FIRST LATIN
M. C. Macmiliar
mi
FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.
MACMILLAN.
FIRST
LATIN GRAMMAR
BY
M. C. MACMILLAN, M.A.
ASSISTANT MASTER IN ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL
MACMILLAN AND CO.
1879
[All rights reserved ~\
OXFORD:
BY E. PICKARD HALL, M.A., AND J. H. STACV.
PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.
PREFACE.
IN this short Grammar of the Latin Accidence I have
endeavoured to arrange the paradigms in such a way as to
give some hint of the connection between the different
forms, without departing from the traditional number and
order of Declensions and Conjugations. In the arrange-
ment by stems I have closely followed Mr. Roby, even in
the somewhat uncertain distinction between consonant and
i-stems in the Third Declension of Nouns, feeling that some
division is necessary, and that his is more satisfactory than
any other.
The Notes, which are printed in small type at the bottom
of the page, may well be omitted until the large print has
been thoroughly learnt. I have confined the Latin Declen-
sion of Greek words to an Appendix, for the sake of
clearness, and treated the Reckoning of Time, Money, and
the Numerals, at the end of the book, rather for the sake
of following the usage of Latin Grammars than because they
belong strictly to the subject.
I have omitted the Syntax because, while a knowledge of
grammatical forms is necessary to the beginner of Latin,
the use of these forms can only be taught by progressive
exercises, and many excellent books on this subject already
exist.
CONTENTS.
Letters . . i
Nouns . . . . .*" .'.'.. 4
Declension of Nouns Substantive . . . .' . 5
Gender of Nouns Substantive . . . *. ,. . . 20
Declension of Nouns Adjective . . .... 26
Degrees of Nouns Adjective . . . . ' . . 31
Pronouns . . . . ... 36
Declension of Pronouns Substantive . . . '. . 36
Declension of Pronouns Adjective . * V . 38
Declension of Numerals '. .. . . . . . 46
Verbs . .,,, . .'-../. ^. . - . 48
Conjugation of Regular Verbs . . . .... 50
Verbs with -I Stems 62
Irregular Verbs . ' . . .. . 64
Defective Verbs . -, . - . ' . 76
Impersonal Verbs . . . . . 78
List of Irregular Verbs . . ^ . . . . ..' 79
Adverbs .* . .. . . . ,. . -95
Conjunctions . . :. . . . '. . ' . 97
Prepositions . . . ... .. v * 97
Appendix I. Latin Declension of Greek Nouns ... 99
Appendix II. List of Numerals . . . . 108
Appendix III. Roman Mode of Reckoning Time . 113
Appendix IV. Roman Money . . . . . 118
FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.
THE LETTERS.
i. Letters of the Latin Alphabet are these:
Modern XT
Signs. Name "
A a a
B b be
C C CC probably always pronounced hard.
D d de
B e e
P f ef
G- g ge
H h h
( generally written J, j, (i) before a vowel at the
J j J ( beginning of words ; (2) between two vowels.
K k k used only in a few abbreviations, as K for Cdlendae.
L 1 el
Mm em
N n en
O o o
P p pe
Q q . qu always followed by u.
B r er
S s es
T t te
U ) I written V, y, (i) before a vowel at the beginning
V VI I of words ; (2) between two vowels.
X x ix
Y y Upsllon ) only used to write T and Z in words bor-
Z Z Zeta i rowed from the Greek (as chlaniys, zona).
2 THE LETTERS.
2. Vowels. Each of the letters a, e, i, o, u, y (called
upsllon) can be pronounced by itself, and is named from its
own sound without any addition. They are called vowels or
self-sounding letters.
When two vowels are pronounced rapidly together so as
to produce one vowel-sound, this combination is called a
diphthong or double-sound. These are
ae, oe, an,
eu ; ei, ui, seldom found.
3. Consonants. The other letters, which can only be
sounded in connexion with vowels, are called consonants
or letters sounded with. In naming these letters, as we see
from the above table, a vowel is pronounced either before or
after the sound of the consonant.
4. Consonants may be divided
i. According to the parts of the mouth at which they are
formed.
u. According to the character of the sound.
I.
Gutturals or sounds formed at or near the |
throat (or soft palate), ' / ' *' g> Q '
Linguals or sounds formed with the tongue, r, 1.
Dentals or sounds formed at or near the teeth, t, d, n, s, z.
Labials or sounds formed at or with the lips, p, b, f, v, m.
THE LETTERS.
n.
Sharp sounds or Tenues,
Soft sounds or Mediae,
Liquids,
Sibilant (or hissing letter),
Aspirate (or rough breathing),
6, k, g, t, p.
g, d, b.
1, r, m, n.
s.
h.
The letters x = ks and z = ds are called double letters.
5. Semivowels. The letters j and v, which in Latin
represent the sounds of the English y and w, are called semi-
vowels.
6. Table of the alphabet arranged according to pro-
nunciation.
Vowels.
Semi-
vowels.
Consonants.
Aspirate
Guttural.
Lingual.
Dental.
Labial.
a
b
C
d
e
f
g
h
i
J
k
1
m
.
n
P
q
r
s,t
11
V
y
z = ds
B 2
4 NOUNS.
INFLEXION.
7. Words are inflected, that is, altered in their form, to
mark their relation to other words in a sentence.
Stem. That part of a word which remains unchanged in
inflexion is called the stem.
Suffix. That part of a word which may be changed is
called the suffix or ending.
Nouns, pronouns, and verbs are inflected; other words
are not.
NOUNS.
8. Nouns are inflected by adding to or changing the
end of the stem. The inflexion of nouns is called de-
clension.
The Latins used inflexions to distinguish
(1) Two Numbers: the Singular when a word signifies
one thing, the Plural when it signifies more than one,
(2) Six Cases : Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive,
Dative, Ablative.
(3) Three Genders: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.
Note i. A distinct form for the Vocative case is only found in the
singular of masculine nouns of the second declension, and in some
words adopted from the Greek.
A case called the Locative, found in some words, is always the same
in form either as the genitive, the dative, or the ablative.
Note 2. Names of things which were thought of as having sex were
l^Iasculine or Feminine ; others were Neuter (neither of the two}.
NOUNS. 5
9. Nouns are either Substantive or Adjective.
Substantives have inflexions of number and case, but are
chiefly each of one gender only.
Adjectives have inflexions of number, case, and gender.
10. Certain case-endings are common to all nouns.
1 alike.
Singular.
Masc. and Fern. Neut.
Nom.
Ace. -m
Plural
Nom.
Ace. -s
Gen. -um
Dat.
Abl.
1 alike.
ii. DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
Substantives are arranged in five ' classes, called declen-
sions, according to the endings of the genitive singular.
In the ist declension the genitive singular ends in -ae
2nd -i
3 r d -is.
4th -iis
5th -ei.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
12. First Declension.
Stems ending in -a, chiefly Feminine.
Example : mensa-, f. table.
Singular Number.
Nominative and Vocative mensa
Accusative mensa-m
Genitive and Dative mensae
Ablative mensa
Plural Number.
Nominative and Vocative mensae
Accusative mensa-s
Genitive mensa-rum
Dative and Ablative mensi-s.
Note 3. Genitive singular in -ai is sometimes found.
in -as is found in pater familias, father of.
a family ; mater familias, mother of a family.
Note 4. Genitive Plural in -um instead of. -arum is found in
caelicolum (m.), terrigenum (m.),
of dwellers in heaven, of earth-torn men,
also drachmum (f.) 3 amphorum (f.),
of drachmas, ef amphors.
Note 5. Dative and Ablative Plural in -abus is sometimes found in
deabus from dea, goddess (a form retained to distinguish it from the dat.
and abl. of deiis, god}, in filiabus, from filia, a daughter, and some
other words.
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 7
13. Second Declension.
I. Masculine (and rarely Feminine) Stems in -o.
Example : domino-, m. lord,- ag(e)ro-, m. field; puero-,
m. boy.. . .
Singular.
Nom. dommu-s
Voc. domine
Ace. dominu-m
Gen. ' domini
Dat. Abl. domino
Plural.
Nom. Voc. domini
Ace. domino-s
Gen. domino-rum
Dat Abl. domini-s.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
ager
puer.
Ace.
agru-m
pueru-m
Gen.
agri
puerl
Dat. Abl.
agro
puero
Plural
Nom. Voc. agri puerl
Ace. agro-s puero-s
Gen. agro-rum puero-rum
Dat; Abl. agri-s. pueri-s.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
Stem deo-, m. god, is declined thus :
Singular.
Nom. Voc. *deii-s
Ace. deu-m
Gen. del
Dat. Abl. deo
Plural.
Nom. Voc. di or del
Ace. deo-s
Gen. deo-mm or deu-m
Dat. Abl. di-s or dei-s.
Note 6. The Vocative of Names in -lus ends in -I,
with gem, fill, vulturi,
oh genius, oh son, oh vulture.
Note 7. Substantives declined like puer
are socer, gener, vesper, Liber,
father-in-la-w, son-in-law, evening star, Bacchus,
the singular of jugerum,
acre,
and vir, accusative virum,
man.
SECOND DECLENSION.
II. Neuter Stems in -o.
Example : regno-, kingdom ; membro, limb.
Singular.
Norn. Voc. Ace.
regnu-m
membru-m
Gen.
regni
membri
Dat. Abl.
regno
membro
Plural
Norn. Voc. Ace.
regn&
membra
Gen.
regno-rum
membro-mm
Dat. Abl.
regni-s. .
membri-s.
Note 8. The Stems pelago- or pelages-, n. sea ; viro-, tt. venom ; vulgo-,
n. common people, are irregular in their declension.
Singular.
N.V. A. pelagft-s viru-s vulgu-s (also ace. masc. vulgum)
Gen. pelagl viri vulgi
Dat. Abl. pelago viro vulgo
Plural.
Ace. pelage.
Note 9. Genitive singular. Stems in -io formed the genitive singular
in -i, in the Latin written before and during the greater part of the
reign of Augustus (who died A.D. 14).
Note io. Gen. plur. instead of -omm ends in -um,
in fabrum, deum, and virum,
of smiths, of gods, of men,
nummum and sestertmm
of coins, of sesterces.
10
DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
14. Third Declension.
I. Stems ending in -i.
(a) Stems with labial before -i. Ex.: nubi-, f. cloud.
civi-, m. f. citizen.
Singular.
Nom. Voc. nube-s
Ace. nube-m
Gen. . nubi-s
Dat. nubi
Abl.
N.A.V.
Gen.
Dat. Abk
nub 6
Plural
nube-s
nubi-um
nubi-bue.
civi-s
cive-m
civi-s
civi
eive' (also civi)
cive-s
civi-um
civi-biis.
(b) Stems with guttural before -i. Ex. : fasci-, m. bundle
arci-, f. citadel.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
N.A.V.
Gen.
Pat. Abl.
Singular.
fasci-s
fascerm
fasci-s
fasci
Plural
fasce-s
fasci-um
fasci-bus.
arx
arce-m
arci-s
arc!
arce
arce-s
arci-um
arci-bus.
THIRD DECLENSION.
(c) Stems with dental before -i.
penti (usually f.) serpent.
II
Ex.: rati-,. f. boat; ser-
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
ratl-s
serpen-s
Ace.
rate-m
serpente-m
Gen.
ratl-s
serpent I-s
Dat.
rati
serpent!
Abl.
rat 3
serpent^
Plural.
N.V.A.
rate-s
serpente-s
Gen.
rati-um
serpent 1-um
Dat. AW.
rati-bus.
serpent i-bus!
(d) Stems ending
in -ni, -li, -ri, -si. Ex.: imbri-, m
shower ; animali-, n.
animal.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
imber )
imbre-m /
animal
Gen.
imbri-s
animali-s
Dat.
Abl.
imbrl \
imbre or imbri /
animali
Plural
N.V.A.
imbre-s
animall-a
Gen.
imbri-um
animal i-um
Dat. Abl.
imbri-biis.
animal i-bus.
12 DECLENSION' Of NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
II. Stems ending in Consonants.
(a) Stems ending in mutes. Ex.: princip-, m. and f.
chief; judec-, m. {Judge ; aetat-, f. age ; ped-, rn,/oot.
Singular.
Norn. Voc.
princep-s
judex
Ace.
princip -em
judlc-em
Gen.
princip -is
judic-Is
Dat.
princip-I
judic-i
Abl.
princip -6
judic-e
. Plural.
N. V. A.
princip -es
judic-es
Gen.
princip-um
judic-um
Dat. Abl.
princip -Ibiis.
judic -Ibiis.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
aeta-s
pes
Ace.
aetat -em
ped-em
Gen.
aetat -Is
ped-Is
Dat.
aetat -I
ped-i
Abl.
aetat -e
ped-e
Plural
N.V.A.
aetat -es
ped-es
Gen.
aetat -urn
ped-um
Dat. Abl.
aetat -ibiis.
ped -Ibiis.
Note ii. The gen. plur. of stems ending in -at, e. g. ci vitas, f. citizen-
ship; aestas, f. summer; calamltas, f. calamity; is sometimes formed in
-mm.
THIRD DECLENSION. 13
() Stems ending in -n. Ex. : agmen-, n. host ; homon-,
m. f. man ; legion-, f. legion.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
agmen
homo
legio
Ace.
agmen
homm-em
legion -em
Gen,
agmm-is
homin-is
legion-is
Dat.
agmin-i
homin-I
legion-i
Abl.
agmin-e
homin-e'
legion -e
' Plural
N.V. A. agmin-a homin-es legion-es
Gen. agmin-um homin-um legion-urn
Dat. Abl. agmin-ibiis. homin-ibus. legion-lbils.
(c) Stems ending in -1, -r. Ex.: consul-, m. consul.
pater-, m. father ; cadaver-, n. carcase.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
consul
consul-em
pater \
patr-em /
cadaver
Gen.
consul -Is
patr-Is
cadaver -is
Dat.
consul-i
patr-I
cadaver -I
Abl.
consul-e
patr-e
cadaver -e
Plural.
N.V. A.
consul-es
patr-es
cadaver -a
Gen.
consul -um
patr-um
cadaver -um
Dat. Abl.
consul -ibus.
patr-ibiis.
cadaver-ibils.
14 DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
(</) Stems ending in -s. Ex. : honos-, m. honour; opus-,
n. work.
