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THE FIRST CROSSING OF

GREENLAND

By FRIDTJOF NANSEN

TRANSLATED FROM THE NORWEGIAN BY

HUBERT MAJENDIE GEPP, B.A.

LATE LECTURER ON ENGLISH IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF UPSALA

NEW IMPRESSION

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WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP

LONGMANS, GR E'EN, AND CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

NEW YORK AND BOMBAY

1906

All rights reserved

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

First Edition, 2 vols. 8vo, November 1890.

New Edition, abridged, 1 vol. crown 8vo, March

1892 -L Reprinted February 1893.
Reissued in the " Silver Library," January 1895 ;

Reprinted January 1895, July 1895, October

1896, February 1897, September 1897 , October

1898, April 1902, /z/Zj' 1906.
Colonial Edition, July 1893 : Reprinted July

1895.

TO

MY FIVE COMRADES

IN TOKEN OF GRATITUDE

AND

GOOD-FELLOWSHIP.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

I feel that I cannot send this book out to meet its fate with-
out attaching to it a hearty expression of my gratitude to all
those who gave their help to the expedition with which it is
concerned.

Among these I must assign a prominent place to Herr
Augustin Gamel, in virtue of the ready liberality with which
he offered his support to an undertaking which was very gene-
rally considered to be the scheme of a lunatic. And after him I
must thank the Committee of the Norwegian " Studentersam
fund," or " Students' Union," who organised the collection ofj
and the large number of my countrymen who contributed to,
the considerable sum which I received on my return home in
defrayal of the outstanding expenses of the expedition. And,
lastly, I must acknowledge the kindness of all the Danish officials
with whom we came in contact, both in Denmark and Green-
land, as well as the unbounded hospitality with which we were
treated on all sides.

But my chief thanks are nevertheless owing to my five
comrades, to whose combined efforts the successful result of
our undertaking is of course mainly due. Every one who has
conducted an expedition will know how ready the world is to do
the great injustice of heaping the whole praise or blame for its
success or failure on the shoulders of the leader alone. And
this injustice is greater than usual in the case of an expedition
like ours, in which each member serves as one of a team of

x PREFACE TO NEW EDITION.

its way up the east coast, have been retained intact. In
vol. ii. the account of the crossing of the " Inland ice " until
the expedition arrived in Godthaab is reprinted entire, while
the chapters entitled "An Eskimo Narrative," "The Eskimo
of Greenland," and "A Shooting Trip to Ameralikfjord,'-
together with the appendix, have been omitted. Nearly all
the illustrations given in the larger edition are included in
the present one.

C. J. LONGMAN.

CONTENTS.

I. INTRODUCTION . . , .

II. THE EQUIPMENT ....

in. "ski" and "skilobning'1

IV. THE VOYAGE TO ICELAND .
V. CRUISING IN THE ICE .

VI. THE BLADDER-NOSE SEAL AND ITS CAPTURE
VII, ATTEMPT TO LAND — DRIFTING IN THE ICE

VIII. STILL DRIFTING

IX. THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND
X. THE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT
XL THE EAST COAST — ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS
XII. THE EAST COAST — FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO

XIII. OUR LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST .

XIV. OUR START FOR THE WEST COAST — THE ASCENT OF THE

ICE

XV. THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE " — WE CHANGE
OUR COURSE FOR GODTHAAB— SOME FEATURES OF THE

CLIMATE AND THE SNOW .

XVI. THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE " — A STORM IN THE

INTERIOR — OUR DOMESTIC LIFE

XVII. THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE " — THE FIRST SIGHT

OF LAND AND FIRST DRINK OF WATER .
XVIII. THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE " — THE DESCENT TO

AMERALIKFJORD .

XIX. OUR VOYAGE, AND ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB

PAGE
1

21
48

68
78
91
105
125
147
163
191
209
228

243

267

287

302

321
350

XII

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

XX. WAITING IN AMERAL1KFJ0RD .....

XXL WINTER QUARTERS AT GODTHAAB ....

XXII. FIRST LESSONS IN THE " KAYAK " ....

XXIII. CHRISTMAS AT GODTHAAB

XXIV. SARDLOK AND KANGEK— NOTES FROM MY DIARY

XXV. FURTHER ATTEMPTS ON THE "INLAND ICE " — THE SHIP
THE SHIP ! — THE VOYAGE HOME

PAGB

375

3S9

402
410

417

434

INDEX

448

56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 3fl 36 34

MAP OF SOUTHERN GREENLAND
Shewing the Route of the Norwegian Expedition in 1888

represents the outer edge of a belt of floe-ice skirling the east coast.

♦ ♦»»»♦♦■ represents the route of the Expedition.

Chapter I.

INTRODUCTION.

{From a sketch and a photograph
by the Author.)

In the summer of 1882 I was on
board the Viking, a Norwegian sealer,
which was caught in the ice off that
part of the east coast of Greenland
which is still unexplored, or, more precisely, somewhere in the
neighbourhood of lat. 66° 50' N. For more than three weeks

i ACROSS GREENLAND.

we were absolutely fixed, and every day, to the terror of the
crew, we drifted nearer to the rocky coast. Behind the fields
of floating ice lay peaks and glaciers glittering in the day-
light, and at evening and through the night, when the sun
sank lowest and set the heavens in a blaze behind them, the
wild beauty of the scene was raised to its highest. Many
times a day from the maintop were my glasses turned west-
wards, and it is not to be wondered at that a young man's
fancy was drawn irresistibly to the charms and mysteries of
this unknown world. Unceasingly did I ponder over plans for
reaching this coast, which so many had sought in vain, and I
came to the conclusion that it must be possible to reach it, if
not by forcing a ship through the ice, which was the method
tried hitherto, then by crossing the floes on foot and dragging
one's boat with one. One day, indeed, I incontinently pro-
posed to make the attempt and walk over the ice to shore
alone, but this scheme came to nothing because the captain
conceived that he could not in the circumstances allow any one
to leave the ship for a length of time.

On my return I was asked to write an article in the Danish
"Geografisk Tidskrift" (vol. vii., p. 76), and in this I expressed
it as my opinion that it would be possible to reach the east coast
of Greenland without any very great difficulty if the expedition
forced their way as far as practicable into the ice on board a
Norwegian sealer, and then left the ship and passed over the
floes to shore. I will not say that I had not at this time some
notion more or less visionary of penetrating from the coast into
the interior, but it was not till a later occasion that the idea
took a definite form.

One autumn evening in the following year, that is to say,
1883 — I remember it still as if it were only yesterday — I was
sitting and listening indifferently as the day's paper was being
read. Suddenly my attention was roused by a telegram which
told us that Nordenskiold had come back safe from his expedi-
tion to the interior of Greenland, that he had found no oasis,
but only endless snowfields, on which his Lapps were said to

INTRODUCTION. 3

have covered, on their "ski,"1 an extraordinary long distance
in an astonishingly short time. The idea flashed upon me at
once of an expedition crossing Greenland on " ski " from coast
to coast. Here was the plan in the same form in which it was
afterwards laid before the public and eventually carried out.

My notion, put briefly, was that if a party of good "skilobers"
were equipped in a practical and sensible way, they must get
across Greenland if they began from the right side, this latter
point being of extreme importance. For if they were to start,
as all other expeditions have done, from the west side, they
were practically certain never to get across. They would have
all the flesh-pots of Egypt behind them, and in front the un-
explored desert of ice and the east coast, which is little better.
And furthermore, if they did get across, they would have the
same journey back again in order to reach home. So it struck
me that the only sure road to success was to force a passage
through the floe-belt, land on the desolate and ice-bound east
coast, and thence cross over to the inhabited west coast. In
this way one would burn all one's ships behind one, there
would be no need to urge one's men on, as the east coast
would attract no one back, while in front would lie the west
coast with all the allurements and amenities of civilisation.
There was no choice of routes, " forward " being the only
word. The order would be : — " Death or the west coast of
Greenland "

1 As these implements and their use will be treated of at length in Chap.
III., it will only be necessary here to introduce the terms to the reader.
•♦Ski" (pi. "ski" or "skier"), literally a "billet" or thin slip of wood,
and connected etymologically with the Eng. "skid" and "shide," is the
Norwegian name for the form of snowshoe in general use among the
northern nations of the Old World. The pronunciation of the word in
Norway may be considered practically identical with the Eng. "she."
The compounds of the word which will occur in the course of the narrative
are "skilober," a snowshoer, and "skilobning," snowshoeing, both formed
from the verb "lobe," to run. The only reason why the established
English term "snowshoe" should not have been employed throughout
is that this course would have led to inevitable confusion with the very
dissimilar Indian snowshoe, of which also frequent mention is made.

4 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Not till the autumn of 1887 did I resolve to give my serious
attention to the scheme. My original idea had been to carry
out the expedition with private means, but, as I was strongly
urged on more than one side to apply to the Norwegian
University for the necessary funds, in order to give the
expedition a more public and national character, I consented,
and sent to the authorities an application for a grant of 5000
kroner, or rather more than ^275, in aid of a journey on the
lines I have already described. My application received the
warmest support from the University Council, and was passed
on to the Government for their consideration, and in order
that the proposal might be laid by them before the " Storthing,"
or National Assembly, in the regular manner. The Govern-
ment, however, answered that they could not see their way to
give the scheme their support, and one of the newspapers even
went so far as to maintain that there could be no conceivable
reason why the Norwegian people should pay so large a sum
as 5000 kr. in order to give a private individual a holiday trip
to Greenland. Most people who heard of the scheme con-
sidered it simple madness, asked what was to be got in the
interior of Greenland, and were convinced that I was either
not quite right in the head or was simply tired of life. Luckily
it was not necessary for me to procure help from Government,
" Storthing," or any one else.

At this time I received an offer from a gentleman in Copen-
hagen to provide the sum for which I had applied to Govern-
ment. This was Herr Augustin GameU, who had already
contributed to the cause of Arctic research by the equipment
of the " Dijmphna " expedition. This offer, coming as it did
from a foreigner, and one quite unacquainted with me person-
ally, and in aid of an expedition which was generally considered
to be the scheme of a madman, seemed to me so truly generous
that I could not for a moment hesitate to accept it.

I first published my pian in January 1888 in the Norwegian
magazine Naturen, in an article entitled "Gronlands Ind-
landsis." Having given some account of the earlier attempts to

INTRODUCTION.

plan, described briefly, is as follows : With three or four of
the best and strongest 'skilobers' I can lay my hands on,
I mean to leave Iceland in the beginning of June on board
a Norwegian sealer, make for the east coast of Greenland,
and try in about lat. 66° N. to get as near to the shore as
possible. I should have liked to land farther north in the
unknown regions of Scoresby Fjord, but for this it would be
necessary to hire a special vessel, and, as it would probably
be difficult to raise funds for this purpose, I have for the
present given up this idea. If our vessel is not able to reach
the shore, though the sealers, who have often been close in under
this unexplored coast, do not consider such a thing improbable,
the expedition will leave the ship at the farthest point that can
be reached, and will pass over the ice to land. In the summer
of 1884, for instance, there was extremely little ice, and the
seal were taken almost close under the shore. For the pur-
pose of crossing the open water which will probably be found
near the coast, a light boat will be dragged on runners over the
ice. That such a crossing of the ice is possible, I feel I can
assert with confidence from my previous experience. When
I was in these regions in 1882 on board the Viking, and we
were caught in the ice, and drifted for twenty-four days along
the very coast where I now intend to land, I had numerous
opportunities while out shooting and for other purposes of be-
coming familiar with the nature of the ice and conditions of
snow, and besides, we were often obliged by sudden ' nips,' or
jamming of the ice, to drag our boats over the floes for consider-
able distances. I therefore think there is every probability of
our being able to reach land in this way. I should like it to be
for preference somewhat north of Cape Dan, where the coast
has never yet been explored by Europeans, and offers in itself
much of interest to the traveller. To the south the coast is
now comparatively well known, as the Danish 'Konebaad'
expedition, under Captain Holm, in 1884 reached a point
to the north of Cape Dan, and wintered at Angmagsalik, a

6 ACROSS GREENLAND.

colony of heathen Eskimo, in the neighbourhood of the cape.
After having examined the coast as far as the time at our
disposal will allow, we shall begin the crossing of the 'Inland
ice ' at the first opportunity. If we reach land to the north of
Cape Dan, we shall begin the ascent from the end of one of
the fjords close by ; if we land farther south, we shall push up
to the end of Sermilikfjord before we take to the ice.

" We shall try at once to climb as high as possible on the
bare rock, even if the gradient be considerably steeper ; for,
when we are eventually obliged to take to the ice, we shall
thus find it flatter and smoother, and shall escape the worst
ice-falls of the glaciers, which with their crevasses and general
roughness would be likely to prove troublesome and dangerous.
Once upon the ice, we shall set our course for Christianshaab,
on Disco Bay, and try to reach our destination as soon as
possible. The advantage of making for Disco Bay instead
of taking a point farther south is that we shall probably find
the snow in better condition farther north. And besides, by
Disco Bay, where the land is not much cut up by fjords, it
will be comparatively easy for us to find our way to habita-
tions, while Disco Island, which lies off the coast, and will be
visible to us with its terraced basalt cliffs, will prove a good
landmark and help us to find one of the two colonies, Jakobs-
havn or Christianshaab, which lie on Disco Bay about thirty-
five miles apart.

"The distance from the point on the east coast where I
intend to land in Disco Bay is about 670 kilometres or 420
miles. If we calculate that we shall be able to cover on a
daily average from fifteen to twenty miles, which is exceedingly
little for a 'skilober,' the crossing will not take more than a
month, and if we carry with us provisions for double that time
there seems to be every probability of our success.

" The provisions will have to be hauled on sledges of one
kind or another, and besides the ' ski ' we shall also take
'truger,' the Norwegian counterpart of the Canadian snow-
shoe, which may serve our purpose better when the snow is

INTRODUCTION. 7

wet and soft. We shall also, of course, take the instruments
necessary for observations . . . &c. &c."

It is not to be wondered at that several more or less
energetic protests against a plan of this kind appeared in the
newspapers, but they were one and all distinguished by an
astonishing ignorance of the various conditions of, and the
possibility of passage over, extensive tracts of ice and snow.

In this connection I cannot deny myself the pleasure of
reproducing some portions of a lecture delivered in Copen-
hagen by a young Danish traveller in Greenland, and printed in
the Danish magazine Ny Jord for February 1888. "Other
plans," the lecturer says, "have never passed beyond the
stage of paper, like the proposals to cross the ' Inland ice ' in
balloons, which were brought forward at the end of the last
century. And among these paper-schemes we must include
the proposal which has just emanated from the Norwegian
zoologist, Fridtjof Nansen, of the Bergen Museum." . . .
" There is much that is attractive in the fundamental idea of
Nansen's scheme, in his proposal to start from the east coast,
and cross to the colonies on the other side instead of taking the
reverse way, and in his intention, he being a good 'skilober'
himself, to make 'ski' his means of conveyance. But all
who acknowledge the merits of the fundamental idea must,
if they know anything of the real condition of things, refuse
any further sanction to the scheme. The very method by
which Nansen proposes to reach the coast, that is to say, by
abandoning the firm ship's-deck and creeping like a polar bear
from one rocking ice-floe to another on his way to the shore,
shows such absolute recklessness that it is scarcely possible to
criticise it seriously."

. . . "Let us suppose, however, that fortune favours the
brave, and that Nansen has reached the east coast of Green-
land. How will he now set about getting up on to the real
flat expanse of the ' Inland ice,' or, in other words, how will
he pass the outer edge, where peak upon peak rise through
the ice-mantle, and in all probability present at nearly every

8 ACROSS GREENLAND.

point an impenetrable barrier?" . . . "Nansen's proposal to
climb the high mountains of the coast and from their summits
step upon the expanse of ice which is dammed up against them
thus betrays absolute ignorance of the true conditions." . . .
" With what can be seen from the shore my experience ends,
and I will not attempt to criticise the idea of crossing the inner
tract of ice on ' ski,' or the possibility of taking enough pro-
visions, or any similar questions. But I think that there is a
probability that this part of the scheme may be carried out if
Nansen can once pass the outer edge of the ice.

" But there is one very different question on which I think
I am not only qualified but bound to speak. And I say that,
in my opinion, no one has the moral right, by setting out upon
a venturesome and profitless undertaking, to burden the Eskimo
of Danish East Greenland with the obligation of helping him
out of the difficulty into which he has wantonly thrust himself.
The few of us who know anything of the condition of things
in East Greenland have no doubt that if Nansen's scheme be
attempted in its present form, and the ship does not reach the
coast and wait for him till he has been obliged to abandon his
design, the chances are ten to one that he will either uselessly
throw his own and perhaps others' lives away, or that he will
have to take refuge with the Eskimo and be conducted by
them along the coast down to the Danish colonies on the
western side. And I say that no one has a right to force upon
the East Greenlanders a long journey, which will be in many
ways injurious to them."

There is no doubt that these passages were written with
every good intention, but they are, nevertheless, characteristic
specimens of the almost superstitious terror with which many
people, and among them some who pose as authorities, and
claim to have special knowledge of the subject, have regarded
the " Inland ice " of Greenland and the passage of tracts of
ice and snow generally, even in these latter days. The writei
of the above article had himself in the course of several years'
exploration passed along the edge of the " Inland ice," but it

INTRODUCTION. 9

seems never to have entered into his head to make a little
incursion into the interior. The first few steps would certainly
have cleared his mind of some of his absurd hallucinations,
and he would eventually have learned what an "absolute
ignorance of the true conditions " really means.

In another article, which betrays, if possible, even less know-
ledge of the subject, the writer declared that even if Nansen
himself were mad enough to make any such attempt he would
not get a single man to accompany him.

In England, too, the press delivered itself of several articles
adverse to the plan of the expedition.

But, in spite of these warning voices and in spite of the
general opinion that the whole scheme was simple madness,
there were, nevertheless, plenty of men who wished to join
me. I received more than forty applications from people
of all sorts' of occupations, including soldiers, sailors, apothe-
caries, peasants, men of business, and University students.
There were many others, too, who did not apply, but who
said they were more than eager to go, and would have sent
in their names, had it been of the slightest use. Nor were
these applicants all Norwegians, for I received many letters,
too, from Danes, Dutchmen, Frenchmen, and Englishmen.

I could, however, take none who were not thoroughly
accustomed to the use of "ski," and men, too, of proved
energy and endurance. Finally, I chose three Norwegians :
Otto Sverdrup, a retired ship's captain; Oluf Dietrichson,
first-lieutenant in the Norwegian infantry; and Kristian
Kristiansen Trana, a peasant from the north of Norway.

As I had originally thought of taking reindeer, and ima-
gined, besides, that some Lapps would be of use to me, as
possessing that sense of locality and power of adaptation to
all sorts of circumstances which such children of nature have
as a common birthright, I had written to two well-known men
living in Finmarken, asking them if they could find me a
couple of Mountain-Lapps l willing to join the expedition. I

1 As many who have travelled in the north of Norway and Sweden will

io ACROSS GREENLAND.

stipulated that they should be plucky men, who were known
to be clever mountaineers and to possess powers of endurance
above the average; that they should be made fully aware
beforehand of the dangerous nature of the undertaking, and
that the fact must be clearly impressed upon them that there
was just as much probability of their never returning home
again as of surviving. And I further added that they must
be unmarried men of an age between thirty and forty, as I
considered that at this time of life the powers of both body
and mind are best prepared to meet the trials of such an
undertaking.

•It was a long time before I received an answer to my
inquiry. The post among the inland districts of Finmarken
is leisurely, and is taken across the mountains in reindeer
sledges every fortnight. At last when the time fixed for our
start was approaching, I received an answer telling me that
I could have two good men from Karasjok, if I was willing
to pay them handsomely. I accepted their terms and tele-
graphed to them to come at once. The next thing I heard
was that they were on the way and would arrive on such and
such a day. I was exceedingly anxious to see them, of course.
They were expected one Saturday evening, and I had some
people down at the station to meet them and take them to
their lodgings. But no Lapps arrived that day or on Sunday
either, and we all wondered what had become of them. Then

know, the Lappish population falls into several more or less distinct divisions.
The most interesting section, the real nomadic Lapps of the reindeer-herd
and skin-tent, form as a matter of fact a small part of the whole. They are
commonly known in Norway as " Fjeldlapper " (" Mountain-Lapps "), and
it was from among them that I had intended to take my two men. Far
the greater number of the Lapps are settled either on the Norwegian coast
as " Solapper " (" Sea- Lapps "), where they maintain themselves chiefly by
fishing ; or in the interior, at such villages or centres as Karasjok, Kauto-
keino, Jokkmokk, Kvickjock, and Karesuando, as well as in most of the
upper valleys of northern Sweden. The " Elvelapper " ( " River-Lapps "),
to whom I refer below in connection with Balto's origin, are merely a small
colony settled by the river Tana, and are, as I have said, supposed to be
of mixed Lappish and Finnish blood.

.

INTRODUCTION. u

Monday I was told that they really had come, and so
indeed they had, but by a goods train instead of the ordinary
express for passengers. I hurried down to their lodgings at
once, found their door, and, as I entered, saw standing in the
middle of the room a good-looking young fellow, but more like
a Finn than a Lapp, and away in the corner an old man with
long black hair hanging about his shoulders, small in stature,
and looking more stunted still as he sat huddled up on a
chest. He had a much more genuine Lappish look about
him than the other. As I came into the room the elder man
bent his head and waved his hand in the Oriental manner,
while the younger greeted me in the ordinary way. The old
fellow knew very little Norwegian, and most of my conversa-
tion was with the younger. I asked them how they were, and
why they came by the goods train. " We do not understand
trains," answered he, "and, besides, it was a little cheaper."
" Well, how old are you both ? " "lam twenty-six, and Ravna
is forty-five," was the answer. This was a pretty business, for
I had stipulated that they should be between thirty and forty.
" You are both Mountain-Lapps, I suppose ? " " Oh no !
only Ravna ; I am settled at Karasjok." This was still worse,
as I had made a point of their being Mountain- Lapps. " But
are not you afraid to go on this trip ? " said I. " Yes, we are
very much afraid, and people have been telling us on the way
that the expedition is so dangerous that we shall never come
home alive. So we are very much afraid, indeed 1 " This
was really too bad, for the poor fellows had never even been
told what they had undertaken to do. I was very much
inclined to send them back, but it was too late to get any one
else to take their place. So, as I had to keep them, it was
best to console them as well as I could, and tell them that
what people had been saying was all rubbish. It was no
manner of use to discourage them at the outset, for they
were likely to lose their spirits quite quickly enough anyhow.
Though they did not perhaps look quite so strong and wiry
as I could have wished, still they seemed to be good-natured

12 ACROSS GREENLAND.

and trustworthy fellows. These qualities, indeed, they have
shown to the utmost, and in endurance they have proved little,
if at all, inferior to us. In other respects I found them of no
particular use, as far as the accomplishments which I expected
to find in them are concerned, and, as a matter of fact, they
were never used for reconnoitring purposes.

Balto, my younger Lapp, on his return home wrote a short
account of his experiences while he was away. This has been
translated into Norwegian from the original Lappish by Pro-
fessor Friis, of Christiania, and I propose to include in my
narrative those passages of his which seem to me most charac-
teristic and likely to afford most interest to the general reader.
After describing his voyage from Finmarken and telling how
people on the way discouraged them, and informed them, among
other things, that I was a simple maniac, he continues : — " On
April 14th we left Trondhjem and reached Christiania on the
1 6th. Nansen had sent a man to the railway station to meet
us. This was Sverdrup, who came up to us and asked : ' Are
you the two men who are going with Nansen ? ' We answered
that we were the two. Sverdrup then told us that he was
going with Nansen too, and had come on purpose to meet us.
1 Come along with me,' he said ; and he took us to a hotel,
which is in Toldbodgaden, No. 30. An hour afterwards
Nansen and Dietrichson came to see us. It was a most
glorious and wonderful thing to see this new master of ours,
Nansen. He was a stranger, but his face shone in our eyes
like those of the parents whom we had left at home ; so lovely
did his face seem to me, as well as the welcome with which
he greeted us. All the strange people were very kind and
friendly to us two Lapps while we were in Christiania town,
and from this time we became happier and all went well
with us."

As through the whole course of my narrative we shall have
the company of the five men I have already mentioned, the
most fitting thing I can do will be to present them duly to
the reader, with some short account of the antecedents of each.

OTTO SVERDRUP.

i4 ACROSS GREENLAND.

I will begin with my own countrymen and take them in the
order of their age.

Otto Sverdrup was born on October 31, 1855, at the farm
of Haarstad, in Bindalen, in Helgeland. His father, Ulrik
Sverdrup, a member of an old Norwegian family, was an owner
of farm and forest property. Accustomed from childhood to
wander in the forest and on the mountains on all kinds of
errands and in all sorts of weather, he learned early to look
after himself and to stand on his own legs. Early, too, he
learned to use his "ski," and a rough and impracticable
country like that of Bindalen naturally made him an active
and clever " skilober."

At the age of seventeen he went to sea, and sailed for many
years on American as well as Norwegian vessels. In 1878 he
passed the necessary examination in Christiania and sailed as
mate for several years, being during this period once wrecked
with a Norwegian schooner off the west coast of Scotland. On
this occasion he showed to the full the sort of stuff he was
made of, and it was mainly his coolness and perseverance
which saved his crew. Since this he has sailed as captain
on a schooner and a steamer, and one year spent the fishing
season with a smack on the banks off the coast of Nordland.
Of late years he has for the most part remained at home with
his father, the latter having meanwhile sold his property in
Bindalen and moved southwards to the farm of Trana, near
Stenkjer. Here he has spent his time at all sorts of work, in
the forest, on the river, floating timber, in the smithy, and
fishing at sea, where as boat's-captain he was unsurpassed.

Some years ago a man was wanted at Gothenburg to take
charge of the Nordenfeldt submarine boat which was to be
taken across the North Sea to England. A reward was offered,
but no one was found willing to undertake this risky task.
Sverdrup at this juncture accidentally appeared, and he offered
his services at once. He prevailed upon a relative to go with
him as engineer, and the two proposed to navigate the strange
craft across the North Sea without further help. The prospect

OLUF CHRISTIAN DIETRICHSON.

16 ACROSS GREENLAND

to Sverdrup was one of pure sport, but at the last moment the
authorities changed their minds, and the boat was eventually
towed across.

It is plain that a man of this type was specially created for
such an expedition as ours. In the course of his vagrant and
chequered life he had learned to find his way out of all kinds
of difficult situations, and I need scarcely add that we never
found him wanting in either coolness or resource.

Oluf Christian Dietrichson was born in Skogn, near
Levanger, on the 31st of May 1856, and was the son of
Peter Wilhelm Krejdal Dietrichson, the official doctor of
the district. He was educated at Levanger, Trondhjem,
and Christiania, entered the military school as a cadet in
1877, and received a commission as second lieutenant in
the Trondhjem brigade in 1880, being promoted to the rank
of first lieutenant in 1886. During the present summer he
has received his captaincy.

He has all his life been a keen sportsman, and by good
physical training he has hardened and developed his naturally
strong and well-built frame. Of late years he has every winter
gone long tours on " ski " through the greater part of Southern
Norway, has passed through most of our valleys, from Skien
in the south to Trondhjem in the north, and there are not
many who have seen so much of the country in its winter
aspect as he.

The acquirements of his military education stood the ex-
pedition in good stead. He undertook our meteorological
diary practically single-handed, and the results of our surveys
and our maps are due to him. He discharged these duties
with an amount of zeal and self-denial which are more than
admirable, and the merit of such work as he produced in
such circumstances will only be appreciated by those who
have had a similar experience. To take observations and
keep a meteorological diary with the usual exactitude and
punctuality, when the temperature is below - 200 F., when
one is dead-tired, or when death and destruction are at hand ;

INTRODUCTION.

'7

or to write when the fingers are so injured and swollen by the
frost that it is almost impossible to hold a pencil, needs an
amount of character and energy which is far from common.

KRISTIAN KRISTIANSKN TRANA

Kristian Kristiansen Trana was no more than twenty-four
years old when he joined the expedition. This was con-
siderably below the age which I considered most suitable for
such a task ; but, as he was plucky and strong and exceedingly

B

ig ACROSS GREENLAND.

eager to go with us, I did not hesitate to take him on Sver-
drup's recommendation, and I had no reason whatever to
regret my choice.

He was born on February 16, 1865, at a cottage on the
farm of Trana, which is now the property of Sverdrup's father.
At his home he has been chiefly engaged in forest work, but
had been to sea once or twice, and was therefore likely to be
a handy man. He proved steady and trustworthy, and when
Kristian said that he was going to take anything in hand, I
always knew that it would be done.

Samuel Johannesen Balto is a Lapp settled at Karasjok, and
was twenty-seven when he joined us. He is of average height,
and has none of the outer Lapp characteristics ; he belongs, in
fact, to the so-called " River-Lapps," who are generally people
of some size and have much Finn blood in them. He has
spent most of his time at forest work, but for several years he
has been out in the fishing season, and for a while, too, he
has helped to tend reindeer among the Mountain-Lapps, being
for a part of the time in the service of Ravna. He is a lively,
intelligent fellow ; he did everything he undertook with great
energy, and in this respect was very different from his com-
panion Ravna. He showed some powers of endurance too,
was always willing to lend a hand at any job, and was thus
of great 'use to us. And, lastly, his ready tongue and broken
Norwegian constituted him to a great extent the enlivening
spirit of the expedition.

Ole Nielsen Ravna is a Mountain-Lapp from the neighbour-
hood of Karasjok, and when he joined the expedition was
forty-five or forty-six, he not being quite sure of the year
himself. He has spent all his nomadic life in a tent, and
wandered with his reindeer about the mountain wastes of
Finmarken. His herd, when he left it for Greenland, was of
no great size, and contained from 200 to 300 deer. He was
the only married member of the expedition, and left a wife
and five children behind him at home. As I have already
said, I did not know this beforehand, as I had insisted upon

INTRODUCTION.

19

all my companions being unmarried. Like all Mountain-
Lapps, he was pre-eminently lazy, and when we were not
actually on the move no occupation pleased him so much as
to sit quietly in a corner of the tent with his legs crossed,

SAMUEL JOHANNESEN BALTO. OLE NIELSEN RAVNA.

doing absolutely nothing, after he had once brushed himself
clean of snow. Rarely indeed was he seen to undertake any
work unless he were directly called upon to do so. He was
very small, but surprisingly strong, and capable of any amount

so ACROSS GREENLAND.

of endurance, though he always managed to save his strength
and reserve his powers. When we started he knew very little
Norwegian, but for this very reason his remarks were extremely
comical and provided us with plenty of amusement He
could not write, and had no acquaintance with so modern an
apparatus as a watch. But he could read, and his favourite
book was his Lappish New Testament, from which he was
never parted.

Both the Lapps had come, as they declared themselves,
merely to gain money, and interest and adventure had no
place in their minds. On the contrary, they were afraid of
everything, and were easily scared, which is not to be wondered
at when it is remembered how very little they understood of
the whole business at the outset That they did not come back
so ignorant as they went will be seen from some of Balto's
observations, which I shall subsequently quote.

Ravna and Balto were good-natured and amiable ; their
fidelity was often actually touching, and I grew very fond of
them both.

Chapter II.

THE EQUIPMENT*

It was my original intention to take, if possible, dogs or
reindeer to drag our baggage. Plainly the advantage of such
a course is considerable if one can only get the animals to the
spot where the sledging will begin. Many men of experience
have maintained that neither dogs nor reindeer are really any
help for long sledging expeditions, because they can only drag
their own food for a limited period This argument I do not
understand, for, surely, if one cannot use the animals for the
whole journey, one can take them as far as their provender
lasts and then kill them.

If one has a sufficient number of dogs or deer, and takes as
much food for them as they can drag over and above the
baggage of the expedition, then one can advance rapidly at
the beginning without taxing one's own powers to any extent
At the same time, too, there is this advantage, that one can
always procure a supply of fresh meat by slaughtering the
animals one by one. For this reason so large a quantity of
other food will not be necessary. And so, when one is at last
obliged to kill the remaining animals, the expedition ought to
have advanced a considerable distance without any exhaustion
of the strength of its members, while they the whole time will
have been able to eat their fill of good fresh meat This is an
important point gained, for they will thus be able to take up
the work as fresh and strong as when they started It will no
doubt be urged that these advantages will not be gained if
dogs are taken. But I can answer, from my own experience
that hunger is a sufficiently good cook to render dog's flesh

22 ACROSS GREENLAND-

anything but unpalatable. The Eskimo indeed reckon it a
delicacy, and it is certain that any one who could not in the
circumstances bring himself to eat it would not be a fit person
to accompany such an expedition at all.

If I could have obtained good dogs, I should therefore
have taken them. Dogs are in some important points prefer-
able to reindeer, because they are much easier to transport
and much easier to feed, since they eat much the same as the
men ; while reindeer must have their own provender, consist-
ing mainly of reindeer-moss, which would be a bulky and
heavy addition to the baggage. However, it was quite im-
possible for me to obtain dogs which I could use in the time
at my disposal, and I had to give up this idea. I then thought
of reindeer, and not only wrote to Finmarken to make inquiries,
but even bought moss for them in the neighbourhood of Roros.
But then I found that there would be so many difficulties in
connection with their transportation, and still more when we
should have to land them in Greenland, that I abandoned
the scheme altogether, and determined to be content with
men alone.

When every scrap of food on which a man is going to live
will have to be dragged by himself, it is a matter of course
that good care will be taken to make everything as light as
possible, and to reduce food, implements, and clothing to a
minimum of weight. When one is busy with an equipment of
this kind one begins instinctively to estimate the value of a
thing entirely with reference to its lightness, and even if the
article in question be nothing but a pocket-knife, the same con-
siderations hold good. But care must be taken, nevertheless,
not to go too far in the direction of lightness, for all the imple-
ments must be strong, since they will have to stand many a
severe test. The clothing must be warm, since one has no idea
what amount of cold it will have to meet ; the food must be
nourishing and composed of different ingredients in suitable
proportion, for the work will be hard — harder, probably, than
anything to which the workers have hitherto been accustomed

THE EQUIPMENT. 23

I One of the most important articles of equipment for a sledge
pedition is, of course, the sledge. Considering that in the
»urse of time so many Arctic expeditions have been sent
it, and especially from England, one would suppose that the
perience thus gained would have led to a high develop-
ed in the form of the sledge. This is, however, not the
case; and it is a matter for wonder, indeed, that polar ex*
peditions so recent as the Second German Expedition of
1869 and 1870 to the east coast of Greenland, the Austrian
and Hungarian expedition of 1872-1874 to Franz Joseph
Land, and even the great English expedition of 1875 and
1876 under Nares to Smith's Sound, set out with such large.,
clumsy, and unpractical sledges as they actually took. Cer-
tainly the two latest expeditions, that of Greely in 1881-1884,
and the rescue party led by Schley and Soley, were better
equipped in this respect The general mistake has been that
the sledges have been too heavily and clumsily built, and at
the same time too large. And as in addition to this the
runners were usually narrow, it is not difficult to understand
that these sledges sank deep into the snow and were often
almost immovable. Some expeditions have certainly made
use of the Indian toboggan, which consists of a single board
curved upwards in front. It is generally of birch or some
similar wood, and is about eight feet long by eighteen inches
or more broad.

Even in the beginning of this century these toboggans were
used for Arctic purposes, and Franklin had some on his first
expedition. The English traveller, Dr. Rae, and after him
Greely, used similar sledges with very low and narrow runners,
one on each side. Of course, sledges of this type ride well
and high in loose snow, and are so far good and practical;
but when the surface is not very loose they give rise to too
much friction, and are comparatively heavy to pull.

Strangely enough, the organisers of a few expeditions have
thought of placing their sledges on broad runners. Payer,
however, in his book upon the Austrian and Hungarian expedi-

H

ACROSS GREENLAND.

tion, says that "broad runners make progress in deep snow
much easier"; and he speaks of having them 2f inches in
breadth. We Norwegians look upon this expedient as simply
natural, as we are accustomed to our old-fashioned " skikjaelke,"
which is a low hand-sledge on broad runners, resembling our
ordinary " ski." This was my model for the form of sledge
which we actually adopted. Our sledge seemed to possess
all desirable qualities : it was strong and light, rode high in
loose snow, and moved easily on all kinds of surfaces. I
based my design partly, too, upon that of the sledge which
is described in the narrative of the Greely Expedition, and was
used by the rescue party.

OUR SLEDGE.

All the woodwork of the sledges except the runners was of
ash, and of as good and tough material as could be procured.
And, as picked ash possesses such wonderful strength, we
were able to make the upper parts of the sledge light and
slender, without reducing their strength too much. The
runners of two of the sledges were of elm, and those of the
rest of a kind of maple (Acer platanoides), as these two woods
glide remarkably well upon the snow. This, as it happened,
was not a point of much importance, because I had the
runners shod with thin steel plates, which I had intended to
take off when we were once upon the loose snow, but which
were nevertheless used the whole way except in the case of
one sledge.

THE EQUIPMENT. 25

The accompanying drawing will no doubt give a sufficiently
good idea of the structure of our sledge, and not much further
description will be necessary. No nails or pegs were used,
but all the joints were lashed, and the sledges were thus more
elastic under shocks and strains, which would have often caused
nails to start. As a matter of fact, nothing whatever was
broken the whole journey through. The sledges were about
9 feet 6 inches long by 1 foot 8 inches broad, while the runners,
measured from point to point along the steel plate, were 9 feet
5 1 inches. The fact that they were turned up behind as well
as in front gave the whole sledge more strength and elasticity,
and there was this advantage besides, that, had the fore end
of a sledge been broken, we could have turned it round and
dragged it equally well the other way. The chair-back-like
bow which is shown in the drawing was made of a slender bar
of ash bent into position. It proved of great service for push-
ing and steering purposes, especially when we were passing
over difficult ground, and were obliged to take two men to
each sledge.

The weight of each sledge without the steel runners was
about 25 lbs., and with them rather more than 28 lbs. Along
the central line of these plates were attached narrow bars of
steel with square edges, which were meant to serve as a kind
of keel, and to make the sledges steer better on ice and to
prevent them from swerving. This is an important point, for
when one is passing along the crevasses of a glacier the
swerving of a sledge may take it and its load, and even
possibly one or more of the party, down into the depths of
the ice. These bars were of excellent service while they lasted ;
but, as they were exposed to continual shocks and hard wear
among the rough ice near the east coast, they were soon torn
off, and this was especially the case when we climbed into low
temperatures, as the steel then became as brittle as glass.
Future expeditions, therefore, which make use of these keels
under their runners, ought to have them attached in a different
way. The strongest method would be, of course, to have them

26 ACROSS GREENLAND.

made in one piece with the steel plates, but in this case there
would be the disadvantage that they could not be taken off
at will.

As the drawing shows, there was a ridge running along the
upper surface of each runner. The runners were made com-
paratively thin for the sake of lightness, and these extra ridges
gave them the necessary stiffness and elasticity.

I had calculated that each sledge should be sufficient work
for one man j but, as it is a good thing, when one is on diffi-
cult ground, to send one of the party on ahead to explore,
and as in loose snow the leader has the hardest work to do, I
thought it most practical to take only five sledges, and always
put two men to the first.

The advantage of having a number of small sledges instead
of one or two larger ones is this. On difficult ground, where
the work is hard, it is very troublesome to have to manoeuvre
large sledges with their heavy loads, and, in fact, we should
have often found it a sheer impossibility to advance without
unloading and making portages. We, on the contrary, could
always put two or three of the party to each sledge, and thus
push on without any such delay or inconvenience. Some-
times, indeed, we had to carry them bodily, loads and all.

When we proposed to sail our sledges, as we had several
opportunities of doing, we placed two or three of them side by
side, laid some "ski" or long staffs across them, and lashed
the whole fast. For masts we had bamboo poles brought for
the purpose, and for sails the floor of our tent and two tar-
paulins. With another bamboo out in front, somewhat after
the fashion of a carriage-pole, we could hold a good course
and make fair progress. Any one who should equip himself
specially for sailing would of course be able to manage things
much more easily and successfully than we did. Sailing as a
mode of progression was first tried on the " Inland ice " of
Greenland by the American traveller Peary, and I think that
future expeditions will do well to give more attention to the
subject than has hitherto been done. I feel sure, too, that

this

THE EQUIPMENT. 27

is method of getting over the ground may be adopted with
advantage on the great snowfields of the Antarctic continent.

The construction of our "ski," on which we so much de-
pended, was of as much importance as that of our sledges ;
but, as I intend to devote an entire chapter to the subject
of " skilobning " generally, as well as to the part these instru-
ments played in the expedition, I will say no more about them
for the present.

We took with us also Indian snowshoes, and their Norwegian
counterpart, the so-called "truger." As most of my readers

"TRUGE" AND "FINNESKO."

no doubt know, the Indian snowshoe consists of a kind of
plaited network of moose- or other sinews stretched upon a
frame of ash, or some equally tough wood, the whole construc-
tion somewhat resembling that of an ordinary tennis-bat. Ours
were some 42 inches in length by 15 J inches in breadth.

The Norwegian " truger " are of much less elaborate struc-
ture, and are made of simple osier-work, in the form shown by
the accompanying illustration. Ours were small, being only
15 J inches in length and 10J inches across. These "truger"
are used not infrequently in different parts of Norway both in

28 ACROSS GREENLAND.

winter and spring, and on the snow which one finds in the
latter season, when "ski" are scarcely so good for practical
purposes, they may be very serviceable. In many districts,
however, they are employed more for the aid of horses than
men. These " hestetruger," as they are called, are of exactly
the same pattern, though the manner of attachment of course
diners in the two cases. Our little mountain ponies soon
become accustomed to these aids to progress, and can there-
fore be used when the amount or condition of the snow would
render the employment of less accomplished animals quite
impossible.

It will be understood from what follows hereafter that all
these forms of snowshoe are, for general use, much inferior to
our " ski " on the feet of any one who is accustomed to the use
of the latter. The reason why I took these other implements
was because I thought they would be of more service when we
had to drag our heavy sledges uphill. We used them for this
purpose too — that is to say, I myself and two of the others
used the Indian snowshoes ; our fourth man could never learn
to manage these and took to the " truger," though they let him
considerably deeper into the snow, while the Lapps expressed
a lofty contempt for both kinds, and would have nothing what-
ever to say to them. But it was not long before we all took to
our " ski " for good, and found them preferable even for uphill
work. These snowshoes have, however, two advantages as
compared with " ski." When the latter are not covered with
skin beneath they are more troublesome to use than snowshoes
in mild weather, when the snow is sticky, and they are in any
case considerably heavier to carry.

To make sure of getting a serviceable boat, which should be
light enough to drag over the rough sea-ice and yet not weak
enough to succumb to the violent shocks and sudden strains
which it was sure to be exposed to among the capricious floes,
I had one specially built in Christiania. Its length was 19
feet, its greatest breadth 6 feet, and its depth inside 2 feet.
The boarding was double, each jacket being \ inch thick, the

THE EQUIPMENT. 29

inner of pine, the outer of the best Norwegian oak, the two as
carefully riveted together as possible, and the intervening space
filled by a layer of thin canvas. The ribs were of bent ash 1
inch broad and \ inch thick, and were placed at intervals of
6 inches. Below the boat I had, besides the keel, runners of
pine added to support it while it was being hauled over the
ice. The boat proved a great success ; it was strong and
elastic enough to resist the pressure of the floes ; but for the
future I should be inclined to recommend single boarding in-
stead of double, not only because in the former case the boat
is easier to repair, but because the intervening space is liable
to hold water and increase the weight. Again, I found that
the added runners were really of very little use, while they

OUR BOAT.

were always liable to get nipped in the ice, and thus help to
destroy the whole boat.

The sleeping-bag is, of course, a most important article of
equipment for all Arctic expeditions. In our case, the nature
of the material of which the bag should be made needed our
best consideration, as it was necessary that it should be at the
same time light and sufficiently warm. On previous expedi-
tions sometimes wool and sometimes skins have been used.
Wool, of course, lets the perspiration through much more
readily, and there is not so much condensation of moisture
inside as in the case of skin ; but, on the other hand, wool has
the disadvantage of being very heavy in comparison with the
amount of warmth which it affords. For a time I thought of

30 ACROSS GREENLAND.

trying woollen bags, but I came to the conclusion that they
would not be warm enough, and I now think that if we had
taken them we should have scarcely reached the west coast of

Greenland alive.

After several experiments I determined to use reindeer-skm,
as the best material which I could procure in the circumstances.
Reindeer-skin is, in comparison with its weight, the warmest of
all similar materials known to me, and the skin of the calf, in
its winter-coat especially, combines the qualities of warmth and
lightness in quite an unusual degree. This particular skin,
however, I could not procure in time, and I was obliged to

HALF THE EXPEDITION IN ITS SLEEPING-BAG.

be satisfied with that of the doe, which is considerably heavier.
Reindeer-skin has this disadvantage, that the fur does not stand
much wear, and the skin, if exposed much to wet, soon loses
its hair. From this point of view, dog-skin is a good deal better
and stronger, but it gives nothing like the warmth of reindeer-
skin. Wolf-skin is still better than dog-skin, and the only
objection to it is its cost. However, our reindeer-skin lasted
well through the whole journey and the winter on the west
coast. It was specially prepared for us by Brandt, the well-
known furrier at Bergen, and I had every reason to be satisfied
with it.

We took two sleeping-bags, calculated to hold three men

THE EQUIPMENT. 31

each. This proved a thoroughly practical arrangement, since
one bag for three men is, of course, much lighter than three,
each for a single occupant, and much warmer, too, because
the three mutually profit by each other's heat. In this respect
one bag for all of us would have been still better, but I dared
not risk the arrangement, for, had the sledge carrying the one
bag gone down a crevasse, we should have been left entirely
without protection against the low temperature of the nights ;
while, as it was, if we had been unlucky enough to lose one of
our bags, we should still have had the other left, into which
we could have put four men under pressure, and so taken
turn and turn about.

Our bags nad a hood-shaped flap, which could be buckled
over our heads when necessary. As long as the cold was not
extreme we found it warm enough with this flap just laid over
us ; but when the temperature got lower we were glad enough
to have it buckled as tight as the straps would allow, for the
aperture still left gave us quite enough ventilation. Very
little, indeed, of the cold night-air of the interior of Greenland
inside a sleeping-bag is more than sufficient. To protect the
bags against outside moisture I had had some covers made of
thin oilcloth, but we abandoned these soon after we started
across the " Inland ice."

As our bags were of reindeer-skin, I did not think it neces-
sary to take india-rubber air mattresses, and, as they are very
heavy, it was a great advantage to be able to do without
them.

In the way of clothes we had, except for a few reserve things,
very little but what we were actually wearing when we left
Norway. With the exception of two tunics of reindeer-skin
which the Lapps wore, and a little coat lined with squirrel-skin
which I took, but scarcely used, we had no furs, but wore
woollen things throughout. Next our skins we had thin
woollen shirts and drawers, then thick, rough jerseys, and
then our outer garments, which consisted of a short coat,
knickerbockers, and gaiters. These were all made of a kind of

32 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Norwegian homespun, which gave every satisfaction. Whether
the work be hard or not, woollen clothes are far the best, as
they give free outlet to the perspiration, whereas cotton, linen,
or skins would check it. Above all things, we had to take
care that we did not get overheated, because the succeeding
chill was so likely to lead to freezing. As we got warm we
had, therefore, to gradually abandon one garment after another,
and we might often have been seen in fifty and sixty degrees
of frost working in our jerseys, and yet perspiring as on an
ordinary summer's day.

In wind, snow, and rain we generally wore outside our
other clothes a light suit of some thin, brown, canvas-like
stuff. This was reputed completely waterproof, but it turned
out to be nothing of the kind. In wind and snow, however,
it did excellent service, and we used it often on the " Inland
ice," as it protected us well against the fine driven snow,
which, being of the nature of dust, forces itself into every
pore of a woollen fabric, and then, melting, wets it through
and through.

To these canvas coats were attached hoods for the head,
which were large enough to project well in front of the face.
These protected us excellently from the wind, which in a low
temperature can be exceedingly trying, not to say dangerous,
to one's cheeks and nose.

For our feet we took, besides ordinary boots, the peculiar
form known in Norway as "lauparsko." The soles of these
latter consist of a piece of pliant leather turned up along the
sides and at the toe, and sewn to the upper leather on the
upper surface of the foot. Inside these " lauparsko " we wore
first a pair of thick, well-shrunk woollen stockings, and over them
thick, rough goat's-hair socks, which, in addition to being warm,
have the excellent quality of attracting moisture to themselves,
and thus keeping the feet comparatively dry. The two Lapps
had two pair of "finnesko" each, as well as one pair which
Balto insisted on presenting to me. These " finnesko " when
good are made of the skin of the legs of the reindeer buck,

THE EQUIPMENT.

33

the pieces with the hair on being laid for twenty-four hours
or so in a strong decoction of birch or similar bark, or some-
times tanned in tar-water The skin of the hind legs is used
for the soles and sides, and tnat of the fore legs for the upper
leather, the hair being left outside throughout the boot.

These "finnesko," then, which, as I have said, are worn
with the hair outside, and which the Lapps fill with sedge or
" sennegraes," wrapping their bare feet in the grass and using
no stockings, are a pre-eminently warm covering for the feet,
and very suitable for use on " ski " or snowshoes. The reason
why I had not taken them for our general use was because

LAUPARSKO.

I supposed we should be much exposed to the wet, which
these shoes will not stand. In this respect one has to take
very great care of " finnesko," or they will soon be spoilt. As
a matter of fact, we were not much in the wet, and the pair of
shoes which Balto gave me T wore nearly the whole way across
the "Inland ice," as well as during the following winter, and
brought them back to Norway with a good deal still left in
them. Nor was this all, for they were not new when I got
them, as Balto had already used them for a winter. I can
therefore speak with confidence as to the suitability of
" finnesko " for such expeditions, and can give them the
warmest recommendation. They weigh scarcely anything at

C

34

ACROSS GREENLAND.

all, and one can take a couple of reserve pairs for each of the
members of an expedition without feeling the addition.

On our hands we used large woollen gloves, as well as
in extreme cold an extra pair of dogskin gloves with the
hair outside, neither having any separate divisions for the
fingers. The Lapps used their ordinary gloves of reindeer-
skin, which also have the furry side outwards. When these
gloves are filled, like the " finnesko," with "sennegrses," they
are exceedingly warm. For use while writing, sketching, and

WOODEN EYE-PROTECTORS.

taking observations, we also had ordinary woollen gloves with
fingers.

On our heads we wore caps of the costermonger pattern,
with flaps for the ears and the back of the neck, and, besides
these, hoods of cloth as well as those attached to our canvas
jackets. With all these three on we were thoroughly well
protected against the severest cold, even when the wind was
blowing.

The spectacles, for prevention of snow-blindness, are another
important article of equipment for a sledge-expedition. We

THE EQUIPMENT, 35

used spectacles of dark, smoke-coloured glass, some without
and some with baskets of plaited wire to protect the eye
against light coming from below and the sides. I myself
chiefly used a pair of the latter, which had been given me
by Nordenskiold, and which I found excellent. We also
used spectacles or eye-protectors of wood with a narrow
horizontal slit for each eye, like those commonly used by
the inhabitants of Arctic regions. These are very serviceable,
especially for the reason that there is no glass to collect
moisture and obstruct the sight. They have, however, the
disadvantage that the field of vision is very considerably
reduced, and it is particularly inconvenient not to be able
to see the ground at one's feet when one is travelling on
"ski." But I should fancy that this defect might to some
extent be met by making a vertical slit as well as a hori-
zontal.

Our tent, which was kindly procured by Lieutenant Ryder
of Copenhagen, was constructed so that it could be taken
into five pieces : two sides, two ends, and the floor, all of
them of waterproof canvas, My notion had been that we
should be able to use all these sections as sails for our
sledges, but the ends and sides were of such thin material
that I was afraid the wind would tear them to shreds.
The canvas was otherwise most successful against the rain,
, wind, and driving snow. But as it is necessary to have a
thin material for the purpose of saving weight, I would
recommend future expeditions to have their tents sewn in
one piece with the floor; the whole would then have the
construction of a bag with but one opening, which would
serve as the tent-door, as well as two small holes in the
floor for the poles, which would be put through them and
rammed down into the snow. The strong canvas floor of
such a tent can nevertheless be used as a sail, as the thinner
pieces can be left to hang down and be gathered together in
front. By this means one would avoid the inconvenience of
having the fine snow driven in through the laced joins. Our

36 ACROSS GREENLAND.

tent was in this respect so imperfect that we would some-
times wake in the morning and find our sleeping-bags com-
pletely buried in snow. The floor-surface of our tent was
just large enough to hold the two sleeping-bags when they
were placed alongside one another, but in opposite ways.
The tent-poles were three in number, two being used as
uprights, and the other joining them at the top; they were
all of bamboo and proved quite sufficient for the purpose,
and the two smaller ones were used as staffs while we
were on the move. The guy-ropes were fastened with broad
iron crampon-like hooks, which gave a good hold. On the
whole, the tent stood very well in the snow, though in several
storms we were very much afraid that it would go, and I
would therefore recommend others to have good storm-guys.
We had some, indeed, but one or two of them gave at the
point of attachment and were not easy to repair.

The exact weight of the tent, after I had made considerable
alterations and reductions, I do not quite remember, though
I know that with guys, pegs, and poles it did not altogether
exceed eighteen pounds.

The value of a good cooking apparatus to the members of
a sledge-expedition can scarcely be overrated, for often by
its help every drop of drinking-water over and above that
which can be melted by the heat of the body must be
obtained. The most important qualification is that it shall
make the most of the fuel, or, in other words, that it shall
render combustion as complete as possible, and let none of
the heat escape till it has done its work. In this way the
weight of one of the most important articles of equipment
is reduced to a minimum.

For/ue/ there is, no doubt, nothing at all comparable with
alcohol, which should be as pure as possible. In addition to
other advantages, such as its cleanliness, it has the great merit
of yielding more heat than anything else in comparison to its
weight. It has certainly two defects, for. in the first place, as a i
liquid it is easily spilt and wasted, though this may be avoided

THE EQUIPMENT.

3?

by using the very best of barrels and taps, and by only
giving it into careful hands ; and, in the second place, it is
drinkable, and at critical times may prove a strong tempta-
tion to the best of men. But this, again, may be prevented
by adding enough wood-naphtha to make it unpleasant, as we
in fact did.

The idea of our cooker was originally taken from that used
by the Greely expediiion, and after a number of experiments
made with the assistance of a friend, I determined finally to
adopt the apparatus which is represented by the accompanying
drawing. This drawing will, no doubt, make the construction
quite intelligible. At the bottom is the heating-chamber, con-
taining a spirit-lamp with several wicks. The air enters by a
number of holes at the bottom in sufficient quantity to insure
complete combustion, and, as it must itself pass through or
near the flames, it is either consumed or heated to such an
extent that no cold air can enter the apparatus. Should it be
necessary, owing to the overheating of
the lamp, to let some cold air in this
can be done by holes in the sides of
the hot chamber. This, I am sorry to
say, we allowed to happen too often.
The boiler, which is placed upon the
hot chamber, was of copper and tin-
lined. It was a tall cylindrical vessel
with a copper flue running through the
centre, by means of which the heated
air is passed from the lower chamber
up to the bottom of a broader and
shallower copper vessel, which was
placed over the boiler and used to
our cooker. me^ snow in. Thus the air, having

delivered a great part of its warmth
in the boiler flue and on to the bottom of the snow-melter,
eventually escapes through holes in the sides just below the
latter.

38 ACROSS GREENLAND.

The boiler and the melter were both cased in thick felt, and
the latter was also provided with a lid.

With snow at about - 200 Fahr., and with the air at some-
thing like the same temperature, it would take an hour or
more before I had the boiler full of boiling chocolate, and the
upper vessel full of water at a temperature a little above the
melting-point of ice. The quantities would be a little more
than a gallon of chocolate and rather less water, while to
obtain this result I had to use about ten or eleven ounces of
spirit; but careful management was necessary. Experiments
made after our return home showed me that our cooker made
use of only 52 per cent, of the alcohol consumed. This is, of
course, a somewhat extravagant use of fuel, though previous
expeditions do not seem to have been much more successful
Yet there is no doubt that further improvements in this direc-
tion will lead to a considerable reduction in the consumption
of spirit.

By way of making the heat of the body do some of the
work of melting snow, each of us had a tin flask of a flat and
slightly concave form, which could be carried at the breast
without inconvenience.

The provisions of a sledge-expedition must necessarily con-
sist to a large extent of dried articles of food, as they contain
most nourishment in proportion to their weight Preserved
things in tins are no doubt more wholesome and easily
digestible, but they are much too heavy and can be made
little use of.

I had previously reckoned that we should need per day
rather more than half a pound of dried meat, about the same
amount of fatty food, and a little more of dried bread or
biscuit, and that with the addition of various things like
chocolate, sugar, peptonised meat, pea-soup, and so on, the
whole daily ration would reach two pounds and a quarter, or a
little more.

This amount would have proved sufficient if we had only
had the proper quantities of each kind of food, but, owing to

THE EQUIPMENT. 3$

a misunderstanding, there was a want of fatty stuffs, which
caused us a good deal of inconvenience. Herr Beauvais of
Copenhagen, who was to provide our pemmican, informed
me that he was accustomed to prepare it in the usual way.
I had no opportunity of seeing him personally, but supposing
that his pemmican, like the ordinary preparation, would con-
sist of dried meat and fat in equal quantities, or would contain
at least a third part of the latter, I ordered the necessary
amount of him. As I was passing through Copenhagen just
before we started I learned that his pemmican was carefully
purified of all fat. This was an unpleasant surprise ; but, as
we had a certain quantity of butter, as well as some liver
" pate* " of a very fatty nature, I thought we should get on well
enough. However, it proved a very short supply, and in the
end we suffered from a craving for fat which can scarcely be
realised by any one who has not experienced it. In other
respects Beauvais' dried meat was excellent.

On the advice of Captain Hovgaard, I tried the same
manufacturer's " leverpostei," which I may say is not the
Strasburg luxury, but a humbler preparation of calf-liver.
However, I found it quite unsuited to our needs : in the
first place, because it is much too heavy in comparison to
its nutritive value; and, secondly, because it contains water,
which freezes and makes it unconscionably hard. On ours we
broke several knives, and we had eventually to take to the axe ;
but then it was necessary to go round afterwards to gather up
the fragments, which flew far and wide over the snow.

We found Rousseau's meat-powder chocolate especially use-
ful, as it is both nourishing and palatable. I took 45 lbs. of
it, which I ordered of the manufacturer in Paris. The analysis
of this chocolate shows that it contains as much as 20 per
cent, of meat powder. It certainly had a particularly invigorat-
ing effect upon us, and if a sufficient amount of fat were taken
with it, and it were given in small quantities, it would prove a
most excellent food for men while on the move. As compared
with pemmican we found it very easy of digestion. This is a

46 Across Greenland

quality which has both advantages and disadvantages. If any
substance is too easily digested, it is taken into the body at
once, the stomach becomes empty again, and a feeling of
hunger ensues. On the other hand, many people will find
a substance like pemmican too hard to digest, and in such
cases a large amount of nutriment will be passed through
without doing its proper work. But easily digestible sub-
stances have, on the whole, a greater nutritive value in pro-
portion to their weight than such as are less readily assimilable,
and therefore it must be considered that the possession of the
former quality in an article of food is a strong recommendation
for its use by Arctic travellers.

As bread we used partly the Swedish biscuit known as
"knakkebrod," which is very light and has not that dryness of
taste which causes a feeling of thirst, and partly meat biscuits.
These had to be specially ordered in England, and contained
a certain percentage of meat powder as well as flour. They
proved palatable as well as nourishing.

For warm drink, which, though no necessity, is undoubtedly
a great comfort, we generally used chocolate in the morning
and pea- soup in the evening.

We also took tea and coffee, the latter in the form of ex-
tract, of which we had rather more than a quart. After
having tried this two or three times in the afternoon and
evening, and found that, though it made us feel better and
cheered us up for the time, we got little or no sleep in the
night afterwards, I confined its use to a morning every now
and then. But, as it did not seem to suit us even at this time
of day, it was finally tabooed altogether, till we had almost
reached the west coast, much to the despair of the Lapps.
Tea, as far as I can judge, does considerably less harm, and
is besides a very refreshing drink. We often used weak tea
with condensed milk or a little sugar, especially in the morn-
ing, after all our chocolate was gone.

My experience, however, leads me to take a decided stand
against the use of stimulants and narcotics of all kinds, from

TUB EQUIPMENT. 41

tea and coffee on the one hand, to tobacco and alcoholic
drinks on the other. It must be a sound principle at all
times that one should live in as natural and simple a way
as possible, and especially must this be the case when the
life is a life of severe exertion in an extremely cold climate.
The idea that one gains by stimulating body and mind by
artificial means betrays in my opinion not only ignorance of
the simplest physiological laws, but also a want of experience,
or perhaps a want of capacity to learn from experience by
observation. It seems indeed quite simple and obvious that
one can get nothing in this life without paying for it in one
way or another, and that artificial stimulants, even if they had
not the directly injurious effect which they undoubtedly have,
can produce nothing but a temporary excitement followed by
a corresponding reaction. Stimulants of this kind, with the
exception of chocolate, which is mild in its effect and at the
same time nourishing, bring practically no nutritive substance
into the body, and the energy which one obtains in antici-
pation by their use at one moment must be paid for by a
corresponding exhaustion at the next. It may, no doubt, be
advanced that there are occasions when a momentary supply
of energy is necessary, but to this I would answer that I cannot
imagine such a state of things arising in the course of a protracted
sledge-expedition, when regular and steady work is required.

It is often supposed that, even though spirits are not in-
tended for daily use, they ought to be taken upon an expedi-
tion for medicinal purposes. I would readily acknowledge
this if any one could show me a single case in which such a
remedy is necessary j but till this is done I shall maintain that
this pretext is not sufficient, and that the best course is to
banish alcoholic drinks from the list of necessaries for an
Arctic expedition.

Though tobacco is less destructive than alcohol, still, whether
it is smoked or chewed, it has an extremely harmful effect
upon men who are engaged in severe physical exertion, and
Dot least so when the supply of food is not abundant. Tobacco

42 ACROSS GREENLAND.

has not only an injurious influence upon the digestion, but it
lessens the strength of the body, and reduces nervous power,
capacity for endurance, and tenacity of purpose. With regard
to the complete prohibition of tobacco in Arctic work, there is
one circumstance to be borne in mind which has not to be
considered in connection with spirits, as habitual hard drinkers
are scarcely likely to take part in these expeditions : the circum-
stance that most men are so accustomed to its use that they
will keenly feel the want of it. For this reason it would pro-
bably be advisable not to make the change too sudden, but to
limit the use by degrees, and at the same time, perhaps, not
to take excessive smokers and chewers of tobacco upon such
expeditions at all.

Among us, four were smokers, Ravna and I being the excep-
tions, but our supply of tobacco was but small. During the
crossing only one pipe was allowed on Sundays and other
specially solemn occasions.

Our other provisions, over and above those which I have
already mentioned, consisted of butter, some "raekling," or
dried strips of halibut, which is of a very fat nature, Gruyere
cheese, the Norwegian " mysost " or whey-cheese, two boxes of
oatmeal biscuits, some " tyttebaer " or red whortleberry jam,
some dried " karvekaal " or caraway shoots, some peptonised
meat, eight pounds of sugar, a few tins of condensed milk, and
a few other things, all in small quantities.

We were also presented by the Stavanger Preserving Com-
pany with some tins of provisions, which we much enjoyed
while we were drifting in the ice, and afterwards while we were
working our way in the boats up the coast again. This extra
supply we had to some extent to thank for the fact that our
provisions, which were calculated to last for two months,
actually held out for two months and a half, that is to say,
from the time we left the Jason till Sverdrup and I reached
Godthaab. Indeed, we really had a good deal left at the end,
especially of dried meat, and some of us used these remnants
long after we had reached our winter-quarters. Of the dried

THE EQUIPMENT. 43

meat which had passed the " Inland ice " there was even some
left at Christmas.

In connection with the provision supply I may also mention
our two double-barrelled guns with their ammunition. Each
of them had a barrel for ball of about -300 calibre, and a shot
barrel of 20-bore.

The small calibre of these barrels allowed of a considerable
reduction in the weight of the ammunition, and I found the
guns perfectly satisfactory, whether for seal or sea-birds. They
would have been quite sufficient for bear also in the hands of
a good shot, for here, as at other times, the most important
factor is the man behind the sights. Our guns were intended
as well to procure us food on the east coast, especially if it
had been necessary to pass the winter there — and with this in
view I had thought of leaving a cache of ammunition with one
gun on the eastern side — as to give us a supply of fresh meat
on the west coast if we did not find people at once. For,
given the sea-coast, a gun, and something to put in it, there
need never be a lack of food.

The scientific instruments of the expedition consisted first of
a theodolite, an excellent instrument by a Christiania maker.
It was certainly heavy, about 7 lbs. in itself, and had a stand
which weighed little less ; but, on the other hand, it proved
exceedingly trustworthy for both terrestrial and astronomical
observations. In future I should prefer to have the theodolite,
as well as other instruments, made of aluminium, which would
save much in weight.

The sextant was a nice little pocket instrument by Perken,
Son, & Rayment, of London, which did excellent service.
For the artificial horizon we used mercury, which never froze
at mid-day. The great weight of mercury leads me to think
that oil would be more serviceable for this purpose.

The rest included an azimuth dial with three compasses,
for the testing of magnetic deviation as well as for trigono-
metrical observations ; five pocket compasses ; three aneroid
barometers from the above-mentioned English makers; and

44 ACROSS GREENLAND.

a hypsometer, or boiling-point barometer, with the necessary
thermometers.

The principle of this last barometer depends upon the
accurate determination of the boiling-point of pure water,
which, as is well known, varies with the atmospheric pres-
sure, and therefore, of course, with the altitude. I found this
a particularly convenient form of barometer, and its incon-
siderable weight makes it especially suitable for an expedition
like ours, whereas a mercurial instrument would be much too
heavy and difficult to transport.

Our thermometers consisted of six special instruments
intended to be tied to strings and whirled rapidly round in
the air. The bulb is thus brought into contact with so many
particles of air that the effect of the sun's rays upon it may
be almost disregarded, and the temperature of the air can
thus easily be taken in the full sunshine.

If the bulb of one of these sling-thermometers be covered
with a piece of some thin stuff like gauze and then wetted,
one can readily find the degree of moisture present in the
air by comparison with a dry-bulb instrument

We had, besides the above, a minimum and an ordinary
alcohol thermometer, both presented us by a Christiania
maker.

Our time-keepers were four ordinary watches of the half-
chronometer movement. . The usual chronometer watches are
scarcely suitable for such work, as in certain positions they
are liable to stop. We were in fact exceedingly unlucky with
our watches, as one of them, owing to a fall, stopped entirely ;
another, for the same reason apparently, became somewhat
inaccurate ; and a third, an old watch of my own, came to a
stand-still, probably for want of cleaning. The fourth, how-
ever, stood the whole journey well, and proved an excellent
time-keeper.

I consider that the expedition was particularly well equipped
in the way of instruments, and this was to a large extent due
to Professor H. Mohn, the Director of the Meteorological

THE EQUIPMENT. 45

Istitute at Christiania, who gave the most unremitting atten-
n to the question of our scientific outfit.
At the request of Professor Pettersson, of Stockholm, I
took on his behalf the necessary apparatus for obtaining
samples of air during our journey. This consisted chiefly
of a number of moderate-sized glass cylinders carefully ex-
hausted of air and hermetically sealed. On being opened
they were of course at once filled, and the vessels were so
arranged that they could be easily sealed again by the help
of a spirit lamp and a blow-pipe. The air obtained could thus
be transported any distance in its original condition.

A necessary addition to the outfit of a modern exploring
party is, of course, a photographic apparatus. I took a little
camera to use with the theodolite stand, two roll-holders for
Eastman's American stripping films, and ten rolls of twenty-
four exposures each. The camera alone weighed two and a
quarter pounds. I made about 150 exposures, and on the
whole was well satisfied with the apparatus and the results.
Glass plates would, of course, have been much too heavy and
inconvenient. I also had two red lamps, one of glass and
the other of paper, for changing the rolls, and a few stearine
candles to use in them.

Our remaining instruments, tools, and other things included
two pairs of aluminium glasses and a couple of pedometers ;
an axe, with various smaller implements, such as knives, files,
awls, pincers, screwdriver, small screws for the steel plates
under the sledge-runners, a sailmaker's palm, sewing materials,
and so on ; scales for weighing out the rations ; Tyrolese
crampons or "steigeisen," ice-nails for our boots, Manilla-rope
for the crevasses, as well as other cords for the sledges and
various purposes; ice-axes with bamboo-shafts, which were
also used as " ski "-staffs ; a spade for the snow, to screw on to
one of these shafts; several bamboos for masts and steering
purposes while our sledges and boats were under sail, and block-
tackle for hoisting the boats and sledges when necessary;
drawing materials, sketch- and note-books j a table of loga

46 ACROSS GREENLAND.

rithms; nautical almanacs for 1888 and 1889; burning-glass,
flint and steel, and matches, which latter were partly packed
in air-tight tin boxes, and kept here and there among the
baggage in order that, if we lost some, we should still have
enough left; three cans of methylated spirit holding rather
more than two gallons apiece; tarpaulins, some of water-
proof canvas, and others of oil-cloth, to cover the sledges;
six bags intended for making portages over difficult ground,
but really used as portmanteaus for each member's private
effects; long boat-hooks of bamboo, as well as short ones,
which could also be used as paddles, and proved exceedingly
serviceable in narrow water-ways ; oars, reserve swivel-rowlocks,
and a hand-pump and hose to bale the boats with when they
were loaded. Finally, we had a little medicine-chest contain-
ing splints and bandages for broken limbs, chloroform, cocaine
in solution for the alleviation of pain from snow-blindness,
toothache drops, pills, vaseline, and a few other things, all of
course reduced to a minimum of weight.

Finally, I may say that four of our sledges when fully loaded
averaged some 200 pounds, while the fifth amounted to nearly
double as much.

In April we made a little experimental trip up into the
woods near Christiania, all the members of the party except
one being present. Balto's description of the excursion is
worth reproducing : —

" One afternoon we went out of the town up into the woods
to spend the night there, and try the reindeer-skin sleeping
bags. In the evening, when we had reached the wood where
we were to pass the night, we put up our tent. Then it was
said that we were going to make coffee in a machine to be
heated by spirit. So the pot of this machine was filled with
snow, and we lighted the lamp beneath. It went on burning
for several hours, but never managed to produce a boil. So
we had to try and drink the lukewarm water with coffee extract
added to it. It did not taste of anything whatever, for it

THE EQUIPMENT. 47

was almost cold. At night when it was time to sleep, the four
Norwegians crawled into the bags, and Nansen offered us
places there too, but we were afraid it would be too hot. We
did not want bags to sleep in, we thought, and so we lay
down outside. In the morning I woke about six and saw our
men sleeping like bears in their sacks. So I lay down again
and slept till nine, when I woke the others, for I knew that a
horse had been ordered to take us back at ten."

This description shows plainly enough that certain parts of
our outfit, as our cooking-machine, for instance, were not so
satisfactory as they might have been, but there was plenty of
time left for improvements. We gave our best attention to
the matter, and when we actually started at the beginning of
May, after having procured several important things at the
eleventh hour, we had nearly everything in the desired state of
efficiency, and plenty of time during our voyage to finish all
that was not yet ready.

Chapter III.

"SK7" AND "SKILOBNING."

The expedition I am about to describe owed its origin entirely
to the Norwegian sport of "skilobning."1 I have myself been
accustomed to the use of "ski" since I was four years old,
every one of my companions was an experienced " skilober,"
and all our prospects of success were based upon the supe-
riority of "ski" in comparison with all other means of loco-
motion when large tracts of snow have to be traversed. I
therefore think that I cannot do better than set apart a chapter
for the description of " ski " and the manner of their use, since
so little is known about the sport outside the few -countries
where it is practised as such, and since a certain amount of
familiarity with it and its technical terms will be necessary to
the full comprehension of some part of the narrative which
follows.

It is, of course, not unnatural that those who have never
seen the performance should be surprised to learn that a man
can by the help of two pieces of wood, shaped for the purpose,
progress as rapidly over the surface of the snow as he really
does.

" Ski," then, are long narrow strips of wood, those used in
Norway being from three to four inches in breadth, eight feet
more or less in length, one inch in thickness at the centre
under the foot, and bevelling off to about a quarter of an inch
at either end. In front they are curved upwards and pointed,
and they are sometimes a little turned up at the back end too.
The sides are more or less parallel, though the best forms have

1 See note to page 3.
49

ON LEVEL GROUND.
(From a photograph.)

5o ACROSS GREENLAND.

their greatest width in front, just where the upward curve begins,
but otherwise they are quite straight and flat, and the under
surface is made as smooth as possible. The attachment con-
sists of a loop for the toe, made of leather or some other sub-
stance, and fixed at about the centre of the " ski," and a band
which passes from this round behind the heel of the shoe.
The principle of this fastening is to make the " ski " and foot
as rigid as possible for steering purposes, while the heel is
allowed to rise freely from the " ski " at all times.

On flat ground the " ski " are driven forward by a peculiar
stride, which in its elementary form is not difficult of acquire
ment, though it is capable of immense development. They
are not lifted, and the tendency which the beginner feels to
tramp away with them as if he were on mud-boards in the
middle of a marsh must be strenuously resisted. Lifting causes
the snow to stick to them, so they must be pushed forwards
over its surface by alternate strokes from the hips and thighs,
the way being maintained between the strokes by a proper
management of the body. The " ski " are kept strictly parallel
meanwhile, and as close together as possible, there being no
resemblance whatever, as is sometimes supposed, to the motion
employed in skating. In the hand most "skilobers" carry
a short staff, which is used partly to correct deficiencies of
balance, but by the more skilful chiefly to increase the length
of the stride by propulsion. In many country districts this
pole often reaches a preposterous length, and in some parts,
too, a couple of short staffs are used, one in each hand, by the
help of which, on comparatively flat ground, great speed can
be obtained. When the snow is in thoroughly good condition
the rate of progress is quite surprising, considering the small
amount of effort expended, and as much as eight or nine miles
can be done within the hour, while a speed of seven miles an
hour can be maintained for a very considerable length of time.

Uphill the pace is, of course, very much slower, though here
also the practised "skilober" has great advantages over all others.
Here the " ski " must be lifted slightly, as the snow sticking to

SKIn AND "SKILOBNING."

5»

them counteracts the tendency to slip backwards. If the gradient
be steep, various devices may be employed, the most effectual
and characteristic being that shown in the annexed illustration.

M; ft I

V/l> '/'

UP- AND DOWN-HILL.
(By E. Nielsen, after a photograph. )

The " ski " are turned outwards at as wide an angle as the steep-
ness of the slope renders advisable, and are advanced alternately
one in front of the other, the track left in the snow exactly
resembling the feather-stitch of needlewomen. This method

52 ACROSS GREENLAND.

requires some practice, and cannot be employed if the " ski I j
are above a certain length, as the heels will then necessarily
overlap. By its means a slope of any gradient on which the-j
snow will lie may be ascended quickly and easily, but the i
position is somewhat too strained to be maintained for long, ,
Another and easier, though much slower way, is to mount the j
hill sideways, bringing the " ski " almost, if not quite, to a right i
angle with the slope, and working up step by step. Or again, i
especially on the open mountain, the "skilober" will work his]
way upwards by tacking from side to side and following a
zigzag course, taking instinctively the most advantageous line j
of ascent. In any case, if he be up to his work he will cover j
the ground quickly and without undue exertion, and, as a]
matter of fact, as Olaus Magnus wrote in 1555, "there is no^
mountain so high but that by cunning devices he is able to j
attain unto the summit thereof."

Downhill, the " ski " slide readily and are left to themselves, j
the one thing necessary being to maintain the balance andi
steer clear of trees, rocks, and precipices. The steeper the^
slope the greater the speed, and if the snow be good the i
friction is so slight that the pace often approaches within a}
measurable distance of that of a falling body. The author
of " Kongespeilet," an old Norse treatise, was speaking notj
altogether at random when he described the "skilober" as out-J
stripping the birds in flight, and declared that nothing which:
runs upon the earth can escape his pursuit.

The snow is not by any means always in a good condition 1
for " skilobning," and its moods are very variable and capri-
cious. Wet snow due to a mild temperature is particularly!
unfavourable, as it sticks fast to the under surface of the "ski,":
especially if they are not covered with skin, and will often4
accumulate into a mass ten inches or a foot thick, the weight!
of which makes progress terribly laborious or well-nigh im-
possible. This is a fate which has befallen many an unlucky
" skilober " when he has been out on the open mountain, or 1
more especially in the deep loose snow of the forest, and a ,

11 SKI" AND "SK1L0BNING.'- S3

sudden rise of temperature has surprised him when many
miles distant from a habitation.

Nor do the " ski " move readily on newly fallen snow the
temperature of which is not sufficiently low, though even when
it falls in extreme cold it has a tendency to stick. The same
is the case with snow raised from the ground and driven by
the wind. The particles are then as fine as dust, and as they
pack into drifts they form a peculiar cloth-like surface on which
ordinary wooden " ski " will scarcely move at all. This is
worst of all when the snow has originally fallen at a low
temperature, as the particles are then extremely fine in the
first instance, before the wind has had any effect on them.
This was the kind of snow we had to deal with during nearly
the whole of our crossing of the "Inland ice," and was the
reason why our progress was so very slow and wearisome.

But besides being slippery the surface must also be tolerably
firm, or the "ski" will sink too deep. Snow that has fallen
during a thaw, has had time to sink and pack well together,
and has then been exposed to frost, is in excellent condition
for the purposes of the "skilober." Things are even more
< favourable when a frost succeeding a rapid thaw has turned
the surface into a hard icy crust, and if this is subsequently
covered with an inch or so of newly-fallen snow, or preferably
hoar-frost, the going reaches the pure ideal, and the pace which
\ may then be obtained without effort is simply astonishing. If
this crust lie, as it often does, bare of loose snow or rime, the
"ski" slide fast enough, but have no proper hold on the
surface, and the pace on rough and difficult ground may very
soon become uncontrollable and dangerous.

Of all the sports of Norway, "skilobning" is the most national
and characteristic, and I cannot think that I go too far when I
claim for it, as practised in our country, a position in the very
first rank of the sports of the world. I know no form of sport
i which so evenly develops the muscles, which renders the body
so strong and elastic, which teaches so well the qualities of
dexterity and resource, which in an equal degree calls for

A STEEP DESCENT IN THE FOREST.
(From a drawing by A. Block.)

...

decisioi

"SKI" AND "SKILOBNING* 55

nsion and resolution, and which gives the same vigour
and exhilaration to mind and body alike. Where can one
find a healthier and purer delight than when on a brilliant
winter day one binds one's " ski " to one's feet and takes one's
way out into the forest ? Can there be anything more beauti-
ful than the northern winter landscape, when the snow lies
foot-deep, spread as a soft white mantle over field and wood
and hill ? Where will one find more freedom and excitement
than when one glides swiftly down the hillside through the
trees, one's cheek brushed by the sharp cold air and frosted
pine branches, and one's eye, brain, and muscles alert and
prepared to meet every unknown obstacle and danger which
the next instant may throw in one's path ? Civilisation is, as
it were, washed clean from the mind and left far behind with
the city atmosphere and city life; one's whole being is, so
to say, wrapped in one's " ski " and the surrounding nature.
There is something in the whole which develops soul and not
body alone, and the sport is perhaps of far greater national
importance than is generally supposed.

Nor can there be many lands so well fitted as ours for the
practice of " skilobning," and its full development as a sport.
The chief requisites are hills and snow, and of these we have
indeed an abundance. From our childhood onwards we are
accustomed to use our "ski," and in many a mountain valley,
boys, and girls too for that matter, are by their very surround-
ings forced to take to their " ski " almost as soon as they can
walk. The whole long winter through, from early autumn to
late spring, the snow lies soft and deep outside the cottage
door. In such valleys, and this was especially the case in
former times, there are few roads or ways of any kind, and
all, men and women alike, whom business or pleasure takes
abroad, must travel on their "ski." Children no more than
three or four years old may often be seen striving with the
first difficulties, and from this age onwards the peasant boys
in many parts keep themselves in constant practice. Their
homes lie, as a rule, on the steep slope of the valley-side,

56

ACROSS GREENLAND.

and hills of all grades are ready to hand. To school, which
is generally held in the winter season, they must go on their
"ski," and on their "ski "they all spend the few minutes of
rest between the hours of work, their teacher often joining
them and leading the string. Then, too, on Sunday afternoons
comes the weekly festival, when all the youths of the parish,

i.Mj.ii

4

X.

