise it ag;rcCB closely. The cor-
rcHpim^Dco is also very good with T. aiMUita, Hall, (Stans-
bury's Kep., p. 409,) but our shell is smaller. It is smaller,
thinner and less deeply sinnatcd than specimens of T. sviti-
lHa, Hall, from the coal measures of La Salle, III.
Locality — Grand Rapids

227. Terebmtula, sp ?
Locality — Grand Rapids.

238. Terebratnla, sp f
Locality — Graad R^ids.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 109

233. Terebratula, sp?

LocalU^ — Stone Island in Saginaw Bay.

235. Atrypa, sp ?

Large, very gibbous, with numerous radiating ribs.

Loi^ality — Ft. au Ores.

234. Spirifer Keokuk, var, Hall.

The general aspect is of this variety. The principal points
are as follows : The valves are nearly equally convex ; the
mesial sinus of the dorsal valve is abruptly elevated, but
instead of being divided into four distinct plications, presents
but two, which are distinctly marked. The ventral valve
has a sinus, simple at its origin, but soon divided by a dis-
tinct plication, and in some specimens by two lateral ones.
Surface on each side of the mesial fold and sinus marked by
about s plications, the two adjacent to the mesial sinus and
elevation originating from a single one near the apex. No
stria? arc seen on the surface.

The variety above is from the St. Louis limestone.

Our shell bears also a close relation to S. rotundaius var.
planaia, DeKoninck (PI. XIV, Fig. 2, and XVII, Fig. 4) It
is, however, a little more transverse than these figures, ap-
proaching in outline S. acuticostatuat, DeKoninck.

Localify — Grand Kapids.

IJlUELLIBRANCniArA.

SOL Allorisma clavata, McChenney,
The "llattened or slightly concave space extending like a
sinus from the beak to the base" of the shell is scarcely per-
ceptible in my specimens. From the Kaskaskia Limestone.

Localify — Cheboyong Creek, Tuscola county.

202. Allorisma, sp ?

Bears some resemblance to A, sinuaia, McChesney, from the
Kaskaskia Limestone, but differs thus: Not prolonged poste-
riorly, nor extremely gibbous; beaks less than one third tlie
length of the shell back from the anterior extremity; ventral
margin but very slightly sinuate, and surfaces of valves
scarcely depressed; concentric ridges not very strong

In form and makings it resembles Lithodomus Jenkinsoni,
McCoy, (Brit. Pal. Rocks and Foss. PL 3 F. Fig. 2).

Localiliea — Grand Rapids, Stone Island, Great Charity Island.

203. Allorisma, sp ?

Allied to A, suicoto, Fleming (King, Permian Fossils, PI. XX.
Fig 5), ''from carboniferous shales, Redesdale, Northumber-

110 REPORT OP THE

laud." I cannot, howover, detect anj radiating pimples.
This form also resemblea A. reguiaria (Owsn, Eep. lows, fto.,
Tab. V. Fig. 13).
LocalUifs — Qrand Rapids, Cheboyong Creek,

204. Alloriema, sp?

Tire umbonca almost overhang the anterior extremity.
LocalUies — Grand Uapids, Oicboyoiig Ci-eek.
206. Alloriuma, ap?

Very gibbous, umbonee sharp, incurved, overhanging the

autcrior extremity.

LocalUien — Grand Rapids, Chcboyong Creek.

205. Niicular sp?

Pcrhape an AUorisma or Myalina; very obscure.

LocalUy—Gi^nd Kapids.
231. Niicula? sp? '

LocaiiJy — Cheboyong Greek.
330. Myabna h»m(illosa(?), DaKoninck.

The licak is rather too mucli recurved, and the surface too

smooth, for this species. It has some resemblance to M.

Swallovi, McChcancy (Op. cit, p. 51), from the coal measures.

LocaiUy — Grand Rapids.

GATTEnOPODA.

Remains of Euomphuloid casts have been found at Grand
RapidH. Very complete coiled shells have been met with
at llellevuc, in Eaton county, but I have not been fortunate
enough to secure any.

254. Phillipsia, sp?

Fragments of tails, resembling P. Brogniarli, Fischer (Do

Kon. Op. cit., PI. LIU, Fig. 1).

Locality — Grand Rapids.
855. PhiUipsia, sp?

Fragments of two tuberculatcd tails.

LocaiUies— Grand Rapids. From Great Charity Island is^ft
' portion of a liead which mity belong to the same species.

Remains of spines and 1% a mmod as-like teeth have been met
with at varions localities.

STATE GEOLOGIST. Ill

Of the Gftj-five species discrimiDated in the foregoing list^
only sixteen have beep even doubtfully identified with species
hitherto described. Of these sixteen, twelve only are known
to the writer to occur in tlie carboniferous rocks of the Western
States, and are distributed as follows:

In the Coal Measures: Productus Wilberanusff),

In the Kaskaskia Limestone: Froductus pUeifomiis^ Athyria
9uJbquadrata^ A sublamcHosa Terchralula subretzice/orma (f) Alio-
risma clavata.

In the St. Louis Liin«'>toiM': Lilhosfrcdion mammxUarey Pro-
ductus AUonensis, Spirifer Krolxd:, var. Also the Fenedella^
No. 239.

In the Keokuk Limestone: Cyafhophjllum fungitcsf?)

In the Carboniferous Limestone p^cnerally: Orthis umbracu*
lum.

In the present slate of our knowledge, it would be prema-
ture to attempt to identify the Carboniferous Limestone of
Michi;;an with any of the group of Illinois and neighboring
States. Attention may, however, be directed to the following
points:

1. No indications of Archimedes have been detected in the
formation.

2. Very few indications of Encrinites have been discovered.

3. The prtjbable identification of five species, with forms be-
longing to liie Kaskaskia LimesUuie, affords a pretty strong
indication that at least some parts of our formation lie in the
horizon of the very top of the general series.

4. The identification of lour species with forms from the St
Louis Limestone, foreshadow8»a strong affinity with that part
of the system. The brecciated character of many portions of
the rock, points, if anywlicre, to the same relationship.

5. The ferruginous, arenaceous stratum, occurring in the
midst of the formation, may caflily mark the boundary line be-
tween the two successive epochs last mentioned ; although, at
present, it is impossible to say whether the distribution of the
fossilB conforms with such a separation.

112 REPORT OP THE

6. The areuaccous character of the lower part of the forma-
tion, becoming on the Charity Islands, a thick mass of yellow-
ish sandstone ; the blotches and disseminated particles of
greenish matter found Iiere ; the frequent shaly partings of the
strata ; certain ** vermicular ramifications'' upon the bedding*
surfaces, all recall the characters of the upper part of the
Warsaw Limestone.

7. At tho same time, the portion below the ferruginous are-
naceous bed abounds in geodes filled with crystals of calc spar,
dog-tooth spar, pearl spar, selenite, anhydrite, pyrites, &c., which
recall the " Geode Bed," below the Warsaw Limestone.

Whether our formation possesses real affinities with all the
groups from the ''geode bed" to tlie Kaskaskia limestone, is an
interesting question which probably we shall yet bo able to
resolve. Such a result would not be surpriHing. The Tarions
groups of the Silurian and Devonian Systems, stretching
through a vertical thickness of many thousand feet in New
York and Pennsylvania, are all faithfully represented withm
the space of as many hundred feet in tlie Lower Peninsula of
Michigan ; ^nd we are prepared to foresee that our situation,
similarly, upon the borders of the 'great carboniferous sea, has
resulted in an attenuated representation of the various groups
of the carboniferous limestone, which towards tlie south-west
thickens up to some thousands of feet.

15. — Parma Sandstone,

In the townships of Parma, Sandstone and Springport, in
Jackson county, is found a white, or slightly yellowish, quartz-
ose, glistening sandstone, containing occasional traces of ter-
restrial vegetation. On the lind between sections 18 and 19, in
the township of Sandstone, this rock is seen succeeding upwards
to the furruginous bed of the Carboniferous limestone. On the
N. W. \ of X. W. J, sec. 29, at the quarry of Mrs. Titus, the
sandstone i)resents a characteristic exposure. The rock is
light-colored, thick-bedded, firmly cemented and appears to
furnish an excellent article for building purposes. It presents

STATE GEOLOGIST. 118

the remsrkablti dip of 45" SSW, with Tertic»l diTisional planes
mDoing par.iIUI with tbc Btrike. Tho rock is occaaionall;
Btaincd with iroo, is of mDdium (iacQCSS and glistciLS in the enn,
from the glassy clcarncsa of Uic qu.irlzoBC grains. For caps
and sills it is apparently supei iur to the NaiKilcon sandstone.

This quarry occurs upon a ridge derated about 35 feet above
the limestone, which is exposed over an area of a square mile,
beginning a few rods further west. It has every appearance of
a violent uplift, but the undisturbed position of the underlying
limestone seems incompatible with this snpposition, and wc are
forced to conclude that the apparent dip of the formation is
nothing mere than a very illusory example of oblique lamination.

At the N, E. J of S. W. J, sec. 18, Parma, near where the
highway crosses Rice creek, this eandstonc affords a Calamile.
At the S. W. J of N. E. J, sec. 19, Parma, it has been quarried
by Mr. L. H. Fisk. The rock is nearly while, sometimes vary-
ing to a light straw color; and in some^ places is quite full of
small white quartzose pebbles. A portion of the Albion flour
mill was built of stime from this ijuarrj.

Very numerous quarries have been opened in tliis formation
in the northern part of Jackson county, but it is unnecessary
to particularize at present

From Mrs. Titns' quarry, the outcrop trends south-east toward
the village of Barry, and is worked at several points. At Boyn-
ton's quarry, half a mile north-west of the Barry coal mines, is
a fme exposure of massive sandstone, which, tlungh occupying
a higher geographical position than tho coal, is nevertheless
believed to belong geologically below it. It is found abovs
tho limestone in the vicinity of the quarry of Chester Wall,
and seems to be the highest rock throughout moat of the inter-
val between Barry and Woodville coat mine. South of Wood-
ville it may bo recognized by its glistening character, to the
immediate vicinity of Dayden's coal mine, and from here to the
region south of Jackson. It is unnecessary to particularize
localities. Indeed, it is separated in this part of the State, by

lU RBPOKT OP THK

su short ao iuterval, from the Napoleoo Sandatqne below, aud
tlie Wuodville Sandst&ne above, that the geographical diitribu-
tion of tbfa formation has not been very accarateljr detemiued,
even after a pretty carefnl anrvey.

This sandstone was pierced in the boring for i&lt at East
Saginaw, and its thickneis was found to be 105 feet. It cannot
be a third of this on the soutbern border of the basin.

\o foseUs, except imperfect Calamitea and vegetable traces,
have been detected in the Parma Sandstone, but accompanying
its OQtcrop, throiighout its whole extent, are found angular
fragments of a flinty or clierty sandstone abounding in impres-
sions of Sigitlarice. Not unlikely these remains belong to the
formation in question. They frequently recall the characters
of the Ohio Buhrstonc.

, The Parma Sandstone occupies tlie geological poaitioQ of the
Ohio Conglomerate. The occurrence of pebbles at a single
l(>cality observed, constitutes a faint physical resemblance, but
in other respects the correspondence is rather remote. Unlike
the Ohio Conglomerate, it is separated from the upper Devo-
nian rocks by a considerable thickness of calcareoie and
arenaceous strata.

18. — Coal Measures.

The Coal Measures, with the overlying WoodviUe Sandstone,
occupy the whole central ariea of tho Lower Peninsula. The
territory covered, embraces the counties of Saginaw, Shiawas-
see, Clinton, Ionia, Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella and Midland,
and the greater part of Tuicola, Genesee, Ingham, Katon and
Bay, being nearly thirteen counties, besides considerable por-
tions of Livingston, Jackson, and probably other counties on
tlio north The whole area underlain by the coal measures ia
approximately ISl townships, or 6,100 square miles. Over
nearly the whole of this extent of country the measures will be
foiiDd productive.

The southern border of the baain reaches probably into the
township of Blackman, in Jackson county. Beyond this seem
to be several detached outliers in which the measures do not

STATE GEOLOtilST. 115

attain their normal thickness, though the principal Beam of coal
is very little diminished The most southerly point at which
coal has been found in place, is at Qajden's mise, where it was
discovered in 1835, in digging the foundation of a mill. Tbia
is on section I, in the township of Spring Arbor. The' opening
occurs OD Sandstone creek where it is crossed by the highway,
on the Jth section line running south through the S. K. J. The
outlier seems to be embraced in a gentle elevation, covering,
perhaps, 40 acres to the west of the opening. Some distance
op the hill slope, a boring was made with the following result:

E. Drift materials, 8 ft.

D. Shale, " 22 ft

C. Coal, 4 ft.

B. Under clay, lift

A. Parma Sandstone.

In tlio drift which ban been carrjpd into the bill the coal is
found only three feet thick, and contains a seam of R'on Pyrites
one foot from the top. Fragments of Black Band Iron Ore are
brought out, which contain impressions of fishes. The sand-
stone (A) comes to the surface a few i-ods to the north, and a
boring for coal was executed in it, of course without success.
The boring, however, became an Artesian well.

One mile oorUi of Hayden'a mine, occurs the Woodville mine,
owned by the Detroit and Jackson Coal and Mining Company.
We here find the coal measures overlain by a sandstone, which,
from its good exposure in the cut of the side track from the
mine to the Central Railroad, has been designated provisionally
the Woodville Sandstone. The section passed in the shaft of
thin mine is as fullows:

E. Superficial materials, 13 ft.

D. Woodville sandstone, 30 ft

C. Shales, dark bituminous, with 6 feet <if fine light color-

ed clay 43 ft,

B. Bituminous coal, 4 ft.

A. Under clays 3 ft.

A few rods from the shaft toward the north-west, the sand*
atone was found 4fi feet thick in a boring. The cut of the side

116 REPORT OP THE

track shows this rock to be strikingly marked by lines of
oblique lamination, which generally dip toward the south. The
rock has a pale buff color, unequally distributed, and is but
moderately coherent, rather friable, and towards the top is
wholly disintegrated.

The shales are compact, fine, black and highly bituminous.
In traversing the drifts or chambers leading from the shaft, the
shaly roof is seen to be somewhat undulating and to present
many evidences of slight disturbance since solidification. It is
intersected by numerous fractures, and in many instances the
movements of the opposing faces against each other have pol-
ished them most perfectly. The blackness and solidity of the
shale g^ve specimens the appearance of polished jet. The shale
contains a Lingvla probably unknown to science.

The coal is bituminous, solid, generally free from foreign
matters, but is intersected by a thin belt of iron pyrites which
is also slightl^^ disseminated tlif oughttlie contiguous portions
of the coal. The coal furnishes a glistening coke, samples of
which were much admired at the State Fair.

It is uncertain whether tliis outcrop is connected with the
main basin or is only another outlier. Numerous explorations
for coal have been made in vain on the N. E. \ sec. 36, Sand-
stone, and extending over the line into the N. W. \ of the seo^
tion. At one point a boring was carried to the depth of 279
feet. The coal measures seem to be mainly denuded along the
interval between Woodville and Barry. At the deep boring,
the Parma Sandstone was found 24 feet thick ; a series of
calcareo-arenacecus strata holding the place of the carboniferous
limestone, 22 feet; a series of argillo-arenaceous strata occu-
pying the place of the gypseous, or Michigan Salt Group, 49
feet ; the Napoleon Group, including 20 feet of separating shale
at bottom, 114 feet The boring extended 56 feet into the Mar-
shall Group. With such an interpretation of the results of this
experiment, it would be obviously inconsistent to encourage
further expenditures in the exploration of rocks below the
shales of the coal measures.

STATE GEOLOGIST. Ul

A little further west, at tho village of Barry, tbo coal is
foQDd again outcropping and has been worked to a considerable
extent by the Jackson City Coal Company. Tho coal posBCsses
nearly the same qualities here as at Woodville, thiAigh what I
saw Bccmed to be of a less soiid character. Some Bpecimeas
wero furnished me, however, for exhibition at the State Fair,
which, in physical characters, appeared equal to any in the
SUte.

The geology of this vicinity ia exceeijingly complicated — the
carboniferous limestone and overlying Parma Sandstone appear*
ing at points north-east and north-west of the mines, at a higher
geographical position than the coal. There can be no doobt
that these mines are also situated on an outlier of the coal
basin, of but limited extent

An outcrop of coal is said to occur about half a mile west of
the village of Barry. East of here the coal is seen again out-
cropping in the bank of the Grand River at the mill-dam in the
city of Jackson, and indications of its approach to the surface
are seen at several other places in the neigliborhood. Borings
and excavations have been made at various points, with no oni-
form results. In the shaft which was sunk by the Jackson City
Coal Company, the following section was passed, accordioff to
the statement of Mr. William Walker:

G. Superficial materials 8 ft.

P. Sandstone, white or tilighlly stained, banded below with
ferruginous and argillaceous streaks;. contains Qila-
miles and carbonaceous matter, 26 ft.

E. Black bituminous shale with Lingula, '...14ft,

D. Black band iron ore, with abundance of Lingvla, 3 ft.

C. Cannel coal, 3 ft.

B. Bituminous coal, 2 ft.

A. Finely arenaceous fireclay, with abundance of Slig-

mariCB, 7 ft.

Id the boring close by, tho Kcction continues downward
through 30 feet of arenaceous materials, probably representing
the Parma Sandstone.

Numerous explorations havo been uiade iu tliu vicinity of the

118 REPORT OF THE

city of Jackauii, but it would occupy too much space to detail
the results. It must bere isufficc to aay in gcaeral torms, that
the statistics aceumuiated seem at first view to coiiutitute a
' perfectly chaotic niaas, without the least trace of a fixed order
of BucceSaion among the strata, but that after correcting the
errors in the miDeralog^ical language of the well borers, it is
fonnd that the differvnt explorations hare pierced the Wood-
viUe Sandstone, the Coal Measures and the Farraa Sandstone;
that thaso three formations present numerous sudden flexures,
BO that after denudation of the ridges, each has been brought
i» the Borface at numerous points. The consequence is, that in
some cases the exploration hat comnenced in the Woodville
Sandstone, in others, in the Coal Measures, and in' still others,
in the Parma Sandstone, which is shown to consist in the lowej;'
part, of an alternation of quartzoie and argillaceous beds. It
further appears that the Artesian waters of this vicinity pro-
ceed from the lower portion of the Parma Sandstone, and that
the trough shaped attitudes into which the rocks have been
thrown, are exceedingly farorable to the reception, and reten-
tion of large" quantities of water. In a full report upon our
Ifeology, it will be interesting to exhibit the correspondence of
the results of the various explorations and lo illustrate the
whole to the eye by appropriate diagrams.

As the three localities already referred to as the scat of coal
miniug operations are thought to be situated upon outliers
of the great coal basin, so nothing more can at present be said
of the city of Jackson — the indications being, that rocks below
the coal measures occupy the surface to tho north of the city.

Between Ingham and Oenesee counties the boundary of the
coal formation has not been traced. In the south-western part
of the township of Mt. Morris and contiguous portions of
Flushing, in the latter county, according to the observations
of Dr. Miles, the shales and sandstones of the coal measures
make numerous outcrops. On the S. E, ^ sec. 26, Flushing,
ibn following section is observed in the bank of tho Flint
Biver:

STATE GEOLOGIST. 119

Su|>erficial materials, 4 ft.

Black shalo, containing Lingula, Chonetes Smilhii, Pro-

ductus tL'peruK and Spirifcr cameratua, 3 ft.

Sandstone, tinned witL iron, 7 iu.

Shale 1 ft.

Sandstone 3 in,

Sbale 4 ft.

Sandstone 6 in.

Sbale to sarface of water, 10 in.

A. short distanco west of here the section is seen to be ex-
tended upwards by the superposition of 1 inches of sandstone
and five feet of an overlTintf shale. The bed of the river here
is covered bj a somewhat undulating and shattered ffraj BUtd-
stone which is considerably quarried for building. At a point
on the N. E. }, section 35, Flushing, a sandstone was seen to
attain a thickness of about IS feet, in aa excavation made by
Mr. Mies.

On the N. E. 1 of S. W. J, section 22, Flushing, ft shaft ma
sunk on the farm of A. J. Brown, of which the following account
was obtained:

Superficial materials, lift.

Sandstone, below, bluish, gritty, 8 ft.

Coal 8J in.

" Horseback clayetoiii'," (Blackband?) , 8 ft.

Same with kidney iron ore, S ft.

Shale, 5 ft.

Sandstone and salt vBOter, 3 ft.

Shale 4 ft.

" Black hard stone," combustible 4 ft

White Fire-clay, ., S ftL

Hard white sandstone, 3 ft.

Darker Sandstone Uaknown.

Striped sandstone, 3 ft.

Shale Unknown.

" Coalblaz)!" with bands of iron ore, lift.

A small hole wse bored from this peint to the depth of IS
feet iu the last named material, making the total deptJi attained
83 feet.

The work seems to have been directed by " Prof. Challig."
The shaft is now filled with salt water.

120 REPORT OF THE

Co&l crops out at numerous places in tho jricinity. It is said
somctimca to show a thickness of two or three feet at tlie out-
crop, but soon thins oat.

Mr. Patton, on tho oast side of the river, near tlio south line
of section 22, has made an excavation for coal and found a
seam 18 inches thick wliich is tolerably hard.

The sandetons taken from the quarry above Flushing, is a
pale, bluish rock, abounding in scales of white mica, ferrugin-
ous streaks, pyrites, carbonaceous streaks and curls, and much
oblique lamination. What is qnite remarkable, I saw in a
block of this stone, in the vanlt of the Bank in Flint, a^long
olab of fibrous talcoso slate, a mineral said to occur in consid-
erable abandance. This rock does not answer to tlie characters
of the Woodville sandstono at any point wfaore its identity is
ondoubted, and I am induced to r^ard it aa a sandstone in-
cluded in tho coal measures. If it is bo, this is the only instauce
within my knowledge where any of the included sandstones
have attained eufScient development to be worked. It is likely,
however, that the gray, homogenous, fine, gritty, faintly-banded
sandstone, found within a mile or two of the city of Lansing,
will be found to hold the same position.

Sandstone, not unlikely the Woodville sandstone, is found
outcropping in tho township of Montrose, on the borders of
Saginaw county.

The next observed point in the boundary line of the coal
field is near the village of Tuscola, in Tuecola county. On the
S. W. J Sec. 29, T. II N. 9 E,, a seam of coal crops out in the
bank of the Cass river. Numerous fragments of an arenaceous
fire-clay, filled with Sligmaria roots, arc strewn uboul. Some
ahales occur here, in which is found a Lingvla.

According to information recently received from i)r, G. A.
Lathrop, to whom I am under great obligations for his free
oo-operation in my researches, a shaft has been sunk on the
north side of tho river, with tho following results:

Clay, U ft.

Fire-clay , 3 ft.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 121

Dark ehale, 4 in.

Coal simitur tocauaci, Sin.

Bituminous coal, 3fl.

Firc-cUy 4 ft

Shale coatinuing at bottom S ft.

One-half milo east of this, on the south side of the river, a
. faolfl was bored with the result as follows:

Sandstone, ISA.

Coal, ; 4ift.

Shale H ft.

Sandstoiie coutinuiDg, 1 ft.

Tho outcrop of these strata traced northward, would probably
strike the bay shore in tho vicinity of Sebewaing.

Fmm Barry, in Jackson county, around the northwest bncder
of the basin, the boundary is still less perfectly known. Tho
coal strata are known to outcrop, however, on Sea 32, in the
township of Benton, Euton county, near the muulh tif Grind-
stone Creek, and still again near tiiu mouth of Coul Creek, in
the same cnunty. Indications alsci exist of tlic neighborhood of
an outcrop near the center of loiiia county; but beyouil this no
authentic observations have beeu made. Coal is reported, how-
over, to occur near the Big Uapids of the Muskegon, in Mecosta
oonnty. As a ^liitc qiiarizosc sand, suitable for glass, is stated
to occur at tho Big Itapida, there is no improbability of the
approach of the oal basin to that vicinity, for there are no such
sandstones known except those which immediately overlie and
underlie the cual scries.

Numerous outcrrips are known within tho area marked out
above. In the township of Lock, Ingham county, the coal has
been taken from the bank of the Red Cedar rivfir. Tliis point
IB nearly in the straight line passing through Tuscola, Flushing
and Jackson, and possibly like these points, occupies a position
on the confines of tho basin. As the strike of the underlying
rocks, however, bends considerably toward the east, it is not
unlikely that tho eastern boundary of tho coal basin will be
found passing Ihroagh Livingston connty.

1ft

123 REPORT OP THE

Id the vicinity of Coruntia, whicli is still further within the
basin, the cial has been succcseriilly worked un a small scale
for a number of years. From an outcrop iu the back of a small
creek on the W. ( N. E. frl. J, sec. 22, Caledonia, Mr. Alexander
McArthar has removed several thousand bushels of broken coal
for the supply of neighboring blacksmiths. An excavation
made at this place by the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad Com:
pany, reveals the following section:

Highly ferruginons loam, 4 ft.

Blue clay, intersected by undulating bands of kidney iron

nodules 4 ft.

Black bitnmiaons shale 2 ft.

Bituminous coal 3J ft.

Clay.
Sandatone.

The coal is of a handsome quality, and is intersected, like the
Beam in Jackson county, bj a streak of pyrites.

Half a mile east of here, tha overlying Woodville sandstone
makes its appearance. In a shaft sunk by Frazer and Stanton,
not the oae now worked, tbe following section was passed:

Saperficial materials 5 ft.

Sandstoao, 5 ft.

Clay, • Sin.

Coal, 3 ft.

Fireclay, intersected by a band of impure, argillaceous •

iron ore, 1 6 ft.

Sandatonc 3 in.

Fire-clay 4 ft,

The prevailing sandstone exposed at Rock Bar, at Blossoiii'ft
quarry, and numerous uther localities in th« vicinity of Gorunna,.
is probably the sandstone which overlies the ceal.

At OwQBSO, a shaft was sunk by the Detroit and Milwaukee-
Railroad Company, with the following result, aa communicated
by B. 0. Williams, Esq., to whom I am indebted for much
assistansG :

Sandstone, flesh colored, seen also in bed of river 14 ft.

Black baud iron ore, 1 ft.

Caunel coal 2 ft.

Dark shales wth vegetable remains Is ft.

STATE GEOLOGIST. ]2a

Black band 8 in.

Bituminous coal, 3 ft.

Bluiali soft cla7, 1 ft.

Sbalcs and arenaceous firc-claye, (as aBcertaincd hy
boring,) the lower part black, terminating in a hard
pyritil'erous stratam 148| ft.

Near the mouth of Sis Mile Creek, in the township of New
Haven, aumerooa explorations have been mad^ A shaft saok
at the month of the creek, furnished the following section, accord-
ing to information received from Mr. George Ott. The shaft
was Btink by Messrs. Silliman and Walker, 21{ feet, and the
scctioD continued by boring:

Superficial materials, 11 ft.

Clay, bluish black 9 ft.

Calcareo-argillaceous black band, 2 ft.

Cannel coal 2 ft.

Clay and ooal, 3| ft.

Coal, ; 5 ft

Clay, light colored Sj ft

Ooal 3 ft

Clay, light colored, 1| ft.

■ CotU, 2 ft.

Clay, light colored.

A sandstone is seen in the vicinity, overlying the bluish black
shale. The black band outcrops in tho bed and bank of the
Shiawassee river at the bridge, and has been quarried for build-
ing purposes. Eajf a mlile up the Creek it is seen presenting a
compact, fine-grained, calcareous character, of very black color,
and seems capable of taking a polish. According to the state-
ments giv.cn above, we havo here II feet of coal within a verti-
cal thickness of 18| leet The shafts which I have visited have
generally been found filled with water, so that it has been im-
possible for me to make personal observations. In such cases
I have deemed tho statements of persons who watched the pro-
gress cf the work as better than an entire absence of informa-
tion At this place, as in most others, I had the opportunity to
inspecf samples taken out As to the nature of the strata,
tiierefore, I have judg«d for myself, while for their thickness, I
have had to depend upon others. If the informatioD obtained

124 REPORT OP THE

from Mr. Ott is correct, (and it is corroborated by Mr. B,
WiliiiLma,) Six Milo Creek furiiiBhcs tlio grcatcet Uiickncss of
workulde coal tliat haa yet become known in the State.

Next to this, the greatest knowii tliickncss of any single veio
of coal ia 4 feet 1 inch, in a shaft and boring sunk on Sec. 35, in
the townsliip of Delta, Eaton connty. My only knowledge of this
locality is recently obtained from Messrs. J. A. Kerr and LaRue,
of Lansing, who furnished me from tlieir records the following
statement of rocks parsed throngh:

Superficial materials 5 ft

Fire clay, soft, 3 ft. 8 in.

Coal, « ft 8 in.

Clay, somewhat bituminous i f t 8 in.

Coal - 1ft 11 in.

Fire-clay, white and hard 6 ft 8 in.

Argillaccoua shale 16 ft 2 in.

Coal 8 in.

Argillaccoua shale, with aomc pyrites IS ft

Sandnick, 4 ft. 2 in.

Coal, 4 ft 1 in.

Sandstone, grayish, soft.

\Vc have here a total thickness of 8 ft IL in. of coal, distrib-
uted in bands, as follows:

Coal, 2 ft 3 in.

Clay, 4ft Sin.

Coal 1 ft. 11 in.

Argillaceous strata, 21 ft. 10 in.

Coal 8 in.

Intervening strata, 16 ft. 8 in.

Coal, 4 ft. 1 in.

Total, 51 ft. 2 in.

The coal also outcrops at Chesaning, on the laud of Shcrifl
Tnrner, and at several other points along the river in this
towiiHhip and St ChurlcEi.

In the salt borings on the Sagiuaw river, coal is struck be-
tween 120 and 140 feet At East Saginaw, according to notes
of Dr. Lalhrop, the following was found to be the section through
the coal mcasurea:

STATS GSOLOGIST. 1S5

Allnrial and drift materials, 93 fL

Browii BandetoDc, (Woodville,) 79 ft.

Shales, dai k colored above, light below, 40 ft.

Bituminous coal, 3 or 4 ft.

Highly arcDaceoua tjrcclu; and aandstunce SO ft.

Shuks, below, dark, bitDmiiious 13 ft. *

SandBtone, with thin ecanis of coal 1 ft.

Shale, 38 ft

White sandstone, (Parma,) 105 ft.

T^ whole thickness of the coal measures here, between tbo
overlyinp and underlying sandstuaes, ia thus shown to be 12$
feet, which is the greatest ttiickncss j'et measured. Probably,
boweTCr, the thickness ia still greater at Owosso.

Putting all thi; obserrationa together, (of which it ia not nec-
essary to make any further detail^,) it appears that tlie rocks
of the coal measures occupy a shallow basin, the longest aiia
of which is nearly coincident with the axis of Saginaw bay.
This bay breaks over the uort'heastem rim of tlie basin, and
near its head tbe rocks will pn>bably be found to eihibit their
greatest depression. It is not likety, however, that this dcpres-
aion rariea greatly between Saginaw and Ionia county In
other words, the lowest depression of the carboniferous tiough
lies beneath a line extending from lonta county into Saginaw
bay. Along this line the coal measures will be found to have
tbo greatest thickness, and the coal seamt; will bo developed in
greatest number and force.

When wc speak of the carboniferous basin or trough, it must
nevertheless be remembered that all these rocks repose very
nearly in horizontal planes, so that the slight undulations into
which they have been thrown by gentle disturbances since their
solidification, have presented eminences and ridges wlticli have
anbseiiuently been more or less worn down. It follows, thero-
forc, that the Woodville sandstone is not everywhere found
covering the coal measures, even within the area that has been
described The denudation has sometimes extended entirely
through this sandstone, or into the shales below, or even sn far
as to reach below the coal Beams. The tracts, however, within
the carboniferoos area, wlucb have been entirely denuded <if coal.

126 REPORT OF THE

muRt t»e very limited, bo that in general terms, the whole area
will be foaad productive.

From the nameroos sectioDB which have been given, it ap-
pears that one persistent seam of coal runs through the wh«Ie
formation. Tbie ranges in thickness between three and five
feet, being thinnest n«ar the borders of the basin. Toward the
central axis of the basin, all the members of the aeries thicken,
and several accessor; seams of coal make their appcaranoa^
When this occurs, one of the seams is a cannel coal about 2
ft in thickness. Immediately above this seam is a belt of
black band, becoming ix places highly calcareous, and passing
into a black ornamental limestone or marble. To present the
general stmcture of our coal measures mere clearly to the mind,
we may make use of the following table:

£. Bituminous shales and light clays, 40 ft.

D. Black band passing into black limestone, 2 ft.

C. Bituminous and Cannel Coal in one or more seams, with

aggregate ttiickncss of 8 to 11 feet, ,.11 ft.

B. Fire-clays and sandstones, '. 23 ft

A. Shale, clay, sandstone and thin seams of coal, 50 ft.

The shales of the coal measures are well stocked with the
remains of the terrestrial vegetation. Fern leaves, in a beauti-
ful state of preservation, are sometimes found in the black band.
But few marine fossils occur, and these have been already
noted.

• ll.—Woodville Sandstone.

Some account of this formation has necessarily been embraced
in the description already given of the Coal Measures, and I
shall add but few observations Wherever it is not denuded,
it is the capping stone of the coal measures. It is a friable,
rather coarse, quartzose sandstone, stained to a variable extent
with oxyd of iron. At Jackson, the rock is nearly white, and
has been used in the manufacture of fine glass; at Comnna it
is pale bnS*, and embraces abundant rich nodules of kidney iron
ore, which, on the disinte^atiou of the rock, are left in the soil;
-at OwoBSD it is flesh colored; near Lyons, in Ionia county, it is

STATE OBOLOGIST. 121

striped kod mottled with red, or even of a unifonnly brick red
color. It TRrios cquall; in hftrdneBB, Mag sometimee suffi-
ciently solid for grindstone! and bnilding stones. The State
Prison is built of a ruck suppoaed to be this. The msterial for
the conoty offices at lunia vas also derived from the same
source.

This rock embraces numerous commiuoted remains of vegeta-
tion, and some well preserved stems of Cciamtiea and Lepido-
dendron.

Ahliotigli I have tr<-Hl<'(] ttuparately of the Parma Saadslone,
the Coal Measures, and the Woudvillu Sandstone, there is .no
docibt that they all bclutig strictly to one geological epoch, and
Coiiatitulc what, in a more exteudod sense, may be designated
tlir cual measures. This remark, however, ia somewhat more
applicable to the Woodville than the Parma Sandstone.
IS. — Superficial Materials.

No traces have yet been discovered in the Lower Peninsula,
of any of the geological formations intervening between tlie
Coal Measures and the Boulder Drift. Drift materials are
strewn over nearly t)ie entire surface, and constitute a very
serious obstacle in the way of thv investigation of our geology.
A large number of facta and observations is on hand as data
for the discusaioD of this formation, but it will be necessary to
content ourselves with a few general remarks.

Nnmerous evidences exist of the movement of heavy bodies
over the underlying rocks, prcvioualy to their burial by the
Drift. Wherever considerable surfaces are found exposed, they
arc seen smoothed and striated in the manner usually attributed
to drift agency. The most remarkable examples arc seen upon
the Uelderberg limestone at Brest, Stony Pt,, and PL aux I'eaux
At Stony Pt, the surface of the limestone has been denuded
of soil by the action of the waves, over an area of aoveral acres.
The whole surface is level, smooth and floor-like, and covurcd
with a set of strife rnnuing in perfectly parallel lines N. tO" W.
One deep groove is aeen belonging to this aet The most

188 RBFORT OF THE

rcmarktible fefttnrc seen here, howerer, is the occnrrence of
two parallel grooves crossing the first set and bearing N. 60°
B. These grooves are 4 ft. 6J inches apttrt, IJ inches deep, 8
inches wide, and 25 feet long, issuing from under the cover of
diluvial materials, and terminating at the point to which tho
waves have broken away tlie rock. The first iiniir-iBsion which
irresiBtibly forces itself upon the mind, is the conviction that a
loaded wagon has been driven over the surface while in a yield-
ing cohdition; and a couple of grooves parallel to these, seen
for a part of the distance like the tracks of the second pair of
wheels, greatly confirms the illusion.

Tho Island of Mackinac shows the most indubitable eviden-
ces of the former prevalence of the water, to the height of 260
feot above the present level of the lake; and there has been an
unbroken continuance of t)ic same kind of aqueous action from
that time during the gradual aulisidenco.of the waters to their
present condition. No break can be detected in the evidences
of this action from the present water-lino upward for 30, 50 or
100 feet, aud even up to the level of the grottoes excavated in
the brecciatod materials of " Sugar Loaf," the level of " Skull
Cave" and the "Devil's Kitchen."

While we state the fact, however, of the coutinnitj of the
action during all this pcriiid, it is uot intended to allege that
the water of the lakes, as such, has ever stood at the level of
the summit of Sugar lioaf. Nor do wo speak upon the question
whether these changes have been caused by the subsidence of
tho lakes, or tho uplift of the island and adjacent promontories.
It is true that the facts presented bear upon these and other
interesting questions, Imt we must forego any discussion of
them.*

•Abnndaiii mrlileiiiHa tie rumlnbed *)i»i tbo shorn oT Luks Hania, oT tho DDbnkiD cm-

rUi at Ui3 Drin. From tb9 ahlngla bucb fonuiil by thj (lulitno* of Uu lut B*l<, *■
tr«ce ■ MrtM of bTsmlin mil tprmcoji. Kralually rlgliK m wd rocodc from Ibe ■luirs,ud
1 furcl BrawUu »Uch
KCllOD b^i'sd wAb lb*
Iilly » Villi vJtb Uv

IB or hi

(M*

Mtfadt a««, r*

nil, p. an

STATE GEOLOGIST. IM

Upoa the smoolli and striated sorfaceB of the rocks, has been
hrotight an immeasc dcposite of waterworn and comminuted
materials, derived from the breaking up and disintegration of
preexisting strata. Wc generally — almost universally — find
the face of the rock overspread with a confused mixture of blue
clay and azoic and plutonic boqlders and pebbles. These coarse
materials are ^ften arranged in rude, courses which have a
curved or irregular dip, and may often be seen outcropping on
■ a hill-side, or oven upon the plain. At East Saginaw flieso mt"
terials iire 90 to 100 feet below the sniface. At Detroit they
lie ISO feet below the surface. Through the interior of the
State they are found outcrcpping at irregular intervals, prodno
ing occasional patches of ground principally noteworthy for
tiieir cobble stones. A field was noticed in the southern part
of Jackson county in which, by measurement, the average dis-
tance between aitjaceut stones was only four inches. This
small field had already furnished many hundred cords of these
stones; but every plowing secm»d to favor the development^of
a new crop. Strange to say, tliis an<1 similar lands are found
to produce excellent crops of wheat.

Great use is made of these cobble stoues for purposes of pav-
ing in the cities, a nse for which their great hardness and
toughness renders them eminently fit. Mineratogically, they
consist mostly of rounded fragments of syenite, greenstone,
Titreoua and jaspcry sandstones, and borublendic, talcosn, and
serpentinons rocks of the azoic series.

Above the boulder bed we find a deposito of argillaceous
and arcDaceouB materials more distinctly stratified and assorted,
aa if by the action of eddying waters. So far as I have ob-
served, the lake ridges and terraces are worked in these mate-
rials. Here we find buried, numerous tree trunks, generally of
the White Cedar, man; of whidi may be seen projecting from
the bank which overhangs Lhke Huron, near Fort Gratiot, and
at numerous other points on tho lakes.

The materials of this assorted drift are not so exclusively of
extreme northern origin as those of tho boulder drift. Perhaps
It

ISO .BfiPQBX OP TEX

two-thirds of tho whole haa been derived from the destruction
of cocks within the Lower PoninHuIa; while a large aod char-
Rctcristic portion comes from tho strata in the immediate neigh-
borhood. The vicinity of a coal outcrop has filled the subs.oil
with fragments of coal^ which can be traced, gradually dimin-
ishing in abundance, for one, two or ten miles. The experienced
observer, however, is able to tell whether the source of tha
materials is near or remote, for tho further they have been
transported the more uniformly they become scattered amongst
the other materials, while in the immediate vicioity- of the
outcrop the carbonaceous debris is not only more abundant but
contains mare fine malier, and is disposed m slreaJcs. In a simi-
lar manner the viciuity of a limestone formation produces a
calcareous soil; sandstone an arenaceous one; shale an argilla-
ceous one. Nowhere is the connection between the soils and
geological stracturo better shown than in Michigan. Even
the arboreal vegetation of the peninsula is distributed in belts
across tho State, corresponding to the calcareous, acenacooua
and argillaceous belts of soil overlying the corresponding
rocks. '

To this epoch of the drift seems to belong a bed of lignite
discovered on Grand Traverse Bay, near the outlet, on the north
shore. The following section embraces the lignite and associ*-
ted beds:

P. Very fine yellow sand,.- 13 ft.

E. Small boulders, pebbles and coarse sand with shells of

Melania, and Physa 1 ft.

D. Arenaceous clay, bituminous, soft, and somewhat plas-
tic, a ft

0. Lignite, dark brown, containing woody stems, (white

cedar!) becoming below, a higlily bituminous clay, . . 3 ft.

B. Clay, dark gray, very tough, with a few grains of sand
and small pebbles, and conHiderablc bituminous mat-
ter 2 J ft

A. Comminuted green shale, passing above into green clay, 3 ft

Still lower, but not seen in this section, is a bed of green

shale, lying above the black bituminous shale, 18 ft

The lignite is compact, bituminous, and highly combustible.

STATS QSOhOQm. iSl

lite bed is traceable along tbo tittae > for a qvarUr of a taUai
bnt nothing more is known of its extent. A single fr^ffneit
was aeeo cut the oppoeile shore of tbe bay.
. Tlie bed E, above the lignite, boa cvideiitl; been deposited 1^
the action of fceeti water, since the epoch of the lignite; whih
the bed B, beneath the lignite, may belong to tbo asmo or mi^
lepreaent tho glacial or bpuldcr epoch.

Several other lignite beds are known upon the shore of Laka
Superior, and I am informed that the ii.habitants of that region
are beginning to Icain their use.

The inequalities left in the surface of the assorted drift, upon
the witlidrawal of the submerging ocean, remained filled with
water, which, by constant drainage to the sea, in connection
with accessions of fresh water only, have become our namerons
inlaud lakes. These for many ages have been gradually filling
ap from several sources, let. Bains have transported the finer
materials from the surrounding hills into these littls basina. ,
Sd. Spring-waters, charged with calcareous matter, have not
only supplied the lakes with that material, but havo precipitated
large amounts upoa the bottom. 3d. Mingled with theso cal-
oueous sediments, the dead sliells of ficsh water moUusca hava
•GCiunulated in very great abundance. The union of tbeoo
ddcareous materials has formed a deposits of marl, coatiBaall7
thickening.

Aronnd the shallow margins of these lakes ia always a belt,
abounding in various forma of aquatic vegetation, vhi^, d»>
flaying, form a deposite of vegetable matters, resting npon tbe
marl, from the water's edge to tbe inner limit of vegetable
growth. With the filling of the interior, the shallow belt
extends toward the center, and the vegetable deposite contitk-
aall^ encroaches upon the lacustrine area, until the whole lalu)
becomes a peaty marsh, with a bed of marl at bottonL Subs»
quent accessions of vegetable and calcareous matters fill tha
interstices of the porous soil, exclude tho standing water, and
oonvert tha reeking^ mai«hj.ioto dry and arable land. Wa

in UtPORT OP THK

bfllbold, *t tba pretent dvj, theBe diMigeB in ftU sUigw of
fwgrew. •

The beaver and the maskrat may exert some agtonOy in tfatf
loluidation and dralaa^ of lands, but a few obeervatlono vipon
the bordew'of oor lakes will suffice to show that thfty are by
BO means the principal agents.

The beds of marl and peat thus accumulated constitute almost
^lAatiatloBB repositoriea of nutritive matter for the recuperation
ot the hitl-side Boils, that have been exhausted of their aolnble
ingredients by the leaching rains, and an improvident ayeteiB
of farming. A consideration of the manner of preparinp and
applying these materials would be exceedingly iiitcrcating, bnt
nmat be postponed for a final report.

Imbedded in these accumulations of marl and peat, are found
tbe remains of the Elephani, Mastodon and Elk, tho two former
Of which are now extinct fiom the continent, and tho latter is
only seen rarely in the remoter portions of the State. A fragy
Aent of a molar of the Mastodon was found by Dr. Miles at
Gr»en Oak,. in Livingston county. A perfect molar of anele-
{Aant has been exhumed in ditching iu the northern part«f
#ackson county. Other remains occur in Macomb county. By
fto the modt intereeting dieoovery hae been made by We. O. M'.
Sltattuok, in tho township of Plymouth, in Wayne county. Mr.^
Sbattuck here exhumed nearly an entire set of teeth of a Ma»-
t^onj including a piece of one of the tusks several feetin
length. Some of these remains were in too friable a conditicn
Co be preserved, and others were injured by the injudioiona
handling of visitors. I have only had the opportunity as yet,
of seeing five teeth. These prove to be tbe molar teeth frou
the lower jaw of Mastodon giganteus, three being from the left
side and two from the right. The anterior one from tbe left
side, is the single permanent premolar, and the poaterlor two,
like the two on the 'right side, are the first and second true
molars — the third, which is the largest of all, not appearing to
baVe been developed at the time of tho animal's death. These
teeth are all in a beautiful state of preservation, still retaining

STATE GEOLOGIST. 18S

their glossy onamel, and mAst of tbo fanf^ which balong to
molar teeth. The tubercles of the crowoa of the teetii were
but little worn, showing, together with the absence of the third
or largest true molar, that the animal had scarcely attained full
maturity. The dimensions of the teeth were not extraordinary
for proboscideans, being from two inches to four or B?o inches in
antoro-poeterior diameter along the crowns, whilo the third mo-
lar of an adult Mastodon ranges from 1| to 8^ inches in tbfl
■ame dimension. These interesting relics of a former age and
a former population, are retained in the hands of their discoT*
erer. It is greatly to bo hoped that he will not allow them to
become scattered or destroyed.

During the progress of the former surrey, a large vertebra
was discovered in the western part of the State which was
recognized at the time as the caudal vertebra of a whale, by
Prof. Sager, then State Zoologist.

Ul teiflOJOBO MTATO

,1) i^.t«il il('i«lw <fi/iftl Ml I" *»*•" ''' """*

ffittvi i(l>i<U 1.11 1" nfwi-tBinU 1.1 - ■' "■'"'*'

^„'^ :."! ■ ' "■ ■ ■ '''*""*

II..' ■^•■*'«'

„„,,.,i

... loul

J, ivnl-.*li to to)i>''»v« ■."^■'•■■•l
nwW*.» »St*J *- ■X'-TW.' •"'"^'■' "•" •" "'*'T'. "I '^'^ »* "

CHAPTER IV.

General Observations — TaWe of Oeologicat Formations

Many intcresling considerations present themselves on a
gxsncrul review of tlie geology of the peninBuIa. From the Lake
Superior Sandstone to the close of the Ilelderborg period, our
State seems to have had a common history with Canada West,
and the States on both sides of us. The same groups of rocks
are traced uninterruptedly from New York across the peninsnU
of Canada to Michigan, and oven to the Mississippi river, pre-
serving throughout that whole extent as great a degree of
paliEontological identity aa could be expected of faunas stretch-
ing over so many degrees of the earth's snrface. It is true, aa
has been long since ehown by Prof. Hall, that nearly every
member of the Silurian and lower Devonian systems,- thins
gradually in its westward prolongation, loses somewhat of its
arenaceous or ai^itlaeeou^ character, and becomes at the west
mnch more calcareous— changes which have generally been
regar-Ied as proving ihc origin of the materials of those groups
to bavn bcfn at (he east. It is interesting to observe, however,
notwithstanding this westward attenuation, how completely we
are able to recognize all the essential features of the New York
Systz-m in our own State.

Prom the close of (ho Helderberg period, on the contrary,
Michigan has had a history to some extent peculiar. The
rocks of the Hamilton group can indeed bo traced almost con-
tinuously from New York into our own State, but the palseon^
tolugieat characters are found materially changed, and the
strata are more argillaceous. The Portage Group, of New
York, supposing it to bo represented by our Huron group, has
received great accessions of argillaceous matter, and seems to
have been deposited under circnmstancet more tmfavorable to

186 REPORT OP THE

the existence '•( animal life The Chcmnng Group, aappoaed to
be repreaent«(I by uui* Uarxhall Group, has been traced unictei^
•rmptedly into Ohio, where it becomes almost Don'rossiliferous.
The Marshall Group is totally isLilated from rocks ot the Hame
age anywhere bi^yond the limits of our peninsula; and Ihongh
the sandstones bear some physical resomblanco to tlioae of the
Chemnng Group, of Ohio and New York, our formation containa
little or jiD argillaceous matter; its fauna is rouiarkably lich,
and its spcuies are nearly all peculiar. The Napoleon Group,
if correctly acparatod from the Uarsball Group, has no dintioct
equiralent in surrouodiDg States; and its entire destitution of
organic remains will cause its true geological relations to
remain in doubt.

If anything were wanting to show that the geological column
Id Michigan has been built up as a distinct and independent
structure, the existence of the gypseous or Michigan Salt
Group, supplies the dcQciency. But even further than this„ no
obvious parallelism has yet been traced between the overlying
carboniferous limestone, and the groups of this system further
west. The indications already pointed out, however, lead to
the conjecture that onr limestone was accumulating during sev-
eral of the epochs into which geologists have divided this
period, though the isolation of oar sea has resulted in little
COrrOBpondence of organic remains. The paucity of rock-pro-
dncing materials seems to have continued through the cpoch'of
the coal — our measures not attaining one-twentieth the tliick-
ness of the same rocks in Ohio. The evidences lead us to the
conviction that the Ohio and Michigan coal basins were never
continuona, and that the waters did not flow over the separating
ridge between die close of the Keldcrberg pcrioil anJ iho Drift.
It cannot be denied, howovor, tliat, supposing tho carboniferous
sea to have been a general one, the r<'ini)teiiOHH and comparative
isolation of the -Michigan bay, Viirni.ilipd nccasioii for great con-
trasts ill siratigrapliical, litJiological atid paltooiitolugical
characters.

One gliier class of faoln must be referred to, wliich weigh in

STATB OEOLOOIST. 1ST

the Bamo direction. The; cooatituto eyidenccn that the inate-
rials for our upper Devonian And carboniferoua rocks have been
derived from the north. The Hcldcrberg limesU-ncB arc 350
feet thick at Mackinac, and not more than 60 feet thick in Mon-
roe couhty. The Uamilton Group, so well developed in Thun-
der aud Little Traverse Bays, is not recognized in the aouthem
part of the State. Tho Huron Group with itB gritstoucB and
QagBtonaa at Pt. auz Barques, contains €nly two strata of
flagstone at Grand Rapids. The conglomuratP at the base of
the Marshall Group, at Pt, aux Barques, is recognized at none
of the Boutliern outcrops. The pebbles scattered tbrough tlia
Marshall and Napulcon Groups in Huron county, are entirely
wanting in Jackson and Calhoun counties; wliik', on the con-
trary, extensive patches of the Maroball saiidstone are fiuiud
finely cemented by calcareous matter at Battle Creek, Jinicsville
and other southern points.

If OUT later palraozoic rocks are entirely isolat4;d Irum those
of adjoining regions; if tlicir litliological characters are differ*
ent; if their organic contents are peculiar; if their materials
bare been received from another direction; what prevents us
from saying that Michigan has had a little geological history of
her own, that her boundaries were marked out many thousand
years ago^in short, that she was the very first of the States to
take her place in this great and imperishable Union.

One other remark is suggested by this review of our rocks.
The geology of Michigan discloses little connection- between
the Garbonifcroas Limestone and tho Coal Measures; while the
transition to Devonian rocks Is imperceptible. I see no reason
for drawing the broad lines which separate great systems,
between the Marshall and Napoleon groups, or between the
Napoleon group and tUo Carboniferous limestone. On the
contrary, I see tliis limestone cliaractcrizcd by a peculiar, per-
sistent, marine fauna, while tho Painia Sandstone, tho Coal
Measures and the Woodville Sandstone, were accumulated in
sliallow waters near Bhorcs, or even in marahes; and are cbar*

18 - - •

188 - REPORT OP' THE

actcrizod, from bottom to top, by evidtincca of llic proximity
and abundance of forrL-atrial vogolalinn TIicbc Ci'niiasts hold
thruugliuiit the country, and in all countiics. WJiat< vci marino
remains arc fonnd in ttic cual mciiRiircs, Vclong to apccIoB diB-
ttDct from those in the Citrbimiforous Lirncslonc; and if tho
^ncric distinctions are not complete, the organic fiiciea of one
is vegetable and terrestrial; that of tho oilior, tininial and
marine. Downward tho types of tlie tower Ciiboniferoun rocka
IcBcend into the'njiper Devonian— some carboniferoHa specicfi,
and numerous carbimifeTOUS types, even reacliing llie IlnmiltoD
group. Observations in Michigan Ru^gcst rather to draw tbo
broad systematic lines below tho Hamilton group, and between
the Garboniferoua Limestone and the Coal Measures.