Singular.
' Nom. Voc.
Ace.
honos (honor)
honor -em
> opus
Gen.
honor-is
oper-is
Dat.
honor-i
oper-i
Abl.
honor-e
oper-e
Plural.
N.V.A.
honor-es
oper-a
Gen.
honor-um
oper-um
Dat. Abl.
honor-ibiis.
oper-ibus.
Note 12. Stems tussi-,
f. cough; siti-, f. thirst
; visi- (or viri-), f. force.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
tussi-s siti-s
vis
Ace.
tussi-m si'ti-m
vim
Gen.
tussi-s
Dat.
tussi
Abl.
tussi siti
vi
Plural.
N.V.A.
tusse-s
vire-s
Gen.
tussi-um
viri-um
Dat.
tussi-bus.
viri-bus.
THIRD DECLENSION.
III. Stems ending in -u.
Ex. : gru-, m. f. crane ; su-, m. f. swine ; Jov-, Jupiter;
bov-, m. f. ox or cow.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
gru-s
su-s
Ace.
grii-em
su-em
Gen.
gru-ls
su-ls
Dat.
gru-i
su-i
Abl.
gru-e
su-e
Plural
N.V.A.
gru-es
su-es
Gen.
gru-um
su-um
Dat. Abl.
gru-ibiis.
su-ibus or su-btis.
Singular.
Nom. Voc,
Jupplter (for Jov-piter)
bo-s
Ace.
Jov-em
bov-em .
Gen.
Jov-ls
bov -is
Dat.
Jov-1
bov-i
Abl.
Jov-e
bov-e
Plural
N.V.A.
bov-es
Gen.
bo-um
Dat. Abl.
bo-biis or bu-biis.
1 6 DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
Notes on Peculiar Forms of Cases.
Note 13. Accusative singular in -im and -em is found in
febris, pelvis, turris,
fever, _ basin, tower,
securis, restis, puppis,
axe, rope, stern of a ship,
rarely clavis,
key,
messis, navis,
harvest, ship.
Note 14. Ablative singular in -i only is found in
Neuteis with nominative in -e, -al, -ar,
such as mare, animal, calcar,
sea, animal, spur.
excepting -e in jubar, nectar, far,
brightness, nectar, spelt.
Note 15. Ablative singular in -i and -e is found in
Nouns with accusative in -im and -em,
(securi, reste, always are the same),
axe, rope,
civis, anguis, finis, fustis,
citizen, snake, end, cudgel,
avis, unguis, amnis, postis,
bird, nail, river, door-post,
imber, ignis, strigilis,
shower, fire, scraper,
classis, axis, and bilis,
fleet, axle, bile.
THIRD DECLENSION. I/
Note 1 6. Genitive plural in -mm is found in
(1) Neuters with nominative in -e, -al, -ar;
(2) Parisyllables excepting mater,-
mother,
pater, juvSnis, and frater,
father, youth, brother,
sSnex, vates, and canis,
old man, seer, dog,
accipiter, and volucris,
hawk, bird.
(3) Nominatives with -s or'-x V
and consonant as cliens, arx,
client, citadel.
(4) mas, maris, male, makes marium,
mus, muris, mouse, makes murium,
glis, gliris, dormouse, glirium,
Us, lltis, lawsuit, litium,
nix, nivis, snow, makes nivium,
.nox, noctis, night, makes noctium,
dos, dotis, dowry, dotium,
os, ossis, bone, makes ossium,
vis, force, makes vires, virium.
C
i8
DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
15. Fourth Declension.
Stems ending in -u.
Ex.: gradu-, m. step; cornu-, n. horn.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
gradu-s
gradu-m
\ cornu
Gen.
gradu-s
cornu-s
Dat.
Abl.
gradu-i
gradu
\ cornu
Plural. .
N.V.A.
gradu-s
cornii-S,
Gen.
gradu-um
cornu-um
Dat. Abl.
grad-ibiis.
corn-ibiis.
Note 1 7 Domus, f. a house, is declined thus :
Singular.
Xom. Voc. domu-s
Ace. domu-m
Gen. domu-s
Dat. domu-I
Abl. domo
Locative domi, at home
Plural.
Nom. Voc. domu-s
Ace. domo-s
Gen. domu-um domo-rum
Dat. Abl. dom-ibus!
Note 1 8. Dative and Ablative plural in -ubus is found in
quercus, specus, artus, arcus, acus,
oak, cave, limb, bow, needle,
tribus, partus, portus, vru, lacus,
tribe, birth, harbour, spit, lake.
FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. 19
1 6. Fifth Declension.
Stems ending in -e.
Ex.: die-, m. f. day.
Singular.
Nom. Voc. die-s
Ace. die-m
Gen. Dat. die-i
Abl. die
Plural.
N.V.A. die-s
Gen. die-rum
Dat. Abl. die-bus.
Note 19. In the Genitive and Dative singular final -el is sometimes
contracted into -
as die, acie, fide,
day, edge, faith.
Note 20. The Genitive, Dative, and Ablative plural are seldom
found, except in the words res, thing, and dies.
C 2
20 GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
17. Masculine. All names of males, peoples, months,
and winds ; and most names 'of mountains and rivers.
Feminine. All names of females and islands ; and most
names of countries, cities, and plants.
Neuter. All indeclinable nouns.
Masculine and Feminine. Names derived from offices,
employments, etc., held either by men or women.
1 8. First Declension.
Feminine. Words ending in -a, except names of men,
as nauta, sailor.
19. Second Declension.
Masculine. Words ending in -iis and -er.
Neuter. Words ending in -um.
These are feminine in -us,
alvus, colus, carbasus,
stomach, distaff, canvass,
vannus, humus, pampmus,
winnowing-fan, ground, vine-leaf.
Neuter, virus, pelagus,
venom, sea.
Note 21. Carbasus has nom. and ace. plural carbasa (neuter); vulgus,
the common people, is neuter, but the ace. is often vulgum. It has no
plural.
THIRD DECLENSION. 21
20. Third Declension.
Masculine. Words ending in -o (genitive -onis), -or, -os,
-er, -ex and imparisyllables in -es.
-or. Feminine in -or is arbor,
tree.
Neuter, aequor, cor, and marmor,
surface, heart, marble.
-os. Feminine are cos, and dos,
whetstone, dowry.
Neuter are both 6s, and 6s,
bone, face.
-er. Neuter words which end in -er,
are siler, verbera, and ver,
ozier, blows, spring,
papaver, piper, acer, tuber,
poppy, pepper, maple, hump,
cadaver, iter, deer, uber,
corpse, journey, chick-pea, udder.
-ex. Feminine are faex, and lex,
lees, law,
with supellex, forfex, nex,
furniture, scissors, death.
Note 22. arbor, genitive arboris ; aequor, aequoris; cor, cordis;
marmor, marmoris ; cos, c5tis ; dos, dotis ; 6s, .ossis ; 6s, oris ; verbera
(plural), verberum ; singular found only in the ablative verbere" ; iter,
itmeris (from old nom. itmer) ; faex, faecis ; lex, legis ; supellex, supel-
lectilis (an adjective with rei, gen. of res understood); forfex, forficis;
nex, necis.
22 GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE,
-es. Feminine ables, and seges,
fir-tree, corn,
merces, merges, quies, teges,
hire, sheaf, rest, mat.
Feminine. Words ending in -o (genitive, -inis), -io, -aus,
-as, -is, -x (except -ex), -s following a consonant, and pari-
syllables in -es.
-o (gen. -Inis). Masculine in -o are cardo,
hinge,
ordo, turbo; common margo,
order, whirlwind, border.
-lo. Masculine are vespertllio,
bat,
pugio, scipio, papilio,
dagger, staff, butterfly,
septentrio, and unio,
north, pearl,
and words like ternio, senio,
the number three, the number six.
-as. Masculine are as, and mas,
a bronze coin, male,
vas (vadis, bail), and elephas,
elephant.
Note 23. abies, abietis; seges, sege'tis; merces, mercedis; merges,
mergitis ; quies, quietis ,- teges, tegetis ; vespertllio, vespertilionis ; as,
assis ; mas, maris ; vas, vessel, genitive vasis, is neuter ; the plural vasa
belongs to the second declension; elephas, elephantis (see Appendix,
p. 104).
THIRD DECLENSION. 23
-is. Masculine are
amnis, axis, callis, collis,
river, axle, path, hill,
canalis, caulis, cassis, follis,
canal, stalk, net, pair of bellows,
crinis, fascis, funis, fustis,
hair, bundle, rope, cudgel,
sodalis, sends, panis, postis,
companion, bramble, loaf, door-post,
piscis, orbis, manes (plur.), mensis,
fsh, circle, ghosts, month,
torris, unguis, vectis, ensis,
firebrand, nail, crowbar, sword,
Imparisyllables glis, and cinis,
dormouse, ashes,
lapis, pulvis, sanguis, semis,
stone, dust, blood, half an as.
-ax, -ix. Masculine in -ax and -ix,
thorax, fornix, and calix,
breastplate, arch, cup ;
-s after a con- Masculine are dens, and fons,
SOnant. tooth, spring,
scrobs, and rudens, mons, and pons,
ditch, cable, mountain, bridge.
Note 24. anmis, genitive amnis; glis, gliris; cinis, cineris; lapis,
lapidis ; pulvis, pulveris ; sanguis, sangumis ; semis, semissis ; thorax
thoracis; fornix, fornicis; calix, calicis; dens, dentis; scrobs, sciobis.
24 GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
Neuter. Words ending in -a, -e, -ar, -ur, -us, -c, -1,
-n, -t.
-ur. These are masculine in -ur,
furfur, turtur, vultur, fur,
bran, turtle-dove, vulture, thief.
-us. -us, -utis, feminine ; with tellus,
the earth,
peciis (pecudis), and palus,
beast (cow, sheep, etc.}, marsh,
incus; common griis, and sus,
anvil, crane, swine.
Masculine are lepus, mus,
hare, mouse.
-1. sal and sol are masculine,
salt, . sun.
-n also pecten, ren, and splen,
comb, kidney, the spleen.
Note 25. furfur, genitive furfuris ; fur, furis; tellus, telluris; palus,
paludis; incus, incudis; griis, grins; lepus, leporis; mus, muris; sal,
salis ; sol, solis ; pecten, pectinis ; ren, renis ; splen, splenis.
FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. 25
21. Fourth Declension.
Masculine. Words ending in -iis.
Neuter. Words ending in -u.
Feminine are trees in -iis,
trfbus, acus, porticus,
tribe, needle, colonnade,
domus, Idus, and manus,
house, Ides, hand.
22. Fifth Declension.
Feminine.
Dies, mostly masculine,
day,
in singular may be feminine.
Note 26. domus, genitive domus (see note 17) ; Idus, Iduum.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
23. Adjectives have inflexions to denote differences of
gender as well as of number and case.
24. I. Stems ending in -o (masculine and neuter) and
-a (feminine).
Ex. : bono-, bona-, good; tenero-, tenera-, tender ; nig(e)ro-,
nigra-, black.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neat.
Nom.
bonu-s
bona
bonu-m
Voc.
bone
bona
bonii-m
Ace.
bonu-m
bona-m
bonu-m
Gen.
boni
bonae
boni
Dat.
bono
bonae
bono
Abl.
bond
bona
bono
Plural.
Nom. Voc.
boni
bonae
bona
Ace.
bono-s
bona-s
bona
Gen.
bono-rum
bona-rum
bono-rum
Dat. Abl.
boni-s in all genders.
Note 27. Adjectives declined like tener,
are asper, lacer, liber, miser,
rough, torn, free, ivretcJied,
compounds too of -fer, and -ger,
as mortifer, and aliger,
death-bringing, -wing-bearing.
-O AND -A STEMS.
Singular.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Nom. Voc.
tener tenera
teneru-m
Ace.
teneru-m tener a-m
teneru-m
Gen.
teneri tenerae
teneri
Dat.
tenero tenerae
tenero
Abl.
tener 6 tenera
tenero
Plural.
Nom. Voc.
teneri tenerae
tenera
Ace.
tener 6-s tener a-s
tenera
Gen.
tener 6-rum tener a-rum
.tener 6-rum
Dat. Abl.
tener i-s in all genders.
Singular.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Nom. Voc.
Aec.
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
nlger nfgra
nigru-m nigra-m
nigri nigrae
nigr 6 nigrae
nigro nigra
nigru-m
nigru-m
nigri
nigro
nigro
Plural.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Gen.
Pat. Abl.
nigri nigrae
nigro-s nigr a-s
nigr 6-rum nigr a-rum
nigri-s in all genders.
nigra
nigra
nigr 6-rum
Adjectives declined like niger,
are creber, aeger, ater, piger,
frequent, sick, black, sluggish,
pulcher, ruber, impiger,
beautiful, red, active,
sinister, sacer, integer,
on the left hand, sacred, whole.
Dexter, right-hand, has both forms-
28 DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
25. II. Stems ending in -i
Ex.: felici-, happy ; sapienti-, wise; tristi-, sad; acri-,
keen ; celeri-, swift.
Singular,
Masc. and Fern. Neut. Masc. and Fern. Neut.
Nom. Voc. . felix sapiens
Ace. felice-m felix sapiente-m sapiens
Gen. felici-s sapientl-s
Dat. felici sapienti
Abl. felici (rarely sapienti or
felice). sapiente.
Plural
N.V. A. felice-s felici-a sapient e-s sapienti-a
Gen. felici-um sapient i-um
Dat. Abl. felicX-biis. . sapient i-bus.
Singular.
Masc. and Fern. Neut.
Nom. Voc. tristi-s triste
Ace. triste-m triste
Gen. tristi-s
Dat. Abl. tristi.
Plural.
N.V. A. triste-s tristi-a
Gen. tristi-um
Dat. Abl. tristi-bus.
-I STEMS.
Singular.
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. Voc. acer acri-s acre
Ace. acre-m acre
Gen. acri-s
Dat. Abl. acri
Plural
Masc. and Fern. Neut.
N.V.A. acre-s acri-a
Gen. acri-um
Dat. Abl. acri-biis.
Singular.
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. Voc. celer celeri-s celere
Ace. , celer e-m celere
Gen. celeri-s
Dat. Abl. celeri
Plural.
Masc. and Fern. Neut.