THE MODERN " SKADE " OR " SKI "-GODDESS.
(By A. Block, after a photograph.)

boys and young men alike, meet on the hillside to outdo one
another in fair rivalry, and enjoy their sport to the full as long
as the brief daylight lasts. At such times the girls are present
as spectators, notwithstanding that they too know well how to
use their "ski," and that many a good feat has been done ere
now by Norwegian lasses and gone unrecorded.

Such is the winter life of the young in many of our mountain

"SKI" AND "SK1L0BNING." 57

valleys. The boy has scarcely reached the age of bieeches
before he knows the points of a pair of " ski " : what a good
bit of wood should look like, and how to twist a withy to make
himself the fastenings. Thus he learns early to stand on his
own legs and his own " ski," to rely upon himself in difficulty,
and grows up to be a man like his father before him. May
our sport long be held in honour, may its interests be cared
for and advanced as long as there remain men and women in
the Norwegian valleys !

But it is especially for the winter pursuit of game that •' ski "
are an absolute necessity in Norway as well as the North of
Europe generally and Siberia, and it is in this way that most
of the clever "skilobers" of country districts have been
formed.

In earlier times it was a common practice in Scandinavia to
hunt the larger animals, such as the elk and reindeer, during
the winter upon "ski." When the snow was deep the skilful
" skilober " had no great difficulty in pursuing and killing
these animals, as their movements, as compared with his, were
naturally much hampered. It was an exciting sport, however,

I and often required considerable strength and endurance on
the part of the hunter, as well as a thorough familiarity with
the use of " ski." Now, however, these animals are protected
during the winter, and all pursuit of them is illegal, though

1 doubtless there is still a good deal of poaching done in this
way, especially in the case of elk, in the remoter forests of
Sweden and Norway.

Nowadays the Norwegian peasant has most use for his
" ski " in the less exciting pursuit of the ptarmigan and willow-
grouse, large numbers of which are shot and snared upon the

1 mountains. The snaring in some districts is especially re-
munerative, and is often the only channel through which the
poor cottagers can attain to the rare luxury of a little ready
money. The hare is also sometimes thus hunted and shot,
the bear turned out of his lair or intercepted before he has
finally taken to his winter quarters, and an occasional lynx

58

ACROSS GREENLAND.

or glutton pursued. It is, of course, on "ski" too that the
nomad Lapps follow and destroy their inveterate enemy, the
wolf.

The Siberian tribes again do all their winter hunting upon
"ski," and as with them the winter is the longest season of
the year, the great importance, if not absolute necessity, of
" ski " to the Arctic and sub-Arctic peoples will readily be seen.

Of late years the sport of " skilobning " has been practised
and developed in Norway to quite an astonishing extent. This
has been no doubt largely due to the public competitions which

SKILOBNING" IN THE OLD STYLE.
{JFrom a drawing by E. Nielsen.)

are now annually held, and above all to the great meeting of
the year at Christiania. Here at their first institution the
Telemarken peasants appeared and completely eclipsed the
athletes of the capital by their masterly skill. In time, how-
ever, their arts were learned by the townsfolk, and it has often
happened in recent years that the tables have been completely
turned, at least in certain parts of the competition. The pro-
gress of the sport has on the whole been quite remarkable,
and any one who has followed its development step by step,
who can remember how empty and desolate the hillsides and
forest paths round Christiania were some fifteen or even ten
years ago, and who sees how the fields and woods are now
thronged on a fine winter Sunday with " skilobers " of all ages,

sexes,

44 SKI" AND "SKILOBNING." 59

J

es, and conditions, cannot but regard the result of this
healthy movement with gratification and pride.

In old days the " skistav " or pole of which I have spoken
ve was generally considered quite as necessary a piece of
apparatus as the "ski" themselves. In those days, when the
pace downhill became too hot to be comfortable, the "skildber"
rode his pole like a witch's broomstick ; to it he had recourse
in all difficulties ; it was his guide, comforter, and friend in all
moments of danger and perplexity. It was a good friend, no
doubt, in need, and is so still even to the orthodox ; but this
unlimited and servile use of an extraneous support and assist-
ance invariably brings the body of the " skilober " into a forced
and helpless position, which entirely deprives him of all control
over his " ski," and of all confidence in the strength and power
of his own legs. But the Telemarken peasant had meantime
worked in quite a different direction, and had attained to quite
a different form. When he met us in rivalry at Christiania he
soon showed us that when one has really learned to control
one's " ski " without having continual recourse to one's staff,
one obtains a mastery over them which is quite impossible in
the other case, and can with ease and speed clear obstacles
and difficulties before considered insurmountable. The advan-
tages of the new method were at once apparent, and the grace,
freedom, and boldness of the " Telemarking's " carriage and
movements generally as compared with the stiff and clumsy
manoeuvres of the "skilober" of the old school were very
striking.

This new departure led at once to a rapid development of
the great art of jumping upon " ski." This, the great feature
of " skilobning " from a purely sporting point of view, is really
of no direct practical importance, as even the most reckless
" skilober " is not in the habit of flying over precipices of un-
known depth, but is rather careful to avoid such obstacles
when he is using his "ski" in earnest and on unfamiliar
ground. Jumping is a sport pure and simple, but at the same
time a sport of great use and benefit, as there is no other

6o

ACROSS GREENLAND.

branch of " skilobning " which tends in the same degree to
develop power of balance, control of the "ski," or courage and
confident bearing.

JUMPING ON "SKI."
(From a drawing by A. Block.)

The jumping is done on a steep hillside, which has a
gradient of perhaps from 300 to 400. In the middle of the
hill a bank of snow is built, or there may be some natural

"SKI" AND "SKILOBNING."

61

;ak in the ground or projecting rock which serves the same

irpose. The jumper slides down from the top of the hill on

this bank, which, owing to the great pace which he has

heady attained, throws him far out into the air, whereupon

JUMPING ON "SKI."'
(By E. Nielsen, front an instantaneous photograph.)

after a longer or shorter journey through space he alights on
the slope below and continues his headlong course at an even
greater speed than before. The jumper may, and as a rule
does, very much increase the length of his leap by gathering

62 ACROSS GREENLAND.

himself together and taking a spring just as he leaves the pro-
jecting bank. In this way sixty, seventy, or even ninety feet may
be cleared when the snow is in good order and the hill and
bank of suitable dimensions. A well-known " skilober " from
Telemarken, Sondre Auersen Nordheim by name, is reported
to have jumped ninety-six Norwegian or ninety-nine English
feet from a projecting rock, and to have kept his balance when
he alighted below. The perpendicular fall necessitated by such
jumps is very considerable, from thirty to forty feet being no
uncommon thing, a height which takes one to the roof of an
ordinary three-storied house. This comparison will enable
the reader to appreciate the magnitude of the performance,
which can otherwise hardly be realised by those who have
never witnessed it.

While passing through the air the jumper must maintain all
his presence of mind, must keep his " ski " straight and under
control, and as he touches the ground he will generally shoot
out one foot rather in front of the other and sink on one knee,
to break in some measure the shock of contact. It is only
the enormous speed attained and the elasticity of the snow
which make such leaps possible, and therefore it is necessary
that the slope of the hill should be quite as steep below the
jump as above it, and that the snow should also be in a con-
dition favourable for the purpose, since if the "ski" are
checked in the slightest degree at the moment of contact the
difficulty of maintaining the balance is immensely increased.
Of course violent falls are frequent, and the spectator who
for the first time sees the unfortunate jumper rolling down
the hill— arms, legs, and " ski " all whirling round together in
a cloud of snow — will naturally conclude that broken limbs
must often be the result. As a matter of fact, however,
serious accidents are extremely rare.

But the finished " skilober " must be able to do more than
jump. At some of the open competitions he is also required
to show his skill in turning his " ski " to one side or the other
within given marks, and by bringing them quite round to stop

"SKI" AND "SKILOBNING.

63

short before any given obstacle, both of these manoeuvres
having to be executed at full speed, that is to say, in the
descent of a steep hill. In these arts the " Telemarkinger '"

FACILIS DESCENSUS AVERNI." AN AWKWARD CORNER.
(From a drawing by A. Block.)

are complete masters, and the younger school of Christiania
" skilobers " have proved their worthy pupils.

But, apart from these special arts, " ski " must be considered
as being first and foremost instruments of locomotion, and

64 ACROSS GREENLAND.

therefore the speed which can be attained in an ordinary way
across country must be regarded from a practical point of view
as the most important branch of the sport. Though the jump-
ing is always the most popular part of the programme, yet at
our yearly meetings equal or greater weight is attached to the
long race, for, it must be explained, the chief prizes are given
for combined proficiency in the separate branches.

It must not be thought that "skilobning" is a sport which
develops the body at all unequally. On the other hand, there
can be few forms of exercise which perform this task so uni-
formly and healthfully. The upper part of the body and arms
come into constant use as well as the legs ; the arms par-
ticularly by the help of the pole. This is especially the case
if two poles be carried, a practice which is common among
the Lapps, which has been adopted of late years m the
Christiania races, and which was followed by us during our
crossing of Greenland.

I have already given some idea of the speed to which a
strong and clever "skilober" may attain. But so much de-
pends upon those two most uncertain quantities, the nature
of the ground and the state of the snow, that nothing like
an absolute standard can be fixed. If the conditions be
moderately favourable a good man should be able to cover
from sixty to seventy miles in the course of a day's run.

The longest race hitherto brought off in Norway was held
at Christiania in February 1888. The distance was 50 km.,
or 31 miles 122 yards, twice over a 25 km. course, which was
laid out over hilly ground of a very variable character, and
included all kinds of difficulties calculated to test the com-
petitors' skill. The race was won by a Telemarken peasant
in 4 hrs. 26 min., without much pressure on the part of his
rivals. A much longer race, no doubt the longest on record,
was that organised by Barons Dickson and Nordenskiold at
Jokkmokk, in Swedish Lapland, on April 3 and 4, 1884. The
winner was a Lapp, Lars Tuorda, thirty-seven years of age, one
of the two who had accompanied Nordenskiold on his Green-

"SKI" AND "SKILOBNING*

65

land expedition and had then done a great feat on the " ski "
on the "Inland ice." The distance on this occasion was 220
km., or nearly 136! English miles, and it was covered by the
winner in 21 hrs. 22 min., rests included. The second man,
a Lapp of forty, was only 5 sec. behind the winner, and of the
first six, five of whom were Lapps, the last came in 46 min.
after the first. The course was for the most part level, being
laid mainly over the frozen lakes, and the snow must have
been in a very favourable condition.

Finally, I will say a few words about the " ski " we made use
of ourselves in the course of the expedition, which in the cir-
cumstances seem to find their place here more appropriately
than in the preceding chapter on " Equipment."

THE "SKI" OF THE EXPEDITION IN PLAN, ELEVATION, AND SECTION.

Our " ski " were not of any fixed Norwegian type, but were
specially designed to suit the nature of the ground and state of
snow which I expected to find in the interior of Greenland.
We took nine pair, two of oak and the rest of birch. The oak
" ski " were 7 ft. 6 J in. long, while in front at the curve they
were 3I in. broad and 3! in. under the foot. On the upper
surface was a ridge running the whole length of the " ski," which
gave the necessary stiffness without adding too much to the
weight. On the under surface were three narrow grooves.
The seven pair of birch " ski " were of about the same form
and dimensions, except that by the carelessness and negligence
, of the maker they were made rather narrower in front at the

66 ACROSS GREENLAND.

curve, the sides being parallel all through. This want of
breadth in front prevents the " ski " from riding so well upon
the snow, as they act more like a snow-plough, and move some-
what heavily. These "ski" were delivered so short a time
before we left that we unfortunately were unable to get others,
and had to take them as they were. These birch " ski," too,
were shod throughout with very thin steel plates, and in the
middle of the plates, just under the foot, were openings 34J in.
by 2TV in., in which were inserted strips of elk-skin with the
hair on. The object of the steel plates was to make the " ski I
glide better on coarse, wet snow, of which I expected a good
deal, and that of the strips of skin to prevent the " ski " from

"LAUPARSKO" AFFIXED TO "SKI," SHOWING THE FASTENINGS.

slipping back during ascents and the heavy work of hauling as;
much as the steel-plates would have otherwise caused them to I
do. We found, however, none of this expected snow, and might I
well have done without these extra contrivances. The two pair 1
of oak "ski," which Sverdrup and I used, proved in every way:
satisfactory, and I can thoroughly recommend the pattern for;
future work of the kind.

The fastenings we used were very simple, and consisted in
nothing but a toe-strap of thick, stiff leather, and a broadish
band of softer leather running round behind the heel. The]
stiff fastenings of withies or cane which are commonly used in
Norway for jumping and ordinary work generally are in my

"SKI" AND "SKILOBNING" 67

opinion quite unsuited to the conditions of a long exploring
journey. They are by no means necessary for a complete con-
trol of the " ski," and they tire and chafe the feet much more
than a soft and flexible fastening like leather. My experience
tells me that the less one is conscious of the pressure of the
fastenings in these long journeys, the less one draws upon one's
stock of endurance.

ROCKS ON THE NORTH COAST OF THE FAROE ISLANDS.
(By Th. Holmboe, after a photograph.)

Chapter IV.

THE VOYAGE TO ICELAND.

As I have already said, I proposed to reach the east coast
of Greenland by getting a Norwegian sealer to pick us up
in Iceland and take us on further. After negotiations in
several quarters I finally came to terms with the owners of
the sealer Jason of Sandefjord. It was agreed that the
ship should call for us in Iceland, and do its best to put us
ashore on the east coast of Greenland, while I, on our part,
undertook that she should suffer no pecuniary loss by having

THE VOYAGE TO ICELAND.

to neglect her own business on our account. My agreement
with the captain of the Jason, Mauritz Jacobsen, a cool-
headed and experienced Arctic skipper, was that on his way
to Denmark Strait, after the season was over in the Jan Mayen
waters, he should call for us in Iceland about the beginning
of June, at Isafjord for preference, or Dyrafjord in case ice
should prevent him getting into the former place.

On May 2 I left Christiania to go by way of Copenhagen
and London to Leith, where I was to meet the other members
of the party. They left Christiania the day after me, taking
steamer from Christianssand to Scotland, and carrying the
whole outfit of the expedition with them.

Many sensible people shook their heads doubtfully, and
took us sadly by the hand the day we left. They evidently
thought, if they did not say : " This is the last time we shall

I see you, but God grant that you never manage to reach land ! "
There was a deal of excitement, too, caused by this absurd
little expedition which could not even rise to the dignity
of its own steamer, but had to leave home in an ordinary

, passenger-boat, the owners of which, by the way, had liberally
given it a free passage. Of cheering, too, there was plenty in our
honour. People thought it was just as well to give these poor
fellows some gratification during the short time now left to

; them for the enjoyment of life. In Ravna's case this enjoy-
ment was for the moment brief indeed, for he had to sacrifice
to the gods of the deep or ever he reached the open sea.

Balto thus describes the departure from Christiania : " As
we passed out of the town on our way to the quays great

. numbers of men and women accompanied us, to wish us good
luck and cheer us on our way. We were received with similar
demonstrations by the people of all the little towns from Chris-
tiania to Christianssand, for they thought we should never

, come back alive. They expected, perhaps, that we should
meet with the same fate as Herr Sinklar, when he set out for

; Norway to plunder and to ravish."

I met the rest of my party in Leith again, and found them

7o ACROSS GREENLAND.

enjoying themselves much, thanks to the kindness of theii
fellow-countrymen there resident. Balto in his narrative
speaks of the Norwegian Consul as a " new father " to him, |
and a hospitable entertainer of the whole party. If the
truth be told, Balto managed to find "new fathers" in
many different places.

After receiving many proofs of Scottish kindness and
hospitality, on the evening of May 9 we went on board
the Danish steamer Thyra, which lay at Granton, and
which was to take us the first stage of our journey to Ice-
land. It was midnight when we said good-bye to the last
of our friends, who saw us off on the deserted quay, and
then we steamed out into the darkness on our way north-
wards.

From the time we left Scotland I began taking daily samples I
of the air by means of the apparatus I have already men-
tioned. The object was mainly to measure the amount of
carbonic acid prevalent in the different regions. I continued
this sample-taking regularly across the sea to Iceland, and
thence to the east coast of Greenland, and brought also home
with me a certain number of specimens from the " Inland ice I
itself.

While we were in the Faroe Islands, where we were delayed i
two days by bad weather, we had heard bad news of the state
of the ice round Iceland. It was said that it had come
farther south this year than had been known within the
memory of man, and the east coast of the island was reported
inaccessible. This was confirmed only too soon, for we met
the ice when we were hardly within 140 miles of shore. We
pushed on northwards to see if we could reach land further
up, but it was to no purpose, as the ice was everywhere.
Several sailing vessels, too, which we met, informed us that
it extended a long way to the north.

On Wednesday, May 16, we made another attempt to reach
land on the eastern side, though this was off Berufjorden, a
long way south; here, too, we were stopped some ninety miles

from land. This left
us nothing to do
but make for the
south-west, and
we steamed along
the rocky and pic-
turesque southern
coast with a fair wind
behind us. In the
evening we passed
Orsefajokull, the
highest mountain
in Iceland, which
rises out of the sea
to a height of some
6400 feet. As the
setting sun cast its
last rays upon the
mountain's snowy

! sides, and on the
veil of mist which
enwrapped its sum-
mit, while now and

1 again the breaking
of the veil allowed
us to see for a
moment the soft
outlines of the
conical peak, the
scene was one of
unusually impres-
sive grandeur.

On the morning
of May 17, we
approached the
Vestmanna Islands,
which lie some
miles to sea, off

THE VOYAGE TO ICELAND.

7>

5 3
5 3

72

ACROSS GREENLAND.

the middle of the southern coast of Iceland. It was a glorious
sunny day, and the sea was smooth and bright as glass as we
glided in between the lofty precipitous basalt rocks which form
this group of islands and lay to off Heimaey, the largest of them
all, and the only one inhabited.

Here the sea eats away the layers of basalt rock, leaving
perpendicular walls which fall sheer into the sea, and are
honeycombed with great cavities and grottoes. The whole

CLIFFS ON THE NORTH COAST OF THE VESTMANNA ISLANDS.
[From a photograph.)

scene had a distinctly Mediterranean aspect, and at once
suggested a comparison with Capri, not by any means to
the latter's undisputed pre-eminence. We were steaming
straight for these wonderful cliffs, about which the breakers
threw their spray, and the screaming sea-birds wheeled in
thousands. There was something strangely fascinating in
the whole : a brilliant summer-like day, a bright-green sea as
clear as crystal, and right opposite us, on the mainland, the
highest peak but one in Iceland, the volcano Eyafjallajokul,

THE VOYAGE TO ICELAND. 73

whose great white snow-mantle lay before us still glittering
in the evening sun. In the background, again, were other
peaks and glaciers, among which the huge white dome of
Hekla was most prominent.

Later we passed Reykjanses, which carries the only light-
house which Iceland possesses. The spot is one of absolute
desolation, and is especially exposed to shocks of earthquake,
which have already damaged the lighthouse, and threaten
before long to demolish it altogether.

Beyond are a few rocks and islands which are chiefly re-

THE ONLY LIGHTHOUSE IN ICELAND.
{By Th. Holmboe,from a sketch by the Author.)

markable for the number of Great Auk (Alca impennis) to
which they formerly gave shelter.

After a hard struggle against a head wind and heavy sea,
which again and again completely neutralised the T/iyra's
efforts to push on, we reached Reykjavik, the capital of Ice-
land, in the course of the night. Our stay was short, but
next morning we were allowed some hours on shore.

About midday we left, and now set our course for the
promontory of Snefellsnses, on our way north to Isafjord,
our eventual destination. In the evening, just as the sun
was setting, we passed Snefellsjokull, an old volcano which

74

ACROSS GREENLAND.

lies on the extreme point of the promontory. The peak is I
most impressive as one passes close beneath it, for it rises
out of the sea to a height of more than 4500 feet. It is j
well known as a most useful sea-mark, and its white cap
has guided many a vessel into safety. As we passed it was
perhaps at its best, as the last rays of the sinking sun were
just reddening its mantle of snow.

Whereas May 18 had been comparatively spring-like, the j

THE "THYRA" PASSING SNEFELLSJOKULL.
(By Th. Holmboe.from a sketch by the Author.)

day following plunged us into the depths of winter again.
When we came on deck in the morning we were met by a
stiff breeze from the north, with sleet and snow. The high
basalt mountains on the mainland were decked from head
to foot in white, and the floes which we saw floating by
from time to time were precursors which assured us that the
main body of ice was not far off. We were now close to
Onundafjord, and, as the breeze promised to increase to a

THE VOYAGE TO ICELAND. 7S

gale and the snow was falling thickly, we took refuge in the
excellent harbour which the inlet affords, there to await better
weather. The storm now increased rapidly, and we had full
opportunity of learning what the wind of these northern parts
can do. No one ventured on deck who wcs not obliged.
One could keep one's feet there indeed if it were necessary,
but to bring one's nose for more than an instant out of
shelter was an experiment to which there was little tempta-
tion. The ship, however, lay very comfortably where she was,
and, as it happened to be Whitsun Eve, we did our best
to make things as pleasant as possible down below.

When we woke next morning we were already in Isafjord,
where we intended to go ashore. Here, too, winter prevailed
no less absolutely, and everything was under snow. Isafjord
is the second of the three towns of Iceland, and is a pretty
little place, buried, together with its excellent harbour, among
the surrounding mountains.

Here I was told that the drift-ice lay not far to the north,
as it had, in fact, come south of Cape Nord. Strong northerly
winds might bring it still farther south, and block the approach
to the fjord. It was extremely rarely that this had happened,
but there was just a possibility of it, and the Jason might
have some difficulty in getting into Isafjord to fetch us. To
avoid this risk I made up my mind to go back to Dyrafjord,
which lies a little farther south, and is never blocked by the
ice, and await her there, as we had agreed to do if it were
necessary. So I sent a letter ashore for the Jason's captain,
telling him of our movements, and we started southwards
again.

Next morning when we came on deck the weather was
splendid, and we were running fast up the approach to Dyra-
fjord. The winter had now retired to some extent to the
mountains, and along the sea-shore there were a few signs of
spring to gladden us. We were soon anchored off Thing-
eyre, the little trading centre of the fjord, and we now took
leave of the captain and crew of the Tnyra, who had from

76 ACROSS GREENLAND.

the first done all they could to make our stay on board as
pleasant as possible, and who now fired a farewell salute in
our honour.

At Thingeyre we were hospitably welcomed by Herr Gram,
the merchant of the place, who had kindly offered us shelter
while we were to wait for the Jason.

At a farm near Dyrafjord I bought a little pony to take with
us for the purposes of the expedition. I meant to use it to
help us with our boats and baggage in the floes, and if we
could get it so far, on the way up on to the " Inland ice." I was
not sanguine that it would be of much use to us, but when we
were obliged to kill it, it would give us many a meal of good
fresh meat When I left Norway I had thought of buying two
ponies, but when I saw what they could do I felt sure one
would be quite enough.

As it happened, our little beast was not of much use. In
the spring it is not easy to get fodder in Iceland, and in spite
of all my efforts I could only scrape together enough for a
month.

The pony we took was a very handsome little animal, and,
curiously enough, he was used to the work we wanted him for,
as he had been put to the plough for a while, which is quite
unusual in Iceland, where the ponies are as a rule used only
for riding or as pack-horses.

On June 3, in the morning, we could see far out at the mouth
of the fjord a little steamer slowly working inwards. At first
we could make nothing of her, but soon came to the con-
clusion that she must be one of the small steamers used by
the Norwegian Whaling Company in Isafjord. As she came
nearer we made her to be the Jsafold, which is one of these
boats, but what she could want here on a Sunday morning we
could not imagine. After saluting the Fylla she anchored
and sent a boat on shore amid our increasing excitement. I had
begun to suspect the truth, when, to my astonishment as well
as joy, I recognised in the first who stepped ashore Captain
Jacobsen of the Jason. Our meeting was almost frantic,

THE VOYAGE TO ICELAND. 77

but the story was soon told. He had reached Isafjord, and,
not finding us there, had thought of coming on to Dyrafjord
with the Jason. But with the strong wind blowing it would
have taken his heavily-rigged ship a whole day to make the
voyage, and, as the Norwegian Company's manager most
kindly offered to send the Isafold to fetch us, he had taken
the opportunity of coming too.

We lost no time in getting ready, and there was no lack of
willing hands to bring our goods on board. Amid general
interest our little pony was led on to the landing-stage. He
did all he could to resist, poor little fellow, and had almost to
be carried; had he but known the sad fate in store for him,
I scarcely think we should have got him on board at all

When all was done and we had said farewell to Herr
Gram, our kind entertainer, and the other friends we had
made in Dyrafjord, we steamed out of the fjord and to sea
northwards.

The Jason^ as we learned, had been tolerably successful
hitherto, as she was also the whole season as compared with
her fellows. Up to this time she had taken 4500 young seal
and 1 100 old.

~~- FORCING OUR WAY THROUGH

THE ICK.

(By Th. Holmboe, from an instantaneous photograph.)

Chapter V.

CRUISING IN THE ICE.

As we leave the land behind us we are followed by hundreds
of kittiwakes, in billowy masses of white and blue, chattering
in endless chorus, now sinking as they swoop low on extended
wing over the vessel's wake, now rising as they soar lightly in
their graceful evolutions up towards the blue sky.

It is a glorious northern night. The sun has sunk into the
sea ; in the west and north the day has laid herself dreamily
to rest in her sunlit bath. Above are the coloured heavens ;
below, the sea, calm as a mirror, and rocked to sleep in
melancholy thought, while it reflects in still softer, gentler
tones the mellow radiance of the sky. Between heavens and

CRUISING IN THE ICE. 79

sea is the black form of the Jason, labouring and moaning
as her engines drive her westward. Behind us the rocky coast
of Iceland, a fringe of violet blue, is slowly sinking into the
sea. Behind us lie home and life : what lies before us ? We
cannot tell, but it must be beautiful. A start on such a night
is full of promise.

I am sitting alone in the stern of the vessel and gazing out
into the night at the gathering clouds, which, still tinged by
the sun, are sailing over the horizon to the north-west. Behind
them lies Greenland, as yet invisible.

All nature is, as it were, sunk in her own dreams, and
gently and quietly the mind, too, is drawn back into itself
to pursue the train of its own thoughts, which unconsciously
borrow a reflection of the colours of the sky.

Among all things that are beautiful in life are not such
nights most beautiful ?

And life — is it much more than hope and remembrance?
Hope is of the morning, it may be, but on such nights as this
do not memories, all the fair memories of bygone days, arise
dewy and fresh from the mists of the distant past, and sweep
by in a long undulating train, sunlit and alluring, till they dis-
appear once more in the melting western glow? And all
that is mean, all that is odious, lies behind, sunk in the dark
ocean of oblivion.

The very next day, June 5, we reached the ice, which this
year has come a long way south.

The impression which the floe-ice of the Arctic seas makes
upon the traveller the first time he sees it is very remarkable.
Most people will find that what they actually see is not a little
different from what they have expected. A world of wonders
and enchantments, a complete horizon of wild fantastic forms,
ever changing, ever new, a wealth of brilliant rainbow hues
playing and glowing amid the cold purity of the crystal ice,
such are the features of the picture which the ingenuity of the
imagination so often fondly creates. Such, too, are often the
illustrations of books, written apparently to give the reader

8o ACROSS GREENLAND.

impressions of scenes which the writer can never have beheld
himself. But not such is this ice-world. These mighty fan-
tastic forms are wanting; all is monotony and uniformity,
features which nevertheless leave an indelible impression on
the mind. In small, indeed, it has forms enough and in
infinite diversity, and of colours all tints and strange effects
of green and blue, flashing and playing in endless variation ;
but as to its large features, it is just their overpowering sim-
plicity of contrast which works so strongly on the observer's
mind : the drifting ice, a huge white glittering expanse stretch-
ing as far as the eye can reach, and throwing a white reflection
far around upon the air and mist ; the dark sea, often showing
black as ink against the white ; and above all this a sky, now
gleaming cloudless and pale-blue, now dark and threatening
with driving scud, or again wrapped in densest fog — now
glowing in all the rich poetry of sunrise or sunset colour,
or slumbering through the lingering twilight of the summer
night. And then in the dark season of the year come those
wonderful nights of glittering stars and northern lights playing
far and wide above the icy deserts, or when the moon, here
most melancholy, wanders on her silent way through scenes
of desolation and death. In these regions the heavens count
for more than elsewhere ; they give colour and character,
while the landscape, simple and unvarying, has no power to
draw the eye.

Never shall I forget the first time I entered these regions.
It was on a dark night in March 1882 when we, on board
a Norwegian sealer, met the first floes in the neighbourhood
of Jan Mayen, and ice was announced ahead. I ran on
deck and gazed ahead, but all was black as pitch and in-
distinguishable to me. Then suddenly something huge and
white loomed out of the darkness, and grew in size and white-
ness, a marvellous whiteness in contrast to the inky sea, on
the dark waves of which it rocked and swayed. This was
the first floe gliding by us. Soon more came, gleaming far
ahead, rustling by us with a strange rippling sound, and dis-

CRUISING IN THE ICE. 81

appearing again far behind. Then I saw a singular light in
the northern sky, brightest down at the horizon, but stretching
far up towards the zenith. I had not noticed this before, and
as I looked I heard a curious murmur to the north like that
of breakers on a rocky coast, but more rustling and crisper
in sound. The whole made a peculiar impression upon me,
and I felt instinctively that I stood on the threshold of a new
world. What did all this mean ? Were these the fields of ice in
front of us and to the north ? But what were the sound and
light? The light was the reflection which the white masses
of ice always throw up when the air is thick, as it was that
night, and the sound came from the sea breaking over the
floes while they collided and grated one against the other.
On still nights this noise may be heard far out to sea.

But we drew nearer and nearer, the noise grew louder, the
drifting floes more and more frequent, and now and again
the vessel struck one or another of them. With a loud report
the floe reared on end, and was thrust aside by our strong
bows. Sometimes the shock was so violent that the whole
ship trembled and we were thrown off our feet upon the deck.
Not long, indeed, were we allowed to doubt that we were now
voyaging in waters new and strange to us. We shortened sail,
and for a day or two cruised along the edge of the ice. Then
one evening it blew up for a storm, and, as we were tired of
the sea, we resolved to push into the ice and ride out its fury
there. So we stood straight ahead, but before we reached the
margin of the ice the storm fell upon us. Sail was still further
shortened, till we had but the topsails left, but we still rushed
inwards before the wind. The ship charged the ice, was
thrown from floe to floe, but on she pushed, taking her own
course in the darkness. The swell grew heavier and heavier,
and made things worse than ever. The floes reared on end
and fell upon each other; all around us was seething and
noise; the wind whistled in the rigging, and not a word was
to be heard save the captain's calm but vigorous orders, which
prevailed over the roaring of the sea.

y

82 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Precisely and silently were they obeyed by the pale men
who were all on deck, as none dared risk his life by staying
below, now that the ship was straining in every joint. We
bored steadily inwards into the darkness. It was no use trying
to guide the vessel here; she had to be left to herself, like
the horses on the mountains at home. The water seethed
and roared round our bows ; the floes were rolled over, split
in pieces, were forced under or thrust aside, nothing holding
its own against us. Then one looms ahead, huge and white,
and threatens to carry away the davits and rigging on one
side. Hastily the boat which hangs in the davits is swung
in on to the deck, the helm is put down, and we glide by
uninjured. Then comes a big sea on our quarter, breaking
as it nears us, and as it strikes us heavily we hear a crash
and the whistling of splinters about our ears, while the port
is thrown across the deck, a floe having broken the bulwarks
on the weather-side. The ship heels over, we hear another
crash, and the bulwarks are broken in several places on the
lee-side too.

But as we get further into the ice it grows calmer. The sea
loses its force, the noise is deadened, though the storm tears
over us with more fury than ever. The wind whistles and
shrieks in the rigging, and we can scarcely keep our footing
on the deck. The storm seems to rage because it cannot roll
at its will in the open sea ; but here at last we can ride at our
ease. We had played a dangerous game by taking to the ice
in a storm, but we had come out of it unscathed and were now
in smooth water. When I came on deck next morning the
sun was shining, the ice lay white and still around us, and
only the broken bulwarks grinning in the morning sun called
to mind the stormy night.

This was my first meeting with the ice. Very different was
it indeed this second time. We saw it now on a fine bright
day, a dazzling white expanse quivering and glittering in the
sunshine far away towards the horizon, while the sea rocked
gently and peacefully against its edge.

CRUISING IN THE ICE.

«3

It must not be supposed that this drifting ice of the Arctic
seas forms a single continuous field. It consists of aggrega-
tions of larger and smaller floes, which may reach a thickness
of thirty or forty feet or even more. How these floes are
formed and where they come from is not yet known with

MY FIRST MEETING WITH THE POLAR ICE (1882).
(By Th. Holmboe.}

certainty, but it must be somewhere in the open sea far away
in the north, or over against the Siberian coast, where no one
nas hitherto forced his way. Borne on the Polar current, the
ce is carried southwards along the east coast of Greenland.
Here it meets the swell of the sea, and the larger solid masses

84 ACROSS GREENLAND.

are broken into smaller and smaller floes as they come farther
south. By the pressure of the waves, and consequent packing,
the floes are sometimes also piled one upon another, and then
form hummocks or crags of ice which may often rise twenty or
thirty feet above the water.

It is this broken and scattered polar ice which the sealer
meets in Denmark Strait, and it is among these floes, which j
can indeed be dangerous obstacles enough, that, he forces
his way with his powerful vessel in pursuit of the bladder- |
nose.

For several days we worked southwards, skirting the ice.
On Wednesday we see the point of Staalbjerghuk in Ice-
land, and estimate that we are about thirty miles distant
from it.

On Thursday, June 7, we get into a tongue of open ice,
and see here and there seals, bladder-nose, upon the floes.
There is life on board the Jason at once. " It is a good !
sign to see seal so soon, on the first ice we get into. We !
shall have a good season this year very likely, and we want it
too, after all these bad years," and so on. And visions of a j
real handsome catch, as in the good old Greenland days, arise |
in the lively imagination of many a sealer. The men are all j
deeply interested in the success of the vessel, as their earnings j
are dependent thereon. Hope too, luckily, has a tendency !
with many folk to follow the direction of their wishes. Easily !
is it raised, but just as easily disappointed.

We saw more seal on the ice, and our captain determined i
to try for a little haul. So the boats of one watch were sent I
out. Sverdrup and Dietrichson, who had never been out^j
before, were of course consumed with eagerness to see and try
their rifles on these masses of game. They were no little
delighted when they had received the due permission and the
boats were under way, but as beginners they were put in charge
of skilled shooters. We soon heard reports on various sides of us,
but only a shot now and again — no lively firing, nothing like '
the continuous blaze and rattle all over the ice which is the

CRUISING IN THE ICE. 85

accompaniment of a good haul. They were evidently youngsters
and mainly small seal which lay scattered hereabout.

In the afternoon, when this detachment had come back, the
boats of the other watch were sent Out. I stayed on board the
whole day, and shot a number of seal from the stern of the
vessel. Curiously enough, one can, as a rule, get nearer to
the seal with the larger vessel than with the boats. They have
learned to fear the latter, and often take to the water quite out
of range, while one can sometimes bring the big ship right up
to the floe on which they lie before they decamp.

We got 187 seal altogether that day, which is no great bag.
They were chiefly youngsters, though there were some old
ones among them. Dietrichson's boat got twenty seal, and
Sverdrup's thirty-six.

That day, too, we saw several sealers in the ice to the west
of us, and next day we had a talk with some of them. Of
course they all wanted to talk with the Jason, which had
the Greenland expedition on board. The captain of the
Magdalena, of Tonsberg, came to see us and carried off the
post we had brought from Iceland for the other vessels,
promising to have it delivered, as the Jason was bound
for the east coast of Greenland, and it was uncertain whether
we should see the other sealers for some time. The postal
system of the Arctic Sea is managed in a somewhat remarkable
way. If any of the vessels touch at Iceland they carry off" the
post for the rest of the fleet. The reader will perhaps think

1 that the Arctic Sea covers a large area, and that it would be
doubtful whether one vessel would find the others in these
parts. But it is not really so. The sealing-grounds are not

1 so extensive that one is not quite as well informed about one's
fellow's actions and movements as one generally is about the
business of one's neighbour in a small town at home. The
sealers like to keep close together, and no one will separate
any distance from the rest for fear the others may come in for
a haul while he is away. He dare not run the risk of getting

! nothing while the others are taking seal, on the mere chance

'

86 ACROSS GREENLAND.

of getting a larger haul all to himself another time. The
struggle for existence is here maintained in the same way as
elsewhere in the world.

Later in the afternoon we passed the Geysir of Tonsberg.
The captain came on board and had supper and a glass of
grog with us. He was in such high spirits that none of us
had the heart to tell him that he had lost three of his children
from diphtheria since he sailed from home. Captain Jacobsen
had been told it in a letter which he got in Iceland, but the
father had heard nothing of it, nor did he learn it from us.
One can thus live up here in the Arctic Sea without a suspicion
of what is going on in the world. One's joys and sorrows are
bound up in the seal and sealing, and the whole of Europe
might well collapse without the knowledge or regard of this
section of its population.

On Sunday, June 10, we have thick and foggy weather.
For several days we have been unable to take an observation
and cannot tell how far we have advanced, though the current,
which is strong here, must have carried us far to the west at
the same time that we have made a good deal of way south.
We must have reached that point where, if there is to be any |
prospect of getting to land at present, the edge of the ice -j
should be taking a more westerly or north-westerly direction. |
Of this there is no sign ; there are masses of ice extending in I
a south-westerly direction. This does not look at all hopeful, j
The real sealing season begins to get very near, and it may !
take the Jason a long time to make her way to the north- i
east again against the current, especially as it has begun to j
blow from the east. Meantime the other ships may be taking |
seal, and I had bound myself not to let my expedition inter- s
fere, with the vessel's real business.

So that morning we came to the conclusion that we must
give up all attempts to land for the present, and wait for a
better chance. We turn eastwards for the ordinary sealing- j
grounds, but wind and current are now in our teeth, and wei
have to beat up against them.

CRUISING IN THE ICE.

87

(Next day it clears up and we get a sight of land, the first
luring sight of the east coast of Greenland. We see high,
jagged mountain tops, evidently the country north of Cape
Dan. We are not so far away as we expected, perhaps rather
more than sixty miles.

We find a narrow inlet cutting deep into the ice in the
direction of land. It seems to stretch far inwards, and we
cannot see the end of it even from the masthead. We

THE FIRST SIGHT OF GREENLAND ON JUNE II.
(From a xketch by the Author.)

determine to try how far we can get, and it is possible that
we may find seal there too. We have the wind in our favour
and make our way in quickly. We soon find the way
blocked, but a sealer does not lose heart at such trifles.
We force a passage, and the floes of ice have to give way
before the stout bows of the Jason. Then we get into a large
open pool with no ice in sight between us and land This
looks promising. We take our latitude and longitude, and at
noon find ourselves at 65 ° 18' N. and 34* 10' W. We are

88 ACROSS GREENLAND.

still some fifty miles from land, but our hopes begin slowly to
rise as we think that we may perhaps after all be able to effect
our landing without further waiting.

But after steaming inwards for another couple of hours at
good speed we again sight ice from the masthead right in
front of us. We go a little way into it and see that it is
packed, so that our vessel will find it difficult to force a
passage through. We are now some forty miles from land,
and, as the ice ahead is rather heavily packed and rough, it
seems scarcely advisable to try and land now. It will be
better to wait till later in the year when the ice will have
diminished.

It certainly seems to us that the ice farther north is more
open, and that we shall be able to get considerably nearer
land that way, but, as I have said already, the Jason is out
sealing, and if she forces her way through up there she will
run the risk of getting stuck and losing the best of the season.
This risk is not to be thought of, so we make our way out
again, and say farewell to the east coast of Greenland for the
present. The fog soon hides the land again from our sight.

Balto's description of his first sight of Greenland shows that
the impression it made upon his mind was not altogether
satisfactory. He writes : " After sailing for some days in the
direction of Greenland we at last came within sight of land,
but it still lay far in the distance, some sixty or seventy miles
away beyond the ice. That part of the coast which we could
now see had no beauty or charm to the eye, but was dismal
and hideous to look upon. Mountain peaks terrifically high rose
like church-steeples into the clouds which hid their summits."

Next day we have a good proof of the strength of the
current in these seas. We have been beating up to the
north-east the whole night long with a strong easterly breeze.
Next day at noon we again see land in the same direction as
on the day before, and, if possible, we are a little way still
farther south. The current has been bearing us to the south-
west all along.

CRUISING IN THE ICE. 89

edge of the ice, but make little way, as the wind is strong
against us and the current carries us back. As hitherto, we
see a great deal of whale. They are chiefly the " bottle-nose,"
several of the larger species of whalebone whales, most of
them probably the blue-whale, and most of them moving

, westwards, possibly towards Greenland. Whales have evi-
dently their migrations, though we know little or nothing
about them. Now and again we see one of the smaller kinds
of whalebone whale, which our sealers sometimes called
" klapmyts "-whale, as they maintain that it is in the habit
of frequenting the grounds where the "klapmyts," i.e.t the
bladder-nose seal, is caught. It seemed that it might possibly
be the same species as that found on the coasts of Finmarken,
where it is called the "seie "-whale (Balanoptera borealis).
Once or twice, too, I saw the killer-whale {Orca gladiator),
the little species so readily known by its prominent back-fin.
It is an unusually powerful little whale, is active in its move-
ments, and provided with a set of dangerous teeth. It is the
terror of the big whales ; when it appears they flee pell-mell,
and one of these little gladiators alone is enough to put the
giants of the sea to flight, and even to drive them ashore before
him. Nor is this terror the big whales have for their enemy
all ungrounded, as he pursues them and attacks them from
the side. The killer generally hunts in companies, the
members of which rush straight in upon the whales and
tear great pieces of blubber out of their side. In pain and
despair the big whales lash the water and break away with
the speed of lightning, but closely followed by these little
monsters, who do not desist until their victims, exhausted by
loss of blood and exertion, throw up the game. Not only
the whale, but the seal too, is the victim of the killer's
rapacity. The Eskimo have told me that they have seen

1 this animal — " ardluk," as they call him — devour a seal in
a single mouthful.

The killer of our coasts seems to some extent to lead a

90 ACROSS GREENLAND.

more peaceful life. He is an habitual visitor at our herring-
fisheries, and then seems to live on nothing but herring and
coal-fish, among which, however, he causes a deal of panic
and confusion. He seems to show no tendency to attack
the great whales with whom he comes into contact daily on
these occasions, nor do they seem to have any fear of him.
The reason of this mutual relation is not quite certain.
Possibly at these times the killer gets enough fish-food and
feels no desire for whale-blubber, but it is also probable
that the great whalebone whales which appear at the herring-
fisheries, viz., the fin-whale (Balanoptera musculus), and the
pike-whale (Balanoptera rostratd), are not the particular
species which he is accustomed to attack. I am inclined
to think that these two species are too quick for him, and
that he therefore prefers the larger but less strong and
speedy blue-whale, and possibly, too, the hump-backed whale
(Megaptera boops).

Now and then we see seals asleep in the water. As they
bob up and down with the waves they look like live ship-
fenders floating on the surface. A few we see, too, on the
scattered, drifting ice-floes. This probably means that there j
are more on the ice inside, but the air is thick and we have j
no time to look. We are impatient to see our fellows again ; j
it may be that they are hard at work, while we should be i
here poking about in the ice, and very likely catching nothing, !
while they are in the thick of it. That would never do.

At last we got a little wind from the west, and a couple of ,
days' sail brought us to the rest of the fleet aga^n. There I
was a general sigh of relief on board the Jason when it was
known that the others had caught nothing since we left them.

NAVIGATION IN THE ICE— " HARD A-STARBOARD.'
(By the Author, from a photograph.)

Chapter VI.

THE BLADDER-NOSE SEAL AND ITS CAPTURE.

The bladder-nose, the "klapmyts" of the Norwegians and
Cystophora cristata of naturalists, has its nearest connec-
tions among seal-kind in the sea-elephants of western North
America and the Antarctic Ocean, one point of resemblance
being the hood which the male bears upon its nose, a feature
which makes it strikingly distinct from all other Arctic seals.
It oftens attains considerable size, and next to the blue-seal
(Phoca barbatd), is the largest of the seals found in Arctic
waters from Greenland to Spitzbergen. It takes to the water

92 ACROSS GREENLAND.

immediately after birth, when it carries a coat of smooth hair,
light or nearly white below, and grey on the back. At the
first change this becomes somewhat spotted, and gradually
as the young seal grows it becomes more and more dappled,
till at maturity the coat has a greyish-white ground with
numerous black spots, large and small, irregularly distributed
over the whole body. These spots are smallest upon the
head, but they are here so closely set that the effect is often
that of a continuous black.

As I have already said, the male seal has a kind of hood

MALE OF THE BLADDER-NOSE SEAL.
(By E. Nielsen, from a sketch by the Author.)

or bladder on its nose, which can be blown out to a size
which is quite astonishing, and then gives the head a most
extraordinary appearance. But it is seldom that this is done,
and I have only seen it when the animal is excited or irritated,
as for instance by being shot at. At ordinary times the hood
is folded, and generally hangs over the end of the nose like
a short proboscis.

This seal is an excellent swimmer and diver, and to obtain
its food, which consists chiefly of fish, it sometimes descends
to extraordinary depths. How deep it will go is not known,
but some idea may be formed from the fact that I once found

,

HE BLADDER-NOSE SEAL AND ITS CAPTURE. 93

between Spitzbergen and Jan Mayen some of the peculiar
Norwegian red fish, the " bergylt " (Sebastes norvegicus), in the
stomach of a bladder-nose. This is quite a deep-sea fish, its
habitat ranging from sixty to ninety fathoms below the surface.
If the pressure at this depth, which amounts at least to eleven
atmospheres, be realised, it will be seen that this seal must
possess a chest of considerable strength. As another proof
of its immense power, I may mention that it can jump out of
the water on to a floe the edge of which lies as much as six
feet above the surface. I have often seen them shoot suddenly

FEMALE AND YOUNG OF THE BLADDER-NOSE SEAL.
{By E. Nielsen, from sketches by the Author.)

out of the sea, describe a curve in the air, and plump down
some way inside the edge of an ice-floe, which was quite as
high above the water as I have said. The impetus necessary
for this purpose implies an amount of power which the observer
is scarcely likely to realise at first.

The bladder-nose is almost entirely a seal of the open sea.
It does not keep much to the coasts, but follows the drifting
floes in its migrations, and occurs all over the Arctic Ocean
and the northern Atlantic, from Spitzbergen to Labrador and
Baffin's Bay. It is not quite certain whether it goes further

94 ACROSS GREENLAND.

west, but it is not likely to do so to any great extent. Its
easterly limits seem to be the neighbourhood of Spitzbergen,
for it is not found off Nova Zembla.

The tract which this seal chiefly frequents is the stretch of
sea which lies between Iceland and Greenland. Here during
the moulting-season they gather in enormous numbers, and
here it is that the Norwegian sealers get their best hauls.

The bladder-nose season generally begins in June, at which
time the sealers arrive in Denmark Strait after their season
with the saddleback- or harp-seal (Phoca Greentandica), which
is taken in the neighbourhood of Jan May en. Even before
this some of them have also been engaged in the capture
of the bottle-nose whale (Hyperoodon diodon) off the north,
east of Iceland.

The first thing, of course, is to find the seal, and this is
often a difficult task, for it must not be supposed that they
are at all generally distributed over the ice. The sealers
often have to search for weeks, skirting the edge of the ice-
fields and examining every bay or inlet which admits of a
passage in. The glasses are in constant use in the crow's-
nest on the main-top. Then, if after long search signs of
seal are at last discovered far away among the floes, and the
ice does not lie too close to make a passage possible, the
engines are at once put to their highest speed. The one
object is now to push in and anticipate one's competitors.
Just as at the card-table there is no fellowship, so among
the sealers of the Arctic seas altruism is a virtue unknown.
Every ship does its best to outwit its fellows, and nothing
brings so much satisfaction as the success of an ingenious trick.
So, if there happen to be several vessels in one's neighbour-
hood when one discovers seal, and there is reason to believe
that the others are still in ignorance of the find, the first thing
is to entice the others away and set off in pursuit alone. To
gain this object recourse is had to the most extraordinary
stratagems. To steam off at full speed in quite a different
direction, as if one already saw or expected to see seal in

,.

HE BLADDER-NOSE SEAL AND ITS CAPTURE. 95

that quarter, so draw the others off, and then a while after-
wards sneak back and start off to make one's capture alone, is
an artifice in daily use at these times.

When the vessel is then being driven with all the speed she
can bear onwards among the floes, and the crew begin to suspect
that seal have been sighted from the look-out, there is soon
life on board. The men gather in the bows and along the
ship's side to get the first sight of their prey from the deck,
and then all hands are set to work to get the boats ready and
to see whether the bread and bacon lockers and beer-cask are
properly supplied, whether there are cartridges enough in the
box, and the rifles are all clean and in good order. Every
detail is now seen to, and if there is nothing else to be done
the skinning-knives have their last edge put on, that they may
do their work well upon all the seal in prospect. Then up the
men go on deck again to have another look ahead, following
the direction of the long glass up in the crow's-nest above.
Then, when one seal at last appears, they talk and gesticulate,
and as more and more come gradually into sight, scattered
like black dots among the floes, the excitement increases, and
the men gather together into groups and eagerly discuss the
probabilities of a real haul.

Meanwhile the ship pushes slowly and steadily on, and the
captain shouts his orders from above, with now and again an
oath or execration directed at the two poor wretches who are
standing at the wheel and striving their utmost to do what
they are told with promptitude and care. The curses, indeed,
pass in at one ear and out at the other as they stand there
working, till the sweat runs off them, while the ship, amid
noise and crashing, labours from floe to floe, and at each
shock trembles in every joint, sometimes so violently that it is
no easy matter to keep one's footing upon the deck- All the
time the engines are pushed to the utmost, and the screw
leaves its swirling eddies, which are soon obliterated by the
ice. The captain sits in the crow's-nest and feasts his eyes
on the crowds of seal ahead, laying his plan of campaign the

96 ACROSS GREENLAND.

while and directing the vessel's course. It is an exciting
time, this approaching of the seal, and expectation and anxiety
prevail throughout the ship.

Then, when at last the order to get ready comes, there is a
shriek of joy from one end of the vessel to the other. In the
forecastle the confusion is at its highest; no more sleep is j
allowed, the men get into their sealing-clothes, and a good i
meal is prepared on the crackling stove to give the boats'
crews heart for their work. By this time, perhaps after i
several hours' steam through the ice, the ship is well among
the seal, which are to be seen lying on all sides about the
floes. But she still pushes on, till she is in the very midst .
of them, and the final order for the start is given. At once
all hands drop into the boats, which are hanging clear in their j
davits over both sides of the ship. Then the shooters — there j
is only one in each boat's crew, and he takes command — j
receive their orders from the captain, and the boats are
lowered away. The ship has meanwhile slackened speed, j
and all life is transferred to the boats. Quickly they drop j
into the water and bear away, each in its own direction. It
is a fine sight to see a sealer's ten boats thus get under way. |
The shooter stands up in the bows with his eye fixed on his
seal. The coxswain stands in the stern at his post, and the j
other three or four men of the crew bend eagerly to their j
oars ; all is excitement and expectation, more intense than
before.

When the seal are actually reached the fusillade begins, j
often with all the liveliness of a hot brush between skirmishing j
parties. If the day be fine and sunny, and there are plenty j
of seal around, lying basking lazily upon the floes, there is aj
fascination about the scene which will never cease to charm
the mind of one who has been present at it.

The main object of the shooter is, of course, to be the first
back to the ship with a load of seal, and he tries to excite his
men to the same ambition and urges them to their best efforts.
The mode of approach is interesting. It is no use stalking

THE BLADDER-NOSE SEAL AND ITS CAPTURE. 97

the seal or drawing warily near under shelter of the floes, for
this method is nearly certain to make them take to the water.
On the contrary, one must avoid bringing one's boat behind a
piece of ice which will conceal it from view, after the seal have
once caught sight of it. It must be taken along in as open
water as can be found, and as directly as may be in the face of
the seal which are to be first approached They ought to be
able to see the boat, if possible, from the very first, for if they
are taken at all by surprise they disappear at once.

As a seal catches sight of a boat in the distance he generally
raises his head, but if it is not near enough to alarm him he
will very likely lie down at his ease again. Then, as the boat
comes nearer, he lifts his head again, shows a certain amount
of uneasiness, and looks first up at the strange object and then
down at the water below him. The boat is brought still closer,
the oarsmen rowing with all their power ; the seal grows rest-
less, drags himself still further out towards the edge of the
floe, and gazes in his uncertainty at the boat and the water
alternately. Now that he gives unmistakable signs of dis-
appearing, the boat's crew, at their captain's order, set up a
series of most terrific yells. The seal is at first petrified with
astonishment at this strange phenomenon, but he soon recovers
and drags himself still nearer to the edge. More yells, still
more unearthly and longer sustained than the first, stop him
once more, and he stretches out his neck listening intently
and staring in wonderment at the boat, which is all the while
pressing in nearer and nearer to him. But now he bends
over the edge of the floe, stoops down, and stretches his neck
towards the water in spite of repeated yelling from the boat.
He has now made up his mind to go, and if the boat is not yet
; within range the only thing the shooter can do is to raise his
rifle quickly and put a ball into the side of the floe just below
his head, scattering the snow and ice in a shower over nis
chest and face. This is a new danger, and in terror he draws
back again and drags himself on to the floe, gazing intently at
ithe edge, where evidently a malicious and unseen enemy lurks

98

ACROSS GREENLAND.

close at hand. While the seal is still pondering upon this new
mystery, the boat has been brought by its vigorous oarsmen !
well into range. At the words " Well rowed ! " the oars are j
shipped and the boat glides on, the crew sitting still as the !
shooter raises his rifle, at the report of which the seal, shot in j
the forehead, lays his head down upon the ice for the last |
time.

If there are more seal on the same floe or the surrounding i

SHOOTING BLADDER-NOSE.— " THH OTHERS LIE QUIETLy GAZING AT
THEIR DEAD COMRADES. ..."

(By E. Neilsen,from a sketch by the Author.)

ice, a large number may be shot then and there. But the
chief point is to hit the first ones so as to kill them on the
instant. If this is done one can proceed at one's leisure, and
if there are really many seal about one can make a good haul j
straight away. When I was out in 1882 I remember shooting
my whole boat's load on the same spot, and I could have j
multiplied the number again and again if I had been able to
go on shooting. For when one is once well in among the
seal, and has the dead bodies of those one has shot lying

.

E BLADDER-NOSE SEAL AND ITS CAPTURE. 99

round one on all sides, the others lie quietly gazing at their
dead comrades, whom they take still to be alive. They evi-
dently think that, if these can lie there so quietly while the
enemy is in their midst, there can be no reason for them to
move. On the other hand, if the shooter is unlucky enough
not to hit the first seal or seals in an immediately fatal spot
isuch as the head, so that any of them begin to jump about
>he floe in their pain, or fall splashing into the water, it is
Dretty certain that the rest will take alarm and disappear too.
For this reason it is much better to shoot wide altogether
han to wound a seal, and it will easily be understood how
mportant it is for a sealing-boat to be in charge of a really
;ood shot.

( As soon as the seal are shot they are skinned, and if there
tire several on the same floe the whole crew disembark and set
'0 work. The great thing is to get them all done with the
east possible delay, lest the other boats should get a chance
)f pushing on before. The object of every shooter is therefore
.0 get quick and clever skinners among his crew.

A good skinner will get through his work in an incredibly
hort space of time, and I have often seen the whole process
ompleted in a couple of minutes. First comes a long slit
jlown the front from head to tail, and a few cuts on each side
0 separate the layer of blubber from the flesh; then, with
few more gashes by the head and hind-limbs, the whole
kin is drawn off; the fore-limbs are then cut away, and the
•rocess is complete. Only the skin and the thick layer of
'lubber which lies between it and the flesh are taken, the rest
eing left on the ice as food for the sea-birds.
The capture of the bladder-nose in Denmark Strait is not
n industry of very long standing. It was inaugurated by the
Jorwegians in 1876, and their example was followed by a few
English and American vessels. For the first eight years the
enture was an unprecedented success : the seal were more
ian plentiful, and were shot down in thousands. During this
eriod something like 500,000 head were captured, and it is

.

HE BLADDER-NOSE SEAL AND ITS CAPTURE. 101

probable that quite as many were killed and lost. After these
years of plenty came a change, and ever since the pursuit has
been practically a failure, all the vessels alike being equally
unsuccessful.

The reason of this change has puzzled the brain of many a
sealer. He looks to unfavourable conditions of wind, sea, and
ice, but in none of these can he find consolation or encourage-
ment to hope for better things in the future. It might be the
case that the conditions were unfavourable for a year or two,
but the ill success of summer after summer for a period of
four or five years can scarcely be explained in this way. For
instance, as regards the ice, I can testify from my own experi-
ence that the Jason made her way several times into ground
which would undoubtedly have been called good when I was
out in 1882, but on these latter occasions we found no seal.
When we did find them they lay always farther in, where the
ice was packed closest, and whenever it happened to open they
invariably moved off, and always again farther inwards.

The question now arises whether the bladder-nose still exists
in its original multitudes. All who look upon the subject
impartially must at once acknowledge it as obvious that
there has been a considerable decrease in the numbers of
:he seal owing to the simple butchery to which they have
seen exposed. To me, who have had opportunities of visit-
ing the sealing-grounds in two different periods, the difference
Detween past and present was very striking. Here, on the
yery same ground where in 1882 I saw seal on all sides as
soon as we had pushed a little way into the ice, and where
[ helped to shoot them down by thousands, there was now
scarcely a sign of life to be seen. That there is a decrease
n their numbers is certain, but I was no doubt inclined at
irst to consider this decrease greater than it really was, and
0 attribute to it alone the failure of the industry in recent
'ears.

On July 3, 1888, I was induced to modify my opinion on
his point. We had penetrated, as my narrative will subse-

102 ACROSS GREENLAND.

quently show, a long way into the ice, and came within sight
of seal in numbers quite as great as anything I had seen
before. But they lay where the floes were packed closest.
and we could not get within reach of them. Here they were,
then, in all their numbers, on ice which we should never have
searched in earlier years, because there were always enough
and to spare on the outer floes, where they are now as good
as extinct. As soon as I saw this unexpected abundance I
was obliged to admit that the decrease could not be so great
as I had hitherto supposed.

The failure of the sealers must, therefore, allow of some
other explanation. The conclusion I have gradually come to
is that, while the decrease of the numbers of the seal owing
to excessive slaughter is a factor of no little importance, there i
is, nevertheless, another which has at least an equal bearing j
upon the result. This contributive cause seems to be the |
alteration of the seal's habits and way of life, which may be
due both to actual education and experience, and to the i
imperious laws of the ordinary struggle for existence.

In earlier days the seal had a glorious time of it up here
on his fields of ice. He ate, slept, and, in short, enjoyed
himself, and multiplied exceedingly. The old males had
their internecine struggles indeed, and fought desperately for
the females, but this is a state of things common upon the
face of the earth, and it serves besides to make life more
lively. Only one enemy had the bladder-nose in this his
golden age, and this was the polar bear. But it was not
often the bear troubled them, for, as he is not much of a ;
swimmer, he prefers to keep to the closely packed ice well
inside, while the seal in those days, for that very reason,
frequented the outer floes. But in the year 1876 a polar
bear of another kind, bigger and more voracious than the
seals' familiar foe, paid its first visit to Denmark Strait. This
was the Norwegian sealing-vessel Isbjorn^ or the Polar Bear, ,
which was sent to these parts by Sven Foyn, the veteran
among the sealers of Norway. The lsbjorn found heaps of

"HE BLADDER-NOSE SEAL AND ITS CAPTURE. 103

il, and carried off with her several thousand skins. The
life of peace which the bladder-nose had hitherto enjoyed
was now a thing of the past. Every summer, at the end of
May or beginning of June, fleets of Norwegian sealers found
their way hither, and, as their victims were tame and unsus-

THE ONE ENEMY OF THE BLADDER-NOSE IN THE GOOD OLD DAYS.
{By E. Nielsen.)

pecting, great numbers were secured. So tame and confiding
were they, indeed, the first few years, that it was not necessary
to shoot them. They were simply knocked upon the head
where they lay, and some captains did not even allow their
men to take rifles out in the boats with them. This period

104 ACROSS GREENLAND.

of bliss for the sealers was not, however, of long duration.
The bladder-nose had not yet learnt the danger threatened
by these vessels with their crow's-nests on the maintop and
swarms of boats. But his experience soon taught him, and
it was not long before he grew shyer. He would no longer
let the boats come close in before he took to the water. The
rifle had now to be used, often at long ranges, and even so
it was not easy to fill one's boats. The most remarkable
thing was that it was not only the old seal that grew shy,
but the youngest animals were now astonishingly wary. The
parents must have imparted their experience to the offspring,
or the same result must have been brought about by heredity,
though this seems scarcely likely to have happened in so
short a time. Whichever be the true reason, the fact remains
that these seal have grown shyer year by year, or, in other
words, have learnt to protect themselves from an enemy
hitherto unknown, and what is more, they have learnt this
lesson in the short space of a decade. But I believe myself
that the bladder-nose has learnt even more than this : that
he has discovered that it is among the outer floes, where
» before he was safest, that danger now awaits him. He has
found that if he wants to be undisturbed in the moulting-
season, when he likes to be at his ease upon the floes, he
must resort to the closely-packed ice inside. Here, indeed,
he exposes himself to the ravages of the bear, but he avoids
a far worse enemy, the Norwegian sealer.

Chapter VII.

ATTEMPT TO LAND— DRIFTING IN THE ICE.

On June 28 we were far in the ice, about 66° 24' N. and
29° 45' W. We could see land to the north, N.E. \ E.
magnetic, and two mountain tops were especially prominent.
However, we could not tell their real form, since, owing to
the "looming" or optical distortion so common over these
ice-fields, and due to the refraction of light through the dif-
ferent layers of warm and cold air, they were much altered,
and looked like abruptly truncated peaks rising out of an
embrasured parapet. They must have been the peaks by the
Blosseville coast, though they lay more to the west than those
marked on the map. I had a talk afterwards with Captain
Iversen of the Stcerkodder, who had been further into the ice
to the north. He could there see land quite distinctly : a
very mountainous coast — this was probably at about 68° N. L.
— not low, as it was farther down, i.e., at about 670 N. L.,
where he had been in near shore in the year 1884. This
account agrees to some extent with the description which
Captain Holm had from the Eskimo of Angmagsalik, and
on which he based his sketch of the east coast farther north.
This shore, in fact, is one of the least known regions on the
earth.

On the evening or June 28 we saw a great number of seal
far in among the ice. About this time we used to see them
daily, but could never ger at them. On July 3 we at last got
a long way in amid a quantity of seal, but the ice lay so close
that it was impossible to work the boats, and we consequently
got nothing. In the middle of the night, when the sun gets

ios

io6 ACROSS GREENLAND.

down to the horizon, one can see a long way and very distinctly
across the fields of ice. One night I went up to the mast-
head to look at the seal. I turned my glasses towards land,
and saw them in greater numbers than I remember to have
ever seen them before. They lay, as the mate said, " scattered
about the ice like coffee." From north-east to north-west,
wherever I turned my glasses, there were seal lying as close as
grains of sand, stretching away to the horizon and probably
much further still, and the further away they were the thicker
they seemed to be. It was glorious to see such an amount
of life. The seal are not yet extinct, but they have learned
wisdom, have altered their habits, and retired to the remoter
pack-ice, and we get none of them.

Next day was foggy, and the floes lay closer still, while the
swell of the sea began to reach us. In the course of the after-
noon we got out of the ice again.

On July n the ice was moving violently, as we had come
into one of the stronger currents. As two or three of us were
sitting in the mess-room the Jason was struck so heavily by
a floe on the bows that she was literally driven back. We
rushed out and saw another big floe advancing with great
speed upon her quarter. The shock comes, the whole vessel
quivers and heels over, we hear a crash and the rudder is gone,
but luckily the damage is no worse. Had the floe struck us
full in the side, there is no telling what might have happened,
as it would have found the sealer's weakest point.

Next day we spent fixing the spare rudder which these
vessels always carry, and we were soon as seaworthy as before.
But the summer was now so far advanced that there was little
prospect of our getting more seal. So on July 13 it was re-
solved, to the satisfaction of us all, to leave the ice and make
westwards for Greenland. That day, however, and the next,
we did get some seal, in all about a hundred, which we passed
on the outer ice.

On the night of the 14th the mate had sighted land, and
the same again in the morning, and then at no very great

ATTEMPT TO LAND— DRIFTING IN THE ICE. 107

Ilistance. Later, however, it grew foggy, and we could not
ell how near we were, though we thought we could not be
ar off, as we had been sailing all day towards it in open
water.

Our baggage is brought up upon deck, all preparations are
made for our departure, and our despatches and letters are

SEAL HUNTING. THE CAPTAIN ON THE LOOK-OUT.
(By the Author^ front a photograph.)

written. Towards dinner-time, as I sit down below busy with
my correspondence, I hear the magic word " land " from the
deck. I rush up, and a glorious sight meets my eyes. It
seemed, so to say, to set the finest chords of my heart vibrat-
ing. Right before me through the veil of mist lay the sunlit
shore of Greenland, the glorious array of peaks which lie to
the north of Cape Dan. Ingolfsfjeld is especially prominent,

io8 ACROSS GREENLAND.

but further to the north there seem to be still higher tops.
Never have I seen a landscape of more savage beauty, or
nature in wilder confusion, than here — a landscape of sharp
peaks, ice, and snow.

We were probably about thirty-five miles from land, but as
we see ice ahead we turn southwards, continually drawing
nearer. It looks as if we could get right into shore down
by Cape Dan, as the belt here trends inwards. But as we
get nearer we find that there is more ice than we expected.

On our way south we pass several enormous icebergs, and
on one or two of them we saw rocks. When one first sees
these monsters at a distance they look like tracts of land, and
several times we thought we saw islands lying right ahead,
though when we came nearer we found them to be nothing
but ice. South of Cape Dan especially were numbers of these
giants lying aground.

However, we could make no attempt to land that day, nor
on the next. There was too much ice, the belt being from
fifteen to twenty miles wide, and it seemed better to see how
things looked further south.

On the 1 6th we passed Cape Dan, which is unmistakable
with its round dome-like form. The ice still lay far out to
sea, the belt being over fifteen miles in width. Further west,
however, the blue tint of the air suggests that there is a deep
inlet stretching landwards. We pin our hopes on this channel,
make for it, and in the course of the night actually reach it.

When I came upon deck on the morning of the 17 th I saw
plainly enough that the landing must be attempted that day,
and a climb to the masthead only served to strengthen my
resolve. The mountains round Sermilikfjord lay enticingly
before us. Further west we could see the "Inland ice," the
goal of our aspiration, stretching far inwards in a white un-
dulating plain. This was the first time we had come within
sight of it

It could not have been much more than ten or twelve miles
to the nearest land, and for the first bit the ice was fairly prac-

ATTEMPT TO LAND— DRIFTING IN THE ICE. ioq

ticable. Further in certainly it seemed to be somewhat closely
packed, but I could see small pools here and there, and on
the v.'hole the ground looked as if it might well have been
worse. At places I could see a good deal of small ice, which
makes the portage of the boats difficult, though, again, it is
better to deal with than the larger floes, which are often hard
to move when it is a case of forcing the boats through the
water.

But what especially struck me as making the outlook hope-
ful was the reflection from open water which I could see from
the masthead beyond the ice, and between it and land. The
probability, therefore, was that when we had broken our way
through the middle of the ice-belt, where the floes lay closest,
we should then find looser ice merging into the open water
beyond. It would, no doubt, have been an easy matter for a
boat like the Jason to push her way through this little belt,
for often before we bad gone through much worse ice. But
then it had been a case of seal, the real business of the ship,
while now things were in a somewhat different position. Had
the vessel been mine I should not have hesitated a moment
about taking her in ; but we were only guests on board, and,
besides, she was not insured against the risks of effecting a
; landing in Greenland. The currents and soundings of these
waters are as yet unknown, and if the Jason were to lose
her propeller in the ice she would probably be gone beyond
all chance of salvation. She could not well supply its place,
and, worst of all, in case the ship had to be abandoned here,
it might be very difficult for her crew of sixty-four men to make
their way to inhabited parts with the small stock of provisions
they had on board. And furthermore, as I believed that we
could get through without help, I never thought for an instant
of asking the captain to take us further than to the edge of the
ice, but gave orders to have our things packed and the boats
got ready.

As I have already said, we had brought one boat with us,
which had been specially made for us in Christiania. But,

no ACROSS GREENLAND.

as this would have been heavily laden with the somewhat
voluminous equipment of the expedition, I gladly accepted the
captain's kind offer of one of the Jason! s smaller sealing boats.
So we had the two lowered and brought alongside, and there
arose an unusual bustle on board with the opening of our cases
and the packing of the boats. I cannot say which were more
eager to help, the members of the expedition or the ship's crew ;
but I think I may assert with confidence that the eagerness of
the latter was not due to their anxiety to see the last of us, but
to simple good-will of the most unselfish kind.

The last touches were given to our despatches and home
letters ; and if any of us had a specially dear friend to whom
he wished to send a final farewell, it was sent, I take it, for it
was not quite certain when the next meeting would be. But
my companions seemed in a particularly cheerful humour, and
there was no consciousness to be seen in the little band of
preparation for a serious struggle. Nor was this to be wondered
at, seeing that after six weeks of waiting and longing the hour
of release was now at hand. The sensation which the sight of
land that morning gave me was nothing short of delicious.
As I then wrote to a friend, our prospects looked brighter than
I had ever dared to hope. I had a sense of elasticity, as when
one is going to a dance and expecting to meet the choice of
one's heart. A dance indeed we had, but not on the floor
of roses which we could have wished, and our heart's choice
certainly kept us a long time waiting.

Towards seven o'clock in the evening everything is ready
for our start. Sermilikfjord lies now straight in front of us.
According to the results of cross- bearings taken from points
on shore we ought to be about nine miles from its mouth. I
go up to the mast-head for the last time to see where the ice
looks easiest, and what will be our best course. The reflection
of open water beyond the ice is now more clearly visible than
before. In a line somewhat west of Kong Oscars Havn the ice
seems most open, and I determine to take that course.

More confident than ever I descend to the deck, and now

ATTEMPT TO LAND— DRIFTING IN THE ICE. in

hour of departure is at hand. The whole of the Jason's
crew were assembled. It spite of our joy at the prospect of
a successful start, I think it was with much regret that we
bid farewell to these brave sea-folk, with whom we had now
spent six weeks, and among whom we had each of us found
many a faithful friend, who at this moment assumed a doubt-
ful air, or turned away his head with an expressive shake. No
doubt they thought they would never see us again. We shook
hands with Captain Jacobsen last of all, and in his calm,
quiet way this typical Norwegian sailor bid us a kind farewell
and wished us God-speed.

Then down the ladder we went, and into the boats. I
took charge of our Jason boat with Dietrichson and Balto
at the oars, while Sverdrup steered the other with Ravna and
Kristiansen.

" Ready ? Give way then ! " And as the boats rush through
the dark water before the first vigorous strokes, the air rings
with three lusty cheers from sixty-four voices, and then come
two white clouds of smoke as the Jason's guns send us her
last greeting. The report rolls heavily out into the thick,
saturated air, proclaiming to the silent, solemn world of ice
around us that we have broken the last bridge which could
take us back to civilisation. Henceforth we shall follow our
own path. Then good-bye ! and our boats glide with regular
strokes into the ice to meet the first cold embrace of that
nature which for a while is to give us shelter. All of us had
the most implicit faith in our luck; we knew that exertion
and danger awaited us, but we were convinced that we must
and should get the better of them.

When we had got some way into the ice a boat and twelve
men in charge of the second mate overtook us. They had
been sent by Captain Jacobsen to help us as far as they could
the first part of the way by dragging our boats or forcing a
passage. They kept with us for a while, but when I saw they
could be of very little use to us, as we worked our way through
as fast as they did, I thanked them for their kindness and

ri2 ACROSS GREENLAND.

sent them back. We then reach a long stretch of slack ice, |
wave farewell to the boat, and push on with unabated courage.

At first we advanced quickly. The ice was open enough i
to let us row our way to a great extent among the floes, though i
now and then we had to force a passage by the help of crow- j
bars and axes. There were few places where we had to drag j
our boats over the ice, and then the floes were small. It j
had begun to rain a little before we left the Jason ; it now
grew heavier, and the sky darkened and assumed a curiously
tempestuous look. It was an odd and striking sight to see j
these men in their dark-brown waterproofs, with their pointed j
hoods, like monks' cowls, drawn over their heads, working
their way surely and silently on in the two boats, one fol- i
lowing close in the other's wake, amid the motionless white |
ice-floes, which contrasted strangely with the dark and stormy I
sky. Over the jagged peaks by Sermilikfjord black banks of I
cloud had gathered. Now and again the mass would break, j
and we could see as if through rents in a curtain far away to j
a sky still glowing with all the lingering radiance of an Arctic j
sunset, and reflecting a subdued and softer warmth upon the
edges of the intercepting veil. Then in a moment the curtain I
was drawn close again, and it grew darker than ever, while we, :
stroke upon stroke, pushed indefatigably on, the rain beating
in our faces. Was this an image of our own fate that we had J
seen, to have all this radiance revealed to us and then hidden ;
and cut off by a veil of thick, impenetrable cloud ? It could
scarcely be so, but the soul of man is fanciful and superstitious,
ready to see tokens on all sides of him, and willing to believe !
that the elements and the universe revolve on the axis of his |
own important self.

The ice now gave us rather more difficulty, and we had
often to mount a hummock to look out for the best way. I
From the top of one of these look-outs I waved a last farewell
to the Jason with our flag, which she answered by dipping f
hers. Then we start off again, and quickly, as we have no
time to spare.

ATTEMPT TO LAND— DRIFTING IN THE ICE. 113

From the first we had had a big iceberg far to the west of
us, but now for a long time we had been astonished to see
how much nearer we were getting to it, though we were not
working in its direction, as our course lay considerably to the
east. We saw it must be the current which was taking us
west. And so it was ; we were being carried along with
irresistible force, and it soon became plain that we could not
pass to the east of this iceberg, but would have to go under
its lee. Just here, however, we drift suddenly into a tearing
mill-race which is driving the floes pell-mell, jamming them
together and piling them one upon another. Both our boats
ire in danger of destruction. Sverdrup drags his up on to a
floe, and is safe enough. We take ours on towards an open
pool, though every moment in danger of getting it crushed.
The only course is to keep a sharp look-out, and clear all the
dangerous points by keeping our boat always over the so-
iled " foot," or projecting base of the floe, or in a recess or
nlet in its side, when a nip is threatened. This is not easy
n these irresistible currents, but by our united efforts we
succeed, and reach a large open pool to the lee of the iceberg,
ind are for the time secure. Now comes Sverdrup's turn ; I
;ignal to him to follow us, and he succeeds, keeping his boat
n calmer water than we had.

We now find many good lanes of open water on our way
nwards. The ice jams only once or twice, especially when
he current carries us against one of the icebergs which lie
tranded round about us, but it soon opens again, and we
)ass on. Our prospects are good, and our hearts are light.
The weather is better too : it has ceased to rain, and the
ang of day is just rising behind the jagged background of
>ermilikfjord, setting the still clouded heaven in a blaze, and
ighting his beacons on the mountain tops.

Long stretches of water lie in front of us, and I already

ancy I can see from the boat the open water beyond the ice.

Ve are very near the land to the west of Sermilikfjord, and

can clearly and distinctly see the stones and details of the

ri4 ACROSS GREENLAND.

rocks and mountain side. It does not seem possible that
anything can stop us and prevent our landing, and we are
so self-confident that we already begin to discuss where and
when we shall take our boats ashore. Just at this moment
the ice packs, and we are obliged to find a place of safety for
our boats, and drag them up. This we do, Sverdrup a little
way off us. We have not secured a very desirable harbour
for our boat, as the approach is too narrow, and when the
floes part again and we are taking her out, a sharp edge of
ice cuts through a plank in her side. She would no longer j
float, and there was nothing to be done but unload her and
pull her up on to the floe for repairs. Sverdrup and Kristianseni
took her in hand and mended her again with really masterly I
skill, and with little loss of time, considering the wretched!
implements they had to use. We had nothing to give themi
but a bit of deal which had formed the bottom board of one!
of the boats, some nails, a hatchet, and a wooden mallet. Thisj
broken boat, however, settled our fate. While we were at work
the ice had packed again, the clouds had gathered, and thcf
rain began to pour down in torrents, enveloping all around irj
gloom and mist. The only thing to be done was to get up ouj|
tent and wait.

It is now ten o'clock on the morning of the 18th of July
The best thing we can do is to crawl into our sleeping-bag; i
and take the rest which is not unwelcome to us after fifteer!
hours' hard and continuous work in the ice.

Before, we turned in it grew a little clearer seawards, ancj
through a break we caught sight of the Jason far away. Shi I
was just getting up full steam, and a while later she disap
peared in the distance, no doubt comfortably believing that wl
were now safe on shore. This was our last glimpse of her.

"When Ravna saw the ship for the last time," writes Balto
"he said to me : 'What fools we were to leave her to die hi
this place. There is no hope of life ; the great sea will be ou
graves.' I answered that it would not have been right for u
two Lapps to turn back. We should not have been paid, an<|

I.

ATTEMPT TO LAND— DRIFTING IN THE ICE. 115

perhaps the Norwegian consul would have had to send us to
Karasjok out of the poor-rates. This would have been a great
disgrace."

While we were asleep it was necessary for one of us to keep
watch in order to turn the others out, in case the ice should
open enough to let us make further progress. Dietrichson at
once volunteered for the first watch. But the ice gave little or
no sign of opening. Only once had I to consider the possi-
bility of setting to work again, but the floes closed up immedi-
ately. Dragging our boats over this ice was not to be thought
of; it was too rough, and the floes were too small. So, while
the rain continues, we have more time for sleep and rest than
we care for.

In fact, we were already in the fatal current. With irresistible
force it first carried us westwards into the broader belt of ice
beyond Sermilik fjord. Here it took a more southerly direction
and bore us straight away from shore, at a pace that rendered
all resistance on our part completely futile. Had we not been
detained by our broken boat, we should probably have been
able to cross the zone where the current ran strongest and get
into quieter water nearer shore. As it was, the critical time was
wasted, and we were powerless to recover it.

The force of the current into which we had thus fallen was
considerably greater than had been previously supposed. That
1 current existed was well known, and I had taken measures
lccordingly, but, had I had a suspicion of its real strength, T
should certainly have gone to work in a different way. I should
n that case have taken to the ice considerably further to the
3ast, and just off Cape Dan, and had we then worked inwards
icross the line of the stream we should probably have got
:hrough the ice before we were driven so far west, i.e., past the
nouth of Sermilikfjord, and into the broader belt of ice where
:he current turns southwards. Then we should, as we had ex-
pected, have reached shore all well on July 19, and chosen our
anding-place where we had pleased. But now it was our fate
0 see how well we might have managed. We had seen the

n6 ACROSS GREENLAND.

open water under the shore, we had seen the rocks on the
beach ; a couple of hours of easy work, and we should have
been there. But Paradise was barred in our faces ; it was the
will of Destiny that we should land many miles to the south.