STOPTICAL VIEW OF THE GEOLOOY OF THE LOWER
PENINSULA OP MUIinOAN.

S VST fist.

(c) Soil — Peat, Marl, Calcareous Tuta, Bog Iron ore, Ochre
Beds.

(b) Lake a.nd river terraces, and other phenomena of altered

drift; Lignite beds of lakes Iticliigoii aud Supeiior}
Uuriijd tree trunks,
(a) Boulder Drift; Diluvial slriffi.

IV. ClRDOSlKliKOl^S S VST EM.

16. WoodviUe Sandstone, 79 feel; Jackson, Woodville, Barry,

Shiawassee county; L\wt; Tusfola eoiuily, <S;c.
15. Coal Measures, 123 ft.; consisting nf
(e) Bituminous shales and clayi*, iO f.,

(d) Black band, pas-ing inlo black liiiiostone, 2 ft.

(c) Bitumtuoiis ami CuriucI coal in on;: or more seams, with

aggregate thiokness of 3 to 11 ft,
(t) Fire clay and Saudslone, 23 It
(a) Shale, Clay, Sandstone and ihin seams of coal, [lO ft.

14. Parma Saudsttmc, 105 ft.; Jackson c.iunty and salt boringa

at Saginaw.

15. Carboniferous l.imostone, 6G foe!:

(c) Upper, 10 ft; Grand Hapiils, B;>llevue. Parma, Spring
Arbor, Wild Fowl Bay, Charity l.slands. Pi au (Jrea.

(6) Middle, or Red Layer, 5 feet; Grand Rapids, Belleviic,
SandshiDe, Spring ArLor,

ST'ATE QSOIiOaiST. 1S»

(a) Lower, 61 feet: Been at most of the ebore localities.
Beccmcs arenaceous below.

12. Micliigan Salt Gronp, 184 feet:

. (c) Carbonaceous and arglllaccons filiale, gypseous and pyri-
tuiis marls. '

(&) Shales, marl, magnesian and silicioua limeetoDS, and'
thick beds of gj'psum. The shales impregnated with
Halt
(a) Saliferoua shales and alternating arenaceous limestones,
11. Napoleon Group, 123 feet:
(d) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 15 feet.

(c) Napoleon sandiitonc, 78 feot, highly saliferons in many

localities; Napoleon, Grandvillc, Rush lake. Ft auz*
Barques

Ht) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 15 feet: Salt borings.

(a) Clay or shale, 15 feet, [mare thao M feet at East Sagi-
naw (?)]

in — DBrONUK SrSTEH.

ID. Uusball Group, (Ohemung,) 159 feet:
(ff) Beddish, yellowish and greenish sandstones, 147 feet:
Marshall, Jonesville, Hillsdale, Battle Creek, Holland,
Pt. mn Barques.
._G>), Shaly micaceous sandstone, 10 feet: Jonesvillo, &c,

(a) Conglomerate, 2 ft: Grindstone Quarries, Ft aux Barques,
f). Huron Group, (Fortage), 224 feet:

(d) Pine bluish gritstones, 14 feet: Pt aus Barques.

(c) Shales, limestones and flagstones, 18 feet The Eidnej
Iron clays of Branch county are supposed to belong
here. Sliore of Lake Huron, below Pt aux Barques;
Branch, Calhoun, Kalamazoo and Lenawee counties.

(B) Green shale, 10 feet: Grand Traverse Bay.

(a) Black bituminous shale, 20 fecti Sulphur Island, Squaw
Pt, Grand Traverse Bay.
3. Hamilton Group, 55 feet:

(c) Orystallino limestone, vntb included lenticular clayey
masses, 28 tcot: Partridge Ft., Littlo Traverse Bay.

(&) Argillaceous limestones, eminently fussiliferous, wilh al-
ternating shales, 11 fi: Partridge Ft,, Little Traverse
Bay.

(a) Black bitnrainous limestone, 1ft feet: Carter's quarry,
near Alpena; Thuuder Bay Island, Little TravcrKd
Bay.
T. Upper Helderberg Qronp, 86i feet:

UD REPOBT OF THB

(e) Brown, bitnminoos limestone, 15 feet: Monroe, PrMqns

lale and Emmet couuties.
(d) Arenaceous timestone, 4 feet: Monroo coun^, Crawford'*

quarry,

(c) Oolitic limestone, 35 feet: Bedford, Raisinville, Ac., Hon-

roe county; Mackinac.
(6) Brecciated limeBtone, SfiO feet: Stony PL, Ft. aux Feaox,
Mackinac and vicinity.

(a) Conglomerate, cherty, and Bometimes agatiferons, 8 feet:

Mackinac, Sitting Rabbit.

II. — nPPEB SILUBIAX BYSTEM.

6. Onondaga Salt Group, 37 feet:

(d) Chocolate colorod limestone, 10 feet: Monroe coonty,

Mackinac.

(c) Calcareous clay, S feet: Boia Blanc.

(b) Fine, ash colored, argillaceous limestone, with acicutar

cryatala, 14 feet: Monroe county, at Montgomery's
quairy, Ida; Otter Creek and Flumb Creek quarries;
Mackinac; Round and Boia Blanc islands.

(a) Variegated, gypseous marls, with imbedded moMefl of
gypaum, 10 feet: ^t Martin's islands; Littln Pt an
Chene.
5. Niagara Group, 97 feet:

(g) Thin-bedded brown limestone, 6 feet: south side Drnm-
mond's Island.

(/) White, masaive, crystalline limestone, 20 feet: soath and
Boutheaat sides Drummond's Island; coast weat of
Do tour.

(«) Rough, vesicular limestone, 6 feet: east end of Drum-
mond's Island.

(d) Limestone, in thin broken layers, 8 feet: Ibid.

(c) Limestone, geodiferous, rough, crystalline,'45 feet: Ibid.
(M Limestone, hard, gray, crystalline, T feet: Ibid.

(a) Arenaceous limestone, 5 feet: Ibid.
4. Clinton Group, 51 feet:
(«) Argil lo-calcarcous limestone, very light colored, and

evenly bedded, 14 ft: E. and W. ends of Drummond's

Island.
({<) Argillo-calcareouB limestone, dark, containing geodcs and

gashes, 3 feet: N. K. side Drummond's Island.
(a) Altorniitions of argillaceous, bituminous and calcareous

iimeatonee, 34 feet: Ibid.

STATE QEOLOGIST. Ul

I. — LOWER aiLURUN SYSTEU.

3. HndBon River Gronp, (observed,) 18 feet:

Argillaceous limestone, filled with fossils in the upper

part, 15 feet: N. side Drnrnmond'e Island.
Bluish-gray sab crystalline limestone, (observed,) 3 feet.
2. Trenton Group, 32 feet:
(e) Dark blue, Bubcryetallinc limestone, with 8 feet of dark-
^reen arcno- calcareous sbale above, ^ feet; North side
Drummond'd and St. Joseph's Islands.

id) Dull-gray limestone, hard, Biliciima, 2 fuct. Ibid,
c) Blue, argillaceous limestone, 9 feet: Ibid.
(6) Limestone, dark, bluieh-gray, with partings of green

shale, 13 feet: Ibid,
(o) Limesloiie, gray, silicious, resting on quartz, 2 feet: Sul-
phur Island, tioi'th uf Drummond's.
1. Lake Snpcrior Sandstone, (Potsdam), at the Sault, 18 feet.
Total oliserved thickness of the Palicozoio rocks, 1,725 feet.
Actual thickness probably 2,500 feet.

CHAPTER V.

Hilitet ^ deep borings in the State, mtk an exkibUion <^ Qaxr

Qedvgij.

Bcferoncca have frequently been made to borings tliat bava
been executed iu our Stale, in search of saH, coal or other val-
uablu prudncts; and JMulattjd facte, obtained by suck borings,
Lave, iu many inata'neeu, been incorparatod into tlic preceding
chaptcrB. In tlic present eliuptci', I present connected and com-
plete statenieiits of the kiud uf rucks passed through, iu most
of tlic deep borings of our State. It has not bceti thought beat
to present these records in all their details; I hare, therefore,
greatly coudunsed them, taking care, however, to mention every
Important change in the strata. The first column in at! the
tables shows Ihc depth of the well at the upper part of the
. atratum uiuned in the last column. The second column shows
the thickiieaa of the stratum. When the several strata which
constitute a formation or group, are passed, a line is drawn
across the second column, and the total thickness of the forma-
tion or group is entered opposite, in the third column. Ttw
table at the end is a summary of the wbolo.

I. — Artesian' Wbll at Detroit.
["During the years 1829-30, the Hydraulic Company, with a
view of supplying this city wilb spring water, commenced and
completed, (although without gaining the objectr intended,) an
artesian well, near that point where Wayne Street intersects
Fort Street. This point is elevated 36 feet above the level of
the surface of Detroit river. The work was conducted under
tho direction of A. £. Ualhon. In tlie Norlh-weslcm Journal
for April 21, 1830, an article was published from llie pen of
that gentleman, of which the following is an abstract ol the
strata and depth, in the words of tho article to which allusion
is made:" — Dr. Sougkton'a JVofes.]

RBPOBT OF THB

V

If

|l

inscBimoH or rcksb, to.

10

uo

,1U

.1!
'_

IW

:;s€SjKis«:..

'■ CDmpMt Unu." [PratwtiVNli|>ralliB(ataa>.— ir.]

11.— Stape Salt Well, Grand Rapids. Sec. 3, T. 6 N., 13 W.
Condensed frum the records kept under Dr. Houghton's direc-
tions. Bored in 1841-2.

4

1!'

ill

DESCwrnoN of bocks, te

^•s

"■'«

*'■

illuTLil, *c., 6-8 feci ctoy , UilD Banil B3d grarul.

10

■'Clar;" Gypsum BX fMl.

*■!

"Cloif«na"Blule" Ulornaloly.Kllh 1-3 In. "hard TOUt," Kyrtni

llb» r.'c<]rrln|[ In Ihn lowi^r 4 (ool.

m

i»

'■Su«1r«*,""h»rd." AlMf«l,« Bpring, wutsr brwAlFh, oayKrS

. I»

"CHjitaia."

133

m

IQl

%ffl,'5a"izi'&5r-sss!i."S'jei.i':

m

"Muoclar,"

Ml

X

■■Commoaiuidrook."

80-

■ A»h colorM otty mt Miidroct," " abftui eqoal pwW."

12

513

m

ID)

"day™*." WalErdoaliiedal BBl, and aomowhat Btrongtr. Fnjm
411-421 very auft Ilka blDO cla7, Uion a fnw black grsTel lunca, kboo

'■aajfoit." Contlanlni.

^n

STATE GBOLOGIST.

IIL — ^Ltoh's Salt Weix, Gukd Ratids, near Bridge Si Bridge,
commenced Juiuwcy, 1840, and fiuiBhed Dec. 36th, liii, con-
denB«d from recoras kept tinder the direction of Hon, Lucius
Lyon.

D^

IF

Pi

IKCBIFTION or BOCKB, Ml

"KT

■~n-

-TT

V,

»

i

1

■)

'?«rrbuil,ihup(TttUd,blulihiucfnick." At Wltal,fr<diqirta«.

.M

1

(I

u

1*

gn*™«- ■

1»

1

'lUriiuidroA." [TlH>al>r«mn>lBI»lUd"wmU[Uau."]

Ctaj™*-

m

ua

iudroek, nrrtni from "•liTk" ud " hud," to •■ wUta" ud "ton,"
(lM(«t);dvkblu(ll«)iooiin>,UiOMUd»d.llA(lU). Uit^r

no

•

• OAjnKk. louriiilL>d «lll> l£< pullcln aliud."

w

iiodrock, Tirylng belwwn "hird," " ooum" ud "loo«."

»M

M

' Out ud Hndrock DCubDulnguil pu-u."

t»

H

13

■ Cl»r ud Huidrock of ibout «iiw1 p»ru. "

m

'Cauw.laoHUDdrock;" «ur doublwl.ud niter.

m

U

IST

'CWj™*."

t

■^dnick.

«m

m

ai4

dn/rock. OactSMtfiiudi-cK»il4MIftBt.

m

QjVnckcaitlnukQi. Kmp. of w>Ur In w^ WJ( Itt.

BBPOBT OF THE

rV •^-SoRiBins's Salt Well, ima thb Railboad Difot, Qrand
BAnDB. Bored in IS59-60. Notei famished by Junts Scrib-
ner, Esq.

Duplh

Pi

l|i

mscRipnoN OF RocKa, *o

bl

1^"

'rir

M

w

a

a

n

Arglllu»ui> sirtta with occuloiul Iwili of lliDor«l[, uid eo*na nod
Hub gralBod Imjara of «Midsi«io, from I'Xo i tetl m ttUcknw. ^

U3

taf «< of UOdStODS U>d DmaUBB.

UN

I

IM

SoDdraolE. poroiw, vllh nit wiler.

67

Sandr«*.

8U

Cbiy.

111

U

u

3udr«l[.

W

audracCanlUmlDi-

STATB GEOLOGIST.

T. — Powns AND Hmnx's Salt Well. Or&od BapldB, half mile
N. W. from Scribner's Well. Samples of the boiin^B were
famished for examination b; Hr. A. 0. Currier.

DiscsuFmni or bocsb, to.

SnperScU uiUrMla.

UmttUutt, Ugta (t«tWi buff, Bm grolxd, alUi
ornUla or ■pu'.

linu

■twly lajan. IBvvd iba bi

Oif , llfbt CDlond, tlMvcMlDi.
Cbr, UflU, wUh BOtfoln (4 pjrlt-

nraleiilHlMUimillilclielE! .
3bil«, (Urk (reoilib, toDuwluit lodajraMd.
Ctav, onctiiana, pTrluxu, anoMMiiM.
Shdj nil, dufc, urlmiMHia.
**--i-e]iij', wUb MTMki efiaimf ntaaiii

iB, pvrktoiu, mmaDHKiii wrptuerwa-

[•llQMwI^gra.

la, Willi unUr (McbhiIi it olnrt ul ilrnlri of gfttaa. Lnrsr
portton hlcEl]' gypooeaa, utl tbtn dark brown.
Shde, kbonndliif In qouluH sud. Batveon Ul-1 fMl, blfUf (rp-

w[l£npg'iiniui]uiid. Ant MS IMlcr. Balow lUa.alUniatlBI

/ «nd BlulA, 1>oth AboundlDf fa frll.

311Joso<uUinetl«ie,Tirr bm-d. MDmolor lOO'.Uw npplr b*li>( b*ir
nUm par mlniiM. It !• doI Uuafht IhU ur briu vh obHlBid
balow in foot.

kefObt of the

TL — ^BornntwnrrB'B Salt Will, Grand Bapids, at his Foiindry,
Notea furnished b; B. E. Batterwortb, Gaq. Bored in 1860.

DKCRimON 01

. , llawrock, 1 H.; Bias (laM^ 1 fLj

H ud ol^iltanulBly,!*

kCKlllueoui atmu, iiHh niiich|ir|wiini. &!n«BlE>Lla1]iiih>lar ntt,
(ButhrrODrlh). AI IMfl, bclue t*, BiwiiiH, Wlpp, EO°FtUL

hitla. Sul, 20* u>3e-.

vilh iluir pullngB. Sil. ZO* tq M*.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

TH. — Silt Weu. of Tkbiam Utu. Cbixk Sui Co. Grand lUp-
ids, 35 roda N. of Powers and Hutin's. Bored in 18W.
Notes rnmished b; Ball, Gloiy & Co.

Ti-

117

%

»r'

ler

B

OEBCBIPIION OF BOCXE, kL

-n-

-nr

fl

n

Qnnt, aud, tc , wllb 4 Inctaia ctej lU bMlom. [Rita nil MoB IB

11

h.T..vn>ck lkll«r.U.U)> Um»WU,*f • ptM -lW«U»Uw-
UDoe hiul bHQ eaURjj dcBod*)!.}

w

B

GJT.™. -tttc.

8

a., ind etuUD.

n

4

M

ft

1:1.7 ,=0.^1 J »ft. A»U8r«l,JWbniw.

Uo

Hu-J undrock.

in

Oii«i«»(r»Ml(l)

FlniiinTeL [ftMR)!* tlM fn*d,K> MlM,BKi*Ud of |nlu nl

MutlDl wed.]
"S«dr««,"»tRmiitrhitil. (Sonond tobatlH tKttlonsr FomB

uo

UT

4

lai

«

"tUrdBudrock." [TluK an prvbiblr Uh <' Witirllmt" bjnn.]

.1S3

tl4

u»

iatr«k.,min. Brlu.lowlBf »iilkupMBiBiiU,>l trW. tt

>u

wo

n

!BB<tm*.

MC

teidroc^

IM

11

tr-Vl(Xd>T>iid«lidrMd[.

m

REPORT OP TBS

VIII. — J. W. WuTOBOtfe Siu Wejj. keib Gra^o RinDs. Lo-
cality— fraction No. 1, Sec. 12, T. 1 N., 12 W. Notea fni^
niehed by Mr. Windsor's Superintendent of operatjons. Well
bored in 1860.

Bcplb

i^

1!«

DKSCRffnOS OF ROl-KS, taJ,

-fir

TtT

SuparfcW.

■ 21

8

Dm* ibile, wlih b'loe below, unrtorlHio b]r 8 iD. bvri limuwie.

S»nd«uoB, vory bird, yallow nod grajr.

!lh>te,gf]<aiiiiiuidcl«r.

88

W

nay, itaula ud gjcKDiii.

M

V

los

'innibli. ' ~

1^

BHkldl-bliuab.lt.

IM

10

BJKki^*. jnMMwollM/AK.

IM

13

lU

H

BLidli, very hard' rock.

EuktUalybiidi.UiterUmluMdwltliDliiTuidgTianm. SlMl> Mlow.
Vorj hurt, pyrttltotDM rock, wllb gypscoiis clMy«.

3M

19

audrocH. BrlnolB*Bt3»ri.— 20*Ji(!I8n.~ir ntSlSn.

337

22

ai.x:

H9

Sand rook, while. Sal. SI" »l 391 fl. The otbi1Iow,M'.

ua

33

4U

£uae ixwtlauUm. DMehineo' «>UiAboiit3£K.lKmi!per mlDDM.

STATE OBOLOOIST.

IX.— Deep Bobino for Coit. S. W. i N. W. i Sec. 36, Sand-
stone, Jackson conntj. Notes made most); from samples
preaerred by Juhn Holcroft, Esq. Greatly condensed.

DESCRIPnON OF BOCKS, fee.

DaUne, lUicwiB, (S r«l,) IMlDwed bf oetarwu BMUtou, MUfc
OMaa«ui<lHmH^r«t),«kthrDiiaBiiM0DawllliiTaail*iM&
(3 rnti.GlwrtTUmtMtaa (t f(i*>], *U wUcli mlflil cob* nodw

licUUonnililnu', natenkTreacliif, with ihln buda of HleMMl*,*-
flUanHiw MkodMOM, mdtttc wKh > ftat <i( ■dMooos tlaf.

flUUOWl

tromwne.
Clwit (aitelji ilula,«ltli pfrilH (ItSot).

lUne, blalah-whltfl, qa&rtsaB — a powaKul mtv
It.MidaHtbw at iMhM. la Um kmr telf,ki

■aninailM>tMtaDdmiMt;«atti< kayvrlMMM^

X.-^HiBBABiy's Akiebuk Well, Jackson. Notes fnrnished bjr
William Walker.

DESCBIPnON OF BOCKS, fe

cttiort^A tinte." rAry

I abort, asd beoomiDt llr«-el*r at

iioBi', TUTloK ttom CO

RKPOBT OF THB

XT. — Eurr SaoiHjlw Salt Co 's Wells. About J mile north east
from the center of town, on tho river, nearlj sppoaitc Carrol-
ton. CondQDBed trom records kept b; G. A. i.athrop, M. 0.
Bored in 1859-60.

Al

'^^

IS.

D«pib

K^

Ill

DECRlpnON OF ROCKS, kc.

°-K

^■o"

K

IB

Brr«i>8Mii<liiiaiis,wlUiuigQkf roliu. Tem^ 4r ; Biknpour r .

SI

ta»

w

Ml

m

3S

Sb&U*. Temp.M',3>I. 14*. DUdurggNgiitlODiiitriiiUaM.

ut

m

u

*

*t

M

SMdDione, Sil.M",

u

sanies.

M

10

flMbU.uii.loM. ("WBtwUn»"rl Sd.M>a(MlIl.

«a

[<.fl[.h^M.

Fluu blue undstone, r" WnUrllrae" T] I» fl. glule ■( M>K A-

M

B

U

Wtl

1«B

tan

IW

^ni.i»tanu

IVXlom of flist welL

ifi

43

TW

Blue BUM*,

m

3

Blue i^lr.

in

joi

Bottam or Hcond weU.

¥

£ GEOLOGIST.

„..

i'SSS 1 1 i

mm

!p.

■tMlUJUlI

i';i;='2s?=;:;;:,3

^j'

Tn<taa

i°M: = 'S3;;M:li

1

„.„„

^°rni«^i^ :nn,'

■iini»a

J* : : i ■ =

-HlNI;

—«u

rlU'^

h h ; 2

-qidoa

>: i : :

Mi;:';

1^

i

■-MHapU

i\U\'^?^U\\\?

■n*^

iiNr^^^nNiii

„«,.,i

= ;;;:■■ sps'nns

-md^

^inr'-^^nni;

^

■qid^

= M '^r^'Uu?

c M ° = S83:i:;|i

1

■31^3111

.3 : : ^ {:

i^-nh^

■VOV

i-M i'

'^\U\\

i

i

till 1

h

iij

iir

H

if
II

It
i

ill
I

RBPOET OP THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

PI
<1

b

■•«Kt.,.a

.-ii'^'s^niiipll

■„«c°ir''SB;;;;i i

i

-.™^]="'"n II iH)'

■,.„'C"5S II 1 1 1 1 i i 1

IS: ; : : : :i3 : : : ; a
■—""I'i 1 lil i 1

,*a|ii- 1 1 1 1 1 l» 1 1 1 1 1

i
1

».„.,JsS 1 i 1 i i i n 1 S - 8

, Js- 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 M S S 1

1

■fMBVIllI

ii"iii MnTTn

■qidsQ

s r» i i i i i i i n i i

s

s

■«™,.m

=^i iiKiiiiiis

mdaa

i'w i i s : i i M i i

If

'~<n.«

! 1 1 1 1 1 1«^ n 1 1 1 1 1

■qiilwl

s i i i ii i i i ii 1 i i i

j

■wainianii

s i i i i i i i i i i i 1 i

mnoa

i iii ii i i ii ii i i

p

—

s i i i i i i i 1 i i 1 1 ;

iiBUa

fi i i i i ii i i i i i i 1

|!|||

CHAPTER VI.

KONOKICAL OEOLOaT.

It is undoubtedly contemplated, that in the presentation of k
final report upon our geology, prominence shall be given to the
economical materials furnished by the earth's crust, embracing
an sxplanation of the principles concerned io searching for
them, plain practical rules of procedure, the best methods of
extracting, purifying and preparing them, and the uses to which
they may be applied.

In the preceding descriptions of oar formations, I hare, in
many cases, made allusion to the nqes to which the variouB
rocks and mineral products ot the Lower Peninsula seem to be
well adapted; and as a general statement, I do not deem it
best to do anything more than, this in the present report. Id
regard to the leading mineral interests of the Lower Peninsnta,
however, it may be espvcted that I should furnish, even in a
report of progress, a greater amount of data for the practical
guidance of those interested. For the purpose of presenting a
view of the variety of our mineral resources, I subjoin the
following table: '

CLASSIFIED LIST of ProducU of ths Economic Geology tf

the Stale of Michigan, and ef migects connected with their

de»crtption.

a. NUIn Cnppar.
I. OnppR Pyrlta,

4. Grar Qcpftr On.

EEPOHT OF THB

TsUovOehv.

Tdlow Oaf iKia Slou.

t. BBmr (Wd id MMdoto.

t. iMd and lit amKlfm.

i. OkB JMoJUe Orm.

a. Aud aiMl (M a« ndwftM^ On*.

nOiiak.

S. Clumet Coils.

(•oroal.

r. HuDUU ><n Ouu

t. OnlOflal nlalUnt.

1. Farmglooiil little*.

(. Sectlou or BorlBt*.

I. Tm nre-brickg. S. For Pottorj.

% For commoo Bricti, llln, ta. (. For PlptL

1. For

t. SbUoner'f 8ml.

XL OunrasB.

3. Uiurlili n>r WlMlMMua.

STATE GKOLOOIST.

TV. Mimuu to* umoTii

Most of the materials embraced in the above cnnmeratiom
are of the veiy best quality; and when the nnion of capitat
and intelligence shall have brought onr resources to such a
dcf^e of development as they admit, Michigan will be seen to-
■tand among the leading States in point of mineral wealth.

Many facts have already been stated which have a direct,
economical bearing upon the search for coal. A few sugges-
tions may here be added:

1. The occmrenco of fragments of coal in the soil, or in ez-
cavationB for welli, does not prove the esistenco of a coal seam
within many miles, as the outcropping edges of all the roclCS'
have been broken np, and the fragments distributed toward the
south.

2. In the examination of loose fragmlnts, it may be remem-
bered that the nearer we approach the outcrop of the solid,
■earn, the more abiAdant the fragments become, especially the
finer ones, while at ttie same time they are less equally distribu-
ted through the soil.

8. The eecurrence of an extensive nest of fragmenta may
result from the destruction of a former email outliei' of the coal
kasini and may be detached many miles from the principal

4- When an outcrop is actually found, it will frequently be-
■ecu to dip avkty from the coal basin, as iC bent down at-
the margin. The miner should not be misled by this peripheral
dip.

TS8 REPORT OP THB

5. Snch flAm will be fonnd, generally, thinner than at point!
Dearer tlie center of the basin.

S. The coal will be found much changed and deteriorated b;
the action of the olemente. Th« qnalitj will be found to be
improved at increaBed distances from the surface.

7. The structure of our measuree is such that it is nieless to
dig or bore anjvtrhere to a greater depth than thirty feet below
any seam of coal two feet thick. All the rest, if any, will be
embraced within that distance.

8. It should be remembered that there arc black shales bdow
th« coal as wall as above.

9. It should also be remembered that tho OTerlying (Wood-
rille) sandstone is not easily distinguished from the underlying
(Parma) sandstone, while these two sandstones are essentially
distinct — sometimes 133 feet apart, and sometimes, on the bor-
ders of the coal basin, only 15 feet apart.

10. At any point favorably situated in other respects, lying
a few miles within the circuit which has been traced out, pro-
ductive coal seams may be confidently sought for.

U. The great practical difGcnlty in working them will be
found in their situation below the general level of the sur>
rounding surface, so that the shafts and drifts will contain
water. By using gjod judgment, however, locations can be
selected snfficiently high to obviate any serious annoyances
from this source.

12. Care must be exercised against Doing misled by the
black bituminona shales of the northern part of the peninsula.
They burn freely, and closely resemble the coal shales; but
they lie five hundred feet below any seam of coaL

The qualities of our coals have uot yet been scientifically
tested. It should be dene. The following, tbe only chemical
.analysis in my possession, is said to have been procured in
New York, by Ur. Hayden, of Jackson, upon a specimen of can-
nel coal, from^c shaft of the Jaokson City Co. :

STATE GEOLOGIST. 169

Aneiym ^ Cannd Coal from Jadaon.

Carbon, 45

Volatile matter, 4»

Aah, 2

Water, S

Sulphur, S

100
Of tho bituminouB coals, Boveral qualitiea may bs easily dis*
tingnielied \iy inHpi'diim. Sonic samples, too carelessly qnar-
ried, retain a considerable tjiiantity uf pyriteti, which, on heat-
ing, gives off its sniphiir, wliich i'eciimefl an aDDOyance in
domestic use, and a positive detriment for mechauieal parpoaei.
Other samples, tahtn at points near tlie outcrop, possess little
solidity, and present, to somu oxtcot, the appearance of mineral
charcoal. These samplcii, besides ttieir liability to contain inl-
phur, possess little durability in combustion, and but low heat-
producing properties. Still other samples, taken from the mere
eolid portions of tho seam, present a degree of lustre, hardness,
homogeneity and purity, which entitla them to a place in the
▼ery first rank of bituminous coals It is evident that our coals
ought to be judged from the character of thes* deeper-seated
portions of the seam.

Goal has been mined at several points in ths vicinity of Jack-
son. At Woodville and Barry, the work has been prosecuted
vitii great energy and perseverance. At the latter place, drifts
have been carried in from tho outcrep. I am informed by Ur.
Penny, one of the directors of the company, that thoy are now
taking out about five hundred tona of coal per month, and that
it sella readily at tiie following prices :

Prices of Sevens' Ridge Coal, per ton.

Delivered on M. C. R. R. Cars, $3 50 $3 00 $0 10

If. S. R. R ■■ 3 00 340 130

" to order in Jackson, 8 50 3 00 I 50

atthemise, 8 16 8 85 1 50

160 REPORT OF THB

This coal ia said to burn very freely in stoves and grates,
an 1 to be free from "cliaker." Tba "Nut Coal" and "Bcreenr
ings" are excellent far making steam, and are need quite exten-
sively by blacksmiths. The gas-producing properties of Ibe
coal are good According to a certificate of John Murray, Su-
perintendent of the Jackson City Gas Co., an extract, taken &t
random from the Kegister of the works, proves this coal to pro-
dnce, on an average, 3.83 cubic feet of gas per pound of coal ;
and as the records were kept while the retorts were in a leaky
condition, Ur. Loomis, one of the Directors of the Gas Company,
certifies that the real production of gas was not less than 4.20
cubic feet per pound of coal. The gas is very rich — a fact of
as much importance as the quantity produced — having from S5
to 50 pftr cent, mure illuminating power than that made tioja
"Willow Bank," and some other Ohio coals. The quantity of
lime necessary for purifying Uie gas, is about two bushels per
ton of coal. The yield of coke is said to be about forty bushels
per toil of coal, and is of a good quality. With proper ovens,
it can be coked to advantage.

According to infoiniation from P. £!. Demill, Esq., Snperin-
tendent of the Detroit Gas Light Co., $ti50 lbs of coal "from
Jackson Co." produced 29,400 cubic feet of good illuminating
gas, showing a yield of 4.20 feet to the pound of coaL He
also obtained from the same quantity thirty bushels of coke,*
weighing twenty-nine lbs. to the bushel, the standard weight
being thirty-two lbs. to the bushel. This experiment was made
in 1861, at a time when the quality of the coal taken out would
be likely to yield a lighter coke than the coal at preBent
obtained.

At Woodville, a shiift was sunk about 90 teet, and chambers
have been excavated in various directions from the bottom of
the shaft. A largv quantity of coal has already been taken

iDkkDgHr. DDinUlnuwi* tour tbirty buB>i«l>ya-lsnor en) nKd, Hr.
iC be geu fortf biubi>lfl per Ion. H maj ba udcd that ihlriy to tortf
Bl t> Iba UBiul jidil at L-oks from tho EDglkb gu-produciDg coali (Qeu

tc.) TlWUIU>UDt<>CMLottiuT«Kj]IUtb«MVlUlllor(lM.

STATE GEOLOaiST. 1«1

Tbe Woodville mine iru firat opened in 1861. It prored, an
vorking, to b« located within K small basin about 600 feet in
diameter, the riie of the coal to the outer edge being about
eleven feet. Within this baaiu the coal ia intersected b; no-
merons faults, which cause a deterioration of ita qualit; for
seTOial feet on each aide. On extending the working of the
mine, however, beyond the rim of the basin, the aeam of coat if
found to hare greater regularity, compactness and purity. In
consequence of the peculiar locality ef the mine, the company
have beeu obliged to deliver a grade of coal somewhat impure,
bntthe present werkiDgs are bringing out an article of improved
quality.

The coal of this mine ia used with success both for domeaUo
anj steam purposes. It ignites freely in an open grate, emita
a cheerful flame, and produces aa much heat as any, other bitu-
minous coal. It is used for heating the lueaae Asylum at Kal-
amazoo. It is also declared to be a superior article for gener-
ating steam. The screenings and refuse are used for engine
fuel at thd mine, and are taken by blacksmiths for their use to
the distance of twenty miles north and south of the railroad.

This coal makes a good coke for locomotives, malthunses, Ac.,
but for want of facilities for making it in large' quautitics, the
coke has not yet been tested in fumacos fur the maoufao-
ture of iron. There can be no doubt that for gas purposes thia
ooal would be found similar to the Stevens' Ridge coal.

I am under obligations to John Hulcroft, Esq., for particular
information respecting this locality.

Ur. Alezabder UcArthur has taken large quantities of snt^
face coal from an outcrop near Corunna. This coal hab long
been in request for blacksmitbing pnrposes. Recently Messrs.
Frazer and Stanton have sunk a shaft at a point where the coal
lies several feet from the enrface, and below the thinned pro-
longation of the Woodville sandstone. Accounts state that
they are now daily sending several, tons to the Detroit market.

The gaa producing properties of the Corunna coat were also

SI

1«2 BEPORT OF THE

tested by the Detroit Oaa Light dimpany, in ISoY; bat as anj
coal tukc-n uut at that time, tiucesHiirily canto Trum the immedi-
ate outcrop of lJ)e seam, the reHult of the trial wunltl Uirow no
lipht UD the permunent qualilivH uf the seam.

It is obvious that Michigao has a very great interest In th»
derelupment of this resource. Uer forests are rapidly receding
befora the uxe, and the dvmand for coal is yearly increasing.
'The amount uf cual introduced into Detruit frum Cleveland and
£rie during the present year is stated to be about 26,000 tons [
and this has not equaled the demand. The consumption, ueveiv
thelens, in consequence of the supply held over from last year,
haa been SSJ per o^dL greater thau for 1859. Tliis amount, at
$5 per ton, gives $130,000 as our annual tribute to the coat
mines of Ohio and Pwunsylvauia, through the Detroit market
«lont.

lUTEBIALS rOR PAINTS.

Ochre beds are found in Jackuon county, embraced in tiw
Woodville Sandstone.

At several localities, ochreous depositee from springs have
been found cxinting in such quantity as to justify attempts at
establiuhing a-busiiiess. The N. E. \ of Sec. 21, Sharon, Wash-
tenaw county, on the land of J. Tuwuseiid, Is one productive
locality. The depouile covers about 16 square rods, and it
seven feet dcop. Auuther di'positc covers three acres.

Au extensive dcposite of a black subutauce, supposed to be
ozyd of manganese, occurs on the same fai m, at the depth of
two feet beneath a bed of pcaL It is 14 inches thick, and
covers an area of two or three arres. Mr. L. D. Gale, of Graaa
Lake, has used thirt paint quite extensively on carriages.

Fen nj^iuoua and chocolate culnrcd shales occur at numerom
Jocalilits in the coal measures, and might undoubtedly bo made
to afl'ord a good mineral paint. A puiut of this kind has been
used lor outeide work at LaUiiiijg, and has stood well for two
7«ar8.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1«8

OYPStllL

So mnch has already been said of the geographical and geo-
logical position of the gy peum of our State, that 1 only add a
£bw memoranda.

The following analyses wore performed, at my reqaest, by

Prof L. R. Pi»k, of the Agricultural College:

Onmil lUplda
OfpiaiB. Oblo OjpisB.

Water, 20 . 8446 20 .8681

fiilicic acid Trace. .0i35

Aluminaand Oxyd of Iron &H54 .1620

Sulphuric acid, 48.3i67 45.8303

Lime SSOS'^S 81.56H8

PuUssa, 2116 .2«T0

Soda i 0140 .0944

Chloiine, 0018 .0050

Total, 98.8114 99.4098

The above statement d<iea not exhibit at a glance, the com*
parative purity of the two products; wc therefore calculate the
following furtber reHults:

OnDd BDpId*. OUb.

Lime, as above, 32.0H85 31.5628

S>ilphiiriG.acid requirud for this, 45.1696 45.089T

Water required for tlie»c two, 20 . f>9(i2 20 , 2S0S

Total hydrous frypfnm 0U.4U43 Uti.u4ili

EicoHsuf sulphuric auiJ, 4561 .7406

ExctiBsof water 24«3 .5128

Olher constitUL-uts, 1681 1 . 1531

Tolal as before, 99.8114 99.4093

It thus appears that the sample of Grand Rapids gypsum
analyzed, contained only 1.5951 parts in 100. of impurities,
and the Ohio gypoum only 3.0513. Of these impurities, ho W-
erer, tlie sulphuric acid, potash and soda, are at least eqaal^
valuable with pure gypsum. These ingredieots amount to
.6816 in the Grand Rapids sa.mple, and 1.1036 in the Ohio
Mraple, leaving for the residual, worthless o tnstitDents of the
former . 9141 per coot, and of the latter 1 . 9546 per cent

IM BKPORT OF THB

The following analysis is said to haro been made by Dr. Sb
P. Duffield, of Detroit:

QfudBa^da. Wa.

Water 19.00 '20. tO

Lime, 88.67 3».«

Snlphuric acid 44.44 45.95

Orgaaic roattei- and loM, 8.89 1.08

100.00 100.00
Hera, on the centrary, the Ohio gypsum contains the most
sulphuric acid. It appears, however, that the qnandty stated
for the Grand Rapidn sample, is not BuiEcient to neutralise the
lime by 2.33. - ,

• By unfair selection of samples, snch analyses may be made
to show anything. The gypsum as it finds its way to the mar-
ket is a mixture of different grades. The only true test would
be an analysis of average samples takin direct from the roar-

. ket, not picked for the occasion. Tho samples sent Prof. Piek
were nearly the best of each. It is but justice to say, ho«^
sver, that a large proportion of the Otand Kapids gypsmn, ia
equally fine with the specimen analyzed.

1 have been unable to ascertain the extent of the plaster
business at Grand Rapids during the past year. 'While this

. leport is passing through the press, I am furniehed by Mr.
Freeman Godfrey with some interesting facts relative to th«
operations of a new company, and I desire to stimulate Other
eompanies to a greater attention to their true interests, by
making the following tirief mention of the "Florence Plaster
Mills," near Grand Rapids.

Last October Mr. Godfrey purchased 10$ acres of land upon
Piaster Creek, upon the south side of Grand River, and at oaca
began extensive preparations for the quarrying and grinding of
l^peum. At present the mill which has been erected is turning
out 40 tons of ground plaster per day, and Mr. Oodfi ey intends
putting in another run ot stone next summer, and erecting a
bnitding for the manufacture of stncco. The quarry is situated
in close proziniity to the milL Tbe plaster ia rwadted by atrip-

STATE GEOLOOTST. lOS

pfn^, 16,000 cubic yards bsving been already exeayated, and
1,S00 tons of plaster taken out frum a bed IS Teet thick. At
tbe present time from 60 to 100 tona are qnarried per day.

The amuontB of gypsum received at Detroit during the past
year are as follows:

Prom Grand Rapids, 0,080

" Sandusky, '. 4,661

Tola! I0,6M

Unless gypsum should be discovered in Monroe county, ibt
region along the Southern railraad will continue to be supplied
flora Ohio; but the greater portion of the State wilhsoon b«
supplied with gypsum of our own production.

The manufacture of salt is rapidly assuming a grsat degrea
of ioiportanoe to our State. If the geological indications on
which I found my opinions are not fallacious, we have tbe most*
magnificent saliferous basin upon the continent, east of th«
HisaiBsippi. As migl.t bo expected, too, the strength af tbe
biioe is proportioned tu the extent of tbe basin.

I omit nny historical notices of the rise and development of
this interest from tbe time when the State commenced legiel»-
ting on this subject, in 1836, down to the presenb Many of the
disappointments heretofore experienced, might have been avoid-
ed by an observance of such practical suggestions as are sub- .
joiued:

1, Tbe occurrence of a salt spring is a fact of no conse-
quence whatever, except in cuDuectioo with all the other geo-
logical facts.

2. Brine is found issuing at the outcrops of tbe cual measures,
the Gypseous Group, the Napoleon Group, titc Marshall Group
and the Onondaga Salt Group. In Oiiio, it also ihsuus fiom tbe
Coal Conglumerate, the Hamilton Group and tbe Hudson Kiver
Group.

3.; Only two of these groups will \f found, iu our State, to

IM REPORT OF THE

produce briDO of sufficient strenglh for manufacturing parposeai
uid at present ouly the Gypacuua Group is kuowu to do tbii^

4 Btifurc deciding on tbe indicatiuDS of a ealt spiing, tliero-
fore, it is ncceaeary to know frum what geological formation it
iesucs. Here the elaborate investigation of tbe order and dio-
tribution of our strata, finds one of its applications.

6. Before tbe origin of the brine can be known, we must as-,
certain whether it flows out horizontall; at an ontcrop, or risea
Tcrtically through fissures in strata overlying the salt rock. A
fundamental mistake, committed in the early explorations for
salt, grew out of the assumption that the brine of our springs
generall^rises through fissures, and may be sought by boring
in tbe vicinity ot the springs.

6. Most of our springs issue at outcr<^ of saliferoiis strata;
so that tbe moment we begin t^ bore iu such situations, we find
cmrselves benealk the source of the salt

1. The Source of the salt must be songht by traveling from
tfae spring toward tite center of tbe basin, when, by boring
down, the brine may be expected in increased strength and
quantity.

S. Our saliferouB basin extends from Grand Rapids to Sanilao
connty, and an anknown distance toward the north. Within
this basin, tbe area covered t>y the Coal Measures may be taken
as the area nnderlain by saliferons strata of maximum prodac
tiveness.

A great deal of enterprise has been manifested in the estab-
lisbmeut of the salt manufacture at Grand K&pids, and a fair
degree of success may yet be anticipated. This location ia,
however, within three or four miles of the ontcrop of the salife-
rous strata, and I have all along thought and stated Ifaat the
prospects were less encouraging than they would be farther
within tbe basin. The Ballbearing stratu lie here abont 2A0
feet from the surface; but those who have been engaged in thia
enterprise have been loth to shake off the old illusion that thft
great reservoir ol tbe salt lies at the depth of sis or eight ban*
dred feet They have, therefore, in fiearly every case, persisted

STATE GEOLOGIST. IST

111 going down after tliu "lower suit rock." So far as I know,
the nuitiirni result baa uten a failure; thoiigli these explnratiuns
have addvd much to uur kixiwh-di^e of the geology of thn State.
It will be uiidcratood, iiGvcrthclraa, that by boring aufficien'ly
deep, the Omiudaga aall f^niup would be reached, and atroug
briiio might riac to the eurfuce. Tiiin furmatiun lica abuut 3&0
feet heluw tlie bottom of L^un'ii well.

A company whoso efforta were guided by James Scribner,
Esq., engaged in the first practical attempt to resuscitate tlM
salt mauufacture at Grand Rapids. A well was commenced
Ang. 12th. 1859, «ud fiuinhed Oct Utli, being 257 feet deep,
and extending 5K feet into the Napoleon group. The well at
this time was discharging abimt 200 galluus of water per min-
nte, iif snch atrengih tliat, according to Ur Scribner, Hi gal-
lons would produce a bushel of salL A sample of the brina
taken at this time was analyzed by Prof. Pisk, with the fuJlow-
jng result:

Specific gravity 1.01152

Fixed constituents, 2 . 3^85 per cent.

Carbonate of Iron, 0.00H5 "

Lime 0.00473 ■•

Uagiiesiu . OOOai ■ "

Free carbonic acid . UU603 "

Silicic aiid 0.0«025 "

Sulphriie of Lime 0. 13130 «

Chi. rid of Cdcium 0.27fi41 "

Chlorid of Majtiit'Hinm, O.OIl'JO "

Chloriii of PutaHsium 0.01561 "

Chlorid of Sodium, (Salt.) 1 . 73fi96 "

Loss . 0884 1 "

2.33385 "
The above amount of solid conatitncnts, if all salt, would i^
qnire 290 gallons to the buahel The actnal per ccniage of
salt found, would require 392 gallons to the bushel. The impa-
rities are about 26 per c^nt of tlie solid constituents. Ur.
Scribner subseijuen ly jasscd a tube to tlie bottom of the well,
«u as to eliiuinale the freob waler^ aud by thia means, obtained

IW REPORT UP THB

ft brine of ooBsidcrably greater strength. In Pebrowy of tbu
year, I found it standing 5° Beanme, (20° Salometer,) at tbo
temperatara of 50° Pah.

In the meantime, borings liad been undertaken b; the Grand
River Salt Co., (Powers, Martin and Leonard,) and by Mr. R.
E. Bntterwortb, Tlie lorner, on the west side of tbe river,
near); opposite Scribnei'e, at the depth of 140 feet, found them-
aelrcH in possession of brine which stood at 100° of the Salom-
eter. This, however, did not rise to th* surface, and the Bnpplj
waa found to be limited. According to information received
from Hr. Martin Hetcalf, the phenomena presented by this well
•re as follows:

" Whan we first pnt in the pump, only about twe quarts per
minute were famished, ranging -80° to 100°. Now, vie can
pomp one gallon in 16 necotuU, fur 2J minutes, before we feel a
tendency to vacuum; after which, we get 1 40-100 gallons per
minute. Now, if we let the well rest five minutes, we can
again pump one gallon every 16 secunds, fur 3| minutes, »•
before, when we find a vacuum creating; and afterwards, if the
pumping is continued, we can obtain fur half an hour, at least,
1 40-100 gallons per minute. I am told that 1 J gallous per
minute -h»ve been obtained for several hours together — in fact
aa long an they have continued pumping — salometer ranging
from 80' to SC"."*" These phcnumena are probably attributable,
as Mr. Uetcalf suggests, to the existence of a cavity holding
4ibout 11^ gulluns.

Ur. Butterworth'H well attained a depth of aboui 500 feCt
The fl'jw of water from the surface was immense, being nut less
than 300 gallons per niitiute. By ineutis of an iiigenimitj ar-
rangement for stopping nff the fresh water, Messrs. Mclcal!' and
Butterwortii found the brine, at 325 feet, to possess a strength
of 23"; and they Buccet'did in obtaining a eonstnnt flow from
the to]i, of one gallon per minute, of the streiiylh of 20°, which
would refjiiire about 131 galloiio fur'a bushel of Holid iiif^edients.

Dlirin^ the paRt aeiHun, two other wcUi have been bnred.

•LaiMr dstud lliireb Kill, lUa

. STATE GEOLOGIST. IW

THiat of the Indian Uill Greek Oo., in tbe immediate riciaity of
Powers and llartiii's, wu carried to a depth of 134 feet. At
914 feet, briue wai fonud at IS", in the i^jpasoas group, and at
996 feet, near the buttum of thia g^roap, at il". No increase
wan gained in boring the next 159 feet.

Mr. Windsor's well ia located three or fonr miles further
north. It has been carried to the depth of 466 feet. The
strength of the brine is stated to baVe increased somewhat after
entering the sandstones beneath the gypseous group. At 391
feet, (in theHarshall sandstone,) the salometer stood - 1". The
strength of the overflow was 24", at the rate of abt>Ht 35 gal-
lons per minnte.

Mr, Taylor's well is located very near Scribnef^M, but I have
received no data relatiug t« it.

The mauafacture «f salt has comnenceil at 5cribn>^ti. Wind-
sor's, and tbe Indian Greek welts. Soribner erected a brush
house, or rather two of tbt-m, 13 fcnt ^tpurt. Each hi<niie is 100
feet loitg, 80 feet high, and T fift wide. Tho brine is first
passed into a vat holding 32,000 gallons, from which it is
pnmped by water power to the top of the brash bouse. Prom
here it falls slowly through six tiers of brnsh, resting on frames,
to the bottom. Thence it Hows again into the tank, to undergo
die same operation. According to Mr. Scribner, one passage
through the brush house in favorable weather strengthens tbe
briue from 26° to 31°. During the process muct) of the iron is
precipitated.

' Prom t)io vat, the concentrated brine ia conveyed to two
vate, at tlie kettle liouse, each liulding 8,000 gallons. Here a
little liaie in added. Frum these vats it in conveyed in logs to
tlio 50 kettles.. After boiling some time in the seven front ket-
tles on euch side, the brine is tiansrerred to four vats, each
6 by 8 by 2 fuel, whciu it is allowed tn stand four hours, and
precipitate a white substance, wliicli is probably gypsum.
From bere it ia cmveyed ifito the I>ack kettles, and the evapo-
ration coutiuiied. As the salt falls down, it is skimmed into

28

170 REPORT OF THE

baskets and drained. Tiie article maunfactared bfthia proceaa
ia white and beautiful. After standing some mMjtlia, a alight
deliquescence is perceiTcd, but not as great as upoo most uf
our commercial salt. Experiment shows it to be peifectly fi'cd
from gypaum; though, of course, rigorous analyses is requisilA
to fully teat ita purity. I am nut apprised uf the results of ex*
periment« on its preservative qualitiea. Two hundred and
thirty barrels have been mauufactured.

At the Indian Creek Cu.'s works the evaporation is condacted
in large alieet-iron pans. At VViiidsoi^s, both pans and kettles
are employed.

The Bait business of the Saginaw valley was commenced by
the East Saginaw Salt Company, who bored a well ab»ut thrco-
fourths of a mile norlh-caet of the village on the bank of th*
river. This well penetra.ed tlic saliterous buds between 484
and 627 feet, and ended at 609 feet. The strength of the w»
ter at different depths was as follows: At 70 ft., 1°; at 103 ft,
2"; at 2U ft., 10«; at 393 ft,. U°, discharging 80 gallons per
minute of a temperature of 50° Fah., and rising 14 feet above
the snrfttce; at 487 ft, 26°; at 516 It, 40"; at 531 ft., 44"; at
659fL,60'='; at 569 ft., 64°; at 606 It., 86", with a temperature of
64" Fah., and at 6B9 ft , 90°, or ten degrees short uf saturation.

A sample of this water at 64°, fiom the liopth of 575 ft., waa
ciamined by Dr. Chilton, of Now York, with the following
result:

Solid residuum in one wine Dint, 1155 gr*

Ghlorid of sodium (common ttalt,) 1U14.57 "

Specific gravity 1.110

A sample at 86°, from the depth of 617 ft., was examined by
Dr. J- G. Webb, uf Utica, N. Y., with rcBults as follows:

Ghlorid of sodium in one wine pint 1416 (crs.

Other chloridss 32 gra.*

Subsequently a more detailed aiialjveis of the biiuc was mad«
by Dr. Webb, the reBulfs of which are given bolow:

IMtt in. <K ariM Biuw U Uw plat.

STATE GEOLOGIST. HI

rerCemk

Chtortd of eodinm, l'.).l)»8

" calciiiH ASl

" " mafc'iJCBiiiin 1.341

Salpbiites uf liiiii; uuil DiHgut-miL 3ii5

Total solid matter 21 . OVl

The following analjreia wua published by Prof. Douglass
April 16ifa, I86U, said t" havo bwu pcrfurmed upon water Irom
the salt well of "Mr, Waldrmi, of Suffinaw," but accordiiif^ to
Hr. Waldron, of Ea^t Sagiuaw, takcu from the wt:ll of tho-
above companj:

Specific grsTity, 1 .170

Saline matter, S2.t)17 per cent:.

Chlorid of Bodiiim, (Kalt.) 11.912

Sulphate of lime, (t^ypHum,) 116

Chl..nd of lim.-, [C of catcinn. ?J 2 . U3

Chlurid of ma(^ieiiia, [C of maf^iieaiiim f J . . . . 1 . bii

Carbonate of iron / 11)5

Chlorid of putintHiuiii 220

Water, 11 , flnS

viv.om

The chlorid of calcium given here is fonr times the amonnt
fonnd l>y Dr. Webb.

In May, 1860, another and mnre accorato analysis of ihift
brine was made by Dr. Chilton, with tlte folhiwiiig reaulta;
Specific gravity at B0° Fahrenheit I . IIT

In lUO parts of brine, Salumeter 00°, are found,

Chlorid of sodium IB. 8110

" . " calcium S.^MS

" " mairncsiain, 1 . 714&

Eninid of sodium (WOl ■

Sulphate of lime, 09^S

Carbonate of lime, 05«0

£iliea and alumina, OHH

Oarbimate of inm .' 011ft

Water, .* IT >■ *;.0

lOO.OUUO

Its REPORT OF TBE

Id 100 p&rta of diy solid matter, tliere are,

<;hlorid of todiam 16 . 118

Other substancea, 88.86T

100.000
Hie total per ccntago of solid matter is S2 . 15t.
Id uDe vine pint there is, of solid matter,

•Chlorid of stHimm IMfl.TSpi.