N.V.A. celer e-s celeri-a
Gen. celeri-um
Dat. Abl. celeri-biis.
Note 28. Like acer are declined
Adjectives which end in -ster,
with celeber, and alacer,
frequented, alert,
saluber, piiter, volucer,
healthy, putrid, winged.
30 DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
26. III. Consonant stems.
Ex. : melior, letter ; pauper, poor.
Singular.
Masc. and Fern. Neut.
Norn. Voc. melior melius
Ace. melior-em melius
Gen. melior-is
Dat. melior -I
Abl. melior-e (rarely meliori)
Plural
N..V. A. melior -es melior-a
Gen. melior -MID.
Dat. Abl. melior -ibiis.
Singular.
Masc. and Fern. Neut.
Nom. Voc. pauper
Ace. pauper-em pauper
Gen. pauper-is
Dat. pauper -1
Abl. pauper -e
Plural.
N.V. A. pauper-es
Gen. pauper-Tim
Dat. Abl. pauper -Ibiis.
DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. 31
DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
27. The Adjective is a noun expressing quality.
In Latin many adjectives have three forms, denoting dif-
ferent degrees of quality.
The positive is the simple form of the adjective, as durus,
hard.
The comparative denotes :
(1) A higher degree, when two persons or things are
compared, as durior, harder.
(2) A too high degree, as durior, too hard.
The superlative denotes :
(1) A higher degree, when more than two persons or
things are compared, as durissimus, hardest.
(2) A very high degree, as durissimus, very hard.
28. From the positive we may find the comparative by
adding -ior to the last consonant of the stem ; the superla-
tive either by adding -issimus to the last consonant of
the stem; or, by doubling the last consonant and adding
-imus *.
* Nearly all the words of this form are given in 29 and note 29.
32
DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
29. Examples of regular comparison.
Stem.
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative. .
duro-
duru-s, hard
dur-Ior
dur-issimus
tristi-
tristi-s, sad
trist-lor
trist-isslmus
fellci-
felix, happy
felic-ior
felic-issimus
tenero-
tener, delicate
tener -lor
tener -rimus
celeri-
celer, swift
celer -ior
celer -rimus
mg(e)ro-
nlger, black
mgr-ior
niger -rimus
ac(e)ri-
acer, keen
acr-ior
acer -rimus
facili-
facili-s, easy
facil-ior
facil-limus.
Note 29. Like tener are asper, rough; dexter, right-hand; liber, free;
miser, ivretched; pauper, poor ; uber, fruitful.
Like niger are piger, sluggish; pulcher, beautiful; ruber, red; taeter,
foul; cel^ber, frequented ; saluber, healthy. In the comparative of these
adjectives the e of the stem is omitted, as in the declension of the posi-
tive. See 24.
Like facilis are difficilis, difficult; similis, like; dissimilis, unlike;
gracilis, slender; humilis, low.
Note 30. Adjectives ending in -us preceded by a vowel have no forms
for the comparative and superlative, as
arduu-s, steep magis arduus, more steep maxime arduus, most steep.
Except those ending in -quus and -guis, as
antiquu-s, ancient antiqu-Ior antiqu-issimus
pingui-s, fat pingu-ior pingu-issimus.
DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
33
<u
1
9
a
S
1
8,
c/r
8
CO
1
|
CO
1
3 J5
s ^
s
g
1
1
'co
**T*
1 1^
.2
13
O
CO
&
CO
OH
S
1
1 1
jg
1
i
s .
1 1
bO d
C > $o
I 1 !
^ bo
? I
It
ai
^ o
S 3,
34
DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
en
p
P
en
p
1
to
1
'en
n
1
CO
1
I 3 '
5
P
"3
i
c
3
)
1
B ,
<u 5 cn
CU CO
C/3 -^
"&
CO
"T
Tc3
bD
l3
^
.S3
i
p
a 1
I<U
(3
maledice
<L>
>O
1
,Q
benefice
CO
s
<u
en
13
wT
1
C2
o
*;
"en
a
^
<u
OH
*s
T3
to
fl
^C*j
h
in
i^
rt
1^4
V
O
V^
Comparative,
pot-tor, &/fe
S
105
bO
IP
5
f
maledicent-i
benevolent-i
beneficent-i
ent adverbia
citer-ior, 0#
M
X-*
Q
-3
c
^o
-v*
a
S5
Si
d
IS^
a - g
f "
11
1
*8
'o
1
'bo
nequam, worthless
maledicu-s, slandero
\
beneficus, generous
a
i
.2
2
ci
1
S
i
> "rt
. a
s
i Tc3
O O
CJ O
*? ?
xu n>
O D
>o >o
5 4>
1 1
>i >i
H
1
1 1
II
1 1
1 1
| |
DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
35
Supe
I i
,w
s, oute
c T?
mu
mu
ex
ex
s
>- S iv K
-*r> <-> H *r* Io
em
um
co to js
aa
I
^
c, iw
o> *-
supremus
sum-mus
i
>i> >cu
.IrJ CU
a.
3
?
I i I
CO ? , -
.s .s ii
g s
S .a .S CL,
>g >6
D 2
36" PRONOUNS.
PRONOUNS.
31. Pronouns are either Substantive or Adjective (see
9).
32. The Pronouns in Latin may be divided into :
Personal: ego,// nos, we; tu, thou ; vos,^.
Reflexive : se, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Possessive : meus, my ; noster, our ; tuus, thy ; vester,
your ; siius, his, her, its, their.
Demonstrative : hie, this near me ; iste, that near you ;
ille, that there ; is, that, he ; Idem, the same ; ipse,
he himself.
Relative : qui, who, which ; quisquis, whosoever, which-
ever.
Interrogative : quis or qui, who ? which ?
Indefinite : quis or qui, anyone, any; quisquam, any (one)
at all.
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
33. The Personal Pronouns are substantive, and have
no distinction of gender. There are two persons, the person
who speaks, and the person spoken to.
FIRST PERSON.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. ego, 7 Norn. Ace. nos, we
Ace. me Gen. nostrum
Dat. mih! Dat. Abl. nobls.
Abl. me
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 37
SECOND PERSON.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. Voc. tu, thou N.V.A. vos,ye,jrou
Ace. te Gen. vestrum
Dat. tib! Dat. Abl. vobls.
Abl. te
34. The Reflexive Pronoun is substantive, and has no
distinction of gender. It refers back to the subject of the
sentence, or person spoken of, which is called the third
person.
Singular and Plural.
Ace. se, himself, herself, itself, themselves
Dat. sibi
Abl. se.
The form sese is often used for se.
Note 32. Instead of the genitives of go, tu and se the possessive
pronouns are sometimes used, as mea manus, my hand; noster exercitus,
our army.
Sometimes the genitive singular neuter of these adjectives is used, as
magna pars mei, a great part of me (i. e. of my nature) ; memoria nostri
tua, thy remembrance of us.
38 DECLENSION OF CERTAIN
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.
35. The Possessive Pronouns are adjectives with stems
ending in -o. They are meus, my; tuus, thy ; suus, his, her,
its, their ; declined like bonus ( 24).
Noster, our ; vester,jyour ; declined like niger ( 24).
36. Some nouns and pronouns adjective belonging to
the class of -o and -a stems (see 24) have the genitive
singular in -ius, the dative in -1 for all genders.
37. Ex. : toto-, tota-, whole.
Singular.
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. totu-s tota totu-m
Ace. totu-m tota-m totu-m
Gen. totius \
> in all genders
Dat. toti '
Abl. toto tota toto
Plural.
Nom. toti totae tota
Ace. toto-s tota-s tota
Gen. toto-rum tota-rum toto-rum
Dat. Abl. toti-s in all genders.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.
39
38. Ex.: altero-, altera-, the other ; ut(e)ro-, utra-, which
of two ; ipso-, ipsa-, self.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neat
Nom.
alter
altera
alteru-m
Ace.
alter u-m
alter a-m
alteru-m
Gen.
alterius )
Dat.
> in all genders
alter! )
Abl.
altero
altera
altero
Plural.
Nom.
alter!
alter ae
altera
Ace.
altero-s
alter a-s
altera
Gen.
altero-rum
altera-rum
altero-rum
Dat. Abl.
alterl-s in all
genders.
Note 33. Like totus are declined : solus, alone; the i of the genitive
singular solius is always long ; unus, one (see 44) ; ullus (i. e. unulus),
any at all; nullus, no, none. The I of the gen. sing, is usually long, but
often found short in poetry.
Note 34. Ullus is the adjective corresponding to quisquam (note 39) ;
nullus that corresponding to nemo (stem nemon-), of which only the fol-
lowing forms are used :
Singular.
Nom. nemo
Ace. nemm-em
Gen. supplied by nullius
Dat. nemm-I
Abl. nulld
Plural.
supplied by the plural of nullus.
DECLENSION OF CERTAIN
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
liter
utra
utru-m
Ace.
utru-m
utra-m
utru-m
Gen.
Dat.
utrius ) .
- C m
utn J
all genders
Abl.
utro
utra
utro
Plural.
Nom.
utri
utrae
utra
Ace.
utro-s
utra-s
utra
Gen.
utro-rum
utra-rum
utro-rum
Dat. Abl,
utri-s in all
genders.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
ipse
ipsa
ipsu-m
Ace.
ipsu-m
ipsa-m
ipsu-m
Gen.
Dat.
ipsius ) .
f m
ipsi J
all genders
Abl.
ipso
ipsa
ipso
Plural.
Nom.
ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
Ace.
ipso-s
ipsa-s
ipsa
Gen.
ipso-rum
ipsa-rum
ipso-rum
Dat. Abl.
ipsi-s in all
genders.
Note 35. Like uter are declined the compounds of uter: uterque,
each (of two) ; iitercunque, whichever (of two) ; utervis, whichever (of
two) you please ; viterlibet, which (of two) you like ; neuter, neither.
Altriiter, one or the other. Both parts of the compound are also de-
clined, as gen. sing, alterius utrius, or alterutrius.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.
39. Ille, that (St. illo-, ilia-) ; iste, that near you (St. isto-,
ista-) ; and allus, another (St. alio-, alia-), have the nominative
and accusative neuter ending in -d instead of *m.
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
Masc.
ille
illu-m
Singular. '
Fern,
ilia
illa-m
illius ) . ..
> in all renders
illi J
illo ilia
Neut.
illu-d
illu-d
illo
Nom. ill!
Ace. illo-s
Gem illo-rum
Plural
illae
illa-s
ilia-rum
Dat. Abl. illi-s in all genders.
ilia
ilia
illo-rum
Nom.
Acc
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
Masc.
al!u-s
aliu-m
alms
alii
alio
Singular.
Fern,
alia
alia-m
\ in all genders
alia
Neut.
allu-d
aliu-d
alio
Nom. alii
Ace. alio-s
Gen. alio-rum
Plural
aliae
alia-s
alia-rum
Dat. Abl. alii-s in all genders.
alia
alia
alio-rum
42 DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.
40. Hie, this near me (stem ho-, ha-, and the particle -ce),
is thus declined :
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
hi-C
haec
ho-c
Ace.
hu-nc
ha-nc
ho-c
Gen.
Dat.
hujus ) .
> in all genders
huic ;
Abl.
ho-c
ha-c
ho-c
Plural.
Nom.
hi
hae
haec
Ace.
ho-s
ha-s
haec
Gen.
ho-rum
ha-rum
ho-rum
Dat. Abl.
hi-s in all
genders.
Note 36. The particle c was sometimes added
and iste which end in -s, and to the other cases in
to those cases of ille
the form of c.
Singular.
Nom.
illl-C
illaec
illu-c
Ace.
illu-nc
illa-nc
illu-c
Gen.
Dat.
illiusce )
illi-c i
in all genders
Abl.
illo-c
illa-c
illo-c
Plural.
Nom.
illi-c
illaec
illaec
Ace.
illo-sce
illa-sce
illaec
Dat. Abl. illi-sce in all genders.
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. 43
41. Is, that (stem i-, and eo, ea-), is thus declined :
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
I-S
ea
i-d
Ace.
eu-m
ea-m
i-d
Gen.
Dat.
ejus ) .
- r in
ei J
all genders
Abl.
eo
ea
eo
Plural.
Nom.
el or ii
eae
ea
Ace.
eo-s
ea-s
ea
Gen.
co-rum
ea-rum
eo-rum
Dat. Abl. ei-s or ii-s in all genders.
42. Idem, same (compound of is and suffix -dem), is
thus declined :
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
I -dem
ea-dem
I-dem
Ace.
eu-ndem
ea-ndem
I-dem
Gen.
Dat.
ejusdem ) . .,
} in all genders
eidem J
Abl.
eo-dem
ea-dem
eo-dem
Plural.
Nom.
e i-dem
eae-dem
ea-dem
Ace.
eo-sdem
ea-sdem
ea-dem
Gen.
eo-rundem
ea-rundem
eo-rundem
Dat. Abl.
ei-sdem in
all genders.
Note 37. The dat. sing, is frequently el and ei, rarely el. Cases of
.is are seldom found in poetry. Nom. plur. masc. Idem and dat. and
abl. plur. Isdem are frequent in poetry ; eisdem only occurs once.
44 DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.
43. Qui, which (stem quo-, qua-, and qui-), is thus de-
clined as a relative pronoun :
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
qui
quae
qud-d
Ace.
que-m
qua-m
qud-d
Gen.
Dat.
cujus )
cui /
in all genders
Abl.
quo
qua
quo
Plural
Nom.
qui
quae
quae
Ace.
quo-s
qua-s
quae
Gen.
quo-rum qua-rum
quo-rum
Dat. Abl.
qui-bus
(sometimes qui-s) in
all genders.
Note 38. The following words have certain differences of form
according to their use as substantives or adjectives :
Substantive. Adjective.
Qui-s, qui, who ? what f interrogative pronoun.
Singular.
Nom. qui-s (qui-s) qui-d qui or qui-s quae quo-d
Ace. qui-d quo-d
The other cases are like those of qui (relative). So also quisnam, who,
pray?
Qui-s, qui, any one, any ; indefinite pronoun.
Singular.
Nom. qui-s qui-d qui or qui-s qua or qui-s quo-d
Ace. qui-d quo-d
Plural.
qua common to both uses.
Ace. }
The other cases are like those of qui (relative). So also aliquis,
some ; ecquis, any f
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.
