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FIRST LATIN READER
INCLUDING
^rincipUg of <Sgntax
AND
'Extxci&t^ for translation
BY
JARED W. SCUDDER, A.M.
Latin Master in the Albany Academy
Boston
ALLYN AND BACON
1897
CopyniGHT, 1895,
By Jared W. Scudder.
Electbottping I5T C. J. Peters & Son.
Pbebswork iJY Berwick & Smith.
PREFACE.
53
fAAi/\J
The first distinctive feature of this book is, as its
name suggests, that the lessons contain connected Latin
passages for the pupil to read. As soon as practicable,
the special grammatical points to be learned in each
lesson are illustrated, not in disconnected sentences,
but in a continuous Latin story. The stories are drawn
chiefly from Koman mythology and traditional Koman
history, interspersed with an occasional passage on the
life of the Eomans. This plan has the following advan-
tages : —
1. It acts as a powerful incentive to work.
2. It adds directly to the pupiVs knowledge of Roman
mythology, traditions, and customs.
3. It emphasizes at the outset the fact that grammar
is Tnerely a means to the enjoyment of literature.
The second feature of the book is that all the exer-
cises for translating English into Latin are based on
the Latin text immediately preceding them.
A third point of special importance is that, beginning
with Lesson XV, a passage to be translated at sight is
included in every lesson. In the report of the Latin
Conference to the Committee on Secondary School
Studies this point is particularly emphasized. After
stating the views of those who shrink from adopting
iu
iv PREFACE.
translation at sight as the sole test of the pupil's at--
tainments, the following significant sentence is added :
" Yet the importance of devoting a good deal of atten-
tion to translation at sight is now universally acknowl-
edged among the best teachers in school and college ;
and the recommendation that translation at sight form
a constant and increasing part of the examination for
admission and of the work of preparation, is therefore
regarded by the Conference as of especial moment."
Lastly, questions in Latin, referring to the text, are
included in the lessons, in the hope that teachers will
avail themselves of this simple but effective mode of
familiarizing their scholars with the Latin itself. Noth-
ing gives the jmpil a firmer grasp on phrases, nothing
fits him more quickly to understand Latin without trans-
lating it, than this very method of asking and answering
questions in Latin.
In addition to these more important features of the
book, attention is directed to the following points : —
1. The systematic and thorough drill on pronuncia-
tion in the first two lessons.
2. The incorporation of all necessary principles of
English grammar in the body of the book.
3. The omission of the Vocative case in the para-
digms, sufficient emphasis being laid upon it in the
rules.
4. The use of -is instead of -es in the Accusative
Plural of -i stems of the Third Declension. This has
not only become necessary on account of its use in many
of the latest school texts, but it is desirable as a means
of distinguishing between the Nominative and Accusative
Plural.
PREFACE. V
5. The comparative view of the declensions of nouns
and adjectives in the tables on pages 204 and 211.
6. The comparative view of the four regular conjuga-
tions in the body of the book, supplemented on pages
i22 1-231 by the presentation of the Active and Passive
voices of each conjugation, side by side.
7. The questions for the pupils at the end of the
lessons. These are not intended to take the place of
questions by the teacher, but are merely to enable the
pupil to ascertain whether he has thoroughly mastered
his lesson.
The lessons appear to be much longer than they really
are. It must be remembered that the labors of the
pupil practically end with the translation of the English
sentences into Latin, the rest of the lesson being re-
served for the class-room.
The author is indebted to many friends for helpful
suggestions, but particularly to Professor P. J. Bartlett
of the Albany Normal College, and to Professor C. B.
GooLD of the Albany Academy.
It is hoped that the use of this book will not only add
to the beginner's enjoyment of Latin, but that it will
insure rapid progress and unusual facility in reading
and understanding the language.
JARED W. SCUDDER.
Albany, N.Y., December, 1894.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/firstlatinreaderOOscudrich
CONTENTS.
LESSON PACK
I. Alphabet. — Sounds of the Letters. — Quantity of
Vowels 1
II. Syllables. — Quantity of Syllables. — Accent .... 4
III. Noun. — Verb. — Subject and Object 6
lY. Singular and Plural . 8
V. Rules. — Cases. — Inflection. — First Declension . . 10
YI. Gender. — Genitive of Possession. — Pronouns. — Ad-
verbs 12
YII. Dative of the Indirect Object. — Questions .... 15
YIII. Ablative of Separation. — Conjunctions. — Regina
Belgarum 17
IX. Second Declension : Nouns in -us. — Yocative Case.
— Conloquium 19
X. Second Declension: Nouns in -um. — Predicate Nom-
inative.— Prepositions. — Fundus 21
XI. Adjectives in -us, -a, -um. — Ablative of Means. —
Cygnus 24
XII. Nouns and Adjectives in -er and -ir. — Apposition.
— Preposition in. — Pueri Romani 26
XIII. Tense. — Person. — Number. — Yerb Sum : Present,
Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Dative of Pos-
sessor. — Conloquium 30
XIY. Mood. — Principal Parts. — First Conjugation: Pres-
ent, Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Perfida
Tarpeia 34
XY. Second Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative. — Mettius Curtius. — Sight Transla-
tion: Mettius Curtius {concluded) 37
vil
Vlll
CONTENTS.
LESSON PAGE
XVI. Third Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative. — Ablative of Manner. — Meleager.
— Sight Translation: Meleager (cowciiidecZ) . . 40
XYII. Fourth Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Fu-
ture Indicative. — Ablative of Cause. — Perseus
et Andromeda. — Sight Translation: Perseus
et Andromeda (concluded) 43
XVIII. Third Declension : Liquid Stems. — Forum Roma-
num. — Sight Translation: Forum Romanum
(concluded) 46
XIX. Third Declension : Mute Stems. — Gabii. — Sight
Translation: Gabii (concluded) 50
XX. Third Declension: -i Stems. — Brutus et Filii
Tarquini. — Sight Translation: Brutus et Filii
Tarquini (concluded) 53
XXI. Third Declension: Mixed Stems. — Gender Rules.
Ablative of Accompaniment. — Horatius Codes.
— Sight Translation: Horatius Codes (con-
cluded) 57
XXII. Verb Sum: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect
Indicative; Imperative. — Atalanta. — Sight
Translation: Atalanta (concluded) 61
XXIII. Third Declension Adjectives : -i Stems. — First Con-
jugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect
Indicative ; Imperative. — Deucalion et Pyrrha.
— Sight Translation : Deucali5n et Pyrrha
(co7icluded) • . 65
XXIV. Third Declension Adjectives: Consonant Stems.
— Second Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future Perfect Indicative ; Imperative. — C. Mu-
cius Scaevola. — Sight Translation: C. Mudus
Scaevola (concluded) 69
XXV. Fourth Declension. — Third Conjugation: Perfect,
Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative; Im-
perative.— Duo Equites. — Sight Translation:
Duo Equites (concluded) 72
CONTENTS.
IX
LESSON PAGE
XXyi. Fifth Declension. — Fourth Conjugation : Per-
fect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative ;
Imperative. — Accusative of Time. — Proser-
pina.— Sight Translation: Proserpina (cow-
cluded) 76
XXyil. Personal and Keflexive Pronouns. — Double
Accusative. — Perseus et Medusa. — Sight
Translation: Perseus et Medusa {continued) 80
XXVIII. Voice. — First Conjugation: Indicative and Im-
perative Passive. — Ablative of Agent. — Per-
seus et Medusa {continued). — Sight Trans-
lation : Perseus et Medusa {concluded) » . 83
, XXIX. Demonstrative Pronouns: Hie, Ille, Iste. —
Second Conjugation: Indicative and Impera-
tive Passive. — Arion et Delphinus. — Sight
Translation: Arion et Delphinus {con-
cluded) 88
XXX. Demonstrative Pronouns : Is, Idem, Ipse. — •
Third Conjugation : Indicative and Imperative
Passive. — Domus Romana. — Sight Transla-
tion: Domus Romana (cowc^wcZed) .... 92
XXXI. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns.
— Fourth Conjugation : Indicative and Imper-
ative Passive. Obsidio Veiorum. — Sight
Translation: Obsidio Veiorum {concluded) 96
XXXII. Regular Comparison. —Declension of Compara-
tives. — Ablative with Comparatives. — The-
seus.— Sight Translation: Theseus {con-
tinued) 101
XXXIII. Irregular Comparison. — Ablative of Degree of
Difference. — Theseus et Latrones. — Sight
Translation: Theseus et Latrones (cow^.) . 106
XXXIV. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. — Geni-
tive and Ablative of Characteristic. — The-
seus et Latrones {continued). — Sight Trans-
lation: Theseus et Latrones (concZudecZ) . 110
CONTENTS.
LESSOX PAGE
XXXV. Numerals. — Partitive Genitive. — Nine Irreg-
ular Adjectives. — Supellex Domus Ro-
manae. — Sight Translation : Supellex Do-
mus Romanae (^concluded) 114
XXXVI. Active Infinitives. — Complementary Infini-
tive.— Expressions of Place. — Theseus et
Aegeus. — Sight Translation: Theseus et
Aegeus (concluded) 119
XXXVII. Passive Infinitives. — Infinitive as a Noun. —
Simple Indirect Discourse, — Dative with
Special Verbs. — Ablative of Specification. —
Daedalus. — Sight Translation: Daedalus
(concluded) 123
XXXVIII. Participles. — Ablative Absolute. — Theseus
et Minotaurus. — Sight Translation: The-
seus et Minotaurus (concluded) .... 129
XXXIX. Gerund. — Gerundive. — Supine. — Ablative of
Time. — Theseus et Ariadne. — Sight
Translation: Theseus et Ariadne (con-
cluded) 135
XL. Derivation and Composition of Words. — Nup-
tiae Romanae. — Sight Translation : Niip-
tiae Romanae (concluded) 139
XLI. Subjunctive of Sum. — Hortatory Subjunctive.
— Subjunctive of Wish. — Midas. — Sight
Translation: Midas (concluded) .... 146
XLII. Active Subjunctive. — Indirect Question. —
Genitive and Dative with Adjectives — lason
et Centaurus. — Sight Translation : lason
et Anus 1,50
XLIII. Passive Subjunctive. — Subjunctive of Pur-
pose.— Dative of Service. — lason et Dea.
— Sight Translation: lason et Pelias . . 155
XLIV. Verbs in -io. — Subjunctive of Kesult. — Vel-
lus Aureum. — Sight Translation : lasonis
Sooii 160
CONTENTS.
XI
LESSON PAGE
XLY. Deponent Verbs. — Verbs of Fearing. — Quin
Clauses. — Argonautae. — Sight Translation :
Argonautae et Cyzicus 165
XL VI. Ablative with Deponents. — Accusative of Ex-
tent. — Simple Conditions. — Ludi Circenses.
— Sight Translation: Ludi Circenses {con-
cluded) 170
XLVII. Compounds of Sum. — Conditionals. — Hercules
et Hylas. — Sight Translation: Phineus et
Harpyiae 176
XLVIII. Active and Passive Periphrastic Conjugations.
— Dative of Agent. — Objective Genitive. —
Symplegades. — Sight Translation: Sym-
plegades (^concluded) 180
XLIX. Irregular Verb E6. — Cum Temporal, Causal,
and Concessive. — lason et Medea. — Sight
Translation : Perfidus Rex 184
L. Irregular Verb Fero. — Dum, Donee, and
Quoad. — Antequam and Priusquam. —
Potentissimum Unguentum. — Sight Trans-
lation : Flammif eri Tauri 189
LI. Irregular Verbs Volo, Nolo, Malo. — Subjunc-
tive in Indirect Discourse. — Mediae Fuga.
— Sight Translation: Medea et Draco. . . 194
LII. Irregular Verb Fio.— Vellus Aureum. — Sight
Translation: Reditus Argonautarum . . . 201
Tables of Declension and Conjugation .... 204
Latin-English Vocabulary 241
First Latin Reader.
LESSON I.
Alphabet ; Pronunciation.
1. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English,
except that it has no j or w.
2. The letters are divided into vowels and consonants.
3. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y ; they are either
long or short.
a. A long vowel is marked with a dash, thus : a.
h. A short vowel is not marked.
4. The vowels are sounded as follows :
a as in /ar. a as in a-rise.
e as in they. e as in men.
i as in ma-rine. i as in pin.
o as in bone. o as in o-bey.
u as 00 in cool. u as in full.
5. Pronounce the following words :
a: na, qua, sta. i : di, ml, ni.
e : me, ne, te. o : do, pro, sto.
u : nil, sii, tii.
1
2 LATIN REABEB. — LESSON I.
a. a and a : sa-ga, sa-ga ; ma-l6, ma-lo ; fa-vi, fa-vi.
e and e : e-mi, e-mi ; e-di, e-di ; se-ro, se-ro.
1 and i : di-co, di-co ; si-nT, si-nT ; li-no, li-no.
o and o : no-ta, no-ta ; so-lo, so-lo ; lo-ra, lo-ra.
u and u : lu-to, lu-to ; f u-gT, f u-gi ; su-di, su-di.
DIPHTHONGS.
6. The diphthongs are sounded as follows :
ae as ai in aisle. au as ow in cow.
oe as 07/ in boy. eu as eu in feud.