Other salioe matters 886 . 80 "

1615. OS "
This well furnishes about 18,000 gralloDi of brine in 34 honra,
ttatg'mg in strength from 75° to 80° by the salometer. Ao-
. cording to Dr. H, C, Potter, Superintendent of the works, the
'brine is treated in the following manner: "We get a depoaite
' of iron in our settling vats, first, by putting the brine into them
heated, (rnuniDg it through a heater,) and, second, by naingon
each 21,000 gallons a pailful of lime. We are trying asperi-
rnents to settle with ether materials. In the kettles we used
alum for cleansing fur a time, but recently, and since cAld
weather, we have used nothing. The chlorides can only be
removed by bailing out the residuum, after say the &th to the
8th drawing of salt, when the bitter water accnmnlatee to such
an extent as to act en the iron of the kettle, and rust the brine
and the salt. This course, of throwing out the bitter water, is
adopted in Kanawlia, Va , and Pomeroy, Ohio, where the brine
resembles ours in chemical composiUon, and though an expen-
sive one in loss of brine, seems the only ono that is practicable.
* * * Tlie iraptiritiea remaiuing in our salt, after having
been drawn fioro the kettles, are removed by drainage, being
' liquid almost entirelj'. Hiis thorough drainage is the essential
point in our ninnufaclure."

ThJH ciimpuny are engaging vigoroimly in the manufactnre of
suit, both by s>ilar cvupoiatiun and by bj>iling. Thi^y have 20
covers, 16 feot siiuaro, for solar evaporation, and 100 kettles
for artificial heat. They have produced to the date of ttiia

STATB GEOLOGIST. IIS-

, report ftboat <,500 barrels of lalt, aod ftre m&kiag 6(10 to 800-
burels per month. The Sftit ie put up Id eitra quality of white-
o&k b&rrela, coetiDg S8 cento each. Fuel, of bard and aoft
wood mixed, coats, delivered at the works, about %l 38 per
cord.

Tbc qDalit; of the salt produced is unsurpassed, either in
chemipal purity or preservative qualities. Several ef the most
sxtensiTe fi»bermeo upon the lake shore having given it a thor-
ough trial, prooonnce it "more economical, (in quantity re*
quired,) safer and betUr than the Onondaga fine salt." It is
equally commended by butchers. For batter it has been tasted
both in oflr own State and in Orange county, N. Y., and pro-
nounced not at all inferior to the famous Asbton salt

Tbia company have sunk another well during the past sum-
mer, under the same roof, to the depth of 806 feet. Though the
tubing baa not been inserted, the indications are that a larger
supply of strong brine has been obtained. The enly brine
drawn up stands at 90°.

KumerouB other enterprises have been started along the Soff-
imaw river, of which one is at Saginaw City, one at Oarrolton,
one at Portsmouth, and one at Bay City. According to infor-
mstiob received from Wm. Walker, the strength of the brine at
various depths, in the Bay City well, was aa follows: At SSS^
feet, 5°; at 239 ft., 8°; at 285 ft, 12°; at 345 ft., 14"; at 856
ft., 16*; atrOft., IS"; at 378 ft., 19°; at 434 ft, 20°; at 438
ft, 42"-, at 444 ftt, 60"; at 450 ft, 10°; at 480 ft., 18"; at 48T
ft., 85°; at 490 ft., 90°. From this point to th« depth of 513
feet, it varies between 88° and 92°.

At the date of the printing of this report, tlio following par-
ties have either completed salt bonnga or have them in progress^
For the sutementa of outlay to Jan. 1st, 1861, and estimates to
June lat, 1 rely upon an editorial article in the Detroit JVibune:

1T4 REPORT OP THE

I. WELLS OX THE ORANS RIVER, (aT AND HEAR GRAND RlPTOS.) »

DcpCh.

1. Grand Rapids Salt Manufacturing Co., (Scribner &

C-..) «ft

2. GruMil Kivur tiiilt Muiiufiusluniig Co., (Ball, Clay A

0... )- ; 403

8. R E Uuti<Tw..rtli 500

4, Indian Mill Cnmk Salt Manuraolnring Gu., (Puwers &

Martin.) 450

6 J. \V. Windw.r 44ft

6. Taj lor, 403

n. — WKUA ON THE,BAU1NAW BIVEB.

D^b. Oatlq* btiiulM
reM. to Ju. 1. lo Juiu 1.

1. Bant Ssfc'iaw fUIt Mannfacturing

«. D,ti.i wS"!"":!.'".'.''!'."::::: 8m!»«*'«"' »*»■"»»

9. Sa^i'iaw City Salt Manul'acturiug

U.) . (Sapinaw City.) 600 9.000 12.500

30. HJI, OiltkTt & U..., (Fl..rciK*,).. 850 2.U00 6 000

11. Ward, Curtis & &>., (^Cam.ltou,). 660 1,000 10.000

12 E Litclitic'ld & C... ■' 680 4.000 10.000

13. (J. A. Utlii-i.p& C>, "(Commencing.) 5.000 10000

II. PiirtMriKMiili C»., (P<>rl8m'>ntli.). .. 667 7,5u0 12,600
16. Bav City Sill Maiiiilacturing On.,

(Hay Ciiy ) 542 8,000 12,500

16. Nuw Y"ik Siilt M ail nfacturi life' Ci..,

(Kant SHgiiiftw.) .. .((^inimeDcing.)

17. Saginaw aiiU Biietia Viist.t Salt Cj., "

It is proposed t^t cxntinuo llie boring in Taylor's well, at
Orariil Itapidi. until tlie Onondaga Salt Group is reached.

Tim East Saginaw Cu. .are mauufuctui-ing 40 to 50 barrels of
Bait per day, and im getting tlieir Hocond arcli of kettles in ope-
Tatioii c-xpcct to pr<iduco about 100 barrels per day. This
"Company have recfivcd tlie diphinia of the New York State
Agricultural Suciely, and the prize medal from the Uechanic's
Infttituto of Chicago"

Tlio Saginaw Cily Cu. have 60 kettles on hand, and are pro-
ceeding with Vigor.

It cannot be denied that the prospects of the ultimate succesa
of tbo salt uiauufacture in Michigan are exceedingly encourage

STATE GEOLOGIST IK

lap. Aside from the unparalleled atrength of the brine of the
Sagnnaw valley, the position, Anrrounded by fureota, which mnat
clieapcu to the last degree the cost of barrela and fuel, and
aptiu the immediate Hhoic uf navigable waters stretching from
Oswcgu to Chicago, is snch as to enable us to compete suucess-
fall; with any other source of supply to liie western and north-
«vBt«rn States.

Aa to the actual cost of producing a barrel of salt at either
of the puinta at which the loanulacture has bsen voumenced, I
•m nut in piissesHiuu of tlio data to enable me to speak defi-
nitely. At Saginaw, ay I um auihenticatly informed, wood of
mixed quality, (t. e. "hard" and "aolt,") can bo delivered for
|I 38 per cord. At Syracuse, experiments have shown that
one cord of hatd wood will produce, in blacks of 50 or 60*ket-
tles, an average of about 53 buahels of salt. Assuming, as is
done at Syracuse, that two cords of hard wood are worth three
of soft, tiie cost uf hard woijd at Saginaw should be $1 656.
Beckoning S3 buHhels to a cord of wood, this would make the
fuel cost at Saginaw $0 031 per bushel, or $0 155 per barrel
of salt. If one block of ki'tdita ia capable of producing. but 40
barrels of salt p<.'r day, and the sirrvices of six men, at $1 00
per day, arc required to attend tijem, the element of labor enter-
ing into ibt! cost of a barrel is $0 15. At Syracuse barrels
«ost 25 cents each, and I aoe no reason why they cannot be
produced fur much less than this at Saginaw. I am iafurmcd,
however, that the lowest bida ofT^Tcd are 27 cents per barrel.
It is admitted, however, that this is for a superior article. At
the wurks of the East Sugiiiuw compuny, wficre it is stated 40
barrels per day are nuw manufactured, it is reliably announced
tliat not more than $25,000 have boen expended iu boring two
wells, the largest and deepest of whiclT has not yet come into
Qse. AHHuming that one lialf this sum has been expended in
boring the well nuw in use, and that capital is worth 10 per
cent., the annual interest on the investment is $1,250, or $4 166
per day, or $0 104 per barrel of salt produced. Should tha
wear and tear of fixtures and apparatus amount to 5 per rent.

I'M REPORT OF THE

•

more, this item would add $0 052 to tho coat per barrel. Tb^
cost of packiug is stated to be 2 1 cents per barrel at Syracuaf^
and it could not bs greater at Saginaw.

Bringing together now these viufious items, we find the co«t
of a barrel of salt at Saginaw to stand as follows:

Fuel, hard and soft equally mixed, $) 186

Labor of six men, at $1 00 per day, 150

Barrel of superior quality, 270

Packing, f 026

Interest at 10 per cent, on $12,500, IM

Wear and tear at 5 per cent, 052

Total, |0 T65

Aside from the cost of superintendence and incidentals, it
does not appear how the above aggregate can be materially
increased when the business is once fairly established. At the
same time it must be admitted that it is rather early in the
history of the enterprise to venture upon calculations as to the
ultimate minimum cost of the manufacture. As. an existing
fact it should be borne in mind that, aside from the greater
expense attending the commencement of any manufacture, and
that which is always incident to manufai^turing on a small
scale, the chlorid of calcium which exists in considerable quan-
tity in all our brines, will materially enhance the cost of pr<K
dnction until some cheap method is discovered of eliminating it
by chemical precipitation. With whatever confidence, there-
fore, we may speak of the ultimate prosperity of this manufac-
ture in oar State, it should not be forgotten that the enterprise
is still in its infancy; and, in view of the powerful competition
arrayed against if, still needs the fostering care of the govern-
ment io a liberal extent.

Whether such liberality ought to extend to a continuance of
the existing bounty on the manufacture of salt, d<.'pends upon
various considerations, which tho legislature alone will be con^
petent to estimate as a whtde. In the meantime it may not be
amiss to oifor the following suggestions, derived from geological
data. I purposely ignore the questions whether it is morally

X

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1.1?

liorest to discontiime the bomi'y at the presi'iit juncture, and
wiic'th(4' the Siuto is pociihi.ii ilv uhic to couliiiuc any bounty, as
the.sc uio imt g*»N»h)^icul (J^l(*^t«^»lls: ,

J. WhatcVL'i* ni ly be Ihc minUi of tho salt rntcrpiisc at Sagi-
Daw, \\ni bll8ille^8 is not cstublishrd at any othiM' point.

2. Th'ii^h wo bcliuvf Ktruiij*; briin' inuy be ])rocured through-
out* th^; center nt* tl.e Stale, this bi lief is purely a geuh)g^ical
iDlereiiee. The public interest would be vastly promoted by
b»'in^in^ this theory to the test of experiment.

3. Even ^^n[>posiu(^ it certain tliat the Michigan Sail Oroup
will p:ove pr.»ductive thn)ii;^hnnt tiie center (»t" the State, tbcrd
i3 still another vast salt basin which has never been explored,
within our limits. This is situated about 803 or 90() feet below
tho other basin, iind literally underlies the entire peniusuia.
Its margin rises to the. stu'lacc at Mackinac on the north, Mil-
waukee on the west, Sylvania, Ohio, and Moin*oo county, Mich.,
on the south, and (Jalt, in Canada West, on the cant. It is tho
source of all tiie brine woiked at Syracuse and vicinity, in the
State of New York. There are somj indications that the great
basin f jrmod l>y these rocks in Michigan is also fdled with
brine. S»i[»poso this to be the case. The result would bo that
every county in the p'tninsula might become a salt producing
county. ]f it is not desirable to i*estrict the benefits of tho
establishment of this manufacture, the State has an |pitcrest in
stimulating the ex[iIiiration of thesti lower rocks. The offer of
a bounty would cost tho State nothing unless tho attempt should
provo successful. If successful, the payiiient of the bounty
would prove one of the best invcstmentvs the State ever made.

4. Should it not, after all, apjMiur to be good policy to stimu-
late roKcarchcs by tho flier of b()unti<»s, there aro still other
methods by which the spirit of enti^i prise now awakened may
be secMuided, uidess inde< d sill idea of public encouragement to
the develnpuKMit of (uir State lesiaircis is t*> be entirely aban^
doned. 'J he discovery of simie ecoui niical means for the feepor
ration cf ihu chlorid of calcium, which constitutes the principal

23 •■■'■" ■ ■ ■ "•■

1«8 BEPORT OF TBI

JdMficttltj in the working of our brine, is an object whidi OBghi
not to be left to the chances of private enterprise. The policy
nscognized, and the experience gained in all similar cases ui
ihe history of the past, both advise the setting apart of a ape-
cial sum as a proffered reward for successful discovery in tbia
direction. Such reward should be open to universal competi-
tion. If success were not attained, no ^expense would accrue
tp the State. If success were reached, millions ef dollars would
¥e added in a day to the wealth of our people.

I must be pardoned for making the following further sugg^-
lion:

If the State of Michigan contains a population of '150,000,
the total annual consumption of salt^ estimating at the rate of
45 lbs. per capita, is about 603,000 bushels, or 120,420 barrels.
During the past year the average price of salt delivered in D»>
troit has been about $1 50 per barrel. At this rate the annual
oontribution of Michigan to the business of other States (ex-
cept the small amount paid for freight on salt carried in Michi-
gan vessels) is $180,630. Every political economist must re-
cognize the desirableness of retaining this expenditure within
our own State. The amount which the State could afford to
Wpend to effect this object would be tke annual interest of the
money of which the State) is thus deprived of the use. That
money is^he whole amount of the profit to the manufacturer
and dealer until the commodity reaches our own borders.

Having presented as extended a statement as seems imme»
diately necessary, of the local details connected with the salt
enterprise in our State, it may be useful, in view of the general
interest felt in this new branch of industry, to append some
general and comparative statements for the purposes of reference
and comparison.

As the addition of common salt to pure water increases its
weight, balk for bulk, it follows that the strength of any brine
may be known by comparing its weight with that of the same
bulk of pure water. This comparative weight is its ^i>ecifio
gravity. Tke most exact method of ascertaiidng the specific

STATE OEOLOaiST. 178

graTily of brine is bj weighing a given bulk of it with a deli-
cate balance. The most convenient method, however, is by
i&eanB of a hydrometer, and this is sufficiently accurate for
most practical purposes. A hydrometer is an instrument gen-
erally made of glass, in the sha^>e of a tube closed at both>
dnds with a large bulb blown in it, and a weight attached at
flie lower end. The tube is graduated above the bulb, in such
a manner that when the instrument is placed im pure water it
sinks to a mark designated #, and when placed in a liquid
heavier ttian water, it sinks to some mark below the first,
l^ainst which is the figure which designates the true specific
gravity of the fluid. In Beaum^B hydrometer, which is the one'
most used for general purposes, the figures en the scale do not
designate the specific gravity directly. The scale is graduated
fimn to some arbitrary point which reads 3P^ or 40^ — the
intervening spaee being equally, or nearly equally, divided, so
that the specific gravity can only be knewn from it by a
calculation.

The hydrometer, however, which is most convenient for ex-
periments with brine, is the one which marks 0^ when immersed
ih pure water, and 100^ when immersed in saturated brine.
This instrument is called a sdhmeter. The number of deg^eeir
indicated upon the salometer, therefore, is the per centage of
saturation possessed by the brine. We may speak of 25^ On
the salometer or 25 per cent, of saturation.

It must be distinctly understood, that 25 pef cent, of satursf^
tion does not mean that 25 per cent, of the brine is composed
of salt. Twenty-five per cent, of salt produces 100 per cenl
of saturation — and this happens to be 25^ on Beaume's hydrom-
eter.

It is apparent, therefore, that the specific gravity of a brine,
the readings of the hydrometer and salemeter, and the per cent*
age of salt, are all different expressions for the same thing,
vrhich may also be expressed by the number of gallons of brine
required for a bushel of salt of 56 lbs.. As it is often desirable
to convert these expressions into each other, I have calculated

ISO BBPOBT OF TQfi .

tfcc sntij'iincd taltio wliich, it is Utlioved, will be founii uaofiJ,,
and aiilltuivnOy eociirtite.

: ll muHt Iki bwriiu iu mitid tliat Iho calctilations arc baaed up^
onllio Bupp'jBitiou (liut t]ju biiiioboiituina ifj furoign c<iastitiir
onts; but Hit all iinliiri(l biiiiou (it) cuiitiiin varyiiij^ amuuutB ol
furtiign ciiiiBiiuiOTilH, it fulliiw:), first, tliat tliu total amount ol
solid matter doea nut bear ihe eamo iiitio to the doosily, aa if
liio- briiHi wi'rc pure; and BCcondly, (liut tho amciiintol' aalt at»y ^
bs quitu a (lifl'ui'uiit tbing fmin llic amount of Boliil consLiluentd,
nliich aluiK: dotcimincB lliu detistly or opcciHc gravity. , .

• :It muat ulao be boriio in mind lliat bi-iiit!S of tho samo
atrongth poseesBOH difivrcnt dcuaitiee di'pondin; upon their
tompciatui-e — tlio ,doui|ity rapidly diminiiibing as the toiapor»:
tnro I'iaus. It ia conflcqucutly aeceeeary to exporimvtit oa
brines at a tinif»rm or ataitd^id temperature. Tho ordinaiy
standard tvmpcraturc i'or liydrometrical operations ia GO de-
grees, Fnbrcul](jit's thormuniGter, but the standard temperatuttt
at tiio Oiittiidofja saliuee, is 52°, that being llio natural tem-
perature of Iho briiie as it issues from the well. ■ As the natnral
temperature of Michigan brines, obtained from ordinary deptba,
would be nearly iho same, 62° might bavo been adopted as tho:
Standard in the folluwin^r calculations. The results, however,
would not have been practically dilTorent from those given.

Constants, useful for reference, a portiim of which arc de-
duced from the subjiiincd, calculation, and others the data upoB>
vbich the calculation ia based:

:1. Specific gravity of pure water, 1.

2. Specific gravity of conimon Bait, according to Ure,

2,0'to 2.25 (mean) 2.125

8. SpeCitio gr»vity of sat mated brine 1;20&-

4. According to Ure. 100 parts of water dissolve, at 63)*

Pah., H5.88 parirt of salt.

5. One bushel nf KMll=!t.:( gallons, wine mensure; clis-

a'ilve*iit 18.8 g;ilf.in« c.r watiT. making, without
alliiwiiiHf ir ccnidi'tiKatiim, 20.1 gallcins of brine.
fj. Oite iiuiidrod vuliimes ol the cnnHtitiientK (i| a s.ilura-
ted snlutidn nf BiilL beeoiin', I'y cuudcnsaiiou, a
litllolcss than OG volumes, (Urc.j

STATE GEOLOGIST.

1«1

7. One cnl»ic foot of saturated brine wcigljs 85 lbs.

8. One hiiBlicl of suit w( iglis [){'} lbs. *•

9. One wine pint CDntains tifi G2.> irubic incbca

10. One wine pint t f distilled waU r weighs 7288 9T5 grains.

11. Kvery .001 vaiiutiou in ispccitic gravity coi rcr^ptaids to

'abcut .25 gall(>n <[' biino Hipiiicd (or a buhhcl of salt.

12. One degree ol BtaunK =4*^ »^'aluineter, approximately. .

ir.2

13. Specilio ffraviiY=r7-i —

14. Gallons of brine to a bushel of 8aU=r:

2CP3 8S

I'^j.

— 4.464.

Let fc'==per centuge of salt in any brijie,
g=speiific gravity <»!' the l)rine,
B=it8 density, by Beaunie's b^dninctor,
S=it8 percentage nf saturation, by the Salomelcr,
G=number of gallons required for 1 bu. of salt,
Then the value of each of these quanlitieti luuy be expressed id
terms of eaeh of the others, as sliown by the follov^ing twenty
equations:'*'

2603.88
' t. G » —4.454 Wbeiir-4s

S. 0.

S

•n.008

4.4M

B

870.218
t. G—— — 4.464

4. G.

S
4.464

«i

IC

IC

«-J.

*JkB the standard bushel of suit weigbs M Ibt.,

6000

» p ottDdB of bjplno rcqulrtd ^or 1 bii. of MIL

■

Ind aiiMM CM gallon of distfltod water waiglw 8 Jtf Ita.,

6000 670.267
C— —

W

8.886g8 g«

Dot th? valuo or s, or tho p^r eentage of sftli In tho brine, mny bo cxprcssod In terns of
ibe specific gravity v( ihu brln.'*. (or, tho Sfieclflti gravity ol' thu brinu to Its weight iilvlled
l>y the w. Ighi uf tho Banh! bulk of Waijr. Makkig au oliuwunoe far oandinmktu uf Ihoag-
Cri^atj Tulume of tho constllucuta, thia would bo

100

8*^ (2)

8

In which «e is tho per centogo nf wnicr in the brlQO^.and 2 126 is the msan apcclflft graTl^
^aali. B<rt exp^rim )! t showB that aoniq rtegree uf condniaatitm alwujH tulc<» pincc; and |i
aocms obvious that tho a mouut oi' tbla con-u-nsitlon mart b^ a c'lncl funcllcn uf the per
ceiitai(e of aalt i.i the solution. The oata at'toiamund, however, do not aoiiu to bu couaial-
•ut .with ihia theory uor with catJi othi-r.

Accon. Um to Dr. Ur**, 100 m »iauroa of Ui» coa0Utiient<< of n ^.ituratcd boIuIIod , mike a llti1«
Icra than 90 m .'osnriS of Uio brlac; an<l this bi luo couhiiija S3 6 pt.T ctnt^ of Ri*it. Now, aa
the apcttiUt; tcravity of ihia a.aurat«;d solution is, by th<t«aaj authority, L1962, wc muy cal-
«uLUvj what w >ul>i hivo boon tho apuciflc gravity without condonaaiiou. Thla would ba

' 1206-1-86

—1.1668

100

BBPOKT OF THS

U. B— us

si fDrnuiik (i). Tbli (Itc*

DM unl*(« of 1411 In Hiiir led brtns it ten grul. But thu par nnUfa li !•■■ thu (Ina
DT mi«t oUur vuUwriiLflAp whdfl by mj ovs experlmenia upoa comm^rcU Hit, U UMoala
loM.tW.

itain, uoordlng lo lb* aipulmuu at VH. rruuiBar inil DalODg. when ■ brlu ooa-
Ului 10 nr out. sf ull, lla ipacUlo iriTUT Ij l.OIU; ud wtaen It eoDLaluU t>«TO«l.,H
lal.lOM Kaw U wawouU toritistHi caDU(«at nit IsEq. (l),n(K

liillHM»nda-

rnrtter, la Uir

d Bpaclflc fnvliy dqe u

im uH.li .OU«-.lMp«r

snt, of H.t, tbe par BKte*
bat not w Uw Mcood-^lfii

. BUt. 'Aie nnt uit iHt Tshin an lafltctaiUr

uu or the dm ud kui la ,1U pw omt. AohbIbc Uik

1— I' H- OOIU 1
SnlallMUDg Uh nine of g' rroin ^. (>) , m mlfbt Uwio* dednea ■ In toma or f . -<
Anotbar tIkw dwr IH UIud ot tbM luDisct. II ii aTldeDl (hat w* mar ngurd aU tbe «■-
LliuplaM Id tba latl-, and tOa nmBtt will l» Um mbi IT wa ImacbMtt U

kaplaogb<G>r«lbiiiolulloii. We may Uwn pncaad to caloloM irbal laluaof Iha ipeoUta
WTltr «( I'M ■*'t wMid be raqulilu in ordar M prodnoa, wlLboat (srtber Di>Dd«mUoa, ■
rtnaoCaflnafpeclBc iraTlt^.and oonlalnlsf a glTen par oaaUn of «IL
If Ui (S) wi ouka ('— l.OTH, w-M, ^10 and a.U^i, wa fat

t-a.ua.

It la (3) w* nika ('— l.tM, v-4C, *..U, ud p« i for'^t-Ue, m fat
X— l.«U.

If (fain sa aiika ('— 1-9U, «— !«.>, h-3t.S,

a.au ftiT 3-Ue,|'-oivbt to bacoaui,»lwn m ilUgl^
,«.«_. ■ <•> -

,alBi>,

iw.tn

STATE OEOLOOIST.

18ft

16. ■..MB

U. ■-1M.478 —

100.478

4.4M

n. g— H- 1

6
686.816

18. f.

U. g-

686.616 — 8
162

168—8
160.478

<«

n

it

((

(I

it

B-o,g-l

160.478— ■

VViniMr, the Btmbtr of gralni «r ialt In a wliit ylBt ii
10008.988 8

■-0,8-1

Silt.

686.610 — 8

From these formul» the following table has been calculated :

JOA milMtttotiig thJi tAtee of • la Si. (I),
07ai67 4.464

On ... .

(»)'

160.478 k — 160.478 £ — 1

lib often desirabto to Imow fl.in teriM of tht de»tt> of "BtMine^ ocato. llStoftait
aAf be ObtAined from the etaatlOft

168— B

(8MMb(>illoch,llep.on8Agtrantf fl(7dt<«iel«rii;p. 7|) In wbldi B reArMenta tlie deglw
of BMumie't hydrometer ezpreHlre of thft deiiMtr of the brine« Sobatltattaf thlt Talon Of
r to (6), we get

On.008

G—— — 4.464. (0)

B

SiDoe 98* Beaome, or 180^ of the aaloiiietar, mairlts aatarated brine, It amam thai «!•
digree of Beaume equals 8.840 of the aalometer ; or, patliag 8 for tae reading cT theialomalir

B.».908

And ■ubeUtutiag this iralne of B hi (0), we gH

9088.88

G. —4.464 (7)

8

Tnm wMcfa may be calcnhited a table gtrlng the nanOMr of grifcint of brtav re^liM ftr
one bushel of salt, at eyerr degree of the eeaugnule saknoeter. v

llthou^, owing to the inoonsMttey of the data employed, the (brefobig fnrmote on
chre only approztamte reaolta, they may be iulBeleiitly accurata tor praMleafporpoMi; and
hfeme a tahw haaibeen baaad npon them.

4;

.■fiEPOKT OK TOE

TABLE gioinj n roni;iirU,n, „r ihg

Kfor Iha

1

1

«i

:^

■i

ii

:

h

ij

3r

is

u

J

1?

ig'a

1 Ull

^?;

I.

1

iiw ■

,:

i

If

idau

lUIj

1

490

|i

411. «

2M

'■

tiJ.

IS

X.»

3.3%

6

W*.

3ia

8&t

l!6j

l|l!l,

3ia

1

I-Mj

laj

«"

wo

.»

«.ir

M

ST

11 1.

4 41

3i

««

Itt..

B3>

lu

36.>

U.:k

11 so

71

IS a.

.■HI

*r

1117.

uht

I»

•l.T

t

lif

»

i«'i.

.Ifc

woa

»0.T

••<

■ s.

IM

■ e-ii

49.

^

W6u

.141

i»a:

30.3

%

4*

VJ 7

31 t

■^

?'!^

T.OT

9.

M«

U.0(

)•>'

■Mb,

M.a-

»

T.k

■ BH

ai^i

R

»,».

.Dfr.

frJ,

Bl

ao.o;

IM

ai.t

.OM

i.ei

31. «I

SI

w'b

S3

ra

It.S

*4

■ «.M

7il

■li l«

■ ti.*.

tt

s IV

SiSf

Hi

•M

B.aa

1.<M

±i.fli

WK

t&.»

«.fti

1 OS

^*

Ub

1M1>

l.OSJ

U 1

u.

WOJ

!»«<

I-!

33 4(.

m!*

**.

on '

9I.W

l^l*

Si-

»-»

62f

a».

mtt

43

11. K

«Al'

21.3

Ml

HI lu

MM

3ja

S30

«

"ni

' 'o5

11 w

9 IS

**!

«

.an

II B.

la

2s!l:

».S£

3^.4

lau

OiT

110

Oil

«-«

I'sil

23. K

2M

4^

Bv

28.14

l.»l

11.44

ai:;

4'j

4<.T

IIK,

1 an

21 :i

l-'omi l!>i

tl>lo llio

..TtifS !

<1 cap;)

■niiiy I'll iisceii:iiin-il liy kiMwiMj: iu strt'itstli as simwn l.y tho
Bul<>iTi<-li<i'. Sti|ip ii'u f'l' liHl.iiic Ho Kiiliiiii"iur sliiMVK 63 do
rgri'os Till' IhIjIc f-Ii iw.-h hi a k'I'"iCo tliat tli's ciinvsiii im)H to
.13.18 ik'-n-cM .>r l((;aumf'rt li>.|- ..,(;ror. a s|»G lie -riivily of
a.lOU an I 11 jHT ccii'a;,'.^ iil' 13. (52; wliili; a win-; |iiiit iif tliO
il'i'iiie w.)uld furiimli 1092 (,' ft .m uf a >liil residue, ami 44.1 g*l-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 185

Ions would produce a bnsliol. Or 8Uf)])()sc the Btrong^th cf a
brine is expressed, us in Di*. Beck's Ui'port, by g'ivin^ its spo-
ciOc f^ravity, and we wish to compare tlio strength ua thus
fitated, witli that of anoUier brine «;iven \n decrees of the sa-
lometer, or the minilier of i» rains in a pint, &o. • V\'e h>nk in tho
column of "specific gravity*' in tiic lort'goiug taMo and iind
the nimibcr which agrees nearest with the given one, then on
the same horizontal line wc have all the synonymous expres-
sions for the same strength, and it is seen at (met' whether tho
brine with which we wish to make the comparison is stnmger
or weaker. Or suppo-e, thirdly, that a land owner desires to
know the comparative strength of a brine spring on IjIs premi-
ses, while he possesses no instrument for taking Kpecifie gravity.
Let him evaporate a wine pint and weigii the residue, or tako
it to the apothecary to weigh; then the nnniber of grains, found
in the 5th column of the table, will show hi in all the cc^nivulept
expressions.

In making use of this table it m«st be remembered that it
will prove accurate only for pure HolutioiLs of mil. In this State
the chlorid of calcium whici» exists to sonic extent in our brines
will cause the table to make a showing a little too favorable.
As the per centagc of impurities fs a variable quantiij*, it was
impossible to make allowance for th<Mn in tho table. Though
we cannot therefore construct a table practically accurate, it
was not thought best to discard all attempts at a table. As
long as it is thought desirable to use the salometer, it seems^to
mo to be a matter of convenience to have at hand the ready
means for converting its reading into the equivalent expres-
sioDB. This want has been felt by nriysclf, and L have no doubt
many otlicrs will find the table useful.

U

•°"aaaaaa333S'-sa* :'-'aaass''aaa"

BBPOBT OF THE

E ml

i i i M»

III iliii

iSIISI ;S

IS8I

ISSI3S

SSIJISieS :!S m iiiS :Sli3

isssis issis!=iis|Sis? ; iippseai.

m :iiimiiiii3i \ m \umi

llli|l5l58ipiS?|5i3.l£Sp.iBj5|||

liiiiilsilili I :i Isess iMlsieii.

m

:irS

is! J-JiAt:!!

411

STATE GEOLOOIST.

181

Dr. n>iightoii in his report of 1888, ga^e the remilts of
analTses of 20 different brine springs from our State, two of
which have been reproduced in the table. Of these springs^
three wete situated upon the Tittabawassee river, in Midland
county, seven near the Grand river, two near* the source of
navigation of Maple river, in Gratiot county, two near the
Maple river, iii Clinton county, and one near the Saline rive?^
IB Washtenaw county. The solid censtituents of these brines
contained from 58 to 8T per cent, of pure salt, the general
rangei beiug tO to 86 per cent. The purest brine was found o»
section 34, T. 15 N., 1 W., Midland county, on the the TitlatMh
wasse river, half a mile above the mouth of Salt river.

The following table will alse^ prove useful for general refei^

ebee

M8 BEPOttT OP THH

TABtjR fJhOKinrj Ike niimb^f of buiJifl=i -f Salt nMcAtdl rffc OtKm-
d'/f/fl fkill tiitiiog", A'lo y./tt rtrttw Ja^e tOUt. in«, M)&td4 if

run.

Edsiiil-.

- ■ ■■h™^.

4T.n

:i.T4iJ

l02'J

M'Ji.^^O

•Jifa

ilHUO

iSltl

]v(i2

.: i'ntj

BO.IUH.

fi-I.i}W

ir.'uoi

...... flimiii

'. 100 001

, -,154 011

uid--.

1(75 44t

31'Jfil'

I«31 .......

^aa ....... .

i8H;^

ia34

...'..: 1514 08t

li&iSflas

l,83a.«46

1 943 253

Idos..., .:

1835...:...

2;S(m,86T

im

1838

, 2,5T-,033

Ixu8

18-10 ;

I«41

843

2 633 805

]S09

|-2«28::

3 3411769

4511001

200,1(1(1

2-21011

IMl

.1812

lM4:i

844

3.127.500

4,W)3.554

1814

1815

1816

1811,

'29.-.00(

33-2 05

348 C'i.'

408,6«5

4i'(i54((

526 01V

64X,374

558,82!!

4815C.2

846

1M7

1848

I^49

3,838,8.=.l

39,M,3.55

4.737,126

6,083,369

1819

1820

1821

1«22

851

1 85-2

!H.^3

4,614,117

4 932 633

5,404.524

81fifl3J

18*

185s

;h51>

18(50

1825

182C.......

18-27

i:-7 2(i:-

81102;.

9«34li.

431-2.126

7ll:i3,219

1823

1,1L0 88?

6,593,447

STATE GEOLOGIST. 180

The fullowinjo: is an approxiinalo Htatemcnt of tho amount of
salt iniuinractiirc'd iji tlic Uni'.iMl Stulca ihuin;; tbo year 1>59:

R-..sbi-ls.

Mussaciinsott'', (mostly in vivts alnii«>- djo KJioro,) .... 1;'>,U()0

Oii»ii(J.i^.t salt \v..rks,* N V. 81)4.000

P*M»iis\ IvMiiia, f Al]i'«^liai»y and Kisuiniinrias rivers,) 1,(iOO.O(JO

Virginia, (Kanawha and l\in;;*h wurks,) 1,UUU.W00

Kontur.ky, ((Jn >s(i Crcrk.) 300 000

Ohio, (Miiskiii<i^nin and*U K:kin;;; rivciH.) 1,600 000

Oldu, (rumuioyand West Culuniliia.) 2,000 000

Illinnirt, ^ 6.000

Texas, 20.(100

Florida, ICO GOO

Total 14,!234.0(

Porcipcn suit imported into the U. S. fnr the }ear end
injj Juno 30th, J857, ^ . . . /. 17.1*i5 000

Foreign and domestic salt, 31,3yi),000

Expv^rt of doin stio salt, 570.000

" foreign salt, 131 .000

707.00a

Annual consumption of Fait in U. S, 30,092,000

Which for each individual amcnints to 62 J lbs.

In Great Britain jt is, 2:> "

In France, 15J "*

Kcccipts of salt at Detroit for two years:

1869, 52.203 bbls.

18C0, , 65i,2ia •«

Receipts and shipments of salt at Chicago for seven years:

Receipts, l)b!9. Sliip'tfl,bblf«.

1853, <J^ yu7 69 3^8

1853 h(\ 309 3^.7-5-

1854 : 170 62i> 01 534

1 855, ; 1 70 033 1 OT'93

ISofi. i 184 834 82.001

1 867 2(»9 740 90 9 1 H

18r)S 33:i.9s8 101 2T9

1S60 310 897 260 40r

1800, 223,U1 3 1 04,400'

IM NPORT OF TfiB

Of th« Bbipraenta fw 1859 and 1860, tlie followini: uuoosta
vera returned to Uicbigan:

ISIB. u».

By Mich. C. R. R., 4,601 bWs. 2,«8 bbU.

By Mich. S. R. R., 5,253 " 2,260 "

Total, besidee ahipmenta by lake, . . . 9,160 bbU. 4,188 bbla.

About one-tiiird of the fine salt bloclu at Onondaga, N. T.,
are worked with coal, which is famished from PennBylrania at
$3,00 per ton. The u§e of coal Baa reduced the price of hard
wood at the works from five and six dollars per cord, to $8 50.
^e latter snm corresponds to %2 33 for "soft" wood, and $2 92
fur "mixed" wsod. The price of barrels is at present about
86 cents. The prime cost of a barrel of salt (280 lbs.) at On
ondaga is stated to be 95j^ cents. At Kanawha it is 81J csnta.

The solar salt .manofacture was carried on at Onond^a in
1858, by 38 different parties, using an aggregate of 30,186
'Covers, and eccnpjing 8,403,840 square feet, or nearly 193
acres of surface. In 1860 the whole number of covers has in-
creased to 36,302, occupying more than 201 acres of surface.

The Sue salt manufacture was carried on in 1858 by 104 sep-
arate parties, who used an segregate of 312 blocks aud 16,434
kettles. No additions have^een made to the close of 1860.
The aggregate value of the solar works, at $40

the cover, is $1,452,080

That of the fine salt works at $4,000 the block, is, . . 1,240,000

Total capital in salt manufacture, $2,692,080

About 21 per cent, of alt the salt manufactured at Onondaga
is solar salt. This, it will be seen, requires a larger outlay of
capital than the 19 per cent, of fine salt. The cost of mann-
faotnre of the coarse salt is, however, less, so that while on* of
ihe elements of ths prime cost of coarse salt is greater anotiier
is less than the corresponding one for fine salt.*
The total ^nual produce of salt in the United Kingdom, is

indKl apOD (ba i
T. Bnia, nd Pi

M ot Uh HoptrkitawlHit, ftir wtUeb 1 «m Inilabtii^ia Supi.

STATE GEOLOGIST. Iftl

1,462,045 tons, whioh, at 2,000 lbs. p«r ton, amounts to

52,215,803 bushels. The total exports and their Talus for three

years, are as follows:

1855, 6«0,154 tons, valued at ^6268,861

185fi, 745,518 " " 216,242

1857 651,766 " " 239,969

The principal salt producing districts in England are Cheshire
and Worcestershire. It is mostly manufactured from rock salt.
At Korthwicb, in the former county, the bed of salt is not less
than 60 feet thick, a mile long, and 1,300 yards broad.

Salt is extensively mauuiactured from sea-water on the shores
of the Mediterranean, in the south France, and on the western
coast. At the saline of Berre the evaporating surfaces cover
an area of. 815 English acres, and the annual manufacture is
20,000,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs. each), or 787,500 bushels.
The saline of Baynas yields annually 20,000 tons (757,500
bushels), 1,550 Urns sulphate of soda (Glauber's salt), worth
80 francs the ton, and 200 tons of chlorid potassium, worth 360
francs the ton.

The total manufacture of salt, in France, in 1847, was as
follows:

263.000

Western coast, 231,000

Salt springs and a mine, 76,000

570,009
This amount, reckoning 1,000 kilogrammes to the ton, is
equal to 22,443,750 bushels, and gives oceupation to 16,650
workmen.*

Sea water is extensively evaporated by the Biscayans, on the
•hores of Spain and Portugal. The salines of the lagoons of
Venice cover an area of about 1,630 English acres. The salt
nines of Central Europe have been celebrated for ages. Those
of Vieliczka and Bochnia, in Galicia, are well known. They be-

• For much Talutble informBtkm on the numufkcture of salt, eepecUIIy tn France, tee*
rtpori " Oo the extraction of aalt flrom eea-water," bj T. 8. Hunt, In Gana<ta Geological He-
port t&r 1866, republished tn SUUman'a Journal, Vol. XXV (J2] 861, May, 1866. A1m> Report
«r Prof. Ueo. H. Cook, la Sap«rlBt«dMil1 Report cT Onondagn Satt Sprbgs, tnumnltted to
the LeKMlaiure In 1861.

163 .REPORT OP THE

long til tlic extensive Balirmiins tract lying along both sides of
ftlio Ciii't>iilliiuiis, and <:(iil>i-acing llio ininuM of WdlacLin, TrUt-
Bylvaniu. Giiiicin, Ujipci- lliiugaiy, Upper Auittria, Styria, Sula-
Iwrg aiiU till] Tyrol.

The ti'lul nniiiiint iif salt annrally produced by tlirco of thff
leading nations of lliii carlti, is as follows:

Great Biilain, 52,215,R!'3 buehcl*.

Vfunrc 23,413 750 "

Uuitcd btutca 14,2^4,000

88,893,043 "
Besides tlio use of salt for meclionical and uf^riciiltural pur-
poses, it cntoiB laijrily as an article of food into tlic consump-
tion of all elasees of peojile; and it Bccnig, like water and many
Other nalural products, to have been pn.vidcd with special
TCforcnco to tlie plij- Biological constitution of man. Itia equally
fouglit by llie lower aiiiinalH, (^Kpt'cially tlic Ruminantia and
Pacliyderni:ita. Ritm, tvon, are fond of Ripping it from a stato
of Holulion. Mungii Paik siiyt* lliat in the interior of Africa
"the gmatest of all luxuries ia salt. It would appear strango
to a Kiiropean to sec a child suck a piece of rock salt as if it
were sugar. This, h.-wevqr, 1 have ficquently sci-n; althoogh
in the inlami parts, the p4brcr class of inhabitants arc ao TC17
farely iniiulgcd with lliis pi-ecioua article, that to say a man
cats salt with his victuals, is the same as saying lie is a rich
nan. I have myself sulfered great inconvenience from tho
scarcity of this article. The long use of vegetable food creates
SO paiufal a longing for salt, that no words can sufficienllj
describe it." Burcliell stalisf that lie eotnetimes had to scad
00 miles for u gallon of salt.

Thu cousnmptioiL of this article for food increases is the
direct ratio of thu avciugu i'L'liu<.inent of a people, or of tho
VOild. Wc can ilicrefure sec im limit to the demand. This
will continue tu inciuasc most rapidly in ihosu vcgiona whero
population and irripi-i v';inr-nt ure niiikii'g most progress. In
this ic8|»cct, no part of the worl.l will ci'mparc with iho gl-ca|
•Tnval>,V'olt.,p.SSa t^*<'*''-'B-A<^lA . ' •

STATE GEOLOGIST. 103

Northwest. Wlipn, in adJilion, it la rcmom bored tliat nail lias
lonj Ucoii used in 8"me cmntrioft as !in iinpriivur nl* tlic Biiil,
and that rccfjit icscii relics* liiive tliown it U> l>o wtll !iiiaj>tid
for lliis jmrpni'c, lli<;ic is iiii icavoii to foar tliat ilic minniriictiiro
can over bo ovisidmie. Tlicio arc iio cvidcncca that tliu lapidly
incrcaHiiij; supply of Oiiotxliiga salt hay pcrcoptilly uDlxIciI
tbe prifx- for tlio pirind of 40 jtavs.

Siicli lining tliu f.icts, till! vast jjeo^rapliica! cxtt^nt of llio
salt basin of Midii^'ati, tnjimbfr with the (;slrai'rdiiifiiy Btrcnglh
of llic brine, fnrniHh slrnng rcasi'ns to anticipate 'tliiit ut no
distant day Micliifrari will be tiiu leading E^a't-prudncing Stuto
of the Union; luid n jmlicions public policy will be shaped with
rtlercnce to forwarding tliia result.

TEAT, LIGNITE AND (VTHER Bin.")[lX0r3 nEroSITES.

Allusion lius been made in a runner part of this report, to tlio
existence of nnnierous depnaites of I'eut, BCalleieil over Ilio
eui-faco of llie Lower I'eniimtilii. Tliis Rubatunce ia composed
Ainiiiat I'litiirly uf vcjjeliiblu matter, wliieli is the diat^ll;;lli^hillg
churact eristic of I lie Inxnriunt soila of tlic •• piaiiii.-" Stiilca.
J'ropeily cnuMiiin-rlcd, llierclore. with our warm gravi-lly scnl*,
Ihe ri'auk would be a uiiirui ol' the cxcilieni'ies of two soils
quite diatinct IVt^m eaeli other. Imprei-Ged with a viiguc idea
of tlie ugrieultural vulne of pent, ihc fuinicr liaa not unficijiicn^
ly strewn it in a crtidu i-tatc upon his fields and been dianp*
pointed at the temporarily injuiiuus ifrects produced. It must
he romentbcred, Iiowcvei', that peat is vegetable nmtler in a
tate of parlial deconipoaitioii; and if it were not actutil'y in-
jurious in this stute, it could lio of no use, as plants iiKsiniilato
only inorganic tir di^-rgavivd matter. IJut parlitilly deet m-
poaed vegetable matter is made up to a grout extent tif varioua
Tegctiilde acids uliieh impait a mniTnena to the i-iiil, mid provo
a positive injury to crops. Obviously, thorcfore, the dccmipo-
aitiiui ol' the pent must lie cutnpleti-d before it ia suitable aa an
appli.aii-n totiie fod Va,i..n« means are nTomnr nd.-d for

• r^ls AgiiCD^binl LwWnl, p. UL

2i

m REPORT OF THK

this purpose by writers on Bcienti&c agriculture, but aa it ia not
my intouiion here to enlarge upon this subject, I only alluiie
to twu.

Fir4t of all, the peat or muck should be thrown out and left
where it can bo exposed to the process of alternate soaking
and dryiug, and if possible also to the action of frost.

Secondly, it may be mixed with lime, which, as an alkalin«
agent, will neutralize the acidity, and at the same time facili-
tate decompoeition. When thus mixed, it is much more prompt-
ly prepared for use. The li^e for this purpose has not to be
quarried from a distant ledge and burned in a kiln. Nature has
placed it in the form of marl, in immediate juxtaposition with
the peat which needs its agency. Indeed the farmer can in
many cases load his cart with the mixed deposits without even
moving his team from their tracks. I hardly know a mora
striking adaptation of natural means for the accomplishment of
a necessary object. The porous nature of our soils suffers
their soluble constituents to be carried away to the lower
levels, where peat aad marl are accumulating, and where the
growths of ages uuknown, have been adding a thousand fold to
the nutritive elements brought down from the soils of the con-
tiguous hill slopes. These depositaries of agricultural force, a
good economy will not fail to appreciate and apply to the recu-
peration of declining wheat lands.

While, however, the application of peat as a fertilizer to the
•oil is itti most obviDua use in a purely agricultural region, it
cannot be said that tliis is its principal, or even its most im-
portant application. ThoDgh in a country like our own, covered
with primitive forests, the value of peat as a fuel* ia almost un-
known, the amount ciinsumed in older countrierta truly enor^
moua. The bogs of Ireland are estimated to occupy 2,830,000
acres. Two million acres, at an average depth of nine feet,
assuming peat to be but one-sixth the value of coal, will furnish
an amount of f'lel equal to 470,000,000 tons of coal, worth thir^
t«en hundred millions of dollars. For the purposes of ordinary
fuel, the raw peat ia prepared by subjecting it between cloths,

8TATB GEOLOGIST. 1B6

to the preaBore of a powerful hydranlic press. This condenses
it to oae-tliird of its original volume, and three-fifihe of its orig-
inal veig^t, through loss of moisture. At the large peat bug
near Lia^court, on the Northern Railway, Dineteen leagues
north of Paris, the peat after having been thoroughly mixed
ftnd worked together, is moulded under great pressure into small
bricks, which, when dried, are heavier than water. The moulded
peat is worth in Paris 20 francs the^ton of 1,000 kilogrammes,
(3,201 pounds avoirdupois.) The amount raised at this bog
annually is 10,000 to 12,000 tons. At Bheims 14,000 tons arft
annually produced. A peat bog in the vicinity of New York
city, six feet deep and forty acres in extsut, is stated by Prof.
Uather to have yielded a fuel which retailed for $4 60 per c»rd,
realizing $4,500 per acre, a little more than a third of which
was expenses.

For mechanical, and not annsually for domestic purposes, the
dried peat is first converted into a coke or charcoal^ of which it
yields from 40 to 42 per cent Feat charcoal sells in Paris for
about the same price as wood charcoal, or 13 francs the 100
kilogrammes — the relative prices of wood or peat charcoal,
mineral coal and wood, being aa the numbers 13, 4}, 4j respect-
ively. This proportion would of course vary with the relative .
abundance of peat, wood and mineral coal, in any country.
Peat coke occupies about the same space, weight for weight,
as ordinary coke, and only half that of charcoal, having a spe-
flific gravity of 1.040, that of charcoal from hard woods aver-
aging 0.505. For heating purposes, 7 tons of peat coke are
equivalent to 6 tons of good coal coke. For the manufacture
and working of iron, peat coke is pronounced decidedly supe-
rior to charcoal, both in consequence of its greater heating
property and its production of a superior quality of iron. It is
extensively employed in preference to any other fuel in many
•f the famaces of France, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Bohemia and
Sweden. For steam producing purposes, campreBsed peat has
been proved at least equal to any other fueL A factitious coal
H prepared fttaa pe«t by the Dvblin Stean BaTigatioB Ccai-

196 REPORT OP THE

pany, 10 cwts. of which j-encratc the snme Btcam power u 17J
cwts. of pit coal. Peat is very extensively cinployfd oii tlia
stcamcra wlitcli ply in llic waters in and about Ireland, an<l
even npon the river Shannon, in the miUnt of a cual bearing
country. Some of the prepared pcala of France are also saij
to be economically employed lor stationary Btcain engines, and
even for locxmotivcB.

The uses to which peat has been profitably applied do not
atop oven here. A company exists at Kilberny, iji Ireland, hav-
ing a factory in operation in which they produce from peat, Tar,
Paraffiiie, Oil, Naphtha, Sulphate of Ammonia, and a Oan. tho
combustion of whic'i is applied to the manufactnro of Iron,
The most thorough and extensive mannfiicturo of these pro
ducts, however, seems to bo cfTjcted by Messrs, Uabonneau &
Co., at Paris. Ace 'iding to Mr. A iiiand, the skillful chemist
of this establishment, gn^xl peat yields, on an average, abuat
40 per cent of charcoal, 15 to 18 per cent, of crude oit contuin-
, ingparafflne, 36 per cent, of water cntaining carbonat**, acetato
and sulphydratc of ammonia, atid a little wood spirit, besldea
7i per cent, of inflammable gase.i and loss. Tho ammonia is
equal to 2 pcr,cont. of aal ammonmc. The oil, by distillation, is
separated into a light oil or naphtha which is burned for illumi-
nation, in lamps of a peculiar construction, and a heavy, less
volatile portion which la used for la'triciUing machinery, or is
mingled with fat oils for bui ning in ordinary lamps. There is
obtained besides, a portion of solid biiumen or pilch amounting
to 4 or 5 per cent of the dried peat. The paroffiiie, which is
dissolved in the oils, is separated by exposing tlicni to cold, and
is afterwards pnrlfied. Tho jield of this product is 2 or 3 per
cent, of the peat. When pure, it is a white, fusible crystalliio
solid, devoid.of tasto or smell, much resembling spermaceti id
appearance, and like it emptoyeJ in the manufactuie of candles.
Tho price of paraffine in France is a little more thao one fi-BLO
per pound.

Tho gas evolved during tho distillation of p€'at may 1 e cn>
ployed, M at Kilbcrry, in Ireland, for the purposes vf keatm/.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1«

or it may Le'mixcd with tlie gaa obtained by tho decompositioD,
at a high tcmpcralui-c, nf tlio unido uil from peat. In this way
•n iUaminalinij gat is obtained wliicb bas tbrcu and fuur tenths
timiia ti.e illuminating power of coal gas, while the yield is
equal to that rnim coal.

The aiilid bitunieo rcsiilting from thr; distillation of peat may
bo umployod like asphalt ill the preparation ufnuisftc/ur paving.
Even the criidu pi.at, by being mixed afccr drying willi 10 to 15
piir cunt, of cDal tar, and boiled for Bcveral hours, dissolves into
ft vidcid liijuid, which, when coulcd, ia solid, and rcacmbleB
aapbalt. Tlio crude rcsiduoa from tbe rectification of the oil of
ptwt arc burned in proper apparatus, and furuiuh abundance of
lampUack.

For the production of gunpowder, many varieties of poat ar»
luperiur to the charcoal of dogwood .m d alder.*

The reader, perhaps, will hardly deem it credible that ao great
a variety of commercial products is obtained from a eubstanco
M common and so little valued as the "mack" with which onr
''awarnps" are Slled. As nil such doubts arise from ignorance
of the properties of peat, I present below a convenient syuopsia
of the products and uses of this subatanco :
1. Ciade peat as a fertilizer for the soil.

3. Prepared peat sod peal-coko as fuel.

(a) For d<>M>eHtic and ordinary heating purposes,
(ft) For the g'nerarion of steam.
(c) Fur the manufacture and working of metals.
8. I'eat for the mannfHclurc of gunjiowder.

4. Peat or biiumi-n from peat fi'r paving purposes.

6. Ci'ude oil for purpuaes of lubricatioii, illumination and

goti-makiiig.
6. Puti'oleiim fur burning in lamps.
t. faruffitie fur the manul'ucture of candles.
8 Lifrlil., iiiduniniaLile gax for heating.
0. lllnininatiiig gas of superior quality.
10. Lampblui-k.