45
Note 39. Ecquis, any? quisquis, whosoever; quisquam, any at all;
are found chiefly in the following cases :
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neat,
N"om
( ecqui-s
ecqui-d
( ecqul
ecqua or ecquae
ecquo-d
Ace.
( ecque-m
ecqua-m
ecqui-d
1
ecquo-d
Dat.
eccui
Abl.
ecquo
ecqud
Plural.
Nom.
ecqul
Ace.
ecquo-s
ecqua-s.
Nom. qui-squi-s
Ace.
Abl. quoquo
Nom. qulqui.
Singular.
Plural.
qui-dqui-d or qui-cqui-d
qui-dqu!-d or qui-cqui-d
quoquo
Singular.
Nom. qui-squam qui-cquam
Ace. que-mquam qui-cquam
Gen. cujusquam) inall
Dat. cuiquam )
Abl. quoquam quoquam.
4 6
DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.
44. DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.
Cardinals. The following are declined: unus, one;
du6, two ; tres. three ; diicenti, two hundred (and other
multiples of a hundred below a thousand] mille, a thou-
sand, when used as a neuter substantive. Mille used as
an adjective is indeclinable.
Masc.
Nom.
unii-s
Voc
une
Ace.
unu-m
Gen.
uniiis
Dat.
uni
Abl.
uno
Singular.
Fern.
Una
una-m
> in all genders
una
Plural
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
uni
uno-s
uno-rum
unae
una-s
una-rum
Dat. Abl. unl-s in all genders.
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Neut.
unu-m
unu-m
uno
una
una
uno-rum
Plural
du6 duae du6
duo-s, du6 dua-s du6
duo-rum dua-rum duo-rum
. du-um in all genders
Dat. Abl. duo-bus dua-biis duo-bus.
DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.
47
Plural.
Masc. and Fern.
Nom. Ace.
tre-s
Gen.
tri-tun
Dat.
tri-bus.
Neut.
tri-a
Plural.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
diicenti
ducentae
ducenta
Ace.
ducento-s
ducenta-s
ducenta
Gen.
ducent-tun )
_ 11 .. . _ j _ .
Dat. Abl. ducenti-s i
Singular.
Nom. Ace. mille
Plural.
Nom. Ace. milli-a
Gen. milli-um
Dat. Abl. milli-bus.
Ordinals and Distributives are declinable adjectives with
-o and -a stems. The genitive plural of distributives usually
ends in -um (for -orum, -arum).
Note 40. The plural of unus is only used with substantives whose
plural is singular in meaning, e.g. aedes (plural), a house; castra, a
camp; litterae, a letter (epistle). For the other numbers trini, three,
and the distributives are used (see Appendix II. p. 108).
48 VERBS.
VERBS.
45. Verbs in Latin have inflexions of voice, number,
person, mood, and tense. A complete verb in Latin has :
1 . Two Voices : Active, as amo, / love ; and Passive, as
amor, 7 am loved.
2. Two Numbers : Singular and Plural ( 8 on nouns).
3. Three Persons (First, Second, Third) in each number
( 33 on pronouns).
4. Three Moods : marking the mode in which the action is
viewed :
Indicative : as amo, / love.
Subjunctive : as amem, I be loving or / love.
Imperative : as ama, love thou.
5. Six Tenses (in the Indicative mood, active voice) :
marking the time when the action is performed :
Incomplete action.
Present : as amo, / am loving or / love.
Future : as amabo, / shall love.
Imperfect: as amabam, I was loving.
Completed action.
Perfect : as amavi, / have loved or / loved.
Future Perfect : as amavero, / shall have loved.
Pluperfect : as amaveram, 7 had loved.
6. Four Verbal Forms :
Infinitive : as amare, to love.
Participle : as amans, loving.
Gerund and Gerundive : as amandum, loving; amandus,
to be loved.
Supine : as amatum, to love (after a verb of motion).
VERBS. 49
46. DEPONENT VERBS.
Verbs which have no active voice, but are active in
meaning, are called Deponents: as hortor, I exhort; morior,
I die.
47. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS.
The verb has three stems, the Present, Perfect, and Supine
stem, from which all other parts are formed.
Verbs are commonly divided according to their form into
four classes, called conjugations.
The first conjugation contains all verbs whose present
stem ends in -a : as amo, / love ; infin. ama-re.
The second conjugation contains all verbs whose present
stem ends in -e : as moneo, / advise ; infin. mone-re.
The third conjugation contains all verbs whose present
stem ends in a consonant, or in -u or in -i (short), as
rego, I rule ; infin. reg-ere.
tribu-o, / assign ; infin. tribu-ere.
capio, / fake ; infin. cap-ere.
The fourth conjugation contains all verbs whose present
stem ends in I (long) : as audi-o, / hear ; infin. audi-re.
48. CONJUGATION OF VERBS.
First conjugation. Ex. amo, I love.
Second conjugation. Ex. moneo, / advise.
Third conjugation. Ex. rego, / rule.
Fourth conjugation. Ex. audio, / hear.
E
CONJUGATION OF
A o?
I o;
* <-! >-i
^ _ _
rt a a fl
O <D
1111-
.C 42 & ft
IQ IQ
05 03 02 03
il
111!
IQ IQ
OD 03 03 CO
W
H
CO
N
O
* I
O
a a s a
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"f -f
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M
4242
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OQ 03
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9 9
g g
1
H
W
g
H
<
cj
22'
o IQ
M
-??
10 bo;
c ^
o
REGULAR VERBS.
2555
rt fl fl d
^
i
is
H o <D
!!!!
g g g g
CO CO Cw 03
ii-9*
iO iO
'7 7 7 7
d a a a
sin
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43 42
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42 P
ill!
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crj
c^
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I
PR
'$'$
J> J>
||||
im
S o <u 2
am-6r
mone-dr
^ g h
If
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50 S PS PJ
4l J ^ J>
'*?<??
4242P42
iO 'O
^ >2.2.2.2
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W i<D i
31 ,s s a-&
W 42 42 P 42
> i iO iO
r 1 is3 "0> i i.
reg
au
E 2
43 43 -M -P
g 1 1 1
CONJUGATION OF
S!8S
XD
6 o o
5 .3 ?
< -f S 5
OQ CO 00 00
yrt -rf -H -M
^L 4i -M ^
>o o o o
4i 4L -i ^
^39
- a a a a
,i is its is
11!
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i i i
>0
H ^ J
O O
*S
o o o o
4, J. J. J.
s g
H "5
IS
t'S
I
.UBJUNCTIVE
ama-r-em
mone-r-em
reg-er-em
audi-r-em
IMPERATIVE 1
s,
1'
108
' S
OS
9UOUI
J
be
e
3
REGULAR VERBS.
53
5S
J. J. ^
fl fl fl 5=1
O Q O O
M**
s 5
JS fC
3
rt
d rt a
111
A j A.jj
-^ >r n .,_( .H
a a a a
,o o o o
r
sag
SS
aaa
O O Q
i i i
>
0^ *^
- ^
54
CONJUGATION OF
I
i
XD
s
H '
o"
co
> ,
^
u
>
(j
^
r-J
<L>
w
>
"
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43
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Ed ' ' ' '
i i
H
> ^i
a 3
J ii?i
cJ 2 rt
ICATIV
i i
So
r^
rt g
Q
Q
Z
fe
REGULAR VERBS.
55
H
CO
c/3 -Z
CONJUGATION OF
n s
A ?
a
* f
i " 7
I 1
>ii-
s A
N
u
o
> as
g y i i
I
> i i i i ^. i i i i
>PX> g >3X>
i " J ' .^4 r* Jj ' _' ,J^
| i 1 ** 3 |ll^
U> P
REGULAR VERBS.
57
I
^
I
t
if
CONJUGATION OF
c/2
a a a a
S5SS
2 S S 3
w t
o
' *S g ^3
c >o M ^J
>OJ g oj
SC^ <y *"O
>O >-. S
>c? g cJ
^
c3
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HH
fo
CD
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C/5
^
<J
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^
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^j W *H *H bC ^
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1 ^
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1
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1
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>
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S
o
S g 5 S g ^3 If
^ B >o .S 3 -g
1 a >o8 g rt -5
.
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a
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2 1
'> '^ '1 '>
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irt cJ <U ^3
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S --
XA g rt
w
e
> W
pL( >O O O
H-l p t
> S- ?'Z 2
w w
2 ^ IC8 IO ' |JL|
t-i ti S G bO'O
g g ,g o >> 3
s s
HH PW
REGULAR VERBS.
59
CQ CQ 73 GQ
X3 3 j-l S
4
"*<
o
S
d
I
1
13
d
1
s
1
j
.i
=6
*
o
>CJ
s
N
CQ 02
CQ OT
^
s
^
d
1 1
1 1
i
>^
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6
M
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g
o 1 |
t5 5aJ 2
rt
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C/2
a
3
a
a
c
^
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^
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1
i
s
04
04
H
PH
[T (
i
72
73
!
o
1
!
H
hJ
o
H
1
c
>o
be
OJ
IH
1
1
<
<;
PH
PH
5 >o M
PARTICIPLE
> !
I ;
| I f?i
60 VERBAL NOUN-FORMS.
53. Infinitive.
The Future Infinitive Active is composed of the future
participle active and the present infinitive of sum, / am.
When a verb -has no future the future infinitive is formed by
fore ut, as
dlco fore ut pluat, / say that it will rain.
The Future Infinitive Passive is composed of the supine
and the present infinitive passive of eo, I go*. When a verb
has no supine the future infinitive passive is formed by fore
ut, as
dlco fore ut urgeatiir, / say that he will be pushed.
54. Participles.
The Present Participle Active is declined like an adjective
with stem ending in -nti.
The Future Participle Active is declined like an adjective
with stem ending in -o.
There is no Perfect Participle Active.
Present Participle Passive.
Future Participle Passive.
The Perfect Participle Passive is declined like an adjective
with stem ending in -o.
55. The Gerund is a verbal substantive with stem end-
ing in -ndo. It is used in ace., gen., dat, and abl. singular.
56. The Gerundive is a verbal adjective with stem ending
in -ndo. It is used in the singular and plural.
57. The Supines are the accusative and ablative cases
of a verb-noun of the 4th Declension (stems ending in -u).
* In the expression amatum In the supine is active and may be fol-
lowed by an accusative ; m is used impersonally, it is being gone, i.e.
there is a going. Hence, for example, the phrase dlco n5s amatum In
means, I say that there is a going towards loving us.
VERBS WITH -I STEMS. 6l
INFLEXIONS OF DEPONENT VERBS.
58. Deponent verbs have the following forms:
(1) Of the Passive voice: all except the future infinitive
(e. g. amatum iri).
(2) Of the Active voice : Participle Present.
Future.
Infinitive Future.
(3) Gerund, Gerundive, Supine.
VERBS WITH i STEMS.
59. The following words have the present stem ending
in -i, which falls out before -1 or -er in inflexion. They
belong to the 3rd Conjugation.
Capio, cupio, facio,
take, desire, make,
fodio, fiigio, jacio,
dig, flee, cast,
pario, quatio, rapio, sapio,
get, bring forth, shake, snatch, be wise.
Compounds of (-specie) and (-lacio)
look, entice.
Deponents, gradior,
step,
morior, patior,
die, snjfer.
Note 41. 6rior, oriri, rise, and potior, potiri, be master, have the
following forms belonging to a present stem in -i :
Indie. Pres. or-er-is, or-it-ur
pot-it-ur.
Subj. Impf. or-er-et-iir
pot-er-et-ur, pot-er-em-ur, pot-er-ent-ur.
62
CONJUGATION OF
INFLEXIONS OF. VERBS WITH i STEMS.
60. Ex. cap-I-o, I take.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
Singular i
cap-i-o
cap-i-am
2
cap -is
cap-i -as
3
cap -it
cap-i -at
Plural i
cap-im-iis
cap-i -am-us
2
cap -it-is
cap-i -at-is
3
cap-i -ant.
cap-i -ant.
FUTURE.
Singular i
cap-i-am
2
cap-i -es
3
cap-i-et
Plural i
cap-i -em-us
2
cap-i-et-is
3
cap-i -ent.
IMPERFECT.
Singular i
cap-i -eb-am
cap-er-em
2
cap-i -eb-as
cap-er-es
3
cap-i-eb-at
cap-er-et
Plural i
cap-i -eb-am-us
cap-er-em-iis
2
cap-i -eb-at-is
cap-er-et-is
3
cap-i -eb-ant.
cap-er-ent.
> cap-it-o
IMPERATIVE.
FUTURE.
Singular 2
3
cap-it-e, Plural 2 cap-it-6t-e
3 cap-i -unt-o.
INFINITIVE PRESENT cap-er-e.
PARTICIPLE PRESENT cap-i-ens.
GERUND cap-i -endu-m.
PRESENT.
Singular 2 cap-e
Plural 2
VERBS WITH -I STEMS.
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
Singular
i
2
3
cap-i-6r
cap-er-is
cap-it-iir
cap-i-ar
cap-i-ar-Is
cap-i-at-ur
Plural
i
2
3
cap-im-iir
cap-imin-i
cap-i-tint-iir.
cap-i-am-ur
cap-i-amin-i
cap-i-ant-iir.
FUTURE.
Singular
i
2
3
cap-i-ar
cap-i-er-is
cap-i-et-iir
Plural
2
3
cap-i-em-iir
cap-i-emin-i
cap-i-ent-iir.
IMPERFECT.
Singular
i
2
3
cap-i-eb-ar
cap-i-eb-ar-is
cap-i-eb-at-iir
cap-er-er
cap-er-er-is
cap-er-et-ur
Plural
i
2
3
cap-i-eb-am-iir
cap-i-eb-amin-i
cap-i-eb-ant-iir.
cap-er-em-ur
cap-er-emin-i
cap-er-ent-ur.
IMPERATIVE. .
PRESENT. FUTURE.
Singular 2 cap-er-e Singular 2 ) w . -
o )
Plural 2 cap-imin-I. Plural 3 cap-i-unt-6r.
INFINITIVE PRESENT cap-i.
GERUNDIVE
cap-i-endu-s.
6 4
CONJUGATION OF
6i. INFLEXIONS OF THE VERB sum, I am.
These tenses are formed from the roots es- and fu-.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT, I am.