7. Pronounce the following words :
ae : ae-tas, ae-ger, lae-suni, pae-ne, sae-pe.
au: au-la, au-ri, fau-tor, lau-de, pau-lo.
06 : coe-pT, foe-de, poe-na, Oe-ta, oe-strus.
eu : heu, sen, neu-ter, Eu-rus, Leu-ci.
GENERAL RULES FOR QUANTITY OF VOWELS.
8. Diphthongs are long, as : haec, poenae.
a. A vowel followed by nf, ns, gm, gn, or i (consonant)
is long, as : infra, mensa, agmen, ignis, cuius.
b. A vowel followed by another vowel, or by a
diphthong, or by h is short, as : via, tuae, vehit.
c. A vowel followed by nt or nd is short, as : sunt,
amandus.
CONSONANTS.
9. The consonants may be classified as follows :
C Labials: p, b.
a. Mutes -<^ Linguals: t, d.
( Palatals: c, k, q, g.
h. Liquids : 1, m, n, r.
c. Spirants : f, s.
d. Semi-vowels : v, 1 (consonant).
PRONUNCIATION. 6
e. Double consonants : x = cs or gs, z = dSc
/. h is only a breathing.
10. The consonants are sounded as follows : •
c as in cap (not as in cent).
g as in get (not as in gem).
i (consonant) as y in yet.
s as in sin (not as in mi-ser).
t as in ten (not as in na-tion).
V as w in loet.
z as dz in adze.
ch as in chorus.
The other consonants are sounded as in English.
11. Pronounce the following words :
c : ca-dus, cae-cus, Cae-sar, co-mes, cu-ra.
g: gau-di-um, ge-nus, glo-ri-a, gra-dus, gu-la.
i : iam, lu-no, iiis, iii-dex, lo-vis.
s : sa-tis, sce-lus, se-des, so-ror, sta-tus.
t : ta-men, i-ni-ti-o, o-ra-ti-o, niin-ti-o, sta-ti-o.
v: vT-cus, a-vis, va-dum, ser-vus, vol-nus.
z : Za-ma, ga-zam, Tra-pe-zus.
ch : cho-rus, cha-os, char-tae, Bac-chus, Ar-chi-as.
QUESTIONS.
12. How does the Latin alphabet differ from the English ?
Name the vowels. What is the quantity of a diphthong ? When
is a vowel long ? When is a vowel short ? How may the mutes
be classified ? Name the liquids. Give the equivalents of the
double consonants. What is the value of h ?
4 LATIN READER.— LESSON IL
LESSON II.
Syllables ; Accent.
13. A word is divided into as many syllables as it
has vowels and diphthongs.
Exc. After q, g, and generally s, (also in cui and huic),
the vowel u, when followed by a vowel, does not form a separate
syllable, as : an-guis, quo-que, sua-det.
a. A consonant between two vowels is joined to the
second vowel, as : a-vl, 6-ra.
b. When there are two or more consonants, as many
of them as can begin a word should be joined to the
second vowel, as : ge-stum, i-gni, pi-sces, ter-ra, ven-tus.
Exc. The words forming a compound should be separated,
as: ad-est.
14. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima;
the next to the last, the penult; the one before the
penult, the ante2ye7iult.
15. Divide into syllables :
animal, colonus, dirimo, gratus, iTbertas, prmceps,
responsum, subter, tranquillitas ;
vTctus, prTscus, occurro, incendium, quTnque, comitia,
decertatio, cognosco, controversia, languidus ;
litterate, insisto, prosterno, elephantus, adloquor,
tulisti, condemno, intratus, magnanimus.
QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES.
16. A syllable is long :
a. A¥hen it contains a long vowel, or a diphthong, as :
lac, mens, haec, ae-tas ;
ACCENT. 5
b. When it contains a short vowel followed either by two
consonants, or by x, or z, as : a-sper, sal-tant, sa-xa, ga-za.
17. What is the quantity of the syllables in the fol-
lowing words ?
Romani, temp^statis, epuiae, aiiirum, arae, tabellarius,
flexiis, proverbio, postero, aequus ;
niatiirorum, gentis, quisquam, stellae, suavitas, ser-
monibus, captivos, sanguine.
ACCENT.
18. Words of two syllables are accented on the penult,
as : a'-per, tu'-tus.
a. Words of more than two syllables are accented on
the penult, if it is long ; otherwise, on the antepenult,
as : de-c6'-rum, de'-co-rum.
h, A few short words called enclitics are used only
as they are added to other words. The accent falls on
the syllable before the enclitic, as : sua'que, estis'ne.
19. Accent and pronounce the following:
labes, gignis, putas, mare, niillus, puer, lupus ;
landare, puellis, telliiris, scribere, monere ;
tergorum, tergorum, columba, tegimus ;
vestra-que, obsidibus, multitudo, facillimus ;
profundus, miinitio, liabet-ne, opportiine;
vincimus, vincimus, perfugit, perfiigit ;
complexus, descendo, libenter, friimentum.
QUESTIONS.
20. Into how many syllables is a word divided ? How are
the consonants placed ? Name the last three syllables of a
word. Rule for accent. What effect has an enclitic upon ac-
cent ? When is a syllable long ?
6 LATIN READER. — LESSON IIL
LESSON III.
Noun, Verb, Subject, Object.
21. A ISToun is the name of any person, place, or thing,
as : Jolin, Boston, table. .
22. A Verb expresses action or being, as: run, is.
Every sentence must contain a verb.
23. The Subject in a sentence is tliat which does the
action, and is said, to be in the aSTominatiVe case, as :
The dog bites.
24. The Object is that which receives the action, and
is said to be in the Accusative case, as : The dog bit the
boy.
25. In English, the subject is usually put before the
verb; the object after it. In the two sentences which
follow, note the difference in meaning, caused by chan-
ging the position of the word boy.
The boy killed the ivolf.
The wolf killed the boy.
a. In Latin, this difference is expressed — not by
changing the order of the nouns — but by their endings.
26. Note carefully the endings of the words in the
following Latin sentences :
Vitat. (JETe, sAe, or if) avoids.
Nauta vitat. The sailor avoids.
Nauta advenam vitat. The sailor avoids the stranger.
Nautam advena vitat. The stranger avoids the sailor.
a. Observe that the verb vitat ends in -t. The verb-
stem vita- means avoid. As in English, when the sub-
SUBJECT AND OBJECT. 7
ject is he, she, or it, we add -s to the verb (e.g., he avoids),
so the Latin adds -t.
b. Notice :
That nauta and advena, when used as subjects, end
in -a;
That nauta and advena, when used as objects, end
in -am.
27. ' VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
NOMINATIVE.
ACCUSATIVE.
MEANING.
DERIVATIVE.
nauta,
nautam,
sailor.
nautical.
advena,
advenam.
stranger.
adventure.
porta,
portam.
gate.
portal.
silva,
silvam.
wood, forest.
silvan.
puella.
puellam,
girl-
casa,
casam,
cottage, hut.
VERBS
"
vitat.
(he, shej
it)
avoids.
intrat.
(he, she,
it)
enters.
entrance.
invitat,
(he, she,
it)
invites.
invite.
28. As the Latin has no word for the, an, or a, the
pupil may use whichever is best suited to the noun he is
translating.
29. Translate into English :
1. Nauta puellam vitat. 2. Advenam puella vT-
tat. 3. Advena silvam intrat. 4. Nautam advena
invitat. 5. Puella advenam invitat., 6. Nauta
portam intrat. 7. Puella nautam vTtat. 8. Casam
advena intrat. 9. Puella silvam vitat. 10. Por-
tam advena intrat.
8 LATIN READER. — LESSON IV.
30. Translate into Latin :
1. The girl enters the wood. 2. The sailor avoids
the cottage. 3. The girl invites a sailor. 4. A
stranger avoids the hut. 5. A sailor invites the
stranger. 6. The stranger invites the girl. 7.
The sailor enters a cottage. 8. The stranger avoids
the gate. 9. A girl enters the gate. 10. The
sailor avoids the wood.
QUESTIONS.
31. Define noun, verb, subject, object. In what case must
the subject be ? In what case must the object be ? Divide into
syllables and accent : torpescerent, impensurus, amatus.
LESSON IV.
Singular, Plural.
32. There are two numbers, the Singular and the
Plural.
a. The Singular number denotes one, as : (/irl, sailor,
h. The Plural number denotes inore than one, as :
girls, sailoi's.
33. Vitant. (They) avoid.
Nautae vitant. The sailors avoid.
Nautae advenas vitant. The sailors avoid the strangers.
Advenae nautas vitant. The strangers avoid the sailors.
Observe :
a. That the verb vitant ends in -nt, which is equiva-
lent to they ;
SINGULAR AND PLURAL. 9
b. That nauta and advena, when used as subjects in
the Plural number end in -ae ;
c. That nauta and advena, when used as objects in the
Plural nuTTiber end in -as.
34.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
NOMINATIVE.
ACCUSATIVE. MEANING.
DERIVATIVE.
nautae,
nautas, sailors.
nautical.
advenae,
advenas, strangers.
adventure.
portae,
portas, gates.
portal.
silvae,
silvas, woods, forests.
'silvan.
puellae,
puellas, girls.
casae,
casas, cottages, huts.
VERBS.
vitant,
{they) avoid.
intrant,
{they) enter.
entrance.
invitant, {they) invite.
invite.
35.
1. Puellae nautas invitant. 2. Nautae puellas
invitant. 3. Advenae casas vTtant. 4. Puellae
nautam vTtant. 5. Casam advenae intrant.
6. Nauta advenas vTtat. 7. Portas advenae in-
trant. 8. Casas puella vitat. 9. Portam nauta
intrat. 10. Puellae casas intrant.
36.
1. The strangers enter the cottages. 2. Sailors
invite the strangers. 3. The sailors avoid the girl.
4. The girls invite strangers. 5. Strangers avoid
the gates. 6. The girl enters the woods. 7. The
10 LATIN READER. — LESSON V.
strangers avoid the sailor. 8. A girl avoids the
sailors. 9. The sailors enter the gate. 10. The
strangers invite the girls.
QUESTIONS.
37, Define and illustrate Singular number; Plural number.
What is the Nominative case used for ? The Accusative case ?
Divide into syllables and accent: hospitalitas, cognitio, viruni-
que, requisitus.
LESSON V.
Rules ; Cases ; Inflection ; First Declension.
From the preceding lessons we deduce the following
Eules :
38. Rule I. The Subject of a verb is in the Nomina-
tive.
39. Rule II. The Object of a verb is in the Accusa-
tive.
40. Study carefully the following cases with their
endings in both Singular and Plural, and what they
denote :
NAMES.
SINGULAR.
DKNOTING.
PLURAL,
Nominative,
-a,
Subject of verb,
-ae.
Genitive,
-ae,
of, or 's,
-arum.
Dative,
-ae,
to, or for.
-is.
Accusative,
-am,
Object of verb,
-as.
Ablative,
-a,
from, with, by.
-is.
FIRST DECLENSION. 11
INFLECTION.
41. Changing the form of a word to show its relation
to other words is called Inflection.
a. The Inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns
is called Declension.
b. The Inflection of verbs is called Conjugation.
42. The Stem of a word is that common part from
which the changes of inflection are formed. In the
First Declension, the stem ends in -a, as : poeta.
43. The Base of a Avord is that part which is not
changed in inflection, as : poet-.
FIRST DECLENSION.
44. porta, (/ate.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. porta, a gate. portae, gates.
G. portae, of a gate, or, a portarum, of gates, or, gates'.
gate^s.
D. portae, to or for a gate. portis, to or for gates.
Ac. portam, a gate. portas, gates.
Ab. porta, /rom, loith, or by a portis, /row, with, or bij gates.
gate.
Like porta, decline nauta, advena, silva, puella, casa.
QUESTIONS.
45. Define Inflection, Declension, Conjugation. What is the
Stem of a word ? The Base ? Give the names, endings, and
meanings, of all the cases. Singular and Plural, of the First De-
clension. What is the use of changing the endings of nouns ?
12 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON VL
LESSON VI.
Gender ; Genitive of Possession ; Pronouns,
Adverbs.
46. In English, there are three genders, viz.. Mascu-
line, Feminine, and Neuter.
a. The Masculine gender denotes males, as : ma7i, boy:
h. The Feminine gender denotes females, as : woman,
girl.
c. The Neuter gender denotes neither male nor female,
as : book, table.
47. In Latin, also, there are these three genders;
and males are always in the Masculine, and females in
the Feminine gender. But there is this important dif-
ference — that many nouns which are Neuter in English
are either Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter in Latin ;
their gender being determined by their ending rather
than by their meaning ; e.g., liber, book is Masculine ;
mensa, table is Feminine.
48. Gender Rule. Nouns of the First Declension are
Feminine.
Exc. Nouns denoting males are Masculine, as: nauta, sailor.
GENITIVE OF POSSESSION.
49. Puella advenae casam vitat.
fis avoiding \ the cottage of the stranger.
avoids < or
does avoid 1 the stranger's cottage.
a. Notice that vitat may be translated avoids, is
avoiding, or does avoid.