The value of peat f>r any or all of the above purposes will
obvi usly depend npon ila frer'di>m from earthly depositea. Id

iMka (f nrn,"

il S^jorti, ta (hi Choids GMlostal Baparu t»

198 BEPORT OF THE

those cases where a bog has grown with the growth and decay
of Sphagnum, or othertogmoHsea, the peat is often compoeed of
almost pare vegetable matter. In other cases, where the bog
has been periodically inundated, as around the margins of some
lakes and ponds, more or less of earthly sediment will be found
mixed with the peaty materials. A large proportion of onr
principal peat bogs, howeTcr, will compare favorably in pnrity
with those in foreign conntries, to which I have already alluded.

It will of course be inferred that the bad of lignite which I
bare described as occurring on the shore of Grand Traverse
Bay, possesses all the capabilities of ordinary peat. Sbonld
the spontaneous flow of petroleum from the rocks ever bo ma-
terially diminished, the same product may be very cheaply dis-
tilled, as is done in foreign countries, from lignite and peat as
well as from coal.

Although it might be better to speak of Rock Oils or Petro-
leum under a distinct head, still the subject is here naturally
introduced, and I proceed to append the few remarks which I
have to offer on this subject.

The distillation of bituminous shales and mineral bitumens
is carried on to a great extent both in England and on the con>
tinent. To this class of matters belong _the so-called Boghead
and canoel coals, as well as the bituminous minerals of various
parts of France and Switzeriand. Here belongs the black bitu-
minoua shale of Canada West, and Thunder and Grand Traverse
Bays in this State, which will undoubtedly prove uncommonly
rich in bituminous matter. Indeed, the abundant spontaneous
distillation from shales of the same age, which has supplied the
oil wells of Pennsylvania and Ohio, is an evidence that the
products of artificial distillation would prove correspondingly
rich. These substances yield, in general, the same products as
peat. The amount of paraffinc, however, is said to be less, and
the residue left from distillation is, unlike that from peat, com-
paratively worthless. A yield of five per cent of bituminous
matter qualifies the shales in France to be ecanomically worked.
The yiald of cur shales has never been accurately ascartained,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 199

KQd I have n« means at my disposal for the determination of
these important queBtions.

Shales thus bituminizcd have an existence in our State, about
which there can be no question. I have clsewlicre expressed
the hope that they will yet be found to yield a spontaneouH flow
of Petroleum, like those of neighboring districts. The belt of
country along which experiments might be made extends from
Wayne county to Port Huron, and from Thunder to Grand
Traverse Bay, The geological relations and tlio^ surface indi-
cations arc such, especially along the southern belt, that a few
borings would bo fully justified. A few years ago, as I am !■•
formed by Mr. F. P. Bouteller, a boring for water was undei^
taken beneath a saw mill in the township of Greenfield, Wayng
county. After the drill has passed through a bed of bluish
shale at the depth of 10 or 80 feet, it was suddenly wrested
from the hands of the workmen by the violent escape of a fetid
gas which threw up water and sand to the height of several
feet. By accident, the stream of gas was ignited, and sent ft
colnmn of flame to the roof of the mill, which faad to be re*
moved. All efforts to entinguish it proved futile for several
hours, wlic-n the furnace pipe was placed over the well to guide
the fliime. Thiw, to the great relief of the owner, had Ihe efi'ect
of sniothering tho fire. Grateful for his escape, he efiectually
closed the dour against any further eruption of the nether firea
by promptly filling the hole with stones well rammed down;
and hiiH stoutly persisted in retusing to allow any further ex-
pei'iriii'nts of tliis dangerous character upon his premises. Sim-
ilar phenomena have been witnessed at various points along the
shores of the St. Clair river and lake.

Inflammable gas is the product of the distillation of petro-
leum, and it is not improbable that by extending explorations
below the horizon of the gas, the reservoir of oil would be
reached.

VELLS AND SPBINOS.

The late succeasfnl boring (^ several artesiftn walls in the

200 REPORT OF THE

soalliorn part of tlie State, has croutcd a very gvDcral dcairo to
kiii>w t<J what extent artesiuii btiriiijr^ wouM pritvc succusuful
ill utlisr p:irls of tliu Stiite. Suvcrat iiiisuuceatirul buriiigd liave
been tiiiiilc ut poitild wiiciB the wurk liu4 l^eeji dincled rullicr
\>y u[ii|iirii;iMiii thitii by any adequulv kiiowhiU^e uf tliu uxial-
viicc uf Hiioli a (^(■uiij^icul aiructiiru us cuuld J'ui'iiiali readouable
grimuds fyr the irxpectation of smjcess

FiUNi vrliM Im alieaJy been stated of tlio general conforms
tion of ill ! HtiaCit uiidei'lyiii^ thi'. Luwur iVnitiiiula, ilie accujnii>
latioii uii I i-wtL'iitiim uf vast roJorwoirs of waloj' in these gicaX
peiiirisiibir dinbuu, will appeur obvioua and necessary. Uaiua
fjlljii;^ ii|) in Uiu mirfacu per<;olute d'>wnwardd until tlic water
re^K'lii^a an iinpi;rvioud stratum uliin^ which il ll^iwa till it
roai:hes the lowunt depression of that stratum, euomwhuru bo-
nfalh llie center of the Slate, and some huudieds of fett fiom
tlie KUifaix.'. Tbo water-bearing strata arc, therefore, porous
sandijtono, imiut-diatcly underlain and ovurlain by impervious
Strata uf an argilUcious or calcareous eharacler. Each porous
sandstone stratum til us underlain and overlain throughout our
whole series, becomes in this manner surcharged with water
Admitted at its outcrop. It is obvious, now, that by boring
.down at any point within the circuit of the outcrop of a wat^T-
liearing strutum, until that stratum is pierced, the wati.T will
xise through llie hole to a point on a level with tho ritn of the
4jusiu wh cli holds the water. If thu place of boring is lower
^than that point, the water will rise to the surface and overflow;
.if higtiL-r, it will not.

]n cmscqiience of tiie general rise of the surface of the jicnin-
Tsnla from the lake shores toward tho interior, the outcrops of
till! strata occur, as a general rule, at Iuwit levels iha'i tha
points within the basins which thuy lorni ; and artt^siau wells
cannot lie a thing of geuej'ul occurrence. In tlie southern part
of Juekson, ami the northern part of Ilillxdale CDuntics, bow-
ever, ibe sandsttmes of the N'api<leon and Miirshal] Gi\)nps out-
Oiop M levels considerably higher than the gi neral elevation of
jlw j)Ouiuiiul)i, and it is likely that tho iinpedinieuts to s free

STATE GEOLOGIST. 201

circulation of the water, in these strata, prevent it from sinking,
in these elevated sections, to the level of tlie lowest portions of
the basin in remote parts of the State. As a consequeuce, arlo-
Bian borings might prove successful throughout the snuthern
half of Jackson county, and the eastern portion of Calhoun, if
Continued down to the bottom of either of these groups.

It must not be supposed, however, that the artesian wells of
Jacksou are supplied from this source. If I have succeeded in
the identification of the rouks in that vicinity, these welU are
supplied from the Parma Sandstone Alhion is outside of the
rim of this formation, and the wells there have to bo csnlinued
down to the bo. torn of the Napoleon Sandstone. Marshall la
out«ido of the rim of this, and rests just upon the rim of the
outcropping Marnhall Group; and hence I should not expect
that the contained waters would rise to the surface. The arte-
sian (salt) wells of Grand Rapids are supplied from the Napo*
leon Group, the water being salted fn^m tho group immediately
above. The wells at Saginaw issue from the saute sandstones,
and arc salted in the same way. In the southern part of Jack-
son and northern part of Hillsdale counties, where the streams
have cut through these rocks, the contained waters rush out in
extended chains of most beautiful and copious springs of pure
water. Adrian is located upon the argillace^^us strata of the
Huron Group, and the first waterbearing stratum which would
be reached is included in the Monroe limestones, perhaps 250
feet below. But the surface slopes gradually toward Lake
Erie, ho that the hydrostati<j pressure would not bo adequate to
An artesian overflow. Ann Arbor is supposed to lie within the
rim of the Mar^^hall and Napoleon sandstones, but the donsider^
sble elevation of this place precludes all expectation of an
overflow. The artesian wells at Toledo do not reach the solid
rock at all. though this has been unsuccessfully explored to a
considerable depth. The alluvial deposites, which are here of
great depth, are made up of alternating sandy and argillaceous
bods, which slope gradually toward the bed of the lake, and of

25

80S REPORT OF THB

course outcrop SDCceBBivel; on tbe higher levels, several milet
back from the lake shore. These, like the more solid water
bearing strata, carry the water from the sarface along imper-
vioDS fluors, until it passes tinder the city, and finds its way
into tbe artesian borings.

From what has been said of the occurrence of outlying
patches, or small detached basins of carboniferous rocks, and
the gently undulating character of the whole system, it will at
once be inferred that besides the great basins just alluded to as
reservoirs of water, there must be numerous smaller local
baflins. Tbe indications seem to justify tbe conclusion that tbe
wells at Jackson are supplied from a local basin. It appears,
therefore, that a reliable opinion on tbe prospect of success at
any particular point involves not only a knowledge of the gen-
eral conformation of the rocks, but also an acquaintance witb
the special geology of the region in question.

In those portions of Calhoun, Jackson and Hillsdale counties
which are situated over tbe outcrops of the Napoleon and Mar-
shall sandstones, very many of the common wells terminate in
these rocks, and from them derive their supply of water.
Nearly all the wells of the Lower Peninsula, however, derive
their supply from tbe sands of the Drift. The materials of the
upper portion of t^is formation have been, by geological agen-
cies, cousiderably assorted, so that beds of arenaccuus mat^
rials alternate witb beds of argillaceous materialFt, as in the
underlying rocks. There is, however, no general stratification
of these depositee Every bed of sand is comparatively local.
No general parallelism can be traced among tbem. The argil-
Jaceous layers of tho drift may be compared to a pile of wouden
bovla thrown confusedly together — tho interspaces being filled
with sand. At one point, a well will be found to be within tbe
rim of a given bowl, while at a very short distance from that,
an excavation would prove to be outside of the same basin and
would have to be carried perhaps to a much greater depth bo-
fore reaching the bottom of tbe basin which underlies. On the
University grounds, wells are sunk 70 to 80 feet before reaob*

STATE OEOLOGIST. 20S.

ing water, whfle at the Observatory, which is 42 feet higher,

the water rises within six feet of the sarface. The latter well

is obviously supplied from a local basin which occupies a higher

level.

The purity and salubrity of well and spring water, in the

Lower Peninsula of Michigan, are generally very great. Ail

analysis of the water from the well on the north side of the

University campus, was made bjr T. C. McNeill, A. B., of th^

Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, with the following result:

Depth of well, 70 feet 8 inches.

Temperature of water, 50^* Fah.

Free carbonic acid in 100 parts, .015508.

Solid constituents:

Carbonate of lime, 0. 017800

Carbonate of magnesia, . 006058

Carbonate of iron 0.000290

Chlorid of sodium, O.OoOUa

Sulphate of soda, 0.000507

Carbonate of soda 0.000152

Sulphate of potash, 0.000678

Silicic acid, 0.000730

Organic matter, 0.002300

Total, 0.02896a

The wellrt of Detroit, and much of the region along the lake

and river shore, from Toledo to St. Clair, are sunk in lacustrine

deponites, which impart a greater per centage of organic and

soluble matter. The following analysis was made by Prof S.

H. Douglans, in 1 854, for the Board of Water Commissioners of

the city of Detroit. The water was taken from a well at the*

residence of Amos T. Hall, on Woodward Avenue: ,

Chlorid of potassium, >. 0. 011000*

Chlorid of sodium, 0.072520-

Clilorid of magnesium . 084760-

Sulphate of potassa, '. 010450^

Sulphate of lime, 0.028260-

Silica, . 002370-

Carbonate of lime, 0-. 039190

Carbonate of iron, •O. 001020

Total, ; 0. 199570

'204 REPORT OF TOE

Tlic wtiior nf D.itroit rJror at tbo samo timo conUinod tbo
fi>ll"wi]ig uoiJMtituinU:

Siil|iliat<! of potantta 0.000383'

ftill.ti.iri; .f h.k1^ .OU0750

]'i...8|.i.^iu; of liitji' . uun 10

Al ini» on 1050

Siti.-a O.OUO.WO

Citrb^Hiimf ut linn-, 0.0U3300

Giiboiiatc ol' iruii, ...■. O.OUOsU

Tiital , : . 009dOT

' By Tur tlic nii>st iinporlant mineral waters of the Lower Po>
niumiU arc tlioae oliaif^od with ciilorid of Hodium. The ferric
giiiiiiis HaiiilHtiiiifS of llie liiWL-r ]iart ul' t}iu SUio, give origin,
liiiwcvur, to iiiirnerous springs which are strongly clialybuato,
while the liiliiminoii.t rocks of the Iluniii and U|i|ii-r llelderbcrg
groups, become the Hoiirce of Rtruiigly eul|>hureuud waters. .
No toniial iiiTestigutiuns have been made of any of thcso
spring:*. Tlic following analysiH, huwcver, by J!r. McNeill, be-
fore quoted, wan made upon the water uf a spring iusuing upon
the land of Solnmni Muuu, Esq., Auu Arbor:
Tempertttnr(.^ 50° F.ih.
■ Spueilie gravity, 1.001.

CkmMtitucnt:) of the solid matter:

Cubonato of lime : 0.022800

Cu-bonatu uf niagnoaia t)08938

Carbonate of ir..n 0. 000468

Chlor.d.j ..f8o.liun. 0.000188

I'ldiile of Biiiliiini trace.

-Siilijliate of Hodii,. 0.000971

Carbiiiaje of Hoda. 0,000043

Sulj.hite of polash U 000.)3l

Silicic Bciil 0,001200

Organic nialter, 0. OOioOO

Total, . OSIOoft

Free ami partially c iiobincd carbonic acid, 028500

The qiiaytily of iron in this water is greater Ihaa that in tliB
•clialybcatti waters of Bath, Jliugland, and Karlsbad and Teplitz,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 805

in Bohemia, tliou^h llic total Eolid constitacnts arc cansidcratlj
)cB8.

The sulphur springs of the nonthorn portion of tho Stiite aro
cxccc'liiigly TimiicruiH. an I I »ha1t tnko tliu space lu the prcseut
report to ulliiJe piirticubrty tu only two.

A very runiui'kalile s rinj; occurs on Bcctinn 23 (?), in tito
townxhip of Erie, M mroo county. It is sitiiiiled within tho
marsh which borders the lake, about one mik' from the lako
shore and four miles soulh cast from Vicuna. The sprii.g lias
to be roaclic'l l<y boat. It ia found occnpyiu); a conical tieprcs-
aion, about SOO foot in diameter and 43 feet deep. Some limo
before ruathing the upot the sulpliuieou!) odor can be detecicd,
when tljc wiud ia f^vurablc. At tljo distance of .10 vud;! tho
water of the bayou h^is a siilphuruited taste, and a whiliRli dc-
posilc can be seen on the stems of aquatic vcgctuli'in. At tho
time (if my viHit tho rim of tho basin was 18 incii<'H under water,
but later in tlie season the water subsides, and the rim la con-
verted into a futi! walk around tho pool, rnder these circum-
Stances the fliw of water from the flpring forms a stream 10 feet -
wide aii<l 3 feet deep, with a consideral-le cnncnt.

An')ther interesting locality is found on the south aide of Iho
Raisin river, nearly opposite the KuiHinvillo lime (piairies, ia
Uonroo comity. Uere is a chalji of sulphur springs on the land
of Rol>crt Talford. On approaching the locality sul|>hurcttvd
ftimca arc very distinctly perceived. The water boils up in
very copious iiuantities at more than half a dozen points within
tho area of a quarter of an aero. A copious, while — almunt'
snow whitt — dcposite lines the banks and bed of the strcata
which Qowd olT from those springs. The i-everal rills miitin^
form a si^yiam capable of turning a small mill, or perhaps dis-
charging 1200 gallons of water ]>er minute. Through a log
creeled iu one ut tho springs, the water rises 8 or 10 feet. In
tlic midst of the group is a fine spring of sweet water.

The evidences of Hu'phur hero are eijital to tlmsc ^ecn at
some of the most ctlebiated watering places. It ia a cuusc of
astonishmeui that elTorU tiavo uut lung binco been luude to rco-

rS06 REPORT OP THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

der thia a place of resort for invalids and others. The springa
are located in a dry, elevated limeBtoDG region. The aurround-

inga, though not picturesque, are diversified and agreeabla.
The water is strong and copious. Access is comparatively
«a8; by public couveyaiuw on the plank road 8J miles from
■Monroe.

Three other groups of springs of equal copiousness exist in

the immediate neighborhood, and numerous others are scatter-
•ed throagbout the county.

CHAPTER VII.

FHTSICAL SEIXilUPBr, TOI-OOIUPHr, HYDROORAPBT, HnEOBOLOOT.

It becomes necasBaiy in the present bastj report, to omit all
refcrencs to these subjects except what is embraced in the fol-
IvF'Dff table, which is partially reprodaced from Hi^gins' Re-
port, as Topographer to the Geological Survey, (Rep, 1839, p.
•4,) partly from Foster and Whitney's Report on the Lake Su-
perior Land District, Part I, pp. 18, 38 et seq, and is otberwiss
compiled from original observations, and other nnpublisbed
data:

ALTITUDES of vantma potnb v^Oa-n (Ac £(ate <^ JtftcM^an.

UDC^mOB.

^XTi.

f.nfi

18
80
13tJ
135
168
193

898
8411
339
26(1
S81
338
437
44ti
411
401

696

668

118

depot,)

8T6

Observatory, Ann Arbor, (by level from depot,)

918

8n

888

8ft9

West line Washtenaw Go., on
francisco Station, Jackson Co.

railroad,

I0I5
1084

flraasLake " "

989

Leoni,

919

■•»Bi«erat IkaUnlnnltr.far •B(a.,«dta| rib

Cuto W ■■ tHUnila sT n> IMt, WUU Ita* lullU If Ui

REPORT OF THE

LOCALITIES.

Ab»*o

Abovi

Mic-liif;iii[ iJciiU'i', JuckiUU Co.,

~^»"6'o

~94l

JucksuD, ■'

4U(i
Mi

!tTS

940

Al lii.m, Calljoiin Gn. .'.'."!!!! i . "... .

3 'if
351

943

Kulamiiz m riv.-r, All.inn, Culhouii (Jy., (!ligt'ii'«.;

929

Jliiir Wiiy H.iiisi'. Wayne U.K.

54

633

Ilcud -f ripuctiiclo l-iifce, OiiUKmn Co.,

313

951

Kia: Cicrk. n.-ar Mar.liiitl, '

2S(;

858

llniK-y Ci-c-.'k, Waslit.'riaw Co.,

20

8U

Hnrnn Hvor. VpHikciti, "

100

flirt

H.ir..i. iiv.T. De.'ilLT,

2;J;

810

S^mi«l..iiu Ciwk, .liickson Co.,

34-;

9 5

Oiitli^of (Jillctt'H Liikc. "

354

933

OiuK't <.f GiMss Lako. "

ST.

955

W. r-iid ,.f Priiirie Kaiidc, Kalamazoo Co, '*

ns

H6i|

KaIariiaz(W It , sec. 3 J, Aiigii.st.i.

1"!

165

KiiUiniauoo, " "

104

133

CroBsinc M. S. & N. I. K. R.. at St. Joacpl. R.

St Ju8q)li Co., (IliKt,'ii'«.)

13S

7 IS

Braricli, St Ji.s.-[ili K , s^c 35, Maltisoii, Bniucli

Co, (IlifTniiiM.)

187

7C5

Bank i.f L. Miclii^':..., Nl-w l{ufr..lo. liornen Co .

(IHKi;ii:8 )

100

CIS

Bank .if Gulicii IE.. 10 mil.-s E of Now Huffain,

Uuriicn Co, (lli(i;ifin«,)

14
53

C5-3

St. Jos('[>li \l, at Bei'li'aiul. Iler'n Cik, (lliggina,

631

Paw I'aw K, Lalayotte villugo, Van Uiiroi. Co.,

(liifigiua,)

lOf

681

BiiBliCr.-tk. noar MaHon, Van B'n. Co., {Hi^(r'"S-;

16

654

Stony Ci-»'oli, "crossing Nurtliurn R. It.," Ionia

Co., (Ilij-gins.)

82

660

Mnulh of Maple River. Ionia Co, (Higgins,)

fir

634

N branch Rai«in R., Lenawee Co.,

27B

854

Hiialer's Creek, Upoer Co., '

u:-

843

H.;a<i of Belle 11., "

414

Ana

Flint River, Lapeer, Lapeer Co.,

23t-

81ft

Shiawassee R . Owobso. Sliiawa«aoe Co.; ■'

1 4?

121

Village of Newborrv, St Clair Co.,

2»4

863

HeaJ of MiUCn-ek.

Sfi>

94ft

P.'iiliac, Oakland Co

331

OH

Bass R'croBwing, "Nonlicrn R. R.," Oltawa C.

(lliiff'int,)

6(

634

CrosaipiK S..ml.cni'R.'R, 4 m. W. of Monroe.

(Uiggins.)

61

029

STATE GEOLOGIST.

Cms R., T. 11 N., 5 E., 1 ft. above Sagiiiaw S. a<
East Saginaw, (U. B. Heea,) aupposin|f the
river falls 1 ft. frum there to the Bay,. .

Birch'RuD, T. 10 N., 5 ts., (H. B. HesB,)

Pine Rnn. T. 9 N., 6 E., " " ....

Summit bet Flint aod Pine rivers, in T. 9 N., 1
E., (M. B. Heas.)

Flint river, T. 7 N., 1 B., (M. B. Heaa,)

Detroit Station, Detroit & Mil. R.,*

Royal Oak, Oakland Co.,

Birmingham, " " '

Fontiac, " "

Drayton Plains, Oakland Co.,

Waterford, " "

Olarkstou, " "

"Oiarkaton Cut," " "

Springfield, " "

DaTiabnrgh, " "

HoUy,

FentonTille, Genesee Co.,

Linden, " "

Gaines, " "

VemoD, Shiawassee Go ,

Gornnna,' " "

Owoaso, " "

Ovid, Clinton Co.,

St Johns, "

Dallas, «

Fewamo, Ionia Co., ■.

Muir, "

Ionia, " '.

Saranac, (Boston,) Ionia Co.,

Lowell, Kent Co.,

Ada, " "

Lamphier's Creek, (crossing, anly,) Kent Co.,

Grand Kapida, Kent Co

Berlin, Ottawa Co.,

Coopersville, "

Hunica, "

MillPoin^ "

Grand Haven, "

Mean height of Lowar Peninsula, (Biggins,)

1911
349
. SSI
404
416
440
438
310
S«0

Dt * N. B., I M M«M«4 M iipvMtMlMt W

no

REPORT OP THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

XOGAUnES.

Above

liike Ha-

roil.

Above

the

II

II

li

II

It

II

Lakes Uurou a|id Mictiij^au, (HiggiUH,)

Lake Ontario, "

Sliding bank, entrance to Hammond's Bay, Lake

Huron, (Halt 676,) :

Bluff at Marble Quarry, E. end Drummond's I , . .

Fort Mackinac, (Higgins,)

Old Fort Holmes, Mackinac L, (Higgin»,)

by Barometer, July, 1860, . . .
by Geological level, July, 1860
according to Foster k Whitney,
Robinson's Folly, (Higgins,) '

" " by Geol. level, July, I860,. . .

Bluff facing Round L, •*
Summit of Sugar Loaf, "
Ohimney Rock,
Lover's Leap,
Top of arch at Arched Rock, by Geol. level, July,

1860

Top of arch at Arched Rock, by Barometer, ....
To highest summit of Arched Rock, by level, . . .
Top of Buttress facing the lake at do. **
Principal Plateau of Mackinac Island, *^
Upper Plateau of " " •' . . .
Summit of St. Joseph I., (T. N. Moles worth,) . . .
Lake Superior, (Foster and Whitney,)

II
II

II
tt
II
II

II
u
ii

in

150
219
301
318
315
128
127
147
284
131
145

140
13^
149
105
150
294
400

57»
235

655
676
728
797
885
897
89S
70<
705
725-
862
70^
723

718
716
727
689
728
872
978
627

LOGAUnEB.

Pie Island, N. shore L. Siip., (Foster & Whitney,)

McKay's Mountain,

Thunder Cape,

St. Ignace, (estimated,)

Les Petits Ecrits,

Pic Island,

Vichipicoten Island,

GroB Cap, (estimated,)

Highest Point Porcupine Mts.,

Mt. Houghton near head of Keweenaw Point,

(Foster & WhitUf y,)

Grand Sable, U S., (transported materials,)

Pt. Iroquois, " " "

AbOT«

Lake Sa-
rk>r.

Above

tiM

i<

II

II

11

II

r<

11

tt

760

1000

1350

1309

850

760

800

700

1380

884
345
350

1387
1627
1977
1927
1477
1387
1427
1327
2007

1511
972
977

PAJRT ir.
ZOOLOGY.

CHAPTERJIVIII.

BEPOBT OF THE STATE ZOOLOGHST.

Laxbisq, Hich., Dea 20th. 1860.
To PBor. A. WnrcHKLL, Stale Oeologiat:
* StB — I have the honor to transmit the following report of pro-
greaa made in the Zoological department of the Natural Htsturj
Snrvey of the State, during the paat two years.

Owing to the limited appropriation made hj the Legislatara
for the pnrpose of recommencing the Qeological Snrvey of the
State, and the desirablences of prosecuting the ezplorationB in
the Geological department with as effective a force as poesil'le,
I have been nnable, as yoa are well aware, to devote but a part
of my time to investigations in the department assigned me in
the organization of the Geolngical corps.

The Zoological collections already made comprise such speci-
mens as could be readily obtained without the sacrifice of much
time, or detracting materially from the efficient progress of the
Geological rcconDoisaance.

Very mnch remains to be done before an approximation to &
complete knowledge of our fauna can be obtained.

From the nature of the subjects of investigation in this de-
partment, it is difficult, in a limited space, to give a satisfactory
account of tbc exact progress of the work, or even to embody
the rcaalts accomplished when so mach remains unfinished.

The subjoined catalogue of the species known to inhabit our
State, will, perhaps, best present an outline of the labor already
performed, and at the same tine furnish desirable information
in regard to the geographical range of species.

ai4 REPORT OF THE

la addition to the list here presented there are large nnmberB
of Bpecimens that remain to be identified and described, which
will materially increase the number of known species in th«
State.

The fishes, inseata, and crustaceans have not been worked np
and for that reason have been omitted from the catalogue.

It may not be out of place in this connection to make a brief
statement of the aims to be kept in view, and the resnlta which
may be expected to follow from the earnest prosecution of the
study of the Zoology of our State.

From the intimate and important relations existing between
man and the various branches of the Animal Kingdom, he is
particularly interested in becoming acquainted with the iorms,
atnicture, metamorpbeses, habits, and dispositions of the ani- .
mate beings which surround him. He would tims be better fit-
ted to act intelligently in availing himself of the beaefits to be
derived from those species that are' capable of improvement by
domeatioation, and at the same time be enabled to soccesafully
mwntain that influence and control over the economy of inferior
organizations which his superior physical and mental develope-
atent, as wall as interests, require of him. Dependent upon the
animal kingdom, as he is to a great extent, for many of the
comforts and luxuries of life, it would seem that the importance
of a thorough investigation of the laws which govern this mag-
nificent creation uf living beings, and their relations to man's
well-being and interests cannot be too highly estimated.
* In the present advanced stato of the abstract sciences, every
branch of inquiry or investigation, no matter bow trivial or
Tinimportant it may in itself appear, tends directly to develop
results that are of practical application in the varied pmauits
of life.

Ifany illustrations of this fact might be adduced, and will
nndonbtedly present themselves to the minds of those who are
Eamiliar with the history of the useful arts. I will, however,
cite but a single instance.

STATE ZOOLOaiST. 816

WhsB it became known that sealing-wax, amber, and other
ceainooa bodies, on beiu|f mbbed wuuid attract pitii-balls and
other light enbutancea, the diioover; was looked npon aa auimr
portant and trifling, and no one thought the knowledge capable
ot beinc made available fer any practical purpose; jet fnim
this small beginning the science of electricity has been devel-
oped, which, in its practical applications in the arts, no one in
the preeent age would venture to set a limit Frnm the appli-
«atiou of the principhis of this science we are indebted for the
increased facilities in tbe art of printing, by the process of eico*
trotypieg, imprevements in the art of gilding, as well as for
that wonder ol the age, the magnetio telegraph, that brings by
its network of wires the most remote places into almost iuatan-
taneoos commonicatiun.

Tbe so-called trifling experiments of philosophers, considered
by many as beneath the attention of intelligent beings, bav*
brenght fer^ fruit abundantly, the influence of which on the
world's progress can hardly be estimated.

Thus, in every deportment of knowledge, practical results
are constantly presenting themselves as tbe inevitable conse-
qoence of progress in the purely abstract inveatigations of
•cience.

An accnraCa scientific knowledge of tJhe appearance, feod,
development, and mode of existenoe, of tbe various animal
forms we are brought in contact with in onr every day pnranitSt
aa well aa their varied relations to tbe vegetable and inorganic
kingdoms of nature, ia indispensable if we would derive prac-
tical benefit from the different classes of tbe animal kingdom
and Tender. them snbeert lent to our prosperity and happiness.

Such knowledge to the agriculturalist would indet^d be found
of incidculable advantage; it would enable him to protect, aa
far as possible, the many species that confer diiect benefits by
furnishing various useful pruducbi, and to encourage tbe devel-
opment of those tbat assist in protecting his crops, by preying
on noxious forms, and thus preventing their inordinate increase,
and at the same time he would be better prepared to adopt soit-

S16 BSPORT OF THS

ftble meMsrae for destroying aad keeping in check tboaa tlut
bj their deprodatioDs on hie forest treea and graBBes betxHne
most formidable enemies and the pesta of civilization.

The army of weevils, Hesaian flies, midges, chinch bugs, and
cut worms attacking his wheat and other cereals, the nnmeroiw
species of borers, corcnlios, locnsts, and maths so destructiva
to his fruit and forest trees, all point to bis interest in beccHning
batter acquainted with the economy of nature, and studying
more closely the varied phenomena presented by organic beings.

The intimate relations of Zoology to the other departmenta of
science, might ba cited as an incentive to a more general dia-'
semination and increase of the knowledge of organic beings.

Geology derives important aid in its investigations from tiia
application of the principles of Zoology; indeed, tha rapid pro-
gress of the science of Geology at the present time is owing to
the accurate investigations of the relations existing between
tbs organic forms at present inhabiting our globo, and thoM
fossil remains that are the index of the faonas and floras of
paat ages.

It Is in fact in consequence of the aid furnished by the kin-
dred sciences of Botany and Zoology that modem Geology has
attained her proudest achievements.

In the Stat* of New York alone hnndreds of thonsand of dol-
lara have been expended in explorations for coal, when an ex-
amination of a few shells that abound in her rooka, would have
shown that the entire geological formations of the State were
below the coal bearing series of rocks, and that explorations
for that mineral would consequently be fruitless.

In an educational point of view, a systematic knowledge of
the animals inhabiting our State, their habits and relatione to
man and the surrounding world, would furnish a fund of mat»-
rials for reflection and study, which, as a means of mental cul-
ture and developement, is capaMe ef attaining a high rank
among the studies considered essential in our institutions of
learning, to a succesBful training of the intoliec i:al powers.

At the present time, when a knowledge of tha principles of

STATE ZOOLOGIST.

SIT

Kfttnra] Hiatoiy is considered imlispenubte to a finished «dncft-
tioD, tbo wftDt of Uuseiims in oar SUte where the materisla for
the proaecntioD of this noat intereitia^ brknch oF study may
be scoessiblo to every one, is severely felt.

To snpply this want, complete collections of the plants and
animals ol onr State shonld be made so aa fully to illustrate
their systematic relations and affinitias of structnre, due prom>
iaeuce being giveu in their arrangement to the exhibition in a
aoitable manner of those species that are of benefit to the
a^culturaliat, as well as those that from their habila are contin-
nally warring against his interests by committing ravages that
it is an object to keep within due bounds.

Aside from all this, the study of nature has a still faigber sig-
nificance than can be measured by any merely practical or pe-
-..^niary advantages accruing from its prosecution.

As the material expressions of the ideas of the Creator, the
Supreme Intelligence of the Universe, the world of organic be-
ings which He has created for man's ptmtemplation and im-
provement, is certainly worthy the careful consideration of the
highest faculties of the human mind.

In conclnsioD, I would make this pablic acknowledgment of
my indebtedness to a number of scientific gentlemen for their
disinterested assistance and encouragement, and to the pnblio
generally for the many acts of kindness shown to myself and
party, during the progress of the anryej.

H. MILES,
State ZoOogitt.

A OATALOGHJE

OF THE

MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES AND MOLLUSES^

BT M. XHiES. M. D., 8TATB ZOdl^OGIST.

CLASS MAMMALIA.

UNQUiCULATA.

ORDER CHEIROPTERA.

FAMILY VESPBRTIUOIflOAB.

1. Vespertilio Noveboraceusis, Linn — New York Bat.

2. " fuscus, P. de B,

8. " siibalatns, Say. — Brown Bat.

4. " pbaiopSy Temm.

5. " Caroli, "

ORDER RAPACIA.
Sn& ORDER INSECTII^RA.

FAMILY 80BICIDAE.

Sub-Family Soricinas.
t. Blarina talpoides, Oray. — Shrew.

• FAMILY TALPIDAE.

T. Scalops aqaaticQB, Fiach. — Common Mole.
S. ** ar^entatus, And. db Bach,— Silvery Mole.
*9. Gondjlura cristata. lUiger — Star-Nosed Mole.

SUB-ORDER GARNIYORA.

FAMILY FEUDAB.

10. Ljnx rnfus, ^— Wild Gat

11. ** CanaadeBsia, Bqf. — ^Lynx.

tlO REPORT OF THB

rAHiLT CAKmxi.
Sub-FamHy Lvpinae.

12. Ganis occidentalis, var. griaeo-albua, Bd.—

13. " Utrans, Soy. — Prairie Wolf.

Sub Family Vulpinae.
li. VolpM falvtii, .BwA.— Red Pox.
Ifi. " VirgintanaB, DeKay. — Gray Pox.

Sub-FktmUy Martiiux.
*16. Haatela Penautii, Erxl. — Fiiher.
*I7. " Americana, Tution. — Pine Marten.

18. PotoriuB cicognanii, Bd. — Brown Weasel.

19. " NureboraceDBiB, DeKay, — White Weaael.
SO. " TiBon, .Hick.— Mink.

■21. Qnlo luacQS, iSofrtne. — Wolverine.

Sub-Family Lvirinae.
ii. Lntra Canadensis, &2>.— Otter.

Sub Family JUtiinae.
13. Mephitis mephitica, £d— Sknok.

24. Taxidea Amcricua, Bd — Badger.

FAHILY USaWAE.

25. Procjon lotor, Storr. — Raccoon.

S6. Ursna Americanus, PaUaa. — Black Bear.
ORDER MARSDPIATA.

FAUILT DIDELPniDAE.

'21. Didelphya Yirginiana, SAau.— Opoasam.
ORDER RODENTLi.

FAKILT aCICtUDAK.

Sub- Family Sciurijuie.
2S. Scinrus LndoviciaauB, Ouatis. — Fox Sqnirrel.
29. " Carolinensis, Gm. — Oraj and Black Squirrels.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 8S1

80. Scinnis HadBonins, Pallas. — Red Sqnirrel.

81. PteTomys volncella, Dea. — Flying Squirrel.
83. Tamiaa Btriatua, Saird. — Ghipmnnk.

*33. SpermopliiluB tridecem-liaeatna, Aud. S Bach. — Striped

Prairie Squirrel.
31* Arctomys monax, Om. — Woodcbuck.'
Sub-Family Canlorinae.
*35. Castor CanadensiB, Kuhl. — Beaver.

FAMILT IIORIDAE.

Sub- Family Dipodinae.
86. JaciiluB Hudsonius, Bd. — Jumping Uonae.

Svb-Famiiy Murinae.
81. Hub muscalna, Linn. — (Janmon House.

88. HeBpcromya leucopos, Wag. — Deer Mouse.

89. " Hichiganensis, Wagner. — Prairio Modm.

Sub-FamUy Aruicolinae.

40. ArTicola riparia, Ord. — Meadow Mouse.

41. Fiber zibetbtcaa, Cuv. — Muskrat.

FAMILY HTSnUCIDU.

43. EretbizoD dorsatua, F. Cuv. — Porcupine.

•S. C. orUUla. Tba lUr nswd DUla uppava t« bs ■ nrj lui ipeclH wlUOn tha Itmlli of

tUaStaU. IhiniagDtislailnflrapKlintD.
■UiDdHT. N. PBuiutU.aiidll.AiiisTViUA. Ilia Flahir ud Pl» Ibrtln oadDolilMlr 1i*t«

% plKB ia our fiuuii, but I luTa not taul u oppgriiuitr of oumlolij (pwtaun* cUur

Uua IiimUr'i ikliii ■■ found In mnrkol.
41. a. loMD*. Tba WclTutne k Mldom taaai U Ute Lnru Futausli, luTln( twin bmiIj'

fXHraiUuled.
4T. D. Tlrilnlu*. 1 *lii|l* iptchHti ot Iba OpoBom wu UUad In flmoH voontr liat

Maaon. Tlwipaclea li,li(nrenr,f»iioaatlr nto In ttw KnUMrn put tf ihaBula.
41. B. trMaetm-lhuatna. Iba itrtpad Pnlrla Sqalrral la jfrj soddkb In Iha aonUwn

•OBatlM,bslbMnglbaantiunniln thaeoitnl puta of tba BtU* noUl wlUiki alBV

raanpaat. II kfradullj nlendlni lla ru(a oorUimrd, «tiBn tha Umbar hi* boaa

T M OTBd and Uw >ud broo^t nadar colUnttm.
■W. C. OiMdtaala. Al no rtrj ruiola parlod Iha BeaTar na found thnnftunt Uw SUta ■•

lilbmrabrUianaKanKiaraBataiiof Ihdr duBsln loenltUea ttaUan now doaartcd

bj Ibam. M pnMDt Uwlr iiagr li oooBnad to Uh narttaani part at Iha Lovar Fi-

»1awla, vbara Oaf an foond lo aboadaaaa oo (ba bMd ntart at aaarlr nvj

382 REPORT OP THE

ORDER RUMIiVANTIA.

FAXILY CEItVlDAS.

■46. AlcG Americaniia, Jardine. — Moose.
M6. Rangifer caribou, Aud. S Bach. — CariUos.
m. Cervus Canadfeneis, ErxL—E]k.
• 48. " Virginianua, Bodd. — Deer.

FAUlLy LEPnUDAE.

43. Lepus Americanus, Erxl. — Northern Hare.

44. " sylvaticQS, Bach. — Gray Rabbit.

CLASS AVES.
ORDER RAPTORES.

PAUILY TULTURIDAB.

1. CathartCB aura, Illiger — Turkey Bozzard.

FAMILY FA1X;0NIDAE.

Sub-Famiiy Fakoninae.
S. Falco anatum, Bon. — Duck Hawk.
8. " c< 'lumbal' ill 8, Linn. — Pig«on Hawk.

4. " sparveriuB, Linn. — Sparrow Hawk.

Sub-Family Accipilrinae.

5. Accipiter Cooperii, Bon — Cooper's Hawk.

6. " fnscus, Omet. — Sbarp-ahinned Hawk.

Sub- Family Butteninae.
1. Bat«o borealis, (7nteZ..:— Red- tailed Hawk.
8. " , lineatus, Qjw^l — Red-shouldered Hawk.

Ut. A. Aaorkuoa. Tb« Mihm U uldom i

40. B. Cirlboa. Tbe CtrlboD eiunita iu lOGLbDrn noge to tht Upper I^
Is occullnDoIrj lakcn b^ huoUiri.

ilT. C CknodeDBlg. Tbe Elk Is found iu ibuDduce In tha countie* of H
■bout Uu bend ^nlpn of lbs Oiu Rjvsr. Tun aon\eoUog pun
mausor Uwrlfljud tnpiKU will khd eiMrmlnita Ii/dhImi d
pmeni u lodlicrlmite (Imibtcr at AH muou oC Iha ftai.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. SSft

9. Bnteo Pennsylvanicns, Wilson.
*10. " Swainsoni, Bomip. — Swainson's Buzzard.

11. Archibuteo lagopus, Qeml. — Rough-legged Hawk.

12. *' Sancti-Johannis, Qmel. — Black Hawk.

Sub-Family MUvinae,

13. Circus Hudsouius, Linn, — Marsh Hawk.

Sub Family Aquilinae.

14. HaliaetuB Washingtouii, Atui, — Washington lagle^

15. " Icucocephalus, Linn. — Bald Eagle.

16. Pandion Carolinensis, Chnd, — Fish Hawk.

FAMILY STRIGIDAB.

Sub-Family Btibaninae.

It. Bubo Yirginianus, Chnd. — Great Homed Owl.

18. Scops Asio, Linn. — Mottled Owl.

19. Otus Wilsouianus, Lesson. — Long-eared Owl.

20. Brachyotus Cassinii, Brewer. — Short-eard Owl.

Sub-Family Syminae.

21. Symium nebulosum. Faster. — Barred Owl.

22. Nyctale Acadica, — Screech Owl.

Sub-Family Nycteininae.

28. Njctea nivea, DatuKn — Snowy Owl.

24. Sumia ulula, Linn. — Hawk Owl.

ORDER SGANSORES.

FAMILT CUCULIDAB.

25. CoccyguB Americanus, Bonap. — ^Yellow-billed Cuckoo..

26. " erythrophthalmus, Bane^. — ^Black-billed '*

FAMILY PICIDAK.

Sub-Family Ficinae.

21. Picus villosus, Linn. — ^Hairy Wood-pecker.

28. " pubescens, Linn. — ^Downy Wood-pecker.

29 Sphyrapicus yarius, Bd — ^Yellow-bellied Wood-pecker..

80. Hylatomus pileatos, Bd. — ^Log Cock.

flS4 BEFORT OF THE

31. Centnrue Caroltnua, Bon, — R«d-beUied Wood-pecker.

32. MelancrpeB erjthrocephalua, Sto. — BedliBaded Wood-

pecker.
S3. Colaptea Kiiratna, Sto. — Flicker.

ORDER INSBSSORES.

SUB-OEDEB STRISOBES.

FAHtLV TROCHIUDAB.

34. Trochilna colubria, Linn. — Humming Bird.

FAUTLY CYPSIUDIE.

35.^Chaetara pelasgia, Stepk. — Chimney Swallow.

FAJOLY CAPBIMULOmlR.

Sub-Family Cig>rimulginae.
86. Antroetomaa vociferua, Bon. — WhippoorwilL
86. Chordeiles popetue, Bd. — Night Hawk.

SUB OBDER OL&HATOaES.

FAULT ALCEDINIDAK.

88. Gerjie alcyon, Boie. — Kingfiaber.

FAMILY COLOPnamAE.

Svb-Family l)/ranninae.

39. Tyrannn's Carolinenais, Bd. — King Bird.

40. Mfiarcbus crinitna. Cab. — Great created Flycatcber. -

41. Sftjomis fuacua, Bd. — Pcwee Fly-catcher.
"41.* " Sayua, Baird — Saya Fly-catcher.

12. Contopua borealis, Bd. — Olive-aided Fly catcher.

43. " virena, Gifc.— Wood Pewee.

44. Empidonaz Traillii, J!(i.— Traill'a Fly-catcher.

45. " acadicna, Bd. — Little Pewee.

■46.* " flaTiventria, Bd. — Yellow-bellied Fly-catch«r.

SOftOBDEB 08CINB3.

FAMILY TUSBIDAX.

Stib-Fanily Turdinge.
46 Tnrdu moatelinna, Omel.-— Wood Thmah.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. 22»

»46.* Tardus Pallasii, (7a6.— Hermit Thrush.
41. . " migratorius, Linn. — Rubiu.
48. Sialia sialis, Bd, — Blue Bird.

Svb-Family . Begulinae.

4Q. Regulus calendula, Licht, — Ruby-crowned Wren. •

60. " satrapa, Licht, — Golden crested •*

FAMILY SYLVICOUDAB.

Sub-Family MotacUlinae,

51. Anthus Ludovicianus, Licht — Tit Lark.

Sub-Family Sylidcolinae.

52. Mniotilta varia, Vieill. — Black and White Creeper.

53. Parula Americana, Bon, — Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.

54. Geothljpis trichas. Cab. — Maryland Yellow-throat.

56. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Cab. — Golden-winged Wap»
bier.

56. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Bd. — Nashville Warbler.

57. Seiarus aurocapillus, Sw. — Golden crowned Thrash.

58. " NoveboraceuHia, Nuitall. — Water Thrush.

69. " Ludovicianus, Bon. -

60. Dendroica virens, Bd. — Black-throated Green Warbler.

61. " Canadensis, Bd: — Black-throated Blue "

62. " coronata, Oray. — Yollow-runiped "

63. " Blackbumiae, Bd — Blackburnian "

64. " castanea, Bd. — Bay-breasted "

65. " pinuB, Bd. — Pine-creeping, **

66. " Pennsylvanica, Bd. — Chestnut-sided " ^

67. " aestiva, Bd. — Summer Yellow Bird.

68. " maculosa, Bd. — Black and Yellow Warbler.

69. " tigrina, Bd. — Cape May Warbler.

70. «• discolor, Bd. — Prairie "

71. Myiodioctes mitratus, Avd. — Hooded Warbler.

72. " pusillus, Bonap. — Green Black cap Ply-catcher.

78. " Canadensis, Aud. — Canada Fly-catcher. i

74. Setophaga ruiicilla, Sw. — Red Start
29

N« REPORT OF THE

Sub-Famiiy Tiinagrinae.
15. Pyranga rubra, Vieill. — Scarlet Taoager.

FAKILT HIRUHBIKIDAB.

Sub Family Sirundinijuie.
' 16. Hirundo horreornni. Barton. — Barn Swallow.
IT. " lutiifrouB, Siy. — Cliff Swsllow.

18. " bicolor, FieiU. — White-bellied Swallow.

19. Cotyle riparia, Boi£. — Bank Swallow.

80. " eerripeoniB, Bonap — Rongh-winged Swallow.

81. Frogne purpurea. Bote. — Purple Martin.

FmrLY BOVBTCILUDAE.

82. Ampelia garrulua, Linn. — Bobcniian Wax-wing.
88. " cedrorum, Bd. — Cedar Bird.

faii:lv i^midae.
Sub-FamHy Laniinae.

84. Collyrio borealia, 5(f.— Butchci- Bird.

85. " excubitoroides, Bd — White-rumped Shrike.

Sub Family Vireottinae.
88. Vireo olivaccus, Vieill. — Red-eyed Vireo.

87. " NovcboraceiiBiB, Bovap. — White-eyod Vireo.

88. " fluvifruDH, Vieill. — Yelluw-lhroated Vireo,

FAVII.r LIOTRICHIDAK.

Svb-Famiiy Miminae

89. Uimua CarolinenBia, Gray.— Cat Bird.

90. Hacpurhyocbua rufus, Cd>. — Brown Thrush.

Sub Family Troglodyttnae.
90.*ThriothoruBliudaviciauua, Bonap. — Great Carolina Wren.

91. OiBtothoruB palustiis, Cab — Luug-liillcd Mareb Wien.

92. Troglodytes aedon, VieiiL—liouaa Wren.

93. " hycmalie, Fiei//— Wiuter Wren.
98.* " Americanud, Aud. — Wood Wren.

STATE ZOOLOGIST.

ff4. Oerthift Americaoa, Bomip. — Anerican Cneper.
96, Sitta Carulinensis, (?in«{.— Whito-bcllied Nuthatch.
9S. " Cttnadensis, Linn. — Red-bellied Natbat4]b.

FAMILY PARUUI.

Svbfamily PoUoplilinae.
9T. Polieptila caerulea, Sd. — BInc-Oraj Fly-catdier.

8i/^Family Parinae.
98. FaroB atricapillns, Z^inn. — Black cap TitmoOBe.
■OS*. " Garolinentie, Aud — Carolioa "

FAKILT AUDDIDAE.

W Bremophila cornnta, Beie. — Shore Lark.

riWLT nUNGILLIDAE.

Sub-Famiiy CoccoUwauMnae.
••9*. Oarpodacue purpurens, Oray. — Purple Fiocb,

100 GhrjBumitris tristie, Bon. — Yellow Bird.
"100* " ~ pintii, Bon. — Pine Finch

101 CurriroBtra Americana, Wilrwi. — Red Cross bill.

lOS " leucoptera, Wiiaon. — White-wioged Croflabill.

103 AcgiothuB liuaria, Cab. — Li-SKer Ki'd I'ol).

104 " canesceiiB, Cab. — Mealy Ked Poll.
10!> Plectrophanes niralis, iSeytr. — Snow Bunting.

Hvb-Family Spizellinte.

106. Passcrculos Savanna, B-map — Savannah Sparrow.

107. Poocsetes gramineuM, Bd — Grass Finch.

108. Chondesteii grammaca, Bovpp. — Lark Finch.

109. Zonotrichis leucophiys, Sw — Wliite-crowned Sparrow.

110. " albicollis, Bimap. — White- throated "
"110.* Janco OregonuB, Srt, — OrcgoD Snow Bird.

111. " hyemalis, &:UUer. — Snow Bird.
lis. Spizella monticula, Bd. — Tree farrow.
119. " pnsilla, Aoiup— Field "

fW REPOKT OF.IHfi

114. Spizells socialis, Bonap. — Chipping Sparrow.

115. Melospiza mclodia, Bd. — Song "

116. " paluitris, Bd. — Swamp "

Sub-Family Spizinae.
111. Eaepiza Americana, iiontTp.— Black throated Bunting.
118. Oniraca Lndoviciana, Stv. — RuBe-breaBted Grosbeak.
"118.' " metanoccphala, Sw. — Black-headed "
1L9. Cyanospiza cf anca, .Off. — Indigo Bird. '

120. Pipilo er;ythropbtha1rous, Vietil. — Chewink,

PUIILT ICTERIDAK,

Svb-Family AgelaiTtaa.

121. Dolicbonyz orjzivorua, Sw. — Boblink.
13S. MolothruB pecoris, Sw. — Cow Blackbird.

123. Agelains phceniceus, Vteif/. — Hed-wingcd Blackbird.

124. Sturnella magna, Sw. — Meadow Lark. .

Svb-Vamily Icterinae.

125. IcteroB BpnrinB, Bon/jp. — Orchard Oriole.

126. " Baltimore, Baud. — Baltimore Oriole,

Sub-Family Quiscalinae.

127. Sculecophagna fcrrugineus, Sw. — Ruety Orakle.
' 138. Qaiscalas versicolor, VieiU. — Crow Blackbird,

CAHILY CORVm^iE.

Sub Family Corvinae.
129. OorvDB camivorus, Bart. — Raven.
180. " Americanua, Aud. — Crow.

Sub-Family Qarrulinae.

131. Cyannra cristatua, Sw. — Blue Jay.

132. PerieorcuB CatiadeuBis, Bonap. — Canada Jay.

ORDEK RASORES. ■
, SUB-ORDER COLOUBAB.

rAUtLT COLUUBIDAE.

Sub-Family Coiumbinae.
188. Ectopistes raigratoiia, Sw. — Wild Pigeon.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. |

Sub-Family Zenaidmae.
IZi. Zeoaidura CarolineuaiB, fonop.— Uonming Dore.
• SUB-OBDER GALLmAG.

rAVlLT FHASIAKIDIE.

SiA~Familif Meleagrinae.

185. Malei^ris gallopftvo, Linn.— Wild Tark^.

PAHILT TETRIOKIDAB.

186. Tetrao Canadeneis, i^tnn. — Canftda Gronsd.
131. Oupidonia cnpido, Bd. — 'Prairie Gbioken.

13S. Bonasa nmbellns, SUph. — Rufied Gronsv, Partridge.

FAVILY PERDtCtDAX,

139. ^Ortyz^TirginiaDus, Bonap. — QaaiL

ORDER GRALLATORES.

FAMILT GRmD^UC.

■139.* Griis Canadcnsia, Temm. — SandJiiU Crane.

FAMILT ARDEIDAE.

140. Ardea Herodios, Linn. — Blue Heron.

141. Ardetta_cziliB, Oray. — Least Bittern.
143. Botanrus IcatiginoaaB, £li!<pA. — ^Bittom.
143. Batorides virescetia, Boru^. — Gr«ea Heron.
144.'j;N7Ctiardea garden!, Bd. — Night Heron.

SUB^BDER GBALLAS.

FAIfILT CnARADRIDAE.

145. Gharadriua Virginicus, Borck. — Goldoii Plover.

146. Aej*ialitia,vocirerua, Cassin. — Kill-deer.

HI, " semipalmataa, .fion. — King Plover.

US-^Squatai-ola Qclvetica.JOuu. — Black-bellied Plover.