Singular i
s-um
2
es
3
es-t
Plural i
s-um-us
2
es-t-ls
3
s-unt.
FUTURE, 7 j^fl// &.
Singular i
er-o
2
er-is
3
er-it
Plural i
er-Im-us
2
er-it-is
3
er-unt.
IMPERFECT, 7ze;,
is.
Singular i
er-am
2
er-as
3
er-at
TYwrtf/ i
er-am-us
2
er-at-is
3
er-ant.
s-im
s-is
s-It
s-im-us
s -it-is
s-int.
es-s-em f-6r-em
es-s-es f-or-es
es-s-et f-or-et
es-s-em-us f-or-em-us
es-s-et-Is f-or-et-is
es-s-ent. f-or-ent.
IMPERATIVE.
FUTURE, thou shall be.
Singular 2 es-t-o
3 es-t-o
Plural 2 es-t-6t-e
3 s-unt-o.
INFINITIVE PRESENT es-s-e. FUTURE fo-r-e or fut-uru-s esse.
PARTICIPLE FUTURE fut-uru-s.
PRESENT, be.
Singular 2
es
Plural 2 es-t-e
IRREGULAR VERBS.
INDICATIVE.
PERFECT, / have been, or / was.
Singular i
2
3
Plural i
2
3
COMPLETED FUTURE, / shall have been.
Singular i fu-er-o
fu-i
fu-is-ti
fu-it
fu-im-iis
fu-is-ti-s
fu-er-unt or fu-er-e.
Plural
fu-er-is
fu-er-it
fu-er-im-iis
fu-er-it-is
fu-er-int.
PLUPERFECT, / had been.
Singular i fu-er-am
2
fu-er-as
3
fu-er-at
Plural i
fu-er-am-us
2
fu-er-at-is
3
fu-er-ant.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
fu-er-im
fu-er-is
fu-er-lt
fu-er-im-iis
fu-er-it-is
fu-er-int.
fu-is-sem
fu-is-ses
fu-is-set
fu-is-semus
fu-is-set-is
fu-is-seut.
INFINITIVE PERFECT fu-is-se.
66
CONJUGATION OF
IRREGULAR VERBS.
62. Possum, I can, compounded of pote sum.
Present Stem.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT, / can.
Singular i pos-s-um
pos-s-im
2 pot-es
pos-s-is
3 pot-es -t
pos-s-It
Plural i pos-s-ftm-iis
pos-s-im-iis
2 pot-es -t-is
pos-s -it-Is
3 pos-s-unt.
pos-s-int.
FUTURE, / shall be able to.
Singular i pot-er -o
2 pot-er-Is
3 pot-er-It
Plural i pot-er -Im-iis
2 pot-er -It-is
3 pot-er-unt.
IMPERFECT, I was able to.
Singular i pot-er-am
pos-s-em
2 pot-er-as
pos-s-es
3 pot-er-at
pos-s-et
Plural i pot-er -am-iis
pos-s-em-iis
2 pot-er -at-Is
pos-s-et-Is
3 pot-er -ant.
pos-s-ent.
INFINITIVE PRESENT, to be able to.
pos-s-e.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
The present stem is like that of sum; the perfect stem
is potu-.
Perfect Stem.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
PERFECT, / could, or / have been able to.
Singular i
pot-u-i
pot-u-er-im
2
pot-u-is-ti
pot-u-er-is
3
pot-u-lt
pot-u-er-it
Plural i
pot-u-im-ils
pot-u-er-im-tis
2
pot-u-is-ti-s
pot-u-er-it-Xs
3
pot-u-er-unt.
pot-u-er-int.
COMPLETED FUTURE, / shall have been
able to.
Singular i
pot-u-er-o
2
pot-u-er-is
3
pot-u-er-lt
Plural i
pot-u-er-im-iis
2
pot-u-er-it-ls
3
pot-u-er-int.
PLUPERFECT, / could have.
Singular i
pot-u-er-am
pot-u-is-sem
2
pot-u-er-as
pot-u-is-ses
3
pot-u-er-at
pot-u-is-set
Plural i
pot-u-er-am-iis
pot-u-is-sem-iis
2
pot-u-er-at-Is
pot-u-is-set-Is
3
pot-u-er-ant.
pot-u-is-sent.
INFINITIVE PERFECT, to have been able to.
pot-u-is-s-e.
F 2
68
CONJUGATION OF
i
11
>O iO icJ
> c g
SP
1
11
C ICtJ
S
I ??
DO CO DQ
*r ? ?
4 & <&
.op cJ d
,0 ,Q P
.o o o
|
CQ OQ CD
| ? I
05 2 2
^ ? i
!? 1 1
ill
i -S -
l( ? 1 1
>Q iO '^
^ To Irt
> fi
. > c s
i ^
S
i
O <52
VO H
^ *w
^3
g
M
PH
I
M ?
s
s
p^
g
I
S^;
1-1
IRREGULAR VERBS.
69
|
!
I
-jj
'V
o
1
1
5
1
Q ?
3
JD
1
?
a
1
"o
-3
o
Irt
i
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J
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>2
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1
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4
i
o
1
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i
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73
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CONJUGATION OF
64. Eo, I go (stem i-), is thus declined :
Present Stem.
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT, I am going, or I go.
Singular i e-o
Plural
IB
it
Im-iis
It-is
e-unt.
FUTURE, I shall go.
Singular i ib-o
2 ib-is
3 ib-it
Plural i ib-im-iis
2 ib-it-is
3 ib-unt.
IMPERFECT, / was going.
Singular i ib-am
2 ib-as
3 ib-at
Plural i ib-am-us
2 ib-at-is
3 ib-ant.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
e-am
e-as
e-at
e-am-iis
e-at-is
e-ant.
Ir-em
ir-es
ir-em-us
ir-et-Is
ir-ent.
PRESENT, go.
Sing. 2
Plur. 2
It-e.
INFINITIVE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE PRESENT
GERUND
IMPERATIVE.
FUTURE, thou shall go.
Sing. 2 & 3 It-o
Plur. 2 It-6t-e
3 e-unt-o.
ir-e.
i-ens, ace. e-nnte-m.
e-undu-m.
IRREGULAR VERBS. 71
Perfect Stem.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
PERFECT, I have gone, or I went.
Singular i i-i i-dr-im
2 is-ti i-er-is
3 i-it or it i-er-it
Plural i
2 is-ti-s
3 i-er-unt.
COMPLETED FUTURE, / shall have gone.
Singular i I-er-o
2 i-er-is
3 i-er-it.
PLUPERFECT, I had gone.
Singular i is-sem
2 is-ses
3 i-er-at is-set
Plural i is-sem-us
2
3 i-er-ant. is-sent.
INFINITIVE PERFECT i-is-se or is-se. FUTURE It-uru-s esse.
PARTICIPLE FUTURE It-urii-s.
CONJUGATION OF
65. Fio, 1 become (stem fi-), is thus declined :
It is used as the passive of facio, / make.
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT, / am becoming.
Singular i
fi-o
2
fis
3
fit
Plural i
2
3
fi-unt.
FUTURE, / shall become.
Singular i
fi-am
2
fi-es
3
fi-et
Plural i
fi-em-iis
2
fi-et-is
3
fi-ent.
IMPERFECT, / was
becoming.
Singular i
fl-eb-am
2
fi-eb-as
3
fi-eb-at
Plural i
fi-eb-am-iis
2
fi-eb-at-is
3
fi-eb-ant.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
fi-er-em
fi-er-es
fi-er-et
fi-er-em-iis
fi-er-et-is
fi-er-ent.
IMPERATIVE PRESENT Sing. 2 fi Plur. 2 fit-e.
INFINITIVE PRESENT fl-er-i.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
73
66. Edo, / eaf, is thus declined in the present stem (see
72):
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT, I am eating, or I eat.
Sing, i ed-o
2 ed-is or e-s
3 ed-it es-t
Plur. i ed-im-iis
2 ed -it-is es-t-is
3 ed-unt.
FUTURE, / shall eat.
Sing, i ed-am
2
SUBJUNCTIVE.
ed-am
ed-as
ed-at
ed-am-iis
ed-at-is
ed-ant.
or
ed-im
ed-is
ed-it
ed-im-iis
ed-it-is
ed-int.
3
Plur. i
2
3
ed-es
ed-et
ed -em-us
ed-et-is
ed-ent.
IMPERFECT, / was eating.
Sing, i ed-eb-am
2 ed-eb-as
3 ed-eb-at
Plur. i ed-eb-am-iis
2 ed-eb-at-is
3 ed-eb-ant.
ed-er-em or es-s-em
ed-er-es es-s-es
ed-er-et es-s-et
ed-er-em-us es-s-em-iis
ed-er-et-is es-s-et-is
ed-er-ent. es-s-ent.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT, eat. FUTURE, thou shall eat.
Sing. 2 ed-e or e-s Sing. 2 & 3 ed-it-o or es-t-o
Plur. 2 ed-it-e es-t-e. Plur. 2 ed-it-6t-e es-t-6t-e.
3 ed-unt-o.
INFINITIVE PRESENT ed-er-e or es-s-6.
PARTICIPLE PRESENT ed-ens.
GERUNDIVE ed-endii-s.
74
CONJUGATION OF
67. Fero, I bear, is thus inflected in the present stem:
PRESENT, I bear.
Singular i
2
3
Plural i
2
3
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE.
fer-o
fer-s
fer-t
fer-im-us
fer-t-is
fer-unt.
FUTURE, / shall bear.
Singular i fer-am
2 fer-es
3 fer-et
Plural i fer-em-iis
2 fer-et-is
3 fer-ent.
IMPERFECT, / was bearing.
Singular i fer-eb-am
2 fer-eb-as
3 fer-eb-at
Plural i fer-eb-am-us
2 fer-eb-at-is
3 fer-eb-ant.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
fer-am
fer-as
fer-at
fer-am-iis
fer-at-is
fer-ant.
fer-r-em
fer-r-es
fer-r-et
fer-r-em-iis
fer-r-et-is
fer-r-ent.
PRESENT, bear.
Sing. 2 fer
Plur. 2 fer-t-e.
INFINITIVE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE PRESENT
GERUND
IMPERATIVE.
FUTURE, thou shall bear.
Sing. 2 & 3 fer-t-o
Plur. 2 fer-t-6t-e
3 fer-unt-o.
fer-r-e.
fer-ens.
fer-endu-m.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
75
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT, / am being borne.
Singular i fer-6r
fer-ar
2 fer-r-is
fer-ar-Is
3 fer-t-iir
fer-at-ttr
Plural i fer-im-ur
fer-am-ur
2 fe.r-imin-i
fer-amin-i
3 fer-unt-ur.
fer-ant-ur.
FUTURE, / shall be borne.
Singular i fer-ar
2 fer-er-is
3 fer-et-ur
Plural i fer-em-ur
2 fer-emin-I
3 fer-ent-iir.
IMPERFECT, / was being borne.
Singular i fer-eb-ar
fer-r-r
2 fer-eb-ar-is
fer-r-er-is
3 fer-eb-at-iir
fer-r-et-ur
Plural i fer-eb-am-ur
fer-r-em-iir
2 fer-eb-amin-i
fer-r-emin-i
3 fer-eb-ant-iir.
fer-r-ent-iir.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT, be borne. FUTURE, thou shall be borne.
Sing. 2 fer-r-e Sing. 2 & 3 fer-lt-6r
Plur. 2 fer-imin-I. Plur. 3 fer-unt-6r.
INFINITIVE PRESENT fer-r-i.
GERUNDIVE
fer-endii-s.
CONJUGATION OF
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
68. Aio, / say ; fatur, he speaks ; inquam, quoth /, are
thus inflected :
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
Sing, i aj-o
2 a-Is
3 a-it
Plur. 3 aj-unt.
IMPERFECT.
Sing, i
2
3
Plur. i
aj -eb-am
aj-eb-as
aj-eb-at
aj-eb-am-iis
aj -eb-at-is
3 aj -eb-ant.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
Sing. 3 fat-ur.
INDICATIVE FUTURE.
Sing, i fab-6r
3 fab-it-iir.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
aj-as
aj-at.
PERFECT.
Sing. 3
fa-tu-s est.
IMPERATIVE PRESENT
INFINITIVE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE PRESENT
GERUND
GERUNDIVE
SUPINE
Sing.
fante-m (ace.)
fandi, fando.
fandii-s.
INDICATIVE PLUPERFECT.
Sing, i fa-tu-s eram
3 fa-tu-s erat.
far-e.
far-i.
PERFECT fa-tu-s.
fa-tu.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
77
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
Sing, i inqua-m
2 inqu-is
3 inqu-it
Plur. i inqu-im-iis
3 inqu-i-unt.
INDICATIVE FUTURE.
Sing. 2 inqu-i-es
3 inqu-i-et.
INDICATIVE IMPERFECT.
Sing. 3 inqu-1-eb-at.
IMPERATIVE PRESENT.
Sing. 2 inqu-e
Plur. 2 inqu-it-e.
PERFECT.
Sing, i inqui-i
2 inqui-s-ti
3 inqul-t.
FUTURE.
Sing. 2 & 3 inqu-it-o.
69. The verbs coepi, / begin, or I have begun; memfoi,
/ remember ; odi, I hate, are only found in the perfect and
tenses formed from the perfect stem.
But IMPERATIVE, Sing. 2 memento
Plur. 2 mementot-e.
78 IMPERSONAL VERBS.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
70. The following verbs are only used in the third
person singular. They belong to the second conjugation.
libet, licet, miseret,
it is pleasing, if is permitted, it moves to pity,
oportet, piget, poemtet,
it behoves, it vexes, it repents,
also pudet, and taedet,
it shames, it wearies.
These verbs are called impersonal because they have no
personal subject.
7 1. Other verbs are used both impersonally and per-
sonally, as
fit, accedit, acddit,
it comes to pass, it is added, it happens,
juvat, liquet, convenit,
it delights, it is clear, it is suitable,
placet, decet, dedecet,
it is pleasing, it becomes, it misbecomes.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
79
72. LIST OF VERBS WITH PRESENT INFINITIVE,
PERFECT INDICATIVE, AND SUPINE.
In the following verbs, wherever the supine is found, the
future participle and those tenses of the passive voice which
are formed from the supine stem also occur. Where there is
no supine, the future participle, if any occurs in Latin writers,
is given below.