GENITIVE OF POSSESSION.
13
h. Observe that advenae is in the Genitive, and de-
notes that the stranger owned or possessed the cottage.
Hence it is called the Genitive of Possession.
50. Rule III. The Genitive is used to denote Posses-
sion.
PRONOUNS.
51. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun ;
thus, in the sentence : John says that he tcill come, the
pronoun he is used instead of repeating the noun JoJm.
a. An Interrogative pronoun is one that may be used
in asking questions, as : who ? which ?
ADVEIiBS.
52. An Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb, as: he fights bravely.
•3.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
NOMINATIVE.
GENITIVE.
MEANING.
DERIVATIVE.
filia,
filiae,/.,
daughter.
filial.
agricola,
agricolae, m..
farmer.
agriculture.
conviva,
convivae, ?h.,
1 or/j
guest.
convivial.
fabula,
fabulae,/.,
story.
fable.
rosa,
rosae, /.,
rose.
rose.
lulia,
luliae,/.,
Julia.
Julia.
VERBS.
laudat, (he, she, it) praises, is praising, or, does praise, laud.
laudant, (they) praise, are praising, or, do praise.
[NTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
quis?
who?
quid?
ADVERBS.
what?
non.
not.
not.
14 LATIN READER. — LESSON VL
54. 1. Quis agricolae filiamlaudat? 2. Advena
agricolae filiam laudat. 3. Agricola convivae fa-
bulas laudat. 4. Nautae advenarum casas non
vTtant. 5. Agricolarum rosas puellae laudant.
6. Quis agricolae filias non invitat ? 7. lulia agri-
colae filias non invTtat. 8. Puella advenae filias
vitat. 9. Quid agricolae laudant? 10. Agricolae
puellarum rosas laudant.
55. 1. Julia is praising the girl's roses. 2. What
do the strangers avoid ? 8. The strangers avoid
the sailor's hut. 4. Tlie girls are praising the roses
of the guests. 5. Farmers do not invite the daugh-
ters of strangers. 6. The guests of the farmer are
praising the roses. 7. Guests are entering the
stranger's cottage. 8. Who does not praise the
stranger's daughter ? 9. The sailor does not praise
the s transfer's daup-hter. 10. Julia avoids the
daughters of farmers.
QUESTIONS.
56. Define and illustrate Masculine gender; Feminine; Neu-
ter. How does the Latin differ from the English in gender ?
Give the gender rule for the First Declension. What is the ex-
ception to this rule ? What is meant by Genitive of Possession ?
In what three ways may vitat be translated ? Define and illus-
trate Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Adverbs. Decline :
agricola, rosa, fabula.
INDIRECT OBJECT. 15
LESSON VII.
Dative of the Indirect Object ; Questions.
57. Agricola puellae rosam dat.
( gives a rose to the girl.
The farmer | ^^,,, the girl a rose.
a. Observe that puellae is in the Dative, and denotes
the object indirectly receiving the action of the verb.
Hence it is called the Dative of the Indirect Object.
b. Care must be taken to distinguish the Indirect from
the Direct object, as the preposition to is often omitted
in English.
58. Rule IV. The Indirect Object of a verb is put in
the Dative.
QUESTIONS.
59. Non-ne puellae advenas vitant? Do not girls avoid
strangers? {Yes.) iV"i2222 nautae aquam vitant ? Do sailors
avoid the water? (No.) Intrat-72e lulia casam ? Is Julia
entering the cottage ?
Observe :
a. That when the speaker expects the answer " Yes,"
the word non-ne introduces the question.
h. That when he expects the answer " No," the Inter-
rogative Particle num. is used
c. That when he asks a question simply for informa-
tion, the enclitic -ne is affixed to the most emphatic word
in the sentence.
60. Note. The words m?/, his, her, its, our, your, their,
are often omitted in Latin.
16
LATIN READER. — LESSON VIL
61.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
NOMINATIVE.
GENITIVK.
MEANING.
DERIVATIVE.
Via,
Viae,/.,
way, road.
way.
corona,
coronae, /.,
crown, wreath, garland.
crown.
regina,
reginae, /.,
queen.
Flora,
Florae,/.,
Flora.
Flora.
dat, (he, she, it) gives, is giving, or, does give.
dant, (they) give, are giving, or, do give.
monstrat, (he, she, it) shows, is showing, 07', does
show. de-monsfrafe.
monstrant, (they) show, are showing, or, do show,
narrat, (he, she, it) tells, is telling, or, does tell, narrate.
narrant, (they) tell, are telling, or, do tell.
62. 1. Puellae ad venae viam monstrant. 2. Non-ne
nautae advenis fabulas narrant? 3. Nautae advenls
fabulas narrant. 4. Quid i'Tliae agricolarum regmae
dant? 5. FTliae agricolarum coronam reginae dant.
6. Monstrat-ne Flora advenis viam? 7. Flora ad-
venis viam noil monstrat. 8. Num agricolae advenis
fabulas narrant? 9. Agricolae advenis fabulas non
narrant. 10. Ag-ricolae filia resrinae viam monstrat.
63. 1. Is the girl giving a rose to a stranger? 2.
The girl is not giving a rose to a stranger. 3. Who
is showing the way to the queen's daughter? 4.
The sailor is showing the way to the daughter of the
queen. 5. Do not queens avoid the cottages of
strangers? 6. Queens do avoid strangers' cottages.
7. What is the sailor telling the farmer? 8. The
sailor is telling stories to the farmer.
or .
ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION,
17
QUESTIONS.
64. Mention three ways of asking Questions in Latin. Accent
narrat-ne. Illustrate the Dative of the Indirect Object. Why
is it called the Indirect Object ? What words must often be sup-
plied in translating Latin into English ? Decline regina, via,
corona.
LESSON VIII.
Ablative of Separation ; Conjunctions.
65. Advena puellam culpa, liberat.
The stranger frees the girl from blame.
In the above sentence, culpa is in the Ablative, and
denotes that the blame is taken av^ay from the girl.
Hence it is called the Ablative of Separation.
66. Rule V. The Ablative is used to denote Separation.
CONJUNCTIONS.
67. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses,
as : Jolui and James are good scholars, and often win
prizes in school.
68.
V0(
[JABULARY.
NOUNS.
NOMINATIVE.
GENITIVE.
MEANING.
DERIVATIVE.
culpa,
culpae, /.,
blame, fault.
culpable.
Belga,
Belgae, m.,
a Belgian.
Belgian.
vigilia,
vigiliae, /.,
sentinel, watch.
vigilant.
catena,
catenae, /.,
chain.
diligentia,
diligentiae.
/., diligence.
diligence.
18
LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON VIII.
VEEBS.
habebat,! (he, she, it) had, owned, possessed.
errat, (he, she, it) strays, wanders.
videt, (he, she, it) sees.
capiunt, (they) seize, take prisoner.
liberat, (he, she, it) frees, releases.
honorat, (he, she, it) honors, respects.
ADVERBS.
olim, once upon a time, formerly.
noctu, at night.
mane, early in the morning,
merito, deservedly, justly.
have.
err.
vision.
captive.
liberate.
honorable.
nocturnal.
merit.
CONJUNCTIONS.
et, and. atque, and too, and even. sed, but.
Note. For the sake of greater vividness, the verb in Latin,
as in English, often represents something as taking place now,
although in reality the time is past, as, Mox videt advenam.
Soon he saw (lit. sees) a stranger.
REGINA BELGARUM.
69. Regina Belgaium silvam habebat. Olim
con viva regliiae via errat, et noctu silvam intrat.
Vigiliae advenam violent et capiunt. Mane regina
convTvam catenTs iTberat. Sed vigilias merito culpa
iTberat, atque diligentiam laudat.
70. 1. The guests free the sentinel from blame.
2. The queens are wandering from the road. 3.
Does the stranger see the sentinel? 4. Does not
the queen free the Belgians from blame ?
QUESTIOlSrS.
71. Illustrate the Ablative of Separation by an example of
your own. What is a conjunction ? Decline culpa, Belga,
vigilia, catena.
1 The Plural of these verbs is formed, as in previous lessons, by adding
-ntto the stem, as; habebant (thcT/) had, owned, possessed.
SECOND DECLENSION. — NOUNS IN -US. 19
LESSON IX.
Second Declension — Nouns in -us; Vocative Case.
72. In the Second Declension, the stem ends in -o, as :
servo.
73. Gender Rule. Nouns of the Second Declension
whose Nominative Singular ends in -us, -er, or -ir, are
Masculine ; those ending in -um are Neuter.
74.
NOUNS IN
-us.
servus, m.,
slave.
SINGULAR.
PLUllAL.
CASE
KNDINGS.
N.i
servus
servi
-us
-i
G.
servi
servorum.
-i
-orum
D.
servo
servis
-6
-is
Ac.
servum
servos
-um
-OS
Ab.
servo
servis
-o
-is
VOCATIVE CASE.
75. Nonne, nauta, reginam corona delectat? Does not
the crown delight the queen, O sailor? Quid, serve, puella
advenae monstrat? What, slave, is the girl showing the
stranger f
a. Observe that, in these sentences, the sailor and the
slave are addressed. They are said to be in the Vocative
Case.
b. Notice also that while nauta has the same ending
as in its Nominative Singular, serve has an entirely dis-
tinct case ending in -e. See the following Rule :
76. Rule VI. The Vocative is used as the Case of
1 The cases express the same relations in all Declensions.
20
LATIN READER.
LESSON IX.
Address ; it is always like the Nominative, except in the
Smgula7' of nouns ending in -us of the Second Declen-
sion, where it ends in -e.
77.
servus,
equus,
cibus,
amicus,
Carolus,
Albertus,
VOCABULARY.
NOMINATIVE. GENITIVE.
servi, >«.,
equi, 7/i.,
cibi, ?«.,
amici, m..,
Caroli, >/<.,
Albert!, m
NOUNS.
MEANING.
slave, servant.
horse.
food.
friend.
Charles.
Albert.
DERIVATIVE.
servant,
equine.
amicable.
Charles.
Albert.
VERBS.
verberat, (he, she, it) whips, beats. vv-verberate-
delectat, (he, she, it) delights, pleases. delight.
amat, (he, she, it) loves, likes. amiable.
curat,
(he, she, it) cares for, takes care of. care.
ADVERBS.
minirrie,
no, no indeed, by no means.
minimum.
nam,
for.
saepe,
often, frequently.
semper,
always, ever.
sempiternal.
certe,
certainly.
certainly.
diligenter.
, diligently, carefully.
diligently.
78.
CONLOQUIUM.
luLTA. Quis, Alberte, servum verberat?
Albertus. Agricola servum verberat, et merito.
Nam servus equos n5n diligenter ciirat.
I. Nonne servus equos amat?
A. Minime. Servus equos saepe verberat.
I. Amat-ne Carolus equos agricolae ?
SECOND DECLENSION. — NOUNS IN -UM. 21
A. Certe. Carolus equis cibam saepe dat.
I. Nonne agricola amicTs equos monstrat?
A. AmTcis agricola equos saepe monstrat.
I. Num Carolus agricolae servum vitat?
A. Minime. Fabulae servi Carolum delectant.
Saepe servum culpa iTberat.
79. Answer the following questions in Latin :
1. Quis servum verberat ? 2. Nonne servus equos
verberat ? 3. Quis equos amat ? 4. Num servus
equis cibum dat ? 5. Nonne Carolus equos amicTs
monstrat ? 6. Quis servum culpa ITberat ?
QUESTIONS.
80. In what does the stem of the Second Declension end ?
Give the Gender Rule for Second Declension nouns. Give the
endings of all the cases (Singular and Plural) of nouns in -us.
Explain the use of the Vocative. Decline equus, cibus, amicus.
/
LESSON X.
Second Declension — Nouns in -um ; Predicate Nom-
inative ; Prepositions.
81. servus, 7«., slave, templum, rj., temple.
SINGULAR.
CASE
ENDINGS.
M.
N.
N.
servus
templum
-us
-um
G.
servi
templi
-i
D.
servo
templo
6
Ac. servum templum
Ab. servo templo
N.
servi
G.
servorum
D.
servis
Ac.
servos
Ab.
servis
22 LATIN READER. — LESSON X.
PLURAL.
M. N.
templa -i -a
teinplorum -orum
templis -is
templa -os -a
templis -is
82. Observe that the declension of nouns in -um
differs from that of nouns in -us only in the Nominative
Singular and in the Nominative and Accusative Plural.
83. Nouns ending in -ius and -ium contract -il of the
Genitive Singular into a single -i, without changing the
accent, as : fill for fllil, inge'nl for inge'nii; so also
the Vocative of names ending in -ius, and of filius and
genius, as : Vergili for Vergi'lie ; mi fill = my so7i.
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE.
84. The Predicate in a sentence is what is said of
the subject.
SUBJECT. PRKDIOATE. SUBJECT. PREDICATE.
a. Carolus agricolam vitat. Charles avoids the farmer.
b. Carolus est nauta. Charles is a sailor.
Observe :
c. That, in the Predicate of example (a), vitat — a
verb of action — takes an object in the Accusative case,
according to Eule II.
d. That, in the Predicate of example (b), est — a
verb of bein(/ — cannot take an object ; and that nanta,
since it describes the subject, is put in the same case
as the subject.