FAKILT HAEUATOFODmAX.

149. Strepailaa iutcrpres, lU. — ^TunAtonc.

FAMILT aOOLOFACIDAI.

1£>0. Philohela minor, Oratf. — ^Woodcodc.

SM REPORT OF THB

151. Gallinago WJIsouii, Bonap. — ^Wilson's Snipe.

152. Uacrorh&mphuB grieeus, I^rac&.'^Red-breaated Snip*.
163. Tringa canutua, Linn. — Robin Soipe.

154. " maculata, VieUl. — Jack Snipe.

155. " Wilsuuii, NuUail. — Least Sandpiper.
«155.* " Bunapartii. Sck.

' 156. Ereuoetee peUificatns, III — Seroipalmated S&ndp^ier.
*156.* Micropalama himaiitopus, Bd. — Slilt "

Sttb-Famili/ Iblaninae.
157. Gambetta melanolenca, Son. — Tell Tala
168. " flavipea, Ban. — Yellow LegB-
159. Rhyacophiluo solitarius, Bunap. — Solitary Sandpiptr.
1^0. Tringoidea macularius, Oray.-— Spotted "

161. Autilurne Bartramius, Bonap. — Field Plover.

163. Limoaa fcdoa, Ord. — Marbled Gudwit.

Svb-Family Rallinae.
168. RalluB Yirginianua, Linn. — Virginia Rail.

164. Parzana Carolina, FieiU— Sora RaiL

165. " Noveboracenaia, £(j — Y«] low Rail.

166. Fulica Americana. Qm. — Coot.

*16T. Gallinula galeata, Ronap. — Florida GaUinnlet
ORDER NATAT0RK3.
S0B-ORDEB ANSERBS,
FAXU.T AKATIDAB.

Sub Family Ci/gninae.

168. Oygnas AinericaDUB, SharpUat. — Swan.

Sub Family Antetinoe.

169. Anser hyperbareua, Pailas — Snow Goose.
ITO. Bersicla Canadensis, foie — Canada "

Sub-Family Anatinae.
111. AnaB boflchae, Ltnn. — Mallard.
118. " obacura, Om. — Dusky Dock.
lis. D»fil» acuta, Jisnyns— Pintail Dock.

STATE ZOOLOGIST. SU

1T4. NettioD Car^lineDsis, Bd — Green- winded Teal.

lt&. Querqnedula diHCora, Slff^ — Blue-winged "

11$. Spatula clj'pcata, Bok. — Spoonbill.

in: ChaulelasrouB strepcras, Gray. — Gadwall; Gray Dnck.

118. Mareca Americana, Sleph. — Baldpate; Widgeon,

119. Aix Bponsa, Bote. — Wood Duck.

Sub Family Fuligulinae.
180. Fulix marila, Bd. — Scaup Duck
Ixl. " collariii, Bd. — Ring-necked Duck.
188. Ayth;a Americuna, Bon. — Red head.

183. " Tallisneria, Bon. — CauTas-back.

184. Bacephala Americana, Bd. — Golden Eye; Whistle Winy.
18&. " alboola, ftf.— Butter Ball.

186. Harelda glacialia. Leach.— 0\A Wife.

187. Oidemia biuuculata, Bd. — Uuron Scoter.

8iib Family Erismaiurinae.

188. Erismatura rnbida, Bont^.-^Raddj Duck.

Bub-Family Merginae.

189. UergoB Americanns, Cocstn. — Sheldrake.

190. " aerrator, Linn. — Red-breasted Mci^anser.

191. Iiophodytea cncullatus, Beick. — Hooded "

SUB-ORDER GAVIAE.

FAKILY I.ABIDAE.

Sub- Family Lariuae.

192. Lama glaucua, £runn. — Glaucona Gull.

193. " argentatna, Brunn. — Herring "

■IQ. B. SmlDHOl. luBlndEtiled lo mj rrtnd Dr. Dulel Clvk,a(F]lDl,tbru gtiportoBtlr
«( duoLnliii ntpRliMnaf tbUnn bnuud.wblchwuihN Ir tlmiinimumi lot
HmsHr, iDd Ibddw pnwmd In UMUuniai of Uw Rtnl SclntJlto InMlIqla.

Ml.* MjBTBlat^jn, W. On tlM ulliorllr of Her, OuirlM Fez, who «twt ■ ipicliiiH^C
Ow»B, BilHruBe eoanlr, lalj, lUI Thi ipocka Id Itw oUkitH mtrkai • •' «a»
flbulsBdntOrowUe, WirDaCb.,bT Prof. Foi, uul an flra ee blauUMrttj.

■It). ()■ (ilaia. Tblifiaiiiiila larnqMOtlrmo InUMKiBtbm iiuUof tbiSUU. Iter*
MS mmni ipRlmeBi u tn boRIi u Inctan Bit, Mid iB totbrmd bf Mr. Jite
niii|i.il thilb|bniill|lilliimi.lbillil iHbilbiiMil bi Minlb iil Ui^

Va REPORT Of THS

I9i. Lams Dclawanuieia, Orrf— Ring-hilled Gull.

195. ChroicucL-ptialus atricilla, Zinn. — Laughing GnlL

196. " Philadelpliia, Laicrencc. — Bonaparte's Ooll.

Sub-Family Slerninae.
191. Sterna Wilaoni, llonop.^W ihvu'a Tern.
■197*. " fruiiata, Gtimbel — Liast "

"198. Hydrocliuliiiiin plumbea, Lawrence — Bl^ck Tern.

FAMELT COLYJniDAE.

Sub-Family Colymbinae.

199. Colynibus tuiiiuutiis, ISrunn. — Lrxm.

tiubFamilij Podityipiniw.

200. Podiceps jjrificigoiia, ffray. — Rcd-ucckeJ Grebe.

201. " criHiatus, Lath. — Crested "

202. " cormitua, Lath. — Horned "

203. Pudilymbus podiccps, Lawrence. — Picd-bill ■■

CLASS REPTILIA.

ORDER TESTUDIN'ATA.
SUB-ORDEK AMYDAE.
FAUILV tmoNYCHlIiAB.

"1. Amyila mutica, Filz.

*2. AspidontctuB spiiiiter, Ag — yiift-sbcUed Turtle.

FAHIl.r CilEI.YDBlUflAE.

3. Chelydra scrpoiitiiia, S,7iu'. — J^iiapping Turile.

FAMII.V CINOSTERVOIDAE.

H. OzothccaodDiaia, Ag.

fi. Thyroatonium Peins^Ivauicum, Ag. — Musk TofLlc.

FAH1LV EMVDOIDAR.

6. Orai'iemyn geograpliica, Ag.

■4111. 11, plLMlMB. libMtnan iptcaKisor ihtj Ih-utirui tern luL Jun*, ou Ui* aboro of
Id [till vit'inli/ I mfpOHO n (a b*

. STATE ZOOLOGIST. 288

T. Graptemys LcSueurii, Ag.
*8. Chryscmys marginata, Aq,

m

9. Emys Meleagris, Ag.
■10. Nanemys guttata, Ag.

ORDER OPniDIA.

FAmLY CROTALIDAE.

11. Crotalopborus tergeminus, MM. — Massasauga.

FAMILY COLUBRIDAK

•12. Eutaenia saurita, 7?. dr G. — Striped Snake.

13. " sirtalis, i^ ^ 0.— Garter Snake.

14. Nerodia sipedon, B. t^ O. — Wat<;r Snake.

15. " Agassizii, J), d; G.

16. Rogina leberis, H. & G. — Striped Walii onakc.
"17. IJeterodon platy rhinos, Z/o/r.— I ilnuin;^- Viper.
"18. Scotophis vulpiuus, li. & G.

19. Opliibolns eximius, Ji. & G. — M Ik Suakc.

20. Bascanion constrictor, B. d (f — Black Sniikc

21. " Vox\i,B.dG.

22. Chlorosoma vernalis, B. & G, — Green Snake.

23. Diadopbis punctatas, B. d G, — Ring-necked Snake.

24. Storcria Dckayi, B. & G.

25. " occipito niaculata, B, d G.

H. A. muUca. Tills 8poci'.« seoms to be oomparatlvuly roro. I luye floeo but a fow tpMl*
mcnB which would iuiiicato that iU range is couQnod to ilMSoattiMni parts of Uia State.

IS. A. spinifer. •The commoa soft shell turtle is found througliout tlK) southern half of flia
liower PcDiasula. It is frequently met with as far north as Gencsoo oountor, and in tho
streams of the eastern, as well ss the wc-slorn slope of tho State.

«&. 0. odoraia. The cara]>acc of a small turtle <ibiained in Oakland county I haro rofbrrad
to tills species, but a& the specimen is imptTfoct I may bo iucorroot in including tho
spucios in our fauna.

■8. C. mirginati. This is tho moAt abundant species of thr Tcstudlnata in our &tato. It was
formerly confounded with G. picta, but was separuted by Prof. Agussisinlus oonlribn*
tions to tbc Natural History of tho United States. I am not aware thai the latter spo-
cics Is found in Uichigau.

'10. K. guttata. Four specimens of this beautiful speciis have been coUeciod within this
two years. One in Genesee county, one from Sagimtw Bay, and tho others from Oak-
land county. Ou comparison with a specimen from Massochuaotts, they appear to b«
identical, the only diiference noticed being tho darker color of tho pksiroa in the Mich-
Igaa specimens.

30

884 REPORT OF THE -

CLASS BATRAOHIA.

ORDER AVURa.

FAMILY BUFONIDAE.

26. Bufo Americanus, LeConte.

FAMILY HYLAOAB.

27. Acris crepitans, Bd,

28. Hjla versicolor, LeConte.

29. " Pickeringii, HoU.
'30. HelocaBtes triseriatus, Bd.

FAMILY RANIDAE.

31. Rana Catesbiana, Shaw.— Bull Frog.

32. " foiitinalis, LeConte. — Spring Fro£p»

33. " pipiens, OmtL — Shad Frog.

34. " paluatris, LeCtmte. — Pickerel Frog.

35. " sylvatica, LeConie. — Wood Frog.

ORDER DRODELA.

ATRETODERA.

FAMILY AMBYSTOMIDAE.

36. Ambystoma punctatum, Bd,
31. " luridum, Bd.

»38. " ^ laterale, Hall.

lis. K. wuiritA. This woU-marked fpeck'S is comparatlvolj rare. I have aoea bat tbre* «r
.ftnir tpeelmonB Ibai haTo been coUect4>d wlUitn the limftf of the State.

47. H. platjrrhinot. I have not aeen this ipociot, bat give It a place In ^r fkana on t2»
authority of Prof A. Sager, the able Zoologist of the former Geological corps, to wboiA
I am Indebted for manj acta of kindncta and Micoaragemeni.

xiS. 8. yalplnoi. The only ipeclmcnB of this ppecles collected are from the vleintty of Sagi-
naw Bay, where it is found in abundance. Although perfectly harmless It has tha
unfounded reputation, in that locality, of being venomous and is therefbre mock
dreaded.

aiO. H. Uiserlatos. I am not acquainted with this species, bat give it a place In the c&ta-
logae on the authority of Prof. Balrd.

>S8. A. laterale. An immature specimen firom Saginaw Bay, I have referred to thlsspeeieft.

sA. P. ery thronota. This is a common and widely distributed species, being foond througli-
ovt the State as fkr north as Lake Superior.

alt. I have several undetermined specimens of Nectorus, some of which will probably prov*
to be N. maeulatus.

STATE ZOOLOGIST.

KAXILT TBITOKIDAK.

89. Oiemyctylas miniatas, Baf.
40. " viridesccDB, Rqf.

FAMILY PLFTHODOSTIOAK.

'41. PlethodoD erytbronofa, Bd,
42. " i;iu«i'eus, Tach.

Tremadatera.
'43. Nectnma lateralis, Bd.

CLASS GASTEROPODA.
MOL.UUBCA.

FAMILY HBUCIDAB.

Helix albulabris, Say.

" alternaU, Say.

" arbores. Say.

" ehersina, Say.

clausa. Say.
eznietft, Binney.
electrina, Qotdd.
elcvata, Say.
fallax. Say.
fratenia, Say.
fuliginosa, Oriffiih.
birsQta, Say.
hydroplijla, Ing.
inflecta, Say.
identata, Say.
inomata, Say.
ligera. Say.
labyrinthica, Say.
limatola. Ward.
lineaU, Say.

RH REPORT 01' THB

£3. Helix minDecnla, Binney.

24. " moftodon, Sach.

25. " muUilmcats, Slay.

26. " palliala. Say.

27. " pcrspGciiTa, Say.

28. " "^ profuuda, Say.
"29. " pulcbellft. Jfi/ier.

30. " Sayii, Binney.

31. " Bolitaria, Say.

32. " striatella, Anth.

33. " thyruides. Say.

54. " trideBtota, Say.

35. Bulimus marginatui, Say.

36. Acliatiua lubrica, MuU.

37. Succinua campestrJB, Say.

38. " avara, Sai/,

39. " ovaliu, Say.

40. " vernietus, Say.

41. " obliqua. Say.
43. Pupa pcntodon, Sai/.

43. " armifcra, Say.

44. " coQtracIa, &ty.

45. Vurttgd Qouldii, Bian,

46. " ovata, Say.

47. '\ simplex, OW.

FiyiLY AnmCUUBlE.

4S. Carycliium cxiguam, Say.

FAMILY LIUXEIDil.

49. PlaDurbJH armifcra, Say.

hO. " bicarinatUB, Say.

51. " campauulat UD, Say.

'52. " deflecluH, Say.

63. " exacutua, Say.

64. " lentua. Say.

55. " parvuB, S'ay.

STATE ZOOLOGIST.

56. Planorbis trivolvis. Say.
■oT. " truncatue, Nabia.

68. Plijsa bctcruBtropha, Say.

69. " clongata. Say.

60. " nildretliiaua. Lea.

61. " vinufia, Old.

G2. Limnca apprcasa, Say.
68. " columtllii, Say.

64. " capcrata, Say.

65. " dcBidioaa, Say.

66. " clodcB, Say.

67. _" gracilis. Say.

68. " jugulariH, Say.

69. " modicelluB, fky.

10. " rcflexa, Ifaid.

11. " nmbilicala, AdatM.
72. " nnibrasn. Say.

IS. " pallida, Adatiu.
t4. AncyluB fnscus, Adams.

75. " paralellas, Said,

76. " tardns, Say.

rjLMttr ueuNiiDAX.

17. Uelani^ Virginica, Say.

18. " depygiB, Say.

19. " KiagarcDBla, Lea.

80. " neglecta, .^nA.

81. " liveacens, Menia.

85. " pnlchella, Antk.

yjkUlLY PALDDINIDAE.

83. Talvata sincera, Say.
64. " tricarinata. Say,
^85. " humeraliB, Say.

86. Paludioa declaa, Say.

87. " Integra, Say.

88. " iw^gona, Say.

:«88 REPORT OF THE

'89. Palndina obesa, Lewe%,

90. " ponderosa, Say,

91. " rufa, E(dd.

92. Amnicola grana, OotUd.

93. " lapidaria, Say.

94. " paUida, Hold.

OliASS AOEPHALA,

8IPHONIDA.

FAIOLT CYCLADIDAE.

95. SphsBrinm occidentale, Prime,

96. '' partumeia, Say,
9*1. " solidulum, Prime,

xS. H. «]t«nuU. Ibis socms to be the most widely dtotrfbnted molIiiBk In tbe Skate, being
found everywhere am tkr north am Lake Saperior.

ali. H. hydrophyla. I am indebted for this species to Mr 0. A. Currier, of Grand Bapida,
who has mado extensive collections in the Grand River Taney,and has a Taloablt
cabinet of native shells to which ho has given me flree access, Uios materially fwUttet-
ing my labors in this department.

sV. H. pnlchella. Mr. Albert D. White, who has rendered me valuable asristanoe !n ooUect-
ing Zoological specimens, has famished a suite of the Hellcidae from Ann Arbofi ooa-
taining this species. It is found there in abundance.

>52. P. deflectus. This species is added to the catalogue on the authority of Mr. Currier.

x67. P. truncatus, nobis. Shell sub-orbicular, color light chestnut ; the right side deeply
nmbilicated, the concavity bordered by an obtuse carina ; the volutions seen from thii
side are scarcely more than two ; left side truncated, presenting a flat surface eslead*
lag across all the whorls, the suture being marked by a minute raised line, whkA
likewise extends around the edge of the trunoition; the apace between the vcriutldas
of this raised line, as well as the entire body of the shell, is beautifully marked with
delicate longitudinal lines, Which are crossed by the minute, raised, transverse lines of
growth; the longitudinal lines are scarcely distinguishable without Uie aid of a micro-
scope; whorls on loft side four or five; aperture ovate, widest on the right side, which
extends beyond the general plane ot that side ot the shell; the lip on the left side to
straight for a short distance from the body whorl, and in a line with Uie truncated
plane, at the outer edge of which it forms an angle, marked on the Inner aarfaoe by »
slight groove, corresponding to the raised line separating the whorls on the outside;
lip thin, slightly thickened by a bluish- white callus, bordered on the tamer edge by »
purplish band; the longitudinal lines, as well as the transverse lines of growth, art
distinctly seen within the aperture. Measurements, .0 — .86. Bab. Saginaw Bfey. Ib
a few specimens the growth of the whorls has not been hi the same plane, letivlBg a
slightly prct)ecting turreted spire on tbe left skis.

a85. T. humeralls. Grand River. Mr. Currier's cabtaict.
'«». P. obsM. Gnmd River Valley. Cbbtaiet of Mk*. Carrier.

STATE ZOOLOOIIT.

«8

Spfaaeriam strialinum. Lam.

99

" sulcatuin, Lam.

100

PUidium abditum, Euld.

101

" compreflBum, Prime.

103

" TentricoBum, Prime.

103

" Virpuicum, £0.

ASIPHONIOA

FAMILY rKIOKlDAE.

104

Unio alatiis, Say.

105

•' asperrimua, Lea.

106

•• bullatus, Ba/'

101

•• coccineufl, Htld.

108

•• complanatuM. i«i.

10»

" coelatus. Con.

■110

" C8ri0Bus,&y.

HI

" ciroulus. Lea.

112

" cIlipBiB, Lea.

113

" clcgatiH, Lea.

lU

" gilibueiia, Bar.

115

" gracilis. Bar.

'116

•• gUm, Lea.

m

'• HiUrctUiunuB, Lea.

118

" iriB, Lea.

119

'• Upillufl, Soy

ISO

" licviHBitnurt, Lea.

'121

" luteolus, Lam.

122

" ligaincntiuuB, Lam.

ISS

" mnltiradiatua. Lea.

124

" NoTiEboraci, Lea.

125

" nasutua. Say.

126

•• occidcoB, Lea.

13t

" plicatuB, Say.

198

•• pcrplexna. Lea.

129

" penituB, Con.

ISO

" preeauB. Lea.

240 * BKPOKT OF THE

131. Ciiio phtiHColnfl, if(V^.

132. " ri'ctiiH, Lam.

133. ■' ruliijfiii'isu.'j, Lz-a.
■134. ■' IfpriitiuB, Nobu.

135. " ttubrotuii'IiH, I.'a.

138. " -Sch'Kjlcriftt-nsiH, Lea.
137. " Bpatulitta, L''a.

13H. " mibovatiis, Lfa.

139. ■' tt-n^i-Hitimus, Lea.

140. " tri(,'.iiiw, Zeo.
HI. " triungulariH, Bar.

142. '• uridulatus, Har.

143. '• verrucosuB, Bar.

144. ■• voiilricoaus, Bar.

145. AlanTDodoti riigoBa, Bar.

146. " margioata, Say. -
U7. ■' -k-lt-i-ins, Lea.

'14S. Ari-.iionta Uon<.'.lictii, Lea.

14LI. ■■ cataiiicta, Say.

160. ■' cdefitiila, Lea.

■110.

U. criNiiu,.

ISlT.^

thill

i^-f 1« OD Ihcr

julborllr oT Prof. Suger.

U.jUia. T

biiibcLliru

Cuund Id Ihn Cllcl'io RlTrr,>t PdoIUc, D^lud (»iiii(r,bj

Id iulffitigabJc Mllccior ofiheltf, rnldtii(U

Unmrt IliipWi.

U. lutoolua.

ftnmil IB ^^

iflrypi

flOf

Um t^Uti. A

m«.K Ub coIlKiIoLi art KT<ri] weU morUM

.Im*)'

prwo

M be dhllDcl

»134. U- k.pro.111,

fill<:ll

,lhlck,0hl0D|

maiit the I>

ptaldrkir Mil

rEinlly rnmded, nianr Iha bwti Ihu Iha dor-

nlQuntlD;

Hltarlu

rem

emll; ■^ibtri

meiU; beaks illgbllr ctenliidi uUrtor hmoU

fll.iincl,«i

finding

Iwiwi

HDlhebraki;

blnite irum

In* a<-!

irly purollfl^ fpMei

Ibc llri'* or

■uiYr>,pn)inlD«it; bleril t«tb kmcemalat.

■IhibU]' lur

rxl^njt

in-w

:, Him d«lL bMchn to»ird« Uw boUt.. ™^

tntd liynu

pTfll

bcwjs tulwi

cIm; MiwiM clntikH Urg«,d«pi pariwkir

cl«t,i«.UrKe,™

lO-l-q

t,.llgMly Imt

iroasBd; dofMl clMlrlcti deepLj LnprcMed,*!!-

unlutlnUH

" -^^

7llr of Ih" b.

■caa. nimm. l.M. Lrngtb, 2.M. Brf^tb,*,

kttlDDi «]rr«d7 nude, xbkb biwBiii bocq iLcicrmlned, Kittis of wlikli mmrpror* M
be iindfterlbed. 1 im Intohi'.'J (o Hr. ftirrler't ublpf i tbr Mnrtl ijiecksl* Uu
calAlotuo or ibli f'^Di'*.

STATE ZOOLOGIST.

161. Anodonta floTiatilU, Lea.

15!.

" Ferruasaciana, Lea.

163.

" Footiana, Lea.

IM.

iinbecUia, Say.

15S.

■' modeata, Lea.

156.

" ovata, Lea.

151.

" plaaa, Lea.

158.

" pallida, Anlh.

159.

" Pepioiana, Lea.

160.

" Shaflenaaa, Lea.

lai.

" anbcjlmdracea. Lea,

f

I

BOTANY.

CHAPTER IX.

CATALOGtne or ntsyOGAHOUS AND ACROOEKOUS PLANTS FOUND CROWZHa
WILD IN THE LOWER PEXINSUIJk OF MICHIGAN AND THS ISLANDS

AT THE HEAD OF LAKE HURON.

Dnring the season of 1859, no special botanical assistant was
connected witli the survey. As the work of ISCO, was to ex-
tend into portions of the State less known to tlie botanist, Mr.
N. H. Winchell was selected to accompany the ezplorinf^ party
in the special capacity of botanical collector and assistanti and
the following catalogue has been drawn np by his hands.

The following are the sources from which the materials for
this catalogue have been derived:

1. The observations of the geological parties in 1859 and
1860.

2. The catalogue published by Dr. Wright in the Geological
Report of 1838.

8. The University Herbarium which contains many plants
collected after the publication of Dr. Wright's Calalogne. A
list of these plants was made out at my request, and the wh^
collection arranged by Mr. E. E. Baldwin.

4. The catalogue prepared by W. D. Whitney, of plants <rt>-f*;
served in the Lake Superior Land District, and published it
Foster and Whitney's Report, vol. ii.

5. The notes of Miss Mary Clark, of Ann Arbor, an enthusi*
astic botanist and collector from various parts of Uio State.

6. A collection of plants made in the neighborhood of Fort
Gratiot, near the foot of Lake Huron, by Mr. E. P. Austin, As-
sistant on the Coast Survey of the lakes.

246

REPORT OP THE STATE GEOLQOIST.

7. Observations made by the writer daring several years past
in the vicinity of Ann Arbor.

8. A very few species have been admitted on the authority of
Gray's Manual of Botany.

The catalogue shows, except in the case of very common
plants, evjry locality where each species was noted, and, affixed
to this, the date, provided the plant was seen in flower. Such
plants as are common to this list and Dr. Wright's, have their
localities designated, in a general way, by initials corr«Bpond-
ing to the four quarters of the Lower Peninsula, thus: ** S. E.,
(Wright)," " S. W., (Wright)," &c. All other localities are
definitely stated, and the authority, if other than our own ob-
servations, follows in parenthesis. The corrections of nomen*
clature withm the space of 20 years have converted many of
Dr. Wright's names into synonyms, which are made to follow
the modern name thus: Hepatica triloba, Chaix, (H. Amerir
cana — WJ

For the purpose of convenient reference, as well as economis-
ing space, the common names of most of the species have been
placed in the left hand iqargin opposite the scientific names.

LIST OF PLANTS.

YlrglD'i Bowor.

XanyClefi
jUwmooe.

LongfVaited
Tkll Anemone.

PsDOflylTtBtan
Anemone.

Wind flowar.

BoondLobed

Bcpatlea.

Sharp Lobed
HepnUca.

Rna Anemone.

^V^Mndoir
Itat.

Meadow Roe.

White Water-
Crowfool.

Yellow Water-
Q^wfiooi.

fljpearwort.

Ckveping Spear-
wort.

^')

RAUfXnfCULACEM.

Clematis vir^'niana, L. (C, virginioa — W.)

Emmet Co. ; Ann Arbor, (Wright.)

Anemone miiltifida, DC.

Month Safinaw Rirer, 14 Jane; Mackbiae.

Anemone cylindrica. Gray.'

Ann Arbor; Pigeon R., 18 Jone.

Anrmone virpriniana, L.

Drammoiid's L ; Ann Arber, (Wrl^) ; Ft, €raltot, (AuUn).

Anemone Pennsylysnica, L. (A, aoonUfM

Shore Saginaw B. ; Ann Arber; Ft. Qrattot.

Ani'mone nemorosa, L.

Ann Arbor, Ttrj oonman; Ft. Oratloi.

Hepatica triloba, Chaix (H. amerieana, — W)

Ada Arbor; wtrj oommoo. *

Hepatica acutilf»ba, DC.

Ann Arbor, verj common; 8. W. (Wrighk)

Thalictrum anemonoides, Michz.

Ann Arbor.

Thalictrnm dioicura, L.

Abb Arbor.

Thalictrnm Cornnti, L.

Ann Arbor; Stooo I., Saginaw B.; 8aIplnirL,B0rtliQf SruBBMBd*i;Ft.
Oratlot.

Ranunculus aquatilis, L.
▼ar. diTaricatus.

Ann Arbor; Middle L, Lake Huron, 9 Jnly; Ft Grattoi.

Ranunculus Purshii, Richards, (var. flufriaHlia —
UniT. Herb.)

Abb Arbor; Ft. Oratlot.

Ranunculus Flammula, Jf.
▼ar. reptans

St* Mwy'i R., n Jnlj; 8. E. (Utahr. Herb ); L. of Ullet, (MIn Ckrk.)

RanunculuH rbf)mboideuB, Goldie.

•• PrairlM, MkkliM/' CBnqr.)

•1

248 REPORT OF THE

*S'Sol'** RanancluB alK)rtivu8, L,

^^* ** Ann Arbor, oommon ; Stone L , Saginaw Baj; It Oratlol.

var. inicraiiilius.
Ann Arbor; Drommond'a I.

Qirsod Orowfbok Ranunculus sceleratus, L.

Aaa Arbor; Si. Holena I., L. Mioh., 10 Aug.; Wi. GratM.

BopMCrow- Ranunculus recurvatus, Poir.

Ann Arbor; Ft. GraUot.

BrisUj Crowfoot Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus, L,

a W. (Wrigbt); Ann Arbor, (lOss Clark.)

Bari J Crowibot. Ranunculus fascicularis, Muhl..

Ann Arbor, common.

CSroe^ngOrow- Ranunculus rcpens, L.

Ann Arbor ; Pigeon R. , 18 June.

Bttitaroapi. Ranunculus acris, L.

Uacklnac, 19 July; Bant St. Marie, abnndnl aa weO aa it Xaoklaaoi fl.

Gratiot.

ibrah iCtfigoUL Catlia palustris, L.

Abb Arbor, Storgeoi^Pt., L. Biinm, Tarj kvgB, daepi/ oraoftto Um

«H«jJtof oiokf. Trollius laxus, Salieb.

" Deep fwampa, lUeh.'* (Gnj.)

a

Ooldthraad.

Tlirea laaTod Coptis trifolia, Salisb.

& E. (Wright) ; Ibwt Lake, (Mlaa Oark.)

Wild odatfbina. Aquilegia Canadensis. L.

Ann Arbor; ahoro of Saginaw B. ; Drommond^ L; It. Grallot.

TMitarkipBr. Delphinium exaltatum, Ait

"Rlo]iaoU,"(6raj.)

Onag^nai, Hydrastis Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor, (Wright.)

Red Baaoborrj. Actaea spicata, L. var. rubra, Michx. (A, rubra.-

Shore of Saginaw Bay ; Drummond'a L; Abb Arbor; (lOaa Gtarfc).
WWteBmtfberry var. alba, MicliX. (A, aUxk—W.)

^"^^ Ann Arbor; Pt. an Chene, L. Mioh.

Baok aaakeroot. Cimcifuga racemosa, EIL

& E. (Univ. Herb).

MAONOLtACEAI.

T^p-iroB, Liriodcndron Tulipifera, L.

Abb Arbor.

ANONACEJB.

^ONnmon Fapaw. Asimina tri|pba, Dunal.

Monroe Co.; Farmington ; Ann Arbor, (IDn Clart).

MENISPRRMACEJt.

Csaadtui Moon- Menispermum Oanadense, L

*^*^ a W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Mlaa Clark).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

S49

Roe Ooboah,
Pftppooae-root.

Mandrake, Uxj-
Apple.

TviBleaf.

DEKBEKIOACEiB.'

Caulophyllam thalictroidea, Micbx.

Ann Arbor, (Midi CUrk).

Podophyllnm peltatinn, L.

Ann Arbor, rwj oommon; slioro of Soglaaw Bjj; Ft. GrftUoi.

Jcfiersniiia dipliylla, Pers.

Ann Arbor, (MUs CUrk).

Vator-sbiakL

CADOMBAGEiB.

Brascnia poltala, I'urdh.

& E. (UniT. Uorb).

6«r(Mit-8oented
Wuier-Uly.

NYMrn.EACEiK.

Nyrnplifca odnnita, Aif..

Aon Arbor; Ft. (kratiot.

Ygioj^J^^'y Niiphar adveiia. Ait.

gpottor-dock. Saginaw n. , coram >n, 15 Jans; St. SUrj'a R. , ;a Qower Jalj U ;

Arbor, (Uisn dark); F. Gratiot.

^s^^TtT^^k*^^ Xii|>liur Kaliniana, PiifkIi.

Bpotlor-Uock. Bagiuaw R, U June; g. W. (Wrljjlil).

fc>AURACEMArE.i:.

Fitohar-piant. Sarracenia purpiin'ii, I^.

Ann Arbor; near " tfitUag rabbit," IT Aof .

PAPAVERACEJB.

Sanguinaria Caniidcnsis, L.

Ann Arbor; 8t. Joseph's L

CUmblng f>unt-
forj.

Datchm'in'a
Breochea.

FURMARIAGBAB.

Adlnmia cirrhosa, Raf.

MiJdle I., L. Boron, 9 Joly; Grand Bapldi, (IDm Ctaifc).

Dicentra Cucidlana, D(J.

Detroit, (Austin).

aquirrsiam. Diccntra Canadensis, DO.

Capo Ipporwash, C W., (Austin). Will undoubtadt^ bs tboad witlital
our limits.

GoidnOorTdaUs. Corj'dalis aiirca, Willd.

MIddls I . , L. Huron , 9 Jul j ; Draramondhi I, O JtUj.

ndtOorjdaUs.

Corydalis glanca, PiirHh.

Sanilac, (Austin); Prummond*s I., S Jnlj, haa the spur and lower ntg%
cf eorultat pala rc«l, and Cba appor part, wlUi Ike Upi of Ibe pelal^
jelk>w; lfl«ooiiiniuolbaatiioprooodtag,boUiprflforrlnf thovtela^
It J oC nam olsaringB.

89

■ >

850

REPORT OP THE

Water cress.
Uarsh cress.

Like cress.

Horseradish.

Tooth wort, Pep-
per root.

Tooth wort, Pep-
por-root

Spring ereti.

Gackoo-flower.

Oommon Bitter
cress.

Rock cress.

Bode cress.
Bock cress.
Sickle pod.
Tbwer mustard.

Winter cress,
Yellow rosket.

CRUCIFEILE.

Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.

Northflold, Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Nasturtium palustre, PC.

Ann Arbor; shore of Saginaw Bay.

Nasturtium amphibium, R. Br.

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Nasturtium lacustre, Gray. (^N. nalans — PT.)

S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Nasturtium Armoracia, Fries.

Ann Arbor; Pigeon river, IS June.

Dentaria diphylla, L.

Ann Arbor.

Dentaria laciniata, Muhl.

Ann Arbor; N. E. (Univ. Herb).

Card amine rbomhoidea, DC.

Ann Arbor.

var. purpurea, Torr.

Ann Arbor.

Card amine pratensis, L.

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright) ; Livingston Co., (Miss Clark).

. Cardamino liirsuta. L.

St. Helena I. , L. Mich. , 20 Aug.; a W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (lOm

Clark).

van. Virprinica, Michx.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Arabifl lyrata, L.

Sand Pt. Saginaw B., 17 June; S. E. (Wright); Mont lake, (Miss Clark).
The specimens scon at Sand Pt. wore the variety (Siaymbriiim on^
bidMdet, Hook.) peculiar to " Upper Michigan and northward.'-*

Arabis hirsuta. Scop. (A. mqittata, — TT.)

Middle I., L. Huron, 8 July; & E. (Wr^ht).

Arabis laevijrata. DC.

Alpena; S. Michigan, (Wright).

Arabis Canadensis, L.

& E. (Wright).

Turritis p^labra, L.

Groa cap, L. Mich., IS Aug.

Turritis stricta, Graham.

stone I. , SagUiaw B. , 18 June.

Turritis brachycarpa, Torr. k Oray.

Ann Arbor; Alpena; ft. GraUoi, (Gray).

Barbaroa vulgaris, R. Br.

Thunder B. Is.; St. Helena I.. L. Mich., in bloMom bsrt SO AQf.,«i U
was at Thunder B. July 7th.

^-

STATE GEOLOGIST.

261

SiBymbrium officinale, Scop.

Ann Arbor.

Sisymbrium caneBcens, Nutt.

Shore of L. Mich.

Sinapis alba, L.

Ann Arbor.

Sinapis arvensis, L.

Ann Arbor.

Sinapis nigra, L.

Ann Arbor.

Draba arabisans, Michz.

•< Upper MSchican," (Gray).

Draba iiomorosa, L.

Ft. Gratiot, (Gray).

Lepidium Virp^inifum. L.

Ann Arbor; Saf inaw Bay, U June.

Lepidium nterRiedium, Gray.

N. W. (Gray).

sbeijierd'8 purae CapsoUa Bursa-pastoris, Mocnch.

Ann Arbor ; Saut St. Mario, 80 July. Aboadant erenrtaere.

Hedge Muitard.
Tansy Mostard.
White Mostard.

field Mostard,
Charlock.

Black Mostard.
Whitlow-grass.
Whitlow-grass.

Wild pepper-
grass.

American sea-
rocket.

Cakile Americana, Nutt.

Ft. an Chcne, L. Mich. , 18 Aug. ; frequently seen on sandy beaches; rar«-
ly seen with both Joints of the pod oootalnLg a perfect seed.

CAPPARIDACE^.

Fdaaisia.

Bowni -leaved
Ytolet.

Sweet White
Violet.

CbounoaBlne
Violei.

Hsod-leaf Violet.

Arrow-leaTod
Violet.

Bird-lbot Violet.

LoDg-sporrod
Violet.

AmarleaBDog
Vtolst.

Polanisia graveolenfi, Raf.

a MkdiigaD, (Wright).

VIOLAGEiE.

Viola rotandifulia, Miolix.

Sugar Island.

Viola blanda. Willd.

Aan Arbor; North shore L. MIeh.

Viola cucnllata, Ait.

Ann Arbor; Saginaw B.; DrunniOBd'B L; Ft Gratiot.

var. palmata.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Viola safpttata, Ait. ( 7. <nxUa--W.)

Ann Arbor; Detroit, (Mlsa Oark).

Viola pedata, L.

Ann Arbor.

Viola rostrata, Pursh.

Ann Arbor, oonunoQ in May.

Viola Mnhlenbergii, Torr.

S53

REPORT OF THB

»• Tljlrt.

Viola Rtriata, Ait.

iM Arbor.

CuuiLiVlolol,

Viola (lanndi'nHiH, L.

Aim Arbor; Editnf[CD.,MAui.

TJ.!-^

Viilii puvi-xrens Ait.

Au Arbor; Ft. Gr^ll^t; Emmat Oh ; eommw.

var. .:ri.HM.-|.ii, Nutt.
Ann Arbor; Eminit Co.; oomnim.

CISTACE^

rratwwxl.

Helianthomum Cnadenae. Michx.

Ann Arbor; Mouth Snglnjiw S. , 11 Juno.

HaiUmU.

niiii«otiiii tolllClltoBa, Mutt.

B. lllctila.in, {Uulv. n.>rb).

Fln-WMil.

Lci'hoa mujiir, Michx.

a lUoh., (WrIgW).

DROSEBACE*.

IlooiH-l««d

Droseru mtnn')! folia, L.

pAR:4ASBiAce£.

HrPERICACILA.

HyporiciiT

rt.DriUlot,Gni(Ck|i,I.llloh.,1RAnt.;PDrt Ra

DfrlK^," (UImCIotK;; & Mluta. (WrlghtJ.

II.7p('ri

Hvporlniim mutilnm, L. (ff. paruUIorum. — W,)

a. W. (VHtM); "Biniraod,"(lUMaufc].

STATE GEOLOGIST

S5a

Itenh Si. Jobn'i-
wort.

]fanh8t.Jobn*i-
wort.

Oommon Soap-
wort, Bouoc-
ing Bbt.

Gow-norb.

Starry CkmploD.

Fire Pink, Cktch-

WUd Pink.

Boopy Chtcbfly.

Klght-flofrerlng
Utdilly.

Oora-CocUa.
bndwOTt

Tbyme-Icaved
tSandwort.

Moriirlngla.

Cbmrnon Chick-
weed.

itltohwort.

Long-stalked
Stitdiwort.

Uonao-ear Chick-
weed.

Fickl Chlckwo«I.

iMTfcr Nonae-car
Cblckweed.

Ilypcricum Canadensc, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sulphur I., norlll of Dnimmond'i, 8 Aug.; &
W. (Wright;.

Elodca Virginica, Nutt. {Hypericum Virginicum—
W,)

8. Michigan, (Wright).

Elodca petiobita^ Pursb.

Grotse lale, (Hiss Clark).

CARTOPBYLLACEJS.

Saponaria officinalis, L.

Ann Arbor, 8. Michigan, (Wright).

Vaccaria vulgaris, Ilost. (Saponaria vaccaria — TT.)

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Sileno strllata, Ait.

& Michigan, (Wright).

Silene Virginica, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Sileiie PeimRvlvanica, Michx.

Mont Lake, (Mlaa Clark).

Silonc aiitirrhina, L.

Month of Saginaw lUvcr, U Juno ; 8. E. (Wright).

Sileno noctiflora, L.

Port Huron, (Miaa Clark).

AgroRtomma Githago, L.

Ann Arbor.

AlHinc Mirhanxii, Fcnzl. (Arenaria atricta — W,)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Arouaria serpvlli folia, L.

Ann Arbor ; Mackinac, 19 July, common.

Moehrinpria lateriflora, L. (Arenarialaleriflora — TF.)*

8. Mich. (Wright).

Stellaria media, Smith.

Ft. Gratiot, S. Mich. (Wright).

Stellaria longifolia. Miilil.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Bruco Mine, Gl, 20 July.

Stellaria lonpripop. Coldie.

Groi Gap, L. Mich., 18 Aug., abundant In pure nnd.

■

Cerftstinm viil^atnm, L.

Ann Arbor ; Mackinac, 10 July.

Cerastium arvense, L.

& Michigan, (Unlr. Herb.)

Cerastum viscosnm, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; WiUow-Orcek, 90 Jont.

2M EKPOET OF THE

•OmSpanej. gpercnla nrvtnsts, L.

fi. Mick. (Wil|bi}.

»aj»dcuck- Anychia dichotoma, Michj.
e. W. (Wrlfbt).

PORTCLACACI*.

mpoh- Portnlaca oleraoea, L.

onuMB viitow. Malva rotundifolia, L.

▼atnt-iMf. Abutilon Aviceouae, Qaerto.

Adb Arbor.
BUddv XMmto. HibiBCUs Triannm, L.

TlLtACKA.

»*■ Tilia Americana, L. (J! gJofem — JF)

Ami Arbor; DnmiBoiul'aL: tmiutCI).; Ankrlm Oi>,; PI. 4a Hl.L.
Web. Ttw Buawood li tt tn^mat aenirnaoa ttami^Bgt UM

thin of Uw TonM fTswtii, It Is aeat oomasa iikai tto tafaM
UkM or Kmmat ud Antrim amntka, whum U uuiu ■ iMtft sIb
compvliig riTonblj vlth tbe lamniidliic Bmi, Di»BhM aad
niclua, In tb( bsui/at IM tollici amlaTBUMtrT « lUtrank.

lw|ictt«uo» Linnra Boottii, Planchon.

^^ S. Mlcblfu, (CnlT. Herb).

OoBrnKiiu. Linum UHitatiasiiDuni, L.
B.iiub.,(vncbt).

OXAUDACI'K.

Ox all 8 Rtricta, L'

Ann Arbor.

Oxalia ctfrnicolata, L.

STATE OEOLOOIST. »6

OEBAMIACKiE.

wndOttMAiu. Oeranium maculatum, L.

Inn ikrbor, eomnuNi ; 8. ihore of 9^fitmw B., oommoB.

OvaUu o-aaei. Geranium Caroliniaiiuin, L

Dmmmoiid's I. ; AIcoda Od. , 1 Jn]j. Oocnrt q^trfif Ij ttr o ug hwi t tlM
nortbern oounUot.

BvbBob«rt. Geranium Robertianum, L.

8t4)ae L , Sagtoaw B., 16 June ; a Mich. (Wright) ; lOddto I., L. Haroa ;
DraniBioiid't I ; liflrlnafi. More common Umb the preoedhig.

BALSAMINAGEJB.

'^Jjj"'*^-"^ Impatiens pallida, Nutt.

Brace Mine, Ga., 27 July ; a E. (Wright); Sugar L, abmidaiit, 1 Aog.

^P^JIliJ'"^" Impatiens fulva. Nutt.

Ann Arbor; Sugar I., tlJvly; Branch UiAntria 0». Tbm pnnlln
•peclea.

SDTACEiS.

''^[JJ*5*^^ Zanthozjium Americanum, Mill.

. juu, lOTuaone ma Arhor; 8tfl«e L, Sagtoaw B.

tobby ftatoii, ptelea trifoliata, L.

nop-iree. ^ ^^^ ^ (Wright).

ANACABDUCEiE.

^^ Ngo rn fe. Rhus typhina, L.

Ann Arbor; Ptooe I. , Sigtaaw B., 16 June; Emmet Od. ; Grand Tr a t ar ia
Go. ; a W. (Wright).

Rhus glabra, L.

Ann Arbor; SUme I., S^^toaw B.; N. shore of L. Mich.; a W. (WrigM)*

RhtM. copalina, L.

a W. (Wright); Detroit, (Mtai Ouk).

'*';JJ»|^^ Rhus venenata, DC.

a Mich. (Wright).

Bhua Toxicodendron, L.

Abb Artor ; Stone L. Saginaw B., 16 Jnna ; eommon In the eoontlea
- bordering on L. Boron ; Saolt St. Marie, oommnn : Um cotnmnn ob
L.Mich.

Rhus radicana, L.

Qmek, bunetfib.; a K (Wr%ht).

or Dogwood.

Rhus aromatica, Ait.

Dorar, (Mlas Oark).

TITACEiL

YitiB sstiTaliR, Micbx.

Ann Arbor; & Mich. (Wright).

»S REPORT UP THE

Wtator or Prort Vitia cordifoHa. Miclix.

SiCluir &: Sul dniv rf ^

var riiiaiis, ( K. njjaria — W.)

B. E. (Wiitbt).

nn A UNICES
RhamniiH aliiitSlius, L'Her. (B./ranguloideia—W.)

a. E. iWrLgbl).
Ktw JnwrjTia. CcanntliiiB Amcncaniis. L.

ainbiog Blllar-

wjiS*"'^ EunnymiiB atrupnrpurena, Jacq.

e. I. (WrlfblJ.

BtnwbarrrBuih EuouymtH Amcncanua, I* TOr. obOTatna, Torr, A
Orav. {E.obi>oalu:'—W.)

B. W. (nri^tii)^ Ana Arbor, (IHBOukj.
B4P1NDACEA

^^l"**' Stnphylca trifolia. L

& tr. (Wrlfbt)) Abd Arbor, (HlMOuk;.

Bbipodltopto. XCPT ronnsylvi

UoQBiaia utpla. Accr spicatiiin. Lam.

AIcoojiCd.,! Ju!;:FUh Fn:*<|a'Iilg,cnmo'<n, ud Donbward. !
Is Urn pri'VulLUij apctke* oa (ha klih In 1 (rf DruiiiiiuM>l,

iiti. {A. nigrvM. — W.)

•pum, Kliiljart. {A. eriacarpum. — W.^

^■"^Slr •'''•'g'""'" »c-i-'il<-8. Mopnch.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

257

Milkwort.

Milkwort.

Seneca Soake-
root.

Flowering win-
tergreen.

POLTGALACEJE.

Polygala sanguinea, L. (P. purpurea, — W,)

S, W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (MLw dark).

Polygala cruciata, L.

a Mich., (Wright).

Polygala verticillata, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Polygala Senega, L.

Ann Arbor ; shore of Saginaw B.: DramBOQd'B I.; Sugar I.; Sault Ste
Mario ; North ehore of L, Mien.

Polygala polygama, Walt.

Ft. Gratiot ; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Polygala paucifolia, Willd.

Ann Arbor ; Dnunmond's I.

var. atba. Eights.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Wild Lapine.
Red Clover.

White Clover.

Sweet Clover,
White Melilot.

Lead Plant.

ObmmoD Locost,
FalBO Acacia.

Goat'e Rue,
Cktgut.

Milk-Vetch.

Tick Trefoil.

Tick TrefoU.

Tick Trefoil.

Tick TrefoU.

LEOUMINOS^.

Lupinus percQDts, L.

Ann Arbor ; mouth of Saginaw R.

Trifolium prateusc, L.

Ann Arbor ; Pigeon river, IB June ; Presqa' ble ; Dmmmond'iL; Grand
Traverse Co. Ooimnoo<ever7 where.

Trifolium rcpena, L.

Ann Arbor; Boia Blanc L, 15 Julj; Saat St. Marto; Bmmet Go., wood-
lands.

Melilotus alba. Lam.

Ann Arbor; Pin* L., Emmet Co., 28 Aug.

Amorpha cancsccns, Nutt.

Western Michigan.

Robin ia Pseudacacia, L.

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, in cultivation.

Tephrosia Virginiana, Pers.

a W. (Wright) ; Livingston Cb. , (Miss Clark).

Astragalus Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor; Belle river, (Miss Clark) ; Q. W. (Wright).

Desmodinra nudiflorum, DC.

S. Mich., (Wright).

Desmodium acuminatum, DC.

8. Mich., (Wright).

Desmodium pauciflorum, DC.

Mont Lake, (Mias Clark).

Desmodium rotundifolium, DC.

& Mich. (W^right).

33

tIckTnlOU.
THATfofoL.

TIak Tremu.

nekTrgfoO.
TIekTnfaU.
BiBhTntalL
nekTntsU.

nskiMoa

TlakTr*rML

REPORT OF THB

Dcsmodiiim ciispidatum, Torr. & Orftj. fD.

a Mich. (W right).

DGBmodiuni E^llenii, Darlingt (J9. MayloJldie
W.)

H.W. [Wrlgbt);Monlt (UIbCIhIi).

DeHtnmliiiTn CftnadcTifie, 00.

Am ArlHir; UanlLiko, (HBi OmU).

Deamnd

tifoliiiri], Torr. A Gray.

Kidium oiliars, DC.

kTrtJWi, DeamodiumMariUndicnm,Boott(i).oWu*«tn — W^i

a ILoh., (WrlglilJ.

■hOonr. Lespcdeza violacoa, Prra.

8. W. (Wrlibt) ; Ado Arlmr, (Htai Oark).

vHi, annual ifuiia. (L. reticulata. — IT.)
a w. {wrigm).

ton bsps- ijCBpcd- za repona, Torr. & Gray. (" L pro-rata f* —

a UkA., (ITrijhl); Ana Arbor, (KteQwkJ.

Leaprdczft Shivpi, KuU,

a Well (UbK. Hjrb).

Boili aoTar.
Doali dOTDr.

LoBpndi'za cunifatn. Michx.
a W. (Wilgbt) ; Konv Ldw, (Htx Chrk).
var. aiiKuatilolia. (L. anguali/olia — V.)

a W. (Wrlgbl).

Vicia Criicca, L.
a Hicb. (Wiigbo-

Vicia Carnlitiiana, Walt

STATE GEOLOGIST.

S69

BoachPaa.

Totohling.
PttltYetohUng.

ICarah YetchliDg.

Kidney BeMi.
Groond-nni.
Hof Paft-nnt.
WUA Indifo.

Bad-bud.

WildSonna.

K'lil'iokj Goflba-
trao.

Tbrae-tboraad
Acacia, Hooey
Looosi.

Vicia Americana, Muhl.

Ann Arbor ; W. lUcb. (MlM CUurk) .

Lathyrns maritimus. Bip^clow.

Pt. aa Sable, Saginaw R, 17 Jnna ; shore of L. Hnron. oomnon ; lit
St. Uartin's I.; & W. (Univ. Herb.;; Sand dunes of Emm jI Go.

Lathynis vcijosus, Muhl.

Ann Arbor.

Lathy rus ochroleucus, Tlook.

Ann Arbor ; Pto au Chapman. Sagintw B. , 18 Jane. Among tbe laUkn
tbia epociea la calloU Indian Pea.

Lathyrns palustris, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot; Bay Gt7,coromonj P8aganin,26Jano; Drnm-
mondl I. f 20 July ; Branob L. , Antrim Co.

var. inyrtitohim. {Ij.vfiyrtif'ohu^ — W.)

Ft. Gratiot ; Alpena Go., e Jaly ; Ut. St. Martin's I. ; a Miob. (W/tgbi).

PhaaeoluR diversifolius, Pers.

& Hlcb. (Wright).

Apios tuborosa, Moench.

a lllch. (Wright).

Amphicarpaea monoica, Nutt.

a W. ^Wright).

Baptisia tinctoria, R. Br.

Ann Arbor.

Baptiflia leucantha, Torr. & Gray. (^. aXba. — W,)

Golboon Goanty.

Baptisia loucophcea, Nutt.

a lUob., (Torr. k Gr.)

Oercifl Canadensis, L

Ann Arbor.

Cassia MarilandiGa, L.

Ann Arbor; a W. (Wright).

Gymn'^Hadus Canadensis, Lam.

Ana Arbor.

Gleditschia triacanthos, L.

Ann Arbor.

BOSACEJE.

piam^^Jmam. ^''"""« AnierioaTiii, Marshall.

' Ann Arbor; Pt. an Qiene, L. Mlcb.

fltad Gharry.

PrunuH pumlla, L. (P. depressa — W.)

Sand Point, Saginaw B.: abora of L. Huron to Dnimmond*n t, fal
Middle I. 6 foot high, branching dlff^tely from the bMd); Oral
Qftp,1«. Micb.; Turr abandant «in the sand danes of Emmji Ob.; and
Bouthw ird along the shore of L. Miob. The firalt Is a blaok , madlnm
stead oburry ; fUTor much Uka the cboka-cbarry, ks sntrlngent,
but mora bitter.

260 BGPuRT OF THE

wild Red cterrj, PruDus I'dinsyivanica, L.

FsIh Pmqu' IsId: Drummond'i t, Ttiy can
0>.; e. E. (Wrlghl). Smiill uw nrelj a

Spira-a opiilifolia, L.

Add Arbor; Thunder B. Ii.,T jDlf; Lit. Bl. Hi
cnnuDoii; at Riplde.Aslrlm Cd.,»iiiib
Oovm.urml vlnnd poda, nuUnc U a
•bruta or lt» [oint.

Spirtua salicifolia, L.

Ann Arbot ; Alpeu Ca.,S Jul;:
)llcb. (Wrlghl). Uh comm

^SSi* *" Spirroa lobata, Murr.

•*^- 8.Mlcl..(Wrlgbl):.