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
acuo, sharpen acuere
ago, do, drive agere
cogo, compel cogere
algeo, be cold algere
alo, nourish alere
apiscor, fasten to one- \ w
} apisci
self, get f
adlpiscor, attain to adrpisci
arceo, inclose, keep off arcere
exerceo, exercise exercere
arcesso,/^, send for arcessere
ardeo, be on fire ardere
Future participle arsurus.
arguo, charge with )
> arguere
crime )
audeo, dare audere
ausus sum, / have dared.
augeo, increase, endow augere
bibo, drink bibere
cado,/a// cadere
occldo,/a// down occidere
Perfect
Indicative.
acui
egi
coegi
alsi.
alui
arcui.
exercui
arcessivi
arsi.
argui
auxi
bibi
cecidi
occidi
Supine.
acutum.
actum.
coactum.
altum.
aptum.
adeptum.
exercltum.
arcessitum.
argutum.
ausum.
auctum.
casum.
occasum.
8o
LIST OF
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
caedo, /*?//, cut, slay caedere cecldi
occido, kill occidere occldi
-cando, light, only in compounds, as
accendo, kindle
cano, sing
capesso, undertake
carpo, pluck
caveo, beware
cedo, yield up
censeo, count
cerno, sift, see
cieo, stir up
concio, excite
cingo, gird
claudo, shut
conclude, shut up
colo, till
coepio, begin
consulo, consult
coquo, cook
crepo, rattle
cresco, grow
ciibo, lie
accendere
canere
capessere
carpere
cavere
cedere
censere
cernere
clere
concire
cingere
claudere
concludere
colere
coepere
consulere
coquere
crepere
crescere
ciibare
accendi
ceclni
capessivi
carpsi
cavi
cessi
censui
crevi
civi
concivi
cinxi
clausi
conclusi
colui
coepi
consului
coxi
crepui
crevi
ciibui
-cumbo, lie t only in compounds, as
accumbo, recline accumbere accubui
cupere
currere
accurrere
dicere
discere
cupio, desire
curro, run
accurro, run up
dico, say
disco, learn
edisco, learn by heart ediscere
cupivi
cucurri
accurri
dixi
didici.
edldici.
Supine.
caesum.
occlsum.
accensum.
capessitum.
carptum.
cautum.
cessum.
censum.
cretum.
citum.
concitum.
cinctum.
clausum.
conclusum.
cultum.
coeptum.
consultum.
coctum.
crepitum.
cretum.
cubitum.
acciibitum.
ciipltum.
cursum.
accursum.
dictum.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
8l
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
divide, divide dlvidere dlvisi
do, give dare dedi
(1) circumdo, surround circumdare circumdedi
(2) credo, entrust Relieve credere credidi
Supine.
divisum.
datum.
circumdatum.
creditum.
So reddo, give back ; vendo, sell, and compounds of do and
prepositions of one syllable as edo, give forth, utter.
doceo, teach docere
docui
doctum.
domo, tame domare
domui
domltum.
duco, draw, lead ducere
duxi
ductum.
edo, eat edere
edi
esum.
emo, buy emere
emi
emptum.
(i) adimo, take away adlmere
ademi
ademptum.
(2) como, put toge- \
ther, dress /
comere
compsi
comptum.
Ire
fi
itum.
adire
adii
aditum.
venire
venii.
exuere
exiii
exiitum.
facessere
facessivi
facessitum.
facere
feci
factum.
calefactum.
So demo, take away ; promo, bring forth ; sumo, take.
adeo, go to
veneo, be for sale
exuo, strip off
facesso, cause
facio, make, do
(1) calefacio, make } ,
V calefacere calefeci
warm )
(2) proficio, make
progress
So other compounds with prepositions.
fallo, deceive fallere fefelli
fateor, acknowledge fateri
confiteor, confess conf iteri
faveo, be favourable ) _
V favere
(dative) /
I proftcere profeci profectum.
favi
falsum.
fassum.
confessum.
fautum.
LIST OF
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
-fendo, strike, only in compounds, as
defendo, ward off,
guard
defendere defend!
Supine.
defensum.
ferio, strike
ferire
(percuss!) (percussum).
Perfect and supine from percutio.
fero, bring ferre (tuli) (latum).
Perfect and supine from tollo.
affero, bring to afferre attuli allatum.
aufero, carry off auferre abstuli ablatum.
differo, disperse, put \ .
r \ differre distuli dilatum.
off
offero, bring before
refero, bring back
suffero, bear, endure
ferveo, boil, glow .
fervo, fervere is also used,
fido, trust fidere
fisus sum, / have trusted.
flgo, fix figere
fio, become fieri,
findo, cleave findere
fingo,form, invent fingere
fleo, weep flere
flecto, bend flectere
offerre
obtuli
oblatum.
referre
rettiili
relatum.
sufferre
fervere
(sustinui from
sustineo).
( ferbui.
( fervi.
fixi
Hdi
finxi
fievi
flexi
-fligo, strike, only used in compounds.
affllgo, strike against affligere afflixi
fluo,/^ fluere fluxi.
fodio, dig fodere , fodi
foveo, cherish fovere fovi
fisum.
fixum.
fissum.
fictum.
fletum.
flexum.
afflictum.
fossum.
fotum.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present Present
Perfect
Indicative. Infinitive.
Indicative.
Supine.
frango, break frangere
fregi
fractum.
fremo, roar, rage fremere
fremiii
fremltum.
frigeo, be cold frigere
frixi.
fruor, enjoy frui
fructum.
fugio, flee, fly from fugere
fugi.
Future participle, fugiturus.
fulcio, prop fulcire
fulsi
fultum.
fulgeo, shine fulgere
fulsi.
fungor, discharge fungi
functum.
(an office, abl.)
gaudeo, be glad gaudere
gavlsum.
gavisus sum, / rejoiced.
gemo, sigh gemere
gemui
gemitum.
gero, carry on gerere
gessi
gestum.
gigno, beget, produce gignere
genui
genltum.
gradior, step gradi
gressum.
haereo, stick (intr.) haerere
haesi
haesum.
haurio, drain haurire
hausi
haustum.
. Future participle, hausurus.
imbuo, steep imbuere
imbui
imbutum.
ince'sso, attack incessere
incessivi.
indulgeo, yield, intr. indulgere
indulsi.
induo, put on induere
indui
indutum.
irascor, grow angry irasci
iratum.
iratus sum, / am angry ; succensui, / was angry.
jaceo, lie jacere
jacui.
Future participle, jaciturus.
jacio, cast jacere
jeci
jactum.
abicio, cast from abicere
abjeci
abjectum.
jubeo, bid jiibere
jussi
jussum.
jungo, join jungere
junxi
junctum.
G 2
8 4
LIST OF
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
Supine.
juvo, help, delight juvare juvi jutum.
Future participle, juvaturus ; adjuvo has adjuturus.
labor, slip, glide labi
lapsum.
lacesso, provoke lacessere
lacessivi
lacessitum.
lacio, entice, only in compounds.
(i) allicio, entice to allicere
allexi
allectum.
(2) ellcio, entice out elicere
elicui
elicitum.
laedo, hurt laedere
laesi
laesum.
collido, dash together collidere
colllsi
collisum.
f lavatum.
lavo, wash lavare
lavi
< lautum.
1 16 turn.
also lavo, 3rd conj. lavere.
lego, pick up, read legere
legi
lectum.
(i) colligo, collect colligere
collegi
collectum.
(2) perlego, read }
V perhgere
through J r
perlegi
perlectum.
(3) dilego (or diligo) \ dilegere (or
choose / diligere) j
dilexj
dilectum.
So intellego, understand ; neglego, neglect.
( libuit.
IIUCI, It pltUiitl*
\ libitum est.
llceo, be on sale llcere
licui
licitum.
liceor, bid for llcere
Hcitus sum.
licet, it is permitted licere
( Hcuit.
( Hcitum est.
lino, besmear llnere
levi
Ktum.
deleo, blot out delere
delevi
deletum.
linquo, leave linquere
liqui.
relinquo, leave behind relinquere
rellqui
relictum.
loquor, speak loqui
locutum.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present
Indicative.
luceo, be light, beam
ludo, sport
luo, pay, expiate
diluo, wash away
lugeo, mourn, trans,
-meniscor, only in compounds.
memmi, 1 r remember, \
perfect with pre- > merrimisse.
sent meaning . J
commlniscor, devise comminisci
maneo, remain, await manere
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
Supine.
lucere
luxi.
ludere
lusi
lusum.
liiere
liii.
diluere
dilui
dilutum.
lugere
luxi.
(i) emmeo, project, } _
' > eminere
stand out )
d immin
> perma
mansi
eminui.
commentum.
mansum.
nere permansi permansum.
immineo, impend immmere.
(2) permaneo, stay
to the end
mergo, sink, trans. mergere mersi mersum.
metier, measure metlri mensum.
meto, mow metere mensum.
metuo,/ftzr metuere metui.
mico, quiver, flash mfcare micui.
1 i ) emico, spring forth emicare emkui.
(2) dimico, fight dimkare dimtcavi dlmlcatum.
minuo, lessen minuere minui minutum.
misceo, mix miscere miscui mixtum.
misereor,^//z'/j/ misereri mlseritum.
mlseret, it moves to pity, is impersonal,
mitto, let go, send mittere misi missum.
mordeo, bite mordere momordi morsum.
morior, die mori mortuus sum.
Future participle, moriturus.
86
LIST OF
Present Present
indicative. Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
Supine.
moveo, move, trans. movere
movi
motum.
mulceo, stroke mulcere
mulsi
mulsum.
mulgeo, milk ' mulgere
mulsi.
nanciscor, gain nancisci
J nanctum.
| nactum.
nascor, be born nasci
natum.
neco, kill necare
necavi
necatum.
necto, link together nectere
nexi
nexum.
ningit, it snows ningere
ninxit.
mtor, lean, strive . niti
Future participle, nisurus.
J nixum.
( msum.
nixus, leaning ; nisus, striving.
noceo, be hurtful (dat.) nocere
nocui.
Future participle, nociturus.
nosco, get to know noscere
novi
no turn.
notus, known ; fut. part, not used
.
(i) cognosce, learn cognoscere
cognovi
cogmtum.
agnosco, acknowledge agnoscere
agnovi
agnitum.
(2) ignosco, pardon ignoscere
ignovi
ignotum.
nubo, put on a veil, \
marry (of a bride; > nubere
nupsi
nuptum.
dative) J
obllviscor,y^r^/ obllvisci
oblitum.
occulo, conceal occulere
occului
occultum.
odi, I hate. perf. with )
> odisse.
present meaning J
Future participle, osurus.
-oleo, grow, only in compounds, as
aboleo, destroy abolere
abolevi
abolitum.
adoleo, offer, burn adolere
( adolevi
( adolui
> adultum.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present Present
Perfect
Indicative. Infinitive.
Indicative.
Supine.
oleo, smell, intrans. olere
olui.
Sportet, it behoves oportere
oportuit.
ordior, begin ordiri
orsum.
orior, rise oriri
ortum.
Future participle, orfturus.
poenltet, it repents poenitere
poemtuit.
pando, spread out pandere
pandi
passum.
expando, spread out expandere
expandi
expansum.
pzngo,/asfen pangere
pegi
( pactum.
( panctum.
paciscor, bargain pacisci
pepigi
pactum
parco, spare parcere
peperci.
Future participle, parsurus.
pareo, obey parere ,
parui.
Future participle, pariturus.
pario, get, bring forth parere
peperi
partum.
comperio, ascertain comperlre
comperi
compertum.
reperio, find reperire
repperi
repertum.
pasco, pasture, feed pascere
pavi
pastum.
patior, suffer pati
passum.
paveo, quake with \
\ pavere
pavi.
jear )
pecto, comb pectere
pexi
pexum.
pello, drive back pellere
pepuli
pulsum.
appello, put in (a |
. V I appellere
ship)
appuli
appulsum.
pendeo, hang, intrans. pendere
pependi
pensum.
pendo, weigh, pay pendere
pependi
pensum.
-perio, only in compounds.
aperio, uncover apeiire
aperui
apertum.
experior, try experiri
expertum.
88
LIST OF
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
operio, cover operire
opperior, wait for opperiri
peto, seek, aim at petere
piget, it vexes
plgere
pingo, paint pingere
plango, beat (esp. the )
. / plangere
breast, in grief) J
plaudo clap (the) re
hands) J
(1) applaudo, applaud applaudere
(2) explode, hiss off explodere
-plecto, twine, only in compounds
amplector, embrace amplecti
-pleo }J ///, only in compounds, as
compleo, fill full complere
plico,/0A/ plicare
usually in compounds, as
applico, apply
pluo, rain
pono, place
posco, demand
exposco, implore
So other compounds,
possum, be able posse
potior, be master (gen.
and abl.)
InSe.
opemi opertum.
( oppertum.
( opperitum.
( petivi }
Ipetn } petltum '
( plguit
( pigltum est.
pinxi pictum.
planxi planctum.
plausi
plausum.
applausi applausum.
explosi explosum.
(except plexus), as
amplexum.
complevi completum.
plicatum.
applicare.
( applicavi
( applicui
applicatum.
applicitum.
pluere
( pluit.
\ pluvit.
ponere
posui
positum.
poscere
poposci.
exposcere
expoposci.
V potiri
potui.
potitum.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
89
Present Present
Perfect
i
Indicative. Infinitive.
Indicative.
Supine.
poto, drink potare
potavi
potum.
potus, having drunk.
prandeo, dine prandere
prandi
pransum.
pransus, having dined.
prehendo, lay hold of prehendere
prehendi
prehensum.
premo, press premere
press!
pressum.
pudet, it shames pudere
( puduit.
( puditum est.
pungo, prick pungere
pupugi
punctum.
-punxi only in compounds.
quaero, seek quaerere
quaesivi
quaesltum.
conquiro, search for conqulrere
conquisivi
conqmsitum.
quatio, shake, trans. quatere
quassi
quassum.
conciitio, shake vio- )
} concutere
concuss!
concussum.
lently 1
queo, be able quire
qmvi
quitum.
queror, complain queri
questum.
quiesco, rest qulescere
quievi
quietum.
rado, scrape radere
rasi
rasum.
rapio, snatch rapere
rapui
raptum.
arripio, seize arripere
arripui
arreptum.
rego, keep straight, rule regere
rex!
rectum.