85. Rule VII. A Predicate noun, describing the sub-
ject, is put in the Nominative.
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE. 28
PREPOSITIONS.
86. A Preposition shows the relation between words.
Thus, in the sentence : The hook is lying on the table, on
is a preposition, showing the relation between is lying
and tuhle. In Latin, prepositions are followed by the
Accusative or Ablative.
87. The following prepositions are followed by the
Ablative :
A, ab, absque, coram, de,
Palam, clam, cum, ex and e,
Pro, prae, tenus and sine ;
Sometimes in, sub, super, subter.
Note. The teacher should now explain the use of the Vocab-
ulary.
All other prepositions are followed by the Accusative,
cher s
•^'^ FUNDUS.
88. Non procul ab oppido est fundus. Agricolae
villa est prope fluvium. Carolus est agricolae filius.
VicTiii filius est Florus. Carolus et Florus sunt
amici. Interdum in fluvio natant. Saepe trans
fluvium prata pererrant, et agricolarum equos et vac-
cas spectant. In horreo post villam est copia frii-
menti et pabulT. liilia est filia agricolae. Equis
faenum saepe dat.
89. 1. Farmers' houses are sometimes near rivers.
2. Charles and Albert are sons of the farmer.
3. The farmer is looking at the horses in the barn.
4. Albert is wandering through the meadow. 5.
(There) is an abundance of hay in farmers' barns.
24 LATIN READER. — LESSON XL
6. Julia is the slave's friend. 7. The slave is
giving hay to the farmer's horse.
QUESTIONS.
90. How do Neuters of the Second Declension differ from
Masculines ? Accent the Vocative Singular of Pompeius,
Lucius, filius. Accent the Genitive Singular of hospitium.
What is a Predicate noun ? Define Preposition. What preposi-
tions are followed by the Ablative? Decline oppidum, villa,
fluvius, faenum, vicinus.
LESSON XL
Adjectives in -us, -a, -um ; Ablative of Means.
91. An Adjective describes a noun, as : a bad boi/.
Bonus servus. A good slave.
Bonarum puellarum. Of good girls.
Bono porno. With a good apple.
a. Observe that, while in English the adjective does
not change, in Latin its ending varies according to the
gendei; number^ and case of the noun it describes. With
adjectives in -us, -a, -um, if the noun is Masculine, the
adjective has the endings of a Second Declension noun in
-us. If the noun is Feminine, the adjective has the
First Declension endings. If the noun is Neuter, the
adjective has the endings of a Second Declension noun
in -um.
92. Rule VIII. An Adjective agrees with the noun it
describes in gender, number, and case.
ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UM.
25
93.
bonus, bona, bonum, good.
SINGULAR.
MASCULINK.
FEMININE.
NEUTER.
N.
bonus
bona
bonum
G.
boni
bonae
boni
D.
bono
bonae
bono
Ac.
bonum
bonam
bonum
Ab.
bono
bona
PLURAL.
bono
N.
boni
bonae
bona
G.
bonorum
bonarum
bonorum
D.
bonis
bonis
bonis
Ac.
bonos
bonas
bona
Ab.
bonis
bonis
bonis
94. The Vocative of adjectives, like that of nouns, is
always like the Nominative, except in the Singular of
adjectives of the Second Declension in -us, where it ends
in -e, as :
Bonae reginae. O good queens. Bone vicine. O good neighbor.
95. Decline together: parvus nidus, a small nest;
saeva aquila, a fiej'ce eagle ; longum collum, a long neck ;
malus agricola, a had farmer.
ABLATIVE OF MEANS.
96. Gladio nautam necat. He slays the sailor •with a
sword.
Observe that gladio is in the Ablative, and is the
means by which the sailor was slain. Hence it is called
the Ablative of Means.
97. Rule IX. The Ablative ivithout a, preposition is
used to denote the means by which an action is done.
26
LATIN READER. — LESSON XIL
CYGNUS.
98. Americaiu cygnT sunt albi. Cygni collum est
longum ; rostrum est firmum ; alae sunt praevalidae ;
oculi sunt parvi. Cygnorum cibus est herba. Inter-
dum parvas lanas et insecta devorant. Nidi sunt in
iuncis iuxta aquam. Ferus cygnus est valde saevus.
Et rostro et alls acriter pugnat, sT quid ad nidum
appropTnquat. Etiam aquilam fugat.
99. The American swan is white. 2. Swans'
necks are long. 3. The eye of the swan is small.
4. (Its) wing is long and powerful. 5. Wild swans
are savage. 6. They fight with both wings and
beaks. 7. The swan's nest is near the water.
8. Swans put even eagles to flight.
QUESTIONS.
100. Define Adjective. Does an adjective precede or follow its
noun in English ? What is its position in Latin ? Why ? Rule
for the agreement of adjectives. Decline altus in all genders.
Give an example of your own of the Ablative of Means.
LESSON XII.
Nouns and Adjectives in -er and -ir ; Apposition ;
Preposition in.
sf
101.
servus.
m. puer. m.
ager. m.
vir. m.
templum. n.
slave
hoy
field
man
temple
SINGULAR.
N.
servus
puer
ager
vir
templum
G.
servi
pueri
agri
viri
templi
D.
servo
puero
agro
viro
templo
Ac.
servum
puerum
agrum
virum
templum
Ab.
servo
puero
agro
viro
templo
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN -EB AND -IB. 27
PLURAL.
N. servi pueri agri viri templa
G. servorum puerorum agrorum virorum templorum
D. seivis pueris agris viris templis
Ac. servos pueros agros viros templa
Ab. servis pueris agris viris templis
a. Kotice that puer retains -e throughout, while ager
has -e only in the Nominative Singular.
b. Notice also that the endings of nouns in -er and -ir
differ from those of nouns in -us only in the Nomina-
tive Singular.
, 102. Like puer, decline gener, son-in-law, socer, father-
in-law, and vesper, evening.
Most other nouns drop the -e, like ager.
Decline culter, knife, liber, hook, magister, master.
V 103. ADJECTIVES in -ER, -A, -UM.
miser, misera, miserum, wretched.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful.
SINGULAR.
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
NEUTER.
N.
miser
misera
miserum
G.
miseri
miserae
miseri
D.
misero
miserae
misero
Ac.
miserum
miseram
miserum
Ab.
misero
misera
PLURAL.
misero
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
NEUTER.
N.
miseri
miserae
misera
G.
miserorum
miserarum
miserorum
D.
miseris
miseris
miseris
Ac.
miseros
miseras
misera
Ab.
miseris
miseris
miseris
28
LATIN RE.
iDER. — LESS
ON XIL
SINGULAR.
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
NEUTER.
N.
pulcher
pulchra
pulchrum
G.
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchri
D.
pulchro
pulchrae
pulchro
Ac.
pulchrum
pulchram
pulchrum
Ab.
pulchro
pulchra
PLURAL.
pulchro
MASCULINK.
FEMININE.
NEUTER.
N.
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchra
G.
pulchrorum
pulchrarum
pulchrorum
D.
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
Ac.
pulchros
pulchras
pulchra
Ab.
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
a. Observe that miser, like puer, retains -e, while
pulcher, like ager, loses it.
h. Notice that the endings of adjectives in -er, -a, -um,
differ from those in -us, -a, -um only in the Masculine
Nominative Singular.
104. Like miser, decline asper, rough, liber, free, pros-
per, prosperoifs, and tener, tender.
a. Most other adjectives drop the -e, like pulcher.
h. Like pulcher, decline piger, lazy, and ruber, red.
105. APPOSITION.
(1). Carolus, filius Titi, navigat. Charles, the son of
Titus, is sailing.
(2). Agricola Florura, servum, laudat. The farmer
praises Flo7'tis, the slave.
Note :
a. That, in example (1), filius describes Carolus, and
is in the same case.
THE PliEPOSITION IN. 29
b. That, in example (2), servum describes Florum, and.
is in the same case.
c That, in both examples, the descriptive noun is
placed near the noun it describes. It is therefore called
a Noun in Apposition. (Ad — position, i. e., position near^j
106. Rule X. A Noun in Apposition is in the same
case as the noun it describes.
107. THE PREPOSITION IN.
Puer in horto est. The boy is in the garden.
Servus niensam. in Jiortum portat. The slave is carrying
a table into the garden.
Observe that the preposition in governs the Ablative
when it means in, but the Accusative when it means
into.
PUERI ROMANI.
108. Gains et Marcus, filii medici Roman!, erant
impigri puerT. Mane in liidum ibant. Magister,
Orbilius, erat valde severns, atque virgTs pueros
saepe verberabat. Post prandiuni, interdum Gains
et Marcus 'in Campo Martio equitabant; interdum per
silvas errabant ; in fluviis navigabant ; in stagnTs
natabant ; in armis exercitati erant. Sic plerumque
Romani puer5s ad militiam parabant.
109. 1. Gains, tlire son of a Roman teacher, was an
active boy. 2. Orbilius whipped Marcus, the doc-
tor's son, with a rod. 3. The teachers were going
into the Campus Martius. 4. The boys used to
swim in a pond.
30 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIII.
QUESTIONS.
110. How do nouns in -er and -ir differ from nouns in -us?
What is the difference in Declension between puer and ager?
Which of the following nouns retain -e : culter, gener, vesper,
liber, magister, socer ? How do adjectives in -er differ from
those in -us ? What is the difference between miser and
pulcher? Which of the following adjectives retain -e: pros-
per, asper, piger, liber, ruber, tener ? Distinguish between a
Noun in Apposition and a Predicate Noun. What cases does in
govern ? How must it be translated with each case ?
LESSON XIII.
Tense, Person, Number ; Verb Sum ; Dative of
Possessor.
111. TIME. VKRB OF ACTION. VERR OF BEING.
Present, I love. we are.
Past, thou didst love. you were.
Future, he, she, or it will love. they will he.
a. Notice that, in English, the time of the action or
being may be present, past, or future ; and that this is
expressed either by some Auxiliary or Helping verb, as
didst, or will, or by a change in the form of the verb,
as are, were. The time of the verb is called its Tense.
h. The Present tense denotes present time.
c. The Imperfect tense denotes continued time in the
past.
d. The Future tense denotes future time.
TENSE, PERSON, NUMBER. 31
PERSON.
112. Observe further that various Persons may be the
subject of the action or being ; thus : /, tliou, he, she, it,
we, you, they.
a. The First person is the person speaking, as : 7 or
we.
b. The Second person is the person spoken to, as : thou
or you.
c. The Third person is the person spoken of, as : he,
she, it, or they.
113. The persons may be in the Singular or Plural
number.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
First person, I. we.
Second person, thou, you. you.
Third person, he, she, it. they.
r IM. Note. Thou is rarely used now, except in addressing
/ the Deity, and in poetry, you being preferred for both Singular
^^^jjid Plural.
115. TENSE AND PERSONAL ENDINGS.
VERB OF ACTION. VERB OF BEING.
TEXSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Present, am-6, I love. su-mus, we are.
' Imperfect, ama-ba-s, you were loving. er-a-tis, you were.
Future, ama-bi-t, he, she, it will love. er-u-nt, they will be.
a. Notice that, in Latin, the tenses are shown by
certain letters added to the verb stem ; thus, -ba = Im-
perfect tense in ama-ba-s.
b. Notice that the persons are denoted by other letters
added to the tense stem, as -tis = you in er-a-tis.
32 LATIN BEABER. -^ LESSON XIII.
116. Following are the equivalents for the persons :
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
-m, -o, or -i, I. -mus, we.
-s, you. -tis, you.
-t, he, she, it. -nt, they.
117. Rule XI. A verb must agree with its subject
in person and number.
118. VERB SUM. Stem es- or er-.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
su-m, I am. su-mus, we are.
e-8, you are. es-tis, you are.
es-t, he, (she, it) is. su-nt, they are.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
er-a-m, I was. er-a-mus, we were.
er-a-8, you were. er-a-tis, you were.
er-a-t, he, (she, it) loas. er-a-nt, they were.
FUTURE TENSE.
er-6, I shall he. er-i-mus, loe shall he.
er-i-s, you will he. er-i-tis, you will he.
er-i-t, he will he. er-u-nt, they will he.
119. DATIVE OF POSSESSOR.
Puero liber est. (lit. there is a book to the hoy). The boy-
has a book.
Observe that puero is in the Dative, and denotes the
possessor of the book. Hence it is called the Dative
of Possessor.
120. Rule XII. The Dative is used with the verb
sum to denote the Possessor.
VERB SUM. 33
121. ALBERTUS ET MARCUS, CONDISCIPULI.
Albertus. Ubi es, Marce?
Marcus. Hic ad-sum ; in horto.
A. Eras-ne her! in liido ?
M. Non eram. Ego et liilius in fundo avi mei
eramus.
A. Est-ne magnus fundus avo tuo?
M. Avi mei fundus non magnus est. Sed avun-
culo liilT est maximus fundus.
A. Sunt-ne mala et pira matiira in pomario avT tui?
M. Nondum. Sed mox matiira erunt.
A. Nonne eras in liido eritis?
M. liilius non erit ; nam aeger est. Sed ego certe
in liido ero.