BDwnuD'aRoot. Qillenia triloliata, Meoench.

S. Ulcb. (Dull. Herb).
a»m™A«rl- As:

Snull-FlinKrtai
Afrlmoii;.

cuudun BqniM. Sanpuisorba Canadcusis, L.

a. kicblgun, (Wtl«bl).

Awoa. Geum albiim, Gmclin.

Sbaroorsiglniiw B.,3a Julia: n. uCIU

Geum Virjtinianum, L.

Ann ArlKir ; Ft. Gntlot.

i*J««^'^ Geum iiiafrnphytliim, Willd.

Ann ArliQr; Fl. Grillot ; EoU Btonc I. : Ol

*"""*■ Ann Arbor ; Uicklnav ; Lit. SI, Mutln'i 1

BirrenPlraw- TVolrlnt-^ir.;., f,-aif

Ctaqnecu Poteiililla Norrctrica. L. *

[.(COUDloi:, 21 July .

STATE GEOLOGIST.

261

fJommon CSnqne-
(bUfltre-flBgtr.

foa.

Potentilla Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Moat^ of SaglnAW R., 14 Jnnt; Ifonth Sebaw»-
ingR.,TaBcoU Go.

Potentilla argentea, L.

Ann Arbor, (Visa Clark).

Potentilla arj^uta, Pursh.

Gro8 Gap, L. Mich. , 18 Aag. ; Ann Arbor, (lIlM Clark).

surer-weod. Potentilla Anserina, L.

Shrubby Cinqne-
toU.

MarBhUre-
flngor.

Strawberry.

Strawberry.

Dallbarda.

t'urple Flowering
Raspberry.

White Flowering
Raspberry.

Dwarf Raepbcrry

Wil'l Red Rasp-
berry.

I {lack Raspberry,
Tbimblcbcrry.

<;ommon or High
Blackberry.

Low Backberry,
Dewberry.

Mouth of Sebawalng R., 14 June: shore of L. Huron, very common;
Drummond's I. ; Bruce Mine, Ca.; S. W. (Wright).

Potentilla fruticosa, L.

Ann Arbor; Thunder Bay Is.; Drnmrnondl I.; eommon on sandy and
gravelly shores as well as near marshes, sometimes 4X ^- hi night.

Potentilla palustris, Scop. (P. Comarum — W,)

Ft. Gratiot ; Sanlt Ste Marie, 88 July ; TnYene Qty ; a E. (Wright).

Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrhart.

Ann Arbor : 8. shore of Ssginaw &, 18 June ; Drummond's L ; IVaverso
City. More ccmmioa ttun the next, except northward.

Fragaria vesca, L.

Ann Arbor ; Middle I., L. Huron ; Huron Go. ; Madrteac.

Dalibarda repens, L. [D.fragaroides (vMaeMes) —

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Rubus odoratus, L.

Ft. Gratiot : Thandor Bay I. , 7 July : Prcsqu' Isle, abundant, 12 July ;
GroB Olp, L. Mich.

Eubus Nutkanus, Mocino.

Thunder Bay Ifl., 7 July ; Presqu' Isle, 12 July. Earlier out of blossom
than the Luit.

Rubus trillorus, Richardson. [R, saxatUis (var. Can-
adensh^j — W.]

Ann Arbor ; Ut. St. Martin's I., very abundant, trailing stems long and
slender, covering the ground in shade of forests.

Rubus stri<;;()SUH, Michx.

Middle I., L. Huron: Thtinder Bay K, alMindnnt; Bnis Blanc I. ; Su^ar
I., very ubtindant un<l v^ry prolitlc; l^mutet Co.; Mont Lake, (Miss
CLirk). Vi-ry oomm«m ejjp<:rlally ^lii-ro the frrouml has been burn-
over. Tho fruit i« largely m.-iuiifnctun^d Into " riuspborry Jam"
which is sent to all parts of the United s^iatoe and to the W. Indies.

Rubus occidcntalis, L.

Ann Arbor.

Rubus villoRus, Ait.

Ann Arbor; Middle I., U. Huron; Drummond's I.; Emmet, Antrim and
Grand Traverse counties, abundant.

var. fnmdosus. (Kfrondusus. — W.)

Traverse city; a E (Wright)."

Rubus Canadensis, L.

8sndPt.,8afflnaw B.;8aut St. Marie; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark i- Less
Gomnoii than the B. vOlonit; S. E. (Wright).

262

BannUgSWMnp Knbll:

REPORT UF THB

r a 1 tUal Uke, (Uto Otrt) i a. MIcb. (DMt. Sn).

limjiQifli MKk- Kiilnia trivialis, Ui.hx.

*"''■ 8. Hkli:iWrlgbt)^Uas(L^e,(MlBauk}. tdmUOttUiiiq^nlOMSI^

_ BuidB«».tbcrry. R„bn8 cnncif..liim, PurBli.

(S.) Uicli. (Uisii Cluk].

oimbtag or pr.i- K„Ba setigcra, Miclix.

Ho RiiMi. jKiBOB CO. ; Gr»i Us, (lliv CUrk).

Bmmpifcw. Rnga Ciirolina, L.

SI, JoKph'iL.STJuIr ; Adi Arlw

Dmrtwiw-ito«. Rosa lucida, Elirhart.

var. imivitiia-i.. (lilirtiuii). (h. parviJhrii—W.\

auti Ft., Srvtuw B. ; S. Xlcb. (WrIiblJ.

edutaUniM Cral«Eii3

prloclpu imrt of tba alirubbvj (■
nr alocg f rBTCIIy btAcbc* ; Uicklue ; kmautOk;
'ho moai rrrqiiubb reprvKuUitlTe oT ihik gdiiift.

iidiuit,19Julj-
h.

l.,&it\axw B.. IS Jane.

Bi^wPMr Cral»f;u8 tomoctosa, L.

^™™' AiiaArbofiEioBeI.,SiigUi«»B.,ISJQM.

var. pynlolm.

g»ut St. lUrlu; Add Arbor, (MIn Clirk).

var. [juiiutau. {V pundaia. — W.)

Au Arbor; EUna I,,Siigliuw a
Add Arbor.

OKktpoT-nKtD. Criitrojriis Crua-galli, L.
Oib Appia. PvniB coronaria, L.

Add Arbor.

Pynis arlmtifolia, L.

vur. iiiulaiiuuarpa. (P. melonocarpu. — IK)

Amelancliior CaondL-tifiiR, Torr. & Or.

Add Arbors Ek Joaephl I.; Norlliporti Ft. au CbsDi, L. Web.

va.. Uutrjapium, (A Bolry(qnum. — W.)
var. DLIongifulia.

6. tUcb. (UdIt. Bub].

STATE GEOLOGIST

263

Modlv-boih.

^T ffynonnlit-

Looscstrife.

^;>iked LooM-
Blriftt.

Swamp Looso-
■Uife.

Oreat Willow-
Btrb.

CbmtnoD Kve-
aiog-Primrose.

Bondrop*.

CUwra.
8Md-box.

var. rntundifulia. (-4. oualis. — W.)

S. Uioh. (Wright). •

var. uliiiiulia.

Prcsqu' Islo.

Viir. olifjocarpa, (A sanffuinea — TT.)

8. lUch. (Wright). •

. LYTHRACE^.

«

Amrnannia huniilis, Micbx.

8. Mich. (UDiv. Herb.)

Lythrum alatnm, Pursh.

& Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Lythrum Salicaria, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

NceaBa verticillata, H. B. K. (Decodon veriicillaium

8. Mich. (Wright). GroM lalc, (MLw Clark).
ONAGRAOEiB.

Epilnbium anp^nstifolinm, L.

Ft. Gratiot ; Alcona Co.. 1 July ; Thunder Baj, common ; DnimiDOiid%
I. , common * Bruce Vline, Oi. , common, a tingle specimen w«a foond
with wbitv« flowers ; L. 8up. : Pt. au Cbcne, L Mich. A Tory com-
moQ and coaspicuous herb, northward, rspecially where tbe grooad
hat been burned over or cleared for settlement.

Epilobium palastre, L. Var. lineare. (E. lineare —

W.)

8aat St. Marie. •

Epiloliium riiolle, Torr.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Epilobium coloratnm, Mulil.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Middle I. , L. nuron,8 Joly; flIsQt 81. Mario,
common; Pt.au Chcno, L. Mich., 10 Aug.; TraYorao City.

Q^]iiotbera biennifl, L.

Ann Arbor ; Thunder Bayls. ^8 July ; Sugar I. , common ; Msckinac; Grton
R.jEmmotGo.; 8. W. i Wright).

var. niuriciita, (CK muricaia. — W.) ^

S. W. (Wright).

G!!^nothcra fruticosa, L.

Ann Arbor.

(Enothera pumila, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Gaura biennis, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Lndwig'ia alternifolia, L.

8. W. (Wright).

V

Fiiaei^Miettrife. Ludwifj^ia polycarpa, Short & Peter.

8wampt, Mkhicaa, (Dr. Pitcher).

264

REPORT OF THE

Wtter Puntane.

Iboluuiter'i
Nlgbtahade.

Water MilfoU.

Ifare'a-tail.

Ludwigia palustris, Ell.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

Circsda Lutetiaua, L.

Ft. Gratiot :Pt. an Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aof.; Pint Lake,
Ang. tottnd in moist, cold woodlandi, not eommon.

CircaBa alpina, L.

Inn Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; St. Joeoph's I., 8 Aug.

Myriophyllum vcrticillatum, L

& Mich. (Wright).

Hippuris vulgaris, L.

a Mich. (Wright).

GROSSUIJICKA.

Go.,

WiMQoonbwry. Ribes Cynosbati, L.

Ann Arbor; Stone I. , Saginaw B. ; Drummond's I.

Smooth WUd
Gooeoberry.

Smooth Wild
Qoowberrx.

Ribes hirtellum, Michx.

Mackinac; Ann Arbor, (MlM Oark); Sitting Rabbit.

Ribes rotundifolium, Micbx. (R, triflorum. — W,)

at. Joseph's I. ; Sitting Rabbit; S. Mich. (Wright). The last two speotoa
or gooseberry were seen at Stting Rwbit growing within three
fcet of each other, In a beach composed of fragments of limfvtone,
Tery prolific. Though the former species is generally cultivated,
the laAter Is preferable, the fralt being larger, with a pleasant tart
in place of the flat sweetness of the former, and the branches less
thorny. Its branches are spreading or procumbent; those of the
fcH'mer erect and rigid. By this difference they are easily distin-
guished at a distance.

Swamp Goose- Ribes Isfbustrc, Poir.

berry

Drummond's I. ; Sitting Rabbit; Grand Traverse Go.

Fetid corrant. Ribes prostratum, LUIer.

St. Joseph's I.

Wild Bi«* OBf. Ribes floridum, VHen

rant

Red Currant.

Stone I., Saginaw B.; St. Joseph's I. ; S. Mich. (Wright).

Ribes rubniin, L.

Ann Arbor.

• rrcrHniiA'T.i:.

Wild Balsam- Ecliiiiuovsiis lobiitu. Ton*. <fc (.rr. (Mormordii-n echi-

applo. -

na((i— II .)

S. Mich. (Wright).

ti:AS>l I..\t:F..K.

Pitch stonocrop. Pentluinun sfMl.':(l<\s, L.

Ann Arbor.

.-AXlKr..\r.A('K.K.

Swamp saxiftragc gaxifragJi i^eiiiisylvanica, L.

Ann Arbor.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

295

OonunoB Afaun-
root.

Hikre-wort,
Bfdkop'iOH>.

Hitre-wort,
Bishop's Gap.

Heuchera Americana, L.

Ann Arbor.

Mitella diphylla, L.

Ann Arbor.

Mitella nuda, L. ( Jf. cordifolta. — W.)

Pt. aux Barqaes, L.*Htiron,21 June; Drnmmond'B I.; Piitsflold, (Hian
Clark).

Fatoe Mitre-wort. Tiarella cordifolia, L.

Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw Bay; Bear Greek, Emmet Co., very
abundant ; Branch Lake, Antrim Go. , 80 Aug.

<;oideB8axifira«e. Ohrjsosplenium AmericauuD), Schwein.

a W. (Wright).

HA.\rAMELACEJ..

Witch-Hasel.

Hamarnt'lis Virjjinica.

Ann Arbor: llackinao; Thtyerseaty; S. W. (Wright).

I'MBELLIFER.!:.

Marsh Penny-
wort.

Hydrocotyle Americana, L.

Saut St. llarie,.80 Julj; Ann Arbor, /MtA=> riark^V

Ilydrocotyhj umbellata.' L

S. W. (Wright).

Sanicula Cauiulensis. i..

Ann Arbor.

Sanicula Marilandica, L.

Ft. Gratiot; shoro of Saginaw B. , common; Drummond's I. ; Pt. aa Choac,
L. Michigan; & Mich. (Wright).

Eryngium yiicctc folium, Micljx. {E.aquaticum—W.)

S. W. (Wright).

Polyta'uia Xuttallii, DC.

8. Mich. (Wright).

(>>w Parsnip. Hpviicleuiii lanatum, Michx.

Ann Arbor ; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June : Port Hope, Ucron Co.,
- abundant and very li^rgt* : St. ilelena I. , L. Mich.

Marsh Penny-
wort.

Sanlclo, Black
Snakcroot.

.Sanlcle, Black
Soakeroot.

Rattlesnake-Mas-
ter, Button
Snakeroot.

< 'ommon Pars-
nip.

Cowbanc.

Arcbangelica.

(ilreat Angelica.

Pastinivca nativa, L.

Ann Arbor ; Bois Blanc I.

Archemora rigida, DC. var. ambigua, (J. ambigtui

— W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Achangelica hirsuta, Terr. & 6r. (^Angelica trigui-,
nala. — W.)

Emmet Ck>.; S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss GUrk).

Arcbangelica atropurporea, Hofifm. (Angelica atro-
purpurea. — ^W.)

Abb Arbor.

u

BEPORT OF THE
mbarl

■rlghl).

TFmiip. Tliaspiiim aiireu

viir. siptfnim. (Zizia aurea. — W.)

a. Uldh. (Wright).

■ parmip. Thaspiim trifoliatum, Gray, var. aptor
C!r (Zizia cordala.—W.)

S. W. (Wrlghl).

m Clinw, L. lOeh. ; Hu^liiaff, (HM Out).

Ci7ptot»i-ia Canadensis, DC.

H^Bw« Osmorhiza breriRtylis, PC.

^°^' Ft. Crnllol, Bhoro of SoglBiiw B»j,38 JuBs; PI. i

Ann Arbor. Tbs preVMllLag ■[kcIul

FD1)»B Hemlock.

Coniiini maciiliitiim, L.

UacLtnae, comojoB.

„.jj„

EHfroniabiillKsa, Nntt,

Ana ArlMir, tlllw Oirk).

ABAUACE.fi.

qilbmud.

Aralia racemosr.. L.

Ana Arbor; Sugar l.,ai JaJj; Uackliuc, (lt\m Out). Not oammon.

Ikler.

Aralia liiBpida, Mii-lix.

LlIlct..lEiDQiet»i.;Forl'Htiroa,ilu»CUrl[). '

Aralia nuHicauIiB, L.

Aralia qiiinquefulia, Qray. (Panax qu^ttqwflJli^m.

B.W. (Wrlgtit);SutSt.llute,udADaArl>«r,(IItnavk;.

Aralia trifulia. Gray. (Panax Irifolium. — W.)

STATE GEOLOGIST.

261

CORNACEJS.

Dwtrf Omiel,
Bonch-berry.

Ftoworing Dog-
wood.

Boond-IeaTOd
Gornttl.

SUkj GorncI,

Kionlkionik.

Bad-otlor Dog-
wood.

FInlcIad Onvol.

Ali^TBato-leavod
Gomel.

Pqpperidgei
Tupelo.

TWin flower.

Wolf-berry.
BMwberrj.

TeDow Honey-
■QCfcJe.

BDin Honey •

HiiryBoney•
■OGkle.

Ry BoDeysocUe.
Biuh Hooey-

OomiiR CanadensiR, L.

Ft. Gratiot: 8. shore of 8igiaaw R, 18 Jane; Drnmmond*! I., oommon^
Sugar 1.' t't. Heleua I.; EinmctCo., common; Leelanuw Co.- 1 lUa-
fluid, (Uia Cl&rk;. Very common and widely diffused, nortuward.

Connis flop W a, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

•

CorniiR circjnata, L'Her.

False Presvu' Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; 8. Mich. (Wright).

CorniiB sericca, L.

Ann Arbor.

Cornns stolonifera, Michx.

stone I. , Saginaw B. , 10 June ; Sand danea of Ottawa Co. , 80 Aug. ; Ann
Arbor.

Cornus paniculata, L'EIer.

Ann Arbor ; Stone 1., Saginaw Bay., 10 Jane; Bear Creek, Emmet Go.

CorniiB altPrnifnlia, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Little l^avcrso Bay.

Nyssa multiflora, Wang.

Ann Arbor; Bloomfleld, Oakland Co.
CAPRlFOUACEJi:.

Linncea boreal is, Gronov.

Pt.au Chapeou, Saginaw Bay, 18 June; shores of Lakes Huron and
Michigan, very abundant.

Syippboi'icarpiis occidentalis, R. Br.

'Fbrt Gratiot, (Austin).

Sjmphoricarpus racomosus, Michx.

Pt. an Chapeau, Sag. Bay, 18 June; Alpena Co.

Lonicera flava, Sims.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Lonicera parviflora, Lam.

Drammond's L, common.

vai*. Doii^luBsii.

Ann Arbor; Pt. aax Barques, L. Huron, 10 Jane; Drummond's L

Lonicera hirsnta, Eaton

Charity Is.. Seginaw Bay, 27 Jane; Dnunmond's L', common: Pt. an
Cbene, L Mich.

Lonicera ciliata, Mubl. (Hylosteum ciliaium, — ^W.)

Sogar Island.

Diervilla trifida, Mcench. (D. Oanadenns. — W.)

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. an Barqoes, L. Huron, 10 June; shore of L.
Huron, very common; St. Heleiia I. : Emmet, Antrim and Lselnnnw
ooontlcs, very common; Sugar L, aoandant. ^

Triostcum perfoliatum, L.

Ann Arbor: Ft. Gratiot.

268 REPORT OP THE

oauiunBdn'. gambucns CanadeDBiB, L.

M^mrfiB- gambucua putiCDS, MJchz. (S-pubeacent. — W.)

**"' Atm Aibor: Boii Buc 1.; Drnmmtadl I.:Pt.M Omw, t. Ukth.;

Tnrerw aiy. Hon conunOD BOrtlnnrd Uun tha lut.

8«»otTibnrnn(B. Vibumiim Lpntago, L.
Downr *J"*- Viburnum pubescena, Purali.
>upi«-i«"d Viburnum acerifolium, L,

Airow-wood. ^^ Aibor^. Gr»tloi; S. «liore of 8«lD»w &T, !» Jam; Hlntoa n.,

onhbttTf-tnt. Viburnum Opulue, L ( V. oxycoccus.— W.)

Adb Arbor: Ft. Gretkili atiors or Btgliuir Bif; St. Jtatfb't l: Bnacb
Uic, Astrim Cl>., iboodut iloiig (he muibf mirflii e[ laartrar.

in Arbor, (HbaOu-k).

RoB^h Bcd*if»w Galium aeprellam, Micbx.

One ppoclmeD m^uured 6 n. 5 In. 1nhl^hi,clLmbljigiuiEl lekalcf fm

Galium conciunum, Ton-, fi Gr.
i9nuUB»i4tnw- Galium trifidum, L.

Adb Arbor; & iihgre of Sugluw Ikf ; But St. kUrlc, 99 Jnlj,

var. tinctoiinm, (O. tinctorium, — If.)

a. ahore of Sugiiuw Ht-y, conunoD; B. HIcb., (Wrlgbl).

var. latiiyium, (G. ofidwHm.— II'.)

S. HIcb., (Wright).

SwwiaMnifti Galium trifli)riim, Jliclix.

Bedilraw. wiLlow rlypr.titiorsor Fag, Btj,ao Junc,«oniinoD; Br«« mae,Oi.,Xl

July; 8t, Ili.-I»iia 1.; Aon Arbor, (Hlaa CUrk). Tor; caBinon

Galium i.ilosum, Ait.

Ann Arbor, (HM> Cl»n<); B. Mich., (Pnlv. Hub.)

wild Uquork*.

Galium i^iicivsana, Miclix.

Ann Arbor; Fi. Gratiot.

WlWLIquOriM,

Galium laiiceolatum, Tnrr,

a. Wob. (WrKbt).

Northern Bod

Galium borcato, L

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratkit; S. abora oT Saginaw Bay.

Batton-bub.

CcplialanthiiK occidental is, L.

Ann Arbor.

P4rtrldri-t»rry

Mitcbella repens, L.

Ft.araUot;EBimot Co.,oOBin™; S. W. (WriiblJ;

STATE GEOLOGIST.

269<

Blaets.

Oldenlandia purpurea.

Ann Arbor.

var. longifolia.

& Mich., (Univ. Berb); Dover, (MIm Clark).

var. ciliolata, -{B, cUiolata. — W,)

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Valerian.

Valerian.

Com Salad,
Lamb-Lettttco.

VALERIANAOEie.

Valeriana sjlvatica, Richards.

Ann Arbor.

Valeriana edulis, Nutt.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Fedia radiata, Michx.

Low groondB and moist fields, (Dr. Pitcher).

wad Teasel.

DIPSACE^.

Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill.

Ann Arbor.

Iron- weed.

Iron- weed.

Blazing Star.

Button Snake-
root.

Batton Skiake-
root.

Gay-Feather.

Batton Snake-
root.

Kahnia.

Joc-Pye Weed,
Tmmpet-Weed.

Upland Boneeet.

Torooghwort.
Boneaet.

COMPOSn-iE.

Vernonia Noveboracensia, Willd.

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Vernonia fasciculata, Micbz.

S. W. (Univ. Herb).

Liatris squarrona, Willd.

Ann Arbor.

Liatris cylindracea, Michx.

S. Mich., (Wright).

Liatris scariosa Willd.

i

Ann Arbor.

Liatris spicata, Willd.

S. W. (Wright).

Liatris pycnostachya, Michx.

Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). ?

Kuhnia cupatorioides, L.

a Mich. (Wright).

Eupatorinm purpureum, L.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I; Brace Mine, Ga., common; Pt. au CSiene, L.
Mich. : Mission Point; Sant St. Marie, common; Branch Lake, An-
trim Co., abundant.

var. maculatum, (E amoenum. — W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

, Eupatorinm sessilifolium, L.

a Mich., (Wright).

Eupatorium perfoliatum, L.

Ann Arbor; Dnunmond's I., 22 JoJj.

REPORT OP TQB
**•■ Eupafiiium agoraloidoa, L.

a>ii*-f«i. Timsila-o Fi.rfara, L.

SiulEt. Uarl?, (WbllDej).

CMrmlml A.Mr. AkIit cnryniLosUB, Ait
B. Hlcb. (Wrlgbt).

GUkj liter.

i^J^'** Aalprlaxir.iliua. Neea.

L. IluroB, (Dr. Piiihor.)

■ Aster patens, Ait.

var. [ililoEil*p|iua.
AoD Arbor, (Wra Clark).

Aster licviB, L.

vigatua.

ArrMrL»

rod

A»t<'r snp

Aan Arbor

ritlif.liiH. \V

; SI. Joseph's 1. 6

ilM.
Aug.;

a w. (Coi». HBTb).

Hath-lLtB

Altsr.

ARtor eri,

-riirlcH.

L.

Ar(«r

.pn-ort).

HUT now

..rod

Aster mil

I.ifl..ni

,M9rpl.,

8, Ait.

nmoD

-miiHui

•m

Aster Tit

idcscai

ni. L.

Aster miner, L.. Ait.

Rar Crok, Emmcl Co., M iaxs-; Aim Amar, (KM Qufc)-

Aster simplBX, Willd.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

8tl

Asler.

As tor.

Vow England
Aster.

fibsTp liCaTOd
Astor.

Lofly Aster.

6t9matatiT»
AsUir.

Horse- weed,
Botter-weod.*

Bobin*8 Flsntaia.

FlaalMUM.

Dslsj FloslNine,
Gwooi Scabtoos.

Dsity Flesbaae.

Qoldea-rod.

Aster carncns, Nccb.

Pt. an Chene, L. Mk:h., 18 Aug.

Aster longifolius, Lam. (A. laxus, — W,)

Ann ArlMr.

Aster NovaB AnglifiB, L.

Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Aster acnminatiia, Micbx.

" S. Micbigaa,?'* (Wright).

Aster prsBalriiR, Poir. {"A, Holicifoliitft,?" — W )

S. Ifich., (Wright). As this spoci -s is not embraood in Grayls Maaoa^
Wright's detjrmhiation may bo regarded as cxoeodlngij doubtfbL

Astor ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray.

Drummond's 1., 10 Aug.- S. R (Univ. Herb).

Erigcron Cai»a(U'ii«e, I-.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Saut St. Marie; Leelanaw Co. ; Usdclnao;
Port Huron, (Miss Clark); 8. W. (Wright). Very commoQ erery-
where.

En'geroii bellidifoliura, Muhl.

Ann Arbor.

Jlrigeron Philadelphicnm. L.

Ann Arbor; Stooe I., Ssginaw B., 10 Jane; Dmnuwrnd*! L, SB Ji^y.

Erigeron annuum, Pers. (E. heterophyllum. — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Erigeron striffosum, Mulil.

Ann Arbor; S. shore of Sag. Bay, 21 June; Dmmmomd't I., 9 Ang .

Sol id ago bicolor, L.

GroeCkp, L. Mich.,18 Aug. Rare.

var. concnior.

rt. au Chenc, L. Mich.; Drommond*8 I., oommon; Sugar L, werj com-
mon; Alcona Co.

Solidago latifolia, L.

Ann Arbor.

Solidago csBsia, L. (8. axiUaris and flexicaulis,

— W.)

Ann Arbor, oommon ; Bear Creek, Emmet Co., M Aog ; TraTeno Cltjs
Korthport. Common tn iho sanuy soil of Knunol, Antrim, Graua
Traverse and Luoianaw counllva.

Solidago pubonila, Nutt.

Prcaqu' Isle Co. . 18 July, growing In a ssadj beach ; Ei. Joseph's I., 8
Aug.. growing amung other herbs and surobs, hi a gravelly soil, •
few roJs firom tlM water.

Solidago striata, Ait.

Drummond's I.

S<i1idago speciosa, Natt.

Ann Arbor.

var. angustata.

Ann Arbor.

REPORT OF THB

SolidBfTo patula, Muhl.

Solidii)^o argutii, Ait.

var. juncca, (S.juncea — W.)

B.Mleh.,'(Wrlg(ii).

var. Bcabrella,

Sulidago

' .Svlidiifrci CanHdiMtsin, L.

MDArbar;DTuniiiHind'aI.. X( Jarr.oomiooD; SMl H.1tuMi; E

C(>.,&iiimu;NorUiporl,coBiiii«ii;9. W. (Wright).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

273

Gbp-pkat

Great BagwMd.

Bonum Worm-
wood, Hogwoed,
Bitter-weed.

ObcUebor.
Ootbor.

Ox-^ye.

Pan^ Gone-
flower.

Gone-flower.

Oone-flower.
Obne- flower.
Gone-flower.

tonflower.

Sonflower.

Sunflower.

Sonflower.

Sunflower.

Sunflower.

Silphiam perfoliatom, L.

8. Mkb. (Wright).

Ambrosia trifida, L.

a Mich. (Wright) ; Groes ble, S Aug. (Mlas Clark.)

Ambrosia artemisisefolia, L. (^A.'datior. — W,)

Ann Arbor; very oonimoo.

Xanthium strumariam, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

var. echiDatum.

& Mich. (UniT. Herb).

*

Heliopsis Isevis, Pers.

Ann Arbor ; 8. W. (Wright).

var. scabra.

Ann Arbor, (Mln CUu>k).

Echinacea purpurea, Mo&nch. (Budbeckia purparea
— W,)

B. W. (Univ. Herb).

Rudbeckia laciuiata, L.

Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 94 Aug.; 8..W. (Wright) ; Northfleld, (MIm
Clark).

Rudbeckia specioaa, Wender.

Ann Arbor.

Rudbeckia fulgida, Ait.

Ann Arbor, (Mies Clark).

Rudbeckia hirta, L.

Ann Arbor; Pt. an Chapean, Saginaw Bay, 18 Juno; Drammond'sl

Lepacbys pinnata, Torr & Gr. (Budbeckia pinnata.
—W.)

B. Mich. (Wright).

Helianthns rigidus Desf.

Ann Arbor, 6 ft. in height.

Helianthus occideDtalis, Riddcll.

S. W. (Univ. Herb.)

Heliantbus giprantcus, L. (H, giganieus and aUis-
simus — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Heliauthus divaricatus, L.

Ann Arbor.

Heliantlius hirsutus, Haf.

Ann Arbor, 28 Sept. ; & W. (Univ. Herb).

Helianthus strumosus, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Helianthus tracheliifolius, Wild.

S.Mich. (Wright).

35

REPORT OF THE

Ilulianthua doronicoides, Lam.

Ann Arbor, (Utrt Cluk).

Actinomeria aquarrosa, Nutt.

S. Hkch. (Wright).

Coreopeia palmata, Nuti

a. Hkb. (Wrigbl].

*~w»a«- Bidensconnata, Mnhl. (SprtioWd— it:)

^^ a Mtch. (WrL«hl).

Bor-ibrifoiJ. Bid©D8 ceiTiua, L.

a Ukb, (Wr)(M).

Dar-MttHoid. fiidena chryaanthemoidw, Miohx.

Hclenium aatumnale, L.

msl at.; NOctkpMt. Varj oomaw

Y«row, Milfoil. Achillea Millefolium, L.

Aon Arbor; Suna I., St^tMW Buf; Drummmil'i L; Stat Bt. Uvl*.
Cbmmon.

Oi«;< Dalg;.

ttmrnOB Tsnij. TanacctUED

STATE GEOLOGIST.

376

W«tterB]fag-

wort.

Evorlaatlng.

Gommon Ever-
lasting.

Low-Cadweed.

Piaarly Ererlut-
iog.

Ptentaln-loaTed
ErerlMting.

Klreweed.

Pato IntflMi Ftaa>
tain.

Taberov Indtaa
Plantain.

Oomman Ground'

Ml.

Ctolden Ragwort
dqoaw-waed.

(Xmunon Ihlitio.

cSwamp Tlilstle.

Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt.
yar. gnaphalodes.

(Univ. Horb).

Gnaphalium d^currens, Ives.

Saat St. Marie, (Whitney).

Gnaphalium poljcepbalum, Michx.

Ann Arbor.

Gnaphalium uliginosum, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot, (Mlaa Clark).

Antennaria margaritacea, R. Rr.

Mackinac, 19 July.

Antennaria plantaginifolia, Hook. (On(iq>halium
plantagineum — W.)

Ann Arbor; Stone L, Saginaw B.

Erechthitea bieracifolia, Raf. Senecio hieracifoHus

—W.)

LeOanaw Go., lOSept.; S MIoh. (Wright). CbmoMm. eapedaQy In the
Tteinlty of reeent clearlngn after thegrondhaa been burned over,
whence It receive! Ua popokr luakM.

Cacalia atriplicifoliay L.

& Mich. (Wright).

Cacalia tuberosa. Mutt.

& Mk:h. (Wright).

Cacalia suaveolens, L.

Lodl, (Mlaa Clark).

Senecio vulgaris, L.

8. W. (Wright).

Senecio aureus, L.

The Cove, L. Huron, 1 July: S. Mleh. (Untv. Herb).

var. oboratus.

Ann Arbor.

var. Balsamitae. (Senecio Balaamitae — W.)

Middle I. , L. Huron, 1 July; Drummond's I., conunon: & Michigan.

i Wright). Throughout the northern ehorea of liuwsHaron and
llch., this variety is very common.

Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. (Cnicus lanceolatt^ —
W.)

' Ann Arbor, oonuncm : Mdekinar.

Cirsium Piicheri, Torr. & G. (Cnicus Piicheri — W,)

Sand Pt. Saginuw R, 17 Juno ; Emmet Co. Sandy shores.

Cirsium undulatum, Spreng.

Drummond'n I. ; 21 July.

Cirsium discolor, Spreng. (Cnicus discolox — W,)

& Mich. (Wright).

Cirsium muticum, Michx. (Cnicus gliUinosus — W,)

Bruce Mhie, Ga., 96 July ; Dmmmond*8 L; Bmmet Co.; 8. Michigan
(Wright).

ate

PutoreThliUa.

REPORT OF THE

"T. Cichorium Intybus, L.

"- Delroll, (MIMOwk).

ifDudauon, Krigia Virginica, Willd.

Pucnln, 3tj Co., 3t Juw, rjcb, asuDpr uU; "Beekunf," (IUm

''^ Cynthia Virginica, Don. (Krtgia amplexicaulia —

W.)

Add Arbor. commOD ; Ft. GnOM ; Ft. ma Grt*, L. HiirMl.

Hieraciatn ecabmm, Mich. (M. marianum — W.)

Ann Arbor; Bwd dDneiof EDuuia.,!! Aug.: 8. HiOi. (VrkU);
I>ottHo™,(llli«CtaTk).

BiwkwMd.
Hnirr Hkwk-

PulclMl H»wk-

Vbll« Lelloce.

lUITUIaUt-

NabaluH albue, Hook.

Add Arbor; Pt. laCbene, L.lllcta.,lB Aof..

Tar. SerpPDtaiia, {PrenanAea Scrpenlaria—

Ann Arbor; a W. (Wrlghl).

Nabalns altiseimns, Hook.

w.y

Hook. (Prenantkee nuxmosa —

tV.)
Ebor^Df L. Ulch.,Dnr silting Rsbbll; B. V. (Wrlgfat).

Taraxacum Deni leonis, Desf. (£eon/orfon Taraxa-
c,,m-W.)

Add Arbn; Saglnav Oiy; Stat St. Huio; S. W. (Wrlgbt).

Lactuca clongata, Muhl. *

S. W, (Wrighi).

var, siinguinca, Bigl. (L. tanguinea — W.)

S. W. (Wrlghl).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

211

tace.

Spiny-leaTdd
aov-ThlaUe.

O&rdlnal Flower.
Qreat Lobelia.

HvebelL

ICanh Bellflower.

TbU Bellflower.

Teniu*i LooUng -

flMS.

Blae Tuigle,
Dugleberrx.

Black Hackle-
berry.

flHoall Cranberry.

CommoD Amori-
eaa Cranberry.

Bwarf Blaeberry

Mulgedium lencophaeum, DO.

Ft. Gratiot; St. Joeeph'B I. , common along St. Mary*! River.

Sonchus asper, Vill. (8. oteracetLS, var, asper^^W.)

a K. (Wright).

LOBELIACK£.

Lobelia cardinalis, L.

Inn Arbor ; Bear Creek, Enunet Go., 24 Aog.

Lobelia syphilitica, L.,

Ann Arbor ; Branch Lake, Antrim Ob. , 80 Ang.

Lobelia spicata, Lam. (L, ClayUmiana — W.)

Ann Arbor ; Ft Gratiot ; moatk of Suglnaw R., 24 Jane ; Thonder Baj ;
Drummond'i L

Lobelia Kalmii, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Drommond'a L, 2ft JoJty ; 8. W. (Wright).
CAMPANXTLACBLfi.

Campanula rotundifolia, L.

Ann Arbor. Ft. Grattot.

var. liuifolia.

Ann Arbor ; S. shore of Sagtnaw Bay, common. This is a rery deltoait
an 1 pretty species, occurring constantly and in erery Tariety of
Bitoatkm. At Saginaw Bay it was in bloom in the middle of June,
and was still abundantly in bkMHom Aog. 10th, at Grand TraverM
Bay.

Campanula aparinoides, Pursh. (0, erinoidea — W,)

St. Mary's Blrer, Zl July; 8. Mkdi. (Wright).

Campanula Americana, L.

Ann Arbor.

Specularia perfoliata, A. DC.

a E. (Univ. Herb).

ERICACEJI

Gaylussacia frondosa, Torr. & Gr.

Ann Arbor.

Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. & Gr. ( Vaocmium re^
sinoftum — W.)

Ann Arbor; Grand Traverse Co. '

Vacc.inium Ozycoccus, L.

Anu Arbor.

Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait. {Oxycoccus macrooar'
pvA — W.)

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).

Vaccinium Pennnylvanicum, Lam.

Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I. , northern part. Abundant akng the Osnadft
Shore of St. Mary's R. , prodncing abandance of fruit in the spsns
■oil of the boUows and erertces of metanuMrphio rooks; 8. MMl
(Wright).

REPORT OF THE

law Huflbeiry. Yaccinum vacillana, Sulander.

St. Joeepb'i 1.; camman In Qamet, Antitin, Qmul TnnrMkMIaah-
u> couDltn. S. Mich. (UeIt. Herb).

Chiogenea hiBpidnla, Torr. & Gr. (OavUheria hiepi-
dula—W.)

B.IUch.,(WrUbt).

Arctostapbylofl Uva-arei, Spreng. (Arbutus Uva-
urai~W.)

Btmrea of L. Hnroi STCrywhert, T«t7 ooBmm ; 8. Wch. (Wrifhl).

jjOUjArtojoi. EpigiBa^repena. L.

Ganltheria procnmbens, L.

JIaane Co. -, OtUwi CD. ; (bona g( L.
L. lUcb.. SBimet. ioIjwImiw Co.

Uke, {llluCUrk).

a, Tary aoiaDMio : lit

Cassandra calycnlata, Don. (Andromeda calyculala

Andromeda polifolia, L.

S. Hlcb. rwrlgbl); Ann Arbor, (KlHOu-k). A Ihrtlb not dktlDCQlib-
(ble from tbta na Iwn it tbs mrmih oT S^tuw R. , Jum It, with
corDlls dark poiple, awn waDllDg, pedicel iui browD l)i ]a, long _

Bij.o

Ealmia ^lauca, AiL

S. Il[cb. (Wrlgbt).

Ledum latifoHura, Ait.
Pyrola rotundifolia, L.

Ft. Orillol^ n. mFataSucn.lB Jim; Bt. JoMph'a I.,LltUs Gl, Hu
• llo'Bl.;DriimnKiDd'aL,eniim<B;&lUcb, (Wclibt).

var. asarit'ulia.

Tha Cbve, L. Burm, 1 July.

Pyrola elliptica, NuU.

Abu Arbor; Tb* COts, L. Hnra
Tr«»et« Co.

Pyrola chlorantha, Swurtz.

Ft. GriUot.

' Pyrola aecunda, L.

Ft OnUot; thaOoTB, I. HoroB) Bt. JoHph'iI. ; DnunmoBd'i L ; S. W

(Wrlgbt).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

2t9

Qne-flowered Fy-

TOU.

PrinceB Pine,
PIpslssewa.

Pfanedropfl.

Indian Plpei
OOrpM-PbAt

Pine SftPi Fftlae
Baech Drops.

BUek Alder,
Winterberrj.

MonntAln Holly.

Oommon Plan-
tain.

RfbgraM.Ripple-

sraB8, English
Plantain.

Bird's eye Prim-
rose.

Gbiclc-Wioter-
green.

LooecEtrife.

Moneses uniflora, Gray.

Ft. Gratiot j^Uttle St. Martin's I. , IT July, sweet scented.

Chimaphila umbcllata, Nutt. ^Fyrola umbeUata —
W.)

Ft. Gratiot ; L. Haron, Alcona Go. ; L. Sap.; a IUoIl (Wright).

Pterospora ADdromedea, Nutt.

Sltttaig Rabbit, 17 Aag.

Monotropa uniflora, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Sitting rabbit.

Monotfopa Hypopitys, L.

Ft. OratkX, (Aostin).

AQUIFOUACEAC.

Ilex verticillata, Gray.. (Prinas verHciUatua — W.)

& W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (IfiSB Clarlc).

Nemopanthes Canadensis, DC.

a Mich. (Wright).

PLANTAGIKACEJL

m

Plantago major, L.

Abu Arbor; fiaat Ste Marie; Msckhiafl.

Plantago cordata, Lam.

TosooUqi.; S.^ich. (Wright).

Plantago lanceolata, L.

Ann Arbor.

PRIMULA CE^.

Primula farinosa, L.

Drmmond'8 I.

Primula Mfstassinica, Michx.

S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Trieutalis Americana, Pursh.

Ft. Gratiot; Pt. auz Barques, Sag. B.,tl Jane; St. Joseph's 1.; Ann
Arbor, (Miss darlc).

Lysimachia stricta. Ait.

Ft. Gratiot; Sant St. Marie, 28 July; a Mich. (Wright).

Lysimachia quadrifolia, L.

Ann Arbor.

Lysimachia ciliata, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.

Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt,
var. hybrida. (L. hybrida — W.)

8. W. (Wright).

Lysimachia longifolia, Parsh. (L, revoluta — W.)

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

380 , REPORT OF THE

TurtBdt*™- Nauraburgia thyrsiflora, Reich. {L. Capilata — W.)

" '■ Add Arbor; DrummoDil't I., CLHucsoa In awiunpfwll: StnrfMa Pt.,

aoJuDo.
OMBBiini Hmpor- AnagalHs arvensia, L.

AnaArtmr, (UlHCUrk).

Samolu-1 Valcrandi, L.

L0dJ,<IIUsClBrk}.

Tar. Ami-ricaDua.

N. W. (Dniv. HBrb.)

LENTIDCLACEA.

vulgaris, L. (0

(fii); (kpa Ippcrwub, '

- Utricularia minor, L. (V.gibba — W.)-
Utricularia intermedia, Hayne.
Utriciilaria purpurea, Walt.

S. Kicb. (Wrlghl).

Utricula'ia cornuta, Micbz.

Pt. u Ohu, L Mtcb., II Adc. ; a Web. (Uolr. Barb) ,

CoDopUolia Aoiericana, Wallroth. (OrsbancKt

Aon Arbor; Ft, Grsllot; B. W. (Wrlgbl).

Aplijilon uniflorum, Torr. &. Gr. {Ombanche ttm-

SCROPHDLABIAOSilE.

■ Vcrbascum Thapatit

IUdI^i GnMKka; AuArbor.cominiai

Moib KoUeiD. Vcrbascum Blattaria, L.

.'liJt 1 a Mwb. (Wrlgbl).

WMi\»i-Fi". Linariu Ciinadcnais, Spreng.

fcn>A ■'^■' S..Uorca.g.o.»B.,17J«M.

To*i-Fiii, Bui- Ltnaria vultraria, Uill.

t>r-iuiiJ-rgK>, Aon Arbor.

Figwort. Scropliularia notlusa, L. {S. MarUandica and Itm-

ctu^lala — If.)

Aon Arbor ; S. W. (WrWbt).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

281

Turtle-head)
fioako-head.

Beard-toDgne)
Penstemon.

Monkey-Flower.
Mtokej-Flower.
Monkey-Floirer.

Hedfe Hyuop.

False Pimpernel.

i^nlbyriB.

American Brook-
lime.

OalTer's-root,
ddrer'a Fhjaie.

W aUr Speedwell.

Chelone glabra, L.

Ann Arbor ; " Nobis" R., Lsi Croix, Emmot Co.; S. W. (Wright). Its
leaTes yary from >{ la. to 1}^ laches in diameter.

PentstemoTi pubcsceus, Solander.

Aim Arbor, common.

Mimulus rin^ens, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright). «

Mimulus alatus, Ait.

8. W. (Wright).

Himalus Janiesii, Torr.

Mackinac, 17 July, abundant near the cool spring at the base of " Rob-
inson's Folly ;" St. Helena I., Straits of Mackinac, 20 Aug., abundant
in wet, rich, low marshus. The plant is not always ** twtoolhJ*
being sumetimos pubescent on the oaiyx, peduncles and 1ow<t sio*
of the leaves. Both at Mackinac and St. Helena L it was in oom-
^ pany with VermUea iLaMricana, Sckweinitt.

Gratiola Virginiana/ L.

& Mich. (UnlT. Herb).

Iljsanthes gratioloides, Benth. [Lindernia aUenu-
Ota and dilcUata — W.)

8. Mich. (Wright); Port Huron, (Miss Clark).

Syntliyris Iloughtoniana, Bontb.

High prairies and bills, S. Mich. (Wright).

Veronica Americana, Svliweinitz. (F. Beccabunga
-W.)

Ann Arbor ; the Core, L. Huron, 10 July ; Maoklnao. Oommon.

Veronica Virginica, L.

Ann Arbor.

Veronica Anagallis. L.

Ann.Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Marsh spewiweu. Veronica scutellata, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

Comm(m8psed-
woU.

Alpine Spssd*
weU.

Thytne-IeaTod

Speed Wdll,
Paul's Batony.

Meokweed, Purs-
lane Speedwell.

Ctom 4>e6dwell.

Veronica officinalis, L.

Ann Arbor.

Veronica alpina, L.

Sant St. Marie, 28 May.

Veronica serpyllifolia, L.

Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ck., 96 Joly.

Veronica peregriua, L.

Ann Arbor, common.

Veronica arvensis, L.

Ann Arbor, common.

Buchnera Americana, L.

& W. (Wright); Mont Laks (Miss Clail^.

35

REPORT OF THE

Oerardia aspera, DoDgl.
- Qerardia tenutfolia, Vahl.

ilPl.u CkcM,L.Vleb., ■limHi>lli>

aoHnUiPilsir

Gerardia qucrcifolia, Furah, (G. glauoa — W.)

S. W. (Wrli1it);l[<nlUks,IJTliisnonOD., QBmCltik).

ft^iet p«iBtwi- CaBtilleia coccinea, Spreng. (Evchroma cocein^ —

Ann Arbor, eoranuD; Ft. Gntkil: Honlti atglDiw K.i nrietr wUta
i; Baal Bt. Kule.

Wood BBUnjr,

wkl, UJnne] Mlcttucj Drtul

Pedicularia CaoadeoBis; L.

Ann Arbor, nimlnim; FilM Fr«(qD' bl«, L-Hnnn; Sunrl.: S
(Wrigbl).

Melampyrum Amcricauum, AHchx.

Fl. OriLLol; FnlBC PrcKiu' Iste, L HQron.ll Julj: Dniniinaiid'i l.nrT
common;!, f up.; Honl Lak<^, (Hiu Clark).

Diantlicra Americana, L.

DipteracanlhuB Btrepcns, Sees, {RuelUa Hrepewt-

W.)

S. Mich. (Wrlghl).

. TERBBNACBjfi.

Verbena urticifolio

STATE GEOLOGIST.

283

Lopsecd.

Phrynia Lcptostachya, L.

Ft. aa Chenc, 18 Aug.; a Mich. (Wright).

Oermaader,
Wood Sage.

POppOTBltDt.

WUd Mint.
Bogle W60d.

Water Bore*
bound.

Bynop.

Moontaln Miat,
-^ sll.

Mountain Mint.
Bull.

CUamlnth.

BUU.

American Penny-
royal.

Bone Balm,

Rich-weed,

SCooe-Root.

Oswego Tea,
Bee Balm.

Wild Bcrgamot.

Horse-mint.

LABIATE.

Teucrium Canadense, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wrigbt).

Mentha Piperita, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wrigbt).

Mentha Canadensis, L. (if. horealis — W.)

Ann Arbor ; Brooe Mine, Ck. , S6 July ; Draaunoiid'f I. ; Sugar L Com-
mon about the shore* of L. Huron.

Lycopus Virginicns, L.

Ann Arbor ; Bruce Mine, Ck., 26 July : Pte Ste Ignaee, common, ootoDa
baa five almoet equal lobes, prooablv owteg to the large opper
lobe being 2-ckft, and often a aBali additional calyx tooth betwvm
the bases of the r^ular ones.

Lycopns Earopseus, L.

S. Mich. (Wright). '

var. Hinuatus.

Bmmmond 's L , 23 July .

Hyssopns officinalis, L.

8. W. (Dniv. Herb).

Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, Pursh. (P. Virginicum
-W.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Pycnanthemnm linifoHum, Pursh.

Ann Arbor, moist woods and exsiccated swamps.

Calamintha glabella, Benth. var. Nnttallii.

Drummond's I., 22 July*, in crevices of limestone rooks, very common.
This plant has a strong savor like the AMariean Pamjfrvjfol. for
which it is often mistaken, especiully by the settlers throughout
the northern lake shores where tlM true Awurioan PcM^froyat has
not, as yet, been found; S. E. (Wright).

Calamintha Clinopodium, Bcnth.

Ft. Gratiot.

Iledeoma pulegioides, Pers.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Hedeoma hispida, Pursh. (?)

Middle I. , L. Huron, 9 July.

Collinsonia Canadensis, L.

Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright); Hmwood, nttroit,( Miss Clark).

Monarda did3nna, L.

Ft. Gratiot, (Austin).

Monarda fistulosa, L. (M. aUophylla — W.)

Ann Arbor; Emmet Co., 22 Aug., common in MUdy soil; S.
(Wright).

Monarda punctata, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

MKh.

384 REPORT OF THE

Hepiiuia. Blephilia ciliata, Raf. '

Alpeu C». (T) a 3a\y , tWTlDg lour pwftel aUniMii ud two nrgoflT
■RDcd teettaonllie lower |lpof Itaeulyi^ Add Arbor; tei^St.

ntHysBop- Lophanthus nepctoides, Beutb. (Syasopus ntpeto-

uie«—W.)

a. W. (WrlgbiJ^ GrosM Isle, (Hisa Clirk).

Loplianthua scropliularifeloliiis, Benth. (Hyuaoptit

scropkularice/olius — W.)

B. Mloh, (Wrlghl).

-Bint, Nepela Cataria, L.

"P- Ann Aiboc; Dnnnmond ■■ I, B Anj,

MDrnoB Physoetegia Virgiiiiana, Benth. (Dracocephalum

Vtrgi7>ianum—W.)

Abb Arbor; 8. W. (Wrigbl).

J^ Brunella vuIgMria, L. (Prunella vulgaris— W.)

Add ArlKir.caDinioD: Alpow, S JdIt: DrumDiaodl I.,! wUtTBiA
■hlu corolla; Biui &. Hule,

Scutellaria pilosa, Michz.

S. W. (UdIt. Hsrb).

Scntellaria int^gri folia, L.

Scutellaria galericulata, L.

HtDiinwtUD. Galeopsifl Tctrahit, L.

Uacklnar,ieJulr,conim'>D; Sugar I., n
tlcfd ihai itu app:t lip of the com

STATE GEOLOGIST.

285-

Motherwort. LeonnruB Cardiaca, L.

Pine Lake, Emmet Co. , 29 Aug. ; Ann Arbor.
BORRAGINACEiE.

Symphytum officinale, L.

Ann Arbor ; Port Austin, Huron Co.

Lithospermum arvense, L.

Ann Arbor.

Lithospermum officinale, L.

ICacklnac, 10 Julj ; 8. Mich. (Wright).

Lithospermum latifolium, Michx.

S. Mich., (Univ. Herb).

Hairy Puccoon. Lithospermum hirtum, Lehm.

Common Com-

ttQJ.

Cbm Gromwell.

ODmm<m Grom-
wolL

Hoary Puccoon.

• Sand Pt., Saginaw &,17 June, abundant ; Monroe Co., (MiM Clark);
Ft. Gratiot.

Lithospermum canescensy Lehm. (B(U9chiacane8cen9
-W.)

Ann Arbor, common.

flu-ly Forget-me-
not.

atlck-aeed.
Honnd*a tongna.
WndOomflrey.
Baggw'S Lice.

Myosotis vema, Nutt.

Ann Arbor, (Dr. Lord).

Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm.

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, 18 July.

Cynoglossum officinale, L.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

ft

Cynoglossum Virpfinicura, L. (C. amptexicaule — W.y

Ft. Gratiot ; Preaqu' lalo, L. Huron ; a Mich. (Wright).

Cynoglossum Morrisoni, DC.

Ann Arbor.

HYDROPHTLLACEJE.

Hydrophyllum Virgiuicum, L.

Ann Arbor.

Hydrophyllum Canadense, L.

a Mich. (Wright).

Hairy Watericaf. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Michx.

Ann Arbor : a W. (Wright).

POLEMONIACE^.

WatorlHf.

WiM Sweet wii. Phlox maculata, L.

^^°*- Rich woods and rlverbanka, (Gray).

Carolina Phlox, pjji^j^ Carolina, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Hairy Phlox.

Phlox pilosa, L.

Ann Arbor.

S8« REPORT OF THE

ntwicteFhJo.. pi,]ox divaricata, L.

COKVOI.TCLACE^

J™^^JJJ^^' Ipomoea pandurata, M<-yer.
Bindweeii. CoiiTolvulufl arveoaU, L.

- Calystegia H«pii]m, R. Br.

n. OrUlot ; B. W. (Wright); GrOU lllc, (Witt dUk).

var. repeoB.

8. ibon at bfluw B, , 14 Jdh.

-w.)

OlMHaincbt- Solaouin nigrum, L.