Meanwhile the rain is descending in streams, and we are
constantly at work keeping our tent-floor clear of the pools of
water which finds its way in through the lace-holes. After
we have spent nearly twenty-four hours in the tent, mainly
engaged in this occupation, the ice opens enough to tempt
us to continue our efforts to reach land with renewed courage
and restored vigour. This was at six o'clock on the morning
of July 19.

The rain has abated somewhat, and through an opening in
the fog we can see land somewhere near Sermilikfjord. We
are much more than double as far distant from it as we had !
been — some twenty miles, in fact ; but we look trustfully for- i
ward to the future. For even if we did not reach shore at!
Inigsalik, as we had hoped, we can still do so further south |
at Pikiudtlek. All we have to do is to work resolutely across!
the current, and we must get to shore sooner or later. As
far as we could see, this was plain and simple reasoning andj
gave us no ground for apprehension, but experience was tcj
show us that our premisses were not altogether in accordance!
with fact. The main factor in the calculation, the strength ol!
the current, was unfortunately an extremely uncertain quantity!

However, determination and courage were not wanting)
We worked with glee, got to the lee of a huge iceberg, found
lanes of open water stretching far inwards, and pushed a gooc
way on towards land.

Then the ice packs again, and we have to take refugi
on a floe once more. The sun now finds its way througl
the clouds from time to time, so we pull our boats right uj
on to the floe, set up our tent, and settle down as comfortably
as we can, get a change of clothes on, and dry a few of ou'
wet things. This was a process I had especial need of, a!
in the course of our day's work I had fallen into the water

.

ATTEMPT TO LAND— DRIFTING IN THE ICE. 117

owing to the breaking of the edge of a floe as I was jumping
into the boat. An involuntary bath of this kind was, how-
ever, an almost daily experience to one or other of the ex-
pedition. Later on in the day the sun comes out altogether,
and we pass a really pleasant afternoon. We do thorough
; justice to the tins of provisions sent us from the Stavanger
Preserving Factory, and we have no lack of drink. Had we
had no more beer in our keg, we could have found plenty of
the most delightful drinking-water in pools on the floes.

Our keg, I may say, belonged to the boat the Jason had
handed over to us. All the small boats attached to the sealers
are provided with a keg of beer and a chest of bread and
bacon. The keg and chest the captain had let us carry off
well supplied, much to our present comfort.

We now for the first time can hear rather clearly the sound
of breakers on the edge of the ice towards the sea, but pay
no particular attention to the fact. We seem to be drifting
straight away from land, and the tops of the mountains by
Sermilikfjord gradually diminish.

That evening I sit up late, long after the others have crept
into their bags, to take some sketches. It is one of those
glorious evenings with the marvellously soft tones of colour
which seem to steal so caressingly upon one, and with that
dreamy, melancholy light which soothes the soul so fondly,
and is so characteristic of the northern night. The wild
range of jagged peaks in the north by Sermilikfjord stands
out boldly against the glowing sky, while the huge expanse
of the " Inland ice " bounds the horizon far away to the west,
where its soft lines melt gently into the golden background.

The evening was lovely, and the " Inland ice " lay temptingly
and enticingly just before me. Strange that a narrow strip of
drifting floes should be able to divide us so hopelessly from
the goal of our desires ! Is not this often the case in life ?
The land of enchantment looks so alluring and so near. One
spring would take us there, it seems. There is but one obstacle
in our way, but that one is enough.

u8 ACROSS GREENLAND.

As I sit and sketch and meditate I notice a rumbling in the
ice, the sound of a growing swell which has found its way in
to us. I turn seawards, where it looks threatening, and, think-
ing that there is a storm brewing out there, but that that is of
small consequence to us, I go at last to join my slumbering
comrades in the bags to sleep the sleep of the just.

Next morning, July 20, I was roused by some violent shocks
to the floe on which we were encamped, and thought the motion
of the sea must have increased very considerably. When we
get outside we discover that the floe has split in two not far
from the tent. The Lapps, who had at once made for the
highest points of our piece of ice, now shout that they can see
the open sea. And so it is ; far in the distance lies the sea
sparkling in the morning sunshine. It is a sight we have not
had since we left the Jason.

I may here reproduce the entries in my diary for this and '
the following day : —

" The swell is growing heavier and heavier, and the water
breaking over our floe with ever-increasing force. The blocks
of ice and slush, which come from the grinding of the floes 1
together, and are thrown up round the edges of our piece, do j
a good deal to break the violence of the waves. The worst of |
it all is that we are being carried seawards with ominous rapidity.
We load our sledges and try to drag them inwards towards |
land, but soon see that the pace we are drifting at is too much;
for us. So we begin again to look around us for a safer floe,
to pitch our camp on, as our present one seems somewhat!
shaky. When we first took to it it was a good round flat piece:
about seventy yards across, but it split once during the night,
and is now preparing to part again at other places, so that we
shall soon not have much of it left. Close by us is a large;
strong floe, still unbroken, and thither we move our camp.

"Meanwhile the breakers seem to be drawing nearer, their
roar grows louder, the swell comes rolling in and washes ovei!
the ice all round us, and the situation promises before long tc
be critical.

ATTEMPT TO LAND— DRIFTING IN THE ICE. 119

■

M Poor Lapps ! they are not in the best of spirits. This
morning they had disappeared, and I could not imagine what
had become of them, as there were not many places on our
little island where any of us could hide ourselves away. Then
I noticed that some tarpaulins had been carefully laid over one
of the boats. I lifted a corner gently and saw both the Lapps
lying at the bottom of the boat. The younger, Balto, was
reading aloud to the other out of his Lappish New Testament.
1 Without attracting their attention I replaced the cover of this
curious little house of prayer which they had set up for them-
selves. They had given up hope of life, and were making
ready for death. As Balto confided to me one day long after-
wards, they had opened their hearts to one another here in
the boat and mingled their tears together, bitterly reproaching
themselves and others because they had ever been brought to
leave their homes. This is not to be wondered at, as they
have so little interest in the scheme.

" It is glorious weather, with the sun so hot and bright that
we must have recourse to our spectacles. We take advantage
of this to get an observation, our bearings showing us to be in
650 8' N. and 380 20' W., i.e., 30 minutes or about 35 miles
from the mouth of Sermilikfjord, and from 23 to 25 minutes
or about 30 miles from the nearest land.

" We get our usual dinner ready, deciding, however, in honour
of the occasion, to treat ourselves to pea-soup. This is the first
time we have allowed ourselves to cook anything. While the
soup is being made the swell increases so violently that our cook-
ing apparatus is on the point of capsizing over and over again.

" The Lapps go through their dinner in perfect silence, but
the rest of us talk and joke as usual, the violent rolls of our
floe repeatedly giving rise to witticisms on the part of one or
other of the company, which in spite of ourselves kept our
laughing muscles in constant use. As far as the Lapps were
concerned, however, these jests fell on anything but good
ground, for they plainly enough thought that this was not at
all the proper time and place for such frivolity.

120 ACROSS GREENLAND.

" From the highest point on our floe we can clearly see how
the ice is being washed by the breakers, while the columns of
spray thrown high into the air look like white clouds against
the background of blue sky. No living thing can ride the floes
out there, as far as we can see. It seems inevitable that we
must be carried thither, but, as our floe is thick and strong, we j
hope to last for a while. We have no idea of leaving it before
we need ; but when it comes to that, and we can hold on no
longer, our last chance will be to try and run our boats out
through the surf. This will be a wet amusement, but we are ;
determined to do our best in the fight for life. Our provisions,
ammunition, and other things are divided between the two j
boats, so that if one is stove in and sinks we shall have enough i
to keep us alive in the other. We should probably be able to
save our lives in that case, but of course the success of the j
expedition would be very doubtful.

" To run one of our loaded boats into the water through the j
heavy surf and rolling floes without getting her swamped or j
crushed will perhaps be possible, as we can set all our hands |
to work, but it will be difficult for the crew of the remaining
boat to get their ship launched. After consideration we come j
to the conclusion that we must only put what is absolutely j
necessary into one boat, and keep it as light as possible, so i
that in case of extremity we can take to it alone. For the I
rest, we shall see how things look when we actually reach the •
breakers.

"We have scarcely half a mile left now, and none of us have
any doubt but that before another couple of hours are passed
we shall find ourselves either rocking on the open sea, making
our way along the ice southwards, or sinking to the bottom.

" Poor Ravna deserves most sympathy. He is not yet at all
accustomed to the sea and its caprices. He moves silently
about, fiddling with one thing or another, now and again goes
up to the highest points of our floe, and gazes anxiously out '
towards the breakers. His thoughts are evidently with his
herd of reindeer, his tent, and wife and children far away i

ATTEMPT TO LAND— DRIFTING IN THE ICE. 121

on the Finmarken mountains, where all is now sunshine and
summer weather.

" But why did he ever leave all this ? Only because he was
offered money ? Alas ! what is money compared with happiness
and home, where all is now sun and summer ? Poor Ravna !

" Val ar far val det svaraste bland orden
Och mycket skont der finnas an pa j orden."

"It is but human at such moments to let the remembrance
dwell on what has been fairest in life, and few indeed can have
fairer memories to look back upon than yours of the mountain
and reindeer-herd.

" But here, too, the sun is shining as kindly and peacefully
as elsewhere, down on the rolling sea and thundering surf, which
is boiling round us. The evening is glorious, as red as it was
yesterday, and as no doubt it will be to-morrow and ever after,
setting the western sky on fire, and pressing its last long pas-
sionate kiss on land and ice and sea before it disappears behind
the barrier of the ' Inland ice.' There is not a breath of wind
stirring, and the sea is rolling in upon us ruddy and polished as
a shield under the light of the evening sky. The words of our
good old song come unconsciously into my mind : —

11 Havet er skjont naar det roligen hvselver
Staalblanke skjold over vikingers grav."

" Beautiful it is, indeed, with these huge long billows coming
rolling in, sweeping on as if nothing could withstand them.
They fall upon the white floes, and then, raising their green,
dripping breasts, they break and throw fragments of ice and
spray far before them on to the glittering snow, or high above
them into the blue air. But it seems almost strange that such
surroundings can be the scene of death. Yet death must come
one day, and the hour of our departure could scarcely be more
glorious.

" But we have no time to waste ; we are getting very near
now The swell is so heavy that when we are down in the

.22 ACROSS GREENLAND.

hollows we can see nothing of the ice around us, nothing but
the sky above. Floes crash together, break, and are ground to
fragments all about us, and our own has also split. If we are
going to sea we shall need all our strength in case we have to
row for days together in order to keep clear of the ice. So all
hands are ordered to bed in the tent, which is the only thing
we have not yet packed into the boats. Sverdrup, as the most
experienced and cool-headed among us, is to take the first watch
and turn us out at the critical moment. In two hours Kristian-
sen is to take his place.

" I look in vain for any sign which can betray fear on the
part of my comrades, but they seem as cool as ever, and their
conversation is as usual. The Lapps alone show some anxiety,
though it is that of a calm resignation, for they are fully con-
vinced that they have seen the sun set for the last time. In
spite of the roar of the breakers we are soon fast asleep, and
even the Lapps seem to be slumbering quietly and soundly.
They are too good children of nature to let anxiety spoil their
sleep. Balto, who, not finding the tent safe enough, is lying in
one of the boats, did not even wake when some time later it
was almost swept by the waves, and Sverdrup had to hold it to
keep it on the floe.

" After sleeping for a while, I do not know how long, I am j
woke by the sound of the water rushing close by my head and j
just outside the wall of the tent. I feel the floe rocking up and j
down like a ship in a heavy sea, and the roar of the surf is more |
deafening than ever. I lay expecting every moment to hearj
Sverdrup call me or to see the tent filled with water, but nothing i
of the kind happened. I could distinctly hear his familiar!
steady tread up and down the floe between the tent and the j
boats. I seemed to myself to see his sturdy form as he paced I
calmly backwards and forwards, with his hands in his pockets
and a slight stoop in his shoulders, or stood with his calm and!
thoughtful face gazing out to sea, his quid now and again'
turning in his check — I remember no more, as I dozed off toj
sleep again.

124 ACROSS GREENLAND.

"I did not wake again till it was full morning. Then I
started up in astonishment, for I could hear nothing of the
breakers but a distant thunder. When I got outside the tent
I saw that we were a long way off the open sea. Our floe,
however, was a sight to remember. Fragments of ice, big and
little, had been thrown upon it by the waves till they formed
a rampart all round us, and the ridge on which our tent and
one of the boats stood was the only part the sea had not
washed.

" Sverdrup now told us that several times in the course of
the night he had stood by the tent-door prepared to turn us
out. Once he actually undid one hook, then waited a bit, took
another turn to the boats, and then another look at the surf,
leaving the hook unfastened in case of accidents. We were
then right out at the extreme edge of the ice. A huge crag
of ice was swaying in the sea close beside us, and threatening
every moment to fall upon our floe. The surf was washing us
on all sides, but the rampart that had been thrown up round
us did us good service, and the tent and one of the boats still
stood high and dry. The other boat, in which Balto was asleep,
was washed so heavily that again and again Sverdrup had to
hold it in its place.

"Then matters got still worse. Sverdrup came to the tent-
door again, undid another hook, but again hesitated and waited
for the next sea. He undid no more hooks, however. Just as
things looked worst, and our floe's turn had come to ride out
into the middle of the breakers, she suddenly changed her
course, and with astonishing speed we were once more sailing
in towards land. So marvellous was the change that it looked
as if it were the work of an unseen hand. When I got out we
were far inside and in a good harbour, though the roar of the
breakers was still audible enough to remind us of the night.
Thus for this time we were spared the expected trial of the
seaworthiness of our boats and our own seamanship.

Chapter VIII.

STILL DRIFTING.

"The 21st of July is a quiet day following a stormy night
All is rest and peace ; we are drawing steadily away from the
sea, the sun is shining kind and warm, round us stretch the
fields of ice in silence and monotony, and even the Lapps
seem relieved.

" One thought only consumes me : the prospect of the ex-
pedition failing for this time, and of a year being thus thrown
away. Well, we can only do our best, and for the rest, as
i we say at home, 'anoint ourselves with the good virtue of
patience.'

" We take advantage of the sun to get an observation. We
found ourselves to be 640 39/ N. and 390 15' W. We can still
see the peaks by Sermilikfjord, and the 'Inland ice' from
Pikiudtlek northward toward Inigsalik stretches majestically in
front of us, looking with its flat unbroken horizon like one vast
white expanse of sea. No peaks rise from its surface except a
fringe of dark tops and rocky points here and there along its
outer edge.

" Down here the coast is very different from the surround-
ings of Sermilik, Angniagsalik, and Ingolfsfjeld. There, further
north, the land rose high, abrupt, and wild out of the sea, the
calm surface of the ' Inland ice ' hidden behind a glorious
range of Titanic peaks, whose sublime beauty captivated and
held the eye, and whose summits the all-levelling ice-mantle
has never been able to envelop, destroy, and carry with it to
the sea. Here, on the contrary, the land is low, the ice-sheet
has brought its limitless white expanse down to the very shore,

126 ACROSS GREENLAND.

and the few projecting points that do appear are humble and
unobtrusive. They have been planed by the ice, which by its
overpowering might has borne all before it seawards. Wild-
ness there is here too, but the wildness of desolation and
monotony. There is nothing to attract the eye or fix its gaze,
which therefore roams helplessly inwards over the alluring desert
of snow, till it is lost in the far distance, where the horizon bars
its further range. Sad to say, it is all too far distant from us.
It is strange that we should have been so near our goal and
then driven so far to sea again.

" The floes now part a little, and we see a stretch of slack
ice leading inwards. We launch one boat and try to make
some way, but to little purpose, as the slush of ice and snow
that lies between the floes and comes from their grinding
together in the swell is so thick that our heavily-laden craft
will make no progress. So we abandon the attempt ; to drag
our sledges and boats over the floes is out of the question too,
as the channels between them are too wide. We still hear the
breakers in the distance ; the swell still rolls in and keeps the
ice packed close."

This day, the first on which we found time to do anything
but simply work our way ahead or sleep, our meteorological
record was begun. It was kept mainly by Dietrichson, who
always, even in the most trying circumstances, devoted him-
self to it with most praiseworthy ardour. We noted chiefly the
temperature, the pressure, the moisture of the air, the direc-
tion and force of the wind, and the extent and form of the
clouds. Observations were taken as often and as circumstan-
tially as possible, but of course on such an expedition, every
member of which is as a rule fully occupied with work of an
arduous kind, many gaps are likely to occur in the meteoro-
logical record. This is especially the case at night, when one
takes the rest earned by a day of real exertion. Yet I think
I may say that the record we brought home is in spite of all
remarkably complete, and contains many valuable observations,
thanks to Dietrichson's indefatigable zeal.

The

STILL DRIFTING. 127

e days that now follow, spent in drifting in the ice south-
wards along the coast, are somewhat monotonous, each much
as its fellow. Every day we watch intently the direction we
are drifting, the movements of the ice, and every gust of wind,
in the hope that a lucky turn may bring us in to land. From
the darkness of the air overhanging the ice, we feel sure there
must be open pools along the shore, or else in the ice to the
south of us. It is a life of hopes and disappointments, and
yet a life not without pleasant memories for many of us.

As some of my readers may find it interesting, and especially
such as may contemplate future expeditions in the ice, I will
give a short extract from the entries in my diary at this time.

"Late in the afternoon of July 21, from a high hummock
of ice, we can see a very narrow channel stretching far away
to the south of us. As far as we can judge we are drifting
along this towards its end, which seems to be far in towards
shore. Our hope of a change in our luck, and a speedy land-

, ing, naturally at once increases.

"July 22. — In the night a fog comes on and hides every-
thing from us. We cannot tell which way we are drifting, but
the breakers sound no less distinct than they have been.

. Later at night, however, we do not hear them so plainly, and
the swell quiets down a little.

" The fog continues the whole day, and the rolling as well.
At noon, however, it clears up so much overhead that, by the
help of a pool of water on our floe as an artificial horizon, I
can take an observation. I find our latitude to be 640 18' N.,
so we are moving well southwards.

" As in the course of the morning the ice opens a little, we
try an empty boat in the slush between the floes. We can get
on, but it is very slowly, and we think it is better to save our
strength, as in the fog we cannot see which way we had better

! work. Possibly a good chance of pushing for land may offer,
and we shall then want all our energy.

11 In the afternoon it clears, and we seem to be possibly a

• little nearer land. A gentle breeze from the magnetic N. by

128 ACROSS GREENLAND.

E., or about the true W. by N., begins to blow, and we hope
it may increase and part the ice, though the rolling still goes
on. What we want is a good storm from land, which would
kill this swell which is rolling in and holding the ice together,
and would carry the floes seawards instead, while we should
be able to push in between them.

11 We see a number of big seal, bladder-nose, lying on the
floes around us. Many of them bob their big round heads
out of the pools close alongside our floe, stare wonderingly at
these new dwellers on the ice who have thus appeared, and
then, often with a violent splash, vanish again. This is a daily
experience. We could easily shoot them, but, as we do not
want them now, we leave them in peace. We have enough
fresh meat as yet, a big haunch of our little horse which we
brought off the fason. Through the afternoon the ice remains
packed.

"July 23. — During the night we keep watch, two hours
apiece, and we get a good laugh at Ravna. He does not
understand the clock, and did not know when his two hours
were up. So to make safe he willingly kept at it for five or six
hours before he turned the next man out, with the innocent
inquiry whether he did not think the two hours were over.

" At half-past seven Dietrichson calls us up. We find the
ice open, and, though there is slush between the floes, prac-
ticable. After loading our boats and waiting half an hour on
account of the ice packing again, we really get some way in to
some pools which I can see from a high point stretch land-
wards. For a time we get on fast. Before we left our last floe I
a flock of some black duck flew past us, making north. The
sight was like a greeting from land, and served to raise our
hopes still further. It is quite astonishing, otherwise, what
a scarcity of bird-life there is up here. There is not even a j
gull to be seen.

"We work inwards towards land the whole day, wait patiently
while the ice packs, but push on all the harder when it opens |
again. As we get near land our hopes rise. A raven comes

STILL DRIFTING. 129

flying from the south-west and passes over our heads, making
northwards. This is another greeting from land, and we are
still more encouraged.

"We see several big seal, full-grown bladder-nose, lying
about the floes round us. The temptation is too strong for
a sportsman to withstand, and Sverdrup and I start off to shoot
an old ' hattefant? as we call him, i.e., an old male with the
bladder on his nose, who was lying close by. I managed to
stalk him successfully and shot him, but when we got up to
him he was not quite dead. In my zoological zeal I wish to
improve the occasion by making observations on the colour
of the eyes, the form of the bladder in the living animal, and
other points which arc not yet clearly known to science. While
I am thus engaged the seal flaps along towards the edge of the
floe, and before we know what he is about he is slipping off the
ice into the water. As he is falling I drive the seal-hook I am
carrying into him, and Sverdrup does the same with his boat-
hook. It is now a case of pull-devil, pull-baker between us,
and we try and hold up the seal's tail and hinder parts, in
which his strength lies, so that he shall not get a stroke in the
water with them. For a time we succeed, but with difficulty,
;for in his death-agony his strength is great. So, finding that
we have not a really good hold of him, I tell Sverdrup to take
the rifle and shoot him, and I will try and keep him up mean-
while. He thinks, however, that his hold is better than mine,
and that I had better leave go, and, while we are hesitating,
both our hooks come away, the seal gives a couple of violent
flaps, and is gone. Crestfallen and discomfited, we look now
blankly in each other's faces, now helplessly into the dark water,
where an air-bubble rises mockingly here and there to break
on the surface, and to give us our seal's last greeting. Though
he would have been of no great use to us, we felt not a little
foolish at having lost so fine a booty in so silly a way. Sver-
drup, too, thought he was the biggest seal he had ever seen.
Compassionate readers may console themselves with the thought
,that his sufferings were of no long duration. His struggles were

iy> ACROSS GREENLAND.

but the last convulsions of his death-agony. The bullet had
certainly been of somewhat small calibre, but had hit him in
the right place, in the head.

" As the evening wears on we are stopped. We have got
into some unusually rough and difficult hummocky ice, which
is closely packed, and makes the hauling of the boats almost
impossible. So we spread our tent with the sleeping-bags on
the top in order to be more ready for a start in case the ice
opens. We then get into our bags, setting the usual watch,
but as it turns out the ice does not open. The dew is very

V

&

AT WORK WITH THE BOATS.
{By E. Nielsen, after photographs.)

heavy during the night, so that the bags are found very wet in]
the morning.

"July 24. — To-day the ice is packed just as close, and w€i
determine to drag the boats and sledges landwards. Most ol;
our baggage is laid on the sledges, so that they can be putj
into the boats when we come to open water. Just as we arc!
ready to start, the ice opens, and we manage to punt ourselve*
along a good way, though eventually we have to take to haul-
ing. We get on but slowly, as the ice is not at all good ; but
this is at least better than nothing, and we are steadily api
proaching land. Our hopes are at their culmination. It is;

STILL DRIFTING. 131

the coast north of Igdloluarsuk which we see before us, and
we begin at once to reckon how long il will take us to reach
Pikiudtlek, where we shall be able to begin our journey over
the ice. To-day, too, we see more birds : a raven and a flock
of eight short-tailed skuas. Birds are always a comfort to us,
and make our life much brighter.

11 As the ice is difficult and the sun hot in the middle of the
day, we halt and pitch our tent while dinner is being prepared
It consists to-day of raw horse-flesh and marrowfat peas. The
preparation gave rise to a comical scene. From the horse's
leg which we brought with us from the Jason I proceeded to
cut off as much meat as I thought was enough for six men,
chopped it up on the blade of an oar, turned it into one of the
divisions of our cooker, sprinkled some salt on it, added the
contents of a couple of tins of peas, stirred the whole mixture
up, and our dinner was ready. Balto had been standing by
my side the whole time, watching every movement intently,
sand indeed now and again giving me his assistance. He was
hungry, and was looking forward to a good dinner, as he told
me. Though, like the Lapps and other unenlightened folk
generally, he had very strong prejudices against horse-flesh,
>yet, when he saw me pour the peas in, he informed me that
it looked uncommonly good. I said nothing, and gave him
no hint that it was going to be eaten raw, but when it was all
ready took the dish and put it down before the others, who
were sitting outside the tent, and told them to help themselves.
Those who had the good fortune to see it will not easily forget
the face that Balto assumed at this juncture. It first expressed
the supremest astonishment and incredulity, and then, when he
discovered that it was bitter earnest, there followed a look of
disgust and contempt so intensely comical that it was quite
impossible for us to restrain our laughter. Balto now told
iRavna in Lappish how matters stood, and he, up to this time
an indifferent spectator, now turned away with an expression
of, if it were possible, still greater scorn.

" The rest of us, not letting this spoil our appetites, fell to

132 ACROSS GREENLAND

with vigour, and did full justice to this nourishing and whole-
some dish, with which we were more than satisfied. The two
Lapps, had they said anything at all, would have called us
heathens, for, as they explained one day afterwards, it was
only heathens and beasts of the field that ate meat raw. But
at the time they said nothing, but maintained an attitude of
dumb despair at the fate which had thrown them into the
society of savages, who had, as they often used to say, 'such
strange ways, quite different from those of the Lapps.' They
could scarcely endure to see us eating. I could, of course,
easily have cooked some of the meat for them, but we had to
be sparing of the spirit. We were likely to want it all later
on, and it was only two or three times during our wanderings
in the floe-ice that we allowed ourselves the luxury of cooking
anything. As a rule all our food was cold, and for drink we
had either plain water, of which we had an abundance in larger
and smaller pools on the floes, or else a mixture of water and
preserved milk, which made a pleasant and refreshing beverage.
This time the Lapps were treated to tinned beef instead of the
horse-flesh, and they seemed quite consoled for the first dis-
appointment, the beef being pronounced by Balto to be ' good
clean food.' How common it is to see things in this life turned
completely upside down by prejudice ! "

In connection with the above I will quote an answer Balto
gave one day after we reached home to some one who asked
what his worst experience had been in the course of his travels.
" The worst thing," said Balto, " was once when we were drift-
ing in the ice and were just being carried out into the Atlantic
I asked Nansen whether he thought we should get to land, and
he said ' Yes.' Then I asked him what we should do if we did,
and he said we should row northwards. I wanted to know
what we should live on if we did not get over to the west
coast, and he said we should have to shoot something. Then
I asked how we should cook it when we got it, and Nansen
answered that we should have to eat it raw, which made Balto
very depressed."

.

STILL DRIFTING.

'33

" Towards evening we again advance a little, but, as the ice
is not close-packed, and the swell is heavy, while the eddies
and suction caused by the rolling of the floes are nasty for the
boats, we soon resolve to camp for the night and wait for better
times. There was a thick wet fog about us which soaked our
clothes through, and a biting north-west wind, a message
from the 'Inland ice,' which I hoped presaged the opening
of the floes.

(By E. Nielsen.)

"July 25. — At half-past
gfs?^ four I am woke by Kristian-
sen, the watch, calling in at
the tent-door, 'Nansen, there is a bear coming/ I tell him
to get a rifle out of the boat, slip my boots on meanwhile,
and run out in a very airy costume. The bear was coming
1 at full speed straight for the tent, but just as Kristiansen
came back with the rifle he stopped, regarded us for an
instant, and suddenly turned tail. At that moment he was
no doubt within range, but the rifle was in its case, and
before I could get it out it was too late. It was very annoy-

154 ACROSS GREENLAND.

ing, but the others at least had the pleasure of seeing a polai
bear, which they had long sighed for.

" Balto was the only one who did not wake at the alarm in
the night. In the morning he told us that during his watch,
which came just before Kristiansen's, he had been so afraid
of bears that he had not dared to stir from the tent the whole
time. He was much astonished and very incredulous when
we told him there really had been a bear about the place.

"After breakfast we started off hauling again, but had to
give up at the very next floe, because the swell was increasing.
Ever since the day we were out among the breakers we have
had more or less of this rolling, which besides keeps the ice
packed and prevents our getting to land.

" During the day the ice opens very much from time to time,
but soon packs again. I dare not try to push on, as there is
so much brash between the floes, and as there are no safe
harbours of refuge for us to take to when the ice nips with the
extreme suddenness which is its way now. The 'feet' or
projecting bases of the floes are at other times safe resorts, but
now they are quite spoilt by these nasty eddies, which are most
destructive to boats.

" As we can find nothing better to do we set to work to clean
the sledge-runners of rust, so that they will move better. When
this is done we get our dinner ready, which to-day consists of
bean-soup, to which the remains of yesterday's raw meal and
some more meat are added. During the cooking we take the
latitude, which is 630 18' N. ; and the longitude, taken later in
the afternoon, proves to be about 400 15' W. We are thus,
about eighteen minutes, or nearly twenty miles, from land, and
have drifted considerably further away than we were yesterday.
Our hopes, which were then so bright, grow dim again, but a
raven passing us to-day too brings us some consolation.

" Dinner is at last ready and the soup poured out into the
few cups we possess, which are supplemented by meat- tins. W«
fall to, and all — the Lapps even included — find the soup ex
cellent. Then to his horror and despair Ravna suddenly d»s

STILL DRIFTING.

m

covers that the meat in the soup is not properly cooked. From
this moment he refuses to touch another morsel, and sits idle
with a melancholy look on his face which sets us all laughing.
.On such occasions his puckered little countenance is inde-
scribably comical. Balto is not much better, though he manages
to drink the soup, which he finds ' first-rate ' ; but the meat he
gently deposits in a pool of water by his side, hoping that I

DOMESTIC LIFE ON THE FLOE-ICE.
(From a photograph.)

shall not notice it. He now declares that he can say, in the
words of the prophet Elias : ' Lord, that which I have not
eaten, that can I not eat.' I tried to make him understand
that Elias could certainly never have said anything of the kind,
because he did eat what the Lord sent him, but that another
man, known as the Apostle Peter, no doubt did say something
like this, though it was in a vision, and the words were meant
figuratively. Balto only shook his head doubtingly, and still

1 36 ACROSS GREENLAND.

maintained that none but heathens and beasts of the field would
eat raw meat. We console the Lapps by giving them a meat-
biscuit each. It is, of course, no use trying to teach old dogs
to bark, and I really believe they would both have died of
starvation rather than eat raw horseflesh.

" To-day both Dietrichson and Kristiansen complain of irri-
tation in the eyes, and I recommend every one to be careful
to wear their glasses henceforward.

"The ice remains about the same during the afternoon,
while we drift fast southwards. In the course of the previous
night we had been carried away from land, but we now seem
to be drawing nearer it again. In the afternoon we are right
off Skjoldungen, an island well known from Graah's voyage.
Since we have come south of Igdloluarsuk we have again had
a glorious Alpine region in view, with sharp and lofty peaks,
and wild fantastic forms, which in the evening and sunset glow
are an especially fascinating sight.

" The rolling is increasing in an astonishing way, though we
are far from the edge of the ice. There must be a very heavy
sea outside.

" We begin to find it cold at night, and put all the tarpaulins
and waterproofs we can spare under our sleeping-bags. We
may just as well make things as pleasant as possible.

" When the rest go to bed I take the first watch in order to
finish my sketches of the coast. This is very difficult, as we
are so far south that the nights have already begun to darken
considerably. My thoughts, however, soon desert pencil and
sketch-book for contemplation of the night.

" Perfect stillness reigns, not a breath of wind is stirring, and
not even the growing swell can destroy the prevailing peace.
The moon has risen large and round, and with a strange ruddy
glow, up from the ice-fields to the east, and in the north there j
is still a narrow golden strip of evening light. Far away under
the moon and above the ice is a gleaming band which shows j
the open sea ; inside this and all around is ice and snow, and j
nothing but ice and snow ; behind lie the Greenland Alps with I

STILL DRIFTING.

137

their marvellously beautiful peaks standing out against a dusky,
dreamy sky.

11 It is strange indeed for a summer night, and far different
from those scenes that we are wont to connect with moonlight
and summer dreams. Yet it has fascination of its own, which
more southerly regions can scarcely rival.

" On the ice before me stand the boats, the sledges, and the

NIGHT AMONG THE FLOES.
(By E. Nielsen, from a sketch by the Author.)

tent, in which my tired comrades are lying in sound slumber.
In a pool of water by my side the moon shines calm and bright.
All nature lies in an atmosphere of peace. So lately we had
the day with all its burning eagerness and impatience, with its
ponderings and restless designs upon the goal of our under-
taking— and now all is stillness and repose. Over all the
moon sheds her soothing light, her beams floating through

138 ACROSS GREENLAND.

the silence of the polar night, and gently and softly drawing
the soul in their train. The thoughts and powers of Nature
herself seemed to pervade all space. One's surroundings of
place and time vanish, and before one appears the perspective
of a past life instead.

"And, when all comes to all, what is our failure to be
reckoned? Six men drifting southwards on n floe, to land
eventually at a point other than that contemplated. And
either, in spite of this, we reach our goal — and in that case
what reason have we to complain ? — or we do not reach it, and
what then ? A vain hope has been disappointed, not for the
first time in history, and if we have no success this year we may
have better luck the next.

"July 26. — No change, except that we are nearer the edge
of the ice and the open sea. The swell seems to have gone j
down considerably, and, though the sea is much nearer, we I
feel the rolling less than yesterday.

" We are drifting southwards along the coast, apparently at
great speed.

" For the time there is nothing for us to do, as the ice does
not lie close enough to let us haul our boats and sledges while j
this rolling is going on, but is packed too close to let us row i
or punt our boats through.

"We are kept in the tent by the rain.

" We have to encourage the Lapps, who seem to lose their
spirits more and more, because they think we shall end by
being driven out into the Atlantic. We are sitting and talking
of our prospects of reaching land, and we agree that in any j
case we shall be able to manage it at Cape Farewell. We
calculate how much time this will leave us, and come to the;
conclusion that we shall still be able to work up the coast again \
and cross the ice. Some of the others maintain that even if we;
are too late this year it will be best to start northwards at once,
get through the winter as we best can, and then cross over to;
the west coast in the spring. My opinion is that this will not
be a very prudent proceeding, as it will be difficult for us toj

STILL DRIFTING. 139

keep the provisions intact which we have brought with us for
the crossing. Dietrichson thinks that this will be the only
course open to us, as he considers a return entirely out of the
question, and as he says, ' We shall risk nothing but our lives,
anyway.'

" While this discussion is going on, Balto says to me • ' Don't
talk about all this, Nansen ; we shall never get to land. We
shall be driven out into the Atlantic, and I only pray to my
God to let me die a repentant sinner, so that I may go to
heaven. I have done so much wrong in my life, but regret it
bitterly now, as I am afraid I shall not be saved." I then
asked him if he did not think it necessary to repent of his
sins, even if he were not on the point of death. He said that
he had no doubt one ought, but there was not so much hurry
about it in that case. However, if he came out of this alive,
he would really try and lead a better life. This seemed to me
a naive confession of a peculiar faith, a faith which is, however,

, probably not uncommon in our society. I then asked him if,
in case he reached his home again, he would give up drinking.
He said he thought he would, or at any rate he would drink
very little. It was this cursed drink, he told me, that was the

. cause of his being here in the ice. I asked how that was, and
he said that he was drunk when he met a certain X., who
asked him whether he would join the Greenland expedition.
He was then in high spirits, and quite thought he was equal to
anything of the kind.

"But next morning when he woke up sober, and remem-
bered what he had said, he repented bitterly. He thought
then that it was too late to undo it all, but he would now give
any amount of money not to have come with us at all. Poor
fellow ! I consoled him and Ravna as well as I could, though I
must freely confess that their despondency and cowardice often
caused me considerable annoyance. But as a matter of fact
the poor fellows did not enter into the spirit of the undertaking
at all. I do not feel sure whether my consolation was of much
avail, but I have reason to think so. They used often to come

140

ACROSS GREENLAND.

to me after this, and appeared relieved when I gave them any
information about the continent of Greenland, and the drift of
the ice, things of which they seemed to have little or no com-
prehension.

" Otherwise our spirits are excellent, and we are really com-
fortable as we sit here in the tent. One or two of us are read-
ing, others writing their diaries, Balto is mending shoes, and
Ravna, as usual, and as he prefers, is doing nothing. Never
theless, our prospect of soon being carried out to sea again
cannot be called entirely pleasant.

" In the afternoon it clears a little, the rain holds up, and
we can see land, which looks quite as near as it did before.

HAULING AMONG THE HUMMOCKS.
(By A. Block, /rom a sketch by the Author.)

" A little later we determine to push in through the ice. It
is dangerous work, but we must make the attempt, as we are
being carried towards the open sea at great speed. We make
a good deal of way inwards, though we are in constant risk of
getting our boats crushed. We have to keep all our wits about
us if we are to get the boats into shelter when the ice packs.
One time we take refuge at the very last moment on a thin
little floe, which splits into several pieces under the pressure, j
though the fragment on which we stand remains intact.

" As the ice continues packed, we begin hauling, though
this is no easy matter while this rolling goes on. The floes
at one moment separate, at another are jammed together, and !

STILL DRIFTING. 141

it is very difficult to get the sledges safely from one to the
other without losing them in the sea. Often we have to wait
a long time before we can get back and fetch the rest of the
train from the floe on which we have left it. By moving
cautiously, however, we manage to push on at a fair pace.
But it is all of little use. It serves to give us exercise, which
is an important thing, but otherwise our work does little good.
The sea works faster than we do, and there is every probability
of our being carried out into the breakers again. Well, so let
it be ; but we must first find a good ship to carry us. We
set about carefully surveying all the floes round us, and we
now understand pretty well what the points of a good floe are.
At last we find one, of solid blue ice, thick, but not large, and
in shape something like a ship, so that it will ride the seas
well, and without breaking across. It has high edges, too,
which will keep the sea from breaking over it, and at the same
time there is one lower place which will let us launch our boats
without much difficulty. It is without comparison the best
floe we have been on as yet, and on it we propose, if we are
driven out, to remain as long as we can stick to it, however
furiously the breakers rage around us.

" Of course we had as usual made sure, before we decided
upon this floe, that there were pools of water upon it. Such
there are indeed on most of these floes, for the snow which
covers the ice melts and provides the most excellent drinking-
water, which collects in pools of larger or smaller size.

"Nevertheless we looked very foolish this time when we
were filling our boiling-pot, and, happening to taste the water,
found it was brackish. It had not struck us that most of the
snow was now melted away, and that our water came from the
underlying salt-water ice. However, on examining the highest
points of the floe, where the snow still remained, we found
plenty of good water.

" This evening we had an excellent cup of coffee and were
all in high spirits. If any one could have put his head into
our comfortable tent, and seen us encamped round our singing

i42 ACROSS GREENLAND.

coffee-pot and carelessly talking about all sorts of trifles, it
would never have struck him that these were men who were
on the point of engaging in a struggle with ice, sea, and
breakers, which was not likely to be altogether a joke. But
let us enjoy the moment, look just so far in front of us as
is necessary, and for the rest leave the day to attend to its
own evil.

"We are now just off the mountains of Tingmiarmiut Along
the whole of this magnificent coast of East Greenland one group
of wild Alpine peaks succeeds the other, each more beautiful
than the last. Really it is not so bad after all to lie drifting
here in the ice. We see more of the coast and more of the
beauties of nature altogether than we should have otherwise.

" To-night it is fine, still, and cold, with a bright moon, as
it was yesterday.

" It must be that coffee which is making me sit out here and
talk nonsense, instead of creeping into my sleeping-bag as I
ought, in order to gather strength for the exertions of to-morrow.
Good-night !

''July 27. — Did not go to bed after all till well into the
morning. There is no doubt it was a clear case of coffee-
poisoning.

" Walked about talking to Sverdrup through his watch and
afterwards, recalling our school-days. Life and the world seem
so strangely distant to us as we drift in the ice up here.

"July 28. — Yesterday we did nothing, and the same is the j
case to-day. Our fear of being driven out into the breakers j
again was by no means groundless. Yesterday we were within j
much less than half a mile, and yet we almost wished to go,
as by putting out to sea we should bring this life in the ice
to an end. The sea was moderate and the wind fair, and we
might thus have reached Cape Farewell within twenty-four ;
hours. When there we should certainly have been able to 1
push through the ice and get to land. However, we were not
to go to sea after all. After we had drifted along the ice at its j
outer edge for a time, we began to move inwards in a field of 1

!

STILL DRIFTING. 143

floes, which seemed to extend away south. The ice -belt is
here very narrow, and on taking our bearings upon several
points on the coast we found that, though at the outer edge
of the ice, we were not more than eighteen miles from land at
Mogens Heinesens Fjord

"The weather, which was yesterday bitterly cold with a
wintry and clouded sky, is bright again to-day. The sun is
shining warm and encouragingly down upon us. The 'Inland
ice ' north and south of Karra akungnak lies stretched before
us pure and white, looking to the eye a level and practicable
plain, with rows of crags peeping through the ice — the so-called
%nunataks' — away behind, more of them, by the way, than
are marked on Holm's map. The expanse of snow beckons
and entices us far into the unknown interior. Ah, well ! we
too shall have our day."

With this sanguine expression of confidence, which was

perhaps remarkable considering the number of times we had

! been disappointed, my diary for this section of our journey

curiously enough concludes. The next entry is dated July 31,

and thus begins : —

"A strange difference between our surroundings now and
\ those when I last wrote ! Then they were ice, solitude, and
the roaring of the sea, now they are barking dogs, numbers
of native Greenlanders, boats, tents, and the litter of an en-
campment— in short, life, activity, and summer, and above all,
the rocky soil of Greenland beneath our feet."

These lines were written as we were leaving the first Eskimo
encampment we had come to, but before I continue from this
point I had better explain how we managed to get so far.

On the evening of July 28, after having finished the entry
in my diary which I have quoted above, we drifted into a fog
which concealed the land from us. In the course of the after-
noon the ice had several times opened considerably, though
we were very near its outer edge, where one would have ex-
pected the swell to keep it packed close. It had not, however,
> opened to such an extent that we could safely take the boats

144 ACROSS GREENLAND.

inwards, because of the rolling. But as some of us were taking
the ordinary evening walk before turning in, we were struck by
the way in which the floes were separating. It looked to us
as if the ice were opening even out seawards, which was an
extremely unusual sight. We felt we really ought to set to
work, but we were tired and sleepy, and no one seemed at all
inclined for such a proceeding. To tell the truth, too, I was
now quite tired of being disappointed in the way we had been,
and was very strongly disposed to put straight out to sea. We
had now so often worked inwards through open ice, and the
only result of all our labour had been to get driven out to sea
again. This time, thought I, we will see what happens if we
sit idle instead of working. And so we crept into our bags,
though leaving the usual man on watch with orders to call us
out in case the ice opened still more.

In the night the fog thickened and nothing was to be seen j
of our surroundings. Sverdrup's watch came on towards morn
ing. He told us afterwards that as he walked up and down in
the fog and after a time looked at the Compass, it struck him
that he must have gone clean out of his wits. Either he or
the instrument must have gone mad, for the black end of the
needle was pointing to what he held to be south. For if he
looked along the needle with the black end away from him
he had the breakers on his left. But if the end of the needle
pointed to the north, as it ought, then the breakers must be j
on the west or land side. This could not be, so he must sup- !
pose that either he or the needle had gone crazy, and, as this I
is not a weakness to which compasses are liable, therefore i
the fault must lie with him, though it was a state of things
which he had certainly never contemplated. Subsequently the j
phenomenon was explained in a somewhat different way, for j
the breakers he had heard proved to be the sea washing the ■
shore.

In the morning I happened to be lying awake for a time.
It was now Ravna who had the watch, and, as usual, he had
kept at it for four hours instead of two. I lay for some time j

STILL DRIFTING. 145

/atching with amusement his bearded little face as it peeped
hrough the opening into the tent. At first I thought he was
wondering whether his two hours were not up and he might
rake Kristiansen, who was to follow him. But then it struck
le that to-day there was a peculiar, uneasy expression in this
ice, which was not at all familiar. So at last I said : " Well,
tavna, can you see land ? " And he answered eagerly in his
ueer, naive way : " Yes, yes, land too near." Both the
^pps habitually used altfor^ " too," instead of meget, " very."

jumped out of the bag and from the tent-door saw land
mch nearer than we had ever had it before. The floes were
:attered, and I could see open water along the shore Ravna
'as indeed right ; land was much too near for us to be lying
lly in our bags. So I turned the others out, and it was not
mg before we had dressed and breakfasted. The boats were
omened and loaded, and we were soon ready. Before we left
lis floe, which had carried us so well and was in all probability
().be our last, I went up on to its highest point to choose our
est course for land. Our surroundings were changed indeed,
'he whole field of ice seemed to have been carried away from
nd and outwards to the south-east. I could see nothing but
j:e in that direction, and there was that whiteness in the air
Dove it which betokens large fields. Towards the south, on
le contrary, and along the shore, there seemed to be nothing
ut open water. We were not far from the edge of this water,
id it stretched northwards also for some way along the coast,
,iding at a point where the ice seemed to lie close into the
nd. We were therefore now on the inner edge of the ice-
alt, and the outer edge was not distinctly visible from where
■ stood. It is strange how quickly one's fate changes. It was
uite plain that we should now soon be on shore, and, had
lis been told us yesterday, not one of us would have allowed
le possibility of such a thing.

So off we started and pushed quickly landwards. The water
as open enough for us to row pretty well the whole way, there
<2ing only two or three places where we had to force a passage.

K

i46 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Some hours later we were through the ice. The feelings
that possessed us as we took our boats by the last floe and saw
the smooth, open water stretching away in front of us up to the
very shore are scarcely to be described in words. We felt as
if we had escaped from a long and weary imprisonment and
now all at once saw a bright and hopeful future lying before
us. Life was indeed bright and hopeful now, for when can it
be brighter than when one sees the attainment of one's wishes
possible, when uncertainty at last begins to pass into certainty?
It is like the tremulous joy which comes with the breaking I
day, and when is not the dawn fairer and brighter than the full j
noontide ?

Chapter IX.

THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND.

The first thing we did when we were through the ice was to
look for the nearest land. We wanted to feel the Greenland
rocks beneath our feet as soon as possible, and, besides, I had
long promised chocolate and a Sunday dinner for the day we
first touched dry land again.

Almost opposite to us, and nearer than anything else, was
the high rounded summit of Kutdlek Island. It would, how-
ever, have taken us too much out of our way to put in here,
'as we were going north. So we steered across the open water
to the more northerly island of Kekertarsuak.

On the way we passed under a huge iceberg which lay
stranded here in the open water. On its white back sat flocks
'of gulls, strewn like black dots about its surface. As we went
by, a big piece of ice fell crashing into the water, and crowds
of seabirds rose and wheeled round us, uttering their mono-
tonous cries. This was all new to us. To have living crea-
tures about us again was cheering indeed, while it was even
still more grateful to be able to row unhindered through all
this open water.

As we advanced, however, we found that we had still some
obstacles to pass before reaching land, as there was another
belt of ice stretching southwards parallel with the shore. But
it was of no great breadth, and, as the ice was fairly open,
we forced our way through without much trouble. At last
our boats, flying the Norwegian and Danish flags, glided under
a steep cliff, the dark wall of which was mirrored in the bright
water, and made it nearly black. The rock echoed our voices

«47

148 ACROSS GREENLAND.

as we spoke, and the moment was one of extreme solemnity.
Beyond the cliff we found a harbour where we could bring
our boats ashore. Then we scrambled out, each striving to
get first to land and feel real rocks and stones under his feet,
and to climb up the cliffs to get the first look round. We
were just like children, and a bit of moss, a stalk o*" grass, to
say nothing of a flower, drew out a whole rush of feelings.
All was so fresh to us, and the transition was so sudden and
complete. The Lapps ran straight up the mountain side, and
for a long while we saw nothing more of them.

KUTDLEK ISLAND AND CAPE TORDENSKJOLD.
(By the A uthor. )

But as soon as the first flood of joy was over we had tc
turn to more prosaic things, that is to say, our promised^
dinner. The cooker was put up on a rock down by the boats,
and the chocolate set under way. Plenty of cooks were read);
to help, and meanwhile I thought I might as well follow th<
Lapps' example and go for a mountain climb, to see hovi
things looked, and how the land lay further north.

So I started up, first over some bare rock, over a drift o:
snow, and then across some flat, moorlike ground, grown wit!
lichens and heather, and sprinkled with huge erratic boulders

THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. 149

an still clearly and distinctly remember every stone and
every stalk. How strange it was, too, to have a wider view
again, to look out to sea and see the ice and water shining
far below me, to see the rows of peaks round about me lying
bathed in the hazy sunshine, and to see, too, the " Inland ice "
stretched out before me, and, I might say, almost beneath
my feet.

To the south was the high rounded summit of Kutdlek
Island, and beyond it the fine outline of Cape Tordenskjold.
I welcomed the latter as a fellow-countryman, as not only the
name but the form recalled Norway. I sat down on a stone
to take a sketch and bask in the sun. As I rested there,
delighting in the view and the mere fact of existence, I heard
something come singing through the air and stop in the
neighbourhood of my hand. It was a good well-known old
tune it sang, and I looked down at once. It was a gnat, a
real gnat, and presently others joined it. I let them sit quietly
biting, and took pleasure in their attack. They gave me, these
dear creatures, sensible proof that I was on land, as they sat
there and sucked themselves full and red. It was long, no
doubt, since they last tasted human blood. But this was a
pleasure of which, as shall soon be told, we had afterwards
reason to grow more than tired.

I sat a while longer, and presently heard a familiar twitter.
I looked up and saw a snow-bunting perched on a stone close
by, and watching the stranger's movements with his head
first on one side and then on the other. Then he chirped
again, hopped on to the next stone, and, after continuing his
inspection for a while, flew off. At such times and places life
Is always welcome, and not least so when it comes in the form
bf a twittering little bird, and finds a response in the small
aird element of one's own nature, especially if one has long
Deen outside the regions of spring and summer. Even a
spider which I came across among the lichens on a stone
on my way up was enough to turn my thoughts to home and
cindlier scenes

i5o

ACROSS GREENLAND.

From my point of vantage I could see a good way to the
north. It looked as if we were to have open ice for the first
bit, but beyond Inugsuit the floes seemed to lie closer, and
clearly promised to give us trouble. But it was now time for
me to go down and join the others, as the chocolate must be
nearly ready. It was nothing like so, however, when I reached
the shore. The water was not yet boiling, and it was plainly

OUR FIRST LANDING-PLACE.
{From a photograph.)

a case of unskilful cooks. But they had certainly not had much
practice while we were drifting south, as, if I remember right,
we had only cooked three times in twelve days. Meanwhile Ij
spent the time in taking a photograph of the scene— of a spot
which takes a prominent place in the history of our expedition. J
At last the long-expected chocolate was ready, and six patient
throats could at last enjoy deep draughts of the glorious nectar.
Besides fuller allowances of the ordinary fare, we were treated

THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. 151

honour of the day, to adjuncts in the form of oatmeal
biscuits and Gruyere cheese, and our native delicacies " mysost "
and " tyttebaer"-jam. It was indeed a divine repast, surpassing
anything we had had hitherto ; we deserved it and equally well
enjoyed it, and our spirits were at the height of animation.

Balto's account of our stay on this island sets forth that " the
spot was quite free of snow, grass-grown, and covered with
heather and a few juniper-bushes. We had quite a little feast
here, and were treated to all the best we had — cheese, biscuits,
jam, and other small delicacies. The cooking-machine was
put up on a rock ; we made chocolate, and sat round the pot,
drinking, with the sea lying at our feet. Nansen took several
pictures, and the place was named GameTs Haven."

We came to the conclusion that we might for this once take
our time and enjoy life to the full, but that this must be the
last of such indulgence. Henceforth our orders were to sleep
as little as possible, to eat as little and as quickly as possible,
and to get through as much work as possible. Our food was
to consist in the main of biscuits, water, and dried meat. To
cook anything or to get fresh meat there would be little or
no time, though there was plenty of game. The best of the
season was already passed, and little of the short Greenland
summer remained. But still we had time to reach the west
coast, if only we used that time well. It was a question of
sticking to our work, and stick to it indeed we did.

Our grand dinner was at last finished, and about five o'clock in
the afternoon we embarked again and started on our way north.

At first we pushed on quickly, as the water-way was good
and clear, but as evening came on things changed for the
worse. The ice packed closer, and often we had to break our
way. From time to time, however, we came upon long leads
of open water and made ground fast. The sun sank red
behind the mountains, the night was still and woke all our
longings, the day lay dreaming beyond the distant peaks, but
there was little time for us to indulge in sympathy with Nature's
moods and phases. The whole night we worked northwards

I§* ACROSS GREENLAND.

through the ice. At midnight it was hard to see, but with
attention we could distinguish ice from open water by the
reflection from the glowing evening sky.

I was the more anxious to push on, for it was not far to the
ill-famed glacier of Puisortok, where Captain Holm on his
voyage along the coast in 1884 was kept by the ice seventeen
days. I imagined that the reason why this spot had so evil a
reputation was because the current held the floes more closely
packed here than elsewhere, and it seemed to me of vital
importance that we should reach this point of difficulty as
soon as possible, in order to take the first opportunity caused
by the opening of the ice to push by.

In the course of the night we reached the headland of
Kangek or Cape Rantzau, where the ice was packed so close
that we could row no longer, but had to force our way.
Before our axe, long boat-hooks, and crowbars all obstacles
had, however, to recede, and we worked steadily on. But the
new ice formed on the water between the floes added much
to our labour, as towards morning it grew thicker and hindered
the boats considerably, and it even remained unmelted till
well into the day. Towards morning, too, our strength began
to give out ; we had now worked long and were hungry, as we
had eaten nothing since our great dinner of the day before.
Some of us were so sleepy, too, that we could scarcely keep
awake. In our zeal to push onwards, and our enjoyment of
our new life, we had quite forgotten bodily needs, which now
asserted themselves with greater insistence. So we landed on a
floe to rest and refresh ourselves. Breakfast was a pure enjoy-
ment, though we could scarcely allow that we had time to sit still
to eat it. Then came the sun; his beams shot up through
space, lighter and lighter grew the sky, the spot on the north-
east horizon burned brighter and brighter, and then the globe
of fire himself rose slowly above the plain of ice. We let mind
and body bask in his rays; new life quickened in us, and
weariness had in a moment fled away. Once more we set to
work in the growing dawn.

.

THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. 153

ut the ice was closer packed than ever, and inch by inch
and foot by foot we had to break our way. Often things
looked simply hopeless, but my indefatigable comrades lost not
heart ; we had to push through, and push through we did.

We passed Cape Rantzau, passed Karra akungnak, which
is known from Holm and Garde's voyage in 1884, and
reached Cape Adelaer, where things were bad, even to de-
spair. The floes lay jammed together, huge and unwieldy,
and refused to move. With our long boat-hooks we tried
to part them, but in vain. All six as one man fell to, but
they lay like rocks. Once more we put all our strength into
our work, and now they gave. A gap of an inch inspirited
us ; we set to again, and they opened further. We now knew
our strength, and perseverance was sure of its reward. Pre-
sently they had parted so far that we could take the boats
through after hacking off the projecting points of ice. Thus
we pass on to the next floe, where the same performance is
repeated. By united exertion pushed to its utmost limits, we
force our way. It needs no little experience to take boats
safely through ice like this. One must have an eye for the
weak points of the floes, must know how to use to the best
advantage the forces at one's disposal, must be quick to seize
the opportunity and push the boats on just as the floes have
parted, for they close again immediately, and if the boats are
not through, and clear, they are at once unmercifully crushed.
Several times, when we were not quite quick enough, Sver-
drup's boat, which followed mine, was nipped between the
floes till her sides writhed and bulged under the pressure ; but
her material was elastic, and she was finally always brought
through without real mishap.

At last we passed Cape Adelaer, and worked along the
shore, through ice that still lay closely packed, to the next
promontory, which I have since named Cape Garde. We
reached this cape about noon, and determined to land and
get something to eat, and some sleep, both of which we sorely
needed after more than twenty-four hours' hard and continuous

154 ACROSS GREENLAND.

work in the ice. We had just with great difficulty dragged oui
boats up the steep rocks, pitched our tent, and begun our pre-
parations for dinner, when there occurred an event which was
entirely unexpected, and to our minds indeed little short oi
miraculous.

My diary of the next day records the occurrence thus : —
" Yesterday, July 30, about noon, after an incredibly labori
ous struggle through the ice, we had at last put in by — lei
us for the moment call it Cape Garde — a promontory to the
north of Karra akungnak to get some food and a few hours
sleep. The much-dreaded glacier, Puisortok, lay just in from
of us, but we hoped to get by it without delay, though it hac
kept Holm back for no less than seventeen days. While
we were having some dinner, or, more accurately, were busj
getting it ready, I heard amid the screams of the gulls a crj
of a different kind, which was amazingly like a human voice
I drew the others' attention to the fact, but there was so little
probability of our finding human beings in these regions thai
for some time we were contented to attribute the noise to 1
'diver' (Colymbus) or some similar bird, which was perhaps
as little likely to occur up here as a human being himself
However, we answered these cries once or twice, and the]
came gradually nearer. Just as we were finishing our mea
there came a shout so distinct and so close to us that mosl
of us sprang to our feet, and one vowed that that could be
no 'diver.' And indeed I think that even the staunches'
adherent of the sea-bird theory was constrained to waver
Nor was it long before Balto, who had jumped up on a roci
with a telescope, shouted to us that he could see two men
I joined him at once, and soon had the glass upon two blacl
objects moving among the floes, now close to one another
now apart. They seemed to be looking for a passage through
as they would advance a bit and then go back again. At lasi
they come straight towards us, and I can see the paddle!
going like mill-sails — it is evidently two small men in 'kayaks.
They come nearer and nearer, and Balto begins to assume

THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. 155

a half-astonished, half-uneasy look, saying that he is almost
afraid of these strange beings. They now come on, one
bending forwards in his canoe as if he were bowing to us,
though this was scarcely his meaning. With a single stroke
they come alongside the rocks, crawl out of their 'kayaks,'
one carrying his small craft ashore, the other leaving his in
the water, and the two stand before us, the first representatives
of these heathen Eskimo of the east coast, of whom we have
heard so much. Our first impression of them was distinctly
favourable. We saw two somewhat wild but friendly faces
smiling at us. One of the men was dressed in a jacket, as
well as breeches, of sealskin, the two garments .leaving a
broad space uncovered between them at the waist. He had
on ' kamiks,' the peculiar Eskimo boots, and no covering for
the head except a few strings of beads."

Here my entry describing this strange meeting is broken
off, though my recollection of the scene is still as vivid as
1 if it had all happened yesterday, and it is an easy matter for
me to supply all that is wanting. The other one had, to our
surprise, some garments of European origin, as his upper parts
were clad in an "anorak," a sort of jacket, of blue cotton stuff
with white spots, while his legs and feet were cased in sealskin
trousers and " kamiks," and his waist was also to a large extent
quite bare of clothing. On his head he had a peculiar broad
and flat-brimmed hat, formed of a wooden ring over which
blue cotton stuff had been stretched. On the crown was a
large red cross covering its whole expanse. This pattern of
head-dress, in various garish colours, and generally with the
cross upon it, is very common among the Eskimo of the east
coast. They use them when in their " kayaks," partly for the
shade they afford, and partly for the decorative effect Later
they showed us some of these hats with great pride. They
were little fellows, these two, evidently quite young, and of
an attractive appearance, one of them, indeed — be with the
beads in his hair — being actually handsome. He had a dark,
almost chestnut-brown skin, long jet-black hair drawn back

156 ACROSS GREENLAND.

from the forehead by the band of beads and falling round his
neck and shoulders, and a broad, round, attractive face with
features almost regular. There was something soft, something
almost effeminate, in his good looks, so much so indeed that
we were long in doubt whether he was a man at all. Both
these little fellows were of light and active build, and were
graceful in all their movements.

As they approached us they began to smile, gesticulate, and
talk as fast as their tongues would go, in a language of which,
of course, we understood not a single word. They pointed
south, they pointed north, out to the ice and in to the land,
then at us, at our boats, and at themselves, and all the time
chattering with voluble persistence. Their eloquence, indeed,
was quite remarkable, but little did it enable us to comprehend
them. We smiled in our turn and stared at them in foolish
helplessness, while the Lapps showed open indications of un-
easiness. They were still a little afraid of these "savages,"
and held themselves somewhat in the background.

Then I produced some papers on which a friend had written
in Eskimo a few questions the answers to which I was likely
to find serviceable. These questions I now proceeded to
apply in what was meant to pass for tolerable Eskimo, but
now came the Greenlanders' turn to look foolish, and they
stared at me and then at each other with an extremely puzzled
air. I went through the performance again, but with exactly
the same result, and not a word did they understand. Per-
severing, I tried once or twice more, the only effect of which
was to make them gesticulate and chatter volubly together,
leaving us as wise as we were before. In despair I threw the
papers down, for this was a performance that could only lead
to premature grey hair. I wanted to find out something about
the ice further north, but the only semblance of success was
that I thought I heard them mention Tingmiarmiut, at the
same time pointing northwards, and once, too, Urnanak — or,
at least, I seemed to catch some sounds which these names
might be supposed to represent — but even this left us in

THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. 157

exactly the same state of darkness. Then I had recourse to
signs, and with better success, for I learned that there were
more of them encamped or living to the north of Puisortok,
and that it was necessary to keep close under the glacier to
get by. Then they pointed to Puisortok, made a number of
strange gesticulations, and assumed an inimitably grave and
serious air, admonishing us the while, all of which apparently
meant that this glacier was extremely dangerous, and that
we must take the greatest care not to run into it, nor to look
at it, nor to speak as we passed it, and so on. These East
Greenlanders, it is said, have a number of superstitious notions
about this particular glacier. Then we tried by means of signs
to make them understand that we had not come along the land
from the south, but from the open sea, which intelligence only
produced a long-drawn sonorous murmur, deep as the bellow
of a cow, and, as we supposed, meant to express the very
extremity of astonishment. At the same time they looked at
one another and at us with a very doubtful air. Either they
did not believe a word we told them, or else, perhaps, they
took us for supernatural beings. The latter was probably
their real estimate of us.

Then they began to admire our equipment. The boats,
above all, attracted their attention, and the iron fittings espe-
cially excited the greatest astonishment and admiration.

We gave them each a bit of meat-biscuit, at which they
simply beamed with pleasure. Each ate a little and carefully
put away the rest, evidently to take home to the encampment.
All this while, however, they were shivering and quaking with
the cold, which was not to be wondered at, as they had very
little in the way of clothing on, and, as I have said, were com-
pletely naked about the waist, while the weather was any-
thing but warm. So, with some expressive gestures telling us
that it was too cold to stand about there in the rocks, they
prepared to go down to their canoes again. By signs they
asked us whether we were coming northwards, and, as we
answered affirmatively, they once more warned us against the

158 ACROSS GREENLAND.

perils of Puisortok, and went down to the water. Here they
put their skin-capes on, got their " kayaks " ready, and crept
in with the lightness and agility of cats. Then with a few
strokes they shot as swiftly and noiselessly as water-fowl over
the smooth surface of the sea. Then they threw their har-
poons or bird-spears, which flew swift as arrows and fell true
upon the mark, to be caught up again at once by the
"kayaker" as he came rushing after. Now their paddles
went like mill-sails as they darted among the floes, now they
stopped to force their way or push the ice aside, or to look for
a better passage. Now, again, an arm was raised to throw the
spear, was drawn back behind the head, held still a moment
as the dart was poised, then shot out like a spring of steel
as the missile flew from the throwing-stick. Meanwhile they
drew further and further from us; soon they looked to us
like mere black specks among the ice far away by the glacier;
and in a moment more they had passed behind an iceberg
and disappeared from our view. And we remained behind,
reflecting on this our first meeting with the east coast Eskimo.
We had never expected to fall in with people here, where,
according to Holm and Garde's experience, the coast was
uninhabited. These we thought must be some migrant body,
and in this belief we retired to our tent, crept into our bags,
and were soon fast asleep.

Balto's description of this meeting, though written a year
after the occurrence, agrees so closely with the notes in my
diary which were entered the day after it, but have never been
accessible to him, that I think I ought to quote it in justice to
his memory, if not for its own sake. " While we were sitting
and eating," he writes, "we heard a sound like a human voice,
but we thought it was only a raven's cry. Presently we heard
the same sound again, and now some of us thought it was a
loon screaming. Then I took the glasses and went up on to
a point of rock, and, looking about, saw something black
moving across an ice-floe. So I shouted, 'I can see two
men over there on the ice.' and Nansen came running up at

THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. 159

once and looked through the glass too. We now heard them
singing their heathen psalms, and called to them They
heard us at once, and began to row towards us. It was not
long before they reached us, and as they came closer one of
them gave us a profound bow. Then they put in to shore,
and, getting out, dragged their canoes up on to land. As
they came near us they lowed like cows, which meant that
they wondered what sort of folk we were. Then we tried to
talk to them, but we could not understand a word of their
language. So Nansen pulled out his conversation-book and
tried to talk to them that way ; but it was no use, because
we could not make out how the letters were pronounced in
their language. Then Nansen went down to the boats and
fetched some biscuit, which he gave to them, and afterwards
they rowed away again northwards."

About six o'clock in the afternoon I woke and went out of
the tent to see what the ice was doing. A fresh breeze was
blowing off the land, and the floes had parted still more than
before. There seemed to be a good water-way leading north,
and I called my companions out.

We were soon afloat and steering northwards for the dreaded
glacier, in the best water we had had as yet. I was in con
stant fear, however, that things would be worse further on,
and lost no time. But things became no worse, and the ice
up here consisted chiefly of larger and smaller glacier-floes,
which are much better than sea-floes to have to deal with in
wooden boats, which are not cut by their sharp edges as skin-
boats are. What hindered us most was that the water between
the floes was full of small brash of the broken glacier ice.
We pushed through, however, and the water proved compara-
tively good the whole way. Without meeting serious obstacles
we passed the glacier, sometimes rowing right under the per-
pendicular cliffs of ice, which showed all the changing hues of
glacier-blue, from the deepest azure of the rifts and chasms to
the pale milky-white of the plain ice-wall, and of the upper
surface, on which the snow still lay here and there in patches.

160 ACROSS GREENLAND.

It is difficult to see what it really is that has given this
glacier its evil reputation. It has very little movement in-
deed, and therefore seldom calves, and when it does the pieces
which come away must be relatively small, for there are no
large icebergs to be seen in the sea near its edge. Nor is
there depth enough of water to make such possible, and,
furthermore, at several points the underlying rock is visible, so
that the glacier does not even reach the water throughout its
whole extent.

However, Graah and even earlier writers record the excessive
dread which the Eskimo have for this dangerous glacier, which
is always ready to fall upon and crush the passer-by, and far
away from which, out at sea, huge masses of ice may suddenly
dart up from the depths and annihilate both boat and crew.
The name Puisortok also points in this direction, as it means
" the place where something shoots up." It occurs at more
than one point on the eastern coast in connection with glaciers,
though its real force and intention is not easily explicable.
That the Greenlander crews employed by Holm and Garde
had the same superstitious dread of this same glacier is made
very plain in their interesting narrative. Garde tells us that
the idea prevalent among the natives of the southern part of
the west coast is that " when one passes Puisortok one has to
row along under an overhanging wall of ice which may fall at
any instant, and over masses of ice which lurk beneath the
surface of the water, and only await a favourable moment to
shoot up and destroy the passing boats."

The Eskimo of the south-west have no doubt got their
superstitious notions from the wild natives of the east coast
with whom they have come into contact. The latter even
have a number of rules of conduct which should govern the
behaviour of the passer-by if he wish to escape alive. There
must be no speaking, no laughing, no eating, no indulgence in
tobacco, neither must one look at the glacier, nor mention the
name Puisortok. If he do the latter, indeed, the glacier's
resentment is such that certain destruction is the result.

THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. 161

1 In spite of all this one thing is certain, that Puisortok falls
:ar short of its reputation. As I afterwards discovered, it is not
>ven in connection with the great sheet of " Inland ice." It is
i comparatively small local glacier lying upon a mountain ridge
^hich is separated from the " Inland ice " by a snow-covered
/alley on its inner side. This is, of course, the reason of its
datively slight movement, which, according to Garde's measure-
nents, is not above two feet in the twenty-four hours. Its very
"orm and inclination also point to the fact that it is only local

The only remarkable thing about it is that it has so long
i frontage to the sea. Garde estimates its breadth at about
ive miles, which is apparently correct. This fact, as Garde
;uggests, must plainly be the reason why the Eskimo are so
ifraid of it, for, as it comes right out into the sea, and has no
)rotecting belt of islands and rocks, they are forced to pass
.long its face in the course of their journeys up and down the
:oast. The Eskimo dread any passage of the kind, which is
lot unreasonable, as the glaciers are continually calving, or
hopping masses of ice from their upper parts, and the danger
o passing craft is by no means imaginary. For if a boat
lappen to be off a glacier at the moment of its calving, it will
n most cases, no doubt, be lost beyond all hope of salvation,
wen if the falling masses do not come into direct contact with
t, the water is agitated to such a tremendous extent, and the
ioes and floating fragments of ice are thrown about so violently,
hat the chances of escape are very small.

All the great glaciers, however, lie far in the recesses of narrow
jords, which in the course of ages they have themselves cut
•ut or deepened by their powerful onward movement But it
; seldom that the Eskimo find their way into these fjords, and
: is not as a rule necessary for them to pass close under these
uge cliffs of ice, whose dangerous caprices they nevertheless
'ell know. It is therefore, after all, not so much a matter for
wonder that they feel anxiety when they have to pass so long a
tretch of glacier as Puisortok, notwithstanding its compara-
ively gentle ways.

162 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Be this as it may, we passed the glacier without mishap,
and no superstitious terror prevented us from enjoying to the
full the fantastic beauty of these mighty walls of ice.

The water was still comparatively favourable as we worked
north, and we pushed on fast. Our courage rose and rose,
and we grew more and more convinced that nothing would now
hinder us from reaching our goal

THE ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT AT CAPE BILLE.
{By E. Nielsen, from a photograph.)

Chapter X.

THE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT.

As we drew near Cape Bille, the promontory which lies to the
north of Puisortok, we heard strange sounds from shore — as it
were, a mixture of human voices and the barking of dogs.
; As we gazed thither we now caught sight of some dark masses
of moving objects, which, as we examined them more closely,
we found to be groups of human beings. They were spread
over the terrace of rock, were chattering in indistinguishable
Babel, gesticulating, and pointing towards us as we worked our
way quietly through the ice. They had evidently been watch-
ing us for some time. We now too discovered a number of
skin-tents which were perched among the rocks, and at the
same time became aware of a noteworthy smell of train-oil or
some similar substance, which followed the off-shore breeze.
Though it was still early, and though the water in front of us
seemed open for some distance, we could not resist the temp-
tation of visiting these strange and unknown beings. At the
moment we turned our boats towards shore the clamour in-
creased tenfold They shrieked and yelled, pointed, and

1 64

ACROSS GREENLAND.

rushed, some down to the shore, others up on to higher rocks
in order to see us better. If we were stopped by ice and took
out our long boat-hooks and bamboo poles to force the floes
apart and make ourselves a channel, the confusion on shore
rose to an extraordinary pitch, the cries and laughter growing
simply hysterical. As we got in towards land some men came
darting out to us in their "kayaks,"
among them one of our acquaintances
of the morning. Their faces one and
all simply beamed with smiles, and in
the most friendly way they swarmed
round us in their active little craft,
trying to point us out the way, which
we could quite well find ourselves, and
gazing in wonder at our strong boats as
they glided on regardless of ice which
would have cut their fragile boats of
skin in pieces.

At last we passed the last floe and
drew in to shore. It was now growing
dusk, and the scene that met us was one
a of the most fantastic to which I have ever
been witness. All about the ledges of
rock stood long rows of strangely wild and
cape bille. shaggy-looking creatures — men, women,

iFrom a photograph.) ^ ^^^ ^ {n much fa same

scanty dress — staring and pointing at us, and uttering the same
bovine sound which had so much struck us in the morning.
Now it was just as if we had a whole herd of cows about
us, lowing in chorus as the cowhouse door is opened in the
morning to admit the expected fodder. Down by the water's
edge were a number of men eagerly struggling and gesticulating
to show us a good landing-place, which, together with other
small services of the kind, is the acknowledged Eskimo wel-
come to strangers whom they are pleased to see. Up on the
rocks were a number of yellowish-brown tents, and lower down ,

AN ESKIMO ROY FROM

.

HE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 165

canoes, skin-boats, and other implements, while more "kayaks"
swarmed round us in the water. Add to all this the neighbour-
ing glacier, the drifting floes, and the glowing evening sky, and,
lastly, our two boats and six unkempt-looking selves, and the
whole formed a picture which we at least are not likely to for-
get. The life and movement were a welcome contrast indeed
to the desolation and silence which we had so long endured.

It was not long, of course, before our boats were safely
moored, and we standing on shore surrounded by crowds of
natives, who scanned us and our belongings with wondering
eyes. Beaming smiles and kindliness met us on all sides. A
smiling face is the Eskimo's greeting to a stranger, as his
language has no formula of welcome.

Then we look round us for a bit Here amid the ice and
snow these people seemed to be comfortable enough, and we
felt indeed that we would willingly prolong our stay among
them. As we stopped in front of the largest tent, at the sight

' of the comfortable glow that shone out through its outer open-
ing, we were at once invited in by signs. We accepted the
invitation, and as soon as we had passed the outer doorway a
curtain of thin membranous skin was pushed aside for us, and,

' bending our heads as we entered, we found ourselves in a cosy
room.

The sight and smell which now met us were, to put it
mildly, at least unusual. I had certainly been given to under-
stand that the Eskimo of the east coast of Greenland were in
the habit of reducing their indoor dress to the smallest possible

, dimensions, and that the atmosphere of their dwellings was the
reverse of pleasant. But a sight so extraordinary, and a smell
so remarkable, had never come within the grasp of my imagi-
nation. The smell, which was a peculiar blending of several
characteristic ingredients, was quite enough to occupy one's
attention at first entrance. The most prominent of the com-
ponents was due to the numerous train-oil lamps which were
burning, and this powerful odour was well tempered with
human exhalations of every conceivable kind, as well as the

i66

GREENLAND.

pungent effluvia of a certain fetid
liquid which was stored in vessels
here and there about the room, and
which, as I subsequently learned,
is, from the various uses to which
it is applied, one of the most im-
portant and valuable commodities
of Eskimo domestic economy.
Into further details I think it is
scarcely advisable to go, and I
must ask the reader to accept my
assurance that the general effect
was anything but attractive to the
unaccustomed nose of the new-
comer. However, familiarity soon
has its wonted effect, and one's first
abhorrence may even before long
give way to a certain degree of
pleasure. But it is not the same
with every one, and one or two of
our party were even constrained to
retire incontinently.

For my own part, I soon found i
myself sufficiently at ease to be able
to use my eyes. My attention was
first arrested by the number of |
naked forms which thronged the
tent in standing, sitting, and
reclining positions. All the oc-
cupants were, in fact, attired in
their so-called "natit" or indoor
dress, the dimensions of which

ESKIMO GARMENTS, ETC, FROM THE EAST
COAST OF GREENLAND, IN THE ETHNO-
GRAPHICAL MUSEUM AT CHRIST1AN1A.

I. Woman's breeches; II. Man's indoor dress ; >
111. Woman's indoor dress ; IV. Amulet-strap
worn by men ; V. " Kamik," or Eskimo boot ;
VI. and VII. Knives-

.

HE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 167

are so extremely small as to make it practically invisible to the
stranger's inexperienced eye. The dress consists in a narrow
band about the loins, which in the case of the women is reduced
to the smallest possible dimensions.

Of false modesty, of course, there was no sign, but it is
not to be wondered at that the unaffected ingenuousness with
which all intercourse was carried on made a very strange
impression upon us conventional Europeans in the first in-
stance. Nor will the blushes which rose to the cheeks of
some among us when we saw a party of young men and
women who followed us into the tent at once proceed to attire
themselves in their indoor dress, or, in other words, divest
themselves of every particle of clothing which they wore, be
laid to our discredit, when it is remembered that we had been
accustomed to male society exclusively during our voyage and
adventures among the ice. The Lapps especially were much
embarrassed at the unwonted sight.

The natives now thronged in in numbers, and the tent was
soon closely packed. We had been at once invited to sit
down upon some chests which stood by the thin skin-curtain
at the entrance. These are the seats which are always put
at the disposal of visitors, while the occupants have their
places upon the long bench or couch which fills the back
part of the tent. This couch is made of planks, is deep
enough to give room for a body reclining at full length, and
is as broad as the whole width of the tent. It is covered
with several layers of seal-skin, and upon it the occupants
spend their whole indoor life, men and women alike, sitting
often cross-legged as they work, and taking their meals and
rest and sleep.

The tent itself is of a very peculiar construction. The
framework consists of a sort of high trestle, upon which a
number of poles are laid, forming a semicircle below, and
converging more or less to a point at the top. Over these
poles a double layer of skin is stretched, the inner coat with
the hair turned inwards, and the outer generally consisting

.

HE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 169

of the old coverings of boats and "kayaks." The entrance is
under the above-mentioned trestle, which is covered by the
thin curtain of which I have already spoken.

This particular tent housed four or five different families.
Each of them had its own partition marked off upon the
common couch, and in each of the stalls so formed man, wife,
and children would be closely packed, a four-foot space thus
having sometimes to accommodate husband, two wives, and
six or more children.

Before every family stall a train-oil lamp was burning with
a broad flame. These lamps are flat, semicircular vessels of
pot-stone, about a foot in length. The wick is made of dried
moss, which is placed against one side of the lamp and con-
tinually fed with pieces of fresh blubber, which soon melts
into oil. The lamps are in charge of the women, who have
special sticks to manipulate the wicks with, to keep them both
from smoking and from burning too low. Great pots of the
1 3ame stone hang above, and in them the Eskimo cook all
their food which they do not eat raw. Strange to say, they
use neither peat nor wood for cooking purposes, though such
fuel is not difficult to procure. The lamps are kept burning
' night and day ; they serve for both heating and lighting pur-
poses, for the Eskimo does not sleep in the dark, like other
people ; and they also serve to maintain a permanent odour of
train oil, which, as I have said, our European senses at first
found not altogether attractive, but which they soon learned
not only to tolerate, but to take pleasure in.

As we sat in a row on the chests, taking stock of our strange
surroundings, our hosts began to try and entertain us. The use
of every object we looked at was kindly explained to us, partly
by means of words, of which we understood nothing, and partly
by actions, which were somewhat more within reach of our com-
prehension. In this way we learnt that certain wooden racks
which hung from the roof were for drying clothes on, that the
substance cooking in the pots was seal's -flesh, and so on. Then
they showed us various things which they were evidently very

170 ACROSS GREENLAND.

proud of. Some old women opened a bag, for instance, and
brought out a little bit of Dutch screw-tobacco, while a man
displayed a knife with a long bone handle. These two things
were, no doubt, the most notable possessions in the tent, for
they were regarded by all the company with especial veneration.
Then they began to explain to us the mutual relations of the
various occupants of the tent. A man embraced a fat woman,
and thereupon the pair with extreme complacency pointed to
some younger individuals, the whole pantomime giving us to
understand that the party together formed a family of husband,
wife, and children. The man then proceeded to stroke his wife
down the back and pinch her here and there to show us how
charming and delightful she was, and how fond he was of her,
the process giving her, at the same time, evident satisfaction

Curiously enough, none of the men in this particular tent
seemed to have more than one wife, though it is a common
thing among the east coast Eskimo for a man to keep two if he
can afford them, though never more than two. As a rule the*
men are good to their wives, and a couple may even be seen to;
kiss each other at times, though the process is not carried out
on European lines, but by a mutual rubbing of noses. Domestic'
strife is, however, not unknown, and it sometimes leads to violenlj
scenes, the end of which generally is that the woman receives!
either a vigorous castigation or the blade of a knife in her anr!
or leg, after which the relation between the two becomes d
cordial as ever, especially if the woman have children.

In our tent the best of understandings seem to prevail amonj
the many occupants. Towards us they were especially friendly
and talked incessantly, though it had long been quite clea
to them that all their efforts in this direction were absolutely
thrown away. One of the elders of the party, who was evil
dently a prominent personage among them, and probably a>
"angekok" or magician, an old fellow with a wily, cunning e>»
pression, and a more dignified air than the rest, managed tj
explain to us with a great deal of trouble that some of ther
had come from the north and were going south, while other

.