A. Vale.
122. 1. Has your uncle a large garden? 2. My
uncle has a very large garden. 3. Julius, has your
grandfather ripe pears in his orchard ? 4. They
were not ripe yesterday. 5. But they will be ripe
to-morrow. 6. Were you sick yesterday ? 7. Not
at all ; I was in school yesterday.
QUESTIONS.
123. Define Tense, Present tense, Imperfect, Future. Give
the endings for tlie persons. Rule for the agreement of verbs.
Give three tenses of the verb to be, Latin and English. Give
an example of your own of the Dative of Possessor, Genitive of
Possession, and Dative of Indirect Object. Decline magnus
in all genders.
34 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIV.
LESSON XIV.
Mood ; First Conjugation ; Principal Parts.
124. Mood is the mode or manner in which the action
or being is expressed.
125. The Indicative mood is used to express a fact ^ as:
I have studied my lesson.
126. The Imperative mood is used to express a
comm.and^ as : Study your lesson.
THE CONJUGATIONS.
127. Regular verbs are divided into four conjugations.
Each of these has a characteristic vowel in the stem, as
follows :
a. I. Conjugation, -a: as, ama-, ^ove.
h. II. Conjugation, -e: as, mone-, i«arw.
c. III. Conjugation, -e : as, rege-, rule.
d. IV. Conjugation, -I : as, audi-, hear.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
128. The stems from which the various tenses are
formed are found in the Principal Parts of every verb.
These parts are :
a. The First person Singular of the Present Indicative,
as : amo.
h. The Present Infinitive, as : amare.
c. The First person Singular of the Perfect Indicative,
as : amavi.
d. The Perfect Passive Participle, as : amatus.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. 35
Thus the Principal Parts of amo are :
amo, amare, aniavi, amatus.
129. The Present stem is found by dropping -re from
the Present Infinitive, thus : ama-.
a. The Perfect stem is found by dropping -i from the
Perfect Indicative, as : amav-.
h. The Participial stem is found by dropping -us from
the Perfect Passive Participle, as : amat-.
130. First Conjugation. Present stein, ama-, love.
INDICATIVE mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
am-o, I love. ama-mus, we love.
ama-s, you love. ama-tis, yo\i love.
ama-t, he loves. ama-nt, they love.
IMPERFECT TEiVSE.
araa-ba-m, / was loving. araa-ba-mus, we were loving.
ama-ba-s, you were loving. ama-ba-tis, you were loving.
ama-ba-t, he was loving. ama-ba-nt, they were loving.
FUTURE TENSE.
ama-b-6, I shall love. ama-bi-mus, we shall love.
ama-bi-s, you will love. amji-bi-tis, you will love.
ama-bi-t, he will love. ama-bu-nt, they will love.
' Observe :
a. That the Present tense consists of Present stem -f-
Personal endings.
b. That the Imperfect tense consists of Present stem
-j- -ba -|- Personal endings.
c. That the Future tense consists of Present stem -}-
-bi 4- Personal endings.
36 LATIN READER. —LESSON XIV.
131. Exc. The verb do, give, is irregular in having da- (not
da-) for its Present stem, as: da-ba-t, da-bi-tis.
132. Note. Remember that the Present tense may be
translated : / love, or, / am lovi7ig, or, / do love, etc. So,
also, the Imperfect tense may be translated : / was lovirig,
or, / did love, or, / used to love, or, / loved, etc.
PERFIDA TARPEIA.
133. Sabini olim Ronianorum agros vastabant. lam
ad oppidum appropinquabant. Si Capitolium expug-
nabunt, Rdmanos omnino superabunt. Mox Capito-
lium oppugnant, sed frustra. Denique auro Tarpeiam,
filiam praefecti Roman!, temptant. Sed puella pos-
tulat ornamenta quae in laevls bracchiis sunt. Sabini
non recusant. Mox intra portam stant. Tum sine
mora in Tarpeiam sciita iactant. Nam Sabindrum
sciita erant in laevis bracchiis. Sic perfidam Tar-
peiam necant, atque Capitolium occupant.
134. 1. The commander of the Sabines will attack
the Capitol. 2. The Romans are ravaging the fields
of the Sabines. 3. The commander was already
approaching (to) the Capitol. 4. The treacherous
girl will demand the ornament on the commander's
left arm. 5. We shall soon stand within the gates
of the city. 6. Is not the commander's shield on
his left arm ?
"j Answer the following questions in Latin :
135. 1. Qui olim Romanorum agros vastabant? 2.
Num primo Sabini Capitolium expiignant ? 3. Quae
SECOND CONJUGATION. 37
eratTarpeia? 4. Quo modo Sabini Tarpeiam tempt-
ant? 5. Quid Tarpeia postulat ? 6. Num Sabini
recusant? 7. Ubi intra portam stant, quid faciunt
Sabini? 8. Quo modo Sabini promissum servabant?
QUESTIONS.
136. Define Mood. What is the Indicative used to express ?
How many conjugations are there ? What is the characteristic
vowel of each ? What are the Principal Parts of a verb ? How
is the Present stem found ? The Perfect ? The Participial ? Of
what does the Present tense consist ? The Imperfect ? The
Future ? Like aiuo, conjugate port5, vasto. Give the English
for: postulabatis, postulat, postulabinius, postulant, pos-
tulabam, postulas, postulabunt, postulabo. Give the Latin
for: They will demand, you (plural) are demanding, he was
demanding, they do demand, we used to demand.
137.
LESSON XV.
Second Conjugation.
FIRST CONJUGATION. SECOND CONJUGATION.
Present stem, ama-, love. Present stem, mone-, warn.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
am-6 mone-6, I warn.
ama-s mone-s, you warn.
ama-t mone-t, he warns.
ama-mus mone-mus, we warn.
ama-tis mone-tis, you warn.
ama-nt mone-nt, they warn.
38 LATIN READER. — LESSON XV.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
amfi-ba-m mone-ba-m, I was warning.
ama-ba-s mone-ba-s, you were warning.
araa-ba-t mone-ba-t, he was warning.
ama-ba-mus mone-ba-mus, we were warning.
ama-ba-tis mone-ba-tis, you were warning.
amii-ba-nt mone-ba-nt, they were warning.
FUTURE TENSE.
ama-b-6 mone-b-o, / shall warn.
ama-bi-s mone-bi-s, you will warn.
ama-bi-t mone-bi-t, he will warn.
amii-bi-mus mone-bi-mus, we shall warn.
ama-bi-tis mone-bi-tis, you will warn.
ama-bu-nt mone-bu-nt, they will warn.
a. Observe that, while the stems diifer in their char-
acteristic vowels, these tenses of the First and Second
Conjugation are formed in other respects precisely alike,
with the exception of the Present First Singular.
METTIUS CURTIUS.
138. Magna rima olim in Foro Romano subito
apparet. Primo Roman! saxa terramque in locum
iactabant, sed frustra. RTma lata atque profunda
manebat. Inde Roman! mult!s lacrim!s a deo aux-
ilium orabant. Deus tandem ita respondet : " Si
maximum Romanum bonum loco dicabitis, tum r!mam
explebo." Diii in dubio erant anim! Romanorum.
139. 1. Great cracks are appearing in the Roman
Forum. 2. We shall cast stones into the crack.
3. Were you (plural) beseeching help from the god?
SECOND CONJUGATION. 39
4. Fathomless cracks will remain for a long time in
the Forum. 5. Were not the Romans filling up the
crack with earth and stones? 6. Will you (singu-
lar) not consecrate your greatest treasure to the
place ?
Sight Translation. Mettius Curtius. — Concluded.
140. Denique Mettius Curtius, vir bello egregius,
"Animus intrepidus," inquit, "maximum Romanum
bonum est." Statim equum suum magnifice exornat,
et mox armatus in Forum equitat. Inde, dum turba
Romanorum stupet, in rimam equum incitat. Sine
mora deus rimam explet, atque Romanes magna ciira
iTberat. Mettium Curtium autem Roman! semper
laudabant, et pulchrum factum memoria tenebant.
141. 1. Quid olim in Foro Romano apparet? 2.
Quid Roman! in r!mam iactabant ? 3. Manebatne
rima? 4. Nonne deus Rom an!s auxilium dat? 5.
Quid respondet deus ? 6. Quid denique dicit Met-
tius Curtius ? 7. Quid facit Curtius ? 8. Ex-
pletne deus rimam statim ?
bellum, war.
e-gregius, illustrious. armatus, armed.
animus, courage. dum, while.
in-trepidus, undaunted. turba, crowd.
inquit, said he. stupeo, be STVPB-fied.
statim, immediately. in-cito, ui^ge on. -
suus, his. cura, care, anxiety.
magni-fice, magnificently. autem, however.
ex-oruo, ad-ORN. factum, deed.
40
LATIN READER.
LESSON XVL
QUESTIONS.
142. What differences do you find between the First and
Second Conjugations ? Conjugate in three tenses maneo and
oro. Give the Latin for: tlieij vnll reply, you (singular) are
replying, we did reply, he was reply imj, you (plural) will reply,
I reply. Give the English for: respondemus, respondebis,
respondebant, respondebo, respondetis, respondebas.
LESSON XVI.
Third. Conjugation; Ablative of Manner.
143.
CONJ. I. CON.T. II. CONJ. III.
ama-. mone-. r^ge-, 7'ule.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
am-o
ama-s
ama-t
ama-mus
ama-tis
ama-nt
araa-ba-m
amfi-ba-s
ama-ba-t
ama-ba-mus
araa-ba-tis
aina-ba-nt
mone-
mone-
mone-
mone-
mone-
mone-
mone
mone
mone
mone
mone
mone
t
mus
tis
nt
reg-o, I rule.
regi-s, you rule.
regi-t, he rules.
regi-mus, we rule.
regi-tis, you rule.
regu-nt, they rule.
IMPERFECT TENSE
ba-m
•ba-s
ba-t
rege-ba-m, I was ruling.
rege-ba-s, you were ruling.
rege-ba-t, he was ruling.
•ba-nius rege-ba-mus, we were ruling.
■ba-tis rege-ba-tis, you were ruling.
-ba-nt rege-ba-nt, they were ruling.
ama-b-o
ama-bi-s
FUTURE TENSE.
mone-b-o
mone-bi-s
reg-a-m, I shall rule.
reg-e-s, you will rule.
THIRD CONJUGATION. 41
ama-bi-t mone-bi-t reg-e-t, he will rule.
ama-bi-mus mone-bi-mus reg-e-mus, we shall rule.
ama-bi-tis mone-bi-tis reg-e-tis, you will rule.
ama-bu-nt mone-bu-nt reg-e-nt, they will rule.
a. Notice that, in the verb stem of the Third Conju-
gation, final -e changes as follows :
b. In the Present tense, it becomes -i.
c. In the Imperfect, it is lengthened to -e.
d. In the Future, it is dropped altogether.
144. Observing these changes, the Present tense con-
sists of Present stem -{- Personal endings.
a. The Imperfect consists of Present stem + -ba -j-
Personal endings.
b. The Future consists of Present stem + -e (in the
First Singular -a) -f Personal endings.
145. ABLATIVE OF MANNER.
( cum cur a,.
Puer donum servabat -I maxima, cum. aura.
maxima cur a.
( -with care.
The boy preserved the gift -I with the greatest care.
( with the greatest care.
Observe that cura is in the Ablative, and that it
denotes the manner in which the boy preserved the gift.
Cum is generally used with this Ablative, but it may
be omitted when there is a limiting adjective.
146. Rule XIII. The Ablative with cum is used to
express Manner. Cum may be omitted when there is a
limiting adjective.
42 LATIN READER. —LESSON XVI.
MELEAGER.
147. Meleager, filius Althaeae, clarissimus Caly-
doniorum erat. Forte, ubi parvolus erat, lignum in
foco ai'debat ; subito Parcae apparent atque Althaeam
itamonent: ''Filius tuus vivet, quam diii flammae
lignum non consiiment." Statim Althaea flammas
restiliguit, atque lignum magna cum cura servabat. 4
Saevus aper quondam Calydonios diii terrebat.
148. 1. Were you living when Meleager was very
small ? 2. The sticks of wood in the fireplace will
not burn. 3. Althea is guarding her son with
great care. 4. The flames Avere consuming the
wood. 5. Are your sons living, Althea? 6.
Fierce boars do not terrify Meleager. 7. Were you
not extinguishing the flames ? 8. The Fates used
to appear suddenly to distinguished men.
Siglit Translation. Meleager. — Concluded.
149. Meleager tandem multos claros viros condiicit.
Pulchra Atalanta quoque adest. Mox saevum aprum
in densa silva petunt. Atalanta prima monstrum
volnerat. Meleager autem aprum caedit, atque
tergum Atalantae dat. At avunculT Meleagii Ata-
con-duco, lead together, assemble. privo, de-PKiVE.
quoque, also. p\enns,fulL
densus, dense. ira, anger, ire.
peto, seek. iratus, angered.
monstrum, monster. accendo, light.
volnero, wound. (Vulnerable.) quod, which.
caedo, kill. vita, life. (Vital.)
tergum, back, skin. excedo, depart.