Amu Arbor ; e<i|iir L, SI Jul; ; a. IDcli. (Wiifht).

-orwmd OwT?. phyaalis pubeHceOB, L. {P. obacura — W.)

AppiB of fttm. \icaiidra phyealoides, Oaerto.

BKk HaibiiEe. HyoHcyamuH niger, L.

Fi. Giitiot ; HackU]iic,19JDtT,*biiiiiiui.

strunonitui.. Datora Stramoninm, L. (D Talula—W.)

OESTUNACE*.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

287

FSre-flowcred
Gftitlaa.

sporrwi GentiM. Halenia deflcxa, Griscb. ^

Middle I. , L. HaroD.9 July: Drummond's I.; 5l. Hekau I.,c<nnmOft.
S, £. (VniT. Herb;.

GentiaDa quinquedora, L.

Ann Arbor.

var. occidcutalis.

Ann Arbor.

Fnngwi Gnxtian. Gentiana crinita, Froel.

Ann Arbor ; Mackinac, (Whltnf j).

douUer Frinfed
G«KiUan.

airavOoiored

Qentian.

Whitish Gentian.

CloMd Gentian.

doapwori Gen-
tian.

Screw -atem.

•Sprtadtof Dof -

bane.

Indiao Hemp.

Milkweed.
aUkweed.

Pokf Milkweed.

Purple Milkweed.

GentiaDa detonsa, Fries.

Ann Arbor ; Drammond's I., U Aug. ; Pt. an QMoe, L. Mkh.

Gentiana ocbrolenca, Froel.

Mont Lake, (Mi^'' Clark >.

Gentiana alba, Muhl.

Ana Arbor ; 8. W. (Univ. H«rb).

Gentiana Andrewsii, Griseb.

ff. Mich. (UniT. Herb).

Gentiana Saponaria, L.

& Mich. (Wright).

var. linearis.

Pt. au Cbene. L. Mich. , 19 Aug. , aaadjr swamps.

Gentiana paberula, Micbx.

Ami Arbor, (Miu dark).

Bartonia tenella, Muhl. (Centaurdla paniculaia —

& W. (Wright).

ifenyantheH trifoliata, L.

Ann Arbor; fl. Mich. (Wright).

APOCYXACEJE.

Apocynum androssemifolium, L.

Ann Arbor ; The Gore. L. Horoii, 1 Juljr ; St. Joseph *b I.

Apocynum cannabinum, L. var. glabcrrimuin.

Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot.

var. pubescens, DC.

Ft. Gratiot ; Charit j- 1. , 27 June

var. hypericilblium. (A. hypericifdium — W.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

ASCI.EI'IADACEJE.

Asclepias Conniti, Decaisne. [A. Syrictca — W.)

Ann Arbor ; Charity b., 27 June ; Sand dunes, Emmet Go.

Asclepias phytolaccoidos, Fursh.

Ann Arbor, very short pedicels except the terminal one ; Ft. Gratiot.

Asclepias purpurascens, L.

Apn Arbor.

288 KEPORT OF THE

^^"^ *"*■ ABclepias variegata,' L
Fiwr^v*diuD.. Asck-piaa quadrifolja, Jacq.
SmmpHUkimd AeclepiaB incfirnata. L.

Ann Arbor ; Fl. GralkFl ; Oimd ITiv*™ Co.; S. W, (Wrl^t).

ptoMUy^^' Aeclcpias tuberoaa, L.
"^x"*- Aaclepiaa verticillata, L.

S. HIcb, (Wrlfbt).

*™ M"*-""- AcorateH viridiflora, Eli. (Asclepiaelanceolata—W.)

n. Gnllol ; a. W. Ulcb. (Wrighl).

Frasinns Anicricat)a. I.. (F. acuminata— W.)

Ann Arbor ; DTumnumd'il. ' Emtnti Co. Comiiun In UwSinllHrn V%-
DtasulA, hnt Apparf nUf lot rrequent norlhwmrd.

Frazinua viridie, Micbs. f.

Aao Arbor.

Fraxiniifl sambuci folia, Lani.

Asa Ailwr; Sii(vI..comiiHn; Fine Lake; B. W. (Wrl|^t

Fraxious qnadrangulata, Michx.

B. Htch. (I'ntv. BFrb). Tbe rkhI of IhaAjtb latalfhlf ei
■'■"*■'*** -■"* ftupplrbtv, fvpcf tally Ibu fl— ' — j ■--- .

^ ro'£^

b.:lni

10 Hpinte iDlo liTcr

,beUi(JUl.l.

»««UHIeu|b«h»

Ihli tho RUck

"S

UKdbyBlbt

inHBrorl»o».ndi
'rocied r^nn the gm

elisllc Uiu ibe WhiK Aib, bui Ifu dcrable

iDic ibli <• the pri'TilMuK iiwl.i. ThB Blue
ibe»Bibcrap«iot ibBBuie. In ilBber 1>
tb>ioribe1ftilt«Arh,lor.hicb it n gubiil

AR[STOLOCH1ACE£.

Aearum Ciiiiadunse, L.

I'HYTHLACCACE.E.

Cliciiopodiuni h^vhridimi, L.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

289

lABib'iQQarterf,

Jsrnsalcm Oak,
Itetbcr Gera-
nium.

Mexican Tea.

Chen opodi urn album, L.

Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I.

Clieiiopndium Botrys, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright.)

Chcnopndiuiii ambrosioidcs, L.

g. W. (Wright) ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Oark).

"Clionopodiiim nibrnm, L."

S. ilich. (Wright). [Probably a synonym of [one of Uio precadtaf
sfiecics.]

atrawbeny BUta Blitum capitatum, L.

Ft. aux Barquofl, U Huron, 20 Juno; Drummond'a T. ; Fmmot Q>.
mun about the shores oT lakes Huron and Michigan.

Green Amaranth,
P^cod.

Frlnoe'a Feather.
Flgweed.

AMARANTACE^.

Amarantns hybridus, L.

Ann Arbor.

Amarantus liypochondriacu8,^L.

Aim Arbor, (Miss Clark).

Amarantus rctroflexua, L.

Ann Arbor.

Amarantus albus, L.

Ann Arbor, (Visa Oark).

Montelia tamariscina, Gray.

8. Mich. (Univ. Herb).

Acnida cimnabina, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

POLYGONACKJB.

PriDoaiFMtber. Polygonum oricutale, L.

Ann Arbor.

WaterFenicaria. Polygonum amphibium, L.

Ft. Gratiot ; Saginaw Bay, 10 June.

var. aquaticum, L.

Ann Arbor ; St. Mary's R. 1 Aug. ; Mont Lake, (dim Gait).

Polygonum nodosum, Pctr. var. incamatmn.

Ann Arbor.

Polygonum Pijnusylvanicum, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

lMj*9 Thumb.
Smart weed.

Pulyg(»iium Pcrsicaria, L.

Aim Arbor.

Pfilygnnum Ilydn^pipcr, L.

Ann Arbor.

wnd smartwecd. Polygmium acro, n. B. K. (P.punc/fl/um— -TTJ

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (MifS Clark) .n^j^.^

37

290 BEPORT OF THE

imjr^vyt-v^- PoU,r.>ii.im"liy<lr^pipcio:des, Uichl. (P.mile—W.)

''"■ E.Mich,, (Wftehi).

K?^. ?"l.vp'in.nn avic.itaro, L.
Viir. I'l-eciuui, iiulii.

Ann Ai-bor.

OnidnKiiot- Polypn,uiin teoue, Miclix.
■ B. Ulih, (Wrigbl).

JoiotwHd. Pol.vK<in""ii articulalum, L.

TfiverioClir,8So[it,,bcgliiolngt»blii»soDi,B6nnil«V

PolypT'inum Virpiniauum, L.

Add Arbor ; S. W. (ITflihl).

g*"^^'"* Polyponiim arif,.lmm, L.

Gro* Cap, I, UlrtL, IS Aug.; 8. HJcb. (Wrigbl).

CUmblDg Falaii

PolyfToimm diimctorum, L. (P. scandena — IT.)

Ann Arbor; U^blDac, (Miaa Clvk;.

Pftgopvrum OBculentum, Mocnch. {Polyi^um Fa-

gopijrum — IK)

Bitter DdcIc.
CDrlorl Dock.

Rumox Ilydiolapiilimm, Hudson, var. American-

l)rucf>lla.-.0,,asJu1y;K. WIcb, (Cnli. njrb).

Riimcx i>litiisifi>lins. I..

aiijlSt.llirl>,zaju1y^ Ann Arbor, (MIsiCliicli).

RumfK cri^plis. L.

AunArlKir;SaulEI, SUrio,S9J<U7. Commoaul snoclct Df dock.

Rumr'x s;iiiijr'iiii(-iis, L.
Rum'-x A (■'■('., id hi. I,.

Add Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; SuElniv B.; Drummoud'il.; IlicLlaio. Com-

STATE GEOLOGIST.

291

Bpice-buab,
Bi^iamin-bush,
WUd Allspico.

iMttberwood,

LAUUACE.E.

Sassafrns officinale, Xccs. ( L aunts Sas$afras-

AcD Arbor.

Benzoin odoriferuni, Xci*s. (Lauru$ Bcnioiii-

S. Mich. ^Wright); Aon Arbor.

TnVMELEACR£.

Dirca palu^tris, L.

Ann Arbor.

*

flhspbirdia.

BuUrdTMd-

UBrd*slklL

fiioro Sparge,
fl^ottod Spargo.

noverlng
Spurge.

Tbree-seeded

Mercurf.

aipporj or Bed
Linu

Amf^rican or
Wbitj Elm.

Oorkv Wliitc
Elm.

el.i:agnace.«.
Shepherdia GanndcMisis, Nutt.

Ann Arbor; Drommond's I., common about rooky shorot.
SAXTALACEiE.

Gomandra nmbellata, Nutt

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratict; Sand Pt , Saginaw Baj, IS June, commoii. CI
IMda occurs at Cuvo I., L. Uuron.

SAURL'RACEiE.

Sanrnrus cernuus, L.

8. Hich. (Wright).

EUPnORBIACE-1-:.

Euphorbia poly;T:oiiifoliu, L.

& Mich. (Wright); Fort Gratiot. ^

Euphorbia macnlata, L.

Aon Arbor; S. W. (Wright); Urosso blp, (Vln Clark); Ft. Grttloi.

Euphorbia corollata, L.

Ann Arbor.

Euphr>rbia comiiutata, Eiighn.

Ann Arbor.

Acalypha Vir;rini<!a. L.

Ann Arbcr; S. Mich. tWrl.«;ht).
UKTIUACE.*:.

UlnuKs fnlva, Mirhx.

Ana -\rhor; Knin t Co.; IJranch Ltk--, A^iliim Co. Ixhs common than
the iiiwl.

Uhmis ArtHM-iiiaiia, L.

Aan Arl)or: Drimm 'nil"? I.; Supar I., bn'onirl <:(>inmnn In tho low
iHti ]ri of lirirt isi.ind: Anlriiii (>>. ; .Sir.t r t. M ivl -, :'.-.vui al tliiu lulivo
Ki)w'.it)i i:r> >l.:nd i;L-l ol the town n rar tliu rlvui.

Ulmus riic'iii' sa, Tln'iiias.

Ann Arbor, in u kw imp nbn>;t a mil«^ ?f»':th ft i\v rity.

Th<; Kitii it'jl'MS li-w Kniunds :in i ii«;h «i»l v. It In cap'<!cla1Ij
flourifbi!!:; at the h-ad of R-ancIi Ijikn, Antrim Co., where ttio I(<i(i
and th>> White Kim wjro found Km wing lartso and prcmiMcucuAi/
together, tho luttcr, however, ezcvl.iog iu size.

REl'ORT OF TUE

roswIslF, (UlraClirL).

var. uiMssilulia, (G. crassi/olia—W.J ' '

a. W. (Wright).

MwiUKQiUe. Urtica sraciliH. Ait.

Aud Arbor; Slut St. lUrfc.KljBly.

o™t stingtoj Urtica dioica, L.

Grci>Csp,-I,Ulcb.,lSAuB.;S.W. (Wright).

wotKiNniito. LapArlea Canadensis, GaudicL. (Crtica Canadensit
-W.)

AiiiiArlio[;Ft.auChcD(>,I.MIcta.,lSAug.;Plni!lAkc;LiKl1,(UIaaiiik}.

gj^^^f Pilpa piimilii, Gray. ( Urlira pumita — W.J

& W. (Wright)) Aao Arbor, (MtasOarlE).

Boelimcrift cylindrica, Willd. {Vrlicaco'giiala—W.j

aw. (Wtight).

^™v- Cannabis sativa, it.

Aaa Arbor, S.W. (Wright); HMklDKC, (UM Clark),

HllmlllllH Lupulus, L.

8bsn-bu«or
BhiC-bvk
BidkorT.

Juglans cincrea, L.

Carya Bulcata, Nutt.

pi^»«=. Carya (jlahra; Torr.

' Add Arbor. TbtigfnuB ti BbimdoDlIx rcprm

CLTUUFERa:.

STATE GEOLOGIST. .

293

wwio Quercns Prinus, L.

var. discolor, Miclix. {Q. bicolor — W.)

Ann Arbor.

Ttftew caicsinut Quercus Castanea, Willd.

*'^* Ann Arbor.

/

Ghinqnaptoor Qucrcus prinoides, Willd.

Dwarf ebcet- *„„ a,w •

aaiOak. Ann Arbor. ?

Lnrei or Shingle Quercu8 imbiicaria, Michx.

^^* Ann Arbor.

QMfBitrOD or
^feMkOdc.Tol-
lov-tarlMdOdc

flMTlatOik.

Bid Oak.

Quercns tinctoria, Bartram.

Ann Arbor.

Qaercus cocci nca, Wtng.

Ann Arbor; Travome City.

Qnercus rubra, L.

Draminond's T. ; Bagar T. , common ; Emmet Go. , !n the nortbem part of
ibis county attains the largest s\%i seen, growing in sandy soil in
tho vall4>y8 of tbo sand dunes, and producing fruit in great abund-
ance. Odo tree moasurod 8 feet in circumference, 3 feet aboye ths
surface. Tbu iou ri le of thcs>) dunes is covered more or less with
troi'S and shrubs of the general character of the flora of the region,
imbedded in the sand sometimes lialf their height.

flwMM»6Mirti, Quercus paliistris, Du Roi.

or Pm OsK. ^^^ Arbor. The oak family is abundantly represented in the sonthem

peninsula, forming a great part of the forest timber. Btill the Im-
modiato ehoru of L. Huron from Bay county to the Straits of Mack-
inac is apparently entirely destitute of oaks. Thence northward
along St. Mary's river Q, rubra is tbo only species, which is quit*
common but never attains a larg<> sixe. {southward this species to
of rarer occurrence, but is replaced by other and more valuabls
spccit-s. At Traverse City Q. cdba and Q. coccinea make tbeir most
northern app^^aronce as fur as observed. There they are aboai
equally frequent, growing In a sandy soil. sometimes in patches
surrounded by thu pin4-s and more or If-ss dispcrsod amongst them,
the former forming a largo and shapely trunk, the latter being a

Jmiiller, but well pro|x>rtioned tree. Foutb of this the species mul-
iply both in numbers and frequency of occurrence.

GhcBtnnt.

Castanea vosca, L.

Monroe Co. Not common in the southern peninsula.

AxBfrrican Beech. FagUR feYTU^mvii, A if. ( F. ffylvafka — W)

Ann Arbor; Mackinac, cr.mmnn, but so reduced in size as to be of little
value; Drummond's 1.; shore of L. Mich., from the Straits of Mack-
inac to Korthport, thn beech iiere forming a very large and vala>
able part of the for- 8t gn>wtb. Here were seen the largest and
most perfect sp*'cimebs. In the southern counties it to very com-
mon, and fumishis excellent fuel.

WikiHsMifmt. Corylus Americana, Walt.

Aim Arbor; Mackinac.

Beaked nsaehmt. CoryluK rostrata, Ait.

St.*Josi.>ph*sI.; Dnimmond's I.

Borabean,Biiie Carpinus Amcricaiia, Michx.

or Water Beech. . »«»««•.
Inm-wood. ^^ ^^'^

Ostrya Virginica, Willd.

Ann Arbor; Drummood^ L ; Ktaunet Co. , ccmmoo.

REPORT OP THE

MYBICACEi.

BETIXACE^.

* SjS' f Betula papyracca, Ait.

wmrcB. Gn>wllrPl.,L.Haroo;Fnteo Prcmn' llle, I. Huron; Dmmoionil'il.i

Bagar L ; i^nmirt Oi>. Tbii ti k vary oodiddil trte tbrau^oa^ tht
• Inks *bona, growiii( Id ttae nunl unfivonble llniMMal, bst alMi)
forming ■ lu-g* u-unK. It Itipi/U) iprlng npuHeood (rvatt

koDwD u '• rod bVch" >7 Uh b.tlio> Hid HilMb'todi, vlUi sA
rsddlati t»rk Dwb montiiUUa itun Uie onUnu'r.

II n. 1 In. , Coiu raat ibovB tba inuniL
»«7 ■^. Betnia leota, L.

^^^ Dnii£liwiid'aI.,OD]j>si>ii at tblsplaiM.bal ■ttalu >

<a.'Uurl:.|[ 10 taut In clrcnmC
Bbletr«,ud

IswBlrab.

S*^""?" Almia incanrt, WilH.

™"^ *""- aurci of L. Haron; DnimmiBid>8 I., oommDii; Suit Bi. ILxrJa, ana

nlong Ibo biWItB uT St. IUr]r>( rlvrt, Kbundtut.

5a1ix luimilis, Marshall.

Crummond'* 1.

- Salii discolor, Miihl.

Add Arbor; DroRiniaiiil'g I. ; Pine Uke, Eramel (Xi.,ibDnduit along lb*
m%Fg'mot Ibd laJc«, occaakmaJly rsacblng tbo ilHof aanuiJ Iroa^
Unc tree mxBured »H iDctaei In diunrtlsr ■ root from tlM aartuak

aikr-baikdtd

wii—

willow.
■kand

STATE GEOLOGIST.

295

Wiiloi

KUTOW-lMTed

WIUow.

Loogbeiiked
WUtev.

BdUteVmov.

WlLom.

flUnlBg WUow.

Salix cnrdata, Mulil.

Grani Tnvereo Cb.

Sails an^nstata, Pursh.

Ann Arbor.

Salix rostrata, R chard son.

Aon Arbor; St. Joeeph's L ; S. E. (UaiT. Herb).

A coinincii rpccica

Slow.

willow.

WMpioc WiQnr.

Salix fragiiis, L.

Ann Arbor.

Salix nigra, Marshall.

Ann Arbor.

Salix lucida, Muhl.

DnuDiDoad's !.;&.£. (Unir. Herb).

Salix longi folia, Muhl.

S. ICich. (Univ. Herb.)

Salix pcdicellaris. Pursh.

DrommaiMl's L ; S. E. (Univ. Herb).

Salix Babvlonica, L.

Oiltirated in nunj places for ornament. Barely spootaneoas.

feaaAfpn. Populus tremuloidcs, MicliX.

Ann Arbor: Sand rt..&i(rinaw B.; DmramoDd's I.; Sofar I., this and
tbe next were Krowicf; abondaot, large and promiscaoualy to-
fetber; Antrim Co. Tb» L* vme of the most common trees aboal
tbe lake >b(»re8, »:*Mom attaioicp, however, a large size. U ofiea
springs op almntlaotly with i?«fti2a popyrooea in exposed sitoatiooi
where the forest growth has been prcstraled bj Ore or^tempest. j|

Pupnlus grandidcntata, Michx.

Ana Arbor; Sand Pt., r=aginaw Bay; Sugar I.; Antrim Go." Tbis is a
rarer b-<t mor.' vali:ab!-^ tree than the last. They are often foond
i3 coni^Kir.j, ti;t thid wai) ncv^r kuowa to accept an exposed or
rnruvor.4l>:o Fiiuuiii.n foe th*.' sake of such company; while ths
firm -r >>Cl' n Intr:: '.• f •:Tw:i ytAl anJ s:t':Atiocs chf St'n by thj latter.
■V:i< Oil n f'.rms a l.'.ru-'' tr- f with a calcod , gtnooth and dingy yel-
i> w truiik cxpxQ'ilrr: u> Vrawry £.q 1 ccnsptcuooa limbs at a height
of 60 f:ct.

Downy-IeaT8>l
PopUr.

CoUfir. woo- 1,
hvckittoe Fop^
lar.

Balsam Purlar,
Tacamaliuc.

Balm of Gilea6

Lombardy Pop-
lar.

P.>]>iilns heUrpli} l!:i, L.

S. Mich. (Univ. H^rb.)

Pnpulus moiiilifera, Ait. (P. Canadensis — W.J

Ann Arbor.

Popiilus balsamifrra, L.

Thunder Bay, L. Huron : L. Mich. , common- This Is a (ommoD tre« to
low lan'iB about the borders of rivers and swamps. It Is very
cfimmop on IVummond's I., but it is of little economical iraloe, Its
height seldom reaching 30 feet, while its usual size Is about fifteen.

var. caiidicaiiR. (F. candicans — W.J

This is common in cultivation, but rare In a wild state. Bat a single
spccim.*n was seen wlUch was a large tree standing near the lake
shore a few miles north of Elk. Bapios, Antrim Co.

Populus dilatata. Ait.

Ann Arbor, in cultivation, and at many other localities, sparingly aat*
oralir?d. I*robably the largest stpecimeos of this tree in the Stats
are on the site of tho " Old Britiih Fort" near the mouth of St.
Mary's R., on Dmmmond's L

REPORT OF TUE
cosiFF.iu;.

lorlhvud ■looi Iho itiorc eT L, Hi

Pinna ri'fridii. Miller,
s. Htch. (WrieUi). I

Piutifi Str.il..iH. I..

Ibuadutl la tho nliej of tb" Sjgliuii IL <ii.J iu bruchn; iborD si
L. HLimn; nrummoDrl'H I.; Hwarl.. b^iguKDllurjiFuitiniusor lli*
(pKt^wjro iii:a nv>'rkipplng Ihn voirmjuillnf fiin-Kl, (^muisllf

1 wltbla Ui'Xpace or uroe nil\m
llmllla. Ihi«o logs ■« -'pulMl"
.'r «o<I lu bruHibra from U» pliio Luda ttaDagb whfcta
Ulejrlluw. Ali3 oa 111: iniLli ■taoni iiT gagliuii B.,uil>t Ptnioo
BInr, PioBcbDg, Port AuBlls nd Wllluw RIvor.Hu-oa Co U»
lumber biulDcn Is rxldiiBliial; cKrrlBd on. Am Dorltward, lionc
tboiboroor L.Hiroii, wlBirfiforthirFara fuelltllMte tnuHporl-
ln> tbt logs by miuii of On (mill ■tromu, mlUi bavc bpcn creot-
ca for tbe mumructur* of liiinbar. Along Ibu narlhiTn ahorr, tha
"Nor«r»rPlii«"bei»m;a rraqiient. Ai EllE Ri^ila uiiirf«»or»a
t!Uj,i:miimaitmant axi"aaiT<-ly uwj'I, which 'urnlibn laaa
Tafaablo luinb«r tor groanl purpcaua, tbouf h wr'anlUbls ftir
BoorlniE. nil li isMralljr found la nandjr ao" — "— ' — —

" Ploe p
L,'l<l.:Jili;uii>r

.nil^bt an

Mkod ir

Bil«nl'- Abies lialfiuTiica. Mnrsliall.

°tb'i'r"'iic'ii!"ukli.. cvrywli'iira criinrnun. ^ih' li iL provslllai
ap^l B or ibfi fto-M; onil noit Is tho Arlior ViUB, k tbe moat fro-
qiiont or tbo ramlly Omiftra A, Canadeiuit prvrcra hlghar laiHl
ammi; Utc bn^bca, largo poplira and blrcbta, more Inlud; wbUa
tbia oixupl.'a tbe lowiT, inom ruci'at drill, Diurcr tin li>tii#^ orton

. aumDiiL ml fuitb» laliud ,^. nmoilciuitgniiialargoiadabnndAat.

■BnHll-fniiwil or AI>ir« Fniscii, Pnrsb.
n«bloB.J.™ K.W,(Uaiv.Uorb).

Bemlock Sprooa. Abics Cftlia'ict;r.irt, Micli.t.

■ I, Kent

AbifS nifc.n, I'-'ir.

WlUmo™ Liki', Waahtenaw Co.; Tin Com, U Hnri
cDiDinuii ; Sugar I. ; dbora of L lUoh. , ka comii

STATE GEOLOGIST.

297

iniii0, or fltagiA

Irnok, Huckma-
tock.

Arbor Tlte,

iiixdpf*T.

OUffSL

Amar&caa Tew
Qroaad Horn-

indtoaTomlp.

Gtmb Dragon,
Dragon-rook

Abies alba. Michx.

Drommond'P I. , common ; Sugar and Si. Joseph) *8 Is. ; Fhoro of L. lOcb.,
rare. Tlie black spracj U more wiJ«lj durusoU over IbeStaU) ilian
iho white, but tlio wb:t3 predomlnatoo in iho northom districla.

Larix AnuTicana, Michx. (Pinu^i pendula — W,y

Ann Arbor; False Presqu* Isle, L. Haroo; Drammon Ts I.; Sugar L,
abjudaut an 1 very Urg?, rising to the bight or 100 foci or more,
with a circumfiTence of six anl a half IVvt, two feet above ibo
gruunl. Swampy LindB at th> hoad of Branch Lake, Aatnm Co.,
very lar;: '. This L^ a common tree in low, marshy land, and oTIeii
miuglcs with tho white cedar in the well known ** codar swamps.**

Thuja occi^loiitalis, L.

Tbe most striking and bardy tree of lbs forest, growing In an sliosr
tions, with its roots immorsed in water, and on the m;wt barren
and inacccsiiiblo heighbi. In iuw and levil tracts it eft: n forms
extensivu *'c?dar swamps." It may always be seen aboui tko
sh')re of an inlan 1 lake or the m irgin of a river. Its dense fuliogo or
dry suragzy limhs projc'cting over tbe wat«r. It is generally a
tree about 25 it. in h..'ight, but som.'tim'fl grows to a mon-
strous sisa on high lands where there is soil sufficient to sustain tt.
The Iirgcst spvlm?na s*en were growing in the sin ly s-dl of Em-
mnt Co., in hi^h.-r situations th^ is usual for th- trto. One speci-
men am.>ng oth'irs scati3red throogh thu fore^l o«>mpv<sod mostly
of be<i-he8 au 1 h<mIock8, had a diam V.t of 4 ft. 2 iii. four fo«>l from
the gro i:i<i. It a of slow growth, and n><| li -s eonturii>s to attitn
such dimjn5»loXi8. Its wood has tii • j;re.'it .-i durability and ift much
iiscl for r*nc') posts, whilo Its b.irk fiirni<i!.ts thatching for Iho
wievr.im of the Indiinanl tli) cnbin of tu^ settlor; h. Mi'higr.n
(Wright K Ou I>rumm>»n Til Islmd wore s^>en willows 2S to 80
year* oil Kr^wing abovj th i j»"»-.-l.;tt i.'unks of the wliil codar,
fitiil r<ni kinJMc in a perfe<;t stii ■ o.' prt.s.'rvation. In otlfr oases ii
is ei] i4lly .«o :;i 1 b-*no;ith p^nt !••.>* or buried 90 f'Vt u:i cr •• modi-
fled drift," wh sro it must h.iv ' !ai.i for ages.

Jniii|K.*nis juiunniiiis, L

Ann Arbor; Pt. aux Barq-itf, L. Ui.ron; False Pro8-:iu' isle, L. Horcn;
OU Ft. Mackinac, Kmm i Co. Common about tho lako shores.

Juniperus Virfriiii:i»«a, L.

Ann Arbor; Thunder Riy Is.; N. W. (Univ. Herb); 8. Mich. (Wright).

var. liuinilis, nook.

Pais? Prcni'i* W..\ with trailing stems 25 ft. long; Sand dunes, Emmel
Co.,abuLilAiit.

TaxuR buccata, L. var. Canadensis, Gray.

Mi Idle I., L. U'lron, very abondani; Dmmmond's I., common; L. Mich.
Coimmim throughout tho northern counti-s, osptxiUly in the shade
of evergreens, a doclininp, onc-si led shrub, having a luxuriant
dark-groon foliage and pn-s Mitirig a beautiful appearance where it
covers the sorfaco, but vi i ig with tho Whito OOdar in forming A
most p4:rsbtcni obstructwn to the progrcn of tbe pedestrian.

APACK.K.

ArisaBma tripbvlbim. Torr. {Arum Iriphyllum — W,)

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Norihport.

Arisaenia Dracoiitium, Scb'^tt.

Ann Arbor.

Pel land ra Yirginica, Raf. (Itens^daeria Virginioa
-W.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Calla paloHtris, L.

Ana Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

38

1 EEPORT OF THE

ikobbat*. Symplocarpus Tcetidus, Sali'sb. (Ictodta fatidiM
TV.)

Ann Arbor; NorUipait.

Sparganium simplex, Hudson. (8. Americantim —

W.)

n. Gntlot; avlB" B>r. 1* Jo"; B. K (WrlfbtJ.
LEVNACEX.

Lemna trisuica, L.

a £ (Wrlght)-

Lemna minor, L.

B. W. (Univ. Horb); NoilliABld, WuhtSDMCo., (UnCWk}.

Pcitamnfirptoii lucciis, L.

B. Ulch.,(Wrlgfal1'

var. i Hiiitaus.

S. E. (Univ. Harb)

P(itamofr<'tim hetcropbylloii, Schreber.

e. Ulch. (TTrlgbl). )

ALISUACEA.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

29»-

CchBuclu6rl>.
WiOer Ffaataln.

Irrow-liMd.

Irrow-bnd.
Arrow-be«d.

Waterw«ed.

£ul gram.

Showy OrcbLi.

Naked -gland
Orchis.

lATgo Roand-
leaved Orchis.

SnuIIor two-
leaved Orchis.

BractedGrocn
Orchis.

Northern Grcea
Orchis.

Triprlochin maritimum, L.

&Uich.,(Wrlj;ht).

var. datum.

FtbePresqo* Isle, L. Hanm, 11 Jolj, common; DrQmmcmd*sL; Aim
Arbor, (MissClark^.

Scbeucbzeria palustris, L.

8.W. (Wright).

Alisma Plantago, L. rar. Americanum, Gray, (il^
FlaniagO'-W.)

Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright).

Sap^ittaria variabilis, En^elm.

"Psaganlng," Bay Go., 26 June; Ann Arbor.

var. diverHJfolia.

aMich.,(Univ. li?rb).

var. anp^iiHtitolia.

Dk Rapids, Antrim Go.

Sagittaria beterophylla, Pursh.

Elk Rapids, Antrim Go.

Sagittaria pusilla, Nutt.

8. W. (UniT. Herb).

HYDROCHARIDACEJE.

Anacbaris Canadensis, Planchon.

B. Mich. (Univ. Hc»rb).

Valliftneria spiralis, L.

Ann Arbor.

ORCHID JtCEiE.

Orcbis Ppcctabilis, L.

Ann Arbor. Near tho light-house at the mouth of Saginaw river is a
variety with liglu pirpio lip, int>rruptedly streaked and mottled
wVth dark purple. In bloom, 14 June.

Gymnadcnia tridentata, Lindl. (Habenaria trident
tita—W.)

S. W. (Wright).

Plataiitbcra orbiculata, Lindl. (Habenaria orbicu-
lald—W.)

Ft. Gratiot; Fal.% Premin' Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; Drummond's I. ; Sani
Sto Uorie, (Miss Clark). Rare.

Platantbora Hookeri, Lindl.

S.E. (Univ. Horb).

Platantbei-a bracteata, Torr. (ffabenaria bracleata —

Ann Arbor ; Emmet Co.

Platantb -ra byperborea, Lindl. (Habenaria huron^
erma — W. )

Ann Arbor ; Bquaw Pt. , Thunder Bay , Q July ; Kortbport; S. W. (Wright) ,
Conunon.

^00

REPORT OF THE

TsUevlab Orciiia
TaUow FrUgoJ

Watom Ordiia,

Platanlliera flava, Gray. {Bi^naria herbtola — W.)

Ana Arbor; 8. W. (Wright).

I'lataiUljma ciliaris, Lindl. (BabenariacUiaria — IF.)

jdOrcbLg.

Platanthcra leucophica, Nutt.

Aon Arbor.

Ptatantliura laccra. Gray. (Babenaria psycodet,
partly— IV.)
Add Arbor.

Platanthcra psycodos, Gray. (Babenaria psycoda,
parity, B. grandijlora and fimbri,ala — W.)

Fl. Grutiot; iliummaDd'e l.,2aJalT; S. W. (WrlgUJ.

lAiUd' TrcssCH.
lAdla^ Trc99C3.

Arethusa.
Pogimla.
TogoDia.

Otlopogop.

CWnwi.

' OvDC'Fly Orchis.
.Iddn-.l-Moatb.

Spirarithi's latifolia, Toit. in Lindl.

DniininoDd-Bl., common; E.E. <UnlT. Horb).

SpiraiLlliea ccruua, Richard.

Caliipopon pnlchellus, R. Br.

Ana Arbor; Uoiiib Saglniiir B.,M Jon*; aweh. (WrlgUJ.

STATE GEOLOGIST

301

Microstylis monoph^'llus, Lindl.

Ann Arbor, (Hies Clark).

Liparis liliifolia, Richard. (Malaxui liliifolia — IF.)

8. W. (Wright).

Corallorhiza iiinata, H. Br. (C vcrna — W.)

S. E. (Wright).

Corallorliiza miiltiflora, Nutt.

Ft. aux Borqacs, Uuroa Co., 20 Juno; St. lIartin*B I., 17 July; 8. W.
^Wright).

Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Nutt.

Rich wxxxis, (Gray.)

Corallorhiza Macrsci, Gray.

liaclcinoc, (C. G. Loring, Jr., and Whitney).

Aplcctrum hycmale, Nutt.

S. E. (Univ. Herb).

m

Cypripcdium pubescens, Willd.

Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginuw R, 16 Juno; Drummond's I.

Cypri podium parviflorum, Salisb.

Ann Arbor.

Cypriprdiuni candidum, Mubl.

Ann Arbor.

Cypripcdium gpectabile, Swartz.

Ann Arbor; Tawas Bay, 28 June.

Cypripcdium acaule, Ait.

Ann Arbor; Grand RapMs, (MIn Clark). O. aridUmm occurs At Q^*
Ippcrwash, C. W. , a few miles from Port Huron.

AMARYLUDACEJE.

Ilypoxys erccta, L.

Ann Arbor, common; Ft. Gratiot; sborss of Bag. B., oommoD.
HiEMODORACEJ;.

Alctris farinosa, L.

& E. (Wright).

IRH»ACK.E.

UrgerBaeFlag. Ij-jv^ versicolor, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Ragin:tw Day, rornmon; ICackiase. CcmnoB
all over the Socthcrn rfmi&sula.

Lako Dwarf Irta. IfJ^ lacustris, Nutt.

Bol8 Blanc I.; Mackinac; DrLmmond's I.; Old Fort Mackinac

Bioo-ryed Grass. SiHyriuchium Burmuiliana, L.

Ann Arbor, very ccmorton; Fl. Gratiot; nhr^rcs of Saginaw B:y 14 Juns,
ccmmoo.

var. aiic«;pH, (S, ancfjfs — W.)

8. W. (Wright).

Addor's-Moatb.
Twayblodc.
Oaral-rcot.
Ooral-root.

Obral-root.
Ooral-root.

Putty-root,
Adam-and-Evc.

liu-gcr Yellow
lAdy's Slipper.

Small Whito
lAdy's Slipper.

Showy Lftdy*s
Slipper.

Sknaller Yellow
ljuly*s Slipper.

Stemlen Xjtdy's
Slipper.

OaOe-rooi,

REPORT OF THE

D10SC0RACE£.

OOThaitowst. Smilax hcrbacea, L.

Smilax tarauifolia, Miclix.

Will- Trillium cprnuum, L.

B. HJoh., (WHgtit).

Purple Trmmm, Trillium erectum, L.
v«r. ulbum.

Trillium prardiflnrum, Salisb,

Abb Arbor; Drumincmd'i I. Anrlutf ocoDnat Asalrbcr wUliDow-

^li'on'.l^" Polygoiiatiim billorum. Ell.

QKwaoiiimon'i Polygi)i)alum gi^^antciim, Dietrich. UlonvaUona

■mvlnJhra—W.) ^

Arm Arbor.

fUB3 spitcnard. gniilaoiiia vnreiniisa, Deaf.
Smiiiicitia slcllntn. Deaf.

Add Arlwr; Fi. Grntl'ii; EnDd cluDci, Ollawa Cd.,K> Ans-itiDt S«nJ>

Smiliiciiin ivif.>na, Dcsf.

S. lllcb. (I^bIt. H.Tb).

Smilaciii:t liil<.liii. Kcr

Abu Arlwr: f 1. GrUlot. Comnon OTcrrvfasro.

•STATE GEOLOGIST.

803

WndLoek.

Wild Onion.

Wild Headoir
Oarito.

Wild Orange-red
Uly.

Wild Yellow
U\j.

Turk's cap U\j.

Tellow Adder's
toogoe.

Clinton i a boroalis, Raf.

Common in sliAdy, moist woods ihrougbout Uifi northern coonties of
ttio pen insula.

Allium tricoccnm, Ait.

St. Martin's I., 17 July; S. W. (Wright).

Allinm corniuim, Hoth.

S. W. (Wrighl); Ann Arbor, (Miss Oark).

Allium Canadonso, Kalm.

Aon Arbor; S. shoro of Saginaw Bay, 14 Juno; S. Ulch. (Wright).

Lilium Philadf^lphicum, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Stone I., Saginaw B.,16 Jane; The 00Te,L.
Huron.

Lilium Canudcnso, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron, 80 June.

Lilium suporbnm, L.

Ann Arbor, (Mb» Clark).

Erytbronium Ameiicanum, Smith.

Ann Arbor.

l^rgo-flowerod
Bellwort.

floflffiloIeaTed
Boilwort.

Twisted-stalk.

Twistod-stalk.
Zygadono.

False aspbodeL

Wood-rash.

Wood-rash.

Common, or Soft
J Bush.

Bosh.

Bnah.

MELANTHACEiE.

Uvularia grandiflora, Smith.

Ann Arbor.

Uvularia Pcssifolia, L.

S. E. ^Wright).

Strcptopus Hmploxifolius DO.

Ft. Gratiot; St. Joseph's I.

Streptcpus roRcua, Micbx.

Drummond's I ; Sugar I.

Zjgadonus glaucus, Nutt. (Melanthium glaucum'^
W )

S. W. (Wright).

Tofioldia prlntinnsa, Willd.

Falso Presqu' Islo, L. tluron, 11 July; Drummond*s I.
JCNCACE^.

Lnznla pilosa, Willd. >

(Wright).

Luzula cnmpestris, DC.

Ann Arbor.

Juncus effusus, L.

S. E. (Wright;.

JuncMS filifnrrnis, L.

Saginaw Bey, 15 Juno.

Juncns HaltiniH, Willd.

DrnmmoD'I's I.,2S July; Pine Lake, Emmet Co.; Locbnaw Co.; P. W.
(Wright), bandy shorts, common.

REi',.UT OK THE

Jiitic»» :icumiuatus, Micli.'c.

B. Hlcti, iWrLjht).

Jiiiicus artidilatUH. L.

OrdmmaD'i'aI.,23JutT; Grui>tTnvenD Ibr (E. arm),

JuiiniHlloilwiis, L.

Dtuiuiduu'I'b I., a July; GraoJ Trivorau B17 (E. ■nn),

Juncns m^r-inaliiH. Pa.slk.

a. Ulch., (UdIt. Dorb)

Itlis, WilW.

D. (UdIt. Curb).

-WO

royrEDEBiAcEi.
Pkkc«l-wo«d. poMtciloria cordala, L.

Cummdyiia Virginica, L. (C. anguetifotia — W.j

TradcHi^aiitia Virginicn, L.

EBIOCACLONACEA.

Eriocaiilon Roptangulure, Witticriog. (S. ptihtci-
dom—W.J

8. W. (ITrltbt).

CVPF.RAtE^.

Cj-penia diaii.h-«s. T..ri-.

p. E. (UntT. IkTb). *

STATE GEOLOGIST.

305

DvUcLIthb.

Bflmicarpa.

^pfke-nuh.

tpflcd-niBh.

Splke-ruih.
^iko-roslL
Splkt-nuli.
SpflkO-niftb.
Spike-ruth.
%>ik»-ruili.

Bolmcta.
Balruab.
Bolnisb.
Bulrush.

Bolnvh.

"Cyporu9 phymatodes, MuLl.?"

8. W. (Wright).

Cypcrus filiculmis, VaLl. (C mariscaides — W.^

S. Mich. (Wright).

Dulicliiiim spatbaceum, Pers.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Hemicarpa subsquarrosa, Necs. (^Scirpua stibsquar-
rosa — W,)

8. W. (Wright).

Eleocbaris equisetoidcs, Ton. {Scirpus equisdoide^
-W.)

S. E. (Wright).

EUjocbaris quadrangulata, R. Br.

5. Mich. (Gray).

Eleocbaris obtusa, Sbultes. (Scirpus capUaius — IT.)

6. E. (Wrighl).

Eleocbaris palustris, R.'Br. (Srirjnts pahistris — IT.)

sturgeon Ft., L. Huron; Ft. au Chine, L. Mich.; S. Mich. (Wright).

Eleocbaris rostelhita, Torr.

Drummond'B I. , 22 July.

Eleocbaris intermedia, Scbultcs.

Grand Traverse Bay.

Eleocbaris tenuis, Scbultes (^Scirpua tenuis — W.)

8. E. (Wrighl).

Eleocbaris compressa, Sullivant.

Branch L., Emmet Co.

Eleocbaris acicularis, II. Br. (^Scirptis acicularis —
W.)

8. W. (Wright).

Scirpus subterrninalis, Torr.

8. Michigan, (Wright).

Scirpus punpens, Vabl. (S. Amm'ca7niff — IF!)

Pt. au (l»«ne, L. l!icli. . 10 Ai:g. ; Grand TravtrPc Day ; E. MitL. (Wrighl).

Scirpus Toneyi, Oliiey.

Bor-lcru of [xindf , (Cray).

Scirpus lacustris, L. ( S. lantsfris arid antfuif — TV.)

Sagjn.'jw R, roirmon; line lijliP, I mm. t ro.,abHn<:nrt: P. F. (Wright).
TLi^ s^p ri»t! i.-< ixMiJ!ivo:y iFid I y tin- In''.i:iM; t(> tnuUv tnulK. Il ia
cm Utt4' in Mimnur jL^i ti}" tlie iiuit Ik riixDlr.^'. In I liiv I^ke li
grow* voi-y larg<-, iLu culiu Eim<.tim'.B belug 12 ft. cr more hi

icDgtb.

Sciq)nR debilis, Pursb.

Luw banks or streams, (Gray).

39

806 REPORT UF THE

aMaab-r<i.b- Scirpiis m^iritimus, L. (S. mdoroatoAww— IF.)

S.Ukh.,(Wilgbt).

Bmr dnb-^rti. ScirpiiB fliiviatilis, Gray.

S. Mich. (UdIt. Hsrb).

*'™* Scirpiis BTlvaticus, L. var. atrovirens.

a Hich. (Dnlf. Herb).

^ifr"* Scirpiis polyphylluB, VoU. (S. bnitmeua—W.)

ScirpuB Eriophoruro, Michx. (& Sri^Aoruo — W.f)

*frjtaiH. cwioii Erioplionim Virgiiiicum, Lj

* S. tClcli. [D11I7. HorbJ.

'^T^?,^'' Erioplinruiii polvBtacbyon, L.

* S. Mkh, (Wtlcht).

Var. Iittiliiliiim.

ItwBfiil OotUm

Pimbrifttylia spadicca, Vahl. (Scirpua a

W.)

S. W. (Wright).

FimbriBt^'lio autumnalis, Room. Is Shult (^Seirpua
aulumJialvi — If.)

B. Mtchlgu.fWrlghl}.

FimbiiHtvlis capiltaris, Gray. (Scirpus capiUaria —

W.)

B. Uichtgon, (Wrighl).

FiiirPtia tuguarroaa, Uicliz.

a. Wcta. (Wtlgbt).

Rhyncli'wpora capiltacoa, Torr.

Dogi iin4 ilTcr banlu, (Cray).

Rliyrn:hnHp<ira gloinerata, Vahl.

8. Mlch,,(Wnglil).

Cladiiim tuariBcoidea, Torr. (Sch(etMtmaTiecoidm —

mi

S. Ulch. (ITr^Lt}.

STATE GEOLOGIST.
Selena trifrlumcrats, Michx.

S. Vkb., (Vrlght).

Selena rerticillata, Mnhl.

Ewunp*, (OnkT).

Carfs gvnucrates, 'Wormskioid,

K. E. ud N. W., (UolT. Hob).

Carvx Sartwellii, Dew.

8. Uk;t>. (Univ. Ottb;,

Garex U-retiusFnla, Good.

e. Jllch. (Unlr. Herb).

Carex decoropnsitn, MuH. (C. paniculata — WJ)

p. Wch. (-WtlBbi).

Carcx viilpinoidea, Michx. (C. »e<ac«fl— TT.)

StBfgcOB rt., I- Hur-M; S. ilixh. (Wrl*bt).

Carex Htipala, M11I1I,

H. Hleb. (Wrlgbi)-

Carcx rosea, Scfak.

Carox tcnclla, Sclik. (C. di^xrmia—W.)

B. E. (WrlgSI).

Carcx csinoRct'Hs, I.. {C. curia— W.)

?. Dlizh. (Wrljibt).

Carrx Dowcvana, Scliw.

S. Ui> b. (Wrl«M).

Carcx fitfllnlntii, Onud.

ElurK«nin.,l,lI<iruB; S. E. (WrlBhl).
S. Kk'b. (UnlT. lIiTl').

Camx KC. iiiiivin, Pvlik.

B.E.(Cnlv. Hsfli).

Carcx t;i!rii|>"di>iidc8, Selik

S. HIcb. (Wrtgbl).

viir. criMtata, (C. criatala—W.)

a. Ucb. (WcUbt).

REPORT OF THB
Carex festucacea, Sclik.

S. Nlcb. (Vrlgbl).

var. teiicra, (C. teneror-W.)
8. HiDh. (WrlfbO-

Carex criaita, Ltim.

Ann Arbor, »i,rE<«aPt.,I. Hares; E. Ukh. (ITrKU)

Carex limosa, L.

8. lIKflL (Wrlglil).

Carcz Buxbanmii, AVabl.

8. i;, (L'oiv- Horb).

Caret gramilaris, Mulil.

DriuDDKDd'a T. U'Julf ; 8. E. (ITtlftit).

Oarex conoiJea, Schk.

fi. E. (Wrltfit).

Carcx Daviaii, Schw. & Torr.

Carcx

f,)nii"«a,

1. (VftUl.1).

Dew.

Uaroxfriafiitliiii

S.E.(Wfl|il.O-

a, Sclik.

Oan-x vin>a<-cuB, Mulil.
8. ma,. {WrijM).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

Cares Novte-Aiif^Hs, Schw. (O. coQecta, nigromar-
ginaia — W.)
B. t (Wrlgtit).
Tar. EmmoDiii.

Omul TTinna B>r.

Carex PeDUHjIvanica, Lam, (0. marginata — W.)
" Carex varia, Uabl. V

S. Mich. (Wrlfhl).

Carcx pubcncons, Hnhl.

a.lllcb.(Vrrlfbl}.

Carex TAiliAC'^a, Uuht.

8. Mtch. (Wrl(ht].

Carex scabrata, Schw.
& Mleb. (WrlgbO-

Carex arctata, Boott. (C. tulvatiea — W.)

B. Mkh. (Wrd^).

Carex flava, L.

■nmolO)-! B. E. (Wrl^tJ.

Carex <Ei]i?ri, Ehrh.

Garex UcuatriH, Will a.

B. llkh. (Wrifbt).

Carex arifltata.

Ltkt tboKM uid rivar-buka, (Unit. B

REPORT OF THE

Carex fulliciilata, L. {C./olltcuIala &v.i xantiu^ky-

aa—W.y

a Midi. (Wrlglil),

Carex lupuliua, Mulil.

Carex ampullacea, Good,

Be<U'CT*ek,Emm«lGa,;8.1UetL (Wright).

var. Qtriculata.

8. E. (CbIt. HerbJ.

LcGraia VirgJDica, Willd.

B. llidi. (Wrlgbl).

FiMUiiB BDiuu. Alopecunis geniculatue, L.

a Mlth. (Wrljhl).

Sporobulut

S. Ulch. (Cb

SporoboJns serotinus, Gray,

Eoady wet piACQS, (Griy). •

Agroatis pcrennaiis, Tuckerm. (Trickodium eeofr-
rum-W.)

a Mich- (Wright).

Agroetia acabra, Willd, (Trichodiitm laxUUtntm —

If.)

a. Ulcb. (ITrlfbt).

STATE GEOLOGIST. 311

Brown Bent- Affrowtis cauiiia, L.

Ana Arbor.

A'^rostis vulgaris, With.

Ann Arbor.

White Bent- Agrostis :iU)a, L.

*'^**** S. Mich. (Wright).

Cinna aruiidinacea, L.

S. W. Mich. (Wright).

Droi>-aeed Graai. Muhlenbergia sobolifera Gray.

Open rocky woods, S. Mich. (Gray).

i^op-Med Grass. Muhleiibcrgia glomciata, Trin. (Folypagon raceniKh

8US — W.)
8. W. (Wright).

Drop-Mied Grass. Muhlenbergia Mexicana, Trin. (Agj^stia lateriflora

— TT.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Drop-seed Grass. Muhlenbergia Willdenovii, Trin. (AgroMs tenuir

flora— W.)

8. Michigan, (Wright).

Nimbia WOL Muhlenbergia diffusa, Schreber. •

a Mich. (Wright). ' "*

Brachyelytrum aristatum, Bcauv.

8. UkA (Wright).

Hue Joint-Grass. Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv. (^Arundo Caruh

denms — W.)

Pt. au Chcne, L. M;t h. ; S. E. (Wright).

Reed Bent-grass. Caliiniaf;r(*8tis coarctata, Torr. (Arundo coarctata —

S. Mich., (Wright).

Cahunaf^i'ostis lonjxif«>lia, Hook.

rt. a'l (luu'-', L. Mich., 19 An^. ; Antrim Co., common; 8. W. (Unl?.
Uorb).

Sea Sjin<! Rccd. Ciilaiiinj^rostis arcnjiriu, Roth.

Pt. au Chcne, L. Mich., 19 Aug.

Oryzopsis nielanocarpa, Muhl. (Piptaiherum nu
r/rum — IK.)

S. Mich. (Wright).

Mounumiuco. Oryzopsis asperifolia, Michx.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Oryzopsis Canadensis, Torr. (Milium pungens — FT. J

8, E. (Wright).

BUckCJat Grass. Stipa avcnacea, L.

a W. (Wright).

REPORT OF THE

nwciplBt Grasa. ;

Bouteloua curtipcudala. Gray. (Athervpogon opfu-

B. Well. (Wrighi).

EliiHiDC Iiidica, Oaerto.

B. VMb. (Wright).

^cuspiH scaler ioidcB, Torr.

8.W. (WrIgW).

Eatonis Pennsylvanica, Gray. (Kceleria Penn9t/l-
vanica — W.)
8. Mkh. (VrliliO'

Glvceria nervata, Trin, (Poa nervaia — W.)

B. Ukb. OTrlgbt).

Glyccria aqiiatica. Smith. (Poa ajuo^o, var. Amer-

uviia — W.)

B.Mioli.,CWrigbl).

Givceriii fluit^na, R. Br.

R Mich. (Wrlghi).

Low afKHr-Grav. y,,

.. h.

a Mlohlsan, {Unit. HiTb).

STATE GEOLOGIST.

313

ffUse Red-Top,
Fowl Mndow
Graat.

UoaghUmdem

Groni,orGoin-
nonH
GrM«.

WOd

Ka«l.

Baftrded Darnel.

Gr>ach-Gni«n,

Quitch^Grasff,

Qaick-Gran.

▲vnedWbeat
Oraat.

Poa serotina Ehrb.

UtUe TtaT^rae Baj, 24 Aug.; S. Mkb. (Wright).

Poa nemoralis, L.

8. Mich., (Wright).

Poa trivial is, L.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Poa pratensis, L.

8. E. (Wright).

* Poa comprcssa, L.

Ann Arbor.

il^ragrostis reptans, Neee. (Poarepians — W,)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Eragrostis po»oides, (Poa eragrostU^^W.)

Ann Arbor.

EragroHtis capillaris, Nees. (Poa capUlaris and hir-
9uia—W)

& Mich. (Wright).