HE BAST COAST-AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 171

had come from the south and were bound north ; that the two
parties had met here by accident, that we had joined them, and
that altogether they did not know when they had had such a
good time before. Then he wanted to know where we had

KSKIMO WOMAN FROM THE EAST COAST OB GREENLAND.
(From a photograph taken by the Danish " Konebaad" expedition.)

come from, but this was not so easily managed. We pointed
out to sea, and as well as we could tried to make them under-
stand that we had forced our way through the ice, had reached
land further south, and then worked up northwards. This
information made our audience look very doubtful indeed,

172 ACROSS GREENLAND.

and another choius of lowing followed, the conclusion evi-
dently being that there was something supernatural about us.
In this way the conversation went on, and all things considered,
we were thoroughly welL entertained, though to an outside
observer, our pantomimic efforts would, of course, have seemed
extremely comical.

I will not be rash enough to assert that all the faces that
surrounded us were indisputably clean. Most of them were,
no doubt, naturally of a yellowish or brownish hue, but how
much of the colour that we saw in these very swarthy counte-
nances was really genuine we had no means of deciding. In
some cases, and especially among the children, the dirt had
accumulated to such an extent that it was already passing into
the stage of a hard black crust, which here and there had begun
to break away and to show the true skin beneath. Every face,
too, with few exceptions, simply glistened with blubber. Among
the women, especially the younger section, who here as in some
other parts of the world are incontinently vain, washing is said to
be not uncommon, and Holm even accuses them of being very
clean. But as to the exact nature of the process which leads
to this result it will perhaps be better for me to say no more.

It might be supposed that the surroundings and habits of
these people, to which I have already referred, together with
many other practices, which I have thought it better not to
specify, would have an extremely repellent effect upon the I
stranger. But this is by no means the case when one has once I
overcome the first shock which the eccentricity of their ways
is sure to cause, when one has ceased to notice such things as:
the irrepressible tendency of their hands to plunge into the;
jungle of their hair in hot pursuit, as their dirt-encrusted faces
— a point on which, I may remark, we ourselves in our then
condition had little right to speak — and as the strange atmos-
phere in which they live ; and if one is careful at first not
to look too closely into their methods of preparing food, the;
general impression received is absolutely attractive. There is ai
frank and homely geniality in all their actions which is very

.

HE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT, 173

winning, and can only make the stranger feel thoroughly com-
fortable in their society.

People's notions on the subject of good looks vary so much
that it is difficult to come to a satisfactory determination with
I regard to these Eskimo. If we bind ourselves down to any
established ideal of beauty, such as, for instance, the Venus of
Milo, the question is soon settled. The east coast of Green-
land, it must be confessed, is not rich in types of this kind.
But if we can only make an effort and free our critical faculty
from a standard which has been forced upon it by the influences
of superstition and heredity, and can only agree to allow that
the thing which attracts us, and on which we look with delight,
for these very reasons possesses the quality of beauty, then the
problem becomes very much more difficult of solution. I have
no doubt that, were one to live with these people for a while
and grow accustomed to them, one would soon find many a
pretty face and many an attractive feature among them.

As it was, indeed, we saw more than one face which a
European taste would allow to be pretty. There was one
woman especially who reminded me vividly of an acknowledged
beauty at home in Norway; and not only I, but one of my
companions who happened to know the prototype, was greatly
struck by the likeness. The faces of these Eskimo are as a
rule round, with broad, outstanding jaws, and are, in the case
of the women especially, very fat, the cheeks being particularly
exuberant. The eyes are dark and often set a little obliquely,
while the nose is flat, narrow above and broad below. The
whole face often looks as if it had been compressed from the
front and forced to make its growth from the sides. Among
the women, and more especially the children, the face is so flat
that one could almost lay a ruler across from cheek to cheek
without touching the nose ; indeed, now and again one will see
a child whose nose really forms a depression in the face rather
than the reverse. It will be understood from this that many
, of these people show no signs of approaching the European
standard of good looks, but it is not exactly in this direction

174

ACROSS GREENLAND.

that the Eskimo's attractions, generally speaking, really lie. At
the same time there is something kindly, genial, and complacent
in his stubby, dumpy, oily features which is quite irresistible.

Their hands and feet alike are unusually small and well-
shaped. Their hair is absolutely black, and quite straight,

ESKIMO BEAUTY, FROM THE EAST COAST, IN HER OLD AGE.
(By E. Nielsen^ front a photograph taken by the Danish " Konebaad" expedition.) \

resembling horse-hair. The men often tie it back from thr
forehead with a string of beads and leave it to fall down ove
the shoulders. Some who have no such band have it cuj
above the forehead or round the whole head with the jawborn
of a shark, as their superstitions will not allow them on an;
account to let iron come into contact with it, even when th

..

HE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 175

doubtful course of having it cut at all has been resolved upon.
But, curiously enough, a man who has begun to cut his hair in
his youth must necessarily continue the practice all his life.
The women gather their hair up from behind and tie it with a
strip of seal-skin into a cone, which must stand as perpendi-
cularly as possible. This convention is, of course, especially
stringent in the case of the young unmarried women, who, to
obtain the desired result, tie their hair back from the forehead
and temples so tightly that by degrees it gradually gives way,
and they become bald at a very early age. A head which has
felt the effects of this treatment is no attractive sight, but the
victim in such cases has generally been a long time married
and settled in life, and the disadvantage is therefore not so
keenly felt.

After we had been sitting in the tent for a while one of the
elders of the company, the old man with the unattractive ex-
pression, of whom I have already spoken, rose and went out.
Presently he came in again with a long line of seal-skin, which,
as he sat on the bench, he began to unroll. I regarded this
performance with some wonder, as I could not imagine what
was going to happen. Then he brought out a knife, cut off a
long piece, and, rising, gave it to one of us. Then he cut off
another piece of equal length and gave it to another, and the
process was repeated till we all six were alike provided When
he had finished his distribution he smiled and beamed at us,
in his abundant satisfaction with himself and the world at large.
Then another of them went out, came back with a similar line,
and distributed it in like manner ; whereupon a third followed
his example, and so the game was kept going till we were each
of us provided with four or five pieces of seal-skin line. Poor
things ! they gave us what they could, and what they thought
would be useful to us. It was the kind of line they use, when
seal-catching, to connect the point of the harpoon to the
bladder which prevents the seal from escaping, and it is
astonishingly strong.

After this exhibition of liberality we sat for a time looking

i76 ACROSS GREENLAND

at one another, and I expected that our hosts would show by
signs their desire for something in return. After a while, too, i
the old man did get up and produce something which he I
evidently kept as a possession of great price and rarity. It !
was nothing else than a clumsy, rusty old rifle, with the]
strangest contrivance in the way of a hammer that it has j
ever been my good luck to see. It consisted of a huge, j
unwieldy piece of iron, in which there was a finger-hole to ;
enable the user to cock it. As I afterwards found, this is
the ordinary form of rifle on the west coast of Greenland,
and it is specially constructed for use in the " kayak." After
the old man had shown us this curiosity, and we had duly!
displayed our admiration, he made us understand by some
very unmistakable gestures that he had nothing to put in it
At first I pretended not to grasp his meaning, but, this in-
sincerity being of no avail, I was* obliged to make it plain to
him that we had nothing to give him in the way of ammunition
This intimation he received with a very disappointed and de-
jected air, and he went at once and put his rifle away.

None of the others showed by the slightest token that they
expected anything in return for their presents. They were all
friendliness and hospitality, though no doubt there was a notion
lurking somewhere in the background that their liberality would
not prove unproductive, and, of course, we did not fail to fulfil
our share of the transaction next day. The hospitality, indeed,
of this desolate coast is quite unbounded. A man will receive
his worst enemy, treat him well, and entertain him for months,!
if circumstances throw him in his way. The nature of theit
surroundings and the wandering life which they lead have
forced them to offer and accept universal hospitality, and the
habit has gradually become a law among them.

After we considered we had been long enough in the tenl
we went out into the fresh air again, and chose as our camping-
ground for the night a flat ledge of rock close to the landing
place. We then began to bring our things ashore, but at once
a crowd of natives rushed for our boats, and numbers of hancU

,.

E EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 177

were soon busy moving our boxes and bags up on to the rocks.
Every object caused an admiring outburst, and our willing
helpers laughed and shouted in their glee, and altogether
enjoyed themselves amazingly. The delight and admiration
that greeted the big tin boxes in which much of our provender
was packed were especially unmanageable, and the tins were

ESKIMO, FROM THE CAMP AT CAPE BILLE.
(From a photograph.)

each passed round from hand to hand, and every edge and
comer carefully and minutely examined.

As soon as the boats were empty we proposed to drag them
up, but here again all insisted on giving their help. The painter
was brought ashore, manned by a long line stretching far up
the rocks, and the boats hauled up each by the united efforts
of twenty or thirty men. This was splendid sport, and when

H

178 ACROSS GREENLAND.

one of us started the usual sailor's chorus to get them to work
together, the enthusiasm reached its height.

They joined in, grown folk and children alike, and laughed
till they could scarcely pull. They plainly thought us the most
amusing lot of people they had ever seen. When the boats
were safe ashore we proceeded to pitch our tent, an operation
which engaged all their attention, for nothing can interest an
Eskimo so much as any performance which belongs to his own
mode of life, such as the management of tents and boats and
such things. Here their astonishment does not overcome them,
for they can fully understand what is going on. In this case
they could thus admire to the full the speedy way in which we
managed to pitch our little tent, which was so much simpler a |
contrivance than their great complicated wigwams, though at j
the same time it was not so warm.

Our clothes, too, and, above all, the Lapps' dress, came in I
for their share of admiration. The tall, square caps, with their
four horns, and the tunics with their long, wide skirts andj
edging of red and yellow, struck them as most remarkable, butj
still more astonished were they, of course, in the evening, when)
the two Lapps made their appearance in their reindeer-skin I
pelisses. All must needs go and feel them and examine themj
and stroke the hair of this wonderful skin, nothing like which i
they had ever seen before. It was not seal-skin, it was not;
bear-skin, nor was it fox-skin. "Could it be dog-skin?" the)
asked, pointing to their canine companions. When we exj
plained that it was nothing of that kind they could get nd
further, for their powers of imagination had reached thei:
limit. Balto now began to gibber and make some very signi
ficant movements with his hands about his head, with the ida;
of representing reindeer horns, but this awoke no response
Evidently they had never seen reindeer, which do not occu
on that part of the east coast which they frequent

Then we distributed the evening rations, and ate our suppe
sitting at the tent-door, and surrounded by spectators. Mer
women, and children stood there in a ring many ranks deer

THE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 179

closely watching the passage of every morsel of biscuit to our
ips and its subsequent consumption. Though their mouths
watered to overflowing at the sight of these luxuries, we were
constrained to take no notice. We had no more in the way of
bread than we actually needed, and, had we made a distribution
hroughout all this hungry crowd, our store would have been
nuch reduced. But to sit there and devour one's biscuits
iinder the fire of all their eyes was not pleasant.

Our meal over, we went and had a look round the encamp-
nent. Down by the water were a number of " kayaks " and a
ew specimens of the " umiak " or large skin-boat, which espe-
cially interested me. One of the men was particularly anxious
0 show me everything. Whatever caught my eye, he at once
)roceeded to explain the use of by signs and gestures. Above
ill, he insisted on my examining his own "kayak," which was
landsomely ornamented with bone, and all his weapons, which
vere in excellent condition and profusely decorated. His great
Sride was his harpoon, which, as he showed me triumphantly,
lad a long point of narwhal tusk. He explained to me, too,
'ery clearly the use of the throwing-stick, and how much addi-
ional force could be given to the harpoon by its help. Every
Eskimo is especially proud of his weapons and "kayak," and
Expends a large amount of work on their adornment.

By this time the sun had set and the night fallen, and con-
equently the elements of weirdness and unreality which had
.11 the time pervaded this scene, with its surroundings of
now and ice and curious human adjuncts, were now still more
predominant and striking. Dark forms flitted backwards and
orwards among the rocks, and the outlines of the women
vith their babies on their backs were especially picturesque.
7rom every tent-door through the transparent curtain shone

red glow of light, which with its suggestions of warmth and
omfort, led the fancy to very different scenes. The resem-
blance to coloured lamps and Chinese lanterns brought to
me's mind the illuminated gardens and summer festivities
'way at home, but behind these curtains here lived a happy

i8o

ACROSS GREENLAND.

and contented race, quite as happy, perhaps, as any to which
our thoughts turned across the sea.

Then bed-time drew near, and the rest we sorely needed after
the scanty sleep of the last few days. So we spread our sleeping-
bags upon the tent-floor and began the usual preparations. But
here again our movements aroused the keenest interest, and a
deep ring of onlookers soon gathered round the door. The re-
moval of our garments was watched with attention by men and

women alike, and with no sign
of embarrassment, except on
our part Our disappearance \
one by one into the bagsi
caused the most amusement,;
and when at last the expedi-j
tion had no more to show than!
six heads the door of the tenlj
was drawn to and the final
" Good-night " said.

That night we could sleep ;
free from care and withou
keeping watch, and it was ;
good night's rest we had ii
spite of barking dogs and othel
disturbances. It was latj
when we woke and heard th j
Eskimo moving busily aboij
outside. Peeping through th!
chinks of the door, we couIj
see them impatiently pacing up and down, and waiting for th
tent to be thrown open again that they might once more fea:
their eyes on all the marvels hidden inside. We noticed to-da;
and we supposed it was in our honour, that they were all arraye
in their best clothes. Their clean white frocks, made of the sarr
thin membranous skin as the tent curtains, shone as brilliant
as clean linen in the distance, as their wearers walked up an
down and admired their own magnificence. Down by our boat:

AN ESKIMO FROM CAPE BILLE.
{Front an instantaneous photograph.}

..

HB BAST COAST— AN ESKIMO BNCAMPMBNT. 181

too, we saw a whole congregation, some sitting inside and others
standing round. Every implement and every fitting was handled
and carefully scrutinised, but nothing disturbed or injured.

Then came the opening of the door, and forthwith a closely
| packed ring of spectators gathered round, head appearing above
. head, and row behind row, to see us lying in our bags, our exit
thence, and gradual reinstate-
ment in our clothes. Of all
our apparel that which excited
most wonder and astonish-
ment was a coloured belt of
Kristiansen's, a belt resplen-
dent with beads and huge
brass buckle. This must
needs be handled and ex-
amined by each and all in
turn, and of course produced
the usual concerted bellow.
Then our breakfast of biscuits
and water was consumed in
the same silence and amid the
same breathless interest asour
supper of the night before.

After breakfast we walked
about the place, for we had
determined to enjoy life for
this one morning and see
• what we could of these people
before we left them. I had

tried, unnoticed, to take a photograph of the ring which
thronged our tent-door, but as I brought the camera to bear
upon the crowd some of them saw my manoeuvre, and a stam-
pede began, as if they feared a discharge of missiles or other
sorcery from the apparatus. I now tried to catch a group
who were sitting on the rocks, but again with the same result.
So the only expedient was to turn my face away, and by

ESKIMO FROM CAPE BILLE.
(From a photograph.)

1 82

ACROSS GREENLAND.

pretending to be otherwise engaged to distract the attention of
my victims and meanwhile secure some pictures.

Then I took a tour round the camping-ground with my
camera. Outside one little tent, which stood somewhat isolated,
I found an unusually sociable woman, apparently the mistress
of the establishment. She was relatively young, of an attractive
appearance altogether, with a smiling face and a pair of soft,

obliquely set eyes,
which she made
use of in a parti-
cularly arch and
engaging way.
Her dress was
certainly not
elegant, but this
defect was, no
doubt, due to
her established
position as a
married woman,
and must not
be judged too
harshly. In her I
"amaut," a gar-
ment which forms I
a kind of hood or
eskimo from cAPK bille. bag behind, she!

{.From a photograph.) nad 3. SWarthj

baby, which she seemed very fond of, and which, like man)
of the mothers, she did her best to induce to open its black
eyes and contemplate my insignificance. This was partly
no doubt, the flattery of the coquette; on the whole wt
got on very well together, and unperceived I secured severa
photographs. Then the master came out of the tent, an(
showed no sign of surprise at finding his wife in so clos<
converse with a stranger. He had evidently been asleep, fo

,

HE EAST COAST— AH ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 183

he could hardly keep his eyes open in the light, and had to
resort to a shade, or rather some big snow-spectacles of wood.
He was a strongly-built man, with an honest, straightforward
look, was very friendly, and showed me a number of his things.
He was especially proud of his " kayak "-hat, which he insisted
on my putting on my head, while he meantime unceremoniously
arrayed himself in my cap. This performance was little to my

"OUTSIDE ONE LITTLE TENT I FOUND AN UNUSUALLY SOCIABLE WOMAN."
(By E. Nielsen, from a photograph.')

taste, as it was quite uncertain what would be the result of the
exchange to me. Then he took me to see his big boat or
" umiak," as well as other of his possessions, and we parted.

I went on, and looked into some other tents. In one of

them I found two girls who had just taken a big gull out of

' a cooking-pot, and were beginning to devour it, each at work

with her teeth on one end of the body, and both beaming

i84

ACROSS GREENLAND.

with delight and self-satisfaction. The bird still had most of
its feathers on, but that did not seem to trouble them much.
Perhaps, after the manner of the owl, they subsequently
ejected them.

Some of the women had noticed that the Lapps used the
peculiar grass known as " sennegraes," of which I have already

spoken, in their boots, and they now
brought each of us a huge supply
of the commodity, smiling most
coquettishly as they made their
offering. We expressed our thanks,
of course, by an equally lavish dis-
play of smiles. Then they began to
inquire, by means of signs, whether
we had no needles to give them ini
return. I could have gratified them, i
certainly, since I had brought a
number of these articles of barter,
which are much prized on the east
coast. But my real object was to
keep them in case we had to spend
the winter in these parts, in which
case they would have proved invalu-i
able. So I told them that we could
not let them have any needles in
exchange for their grass, and gave
them instead a tin which had had
then the master came out preserved meat in. This made therr.=
simply wild with delight, and witbl
sparkling eyes they went off to shovi
the others their new acquisition. The grass came in very hand]!
for the two Lapps, whose store was running short, and without thiil
grass in his shoes a Lapp is never thoroughly comfortable. Ther'
had a deal to say, too, about this Eskimo " sennegraes." Th^
fact that these people had sense enough to use the grass imj
pressed Ravna and Balto to a certain extent, but they declarer

OF THE TENT.'
(From a photograph.')

,

HE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 185

it had been gathered at the wrong time of year, being winter
grass taken with the frost on it, instead of being cut fresh and
then dried, in accordance with the practice of rational beings.
It was of little use to point out to them that it was not the
habit of the Eskimo to lay up greater stores of such things
than he actually needed to keep him going.

But the time of our departure drew near, and we began by
degrees to make our preparations.
A man now came up to us and
asked whether we were going north-
wards. At our answer in the affirma-
tive his face brightened amazingly,
and it proved that he was bound in
the same direction with his party,
to whom he went at once and
announced the news. The camp
was now a scene of lively confusion,
and, while we and the Eskimo vied
with one another in our haste to
strike our tents, launch our boats,
and stow our goods, the dogs, who
well knew what was in progress,
expended their energy in a howling
competition.

As the tent we had spent the pre- ^.-^^
ceding evening in was going south-
wards, it was necessary that we
should go and make some return
for the presents we had received.
So with a number of empty meat-
tins I went in and found a party of

half-naked men taking a meal. I gave them one each, which
delighted them hugely, and some of them at once showed
their intention of using them as drinking-vessels. Outside
I found the possessor of the rifle, who again urged upon
me the fact that he had no ammunition for it. But when

A BOY FROM CAPE BILLE.
(From a photograph.)

1 86 ACROSS GREENLAND.

I presented him with a large tin instead he expressed perfect
contentment and gratification.

The great skin-tents were soon down and packed away in
the boats. It was indeed quite astonishing to see the speed
with which these Eskimo made ready for a journey with all
their household goods and worldly possessions, though, of
course, there were a great number of helping hands. We had
almost finished our preparations too, when a salt-box was
pleased to discharge its contents in the middle of one of the
provision-bags. This had to be seen to at once, and the
Eskimo consequently started before us. Two of the boats
set off on their southward journey, and two more presently
disappeared behind the first point of rock to the north. The
company of "kayakers," however, were still left, as they stayed
behind to bid each other a more tender farewell, before they
parted, perhaps, for a separation of some years. This leave-
taking gave rise to one of the most comical scenes I have ever
witnessed. There were altogether a dozen or more of their
little canoes, and they all now ranged up side by side, dressed
as evenly as a squad of soldiers. This extraordinary manoeuvre
roused my attention, of course, and I could not imagine what
it purported. I was not left long in ignorance, however, for
the snuff-horns were presently produced, and the most ex-
travagant excesses followed. Their horns were opened and
thrust up their noses again and again, till every nostril must
have been absolutely filled with snuff. Several horns were in
circulation, and each came at least twice to every man, so that,
the quantity consumed may well be imagined. I wanted to!
photograph them, but lost time and could not bring my camera
to bear upon them before the line was broken, and some of the
canoes already speeding away southwards among the floes.

This general treating with snuff is the mode in which the
Eskimo take leave of one another, and is a very similar per-
formance to the ceremonious dram-drinking among our peasants
at home. In this particular case only those who had come]
from the south had anything to stand treat with. They were-

evid

HE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 187

dently fresh from the Danish colonies beyond Cape Fare-
well, as their abundant supply of snuff proved, while the others
were probably bound south on a similar errand. These pilgrim-
ages occur unfortunately too often, though their emporium lies
at no trifling distance — a couple of years' journey, in fact, for
those who live furthest up the coast.

One would almost expeci that so long a journev would

"THK LINK WAS BROKEN, AND SOME OF THE CANOES ALREADY SPEEDING
AWAY SOUTHWARDS AMONG THE FLOES."

(From a photograph.)

be followed by a long stay at the place of business. But this
is not the case, and the Eskimo, in fact, spends little more
time over his periodical shopping than a lady of the world
over a similar, but daily, visit. In half an hour, or an hour
perhaps, he has often finished, and then disappears again on
his long journey home. A shopping expedition of this kind
will therefore often take four years at least, and consequently
a man's opportunities in this way in the course of a lifetime

188 ACROSS GREENLAND.

are very limited. These are quite enough, however, to pro-
duce a mischievous effect. One is apt to suppose that it
is the want of certain useful things, otherwise unattainable,
that urges them to these long journeys ; but this is scarcely so,
for the real incentive is without doubt a craving for tobacco.
As a matter of fact they do buy some useful things, like
iron, which they get chiefly in the form of old hoops, but they
really have a good supply of such things already, they do not
use them much, and they are not absolutely necessary. Most
of their purchases are things which are either altogether value-
less or else actually injurious.

Among the latter must especially be reckoned tobacco,
which is the commodity of all others most desired, and which
they take in the form of snuff. Smoking and chewing are
unknown on this coast, but their absence is made up for by
all the greater excess in snuff-taking, the indulgence in which
is quite phenomenal. They buy their tobacco in the form of
twist, and prepare it themselves, by drying it well, breaking
it up, and grinding it fine on stone. Powdered calcspar or
quartz or other rock is often added to the snuff to make it go
farther, and to increase, it is said, the irritating effect upon the
mucous membrane.

In addition to tobacco they buy other things which certainly
have an injurious effect upon them, such as, for instance, tea.
Coffee, curiously enough, these people have not learned to like,
though this drink is bliss celestial to the west-coast Eskimo.

It is truly fortunate that they have no opportunity of getting
spirits, as the sale is absolutely prohibited by the Danish
Government. Of other European products, they buy biscuits,
flour, peas, which they are particularly fond of, and similar
things. Articles of clothing, too, are in great demand, such
as thick jerseys from the Faroe Islands, cotton stuffs for outer
tunics, and material out of which they can make hats; old
European clothes are highly valued, and they have an idea
that when they can dress themselves out in these worn-out
rubbishy garments they cut a far finer figure than when they

,

HE EAST COAST— AN ESKIMO ENCAMPMENT. 189

content themselves with their own warm and becoming dress
of seal-skin.

In exchange for such things, which are of little value to us
and of still less real worth to them, they give fine large bear-
, skins, fox-skins, and seal-skins, which they ought to keep for
their own clothes and the other numerous purposes for which
they can be used. It is, of course, unnecessary to remark how
much better it would be if these poor Eskimo, instead of
decking themselves out in European rags, would keep their
skins for themselves, and confine themselves to those regions
where they have their homes, instead of straying to the out-
skirts of European luxury and civilisation.

Many may think that this access to vegetable food is an
advantage for the Eskimo, and possibly it would be if he had
the chance of regularly supplying himself with flour and such
things in small quantities. But, as the opportunity only
occurs perhaps a few times in the course of a man's life, the
value of such a change of diet is, of course, very small. The
effect, indeed, may very well be the opposite of beneficial,
inasmuch as these Eskimo, when they do get European
victuals into their possession, impose no restraint upon their
appetites, but eat like wolves as long as the supply lasts, and
an unwonted indulgence of this kind may easily produce
serious internal disturbances.

There is a story current which well shows the beneficent
effect of European fare upon the Eskimo stomach. A boat's
crew of east-coast pilgrims had paid their visit to one of the
trading places near Cape Farewell, and had, among other things,
bought a quantity of peas. They were already on their home-
ward journey, and had put in to a little island for the purpose
of cooking some of their peas and enjoying their first meal.
They set their peas to boil, but, with the scantiness of ex-
perience only to be expected of them, they had no idea of
the time necessary for the process, and set to work upon the
peas while they were yet half-cooked. Now, the Eskimo are
commonly reputed to eat at times even beyond the limits of

igo ACROSS GREENLAND.

ordinary repletion, and these poor folk no doubt continued the
indulgence as long as their powers allowed them. But, as
every one knows, half-cooked peas have a most uncomfort-
able tendency to swell as moisture gradually penetrates them.
These peas proved too much for the Eskimo, and the conse-
quence was that not long afterwards the whole company of
victims to European food were found dead upon the island.

This story is declared to be a matter of common knowledge,
but, whether it be a fact or not, there is nothing at all improbable
about it, and it is a good illustration of the benefits likely to
result from access to foreign articles of food. Though the con-
sequences need not be always so disastrous as on this occasion,
still the real benefit can be but slight. When the Eskimo have
at length consumed their purchases and must needs return to
the old manner of life, the net result is that they have lost a
number of useful possessions, and have acquired a feeling of
want and longing for a number of unnecessary things. This is,
in fact, the usual way that the blessings of civilisation first make
themselves felt upon the uncivilised.

Chapter XL

!E EAST COAST— ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS.

When we were at last ready to start, all the "kayakers" had
disappeared except one, who, no doubt, wished to show us the
civility of escorting us. Our surroundings were now just as
empty and desolate as an hour ago they had been full of life
and movement. Instead of on tents and dogs and human
beings, the sun now shone down upon ice and snow and
barren rocks.

We embarked and set off northwards along the coast. At
first the water was open, and we worked hard at our oars, for
the Eskimo boats had a substantial start, and as we hoped to
profit largely by their knowledge of the water and ice, we were
anxious to travel in their company. It was not long before
we came up with them, and found them lying under shelter
of a point of land, and apparently in difficulties. Some
women stood up in one of the boats and waved to us. When
we came nearer we were desired by the help of signs to go
on in front and force a passage through the ice. This was
certainly in direct contradiction to our hopes and speculations,
but of course we went to the front, and glided quietly by them
in between two huge floes, which lay locked together and
looked immovable. This was the obstacle which had brought
the Eskimo to a standstill. But when we drove our first boat
in between the two floes, and partly by using it as a wedge,
partly by the help of our poles with all six men at work, really
managed to force the two monsters apart, the admiration ol
our friends knew no limit, and was expressed in the usual
extraordinary way. We now pushed on. breaking through

192 ACROSS GREENLAND.

the ice, which here caused no great difficulty. The two big
boats followed, with four " kayaks " in close attendance. Every
movement on our part was accompanied by a sustained and
vigorous bellow from behind, which was encouraging, though it
was not the most melodious music we could have wished for.

We were much amused to see the " kayakers " taking snuff.
One of them especially was insatiable, and I believe he
stopped every ten minutes to pull out his huge snuff-horn and
fill both his nostrils. He sneezed, too, sometimes so violently
that it was a mystery to me how he managed to keep his canoe
on an even keel during his convulsions. When he looked at
us again after one of these sneezes, with his upper lip covered
with snuff and the tears trickling from his eyes, his jovial face
was so inestimably comical that every time we saluted him
with shouts of laughter, in answer to which he nodded, smiled,
and beamed with good humour. Then, too, they kept shout-
ing from time to time the only word of their language which
we managed to fix, and this, too, by the way, we fixed slightly
wrong. It was "pitsakase," and meant, as we imagined, "a!
splendid journey ! " or something of the kind, as it was ejacu-
lated on all occasions, as well when we forced our way through
the ice as when we were rowing along in open water. But
when we reached the west coast we learnt of the Eskimo there)
— whose language is much the same — that the word really J
means " How clever you are I " or sometimes " How good (01
kind) you are ! "

The larger boats used by the Eskimo, which have often
been referred to already, and are called by them " umiaks,'
are, as I have said, only manned by women. Among Eskimc
of pure blood it is considered beneath a man's dignity to rov
in one of these boats. But a man — in most cases the heac
of the household — must do the steering; and this duty v.
incumbent on him, much as he would prefer to be in hi
"kayak." These "umiaks" are of considerable length, ex
tending to thirty feet or even more, though they are, as a rule
longer on the west coast of Greenland than on the east, where

ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS. 193

owing to the prevalence of drifting ice, a short boat is, of
course, not so difficult to manoeuvre as a longer one, unhandy
as these boats are in any case in such circumstances.
The women who manned the two boats which followed us

1 rowed in a most extraordinary fashion, and not to any regular
stroke. They began at a moderately fast rate, but the stroke
was presently quickened, and then quickened again, grow-
ing shorter and shorter, of course, at each increase. As they
pulled, too, they rose from their seats and stood upright in
the boat in the middle of each stroke, and the whole per-
formance was consequently of a very spasmodic and jumpy
character. Then, suddenly, just as the bucketing had reached
an allegro vivace pitch, there was an " easy all " : the rowers
rested to regain their wind, and then the same performance
was gone through again. One of these buckets was, of course,
only of very short duration, but there was a never-failing supply

, of them ; and in this unorthodox way they really managed to
get along pretty fast. In open water they quite kept pace
with us, or often even passed us ; which is not, however, to
be wondered at, as we had only two at the oars in each boat,
while they had as many as six or seven. Once something
delayed us, and our companions went on ahead. When we
caught them up we found that they had again been stopped
by the ice, and some of the women were making signals to
bring us to their help. We then came up with our long boat-
hooks, as usual, and could scarcely help laughing when we

: found a single Eskimo standing and pushing valiantly at a
huge ice-floe with a little stick. He looked so infinitely
powerless and absurd as he stood there alone, and, of course,
it had not struck the other men and women in the boats to
come and help him. We now brought all hands to bear as
usual, and the floes were forced to give way. We got through
and pushed on, but the long boats were caught behind us, and
only struggled through with some difficulty. This, indeed,

; happened again and again, that the longer boats were stuck
in the channel which we, with our shorter boats, had just

:

;

V

mad

ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS. 195

e for them. For this reason we might have pushed on
a long way ahead, if we had not waited for the others. That
such should be the case with these much and often praised
Eskimo boats, without which Holm and Garde declare a
voyage up the east coast out of the question, was a matter
of no small surprise to me.

This has long been the view held by the Danes. They
have had little or no actual experience in the navigation of
such waters as these ; and, taking it for granted that among
the floes the Eskimo can have no equals, they have insisted
that the peculiar Eskimo boats must be the best type for the
purpose, and at the same time that they must be manned by
Eskimo crews. My experience leads me to the very opposite
conclusion, and I am convinced that European boats, with
good European crews who are accustomed to the sort of thing,
are far to be preferred for this work. Nor is there any truth
in the assertion which has been made that European boats
cannot carry enough to serve the purpose.

It was now getting time for us to have a meal, and we
accordingly had to distribute the rations. The Eskimo, who
have a remarkable power of resisting hunger, meanwhile
pushed on. Two of the " kayakers," however, stayed behind
to watch us eating. We gave them some pieces of biscuit,
which delighted them immensely. Then we started again
and soon came within sight of the others. Two of the men
we saw had climbed high up on the rocks on a point beyond
Ruds Island, and were looking out northwards over the sea
and ice. This was a bad sign, and meant, perhaps, that the
ice was impassable. Meanwhile the others went on, and
before we caught them up we had to pass the mouth of the
fjord which lies between the island and the mainland. It
now began to look like bad weather, the sky was darkening
and rain beginning to fall. We put on our waterproofs and
pushed hopefully on, but had not gone far before we saw the
Eskimo boats coming back to meet us. When they neared
us all the women pointed to the sky with very grave faces,

196 ACROSS GREENLAND.

while the men explained that the ice was packed badly orj
ahead. They insisted that we must put back to the island anc!
encamp there for the time bein^. I, however, made their j
understand that we wanted to go on, but they repiesented tcj
me that this was impossible. I had my doubts about th<i
impossibility, but thought it better not to proceed till I ha(j
been ashore and seen with my own eyes how things looked!
So we all turned back to land, the Eskimo boats keeping insidij
the island, while we made for the nearest point. One of thi
" kayakers " who saw our design followed us to apply all hi)
powers of persuasion, as far as signs would allow. It was noj
to much purpose, however, for as soon as we reached the short
I ran up on to a rock, and when, by the help of the glasses,
saw that the water looked fairly promising on ahead, we mad
up our minds then and there to push on at once. When 01
friend found that his eloquence was of no avail he went aws
with a very dejected air. However, we gave him a tin for
parting gift, and this seemed to alleviate his sorrow to no litt
extent. No doubt the rain was the real cause of the Eskimo]
retreat. They did not seem to like the idea of getting we
especially the women, several of whom had babies on the
backs. It is not to be wondered at that they tried to indu
us to encamp with them, for we were of course beings of mu»
too wonderful a nature for them to lose any opportunity
enjoying our entertaining society, and it was not at all ill
possible besides that a certain amount of profit of a mc!
material kind would accrue to them from the association.

So we proceeded on our way, not a little proud, it must j:
confessed, of the fact that we were continuing our journf
when the natives, who knew the water, had given up tp
attempt. For a long time, too, all went well, and our c&
fidence increased. But when we reached the middle of IB
fjord which we were now crossing we discovered that it *•
not all child's play. The ice was here packed rather clo|
and a tearing current was playing with the great floes irji
very unpleasant way. These monsters were now crasning <[e

ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS.

197

against the other, now floating apart again, and we had to
1 be more than usually careful to keep our boats from getting
1 crushed. The farther we got, too, the worse things looked.

Once we were just between two long floes ; they were driven
1 violently together by the movements of their neighbours, and

it was only by a very rapid retreat that we saved ourselves.
; Late in the evening, however, we reached the other side of

THE VIEW TO THE SOUTH FROM "THE EAGLES NEST.
(From a photograph.')

the inlet in good order, but here the shore was so steep that
it was no easy matter to find a camping-place. But we pre-
sently came across a cleft in the rock, which gave us just
enough room to haul up the boats by the help of the hoisting-
tackle which we had with us. Higher up again in the cliff
side was a ledge just big enough to hold our tent. The whole
position was eminently suggestive of an eyrie, and " The
Eagle's Nest " we consequently named it. The Eskimo name

198 ACROSS GREENLAND.

is Ingerkajarfik, and the place lies in lat 6 2° io' N. and long. \
420 12' W.

The ledge which formed our camping-ground was not the
most convenient sleeping-place I have known. It sloped to;
such an extent that when we woke next morning, after an1
excellent night's rest nevertheless, we found ourselves all lying j
in a heap at one side of the tent.

Next day again we had glorious sunny weather. Just to thei
south of us a huge glacier stretched far out into the sea, and1
its blue masses, torn and rent by crevasses, played enchant-:
ingly in the sunlight. After a hearty breakfast we lowered our!
boats again and loaded them, and then, having taken a photo- j
graph of the view to the south, we started on our way through;
fairly open water. There were floes everywhere, but they did)
not lie close, and without any great difficulty we were able tcj
wind in and out among them.

A little past noon we reached a small island off Mogenj
Heinesens Fjord, and put in to shore in an excellent harbou;
to have our dinner. This little island seemed to us the love
liest spot we had ever seen on the face of the earth. All wai
green here; there was grass, heather, sorrel, and numbers o
bright flowers. Up at the top we found the ruins of two old
Eskimo houses, and here the vegetation was most luxuriant
It was a simple paradise, and wonderfully delightful we foum
it to lie here stretched on the greensward in the full blaze 0
the sun and roast ourselves to our heart's content, while w
enjoyed the rare pleasure of a short rest. Then we gathere<
a few flowers in memory of this little Greenland idyll, an
taking to the boats again resumed our northward journey.

The coast we had been passing along hitherto is not remari
able for any beauty of outline or mountain forms. It is lov
monotonous, and chilling. As a rule the snow and ice of th
glaciers come right down into the sea, and, as the map show;;
there are comparatively few places where the low, grey rock
appear above the snow.

This afternoon, however, after we had passed the openin'

ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS. 199

of Mogens Heinesens Fjord, which lies in a ring of fine, wild
peaks, we came into a landscape of an entirely different
character. Nowhere here did the snow-fields or glaciers
stretch down to the sea; all along we found bare ground
and rocks, the latter often rising out of the water to con-
siderable heights; and inland, especially to the north, we
had glorious mountain views of peak rising behind peak and
range behind range ; and such was the coast continuously to
Igdloluarsuk, an unbroken, but ever-varying scene of wildness
and beauty. Everything in this world is relative, and thus
we seemed to ourselves to have now entered into a more fer-
tile, more genial region. A warmer, kindlier sun even seemed
to beam upon our existence. Even in the midst of the ice-
floes our minds were now open to thoughts of summer and
summer moods, now that we had bare rock to look at instead
of everlasting ice and snow. The change for us would scarcely

. have been much more complete if we had been suddenly
transported to the most fruitful regions of the earth. Far to
the north, too, we now saw the blue peaks of Tingmiarmiut
beckoning and enticing us, as it were, to the land of promise.

As we advanced we met more and more huge icebergs,
many of which lay stranded alcng the shore. Towards evening
we saw by some small islands off Nagtoralik some most extra-
ordinary white peaks, or rather spires, rising above the horizon.

, Their form was so singular that for a long time I could not
imagine what they were, but I eventually discovered that they
were the pinnacles of a colossal iceberg of the most fantastic
appearance that I have ever seen. I took a distant photograph
of it, but this gives absolutely no idea of its overwhelming
magnitude and the impression it made upon us as we passed

j beneath it From its top rose two points like slender church

i spires high into the air. Far up on its cliff-like side was a
huge hole passing like a tunnel through the whole mass of ice ;
and down below, the sea had hollowed grottoes so large that
a small ship could readily have ridden within their shelter. In
these cavities there were marvellous effects and tints of blue.

200

ACROSS GREENLAND.

ranging to the deepest ultramarine in their inmost recesses.
The whole formed a floating fairy palace, built of sapphires,
about the sides of which brooks ran and cascades fell, while
the sound of dripping water echoed unceasingly from the
caverns at its base. When one comes across icebergs of this
kind, which happens now and again, a wealth of beauty is

A COLOSSAL ICEBERG OFF NAGTORALIK.
(From a photograph.}

found in fantastic forms and play of colour which absorb j
one's whole imagination and carries one back to the wonder
and mysteries of the fairy-land of childhood.

It was now dark, and after having groped about for a whilj
in search of a camping-place, we finally chose a little islan|
which lies in lat. 62 ° 25' N. and long. 42 ° 6' W. As usm

ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS. 201

the boats were unloaded and hauled ashore. This was possibly
the spot which is reputed by a tradition of the east coast to be
the scene of a combat between a European and a Greenlander.

Next morning — we had now reached August 2 — we set off
again and purposed to cross the fjord which lay just to the
north of us, passing on our way the island of Uvdlorsiutit.
But we soon found ourselves among ice of the most imprac-
ticable kind, and were constrained to acknowledge the truth
of the Eskimo dogma, the full force of which had indeed been
made plain to us the day before, that, as a rule, the best water
is to be found close under the shore. We had to turn back
and try our luck nearer land and farther inside the fjord. As,
however, the ice here also seemed closely packed and difficult,
we were thinking of trying to pass the sound between the main-
land and the island, when we caught sight of Eskimo tents on
its southernmost point. We put in to make inquiries as to the
water-way farther north, and were not a little astonished to find
ourselves received on the shore by a company of women and
almost entirely naked children, in whom we recognised our
friends of Cape Bille. They laughed at us heartily, and gave
us to understand that they had gone by us while we were
asleep, probably in the morning before. They had pitched
their tents here in a snug little spot amid grass and heather.
Only one man was to be seen, and he was standing by one
of the tents, busy mending his " kayak," which had probably
been crushed in the ice by some mischance or other. All
the other men and " kayaks " were missing, and we supposed
they must be out hunting in search of food.

We then asked about the water to the inside of the island,
and we were told that no passage was possible that way, but
that we must go outside. They even tried to make us believe
that the channel was too narrow to allow of a passage, but this
was not the fact, since Holm's expedition passed through
several times. However, to make sure, we went outside the
island, and got by without much difficulty. The ice certainly
lay close at all the projecting points, but our united efforts

202

ACROSS GREENLAND.

forced a passage at these spots, and elsewhere we crept along
under the shore.

Soon after noon we were at the northern end of the island,
where we came across a remarkable cave running far into the
rocks. Hence we pushed on across the mouth of the fjord in
fairly open water, and by the evening reached land at Ting-
miarmiut, the Eldorado of the east coast, with its mountains,
its stretches of green grass, and its scattered bushes of willow

THE NORTH SIDE OF THE FJORD AT TINGMIARMIUT.
(From a photograph.)

and juniper, the spot which was described to Captain Horn;
in such glowing colours by its quondam chief, Navfalik.

That evening, as we were passing the island of Ausivit som<j
way out to sea, we heard from the land a distant sound of bark'
ing dogs, and inferred that there must be an Eskimo camp a
hand. But we had now really no time for visits and civilities,
and passing unceremoniously on, we stopped for the night on aij
islet near Nunarsuak, in lat. 620 43' N. and long. 410 49' W. 1

.

ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS. 203

On the morning of the next day, August 3, there was so
much wind blowing off the land that we determined to try
and sail, and hastily rigged our boats, one with the tent-floor
and the other with two tarpaulins sewn together. At first we
got on well and fast, and it was a real pleasure now and again
to feel our boats heel over as the gusts caught them in the
short stretches of open water, where we had, however, to keep
our eyes about us to avoid collisions with the floes. We had
not sailed far, though, before the pleasure became somewhat
more doubtful, as the squalls grew more and more violent and
the wind worked round to the north. It soon grew so strong
that sailing became out of the question. Then after we had
rowed a while, and were getting near the high, precipitous island
of Umanarsuak, the wind came down from the cliffs with such
force that it was all we could do to push on at all. Things
now grew worse and worse ; sometimes we had to tow the boats
along the floes to make any headway, and once we were all
but crushed by the violent movements of the ice. Hitherto
we had kept fairly well together, but now our work was more
serious, and each crew had no eyes but for its own boat and
its own course. At the very height of the storm one of my
men, in his zeal, broke the blade of his oar off short We had
no whole oars in reserve on board, for they had all been broken
in the ice, but there was no time to be lost, and one with half
a blade had to be substituted. Sometimes the gusts of wind
are so strong that in spite of all our efforts we are forced back
wards. Now a thole-pin goes, which is a worse mishap than
the last, for when a break like this occurs at a critical moment,
and all the other thwarts are blocked, the consequences may
be very awkward. However, we repaired the damage without
delay, and were saved from drifting for this time. Thus slowly,
but as surely as can be expected, we manage to crawl along
towards shore by the exercise of all our powers. On our way
we come alongside a floe, and, painter in hand, Dietrichson
jumps out to tow us. In his zeal he fails to notice that he is
jumping on to an overhanging edge of ice, which breaks with

204 ACROSS GREENLAND.

his weight, and lets him head first into the water. This was
nothing unusual, indeed, but it could have happened at few
more unfavourable moments than just now. With his usual j
activity and presence of mind he is soon out again, and once
more at work with the tow-rope, as if nothing had happened. ;
The exertion, no doubt, kept him warm, or else a ducking j
while this biting wind was blowing must have been peculiarly I
unpleasant. Such things as this, however, seemed never to i
trouble Dietrichson.

This floe we eventually passed, but the wind was still so
strong that progress was scarcely possible. Very little more
would have set us unmercifully drifting southwards. But my
men plied their oar-stumps with surprising vigour, and we just
held our own. Then, again, Dietrichson was just at work push-
ing us off another floe, when his boat-hook gave, and he was
once more all but in the water. Misfortune pursued us that
day with unusual pitilessness.

At last, however, we found calmer water under the cliffs, and
soon reached land, Sverdrup's boat being a little in front of us.
We now had our dinner, as well as a short period of rest, which
we thoroughly deserved. Then we went on again, but the wind
was scarcely less violent, and when we had passed into more
open water beyond the southern point of Umanarsuak, we
found a nasty choppy sea against us, running out of the fjorc
to the north. So, though it was still very early for us, we put
in to shore as soon as we reached Umanak. This day, and i
was the only time during this part of our journey, we were abk
to really choose a place for our tent, and, moreover, to feel fo
the first and last time the pleasure of lying on the grass, am
having something better than hard rock or ice to sleep upon
But we had really nothing to complain of on this score, for w»
always slept excellently, though we could well have wished fo
a little more in quantity. As soon as we were well ashore ant
settled, we determined to collect fuel, of which there was plent]
in the form of juniper scrub, heather, and similar stuff, an<!
then make some soup and a good hot meal. There wen

ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS. 205

plenty of willing hands, the work was done with overflowing
zeal, a big fire was soon blazing between some stones, and on
them was cooking in a biscuit tin the most delicious soup
and stew that mortals have ever seen. Our camping-place at

I Umanak, or Griffenfeldt's Island, will not soon be forgotten
by the six who sat that evening round their fire and enjoyed
at ease and at their leisure the only warm meal vouchsafed
to them during the whole voyage up the coast. We were not
the first to enjoy life in this spot, as we saw, among other
things, by the ruins of some Eskimo huts which stood close
at hand. That other events less agreeable than the mere
enjoyment of life had taken place there was evident from the
number of human bones that lay scattered about among the
ruins, and one skull of an old Eskimo lay grinning at us in the
daylight in a very uncomfortable and suggestive way. It seems
not improbable that the inhabitants of this spot died of famine,
that the place was deserted, and the huts left to fall to pieces.
The next day, August 4, the wind had dropped to some
extent and we could proceed. But the ice was often closely
packed, and we found it especially troublesome in the mouth
of Sehested's Fjord. Here we had to push a long way in to
find a passage, and it was only by the help of our axe and
boat-hooks that we forced our way through at all. At nine
o'clock in the evening we passed a delightful spot for an en-
campment, but as we thought it still too early to give over
work for the day, we held on our way northwards. As a re-
ward for our virtue, we had to push on till half-past one that
night before we found a place where we could haul our boats
ashore, on an islet off the island of Uvivak, in lat. 63 ° 3' N.
and long. 41 ° 18' W. That day we had worked hard on the
ice for seventeen hours with only half-an-hour's break for our
midday meal.

On August 5, by the help of axe and boat-hook, we struggled
on still farther through the packed ice which lay close along the

■ shore the whole way northwards. A number of huge icebergs
lined the coast, and in the middle of the afternoon, when we

200

ACROSS GREENLAND.

had passed the promontory of Kutsigsormiut, and had put in
to a small island in order to get a sight of the water ahead and
to lay our course, we saw at sixty or seventy yards' distance a
huge block of ice suddenly detach itself and fall from one of
these monster icebergs, which, losing its balance thereby, at
once swung round in the water with a deafening roar. The sea

WORK IN THE ICE ON THE WAY NORTHWARDS.
(By E. Nielsen, front a photograph.)

was set in violent agitation, the floes were thrown hither and;
thither and dashed together, and a small rock which rose oul
of the water in front of us was completely washed by the greal
waves. Had we gone on instead of stopping, as we had ai
one time contemplated, we should have had little chance o;
escaping being dashed against the rocks of the shore.

Af

ANOTHER STAGE NORTHWARDS. 207

After a very hard spell of work we reached, late in the even-
ing, a small islet which lay full in the opening of Inugsuar-
miutfjord. Here we had intended to stop for the day, worn and
tired as we were, but to our astonishment we suddenly found
f ourselves passing out of the closely packed ice into an open
stretch of water. The fjord lay bright and smooth before us
right away to the island of Skjoldungen. We were tempted
to make use of the opportunity, so after an extra ration of
meat-chocolate we went on again and eventually found a good
camping-place on an islet at the other side.

On the east coast of Greenland there is a considerable ebb
and flow in the tide. As a rule at this time we were unfortu-
nate enough to have low water in the evening just as we had to
take our boats ashore, and we were obliged in consequence to
haul them a long way up to get them out of reach of the rising
tide. This particular night, too, we had, as usual, moved the
boats and baggage well up, and in the morning were not a
little surprised to find that our beer-keg and a piece of board
which we had used to prop the boats with were gone. The
sea had even washed over some of our provision tins, but as
these were water-tight no damage was done. But we had
good reason to be thankful for having bought our experience
so cheaply. For the rest of the way we were very careful
about the boats. The loss of the keg, which was the one we
had carried off from the Jason, depressed us all considerably.
This was not because it had any beer in it, for that we had
consumed long ago. We had taken to using it as a water-
vessel. The water we would drink from the bung-hole, and
as we then smelt the fragrant emanations which still came from
the interior, we could easily and to our great comfort persuade
ourselves that we were actually imbibing some feeble and
shadowy form of the invigorating drink we so much missed.

This morning, too, we were visited by a still less welcome
guest. I woke to find myself scratching my face vigorously,
and to see the whole tent full of mosquitoes. We had begun
by taking great pleasure in the company of these creatures on

208 ACROSS GREENLAND.

the occasion of our first landing on the Greenland coast, but
this day cured us completely of any predilections in that way,
and if there is a morning of my life on which I look back with
unmitigated horror, it is the morning which I now record. 1
have not ceased to wonder indeed that we retained our reason.
As soon as I woke I put on my clothes with all speed, and
rushed out into the open air to escape my tormentors. But
this was but transferring myself from the frying-pan to the fire, j
Whole clouds of these bloodthirsty demons swooped upon my f
face and hands, the latter being at once covered with what,
might well have passed for rough woollen gloves.

But breakfast was our greatest trial, for when one cannot
get a scrap of food into one's mouth except it be wrapped in a
mantle of mosquitoes, things are come to a pretty pass indeed.
We fled to the highest point of rock which was at hand, where
a bitter wind was blowing, and where we hoped to be allowed
to eat our breakfast in peace, and enjoy the only pleasure oil
the life we led. We ran from one rock to another, hung oui
handkerchiefs before our faces, pulled down our caps over our
necks and ears, struck out and beat the air like lunatics, and ir
short fought a most desperate encounter against these oven
whelming odds, but all in vain. Wherever we stood, wherever
we walked or ran, we carried with us, as the sun nis planets'
each our own little world of satellites, until at last in our despai:|
we gave ourselves over to the tormentors, and falling prostratti
where we stood suffered our martyrdom unresistingly, whil<|
we devoured food and mosquitoes with all possible despatch'
Then we launched our boats and fled out to sea. Even hen
our pursuers followed us, but by whirling round us in ma<
frenzy tarpaulins and coats and all that came to hand, an<i
eventually by getting the wind in our favour, we at last sue
ceeded in beating off, or at least escaping from, our enemy
But the loss of blood on our side was nevertheless very cor'
siderable. Never have I in my life fallen among such hungr
mosquitoes. But, I may add, Greenland is one of the countriei
of the world which is most visited by this plague:

Chapter XII.

E EAST COAST— FURTHER DEALINGS WITH
THE ESKIMO.

This day, August 6, we passed on the outside of Skjoldungen
hrough closely packed ice. North of the island we were
obliged to push a good way into the fjord, and here passed
Llong a coast equalling in beauty anything which we had yet
een. On all sides the glaciers thrust into the sea their pre-
:ipitous walls of ice, the faces of which were here and there
aollowed into deep dark blue caves. A passage along such cliffs
)f ice is not quite free from danger. Several times that day, as
veil as on others, it happened that huge blocks from glaciers
ind icebergs, too, fell into the water not far from us, under any
i)f which a boat would have been crushed to fragments.

When we had crossed the fjord, which is known as Akorninap-
:angerdlua, the ice still being tight and obstructive, and were
)ff a little island by Singiartuarflk, we suddenly heard the sound
)f human voices, and at the same time became aware of a smell
)f train-oil. Looking towards land we saw a tent and a party
)f natives, the latter in an unusual state of commotion. As the
pot lay almost in our course, we steered thither, but the shriek-
ng and general agitation now gave way to a headlong stampede.
rVith all their possessions of value, skins, clothes, and what not,
one figure after the other disappeared up the mountain-side.
»Ve could see them running as fast as their best legs would take
hem, and winding in and out in a long line among the ledges
md projecting rocks. The party seemed to be almost exclu
:ively women and children. The last we saw was a woman
vho dived into the only visible tent, but soon reappeared with

210 ACROSS GREENLAND.

an armful of skins and then fled like a rabbit after the rest up
the slope. Their figures grew smaller and smaller as they in-
creased the distance between themselves and us, though a few
women stopped in their curiosity a long way up and observed]
our proceedings from a projecting ledge. Meanwhile we moved {
on towards the tent, but no living creature was to be seen save;
a dog, which, curiously enough, lay quietly before the door. I
Though we had no business to transact with these people and,
had no time to stop, we did not like to leave them without;
assuring them of our harmlessness. We made signs to them!
we shouted to them the best Eskimo we could, but all to nc
purpose, as they simply stood and stared at us. But at las j
one woman seemed unable to withstand the attractions of ou !
demonstration, and quietly and hesitatingly she came nearej
and nearer, with another following a little way behind. Bj
degrees they came within hearing, though this did not mak
things much better, since we had nothing to say to them. Bu
at least they now had the chance of distinctly seeing our friendl
faces and reassuring looks and gestures, as well as the empt
tins we displayed as prospective presents. The tins prove
irresistible. The women assumed looks of extreme embarrass
ment and hesitation, though their appearance scarcely Justine
any apprehension that their beauty could lead them into troubl*1
But at this moment a man appeared suddenly upon the seen';
and inspired them with so much courage that they came almo
to the water's edge and stood there as we sat a little way out :
our boats. We now looked one at the other, while the Eskim
the man acting as precentor, intoned the usual chorus of wond
and admiration. He indeed looked, as he stood there, for i
the world like a mad bull, though no doubt there could ha
been nothing milder or more peaceable than the train of r
thought at the moment. On his back he had a jacket of son
cotton stuff, and on his head a " kayak " hat of the usual broa
flat form worn on the east coast of Greenland, made of a wood
hoop covered with calico and marked with a cross in red aj
white, his whole get-up showing unmistakable signs of a cc

FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO. 211

:tion with the trading stations of the west coast We now
pulled farther in, and one of us jumped ashore with the painter.
At this manoeuvre the natives at first fled incontinently, but
then returning to within a few paces and seeing we made no

I further sign of hostility, they became reassured once more and
again came nearer. We now magnificently presented them
with an empty tin, friendship was at once established, and their
faces beamed with joy and with their admiration for the gener-
ous strangers. By this time more of them had gathered round,
and it seemed that the men had been out in their canoes, but
had been called back by the women's screams.

The newcomers were all shown the precious gift, and were
given to understand that our intentions were not hostile. The
most noteworthy among them was a little hunchbacked fellow,
with a pleasant oldish face and particularly smart attire. We
now made our boats fast and walked up the slope, finding, to
our surprise, a whole encampment of tents which lay behind a
low ridge and had not been visible before. More astonished
still were we to see a " Danebrog " flag waving on a little staff
beside one of the tents. This, we supposed, must have been

; obtained from Captain Holm some years ago, as he describes
having distributed Danish flags here and there among the
Eskimo. It was very strange that they should have been so
afraid of us, since, if this were the case, they must have come
into contact with Europeans before. But there must have been
something uncanny about us, as we came m our own boats and
our own company, while Holm had boats like those they used,
and was rowed and steered by their own countrymen. Nor is
it unlikely that the traditions which they have received from
the west Greenlanders of the destruction of the "kavdlunak,"
or Europeans, at the hands of their forefathers, and the dread
that the latter will come one day out of the sea in ships and
avenge the deed, are still predominant in their minds. In a
little bay below the encampment was a big family boat, which

• had evidently been just launched in readiness for flight.

As I wanted to taste dried seal's flesh and thought besides

212 ACROSS GREENLAND

that it would be a wise measure to cache some, if we could
get it, with the boats, I proceeded to ask for some by the help
of the appropriate word from my vocabulary, but with the j
usual unproductive result. But when I went and took hold,
of a piece of meat which was hanging up to dry in front of one:
of the tents, they understood me at once and brought out|
several joints. In return for this I gave them a large darning:
needle, which magnificent scale of payment produced a lively;
exchange, and our friends came out with one huge piece of!
seal's flesh after the other, for which they received more needles.!
Each of us, too, was presented with a piece, so in addition tc,
the needles we gave them some more tins. Ravna, however!
absolutely refused to take any present, and in spite of pressure j
persisted in his determination. I afterwards heard that thiii
was because he thought these poor people would have neer
of their meat themselves, and besides, he considered a needh
altogether insufficient payment, and would be no party to sue!
nefarious dealings.

Balto in his account of this meeting says : " When we ha<
rowed across the mouth of a fjord, we again smelt a smell o
rank seal-blubber, but the heathens had taken to flight wit)
their women and children, and were up on the rocks far abov
the tents. When we had come into the bay where the tent
stood, we lay there looking at these poor creatures who ha<j
run away. Then Nansen shouted to them, ' Nogut piteagag I
which should mean 'We are friends,' but is shocking ba!
Eskimo. But they took no notice of this, and stood wavinj
their hands to us as if to say, 'Go away! go away!' The
two men came out from behind a knoll. They came down tj
the water, and when they got close to us, they bellowed likj
the other heathens. One man did not seem to be more th
three feet high. Then we went ashore, and asked them to 1
us have some dried seal's flesh, for we saw some hanging
round about, and we had read in Captain Holm's book
dried seal's flesh is very good to eat. We gave them soi
needles for the meat, and then went on."

.

FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO. 213

As Balto says, we soon embarked again, and we had not
got far before we saw some of the men come paddling after us
and towing enormous pieces of seal-meat which they wished
to exchange for more needles. Just as we were getting into

I our boats, too, we had seen the little dwarf in the distance,
coming along dragging a great piece with him, as he wanted
to have his share too in the general exchange. He did not
reach us in time, and we were now surprised to see a little
fellow paddling along far away in our wake, and to recognise
in him the same little hunchback. He certainly made a most
comical figure, as he sat in his "kayak," with his little bent
back scarcely showing above the gunwale. He was evidently
exerting himself prodigiously to overtake us and effect a deal
with his piece of meat ; but in spite of all his efforts, the poor
little fellow never reached us, and had to turn back disappointed.
As we advanced we met one " kayak " after the other, the

| occupants of which all followed us, and were particularly
friendly and communicative. At last we had an escort of no
less than seven of them, who, paddling round and round the
boats, expressed the most unqualified admiration for us and

; our belongings.

When they had escorted us a long way and darkness was
just coming on, they fell off little by little, and then lay still
on the water for a while to watch us before they turned home-
wards. Just as the four last of them had dropped behind and
were having their last look, I caught sight of a seal on a floe
in front of us. Though this might have provided us with
some very welcome fresh meat, I could not resist signalling to
the four " kayaks," for we all wanted to see an Eskimo catch
his seal. They came to us at once, but could not understand
what we wanted, as from their low canoes they could not see
the seal over the edge of the ice. I pointed, they looked and
looked again, and then suddenly caught sight of him. It was
a treat to see the " kayaks " get under way and the paddles

1 fly round, as the four started in pursuit, crouching as they
went, in order to get near under cover of the ice. Two of

2X4 ACROSS GREENLAND.

the men outstripped the others and were fast drawing within
distance. The seal now seemed a bit uneasy, but every time
he lifted his head and looked towards them, the " kayakers "
stopped dead, and did not stir till he turned away again. Then
came a few more powerful strokes and another halt, and by
this means they had got so near that we were expecting to see j
them every moment throw their harpoons, when suddenly the j
seal plunged into the water. They waited a while longer with ,
their harpoons raised, ready to throw in case their prey showed !
himself again, but no seal appeared, so they turned homewards
empty-handed.

We, too, a little disappointed, went on our way northwards,
and rinding the water open reached the island on which Sav-
sivik lies, and encamped for the night on an islet off its east j
side in lat. 630 20' N., long. 41 ° W. This island is known from
the fact that Graah passed the winter of 1829-30 on its inner
side at Imarsivik.

Next day, August 7, we again found the ice awkward and
difficult, but by dint of energy and perseverance we pushed
through, and were rewarded again by finding more open water
farther north. This day, too, we fell in with difficulties oi
another kind. Hitherto we had got on excellently with Holm
and Garde's map of the coast, but here there was something
altogether wrong. There seemed to be a number of islets,
islands, and fjords which were not marked upon the map ai
all, or if so, then wrongly, and things came to such a pass ai
last that I determined to navigate after my own head and trus
to luck. What was the matter with this part of the map was
mystery to me, till I got home again and found that Holm hac
not been able to survey this section of the coast in the shorj
time at his disposal, and had consequently been obliged tJ
work from Graah's map instead. Nevertheless one would havj
supposed that Graah knew this particular neighbourhood well
seeing that he spent one winter there.

The coast to the north of this was prolific in sea-fowl, ami
there were several bird-rocks. Of gulls and guillemots we sho'

FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO. 215

all that came in our way, but we had no time to stop for the
purpose. On one rock, where numbers of guillemots nested,
we climbed up to get some of the young ones, but our spoil
consisted of only two. These birds, as a rule, manage to lay
their eggs in such inaccessible places that fellow-creatures who
have no wings cannot often reach them, except at the risk of
breaking their necks. But the young guillemots are at the same
time fat and rich, and are a real delicacy.

As we were shooting gulls and guillemots off a rock beyond
Cape Moltke, we suddenly heard the whirr of wings and saw a
flock of eider-duck rushing by us. There was just time to bring
the gun round and have a shot at them, and two birds fell.
These were the first eider-duck we met with on the coast. The
same day, later in the evening, another big flock came flying
north. I heard Sverdrup from the other boat tell me to look
out, and I also heard the whirr of their wings, but there was

i not light enough for a shot, as I could only get a glimpse of
them against the dark background of the shore.

Meanwhile, we pushed on steadily northwards, and the mis-
givings of the Lapps became more visible every day, and were

• more openly expressed. Balto, the spokesman, had several
times confided to me that they had felt more comfortable
since they came across the Eskimo and had seen that they
were decent folk and not cannibals, as he had been told at
home in Finmarken, and that it would be possible to pass a
winter with them in case of need. But now that we had seen
the last of the natives, as they supposed, and were still going
northwards, the two had begun to get very uneasy, and to
complain of the hard work and short commons, and because we
had had to come so far north, and yet had found no place from
which to get up on to the ice, for there could be no question of

1 such a thing on a coast like this, and they were sure it could
never be any better. I always consoled Balto by telling him
that farther on by Umivik, or a little way beyond that, the

' coast was much better, as indeed he must have seen himself
as we drifted by in the ice on our way south. But he always

si6 ACROSS GREENLAND.

declared that he had seen nothing of the kind, and this parti
cular day his complaints were so vociferous and high-pitched
that I grew quite tired of them, and gave him a good sound
lecture on his miserable cowardice, enforced by the strongest
language at my command. This brought matters to a head,
and Balto now resolved to speak his mind, and tell me all that
he had been nursing up for the last few days. I had told them I
in Christiania, he declared, that they should have their coffee {
every day, and just as much food as they liked. But they had!
only had coffee once in three weeks, and as for the food, why,j
they had miserable rations served out to them. There was onej
thing he would tell me, that not a single one of them had eaten I
his fill since they reached the coast. They were starved, and)
besides were treated like dogs, were ordered about, and hadj
to work from early morning till late at night, and harder thar
beasts. This was too much ; for his part he would gladly giv*
hundreds of pounds to be safe back at home again.

I now explained to him that they had had no coffee, first'
because no promise had been made to them on this point oij
any other ; secondly, because there had been no time to mak<
coffee ; and thirdly, because it was not good for them. Ther
I represented to him what the consequences would be if wi
were all allowed to eat as much as we liked. The provision:
might perhaps last us to the middle of Greenland, when it woulc
be rather too late to repent. We must all share and share alik»
with the food, and as for the ordering about, he must under
stand that on such an expedition there must be one will am
only one. But no, he refused to understand anything of th
kind, refused to be comforted, and never ceased to deplore tha
he had fallen among people " who had such strange ways," a
he expressed it. It was the Lappish nomadic tendency an
the want of a spirit of submission which came out on thes
occasions, and it continued to do so in spite of Balto's gooc
nature and amiability. It was scarcely to be wondered at, ir
deed, and, as a matter of fact, I saw less and less of it as tim
went on.

FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO. 217

'here is no denying that it was hard upon us to go through
the heavy work we did along the coast, and that upon a limited
ration of dried food. We had been accustomed to eat our fill
more or less, and our stomachs found it difficult to reconcile
themselves to this strong but concentrated and compact form

. of food. By degrees we got used to it, and then things went

I better. It was, as Kristiansen said, the consciousness that
what we got was enough for us which kept us going. When

I he got home he was asked whether he had had a good meal
all the time. " No," he said, " he had never eaten as much as
he was good for." " Well," was the answer, " you did not like
that, did you ? " " No, not at first," said he, " when we were
not used to it ; but then Nansen told us that what he gave us
was enough, and that did the trick. And so it was enough,
you see."
The coast now began to get less abrupt, and the mountains

I lower and more rounded in form. We had in fact reached a
section of the coast at which we could begin to contemplate
our ascent, and to which I had long been anxious to attain,
since if any mishap were to befall us and make our farther

I advance by boat impossible, we could nevertheless take to the
" Inland ice." Our confidence now almost reached the limits
of presumption, and our hearts grew very light To this con-
tributed not a little the fact that we had this evening an excellent
water-way and brilliant weather, and made rapid progress.

As on the previous night, too, there was a glorious show of
northern lights in the southern sky. The great billows of light
rolled backwards and forwards in long, undulating streams.
The flickering of the rays and their restless chase to and fro
suggested crowds of combatants, armed with flaming spears,
now retiring and now rushing to the onset, while suddenly as

• if at given signals huge volleys or missiles were discharged.
These flew like a shower of fiery darts, and all were directed at
the same point, the centre of the system, which lay near the

1 zenith. The whole display would then be extinguished, though
only to begin and follow the same fantastic course again. The

218 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Eskimo have a pretty legend of the northern lights, and believe
them to be the souls of dead children playing at ball in heavea

We encamped for the night on the inner side of the island
of Kekertarsuak. We had no sooner pitched our tent than we
were startled by a thundering report from the south, from the
direction of Cape Moltke. We seemed to feel the air itself j
vibrate and the very earth tremble. We rushed up to the
nearest crag and looked southwards, but it was all too far off, \
and we could see nothing. The noise lasted some ten minutes, !
and the sound was as if a whole mountain side had fallen into j
the sea, and set the water in violent agitation, so that the waves i
reached almost to where we stood, and broke against the shore I
and rocks. Probably it was some enormous iceberg which had
dissolved into fragments or changed its position in the water,
though it is not at all impossible that it was an avalanche off
rocks. At several places along the coast we had seen traces I
of such.

The next day, August 8, we proceeded in open water and
splendid weather, and made an attempt to pass inside the
Islands at Igdloluarsuk and across Kangerdlugsuak or Bern-
storffsfjord, but were much surprised to find the fjord simplj
full of glacier and other ice, which lay close in shore and barrec
all progress. So after I had been up on the innermost point
of the island of Sagiarusek, and convinced myself of the im
possibility of this route, we turned back to go outside the
island. On the top of this point I found what I at first tool'
to be a fallen cairn, the stones being laid some across others i
and forming a kind of oblong chamber. Though the Eskimo
fox-traps are not generally built exactly in this way, I neverthe
less think that it must have been an old arrangement of th<
kind. Again, on the south side of the island, we noticed a
the end of a small inlet some tall stones standing upright W'
rowed in to see what they were, and came upon the mos
charming spot we had yet seen in Greenland, a little flat greei
meadow, and in front of it a big tarn of fresh water, with sma:
fish swimming in it of a species which I could not determine

FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO. 219

On one side of the meadow were ruins of Eskimo houses, one
of them very large, and the rest smaller. There were many
skeletons in and outside the large house, including a particularly
well-preserved Eskimo skull, which we carried off. These
bones pointed to the conclusion that this settlement, too, had
been depopulated by famine.
Here we resolved upon a little self-indulgence and enjoyment

"THE MOST CHARMING SPOT WE HAD YET SEEN IN GREENLAND.
{From a photograph.)

of life, and, though it was not yet dinner-time, to lie in the long
grass and rest and bask in the sunshine, while we ate the sorrel
which, with other plants, grew here in luxuriance.

The Eskimo certainly knew what they were about when they
settled in this spot, for there was an excellent and well-protected
harbour with a good piece of beach for their skin-boats, and, as
I have said, the situation was charming. The five flat stones
which were standing upright and first drew our attention to the

220 ACROSS GREENLAND.

place were long a riddle to me, but after I had had some con-
versation with Captain Holm on the subject, I was inclined to
the view that they were stocks for the "umiaks," or large skin-
boats, that is to say, supports on which the boats are raised to
be dried, and to which they are fastened when laid up for the
winter.

There are besides many other traces of human occupation on,
these islands, which are, as a matter of fact, not one island, asj
they are given on Holm's map, but two, divided by a narrow j
sound, and the outer being the smaller. On several of the.
points also I found similar cairns of stones, or, as I suppose,;
remains of old fox-traps.

By the outermost islet off Igdloluarsuk we found the mouth j
of the fjord so full of huge icebergs that we had to go seawards!
to find a practicable passage. On our way we tried to push
between the icebergs, but were soon stopped. The floes get
jammed so fast in between these monsters by the furious cur
rent that there is no possibility of moving them. So we hac
to return once more and go further out to sea.

If in ordinary ice it is necessary to get a look ahead from somt
high-lying point, it is no less necessary to take the same measure;
among icebergs such as these. So whenever we came acros:
one that was easily accessible we naturally mounted it at once
Imposing as these floating monsters look from below, when on*
rows beneath them, the effect, as far as regards their magnitude
is nothing to that produced when one sees them from above
One we ascended at this particular moment was fairly flat an<
even on its upper surface, which in fact formed a plateau c
considerable extent, an entry in Dietrichson's diary declaring
that it was a quarter of an hour's walk across at its narrowes
part. The surface was hard snow, and there were slopes whic
would have suited us and our " ski " to perfection. Its highes
point was certainly more than two hundred feet above the watei
If the reader will now bear in mind that the portion below th
water is in all probability six or seven times as thick, he will b
able to reckon a total of at least 1400 feet. And when he add

FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO. 221

to this a breadth of 1000 or 1300 yards, or even more, he will
be able to realise sufficiently distinctly what the lumps of ice
are actually like which float in these seas, and of which there
are hundreds and thousands along this coast. Off this one

1 fjord alone there were incalculable numbers of them. From
that we were on there was a fine view, and the masses of
icebergs looked like an alpine landscape of pure ice. Be-
tween them were chasms at the bottom of which one saw the
sea. One of these lay at our feet, and we could see a narrow
strip of dark blue water winding in its channel between two
precipitous walls of ice, each nearly two hundred feet in height
The beauty of the whole landscape in this world of ice with its
blue cliffs and strange outlines is very striking.

Icebergs are generally of two types, and nowhere could we
have seen better how well these two types are distinguished than
here where so many lay in view. One is at once inclined to

j think that they have had two quite different origins. Some of
the icebergs have a very broken and riven surface, full of rents
and irregularities. Such a surface is exactly that of a glacier
which descends into the sea. These icebergs always have a

| very irregular outline, and by this and their blue tint one can
tell them at great distances. Their origin is plain enough, and
they must be the product of sea-glaciers.

But there is also a much more prosaic type of iceberg, such
as that on which we were now mounted. These have the form
of an immense cube of ice with a comparatively smooth and
polished upper surface, sharply-cut precipitous sides, and no
blue crevasses. They are much whiter than the other kind and
give an impression of far greater solidity. One can row beneath
them with much more confidence, for they are not nearly so

, ready to drop fragments upon the head of the passer-by. Though

1 owing to their smooth surface they are altogether unlike glacier-
ice, they are without comparison the more numerous of the two
forms. There are certainly five times as many of these square

. icebergs as of the more irregular type.

Now whence do these other icebergs come, and how are they

222 ACROSS GREENLAND.

formed ? This is a question over which I have long puzzled
without arriving at any certain conclusion. It is a simple!
impossibility that there should be glaciers anywhere in these;
regions which flow so quietly into the sea that their surface is
smooth and quite devoid of crevasses. Besides these very:
icebergs may be seen floating in the fjords just off glaciers olj
the ordinary torn and ragged form. They must consequent) i
have their origin in these glaciers, from which the icebergs oij
the former type certainly come.

The only satisfactory explanation which occurs to me is tha !
the irregular icebergs have, since their detachment from th<
glacier, happened to retain their original position, that is to say
with the rent and fissured surface uppermost, while the regula
or cubical forms have, either in the act of calving or subse
quently, turned over, and now show either the worn and smootlj
surface of the bottom or side of the glacier or else the plane o
fracture, which would naturally also be comparatively level am
free from fissures.

We saw, to our joy, that beyond the stretches of iceberg
which nevertheless themselves extended a long way to th
north, there was good navigable water, apparently as far a
we could see. So after having laid down a course whic
would take us without difficulty to this open water, and the
having chanted a paean in honour of the occasion, we wer
down to the boats again prepared to work at high pressure i
order to get through the doubtful part before the ice packec
This soon happens among these changing currents, and th
prospect of being wedged fast for the night among these capr
cious icebergs was not to be thought of. So, as rapidly as on
oars would take us, we pushed on through the narrow channel
in which we could see nothing but the deep blue water belo
us, with here and there a floe on its surface, the cliffs of ice o
either hand, and high above our heads a slender strip of sky,

Though several times huge icebergs fell in pieces or turne
over round about us, setting the sea in violent motion an
making the air resound, we passed without mishap throug

FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO. 223

the whole mass of them, which extended a long way north of
I the opening of the fjord. Once we had to seek a passage
through a tunnel which ran through a great iceberg, and
I from which the dripping water showered heavily down upon
us. Whether all this congregation of icebergs comes from
Bernstorffs Fjord, it is hard to say, but it seems scarcely
likely, though this fjord is one of those of the east coast
which provides icebergs in the largest quantity.

Having passed Cape Mosting and the worst of the ice in
good order, we spent the night on a small islet or rock lying

OPEN WATER AMONG THE ICEBERGS ON AUGUST 9.
(By A. Block, front an instantaneous photograph, taken that day front a floe.)

in lat. 630 44' N., long. 400 32' W. As there was no flat
ground of sufficient extent to accommodate our tent, which,
besides, we had found too warm to sleep in the last few
nights, we stretched our sleeping-bags upon the rocks. Just
opposite us on the mainland was a sea-bird cliff thronged with
gulls, which made such a disturbance the whole night long that
we heard them as we slept and wove them into our dreams.
In order to be level with them, I paid them a visit next morn-

Iing, which cost a certain number of them their lives, and
provided us with a pleasant addition to our larder, which was

224 ACROSS GREENLAND.

already stocked with a fair quantity of game. These young
gulls, which were just now ready to fly, are excellent meat for
hungry folk like us.

We could plainly see that an ascent of the " Inland ice "
would be fairly easy from any point of the coast along which
we were now passing. There were some numbers of what the
Eskimo call "nunataks," that is to say, peaks or masses of rock
projecting above the surface of the ice. The ordinary belief
among Greenland travellers is that the ice round these is
always rough and fissured. But this is certainly only the
case when the ice has a comparatively rapid movement and
the rocks form obstacles which divert the stream, as it were,
and lead to irregularities. In many cases, I am inclined to
believe, these "nunataks" tend on the other hand to make the
ice smooth and even, as they check the onward movement,
which would otherwise be more rapid and give rise to the
ordinary fissures and dislocations.

However, there was no need for us to take to the ice yet, as
the water seemed to be open right away to Umivik, whence
the distance to Kristianshaab would be considerably less. So
we continued on our way north in water which grew more and
more open, and amid continual crashes from the icebergs and
glaciers around us.

This particular evening we had a strange experience. We
were between two icebergs, and just engaged in forcing two
floes apart, when we heard a crash and saw a huge piece fall
from the berg on our larboard side on to one of the floes on
which we were standing, and which it partly crushed, and.
thereby made us a good passage through. Had we started to
force our way through here a few minutes sooner, which in- 1
deed we were very nearly doing, we should undoubtedly have
been annihilated. Curiously enough, this was the third incident
of the kind which had happened to us.

On Kekertarsuatsiak, a little island lying at the mouth of
Krumpensfjord, where we had our dinner, I climbed to the
summit, which was very high, and gave me an excellent viewi

FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO. 225

to the north. The water seemed to be open and clear of floes
as far as I could see in the direction of Umivik. There were
a great many icebergs and glacier-fragments, especially off
Gyldenlove's Fjord and Colberger Heide. Seawards, too, I
had a fine view, and here the ice seemed very much scattered.
The high mountains by Umivik, and especially the conical
peak of Kiatak, which marks our eventual destination, seem

THE VIEW TO THE NORTH FROM OUR CAMPING-PLACE AT KANGERAJUK.
(Front a photograph?)

quite near, and yet, according to the map, they are still thirty
miles away. This fact I conceal from the others, who think
the mountain is so close that we shall reach it to-night, and
who, therefore, row with increased energy.

That evening we reached Kangerajuk, a point by Colberger
Heide, where there was a strip of bare land between two
enormous glaciers. It was all we could do to draw our boats
high enough up, and we could find no ground at all to pitch

226

ACROSS GREENLAND.

our tent upon, so, as on the preceding night, we slept in our
bags in the open air, on two slabs of rock which would just;
lodge us. As the dew was very heavy, we passed a moist,
night, and amid a continual cannonade from the glaciers andi
the numberless icebergs which lay round about us.

Early next morning I was woke by a raven which sat and,
croaked a greeting from a crag opposite us. I found thf

THE LAST DAY OF OUR COAST VOYAGE (AUGUST IO).
(By A. Block, from an instantaneous photograph, taken that day from ajloe.)

glorious sunshine too tempting, and, slipping unnoticed out <j
my bag, I took a photograph of the view to the north, wil
a huge arm of the glacier on Colberger Heide in the bac
ground, and in the foreground my two bedfellows, Sverdri
and Dietrichson, who were still deep in their morning slee
and will, I hope, forgive the liberty of this unceremonio*
presentation. In the distance is the peak of Kiatak, whi<:
is our goal for the day.

.

FURTHER DEALINGS WITH THE ESKIMO. 227

e now had the most splendid weather and the openest
water that had hitherto fallen to our lot, and we pushed on
fast. Dinner was particularly enjoyable, as a gentle breeze
sprang up from the south, and we were able to hoist our sails
and make good progress while we ate at leisure. I do not
think I have rowed towards a mountain so obstinately distant
as this Kiatak, a peak of some 2500 feet. We had now had
it in sight for two days, and it seemed as far off as ever. At
last, however, by the help of sails and oars, we began to draw
in upon it. Now came a sea-fog to intercept us, but before
the shore was quite enwrapped, we had come near enough to
choose a landing-place and take our bearings accordingly.

Chapter XIII.

OUR LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST.