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 43
lantam tergo piivant. Statim Meleager plenus irae
avunculos suos caedit. Inde Althaea Tiata lignum
accendit, quod mox flammae consumunt. BrevT
postea Meleager e vita excedit.
150. 1. Ubi vivebat Meleager ? 2. Quae Altliaeae
apparent, ubi Meleager parvolus erafc? 3. Quid
dlcunt Parcae ? 4. Quid facit Althaea? 5. Cur
Meleager multos claros Calydonios condiicit? 6.
Quae prima aprum volnerat? 7. Quis aprum
caedit? 8. Cui dat Meleager tergum apri? 9.
Quid faciunt avuncull Meleagii ? 10. Ciir Althaea
lignum accendit?
QUESTIONS.
151. Give an example of your own of the Ablative of
Manner, Ablative of Means, Ablative of Separation. How does
the stem of Third Conjugation verbs vary ? Of what does each
tense consist ? Give three tenses of peto and vivo. Translate :
restinguetis, rfestinguit, restinguebant, restinguunt, res-
tinguet, apparebit, servabit. Give the Latin for : I was
extinguishing, they will extinguish, you (plural) are extinguish-
ing, he appears, they will preserve.
LESSON XVII.
Fourth Conjugation ; Ablative of Cause.
152.
CON J. I.
CONJ. II.
CONJ. III.
CONJ.
IV.
ama-.
mone-.
rege-.
audi-.
, hear.
44
LATIN READER. — LESSON XVIL
am-o.
ama-s.
ama-t.
ama-nius.
ama-tis.
ama-nt.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
moue-o.
mone-s.
mone-t.
n^one-mus.
inont*-tis.
mone-nt.
reg-o.
regi-s.
regi-t.
regi-mus.
regi-tis.
regu-nt.
I hear.
audi-o.
audi-s.
audi-t.
audi-mus.
audi-tds.
audiu-nt.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
ama-ba-m.
amfi-ba-s.
ama-ba-t.
ama-ba-mus.
ama-ba-tis.
ama-ba-nt.
mone-ba-m.
mone-ba-s.
mone-ba-t.
mone-ba-mus.
mone-ba-tis.
mone-ba-nt.
rege-ba-m.
rege-ba-s.
rege-ba-t.
rege-ba-mus.
rege-ba-tis.
rege-ba-nt.
I was hearing.
audie-ba-m.
audie-ba-s.
audie-ba-t.
audie-ba-mus.
audie-ba-tis.
audie-ba-nt.
FUTURE TENSE.
ama-b-6.
ama-bi-s.
ama-bi-t.
amfi-bi-mus.
ama-bi-tis.
ama-bu-nt.
mone-b-o.
mone-bi-s.
mone-bi-t.
mone-bi-mus.
mone-bi-tis.
inone-bu-nt.
reg-a-m.
reg-e-s.
reg-e-t.
reg-e-mus.
reg-e-tis.
reg-e-nt.
I shall hear.
audi-a-m.
audi-e-s.
audi-e-t.
audi-e-mus.
audi-e-tis.
audi-e-nt.
a. Observe that, in the Fourth Conjugation, the Pres-
ent tense consists of Present stem + Personal endings.
h. The Imperfect tense consists of Present stem (with
-5 added to it) + -ba -f Personal endings.
c. The Puture tense consists of Present stem + -e
(in the First Singular -a) + Personal endings. Compare
the Putiire of the Third Conjugation.
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 45
153. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE.
Odio virum accusatis. You accuse the man from hatred.
In this sentence, odio is in the Ablative, and denotes
the cause of the accusation.
154. Rule XIV. The Ablative is used to express
Cause.
PERSEUS ET ANDROMEDA.
155. In Aethiopia olim belua fera agios vastabat,
atque multos viros devorabat. Cepheus, igitur,
curis sollicitus, oraculum consulit. Quod autem ita
respondet : " Deus iratus propter superbiam reginae
patriam tuam sic punit. ST autem beluae An drome-
dam dabis, turn deus poenam finiet." Inde Cepheus
maestus Andromedam ad drira saxa revincit. Mox
beluam exaudiunt.
Y 156. 1. Many men are troubled with their cares.
2. The gods will punish the queen. 3. Men for-
merly consulted oracles. 4. The queens end the
punishment of the men. 5. Because of the oracle,
they are binding Andromeda to the rocks. 6. You
will soon hear the monster from afar.
SigJit Translation. Perseus et Andromeda. — Con-
^^y^ eluded.
157. Tum forte Perseus super Aethiopiam volabat.
Subito Andromedam cernit. Sine mora appropin-
quat, et lacrimarum causam quaerit. Andromeda
beluam monstrat. Statim Perseus in auras ascendit.
46 LATIN READER. — LESSON XVIIL
Mox falcato telo tergum monstrl ferit. Diii atque
acriter pugnant. Denique Perseus beluam superat.
Inde Aiidromedam catenis liberat. Brevi Cepheus
filiam Pei'seo in matrimonium dat.
i^ 158. 1. Cur olim Ceplieus oraculum consulit ?
2. Quid respondet oraculum? 3. Quae erat Andro-
meda? 4. Quis Andromedam belua iTberat? 5.
Quale telum erat Perseo? 6. Quid erat praemium
Perseo ?
QUESTIONS.
159. What uses of the Ablative are contained in the two fol-
lowing sentences: They deiv Clodius with their sicords. They
slew Clodius from envy. What is the characteristic vowel of the
stem of the Fourth Conjugation? In what tense is -e added to
the stem? Inflect three tenses of punio and vincio. Give the
English for finit, finiemus, finimus, finiebamus, finient, fini-
tis. Give the Latin for: they were ending^ I end., you (plural)
will end, you' (s'mgulsir) were ending, they are ending. Decline
earns, -a, -um.
super, above, over. ascendo, ascend. ^
volo, Jly. t falcatus, curved.
cerno, iZis-CERX. 3 telum, weapon, sword.
causa, CAUSE. ferio, strike. ^
quaero, in-QUiRE. ? pugno, fight. (Pugnacious.)^
aura, air. matrimonium, marriage, matrimony.
LESSON XVIII.
Third Declension— Liquid Stems.
160. In the Third Declension, the stem ends either
in a consonant or in the vowel -i. Hence this Declen-
sion is divided into consonant stems and -i stems.
THIRD DECLENSION.
47
161. The Case endings for consonant stems are as
follows :
/
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
M., F.
N.
M., F. N.
N.
G.
-es -a
-um
-is
■ D.
-i
-ibus
Ac.
-em
—
-es -a
Ab.
-e
-ibus
LIQUID STEMS.
162.
consul, m.
legio,/.
Virgo,/.
flumen, n.
consul.
legion.
virgin.
river.
stem
consul-
legion-
virgin-
flumin-
SINGULAR.
N-.
consul
legio
virgo
flumen
G.
consulis
legionis
virginis
fluminis
D.
consul!
legioni
virgin!
fliimini
Ac.
consulem
legionem
virginem
flumen
Ab.
consule
legione
PLURAL.
virgine
flumine
N.
consules
legioues
virgines
flumina
G.
consulum
legionum
virginum
fluminum
D.
consulibus
legionibus
virginibus
fluminibus
Ac.
consules
legionis
virgines
flumina
Ab.
consulibus
legionibus
virginibus
fluminibus
163.
labor, m.
pater, m.
corpus, n.
genus, n.
labor.
father.
body.
race.
stem
labor-
patr-
corpor-
gener-
SINGULAR.
N.
labor
pater
corpus
genus
G.
laboris
patris
corporis
generis
D.
labori
patri
corpori
generi
Ac.
laborem
patrem
corpus
genus
Ab.
labore
patre
corpore
genere
48
LATIN READEE. — LESSON XV lU.
PLURAL.
N.
labores
patres
corpora
genera
G.
laboi-um
patrum
corporum
generum
D.
laboribus
patribus
corporibus
generibus
Ac.
labores
patres
corpora
geuera
Ab.
laboribus
patribus
corporibus
generibus
Observe :
a. That the stem differs from the Nominative in all
these nouns, except in consul.
h. That the Accusative Singular of Neuter nouns is
like the Nominative.
c. That the Nominative and Accusative Plural of
Neuter nouns ends in -a.
164. Decline the following nouns, first noting their
stem, and gender (the stem is found by dropping the
ending -is from the Genitive) : Pastor, pastoris, m.,
shejjherd, sermo, sermonis, ni., conversation, opus, operis,
n., work, grando, grandinis, f., hail, mater, matris, f.,
mother, carmen, carminis, n., song, ezsul, exsulis, m. and/.,
exile, tempus, temporis, n., time.
FORUM ROMANUM.
165. Forum Romanum erat inter Capitolium at
Palatium. Primo undique erant parvae tabernae.
Postea autem clari consules imperatoresque basili-
cas et templa in Foro aedificabant. In basilicis erant
argentariae ; liTc etiam praetores ius reddebant. In
Ciiria Hostilia et in Templo Concordiae senatores
conveniebant. In rostrls Cicero et alii oratores ad
THIRD DECLENSION.
49
populum orationes habebant. Undique erant altae
columnae et deorum simulacra et clarorum viiorum
statuae.
166. 1. (There) were statues of famous consuls
in the Forum. 2. The praetor will administer jus-
tice to the people. 3. (There) were images of the
gods in Roman temples. 4. The emperor is build-
ing a lofty temple. 5. Cicero will deliver an ora-
tion to the senators in the Temple of Concord.
Sight Translation. Forum Komanum. — Concluded.
167. TogatT Roman! in Forum saepe conveniebant.
Hic multa comitia habebant. Hinc Via Sacra con-
sules legiones Romanas ad bellum ediicebant. Via
Sacra legiones victores praeda onustae in Forum
incedebant magnis clamoribus populT. Nunc autem
Forum est desertus locus, et tantum-jiiodo ruTnas
ostendit. Nihil manet nisi pauca vestigia antiquae
gloriae Romanae.
168. 1. Ubi erat Forum Romanum ? 2. Quae
primo undique erant? 3. Quae postea consules im-
de-sertus, deserted.
tantum-modo, only,
ruina, ruin.
os-tendo, show. ( Ostensible. ) . •
nihil, nothing. (Nihilist.)
nisi, unless, except.
pa.uci, few. (Paucity.)
vestigium, trace, vestige.
antiquus, ancient. (Antique.)
gloria, GLORY.
togatus, wearing the toga.
comitia, elections.
hinc, lience.
sacer, sacred.
e-duco, lead out. 3
victor, victor.
praeda, booty. (Prey.)
onustus, laden.
in-cedo, advance. :
clamor, shout, clamor.
nunc, now.
50
LATIN BEADER.
LESSON XIX.
peratoresque in Foio aedificabant ? 4. Ubi seiia-
tores conveniebant ? 5. Qui in rostris orationes
habebant? 5. Qua via consules ad bellum legiones
ediicebant? 6. Quid nunc manet in Foro Romano?
QUESTIONS.
169. How is the Third Declension divided ? Name the
liquids (9, b). What is meant by liquid stems? Give the case
endings for Masculine and Feminine nouns; for Xeuters. What
cases are alike in Neuter noims ? Decline : virgo, pater, genus,
pastor, legio, exsul, labor, carmen, corpus. May an Adjec-
tive of the First or Second Declension agree with a noun of the
Third Declension ?
LESSON XIX.
Third Declension — Mute Stems.
170.
Stem
princeps, m.
rex, m.
iudex, m.
chief.
king.
judge.
n
princip-
reg-
iudic-
SINGULAli.
N.
princeps
rex
iudex
G.
principis
regis
iiidicis
D.
principi
regi
iiidici
Ac.
principem
regem
iudicem
Ab.
principe
rege
iudice
PLURAL.
N.
principes
reges
iudices
G.
principum
regum
iudicum
D.
principibus
regibus
iudicibus
Ac.
principes
regis
iiidices
Ab.
principibus
regibus
iudicibus
THIRD DECLENSION — MUTE STEMS.
51
miles, m.
custos, m.
caput, n.
soldier.
guard.
head.
Stem
mil it-
custod-
SINGULAK.
capit-
N.
miles
custos
caput
G.
militis
custodis
capitis
D.
militi
custodi
capiti
Ac.
militem
custodem
caput
Ab.
milite
custode
PLURAL.
capite
N.
milites
custddes
capita
G.
militum
custodum
capitum
D.
militibus
custodibus
capitibus
Ac.
milites
custodes
capita
Ab.
militibus
custodibus
capitibus
Observe :
a. That all Masculines and Feminines in Mute stems
add -s to the stem to form the Nominative (rex = reg-s ;
iudex = iudic-s).
b. That the Lingual stems drop final -d and -t in
forming the Nominative.
c. That the last vowel in the stem is often changed
in the Nominative.
171. Decline the following nouns : vox, vocis,/, voice,
virtus, virtutis,/"., bravery, ops, opis,y., help, obses, obsidis
m. and /., hostage, comes, comitis, m. and /., companion,
grex, gregis, m., herd.
GABII.
172. Dili Tarquinius Superbus obsidebat Gabios,
sed friistra. Denique fraudem temptat. Obsidione
desistit atque ad urbana opera animadvertit. Brevi
52 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIX.
postea Sextus, filius Tarquini, ad Gabinos venit.