(i) arrigo, raise arrigere
arrexi
arrectum.
(2) pergo, continue pergere
perrexi
perrectum.
expergiscor, awake )
. . \ expergisci
oneself j
experrectum.
surgo, rise surgere
surrexi
surrectum.
reor, think reri
ratum.
repo, creep repere
reps!
reptum.
rideo, smile, laugh ridere
risi
risum.
rodo, gnaw rodere
rosi
rosum.
9 o
LIST OF
Present
Present
Perfect
c
Indicative.
Infinitive.
Indicative.
bupme.
rumpo, break
rumpere
rupi
ruptum.
ruo, tumble, dash
mere
rui.
dlruo, demolish
diruere
dirui
dlriitum.
saepio, hedge in
saepire
saepsi
saeptum.
salio, leap
salire
salui.
desilio, leap down.
desillre
desilui.
salve (imperat.), hail
salvere.
Also salvete, salvebis (future).
sancio, hallow, or- \
sancire
sanxi
sanctum.
dain )
sapio, have a savour )
of, be wise j
sapere
sapivi.
desipio, be foolish
desipere.
sarcio, patch
sarcire
sarsi
sartum.
scalpo, scrape
scalpere
scalpsi
scalptum.
scan do, climb
scandere
scandi
scansum.
ascendo, mount up
ascendere
ascendi
ascensum.
scindo, tear, cut
scindere
scidi
scissum.
scisco, enact
sciscere
scivi
scitum.
scribo, write
scribere
scrips!
scriptum.
seco, cut
secare
secui
sectum.
sedeo, sit
sedere
sedi
sessum.
possideo, occupy
possldere
possedi
possessum.
sentio,/^/, think
sentire
sensi
sensum.
sepelio, bury
sepelire
sepelivi
sepukum.
sequor,/0/to
sequi
secutum.
sero, sow, plant
serere
sevi
satum.
seTO,join
serere.
consero, join together
conserere
conserui
consertum.
serpo, crawl
serpere
serpsi
serptum.
sido, settle, intr.
sidere
sidi.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present Present Perfect
Indicative. Infinitive. Indicative.
Supine.
slno, put, allow sinere
sivi
sltum.
desino, cease desinere
desii
desltum.
sisto, stay, trans. sistere
stlti
statum.
desisto, cease desistere
destiti
destitum.
soleo, be wont solere
solitum.
Perfect, solitus sum.
solvo, loose, pay solvere
solvi
solutum.
sono, sound sonare
sonui
somtum.
sparsro, scatter, be- )
sprinkle }^^
sparsi
sparsum.
-specie, look, only in compounds, as
aspicio, look at aspicere
aspexi
aspectum.
sperno, despise, reject spernere
sprevi
spretum.
spondeo, pledge oneself spondere
spopondi
sponsum.
statuo, set up, settle statuere
statui
statutum.
sterno, spread, cover sternere
stravi
stratum.
stinguo, extinguish stinguere.
exstinguo, extin- \
} exstinguere
gmsh J
exstinxi
exstinctum.
sto, stand stare
steti
statum.
(i) circumsto,^^ )
, > circumstare
circumsted
circumstatum.
round }
(2) disto, stand apart distare.
(3) praesto, stand out praestare
and others
praestiti
( praestatum.
( praestltum.
strepo, make a din strepere
strepui
strep itum.
stringo, graze stringere
strinxi
strictum.
struo, heap up, build struere
struxi
structum.
suadeo, recommend suadere
suasi
suasum.
suesco, accustom one- )
lf } suescere
suevi
suetum.
self J
LIST OF
Present
Present
Perfect
C 1
Indicative.
Infinitive.
Indicative.
Supine.
sum, be
esse
fui.
taedet, it wearieth
taesum est.
tango, touch
tangere
tetigi
tactum.
attingo, touch on
attingere
attigi
attactum.
tego, cover
tegere
texi
tectum.
temno, despise
temnere
tempsi
temptum.
tendo, stretch
tendere
tetendi
tentum.
teneo, hold
tenere
tenui
tentum (rare).
detineo, hold back
detinere
detlnui
detentum.
terreo, frighten
terrere
terrui
terrltum.
tergeo, wipe
tergere
tersi
tersum.
tero, rub
terere
trivi
trltum.
texo, weave
texere
texui
textum.
tinsro, )
v s?-i-f\
tingere
tinxi
tinctum.
tinguo, /
tollo, lift up
tollere
(sustuli)
(sublatum).
Perfect and supine
from sustollo; tiili and
latum, the proper
forms are taken by fero.
Compounds have no perfect or
supine.
tondeo, shear
tondere
totondi
tonsum.
tono, thunder
tonare
tonui
ton! turn.
torqueo, twist, hurl
torquere
torsi
tor turn.
torreo, roast
torrere
torrui
tostum.
traho, drag
trahere
traxi
tractum.
tremo, tremble
tremere
tremui.
tribuo, assign
tribuere
tribui
tributum.
trudo, thrust
trudere
trusi
trusum.
( tutum.
tueor, look at, protect
tueri
( tultum.
Perfect tutatus sum (from tutor, protect].
contueor, survey contueri contiiitus sum.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
93
Present Present
Perfect
Indicative. Infinitive.
Indicative.
Supine.
( tusum.
tundo, thump tundere
tiitudi
| tunsum.
(i) contundo, crush contundere
contudi
contusum.
(2) retundo, blunt re tundere
retundi
J retusum.
\ retunsum.
ulciscor, avenge, punish ulcisci
ultum.
ungo, ) f unsrere )
> anoint \
unxi
unctum.
unguo, ) ( unguere J
uro, burn urere
ussi
ustum.
comburo, burn up comburere
combussi
combustum.
utor, make use (abl.) uti
usum.
vado, go vadere.
invado, rush upon invadere
invadi
invasum.
valeo, be strong valere
valui.
Future participle valiturus.
veho, carry vehere
vexi
vectum.
vello, pull, pluck vellere
fvelli )
( vulsi J
vulsum.
venio, come venire
veni
ventum.
vereor, be afraid of vereri
veritum.
vergo, incline, vergere.
verro, brush, verrere
verri (rare)
versum (rare).
verto, turn, vertere
verti
versum.
divertor, put up (at ) ,
:'\ ^^ Vdiverti
dlverti
diversum.
an inn) J
revertor, return reverti
reverti
reversum.
vescor, feed oneself \
(abl.) J V
vz\.o,forbid vetare
vetui
vetitum.
video, see videre
vldi
vlsum.
vincio, bind vincire
vinxi
vinctum.
94
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
Supine.
vinco, conquer
vincere
vici
victum.
viso, visit
vTsere
visi
visum.
vivo, live
vivere
vixi
victum.
volo, will
velle
volui.
volvo, roll
volvere
volyi
volutum.
vomo, vomit
vomere
vomui
vomitum.
voveo, vow
vovere
vovi
votum.
73. The following verbs have no perfect or supine:
polleo,
be strong,
frondeo,
be in leaf,
albeo,
be white,
caneo,
be hoary,
flaveo,
be yellow,
remdeo,
shine,
splendeo,
be bright,
maereo,
grieve,
tabeo,
waste away,
aveo,
be greedy.
ADVERBS. 95
ADVERBS.
74. Adverbs are indeclinable words, formed from nouns
and pronouns (of which they were originally cases).
75. I. ADVERBS FORMED FROM NOUNS.
Those ending in
e and o are formed from adjectives with -o stems, as
digne, worthily ; bene, well.
certo, certainly ; clto, quickly.
ter, chiefly from adjectives and participles with -i stems, as
feliciter, happily ; amanter, lovingly.
im, chiefly from past participles, as
sensim, gradually ; minutim, in small pieces.
tiis, chiefly from substantives, as
fundi-tus,//^/?* the bottom; divmi-tus, from the gods.
76. The neuter of adjectives is sometimes used ad-
verbially, as
multum, much ; ladle, easily.
77. Degrees of adverbs.
The comparative is formed like the neuter of the com-
parative adjective.
The superlative is formed like the neuter of the superla-
tive adjective.
Note also,
saepe, often ; saeplus ; saepissrme.
diu,/or long; diurfus; diutissime.
nuper, lately ; nuperrime.
ADVERBS.
78. II. ADVERBS FORMED FROM PRONOUNS.
Adverbs of place. The following are pronominal adverbs
of place, ending in
hue, istuc, illuc,
hither, to your place, to that
place.
hinc, istinc, illinc,
hence, from your from that
place, place.
hie, istic, illic,
here, there (where there (where
you are), he is).
hac, istac, iliac,
6, quo,
66,
alio,
whither,
thither,
to another
place,
de, unde,
inde,
aliunde,
whence,
thence,
from anothei
place,
bii or ubi,
ibl,
alibi,
where,
there,
elsewhere,
a, qua.
ea,
alia,
by which way, by that way, by another, by this way, by your by that way
way, way, (near him).
Adverbs of cause, manner, etc.
**
ut, as sic
qui, how ita
quam, as tarn, so
w ' > because eo, therefore.
cur, z#^y
si, z/:
Adverbs of time,
quum, w/fow tune, //fo nunc, 0z#.
quotfens, how often totiens, so often.
79. Of the adverbs given above those, in the first line
are called connective adverbs, because they connect the
sentence to which they belong with another, as well as
qualify a word in their own sentence. They are all formed
from the relative pronouns (unde = quonde; ubi=cubi or
cui; ut=quod; cur = qua re). They are often called
subordinating conjunctions.
The other adverbs, which are formed from demonstrative
pronouns, do not connect sentences.
CONJUNCTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS.
97
CONJUNCTIONS.
80. Conjunctions are indeclinable words, connecting
names, sentences, or parts of sentences.
They are often called co-ordinating conjunctions.
Of these, et, -que, atque, ac, meaning and, are called
copulative, because they connect the meaning of words or
sentences; sed, verum, autem, at, meaning but, are called
adversative, because they contrast the meaning; aut, vel, ve,
meaning or, are called disjunctive, because they disconnect
the meaning.
PREPOSITIONS.
8 1. The following words are used as prepositions with
the accusative case :
ante
apud
ad
adversus
before
at
to
towards
circa
circum
citra, cis
about
around
this side of
contra
erga
extra
infra
against
towards
outside of
below
inter
intra
juxta
ob
between
within
close to opposite to
penes
pone
post and
praeter
in possession of
behind
behind
beside
prope
propter
per
secundum
near
near ; on account of
through
following
supra
ultra
versus
trans
above
beyond
towards
across.
98 PREPOSITIONS.
82. The following are used both with the accusative
(which generally implies motion), and with the ablative (which
generally implies rest) :
super subter, sub and In
above under into; in.
83. The following are used as prepositions with the
ablative :
a, ab coram cum and de
from in presence of with down from
palam prociil pro and prae
in presence of far from before in front of
simul sine tenus e
together with without reaching to out of.
84. the following (which are really cases of substantives)
are used as prepositions with the genitive :
causa, gratia ergo instar tenus
for the sake of on account of like to reaching to.
Note 44. Of these words ergo, tenus, versus are always placed
after their substantives; cum after personal, and often after relative
pronouns, as mecum, quicum.
Note 45. Many of these words are also used as adverbs ; the following
only as prepositions, that is to say with a substantive dependent on them :
the monosyllables, also apud, ergo, inter, penes, sine, tenus.
GREEK NOUNS.
99
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX I.
LATIN DECLENSION OF. GREEK NOUNS.
Of the words adopted from the Greek, some (like poeta)
were declined throughout like Latin nouns, others retained
many Greek forms. They are found belonging to the first,
second, and third declensions of Latin nouns.
FIRST DECLENSION.
Stems in -a.
Examples: poeta, m. poet, (TTOWJT??-); Electra, f. ('
Hecate, f.
m. Anchises,
Nom.
Voc.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat
Abl.
poeta
Aenea-, m. Aeneas, (Au/a-); Anchise-,
Singular.
Electra Hecate and Hecata
poeta-m
poetae
poetae
poeta.
Electra-n
Hecate-n
Hecate-s
Hecate
Hecate
Hecata-m
Hecata.
Plural, like the first declension of Latin nouns.
Obs. i . In words like Hecate we also find all the inflexions of the
First (Latin) declension. Vergil and Horace prefer the Latin forms ;
the Greek were used by and after Ovid. (fl. A.D. 9).
H 2
TOO LATIN DECLENSION
Singular.
Nom. Aenea-s Anchises and Anchisa
Voc. Aenea Anchise Anchisa
Ace. Aenea-n and Aenea-m Anchise-n
Gen. Aeneae Anchisae
Dat. Aeneae Anchisae
Abl. Aenea. Anchise Anchisa.
SECOND DECLENSION.
I. Stems in -6 (Greek second declension in -o).
Examples: Delo-, f. Delos (A^Xo-); Pelio-, n. Pelion,
Singular,
Nom. Del6s XT TT A ) -n-^v
N.V.A. \ Peh6-n
Voc. Dele J
Ace. Del6-n and Delu-m
Gen. Deli Gen. Pelii
Dat. Abl. Delo. Dat. Abl. Pelio.
II. Stems in -6 (Greek second declension in -co).
Examples : Atho-, m. Athos (*A0a>-) ; Androgeo-, m, Andro-
geos ('Ai/dpo-yfco-).
Singular.
Nom. Voc. Atho-s
Ace. Atho-n and Atho
Dat. Abl. Atho.
Singular.
Nom. Androgeo-s
Gen. Androgeo and Androgei.
Obs. 2. Patronymics in -des always follow the first declension,
other names in -ides and -ades belong to the third (e. g. Tydides,
son o/Tydeus, ace. Tydiden; but Alcibiades, ace. Alcibiadem).
OF GREEK NOUNS. IOI
THIRD DECLENSION.
I. Stems in -o, -eu, -y.
Stems in -o. Examples : hero-, m. hero (17/30)-) ; Dido-, f.
t&o-).
Singular.
Nom. Voc. hero-s
Ace. hero-a
Gen. hero-is
Dat. hero-i
Abl. hero-e.
Plural
Nom. Voc. hero-es
Ace. hero-as
Gen. hero-um
Dat. Abl. hero-isin hero-ibiis.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
A I Dld5
Acc. J
Gen. Didus.