About eight o'clock on the evening of August 10 we landed!
in a thick fog at our last camping-place on the east coast of
Greenland Just as I stepped ashore a flock of birds of the j
snipe kind, possibly dunlins, rose and settled again on a rockj
close by. A shot brought down four of them, and the acquisi-
tion of these dainty birds was a good beginning. We had:
gradually learnt the art of unloading our boats with wonderful;
celerity, but the speed of this evening surpassed all previous,
records. All the work was done with keenness and despatch.!
and the zeal was not lessened by my promise to make some|
coffee. Balto was especially to the fore and reckless beyonc|
measure. No sooner was he up on the rocks before he begar)
to entertain us with an extract from the service after one o!
the clergymen away in Finmarken. His representation wai
excellent from an artistic point of view, but the performance
was a sin which he never ventured to commit unless he wen
quite sure of his life. To-day, too, he indulged in an oath o
two, which was the first time for a long while. He even wen
so far as to give back to Ravna the Lappish Testament whicl
he had borrowed and had in his possession for a long time
his idea being that he had no further use for it now. Bu
when Sverdrup advised him not to be too cocksure, and wame<j
him that there might be many a slip yet before the west coas
was reached, he became a little more doubtful, and we had 2'
least no more swearing.

In my diary for this day I wrote among other notes : "Whil;
the boats were being unloaded I set about making coffee, th

LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST. 229

being the second warm meal we had had during the twelve
days of our voyage up the coast. Supper and the coffee were
enjoyed on the rocks down by the boat amid general satis-
faction, and even the Lapps seemed contented. We were
conscious of having reached one of our destinations and of
having overcome one of our difficulties. Certainly the worst
part of the journey still remained, but we should have firmer
ground to go upon, more trustworthy ice to deal with, no drift-
ing floes, and no boats liable to be crushed every moment. The
Lapps especially would be much more at home on the snow-
fields of the ' Inland ice ' than among the capricious floes."

" The landscape round about us would certainly not attract
every one in the same degree as it did us. We sat on grey
gneiss rocks and had on either hand a glacier running into the
sea. The fog had lifted to some extent, and now and again
we could see parts of the mountain Kiatak. In the water
floated scattered fragments of glacier-ice. The whole scene
was a study in grey and white, touched here and there with
blue, a sky of grey, a leaden sea with white spots of floating
ice, grey rocks with patches of white snow, and blue in the
j crevasses of the glaciers and in the icebergs out at sea. But
the dulness of the landscape found no reflection within us.
This evening we retired to rest in a singular state of elation,
after having secured a comfortable site for our tent high up on
the rocks."

The next day, August 11, rose gloriously bright and fine.
From our tent we could see the blue sea stretching away to
the horizon, its surface broken here and there by the wander-
ing blocks of ice, and its waves, raised by the gentle morning
breeze, dancing and glittering in the sunshine. To the south
we saw Colberger Heide rise out of the water with its mantle
of snow and ice and protruding crags. In front of us, or to the
east, was the huge conical mass of Kiatak, stretching from the
blue sea at its foot to the pale, cloudless August sky above.
Beyond this and to the north lay the white snowfields of the
"Inland ice," which grew bluer and bluer and more and more

2y>

ACROSS GREENLAND,

rent and scarred as it fell towards the sea, and ending in lofty
cliffs of seamed and fissured ice. From these great blue walls
come all the icebergs and smaller blocks that are floating in
the water round. Above, the snowfield is a simple white
expanse, broken only now and again by the blue streak which
marks a wide crevasse ; slowly it passes away inwards and out
of sight, ending in a white ridge which shows almost warm
against the green-blue sky.

OUR LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST ON THE MORNING OF

AUGUST II.

(From a photograph.^

Nature has not many sounds in these parts. Only th
petulant screams of the terns pierce the ear as one stands an
gazes at the grand and simple beauty of this desolate lan(
scape. From time to time, too, one hears from the glacier
whenever a new fissure forms or some mass of ice is jerke
suddenly forwards, a sullen rumble which has the most strikir;

.

LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST. 231

ness to a cannon shot If for a moment one forgets one's
surroundings, or hears these reports in one's early morning
sleep, the deception is singularly complete.

But we have, in fact, no time to spend in the contemplation
of Nature's wonders. The sun has long been calling us to
work, so we must get our breakfast over with all speed. Most
of the party have to go to work at once to scrape the rust of!
the sledge-runners and then off the steel-shod "ski." In their
present state, after the ravages of salt-water and damp, they are
all absolutely useless. Dietrichson's business is to make a map
of the bay, the point and the adjacent glaciers, while Sverdrup
and I are to set out upon our first journey on the " Inland ice."
We must needs discover if an ascent is possible just here, and
which will be the best course to take. We were indeed con-
sumed with impatience for the first sight of this undiscovered
country, in which, as we imagine, the human foot has as yet
never trodden. But there are certain things to be done before
we start. We must take some astronomical observations, now
that we have the sun, and some photographs too, as the weather
is so favourable.

At last, now that the sun has passed the meridian and we
have taken the altitude, we are ready to set off. With our bag
of victuals, our glacier-rope, and ice-axes we start up the stretch
of mountain-side on which our tent stands, and which lies like
an island between two streams of ice. We were soon at the
head of it, and there found a small moraine, from which we got
a good view over the ice in front of us. We could now see
that it was not so level as it had looked from the sea, as the
white surface was seamed with numerous crevasses on every
side. They were especially plentiful in the two streams of ice
which lay on either side of us, one to the north and the other
to the south. After we had tried the northern branch and
found it altogether impossible, we could see that our only
course was along the ridge which lay between the two arms.
Here we advanced a good way over solid ice. At first it was
hard and roufi;h, with a rugged surface which crunched beneath

S$i ACkOsS GkRBNLAHD.

our feet and cut the soles of our boots unmercifully. Then we
reached softer and wetter coarse-grained snow in which we sank to
some extent. But it was not long before we came to crevasses,
though at first they were narrow and harmless and easily covered
in the stride. Then they grew broader and opened a view to
depths unfathomable. These were not even to be jumped, and
we must needs skirt them either to the right-hand or to the left.

As most of my readers doubtless know, the crevasses gene-
rally run across the current of the ice-stream. They are due to
the passage of the ice over ridges and changes of level in the
glacier-bed. The lower layers are compressed, while the upper
are parted by the strain and show a long, continuous rent
which reaches nearly to the bottom of the whole mass of ice,
and lies parallel to the ridge which has caused the fracture.
The numeious inequalities in the bed and the downward move-
ment of the mass of ice give rise to fissures corresponding in
number and size, all of them, as a rule, running in about the
same direction. Again, if the glacier, after passing a cross-
ridge, sinks into a trough or hollow, where the course of the
ground thus becomes concave instead of convex, all the fissures
are closed up and filled with snow and water, which freezing
together gradually efface them.

For a long while we got on fairly well, partly because we
could keep along the crevasses northwards, which did not take
us much out of our course, and partly because they were in
themselves not very long, and soon narrowed sufficiently to let
us jump over them. Often, too, we crossed them on snow-!
bridges or on narrow strips of ice, left by the incomplete sever-
ance of the mass, and forming diagonal bridges across the chasms,;
the bottomless blue depths of which we could see on eithei!
side as we passed over. As long as the covering layer of snow
was thin, there was no danger for us, as we could see when wc
had firm ground beneath our feet, and when it was necessary tc
be careful or quicken our steps. We had the rope round our
waists, of course, and kept it tight between us in Alpine fashior
in order to minimise the consequences of a fall.

LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST. 233

ut as we get farther up the snow increases in depth, we sink
to our ankles, progress grows heavy, treacherous cornices over-
hang the crevasses, and sometimes the fissures are completely
covered. We have to grope and poke before us with our staffs,
,or we soon find ourselves only separated from the uttermost
depths by a few inches of wind-driven snow through which the
pole falls almost by its own weight. We neither of us had bad
falls, though it was nasty enough now and again when one or
other of us sank to the armpits and felt his legs dangling in
space. This was a performance of which we soon got tired.

FALL INTO A CREVASSit.
(By E. Nielsen, /rem a sketch by the Author.',

and as soon as we could we changed our line and moved farther
south, where there was less snow and not so many crevasses.
Here we could push on with less care and made fair progress.
In time the crevasses ceased almost entirely, but to make up
for this the coarse, wet snow was here deeper than ever, and it was
unconscionably heavy work to plod along, sinking far above the
ankles at every step. We now bitterly regretted that we had not
brought our " ski " or Canadian snowshoes with us. We had the
Norwegian " truger " on our backs certainly, but they were of no
use, as the bearing-surface was too small for this kind of snow,

234 ACROSS GREENLAND. -

We had ascended pretty gradually since we left the bare
rock at a height of about 400 feet. In front of us to the!
north-west was a ridge, which we thought would give us the I
view we wanted into the interior could we only get there i
We looked wistfully towards it, but the way was long, and the i
snow, as I have said, in a villainous state. We are hungry, too, j
and as the sun is still high enough to let us think of bodily j
enjoyment, we put our "truger" on the snow, stamp holes inj
front of them, and thus make ourselves warm and comfortable!
seats in the sunshine. It was a true relief to get a little rest;
like this. We set vigorously to work on our pemmican and;
biscuits, scanning the landscape meanwhile, and enjoying the!
brilliant weather and cloudless sky. The reflection of the sun
from the white surface of the snow troubles our eyes to some]
extent, and unfortunately we have left our spectacles behind
in the camp and have no protection against the glare.

To the south in front of us the furrowed and riven surface
of the broad ice-stream falls away seawards. We know thai
there are peaks and rocks below, but they are hidden from uj
as we sit here, and we see the blue sea stretching from the
edge of the ice right away to the horizon. There is no rea
floe-ice in sight, nothing but a few scattered fragments her<j
and there which come from the glaciers. How different thing:
were a few weeks ago when we drifted by. Then the ice la;
in a broad belt stretching from the shore some twenty or thirt;
miles out to sea, and so closely packed that not even our littl<
boats could find a passage through. Now a whole fleet coulc
make its way to land at any point it pleased, and withou
touching a single floe. Later in the day, when we had mounted
higher, we could see right away to the mountains by Cape Danj
The surface of the sea was everywhere smooth and bright, an<
there was no drifting ice in view.

But our dinner is over, and we have no time to lose if we ar
to reach the ridge before sundown, which is the time one get
the clearest distant views over the surface of the snow. So w!
trudge off again with the renewed vigour which only food an'

LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST. 23*

rest can give one. The snow gets worse and worse. There
was now a thin crust upon it, the result of the last few days'
frost, and this took it out of us terribly. It let us through
pitilessly every time we trod upon it, and hung about our
ankles as we tried to draw our feet out again. This kind of
thing will beat the strongest ; and dead-beat we certainly were,
more especially because our legs were altogether untrained.
It was many months since they had had any exercise, except
for a little hauling of the boats about the floes.

But there was no mercy for us. We must push on in order
to reach the ridge as soon as possible, as it looked as if we
should have rain and thick weather up there if we put it off
till too late. The sky already seemed uncomfortably grey
and dull along the upper edge. So we redoubled our efforts,
and determined not to be beaten. It would be too absurd
to arrive up there just late enough to see nothing, and be

( obliged to wait there till we could get a view, or else come
up again next day. So the pace was increased and the stride
lengthened till Sverdrup — who is short in the leg — came near
to straining himself in his efforts to keep up with me and make

, use of the foot-holes which my long legs made in the snow.
I could hear him cursing my seven-league boots till he must

, have been blue in the face with the exertion. At last, after
we had thought again and again that we were there, but found
the ground still rising in front of us, we reached the top of the
long-sought ridge. But, alas ! alas ! life is full of disappoint-
ments ; as one reaches one ridge there is always another and
a higher one beyond which blocks the view. So it was here,
and we must go on ; we must inspect the ice farther in, for that
is the object of our expedition. No doubt we are justified in
supposing that we have already passed the worst ice in the ten
miles or so we have gone to-day, but it may well be that there
is still difficult ground beyond. So we start off again as fast
as our legs will take us towards the highest point of the ridge

I in front. There seem to be a number of crevasses, but they
are not of a kind to stop us. It now began to rain a little as we

236 ACROSS GRBBMLAND.

were climbing the rather steep slope in front of us. The going i
is heavier than ever, and we sink in the snow above our knees.
Rain and fog may threaten as they please ; we have to stop
now and again to get our breath, exhausted as we are. This
time, as far as we can see, we are not to be fooled ; if only the
rain will let us, we seem likely to get a good view inwards '
Already we can see some way, and I even get a glimpse of aj
projecting peak that has not been visible before. So we stridti
on with greater eagerness than ever.

At last we are on the top, and are richly rewarded for all out
toil and tribulations. The great white snowfield lies before us;
in all its majesty. The rain is still falling in the form of finej
dust-like spray, but it is not enough to hinder us from seeing
all necessary detail even at a considerable distance. The whokj
surface seemed smooth and crevasseless quite to the horizon !
This we had expected, indeed, but what we had not expectec
was the number of "nunataks," or peaks, small and large, whicl;
protruded from the great field of snow for a long distance in;
wards. Many of them were covered and quite white, but man?'
others showed cliffs and crags of bare rock which stood out ii
sharp contrast to the monotonous white ground, and served a
welcome resting-places for the eye.

We reckoned the distance to the farthest of these peaks t<
be some twenty-five or thirty miles, and we did not suppos<:
that we should be able to reach them for many days. Thi
gradient was even and slight as far as we could see; but thj
going was anything but good, as we had already learnt ; and th|
last bit especially had been desperately heavy. If the night
were not likely to be frosty, our prospects were not brillian
But the barometer showed that we were now some 3000 fet
above the sea, and at another couple of thousand feet or s!
we felt sure of frost, at least at night. Poor unsophisticate
wretches, who wished for cold in the interior of Greenland !

But our object was attained. In spite of " nunataks," an
in spite of our beginning the ascent from the very sea-level, w|
had found the passage of the ice quite as simple and straigh!

LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST. 237

forward a business as we had ever ventured to hope. By this
time we are hungry again ; the evening is far gone ; the sun
must have set long since, though the rain clouds have hidden
it from view, and it is not too early for us to sit down upon our
"truger" and bring out our provision- bag once more.

Supper being over, we have to contemplate our return. We
are at least ten, if not fifteen miles from camp. There is no
sense in going back the way we came ; we came out for a re-
connaissance, so we must try and discover whether there is not
an easier route by some other line. Especially we thought it
possible that a mountain which lay to the south of us would
give good access to the snow. We should be able to get up
to a good height with firm ground still beneath our feet, and
we should avoid the worst of the glacier-ice. It was certainly
late in the evening for exploring purposes, but there was no help
for it ; we must explore and put up with the night meanwhile.

As the snow up here was at its worst and loosest, we put
our " truger " on, to see whether they would not be of a little
use to us, and they really were. So we set off refreshed upon our
homeward way, steering for the mountain that lay to the south.
, But darkness came on quickly, and we had not gone far before
it grew uncomfortably difficult to see the crevasses at a satis-
factory distance. As yet, indeed, there were not many of them,
but we must be prepared to meet with more than enough of
them before long. We have to keep along the top of the ridge,
which just here runs between two depressions which we have
on either side. By this means we keep fairly clear of them.
For a while all goes well ; the snow is better, so good indeed
that Sverdrup takes his "truger" off. We already see our
mountain at no great distance, and here we hope to find water,
and mean to have a good rest and stretch our weary limbs on
1 the bare rock. We longed indescribably for this firm ground,
and we were sure it could not be far off now. But how often
are one's reckonings altogether upset when one has to do with
> ice, whether it be in the form of floe or glacier. We had not
gone many steps before we began to suspect that our " not fes

238

ACROSS GREENLAND.

off" might prove to be quite far off enough, and even more too.
We were now met in fact by longer and nastier crevasses than
any we had yet seen. At first we managed pretty well, and
with my " truger " I found I could jump with greater certainty
than I had done before without their help, and could venture
more boldly on to the snow-bridges, as they did not let me
through so readily. When these bridges were too weak to tread
upon, we had recourse to a more cautious method, and crawled
over flat on our stomachs.

WHEN THE BRIDGES WERE TOO
WEAK WE CRAWLED OVER FLAT
ON OUR STOMACHS."

By E. Nielsen, from a sketch by the Author.)

But presently the crevasses became so broad that bridges were
not to be expected, and we had to go round them. Round them
we went too with a vengeance, following them often by the half-
hour, sometimes upwards, sometimes downwards, but they grew
longer and longer still. At last we reached one broader than
all its predecessors, and longer too, as we were destined to learn.
This we determined to follow upwards, as we thought that there1
was most chance above of finding its end. This had been the-

LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST. 239

case with most of them, but this time we were thoroughly sold.
We went on and on, and on again, farther and farther from our
goal ; the peak of our mountain grew fainter and fainter in the
darkness, but the crevasse remained as broad as ever. There
were no bridges, and it was so dark that we could see no sign
3f change ahead. There was nothing for it but patience, which
s a jewel indeed on such occasions. But it is a long lane that
las no turning, and though we still went on and on we came
:o the end at last. We now promised ourselves that this was
:he last time we would follow a crevasse upwards. The other
Way at least brought us nearer to the mountain, where we were
;ertain to find water for our parched throats.

By this change of tactics we made greater progress, and we
iow had the pleasure of seeing our goal loom nearer in the
iarkness. We had not many more steps to go when we saw
n front of us a dark stripe or band in the snow. At first we
(;hought it was another crevasse, even now separating us from
he rock, but to our indescribable joy we discovered that it was
[Vater, glorious running water. We soon had our cup out, and
'irank, and drank, and drank again, and revelled in it, as only
,hose can who have waded the whole day long through deep,
vet snow without a drop of any kind to wet their lips. I
icarcely think there is a greater enjoyment in life than plenty
)f good cold water when one is ready to perish of thirst. If it
3 ice-water, as it was here, one drinks till the numbness of one's
eeth and forehead bids one stop, then one rests a bit and drinks
igain, slowly and solemnly drawing the water in, so that one
nay not have to stop again too soon — the enjoyment is in fact
livine. When on this occasion we had drunk as much as we
vere good for, we filled our cup and flask, went on the few
,:>aces that remained to the cliffs, and finding a comfortable
;eat on a jutting rock, where we could stretch our limbs at will
ind get a good support for our weary backs, we turned to the
)rovision-bag again. What delight we found here too! A
i.ramp all day in the snow like this produces both hunger
ind fatigue, and we had more than enough of both to make

240 ACROSS GREENLAND.

existence supremely delightful as we lay there and devoured
our pemmican, chocolate, and biscuits.

But presently it began to rain, which was not quite so de-
lightful, and the darkness had increased so much that we could
now not see more than two or three paces in front of us. But
we had a good way to go to the tent, so we had to start off !
again. We kept to the ice along the edge of the mountain
side, where the surface was tolerably smooth, as it often is along
the rocks, where the ice has not much movement, or is even I
frozen fast. For a time progress was easy, but then the incline
grew so steep and slippery that it was all we could do to find
and keep our footing. Still more uncomfortable did things I
become when we found more huge crevasses lying in our path.
In the darkness we could just see the great chasms which lay j
ready to receive us as soon as we made a false step or allowed !
our feet to slip. The rocks by our side were so precipitous !
that there was no escape that way, and we had to follow the
line we were now taking. Without mishap we reached a rock!
which jutted out into the ice. Here below us, and between the |
main mass of the mountain and the glacier, was an enormous j
" bergschrund," or chasm, some thirty or forty yards across and}
abysmally deep ; in the ice in front we could just see a number'
of crevasses, the width of which we could not determine, but!
they were evidently more than big enough to stop our progress.
There was nothing for it but to take to the rocks up a gully
which came down just by us, by this means skirt the project-1
ing point and "bergschrund," and see if there were a more
practicable course down below. It was a true satisfaction to!
have the firm rock beneath our feet again, and to feel the
pleasure of a good foothold. In spite of the heavy rain which
wetted us to the skin, we sat down for a long rest upon some
boulders. We were now inclined to wait till dawn for a furthei
attempt upon the glacier, as we felt sure that it would be ful'
of crevasses further down, and in the darkness we might easilj
get completely fixed or even come to grief for good and all
At last came daybreak, red and glowing in the east, and spread

LAST ENCAMPMENT ON THE EAST COAST. 241

ng a warm flush over the sky and landscape. Beneath us lay
:he glacier, which now looked more practicable than we had
expected. We chose the line which seemed easiest, and set
off once more. Though we now crossed the glacier not far
rom the edge which falls precipitously into the sea, the ice was
lot so full of crevasses and impassable as it had been higher
lp. It was rough and rugged enough in its way, full of upstand-
ng pinnacles and sharp ridges divided by clefts and hollows.
X was often quite sufficiently hard work to cross these latter,
hough they were not deep; but the real long, bottomless
crevasses, which we had found up above, were not abundant
lere, and occurred only in certain parts. The reason why there
,ire so few of these down here must be that they are filled with
vater, which freezes and turns them into mere furrows and
rregularities in the ice.

Our difficulties were now soon at an end, and after a couple of
lours' walking we came within sight of the camp. It was five
Vclock in the morning, and, as we expected, all our comrades
irere sound asleep. Our first business was to get hold of some
ood and make the most of what our larder provided. This was
n indulgence which we thought we had fully deserved after
!»ur tramp of eighteen or twenty miles. Then we crawled into
he sleeping-bags, stretched our tired limbs, and soon floated
nto dreamland, well satisfied with this our first excursion on
he much discussed and much dreaded " Inland ice " of Green-
ind, which we had always heard was so impossible of access,
nd still more impossible to traverse. As we had expected, we
iad not met with these impossibilities, but the world would no
ioubt say that we had had the devil's own luck with us, and had
eached our goal with much more ease than we deserved.
, Before we were ready for our final start, however, we had
ertain preparations to make which would take a considerable
mount of time. Our boots especially needed thorough over-
ruling and repair, as the excursion of the day before had
lught us in the most emphatic way that the "Inland ice"
emanded no common strength and substance of sole. The

Q

242

ACROSS GREENLAND.

steel runners of the sledges and "ski," too, had to be still
further scraped and polished; all our baggage had to be re-!
packed, and everything that we were going to cache here set
apart. So for the next two or three days all the members of [
the party might have been seen sitting about on the rocks out-
side the tent, busily occupied in the various arts of peace, thatj
of the cobbler taking a particularly prominent place. It was a
strange sight to see these figures, which outwardly had very
little in them to remind an observer of the cobbler's stall, sitting!
here amid these wild surroundings with boots between thein
knees, and plying meantime the awl, thread, and bristle with
as much apparent dexterity as if they had done nothing else al
their lives.

A COBBLER'S STALL ON THE EAST COAST.
(From a photograph.)

OUR START FOR THE WEST COAST— THE ASCENT
OF THE ICE.

Chapter XIV.

As I have already said, we spent the first day or two after our
expedition on the ice in a thorough overhauling and rearrange-
ment of our equipment. The weather meanwhile was dull,
rainy, and mild, and we were therefore in no hurry to start,
as we hoped for bright weather with frost at night. We lived
during these days almost entirely on sea-birds, which we had
shot during our voyage up the coast, but had hitherto had no
time to eat. We enjoyed this fare amazingly, and it must
have been a fine sight to see the party sitting on the rocks
round the camp-kettle, which consisted of a tin box previously
devoted to biscuits, and each member fishing out his own bird
with his fingers, and proceeding forthwith to tear it in pieces
and devour it by the help of hands and teeth. Modern ad-
juncts of the table such as forks, I need scarcely say, were not
to be found among us, and I can vouch from my own experi-
ence that such things are not at all necessary, seeing that
the forks with which nature has provided us are exceedingly
practical instruments, as long as one does not plunge them
into inordinately hot cooking vessels ; a discretion which is, of
course, the outcome of a very short experience.

On August 14 the weather improved, and we resolved upon
a start. Sverdrup and I considered that the best route was
ap the mountain side on which he and I spent the night of
our glacier excursion, provided at least that it proved easily
accessible from the sea.

So we launched our boats once more, loaded them with all

*43

244

ACROSS GREENLAND.

our baggage, and set off with the intention of beginning our
climb there and then. But we had hitherto had no view of !
this mountain from the water, and we now found its base so
precipitous that an ascent with our heavy loads would have
been much too laborious an undertaking. Our only course;
therefore was to return to our old camping-ground and start
from there. So our boats were unloaded at this spot once.

HAULING THE BOATS ASHORE ON AUGUST 1 5.

(From a photograph.)

again, and it was late at night before the day's work wa
finished.

On the morning of August 15 the boats were hauled up tj
their last resting-place, a little cleft in the rocks, which pre;
mised them a tolerable degree of shelter and protection. W
placed them carefully with their keels uppermost, blocke-
them with stones to keep them steady in a wind, and it is t
be hoped they are still there iust as we left them. But it i

OUR START FOR THE WEST COAST. 245

quite possible, of course, that the Eskimo have already found
them, and appropriated the iron parts and fittings of the boats
and many other wonderful things. If this be so, it is not easy
to imagine what kind of supernatural beings they have taken
us for, who have thus abandoned our valuable possessions and
so mysteriously disappeared. Under them we stored a small
supply of ammunition, dried seal's flesh, and a few other things.

THE LAST RESTING-PLACE OF THE BOATS.
(J*rom a photograph.)

A curiosity among the latter was the Eskimo skull which we
carried off from Igdloluarsuk, and here deposited in the locker
of one of the boats. If the natives have come across our
cache, the discovery of this skull has no doubt scared them
not a little. A number of tools, chiefly belonging to the boats,
were also left there, and among them a sail- maker's palm, the
want of which we afterwards felt acutely. As I have said
already, I had intended to leave one of our guns here, too,

246 ACROSS GREENLAND

but when the time of parting came, we were so overcome by
its charms that we had not the heart to abandon it to this
desolate fate.

On a small piece of paper, too, I wrote a short account of
the progress of the expedition so far, packed it carefully in a
little tin, and enclosed this in the bread-box which had be-
longed to our sealing-boat. In my account I wrote that we
were quite hopeful of reaching the west coast, if we were only
favoured with sufficient frost ; as it turned out, we were favoured
with a good deal more than enough.

The Lapps maintained that we might just as well leave one
of the big sleeping-bags behind, as we could easily put four
men into one of them, while they could sleep in their fur coats,
Balto even declaring that they could put up with seventy
degrees of frost. However, I considered it better to see how
things were before I consented to such a step, and I told them
it was not unlikely that they might be glad of the bags to sleep
in after all. Balto still insisted that that would never be, and
that the extra bag would be only so much dead weight. It
was not long, however, before he had good reason to change J
his opinion.

As it was now too warm in the daytime, and the snow con-
sequently soft, we determined to do our hauling work at night j
So at nine in the evening the sledges were finally loaded and
we started on our way for Christianshaab.

At first our progress was slow. The snow came nearly down
to the sea, so we could begin hauling at once ; but the gradient
was steep, and we had to put three men to each sledge. Our1
loads were heavy, too, each sledge weighing somewhat more
than two hundredweight. When we had got so high that wej
could think of dragging them singly, we redistributed the weight
so that four of them were about two hundred pounds ; and the
fifth, which had two to pull it, weighed about double as much'
This first night we had fine weather and just enough frost td
make the snow hard. The ground was favourable except fo:
the steepness of the incline, and of crevasses we as yet founc

THE ASCENT OF THE 1CB.

*47

none. Towards morning, however, we reached some unpleasant
ice, which was full of depressions and irregularities, but had at
the same time a hardish surface on which the sledges travelled
well. After a first stage of some two or three miles we pitched
our tent at a height of about five hundred feet It was a pleasure
almost divine to get half a dozen cups of good hot tea with con-
densed milk and then to creep into our sleeping-bags after this

OUR CAMPING-PLACE ON THE MORNING OF AUGUST V7.
(By A. Block, from a photograph.)

our first spell of sledge-hauling. I have no doubt there was a
pretty general consensus of opinion among us that we had had
pleasanter work in the course of our lives, but these opinions
we kept each to himself. Just as we were proposing to go off
to sleep it was discovered that we had left our only piece of
Gruyere cheese at the place where we had halted for our mid-
' night dinner. To leave this cheese behind was scarcely to be
thought of, and yet to fetch it, tired as we were, was also too

248

ACROSS GREENLAND.

much to be expected. But then Dietrichson came forward and
offered to go and get it, declaring that there was nothing he I
should like so much, as it would give him a little morning walk j
before he went to bed, and a look round besides, which would j
be to the advantage of his map. I remember that it was with
a feeling of simple admiration that I saw him start gaily off on
his errand, and that I could not myself conceive that any one

UNDER WAY ON AUGUST 17.
{By the Author.)

could find pleasure in such an expedition after the work we had |
had already.

On the evening of the day we broke up again and went on
over ice of the same rough kind. Towards midnight it grew so*
dark that we could no longer see, so at eleven o'clock we en-
camped, made some chocolate, and waited for daylight. Before,
we started off again we took a photograph of the tent and the
ice to the south stretching downwards towards the sea.

w

THE ASCENT OF THE ICE. 249

e now got on to some smoother ice, but the snow grew
looser and crevasses began to appear, though the first were
negotiable without any great difficulty. Towards morning it
began to rain ; as the hours passed things grew worse and worse,
and existence to us less joyous. We all got into our waterproofs,
of course, but waterproof these garments were certainly not, and
the rain poured down upon us till every rag we had on was wet
through. There was no chance of our getung chilled or frozen,
though there was a moderately sharp wind blowing, as our work
kept us warm, and we had to put forth all our strength. But to
feel one's clothes cling to one's limbs and hinder every move-
ment is not a state of things to make hard work pleasanter.
We kept on till past noon ; the ascent was not too steep to
allow of the sledges being brought up with tolerable ease, but
we had to put two men to each of them. Crevasses were
plentiful, so we had to go warily. We could not rope ourselves
together, as that made the hauling work too difficult, so we
had to be content with attaching ourselves to the sledges by
our strong tow-ropes, which were again made fast to the stout
hauling-strap and belt we each wore. If we went through the
snow-bridges which crossed the fissures, we were left hanging
securely, as long as the sledge did not follow us, which, owing
to its length, was not very likely to happen. As a matter of
fact, we fell through rarely, and then only to the armpits, so
that by the help of our staffs we were able to get out again
without other assistance.

Now and again, however, one or other of us experienced the
strange abdominal sensation of having the ground suddenly go
beneath his feet and his body left swinging in the air from the
chest downwards. At these times we generally managed to
recover ourselves without any further invitation from outside.
It was, as a rule, an easy business to bring our long sledges
over these crevasses. They had so large a bearing-surface that
they would run well over with their own impetus, though from
time to time it happened that the snow gave way slightly be-
neath them.

250 ACROSS GREENLAND.

This day we did not stop till nearly noon, when we encamped
on a flat ledge between two huge crevasses, the weather being
now altogether impracticable. We found unspeakable conso-
lation this particular day in dry clothes and hot tea, and the
number of cups which we consumed passed the limits of cal- I
culation. After having laid our staffs and " ski " under the
tent-floor in order to keep our bed reasonably dry, and having j
taken all possible measures to exclude the rain, we retired to ;
our bags. The smokers, too, were allowed a pipe of tobacco, I

THREE DAYS IN THE TENT.
(By E. Nielsen, from a rough sketch by the A uthor. )

and altogether we made ourselves exceedingly comfortable i
under cover while the elements raged in all their fury without
For three whole days, from noon on August 17 to the:
morning of August 20, we were now confined to the tent b)|
a violent storm and uninterrupted rain. The whole time wt]
only left our sleeping-bags for the purpose of getting food ancj
for other small errands. The greater part of the time we spen
in sleep, beginning with an unbroken spell of twenty-four hours
Rations were reduced to a minimum, the idea being that aj
there was no work to do. there was no need for much food

THE ASCENT OF THE ICE. 251

though we had to take just enough to keep ourselves alive, the
whole consumption amounting to about one full meal a day.
Some of the party found the allowance unreasonably short, and
piteously urged the clamorous demands of their inner organs.
When not eating or sleeping, we filled the gaps in our diaries,
told stories in turn, and read a paper by Professor Helland on
the "icefjords" of Greenland, besides our "Nautical Almanac,"
our " Table of Logarithms," and the other equally interesting
books of which our modest library consisted. Ravna and Balto
read their New Testament as usual on such occasions. Our
waking moments were, however, perhaps chiefly spent in gaz-
ing at the tent roof and listening to the rain splashing overhead
and the wind tearing and shrieking round the walls and among
the guy-ropes. It is pleasant, no doubt, to lie snugly housed
while tempests rave outside, but there is also no gainsaying
that we longed to hear the rain beat a little less pitilessly and
the wind howl a little more gently round our tent.

At last, on the morning of August 20, the weather so far
improved that we could resume our journey, and in prepara-
tion we fortified ourselves with a supply of hot lentil soup, to
make up for the famine rations of the three preceding days.

The ice was still much fissured, and as we were about to
attempt the ascent of a ridge which lay in front of us, we found
the crevasses so numerous and formidable that there was no
possibility of passing them. Here they ran not only parallel,
but also across each other, a combination before which one is
completely powerless. We had to turn back and try more to
the north, and sitting on the sledges we slid down the slope
again between the crevasses. Below we found the ice less
broken and the gradient less steep. Progress was here com-
1 paratively easy, and at places we could even haul our sledges
J singly, Sverdrup and I going on in front with the heaviest to
choose the route. The rain had here evidently contributed to
make the going better for us, as it had made the snow firmer
J in places and often washed it away altogether. At times, how-
ever we still sank deep, but could we only have got a little

252

ACROSS GREENLAND.

frost, things would have been excellent. Yet on the whole the
surface was very rough, and Balto writes in his narrative : —

"On August 20" — (he probably means August 22) — "the 1
ice was terribly rough, like the great waves of the sea. It 1
was awful work to drag the sledges up these waves, and when !
we went down the other side the lumps of ice came rolling j
after us." (This is a circumstance I do not myself remember.) [
" The ropes we pulled with cut our shoulders, till they felt as if :
they were being burnt."

VIEW OVER THE "INLAND ICE" TOWARDS KIATAK (AUGUST 20).
{By the Author.)

Towards eight o'clock that evening the sky looked as if itj
would clear, and as we felt sure that this would bring us frost,
we stopped and camped at once to wait till the snow got harder. I
Next morning, August 21, we turned out at four. The skyj
was clear, and though the thermometer showed that there)
was still a certain amount of warmth in the air, the crust on
the snow was nevertheless sufficiently hard to bear us. Thej
gradient was still steep, and the crevasses large and numerous,;
but we pushed on fast and without mishap in the most glorious
weather, keeping at work till well into the morning, when the|

blazi

THE ASCENT OF THE ICE.

253

ng sun began to make the snow softer and softer. This
work under such conditions is terribly exhausting, and we
suffered from an unquenchable thirst. We had already passed
the limit of drinking-water, and were destined to find no more
till we reached the west side. All we get is what we can melt
by the warmth of our own bodies in the tin flasks which we
carry at the breast inside our clothes and sometimes next the
very skin. Few of us are long-suffering enough to wait till the

i

***'

ANIKITSOK, JOHNSTRUP'S AND KORNERUP'S "NUNATAKS" (AUGUST 2l).
(By the Author, from a photograph.)

snow is turned to water, but as it grows a little moist we suck
out the few drops which it produces.

About eleven we had reached the top of a ridge which we
had set as our goal for the day's march, a distance of some
three or four miles. Beyond, the ice sloped gently inwards,
and was particularly free from crevasses. So we thought we
' must have already overcome the first difficulty of our ascent,
and felt justified in marking the occasion by a festal meal,

254

ACROSS GREENLAND.

distinguished by extra rations of
cheese, jam, and oatmeal biscuits.
We were now all but 3000 feet
above the sea, and could see "nun-
ataks" here and there in front of
us, while we already had a whole
row of them alongside us to the
north.

At two o'clock on the morning
of August 22 we went on again.
There had been nine degrees of
frost in the night and the snow
was as hard as iron, but the surface
was exceedingly rough, so rough
indeed that a sledge occasionally
upset. By nine o'clock the sun
had such power that we were
obliged to halt after having again
accomplished a stage of three or
four miles.

We began to feel the want of
water more and more keenly, and
were very glad to get a good drink I
of tea. With a view to making this
beverage still more refreshing, I
hit upon the brilliant notion ofj
putting citric acid into it, for we ;
had all heard, of course, that
lemon juice was a most delicate |
addition. It never struck us that I
we already had condensed milk in
our tea, and our disappointment'
when we saw the milk slowly \
curdle and sink to the bottom
in lumps was indescribable. Wei
drank the mixture, however, and I,'
who, as the inventor and patentee,!
was bound to set the others a good

THE ASCENT OF THE ICE.

2K

example, could say no less than that I
found the refreshing qualities of the tea
increased by the addition of citric acid
in spite of the unwelcome lumps of curd.
But this dictum did not meet with
general acceptance, and the experiment
was never repeated.

We started off again the same even-
ing about nine o'clock. The ice was
still very rough ; we had now to haul
our sledges up on to the crests of the
steep waves, now to let them rush down
into the hollows. The strain on the
upper part of the body was very trying,
and Balto was quite right in saying that
our shoulders felt as if they were burnt
by the rope.

But if we often suffered a good deal in
the way of work, we had full compensa-
tion during these nights in the wonder-
ful features of the sky, for even this tract
of the earth has its own beauty. When
the ever-changing northern lights filled
the heavens to the south with their fairy-
like display — a display, perhaps, more
brilliant in these regions than elsewhere
— our toils and pains were, I think, for
the most part forgotten. Or when the
moon rose and set off upon her silent
journey through the fields of stars, her
rays glittering on the crest of every
ridge of ice, and bathing the whole of
the dead frozen desert in a flood of
silver light, the spirit of peace reigned
supreme and life itself became beauty.
I am convinced that these night marches
of ours over the "Inland ice" left a deep

'

256

ACROSS GREENLAND.

mmi:r

and ineffaceable impression
upon the minds of all who
took part in them.

We presently reached a steep
incline and our work was worse
than ever. We had to put
several men to each sledge,
but even then the labour was
cruelly exhausting. Con-
sequently our astonishment
and joy knew no bounds when
we had climbed some hundred
feet higher and then found the
surface stretching flat in front
of us as far as we could see in
the moonlight, and the snow
as hard and level as the ice on
a frozen lake. This glorious
state of things made us very I
triumphant. Anything better
was beyond our imagination,
and we began to reckon ho\«
soon we should reach the west!
coast, if we had such snow tcj
deal with all the way.

The question had ariser
whether it would not be as
well to reduce the weight o
our loads without abandoning
any of our provisions. Baltc
gave it as his opinion that w«
could safely leave the Indiai
snow-shoes behind, as thej
could be of no use to us.
agreed that this might be so aj
long as we had snow of this kimj
to cross, but it was impossiblj
to tell how long this woult

THE ASCENT OF THE ICE.

*V

Then Balto broke out : " Good heavens ! just hear what
Ravna says then. He is an old Lapp ; he has lived forty-five
years on the mountains, and he says that he has never used
anything of the sort, and that no one is going to teach an old
man like him. And I say just the same myself : I am a Lapp,

OPEN AIR COOKERY.
(From a photograph.)

too, and there is no one who can teach us Lapps anything
about the snow." I laughed and answered: "You Lapps
think yourselves so precious clever, but you are not unlikely
to learn a thing or two before you get home again. Do you
remember, Balto, those snow-spectacles I showed you in

25* ACROSS GREENLAND.

Christiania? Didn't you want to know what was the good of
those rubbishy things ? Didn't you say that you Lapps never
used anything of the kind, and yet you had good eyes ? But
who was it whose eyes first wanted snow-spectacles, and found
them excellent things ? Wasn't it you two Lapps ? Take care
it doesn't turn out just the same with these snow-shoes. Not
one of them shall be left behind."

Balto maintained that it was a very different thing with the
spectacles, and acknowledged that he had found them, not
only useful, but necessary. But as for these snow-shoes, he
swore by all his gods that he would never put them on his
feet. Just at this time he was so confident and pleased withj
himself that he often indulged in the sin of swearing very em-;
phatically. This was a state of mind very encouraging to the |
rest of us, to whom it served as an index of his valorous state j
of mind.

Unluckily, our good fortune with the hard, icy surface did;
not last long, though we had it all that day. There are pro-|
bably not many who have had such an experience on thej
" Inland ice." If it had been thoroughly levelled with a plane, j
the surface could scarcely have been smoother. The ascenij
was very gradual, and there was a gentle, almost imperceptible!
undulation. About eleven o'clock on the morning of Augusi
23 we stopped and pitched our tent, after having done a stage
of nine or ten miles. This day, as had also been the cast I
a day or two before, the sun beat down so fiercely on the tent!
walls that the air inside was rather too warm for us, and om,
of the party was even constrained to go outside and lie on i
tarpaulin in the shade of the tent in order to get some sleep.

At half-past six we were on the move once more. As w
advanced things altered for the worse again, and the hard, ic
surface was covered with a coat of freshly fallen snow.

We already began to see that we should have more frost 2
night than we cared about, for on the dusty new snow and ii
the fifteen degrees of frost which we now had the steel runnel
of the sledges slid no better than upon sand. So seeing th!

folh

THE ASCENT OF THE ICE. 259

y of now doing our work in the night instead of the daytime
when the friction of the snow was likely to be less, we halted
again about ten o'clock.

We were still speculating whether it were not advisable to
lighten our loads by abandoning one thing or another. The
first things to sacrifice were the oilcloth covers of our sleeping-
bags, as, now that we had advanced so far, there was no mois-
ture to be afraid of except in the form of snow, which was not
likely to do them any damage. But it would have been too
stupid simply to leave them behind without making any use of
them. Oilcloth was combustible, and we might use them, of
course, for cooking purposes. This was a happy thought, which
found immediate favour.

A cooking-pot was the next thing necessary. But all the
biscuit-tins leaked more or less on account of the rough treat-
ment to which they had been exposed on the sledges. At last
we found one which seemed moderately water-tight, and opera-
tions were started in the tent. The tin was filled with snow
as usual, and set up on a stand made of the steel bars which
had originally been under the runners of the sledges, but had
succumbed to the rough work among the ice. The oilcloth
was torn up into strips, placed in a steel snow-shovel, which
was made to do duty as a fire-basket, and duly lighted. The
fuel burned bravely ; the flames rose high round the tin and
shed a fine red glow on the tent-walls and the six figures, which
were grouped around and sat gazing at the blaze and enjoying
the real solid comfort of a visible fire.

It was the first time we had had a fire of this sort inside
the tent, which wanted something of the kind to make it really
cosy. But all the joys of this life are fleeting, and none have
I ever known more fleeting than that which comes from burn-
ing oilcloth in a tent which has no outlet in the roof. Our
fuel smoked to such an extent that in the course of a few
minutes our little habitation was so full that we should scarcely
have been able to see one another if we could have kept our
eyes open, which we could not do, as the pain caused by the

260 ACROSS GREENLAND.

fumes was simply unendurable. If there be a mortal who has
seen the inside of a barrel in which herrings are being con-
verted into bloaters, he will be able to form some idea of the
atmosphere of our tent. It was to no purpose that we opened
the door, for if a little smoke did find its way out, there came
more to take its place, and the cloud grew persistently denser
and denser. Our pleasure at the sight of the fire had long
died out ; the eye that managed to open could only see a faint
light glimmering far away in the fog. Most of the party fol-
lowed the sensible plan of burying themselves in the sleeping-
bags, and drawing the covers tight over their heads. One or
two, however, had to sit out the infliction in order to look
after the fire and get the water for our tea boiled. By dint of
opening first one eye and then the other, and now and again
thrusting the head out of the door for a little fresh air, they
got through their task tolerably well. The snow began to
melt, but now, by way of filling the cup of our discomfort, the
tin proved deplorably leaky, and we were obliged to have re
course to something else. The cover of the tin box which I
formed our medicine-chest was sound enough, but it held only i
half the necessary amount of water. It was the only vessel I
available, however, and by using it in conjunction with the ori-
ginal tin, which was placed on edge so that its soundest side;
only was taken into use, we managed fairly well. Then, by firing
up unremittingly, and turning the tent into a veritable " inferno,"
we eventually succeeded in obtaining some tea of a certain kind ;
but I am bound to confess that it was the worst tea-making at
which I ever had the luck to assist, and I emphatically warn
all whom it may concern against following our example.

Next morning, nevertheless, we had another oilcloth fire;
but this time we were prudent enough to arrange the fireplace
outside. We now managed to get so much snow melted that,
over and above a good supply of hot soup, we were able fo
once in a way to get thoroughly the better of our thirst, th
addition of citric acid, oil of lemon, and sugar turning the
water into the most delicious lemonade. But this was the last

THE ASCENT OF THE ICE. 261

satisfying drink we had before we found water on the other
side. Our small supply of fuel would not allow us any indul-
gence in this way.

We were a remarkable sight by daylight next morning. Our
complexions, hitherto comparatively fair, and washed moderately
clean by wind and weather, had undergone a complete trans-
formation. In places the incrustations of soot were so thick
that they could be scraped off with a knife. All wrinkles and
depressions were full of this foreign substance, and great masses
had settled on all outstanding points, such as the eyebrows,
cheek-bones, under-lip and chin, and the fair hair with which
nature had provided some among us had been dyed to a raven
black. The only parts still clean were the eye-balls and teeth,
and these now shone out quite uncomfortably white in contrast.

This state of things did not trouble us very much, both be-
cause soot is a relatively clean dirt, and because, as a general
f principle, most people, no doubt, wash themselves for altruistic
reasons, and we had no chance of meeting others of our fellow-
creatures for some time to come. The tooth of time was left
to work upon our faces, and the soot by slow degrees was worn
, away ; slow, indeed, for there was, in truth, enough to withstand
time's ravages for many a day.

Possibly when my readers learn that in spite of such disasters
we did not wash ourselves from the day we left the Jason till we
reached the west coast, the more narrow-minded among them
will straightway class us with the least cleanly of four-footed
beasts. This fate we must be content to risk, and to share
in the company of many who have not even the crossing of
Greenland for their excuse; and, besides, if we go a little
farther back in time, there will be few among our forefathers
who will not stand upon our side.

But perhaps it will be as well if I explain that washing was
in ordinary circumstances one of the habits of our daily life,
and that if we omitted the practice during this whole period,
■ the omission was not without its reasons.

In the first place, while we were in the interior we had no

262 ACROSS GREENLAND.

other water than the small quantity we melted every morning
and evening over our cooker, and the still smaller quantity
that we could melt by the warmth of our bodies in the course
of the day. But when a man is, as we were, the victim of a per-
petual and intense thirst, and has the choice whether he will
use his limited portion of water for washing or drinking, or, as
a third alternative, for the two purposes combined, washing
first and drinking afterwards, I think there is little doubt that,
however conventionally minded he might be, he would devote
it simply and solely to the assuaging of his thirst.

In the second place, the pleasure of washing in a temperature
in which the water turns to ice if it is allowed to stand a couple
of minutes, in which the fingers grow hard and stiff during
their passage from the vessel to the face, and in which the
face itself freezes as soon as water is put upon it, is, to say the
least of it, highly questionable. I think there cannot be many
whose love for cleanliness would in such circumstances lead
them beyond theory and eloquence.

In the third place, we were absolutely forbidden to wash even
if we had a superfluity of water, and this at a comfortable tem-
perature, the reason being that in this sunshine, when the glare
comes not only from above, but also back from the snow below, |
it is as well to have as little to do with water as possible. At
such times the sun attacks the skin mercilessly ; it cracks it and
peels it off, and will even cause sores, which will lead to a good
deal of inconvenience as well as undeniable pain. I am con-
vinced that here again, when the choice must lie between this
and uncleanliness, the defenders of cleanliness will be found
few and far between.

Lastly, though it might be more becoming in us and more in
harmony with the conventions of the day to confess that we
found it unpleasant to go so long without a wash or change oi
clothes, it is better to acknowledge the truth and to say openly
that in these respects we felt entirely comfortable, and had,
besides, too much work to do to leave us time even to think
of the condition we were in.

.

THE ASCENT OF THE ICE. 263

On August 24 we had things against us all day, as the snow
grew heavier and heavier to pull upon, was so loose that we
sank several inches, and we had, besides, a considerable gradient
to ascend. In order to keep our spirits up, every mile covered
, was rewarded with a cake of meat-chocolate per man. At
dinner-time we cooked our meal again with oilcloth in the
open air, but this time we also used a spare theodolite-stand
of ash, which was condemned as superfluous. We further
consigned to the flames a number of splints, which we had
brought for possible broken limbs, but most of which we did
not care to carry farther now that we had passed the crevassed
ice without mishap. Some we kept, nevertheless, in case any
of us might come to grief during the descent on the other
side.

Aftei sunset this evening we again found it distinctly cold,
the friction grew worse than ever, and we came to a halt. Our
march had been scarcely more than five miles. As we had
had our dinner not long before, we were fain to be content with
a supper of oatmeal biscuits, together with snow over which our
lemonade mixture had been poured. This makes the most re-
freshing and exhilarating dish I know, and is much like the
preparation used in Italy and known as " granita." Indeed, if
one can get really fine fresh snow, the Greenland form is even
better. We were all in excellent spirits as we sat outside the
tent eating our lemon-snow and biscuits, and by careful economy
prolonging the enjoyment to the utmost, while we watched the
rays of the moon playing over the endless stretch of white desert.
My thoughts went back to the last time I had "granita." This
was also by moonlight, but it was a hot summer night by the
Bay of Naples, and the moon was shining on the dark waters of
the Mediterranean.

On August 25 the rise was still steep, and the snow even
worse, as it was loose and lav to a depth of six or eight inches.
To make things complete, there was also a wind blowing full
in our faces.

It had struck us that our halts for dinner took up a good deal

264

ACROSS GREENLAND.

i 1

liirll lllllll;

of time, and to-day we evolved the
very happy idea of cooking as we
went, and thus saving the long time
we otherwise had to wait while a
*£ meal was being prepared. So the
^5 cooker was put at the back of one
^ of the sledges, was lighted, and
5 as the snow gradually melted into
§ water, the cakes of soup were
^ added, and we meantime went on
« our way rejoicing, and very proud
I of our brilliant invention. When
§ the soup was on the boil, we halted,
w pitched the tent, and carried the pot
g carefully in. But, as luck would
S have it, just as we were sitting
g down to the enjoyment of this
* grand dish, I made some clumsy
K movement, upset the rickety erec-
ts tion, and all the precious soup was
■ running over the tent-floor mixed
g with burning spirit, water, and

0 lumps of snow from the upper
= vessel of the cooker. We were all

en

3 on our legs at once, all loose objects

< were ejected from the tent, and by

g seizing the corners of the floor we
gathered the liquid into the central

£ depression. Hence it was conveyed

1 into the pot and set to boil again,
§ scarcely a drop having been lost
g In these cases it is an excellent
i thing to have a waterproof tent-
b floor. Balto maintains that this

day's soup "was not altogether pure
and clean, as the floor of the tent
was somewhat dirty. But we could
not help that ; the soup tasted just

..

THE ASCENT OF THE ICE. 265

good, for our insides were rather empty." He does not mention
the fact that there was some methylated spirit in it too, but it was
not much, and no doubt he thought it improved the flavour.

While we were now sitting and enjoying our dinner in the
warmth and comfort of the tent, a snowstorm was getting up
outside. It was only the drifting of already fallen snow, but
it met us full in the face when we went on again, and through
the afternoon the wind grew stronger and stronger, which in from
fifteen to twenty degrees of frost is distinctly unpleasant. How-
ever, we plodded on as well as we could up a steep slope with
our heads bent down and wrapped in our monkish hoods,
while the fine, dusty snow did its best to find a way into all
the pores and chinks of our waterproof clothes. It was late
before we camped and crept into our bags, and there enjoyed
our frugal supper, while the moon shed its peaceful light
through a cranny in the tent-door, and we comfortably felt
that we had shut out the wind and driving snow.

The storm lasted all night, and next morning, August 26,
when I was about to turn out to make some coffee, I was not
a little surprised to find myself, the sleeping-bags, and our
clothes all buried under the snow, which had forced its way
in through every crevice and had filled the tent. My boots
were full of snow ; when we went out to look at the sledges
they had half disappeared, and great drifts lay high against
the tent-walls. Nevertheless we spent a very pleasant Sunday
morning with coffee and breakfast in bed.

All this day, too, the storm continued, and our work grew
heavier and heavier as the snow grew deeper. I felt much
inclined to tie the sledges together, make them into two rafts,
as it were, and try, by the help of sails, to beat up against the
wind. If we go on at our present rate, it will be a long while
before we reach Christianshaab. We hope to get a change for
the better, but it does not come to-day, and we have to tramp
along as best we can. A couple of miles fartner on we reach
a ridge which has to be climbed. We had to put three men
to each sledge, and even then it was heartbreaking work to get

266 ACROSS GREENLAND.

them up, the gradient proving to be as much as one foot in
four. As we were coming down after one haul, Kristiansen,
who seldom said anything, turned to Dietrichson and exclaimed,
"What fools people must be to let themselves in for work
like this I "

Chapter XV.

!E CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE"— WE CHANGE
OUR COURSE FOR GODTHAAB—SOME FEATURES OF
THE CLIMATE AND THE SNOW.

We had reached a height of some 6000 feet above the sea
when we halted that evening, August 26. Taught by our
experiences of the night before, we took measures to protect
ourselves better against the storm and penetrating, dust-like
snow. We dug a hole which gave us a bank on the weather
side, and we furthermore turned one of the sledges over and
covered it with tarpaulins. We thus obtained fairly good
shelter, and were in excellent spirits as we sat round the singing
tea-kettle and lamp, which threw a faint light about the tent
and its strange group of occupants, and showed us the fine
snow, which, in spite of all our precautions, settled upon every-
thing and filled the air. When the tea was ready we lighted
one of the five candles I had brought for photographic purposes,
and altogether spent a most comfortable evening in defiance
of the storm which shrieked outside.

There was no abatement in the wind when we woke next
morning, but the tent was not so full of snow as it had been
the day before. I was by this time tired of plodding along
against the wind in this deep loose snow, and resolved this
morning to rig the sledges and try a sail. The proposal, how-
ever, met with a good deal of opposition, especially from the
Lapps. Ravna put on a most dejected look, and Balto simply
unbridled his tongue. He had never seen such a lot of lunatics,
he said. Wanting to sail on the snow, indeed ! Very likely we

*6y

268 ACROSS GREENLAND.

could teach him sailing on the sea and one or two other things
perhaps, but on land and on the snow, no, never. Such infernal
nonsense he had never heard. He spoke more than plainly,
but to little purpose, as he had to put up with the absurdity.
The sledges were placed side by side and lashed together, two
going to make one vessel, and three to the other. On the first
the tent-floor did duty for a sail ; on the latter, which was
manned by Dietrichson, Ravna, and Balto, the two tarpaulins.

I had contemplated using the tent-walls too, but when it
came to the point I dared not, as they seemed too thin, and to
have our tent torn in pieces in a country like this would have
been a good deal worse than unpleasant. When the tarpaulins
were hoisted to the wind, they came apart at once and proved
unmanageable, which made it necessary to sew them together.
To sit and sew with bare fingers in the cold wind and drifting
snow was miserable work, but by dint of keeping our hands
well rubbed and knocked about, and after toils and tribulations
of all kinds and six or seven hours' work, we eventually got
under way in the course of the afternoon.

We soon found that there was no question of tacking up
against the wind, as we could not get within less than eight or
nine points of the wind at best. But I had not really been very
hopeful on this score, and had, as a matter of fact, other ends
in view. I now saw plainly that with this heavy going and
this persistent foul wind there was no chance of our reaching
Christianshaab by the middle of September, when the last ship
for Copenhagen would sail, and with it vanish our last chance
of getting home this year. At the time I looked upon this
eventuality as most unfortunate, seeing that we should have to
waste a whole winter in Greenland, while the men would no
doubt all be consumed with home-sickness. I had, too, very
vague ideas as to the traffic of the west coast, and I argued
that the last boat which sailed from Christianshaab would also
call at the more southerly ports, and that therefore we should
have a better chance of catching her if we made for one of these, i
for preference Godthaab. In favour of this particular line there i

wer

THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE." 269

re other reasons, and above all the fact that an exploration
of the ice along this route would be particularly interesting,
seeing that it was absolutely unknown, while Nordenskiold's
two expeditions had already obtained much valuable informa-
tion about the tract to the south-east of Christianshaab through
which we should otherwise pass. Again, it was now late in the
year, and the autumn of the " Inland ice " was not likely to
prove a gentle season, so the fact that it was a considerably
shorter crossing to the head of one of the fjords in the neigh-
bourhood of Godthaab than to Christianshaab was another argu-
ment which had its weight. We should thus be able to reckon
upon sooner reaching more hospitable surroundings, even though
we knew nothing of the condition of the ice just there and
whether a descent was likely to be practicable, and even though
we might not actually get to the colony of Godthaab any earlier
than to that of Christianshaab by the longer route. For in the
former case the land journey after one leaves the ice is much
longer than in the latter, and indeed it was quite possible that
we should find this part of the route very difficult. However,
we had no doubt that by one means or another we should be
able to find our way to the colony, and if there were no other
access, then in the last resort by sea.

All these considerations filled my head this particular morn-
ing. I consulted the map again and again, made the calculations
to myself, and finally determined upon the Godthaab route. I
was quite prepared to find the ice difficult to deal with just here,
since there are so many glaciers converging at this point, but I
felt sure we should be able to compass the descent somehow.

The point where I thought of getting down was that which
we actually hit, and which lies at about lat. 640 10' N. I aimed
at this particular spot because there seemed to be no glacier
just here, while according to the map — which I may say, in
passing, was absolutely wrong — there were huge ones both to
the north and the south. My notion was that we should find
between these two great streams of falling ice a kind of back
eddy, so to say, or belt in which the surface lay comparatively

270 ACROSS GREENLAND.

calm and level. My experience, so far as it went, had led me
to this conclusion.

The rest of the party hailed my change of plan with acclama-
tion. They seemed to have already had more than enough of
the " Inland ice," were longing for kindlier scenes, and gave their
unqualified approval to the new route. So the sails were hoisted,
and about three in the afternoon we got under way, keeping as
well up to the wind as we could. We could not do much in
this way, as I have said, and as it blew about N.W., our course
necessarily lay a good deal to the south of Godthaab ; but since
the wind was now on our side, we all preferred this deviation
to unassisted hauling. By putting two men in front to pull,
and keeping a third behind to steer, we got on moderately well,
and though we started late and knocked off work early we did
a good five miles before we stopped for the night.

I now began to consider what would really be our best route
when we got off the ice on the other side. According to the
map it was rather a rough country, much cut up by mountains,
valleys, and fjords. Things looked most promising near Narsak,
a settlement at the mouth of Ameralikfjord and to the south
of Godthaab. But it seemed very likely that we should have
a good deal of trouble here, too, and I felt more and more
inclined for the sea-route. Here we had obviously plenty of
materials for boat-building in our waterproofs, tarpaulins, and
tent-floor j we had wood for the ribs, oars, and other parts in
our " ski," sledges, staffs, and bamboo poles. So far we were ex-
cellently provided, and if all hands went to work at once the
job could not take us long. As soon as I had come to this
conclusion, I confided in Sverdrup, who, after some considera-
tion, quite agreed with me. And now, as it is always a good
thing to have something to give definite occupation to one's
thoughts, we began to discuss, as we went along, how we had
better build our boat in cas<* such a course were advisable.

For the next two days the weather remained unchanged;
there was the same storm and driving snow. At night I often
feared the tent would be torn in pieces ; in the morning, when

WE
we prop

WE CHANGE OUR COURSE FOR GODTHAAB. 271

proposed to start, the sledges had to be dug out of the drifts
and unloaded to have their runners scraped clean of snow and
ice. Then they had to be lashed together and rigged again,
and the whole was a task which we found anything but grateful
in the biting wind. The lashing especially, which had to be
done with the bare hand, if it was to be any good, was parti-
cularly detestable work. Then when we at last managed to get
under way, it was a case of tramping the whole day in the deep
snow — a heavy and exhausting business, whether one was in
front with the rope or walking behind to steer. But the cruellest
work of the whole day was getting the tent up in the evening,
for we had to begin by lacing the floor and walls together, and
as this had to be done with the unprotected fingers, we had to
take good care not to get them seriously frozen. One evening
when I was at this work I suddenly discovered that the fingers
of both my hands were white up to the palms. I felt them and
found they were as hard and senseless as wood. By rubbing
and beating them, however, I soon set the blood in circulation
again and brought their colour back, and so escaped any further
consequences that time.

On August 28 Kristiansen had been unlucky enough to tread
unwarily on the edge of a hard drift and strain his knee. For
several days he was so lame that he could only walk with diffi-
culty, which kept us back to some extent, but a persistent use
of " massage " soon restored him. It was a curious sight to see
him sitting with his leg bare, while Dietrichson rubbed him,
in the drifting snow and bitter wind. The same day, too, the
Lapps' eyes were not quite right. They, strangely enough, as
I have already said, were the first to suffer from snow-blindness,
and, in fact, the only ones among us who did so at all. I even
had to treat Balto with cocaine, but the attack was of short
duration and little consequence, and by the help of snow-
spectacles and red silk veils they both soon recovered. The
rest of us went scot-free from this complaint, which many Arctic
travellers have considered inevitable. If dark spectacles or veils
are used, there is no doubt that it can be avoided.

272 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Though we only had the sun in the daytime, it was the cause
of a good deal of trouble to us, and in the middle of the day I
its action was simply intense. This was largely due to the want !
of density in the air at this altitude, 6500 feet ; but partly also, [
of course, to the reflection of the rays from the huge level ex-
panse of snow. Our faces were all more or less affected ; we j
were burnt brown, of course, and none of us escaped losing
a certain amount of skin from the nose and other prominent
points. Kristiansen's face was very severely handled ; his
cheeks swelled and blistered, as if they had been badly frost-
bitten, and caused him a good deal of pain. After this we j
were more careful in the use of our veils, and thus escaped any
serious inconvenience.

It was an odd sight to see these fine red veils fluttering against
the blue sky. They led one's thoughts instinctively to the life
and fashion of our promenades at home, to smart carriages,
graceful figures, and bright eyes, while here were six men with
grimy, weather-worn faces, and figures anything but graceful,
dragging carriages of a certain sort, but which were scarcely
open to the reproach of smartness.

On the afternoon of August 29 the wind so far dropped that it
no longer paid to sail, and we therefore unrigged our vessels;
and set to work in the old way, taking a course straight for]
Godthaab.

This day too the snow was so loose and deep that Sverdrup,!
Dietrichson, and I took to the Indian snow-shoes. These)
implements caused us a good deal of trouble at first, as we
had, in fact, had no practice with them previously. Our pre-
liminary attempts brought us time after time headlong. At first
we did not keep our feet wide enough apart : one snow-shoe
caught against the other leg and over we went Then, though'
for a time we managed to avoid this fault, we would put onei
shoe down on the top of the other, and the next attempt at aj
step brought us flat on our faces again. Then we learnt toj
straddle sufficiently and keep them clear of each other, and goti
on admirably for a time. But presently we would catch the!

SOME FEATURES OF THE CLIMATE.

273

nose of one of the shoes in some hard snow, and again come
to utter grief. In this way we went on, time after time plunging
into the snow, and then struggling on for a while with more or
less success. But we soon got accustomed to the peculiarities
of these snow-shoes, and then we found them of great practical

HAULING ON INDIAN SNOW-SHOES.
(From a photograph. )

use. They bore us well up in the snow and gave us good and
firm foothold, and we now regretted that we had not taken to
them before.

Kristiansen tried the snow-shoes, too, but failed utterly to
get upon satisfactory terms with them, and after he had fallen
• on his face a score or so of times, he grew so disgusted that he
threw them upon his sledge and would have no more to say to

274 ACROSS GREENLAND.

them. He then tried the Norwegian " truger " instead, but they
proved very inferior, as they sank deep in the snow and made
walking much heavier work. The Lapps, who had already
vowed by all that they held holy that they would never use
these "idiotic things," would not, of course, condescend to try
them now, and it was with much contempt and disapprobation
that they saw us make our first experiments with them. Con j
sequently it was with unconcealed satisfaction that they watchecj
us dive head first into the snow no sooner than we had started |
But when things began to go better, and it was obvious that wij
had a great advantage over them, Balto could contain himselj
no longer, and cautiously ventured the inquiry whether th
snow-shoes were really good to walk with, a question which h
subsequently repeated several times. It was evident that h
was on the point of giving way and making the experiment
in spite of his previous condemnation of them. But on th
morning of August 30 the snow was in a condition to alio1
of "ski" being used, and he took to them instead. Ram
waited a while, but presently upon Balto's recommendation h
put on his " ski," and Kristiansen soon followed them. I coi
sidered, however, that the snow-shoes were better as long i
we had the rise of the ground much against us, and so Sverdru
and I kept to them till September 2, while Dietrichson gai
them up for his " ski " the day before us. Henceforth till v
reached the west coast we all used our " ski " invariably.

All this time, or for more than three weeks on the whol
our life was simply inordinately monotonous, with not a tra
of any important occurrence. It is no wonder, therefore, th
the veriest trifles were magnified into circumstances of co
sideration and were made to pad our diaries during the peric
Our last sight of land, of course, came in for mention, and w
recorded by Dietrichson as follows : " About ten in the moi
ing of August 31 we saw land for the last time. We were up»
the crest of one of the great waves, or gentle undulations in ti
surface, and had our final glimpse of a little point of rock whij
protruded from the snow. It lay, of course, far in the interij

SOME FEATURES OF THE CLIMATE. 275

and for many days had been the only dark point, save ourselves
and the sledges, on which our eyes could rest. Now it, too,
disappeared." We christened this last point of rock " GameTs
Nunatak."

Nor could so notable an incident as the sight of a snow-
bunting be passed over. My diary says : " An hour or so after
we had lost sight of our last rock we were no little astonished
to hear the twitter of a bird in the air and suddenly to see a
snow-bunting come flying towards us. After having circled
round us two or three times it settled down close by, put its
head on one side, regarded us for a moment, hopped a little
way on the snow, and then with a chirp flew off again north-
wards and was soon lost in the distance. This was our last
greeting from land."

At the end of August we were still ascending. We were
always hoping to reach the uppermost plateau, and that the
ascent we were just then making would prove our last; but
when we came to the top we always found a level stretch and
then another rise beyond.

On the evening of September 1 we reached the top of one
of these long slopes and saw before us a huge flat plain with
an almost imperceptible rise westwards. There was a very
marked change in the weather and appearance of the sky. Far
away in the west, and almost at the level of the horizon, were
closely packed banks of cloud of the round cumulus form, which
we had hitherto not seen lying above the snow. I thought
they must be formed by currents of moist air which rose from
the sea and had followed the western slope of the continent up
into the interior, and I therefore supposed that we must have
got far enough to have this long-looked-for slope in view.

To the south and east there were also clouds, while the sky
was clear overhead and to the north. In the latter direction
the snowfield showed a distinct rise, while it fell away to the
east and south. Everything seemed to point to the conclusion
that we had reached the high plateau of the interior. The
announcement of this to the party produced general rejoicing,

276 ACROSS GREENLAND.

for we were all heartily tired of the long slopes we had to climb,
and which just lately had been especially trying. Sanguine as
we were, we hoped soon to reach the westward slope, when it
would all be downward travelling and pure delight, and it was
in the most triumphant mood that we saw the sun sink that
evening in all his glory behind the banks of clouds and trans-
form the western sky into one scheme of glowing colour. All
that we knew of beauty in this desert was contained in the
evening and setting of the sun ; our hopes lay in the same
direction, but it was destined to be long before we saw the
goal we sought.

We thought it no more than reasonable to keep this evening
as a festival, and we marked it as usual by extra rations of
oatmeal biscuits, cheese, and jam. The smokers, too, were
allowed a pipe, and on the whole we had a thoroughly cheer-
ful night

The height to which we had now mounted had brought us
to the end of the millimetre scale of our aneroid barometers.
They marked a pressure of 550 mm., the elevation we had
reached being about 7930 feet, and if we were to ascend still
higher it would be difficult to continue our observations. By
the help of the movable scale, however, we managed fairly well.;

But the long-expected change of level would not come. For
days — I might almost say weeks — we toiled across an inter-
minable flat desert of snow; one day began and ended like
another, and all were characterised by nothing but a weari
some, wearing uniformity which no one who has not ex
perienced the like will easily realise. Flatness and whitenesf
were the two features of this ocean of snow ; in the day w(
could see three things only — the sun, the snowfield, and our
selves. We looked like a diminutive black line feebly tracec
upon an infinite expanse of white. There was no break o
change in our horizon, no object to rest the eye upon, an<
no point by which to direct the course. We had to stee
by a diligent use of the compass, and keep our line as well a
possible by careful watching of the sun and repeated glance

, .

278 ACROSS GREENLAND.

back at the four men following and the long track which the
caravan left in the snow. We passed from one horizon to
another, but our advance brought us no change. We knew
to a certain extent where we were, and that we must endure
the monotony for a long time to come.

The surface over which we were passing all this time was
almost absolutely level, though the tract from one slope to
the other was marked throughout by long, gentle undulations
scarcely discernible to the eye, the ridges and furrows of which
ran nearly due north and south.

An entry in my diary for August 30 says : "The loose fresh
snow which lies upon the old hard frozen surface is scarcely
more than four or five inches thick to-day. It lies smooth and
level, whereas for the last few days there has been a layer a
foot thick, which was blown into drifts, upon which the sledges
dragged heavily." From this day onwards the surface was
smooth and even as a mirror, with no disturbance in its uni-
formity save the tracks we made ourselves.

Our day's marches were, as a rule, short, and varied between
five and ten miles. The reason of this was the persistently
heavy going. Had we come earlier in the season, say about
midsummer-time, we should have found an excellent, hard, and
slippery surface, such as that we had during the first day or
two of our ascent. On such a surface both " ski " and sledges
would have run well, and the crossing could not have taken
us long.

Now, however, the old hard frozen layer was covered with a
loose coat of freshly fallen snow, which was as fine and dry asj
dust, or else packed by the wind in drifts, on the cloth-lik
surface of which both "ski" and sledge-runners are very
to move. The severe cold we experienced made things,
this respect, unusually bad ; the snow, as we were fond 0
saying, was as heavy as sand to pull upon, and the farther w<
got into the interior the worse it became. If, as was often th<
case, the upper layer were fresh and loose, then perhaps it wai!
worst of all. On the whole, the going was so unconscionably

SOME FEATURES OF THE CLIMATE. 279

heavy that it was only by the exertion of all our strength that
we were able to make any progress at all. At every stride we
had to do everything we knew, and work at this high pressure
is of course very wearying in the long run.

A few extracts from my diary at this time will show what we
actually thought of the state of the snow at the moment. On
September 1 I wrote : " To-day it was unusually hard work ;
about eight or nine inches of freshly drifted snow as fine as
dust and heavy as sand lay on the top of the older crust. This
was about two inches thick and covered another layer of loose
snow. At noon the effect of the sun made things worse than
ever. In our despair Sverdrup and I unscrewed the steel plates
from the runners of our sledge, as we thought the wood was
likely to move better. The gain was, however, questionable ;
the sledge still went heavily. It seems to us that it goes worse
every day."

A day or two later I wrote : " Now and again things are
certainly a little better, but the improvement never lasts long
and seems to be followed by a period which is worse than ever.
At night there is often a little fall of fresh snow, which is even
heavier than the older drifts to haul upon. Though the sun
shines hot upon us it has not power even at noon to melt the
surface and so give us an icy crust afterwards. The whole way
the snow is loose and dusty or sticky like cloth."

As a matter of fact we had a thin crust like this on August
30. My diary records my opinion that this must have been
formed by the powerful effect of the sun at noon and the
subsequent frost. This crust was not thick enough to bear
the sledges, but it helped to make them move easier. We
only had it, however, for that one day.

On September 8 again : " The snow was incredibly heavy
going to-day, heavier than it has ever been before, though the
surface was hard and firm. The wind-packed snow is no better
than sand. We had the wind to pull against too." The next
day I wrote : " It began to snow in the middle of the day,
and our work was heavier than ever. It was worse even than

28o

ACROSS GREENLAND.

yesterday, and to say that it was like hauling in blue clay
will scarcely give an idea of it At every step we had to

M DONE UP."
{From a photograph.)

use all our force to get the heavy sledges along, and in the
evening Sverdrup and I, who had had to go first and plough

SOME FEATURES OF THE CLIMATE. 281

a way for ourselves, were pretty well done up. The others
who followed us were a little better off, and besides, their steel
runners moved easier. The evening in the tent, however,
with a savoury stew, helped us to forget the toils of the day."

These notes will be sufficient to show the difficulties and
labour the state of the snow entailed upon us. I ought, how-
ever, to add that the sledge which Sverdrup and I pulled
together always travelled much worse than any of the others,
so much so, indeed, that we were ultimately constrained to
abandon it altogether. On September 1 1 I wrote in my diary :
" To-day Sverdrup and I found our sledge heavy to pull beyond
all toleration, and it was really as much as we could do to make
it move at all. We could not quite understand what was wrong
with it; it had always been worse than all the others, and
Sverdrup declared that we must have had the Evil One him-
self for a passenger behind. This morning we therefore decided
to abandon it, and take Balto's instead, while he put his load
on Ravna's sledge, and the two Lapps for the future pulled
together. This change caused a new sun, as it were, to rise
upon our existence; Sverdrup and I, with our new sledge,
pushed on so fast that the others had hard work to keep up
with us. We now found life almost enjoyable."

Nor were we the only two who found the work heavy. The
Lapps never ceased to complain, and one day Balto stopped
and said to me : " When you asked us two Lapps in Christiania
how much we could pull we said that we could manage a
hundredweight. But now we have two hundredweight apiece,
and all I can say is, that if we drag these loads across to the
west coast we are stronger than horses."

Lest any reader should be led to believe, by what I have
here said about the state of the snow and the difficulties we
met with, that our " ski " were of little or no use to us, I ought
perhaps to state once and for all that they were an absolute
necessity, that without their help we should have advanced very
little way, and even then died miserably or have been com-
pelled to return. I have already said that " ski " are consider-

7E2 ACROSS GREENLAND.

ably better than Indian snowshoes, even for hauling purposes.
They tire one less both because they have not to be lifted,
but merely driven forwards, and because the legs are kept
no wider apart than in ordinary walking. For nineteen days
continuously we used our " ski " from early morning till late i
in the evening, and the distance we thus covered was not
much less than 240 miles.

The weather during almost the whole time of our crossing
was so far clear that we could see the sun, and there were not i
many days on which the sky was completely overcast. Even
when there was snow falling, which often happened, it was not
thick enough to prevent the sun showing through. The snow
which fell was always fine, and was more like frozen mist, so
to say, than the snow we are generally accustomed to in
Europe. It was exactly the same as is known in certain parts
of Norway as " frost-snow," which is due to the fact that the
moisture of the air falls directly to the earth without going
through the intermediate cloud-stage.

When the sun shone through the fine falling snow there was
always a ring round it, which, together with mock-suns and
the intersecting axes, were phenomena which occurred almost
daily during our journey across the interior. When the sun
sank so low that the halo partially disappeared below the
horizon, there were generally bright mock-suns at the points
of section, as well as another one immediately under the sue
itself.

As we came farther and farther in the cold increased ir
proportion. The sun had, however, a powerful effect wher
the weather was clear, and at noon the heat was, for a while
even oppressive. In my diary for August 31 I noted tha
just about that time the sun had been so hot that it made th<i
snow wet and sticky, so that the sledges ran badly, and our fee
got rather wet. When the sun began to sink, and it froze again
the sledges went better certainly, but it was a bad business fo
our feet, and we had to take care not to get them frost-bitten!
It happened not infrequently that when we took our shoes of;

SOME FEATURES OF THE CLIMATE. 283

at night, they, our thick, rough socks and ordinary stockings
were all frozen together into a solid mass.

After this time the sun was not sufficiently powerful to melt
the snow, but it had a great effect, owing to the height at which
we were, and the fact that the air was so thin and absorbed
comparatively little of the warmth of the rays. On September
1, for instance, a spirit thermometer marked in the sunshine
850 Fahr. (29. 5 ° Cent.), while the real temperature of the air
as obtained by a sling thermometer was very little more than
250 Fahr. ( - 3.60 Cent.). In the night we had had nearly
twenty-nine degrees of frost (- 160 Cent.). On September 3,
again, a spirit thermometer laid in the sun on one of the sledges
at noon showed as much as 88° Fahr. (31.50 Cent), while a
sling thermometer gave the real temperature of the air at the
same time as 120 Fahr. (- n° Cent).

This great difference between sun- and shade-temperature
is plainly due to the excessive radiation in the dry, thin air of
this high plateau. A similar phenomenon was observed many
years ago in Siberia by our celebrated countryman, the astro-
nomer Hansteen. In a letter from Irkutsk, dated April 11,
1829, he writes: "The considerable elevation of the country,
together with its distance from the sea, makes the air ex-
ceedingly dry and causes a strong radiation, which is one
reason of the low temperature of this place. The power of
the sun is so great here in the spring, that at midday, when
the temperature in the shade is as low as - 200 R. ( - 130 F.)
or - 300 R. ( - 35° F.), the water drips from the roofs of the
houses on the sunny side." *

As the afternoon advanced and the sun began to draw near
the horizon, the temperature fell in an astonishing way, though
the change was most marked at sunset.

The scale of our sling thermometers only read as low as
- 220 Fahr. (- 300 Cent), as no one had expected such cold
at this time of year in the interior of Greenland. But after

* Astronom Nachrichten^ voL vii. p. 327.

284

ACROSS GREENLAND.

September 8 the mercury quickly retired below the scale a|
soon as the sun disappeared in the evening. The lowesj
temperature we experienced could not therefore, unfortunately)
be determined with accuracy. But when I went to bed on thi
night of September n I put a minimum thermometer undej
my pillow. In the morning the spirit was a good way belov
the scale, which marked - 35° Fahr. (-37 ° Cent). Th

A HALT FOR REFRESHMENTS.
(By A. Block, from a photograph.")

temperature was, no doubt, below - 400 Fahr. ( - 400 Cent.;
and this was in the tent, in which six men were sleeping, ar
in which we had cooked our food with the spirit-lamp.

The most remarkable fact in connection with the temperatu :.
was the great difference between night and day limits. It w;;
more than 400 Fahr. (200 Cent), a difference which cannot occi
in many parts of the globe. Something corresponding to th:
state of things has been observed in the Sahara, where in Januaj

SOME FEATURES OF THE CLIMATE. 285

It may be intolerably hot in the day and so cold that water left
in the open air will freeze at night.

It is remarkable that this extraordinarily rapid fall of the
temperature in the course of the night on the " Inland ice " of
Greenland has not been observed before. The reason, no
doubt, is that those of our predecessors who have penetrated
any appreciable distance have done so at higher latitudes and
at a time of year when the sun has been above the horizon the
whole, or nearly the whole, night. Nor have these expeditions
as a matter of fact published any full meteorological records.

Reckoning from the way the temperature sank at the approach

of evening, Professor Mohn, of Christiania, has calculated that

our lowest records must have reached something like - 500 Fahr.

( - 450 Cent.). On these days the temperature of the air at noon

rose to between - 40 Fahr. ( - 200 Cent.) and + 50 Fahr. ( - 150

Cent.). This was in the middle of September, and these tem-

' peratures are without any comparison the lowest that have ever

I been recorded at the time of year anywhere on the face of

I the globe. What the minimum reached in midwinter can be it

is impossible as yet to form any idea.

As to the question of the highest temperature attained in the
middle of summer in these regions, and whether there is any
considerable melting of snow, we can form some estimate by
examining the strata of the upper surface of the snowfield and
finding whether the older layers show signs of having melted.
This was done by us as often as we had time and opportunity.

Up to August 30, when we had reached a height of 6530 feet,
we found the old snow consistently frozen hard, and often trans-
formed into a kind of loose, granular snow. This had evidently
been exposed to violent thaws and subsequently frost. Over this
old layer there was generally a coat of from five to ten inches,
or even a foot, of loose, dry snow, which must have fallen after
the hot season was over.

On the evening of August 31 we found, to our astonishment,

. when we were ramming our staffs in, preparatory to the pitching

of the tent, that, though there was certainly a solid crust under

286 ACROSS GREENLAND.

the upper layer of fresh snow, yet when we had passed through
this we could drive the poles down to an indefinite depth. This
was a clear proof that we had already reached a height — it was
then all but 7500 feet — at which the sun even at midsummer
has only power enough to make a thin layer of snow wet and!
sticky, and that this freezes afterwards as the sun gets low again.
At this height, therefore, melting can do absolutely nothing to|
reduce the quantity of snow, for the insignificant amount ofj
water thus formed can get no way, as it is at once intercepted j
by the following night-frost.