'' Nonne " inquit *' filium a saevis suppliciis patris
tegetis? Regis saevitia est intoleranda. Exsul
Latium pererro. Forsitan populum cupidum belli
adversus superbum legem inveniam." Statim Gabini
principem in oppidum libenter admittunt.
173. 1. The kings will besiege the towns of La-
tium in vain. 2. You are not turning your atten-
tion to the father's frauds. 3. I protected the king's
sons from punishment. 4. Did the prince admit
the Gabians into the town ? 5. Will he protect the
exiles from the people's cruelty?
Si(/ht Translation. GabiT. — Concluded.
174. Brevi Sextus favorem et plebis et militum
conciliat. Inde nuntium ad j)atrem mittit. Rex
favor, FAVOR. con-silium, p/a??, counsel.
plebs, common people^ ple- intel-lego, understand. ^ (In-
BEiANS. telligent.)
con-cilio, win^ conciliate. inter-imo, kill.
nuntius, messenger. aut . . . aut, either . . . or.
fessus, tired. exsilium, exile.
mitto, send. (Trans-mit.) ^ ago, drive. (Agent.) 3
ibi, there. re-liquus, remaining. (Relic.)
summus, highest. (Summit.) oppidanus, toionsman. .
papaver, poppy. ultro, of one's own accord.
baculum, stick. cedo, ijield. (Cede.) J
de-cutio, strike off. *3 ita-que, and so.
dis-cedo, depart. iillus, any.
re-nuntio, report. (Re- di-micsitio, struggle.
nounce.) tra-do, give over, hand over. S
ambulo, lualk. i (Trade.)
THIRD DECLENSION — I STEMS. 53
autem nihil respondet, sed in hortum ambulat, et ibi
summa capita papaverum baculo deciitit. Denique
nuntius fessus discedit et Sexto de patre reniintiat.
Sextus autem consilium patris intellegit. Mox piin-
cipes oppidi aut interimit aut in exsilium agit. Re-
liqui oppidan! iiltro cedunt. Itaque Sextus patii sine
iilla dimicatione oppidum tradit.
175. 1. Quis diii Gabios obsidebat? 2. Quid
denique rex temptat ? 3. Quern ad Gabinos mittit?
4. Quid dicit Sextus oppidanis ? 5. Num Gabini
in oppidum Sextum admittunt? 6. Quorum favo-
rem Sextus conciliat ? 7. Quem ad patrem mittit ?
8. Quid facit rex? 9. Intellegitne Sextus patris
consilium ? 10. Quid facit Sextus ? 11. Quid
faciunt iiltro reliquT oppidan! ?
QUESTIONS.
176. Name the mutes in their classes (9, a). Decline: vox,
lumen, virtus, condicio, pes, honor, comes, onus, salus.
What difference in gender do you observe between nouns in -us,
(Genitive -eris or -oris), and those in -us, (Genitive -utis) ?
LESSON XX.
Third Declension — I Stems.
MASCULINES AND FEMININES IN -IS AND -ES.
177. tussis, /. navis, /. ignis, m. hostis, m. nubes,/.
cough. ship. fire. enemy. cloud.
Stem tussi- navi- igni- hosti- nubi-
54
LATIN READER.
LESSON XX.
N. tussis
G. tussis
D. tussi
Ac. tussim
Ab. tussi
navis
navis
navi
iiuvem(-i:
navi (-e)
SINGULAR.
ignis
hostis
nubes
ignis
hostis
nubis
Igni
hosti
nubi
tn) ignem
hostem
nubem
igni (-e)
hoste
nube
PLURAL.
N". tusses naves
G. tussium naviuni
D. tussibus navibus
Ac. tussis (-es) navis (-es)
Ab. tussibus navibus
ignes hostes nubes
ignium hostium nubium
ignibus hostibus. niibibus
ignis (-es) hostis (-es) nubis (-es)
ignibus hostibus nubibus
NEUTERS IN -E, -AL, AND -AR.
178. mare, ?i., sea. animal, n., animal, calcar, n., spur.
Stem marl- animali- calcari-
SINGULAR.
N.
mare
animal
calcar
G.
maris
animalis
calcaris
D.
mari
animali
calcari
Ac.
mare
animal
calcar
Ab.
mari
animali
PLURAL.
calcari
N.
maria
animalia
calcaria
G.
marium
animalium
calcarium
D.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
Ac.
maria
animalia
calcaria
Ab.
maribus
animalibus'
calcaribus
Observe that -i stems have the following peculiari-
ties : —
a. They have -ium in the Genitive Plural.
THIRD DECLENSION — I STEMS. 55
b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar have -I in the Ablative
Singular, and -ia in the Nominative and Accusative
Plural.
c. Steins in -is and -es have -Is or -es in the Accusa-
tive Plural.
d. The Accusative Singular of stems in -is and -es
varies between -im and -em,
e. The Ablative Singular of stems in -is and -es varies
between -I and -e.
179. Note. i stems in -is and -es are easily distinguished
from consonant stems in -is and -es; for -i stems have the same
number of syllables in the Genitive as in the Nominative Singular,
while consonant stems increase the number of syllables; thus,
col-lis, Genitive col-lis, is an -i stem; but la-pis, Genitive
la-pi-dis, is a consonant stem. So also cae-des, Genitive cae-
dis, is an -i stem; but co-mes, Genitive co-mi-tis, is a consonant
stem.
180. To -i stems belong :
a. Nouns in -is and -es (not increasing in the Geni-
tive).
b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar.
181. Like tussis, decline sitis, thirst (in the Singular
only, because of its meaning).
a. Like navis, decline turris, tower, and securis, axe.
b. Like Ignis, decline amnis, river, avis, bird, classis,
Jleet, finis, e7id, messis, harvest, and ovis, sheep.
G. Most other -i stems in -is and -es are declined like
hostis and nubes.
56 LATIN READER. — LESSON XX.
BRUTUS ET FTT.Tf TARQUINI.
182. Maxima opera Tarquini Superb! erant Tem-
plum lovis et Cloaca Maxima. In labore operum
plebem cliu exercebat. Subito portentum apparet.
Anguis ex columna lignea emergit atque incolas
regiae perterret. Inde rex suos duos filios per terras
et per maria ad oraculum Apollinis mittit. L. luuius
Briitus, consobrinus, erat comes prmcipibus. Tres
iuvenes tandem in Graeciam perveniunt. Hic primo
pro rege oraculum consulunt.
183. 1. The greatest work of tlie people was a
temple. 2. Tlie king will send the youths over
the sea. 3. The princes were consulting the in-
habitants of tlie land. 4. The companions of the
youth are the king's cousins. 5. We shall keep
the people busy on the works.
Sight Translation.
Brutus et Filii Tarquini. — Concluded.
184. Deinde iuvenes ab oraculo quaerunt : " Quis,
post mortem Tarquini, regnum obtinebit ? " Pythia
sic respondet : " Imperium summum Romae habebit,
qui primus matri osculum dabit." Inde duo filii Tar-
quini de regno sortis diicunt. Sed Brutus consulto
cadit, atque terrae osculum dat. "Nam" putat
" terra est mater mortalium." Inde Romam repe-
tunt. Brevi postea Roman! c!ves, laboribus !rati,
Tarquinium regno pellunt, atque Briitum consulem
creant.
THIRD DECLENSION — MIXED STEMS. 57
185. 1. Quae sunt maxima opera Tarquini Su-
perb!? 2. Quo modo rex plebem exercebat? 3.
Quod portentum apparet ? 4. Quid facit rex ? 5.
Quis erat comes filiis Tarquini. 6. Quid primo
faciunt in Graecia? 7. Quid postea quaerunt iu-
venes ? 8. Quid respondet Pythia ? 9. Quid
faciunt prmcipes? 10. Quid facit Briitus? 11.
Quid postea regi accidit?
QUESTIONS.
186. What are the peculiarities of -i stems ? How can -i stems
in -is and -es be distinguished from consonant stems in -is and
-es? What nouns belong to -i stems? Decline: avis, lapis,
cubile, rupes, eques, ovis, pax, nectar, clades, vectigal,
aedis, nomen.
de-inde, then, afterwards. con-sulto, on purpose.
post, after. (Consult.)
mors, death. (Mortal.) cado,/aZ^ •'''
ob-tineo, obtain. i . puto, tldnk. (Com-pute.)/
regnum, kincfdom. (Reign.) niortalis, mortal.
im-perium, command. (Empire.) re-peto, seek again, return
mater, mother. to. (Repeat.)
osculum, kiss. civis, citizen. (Civic.)
sors, lot. (Sort.) pello, ea^-PEL. 3
duco, lead, draw. (Aque-duct.) .. creo, elect. (Create.) I
Pythia, priestess of Apollo.
-?
LESSON XXI.
Third Declension — Mixed Stems ; Gender Rules ;
Ablative of Accompaniment.
187. urbs,/. arx,/. pons, ?«. aetas,/.
city. citadel. bridge. age.
Stem urb- (i-) arc- (i-) pont- (i-) aetat- (i-)
58
LATIN READER. — LESSON XXL
SINGULAR.
N.
urbs
arx
pons
aetas
G.
iirbis
arcis
pontis
aetatis
D.
urbi
arci
ponti
aetati
Ac.
urbem
arcem
pontem
aetatem
Ab.
urbe
arce
ponte
aetate
PLURAL.
N.
urbes
arces
pontes
aetates
G.
urbium
arcium
pontium
aetfitium (-um)
D.
urbibus
arcibus
l)ontibu8
aetatibus
Ac.
urbis (-es)
arcis (-es)
pontis (-es)
aetatis (-es)
Ab.
urbibus
arcibus
pontibus
aetatibus
a. Notice that these nouns are declined like Conso-
nant stems in the Singular, and like -i stems in the
Plural. Hence they are called Mixed stems. They
were originally -i stems.
188. To Mixed stems belong :
a. Monosyllables ending in -s and -x following a con-
sonant, as : urbs, arx.
b. Nouns ending in -tas, as : aetas.
189. Decline : pars, partis, ^:>rty'^, mons, montis, moun-
tain, civitas, civitatis, state.
190. THIRD DECLENSION GENDER RULES.
I. Nouns ending in -6 (except those in -do, -go, -io),
-or, -OS, -er, -es are generally Masculine.
II. Nouns ending in -as, -es, -is, -ys, -x, -s (preceded by
a consonant), -do, -go, -io, and -us are generally Feminine.
III. Nouns ending in -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -1, -n, -t, -ar, -ur,
and -us are generally Neuter.
THIRD DECLENSION — MIXED STEMS. 59
191. ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT.
Puer cum amico ambulat. The boy is walking with a
friend.
Observe that amico is in the Ablative with the prepo-
sition cum, and that it denotes that the boy is accojyipa-
nied by a friend. Hence it is called the Ablative of
AccoTR'pmiiinent.
192. Rule XV. The Ablative with the preposition
cum is used to denote Accompaniment.
HORATIUS COCLES.
\y 193. Tarquinius Superbus, iam , exsul, ab Larte
Porsena, rege CliisT, auxilium petit. Mox maximo
in periculo erat Roma. Nam Porsena magnis cum
copiis in urbem incedebat. Ubique rex copias Roma-
norum vincit. Iam montem laniculum occupat.
Milites Roman! arma ordinesque relinqumit, atque
fuga saluitem petunt. Tum Pons Subliciiis solus
flumen Tiberim iungebat. Nisi Roman! pontem
interscindent, brevi Porsena in urbem copias suas
tradiicet. Sed Romanis virtiis non omn!no deest.
Pro ponte Horatius Codes cum Sp. Lartio et T.
Herminio hostis sustinet.
7
194. 1. The king's forces will advance upon the
"cities. 2. Large bridges span the river Tiber,
3. Will a Roman soldier leave the ranks, and seek
safety in flight? 4. Are you not cutting down the
bridges, Romans? 5. The soldiers of Lars Porsena
were holding back the enemy's forces.
60 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXL
Sight Translation. Hokatius Cocles. — Concluded.
195. Interea milites civesque Romaiii pontem in-
terscindebant. Mox, ubi exigua pars pontis manet,
Horatius duos comites transmittit. Nunc solus sed
intrepidus pontem tenet. Denique magno fragore
pons in flumen decidit. Romani magnum clamorem
tollunt. Inde Horatius, etiam armatus, in Tiberim
desilit atque ad suos comites tranat. Tanta virtiite
civitatem servat. Grati elves statuam Horati in
Comitio ponunt.
196. 1. A quo Tarquinius auxilium petit? 2.
Clir mox erat Roma maximo in periculo ? 3. Quem
montem Porsena occupat? 4. Nonne Romani re-
gem Cliisi vincunt? 5. Qui pons tum flumen Ti-
berim iungebat? 6. Quot Romani liostis sustinent?
7. Dum Horatius hostis sustinet, quid Romani facie-
bant ? 8. Deciditne pons in fliimen ? 9. Quid
deinde facit Horatius? 10. Quod praemium elves
Horatio dant?
inter-ea, meanwhile. de-silio, leaj) down. ,
ex-iguus, small. tra-no, swim across, f
pars, PART. tantus, so great.
trans-mitto, send across.*} civitas, state.