Obs. 3. Forms from stems in -on (as Dido, Didonis) are found in
early poets and later writers. Vergil only uses the nom., voc., and ace.
of Dido, employing the synonym Elissa for the other cases.
102
LATIN DECLENSION
Stems in -y. Ex. : Tethy-, f. Tethy s (Tr)6v-).
Singular.
Norn. Tethy-s
Voc. Tethy
Ace. Tethy-n
Gen. Tetby-6s
Dat. Tethy-i
Abl. Tethy-e.
Stems in -eu partly retain the forms of the Greek third
declension, partly adopt those of the Latin second declension.
Ex. : Orpheu-, m. Orpheus ('Opfav) ; Perseu-, m. Perseus
Singular.
Nom. Orpheu-s
Voc. Orpheu
Ace. Orphea
Gen. Orphe6-s
Dat. Orphei, Orphei.
Abl.
Singular.
Nom. Perseu-s
Voc. Perseu
Ace. Persea
Gen. Perse6-s
Dat. Persi.
Abl.
Orpheum
Orphei
Orpheo
Orpheo.
Perseum
Persei
Persia
Persia.
Obs. 4. For the name of the Macedonian king Perseus, Livy uses the
forms given above, Cicero those of an -a or -e.
Stem. Nom. Pers e-s
Ace. Perse-n
Gen. Dat. Persae
Abl. Perse and Pers a (cf. Anchises, p. 100).
OF GREEK NOUNS. 103
II. Stems in -e and -i.
Stems in -e (Gk. elided 2 stems). Ex. : Demosthene-, m.
Demosthenes
Singular.
Nom. Voc. Demosthene-s
Ace. Demosthene-n Demosthene-m
Gen. Demosthen-e Demostheni-s
Dat Demostheni
Abl. Demosthene.
Stems in -i, chiefly feminine. Ex. : Charybdi-, f. Charybdis
Singular.
Nom. Voc. Charybdi-s
Ace. Charybdi-m Charybdi-n
Gen. Charybdi-s
Dat. Abl. Charybdi.
III. Consonant Stems.
Labial. Ex. : Cyclop-, m. Cyclops (Ku/cXwar-), Guttural.
Ex. : Styg-, f. Styx (s?-).
Singular.
Nom. Voc. Cyclop-s
Ace. Cyclop -a
Gen. Cyclop -is.
Plural
Nom. Voc. Cyclop-es
Ace. Cyclop -as
Gen. Cyclop-um.
Singular.
Nom. Voc. Styx
Ace. Styg-a
Gen. Styg-6s Styg-is.
104
LATIN DECLENSION
Dental stems in -t. Ex. : poemat-, n. poem
Thalet-, m. Thales (eaX^r-) ; elephant-, m. elephan
Singular.
Nom. Ace. poema
Gen. poemat -is.
Plural.
Nom. Ace. poemat -a
Gen. poemat -urn
Dat. Abl. poemat -is.
Singular.
Nom. Voc. Thales
Ace. Thalet -a
Gen. Thalet-is
Dat. Thalet -i
Abl. Thalete.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
Singular.
elephas
elephant -a
elephant -os
elephant -I
elephant e.
PluraL
Nom. Voc. elephant -es
Ace. elephant -as
Gen. elephant -um
Dat. Abl. elephant -ibiis.
Thalet -em
elephans
elephant-em
elephant -is
Obs. 5. Thales and Chremes are also declined as -e stems (cf. p. 103).
Obs. 6. Besides elephas we find nom. elephantus, gen. elephanti, ace,
plur. elephantos, from an -o stem (Latin second declension).
OF GREEK NOUNS. 1 05
Stems in -ad. All feminine. Ex.: lampad-, f. torch
Singular.
Nom. Voc. lampa-s
Ace. lampad-a
Gen. lampad-os lampad-is
Dat. lampad -i
Abl. lampad -e.
Plural.
Nom. Voc. lampad -es
Ace. lampad -as.
Stems in -id. Of these stems some have ace. sing, in
-Ida or -idem, others reject the stem consonant, and have
ace. in -in or -im, abl. in -i. Ex. : Laid-, f. Lais
Parid-, m. Paris (n.api-).
Singular.
Nom.
Lai-s
Voc.
Lai
Ace.
Laid -a Laid -em
Gen.
Laid-6s
Dat.
Laid-!
Abl.
Laid-e.
Singular.
Nom.
Pari-s
Voc.
Pari
Ace.
Parl-n Pari-m, also Parid-em
Gen.
Par-i Parid-is
Dat.
Par-I Parid-i
Abl.
Par-I Parid-e.
06s. 7. Besides lampas we find an ace. sing, lampad a-m, gen. plur.
lampad a-rum, dat. plur. lampad i-s, from an -a stem (first Latin
declension).
106
Stems in -n.
Platon-, m. Plato
LATIN DECLENSION
Ex. : Gorgon-, m. Gorgon
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Gorgon
Ace.
Gorgon -a
Gen.
Gorgon -is
Dat.
Gorgon -i
Abl.
Gorgon-e.
Plural.
Nom.
Gorgon -es
Ace.
Gorgon -as.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Plato
Ace.
Platon -a Platon -em
Gen.
Platon -is
Dat.
Platon -I
Abl.
Platon -g.
Obs. 8. These are to be distinguished from dental stems in -ont
(Gk. -ovr), which are declined like elephas (p. 104). Some however,
especially those in -QOVT, lose the -t in Latin, e.g. Antipho, Antiphonis
Obs. 9. Names of places usually keep the Greek form of nom. sing.,
e.g. Babylon, Colophon, Marathon.
OF GREEK NOUNS. 1OJ
Stems in -r. Ex. : aether-, m. pure air (ai%>-) ; crater-,
m. mixing bowl
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
aether
Ace.
aether-a
Gen.
aether-is
Dat.
aether -i
Abl.
aether-e.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
crater
Ace.
crater-S,
Abl. .
crater-S.
Plural.
Nom. crater-ds
Ace. crater-as.
Obs. 10. Besides crater, a stem cratera- (first Latin declension) is
found declined throughout.
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ORDINAL ADJECTIVES
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nonagensimus
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undecentensimus
centensimus
centensimusprim
centensimus non
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112
FRACTIONS OF NUMBERS.
2. FRACTIONS.
(1) Fractions with numerator i:
\, dimidia pars ; dimidium
J, tertia ; tertia pars
^, quarta ; quarta pars.
(2) Fractions with numerator less by one than denomi-
nator :
|, duae partes
|, tres partes
^, quattuor partes.
(3) Fractions with denominator 1 2 or its multiples :
~2, unci-a, gen. -ao (fern.) T ^, septunx
-& = ^ sextan-s, gen. -tis ra = f> b s > g en - bessis
(masc.) (masc.)
J^Y = }> quadran-s T % = i ^, dodran-s (do-
quadrans)
^ = 1, trien-s If = J i? dextan-s (de-
sextans)
^, quincun-x, gen. -cis ^ = i y 1 ^, deunx
(masc.)
^ = i semis gen. semissis i = as, gen. assis '(masc.).
(masc.)
(4) Other fractions :
i, quattuor septimae ^, pars tertia et nona
|f, septem nonae ^Y, pars tertia et septima.
(5) Mixed numbers :
2 J, semis tertius (sestertius) 3^, quadrans quartus.
Obs. ii. The unit was taken from as libralis, the name of the
earliest Roman coin, which was supposed to weigh a pound of 12
ounces (unciae). The names of its parts were taken to denote
fractions.
FEARS AND MONTHS. 113
APPENDIX III.
THE ROMAN METHOD OF RECKONING TIME.
The Year.
The Romans in referring to a past year frequently dis-
tinguished it by the name of the consuls who held office at
the time, and as being so many years before the beginning
of some great war.
As we date a year from that commonly assigned to the
birth of Christ, the Romans reckoned from the founding of
Rome, which was supposed to have taken place in the year
called by us B.C. 753. Therefore the year B.C. 751 would
be known by them as annus urbis conditae tertius or
A.U.C. in. It must be remembered that the Romans included
the year, month, day, etc., from which they counted, so that
what we should call 2 years after 753, they counted as 3.
In order therefore to find the year B. c. of any Roman date
A.U.C., subtract the number given from 754, adding i for the .
inclusive reckoning. The same method will give the year
A.U.C. of any date B.C. ; e. g.
A.U.C. 710 = B.C. (7.54-710) -= B.C. 44.
B.C. 44 = A.U.C. (754-44) = A.U.C. 710.
The lustrum was a period either of four or five years.
The Months.
The Roman year originally contained ten, afterwards
twelve months, beginning with March.. These were called
mensis Martius (the month of Mars, the god of war), Aprflis
(of sprouting, rt. aperi-, to open), Maius (of growing, rt. mag.),
Junius (of thriving, rt. juv.), Quintilis, Sexrllis, September,
October, November, December (the fifth, sixth, seventh,
eighth, ninth, and tenth months of the year), Januarius (of
opening farm labours, rt. Jan.), Februarlus (of cleansing, rt.
ferv.). After B.C. 153 the year was considered to begin with
January. The name Quintilis was changed to Julius in
114 ROMAN METHOD OF
B.C. 44 in honour of Caius Julius Caesar, whose birthday fell
in that month; Sextilis became Augustus in B.C. 8, to cele-
brate the triumphs, etc., of the first emperor.
Before the reformation of the calendar by Julius Caesar
(B.C. 46) the months March, May, July (then called Quintilis),
and October contained 31 days, February 28, and the rest 29.
To this year of 355 days an intercalary month (mensis
intercalaris, but called by Greek writers Mercedonius, the
labour month) of 22 or 23 days was added every other year,
probably after the 23rd of February.
The calendar as reformed by Julius Caesar contained
months of the same length as ours. Every fourth year the
2 4th of February was reckoned twice, which was equivalent
to our 2 Qth of February in leap-year.
The month both before and after B.C. 46 was divided into
\veeks, the first beginning on the first day or Calendae
(proclamation day), on which the length of the first week was
in early days proclaimed to the people. The second week,
of 8, or, according to Roman reckoning, 9 days, began on
the Nonae, which fell on the 5th of eight months in the
year, on the 7th of March, May, July, October, because
they originally contained 31 days. The third week began
on the Idus (so called perhaps from (div-)ido, the division
of the month, or from rt. id, to shine, the day of the full-
moon) which fell on the 131)1 or i5th according as the
Nones fell on the 5th or 7th.
The intervening days were reckoned backwards from these,
the days between the Calends and the Nones as so many
before the Nones, those between the Nones and the Ides as
so many before the Ides, those following the Ides as so
many before the Calends of the next month.
The day immediately preceding each of these three was
called pridie (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), that next before ante
diem tertium (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), or a. d. Ill Won.
Id. Kal, and so on. This expression was considered as one
word and might have a preposition before it, e. g. differre
aliquid in ante diem XV Calendas Wovembres, to put off
Obs. 1 2. The first day of the fourth week was perhaps called nundlnae,
nine days, and began 9 days before the end of the month.
RECKONING TIME. 115
something to the i%th of October. As for the construction,
ante seems to govern Calendas Novembres, the ordinal
numbers being attracted from the ablative (e. g. quindecimo
die) and inserted between the preposition and its noun.
The days of intercalary months were denoted in the same
way, the first day being called calendae intercalates, from
which the days between the Ides and the 23rd of February
were reckoned backwards.
After Caesar's reform, every fourth year the 24th of
February, or a. d. VI Kal. Mart, priorem, was followed by
a. d. VI Kal. Mart, posteriorem. Hence arose the name
annus bissextus (or in later Latin bissextilis).
The Day.
The civil day began at midnight and was marked out into
24 hours. The natural day began at sunrise and ended at
sunset. It was marked out into twelve hours (horae) of
equal length, counted from sunrise. As in midwinter at
Rome the day is only 9 hours long, while at midsummer
it is rather more than 15, the length of horae depended
upon the time of year, and varied from three-quarters of an
hour to an hour and a quarter. The seventh hour (hora
septima) always began at midday.
The night was divided for military purposes into four
watches (vigilia prima, etc.) of equal length, beginning at
sunset.
The following table gives the days of the months as they
were named after B.C. 45. Before that date, March, May,
July, October were the same as in the table ; in all the others
our 1 4th would be a. d. XVII Kal., and so on, and Prid.
Kal. would fall on our 2pth.
Kalendae, Nonae, Idus, are feminine ; the names of the
months adjectives agreeing with these ; the date (e. g. on the
Calends, etc.) is in the ablative case (Kalendis, Nonis, Idibus) :
a. d. IV Won. Jan. is for ante diem quartum Nonas
Januarias.
I 2
116
TABLE OF THE
I
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rt rt rt rt
73 73 73 73* 73
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M N CO.^-
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lOvo f^OO ON
DAYS OF THE MONTH. 117
J '3 .j '3 3 "3 ._ '3 '
* I KX rt k> h=H k> CT? K> M fcd
. ** M ^** HH W k> I-H t " H
I-H . I" 5 "" |_J ?<
i I i i .K>(-HHHI-H ^i ("
K/'s/'K 1 >t?NK7kr^rKj^'i i "C
?^?NX h HP>|>f>K > l-HI l^
. . . i . "**
a.g
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118
ROMAN MONEY.
X
( I
p
w
PH
PH
INTEREST ON MONEY. 119
2. INTEREST ON MONEY.
After 451 B. c. the legal rate of interest was
Unciarium fenus, interest of one-twelfth (see p. 1 1 2 (3)) = 8-^
per cent. As the year contained 10 months, this was pro-
bably equivalent to 10 per cent, per annum.
After 8 1 B.C. the legal rate of interest was
Centensima pars sortis, one-hundredth part of the whole = 1 2
per cent. Interest being at this time reckoned monthly, this
was equivalent to 12 per cent, per annum.
This rate was taken as the unit, and lower rates represented
by fractions, e.g.:
Usurae unciae= T ^ of centensimae usurae =i per cent,
per annum.
Higher rates by distributives, e. g. :
Binae centensimae ^=huice one-hundredth=. 24 per cent, per
annum.
Or by combinations of distributives and fractions, e. g. :
Usurae centensimae et unciae=i3 per cent, per annum.
O6s. 13. For the other fractions of centensima see p. no. They are
in the plural number, having usurae in apposition.
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