We found a similar state of things throughout the upper
plateau, there being practically no melting of the snow. On
the whole the stratification was very remarkable. An entry in
my diary for September 3 shows me that I tried the snow severa!
times that day and found, as a rule, uppermost about three
inches of fresh snow, then a crust about half an inch in thick
ness, then seven inches of loose snow again, then another crust
which could only be bored with difficulty, and that after thi;
the staff could be driven down for a foot or more through 1
mass which grew gradually harder and harder, till about tw(
feet from the surface it came to a standstill altogether.

I had tried at another place somewhat earlier the same day
Here the upper layers were much the same as I have just de
scribed, but in this case the staff could be rammed down son*
four feet altogether, though with increasing difficulty, while i
finally stopped against an absolutely solid mass.

This stratification we also found throughout the highest tract
but as a rule we could drive our staffs down as far as we would
Everything shows that in the very interior the only meltinj
that goes on is the moistening of the upper surface just at th<
warmest period of the year, while this layer is solidified agaii
immediately.

Chapter XVI.

THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICEn—A STORM IN
THE INTERIOR— OUR DOMESTIC LIFE.

Constant exposure to the cold which I have described in my
last chapter was, as may be imagined, by no means pleasant,
The ice often formed so heavily on our faces that our beards
and hair froze fast to the coverings of our heads, and it was
then difficult enough to open the lips to speak. This incon-
venience can of course best be prevented by shaving, but this
was a task for which we had neither time nor inclination.

There was less pleasure still at these altitudes when we had
the wind in our faces, as an entry in my diary will best show :
"On the morning of September 4 the weather was glorious and
the air still. There had been a light fall of snow in the night,
The sun shone over the infinitely monotonous snowfield, which,
rising almost imperceptibly, stretched away and away in front
of us like one huge white carpet, glittering with diamonds, soft
and fine in texture as down, and laid in long, gentle undulations
which the eye could scarcely follow. But in the afternoon the
aspect of our landscape changed entirely. A biting wind got
up from the north-west, which drove the snow before it in one
huge, overwhelming whirlwind.

" The sky above then cleared completely and it grew colder
and colder, the thermometer falling a degree or two below zero.
The wind increased in strength ; it was bitter work toiling along
against it, and we had to be careful not to get badly frozen.
First my nose hardened, but I discovered this in time to save it
by rubbing it well with snow. I thought myself safe now, but
then I felt a queer, chilly feeling under my chin, where I found

288 ACROSS GREENLAND.

that my throat was quite numb and stiff. By more rubbing,
and wrapping some mittens and other things round my neck, I
put matters straight here. But then came the worst attack ol
all, as the wind found its way in through my clothes to the
region of my stomach and gave rise to horrid pains. This was
met by the insertion of a soft felt hat, and I was now armed at
all points against the enemy. Sverdrup suffered pretty much
as I did ; how the others behind fared I do not know, but they
can scarcely have been much better off. The bodily comforts j
of our tent were more welcome than usual that evening."

Next morning things were quiet again, but in the afternooni
we had another storm of drifting snow from the south-west
This went on all night, the wind working round more and more
to the south, and I rejoiced in the hope of a sail, but in the
morning again, September 6, it had so far fallen that we die
not think it worth while to rig up the sledges. A little later.
however, it freshened up and at noon blew due south. I was
for sailing, therefore, but the proposal was met with so man)
objections on the part of the others, who were little inclined foi
the necessary rigging and lashing in this bitter weather, that 1
unfortunately gave way. This we all had reason to regret, fo?
as we went on the wind worked round behind us more anc
more and at the same time increased in force.

We had soon a full snowstorm blowing from east-south
east or east. It was therefore behind us, and carried both the
sledges and ourselves on our "ski" along well, and as th<
ground was also slightly in our favour we made good progress
The driving snow soon grew so dense that Sverdrup and ]
could not see the others at twenty paces' distance, and we hac
to wait for them repeatedly in order not to part company. I
was no easy matter to get the tent up that evening when w<
stopped at about eight o'clock, and those unlucky ones amonj
us who had clad themselves insufficiently in the morning ane
now had to take off their outer clothes to put something extra
on beneath had a terrible time. The wind blew in to the ver
skin ; the snow drove through all the pores of shirt and jersey

A STORM IN THE INTERIOR. 289

one felt completely naked, in fact ; and I myself nearly sacrificed
my left hand to the frost in the process, while it was with the
greatest difficulty that I could get all buttoned up snug again.
The tent we did eventually manage to get up, but we could
cook nothing that evening, as the snow drove in much too
thick at all crevices and apertures. A few biscuits and some
dried meat had to suffice, and we were glad enough to crawl
as soon as possible into the sleeping-bags, draw the covers well
over our heads, devour our food there, and as we slept leave
the storm in undisputed possession outside. We had pushed
on a long way that day, not much less than twenty miles, as we
supposed.

The storm raged all night through, veering gradually round
to due east. Next morning, the 7th of September, as I woke
and was still lying half-unconscious, I heard something go out-
side. It was one of the guy-ropes on the east side, where the
wind was now blowing with such violence that every moment
I expected the tent-wall to give way, more especially as there
was now a great bulge in it owing to the broken rope. By the
help of some bags we made the weak side somewhat stiffer, but
I still expected it to split, and was wondering what we should
do when we had the snow driving straight into the tent upoe
us. The only course could be to creep deep into the bags and
leave ourselves to be buried.

We hoped, however, that the wind would drop, and mean-
while I set the lamp going and cooked some stew and tea,
which comforted us greatly. Then the weather began to look
a little better, and I thought we might prepare to start. So we
got ourselves up in our best storm-gear and were about to go
out to rig the sledges, as we meant to sail to some purpose that
day. Balto was ready first and crawled out of the tent-door —
which was not an easy job, as the way was barred by a snow-
drift It was not many seconds before he came plunging in
again, absolutely breathless, and with his face and clothes
covered with snow. The wind had completely taken his breath
away, and the first words he said when he had recovered him*

T

290 ACROSS GREENLAND.

self were, " There is no going on to-day ! " I put my head ou
and at once saw that he was right, as the whole place was a sej
of drifting snow.

So we had to stay where we were, though the tent had to b|
supported and victuals fetched in from the sledges before wj
were quite snowed up. This work Balto and Kristiansen wei;
set to do. They rigged themselves out for the purpose, ani
tied themselves up at every possible point to prevent the snoj
blowing in. Balto was ready first, and I looked out after hiij
as he went, but he had not taken more than a few steps befoij
he fairly disappeared in the mist of whirling snow. The sledg<|
had almost entirely vanished, and he had to grope about fij
them before he found them, and it was then no easy matter j
get hold of the food we wanted. When Kristiansen went out i
put some storm-guys on the weather side of the tent, the wir|
fell upon him with such force that he had to go on all fours. I

In spite of all obstacles we managed to put things faiij
straight By the help of some " ski " we braced the tent-wil
up from the inside, some poles along the ridge of the roof stiffen! I
the whole structure, and we now felt moderately safe. Then 4 |
stopped all openings and crevices as well as we could with reser!
clothes and such things. We never could get the tent quite sno [
tight, and great drifts by degrees collected inside. Of space i
had none to spare already, but it gradually grew less and l<j>
under the encroachment of the drifts within and pressure II
the snow on the walls without. We were snug and comfcj-
able enough, however. The ever-gathering drifts outside, whip
threatened to completely bury the tent in time, protected Is
well against the wind and kept us nice and warm.

Then suddenly, a little after midday, the wind dropped all It
once as abruptly as if the current had been cut off short wii
a knife. There was an absolute calm outside, and an uncom-
fortable silence came upon us too, for we all knew that the wijJ
would presently fall upon us with still greater violence frjo
the opposite quarter. We sat listening intently, but the atfck
did not come at once, and some of us thought that the storm vi

A STORM IN THE INTERIOR. 291

possibly over. But presently there came a gentle gust from
the north-west, the door side of our tent, and this was soon fol-
lowed by blast upon blast, each more furious than its predecessor.
The storm overwhelmed us with greater fury than before, and
the inside of the tent even was a mist of flying snow. Balto
had taken advantage of the interval of calm to go out and fill
the cooking tins, and it was all he could do to find his way back
again. We were now in great straits, as the door side, against
which the storm now blew, was the weakest part of the tent, and
we always made a point of turning it away from the wind. By
the help of " ski " poles, snow-shoes, and articles of clothing we
managed to strengthen this side of the tent just sufficiently and
to make the doorway tolerably snow-tight, but we were row caged
as fast as mice in a trap, and there was no getting out for us,
however much we wished it. Meantime we made life as pleasant
as possible ; the smokers were allowed the consolation of a pipe ;
we made some coffee, which had by this time been discontinued
as a daily drink, crawled into our bags, and amused ourselves
as best we could.

Ravna alone, in spite of the coffee, was inconsolable, though,
as a nomad Lapp, he ought to have been quite accustomed
to this kind of thing. I tried to cheer him up, but he said,
" I am an old Lapp ; I know what a snowstorm is upon the
mountains in September ; you won't see the end of it yet
awhile." In spite of all encouragements he refused to be
comforted, and persistently maintained that he was " an old
Lapp, who had lived in the snow for forty-five years."

When we woke next morning the wind had dropped so much
that we found we could move on again. But it was no easy
matter to get out of our prison ; the tent was buried so deep
that only the ridge of the roof remained above the snow, and
we had to dig our way through the drift that blocked the door.
Of the sledges there was practically nothing to be seen, and
we had a good deal of work to do before we got them out and
were ready to start. When we did get off we found the going
as usual heavier than ever.

292 ACROSS GREENLAND.

In Balto's description of this day in the tent, he says : " One
day we had terrible weather, storm and driving snow, but we j
pushed on all the same till the evening. At first the wind I
came from the north" (he means south, by the way) "and!
then it went round to the east. Next morning after we hadj
made some coffee" (this is a doubtful statement, but it may,
pass) " one of us was going out for some purpose or other, but |
as soon as he opened the tent-door, he was driven back again, j
as the weather was so frightful outside that it seemed impossible {
to get out. Then I put a coat over my head, covering it soj
that I only left a peep-hole for my eyes, and ventured out. I|
went a few steps away from the tent to look for the sledges, but
there was not one of them to be seen, as they were all buried in
the snow. I could not see the tent either now, so that I had
to take to shouting, and it was only when they answered me
from inside that I could find my way back. The tent, too,
was nearly covered by the snow. Next day the weather was
fine again, and we had enough to do to dig all our things out
of the snow again."

During this, the middle period of the crossing, our daily life
went its monotonous round, unrelieved by any really notewortW
event.

The worst work of the day was turning out in the morning
an hour earlier than the others in order to do the cooking
This was generally my pleasant lot, for the efforts of the other:
usually ended in a loss of time or spirit, of neither of whicl
things we had a superfluity. When I woke I generally founc
my head completely surrounded with ice and rime. This wa:
inside the sleeping-bag, where the breath had frozen and settle(
upon the hair of the reindeer-skin. Once awake and consciou;
one found one's self sitting in a room, the temperature of whicl I
was something like -400 Fahr., and the walls, except that on th<j
wind side, covered with inch-long fringes of hoar-frost, whiclj
gave one an uncomfortable shower-bath if one were unfortunate
enough to knock up against them. Then followed the lighting]
up of the cooking apparatus. The mere touching of the meta;

OUR DOMESTIC LIFE. 293

in this temperature was unpleasant enough, and no less so the
filling of the lamp and arrangement of the wicks. The latter,
if they were to burn well, had to be thoroughly soaked with
spirit, which one of course got upon one's fingers, to one's great
pain and infinite regret. To keep the wicks nice and dry,
and thus save as much trouble in this way as I could, I gene-
rally carried them in my trousers' pocket. The lamp being
eventually lighted and the cooker placed upon it, the wicks
had to be attended to further, or the flame would get too high,
make the lamp too hot, and cause a very undesirable explosion.
The lamp often did get too hot, and it then had to be cooled
down by the application of snow. Nor could the flames be
allowed to burn too low, or much time was wasted in the
cooking. Towards the end of our journey Balto became so
skilled in the management of the cooker that he was quite
equal to the work single-handed. He was very proud of the
trust, and I gladly handed the task over to him, as one does
not readily surrender an hour of one's morning sleep without
dire necessity

When the tea or chocolate was at last ready, the others were
called, but breakfast was as a rule enjoyed in bed. Breakfast
over, the next thing was to get ready for the day's march with
the least possible waste of time. The sledge-runners had to be
scraped clean, the baggage well packed and lashed fast, and
the tent struck. Often again an observation was taken with
the boiling-point thermometer before we broke up camp. Two
or three times, too, samples of air were secured in the way I
have already described.

When all this was done we put our " ski " on, harnessed our-
selves to the sledges, and got under way, but after a couple of
hours' march we generally halted, and a cake of meat-chocolate
was served out to each man. Then we went on till dinner-
time came, the meal being eaten as we sat on the sledges and
as quickly as possible. After another two hours or so we
stopped for another cake of meat-chocolate apiece, and then
two or three hours' more marching brought us to afternoon

OUR DOMESTIC LIFE. 295

tea at about five o'clock. We now kept at work till night,
the period being only broken by a third halt for the chocolate
distribution.

In this extreme cold the taking of astronomical observations
was often anything but agreeable. It was difficult to handle the
instruments in heavy gloves and mittens, and if it was necessary
to have the readings really accurate, the bare hands had to be
used, and good care taken that the fingers were not frozen fast
to the metal. But in spite of obstacles our observations both
with theodolite and sextant were quite as good as one could
expect to get them with such instruments. In the driving snow
it was almost an impossibility to use the sextant and artificial
horizon, for the latter was at once obscured, and we had to be
very sharp to see anything at all. If this were out of the ques-
tion the theodolite had to be used. This gave us twice the
trouble, but equally good results.

When we stopped for the night, most of the party set to work
at once to clear the ground for the tent, put it up and support
and strengthen it with tarpaulins on the wind side. Ravna's
evening task, and, I really think, the only regular work he had
besides hauling during the whole journey, was to fill the cooking
vessels with snow. As an old Lapp who every winter used snow
for his cooking-pot instead of water, he knew well what was the
best kind for melting. So as soon as we stopped, he would steal
silently off with the cooker, dig himself a hole down to the old
coarse snow, which melts into far more water than the newer,
bring his pot back to the tent, and then, if it were already up,
crawl in and sit with his legs crossed under him, not to move
again till supper was ready. It was not till I had set him to
this work for many days in succession that Ravna showed him-
self possessed of sufficient enterprise to undertake even this little
job of his own accord. But little as it was, it completely satis-
fied him, and therewith he considered his mission in this world
far more than accomplished.

The evenings in the tent, when all the party were seated
round on their clothes-bags, after having carefully brushed

,•*•*■ ■»»..

H^mp

OUR DOMESTIC LIFE.

297

themselves of snow, in order to bring as little of it as possible
inside, were without comparison the bright spots in our exist-
ence at this particular time. However hard the day had been,
however exhausted we were, and however deadly the cold, all
was forgotten as we sat round our cooker, gazing at the faint
rays of light which shone from the lamp, and waiting patiently

EVENING IN THE TENT. "THE SOUP IS READY.'
(By E. Nielsen, front a sketch by the Author.)

for our supper. Indeed I do not know many hours in my life
on which I look back with greater pleasure than on these.

And when the soup, or stew, or whatever the preparation
might be, was cooked, when the rations were served round,
and the little candle-stump lighted that we might see to eat,
then rose our happiness to its zenith, and I am sure all agreed
with me that life was more than worth living.

298

ACROSS GREENLAND.

Then after supper there were various small preparations foi
the coming day — the cooker to be filled with snow, or the
chocolate to be broken up. When all this was done we crawled
into our sleeping-bags, shut the hoods close over our heads,
and slept as sound a sleep as the best of European beds could
have given us.

It is not unnatural that food was the axis on which our
whole life revolved, and that our ideal of enjoyment was

WEIGHING OUT THE RATIONS.
{From a photograph.)

enough to eat in one form or another. It was to fatty food
that our fancy especially turned, for, as I have said, our supply
of fat was far too short. We were reduced in the end to ar
absolute famine, and could have looked forward to no greateif
treat than the full and unrestricted possession of a pound oil
two of butter, or lard, or something of the kind apiece to worti
our hungry wills upon. The remnants after the first assaull
would certainly have been small. Each man had half a pounc

OUR DOMESTIC LIFE. 299

of butter served out to him a week, and as long as the ration
lasted one of our favourite enjoyments was to eat our butter in
large lumps, and the tin box in which we kept it once open, it
was difficult indeed to put the lid on again. To some of us
I this enjoyment was of short duration. Kristiansen was the
worst of all in this way, as he used to devour his half-pound
the first day, which was of course very crude economy. To
such an extent did the craving for fat go that Sverdrup asked
me one day whether I thought our boot-grease, which was old
boiled linseed oil, was likely to disagree with him.

As a rule, of course, the rations for each meal were all care-
fully weighed out, for which purpose we used a small letter-
scale. The amount which I considered fully sufficient was
about one kilogramme, or 2} lbs., per man per day. When we
approached the west coast, however, all were allowed to eat
as much as they liked of the dried meat, of which we had an
abundance. But even then it seemed impossible to attain to
a feeling of repletion.

Our daily bill of fare was as follows : — Breakfast. — Chocolate
made with water— and when we had come to the end of the
chocolate, tea — biscuits, liver pate\ and pemmican. Dinner. —
Pemmican, liver pat£, and biscuits, this followed by oatmeal
biscuits, and by lemonade to pour over some snow. Afternoon
tea. — Biscuits, liver pate, and pemmican. Supper. — Pemmican,
biscuits, and pea-, bean-, or lentil-soup. Instead of plain soup
we sometimes had a stew or concoction of pemmican, biscuits,
and pea-soup, all of which together made an exceptionally
grateful dish. Sometimes, too, tea took the place of soup or
stew.

The weekly ration of butter we were of course free to use at
whatever meal we pleased. Generally we had it at dinner-time,
as we found that butter eaten alone quenched the thirst well,
which is a somewhat noteworthy fact, seeing that it was salted.

As to our method of cooking, I must allow that I have seen
food prepared more cleanly. I have already had occasion to
point out that we had no superabundance of water. There was

300 ACROSS GREENLAND.

therefore nothing to wash the cooking-pot with, nor would such ]
washing have been at all pleasant work if we had had water. }
So after we had made our pea-soup or stew in the evening, the
pot was handed over to be cleaned, as a special grace, by some
one who had helped in the cooking. Balto was generally the
lucky man, and his mode of performing the task was by licking
and scraping the vessel as clean as tongue and fingers could
make it. This was well enough as far as it went, but not very
much can be done in this way in a deep, narrow pot, as any
one who has tried will allow. The bottom of our cooker was
in fact all but inaccessible.

Next morning chocolate or tea was made in the same vessel,
and when after this it was emptied it was not an uncommon
sight to see on the bottom a wonderful conglomeration of the
remains of soup or stew mixed with half-dissolved lumps of
chocolate or obtrusive tea-leaves. On the top of all this the
soup was cooked in the evening again.

At these ways of ours no doubt many a housekeeper will
turn up her nose, but I must assure her with all respect that
never in the course of her career and with all her cleanliness
has she prepared food which gave its consumers such supreme
satisfaction as ours did us. Many will perhaps accuse us of
simple piggishness; but it is a piggishness which in the cir-
cumstances is no more than inevitable. At the same time our
methods suited us ; we had no time to do more than simply
eat for eating's sake ; and the interior of Greenland is certainly
not the place for the fastidious or the epicurean.

The high place held by butter in our regard was disputed
only by the claims of tobacco. I had taken but a small supply,
as I considered the indulgence harmful at times of severe exer-
tion. So the Sunday pipe was economised to the last degree ;
the tobacco was smoked first, and then the ash and wood of
the bowl as long as they could be induced to burn. This!
would not of course last the whole week out, so the pipe was
next filled with tarred yarn as the best procurable substitute. It
was Balto who felt the want of tobacco most keenly, and there

OUR DOMESTIC LIFE. 301

was nothing which the promise of a pipe would not extract from
him. Of chewing tobacco we had none; but several of the
party chewed great bits of tarred rope instead. I thought the
same practice might relieve one's burning thirst, and made the
experiment one day myself ; but the rope was no sooner in my
mouth than out, for a viler taste have I rarely known.

A thing I did find good to chew as we went along was a chip
or shaving of wood, as it kept the mouth moist and diminished
one's thirst. I made a great use of a piece of bamboo in this
way, but there was nothing that came up to a shaving off one
of our "truger," or Norwegian snow-shoes. These were partly
made of bird-cherry wood, and the bark of this was excellent.
Sverdrup and I in fact went at the " truger " so persistently that
there was very little left of them when we reached the west coast
But luckily this was the only use we had to put them to.

Chapter XVII.

THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE "—THE FIRST
SIGHT OF LAND AND FIRST DRINK OF WATER.

As the middle of September approached, we hoped every day
to arrive at the beginning of the western slope. To judge from
our reckoning it could not be far off, though I had a suspicion
that this reckoning was some way ahead of our observations.
These, however, I purposely omitted to work out, as the an-
nouncement that we had not advanced as far as we supposed
would have been a bitter disappointment to most of the party.
Their expectations of soon getting the first sight of land on the
western side were at their height, and they pushed on confi i
dently, while I kept my doubts to myself and left the reckoning!
as it was.

On September 1 1 the fall of the ground was just appreciable!
the theodolite showing it to be about a third of a degree. Or
September 12 I entered in my diary that " we are all in capita
spirits, and hope for a speedy change for the better, Balto anc!
Dietrichson being even confident that we shall see land to-day
They will need some patience, however, as we are still 900c
feet above the sea" (we were really about 8250 feet that day)
"but they will not have to wait very long. This morning ouj
reckoning made us out to be about seventy-five miles from ban
land, and the ground is falling well and continuously." Th*1
next day or two the slope grew more and more distinct, but tht
incline was not regular, as the ground fell in great undulations'
like those we had had to climb in the course of our ascent

On September 14 the reckoning showed that it was only abou
thirty-five miles to land. But even now we could see nothing

THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE." 303

which the Lapps thought was very suspicious. Ravna's face
began to get longer and longer, and one evening about this time
he said, " I am an old Lapp, and a silly old fool, too ; I don't
believe we shall ever get to the coast." I only answered, " That's
quite true, Ravna ; you are a silly old fool." Whereupon he
burst out laughing : " So it's quite true, is it — Ravna is a silly
old fool ? " and he evidently felt quite consoled by this doubtful
, compliment. These expressions of anxiety on Ravna's part were
very common.

Another day Balto suddenly broke out : " But how on earth
can any one tell how far it is from one side to the other, when
no one has been across ? " It was, of course, difficult to make
him understand the mode of calculation ; but, with his usual
intelligence, he seemed to form some idea of the truth one day
when I showed him the process on the map. The best consola-
tion we could give Balto and Ravna was to laugh at them well
for their cowardice.

The very pronounced fall of the ground on September 17
certainly was a comfort to us all, and when the thermometer
that evening just failed to reach zero we found the temperature
quite mild, and felt that we had entered the abodes of summer
again. It was now only nine miles or so to land by our
reckoning.

It was this very day two months that we had left the Jason.
This happened to be one of our butter-mornings, the very
gladdest mornings of our existence at the time, and breakfast
in bed with a good cup of tea brought the whole party into an
excellent humour. It was the first time, too, for a long while
that the walls of our tent had not been decorated with fringes of
hoar-frost. As we were at breakfast we were no little astonished
to hear, as we thought, the twittering of a bird outside ; but the
sound soon stopped, and we were not at all certain of its reality.
But as we were starting again after our one o'clock dinner that
day we suddenly became aware of twitterings in the air, and, as
we stopped, sure enough we saw a snow-bunting come flying
ifter us. It wandered round us two or three times, and plainly

304 ACROSS GREENLAND.

showed signs of a wish to sit upon one of our sledges. But the
necessary audacity was not forthcoming, and it finally settled
on the snow in front for a few moments, before it flew away for
good with another encouraging little twitter.

Welcome, indeed, this little bird was. It gave us a friendly
greeting from the land we were sure must now be near. The
believers in good angels and their doings must inevitably have
seen such in the forms of these two snow-buntings, the one
which bid us farewell on the eastern side, and that which offered
us a welcome to the western coast. We blessed it for its cheer-
ing song, and with warmer hearts and renewed strength we
confidently went on our way, in spite of the uncomfortable
knowledge that the ground was not falling by any means so
rapidly as it should have done. In this way, however, things
were much better next day, September 18 ; the cold consistently
decreased, and life grew brighter and brighter. In the evening,
too, the wind sprang up from the south-east, and I hoped we
should really get a fair sailing breeze at last. We had waited
for it long enough, and sighed for it, too, in spite of Balto's
assurances that this sailing on the snow would never come to
anything.

In the course of the night the wind freshened, and in the
morning there was a full breeze blowing. Though, as usual,
there was no great keenness to undertake the rigging and lash-
ing together of the sledges in the cold wind, we determined, of
course, to set about the business at once. Kristiansen joined
Sverdrup and me with his sledge, and we rigged the two with the
tent-floor, while the other three put their two sledges together.

All this work, especially the lashing, was anything but de-
lightful, but the cruellest part of it all was that while we were
in the middle of it the wind showed signs of dropping. It did
not carry out its threat, however, and at last both vessels were
ready to start. I was immensely excited to see how our boat
would turn out, and whether the one sail was enough to move
both. the sledges. It was duly hoisted and made fast, and
there followed a violent wrenching of the whole machine, but

THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE."

305

during the operations it had got somewhat buried in the snow
and proved immovable. There was enough wrenching and
straining of the mast and tackle to pull the whole to pieces,
so we harnessed ourselves in front with all speed. We tugged
with a will and got our boat off, but no sooner had she begun
to move than the wind brought her right on to us, and over we
all went into the snow. We were soon up again for another
try, but with the same result ; no sooner are we on our legs than
we are carried off them again by the shock from behind.

FIRST ATTEMPTS AT SAILING.
(By A. Block.)

This process having been gone through a certain number of
imes, we saw plainly that all was not right. So we arranged
hat one of us should stand in front on his " ski " and steer by
deans of a staff fixed between the two sledges, like the pole of
carriage, leaving himself to be pushed along by his vessel, and
>nly keeping it at a respectful distance from his heels. The other
wo members of the crew were to come behind on their " ski/'
ither holding on to the sledges or following as best they could.

We now finally got under way, and Sverdrup, who was to

V

3o6 ACROSS GREENLAND.

take the first turn at steering, had no sooner got the pole under
his arm than our vessel rushed furiously off before the wind.j
I attached myself behind at the side, riding on my "ski" and*
holding on by the back of one of the sledges as well as I could. j
Kristiansen thought this looked much too risky work, and camel
dragging along behind on his "ski" alone.

Our ship flew over the waves and drifts of snow with a speed j
that almost took one's breath away. The sledges struggled and;
groaned, and were strained in every joint as they were whirlecj
over the rough surface, and often indeed they simply jumpec
from the crest of one wave on to another. I had quite enough
to do to hang on behind and keep myself upright on the "ski.'
Then the ground began to fall at a sharper angle than any wt
had had yet. The pace grew hotter and hotter, and the sledge?
scarcely seemed to touch the snow. Right in front of me was
sticking out the end of a "ski," which was lashed fast across !
the two sledges for the purpose of keeping them together. ]i
could not do anything to get this " ski "-end out of the way j
and it caused me a great deal of trouble, as it stuck out acros:j
the points of my own "ski," and was always coming into colli j
sion with them. It was worst of all when we ran along th<j
edge of a drift, for my "ski" would then get completely jammed1
and I lost all control over them. For a long time I went 01!
thus in a continual struggle with this hopeless "ski "-end, whil<!
Sverdrup stood in front gaily steering and thinking we wen
both sitting comfortably on behind. Our ship rushed on faste
and faster; the snow flew round us and behind us in a cloud
which gradually hid the others from our view.

Then an ice-axe which lay on the top of our cargo began t(
get loose and promised to fall off. So I worked myself care
fully forward, and was just engaged in making the axe fast whei
we rode on to a nasty drift. This brought the projecting " ski "
end just across my legs, and there I lay at once gazing afte1
the ship and its sail, which were flying on down the slope, an(;
already showing dimly through the drifting snow. It made on<j
quite uncomfortable to see how quickly they diminished in size.

THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE." 307

I felt very foolish to be left lying there, but at last I recovered
myself and set off bravely in the wake of the vessel, which was by
this time all but out of sight. To my great delight I found that,
thanks to the wind, I could get on at a very decent pace alone.
I had not gone far before I found the ice-axe, in trying to
secure which I had come to grief. A little way further on I
caught sight of another dark object, this time something square,
lying in the snow. This was a box which contained some of
our precious meat-chocolate, and which of course was not to
be abandoned in this way. After this I strode gaily on for a

" AND THERE I LAY GAZING AFTER THE SHIP AND ITS SAIL."
(By A. Bloch.)

long time in the sledge-track, with the chocolate-box under one
arm and the ice-axe and my staflf under the other. Then I
came upon several more dark objects lying straight in my path.
These proved to be a fur jacket belonging to me, and no less
than three pemmican boxes. I had now much more than I
could carry, so the only thing to be done was to sit down and
wait for succour from the others who were following behind.
All that could now be seen of our proud ship and its sail was a
little square patch far away across the snowfield. She was going
ahead in the same direction as before, but as I watched I sud-
denly saw her brought up to the wind, the tin boxes of her cargo

308 ACROSS GREENLAND.

glitter in the sun, and her sail fall. Just then Kristiansen came I
up with me, followed not long after by the other vessel. To !
them we handed over some of our loose boxes, but just as we !
were stowing them away Balto discovered that they had lost no
less than three pemmican tins. These were much too valuable i
to be left behind, so the crew had to go back and look for them, j

Meanwhile Kristiansen and I started off again, each with a
tin box under his arm, and soon overtook Sverdrup. We now
sat down to wait for the others, which was not an agreeable job
in this bitter wind.

Sverdrup told us that he had sailed merrily off from the very
start, had found the whole thing go admirably, and thought all
the time that we two were sitting comfortably on behind. He
could not see behind him for the sail, but after a long while he
began to wonder why there was not more noise among the
passengers in the stern. So he made an approach to a con-
versation, but got no answer. A little further on he tried again
and louder, but with the same result. Then he called louder
still, and lastly began to shout at the top of his voice, but still
there was no response. This state of things needed further
investigation ; so he brought his boat up to the wind, went
round behind the sail to see what was the matter, and was not
a little concerned to find that both his passengers had dis-
appeared. He tried to look back along his course through the
drifting snow, and he thought he could see a black spot far;
away behind. This must have been my insignificant figure;
sitting upon the lost tin boxes. Then he lowered his sail, which
was not an easy matter in the wind that was blowing, and con-
tented himself to wait for us.

We had to sit a long time before the others caught us up
again. We could just see the vessel through the snow, but her
sail was evidently not up, and of her crew there was not a sign.
At last we caught sight of three small specks far away up the
slope and the glitter of the sun on the tins they were carrying.
Presently the sail was hoisted, and it was not long before they
joined us.

THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICB.»

309

We now lashed the sledges better together and made the
cargo thoroughly fast, in order to escape a repetition of this
performance. Then we rigged up some ropes behind, to which
the crew could hold or tie themselves, and thus be towed com-
, fortably along. In this way we got on splendidly, and never in
my life have I had a more glorious run on "ski."
A while later Sverdrup declared that he had had enough of

SAILING ON THE INLAND ICE.
(By A. Block, from photographs.)

steering, and I therefore took his place. We had now one good
slope after another and a strong wind behind us. We travelled
as we should on the best of " ski "-hills at home, and this for
hour after hour. The steering is exciting work. One has to
keep one's tongue straight in one's mouth, as we say at home,
and, whatever one does, take care not to fall. If one did, the
•whole conveyance would be upon one, and once under the
runners and driven along by the impetus, one would fare badly

3io ACROSS GREENLAND.

indeed, and' be lucky to get off without a complete smash up.
This was not to be thought of, so it was necessary to keep one's j
wits about one, to hold the " ski " well together, grip the pole
tight, watch the ground incessantly, so as to steer clear of the i
worst drifts, and for the rest take things as they came, while
one's " ski " flew on from the crest of one snow-wave to another.

Our meals were not pleasant intervals that day, and we there-
fore got through them as quickly as we could. We stopped and
crept under shelter of the sails, which were only half lowered
on purpose. The snow drifted over us as we sat there, but the
wind at least was not so piercing as in the open. We scarcely;
halted for the usual chocolate distributions, and took our refresh- i
ment as we went along.

In the middle of the afternoon — this notable day by the way|
was September 19 — just as we were sailing our best and fastest,
we heard a cry of joy from the party behind, Balto's voice being
prominent as he shouted " Land ahead ! "

And so there was ; through the mist of snow, which was jusl
now a little less dense, we could see away to the west a long,
dark mountain ridge, and to the south of it a smaller peak. Re j
joicings were loud and general, for the goal towards which we
had so long struggled was at last in sight.

Balto's own account of the occurrence runs as follows : " Whill
we were sailing that afternoon I caught sight of a black spot i
long way off to the west I stared and stared at it till I saw thai
it really was bare ground. Then I called to Dietrichson, ' I cai|
see land ! ' Dietrichson at once shouted to the others that Balt<i
could see land away to the west. And then we rejoiced to see thi
sight, which we had so often longed to see, and new courage cam
into our hearts, and hope that we should now happily and with
out disaster cross over this ice-mountain, which is the greates
of all ice-mountains. If we had spent many more days upon th
ice, I fear that some of us would have fared badly. As soon a
Nansen heard this he stopped and gave us two pieces of mea
chocolate each. It was always our custom, when we reache.
a spot which we had long wished to reach, to treat ourselves t,

.

FIRST SIGHT OF LAND. 311

best food we had. So when we came to land after drifting
in the ice, when we reached Umivik, when we had climbed to
the highest point of Greenland, when we now first saw land on
the west side, and lastly, when we first set foot upon bare ground
again, we were treated to our very best — which was jam, American
biscuits, and butter."

Though this first land we saw lay a little to the north of the
line we had hitherto been following, I steered for it neverthe-
less, because the ice in this direction seemed to fall away more
rapidly. However, the point was soon hidden in the snow
again, and we went on with the wind straight behind us for
the rest of the afternoon without getting any further sight of
land. The wind grew stronger and stronger, we flew down
slope after slope, and everything went famously.

A while later both the gradient and the wind slackened off
for a time, but as evening began the breeze freshened and the
slope grew steeper, and we rushed along through the dense
driving snow more furiously than ever. It was already grow-
ing dusk, when I suddenly saw in the general obscurity some-
thing dark lying right in our path. I took it for some ordinary
irregularity in the snow, and unconcernedly steered straight
ahead. The next moment, when I was within no more than
a few yards, I found it to be something very different, and in
an instant swung round sharp and brought the vessel up to the
wind. It was high time, too, for we were on the very edge of
a chasm broad enough to swallow comfortably sledges, steers-
man, and passengers. Another second and we should have
disappeared for good and all. We now shouted with all our
might to the others, who were coming gaily on behind, and
they managed to luff in time.

Here also Balto has something to say : " The same evening
while we were still sailing along — it may have been about half-
past seven and it was rather dark — we saw Nansen, who was
in front on his ' ski,' signalling wildly to us, while he shouted
4 Don't come here ; it is dangerous ! ' We, who were tearing
along at full speed, found it difficult to stop, and had to swing

312

ACROSS GREENLAND.

round and throw ourselves on our sides. At the same timet
we saw in front of us an awful crack in the ice, which was
many hundred feet deep."

As to the rest of the day's sail my diary says: "This was
the first crevasse, but was not likely to be the only one, and j
we must now go warily. It was suggested that it was hardly
advisable to sail any further that evening, but I thought it too I
early to stop yet, as we must take advantage of the wind. So

SAILING IN MOONLIGHT. "WHEN THE SNOW LOOKED TREACHEROUS 1 I
HAD TO GO CAUTIOUSLY AND USE MY STAFF."
(By A. Block, from a sketch by the Author.)

I left the sledges and went on in front to reconnoitre, while
Sverdrup undertook the steering of our boat, and the sails of j
both of them were taken in a bit. The wind was strong!
enough even to blow me along, and I could run long stretches
without moving a muscle, and so covered the ground fast

" When the snow looked treacherous I had to go cautiously
and use my staff to see whether I had solid ground under
foot, and, if not, to signal to the others to wait till 1 had

FIRST SIGHT OF LAND. 313

found a safer route. In spite of all precautions, Sverdrup and
Kristiansen all but came to grief once, as the snow fell in
behind them just as they had passed over an unsuspected
crevasse. Meantime the wind was steadily increasing, and the
J sails had to be taken in more and more to prevent the sledges
overrunning me. As we were all getting hungry biscuits were
served out, but no halt was made to eat them.

"It was rapidly getting dark, but the full moon was now
rising, and she gave us light enough to see and avoid the worst
crevasses. It was a curious sight for me to see the two vessels
coming rushing along behind me, with their square viking-like
sails showing dark against the white snowfield and the big
round disc of the moon behind.

" Faster and faster I go flying on, while the ice gets more
and more difficult. There is worse still ahead, I can see, and
in another moment I am into it The ground is here seamed
with crevasses, but they are full of snow and not dangerous.
Every now and then I feel my staff go through into space,
but the cracks are narrow and the sledges glide easily over.
Presently I cross a broader one, and see just in front of me
; a huge black abyss. I creep cautiously to its edge on the
slippery ice, which here is covered by scarcely any snow, and
look down into the deep, dark chasm. Beyond it I can see
I crevasse after crevasse, running parallel with one another, and
showing dark blue in the moonlight. I now tell the others to
stop, as this is no ground to traverse in the dark, and we must
halt for the night.

" In the west we could now see land again against the evening
sky, which still shows a faint trace of day. They were the same
mountains we had first seen, but they now tower high above the
horizon, and to the south of these peaks again there is a long
ridge of rock protruding from the snow.

" It was a difficult business to get the tent up in this strong
wind, and on the hard, slippery ice, which gave no hold for our
guy-ropes, and we had to cut deep holes before we could make
our staffs do duty as pegs. At last, after having fared worse

314 ACROSS GREENLAND.

than usual with the cold, we got the tent up and were able to
crawl into a partial shelter. No one was inclined to do anyj
cooking that evening, as even inside the tent the wind was much
too aggressive, and the little feast which was to do honour to thei
day, and which we had much looked forward to, was put off till j
next morning. So we were content to divide our last piece of j
Gruyere cheese, and then, well pleased with ourselves and our|
day's work, creep into our sleeping-bags. I now discovered fori
the first time that I had got the fingers of both my hands frozen j
during the afternoon's sail. It was too late now to rub them:
with snow, as they had begun to thaw on their own account,
but that night the pain they gave me was almost unendurable,
till I fell asleep in spite of it."

Early next morning, September 20, I started up with the
consciousness that I had forgotten to wind my watch up over
night. Unluckily Sverdrup had done exactly the same, anc
though we wound them both up at once it was now too late
This was, of course, rather unfortunate for our longitude ob
servations, but we were now so near land that we could reckor
our position with tolerable exactitude nevertheless.

When we looked out of the tent we could see the whol»j
country to the south of Godthaabsfjord lying spread out befonl
us, a rough mountainous tract with many deep valleys and loft; I
peaks. Those who remember their first sight of a mountaii|
landscape in their childhood, with its sunlit peaks and stretche
of glittering snow ; who can remember how this new mysteriou!
world fascinated and allured them — they will understand wha|
our feelings were this morning. We were just like children, a]
we sat and gazed, and followed the lines of the valleys dowr
wards in the vain search for a glimpse of the sea. It was a fin
country that lay before us, wild and grand as the western coas
of Norway. Fresh snow lay sprinkled about the mountain tops;
between which were deep black gorges. At the bottom of tries'
were the fjords, which we could fancy, but could not see. *\
journey to Godthaab in this kind of country looked anythin:
but a simple matter.

w

FIRST SIGHT OF LAND. 315

e enjoyed our grand breakfast at our ease and leisure this
morning, made tea unlimited, and simply revelled in cheese and
oatmeal biscuits. It was glorious to have a treat like this once
in a way. The morning was well gone before we got finally on
the move. In the darkness of the evening before we had sailed
into some very rough fissured ice, and we now had to bear away
to the south to avoid the worst crevasses and reach smoother
ground. The snow throughout this day's march was partly
blown into drifts, especially where there was any unevenness in

COASTING DOWN THE SLOPES.
(By the Author,/rom an instantaneous photograph.)

the ice to catch it, and partly swept away by the wind, leaving
the surface slippery and bare.

Presently we reached the top of a long, steep slope which
had to be descended Sverdrup and I started down on our
" ski " and had a fine run. But our sledge was difficult to steer,
and we had huge crevasses on each side, so at last we were
constrained to take our " ski " off for safety's sake. We then
went on, standing each on a runner of the sledge, and scraping
and breaking with our feet in order to keep clear of the crevasses.
The Lapps during this run were especially reckless, and let their

316 ACROSS GREENLAND.

sledge rush ahead much as it pleased. A little farther down we
came upon a flat piece of ice, which was so slippery that it was
quite difficult to cross. It looked like the frozen surface of a
lake or pool. Beyond this we found ourselves in some nasty
ice again, and after I had fallen through the snow several times!
I thought it best to put the " ski " on again. With them onel
is of course much safer, as when one slides across the narrower!
crevasses their great length will generally hold one up. At this
time we had a nasty experience, as our sledge came lengthways
upon a crevasse, the snow-cornice of which gave way under one
of the runners, and we only managed to drag it on to firm ground
just as the whole mass of snow was falling in beneath it. Ravna
and Balto nearly got into a worse scrape once, when they tried
to take a short cut instead of following our course. They slid
down on to a huge wide fissure, whereupon one of the runners
cut straight through the snow and all but upset the sledge, and
it was only by the skin of their teeth that they escaped. I was
furiously angry with them, of course, and rated them well for not
being content to let us who went in front run such risks as were
necessary. Kristiansen, too, was once on the point of losing
his sledge in much the same way.

In the afternoon we had a hailstorm from the south and
south-east. The hail stung our faces and the wind continually
blew the sledges round, so that hauling became hard and dif-l
ficult work. In this respect Sverdrup and I were worst off, asj
our load was very bulky and lay high on the sledge, which there- 1
fore exposed a large surface to the wind. The steel bars or keels
under the runners would here have been an advantage, but they
had long ago given way on the rough ice of the east coast.

We stopped for the day on a little flat, on which there was
just enough drifted snow to hold our staffs, and the pitching
of the tent was thus a simple matter. We had flattered our-
selves that we should come within very easy distance of land,
if not reach it altogether, this evening, and we were consider-
ably disappointed when it seemed to us at the end of the day!
that we were almost as far off as ever.

.

FIRST SIGHT OF LAND. 317

ext day, September 2 1 , snow was falling, and we could see
nothing either of the land or the ice round us. We had to
grope our way as best we could, and there was no possibility
of choosing the most advantageous course.

Towards noon we stopped in order to get an observation, if
it were possible, as the sun now and again showed through the
clouds. It was most important that we should know where
we were, and the day before I had been too late for the pur-
pose, having made a mistake about the time owing to my
omission to wind my watch up. Luckily this time the sun was
visible for a while, and I was able to get the altitude, my
reckoning putting us at about lat. 640 13' N. This position
was a little more northerly than I should have liked, the reason
being that I had, as I have said, steered too much to the north
as we were sailing after we came within sight of land. As it
will appear, we now had to pay some days' penalty for the
mistake. If we had kept our original more southerly course,
we should probably have been able to sail right down on to
the land itself.

We now, therefore, turned more to the south when we set
off again. In the course of the afternoon Sverdrup and I had
a disagreement as to our best route — a thing which rarely
happened. He wanted to take us more to the right up on to
a ridge, as he had through the snow seen crevasses down below
in front of us. I had seen nothing of the kind, and preferred
to keep away to the left ; but after some discussion Sverdrup
prevailed, and we climbed the ridge, but only to find ourselves
in the middle of some terrible crevasses. They were worse
than any we had hitherto had to deal with, and we were very
glad to clear out again and bear away more to the south. Here
we found a tolerably smooth stretch of ice forming the bottom
of a valley between two ridges, which were both quite a net-
work of fissures. This alley or furrow narrowed in front of us,
and ended in a defile, where the two ridges almost met Here
there was an abrupt fall in the ground, and the ice was uncom-
fortably rough. The place looked all but impracticable, and

318 ACROSS GREENLAND.

it was clearly no use trying to push on any farther while the I
weather was so thick. It seemed very likely that we had come !
too far already.

So it was settled that Dietrichson, Ravna, and Balto should j
pitch the tent, while Sverdrup, Kristiansen, and I should go i
down and see whether this broken ice would allow of a passage. |
Balto in his quality of under-cook was told to set the apparatus i
going, and have everything ready by the time we came back-
some good pea-soup and plenty of hot water in the upper I
vessel, so that we could have some lemon-grog after supper.

We three soon had the Alpine rope round our waists and
set off downwards. The ice was unusually rough and hard to
pass, a simple chaos of sharp edges with fissures in between ;
but it was not dangerous, as the clefts were as a rule not deep.

We had not gone far before, to my astonishment, I saw a
little dark spot down below us between some ridges covered
with snow. It looked amazingly like water, but it was quite
possible that it was only ice, so I said nothing to the others.
But when I reached it and, putting my staff in, met with no
resistance, our surprise and delight were quite unbounded. We
threw ourselves down, put our lips to the surface, and sucked
up the water like horses. After a month of incessant thirst
and limited rations, the pleasure of having abundance of drink
was indescribable. How many quarts we swallowed I should
not like to say, but we plainly felt ourselves swell within and
without during the operation. We then went on refreshed, but
before we had gone far we heard some one shouting behind,
and saw little Ravna running after us as fast as his short legs
would carry him. We waited, fearing that there was something
wrong in the camp, and I was much relieved to hear, when he
came up, that all he wanted was the wicks for the spirit-lamp,
which I usually carried in my pocket to keep them dry. I was
anxious to know whether he had seen the water, for Ravna was
the worst of all of us to drink when he had the chance, and I
was half afraid that he would go at it till he made himself ill.
He had seen the water, he told us, but had not had time to

FIRST DRINK OF WATER. 319

attend to it as he came down, though he meant to make up for
the omission on the way back.

So we sent him off again and went on with our exploration.
We presently found ourselves among the roughest ice I had
ever seen, and all that I knew of from Captain Jensen's
descriptions was nothing compared to this. Absolutely im-
passable it was not, but ridge upon ridge, each sharper and
more impracticable than its neighbour, lay in all directions, while
between them were deep clefts, often half-full of water, which
was covered with a thin skin of ice not strong enough to bear.

Darkness was already coming on when we finally turned
homewards. We were wretchedly done up by having to toil
over this rough ground, on which the soft snow lay deep in
places, and were much comforted when we at last caught sight
of the tent in the distance. As we passed the pool again we
must needs have another drink. We lay down and let the
water fairly flow down our throats. Our foreheads grew numb
and cold, but that did not stop us. It was a truly divine
pleasure to be able once more to drink to the very end of
one's thirst. A cheering smell of good pea-soup met us as we
entered our little tent, where we found the others squatting
round the cooking machine. Balto had everything hot and
ready for us, and was very proud of having carried out his
orders to the letter.

His description, too, will serve to tell us what the rest of the
party did while we were away.

11 The other three went off with a rope round their waists to
look for a way, while we — that is, Ravna, Dietrichson, and I
— stayed behind to put up the tent. I had to make some pea-
soup, too, for I was cook. So I got the machine out, but then
found that there were no wicks, as Nansen had them in his
pocket. So I sent Ravna off to get them, and when he came
back he said he had found water and drunk his stomach full.
When I heard this I caught up a tin box and ran as hard as I
could go till I reached the pool. Then I threw myself down
and began to drink. I had to lift my head up now and then

320 ACROSS GREENLAND.

to get breath, and then I went on drinking again. It tasted
just like fresh, sweet milk, for we had not had any water for a
whole month. Then I filled the tin and carried it up to the
tent, and when Dietrichson saw it he lay down and drank till
he could not hold any more. The tin was a very big one, but
there was only just enough left for the pea-soup afterwards.
We found plenty of water every day after this."

I am sure we all remember September 21, when we first
found water. I really think it was one of the best days of the
whole expedition.

Balto's fragrant soup was soon served out, and we set to
work upon our supper with more than usual keenness, which
means considerably more than it seems to say. Even Ravna
could eat that night. He used to declare he never could make
a good meal because there was not enough to drink. This
used to induce him to save up his rations, and he would often
annoy us, and make our mouths water fruitlessly, by bringing
out four or five spare biscuits at a time to show us. The truth
probably was that his little body did not need as much food
as our larger ones.

After supper we had lemon-grog, which consisted of citric
acid, oil of lemon, sugar and hot water, a compound which to
our tastes was nothing short of nectar, and which we sipped and
enjoyed to the utmost as we lay in our sleeping-bags. For my
own part it was a long time since I had been so tired. The
laborious wading in the deep, fresh snow had tried my legs
severely, and I do not fancy that the others were much better.
But an evening like this in the tent brings a feeling of comfort
and gratitude upon one, and a veil of forgetfulness is gently and
soothingly drawn over all the pains and tribulations of the day.

A candle-end — the last we have — has been lighted for supper.
This over, and all our preparations for the morrow made, we
put out our light, bury our heads well beneath the hoods of the
sleeping-bags, and pass sv/iftly and lightly over into the region
of dreams.

Chapter XVIII.

THE CROSSING OF THE "INLAND ICE »— THE
DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD.

Before breakfast on September 22, while Balto was making
:he tea, Sverdrup and I climbed the ridge of ice which lay to
:he south of the tent for a reconnaissance. It was seamed with
Droad crevasses of unfathomable depth, most of them running
Darallel. Once I fell through a snow-bridge, but the fissure was
;o narrow that I could keep my hold on both its sides, and after
iome amount of struggling I managed to extricate myself. From
he top of the ridge we had a fine view over the surrounding ice,
ind could see that our best course would probably be to keep
1 westerly direction for the present and turn southwards again
ower down. As far as we can see, in front of us the ice seems
0 lie in fissured ridges, which all run westwards towards Godt-
laabsfjord. We had been in doubt as to what valley or fjord the
lepression right before us could be, but we could now see that it
nust be Kangersunek. Altogether we were able to make out our
thereabouts very well, and it was quite plain that we had come
lown four or five miles farther to the north than we had meant.
We found breakfast ready when we got back to the tent, and
fterwards it was settled that Sverdrup and I should go out again
nd explore the ice to the west, keeping to the north of the part
/e examined the previous evening. The others meanwhile must
Dllow us with the four sledges as far as they could in the same
irection, and, if they could get so far, stop at the last ridge we
ould see from here. As they had a fair wind behind them, I
nought they would be able to manage a sledge each without
luch difficulty.

322 ACROSS GREENLAND.

So Sverdrup and I started off, and with the wind behind us
ran fast down on our slippery oak " ski." The ground was fairly J
easy till we came tar enough to see down into the fjord, which
was full of floating glacier-ice. Then the crevasses began, but
at first they ran parallel, and we pushed a good way farther on.
But presently things became utterly hopeless, a simple network
of interlacing fissures, the ice protruding in small square islands
from the midst of the blue abysses. Even the fancy could form'
no idea of the depth of these chasms, and the sight of the riven j

THE "INLAND ICE AS IT FALLS INTO KANGERSUNEK.

(By the Author, after a photograph.)

and chaotic mass was unearthly in the extreme. Not a ste
farther could we go; there was nothing for us to do but eat ou
dinner and go back to look for the others. We found shelte
in a little crevice, where the sun did its best to comfort us an
temper the keenness of the biting wind.

On the way back I had the ill-luck to fall into a crevasse,
was left hanging by my arms, and the position was neither easi
nor pleasant. The fissure was narrow indeed, but it was ver|
difficult to get a footing with my " ski " on the slippery edge!

AN AWKWARD PREDICAMENT.
{By E. Nielsen.)

324

ACROSS GREENLAND.

I was alone, too, as Sverdrup had taken a different line, and, being
a long way on in front, saw nothing of my disaster. However,
after struggling for a while, I at last managed to scramble out
by myself. Strangely enough, none of us ever went further into
these crevasses than to the armpits.

We had not gone far before we caught sight of the tent, which
lay a little way to the north of us and on the very ridge where

VIEW TOWARDS KANGERSUNEK FJORD (SEPTEMBER 22).
(By the Author.)

the party had been ordered to halt. They had reached this point
about half an hour before, and the coffee was already under way.i
I must explain that we were now so near the coast that the coffee!
prohibition was not so stringently observed. It was not quite
ready, and a short rest after our little "ski " excursion did us good
After we had finished our coffee the tent was struck, and we set
off in a southerly direction in order to skirt the ice stream whicb

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD.

325

flowed down to the fjord, and in the middle of which we had just
been. At first the ground was easy and we made good progress,
though the wind did its best to hinder us by blowing the sledges
round. In the evening, when it was already growing dusk, we
reached a ridge of nasty, broken ice, which we had seen in the
distance that morning, and which there seemed to be no way of

iN

ON THE MORNING OF SEPTEMBER 23 : ROUGHISH ICE.
{By E. Nielsen, front a photograph. )

avoiding. It was necessary to explore the ground here before
moving any farther, and so there was nothing to be done but
encamp and wait for daylight. While supper was preparing
two of us went out again. The ice was undeniably awkward,
but with enterprise we could no doubt get through. The ridge
1 was luckily not broad, and the best route was evidently the
straightest and shortest.

326 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Next morning, September 23, Sverdrup went out upon another
prospecting expedition, and came back with comparatively re-
assuring intelligence. The ice was not so bad as it had seemed
to be at first sight, and it would be possible, if we put three men
to each sledge, to get them along without carrying them.

Then we broke up camp and set out upon the heaviest bit

i

»

•^

REST AND REFLECTION (SEPTEMBER 23).
(By the Author, front a photograph,)

of ice-travelling which we had yet had. In many places we
had to carry each sledge bodily up the steep slopes of the
ridges we had to cross, while as we descended the other side)
the unfortunate man who went behind had to hold it back with
all his might. If he slipped, down went he and the sledge on
to the heels of the others in front, and the whole group slid on I
together. Often, however, we were lucky enough to hit upOD

328

ACROSS GREENLAND.

the course of a frozen river, which gave us an easy though
somewhat winding passage among the hummocks and ridge*
of ice, which often formed cliffs with nearly perpendicular walls.
In one case we had to pass through a narrow cleft which only
just gave us room, and at the bottom held a little stream only
partially frozen, the water of which stood well above our ankles.
In the afternoon we at last passed out of the worst of the

ON THE AFTERNOON
OF SEPTEMBER
23 : INTO BETTER
ICE AGAIN.

(By A . Block, from a
photograph.)

ice, and could again take the sledges singly. The surface was
now tolerably good, and it grew still better, but the wind was
awkward, as it was always blowing the sledges round. A good
way further on I discovered a moraine running across the ice ,
in an easterly direction from the land. I imagined that this j
moraine must mark the limit between the streams of ice, more
especially because it lay in a depression, and as I could not
see any good in getting into the full current of another ice

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD. 329

stream, I determined to work down towards land on the north
side of the moraine. We now halted, and the tent having
been pitched and Balto sent out to look for water for the
coffee, Sverdrup and I set off downwards towards the land to

I see whether the ice were practicable here. We had not gone
far before we saw that our opportunity had come. We seemed
to have crossed to the south side of the stream of ice which
fell into Godthaabsfjord, for the surface seemed to fall away to
the south, or more correctly towards the land which lay straight
before us. We went back with the encouraging news, and the

! whole party drank their coffee in the highest spirits. The
prospect of once more feeling dry land beneath our feet was

i now not far off, and this was enough to fill us with delight.
As soon as we could we went on again, and with the wind
behind us made good progress, the ice being relatively smooth
and yet often falling rapidly. We were disappointed, however,
in our hope of reaching land that evening, as, owing to the
gathering darkness, we presently had to stop. But on the
whole we were more than satisfied with the day's work, as we
had advanced a good deal farther than we had had any reason
to hope in the morning.

Next day, September 24, we turned out early and set off
with the determination to reach land that day. This time, too,
we were not disappointed. We pushed on fast, as the gradient
was often tolerably steep and gave us much help. The wind
was fair, too, the ice easy, and everything promising. Some
way down a reconnaissance proved necessary, as the ice here
got rather rougher. I went on in front and soon found myself
upon the brow of an ice-slope which overlooked a beautiful
mountain tarn, the surface of which was covered with a sheet
of ice. Beyond was a gorge through which a river from the
tarn ran downwards, while to the right the great glacier sloped
evenly down to its end moraine, and would have formed the
most magnificent coasting-hill imaginable, but for the stones
that lay scattered over its surface. Here was an easy descent
for us, and no obstacles to separate us from our goal. I sood

33°

ACROSS GREENLAND

had the whole party by me, and we stood enjoying the sight of
the land below. After I had taken a couple of photographs,
we set off down the last ice-slope. It was steep, steeper per-
haps than any we had run down before, and we had to use our
brakes ; but the sledges went gaily, and soon we were safe and
well upon the frozen tarn below the glacier, with the " Inland
ice " for ever left behind

" UPON THE BROW OF AN ICE-SLOPE WHICH OVER
LOOKED A BEAUTIFUL MOUNTAIN TARN."

(By A. Block, from a photograph.)

We now pushed across the tarn towards the river on the othe j
side. The ice was not everywhere quite safe, but by moving i
carefully we reached the rocks beyond without mishap, took of
the " crampons " which we had been using the last few days, and
like schoolboys released, ran wildly about the shore. WordiS
cannot describe what it was for us only to have the earth anc

WE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD.

331

stones again beneath our feet, or the thrill that went through us
as we felt the elastic heather on which we trod, and smelt the
fragrant scent of grass and moss. Behind us lay the " Inland
ice," its cold, grey slope sinking slowly towards the lake ; before
us lay the genial land. Away down the valley we could see
headland beyond headland, covering and overlapping each other

SLOWLY TOWARDS THE LAKE."

ufi

{From a photograph.}

ar as the eye could reach. Here lay our course, the way
down to the fjord.

But it was high time to think of dinner. Neither the highest
spiritual enjoyment nor the overwhelming sense of an end at-
tained is sufficient to make one oblivious of bodily wants, but
on the contrary, the consciousness of difficulty overcome renders

532 ACROSS GREENLAND.

material indulgence doubly sweet. There was now a trace olj
gladness to be discovered even in Ravna's face. He had oveij
and over again abandoned all hope of feeling solid earth beneath!
his feet again, poor fellow 1 and the first thing he and Balto die
when they had brought their sledge safe to shore was to rur
straight away up the mountain side.

While dinner was preparing and the last remnant of ouil
much regretted jam being weighed out, Sverdrup and I wenj
on a little way down the valley to examine the ground. We!
passed a couple of small lakes with a moraine between, and be I
yond the second we climbed up the mountain side and got i
good view downwards. The valley, at least as far as we couk
see, seemed tolerably easy of passage. When we got bad
dinner was waiting for us under the shelter of some grea
boulders, where stretched in the heather we could enjoy it
pleasures to the full.

Afterwards we went to work to prepare each his burden fo
the land march down to the fjord. Our object was to take a
much as possible of the most necessary things, but not to oveii
load ourselves, or we should get over the ground too slowl>|
seeing that we wished to despatch two men to Godthaab a
soon as could be. So that we might have the necessary materia
for boat-building to begin upon at once, we took some bambo!
poles with the idea that we could fetch some more while th!
work of construction was going on.

I now for the first time was able to form some idea of Ravna'l
real strength. During the crossing he had had a lighter loa<l
than any of us, and nevertheless he was always complainini
that it was so heavy for an old man like him, while not seldor,
he lagged behind and kept us waiting for him. But now ther
were six piles of necessary things, as large as we thought wj
could manage, and I was fairly astonished when I saw Ravn
catch up his bag of clothes and other private property in add'
tion to his load. I told him that it would be too much fo:
him and that I did not mean him to carry both, but he dti
clared that he would not part with his clothes-bag, which ha»/

K.'c T

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD. 333

his Testament in it, and that he could manage the whole very
well. And though his load was thus nearly double as heavy as
ours, which we found quite heavy enough, he actually managed
to carry it, and went quite as well as any of us. No doubt he
thought that there was no need to save up his strength now,
and that he would show us for once in a way what he was good
for. It was quite true what Balto was always saying in admira-
tion, " Ah ! he is a strong chap, that Ravna, and no mistake
about it."

The rest of our things were packed on the sledges and well
covered with tarpaulins. These preparations together with our
afternoon tea being finished, we set off down the valley. The
descent was steep in many places : our course lay over piles of
debris and stretches of bog, and as our loads were heavy, the
progress was naturally only slow. Several times on the way
Ravna exclaimed enthusiastically, "It does smell good here,
just like the mountains in Finmarken, where there is good
reindeer pasture." And, true enough, the whole valley was
redolent of mountain grasses and reindeer-moss, and we all
breathed the fragrant air slowly and with infinite delight.

Late in the afternoon we reached a long, narrow lake, into
which we saw, to our surprise, that a huge glacier projected from
the western side of the valley. It was evidently an arm which
protruded from the main body of the " Inland ice " beyond the
mountain which lay to the west of us. When after descending
a steep slope we came to the lake, Sverdrup and Balto hit upon
the idea of putting their two loads together and dragging them
across the ice on a sledge hastily made of the bamboo poles
which they carried. Ravna and I, the smallest and biggest of
the party, then followed their example, and put our burdens
together ; but it was no easy matter to construct a sledge which
we could use out of nothing but a "ski "-staff and the wooden
theodolite-stand. After a number of attempts, however, we
succeeded fairly well, but by this time the others had pushed
on a long way ahead, and we had to hurry. The ice on the
lake was anything but strong, and it rocked uncomfortably under

334

ACROSS GREENLAND.

our tread in many places. When we reached the middle of th
lake, and had passed a little island, we found it worse than eve
Here the ice had been much broken up, apparently by the fa
of fragments from the glacier opposite, many of which la
scattered round about us. We now proceeded with rath*

"WE REACHED A LONG AND NARROW LAKE INTO WHICH ... A HU«
GLACIER PROJECTED FROM THE WESTERN SIDE."

{From a photograph.)

more care, and I presently discovered in the dusk a dark pat(i
of open water lying right in front of us. The pieces of ice (
which we now stood were not even frozen together, and th<
rocked so violently beneath us that it was quite difficult to kee
one's balance. The others shouted to us from shore with ;
their might, but without their warning it was plain that we mu

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD. 335

beat a hurried retreat, and we were glad indeed to get on to
firmer ground again without having had a ducking. We now
kept closer to the others and closer in to shore, but as we went
on the ice grew worse and worse, and presently we had finally
to take to the land. We now found an excellent camping-place,
and as it was already late in the evening, and our unaccustomed
loads had made us tired, we determined to halt for the night.
For the first time we had real good springy heather to lie upon,
and we stretched ourselves upon the soft couch with supreme
delight, while the mountain air blew over us with a peculiar
resinous and narcotic fragrance which comes from a kind of
heath abundant in Greenland.

While we were eating our supper inside the tent, Ravna, who
sat next the door, was told to light up a fire of heather outside.
The necessary material had been already collected, and we
thought we should like to have the cheering blaze of a camp-
fire to look at. But Ravna did not see it in this light at all,
and, with the usual perversity of a nomad Lapp, had a number
of objections ready at hand. He did not see any use in it, as
we should want the fuel next morning to boil our water with.
I considered there was plenty of stuff lying round about us, but
this argument Ravna met by asserting that he had no birch-bark
to make a fire with. At this we all burst out laughing, and I
represented to him that this obstinacy was not at all amiable,
that he would not have more birch-bark at his disposal if he
waited till the next morning, and that we should be much
obliged to him if he would go and light the fire at once. There-
upon he went out, and it was not long before we had a great
fire crackling and blazing outside and throwing a warm and
romantic glow into the dark little tent and upon the figures of
its occupants, whose weather-beaten faces shone strangely and
picturesquely in the fitful light. It was quite a novelty to us
to be able to see what we were eating, and a very welcome
change after the absolute darkness to which we had often been
accustomed.

I now asked Ravna several times to come in again, as there

336 ACROSS GREENLAND.

was no need to attend to the fire any longer, which would burn
quite well by itself; but now that he had once undertaken the
work he was not to be prevailed upon to abandon it.

After supper the smokers had a pipe of moss or grass, and
we all stretched ourselves at length round the blazing firej
comforting ourselves to the full with the feeling that we had
seen the last of the " Inland ice," and had gained our long-
wished-for goal. The light of our camp-fire spread out into the
night, and the flames rose high against the dark starry sky,
where the familiar northern lights were playing and the yet
unrisen moon showed faint signs of her approach.

I lay and amused myself by watching the look of glee and
something approaching to roguishness which was visible ir
Ravna's hitherto discontented face. He was all smiles now.
and to the question what he thought of the country, he answered
with enthusiasm that he would like to live here. I then asked
him seriously whether he would like to bring his reindeer over
He said he would indeed, but it would cost him too much ; but
when I suggested that in that case the Danish or Norwegian
Government might send him over free, he declared that he
would not hesitate a moment. Good pasture there was, anc
plenty of wild reindeer, for he had seen their tracks that after
noon, and he would get rich in no time. The only difficult)
would be to find anything to burn in the winter, but no doubi
he could manage as some Lapps had done on an island a
home in Finmarken — cut peat for winter fuel. Old Ravns
finished his eulogy by saying, "I like the west coast well; it
is a good place for an old Lapp to live in : there are plenty
of reindeer; it is just like the mountains in Finmarken." Hf
evidently felt almost as if he were back in his native haunts.

It was a glorious night, with the peculiar mild air of i
summer evening at home. The conversation dies away o
itself, thought follows thought out into space, each seeking anc
attaching itself to the rays of the moon which is just rising
above the distant ridges, and all are at last spun together intc
one tangle of ideas, till every thread is lost in the confusion

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD.

337

and the thinker drops into a comfortable dose. It was late at
night before we recovered ourselves sufficiently to go decently
to bed. Sverdrup declares that never in his life has he had so
glorious an evening as when he lay by that heather fire and
smoked his pipe of moss. Several of us no doubt are ready to
support him here.

THE MORNING OF SEPTEMBER 25 : PREPARING FOR THE START.
(From a photograph.)

Next morning, September 25, after 1 had taken a photograph
)f the glacier opposite, we set off again with our loads on our
across the ridge on which the tent had stood. On the
we found a well-trodden reindeer path which led down to
arm of the lake below. This arm was not entirely frozen,
it we managed to find a passage across it. At the farther end
the lake we halted for a rest, and while there saw a hare come

Y

33« ACROSS GREENLAND.

bounding along in the distance and stop under a rock. I got
rifle out at once and stalked her to within a hundred yards <
so. I could scarcely distinguish her yellowish white coat fro:
the snow, and the distance was long. But as there seemed r
hope of getting nearer, I fired, and she fell stone-dead with tl
ball through her neck. The others were much delighted, ;
they had been waiting in great excitement to see whether th<
were going to have fresh meat for supper or not.

Then we went on again down the narrow valley, scramblir
down steep declivities and over stony moraines. Some wj
farther on on the west side another arm of the " Inland ice
reached into the valley. This drove a huge moraine in fro:j
of it, and formed here and there high pinnacles and ridgej
which were, however, so covered with clay and stones that
was often difficult to distinguish ice from bare land.

Later in the morning we came out upon the top ot a pi
cipitous slope, at the foot of which was a lake, into which tl
" Inland ice " descended from the east. From here we cou
see a long way over the great icefield, as far as Nunatarsuk, tl
land on the eastern side of Kangersunek. The river we h;
been following hitherto now joined that which flowed out
this lake not far from its point of exit The map we had be
trusting to proved completely wrong; we had still some twelj
miles at least to go before we reached the fjord, and our ho
of getting there to-night was vain.

At noon we reached another lake with broad, flat shor<
Here we saw abundant traces of geese, which showed it to
a very favourite resort. Possibly it was a general resting-pla
during the autumn passage down the edge of the " Inland io
while the lakes are still open.

Here, too, in the clay, as all along our route where su
marks could be left, the tracks of reindeer were very numeroil.
and some of them at least were not more than two or thij:
days old, but they all pointed downwards towards the fjoij
I kept my eyes well about me, and scanned unremittingly □
brown slopes that lay around us on every side, but to no pi

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD. 339

pose, as not a sign of deer was to be seen. On the south shore
of the lake, which we christened " Goose Pool," we camped in
the deep heather to enjoy our dinner.

It was a splendid day : the sun shone warm and bright, the
sky lay clear and blue above, and round about us was as fine
shooting-ground as a sportsman could wish to see. It must be
a simple Eldorado earlier in the year, when the reindeer are
here in their numbers, and the wild geese fly screaming along
the lake, in concert, perhaps, with duck and snipe and many
other of the Greenland waders.

In the evening we camped on a flat piece of ground by a
little tarn amid brown slopes of heather and the best reindeer
ground imaginable. We set about to cook our hare in a vessel
which had originally been a spirit-can. Just as it was ready
the pot upset into the fire, and we lost all our soup. The hare
was rescued and divided, but her poor meagre little body gave
little enough to each of six hungry men. The small portion we

1 got, however, was enjoyed amazingly. We were not accustomed
to fresh meat, and it was marvellously easier to bite than the
hard pemmican, which is very difficult for any one with defective
teeth to deal with. Sverdrup and I, who were the worst off of

: the party in this respect, used always to select the most mouldy
parts, as they were softer and easier to masticate. The even-
ing was clear, like yesterday ; the northern lights were playing
above us, the camp-fire burning brightly by our side, and our
spirits were perhaps even brighter still.

On September 26 we had at last a reasonable expectation of
reaching the fjord. We followed the river downwards, passing
at times over sandy hills and terraces, at times across flat, sandy
stretches in which the river ran in a deep channel between
steep banks. The ground was often covered with thickets of
willow and alder, the bushes of a man's height or so. The
alders were still green, but the willow leaves yellow and withered,
the result apparently of the early frost of some few nights ago.
Now, on the contrary, we had 55 ° Fahr. in the daytime in the
shade, while the nights were as mild as September nights at

340 ACROSS GREENLAND.

home. The cause of this high temperature was evidently j
warm and dry easterly or south-easterly wind very like th|
" fbhn " of the Alps. Such winds are not unusual on the wesi
coast of Greenland.

These flat stretches of ground are often, too, cut transversel j
by watercourses which come from the adjacent slopes. Thes:
have ploughed deep in the soft, sandy clay, and they werj
sometimes unpleasant enough to cross when their steep bank I
were thickly overgrown with willow scrub. Geologically thi|
valley was extremely interesting, and very instructive to thj
observant eye. At one spot a long way down, the sandban;
had lately fallen into the stream, and masses of old musstj
shells were exposed to view. These shells tell us plainly hoN
these great, sandy stretches have been formed. Once th
fjord has filled this valley, and the clay and sand brough
down by the river from the glacier moraines have settled upo
the sea-floor, forming a gradually increasing deposit which hs|
finally taken the water's place. Subsequently the land hz\
risen, and that it has done so is clearly shown by the presenc
here of these shells of a salt-water mussel (Mytilus edulis) of
post-glacial period. Whether this rise of the land has take
place at intervals and by jerks, or gently and continuously,
as yet uncertain. The latter view is commonly adopted, an
is supported by most of the phenomena. No doubt the lay©
of sand and clay lie in terraces, but even if the land has rise
gently and continually, it is held that this might be explaine
by the supposition that during certain climatic periods of heavi
rain- and snow-fall, the river has brought down considerab!
more matter than during the intervening and less products
periods, an alternation of conditions which might well lead 1
this step-like formation. I cannot for several reasons subscrit
to this view, but as the subject is difficult and its discussic
would take too much space here, I must be content to ackno)
ledge the question as still open.

The sea-floor thus having at one time or other risen, tl
river proceeded to cut its winding channel through the deposi

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD. 341

of sand and clay which now lie high and dry. Soft stuff like
this is easy to cut through and undermine, and bank after bank
has therefore slipped into the river, and in the course of ages
been carried along by the stream to its outflow in the fjord,
where it has gone to form new but precisely similar deposits.
The mighty forces of nature which work in these regions are
never at rest ; some are chiselling out valleys and fjords, leav-
ing peaks and ridges behind ; others, or, more correctly, other
forms of the same forces, are striving to level and fill up the
excavations already made.

The glaciers are excavating and hollowing out the valleys
and fjords — these characteristic narrow glacier-fjords with their
smooth, precipitous sides, simple chasms gouged out of the
hard gneiss rock. The same streams of ice are driving before
them their huge moraines, which, as the great moving mass
from time to time draws back, are left as long barriers stretch-
ing across the fjord-mouth or valley-floor. At the same time
the clay and grit of which these moraines consist, as well as
that of the so-called "ground-moraines" which lie beneath
the ice, are carried off again by the milky glacier river and
deposited in the fjord at its mouth. Here the material does
its filling up and levelling work, and forms eventually the flat,
sandy stretches that lie at the head of Greenland and Scandina-
vian fjords. These are the " orer " which appear so commonly
in such Norwegian place-names as Trondhjesmoren and Lserdal-
soren, and are to be seen in hundreds on the Greenland coast.

For the geologist, therefore, Greenland, which is now pass-
ing through its ice-age, is of great importance. Phenomena,
which would be otherwise unintelligible to him, are here made
clear throughout their history ; here he can see close at hand,
and in their full activity, the mighty forces which he can behold
elsewhere only in the mirror of his fancy, or which he can at
most study in the pigmy remnants which we still have in Europe
— remnants from the time when the north of the continent and
the high regions of the Alps were buried under mantles of ice
like that which now forms the great " Inland ice " of Greenland.

342 ACROSS GREENLAND.

A long way down the valley we had to wade the river, but
soon afterwards discovered, to our annoyance, that the othei
side was impracticable. Here the river was too deep tq
wade, and it was either a case of going back or of climbing!
the shoulder of the mountain to the west to see if we coulcj
thus obtain a passage. While we were discussing the poinij
we thought we would stop and have our dinner, and then set
what was to be done.

After we had finished, Balto disappeared, and presently
caught sight of him high up on the mountain side. He wa:
waving his hat in high glee and looking westwards ; he coulc
evidently see the fjord. He soon joined us again, carrying
big reindeer-horn, and told us that he had seen a great shee
of blue water which must be the fjord, and that the inner enc
was covered with ice. We all now climbed the slope as fast a
our legs would take us ; we longed to get a sight of the sea
possibly the whortleberries which Balto promised enticed us too
and, what was more, the flies down below made a longer sta
there unendurable. From the ridge we had a glorious view dowi
the valley. The river went winding along through the sand
flat, and beyond lay the fjord, a blue expanse stretching fa
away among the high mountains which hemmed it in. Wha
Balto had taken to be ice we could now see to be the estuar
sands, which quite filled the head of the fjord.

We had not far to go now. Our joy was great when w
found a little lower down some old footprints from a Greer
lander's boots in the sand by the river-side. They were pre
bably the tracks of some reindeer hunter, who some month
ago had visited the now deserted valley, in which the wel
trodden paths showed that at certain seasons it must b
frequented by numbers of deer. Here we rested by the fin
signs of human life which we had found on the western sid<
if we except certain equivocal traces Balto had hit upon, an
doubtfully attributed by him to either man or bear.

After we had climbed one more willow-grown ridge we ha
the fjord at last straight before us, and to the bare sandi

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD. 343

through which the river still wound for a long way farther, we
had only a short slope to descend. Just below us was a little
flat stretch grown with heather and scrub and close by a tarn.
This was the very spot for our camp, as the hill would shelter
us from the east wind, which was now blowing down the
valley straight from the "Inland ice." We ran down, threw
our burdens into the heather and ourselves by their side, and
allowed the consciousness of having reached our destination to
comfort and soothe our wearied bodies. Much remained for
us yet to do certainly ; four were to go back and fetch the rest
of the baggage, while Sverdrup and I were to go to Godthaab
and take measures — of what kind we had as yet but vague ideas
—for the relief of the others. One thing at least is certain, that
we are once more at the sea level, if not exactly at its edge, and
are in all probability at the end of our toils and sufferings. A
difficulty has been overcome, a difficulty which many, perhaps
most, of those qualified to judge have deemed insuperable.
It is no wonder then that the mood of the party was at this
moment one of pure, unalloyed satisfaction.

After a little rest and refreshment two of us went up the
mountain side to the east to have a look down the fjord. On
its north side the ground, as far as we could see from here,
was so rough that there was very little probability of our being
able to reach Godthaab that way. To get to Narsak, which
lies on the south side, would no doubt be easier, but we were
not certain of finding any people who understood a European
language. The sea route was obviously the safest, and after
determining to set to work with our boat-building at once, we
went back to the tent

We had brought down with us two bamboos and one " ski n
staff, but had nothing for the ribs. For these the bent ash rods
fixed at the back of the sledges would have been just the thing,
but they were up by the ice, and it would have taken two or
three days to get them. So it was necessary to find something
else, and our thoughts went straight, of course, to the willow
bushes, which lay in plenty round about us, and were some-

344 ACROSS GREENLAND.

times as much as six or seven feet high. Ribs made of these
would not be as straight as we could wish, and would not stretch
the canvas very evenly. Our boat was not likely to prove very
fast in these circumstances, but the main thing was to get her
to carry us. We set about detaching the tent floor at once, so
as to have it ready for next morning. It was settled that Balto
should stay and help us with the sewing, while tLe other three
were to go back for the rest of our goods after breakfast.

We turned out early on the morning of September 27 and
made a very meagre breakfast of bread and pemmican, to which
our last ration of tea was added. Of the pemmican we had
brought down a good provision, but it had disappeared amaz-
ingly fast, and of the remainder Sverdrup and I wanted as much
as we could get for our voyage, seeing that it was impossible tc
tell how long it would last.

After breakfast Sverdrup and Balto went to work upon the
boat at once, while I took some observations and the others
made preparations for their return. After having received theii
rations for the day, they were ready to start, and I gave their j
their final instructions. First and foremost they were to secure
the instruments and diaries, and then bring as much of the res)
as they could, including of course all the provisions. Balto was
to join them later.

Then they started off up the valley with our best wishes anc
in the most glorious weather, while we went on with our work
Originally it had been my idea to build the boat long and narrow
in order that she might travel better, but Sverdrup considerec
that this would entail too much sewing, and that it would be
better to use the tent-floor just as it was, giving it the form o
a boat and patching it wherever necessary. This would nol
make an ornamental craft of her, but it would save an immense
deal of sewing, and to Sverdrup, as a sailor, I of course at oncej
gave way. Unluckily, as I have already said, we had left oui<
sailmaker's palm behind in our cache on the east coast. If wd
had had it now we should have got through our work a gooc
deal faster, for as it was we had to drive the needle through th

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD.

34S

hard canvas with our bare hands. Another difficulty, and a
worse one, which we had to contend against, was a plague of
small black flies, which swarmed round us, settled on our faces,
necks, and hands, and bit us villainously. It was impossible

OUK CAMPING-PLACE NEAK AMERALIKI-JORD ON THE EVENING OK
SEPTEMBER 27.

{From a photograph. )

to escape them, and they were almost worse than the mosquitoes
on the other side of Greenland.

After I had tried my hand at the sailmaker's needle for a
while, and found that it was work to which I was eminently
unsuited, I left the task to the others, who at this kind of thing,

346

ACROSS GREENLAND

as well as at much else, were simply masters, and went oft with
my axe to the forest, or, more correctly speaking, to the nearest
thicket of willows, to look for some branches which would make
ribs for the boat In many places the bushes of the thicket were
so high that I quite disappeared in them, and the tops of some
I could scarcely touch with the tips of my fingers. There were
plenty of branches that were thick enough, and one bush had

THE BOAT AND HER BUILDER.
(From a photograph. )

stems as massive at the root as a grown man's thigh, but they
were as a rule desperately crooked, and to find any that would
serve our purpose was by no means an easy matter. At last I
managed to collect as many as we wanted. They were anything
but straight and even, but as we had nothing else we must need
put up with them. By the evening the boat was finished. She
was no boat for a prize competition indeed ; in shape she was

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD. 347

lore like a tortoise-shell than anything else, but when we tried
in a pool close by we found she carried us both well, and
Itogether we were hugely pleased with her. Her dimensions, I
ty add, were : length, 8 ft. 5 in. ; breadth, 4 ft 8 in. ; depth, 2 ft.
As yet, however, we had no oars made. I had found some
willow branches, which I intended to stretch canvas
so that we could use them as blades, while for the
fts we had pieces of bamboo. I had not got on very far
this job, however, as on this particular day, as well as on
le two or three preceding, I had a racking headache, and was
)t up to much work of any kind.