Eragrostis fiectinacea, Gray. (Poa Wrwite— IT.)

& Mich. (Wright).

var. spectabilis.

& Mkh., (UnlT. Herb).

Festuca tenella, Willd.

8. Mich. (Wright).

Festaca ovina, Gray.

var. dariascula. (F, duriuscula — IF.)

8. Mich. (Wright).

Festuca nutans, Willd.

S. EL (Wright).

BromtiR Becalinns, L.

^ Ann Arbor ; Fields, Grand Tktirerae Go.

Bromus Kalmii, Gray. (B. cUiatu^ — IF.)

8. E. (Wright).

BromuB ciliatus, L.

Cbarleroix, Emmet Co. ; S. Mich. (Wri^t).

var. purgans, (B. Purgans — W.)
Phragmites communis, Trin.

8. Mich. (Wright).

*

Lolium tremulcntum, L.

S. Michigan, (Wright).

Triticum rcpens, L.

8. Mxch. (Unlr. Herb).

Triticum caninum, L. (Agropyron caninum — IF.)

8. Mich. (Unir. Herb).

40

REPORT OF THE

Elyimis CanadoiisiB, L.

Eljmiis striatuB, Willd.

var. villosus. (E. vUlo»us — H

S. Ulcli. (Wrlghl).

Qjmnosticbum Hvstriz, Scbrcb. {Elymu» Suairi

Ana Arbor ; B. lUcb. (Trlgbt).

Avena striata, Micbx. (Trwelw
W.)

6. E. (Wrlghi).

purpuraacena—

Panicum sanguinale, L. ( Digilaria sanguinaic--
Panicum capillarc, L. '

STATE GEOLOGIST.

315

Barnyard-Grass.

FozfiftU.

GieenFoxtafl,
Bottle-Grass.

Bor-Grssi.

Beard-Grsss.

Broom-Oom.

Boraetafl,
Soouring Rash.

Meadow Horse-
tail.

Wood Horsetail.

Swamp Horse-
taU.

Shave-Grass.

Scouring Rash.
Sconring Rush.

Polypody.

Panicum dichotomum, L. (P. nUidum and pube9-
cens — W.)

Grand Traverse Co. ; S. Mich. (Wright).

Panicum Crus-galli, L. •

Ann Arbor.

Panicum nervoaum, Muhl.

S. Mich. (Wright). [A synonym?]

Setaria glauca, Beaav.

Ann Arbeit

Setaria viridis, Beaav.

Ann Arbor; Emmet Oo., growing in fields with the following.

Setaria Italica, Kunth.

Emmet Co. , cultivated by the Indians as MUIH.

Cenchrus tribuloides, L. (C. echinatus, var. tribvL-
hides — W.)

e. W. (Wright).

Andropogen furcatns, Muhl.

a Mich. (Wright).

Andropogon scoparins, Michx.

Antrim Co., common; S. E. and S. W. (Wright).

Andropogon Virginicus, L.

S. Mich. (Wright).

Sorghum nutans, Gray. (^Andropogon nutans — FT.)

S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)

9 EQOSETACEiB. .

Equisetum arvense, L.

Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Oa. ; Drummond's I., abnndant, in sandy soil.

Equisetum pratense, Elirh.

Ami Arbor; Pino Lake, Emmet Co.

Equisetum sylvaticum, L.

Drummond's I.

Equisetum limosum, L.

Ann Arbor ; S. E. (Wright).

Equisetum hyemale, L.

Ann Arbor; Drummond's I. , very abundant in sandy soil; Branch Lake^
Antrim Co., very abundant, growing in the marshy mai^ of the-

river near fts mouth.

Equisetum variegatum, Schleicher.

Drummond's I. ; 8. E. (Univ. Herb).

Equisetum scirpoides, Michx.

Shore of Lake Michigan, Emmet Co.

mJCES.

Polypodium Tnlgare, L.

Drummood's I.

316 REPORT OF THE

^o.tHeh.r.rn. Stnilliioptcris Germanica, Wllld.

AuArtxir.

SodLBnk*. AlloBorua gracilis, Prest.

inBrat. pteria aquilina, L.

Abb Arbor; FV Orillot; DniDmoBd'i t; DnrnM Ce.: '
0IUina).;3.Mlcb.(WrlItK}. CDBBUia.

Adiantum pedatam, L.

Aan Arbor; Fl OnllM: Bum

ABplenium Trit^homanei, L.

M. E. (UbIt. Herb).

^"•S*'*"' ■Aspleniom thelypteroides, Miclix.

Au Arbor; It. Oritlat; a. Ueb. (Wrltki).

Aaplenium Filix-fosmina, R. Br.

Aw Arbor; B«u CcMk, KbbM On. j 8. Wob. (CdIt. Bwb).

Dicksonia pnnctilobula, Hook.

Bhu- Cmk, bamrt Oo. '

'^ Woodaia Ilrenaia, R. Br.

K. £ (UbIt. B«b}.

n-Tan. Cyatopteris hulbifera, Bernh. (A^idium btJbif*-

rum—W.)

Abb Arbor; B. E. (Wrl«ht).

Asptdium Thely pteria, Willd.

8. HldL (TrlEbL).

Aapidium spinnloflum, Swariz. (A. inlermedium—
W.)

AimArbor;EranMtCo.;P. Mloh. tWrljbt).

var. Bootii, Gray.

Abb Arbor.

Aapidium criatatum, Swartz.

STATE GEOLOGIST

31

Wood-Fen.

Wood-Fn.

8nfiiiiT»-FenL

Aspidiam acrostichoides, Willd.

ru CratK.t; S. Mich- (Wrijlii).

"Appidium atipleu'.ades, L,"

t. Mich. (Wright). •

Oii'.Krloa songibilis, L.

Brax CV«k, Escort Co., 2« Aof .; S. W. (Wrlcbt}; lu Irbor.

TioveriDf Fern. Qsmunda re^a'rs, L.

Ann Arbor; Ft. Gntktf.

Tar. sptfctabilus.

AzA Arbor.

CfamnmoB Frra.

Modnvort.

ftlalncClab-

Clnb-i
QrDQBdPtDe.

Clob-mon.

CIub-mo«.

Osmcnda Clayiouiana, L. (O. inierrupia — IT.)

Ann Arbor ; Ft. GratkrU

Osmnrida cinnamonea, L.

Ann AtUk* ; Ft. Graliot.

Bijtrvchium Innarioides, Swartz. {B, fumarioides —

Ft- GratM; 5. MWl (Wright).

Botrycliiiim Virfr'nicum, Swartz.

FL GratK't; Squw Pt.,ThGnUer Bay, 6 Julj; DnmimoDd*! I.. 13 Aof.;.
Ema -t Co. , rich W'» is. rather common, S. Mich. (WricJit).

lycopodiacej:.
Lyc>n >dium lucidulum, Michx.

*Dr^3M3d'8 1. , 24 Jj.y; Emm.-t Go. ; S. E. (Wri^t).

Lycopodium inandatnm, L. rar. Bigelovii, Tack.

WLJow Birer , n-irun Co. , 20 Jane; Drommond*! L ; Socnr L

LycoprKlium annotinnm, L.

TLc CoTO, L. U-iron ; Emmet Co. , oommoo.

Lycopodium dendroideuin, Michx.

Ft. Gratiot: Pt. !\ax Butjan, Horon Co., 19 Jane; 9o(nr L, SI July; N.

W. (Uuir. Herb). •

Lycopodium clavatum, L.

Pt. aux EirqiKK, Huron Co., 21 June; K. E. (Tnlr. Herb).

Lyc»po(i!uin complanatum, L.

Tra verso City, comm.in in shade of pines; N. E. (Unir. Herb).

S^'Ia-i-Iinlla apus. .*^|»riiip^.

CHAPTER X.

GENERAL REMARKS OX THE PRECEDING CATALOGUE.

Although the territory represented by the foregoing Cata-
logue does not extend into the Upper Peninsula, it neyerthelefls
embrace^a portion of the ''Lake Superior Land District^ as
reported upon by the Butaiiisi of Foster and Whitney's Survey.
Within this portion of their territory, we have detected 95 spe-
cies of plants not enumerated in W. D. Whitney's Catalogue.

The number of species embraced in this Catalogue is 274
moru than in the Catalogue iorinerly published by Dr. Wright.

Tiie total number of species enumerated (excluding varie-
ties) is 1205. Of these, 85 species are of foreign origin. The
introduced species embrace a large proportion of our common
weeds The Black Mustard (Sinapis nigra), Shepherd's Purse
(Capsella Bursa pastorisj, Mouse-Ear (Ceraatium vulgalum and
G. viscosumjf Purslane (Portulaca olShaceaJ, Miillows fMalva
rolundijoliajf Corn Speedwell (Veronica arvensis), Pigweeds
(Chenopodium hybridum and C. album), Amaranths (Amardntus
hj^fridus and A. reiqflexus). Princes Feather (Polygonum erven-
tale), Sorrel (Rumex acetosella), Crabgrass (Fanicum sangui-
nale), and the Foxtail grasses (Setaria glauca and S, viridis),
are common garden nuisances, and several of them spread
themselves extensively through cultivated fields. The follow-
ing more rarely encroach upon our gardens, but make them-
selves at home in cultivated and pasture fields : Buttercups
(Ranunculus acris), Horse Radish (Naalurtium annoracia),
Field Mustard fSinapUi arvenaisy. Cockle ( Agroatemmo^ Oithago),
Sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifolia), Chickweed (Stellaria media),
Bladder Ketmia /^Hibucus Trionumj, White Melilot (Melilotus
oUm), Common Daisy C Lecanthemum vulgare), Groundsel (Sen^
do vulgaris), Common and Canada Thistles fCirsium laneeola-

320 REPOirr OK TUE

turn and C. arwjisc), Burdock (Lappa major), Spin; Sow Thi>- .
tie (^lauvhus axiJ^r), Field liimlwcod (Conoolvulue arvenms),
Nighiiliadc' (Solanum nigrum), JamiKiowu weed (Datura 8(r»-
monium). Wild Tobacco (Niculiana runlica). Lady's Thumb aad
Black Bindweed (Polygonum fergicaria aiid P. convolmdue'),
Hemp (Cannahin 8aUea),iir\)vn Bt'ul Grago (Afiro»lis canina).
Floating Foxtail {Alajx-vurm gimicnlatun). Wire grass {Eteu-
tine Indxca), Erui^rostie (Eragroi4is poceoidef), Cliess {Bromua
tecalinuit), and Barnyard grass [Panicum cntsgaUi) A few of
our naturalized plants seem to have escaped ffom a atatc of
oultivation. such aa Red Clover (Tri/utivm praiense), Parapep
(Padinaca tatiiia), IlysHop (Bt/ssopiis officinalis). Peppermint
(Mentha piperita), Itoreliound (Marnibiam vulgare), Henbane
(nijom:yamuii niger). Buckwheat (^Fagrqjyrum esculcnlum) and
Tiiiiotliy Grass {Phkum pralenee). Several species seem to be
conftni^d almost entirely to Toadeides and waate places. Of
ancli we may name Hedge Mustard {Sisymbrium qfficin<de),
Soapwort or Bouncing Bfl (Sajxinaria officinaHn), Cowherb
( Vaccaria oulgarig), which is not common, Indian Malli^w (Abu-
tiloro Aoicennw), equally rare, Spotted Hemlock (Conium macu-
latum). Wild Teasel (Dipxacus i»j!ve.4ris). Elecampane (/nu/a
helenium). Mayweed (Manila cotttfa), Tansy (Tanacetum vvt-
gare). Great Mullein ( Verba^cum Tiiapsvs), an abundant peat in
old fields, Toad Flax or Butter and Eggs (Linaria vulgaris),
often a bold intruder into cultivated fields. Vervain ( rfrterto
havta/a and V. xtrticifolia), Gatneii (N'-pfIa Calaria), Hemp Net-
tlo (Qaleopsin telrahit and G. Ladamim), Motherwort (Leonurw
cardiaca), Gomfrey (Syniphiihim officinale), Gromwell (Lithot-
pertiiiim arvm'c uth! L. i;//(cijm?f), J^licksoed (Echinofpermum
Laj'jjuta). Hound T.iniriu' (Ct/H'H/fosNi/m officinale), Apple of
Peru (Xiiaoiira i-hyHtfoi'/r"), .Ii-nisuliini 0;ik and Mexican Tea
(Cht'nopnJium bn'rijii and C. amhnifi-.idfx). Smartweed (PalygO'
jiHTii' /lyf/rfj/iijifcj, IVnk {l!inni:r cri>-pm and B. Musi/oliuB),
and Stingini^ Nettle ( Urli'v dinim). But few trees and shrnba
hare been truly naluiuli/nl in tin- peninsula. Of such I have
recognized the fjweel Brier (Iloaa ritbiginoaa), very common .od

STATE GEOLOGIST. ' 821

, Mackinac island, Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), the Brittle
Willow (Salix fragUis), and the Lombardy Poplar (PopuluM
dilalaia).

A very considerable number of onr wild plants are known to
possess medicinal properties. Fourteen of the naturalized
species fall into this category, viz: Toad Flax^ Butter Gups,
Black Mustard, Hgrse Radish, Spotted Hemlock, Elecampane,
Bittersweet, (Solanum dulcamara), Jamestown IVeed or Stra^
monium, Henbane, Great Mullein, Horehound, Peppermint,
Wormseed, and Hemp. A more considerable number of our
native plants hold an established place in the pharmacopoeia,
viz: Flowering Dogwood ^Cornws^onWo^, Spotted Granesbill
(Oeranium maculatum), Butternut (Juglans cinereaj, Mandrake
(Podophyllum pellatum), Goldthread (Copiia trifoliaj, Black
Snakeroot (Cimcifuga racemosa), Creeping Spearwort (Banutir
cuius Jlammula var. reptans), Tulip tree ( Liriodendron tulypir
fera), Bloodroot ( Sanguxnaria Canadensis J, Seneca Snakeroot
(Pdygala Senega), Wood Sorrel (Oxdis stricta). Poison Ivy
(Bhu8 toxicodendron), Indian Physic (GUlcnia trifoliaia), Wild
Black Cherry (Prunua serotina), Ginseng (Panax quinqtitfO"
Hum), Dandelion (Taraxacum dens-leonia), Lobelia (Lobdia inr
fiUa), Wintergreen (Oavliheria procumbens), Bcarberry (Are-
tottqphyloa uva-vrsi), Prince's Pine (ChimqphUa umUHaia), Spice
Bosh (Benzoin odorijerum), Pleurisy Boot (Asclepias ivJberosa),
Bnckbean (Menyanihes trifoliata), Sassafras (Sassafras official
ofe/ Hops (Humvluslupulus), Slippery Elm (Vlmus fulva).
Juniper (Juniperus communis), Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus)
Wild Turnip (ArisoBma triphyUum), Golumbo (Frasera caroli-
nensis), which is different from the imported Columbo, Prickly
Ash (Zanihoxylum Americanum), Agrimony (Agrimonia eiipo-
icria). Fever Root (Triosleum perfoliaium). Black Alder (Bex
verticiUata), CnlYer^Q ThjBic (Veronica Virginica), Pennyroyal
(Hedeoma pulegioides), Dogbane (Apocynum androscemifoliumj.
Wild Ginger (Asarum Canadense), Pokeweed (Phytolocca d^
oaiidra), Brake (Pteris aguitina), Wood Fern (Aspidium HTcvfh

41

332 REPORT OF THE .

boTttoensej, Floworing Fern (Osmunda regaiu), ClnbmoBB (Ljfr '
copofjium clauatum). Several of the preceding aro the Ameih
oao aDulogues of European species that enjoy, perhaps without
reason, a greater reputation than the American ones. The
Ameiican rcpreBUDtatives of numerous other European species
win undoubtedly be foand to possess equal virtues with theii
foreign congeners ; and not a (ew of these have already acquired
considerable standing. '

A number of our native plants, much larger than is generally
supposed, are worthy of cultivation for ornament Our penin*
sula a&brds some of the most magnificent shade trees known.
The Sugar Uaplo (Acer saccharinum) has no superior, while
the Silver Maple (Jeer efd^carpum). Tulip tree {Liriodendron
tvUpifera), Basswood [TUia Americana), Locust (^Bobinia paett-
da-acacia), Kentucky GoSee Bean {Gifnnodadus CanadenmM),
Honey Locust {QledHxhia Iriacanthus), Wild Black Gheny
(Prunus aeralina), Butternut (JugUms cinerea). Black Walnnt
(Juglaita nigra), Balm of Gilead (^Popuius batsam^era tst. oan-
dicana), and a number of others have long been eztensivelj'
employed for shade and ornament. Besides these, our flora is
rich in coniferous evergreens, of which the White Pine {Pimu
itrobuB), Hemlock {Atnea Canadaisia), Balsam Fir (Abiet bat-
tanutt), Black Spruce (Abiet nigra), Arbor Vitn ( Z%t{;a oocufan-
Idtia), improperly called White Cedar, and Bel Cedar (.Tun^
riu Pirginiana), are in greatest favor; while few trees ofier a
more graceful foliage than our Tamarack (^Larix .Jnuncona).
Of emaller sized ornamental trees may be mentioned Hie Hop
Tree (ftefco trifoliala), Striped Haplo {Acer Pennsyloanicvim)
caltivated in Europe, Red Bud {Cdrcia Canaderma), Wild' Grab
Apple (^Pyrits coronaria). Mountain Ash (Fyrus Americanii},
Flowering Dogwood (Comus ^fiorida). Among shrubs omgi>
mental in cultivation we have Stag's Horn Sumac (Ahus (jpU-
tw), Burning Bush (Euonymua alropurjiureus). Nine Bark
(QnrtBa (^uli/olia), Flowering Raspberry (Bubua odoratus and
&. makttiuu), Snow Berry {Si/mphoriaajtus raomioni*}, Bed

STATE GEOLOGIST. 328

Berried Elder (Sambucua pribens) an attractive object at Mack*
inac and northward, Snowball ( Vibumym <>pulu$), Bear Berry
{Ardoataphylos tiua-um), Sheep Laurel {Kalmia augustyolw)^
which, with its beautiful and showy pink flowers, is very abun-
dant at Thunder Bay, Trailing Red Cedar {Juniperaa Virginir
ana Tar. AumtZts), Juniper {JuniperuB ctrmmunii), American
Yew {Taxus baccata var. Canaderms). Of herbaceous plants
attractive for the beauty of their flowers or the peculiarity of
their foliage may be mentioned the Wild Columbine (AquHegia
Ganadensis)y more desirable than the foreign species, White
Pond Lily (NymphcM odoro/ta) the various species of Violets,
American Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea), Dodder (Cut-
cuia Oronovii), Sundew (Drosera rotundifolid). Fringed Poly-
gala {Pclygda paudfolia), Wild Lupine {Lupinus perennia),
Goat's Rue {Ttphrosa Virginiana), Silver Weed {Potmtiilaanr
mtina), Great Willow Herb ( Epdobium augusiifoHuni), Evening
Primrose ((Fn9<^^a6i^ni8), Wild Valerian (Valeriana syh»-
$iea)f Blazing Star (Liatris gpicata), Silky and Azure Asters
(Aster tericeus and A, azureua), Compass Plant and Prairie
Dock (Si^hium laciniatum and 8. terdnnihinaceum), Cardinal
Flower (Lobdia cardinalia), Syphilitic Lobelia (Lobelia sypMK-
Hoa), Painted Cup CkuHUeia coecinea), Hairy Pnccoon (LiAoe-
perm%im hirtum), Moss Pink (Phlox eubulaia). Fringed and
White Gentians (CferUiana crimta and O. Alba), Pleurisy Root
(Amdepias iuberoM), Flowering Spurge (Evpkarbia ooroUaia)
Showy Orchis (Orchis epedabilis), Large Round-leaved Orchis
(Platanihera orbicukUa), Yellow Fringed Orchis (P. ciliaris),
Lwrge Purple Fringed Orchis (P.flimbriaia), Grass Pink (Colo-
pogonpulchellus), Showy L^dy-a Slipper (Cypripedium spectO'
h>&e), Tork's Cap Lily (Lilium euperbum), Spiderwort (TradeB'
canHa Virgintca) and Maiden's Hair Fern (Adianium pedaium).
Among climbing and trailing plants may be mentioned, besides
our native grapes and the trailing Bearberry, Red Cedar and
Tew, oar far famed American Ivy (Ampdopm ^inqu^oHa),
▼irgin'a Bower (OUmaHs Vmrimana), the Olimbisg Bitter

8M RKPOBT OP IHI

Sweet (OWoatrua aeandeju), and a delicate herbaoeoiu tim^ ;
Olimbing Famitory (Adtumia cirHtoaa) seen only oa Uiddlft
Island o£ Lake Huron. s

The Floras of the varfoaa Bectioos of the peninsala ore nok
yet soffioteatly made fcnovn to jaetify any extended discossioB
of the geosraphicat diBtribation of the specieB. Such taote m
have been coUectod, however, foresbadow the nature of Bome
general conclosioDB to wbich even now a brief reference may
bo made.

A large proportion of all our apecieB are generally dietrib-
tited, but the northern half of the peninsnia receives a very
considerabte nambcr of cbajacteriatic northern types. There
is no definite line Beparating the boreal types from the auetral,.
but in traveling northward we find a continual acccaaion of
forms more and more ezclusivcly northern, until in the extreme
norttiem, limit of the district under consideration we find onz' .
selves for the first time within the range of such species u
Ptimtila fariiwsa, Mimvlue Jamem, Venniai afptna, Tr^^focAw ^
marittmwia, var. tiatum, Calypao borealia, Tqfieldia ghitxtioaa,
Ao. A few Bpecies in that part of the district are alnust or
qoHe restricted t:) the White UouDtains in their eastward dit-.,
tribatim, while most of the others which characterise the north-
ern district occu also in New York and Pennsylvanii^. and
extend soethward along the AUeghooies. It is worthy of par-
ticular remark that many of the species of Pennsylvania obA
New York are found is Michigan in a latitude coiteider«bty
bigber; while, in accordance with this foct^ several of Ae sp*-
cies whose northern limit is in Ohio are found, further west, to
have extended up into Michigan. The following are examples
of -species which, on a more easterly meridiait, are not knowft
to range as far north as our State : BiUne Pennsyiixmte^
(Wrighft), Lefpaiexa rtpeiw (Wright), Cereia Canadensis, Agrir
mORiapttrvifion.{}iiaB Clark), L<airi$ s^uorroso, Buiibedei»tp»--
ciota, M. /t^gida (Miss Glark), Vaccinium. vaeiUana, Scvidimiim,
tnla^r^olu (Wright), OanJuNa oellrobwc«.(Miss Clark). A few..

8TATB OSOLOGIST.

more strictly Atlantic coast species, also, reappear in our State^
mostly on a higher parallel than in their eastern habitat BuA
are Degmodium lafmgahan (Wright), D. sbriohtm (Wright), Cb-
reopsia tricho^perma (Wright), UlriciUaria ptfyjncraa^ Wright),
Acnida cannabina (Wright), Barlonia teneUa (Wright), SmSax
iamnifolia — ^thongh the appended anthoriiies in these lists
show that I haye not generally verified the identifieations.
It would seem then that the isofloral lines, like the isothermal
ones, are, in their westward prolongation, deflected somewhat
toward the north, though the deflection is considerably more in
the former than the latter.

The following is a list ci the species which have noi been
observed south of the mouth of the Saginaw river. It cannot
by any means be asserted, however, that none*€if these oecor
in the more southern counties, though very few, if any» will be
discovered as far south as Ann Arbor :

Liti of Native PlarUa not observed 8ouih of the mouik ef Bosgimm

. rirxT.

Anemone multifida,
Oorydalis aurea,

" glauca,
Sisymbrium arabidoides,
TurriUs glabra,
'' stricta,
Barbarea vulgaris,-
Sisymbrium canescens,
Gakile Americana,
¥iola rotundifolia,
Hudsonia tomentosa,
Drosera rotundifolia.
Geranium Bobertianum,
Acer Pennsylvanicum,
Acer spicatum,
Bubos Nntkanus,
Pyms Americana,

II

II

Amelanchier Ganadonsis,

vars. botryapinm ft alnifolia,
Epilobium palustre, var. liniare,
Ribes lacustre,

'' prostratum,
Lonicera parviflora,

hirsuta,

ciliata,
Nardosmia palmata,
Aster simplex,
Solidago pubcrula,

stricta,

Houghtonii,
Ooreopsis lanccolata,
Tanacetam Horonense,
Artemesia Canadensis,
<* Ludoviciana,

II

II

820

EEPOST OF THE

Tsr. gnsphalode^
Antennaria Hargaritscea,
Oiifiom Pitcheri,

" . oDdalatQDi,
Hiwaoiom Canadenae,
(Huogen^B hispidnla,
Kalmia angustifolia,

" gUuca,
Ledum latifoliora,
PteroBpora Andnmieda,
Primola farinosa,
Uimiilua Jainoui,
Veronica Alpina,
Qeraidia as^a,
Balenia defleza,

▼ar. UnesriB,
BUtnm capitatum,
PolfgoDum articnlatnm,

" cilinode,
Bumez altiaaimiiB,

'* salioifolina,
Oorylos roatrata,
Betula papyracea,
Betnla leuta,
Alu&s incana,
Popaloa balaamifera,
PinuB Banksiana,

■■ reainosa,
AbiGB Fraaeri,

■■ alba,
JanipeiTus Virginiana,

var. btimiliB,
Taxna bacoata, var. Oanadenais,
Potamogston pectinatns,
" praloDgoB,

Triglochin maritimotD,

var. elatnm,
Goodyeta repem,
Oalypao boraalia,
Tipalaria discolor,
Gorallorliiza Uacrei,
Iris lacnstris,
Trillium erythrocarpon^
^nilacina ttifolia,
StreptopuB roBeoB,
Tofieldia glatinoaa,
Luznla piloea,
JnnotiB filiformiB,
" Baltictu,
" articulatoB,
" oodoBus, *

Meoobaria roateilata,

" intermedia,

Carex gjuocratefl,
." Bcirpoidea,

" trisperma,

" Crawei,

" CEderi,

" griaea,

" ariatata,
Ziaania aqaatica,
GalamagiOHtia arenaria,
Oryzopsie aaperiToUa,
Poa Berotina,
Triticiim dasyataobfoiu,
Elymna mollia,
Aira caespitosa,
TriBetmn subspicatam,
Equieetum Bylvaticnm,
" Bcirpoidea,
AlloBoruB atropurpnieua,
Aspleniiiffl Rata-mararia,

STATE GEOLOGIST.

88Y

var. Bigelovii,
Lycopodium annotinum,
" complaoatiuiL

ijBplenium Trichomanes,
Woodsia Ilvensis,
Gjstopteris fragilis,
Lycopodium inundatnm,

Future observations will undoubtedly greatly reduce the fov^
going list, as well as the following:

Lid of native Plants seen only on the southwestern slope of At

Peninsula,

Amorpha canesceus,
Desmodium canescens,
Lespedeza violacea,
▼ar. aug^stifolia,
Lespedeza hirta,
Ludwigia altemifolia,
Chrysoplenium Americanum,
Hydrocotyle nmbellata,
Erynglum yuccflefolinm,
Thaspium barbinode,

'* trifoliatum,
yemoni& fasciculata,
Liatris spicata,
Solidago ulmifolia,
Silphium laciniatum,

" integrifolium,
Echinacea purpurea,
Helianthus occidcntalis,
Hieracium Oronovii,
Lysimachia lanceolata,

var. hybrida,
Miranlus alatus,
Veronica anagallis,
Buchnera Americana,
Gerardia auriculata,
Scutellaria pilcsa,
Cuscuta Gronovii,

Bartonia tenella,
Bcohmeria cylindrica,
Geltis occidentaliB,
var. crassifolia,
Triglochin palustre,
Scheuchzeria palustris^
Sagittaria pusilla,
Gymnadenia tridentat%»
Spiranthes gracilis,
Pogonia ophioglossoides,

" pendnla,
Hicrostylis ophioglossoides,
Liparis liliifolia,
Zygadenus glancus,
Coromelyna Virginlca,
Eriocaulon septangulara^
Cyperus strigosus,

" phymatodes,
Hemicarpha subsquarrosa^
Eleocharis acicularis,
Fimbristylis spadicea,
Agrostis scabra,
Muhlenbergia glomerata^
Stipa avenacea,
Tricuspis seslerioides,
Glyceria Canadensis,
Panicum filiforme,

Hb ^tPGtr OP THX

OeDchruB tribuloides, AApidmm Koveboraoeii^.

Asplcnium angnati folium,

At Stone island and Drummond's island some pvns wen
taken to make oat pretty extended ItstB of tlie plant* noticed,
otone island is the middle one of three small islands in Sa^naw
Bay, lying near the cast shore. The following species were
■^bfm it these two localities.

1. — Yegelalion of Sttnt^ /stand, Saginaw Bay.

Pinns StrobuB, Tbnja occidentalis, Tilia Americana, Fteris

•qailina, Gteraniam Bobertiaouro, Aetna spicata, TiiUinm cn)c-

tom, Srailacina bifulia, Elbes cynosbati, Oaliam circs^ans,

Orateegns coooinea 7 Bhos glabra, R. Toxicodeodroa, Zan-

thoxylam AmeTicanam, Rtiiis typfaina, Erigeron Piuladelphicim,
Aqnilegia Canadensis, Sassafras ofScioale, Titis cordlfolia,

Qaercna tinctoria, Smilax 1 Oeraniom maculatnm, Fcobiu

, Achillea nullefoliam, Viola cncuUata, Eapatorium perfoUa-

tnm, Aaemone FennsylTanica, Fragaria Virginiana, £ab«u
(small vine), Qalinm trifidum, Eannncnlus abortivns, Erigeron
Philadelphienm, Bnbns villoans, Podopbyllnm pcltatam, Sapi-
cnla Canadensis, Bibes floridam, Garpinns Americana, Hypoj^s
erecta, Cratngua tomentosa, var. mollis, Potcntiila CanadensiB,
Acer saccharinasi, Acei nigrum, Potcntiila anserina. Castillgia
coccinea, Apocynum androssBmiroliam, Bosa blanda, Calystegia

■pithamtea, Nabalus , Iris versicolor, Polygala senega,

Bmnella vulgaris, Stellaria longifolia, Torritia etricta, Hora-
eleon lanatnm, Thalictram oornuti, Cornns atolonifera, Coraoa
panictilata, Linaiia CanadenBis, Cypripediom pnbescens, An-
t«nnaria plantaginifolia.

i.'~-Fiora qf DrummotuPt Iiiand.
Cirtfitnn nndnlatnm, Lontcera parviflora, Platantbera orbica-
1ata, Abies alba, Aetna spicata, var. alba, Oastillcia coccinea,
Lycopodinm claTatnm, Platanthera dilatata, Hypericnm prolifl-
cnm, Bronella Tnlgatis, (a variety with white corolla,) Eupato-
nam perfoliatnm, Galamintha glabella, var. MntalHi, tTaaea

STATE GEOLOGIST. 8f9

barbata, Parnassia palastris, Ljcopus Enrop»iis, yar. sinnatiu,
ArctostapbyloB TTva-arsi, Primiila farinosa, Solidago Hoagh-
tonii, Solidago stricta, Platanthcra psycodes, Spirantbes latifo-
tia, Eleocharis rostcllata, Pteris aquilma, Campanula rotandi-
folia, very abundant, Juncus articulatas, Anemone Virginiana,
Botrjchium Virginicum, Alnus incana, abundant, Spir»a opuli-
folia, common, Rosa lucida, Tbuja occidentalis, Larix Americana,
Abies balsamea, Pinus rcsinosa, Acer saccharinum, Fagus fer-
mginea, Populus tremuloides, Clintonia borealis, Quercus mbra,
Corjdalis aurca, Cornus stolonifera, Pragaria Virginiana, Oor-
ana circinata, Bctula papyracea, fipilobtum angustifolium, Oe-
ranium Carolinianum, Blitum capitatum. PoTygonnm cilinode,
Pinna strobus, Acer spicatum, Acer Pennsylvanicum, Rnbns
trifloms, Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, Ai-nlia* nudicatilis,
Dieryilla trifida, Comus Canadensis, Ohimapbila nmbollala,
fiins toxicodendron, Rnmox acetosella, Aniclandiier Cnnaden-
ds, Corydalis glanca, Rosa blanda, Snl'x Candida, Salix lucida^
'*Epilobium coloratum, Potentilla frnticosa, Salix prdicellaris,
flmOacina racemosa, Loniccra Ijkirsuta, Physalis TiBCosa, Ribes
lacustria, Lycopodium innndatum, Lyonpodinm Incidulnm, Mel-
ampyrom Americanum, (Enothera biennis, Achillea millefolium,
Cteiim strictum, Lonicera parviflora, Ostrya Virginica, Tilia
Americana, Erigeron Canadcnse, Symphoricarpus raoemoaus,
Sambncns pubens, Chenopodinm hybridnm, Aster cordifoliiis,
Potentilla Norvegica, Blephilia ciHata, Ulmus Americana, San-
icola Marilandica, Anemone xnnltifida, Prunus Virginiana,
Fraxinus Americana, Betula lenta, Prunus pumila, Cornus Can-
adensis, Linnroa borealis, Abies nigra, Junipcrus communis,
Joniperus Virginiaua, var. humilis, Populus balsamifora, Gay-
lossacia r^sinosa, Spirea salicifolia, Comandra umbellata, Tri-
glocbin maritimum, var. elatum, Viola cucuUata, Brunella
ynlgaris, Senecio aureus, var. balsamitse, Polygala senega, Iris
lacustris, Potentilla anserina, Ribes hirtellum, Eupatorium pmr-
pnreum, Toficldia glutinosa, Lilium Philadelphicum, Antennaria
margaritacea, Zanthoxylom Americanum, Anemone Pennayl-

S30 REPORT OF THE STATE QEOLOOIST.

ranicft, Ribea hirtellam, Yitis cordirolla, Trillium grandi-
flornm, Elymns CaDadensis, Coroas circioitU, Qerftniam Bob-
artianam,. Saliz humilie, Lathyrus paluBtria, Salix scricea,
JoacuB DodosuB, Salix discolor, Salix eriocephala, Jnncoa
BalticDH, Eqnisetnm Bylvaticum, EquiBetum Tariegatnm, Ca-
TBZ granolariB, Lobelia Kalmii, Garoz eburnea. Solid ago
OanadeDsia, Solidago lanceolata, Carex griaea, var. , matica,
Oarex (Ederi, Erigeron Fhiladelphicum, Poljgala pancifolia,
Cypripedinin pubeacens, Fraxinua pubeacena, Eieracium Oait-
•dense, Hypericum Canadense, Solidago puberula, Solidago
Ohioensif, Erigeron strigosum, Aster ericoidea, Erigeron Cao-
adense, Uulgedium leacophsenm, Nepeta cataria, Knmex cris-

puB, Axalia racemosa, Actsea apicata, Aster f Nanga-

burgia thyreiflora, Aater ptarmicoidea, Abies Canadensis, Pop-
oluB giandidentata, Lappa mtyor, Aster cordifoliua, Abtea
balsamea, Pyrola elliptica, Goreopaia lanceolata, Lathyrua mftr-
ittmoB, Lycopodium clavatam, Apocynum aDdrossemifolinm,
Aater aagittifoliua, Eqniaetum hyemale, Equisetom arvense,
Pteris aquiliaa, Sanguinaria CEinadensis, Corylna roatrata,
Oirsium muticum, Paslinaca saliva, Oaleopsia Tetrafait, Stel-
laria longifolia, Uentha Canadensis, Eupatorium perfuliatum,
Ribea floridum, Fopulns dilatatue, Lathyrua paluatris, Gentians
detenaa, Solidago nemoralia, Gystopteris fragilis, Rannncalos
abortivna, Arteraiaia Canadensis, Campanula apacJQuidaa, Poly-
podium valgare. Total observed, 189 species.

INDEX.

INDEX.

ub Fori (olfl) Ufummmia

Ballerironli'B&U V

artMBKiiwi* ]

GIMInoU,OHlii«tial p
«■» > <■■■>'

ciHk, unm aur, Bsu

QmI, rrporlsd on by Dr. HDDghlon u

S, dlTttoJ Wm " lippsr" uiij "LDWei
■St. tbnfliMnuilii^lnuu,
,nHcaHMI«Kp
la Uia Bsron a

H WoodvlAki'mkiiBi.iuVMI

■4M«c«<ifpr«itmll}Ui im,in

fHeniir.ai Burr, lU

vperatlauB Ibt.ii WoodTUIa,.. . .lU, ISO

■I CQnmiis, in

MasDpUadsr.n HIeh., IM

09irCklllMl]HBMlflf 1»

oagnyt.^MyO*.,. m

ii,kkdc» or, IH

from r™t, ! Hf

ColdwBUr, Rruiih Co., n^n

CaaiLoaiBrata ol L. BuMrior, > W

oaSnlpHurt. H

■Ibudut Helihu-bnrE Grgap M

u buD ar uuiiuu ar<mpp W

Omiftra, «,«•

Oippar Baj M

Cdppir, Nulvii,OwliMialpailUciBof,.tt,n

tDund Id KuabaU eudMOM, ••

i^offfr Otet aootagVal^imMmttt^.... m

atL.ai

Cbutj Bamran, QranUr to ....•<,M

aswrordVHuhliltuvry ei,8i,I^M

Onvfbnt,Thoou«,aJdrfloaJTed from,.** W

'.'.'. M,ii','n^u

i)aOuiip,Dr.,Bli rtoetisd tram,. M

DDHboriDi ttarooal.MaUKka tf, IBl

OarCmk.OlUKm&i.. M

IMt>,Ku<ina>., IM

SifiaatUiis oT amu _.

Itanipttaiui at 1— _r.w.n

iinf a9,,a9ii)

•«.»

ClihxuUlaD, >l KacbtaBB, «

at n. uu Barqun Ll|tK-beiw^ .... «
IMalarbnuofalnU. O

~ l|lii,Hr.,ZKilatlutAa1«UiitlKa;.... W

fnoaiipar,.. "

fXSX

Drin, modlfl*!...

.... ...m'

......lai-

f^«

Drptbof bririil, W

«(«a(luw Hall Valla W.1M.1H1H

cmnnaBlcaUm « tvoloc/ afi ■ '

Mi cb. 'y.."'.'.".r.:'y..'....'"iiim

OrlBdstooe CrHk, EUOn Co. Ttt

OrlajtiUniB Orlt oT 1. Bimm, 14, TS, n

Ouapndar from p»t, Ill

OynnmiMLItUDPt, luQiaDs, tl

kt^lTUll,01ltD,. M

UMonrnCb i ••

U DdUoII W

ualnra ot, t Ul

KKuumpUoD et, Ul

lUU. Pror. Juno.ild reoclTSd rnm-.... K

OD tbB fMlOgtul pOalUoD of (hi BiBEk

aiQinlDoua Slau^ 11

OD tho Gpplulopoda of tha lluvbaU

6&DdBtatic, ,....- n

Halmaa acManiUti, M

Himllwn.C. W., n

ILunlltoiiUrniin.iUacrlpllanor, M

iiwuiiiLiiDB oc. ., *g

palMoaulocicaJ poculUrlUes of, Ol

ttilokicM at, IH

"Butiitdu ehoUB," n

Hvborll, Brine iprtu'iU,"!!''.!!!^!!^! •>

HuilWuf>dPt.,L. Huron »

Ibrs'sBuk, I. Uicbfiu VI

H.«a*o's Cow Mine lU,Ut

HsIUerbcrR Omip. &• " IIppar^HcUw-

HdidiUt ipMfora, W

HiiDrj, Aluuiler, Bni mlMi of L. Hiii-

Bnrj.Pmf, J. , Mil offared bj, M

Hta, H. B., lid rcceiTad from, K

loforDuUhn in pomaiton of, 01

Hltibvdl AtmUb «*U, IUIMM If,.. ..IB

HIcria.S. W.,SUM ninwruliB, I

HiSdMOo.r U,K

HIUMlal*, HUWaIb Co. M

HJHorrK OMlon U lOctilnB, •

HDlGr«R,JotB,>MrtMlT«IIISB S,U|

aoUaad, OltaVB On. H

airtooQL,Jb. M

HnogliW. Dr. I)(>ogUM,aiploraUM> of,

ilnit I. BaptrlM, ■

»WoM«ilBtoi»q»iikAtr I

UipolnM BooBdvr CbmmlNlgMT,.. U
un g(, ft>r <Haa«atln> Uuv nad mI-
eDUftD nmr*. K

BiratliMm, Jicob,Jr., lnfariuUon ftom^ 11

(tiiT«r, C. K.Md r«c«lT«itlrem^ n

BncT ka>.-apluMrquuiT,. H

Ua»terd,B»l»,MUilu(BfaIaOMlocM, T-

Rabterd, ItaduMk, revort of, •

HndaoalilTer Gnnp (■

Horoaoi.r n,Ta,m

BaroB Oronp, dcacrtpUoo of, ft

guloftciil MQlnlaDta ofT. It

IMoknoiirf, in

Hnronli, \ «

Bir«aR.,L.Bapgrlw ff.ji

Brdnnllo Ilanur ~

InMonnMOi.,
B^drofnplv

&S;~

'.itS^

«■(• to. , "i"'

i(nr«>(b (Oapc) n,n,n

InQlliiflBtatn,l(<>., W

Iran Oft, munoilc mAI nwciilM', of I*

ftipeftor,.. «

KMory, »,n

iciir iiT.iu.iaa

iCily CtaalOi., 117

,ro — M,M,gT,iU,iU,isa,U9

KHkukI* LlmMtoiiDlalllcli.,.

ielOeri.,C*. ,S«"lHwrwuL(C«p()."

^wtMiwPt., '. 4B

■"KMnf jr Iron FarmilUiB," U

UksKMnaiad'

SM.biiuid.iir

. d , oriiinor,

Jlriuwul.....

UlMflBpuisr,raprarttlaiiaalaD(,.. ..
loDdDiniin or, DrnnlHd, i

(eotngmi pMliion oci- i

xtwifc., ,s

I*"'""^ --. ISO.IN

UnMione of U ttw, u

UniiiloDa, ODrntfemu, (Mu, aim, "IV-

pw balilsriHtt >•] »

TliuiiiltcudtJMstiHnBv,.... M
Bluk BIIdbIihhm, fSie, ■!■, i* Bu>>

>l4eli]DU, (Sk, atioi *" Dppor' Hddv-

ver Lincrodc of UoogbUn^..,

jhrhlBUDti^ re ._.........,.... ». 41,41

tcklnic I .G8,(W,eS,M,«i,U

uo'ml. tv. . . n,V,IM

nlJt^a.Oirl , 'I I r-MlT«l Croin, tt^lt

'^S^^Mo1^,\\\]~..!y^V^'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.ta^

int^WwOi. ■

inltouHnll.p m

lijflunilln partlon dT Upp«r LltuTOCfci" U

utrl(it«i4.DrBinT»asil'ii.,..'...*....VM,M

m-dtigo, Quhflui) Co f. tt

■r1 acTMitcR, bow ptMneoil M

MlAlpB (hit Owy.tt«Bi»af,l

ttikkaaa «f I 'rwuir'amib',' '.

Ulamtl cbanHtr gf FlgXnto, Toloula

uaAanta rodka, W,4B

MlBWBlPilnLifOhkl, T*

■r lUolilcui. IM

MInniliprliici, M,n»

HMukn O)., B1

II iMl n oi rt M.ai|ft>r«tl«Di tf,i]oa( I. Hup.

OnmiwOi., IT

oa,lltiwnl. CM'-rMKAMtt."

Oli[BrtUi1tFart,DrQmund«L, M

OMIbrt HolnOT, :.... n

UBoBdiCm WInM, lit, in

OsoaMfi &U OiOHp, dntrlpUati ef, it

SMinptilMl ratast of- ■

«a>iioBlulliBpBnwisa«r, W

pwbvanlUtroia In lUib., ■•.in

OsIIUaJIncataBa.HuUuoLr tt

OrnntsitMa el Burrn ud Flu tf (h*-

r"lB", It

OrltkUT auAalona, 0)

OnwBsiiUl Fliula. Ai'ifluU.**

OrtU., B^M,S,in

, iis,u«,m

ttikkarusr, us

t^rUia,a«Jaglffi>l,Zai)laglaa]uil BdIuU-

PaflrV]B.Pt..TbundW &»,■.'.■■■'.■«,«.»
PiiUo,Mr.,ripjgratlauDf,ror eoiJ, ...U>

Put, (f-rloiLtnrEl prspeilLs of, 133. 1st

bow prapirad for un, tM

Poat DoptrnW-^fbom pi

itUaa of Oppn Uiaa.
PMi«iu(n7ii)C^iudB*Wgal,'.'..'!i!!!!!l! tl

/l^a In iSniifl'nd' nrih

PlInlKiiofi.iin.V.V,;"'
PlB» I«ka,

riiiW, ilmUnliln fnr nniniiiil, ...sn

nuiKHii, !"."'..".'*..!!.."!'.,"!.'r. ai»

BDtliuvt, oa ftoasl., su

ea immniiioil^L,..'. »3

PImUT- Ah "Gfptjm.'*

PUUer Dtuir, tS,S9,«S

~" IT pt., " Sink liolM'' at, U

'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.''.'. B3

Plumb CrooKtJurn™. W.fll

PlutunlG Ormp of Itouxs la HIdi. , *T

nrusolb, irjjno Qi., US

mWiira, 1(0

Pogilv trBf", 3J9

RHttapUi HU., a

PoiUiIs Oronp, til

Ghjiacwn of, In Uleb., 1»

PorUEiI.ilEO,L. tl., <S

POrt^tiWUir 81

PD.-tirin>a,Sl. dalr (M., 19V

Piat, lliarj P., all rsceliaj from, ...31, M

Ritaimlemli !«., BI

PoUir, Dr. H. C, cooTirnilsn of. wlUiiiK

Idt rrcolirsdrniTn, JU.m

Povmurt Kirtlaia&ltToLI 93

■uDniciDr,. Ill

rr^aa'lt>»,i~a.!'.///.y/.V/ "///.'.'.'.'.'.'. 41

Priuvj Bosk*, U

Pnttmmr «,10S,10e,IN

jammub »«

•gMtrmii, If"

^mirmm, II

^^«yw. i

pnif(Mi™,'irdr«tyiwi,OMUmiB nftilMl,. J
Prout, Dr. D. A, , inToHteMlan of Drioiat

117

Pt.MChniii,(LlHlaJ .e7,».ei

PL ui nirq io>, II, It

Pt.maii Poaai, ei,H,U,llT

Ptnuoor, "

pfJfyirfypWtt , ,.^

Pnkiiitl.Jjction Co.,

Fraa, T3, M,78, US, 133, 131

■ Q.

qnlckllma.DuiDlubiraor, Ln Uonros CD. , e7
K.

Rillrml pm!«iuknoiiJrd|K], (

BaWnlUo Qjarrl ■ n,GS,M.i

Salpliur BprlDGi o«u-, .9

RupbirrT Jam 9

noirtandiM, I

tUporla of Dr. Iloughtaa mi bti Aalit-

inii"DMi'of"." "'■.!■." !'","■,■.;;;; :

of Wm. A. BirtnndBjIanubbarJ,..
tf Pr. C T. JjclKm tat Foaur ■ml

Wbltn-j,. :

/UoHft spar, I

JUUKlioiuUa, »,tD,l

■fcna, I

•WUi, I

RMiM (S'ibi wtb'i ugii,' bom'iinii- _

dislrlbutloi] '■r.'y/.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.''.'.'.'.'.

••It«blnaaVVta)l7,")U^aieuiad,!!i

lla<fekir,Sbl(iiinMCb., ,

Booth raonl (laallkiatloii of, la lltok.
^Mi" " -"■ -'.

INDEX.

339

PACK.

ilpirifer,B,tp., t5

■pf 76

Spring Arbor, Jackson Co., 08,09,116

Spiingport, Jackson Co. , 112

Springs and wells, lOtf

flk|uaw Pt-fTbundorBay, 72

Slalactitcs at Plaster B^ulT, 94

Stato Bait WeU, Grand Rupids, 76, 90, 91

•tatistica of, .144

BUCkurO)., 73,83,199

Stevens' Rldgo Coal, 169

SteTens, R. P., on fossils from Battlo

Creek, 87

SUgmariaj 117, 120

St. Joseph Co., 76

SLJowpb'sI., 60,63,65

St. L/)u is Limestone in llicb., Ill

St. Martin's I., (Little,) 67

EL Mary's Foils srlilp Canal, 67

St. Mary's R., 60,61

Stockmun, J. O., 81

Stone I. , ^ginaw Bay, lOO

vogetationof., S2S

Stony PI., L. Eric. 62,64,66,127

Stratiflcatlon of yic'h.,a8 detcrminud by

Dr. H«>ugblon, 7.12

SbraUUuvuk comietilumt 62

StrCcB on roclcs iu Uonruc Co. , 127

Strike of strata, wbut, and bow produced, 43

StrtrnttaniUt .. 66

Btnpkodonta n. sp. , 66

S^nphomtna camerataj 62

pli/iferat 62

JUiUaUa, 12

m^oia, 66

hemUphericaf 66

n. sp., 62

Scbt'-rranean paraagcs in ilonroe Co.,.. .. C6

8ubulUadonG<*^^} ^^

r. sp., 62

Sogarl., , 60,61

Buipbur I.,inThander Bay, 71,72

Salpfaur I. , N. of Drummond's I. , 60. 62

Snlphnr tspriags, 206

Sammit, Jackson Co., 98

Son-cracks in I>. Snporior Sandstone, 60

Superficial materials, 127

depth of. at various places, 163

Surface fosBlliB of Mich., 63

Survey .Geological, organization of former, 7

authorisation of present, 17

organisation of present, 21

its comprebensivcneis, 80

wb<«i to be completed, 87

plan of , for 1861 38

bow al J may b<i rendered to, 89

(^optical View of ibo geology of the

Lower Peninsula, 138

agrinffopora, 66,100,101,102,104

T.

Table, of Geological Formations In Mich-
igan, 12,188

showing thickness and depth of for-
mations, 163

of equivalent expressions for strength

of brine, 184

of analyses of various brines, 186

of altitudes of various points, 207

lUoose sUte in carboniferous sandstone,. 120

IkUbrd Roberts, sulphur springs of, 206

TawasBny, 03,06,06

Vawas aty, 96

niylor's Salt Well,. 160.174

n,86

64

fbrdfiotvla ic(6reteiee^0rsia, 108

sp? 100

*« Tertiary Clays," 12

Tdradium edtalontm, 62

Thickness of formations, 163

Thunder Bay I., 62,63,68,60

Thunder Buy R., 00

Upper Rapiils of 70

Titus, (Mrs.,) quarry of, 118

Topograpliy, 20T

Torch Light I*, 72

Tronton Group, 62

TrUaUa, 60,88

TrochclUa, 85

Tuscola Co. , : 82, 07, 114

Tuscola, Tuscola Co. , 120

Vnio lepromin description of, 240

Union City, Branch Co., 76

Uppjr Holderberg Group, 60

distribution of, 62

thickntPS of, 63,164

economical importance of, 60

'• Upper Limerock," 13, 16

Von Buron Co.,, 76

Vi'-nna, Monroe Co., 206

Vioux I>(Rt>rt Lake, 47,40

Volcanic Group of rocks, 4^

Walker, Kent Co., 08

Walker, Wd)., sections obtained from,.. .117

Wall, Chcgter, quarry of, 118

Warsaw Limestone in Mich ;, 112

Washtenaw Co. OT

Waverly Sondttone, 76

WuyneCo., 190

Wvllfi JUitl bpringB, 190

Wexford Co., OT

Wliale, fosfiil remains of, 188

Wheeler, i?herman, 05

Whetstones, 74

White,!. D. , Geological Assistant, 28

White Codj r, durability of, 120

notice of, 29T

Whitcstono Pt.,L. Huron, 08,06

Whitti-more, C. IL, information from, 06

Wild FowlBay, 100,10t.

Williams, B. O., information from', 122

Willow Creek, Huron Co., 74

Winchell, N. H., Botanical Assistant in

1860 27,215

Windsor's Fait Well, .00,08

statistics of 160,100

Winnebago L., Wis., 68

WoodniCr B. F, communication from,... 20
Wood viilo coal Mine. &e«<Coal."
Woodville Sandstone, 116,122,126,128

thicicncFS of, 168

Wyoming, Kent Co., 01

Y.

Yew, American, 207

Z.

Zoologists to the State. T

Zoological collectlons,fromManmeeR.,0., 22

from Saginaw R. , ....28

in Oakland and contiguous counties,. 25

in the western part of the b'Ute, 25

Zoological investigations, otillly of, 214

provision for, in New York, 216

Zoologifial-Report of Prof. Mlks, 211

Zwaimo QosiddOj tt

-<•

-^ r s

1

557.4 M4b C.I

Firti bwniHai r«pon of id* p

Stanford Univ«rsity LitirariM

3 6105 032 179 132