Next morning, September 28, Balto also left us. We watched

im stride away up the valley, and the active fellow joined the

lers up by the edge of the ice the very same evening. By

>n our two pair of sculls were made, and the boat ready to

launched. The most difficult part had been the thwarts,

we had nothing to make them of but a slender round ash

leodolite-stand and two thin pieces of bamboo. They were,

ideed, the scantiest seats it has ever been my ill luck to sit

1, and I devoutly hope never again to have to go through

a similar penance.

After we had had our dinner — which was as meagre a meal
as our breakfast had been — we packed up the sleeping-bags,
our clothes, and everything that we were not going to take, in
the tent, which was covered with stones, and protected as well
as we could manage it against the weather. In the boat we
stowed our clothes-bags with as much clothing as we thought
necessary. To sleep in we had borrowed the two reindeer-skin
tunics of the Lapps, and we each also had our pair of Lapp boots
with the necessary grass lining. We took also the camera, a
gun and cartridges, a stock of provisions packed partly in tins
and partly in canvas, a supply of biscuits being stowed away in
my canvas trousers, two cups which were also to do duty as
balers, and lastly a cooking-pot, which was really the upper
vessel of our great cooker deprived of the original felt covering.
As soon as all our preparations were made we got under way.

340 ACROSS GREENLAND.

First we took our baggage down to the sands, and then the boat
itself. We had hoped to be able to row all the way down the
river and straight out to sea, but here, again, we met with the
most unexpected difficulties, as the water was so shallow that
rowing was out of the question. When we were both in the
boat it was an absolute impossibility, so I, as the heavier, got
out to walk across the sands, while Sverdrup sat in to try and
punt himself along alone. But this was no great improvement,
as he had soon to get out and wade in the cold water, while
he towed the boat behind him, which was no agreeable work.
It was seldom that he could punt, and still more rarely that
he could row, and progress was therefore very slow.

Nor was it much fun for me to tramp over the sands, for the
ground was soft and I often sank well up to my knees. We
both had incredibly hard work in one way and another ; again
and again we were buried to the hips in mud and water, and
half a day's toil of this kind told terribly on our legs. The sticky
stuff held our feet fast at every step, and we were thoroughly
tired out when we at last reached a certain point well out in the
fjord, where we had hoped to be able to finally put to sea.

But here we discovered that we were by no means at the end,
as the river now spread out in a delta, the branches of which
were so shallow that it became impossible even to drag the
boat, and it had to be carried for the rest of the way. But it
was now evening, and we thought we might as well halt for the
night. So we carried the boat up on to higher ground with
the idea of turning it over and using it as a tent to sleep under.
Then we brought up our things, and to our great comfort got
some dry clothes on after our long wade in the icy water. Next
we found a good place for a fire, put a hoop of copper wire on
our cooking-pot, and I went off to get some water while Sver-
drup made the fire up. There was no lack of fuel round about
us, and by the time I got back the pile was blazing well. The
pot was hung over it, and when we had put our reindeer-skin
coats on and drawn up to the fire we felt thoroughly comfortable.
We had enjoyed our comfort just long enough to see the water

THE DESCENT TO AMERALIKFJORD. 349

begin to boil, when the pot and all its contents fell into the fire
and completely extinguished it. The ears of the vessel to which
the hoop had been fastened had melted off and caused the
disaster. There was nothing to be done but begin from the
beginning again. We put a new hoop on the pot — this time
with more solidity — more water was fetched, the fire resuscitated,
and we were soon able to enjoy the sight of boiling water again.
The pea-soup was excellent, and we had another splendid even-
ing. The last flush of day soon vanished behind the moun-
tains in the west ; the stars grew more and more distinct in the
darkening sky, and presently the moon came too and shone
down upon us as we sat by our sinking fire and talked of the
" Inland ice " as a distant dream.

Afterwards we each chose out a willow-bush, crept under,
curled ourselves up in our fur coats, and were soon asleep. To
use the boat as a tent, we thought, when it came to the point,
was an unnecessary waste of energy.

Chapter XIX.

OUR VOYAGE, AND ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB

Next morning, September 29, we carried the boat down to the
water. It was desperate work plodding along with it through
this sticky sand, in which our feet sank deep, and fixed them-
selves, and wheezed like the piston of an air-pump as we pulled)
them out again at each step. But at last we reached the water's
edge, and set the boat down, to go back and get the rest of our
things. There were any number of gulls down here, and we had
looked forward to the prospect of a supply of fresh meat ; but, I
unfortunately, they kept at a respectful distance, and we had*
no chance of a shot. When we got back to our camping-place,
we came to the conclusion that we had had quite enough of the
sands, and determined to carry the other things over the higher
ground, rough and difficult though it was.

When we got down to the shore again, we saw that the boat
was now afloat a long way out in the water, as, while we had
been away, the fjord had risen to such an extent as to flood
all the outer part of the sands. Luckily Sverdrup had been
thoughtful enough to moor her fast by driving a stake into the
ground, though we had left her so far from the edge of the water
that we thought she was quite safe. He now waded out to her,
and rowed her in to a point of land close by, while I moved
the baggage to meet him at the same spot Thus, at last, after
a day's labour, we had overcome one more obstacle, and were
ready to embark on a good sea-way.

After we had had our dinner we set out upon our first voy-
age, our destination being the farther side of the fjord, along
which we meant to coast on our way outwards. We discovered

.

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB. 351

once that our boat travelled much better than we had ex-
pected. She did not prove to be a fast craft, certainly, but we
could get along in her, and reached the other side of the fjord
after what we considered to be a remarkably quick passage. Nor
was water-tightness one of our boat's virtues, for we had to take
to baling with one of the soup-bowls about every ten minutes.

Just here, the head of the fjord formed a little bay or inlet,
which seemed to us, in our present state of mind, an unusually
attractive spot. It ended in a peaceful, gentle valley — a valley
of long, brown slopes and stretches of moss and stones, and
skirted by low, round hills; just the ground that is most
welcome to the reindeer and his pursuer. Our interests still
centred in all that we could connect with food and the pursuit
of game, and the more poetic reader must forgive us. To us,
at this time, this was the most beautiful side of Nature ; and for
her true beauty — the lofty peaks, the snow-clad mountains, the
precipitous cliffs, and all the glories of barrenness, glories of
which Ameralikfjord has enough and to spare — we had no eyes
of appreciation. Such delights are for that true lover of Nature,
the tourist, as he wanders among them on his comfortable
steamer, with abundance of warm clothing and good food.

Then we worked along the stupendous cliffs which form the
northern shore of Ameragdla, as the inmost branch of Amera-
likfjord is called, and stopped for the night at a spot where we
could land our boat and find flat ground enough to sleep upon
— accommodation not to be procured everywhere. We had not
advanced much that day, but we were quite satisfied, and very
pleased to be on the sea once more. Our chief delight, how-
ever, was the prospect of eating our fill of good fresh meat after
nearly seven weeks of the driest of food. During our row I had
shot six big blue gulls. At first I missed several times, as the
birds kept out of range, but at last one ventured nearer, and
then I had no further trouble. Gulls, as most people know,
are inquisitive birds ; so when I had thrown one dead body out
to float, the others must needs come to look at it, and I brought
down one after the other, and stocked our larder for the time.

352

ACROSS GREENLAND.

These gulls are big birds, and we determined to have two
apiece for our evening meal. They were skinned, put two atj
a time into boiling water, and cooked as little as possible.

SHOOTING GULLS FROM THE BOAT.
(By A. Black, after photograph and tketch.)

Sverdrup was afterwards asked whether he took care to clear!
them properly. " Oh, I don't know," he answered ; " I sav-i
Nan sen pull something out of them, and I suppose it was parj
of the inside ; and some more came out in the pot while the])

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB. 353

cooking. All I can say is, I never tasted better birds in
my life." And he was quite right : we both thought we had
never had anything which could be compared with those gulls ;
the tenderest of chickens could not have been better. Whether

, the cause lay in our appetites, or the peculiar method of pre-
paration, I will not attempt to decide. We looked for no
reason at the time, but tore our birds in pieces as fast as teeth
and fingers would allow. It was not long before the first two
had disappeared, and then we set to work upon the second
with greater deliberation and more prolonged enjoyment. We
finished with the broth in which they had all been boiled. This
had a very characteristic, gamey taste, which added much to
its peculiarity, though we were not quite certain to what we
should attribute its origin.

Language, in fact, has no words which can adequately de*
scribe the satisfaction of the two savages who sat that evening
on the northern shore of Ameragdla, and dipped each his hands
into the pot, fished out the body of a gull, and conveyed it,
piece by piece, head, feet, and all, into the depths of his hungry
stomach. The light of the fire meanwhile was almost dimmed
by the brighter glory of the northern lights. The whole heaven
blazed, both north and south ; the lights swept onwards, and
then returned again ; and suddenly a whirlwind seemed to
pass across the sky, driving the flames before it, and gathering
them together at the zenith, where there was a sparkling and
a crackling as of burning fire, which almost dazzled the eyes
of the onlooker. Then the storm seemed to cease, the light
died slowly away, there was nothing left but a few hazy flecks,
which sailed across the starlit sky as we stood there still gazing.
Such a display of northern lights I have never seen, either
before or since. And there, below us, lay the fjord, cold and
impassive, dark and deep, and girt round about by steep
walls of rock and towering mountains, the familiar fjord land-
scape of the west of Norway.

i ; Next day things did not go quite so well with us, as in the
course of the morning a head-wind sprang up, which blew so

354 ACROSS GREENLAND.

hard that, instead of making progress, we were almost driven
backwards, and our little cockle-shell danced up and down
upon the waves to such an extent that there seemed every
chance of our capsizing. She proved a good sea-boat, how-
ever, and never shipped a drop of water, except that which ran
in unceasing streams through her bottom. Against the breeze,
though, she travelled very heavily, and there was nothing to be
done but land, rest meanwhile, and hope that the wind would
drop towards evening. This it eventually did, and we em-
barked again. It was not long before we reached Nua, as the
point is called which lies at the mouth of Itivdlek Fjord, the
northern branch of Ameralik. Here the country was less wild
and broken, and, with its low ridges covered with moss and
heather, promised excellent reindeer-ground.

It was a fine, still evening, and we now set about to cross
the fjord. This was the longest sea-passage we had as yet
attempted ; but all went well, and we were soon across by the
opposite shore. It was dark by this time, and we put to land
to get some supper. Here, however, we found neither fuel nor
water, and had to eat our food cold and without drink, a state
of things to which we were, nevertheless, well used. We had
thought of pushing on farther during the night, but we now
saw some ominous storm-clouds coming up from the west, and
gathering about the sharp, wild peaks on the north side of the
fjord. The night, too, was so dark that it would have been
difficult to cross the fjord again, as we wished ; and so we
determined to bring the boat ashore, and get a little sleep, in
the hope that the moon might come to our help later. During
the operation of beaching the boat, Sverdrup was unlucky
enough to fall into the water, which is not very pleasant just
before bedtime, and when one has so little in the way of a
change of clothes.

There was no improvement in the weather, and we slept till
the morning of October i. It was a splendid sunny day, and
there was a gentle wind blowing to help us.

In the course of the morning we crossed the fjord again, and

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB.

355

went ashore to get ready a substantial dinner of two gulls apiece
and a soup of unsurpassed excellence. To the broth in which
the birds had been cooked we added peas and bread, and the
compound was so invigorating that we literally felt the strength
grow in us as we took down one basin after another.

Unluckily, at this spot where we had landed there was a great
abundance of crowberries, and as a matter of course we added

BY AMERALIKFJORD ON THE MORNING OF OCTOBER I.
{From a photograph.)

them to our bill-of-fare. It was long since we had had access
to fresh, wholesome, vegetable food, and we actually indulged
ourselves beyond the bounds of reason. First we ate the berries
standing; and then, when we could stand no longer, we ate them
sitting ; and when this posture became at last too wearisome, we
i lay prone at our ease, and prolonged the debauch to incredible
lengths. When we landed there had been no wind, but now a
; stiff northerly hreeze sprang up, which blew ud the fiord, and

356 ACROSS GREENLAND.

made any attempt at farther progress on our part quite out of the
question. All we could do, therefore, was to lie here, and go on
with our crowberries. At last we grew so torpid that we had not
the energy to pick the berries any longer with our hands, and so
we turned on our faces, and went on gathering them with our
lips till we fell asleep. We slept till evening, and when we woke,
there hung the great black, luscious berries still before our very
lips, and on we went eating them till we dozed off again. If what
people say is true, that gluttony is one of the deadly sins, then
may Heaven's mercy save us from the dire punishment that must
await us for what we did that day in Ameralikfjord. It has
always been a cause for wonder to me that we did not pay the
penalty then and there ; but, as a matter of fact, we suffered no
ill-effects from our excesses.

At midnight the wind dropped, and I turned the crew out.
In spite of the crowberries, Sverdrup had had sufficient energy
in the course of the evening to collect some wood and fetch water
in the event of our needing a meal in the night. We now, there-
fore, fortified ourselves for work, and by one o'clock we were
afloat, ready to push on with renewed energy. We made our way
quickly along the shore in intense darkness. The phosphor-
escence of the water was almost as brilliant as anything that
tropical seas can show. The blades of our oars gleamed like
molten silver, and as they stirred the surface the effect was seen
in the glittering radiance that stretched far below. The whole
scene was very grand as we passed along under the beetling cliffs,
where we could see scarcely anything but the flashes of phos-
phorescence which flitted upon the water round about us, and
danced and played far away in the eddies of our wake.

We seemed to have luck with us just now — a state of things
to which we were not much accustomed. The weather was fine,
and there was no wind; so, to make the best use of our oppor-
tunities, and keep the steam up, we had recourse to frequent
stimulants, in the way of meat-chocolate. Rations were served
out often and liberally, and with apparent effect, for we made
rapid progress.

.

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB.

357

At dawn, while we were resting at a certain spot, we heard
numbers of ptarmigan calling in the scrub close by us. It would
have been easy to bag some, and I was tempted to try ; but we
thought we had no time to waste on land for such a purpose,
, so we showed an heroic determination by rowing away from
the enticing spot.

We rowed on all the morning without stopping, except for
chocolate. Along the whole stretch of shore the rocks fell so

FULL SPEED AHEAD FOR GODTHAAB.
(By Th. Holmboe, after a photograph.)

abruptly into the water that there were but two or three places
where a landing was possible. About noon, to our great astonish-
ment, we found ourselves approaching the mouth of the fjord.
Here we came upon a point with a nice flat stretch of beach,
and pulled in to land. The spot seemed a favourite camping
place, for there were several rings of stones marking the sites
of Eskimo tents, and masses of seals' bones and similar refuse
strewn about the place.

358 ACROSS GREENLAND.

The consciousness of having got so far made us unusually
reckless. We felt that we should soon be in Godthaab now,
and in honour of the occasion we contrived a dinner which,
in magnificence, surpassed even that of the day before. We
had now no need for parsimony or self-restraint, and no meal
throughout the course of the expedition came up to this in
extravagance. We began with sea-urchins, or sea-eggs, which
I collected in numbers on the beach close by. The ovaries
of these are especially good, and little inferior to oysters, and
of this delicacy we consumed huge quantities. We then went
on to gulls and guillemots, which were followed by the usual
excellent soup. Biscuit and butter we had in abundance, and
there were plenty of crowberries for him that had recovered
from the surfeit of the preceding day. It was, indeed, a dinner
worthy of the name, as Sverdrup said. It was no easy matter
for us to convey ourselves into the boat again, and bend over
the oars to do our proper work. If at any time afterwards I
wished to bring Sverdrup into a thoroughly good humour,
I had only to call to mind our notable dinner at the great
camping-place in Ameralikfjord.

Fortune was strangely kind to us that day : we now had a
fair wind behind us, and, in spite of our torpor and laziness,
we made rapid progress during the afternoon. Everything was
rosy to us now, and we pulled away in sheer fulness of heart.
There was one thorn in the side of our happiness, neverthe-
less. This came from the absurdly thin little rails on which
which we had to sit instead of thwarts. I suffered so much
that I felt I could well do without a certain part of the body
altogether. We shifted, and shifted again, but with little relief
to our soreness and discomfort. The happiness of this world
is, indeed, seldom pure and unalloyed.

Thus we passed out of the fjord, and saw the sea, islands,
and scattered rocks spread out before us, and lighted by the
most glorious of sunsets. The whole expanse seemed to be
suspended in an atmosphere of gently-glowing light. The
vision stopped us, barbarians as we were, and deprived us of

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB. 359

speech and power of action. A feeling of home and familiar
scenes came over us ; for just so lie the weather-beaten islands
of the Norwegian coast, caressed by flying spray and summer
haze, the outskirts of the fjords and valleys that lie behind.
} It is not to be wondered at that our forefathers were drawn to
this land of Greenland.

We had set ourselves the task of passing the mouth of
Kobbefjord, an inlet which lies just to the south of Godthaab,
that evening, so that, in the event of bad weather next day, we
could, nevertheless, easily reach our destination overland. We
now came to a little fjord which is not marked sufficiently
clearly on the map we had, and which we therefore wrongly
assumed to be Kobbefjord, though I thought at the time that
it lay suspiciously near to the mouth of Ameralik.

Consequently, we thought we might as well land there and
then, as we sat simply in torture, and our legs were stiff with
the pain and discomfort of the position. But then it struck
us that we had better keep on till we could see the lights of
Godthaab, for, in our innocence, we supposed them to be
visible from the south. We saw, however, nothing at all, and,
as the current now ran hard against us, we were at last obliged
to desist and go ashore. This was at a point which lies at
. the foot of a high mountain, which we afterwards found to be
Hjortetakken. It was now about nine o'clock, and, with the
exception of short intervals for breakfast and dinner, we had
been fixed to those seats of affliction for a good twenty hours.
It was indeed a welcome change to have a broad surface to
stretch ourselves upon.

Phenomenal as our dinner had been, the supper which now
followed was not much less so. For the first time since we
left the Jason we could go to work upon bread, butter, and
liver "pat£" without restraint and stingy weighing out of
rations. We drank lemonade to our heart's desire, and did
> our very best to prevent any of that provender which we had
been economising so long from remaining over, to be carried
to people among whom it would have no value. This thought

360 ACROSS GREENLAND.

it was that harassed us, and urged us to further effort ; but in
the end we were obliged to desist, with our task as yet undone.

This was the last of these wonderful nights which we had
a chance of enjoying before our re-entrance into civilisation.
We felt that it was our farewell to Nature and to the life
which had now grown so familiar and so dear to us. The
southern sky was as" usual radiant with the northern lights,
streamer after streamer shooting up to the zenith, each more
brilliant than the last ; while the stars glittered in their usual
impassive way, their brightness more or less eclipsed as the
rival lights waxed or waned in intensity.

We were both of us in a strange mood : our wanderings were
all but ended ; we had met with many mishaps and many un-
foreseen obstacles, but we had succeeded in spite of all. We
had passed through the drifting ice, and pushed our way up
along the coast; we had crossed over the snow-fields of the
continent, and made our way out of the fjord in our miserable
little boat, in defiance of adverse winds ; we had worked hard,
and undeniably gone through a deal of tribulation to reach
the goal which now lay so near to us. And what were our feel-
ings now ? Were they feelings of triumph or exultation ? For
my own part, I must confess that mine were not of this lofty
order ; to no other feeling could I attain than a sense of gross
repletion. It was a feeling grateful enough to me ; but as for
our goal, we had been kept waiting too long — there was too
little surprise about its eventual attainment for us to give
much thought to it.

We curled ourselves up in our fur pelisses, chose each a
stretch of heather among the rocks, and slept our last night
under the open sky as well as we had seldom slept before.

It was late before we woke next morning, October 3, and when
we at last shook off our sleep, the wind had long been blowing
freshly up the channel leading to Godthaab, and calling us to
work. But we felt that for once we need not hurry — we could
sleep to the end, and yet reach our destination in good time.

We began breakfast again with the worthiest intentions of

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB. 361

consuming to the last morsel the provisions which remained ;
but though we attacked them manfully, we had to put to sea
once more with this end still unattained. With the wind be-
hind us we made rapid progress northwards, and when we
passed the spit of land on which we had camped for the night,
we found that we had been all the time on the south side of
Kobbefjord. This fjord now lay before us set in a circle of
wild, lofty mountains, among which Hjortetakken was most
conspicuous, with its sides sprinkled with fresh snow, and its
peak from time to time wrapped in light, drifting mist.

We now set about to cross the fjord to the south side of the
promontory on which Godthaab itself lies. As we reached
the middle we heard, for the first time for many weeks, the
sound of unfamiliar voices. They were evidently Eskimo
women and children from whom the sounds came. They
were screaming and shouting; but, though we listened, we
could make out nothing, and though we looked, there was no
one to be seen. Some time afterwards we learned that these
voices must have come from a party of folk who had gone over
to " Store Malene," a mountain lying to the east of Godthaab,
to gather berries. They had caught sight of us, and were
shouting to one another that they could see two men in half a
boat, and were much exercised to know what new sorcery this
could be. Such a vessel they had never seen before, and they
did not at all like the look of it

This Eskimo description of our little craft as half a boat was
really very happy, as it did much resemble the forepart of an
ordinary boat. Some way farther on we saw in the distance
the figure of a man sitting, as it were, in the water. This
was the first "kayaker" we came across on the west coast.
Presently we caught sight of two more; they were out after
seal, and took no notice of us. This was either because they
preferred their own business, or because they thought there
was something wrong about us. There is no doubt that they
saw us long before we saw them, for the Eskimo has the
keenest of eyes, and never fails to use them.

362 ACROSS GREENLAND.

As we rounded the next point, Sverdrup, who was rowing
bow, caught sight of some houses which he thought must be
Godthaab. I turned my head in astonishment, and saw some
Eskimo huts, but could not think them to be Godthaab, as,
according to the map, the settlement did not lie just there.
Sverdrup then said : " But those big houses can't belong to
these wretched Eskimo." I then turned quite round, and
could now see the slated roof of a long building, surmounted
by a little tower, and was quite ready to agree that this could
not be an Eskimo abode, though it struck me that it might
very well be a warehouse. But as we passed another point,
we found we had before us no warehouse, but a church and a
number of Eskimo huts lying by a little bay. We did not
think it was any use landing here, and were for keeping straight
on ; but suddenly a fresh breeze sprang up, and made it very
heavy work to row, and we concluded that it would be better
to go ashore at once, and proceed to Godthaab overland.

So we turned our little tub shorewards, and found that a
number of Eskimo, chiefly old women, were already swarming
out of the houses, and coming down to the beach to receive
us. Here they gathered, chattering, and bustling to and fro,
and gesticulating in the same strange way as we had seen their
fellows of the east coast often do. We could see little or no
difference between the two branches of this people we had
met ; here there was just the same outward aspect— the same
ugliness, and the same beaming friendliness and good humour.

When we landed they thronged round us, and helped us
disembark our goods, and bring the boat ashore, all the while
jabbering unceasingly, and laughing, in wonder and amuse-
ment, at us two poor strangers. While we were standing there,
mounting guard over our gun and the more valuable of our
possessions, and ignoring the crowd of people round us, whom,
of course, we could not understand one whit, Sverdrup said :
" Here comes a European ! " I looked up, and saw a young
man advancing towards us. He was clad in an attempt at a
Greenlander's dress, but had a Tam-o'-Shanter cap upon his

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB. 363

head, and a fair, good-looking face, which was as little like an
Eskimo's as could well be. There could be no mistake about
him ; he and his whole demeanour were, so to say, a direct
importation from "the King's Copenhagen," as it is called
here. He came up to us, we exchanged salutations ; then he
asked, " Do you speak English ? " The accent was distinctly
Danish, and the question somewhat discomfited me, as I thought
it a little absurd for us to set to work at English instead of our
own mother-tongue. But before I could answer, he luckily
inquired : " Are you Englishmen ? "

To this I could safely answer, in good Norse : " No ; we are
Norwegians." " May I ask your name?" " My name is Nansen,
and we have just come from the interior." "Oh, allow me to
congratulate you on taking your Doctor's degree." This came
like a thunderbolt from a blue sky, and it was all I could do to
keep myself from laughing outright. To put it very mildly, it
struck me as comical that I should cross Greenland to receive
congratulations upon my Doctor's degree, which I happened to
have taken just before I left home. Nothing, of course, could
have been more remote from my thoughts at the moment.

The stranger's name was Baumann. He was a good-natured,
sociable native of Copenhagen, who was now in the Greenland
'Service, and acting as assistant, or, as they call it, " Volontor,"
to the Superintendent of the colony of Godthaab. We subse-
quently had a good deal of his society. The Superintendent,
he told us, was just now away from home, and in the name of
his superior he offered us a hearty welcome to the colony. Godt-
haab itself was close by, and it was quite by chance that he had
just walked out to Ny Herrnhut, the spot where we landed, to
see the missionary. This is one of the few stations established
by the German Moravian Mission in Greenland.

The first question I asked, as soon as I could get an oppor-
tunity, was about communication with Denmark, and whether
the last ship had sailed. From Godthaab I learned that the last
I ship had gone two months or more ago, and there was none now
that we could catch. The only possible chance was the Fox,

364 ACROSS GREENLAND.

at Ivigtut, but she was to leave in the middle of October, and
the place was 300 miles away.

These tidings were anything but welcome. It had been the
thought of catching a ship to Europe which had spurred us on
during our crossing of the ice ; the vision ol a ship had haunted
us unceasingly, and never allowed us the enjoyment of rest or
ease. We had consoled ourselves with the thought that we
could make up for lost time on board, during our voyage home ;
and now, when the time came, we found that our ship had sailed
before ever we started upon our journey across the continent.
It was a magnificent structure of hopes and longings that now
sank into the sea before our eyes. As far as I was concerned
personally, this was not of much account, for, on the contrary,
I was quite ready to spend a winter in Greenland ; but for the
other poor fellows it was another matter. They had friends
and relatives — one of them wife and children — away at home,
whom they longed to see, and they had often talked of the joys
of their return. And now they would have to wait through
the long winter here, while their people at home would think
them long since dead. This must never be ; a message must
be sent off at once to the Fox, our last hope of relief. While
we were talking the matter over, we were joined by another
European — the Moravian missionary, Herr Voged. He greeted
us very kindly, gave us a hearty welcome, and would not hear
of our going by his door unentertained.

He lived in the building with the tower which had first caught
our attention, and which served both as church and as a resi-
dence for him. We were received here by the missionary and
his wife with unaffected heartiness, and it was with a strange
mixture of feelings that we set foot once more in a civilised
dwelling, after four months of wild life on shipboard, in our
tent, and in the open air. The room we were taken into will
always remain vividly impressed upon my memory. Its dimen-
sions were not grand, and its features were uniformity and
simplicity ; but for us, who were used to a cramped tent, and
the still greater simplicity of the open air, the appointments oi

this 1

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB. 365

is house were nothing less than luxury itself. The mere sit-
ting upon a chair was a thing to be remembered, and the cigars
to which we were treated were a source of unconcealed satis-
faction. Then the cup of welcome was handed round, while
coffee and food were being prepared for us. It was a queer
change to be sitting at a table again and before a white cloth,
and to be using knife and fork upon earthenware plates. I
will not say, unreservedly, that the change was altogether for
the better, for we had been thoroughly comfortable when sit-
ting by the camp-fire, and tearing our gulls to pieces with our
teeth and fingers, without forks, plates, and formalities.

While the meal was in progress, the pastor of Godthaab, Herr
Balle, arrived ; soon after him came the doctor of the place,
whose name was Binzer. The news of our coming had already
reached the colony, and they had hurried out at once to bid us

I welcome. We were now beset with questions as to our journey :

\ as to why we had changed our route, how we had got out of the

fjord, where we had left the others, and so on ; all our accounts

being followed with the most lively interest. Then the party

broke up, and we took our leave of our kind host and hostess.

When we got out of doors, we found, to our surprise, that it

[was raining. Our luck was true to us this time, and we had
■ reached the habitations of men none too soon, for the rain

|1 would have been very unpleasant to us in our little boat.

We were assured that our boat and things should be taken

llcare of and sent on, and then we started off to walk in the rain
over the hills to Godthaab.

After a time our way brought us out upon a projecting point
of rock, and we saw the colony lying below us. There were not

I 'a great number of buildings — four or five European houses, a
church perched upon an eminence, and a good many Eskimo huts.
The whole group lay in a small hollow between two hills, and by a
pleasant little bay. The Danish flag was flying on its high mast,
which stood on a mound down by the water. Crowds of people
j were swarming about. They had all come out to see the mysteri-
ous strangers from the interior who had arrived in half a boat

366 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Then we made our way down ; but we had hardly reached
the houses before a gunshot rang out over the water, and was
followed by one after another, in all a complete salute. We
had parted from civilisation amid the thunder of cannon, and
with this same thunder we were received into the civilised
world again, for to such the west coast of Greenland must cer-
tainly be reckoned. It might have been supposed that we were
individuals of the most warlike tendencies. How many shots
they fired in our honour I cannot say, but the salute was well
sustained. The little natives had all their work to do round
the guns under the flagstaff, as we were passing among the
houses and between long rows of Greenlanders of both sexes,
who crowded round and lined the way. They — and especially
the women — were a striking sight in their picturesque attire.
Smiles, good nature, and here and there, perhaps, a little un-
affected wonder, beamed from all the faces about us, and added
a new sunshine to the surroundings.

Then our eyes fell upon a more familiar sight — the figures of
the four Danish ladies of the colony, who were coming to meet
us, and to whom we were duly presented. At the same time, it
struck us somewhat curiously to see European petticoats again
among all the skin jackets and trousers of the fair Eskimo.

As we reached the Superintendent's house, the salute was
brought to an end, and the native gunners, under the lead of
one Frederiksen, gave us a ringing cheer. The Superintendent's
wife now welcomed us, on her own part and that of her hus-
band. Here, again, we were temporarily entertained, and also
invited to dine with the doctor at four o'clock.

We had still a long time to get through before then, how-
ever, though we had plenty to do in the way of washing and
decorating ourselves. We were shown up into our new friend
Baumann's room, the aspect of which, again, was sufficiently
unfamiliar to us to make a very vivid impression upon our
minds. Here a musical-box played to us " The last Rose of
Summer," an air which will hereafter never fade from my
memory ; and here we were, for the first time, horrified by the

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB. 167

sight in a glass of our sunburnt and weather-beaten faces. After
our long neglect in the way of washing and dressing, we seemed
to ourselves little fit for presentation in society, and, both in our
faces and clothes, a considerable number of the hues of the rain-
bow were intrusively conspicuous.

It was an indescribable delight to plunge the head into a
basin of water once more, and to go through the ceremony of
an honest Saturday night's wash. Cleanness was not, how-
ever, to be obtained at the first attempt. Then we attired our-
■ selves in the clean linen, so to say, which we had brought all
the way across Greenland for the purpose ; and, thus recon-
stituted, we felt ourselves quite ready for the good things of the
doctor's well-provided dinner-table.

By all the Danish inhabitants of Godthaab we were enter-

I .i tained with unprecedented hospitality, and the luxury displayed
li) on all sides was quite astonishing. We had expected to find

that the Europeans exiled to this corner of the world would
B be so influenced by the nature of their surroundings, and the
H primitive section of humanity amid which they dwelt, that they

I I would have inevitably forgotten a certain amount of their native

I etiquette. And therefore our surprise was great when we saw
I ! the ladies appear at social gatherings in the longest of trains and

gloves, and the men in black coats and shirt-fronts of irreproach-

II able stiffness, and even on occasions going to the extremity of
lithe conventional swallow-tail. Surrounded, as we were, by the
f natives in their natural and picturesque attire, and thoroughly
H unaccustomed as we had grown to all these things, to us the
1 1 absurdity of European taste in such matters seemed altogether

incongruous.
We two were now safe in port, and the next thing to be done
i was to send relief to our comrades in Ameralikfjord with the
Ijleast possible delay. They had no means of knowing whether
fcwe had reached our destination, or had gone to the bottom of
I the fjord, and left them to starve to death out there. And after
, this was done, we must despatch a message to the Fox.

In the course of the afternoon we tried, therefore, to arrange

368 ACROSS GREENLAND.

matters, but without success. No sooner had we arrived than
a storm from the south had sprung up, and the weather was so
bad that the Eskimo, who are bad sailors in anything but their
" kayaks," would not venture upon the voyage into Ameralik-
fjord. The letter to the Fox was to be sent by one or two
" kayakers," but we could find no one in the colony who would
undertake to start in this weather, and we were therefore obliged
to wait till next day.

When night came, and lodging had to be found for us, Sver-
drup was quartered upon the before-mentioned Frederiksen, the
carpenter and boat-builder of the place, while Herr Baumann's
room was put at my disposal. It was strange, too, to find my-
self in a real bed again after six months' absence. There can
be few who have enjoyed a bed as completely as I did this one.
Every limb thrilled with delight as I stretched myself on the
soft mattress. The sleep which followed was not so sound as
I could have expected. I had grown so used to the bag of
skin, with the ice or rock beneath it, that I felt my present
couch too soft, and I am not sure that, after a while, I did not
feel a faint longing for the old order of things.

On the morning of October 4 I was roused from my unquiet
dreams by the gaze of the Eskimo maid-servant who had come
with the morning supply of tea and sandwiches. After this
early meal I got up, and went out to look round the place.

Down by the beach there was just now a deal of life and
movement, for a boat's load of seals, which had been caught
not far off, had just come in, and the so-called " flensing," or
process of cutting the blubber out, was now in progress. I
went down with Baumann to study this new phase of life. The
Eskimo women, with their sleeves rolled up, knelt in numbers
round the gashed and mangled seal. From some the blood was
taken, and collected in pails, to be afterwards used in the manu-
facture of black puddings, or analogous delicacies ; from others
the intestines were being drawn, or the blubber or flesh being
cut All parts were carefully set aside for future use.

After having seen enough of the sanguinary spectacle, and

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB. 369

I women, as well as the good looks of some among them, we went
across to see Sverdrup, and, if he were up, to ask him to come
and have breakfast at the Superintendent's house.

When we entered, however, we found him already at table

with his host, Herr Frederiksen, and engaged upon a breakfast

of roast ptarmigan and other delicacies. I expressed my regret

that this was the case, as I had hoped that wo should breakfast

I together. But Sverdrup could see no reason why we should

not do so still. He was now occupied with his first breakfast,

certainly, but so good a thing would easily bear repetition, and

I he expressed himself ready at once to begin again. So he

I : actually did ; and, as a matter of fact, he made at this time a

\ regular practice of eating his meals twice over. For three days

he stood the strain ; but after this he succumbed, and had to

[ keep his bed for some hours in consequence. It was a long

1 time, indeed, before any of us returned to decent ways again,

and were content to take our food like civilised beings.

In the course of the morning a man was found who was

J considered equal to the task of carrying our despatches south-

f wards, and was at the same time willing to undertake the

j journey. The man's name was David, and he was a resident

\ of Ny Herrnhut. He was to go to Fiskernaes, a small settle-

t ment some ninety miles to the south, and there to send the

■ letters on by other "kayakers." An errand of this kind is

t usually undertaken by two men in company, as risks of a fatality

I ire thus much lessened. But as the same David was not afraid

rf pf the undertaking, and had expressed his readiness to start the

I same afternoon, I, of course, had no objection to make. I

I promised him, as well as the others to whom he was to hand

I che despatches on, extra pay in case they caught the Fox.

I then wrote a hurried letter to Herr Smith, the manager of

:he Cryolite quarry at Ivigtut. The Fox being the property

I }f the company who own this quarry, it lay really with the local

< manager to decide what course the vessel should take; but I

nso wrote to the captain of the ship. In both these letters I

3 A

370 ACROSS GREENLAND.

asked that the vessel should be allowed to come up to Godthaab
to fetch us, if possible. I did not propose that she should wait
at Ivigtut till we could join her there, because, in the present
uncertain state of the weather, it was quite impossible to calcu-
late how long it would take us to get the rest of the party fromj
Ameralikfjord, and cover the necessary 300 miles in open boats.
As far as we could judge, we could not reckon upon reaching
Ivigtut by the middle of the month — the date at which the
ship was expected to sail — and we could not ask her to waitj
an indefinite time for us down there. On the other hand, ill
seemed to me that, if she thought of doing anything on ouij
behalf, it would be to come and fetch us. By these means shel
could save time, and it would be possible to reckon, with a fail
amount of accuracy, how many days the voyage to Godthaat
and back would take her.

Furthermore, in case my messengers should catch the Fox\
but she could not see her way to fetching us, I hastily wrote i\
few lines to Herr Game*l, of Copenhagen.

This letter, and one from Sverdrup to his father, brought t<
Europe the first news of our having reached the west coast 0
Greenland, and contained all that was known of our journey
for six months. In one respect they hold, perhaps, a somewha
unusual position, for their postage came to no less than ^17.

Our messenger promised me that he would start that ver
afternoon. He did make the attempt, but, as far as I coulc
learn, was driven back by stress of weather.

As things were just as bad in this respect when evening
came, and it was the general opinion that no boat would bJ
able to make the voyage into Ameralikfjord next day either, th<j
Pastor proposed that a couple of men should be despatches
in " kayaks " to take to our companions the news of our saf
arrival, together with a temporary supply of provisions, witl
which they could console themselves until the boats could b>
sent to fetch them away. This proposal I accepted, of course
most gratefully; and while the Pastor went to secure hij
" kayakers," two plucky brothers, named Terkel and Hoseas,

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB. 371

who belonged to Sardlok, but happened at this moment to

be at Godthaab, the ladies of the colony set busily to work to

collect a supply of the most unheard-of delicacies. These were

stowed away in the two canoes, while I supplemented them with

some simpler articles of food, such as butter, bacon, and bread,

and last, but not least, some pipes and tobacco. Among the

latter was a big Danish porcelain pipe with a long stem, and

a pound of tobacco, for Balto's private delectation — a present

which I had promised him up on the " Inland ice " on some

occasion when he had surpassed himself in handiness. As soon

as the " kayaks " were ready packed, I gave Terkel, the elder of

> the two brothers, through the medium of the Pastor, an exact

description of the spot where the others were to be found, and

I pointed it out to him on the map, which he understood well.

Next morning, therefore, October 5, three Eskimo left

Godthaab — two bound for Ameralikfjord, and the third for

I Fiskernses. The first two, who were excellent hands at their

I tfork, made good use of their time, and found our companions

on the morning of the following day. But the latter, who was

an inferior " kayaker," had to turn back, and was a long time

; before he finally got off. As far as I could make out, he was

1 seen hanging about Ny Herrnhut, which was his home, some

I' days later.

This same morning, too, a boat for Ameralikfjord made an

I attempt to start, but only to come back a couple of hours after-

I wards. As I have already said, these Greenlanders are no great

f performers with the oar. In the afternoon they had another try,

H and this time, strange to say, we saw no more of them ; but, as

we subsequently learned, they got no farther than to an island

P a little way to the south, where they disembarked, and passed

[ the next few days in a tent instead of returning, though they

p were no more than an hour's row distant all the while. There

I was a very good reason for this odd conduct, as it appeared, for

had they come back they would have lost all the pay which they

> ; now managed to put to their credit ; and, besides, they would

have had nothing like so good a time at home as in their tent

372 ACROSS GREENLAND.

on the island, and therefore they felt no call to move till they
had consumed their whole supply of provisions.

Next day the Superintendent of the colony, Herr Bistrup,
returned, together with Herr Heincke, the German missionary
from Umanak, a Moravian station up the fjord, some forty
miles from Godthaab. The Superintendent had been in
Umanak, when a "kayaker," who had been sent off from
the colony, brought him the news of our arrival. He and |
the missionary had thereupon at once despatched a couple !
of men in canoes into Ameralikfjord. They also carried a
supply of provisions sent by the missionary and his wife, and
were told to remain with our party, and help them in every
possible way.

On October 7, Terkel and Hoseas came back from Ameralik-
fjord with a letter from Dietrichson, telling us that they now
felt quite comfortable in there, as they had an abundance of
provisions, and now knew of our safe arrival at Godthaab.

Two days later, or on October 9, the weather was sufficiently
favourable to allow of my sending off an ordinary Eskimo boat,
which I had borrowed of Herr Voged, the German missionary
whom we had first met. The crew consisted as usual chiefly
of women. The same day, too, the first boat, commonly known
as "the whaler," finally left the island on which its crew had
hitherto been picnicking.

Several days now passed, and as we had heard nothing of our
companions, we began to expect their arrival every moment.
The Greenlanders in particular were extremely anxious to see
them.

Like all Eskimo, they have the liveliest imaginations, of the
fruits of which we had some noteworthy examples. The very
day after our arrival the strangest rumours were flying about
among the natives of the colony as to our experiences upon
the " Inland ice." We were said to have taken our meals in
the company of the strange inhabitants of the interior, who are
double the size of ordinary men. We had also come across
the tiny race of dwarfs who inhabit the rocks in the recesses

OUR ARRIVAL AT GODTHAAB 373

of the fjords. Of the feet of these little people we had seen
numerous traces in the sand, and we even had two specimens
of the race in our company.

On the other hand, it was reported that two of the members
of the expedition had died on the way ; but of this sad occur-
rence we, as was quite natural, had no desire to speak.

At first, indeed, we were regarded as possessing certain
almost supernatural attributes, and it was feared that we had
achieved the heroic feat of crossing the dreaded "Inland ice"
by the aid of means not strictly orthodox. And, therefore, as
soon as Sverdrup or I showed ourselves in public, the natives
assembled in their numbers to gaze at us. I, especially, on
account of my size, was a favourite object of their regard. We
received appropriate names at once : Sverdrup was called
" Akortok " — that is to say, " he who steers a ship " ; while
I was honoured with two appellations — " Angisorsuak," 01
" the very big one," and " Umitormiut nalagak," which means
" the leader of the men with the great beards," under which
description the Norwegians are generally known.

It had also come to the knowledge of these good people that
we had two Lapps in our company — members of a race which
they had never seen. The two " kayakers " who had come back
from Ameralikfjord had minutely described their meeting with
the strangers. "There were two men," they said, "of the
people who commonly wear great beards, and two who were
like us, but were clad in a wonderful dress." They were thus
quite acute enough to see that the Lapps, in spite of all dis-
tinctions, belonged to a race somewhat on a level with them-
selves, and were widely different from all Danes and Norwegians.

At last, early on the morning of October 12, the two Eskimo
who had been sent into the fjord from Umanak arrived with
a note from Dietrichson, saying that the whole party were now
on the way.

The entire colony, Europeans as well as natives, now turned
out, and awaited their arrival in great excitement. At last we
could see, by a movement among the "kayaks," which lay

374 ACROSS GREENLAND.

below us, that the boats must be in sight. Presently, too,
" the whaler " appeared from behind a projecting point. The
"kayaks" simply swarmed round her, and we soon caught
sight of our four companions, seated in the stern, in front of
the steersman, and already waving their caps in the air by way
of salutation. It was a little strange to me to see them sitting
there as passengers, instead of working at the oars.

The boat came slowly on, with a long string of "kayaks"
tailing out behind, and soon put in to shore under the flagstaff
mound, where the four strange beings from the interior landed,
and were heartily welcomed by the Europeans of the colony, as
well as by crowds of Eskimo, to whom, of course, they were a
source of renewed wonder and admiration. The Lapps came
in for marked attention. The Greenlanders set them down as
women, because they wore long tunics something like the cloaks
of European ladies, as well as trousers of reindeer skin, which
particular garments are only used by the women of the Eskimo.
Balto seemed to take the attention which fell to his share with
the greatest complacency and nonchalance. He talked away,
related his experiences, and was soon on an intimate footing
with all the inhabitants of the place. Ravna, as usual, went
his own silent way ,• he came up to me, ducked his head, gave
me his hand, and, though he said very little, I could see his
small eyes twinkle with joy and self-satisfaction.

They were all glad enough to have reached their destination,
and the announcement that there was a very doubtful prospect
of their getting home this year did not seem to have much effect
upon their good spirits.

Of course, there now followed an interminable series of ques- i
tions and answers. I will leave chiefly to Dietrichson the|
task of chronicling the events which occurred after Sverdrup andj
I parted from the others in Ameralikfjord.

Chapter XX.

WAITING IN AMERALIKFJORD.

This short account of the movements of the rest of the party
after Sverdrup and I set out upon our voyage to Godthaab is
the work of Lieutenant Dietrichson, who was left in charge of
the detachment ; but I have also thought it as well to insert an
extract or two from Balto's narrative : —

" The task which had been entrusted to us, the remainder of
the party, was to fetch the baggage, which we had been obliged
to leave meanwhile up by the ice, down to Ameralikfjord, and
on September 27 Kristiansen, Ravna, and I set off on our errand,
leaving the other three busy at their boat. We had about eighteen
miles to go, but hoped to reach our destination before dusk, as
we expected to be able to shorten the distance to a certain extent
by crossing some of the lakes on the ice. The upper lakes indeed
were just frozen, but the ice was altogether too thin to bear us,
bo we had to make our way as best we could along the steep
valley-side and over the rough surface of the moraines, while
the swollen streams also contributed not a little to delay our
progress. It was therefore not till half-past seven or so, or
long after the sun had gone down, that we' eventually came to
the end of our day's march. After a somewhat primitive and
miscellaneous supper of fragments we crept into our sleeping-
bag and spent the night in the open air.

" The morning of the next day was devoted to arranging and
packing our goods, so that they could be carried on the back
with tolerable comfort, and we were not ready to make a start
till noon. We considered it best to move the things in sections
and by short stages, and began by conveying our first lot down

375

3?6 ACkOSS GREEMLAHD.

to a certain lake, to which we had given the name of ' Langvand.'
When we got back to the starting-place we found Balto already
there. He told us that after a day's work the boat had pro-
gressed so far that his aid was thought no longer necessary, and
so he had been despatched to help us. He had taken about the
same route as that we had followed on the way down, except
that he had had to go round nearly all the lakes. Langvand,
however, for the sake of the short cut, he had tried to cross. At
first the ice was tolerably firm, but in the middle of the lake it
was so weak that he had had to go on all fours, and even then
only just managed to get across without going through.

" Next morning, September 29, we carried our last load down
to Langvand. Balto again tried the ice and crossed a little arm
of the lake, going on his ' ski ' and dragging a sledge behind him.
I was busy making a map of the valley, and as I had fallen a
good deal behind, I thought I would make up for lost time by
following Balto's example. So I set off like him on my * ski ' and
pulling a sledge behind me. When I was half-way across I felt
that the ice was on the point of giving way under me, but as I
saw there was a second layer below, I went confidently on. The
upper layer, however, now grew weaker and weaker, the lower
came to an end, and the only course left me was to scramble to
shore by the shortest way. But the ice now refused to bear me
altogether, and I sank slowly down into the water, ' ski ' and all.
The ' ski,' however, were luckily not bound fast to my feet, so
I slipped them off at once and swam to land."

Balto, who had gone on before and only crossed the same
ice with great difficulty, thus describes the situation : — " As I
was afraid that Dietrichson would try and cross this bad ice,
I pulled out my whistle n — he means by this one of the small
horns that we carried for signalling purposes — "and ran up on
to some high ground and blew away. Dietrichson answered at
once, and I then ran in his direction to see what was going to
happen. Just as I got down to the lake, he was well out in the
middle, and I could see that the ice was very weak. So I called
to lum to come straight to shore, but after a few steps he went

WAITING IN AMERAL1KPJ0RD. 377

in through the ice. Then I told him to leave the sledge and
j ski ' and swim to land, which he did, and when he got out we
pulled the instruments out of his pockets to prevent them getting
wetter than was good for them. We were now at our wits' end
to know how we should get the sledge and ' ski,' and Dietrichson
wanted to swim out again and fetch them. But I said, ' Don't
do that, man, you'll freeze to death ! ' and I shouted to Kris-
tiansen to bring one of the long bamboo poles and a rope. But
Dietrichson would not wait, and went on to the ice again. He got
on to a loose piece at once, which tipped up, and he went head
first into the water once more. Then he swam back to shore
again. I now ran up on to a hillock and blew with all my might.
Kristiansen then shouted, * What's the matter?' I shouted back,
1 Bring a bamboo and a rope ! Dietrichson has fallen into the
lake, and the sledge is left out on the ice.' Kristiansen was much
frightened at this ; he thought Dietrichson was drowned, and that
only the sledge was left on the ice. He came running as hard as
he could go with the pole and rope, and we drew the sledge and
gun to shore. We then went on to the place where the others
had a fire and were making coffee, and where we stopped for the
night, for Dietrichson of course was quite wet through."

" After getting the things ashore," resumes Dietrichson, " we
went on to the others, who were getting a meal ready. A cup
of coffee and a partial change, for I had not enough for a com-
plete one, soon made me warm and comfortable again.

" We now had all our goods collected at this spot, but we
could see that we should not be able to carry the large loads
we had brought so far all the way. On the other hand, if we
took them in three portages, instead of two, we should lose so
much time, and should not reach the fjord as soon as we wished.
So I determined to abandon one sledge and one pair of ' ski,'
and then to make sure that every man had a fair share of the
weight, I made a pair of scales out of ' ski,' bamboos, and rope,
and while the others were busy distributing the things equally,
I went on down the valley surveying for my map in order to
avoid being delayed by these operations next day.

378 ACROSS GREENLAND.

" Next morning we started at six o'clock, and after a hard
day's work got all our things down to another lake, which we
had called ' Gaasedammen,' or ' Goose Pool,' where we spent
the night.

" Next day, October i, after two hours' march, we came to
a long and steep, but fairly smooth and grassy slope, down
which our loaded sledges ran capitally. But when we came
to the river below we met with an unexpected obstacle. The
volume of water was quite four times as large as it had been
five days before. Cross it we must, however, as farther down,
and on the same side on which we stood, it ran close under a
steep wall of rock quite impassable to us, and furthermore the
tent and our other things lay on the opposite side. At the
best wading-place we could find the river was some seventy
yards wide, and this breadth of water we had to pass three
times before we conveyed all our loads over. The two Lapps
kept all their clothes on to protect themselves better against
the cold water, but Kristiansen and I preferred to divest our-
selves of trousers and stockings. The stream ran very fast,
and we had to use our bamboo poles diligently and carefully,
for had we lost our footing the loads on our backs would have
made it very difficult to recover ourselves. It was a chilly
business, indeed, wading this seventy yards three times over,
and with the water nearly up to our waists. Kristiansen's and
my legs were simply blue with cold when it was all over, but
a good rub and our dry clothes soon brought back the warmth
again, and then we were in better case than the Lapps, who
had nothing dry to change into. A couple of days later we
should have found it quite impossible to get our things across
the river, had it gone on increasing in the same way.

" Though it was not yet noon, we determined, as there was
plenty of fuel hereabouts, to light a fire and have our dinner.
We all felt that some hot soup would be very grateful and
comforting after our cold bath.

" At two o'clock in the afternoon of October 2 we reached
the fjord with our first loads. The rest of the things we left

WAITING IN AMBRAL1KFJ0RD. 379

where they were for the present, and spent the remainder of
the day getting the tent in order. The original tent-poles had
been used for the boat, and we now had to supply their place
with others.

" During the six days which had passed since we were here
last we had been unusually lucky in the weather. The days
had been bright, but not too hot, and the nights clear, but
mild enough to make it a simple pleasure to spend them in
the open air with no other protection than our sleeping-bag.

" Early next morning, October 3, we were on the move, and,
after breakfast, we started up the valley to fetch the rest of our
things. By noon, we had them all down by the fjord, and as
there was now a prospect of our having to spend some days
here inactive, we unpacked a number of our goods and made
the tent and camp generally as comfortable as we could. We
took stock of our provisions also, and found that, besides a
good supply of pemmican, we had biscuit for six days and
pea-soup for five. In the way of fat we had nothing left, and
our stock of salt had also come to an end.

" Every day now we might expect to hear from Godthaab ;
we had even had faint hopes of finding a boat already arrived
to fetch us when we got down to the fjord with our baggage.
As yet we had no reason to feel anxious about our two comrades,
but if another week were to go by without our receiving news of
them, we should have to try and reach the colony by land, for
in that case we should be justified in supposing that they had
come to grief. By that time, too, we should have come to the
end of all our provisions, except the pemmican, which would
just suffice for the proposed land journey.

" Outside the tent we made 'a camp-fire, and lying round it
enjoyed to the full a hardly-earned rest. The whole afternoon
we thus spent stretched on the elastic heather, and gloating over
the thought that our worst labours and trials were over, and that
we had now a few days of ease and leisure before us.

" We turned in early, and it was not till late next morning
that we left the tent again. I spent the first part of the day

S8o ACROSS GREENLAND.

finishing my surveying, and Kristiansen went out with the gun,
but came back an hour or two afterwards empty-handed. This
day and the next as well we practically devoted to rest.

" On the morning of October 6 I started off along the stretch
of higher ground which ran out into the fjord to the end of the
river sands, partly to look for a landing-place for the boat we
expected, and partly to see if there was anything to shoot. When
I was about half-way to the point I heard a shot. I hurried up
to the top of the ridge to see who it could be, and soon caught
sight of two Greenlanders coming up from the water and carrying
packs on their backs, attached by the peculiar broad forehead-
strap which the Eskimo use for this purpose. I shouted and
they stopped, and then came to meet me. As I had, of course,
guessed, they proved to be two men sent off in 'kayaks' by
Nansen. A letter they brought told me that he and Sverdrup
had arrived safely at Godthaab, that he had sent off a temporary
supply of provisions herewith, that a boat with more things of
the kind would be soon despatched, but that owing to stormy
weather no one had yet been found willing to undertake the
voyage.

" We three now started for the camp, our way lying over a
high headland of rock which jutted out towards the river. When
we reached the top of this I shouted to the others in the tent,
who all came rushing out and, at once apprehending the situa-
tion, set up shrieks and cheers of joy. I had gone out to look
for game, but though I had found nothing I have never in my
life come back from shooting with a better bag than these two
Eskimo.

" The whole party now gathered round the welcome supplies.
First I read the letter, which contained nothing but pleasant
news except the announcement that there was little hope of our
reaching home this year. But in the first rush of joy we had
not much room for this disappointment. Then we began to
unpack, with all the curiosity of children round the Christmas
tree. We feasted our eyes on the sight of all these good things
■^bread, meat, coffee, tobacco, and all the rest, and above all

UDi

WAITING IN AMERALIKFJORD. 381

pon the butter and bacon, for which we simply craved. Cakes
even and sweetmeats were not wanting, for the Danish ladies of
the colony had collected for us all manner of delicacies. We set
to work upon them at once and with unprecedented fury."

Balto's account of this incident may be added. He writes : —

" While Dietrichson was out I climbed up on to a crag which
was 300 feet high. When I reached the top I saw three men
coming towards me. One of them I knew, for it was Dietrich-
son, and he had met the two men who had been sent from
Godthaab to bring us victuals. I ran straight down to the tent
and told the others that I could see some men coming. They
would not believe it, but I began to collect dry wood and made
a fire, fetched some water, filled the coffee-pot, and put it on, as
I knew these people must have some coffee with them. As
soon as they all reached the tent Dietrichson began to look at
what had been sent us. I saw Nansen had sent me a pipe and
some tobacco, which I caught hold of at once and began to
smoke, while the others set about eating. We cut slices of bread
an inch thick, spread half an inch of butter on them, put bacon
on the top of that, and then we had coffee afterwards."

"While we were still engaged upon our meal," Dietrichson
continues, "we heard two or three more shots in the direc-
tion of the point, and presently two men appeared on the high
ground above. When they came down they handed us some
letters, one from Herr Bistrup, the Superintendent of Godt-
haab ; another from Herr Moller, a Greenlander of the same
place ; and a third from Herr Heincke, the German missionary
at Umanak, at which settlement the two former were on a visit.
Besides these letters they also brought a supply of provisions
from the Superintendent and the missionary.

" We asked our new visitors to come into the tent and in-
spect our arrangements. When they saw the sleeping-bags they
pointed first to themselves, then to the bags, laid their hands
on their cheeks, and shut their eyes. Then they pointed to the
tent and all it contained, pretended to lie down on their backs,
and finally nodded in the direction of the fjord. From all this

382 ACROSS GREENLAND.

pantomime we understood that they meant to spend the night
with us, and that they would conduct us to the colony. The
provisions they had brought were down by the fjord with their
canoes, and so Kristiansen and Balto prepared to go and help to
bring them up. The two Eskimo from Godthaab also made
signs of moving, and as I managed to get out of them that they
meant to go back at once, I wrote a few lines to Nansen thank-
ing him for the supply of provisions and telling him how we
were getting on.

" When the new consignment of good things arrived another
solemn unpacking began. The names of the different things
were shouted as they were turned out, and as soon as some one
named spirits, another sugar, and a third candles, we determined
to make the evening memorable by drinking a bowl of punch
in the tent. It was already late, and we set to work at once.
The water was boiled and sugar and spirits added, the latter
being a luxury which we had not tasted since we left the
Jason. Our grog did not promise to be of much strength,
however, for Balto had boiled an absurd amount of water. But
this was perhaps as well, as the spirits proved to be the ordinary
Scandinavian ' akvavit,' which is really impossible in combina-
tion with water, and a stronger mixture would therefore have
been most undrinkable. As it was we thought it excellent."

Balto, however, a connoisseur in these matters, reproachfully
observes in his narrative that " one cannot expect grog to be
anything but weak when one has to add five bottles of water to
one of spirits," and that " this did not taste of anything at all."

" Cigars too had been sent us, and we were soon working
away at them with a will to make up for lost time. Nansen's
letter said that he and Sverdrup were living like princes at
Godthaab, but we were just as well pleased with our fate and
ourselves in the little tent, and we all agreed that this was
undoubtedly the pleasantest evening we had spent together.
There were six of us again in our little dwelling, and as we
grew lively a bewildering confusion of tongues prevailed. With
the Greenlanders we managed to carry on a fairly satisfactory

WAITING IN AMERALIKFJORD. 383

conversation by means of gestures and the aid of our Eskimo
dictionary and conversation-book. Our two guests, Peter, a
seal-catcher from Godthaab, and Silas, a mighty hunter of
Umanak, were both intelligent and well-informed men, who
could not only read and write but even draw. Their sketches
of some of the buildings of Godthaab and Umanak were so
true that we afterwards recognised the originals at first sight.

" We enjoyed ourselves so thoroughly that evening that we
were all loth to go to bed. Eventually Kristiansen, Balto, and
I packed ourselves into one bag, while Ravna and the two
Greenlanders occupied the other. Sleep did not come at once,
however, as our two guests presently set to work to sing hymns.
They went through three in all, then finished with a prayer.
This little service was probably due to the fact that the day was
Sunday, though it may have been called forth by their appre-
hension at the prospect of a night in the midst of strangers.

"Next morning Silas went out to look for reindeer. He
told us that in August last he had some sport among these
very mountains, but I must confess that I had not much faith
in his luck when he started off this morning with his rusty old
muzzle-loader over his shoulder, though at the same time I felt
a strong temptation to go with him. However, I had settled
that we would to-day begin to move our things down to the
extreme end of the point, where was the only available landing-
place. I did not like to shirk this work, and besides my help
was necessary because Ravna was now of scarcely any use, as
during the latter part of the crossing he had rubbed one of his
feet so badly that he was now almost completely lame. So Silas
went off alone, and the rest of us began to move the sledges and
other things that we had no further need of down towards a
new camping-place at the end of the point.

" At one of our scanty meals upon the ice we had discussed
what particular preparation of food would have been most
welcome to us at the moment. Most of us had given our
votes for a good bowl of porridge with plenty of butter, and
this delicacy Nansen had promised £0 treat us to as soon as we

384 ACROSS GREENLAND.

reached Godthaab. But among the good things now sent us
was some meal, so we thought we would set about making the
long-looked-for porridge for this day's dinner.

"This was in fact our first hot meal since the provisions
arrived, and after it was over we were lying stretched on the
grass smoking our after-dinner pipes, when we caught sight of
Silas at some distance up the mountain-side. He was coming
down towards the tent and had something large and heavy on
his back. We scarcely dared think it was a reindeer, but pre-
sently we saw the horns sticking up above his head, and there
was no longer room for doubt. We all rejoiced ; the Lapps
were simply wild with delight at the prospect of again enjoying
some of their national food, which they had had to do without
so long. Balto ran to meet the hunter, skipped and danced
about him, clapped him on the back, and knew not how best
to express his overflowing joy.

" Silas soon reached us, and laid down his burden before us
It was the hide, head, suet, marrow-bones, and one haunch
that he brought, the rest having been left behind to be fetched
next day. He distributed the marrow-bones and suet among
us, and gave us to understand that we must put the pot on at
once and cook the whole supply. The Greenlanders eat their
meat quite as willingly raw as cooked, and our two friends had
already begun their meal. For our parts it was little more
than an hour since we had eaten our fill of porridge, but never-
theless we put the pot on at once, and, grouping ourselves round
it in Lapp fashion, took bit after bit out with our fingers, so
that by the time the larger pieces were properly done most of
us were already satisfied. In the evening, however, we set to
work again and finished our first supply of good fresh meat."

Balto's recollection of the reindeer moves him to say that
" from this time things grew brighter, we began to forget the
hardships we had gone through — the hunger, the thirst, the
cold, and the desolation of the ice."

" Next day the two Greenlanders went off to fetch the rest
of the reindeer, while we moved the tent and our other things

WAITING IN AMERALIKFJORD. 385

down to the point in expectation of the boats. Ravna's foot
was still so bad that he could scarcely manage to climb over
the high bluff which barred our way.

"On their return the Greenlanders took the reindeer meat
down to the spot where their ' kayaks ' lay, and presently made
their appearance at our new camping-place with a great piece,
which was put on to boil at once. Peter also presented us
with a ptarmigan which he had shot. First, however, he took
the entrails out and devoured them forthwith, to our great con-
sternation, but his own undisguised delight.

"Our constant watch for the boats met with nothing but
disappointment. Hitherto, as I have said, we had had splendid
weather, but now it began to rain, and at times so hard that
we were constrained to keep within the tent, I only showing
myself outside when meteorological observations had to be
taken. This confinement grew at last very wearisome, and we
began to await impatiently the hour of relief. On October 9
there was a fairly strong wind blowing from the east, which
would delay the boats considerably, and if it went on increasing
in force, there was a chance of our remaining fixed here for
some time yet. So in order to provide against a possible dearth
of provisions, we had to take to limited rations again, though
there could be no real famine in prospect as long as we had
the reindeer to rely upon.

"No pleasanter diversion than a stalk during this period of
waiting could have been wished for, but all my attempts to
induce Silas to go with me were in vain. He only shook his
head and declared the wind to be in the wrong quarter.

"The last few evenings our two Greenlander guests had, in spite
of the incessant rain, left us and spent the night down by their
tjcanoes. I supposed that this was in order to keep watch in case
the boats should arrive in the middle of the night, but possibly
ithe motive was sheer modesty and consideration for us, from the
idea that they were a burden to us, seeing that the boats were so
long in coming. Even before this they had disappeared from
the tent once or twice just before a meal was going to begin.

2 a

386 ACROSS GREENLAND.

"At last, at seven o'clock on the morning of October n, we
were awoke by the sound of several shots. We guessed at once
what they meant, and jumped from our bags and fired in answer
out of the tent-door. Very soon afterwards we were dressed
and outside on the look-out for the new arrivals. Presently,
above a little rise in the ground, we saw one Eskimo head
after the other appear. We began to count, but their number
actually baffled us, as they seemed to swarm. Fourteen there
were in all, men and women, chattering eagerly together as they
neared the tent. When they reached us one of the party ad-
vanced, and, in a mixture of Danish and Eskimo, announced
that they had come with two boats to carry us away. It was
one Terkel, a smith in the Danish service, who thus acted as
interpreter. The result of the performance was that we under-
stood a little of what he said, and he practically nothing of all
the questions we put to him. We extracted from him, how-
ever, that they had arrived at the point the night before, after
having spent five days on the voyage. It was less than sixty
miles from Godthaab, but there had been a storm on the coast
outside which had forced them to put in and wait when they
were only four or five miles from the colony.

"Often as we had struck our tent and broke up camp, wej
had never performed these operations so speedily as to-day.
The things were packed, each of the new-comers took his
burden, and the whole caravan moved off towards the boats,
which lay a short half-mile from the encampment. Down at
the point stood the Greenlanders' tent in which they had spent
the night. Terkel now informed me that they had run out of
provisions, owing to the length of their voyage, and asked if we
would give them something, so that they could make a meal
before we started, as they had now eaten nothing for a long
while. They had brought us another good supply, so we now
had plenty for everybody, and I promised that they should
have what they wanted, but not till we reached the other side
of the fjord. It was just now high water, and I feared that ifi
we delayed we might not be able to get the boats off.

.

WAITING IN AMBRALIKFJORD. 387

" The relief party had come in one wooden boat, belonging
to the Danish Greenland Service, and one ordinary Eskimo skin-
boat, the property of the German Mission. We embarked in
the former and stowed our baggage on board the latter. The
packing seemed likely to take some time, so leaving Balto to see
that nothing was left behind, the rest of us started and rowed
across the fjord to look for a convenient landing-place and make
ready for the distribution of food to the Greenlanders.

" As soon as the other boat arrived supplies were served out,
and the natives were presently hard at work upon the long-
expected food. I have already mentioned that we had seen to
our astonishment Peter devour the entrails of a ptarmigan. We
were now introduced to another Greenland delicacy. Silas pro-
duced the stomach of the reindeer he had shot, and the very
sight of it made the mouths of his fellow-countrymen water. It
was then cautiously opened and the contents distributed among
the party, all of whom, after eating their share with evident satis-
faction, carefully licked their fingers lest they should lose even
a stray fragment of the highly prized delicacy.

" At last we were ready to start in earnest and got under way,
Peter escorting us and Silas the other boat in their quality of
'kayakers.' It was not long, however, before our companions
had to put in to land again. Their boat had now been so many
days in the water that the skin was soaked to such a degree that
it was quite necessary to take it ashore and dry it. We therefore
gave the crew a quantity of provisions and went on our way alone.

" The weather had grown finer and finer as the day wore on,
and at noon the sun was shining brilliantly. We lay at our ease
in the stern of the little white boat, leisurely contemplating the
grandeur of the landscape round us. Towards evening, as the
sun sank lower and the mountains thrust their long shadows far
over the surface of the fjord, the solemnity of the scene seemed
to inspire even the Eskimo, who had hitherto been so gay and
lively. The cheerful conversation and merry laughter by degrees
died away and gave place to absolute silence. Thus we rowed on
for a long while, with not a sound but the monotonous splash of

388 ACROSS GREENLAND.

the oars, and not a sign of life to be seen. At last the intensity
of the silence became too much for the Greenlanders, and with
an earnestness which seemed the outcome of the surrounding
nature they broke out into a hymn. This was followed by
another, and to the accompaniment of their chants we now
rowed on through the gathering darkness.

" Except for a break of half-an-hour our crew had been at
their oars since nine o'clock in the morning. So at eleven we
put in to land, to give them a well-earned rest, and pitched our
tents for the night.

" Though we were up at five next morning, we found that the
other crew whom we had left behind the day before had been
astir still earlier. Their boat was already in sight, but only Silas,
their 'kayaker,' caught as up before we started, and henceforward
he kept us company as well as our own attendant Peter.

" We calculated that we should reach the colony somewhere
about noon to-day. We got under way at six o'clock, and, as a
nice breeze was blowing from the east, we hoisted sail and
our boat shot quickly by one little spit of land after the other.
The wind soon dropped, however, and the crew had to take to
their oars again. We now left Ameralikfjord and turned north-
wards among all the islands which lie between it and Godthaab.
When we came within two or three miles of the colony our
two ' kayakers ' went on in front to announce our approach.

" As we turned the point of one little promontory we came
within sight of a long, low, red house with a little tower and sur-
rounded by Eskimo stone-huts. This we supposed to be Godt-
haab, but the boats passed on, and we were told it was the*
German missionary station, Ny Herrnhut. Another promontory
was passed, and we saw the settlement itself lying before us.
There were already a number of people down by the beach, and
the Danish flag was hoisted as we came into view. We landed
and were received in the heartiest way by the Superintendent,
Herr Bistrup, and his wife, to whom we were afterwards indebted
for so much kindness and hospitality, and by the other Danish
families, all of whom had come down to offer us a welcome."

Chapter XXI.

WINTER QUARTERS AT GODTHAAB.

The first thing to be done, now that we were all together again,
was to find lodgings for the whole party. It was not yet quite
certain that we should spend the winter here, but at all events
we needed shelter for a time. Dietrichson, Sverdrup, and I
were hospitably received by the Superintendent, while the
other three were assigned a room in the building known as
the " Old Doctor's House." Here they cooked for themselves,
and did their own housekeeping generally.

The new-comers were, of course, for a long time a source
of great interest to the Greenlanders. Of their arrival Balto
writes : —

" The first evening, all the time we had a light in the room
— there were no blinds or curtains before the windows — as soon
as we had a light, there came a crowd of Eskimo girls outside
the window, and peeped in at us as long as we were up. They
came every single evening all the time we had no blind to the
window."

It was not long before we were all on good terms with the

natives, and made many friends among them. The three in

the " Doctor's House " had an unbroken stream of visitors, and

card-playing, fiddling, and talking went on from early morning

till late at night. Here Balto, of course, was supreme. He

took upon himself the duties of host, as he would say, " quite

and altogether alone." He held forth to the devoutly listening

Greenlanders, partly in his broken Norwegian, to which a

flavour of Danish was soon added, and partly in excruciating

Eskimo. He had quickly picked up a number of words of this

389

ANE AND LARS HEILMAN.
A GOOD SEAL-CATCHER AND HIS WIFE FROM GODTHAAB (OF HYBRID RACE).

{From a photograph by C. Ryberg.)

for

WINTER QUARTERS AT GODTHAAB. 391

formidable language, and these he twisted and turned to his
purposes with the greatest confidence and self-satisfaction.
The subject of his discourse, which was always attended by an
abundance of illustrative gestures, was at one time our journey
across " Sermersuak," or "the great Inland ice" — when he
would describe how we Norwegians, who were evidently, in his
estimation, the finest of fine fellows, had managed to find our
way across this terrible desert of snow, where there was no
coffee to be had and only a pipe of tobacco every Sunday;
and at another time the frightful perils of the ice-floes, where
"these Norwegians ate raw flesh, and we Lapps were almost
(i.e., very much) afraid."

All this, of course, was highly interesting to the Greenlanders,
but I think Balto impressed his hearers most when he dis-
coursed to them of his own native country, and told and showed
them " how we Lapps drive reindeer," and how " clothes and
boots are made in the land of the Lapps." Here he was in
touch with the Greenlanders' own manner of life, and had their
full sympathy and interest. There are few of them, indeed,
who understand any Danish or Norwegian, but pantomime is
a " Volapiik " which is intelligible all the world over.

Kristiansen, on the other hand, who rarely let his tongue get
the better of him, assumed a humbler position, and gladly left
the leading part to Balto. If there was card-playing, however,
Kristiansen would readily join in, while old Ravna wandered
silently about, mutely protesting against the whole proceedings.
Often he would plaintively say to me, "I am an old Lapp,
and I don't like all these people about." When the room was
crammed full with smoking, card-playing, chattering Green-
landers, Ravna would either be sitting up on a bed in a corner,
looking indescribably miserable, or else he would steal out, and
go and pay a visit to one of the Eskimo houses, where he was
always welcome, and where he would take his place upon a
bench. Here he would sit for hours, gazing at the ground in
front of him, and saying never a word, and then would go out
again. Why these visits of his were so highly appreciated, and

392

ACROSS GREENLAND.

why he went through the performance day after day, is still a
mystery to me.

This want of sympathy between Ravna and his younger
companions is easily to be explained if it be remembered
that he was an elderly and sedate father of a family, while the
other two were young and lusty. Not that, as far as I could

GIRLS OF HYBRID RACE FROM SUKKERTOPPRN.
(From a photograph.')

learn, anything that could shock him was ever done in the
room. The visitors were of one sex only, for, to avoid possible
complications, it had been decided that the feminine part of
the population should not be allowed admittance.

This rigorous prohibition was not, however, sufficient to pre-
vent Balto being deeply enamoured of a young Eskimo, who
was rather attractive than really pretty. Unfortunately, she

WINTER QUARTERS AT GODTHAAB 393

was already betrothed to an Eskimo Catechist, who was now
stationed at a colony further to the north, and to whom she
was to be married the following year. This state of things
was, however, no obstacle to the growth of a pretty platonic
attachment between Balto and his beloved Sophie. It was
a romantic story altogether, and Balto was in course of time
moved to write Sophie a long letter, which a Greenlander
helped him to turn into Eskimo. In this he told her of his affec-
tion, explaining that he loved her, but that she must not mis-
understand his love. He had no intention of marrying her,
not only because she was already bound to another — this
engagement, I think I may say with confidence, would as a
matter of fact have gone little way to deter either of them —
but because, if he took her with him to the land of the Lapps/
she would not be comfortable, as she would never accustom
herself to the ways of this strange people; while, on the
other hand, if he were to settle here in Greenland, he would
always be pining for his relatives and friends at Karasjok. For
this reason he would now say good-bye to her, and tell her that
he was very fond of her,' but did not wish to marry her.

This letter was a great source of joy to Sophie, as well as to
her mother, who was very proud of the direction which Balto's
affection had taken. She, indeed, used to say quite openly
that she would much rather have Balto for a son-in-law than
the unfortunate Catechist.

In spite of the letter the two lovers saw just as much of one
another as before, and when Balto began to talk about Sophie
his eloquence would rise to its highest pitch. She was not
like the others, he declared ; she was so modest, so retiring ;
she never ran up and down the road after the men-folk, as the
other girls did. When he went away in the spring, I am sure
he left some portion of his heart behind him. The parting was
a hard one. On the voyage he spoke of Sophie several times,
and it was only the fair ones of Copenhagen that completely
effaced her memory from his mind.

The first Sunday evening after our instalment at Godthaab

394

ACROSS GREENLAND.

there was dancing in the assembly-rooms of the colony— that
is to say, in the cooper's workshop. I hope it is unnecessary
to say that all the members of our party, except Ravna, were
present on the occasion, and whenever there was a dance,
which was not seldom.

"KRETORA," A NATIVE GIRL OF GODTHAAB.
(By A. Block, from a photograph by Carl Ryberg, Inspector of South Greenland.)

I fear I can scarcely describe how I was impressed the
first time I saw these Greenlanders dance. The picturesque
coloured dresses in closely-packed, swaying groups, the grace-
ful forms in rapid movement, the beaming faces every muscle

WINTER QUARTERS AT GODTHAAB. 395

of which was full of life, the boisterous voices, the infectious
laughter, the nimble little legs and feet clad in boots of white,
red, or blue, the perfect time which they all kept in their reels
and other numerous dances — the whole was a scene of teeming
life and unrestrained enjoyment.

It was all so new at that time to us wanderers from the
deserts, so strange and attractive, that we were carried away in
spite of ourselves. It was as if we had suddenly discovered
what a spring of pleasure and delight life really contains.
Among these folk at least joy is not yet a forgotten thing.

It really does one good to see the way in which they dance
in Greenland. Here they do it to move their limbs and refresh
their minds. Here there are no bitter-sweet visages of uncom-
promising propriety, no misshapen forms or extravagant dresses,
no bored wearers of black coats, white shirts, and gloves ; none,
in fact, of all that futility that stalks about a European ballroom
and takes the place of the Graces and other good spirits that
should be found there. How these Greenlanders would laugh
were they to see the funereal performance which we entitle a
fashionable ball !

I need hardly say that we did not remain spectators for long.
Our absolute ignorance of the dances was no bar, we were un-
ceremoniously seized and set in motion by the little Eskimo.
Here there was no modest waiting for engagements; all our
partners were obviously proud when they could get possession
of one of us, which was, as a rule, no difficult matter. But at
the same time they laughed at us most unmercifully when we
danced wrong or awkwardly, as we all did of course at the
beginning. For a long time afterwards, indeed, we used to see
the more mischievous among the girls dancing for the benefit
of their friends in the road before the houses, and mimicking
our ways and movements so accurately that we could well
recognise ourselves as we passed by. These Greenlanders
have a wonderfully keen eye for the comic side of things.

We were industrious pupils, however, and after a time one
or two of us learnt to dance well enough to inspire respect

396

ACROSS GREENLAND.

The Lapps, however, were quite hopeless. As a people they
have no dances, and Ravna was not even to be induced to go
and look on. Balto both looked on and joined in, but he re-
mained to the very end a simple caricature, whether it was a

BOLKTTE, ESKIMO OF HYBRID RACE, FROM GODTHAAB.
(From a photograph by C. Ryberg.)

reel or round dance in which he performed. He sprawled and
jumped about like a man of wood, while the Greenlanders
laughed at him till they nearly died. This ridicule did not
deter him in the smallest degree, however. He was only too
glad to manage the whole concern, to officiate as master of the

WINTER QUARTERS AT GODTHAAB. 397

ceremonies, to lead off or arrange a dance, and tell every one
what he had to do. In the qualities of enterprise and self-
confidence he was rarely wanting.

The Eskimo dances are not national. They are for the most
part reels imported by English and American whalers, but
adopted with such appreciation by the natives that they have
become general along the whole west coast, and have in time
assumed a certain national character. A few round dances,
such as the waltz and the polka, are also in favour, but they
are not held so high in estimation as the reels.

The only Greenlanders who do not dance, or, more strictly
speaking, are not allowed to dance, are the so-called " German
Greenlanders," who are members of the Moravian congrega-
tions. According to the teaching of the Moravian missionaries
it is a great sin to dance or look at others dancing, and they
have therefore been narrow-minded enough to forbid these
poor people to practise one of their few amusements. The
idea may have been to protect the morality of their charges,
but as far as I could learn, this does not stand higher among
the German congregations than elsewhere in Greenland. The
answer to this might be, however, that the charges dance in
spite of the prohibition.

However this be, I feel sure that every one who has wit-
nessed and taken part in a Greenland dance must see at once
what a healthy and glorious recreation it is, as well as a most
attractive sight. Many an evening, too, did we commit the
sin of taking our enjoyment with these childlike folk, while the
floor rocked under the rhythmic tread, and the fiddler sat on
the carpenter's bench, and worked till his strings gave way.

The first period of our stay at Godthaab was strangely de-
lightful after our march across the snow. Danes and Green-
landers alike did all they could to make things pleasant for us,
and I think we could all say with Balto that we very soon
forgot " our hard life and all the desolation of the ice." At the
same time we all grew in bulk to such an astonishing extent that it
was reported that the difference could be seen from day to day.

398 ACROSS GREENLAND

In spite of all this, however, there was one thing which
prevented our being thoroughly comfortable — the uncertainty
whether we should be here for the winter or not. None of
us had much hope that our messenger had caught the Fox,
but all the same we felt as if we were expecting every day to
see a ship come under steam and sail inwards from the horizon.
The presentiment that something might happen was for a long
time in our minds.

But the ship did not come, and I had long ago persuaded
myself that the Fox had never had my message. Sverdrup
and I, however, had for a time been thinking over another idea.
There was an old sloop at the colony, belonging to the Green-
land Trade Service, which was used to take goods to the neigh-
bouring settlements. Now we thought that, if we could get
this sloop, it would be an easy matter to put across to America
and get home that way. This project came to nothing, however,
because the Superintendent conceived that he had not the right
to lend this vessel, which, as is set forth in his instructions, must
not leave the colony except for official purposes, and a voyage
to America could scarcely be brought under that head. So we
must needs be content to stay where we were.

Then one day, while we were sitting at dinner, word was
brought that there were " kayaks " coming up from the south,
and soon afterwards a packet of letters was given me. They
were opened in silent expectation, no one understanding what
they could be, and our surprise was great when they proved to
be from Herr Smith, the manager of the cryolite mine at Ivigtut,
and several of the Superintendents farther south. The first
letter told me that my messenger had caught the Fox at the
last moment. The ship had started the day before, but had
been obliged by stress of weather to seek shelter close by. The
following day she was just about to weigh anchor, when two
"kayakers" were seen in the distance paddling at full speed
and signalling to her to wait. Thus the captain got my letter,
and was induced to go in to consult with the manager as to
what was to be done, though in his opinion there could be no

WINTER QUARTERS AT GODTHAAB. 399

question of the Fox going up to Godthaab. The two agreed
that this was impossible, as the captain did not know the water
and was afraid of the dark nights, while the deciding argument
was that he had forty passengers on board, men from the mine
who were on their way home. They dared not run the risk of
the ship being wrecked up north, and of these men having to
winter somewhere, as, for instance, at Godthaab. An increase
of this magnitude to the number of consumers might possibly
have led to serious consequences in the way of famine.

The result was that the Fox went off without us, but
taking my letter to Herr Gam£l and Sverdrup's to his father.
Thus it came about that the old 'Fox, the same vessel that
had carried McClintock on his celebrated search for Franklin,
brought to Europe the first news of our having successfully
crossed Greenland.

Had these two Eskimo paddled very little less vigorously, no
intelligence would have come. But in that case what heroes we
should have been, and what a welcome back to life we should
have received, if in the spring we had suddenly risen from our
laurel-crowned graves in the ice ! It was an unlucky thing
indeed for ourselves as well as the newspapers.

With the voyage of the Fox on her way home we need not con-
cern ourselves, though I may mention as worthy of note that
she was obliged by want of coals to put in at Skudesnaes, and
it was therefore my own country after all that received our first
greeting. As to the arrival of the news in Europe on November
9, 1888, I need say nothing, but leave it to the reader to supply
a description which I do not feel myself qualified to give, for
this reason among others, that I was over in Greenland at the
time, and little suspected what giants we suddenly became in
the eyes of the world that day.

As we now knew that we had no chance of getting home this
year, we became resigned to our fate, and reconciled to the idea
of spending the winter where we were.

As time went on our intercourse with the natives grew closer,
and the interest we took in them of course increased. It was

400

ACROSS GREENLAND.

not only the Eskimo of Godthaab and Ny Herrnhut whose ac-
quaintance we made, but we also paid visits to other settlements
in the neighbourhood. Thus in the middle of October some of
us made an excursion in the company of the Superintendent to
Kangek, some ten miles from Godthaab, and another in Novem-
ber to Narsak, which lies beyond the mouth of Ameralikfjord.
I myself spent most of the winter in studying the peculiarities

THE INTERIOR OF AN ESKIMO HUT.
(From a photograph taken by the Author at Sukkertoppen.)

of native life. I lived with the Eskimo in their huts, studied
their methods of hunting and seal-catching, their customs and
manner of life generally, and learnt, as far as I could in the short
time at my disposal, their difficult language, in which latter task
I received at the outset valuable assistance from the doctor of
the place.

Upon the occasion of our arrival a poem was composed by

WINTER QUARTERS AT GODTHAAB.

401

Greenlander of the name of Christian Rosing, and published
in the same " Atuagagdliutit." As it will give the reader some
idea of modern Eskimo poetry, I insert it here with a translation.

Angutit arfinigdit
Norgemit autdlarput,
Sisamat Norskiussut
mardluk Lappiussut
Norskinut ilauvdlutik
tunumut nhiput,
sakutitik tamaisa
nagsataralugit.

Sermfkut ingerdlaput
nagdliokalutik
takuakarpiarnatik
ardluatakaralik ;
kavfinik nungutsiput
tuparugtarputdlo,
taimaitdlutingme ktsa
ituikasakaut.

Six men

Journeyed from Norway ;

Four were Norwegians,

Two were Lapps ;

They sailed upon a Norwegian ship,

Landed on the eastern coast,

And carried all their implements

With them.

They journeyed across the " Inland ice'
And suffered much by the way ;
They had no great store of food
And only one suit of clothes ;
Their coffee came to an early end
And likewise their tobacco.
And yet they crossed the " Inland ice"
And reached the western coast.

Mardluk Nungmut tikiput
Ameralik6rtut,
umiatsiakarput
tupingnangartumik,
ilatik sisamaussut
kimagsimavdlugit,
Lappinik tusarpugut
erininakautdle.

Two of them came to Godthaab

Out of Ameralikfjord ;

They had a boat,

Which was exceeding strange.

Four of them

Had been left behind ; [them ;

We heard that there were Lapps among

We longed much to see them.

Klsame likilerput

Lappit ilatigdlo,

asltdlime uvagut

aterfiorpavut ;

aipangussakulua

tusiavigdlune,

mikissunguvdlunilo

kumukuj6kartok.

Aiparssuakulua

sisamavililik,

nfsunik kardlekartok

anorarssualik,

inugsiarningarpok

okalugkajokaok,

taimaingmat kalalerkat

cuanarivigpat.

Chr. Rosing.

At last they came,

The Lapps and the other two ;

We went as usual down

To the sea-shore to receive them.

One of the Lapps

Was somewhat lame ;

He was very small

And had a tall, pointed cap.

The other big one of the Lapps

Had a four-cornered cap ;

He had trousers upon his legs

And a great pelisse.

He was very kind

And very talkative ;

For this reason the little Greenlanders

Grew very fond of him.

2 C

AN ESKIMO IN HIS "KAYAK.
(By A. Block, front photographs.)

Chapter XXII.

FIRST LESSONS IN THE "KAYAK"

The Eskimo " kayaks " were, of course, a great attraction to us
strangers, and as soon as possible I possessed myself of one.
The necessary balance in this narrow, crank little vessel is
very difficult for a beginner to acquire. One feels as if he
were swinging on a knife-edge, and it is very necessary, so to
speak, to keep your hair parted well in the middle. Yet when
one sees the Eskimo dancing like sea-birds on the crests of the
waves the whole performance seems simply child's play.

As soon as my " kayak " was ready I took it down to the
shore. I found it no easy matter to force my legs and as
much else of me as was necessary through the narrow opening
into the place where I was to sit. This done, I was carefully j
pushed out into the water, but the feeling that seized me just
as I left dry land was one of unspeakable insecurity. The1
little craft rocked first to one side and then to the other, and

FIRST LESSONS IN THE "KAYAK."

403

every moment promised an immediate capsize. It seemed to
me a simple impossibility that I should ever learn to sit it,
and I looked with despairing envy and desire at the Eskimo,
who were of course out to enjoy the sight of Nalagak in a
"kayak," and were darting hither and thither over the water,
and throwing their little spears about with as much ease and
indifference as if they were sitting safe on the floor at home.

WOMEN ENGAGED IN COVERING A "KAYAK."

{Payment for this work is always made in coffee.)

(By E. Nielsen, from a photograph.)

But practice has a wonderful effect, and after one or two
outings I began to feel tolerably comfortable. I got on better
still when I had a pair of outriggers or supports made to help
me. These are miniature " kayaks," about two feet long, and
are fastened one on each side of the canoe, just behind the
seat. They make things considerably easier for the uninitiated
of course, but the Eskimo themselves rarely use them, and I
myself abandoned them after a while.

404 ACROSS GREENLAND.

One day, when I was out shooting, I found myself in the
middle of a shoal of white whales, which I followed up. They
took me well out to sea, and in my excitement I did not notice
that the day was closing in. When at last I turned homewards
it was already beginning to get dark. Unfortunately, too, be-
fore I had gone far a strongish breeze from the south got up,
and as it caught me sideways it made paddling hard work, and
I did not reach Godthaab till well into the evening. The folk
there had meanwhile been getting very anxious on my account,
for all the native " kayakers " had come in a long time ago,
and the whole settlement was on the move.

As I passed the last point and entered the bay I thought I
saw some dark objects against the snow, and heard at the same
time the sound of childlike voices. I answered with a vigorous
shout, which at once seemed to turn the whole place into one
prolonged shriek. Then as I rode on the top of a wave in to
the landing-place, there came a general rush of black forms
down the white hillside to meet me. The snow swarmed with
figures large and small, which pressed round partly to help
scrape the ice from the canoe, and partly to look upon one
who had risen, as it were, from the dead.

This little event Balto describes as follows : —

"When it began to grow dark, we fell to wondering that
Nansen had not yet come. We waited for him a good while,
but he did not appear, and then we all began to be very
sorrowful. We had heard that he had not gone to Ny Herrn-
hut, where there was a birthday-party at the missionary's. We
sent a message, however, to ask, but he was not there, and then
I stretched myself upon my bed and the tears began to flow.
Bistrup called all the people of the colony together and told
them to get ready to go out and look for Nansen. They were
soon ready, and Dietrichson took a gun, a lantern, and a horn
to make him hear. Just as they were putting off in the boat
Nansen came in to shore safe and well. The Greenlanders set
up a frightful yell, and shouted ' Kujunak, Kujunak, Nansen
tigipok, ajungilak,' which means 'Thank God, Nansen has

FIRST LESSONS IN THE "KAYAK."

405

IDme home ! ' or, ■ Let us give thanks, Nansen has come ; all
well.' Then my heart returned to its own place, and we
ere as happy as before."
After I had been some time practising, and the others saw
that I got on tolerably well, some of them felt inclined to try
too. Sverdrup was the first to get himself a "kayak," and he
soon became very proficient. Balto had begun to express his
eagerness to try as soon as he arrived at Godthaab, and had

THROWING HIS HARPOON AT A SEAL.
(By A. Block.)

asked me whether I thought it was difficult. The Danes oi
the place meanwhile, none of whom understood the art, re-
presented to him the danger of it, and told him how many lost
their lives over it.

Balto, at no time distinguished for his courage, had given up
the idea, and quietly looked on while I was out on the water.
But now that Sverdrup had begun too, the temptation became
too strong.

406 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Both Sverdrup and I told him that it was not the easiest
thing in the world to sit a " kayak," and that he would have to
mind what he was about. But Balto was just now in a great
state of elation, and said he was sure he could manage it, as he
was used to driving a Lapp reindeer-sledge. Sverdrup pointed
out to him that the two processes were not exactly identical, but
Balto stood his ground and determined to make the experiment.
Sverdrup's canoe was carried down ; there were a number of
spectators gathered round to watch, and I paddled about a little
way from shore ready to fish him out.

Balto placed himself in the "kayak," made himself comfort-
able, and tucked his great pelisse round him. He made all
his preparations with the most confident air, and evidently in-
tended to show us what a Lapp really could do when he tried.
When he was ready he eagerly seized the paddle in both hands,
and boldly gave orders to push off.

But no sooner did the canoe touch the water than its steadi-
ness began very perceptibly to diminish, and Balto's expression
grew less confident. Yet he was determined to carry it off
well, and even helped to push the canoe along. At last it was
so far out that only the point was left resting upon the shore.
Balto's valour now gave place to the most absolute terror, while
at the same time the " kayak " slid out into the water and began
to rock uncomfortably. Then came some desperate flourishes
with the paddle in the air, which were apparently preparatory
to strokes in the water ; his face was one picture of horror and
despair; he made frantic efforts at some unholy ejaculation,

but no further than the first letter, " D D D j

could he get. His mouth and the whole concern went under
together, and his emotion vanished in a simple gurgle. All we
could see was the bottom of the canoe and his great square cap
floating on the surface of the water.

I paddled up, but luckily the water was so shallow that Balto
could touch the bottom with his hands, and the " kayak " was so
near the shore that the spectators could pull it and its occupant
out. Balto was greeted with a pitiless shout of laughter from

FIRST LESSONS IN THE "KAYAK*

4©7

le bystanders, especially the girls. Then he got out of the

moe, and as he stood there on the rocks, throwing his arms

id legs about, while the water poured out of his voluminous

garments, which now hung close and lank about his body, he

looked for all the world like an ordinary scarecrow.

The first thing he said was, " Well, I am almost wet." Then
he reflected a moment, and added with all the fervour of con

MEMBERS OF THE EXPEDITION IN THEIR
HARBOUR.

KAYAKS IN GODTHAAB

(From a photograph by C. Ryberg.)

viction, "And I will say that that 'kayak' is a very devil of
a boat."

It was some time before Balto tried the "kayak" again.
Soon after this Dietrichson had one made, and was not long
in learning the use of it. His success induced Kristiansen to
try his luck, and even brought Balto to the point once more.

Both of them set to work to build their own vessels. The

408 ACROSS GREENLAND.

Greenlanders helped them with the frames, and they were
then covered with skin, as usual by the Eskimo women. As
soon as they were ready both the beginners set about practis-
ing vigorously. Balto's experience had, however, made him
cautious, and he had the outriggers put on at once. Kris-
tiansen was more reckless, and frightened us all by starting
without these supports and going right out to sea. But, for
the first time, he got on surprisingly well.

Towards the end of the winter all the members of our party,
except old Ravna, were often to be seen out in their " kayaks "
after sea-birds.

There are not many seal about in the winter, so it does not
pay to go after them for mere amusement. We found the birds
better worth our attention, and the flight-shooting of the eider-
duck was especially attractive. In the earlier part of the wintei
this generally goes on in the evenings, when the duck come
flying in large or small flocks along the shore on their way into
the fjords. The "kayaks" are drawn up in line, especially
just off the promontories. It was quite exciting work to lie
there in wait for the duck, and reminded me of the flight-
shooting at home when the woodcock come back in the
spring. One's eyes are turned southwards, whence the duck
should come. Suddenly you see the man in the furthest
canoe stoop forward and paddle away as hard as he can go,
while the rest of the line meanwhile dress up to him. Then
he stops, there is a moment's waiting, and then come a flash
and a report, which are taken up by the next, and so follow
down the line. You see a dark mass to the south of you
silently skimming the water. You bring your canoe up a bit
to get better into range; you put your paddle in under its
strap and get your gun ready. By this time you can dis-
tinguish every bird. Just as they sweep by you, you let fly
into the thickest part of the flock, and if you are lucky you get
a couple or more to your shot. Then you load again, gather
up your birds, and wait for the next flight. So you go on till
it is dark, the line of "kayaks" shifting backwards and for-

FIRST LESSONS IN THE "KAYAK" 409

wards just as the duck happen to fly close to or further from
the shore.

This shooting needs a considerable amount of skill, for the
duck fly strongly, and a good command of your canoe is neces-
sary if you are to keep within range and shoot tolerably straight.
Many of the natives are amazingly good hands at it The
quickness with which they bring the canoe up to the point,
secure the paddle, and get the gun to the shoulder, as well as
the accuracy of their aim, even if they have only one bird to
cover, is enough to secure the admiration of the best of shots,
especially as the little boats in which they sit are the whole
time bobbing up and down upon the waves.

ESKIMO BOY FROM GODTHAAB.
(From a photograph by C. Rybcrg.)

Chapter XXIII.

CHRISTMAS AT GODTHAAB.

In due time Christmas came, in the keeping of which the
Greenlanders cannot be said to be far behind the rest of the
world. The preparations begin months before; the women
have their hands full with the making of any amount of fine
new clothes, tunics, breeches, and boots, all with the most
garish decorations. The whole family, from the youngest
children to the aged grandparents, must appear as smart as
possible, and in new things from top to toe.

The young unmarried women, of course, are the most ex-
travagant. If they belong to the more well-to-do families, who
are employed by the " Service," the parents will generally have

CHRISTMAS AT GODTHAAB.

41

ordered something from Copenhagen for the occasion ; some-
thing really good, better than anything the colonial store sup-
plies, of silk may be, though it is even said that some have
had velvet imported for them. In this new finery, which is
generally made up in secret, these girls suddenly appear on
the festal day, each one more irresistible than her neighbour.

If women are in the habit of talking about dress and decora-
tions elsewhere in the world, the Christian Greenlander is bv

GODTHAAB IN WINTER GARB.
{From a photograph by C. Ryberg.)

no means behind her sisters. But I cannot deny that she really
does look bewitchingly attractive at Christmas-time in her
picturesque Eskimo costume. I fear a competition would
not always prove the superiority of her rivals across the sea,
in spite of all their European advantages.

But it is not only dress that engages the attention on the
approach of Christmas. With the idea of simply revelling in
creature-comforts, the Eskimo saves up his money, so far in-
deed as he can contrive to do so, for a long while before. If

412 ACROSS GREENLAND.

he has no money when the season comes, why, he simply
raises it by selling one of his chief necessaries. It has been
no uncommon practice to take the down out of the coverlets
and sell it to the Trade for the purpose of buying some luxury
or other. The thriftless one must then, of course, lie and
shiver under nothing but cotton for the rest of the winter.
The first thing of all that there must be an abundance of is
coffee.

So it will be seen that our great festival has not been im-
proved in character by its transplantation to Greenland soil.
It is, in fact, here as elsewhere, the despair of the father and
the ruin of the stomach. It brings a transitory joy perhaps,
but one that is followed by a more permanent privation. It is
needless to say that an institution of this nature is thoroughly
appreciated by the Eskimo, who has made the Christian precept,
" Take no thought for the morrow," pre-eminently his own.

In our host's house the usual preparations were also in full
swing. Our hostess, Sverdrup, and Dietrichson had long been
busy making bags, baskets, and other receptacles of coloured
paper, while the Superintendent himself was at work upon a
Christmas-tree, which he constructed by fastening branches of
Greenland juniper into a piece of wood which did duty for
a stem.

On the morning of Christmas Eve this tree was dressed.
At two o'clock there was a grand ceremony in the church.
The children were to be catechised, and no Eskimo could fail
to be present at so amusing a function. As soon as this was
over the children, in accordance with old custom, rushed one
and all across to the Superintendent's to receive each his bag
of figs. These they carried home, and then they presented
themselves at our rooms to receive another supply. There
was a regular stampede of all these little skin-clad creatures.
All who could walk came by themselves ; those who were too
young were carried by their mothers, while the smallest of all
appeared by proxy.

At five o'clock theie was choral service in church. Hymns,

CHRISTMAS AT GODTHAAB. 413

written in or translated into Eskimo by the " catechists," were
sung by a large choir of natives, who had surreptitiously been
practising a long while before. The performance impressed
one by its charm of simplicity, and the melodies were fresh
and cheerful. An elderly half-civilised Greenlander, who never
hid his light under a bushel if he could help it, declared that
the singing was not so good as when he had a hand in it, but
it was " very pretty " all the same. It reminded one so much,
he said, of a gull-rock, where the birds are always flying up and
down and screaming.

After supper at the Superintendent's, to which all our party
were invited, the tree was lighted and general excitement pre-
vailed.

Just as the merriment was at its highest the door opened
and a great round head with a huge shock of hair appeared.
This was part of our friend Joel, who had come to inquire
about a bottle of beer he had received from the Lapps in
exchange for some eider-ducks, but which he had left behind
with something else when he went to pay a visit to the doctor
on the chance of getting a dram or two in honour of the occa-
sion. As far as this errand went he seemed to have been
eminently successful. He set us all laughing at the lively
gestures by which he described that everything had disappeared,
and that he had found " Bovase nami, mitit nami, elisa nami,
damase nami ; " that is to say, " No bottle, no duck, no fishing-
line, no anything." He was, however, soon consoled with
another bottle of beer. His astonishment, and the glitter of
his dark eyes, which turned to two bright round beads, when
he saw the Christmas-tree and all the lights and decorations,
were most amusing to see ; but the wildness of his delight was
still greater when he was given some bags of sugar-plums. As
rich as Crcesus and far happier, he reeled off across the rocks
to join his charming consort at Ny Herrnhut.

On Christmas morning, about six or seven o'clock, just as I
was sleeping my sweetest and fancying myself back at home,
the songs of children were suddenly wafted through the air and

414

ACROSS GREENLAND.

took their place in my wandering dreams. The sound grew
louder, and I woke to hear the carolling of a large choir in the
passage outside our door. They had been singing at the Eskimo
houses all night long, and had now come, faithful to tradition,
to wake the Europeans of the place. I allow that the custom
is charming, and that I had never been woke in so pleasant a

A MEAL IN AN ESKIMO HUT.
(By E. Nielsen, from a photograph.)

way before ; but I must add that when the strains had ceased,
and the choir departed to sing at other doors, I gently dozed
off again to pick up the lost thread of my interrupted dream.

When I went into the kitchen that morning I found Balto
there haranguing the girls. He was holding forth at length on
the virtues of the Eskimo Christmas, which he had found " very

CHRISTMAS AT GODTHAAB. 415

jolly." He was fluent as usual. He had been wandering from
house to house the whole night ; and what a place it was for
coffee ! It was not yet ten o'clock, and he had had twenty-
four big cups already " that morning." As his eyes and speech
showed, something stronger than coffee had also been exhibited,
but this was not mentioned. He had never had such a Christ-
mas before ; it all really was "very jolly."

Soon after noon the adult Eskimo of the place, men and
women alike, came round as usual to all the Europeans, to
shake hands with them and wish them a merry Christmas.
To this greeting it is only necessary to answer " Itlidlo," or
f The same to you," but even this gets somewhat monotonous
when it has to be repeated to fifty people or more.

At three o'clock the leading natives — that is to say, the
" catechists," the printer, the men employed by the "Service,"
and the seal-catchers — were invited, together with their wives,
to an entertainment of chocolate, coffee, and cakes at the
Superintendent's. They came in their best Christmas array,
paid their respects to the host and hostess, and ranged them-
selves in silence along the walls. It was a very solemn per-
formance, but that is not to be wondered at, since these poor
folk were now in the state apartment of " the Merchant," one
of the highest in the land. Presently, however, the refresh-
ments had their usual effect, and the gathering assumed a more
genial tone. One of the men, who had been in Copenhagen
and wished to show his fellow-countrymen how things were
done in the great world, went up to one of the more prominent
of the native ladies and offered her his arm with an awkward
bow. She, of course, did not understand the manoeuvre, and
he was obliged to drag her away by force in order to conduct
her, as he said, to a worthier place further up the room. When
he had accomplished this he turned to me to explain how
stupid his compatriots were, and how often they had to be
instructed how they should behave in polite society. " Now,"
he went on, " suppose you take my wife and lead her up to a
more honourable place." I thanked him for the great compli

416 ACROSS GREENLAND.

ment he was paying me, and deplored that I did not feel myself
at all worthy of the distinction. The man had evidently had
a little more than was good for him. He was one of the few
Greenlanders who are so far trusted that they have spirits given
into their keeping on such occasions. He was celebrating the
festival by indulging himself as long as his supply lasted. Every
night he was quite unmanageable, and his nice little wife had
to leave the house or sleep in the garret, though she had taken
all possible precautions beforehand, by making signs and
binding amulets under the seats of the chairs, with a view to
charming her husband into a gentle drunkenness, as Eskimo
superstition ordains.

At last the guests took their leave, and went off on their
Christmas pilgrimage to another house, there to begin the
festivities again.

Two days later the Superintendent gave another entertain-
ment to the employes in the " Service " and the leading seal-
catchers. On this occasion rooms were borrowed in the
hospital, and there was a great supply of pea-soup, bacon, salt
reindeer, and stewed apples; spirits were not wanting, and
afterwards came punch, coffee, and cigars. On such field-days
the combatants come armed with plate, cup or bowl, spoon,
and some vessel for the punch. All that a man does not eat
of his ration he carries home to his wife and children, who,
indeed, often put in an appearance at the meal itself to make
their share secure.

This entertainment came to an end in the course of the
evening, and the company then adjourned to the cooper's
workshop for further jollification.

AN ESKIMO HOUSE IN THE WINTER.
{By the Author.)

Chapter XXIV.

SARDLOK AND KANGEK— NOTES FROM MY DIARY.

February 6. — I am now living half underground in an earth-
hut, which is so low inside that I can scarcely stand upright.
As in all Eskimo houses, the entrance is a long passage, which
is so small that one is almost obliged to go through it on all-
fours. Outside the snow is deep enough to bury the hut. All
that is to be seen is part of the window, which is kept as clear
as possible, and the hole which serves as entrance to the above
passage.

I had long had it in my mind to pay a visit to Sardlok,
and as the doctor, one day in January, was coming out here
to see a sick man, I started off at the same time in the com-
pany of JoeL

418 ACROSS GREENLAND.

The distance is thirteen or fourteen miles : my arms were
not quite used to the exercise, and the cramped position which
the "kayak" entails upon one tired me considerably before I
reached my journey's end, and as the afternoon went on I began
to long for Sardlok. In Joel, however, as the reader will sur-
mise, I had a cheery companion. At one time he sang songs,
" Den evig glade kobbersmed " among them of course ; at an-
other he gave me any amount of unintelligible information about
the places we passed ; then whenever he saw a flock of eider-
duck come flying by he made desperate attempts to get his gun
out, which he only did once in time, and then he shot wide.
Then, again, he would grunt out that he must go ashore to empty
his canoe, and would paddle off as if his life depended on it
The little vessel was half full of water indeed, as, like the rest
of him, it was in very bad repair and leaked unmercifully.

Jt was a dark evening : the " Saddle " and other peaks rose
menacingly above us and shut in the east side of the fjord ;
over our heads the net of stars shone brilliantly, and while we
worked along silently side by side there was no sound to be
heard save the splash of the paddles and the rippling of the
water against the sides of the canoes.

At last we rounded a point, saw a friendly light shining to
greet us, and found ourselves at our destination. The doctor had
arrived a little while before. The passage of the narrow little
tunnel, the entry into a small but cosy room like this, and the
welcome of Eskimo hospitality, all have attractions of their own.

I am staying in the house of Johan Ludvig, an old "cate-
chist." Its other occupants are his wife, one daughter, and
two sons. Johan Ludvig told me with obvious pride that his
grandfather was a Norwegian, and had been renowned for his
gigantic strength. He has himself been a clever seal-catcher
in his day, but he goes out no longer, as he is more than
seventy years old. He has had several sons, who have done
him credit, though two of them were lost in their "kayaks."
The youngest, who is now at home, a boy of eighteen, is no
seal-catcher. His parents are afraid to let him go out.

SARDLOK AND KANGEK.

419

It is no active life I am leading here ; in fact, I am fast turn-
ing Eskimo. I live as the natives do, eat their food, and am
learning to appreciate such dainties as raw blubber, raw halibut-
skin, frozen crowberries mixed with rancid blubber, and so on.
I talk to the people as well as I can, go out in my "kayak "
with them, fish, and shoot on land and water. In fact I begin
to see that there really is nothing to prevent a European turning
Eskimo if he only have his time before him.

SADLEN " OI

THE SADDLE," A MOUNTAIN TO THE NORTH OF GODTHAAB.
{From a photograph by C Ryberg. )

One cannot help being comfortable in these people's society.
Their innocent, careless ways, their humble contentment with
life as it is, and their kindness are very catching, and must clear
one's mind of all dissatisfaction and restlessness.

My original idea had been to do some reindeer-stalking, and
I went out one day on " ski," but as there was not even a track
to be seen I have done nothing more in that way. My chief

420 ACROSS GREENLAND.

amusement is to go halibut-fishing. Pulling up these huge,
strong fish, which are big enough to upset a boat, from a little
canoe is the best sport in the way of sea-fishing that I have yet
come across.

To begin with, one may wait half or even the whole day and
not get a bite. This is no pleasant work in thirty or forty degrees
of frost, with a bitter north wind blowing, and perhaps in driv-
ing snow. Care has to be taken or some part or other of the
face will be caught by the frost.

But if the bite does come at last, all hardships are forgotten.
At first, as a rule, there is no violent tug, but the line is drawn
down by a slow and irresistible force ; then come some distinct
jerks ; the paddle is slipped under its strap,1 you take the line
in both hands and pull as hard and violently as you can ; then
you feel if the fish is still on, and if he is you go at it again. You
tug and tug and tug again, time after time, for it is necessary to
get him well hooked. You look like a lunatic all the while this
is going on, but if one has to transmit the jerks the whole length
of a hundred fathom line it is indispensable to put one's back
into the work.

At last you have him fast and you begin to haul in. It is a
slow business, as the fish resists and the line is long, and the strain
tells on the arms. The line is coiled up on the " kayak " mean-
while, and drenched with water from time to time to prevent its
freezing into a mass. In case the fish should make for the bottom
again and take all the line out, you throw the bladder which is
fastened to the end out to the side; if he does do this you simply
follow the bladder, which remains on the surface, and take the
line up again when he is more exhausted.

The length of one of these lines is extraordinary. At last the
end comes ; you can see the, cord twisting with the fish's move-
ments. The resistance increases, and it isall you can do to pull;

1 It is passed through certain straps which are fixed to the " kayak " just
in front of the occupant, and then projects from the vessel laterally. The
blade thus lying on the water of course very much increases the steadiness
of the canoe.

SARDLOK AND KANGBK.

421

hand over hand, however, the line comes in ; the sinking-stone
appears, and then a huge head rises above the water with a mouth
and eyes that are enough to make your blood run cold. You
seize the club which lies behind you and give him a couple of
prodigious whacks in the region of his brain, but with a desperate
effort he drags his head under water and with the speed of light-
ning darts off to the bottom again. Woe betide you now if you

-- -griN

HALIBUT-FISHING FROM THE "KAYAK."
(By A. Block, after a rough sketch by the Author.)

have not your line clear and it hitches anywhere ; you are upside
down before you know where you are. As the fish reaches the
bottom the pace slackens, and you can begin to haul in again.
A second time you get him up, and perhaps a second time he
returns to the depths. To pull a big halibut up three or possibly
four times from a hundred fathoms of water is fairly exhausting
work. When you really have him in hand at last you give him
a few well-directed blows, which make him somewhat quieter ;

422 ACROSS GREENLAND.

then you let fly at him as hard and fast as you can manage
perhaps he makes one or two more despairing attempts to break
away, but as the blows shower down upon him he gradually grows
stupid and inactive. Then you drive your knife into his brain
and spine till he is as dead as you can manage to make him for
the time being. You now attach the bladder to his mouth to
make him float, and tow him ashore in order to fasten hirri
properly to the canoe.

While I was at this work one day I found I had got both cheeks,
as well as my nose and chin, well frozen. However, by rubbing
them with salt water and ice, of which there was plenty on the
"kayak," I succeeded in reviving them and preventing further
consequences.

To get your fish to land you take the line between your teeth
and then paddle away. I must confess that I found this towing
the least agreeable part of the whole business. Every time the
canoe is carried on the top of a wave you are suddenly pulled
up by the line with a jerk almost hard enough to wrench your
teeth out. This is a difficulty, perhaps, which does not present
itself to the Eskimo, whom nature has provided with teeth so
strong that he can easily pull nails out with them.

When you have brought your fish ashore you tie him fast to the
side of the canoe, with his head foremost, so that he is as little
drag upon you as possible. To arrive at Sardlok with one of
these huge fish in tow, and to be received on the beach with
the same beaming welcome that awaits every one who brings in
a catch, was an experience which recalled the triumphant return
home with one's first game in the days of childhood.

This fishing is a sport well worthy of the name. The fish
weigh from two to four hundred pounds, and they make good
food at a time when there is little else to be had. On two
which I caught we lived, five of us, for nearly three weeks, and
ate scarcely anything else the whole time.

One day as we were out fishing in still, calm weather, the
sky suddenly darkened to the south. We knew the wind was
coming, and gathered up our lines with all h?ste. But before

SARDLOK AND KANGBK. 423

we were ready the storm was upon us, first with a few pre-
paratory gusts, and then in all its wild fury. The sea flew
black and white before it, the calm surface was soon one sheet
of foam The current and the wind met here ; the green waves
broke in crests of white spray, and the canoes were lost to each
other in the hollows. We had to make for shore to save our
fish and ourselves, and we paddled away as fast as we could
go with the sea on our beam.

An occasion like this, which was, of course, a regular ex-
perience of the Greenlanders, had all the charm of novelty to
me, and my mastery of the " kayak " was put to a hard test.
You have to keep a sharp eye on these big breaking seas, fot
if one of them catches the canoe before the paddle is well out
on the lee-side there is every chance of its occupant going to
the bottom for ever and a day.

When we reached the shore we kept along it under shelter.
Then we ran northwards fast before the wind, and now the
u kayak " was even harder to manage than before. The big
seas came rolling up from behind, and it was no easy matter
to keep an even keel. As the wave comes you give a couple
of powerful strokes and let the paddle float out to the side.
Then the stern is lifted high in the air and you lean hard back.
As the wave breaks you feel a heavy blow on the back, while
the spray showers round you, and you seem to fly through space
on the foaming crest. Then it rolls by you, you sink into the
hollow, and with a few more vigorous strokes you ride again
on to the back of the next wave.

I had a good companion and instructor in Eliase, who kept
the whole time as close to my side as the sea would let him.
Now he would shoot past me on the top of one wave, and then
I would ride by him on the next. It was a dance with the
waves and a game with danger.

Presently the shore turned westwards and again offered us
shelter. But first there was a belt of ice to pass, and it was
necessary to bring the canoes through without getting them
crushed between the moving floes. We found an opening and

424

ACROSS GREENLAND.

seized the opportunity, and with a few quick strokes sailed
through on the top of a sea.

Terkel, the leading seal-catcher of Sardlok, and his brothei

TKRKEL, THE LEADING SEAL-CATCHER OF SARDLOK.
(By A. Block, from a photograph by C. Ryberg.)

Hoseas, were of our party. They each had a halibut in tow,
and came into shelter a little while after us. We hoped that
while the fish were being lashed fast and other preparations
were being made the wind would drop. But it was equally

SARDLOK AND KANGEK. 425

strong when we started again for Sardlok. We had it all
behind us, however, made a good passage, and were soon safe
at home.

I am often asked out to eat halibut in the other houses,
generally just after I have had my fill of it here at home. But
I have to go from one to the other and continue eating as long
as my system will consent to be imposed upon. I go most to
Terkel's, which is the biggest house in the place. The other
evening as I sat there I witnessed a very comical performance.
Hoseas' son, a little boy rather more than twelve months old,
was dancing the "mardluk," a kind of reel, with Terkel's
daughter, a child of three. The boy had nothing but his shirt
on, which reached about half-way down his stomach ; his arms
were held out stiff like pump-handles ; with an air as grave
as any professor's he went through his steps. First he hopped
on one leg and then on the other, then he twirled round, and
all was executed in perfect time with the singing of the air, and
with the same grave contemplation of his partner. She was
a pretty little girl, was dressed just like a woman, and had her
hair tied on the top of her head in the orthodox way, and an
arch, coquettish look on her face which suggested that this was
not the first time she had been in masculine company. The
whole sight was enough to make a hermit laugh. The Eskimo
children are precocious indeed.

On February 14 I went back to Godthaab, having already
been at Sardlok nearly a month. We were a party of three,
Hoseas joining Joel and me. All our " kayaks " were well laden
with halibut, birds, and such things, and very inopportunely a
strongish west wind sprang up on the way. As long as we kept
close under the western shore we did well enough, but when we
were about to cross over to Godthaab things grew worse. The
further we got out the bigger the waves became, and we quite
disappeared between them. As it came on to snow, too, and
we could see nothing, the Eskimo began to hesitate, and called
to me to turn back and shelter under the land again. I thought
we could find our way across well enough in spite of the snow,

426

ACROSS GREENLAND.

and wanted to push on. So we went on for a while, with the
waves rolling in on our quarter; but things grew worse and
worse, my companions would listen no longer, and turned to-
wards shore without waiting for my consent. So we worked
back against the wind, and lay in shelter to see if the weather
meant to improve. Meanwhile we landed a good deal of our
cargo, and packed it away under stones and snow, so that we
could fetch it next day if the weather were better. It is bad, of

"V

"KAYAKERS" IN THE OPEN SEA.
(By Th, Holmboe,from a rough sketch by the Author.)

course, to have too much on the canoes in a sea, as they capsize
so much the more easily. A little later, as the snow cleared off
and the wind dropped a little, we went on our way again, and
got safely across to Godthaab.

I came out to Kangek on February 17. It is a good place
for practice in the " kayak." The current is exceptionally fast,
and off the headlands and between the islands it runs like a
river. Where it meets the great waves coming from the open
sea they rise and break like the surf over a sunken rock. So

it is

NOTES FROM MY DIARY.

4*7

is no wonder that the natives of Kangek are the cleverest
i kayakers " hereabouts, and I doubt whether there are better
in all Greenland. They get their living in the open sea at the
risk of their lives, and though many are lost they go out calmly
to their daily task. It is a pleasure to see them on the great
sea-waves, riding them like horses, while the foam floats round
them like a long white mane. There is scarcely a sea they can-

" AND AS THE WAVE BREAKS THROW THEMSELVES INTO ITS VERY JAWS."
(By A. Block, after a rough sketch by the Author.)

not ride ; if a wave presses them too hard, they fasten the paddle
under the strap on the weather side, stoop down, and let it roll
over them. Or they lay the paddle out flat, and as the wave
breaks throw themselves into its very jaws, and so lessen the
shock, rising again on the paddle when all is over. I have
even been told that really masterly " kayakers " have a prettier
manoeuvre still- When a sea is so heavy that they think they

428

ACROSS GREENLAND.

cannot manage it in any other way, they capsize at the moment
the wave breaks, and let the bottom of the canoe receive the
shock.

The blow such a wave can give must be very severe. I have
heard of a man who was struck by the full force of a sea, which
bent him down in the canoe and wrenched his back so badly

SIMON,

CATECHIST" and seal-catcher of kangek.
(From a photograph by C. Ryberg.)

that he became a cripple for life ; and yet he was not upset.
The presence of mind and command of their little craft that
these men can show is simply marvellous.

A skilful seal-catcher from Karusuk, Anton by name, came
out to Kangek one day in his canoe. There was a high sea
running, and as he did not know the water he was carried by a
big wave over a sunken rock and there left high and dry. Here

NOTES FROM MY DIARY. 429

another sea rolled in upon him ; he thought all was over, but
bent forward and held his paddle fast, while the wave floated
him clear and left him riding as gaily as before.

The sport I cultivate most here is eider-duck shooting. One
of the best places is a small group of islands known as Imerigsok.
Far out on the sea side of these the birds are especially abundant,
but here there is always a swell and the current runs fast, so that
for a new hand the shooting is difficult. But on the whole it is
the best form of sport that I have yet had in the " kayak."

Here the method is different from that practised at Godthaab,
as we paddle about to find our duck. When you catch sight
of them you work well off to windward before you bear down
on them. As a rule you cannot get very close in, but as they
must rise against the wind they are generally forced to fly by
you within range. But the thing is to get your canoe into the
right position to give you a shot. As the " kayak " does not
give one much turning room, a man who does not shoot from
his left shoulder cannot cover his right side, but must be con-
tent with straight ahead or left side shots. So, as the duck
rise, and you see which direction they are going to take, you
swing the canoe round if necessary, fix the paddle, slip your
right mitten off, fetch out the gun and bring it to your shoulder ;
but if you are to have any chance of dropping your bird this
must all be done in an instant. And if there is any sea running
you must be so thoroughly at home in the canoe that you can
handle your gun with as much certainty as if you were ashore,
to say nothing of keeping your balance at the moment of firing.

Many of the Kangek men are masters at all this, and I have
seen them, in a heavy sea, bring their half-score birds down
without a miss. Now and then I have met out at sea a man
of the name of Pedersuak — that is to say, " the great Peter " —
and we have generally gone on in company. Sometimes we
have tried our skill together, but as he is an excellent shot at
these birds I have come off second best, much to his amuse-
ment and satisfaction.

One dav when we were together two duck came sweeping by

430

ACROSS GREENLAND.

us down the wind They were out of range for me, but were
making for Pedersuak. I shouted to him and he saw them,
but quietly let them pass him. I could not understand what
he meant, but presently he raised his gun and brought them
both down. He explained to me afterwards that he had only
waited to get them in line before he fired. I thought it was

TOBIAS, ONE OF THE LEADING SEAL-CATCHERS OF KANGEK.
(From a photograph by C. Ryberg.)

simply a fluke, but we had not paddled far before two more
duck came by, and still better within my companion's reach.
He fixed his paddle and held his gun ready, but did not fire.
Then, when they were a long way past, the report came and both
birds fell. I have often witnessed this performance, and have
even seen three birds brought down at one shot in the same way.
These folk have only muzzle-loaders, but they use heavy

NOTES FROM MY DIARY. 431

charges, and shoot at what we should call absurdly long dis-
tances. I have often been out with them and have let birds
pass me as being out of range, while an Eskimo by my side
has not hesitated to fire, and has, moreover, brought off his
shot The loading of these guns when the sea is breaking
over the " kayak " is not easy. The natives put the butt of
the gun forward on the canoe, and hold the muzzle against
the face, or rest it on the shoulder, while they take out powder,
cap, and wadding, which they always carry in their caps to
keep them dry. In this way they manage to load in almost
any sea without getting water down the barrel. There is a
special bag to contain the gun on the canoe in front, so that
it is always ready to hand.

Another way of getting these birds, which is really better
sport still, is spearing them with the dart ; but it is exceedingly
difficult, and needs a great deal of practice. Here, again, the
Kangek people are supreme. It is truly delightful to see the
darts fly from the throwing- stick as if they were shot from a
bow, and birds hit from the same distance at which one would
fire with a gun if they were lying on the water. I understand
that birds are even killed flying in this way. It is the auk
especially that they use their darts upon, and in November
ind December, when these birds are most plentiful, though
they have no more than one or two of these little weapons
lying before them on the " kayak," they come home often with
a bag of sixty or seventy. This is more than one can get with
a gun, which frightens the birds a long way round, while by
the dart only the very nearest are disturbed.

While I have been here this sport has not been very good,
as the birds are said to be shyer now the sun has got so high.
Yet the men will bring home twenty, which have been killed
in the course of the morning, all by the strength of the arm
and an instrument made of wood and bone. Where, then, are
the great advantages which our firearms were to bring these
people ? The advances of civilisation are not always so huge
as we are often ready to imagine them.

432

ACROSS GREENLAND.

After spending three weeks at Kangek I returned, and on
the home journey fell in with a good instance of Greenland
superstition. When I reached Godthaab I was received as
usual on the beach by a number of fair Eskimo. I must have
been more surly and taciturn than usual, possibly because I
was tired from having paddled about among the islands after

BOAS, ONE OF THE LEADING SEAL-CATCHERS OF KANGEK.
(.From a photograph by C. Ryberg.)

birds the whole day. But the Greenlanders at once came to
the conclusion that I had come across a horrid big ogre qi
supernatural being named "Tupilik," because of his tent-like
shape, who haunts some of the islands, and has the uncomfort-
able habit of displaying himself to solitary "kayakers" who
trespass upon his domain, and frightening them out of their

NOTES FROM MY DIARY.

433

wits. When the men come back after seeing this apparition
they are always silent and moody for a season. The belief
in this is absolute, and the men therefore dare not go out to
these islands by themselves. It was considered, too, that I
ought not to be allowed to paddle about alone so much, but
now my friends hoped that I had had my experience and paid
for it.

2 E

Chapter XXV.

FURTHER ATTEMPTS ON THE "INLAND ICE"— THE
SHIP! THE SHIP!— THE VOYAGE HOME.

We had long had it on our minds to make a little expedition
to the "Inland ice" as soon as spring came, to see whether
that season were not likely to be the best for exploration of
the outer margin. We thought, from what we had observed
in September, that all the fissures and irregularities would be
rilled up and smoothed down by the heavy snowfalls and con-
tinual wind of the winter.

It was my idea, therefore, that future "ski" expeditions
which are intended to investigate the outskirts of the ice-field
ought to utilise the months of April and May, and perhaps a
part of June, and that then they would be able to pass over
with comparative ease ground on which they would be other-
wise much hampered by the obstacles which are exposed by
the subsequent melting of the snow. Again, if such an ex-
pedition contemplated using a special vessel built for sailing
on the snow, which I am persuaded would be a great help, the
spring and early summer would be best for this purpose, since
not only would the snow be in good condition, but there would
be more wind. It is quite possible that with such a vessel
one could easily sail along the edge of the ice-field from the
southern part of the country a very long way north, if not to
its extreme end.

There was much, therefore, to urge me to visit the " Inland
ice " again, and I thought it would be most interesting to ex-
plore first that part where we came down, in order to see what
changes there had been since we were there in the autumn.

FURTHER ATTEMPTS ON THE "INLAND ICE" 435

But it was thought possible at the colony that the ship from
Europe which was to take us home might arrive as early as
April 1, and after that time, of course, we should not be able
to leave the place for long. So some of us determined to make
an attempt in March, though this was too early to produce any
great result. Our equipment this time was in several respects
very poor. The only provisions we could scrape together were
dried capelan fish, ship's biscuit, and butter. Of spirit for
melting snow we had a very small supply. With what we
could get, however, three of us, Sverdrup, Kristiansen, and I,
started for Ameralikfjord on March 21, I in my "kayak," and
the other two in a boat.

We reached Kasigianguit, where we hoped to get a few
reindeer to stock our larder with, but here we were kept by
snowstorms and mild weather for five days. Most of the time
we spent in the tent, and lived on our fish, biscuits, and butter,
while the wet snow accumulated on the top of us, and that on
which we lay melted away underneath. The last day or two,
in fact, we lived in a simple pool, and once, as we thought the
sleeping-bag was rather damp, we examined it, and found so
much water inside that we could bale it out with our hands.
This was of little use, however, as it found its way in again just
as fast. Sverdrup opined that our life in the tent up on the
"Inland ice" had been pure enjoyment compared with this.

As the end of the month was now near and the ship might
soon be expected to arrive, we did not see the use of going on
any further, so on March 28 we returned to Godthaab.

At the same time as we left for this excursion, Dietrichson
and Balto had started on a " kayak " tour into Godthaabsfjord
to visit the settlements of Sardlok, Kornok, Umanak, and
Karusuk. They came back some days after us. The last day
of their tour, as they were on the way home, and were just off
the mountain known as " Sadlen," Balto called out to Dietrich-
son that he must go ashore, as his canoe was leaking fast and
would soon be half full. Dietrichson answered that he did not
see what good that would be, for the shore was so steep that

436 ACROSS GREENLAND.

there was nothing to land on ; they had better paddle on a bit
and try to find a better place. In the most heartrending tone
Balto replied, "Then I suppose I shall have to sink." However,
they paddled for dear life, and presently found a rock or two,
on to which Balto could just crawl out, so that they could
empty the canoe. They found a hole in the bottom, but all
they had to plug it up with was a mitten and some butter,
which they made to serve the purpose, and so went on.

Soon afterwards they were suddenly caught in a storm, but
luckily just by a spot where they could land, for if this had
happened a little earlier or a little later there is no saying how
things would have gone. There was no other possible place to
go ashore, and the storm was so violent that they could scarcely
have weathered it on the water. On this very occasion a native
was lost off Umanak. Seven hours they had to spend on
the little shelf of rock on which they had landed. Then the
weather improved somewhat, and in the evening they arrived
safely at Godthaab, where they were joyfully welcomed by the
Eskimo, who thought they had done well to travel on such a
day when they themselves had not ventured to go out.

After I had waited nearly a week at Godthaab and there was
no sign of the much-expected ship, I determined to make one
more attempt on the " Inland ice." So on April 4 I set off in
my "kayak" with Aperavigssuak — that is to say, "the great
Abraham" — a well-known old "kayaker" of Kangek, into
Godthaabsfjord. The same day we reached Kornok, which is
about 36 miles from Godthaab, and next morning I went on
with two men named Karl and Larserak further up the fjord
towards Ujaragsuit, where I meant to make my ascent. As the
head of the fjord was frozen we went into an inlet by Kangiusak,
beached the canoes and took to our " ski." Then we crossed
the end of the inlet, which was also frozen, and went on over
a promontory till we joined the fjord again. Here we pitched
the tent, which we had carried across along with some pro-
visions. Our supply of the latter was by no means sufficient,
and it was necessary to shoot some ptarmigan. These were

FURTHER ATTEMPTS ON THE "INLAND ICE" 437

devoured raw in the usual Eskimo way, and treated in this
very simple manner they are certainly excellent. They must
be allowed to get cool, however; one day, when I was very
hungry, I set to work upon one directly after I had shot it. 1
did not get far, and never repeated the experiment ; it had a
most peculiar taste, and the flesh still quivered between my teeth.

MY FRIEND APErAvIGSSUAK.
{From a photograph by C. Ryberg.)

Next day, April 6, we crossed over the ice on our " ski " and
went up Ujaragsuitfjord. Half-way up I went on shore after
ptarmigan, and from a height I had climbed I could see that
the head of the fjord was entirely open, owing to the amount
of water brought down by the glacier-river that runs into it, so

43« ACROSS GREENLAND.

that it would be impossible for us to land there. To reach the
" Inland ice " it would have been necessary to land at Ivisartok
on the eastern shore, but we should have taken at least two days
to get there by this route, and as I could not give so much time
to it there was nothing to be done but turn back.

This time, however, the result of the journey was not so
meagre as last time. I had not reached the edge of the ice
where I wished, but I had at least seen the glacier which comes
down between Ivisartok and Nunatarsuak. This proved, how-
ever, not to have so much snow on it as I had expected, and the
ice was nearly as blue and fissured as ever. There was also
astonishingly little snow on the ground hereabouts. The bare
land showed through in long stretches, and the difference be-
tween this place and Godthaab was very striking. Evidently
the high mountains to the west and south had attracted most of
the moisture.

The change that takes place in the surface of the ice during
the winter is possibly not so great as I had expected where there
is a broad strip of land separating it from the sea, as there is
just at this part of the coast. The land in this case attracts to
itself a large portion of the snow. Another result of this little
excursion was the observation of the great quantity of water
which this glacial river had brought down into the fjord even
in the winter-time. It had not yet been warm enough foi
any real melting of the snow along the coast even at Godthaab
Now it is well known that it is always considerably colder in
here by the edge of the ice than outside, and the difference
that there is between the temperature on the surface of the ice-
field and on the land which skirts it we had had an opportunity
of seeing on our journey. But in spite of all this the river was
now running, as it were, in flood, and, according to the Eskimo,
it was in the habit of so running the whole winter through.
The consequence is, in the lower layers of the great ice-sheet
melting must go on independently of the temperature of the
surface.

In the evening we camped on a point at the mouth oi

FURTHER ATTEMPTS ON THE "INLAND ICE* 439

Ujaragsuitfjord. As we were in no real hurry we arranged
things as comfortably as possible. Of grass we could collect
any amount on the bare spots, and with this we covered the
floor of the tent and made ourselves a good dry couch. We
then made some coffee, and the Eskimo produced one of their
dainties, the red fish "bergylt," which was eaten frozen and
raw; besides this we had our ptarmigan, and altogether en-
joyed ourselves immensely. Then we slept just as we were,
as we had brought no bag this time, because I thought it would
be too heavy to carry.

Next morning we crossed the fjord again. I was very much
inclined to stay a little longer in this hunter's paradise, for
Ivisartok and Nunatarsuak are well known as excellent rein-
deer-ground. Besides, there were a number of seal on the
ice, and they afford most exciting sport. The old Norsemen
knew what they were about when they settled in here. This
and Ameralikfjord were probably the richest part of the old
"Western Settlement," and there are many traces of theii
occupation still left, Ujaragsuit in particular being celebrated
for its extensive ruins.

When we crossed the ridge which we had passed over on
our way up, we had rather a steep descent to Kangiusak, where
we had left our " kayaks." I now found to my cost how bad
these Greenlanders are on their "ski." They had already been
lagging behind the whole way, and I had had to relieve one of
them of nearly all he was carrying to enable him to keep up at
all. When they came to this descent they did not hesitate to
take their " ski " off and carry them. I rushed down, and then
had the pleasure of waiting nearly an hour at the bottom while
they plunged along through the deep snow down the cliffs. Nor
was it till they reached the ice on the fjord that they ventured
to put their " ski " on again. One of them certainly did try
once on a little slope, but he began by falling and made no
further attempt.

On the ice, too, Karl shot a ringed seal, which also had to
be dragged along to the " kayaks." We reached them in the

44o

ACROSS GREENLAND.

course of the afternoon, but did not know how late it was, a.«
the sky was clouded and none of us had a watch. I wanted
to reach Kornok that day, as there might possibly be news of
the ship. So, though Larserak especially was very little inclined
for it, we got into the " kayaks " and set off. But we had not
gone far before we saw that it was much later than we thought,
for it was already quite dark ; and as we were met in the fjord
by a stiffish westerly breeze things became anything but pleasant.

A NIGHT PADDLE TO KORNOK.
(By T. Holmboe,from a sketch by the Author.)

As long as we could hug the shore we got on tolerably well, but
when we reached the headland of Kangersuak it was a case of
crossing the fjord to get to Kornok. This was worst of all, as
off the point we met the full force of the sea, and in the dark
it was not easy to keep one's eye on the big waves. So we
stopped and considered matters ; the two Greenlanders asked
me if I thought I could manage it, but I did not like to show
the white feather, and inquired in return whether they thought

FURTHER ATTEMPTS ON THE "INLAND ICE" 441

they could. Finally they started, but we soon found that it
was not altogether a joke. Karl was worst off, as he had the
seal lying on the " kayak " behind him. He shouted out that
he must go ashore to take it off, but there was no place to land
along these precipitous cliffs. So we pulled his seal off for him,
and he towed it for a while. This, however, kept him back, so
we had to help him put it on to the " kayak " again. At first
the night had been completely dark, but now the clouds lifted
a little, and occasionally the wind parted them enough for the
moon to shine through and help us to see the waves and find
our way. It was hard work to paddle against the wind, but at
last we reached the opposite shore. Here, too, we met with a
new difficulty in the shape of masses of drift-ice, which for a
time quite shut us in.

It was not till one o'clock that we reached Kornok, much to
the consternation of the inhabitants, as the natives rarely travel
at this time of night.

There was no news of the ship yet, so next day I went in to
Umanak to see the place, which is one of the Moravian stations,
and to visit the missionary, Herr Heincke, with whom I spent
four pleasant days.

On April 1 2 I was in Kornok again. The next day it rained,
and my companion on the way out, Aperavigssuak, did not
care for the journey. He had spent the whole time while I
was in the fjord in going the round of all the houses at Kornok
and Umanak. So instead of going back I gave a great ball
to all the inhabitants of Kornok. Dancing began at four in
the afternoon, and the entertainment consisted of coffee and
ship's biscuits. We amused ourselves thoroughly till late in the
evening, when I grew so sleepy that I had to ask my guests
to go.

The following day, April 14, we paddled back to Godthaab
in tolerably fine weather. As an instance of the rate one can
travel in the " kayak," I may say that, though for the first three
hours we had the current against us, and for the last hour
a stiff breeze, we covered the thirty-six miles in eight hours.

442

ACROSS GREENLAND.

This is little compared with what a really good " kayaker " can
do. Herr Heincke told me that when his wife had been taken
very ill a couple of years before, in December, a seal-catcher
named Ludvig, belonging to Umanak, had gone off before
dawn to Godthaab to consult the doctor. In spite of the short-
ness of the day he was back before evening, the whole distance
that he had travelled being over eighty miles.

On April 15 we had thick weather and snow, and we all

VIEW TO THE SOUTH FROM KORNOK-
(From a photograph.)

agreed that the ship would not come that day. But after
dinner, as we were sitting over our coffee at the Superinten-
dent's, and having a chat with the doctor, suddenly the whole
settlement rang with a single shriek, " Umiarsuit ! Umiarsuit ! "
(" The ship ! The ship ! ") We rushed out and gazed sea
wards, but could see nothing but the flying snow. All at once
we caught sight of some dark object looming high up in the air
Vt was the Hvidbj omen's rigging, and the vessel was already

THE SHIP/ THE SHIP/

443

nearly in the bay. We jumped into boats and "kayaks," and
as we boarded the ship the Norwegian flag was hoisted and
a thundering salute fired in our honour. We were welcomed
and congratulated by the captain, Lieutenant Garde, whom
I have already mentioned more than once in connection with
the Danish east coast expedition, and by some of the Greer*
land officials who had spent the winter in Europe.

HARBOUR OF SUKKERTOPPKN.
(From a photograph.)

Greetings were given us from home, and there was a general
questioning and exchange of news. An entertainment was at
once prepared on board, and it was late in the evening before
we escaped from the festive scene and got back to Godthaab.

Then came the hour of departure. I had long shrunk from
the thought of leaving, but now there was no way of avoiding

ACROSS GREENLAND.

it. It was not without sorrow that most of us left this place
and these people, among whom we had enjoyed ourselves so
well.

The day before we started one of my best friends among
the Eskimo, in whose house I had often been, said to me :
"Now you are going back into the great world from which
you came to us ; you will find much that is new there, and

perhaps you will soon for-
get us. But we shall never
forget you."

Next day we started,
and Godthaab, still in its
winter garb, smiled a
melancholy farewell in the
beams of the spring sun.
We stood looking at it for
long, and the many happy
hours we had spent there
with Greenlanders and
Europeans alike came
back into our minds. Just
as we were leaving the
fjord we passed three
"kayaks," in which were
Lars, Michael, and Jona-
than, the three best seal-
catchers in Godthaab.
They had paddled out

{From a sketch by the Author.) here tQ ^ ug a last

touching farewell, by a salute from their three guns. We were
steaming fast out to sea, and for a time saw them bobbing up
and down upon the waves, till at last they disappeared.

Our ship had to go northwards to Sukkertoppen and Hol-
stensborg before she set her course for home. We reached the
first place on April 26. Here we found a good instance of the
postal facilities in Greenland, for no one knew that we had been

W/77^

ESKIMO POVERTY— A GIRL FROM
SUKKERTOPPEN.

THE VOYAGE HOME.

445

spending the winter at Godthaab, which is only ninety miles to
the south. On May 3, after six days at Sukkertoppen, and a
deal of merry-making, we left again for Holstensborg. On the
way we fell in with the Nordlyset, a bark belonging to the
" Trade Service." She was fast in the ice, so we went to her
help, and towed her in to Sukkertoppen. In the evening we
left again to go northwards, but we found the whole sea full of
ice ten inches thick, through which it was impossible to push.

OUR LAST FAREWELL TO GREENLAND.
(From an instantaneous photograph.)

There was, therefore, nothing to be done but give up Holstens-
borg and turn back. On the morning of May 4 we anchored
at Sukkertoppen for the third time, and the same day said our
last farewell to Greenland.

That evening, when we were well out in Davis Strait, Balto
was standing at the tarTrail in deep thought, and gazing towards
land, though it had long since disappeared from view. Dietrich-
son asked him why he was so melancholy. " Have you forgotten
Sofia ? " he answered.

446 ACROSS GREENLAND.

We were now seventeen days on board the Hvidbjbrnen.
In the captain we had excellent company, for few could have
taken more interest in our expedition than he. Thanks to
hospitality the time went pleasantly, and in spite of wind and
sea we drew slowly nearer home. Many of us will remember
the morning revels, at which we drank the champagne and
ate the good things sent out from Europe for us — very different
entertainment from that of the " Inland ice."

On May 21 we were in Copenhagen. To describe the wel-
come and hospitality accorded us here, as well as in Norway
afterwards, my pen would be far too feeble, and I will forbear
to make the attempt. Nor will I try to account to the reader
for all the speeches that had to be heard, and all those that had
to be made in return ; nor for all that had to be eaten or drunk
on such occasions ; nor to give him an idea of the incredible
sufferings that those tormentors of the human race, those ghouls
of modern life, by courtesy called interviewers, are allowed to
inflict on people as innocent as ourselves. It was no pleasant
or easy thing to cross Greenland, but I must say, in full earnest,
that the toils and hardships of our return were even worse to
bear.

In glorious weather, on May 30, we entered Christiania Fjord,
and were received by hundreds of sailing-boats and a whole
fleet of steamers. It was a day that I do not think any of us
will forget. Even Ravna, I am sure, was impressed in his own
way. When we got near to the harbour, and saw the ramparts
of the old fortress and the quays on all sides black with people,
Dietrichson said to Ravna : " Are not all these people a fine
sight, Ravna ? " " Yes, it is fine, very fine ; — but if they had
only been reindeer ! " was Ravna's answer.

PLAUDITE '

INDEX.

Air samples, apparatus for taking, 45, 70,

293
Akorninap-kangerdlua Fjord, 209
" Akortok " (Sverdrup's Eskimo name), 373
Akvavit, 382

Alcoholic drinks in cold climates, 40-42
Amaut, the, 182
Ameragdla, 351, 353
Amerahk, 354, 359
Ameralikfjord, 270, 351, 356, 358, 367, 370,

37i, 372-375. .388, 400, 4.35. 439
Angekoks (Eskimo magicians^ 170.
" Angisorsuak " (the author's Eskimo name),

Angmagsalik, 5, 105, 125

Anikitsok, 253

Anorak (jacket), 155

Anton, 428

Aperavigssuak, 436, 437, 441

Ardluk (killer-whale), 89

" Atuagagdliutit," the, 401

Auk, 73, 431

Aurora borealis, 217, 255, 336, 360

Ausivit, 202

Austrian and Hungarian expedition to Franz

Joseph Land, 23
Awkward predicament, 323
Azimuth dial, the, 43

Baffin's Bay, 93

Balle, Herr, 365

Balto, Samuel Johannesen, 10 «, 12, 18, 20,
33, 46, 69, 70, 88, in, 114, 119, 122 124,
131, 132, 134, 135, 139, x40, 151, 154. 158,
178, 184, 212, 213, 215, 228, 246, 251-253,
256-258, 264, 267, 271, 274, 281, 289, 290-
293. 3<», 302-304, 308, 310, 311, 316, 318,
319-321, 329, 332, 333, 342, 344, 347, 371,
374-376» 381-383. 387, 389, 391-393. 396,
397. 404-408, 414, 435, 436, 445

Balto's Nunatak, 255

Barometers, 43

Baumann, Herr, 363, 366, 368

Bears, 57, 102, 133

Beauvais, Herr, 39

Bergen, 30

Bergen Museum, 7

Bergylt {Scbastes norvegicus), 93, 439

Bergschrund, 240

Bernstorffsfjord, 218, 223

Berufjorden, 70

Bindalen, 14

Binzer, Dr., 365

Biscuits for the expedition, 40

Bistrup, Herr, 372, 381, 388, 404
Bladder-nose seal (Cystophora cristata), 8«

89, 91-104, 128, 129
Blosseville coast, 105
Blue seal (Phoca. barbata), 91
Blue whale (Balanoptera Stbbafdii), 90
Boas, 432

Boat, making a, 347
Boats, 28, 29, 109, us; stored, 244
Bolette, 396

Boots used by the explorers, 32, 33, 241
Bottle -nose whales (HyPeroodon diodon)

89. 94
Bread for the expedition, 40

Cache, 244, 245, 344

Cape Adelaer, 153

Cape Bille, 163, 201

Cape Dan, 5, 6, 87, 107, 108, 115, 234

Cape Farewell, 138, 142, 187, 189

Cape Garde, 153, 154

Cape Moltke, 215, 218

Cape Mdsting, 223

Cape Nord, 75

Cape Rantzau, 152, 153

Cape Tordenskjold, 149

Capelan fish, 435

Capri, 72

Caps used by the explorers, 34

Caravan on the march, 277

Chocolate as a drink in cold climates, 40, 150

Choral service, 412

Christiania, 12, 14, 16, 28, 43, 46, 58, 63, 64,

69, 109, 258, 281, 285
Christiania Fjord, 426
Christianshaab, 6, 246, 265, 268, 269
Christianssand, 69

Christmas in West Greenland, 410-417
Clothing for the expedition, 31
Coal-fish, 90

Coats, the explorers', 32, 33
Coffee as a drink in cold climates, 40, 41, 188
Colberger Heide, 225, 226, 229
Compasses, pocket, 43
Cooking apparatus, 36-38
Copenhagen, 268
Costume, Eskimo, 411
Crevasses, 231-233, 235, 237-241, 246, 249-

253. 3", 3i3. 315
Crowbernes, 355

Dancing in Greenland, 394-397
Danebrog flag, 211
Darts, Eskimo, 431
448

INDEX.

449

David, 369

Davis Strait, 443

Denmark Strait, 69, 84, 94, 99, 102

Dickson, Baron Oscar, 64

Dietrichson, Lieutenant Oluf Christian, 9,
12, 16, 84, 85, in, 115, 126, 128, 136, 139,
203, 204, 220, 226, 231, 248, 266, 268, 271,
272, 274, 302, 310, 318, 319, 320, 372-374,
376, 377, 38i, 389, 404, 4<>7. 4", 435, 445.
446

Dietrichson, Peter Wilhelm Krejdahl, 16

Dietrichson's Nunatak, 255

"Dijmphna" expedition, the, 4

Disco Bay, 6

Disco Island, 6

Diver (Colymbus), the, 154

Dogs, ai, 143

Dog-skin, 30

Dress, Eskimo, 166, 411

Duck, 128, 429

Duck-shooting, 429

Dunlins, 228

Dyrafjord, 69, 75-77

Eagle's Nest, the, 197

Eider-duck, 215, 408, 418, 429

Eliase, 423

Elk, 57.

Elvelapper, 10 n.

Equipment for the expedition, 21, 65

Escape, narrow, 311

Eskimos' (East Greenland) couches, 167 ;
encampments, 143, 145 ; family relation-
ships, 176 ; garments, 166 ; hospitality,
176; leave-taking customs, 186; oil-lamps,
169 ; personal appearance, 172 ; shopping
expeditions, 187 ; tents and tent-life, 165-
169 ; use of snuff, 186 ; welcome to the
explorers, 164 ; women rowing, 193

Experimental trip, 46

Eyafjallajokul, 72

Eye-protectors, wooden, 34, 35

Eyrie, 197

Faroe Islands, 68, 70, 188

Finmarken, 9, 10, 12, 18, 22, 89, 215, 228,

333, 336
r innesko, 27, 32-34

Fin-whale (Bal&noptera muscul%u\ 90
Fiskernaes, 369, 371
Fjeldlapper, 10 n.
Flies, plague of small black, 345
Floe-ice, first impressions of, 79
Food for the expedition, 38
Fox, the, 363, 364, 367-37°i 398, 399
Fox-traps, 218, 220
Foyn, Sven, 102
Franklin, Captain, 23, 399
Frederiksen, Herr, 366, 368, 369
Friis, Professor, 12
Frost-bite, 314
Fuel for the expedition, 36
Fylla, the, 76

Gaasedammen, 378

Gained, Herr Augustin, 4, 370, 399

OemeTs Haven, 151

GameTs Nunatak, 264, 275

Garde, Lieutenant V., 153, 158, 160, 161, 195

_ 2I4. 443

Geese, 338

German expedition to Greenland, 23

German Moravian Mission Station, 362, 387,

388
Geysir of Tonsberg, 86
Glaciers, 240, 241, 329, 333, 337, 341
Gloves for the expedition, 34
Glutton, 58
Goat's-hair socks, 32
Godthaab, 42, 268-270, 272, 314, 332, 343,

358-363, 365, 367, 370-372, 375, 379, 381,

382, 386, 388, 393, 399, 400, 404, 405, 425,

426, 429, 432, 435, 438, 441-444
Godthaabsfjord, 314, 329, 435
Goose Pool, 378
Gothenburg, 14

Graah, Lieut. W. A., 136, 160, 214, 331
Gram, Herr, 76, 77
Great Auk {A lea impennis), 73
Greely expedition, 23, 24, 37
Greenland Alps, 137
Greenland, first sight of, 87
Greenland Trade Service, the, 39R, 445
Griffenfeldt's Island, 205
Guillemots, 214, 215, 358
Gulf of Bothnia, 87
Gulls, 147, 214, 215, 350, 351, 355
Guns for the expedition, 43
GyldenlSve's Fjord, 225

Hailstorm, 316

Halibut, 42, 420, 424, 425

Halibut-fishing, 420, 424

Hansteen, 283

Hares, 37, 337, 339

Harp seal, 94

Heilman, Ane and Lars, 390

Heimaey, 72

Heincke, Herr, 381, 441, 44*

Hekla, 73

Helgeland, 14

Helland, Professor, 251

Helland s Nunatak, 254

Herring, 90

Hestetruger, 28

Hjortetakken, 359, 361

Holm, Captain, 5, 105, 143, 152-154, 158, 160.

172, I95, 20I, 202, 211, 212, 214, 220

Holm's Nunatak, 264

Holstensborg, 444

Hood of bladder-nose seal, 92

Hoseas, 370, 372, 424, 425

Hovgaard, Captain, 39

Humpbacked whale {Megaptera boops), 90

Hvidbjdrnen, the, 442, 446

Icebergs, 113, 147, 199, 200, 206, 220, 221

Iceland, 68

Igdloluarsuk, 131, 136, 199, 218, 220, 245

Imarsivik, 214

Imerigsok, 429

Ingerkajarfik, 198

Ingolfstjeld, 107, 125

Inigsalik. 116. 125

2 F

45o

INDEX.

Inugsuarmiuttjord, 207
Inugsuit, 150
Irkutsk, 283
Isafjord, 69, 73, 75, 77
Isafold, the, 76, 77
Isbjomen, the, 102
Itivdlek Fjord, 354
Iversen, Captain, 105
Ivigtut, 364, 369, 370, 398
Ivisartok, 438, 439

Sacobsen, Captain Mauritz, 69, 76, 86, in
akobshavn, 6
an Mayen, 69, 80, 93, 94
Jason, the, 42, 68, 75-77, 79, 84-88, 90, 101,
105, 109-112, 114, 117, 118, 128, 131, 207,
261, 303, 319, 359, 382
Joel, 413, 417, 418, 425
lohnstrup's Nunatak, 253
Jokkmokk, io«., 64
fomfruer Nunatak, 256
Jonathan, 444

lumping feats on "ski," 61-63
funiper bushes, 151

Kamiks, 155

Kangek, 152, 400, 426-429, 431, 436

Kangerajuk, 225

Kangerdlugsuak, 218

Kangersuak, 440

Kangersunek, 321, 338

Kangiusak, 436, 439

Karasjok, 10 «., 11, 18, 115, 393

Karesuando, 10 «.

Karl, 436, 439, 441

FCarra akungnak, 143, 153, 154

Karusuk, 428J 435

Kasigigianguit, 435

Kautokeino, 10 n.

Kayak-hats, 402

Kayaks and kayakers, 154, 155, 158, 164, 165,
179, 183, 186, 191, 192, 195, 196, 201, 210,
213, 214, 361, 368-374, 380, 387, 388, 398,
402-404, 406, 408, 419, 420, 422, 423, 425-
427, 429, 431, 432, 436, 439, 440-444

Kekertarsuak, 147, 218

Kekertarsuatsiak, 2^4

Kiatak, 225-227, 229

Killer-whaie {Orca gladiator), 89

Kittiwakes, 78

Kjerulfs Nunatak, 256

Klapmyts-whales, 89

Kobbetjord, 359, 361

" Konebaad " expedition, the, 5

Kong Oscars Havn, no

" Kongespeilet," 52

Kornerup s Nunatak, 253

Kornok, 440, 441

Kretora, 394

Kristiansen, Kristian (Trana), 9, 17, in, 1x4,
122, 133, 134, 136, 145, 181, 217, 266, 271-
374, 290, 299, 304, 306, 308, 313, 316, 318,
375i 377, 378, 380-383. 391. 4<>7, 4°8, 435

Kristiansen s Nunatak, 255

Kristianshaab, 224

Krumpensfjord, 224

Kutdlek Island, 147, 149

Kutsigormiut, 200
Kvickjock, 10

Labrador, 93, 94

Laerdalsoren, 341

Lamps, Eskimo, 169

Langvand, 376

Lapps, the, 2, 9, 10, 18, 32, 40, 58, 64, 65,
114, 118, 119, 121, 125, 131, 132, 134, 136,
138, 145, 148, 156, 167, 169, 176, 178, 1 $4,
215, 229, 246, 257, 258, 267, 271, 274, 281,
291, 295, 303, 315. 335. 336, 347. 373. 374,

. 378, 39i. 393. 396. 406, 413

Lars, 444

Larserak, 436, 440

Lauparsko, 72, 33, 66

Leith, 69

Levanger, 16

Leverpostei, 39

Lighthouse in Iceland, the only, 73

Ludvig, 442

Ludvig, Johan, 418

Ludvig, Johannes, 418

Lynx, 57

McClintock, Sir Leopold, 399

Magdalena, the, 85

Mardluk (dance), 425

Medicine chest for expedition, 46

Meteorological observations, 126, 295, 385

Michael, 444

Mogeni Heinesens Fjord 143, 198, 199

Mohn, Professor H., 44, 285

Mohn's Nunatak, 255

Moller, Herr, 381

Moraines, 231, 328, 329, 332, 338, 341

Moravian missionaries, 313, 397, 441

Mosquitoes in Greenland, 207

Mountain-Lapps, 9, 10 «., n, 18, 19

Mysost (cheese), 151

Mytilus edulis (salt-water mussel), 340

Nagtoralik, 199

" Nalagak " (author's Eskimo name), 403

Nares, Captain, 23

Narsak, 270, 343, 400

Natit, the (Eskimo indoor dress), 167

Navfalik, 202

Nordenfeldt submarine boat, 14

Nordenskiold, Baron, 2, 35, 64, 269

Nordheim, Sondre Auersen, 62

Nordland, 14

Nordlyset, the, 445

Norsemen, 439

Northern lights, the, 217, 255, 330, 360

Norwegian University, 4

Norwegian Whaling Company, 76

Nova Zembla, 94

Nua, 354

Nunarsuak, 202

Nunataks, 143, 224, 236, 253-256

Nunatarsuak, 438, 439

Nunatarsuk, 338

Ny Herrnhut, 363, 369, 371, 388, 400, 404.

Observation taking, 296

INDEX.

451

Olaus Magnus, 5a
Onundafjord, 74
OraefajQkull, 71
Orer, 341

Payik, Julius, 23

Peary, Robert, 26

Peary s Nunatak, 256

Pedersuak, 429, 430

Pemmican, 39, 4°. 233, 240, »99» 3°8, 3°9>

381
Perkin, Son, & Rayment, 43, 44
Peter, 283, 384, 385, 387
Pettersson, Professor, 45
Photographic apparatus, 45
Photographs, taking natives', 182 ; scenery,

226, 248, 330, 337
Pike-whale {Balanoptera rostrata), 90
Pikiudtlek, 116, 125, 131
Plateau, Central, of Greenland, height of,

275, 302
Poetry, Eskimo, 401
Pony for the expedition, 76, 128, 131
Polar ice, first meeting with, 83
Post, the Arctic Sea, 85
Provisions for the expedition, 38
Ptarmigan, 57, 357, 384, 437
Puisortok glacier, 152, 154, 157, 158, 160, 161

Racing contests on "ski," 64

Rae, Dr. John, 23

Ravens, 128, 131, 134, 226

Ravna, Ole Nielsen, IX, 18, 20, 42, 69, 11 1,

114, 120, 121, 128, 131, I34t 139. I4<>» 144.

145, 185, 212, 228, 251, 257, 267, 274, 281,

2911 295. 3°3» 3l6, 3*9. 3201 332. 333. 335.

336, 374, 375. 383-38S. 39L 392. 394. 396,

408, 446
Reindeer, 9, 10, 21, 22, 333, 336-338, 34*. 35*
Reindeer-skin, 30, 374

Requisites for an exploring expedition, 21-47
Reykjanaes, 73
Reykjavik, 73
Rink's Nunatak, 254
River-Lapps, 10 «., 18
Rflros, 22

Rosing, Christian, 401
Rousseau's chocolate, 39, 40
Ruds Island, 195
Ryder, Lieutenant, 35

Saddle peak, 418

Saddleback or harp -seal (Phoca Green-

landica), 94
Sadlen, 435
Sagiarusek, 218
Sahara, the, 284
Sandefjord, 68

Sardlok, 371, 417, 418, 422, 424, 425, 435
Savsivik, 214
Scandinavia, 57
Schley, 23
Scientific instruments for the expedition,

43-46
Scoresby Fjord, 5
Sea- Lapps, 10 n.

Seal, 84-86, 89,90, 93-106, 128, 129, 213, 368 ;
ringed, 439

Sea-urchins, 358

Sehested's Fjord, 205

Seie-whale (Batieno/>tera borealis), 89

Sennegraes, 33, 34, 184

Sermersuak, 391

Sermilik, 125

Sermilikfjord, 6, 108, no, 112, 113, 1 15-117,
119, 125

Sextant, 43

Shoes for the explorers, 32-34

Shooting bladder-nose seals, 98

Siberia, 57, 58, 83

Silas, 383-385. 387. 388

Simon, 428

Singiartuarfik, 209

Sinklar, 69

Skade, 56

Ski, 3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 16, 24, 26-28, 33, 35, 48-67,
231, 233, 242, 270, 274, 278, 281, 282, 288,
290, 291, 293, 305, 306, 309-311, 315, 316,
322, 324, 376, 377, 419, 434. 436, 437. 439

Skien, 16

Skikjaelke (sledge), the, 24

Skilober, 3 »., 4-7, 14, 48-67

SkilSbning, 3 «., 27, 48-67

Skistav, the (pole), 59

Skjoldungen, 136, 207, 209

Skogn, 16

Skuas, 131

Skudesnaes, 399

Sledge-sailing, 268, 305-321

Sledges used in the expedition, 23-27, 242, 246

Sleeping-bags, 29-31

Smith. Herr, 369, 39S

Smith s Sound, 32

SnefellsjSkull, 73

Snefellsnass, 73

Snow-blindness, 234

Snow-buntings, 149, 275, 303

Snowshoes, 3 «., 6, 27, 28, 233, 273

Snuff-taking among the Eskimo, 186

Socks for the explorers, 32

Solapper, 10 n.

Soley, 23

Sophie, 393, 445

Sorrel, 219

Spectacles, snow, 34, 35, 119, 233, 257, 271

Speed of a kayaker, 441, 442

Spitzbergen, 91, 93

Staalbjerghuk, 84

Staerkodde*-, the, 105

Stavanger Preserving Company, 42, 117

Stenkjer, 14

Store Malene, 361

Storm, great, on central plateau, 288-291 ; at
Sardlok, 423

Storthing, 4

Sukkertoppen, 443-445 ; girls from, 392

Superstition, Eskimo, 432

Sverdrup, Captain Otto, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 42,
66, 84, 85, in, 113, 114. i21, I22. 124, 129,
142, 144, 153, 204, 215, 226, 228, 231, 235,
238, 243, 251, 270, 272, 274, 279-281, 288,
209, 301, 304, 305, 309, 312-318, 320-322,
324, 326, 329, 332, 333, 337. 339. 343. 344.

452

INDEX.

348, 350, 352. 354. 356. 358, 362. 368, 369,
373-375. 380, 382, 389, 398, 399, 405, 4o6,
412, 435

Sverdrup. Ulrik, ia
Sverdrup s Nunatak, 255

Tana, river{ 10 n.

Tea, use of, in cold climates, 40, 41, 188

Telemarken peasants, 58, 59

Tents, 35, 36

Terkel, 370-372, 386, 424, 425

Theodolites, 43

Thermometers, 44

Thermometrical observations, 283-286

Thingeyre, 75. 76

Throwing-stick, 405, 431

Thyra, the, 70, 73, 75

Tingmiarmiut, 142, 156, 199, 202

Tobacco, effects of use of, in cold regions, 41,

188
Tobias, 430
Toboggan, the, 23
TSnsberg, 85, 86
Trana, Kristian Kristiansen ; seg under

Kristiansen
Trondhjem, 12, 16
Trondhjesmoren, 34 r
Truger, 6, 27, 233, 234, 237, 238, 273, 301
Tuorda, Lars, 64

" Tupilik " (Eskimo ogre), 432
Tyttebaer (Vaccinium vitis ideea), 151

Ujaragsuit, 436, 439

Ujaragsuitfjord, 437, 439

Umanak, 156, 204, 205, 372, 373, 381, 383,

435, 436. 44i. 442
Umanarsuak, 203, 204
Umiaks, 179, 183, 192, 220
" Umitormiut nalagak" ( author's Eskimo

name), 373
Umivik, 215, 224^, 225, 311
Up- and down-hill on "ski," 51
Uvdlorsiutit, 201
Uvivak, 205

Vestmanna Islands, 71
Viking, the, 6
Voged> Herr, 364, 372

Watches as timekeepers in cold climate 44

Whales, 89, 404
Whortleberries, 342
Whymper's Nunatak, 256
Willow-grouse, 57
Wolf, the, 85
Wolf-skin, 30
Wood-naphtha 37

THE END.

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1895

Nans en, Fridtjof
• The first crossing of
Greenland

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