(Transmit.) gratus, grate-/i<Z.
fragor, crash. "* Comitium, the comitium, a
Ae-cido, fall down. "■ (Decid- place in the Forum.
uous.) ^ pono, place. (Position.) J!
tollo, raise, (Ex-tol.) -
VERB SUM. 61
QUESTIONS.
197. Why are the Mixed stems so called ? What nouns be-
long to Mixed stems ? State the Gender Rules of the Third
Declension. Give an example of your own of the Ablative of
Accompaniment, Ablative of Manner, Ablative of Means. De-
cline : aestas, cliens, volpes, laus, exemplar, mens, celeritas,
sedes, mors, piscis.
LESSON XXII.
Verb Sum — Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Per-
fect Indicative ; Imperative.
198. There are three tenses in the Indicative mood
besides the Present, Imperfect, and Future ; viz., the
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect.
199. The Perfect tense denotes either :
a. An action completed in the past, without reference
to its C07itinuance ; as: I walked; or,
b. An action completed in the present, as: I have
walked.
200. The Pluperfect tense denotes an action completed
in the past, before some other action was begun, as : /
had walked a mile, when I met a stranger.
201. The Future Perfect tense denotes an action com-
pleted in the future, as : I shall have ivalked.
202. The Imperative mood has but two tenses, the
Present and the Future.
62 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIL
203. VERB SUM INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect stem, fu-.
PERFECT.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
^ - S I '^cis. - . { ive were.
fu-i, < ^ fu-imus,
have been. ( we have been.
m were. j- ■ ^- S you were.
fu-istis, < ,
7J011 have been. ( you have been.
he was. fu-erunt ( they were.
he has been. or fu-ere, ( they have been.
fu-it.
PLUPERFECT.
fu-era-m, / had been. fu-era-mus, loe had been.
fu-era-s, you had been. fu-era-tis, you had been.
fu-era-t, he had been. fu-era-nt, they had been.
FUTURE PERFECT.
fu-er-6, I shall have been. fu-eri-mus, we shall have been.
fu-eri-s, you will have been. fu-eri-tis, you will have been.
fu-eri-t, he will have been. fu-eri-nt, they will have been.
IMPERATIVE MOOD. Prese7it stem, es-.
PRESENT.
es, be thou. es-te, be ye.
FUTURE.
es-to, thou shalt be. es-tote, ye shall be.
es-to, he shall be. su-nto, they shall be.
a. Notice that the somewhat irregular personal end-
ings in the Perfect are added directly to the Perfect
stem.
VERB SUM. 63
b. The tense sign in the Pluperfect is -era- = had.
c. The tense sign in the Future Perfect is -eri- = shall
or will have.
Note. — The tense signs and personal endings of these three
tenses are the same in all Latin verbs. Master them and their
meanings now, and they will present no further difficulty.
d. Observe that -6 is the prevailing vowel in the
Future Imperative.
ATAIiANTA.
204. Atalanta fuit celerrima mortalium. Diii
propter oraculum .cpniugium vitabat. ,^ Sclioeneus,
virginis pater, pr'ocos filiae sTc monebat : " ST victor
certamine pedum eris, turn filiam meam in matri-
monium diices. Sed mors esto pretium tarditatis."
Nihilo minus Atalantae multl prod fuerunt. Nam
fuit pulcherrima virgo. Itaque multi ex foedere
poenam pendebant. Denique Hippomenes virginem
in matrimonium petit. Ante certamen autem a
Venere auxilium orat. Inde dea iuveni tria aurea
poma dat.
205. 1. Notwithstanding, the maidens had many
suitors. 2. Had you been a victor in the races?
3. Many of the maidens were most beautiful. 4.
Hippomenes will be the victor in the foot-race.
5. The father of the maidens, had been the swiftest
of mortals. 6. You shall pay the penalty unless
you are Qlt. shall have bee^n) tlie victor.
64 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIL
3i
#
Sight Translation. Atalanta. — Concluded.
y 206. Interea undique ad certamen conveniunt.
Mt)x tubae signiim dant. Una cursores carcere
emicant et clamoribiis multitudinis pariter volant.
Turn Ilippomenes, dum meta longe abest, unum de
tribus pomis mittit. Virgo cupidine ami declinat, tol-
litque nitidum pomum. Interea Hippomenes primum
locum tenet. Mox tamen Atalanta moram corrigit.
o
Inde iuvenis secundum pomum mittit, sed nequiquam.
lam ad metam appropinquabant. " Nunc " inquit
Hippomenes "ades, o dea." Inde tertium pomum
mittit. Atalanta dubitat, declinat, atque Hippo-
\menes victor emicat, habetque praemium.
J* 207. 1. Ciir Atalanta coniugium vitabat? 2.
Quo modo Sclioeneus procos filiae monebat? 3.
Num multi ^)oenam pendebant? 4. Quis denique
virginem in matrimonium petit? 5. Quid Venus
iuveni dat? 6. Dum meta longe abest, quid facit
Hippomenes? 7. Num virgo cupidine pomi de-
clinat? 8. Corrigitne moram? 9. Quid deinde
facit Hippomenes ? 10. Ubi tertium pomum mittit ?
11. Quis fuit victor?
tuba, trumpet. absum, he distant. (Absent.)
signum, signal. cupido, desire. (Cupidity.)
una, together. (Unit.) aurum, gold.
cursor, runner. (Cursory.) de-clino, turn aside. (^Decline.)
career, starting point. tollo, pick up. ^
emico, dart forth. I nitidus, shining.
pariter, side by side. (Parity.) corrigo, 7nake up. (Correct.)
meta, ^oa^ dubito, hesitate. (Dubita-
longe, afar. tive.)
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES.
65
QUESTIONS.
208. What time does the Perfect denote ? Distinguish be-
tween the Imperfect and Perfect. What time does the Pluper-
fect denote ? The Future Perfect ? Of what does the Perfect of
sum consist ? What is the tense sign of the Pluperfect ? Of
the Future Perfect ? What are the EnglisU equivalents of these
tense signs ? Conjugate all the tenses of the Indicative and
Imperative of sum, Latin and English. Translate : fueritis,
fui, fueramus, fuere, fuistis, fuerint ; we have been, I had been,
he will have been, they had been. Give an example of the Dative
of Possessor.
LESSON XXIII.
Third Declension Adjectives — I stems; First
Conjugation — Indicative and Imperative.
209. acer, sharp. Stem acri-
celer, swift. Stem celeri-
SINGULAR.
MASC.
FEM.
NKUT. MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
N.
G.
acer
acris
acris
acre celer
celeris
celeris
celere
D.
acri
celeri
Ac
Ab
. acrem
acremi
acri
acre celerem
PLURAL.
celerem
celeri
celere
N.
acres
acres
acria celeres
celeres
celeria
G. acrium celerium
D. acribus celeribus
Ac. acris (-es) acris (-es) acria celeris (-es) celeris (-es) celeria
Ab. acribus celeribus
66 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIIL
210. fortis, brave. Stem forti-.
SINGULAR.
PLUKAL.
MASC. and fkm.
NKUT.
MASC. and fem.
NEUT.
N.
fortis
forte
fortes
fortia
G.
fortis
fortium
D.
forti
•
fortibus
Ac.
fortem
forte
fortis (-es)^
fortia
Ab.
forti
fortibus
211. All stems in -ri are declined like acer, except
celer, which keeps -e throughout.
a. Like acer, decline equester, equestrian, andpedester,
pedestrian. Like fortis, decline brevis, short, and gravis,
heavy. Decline together: fortis vir; acris pugna; breve
tempus.
212. FIRST CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect stem, amav-.
PERFECT.
orv.--,, ? { I loved. ' _ . ( we loved.
amav-i, ) amuv-imus, S , , ,
( I have loved. { we have loved.
^- ;„*.; ( you loved. . . ^. ( you loved.
amav-isti, < ^ , , , amuv-istis, < ,
I you nave loved. L you have loved.
... j he loved. amfiv-erunt, r they loved.
I he has loved. or amfiv-ere, \ they have loved.
PLUPERFECT.
amav-era-m, 7 had loved. amav-era-mus, ive had loved.
amiiv-era-s, you had loved. amav-era-tis, you had loved.
amilv-era-t, he had loved. amav-era-nt, they had loved.
FUTURE PEKFECT.
amav-er-o, / shall have loved. amav-eri-mus, we shall have
loved.
amav-eri-s, you will have loved, amav-eri-tis, you will have loved.
amav-eri-t^ he will have loved. amav-eri-nt, they will have loved.
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 61
IMPERATIVE MOOD. — Present stem, ama-.
PRESENT.
ama, love thou. ama-te, love ye.
FUTURE.
ama-to, tliou shalt love. ama-tote, ye shall love.
ama-to, he shall love. ama-nto, they shall love.
a. Observe that, in the First Conjugation, the Perfect
stem is formed by adding -v to the Present stem, thus :
ama + v = amav-.
Note. — The student should hereafter learn the Principal
Parts of all the verbs in each Lesson, so that he may know their
different stems. ^
DEUCALION ET PYRRHA.
213. Omnibus in locis terrae olim fuerunt impie-
tas et scelus. Numquam antehac homines tarn
turpes cmdelesque fuerant. Denioue luppiter terri-
bilem poenam paravit. Ex omni caelo densos nim-'
bos convocat et adsidiios imbiis demittit. Neptiinus
quoque fratrem iuvat. Ubique fliimina agros inun-
dant. lam altum mare etiam summos montis tegebat.
Parnasus solus ex undis eminebat. Hic pius Deuca-
lion cum coniuge Pyrrha parva rate adhaerebat.
Nee iam Ira deorum manet.
214. 1. We had called pious men together from
every land. 2. The highest mountains alone will
project from the deep sea. 3. The gods have pre-
pared cruel punishments for base men. 4. The
river will have inundated the land before this. 5.
Jupiter and Neptune assisted Deucalion and Pyrrha.
68 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIIL
Sight Translation.
Deucalion et Pyrrha. — Concluded.
215. Statim Neptunus nubis fugavit et flumina
mariaque revocavit. Sed ex omnibus mortalibus
modo duo supererant. Maesti Deucalion et Pyrrha
in templo a dea auxilium orabant. Inde Themis sic
responsum dedit : " Velate capita, et post tergum
ossa magnae parentis iactate." Diii stupebant. Deu-
calion tandem sic dicit : " Terra est magna parens
omnium. Forsitan lapides sunt ossa magnae paren-
tis.^^ Inde ii templo discedunt, capita velant, et saxa
post tergum mittunt. Mox respiciunt. lam saxa
sunt viri et feminae. Sic dei terrae homines resti-
tuerunt.
216. 1. Ciir olim luppiter terribilem poenam ho-
minibus paravit? 2. Quid facit luppiter? 3. Quo
modo Neptiinus lovem iuvat? 4. Qui mons solus
ex undis eminebat? 5. Qui monti adhaerebant?
6. Quid postea facit Neptiinus ? 7. Quot ex omni-
bus mortalibus supererant? 8. Quid faciunt Deu-
calion et Pyrrha? 9. Quod responsum dedit dea?
10. Quid de response dicit Deucalion? 11. Quid
faciunt Deucalion et Pyrrha? 12. Quid evenit?
re-voc6, recall. (Revoke.) parens, parent.
modo, onli/. re-spicio, look back. (Re-
Themis, Goddess of Justice. spect.)
re-sp6nsum, response. femina, woman. (Feminine.)
vel5, VEIL. re-stitu6, restore. (Restitu-
os, bone. (Ossi-fy.) tion.)
}
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 69
QUESTIONS.
217. What is the difference in declension between acer and
celer ? Why does f ortis have but two endings in the Nomina-
tive ? Conjugate the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of
paro and do. What is the use of learning the Principal Parts
of verbs ?
LESSON XXIV.
^ Third Declension Adjectives — Consonant Stems ;
r-i Second Conjugation — Indicative and
\ Imperative.
218. audax, daring. prudens, prudent.
Stem audac-. Stem prudent-.
SINGULAR.
M., F. N. M., F. N-
N. audax prudens
G. audiicis prudentis
D. audaci prudenti
Ac. audacem audax prudentem prudens
Ab. audaci (-e) prudenti (-e)
PLURAL.
N. audaces audacia prudentes prudentia
G. audiicium prudentium
D. audacibus prudentibus
Ac. audacis (-es) audacia priidentis (-es) prudentia
Ab. audacibus prudentibus
a. Almost all adjectives of the Third Declension with
Consonant stems are declined, like audax and prudens,
with the case endings of -i stems. Decline atrox, fierce,
and diligens, diligent. Decline together : ferox aper ;
ingens templum ; vetus Roma.
70 LATIN READER — LESSON XXIV.
219. SECOND CONJUGATION — INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect stem monu-.
PERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
I warned or / have warned. I had warned.
monu-i monu-imus monu-era-m monu-era-mus
monu-isti inonu-istis inonu-era-s monu-era-tis
monu-it monu-erunt monu-era-t monu-era-nt
or iiionu-ere
FUTURE PERFECT.
/ shall hare warned.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present stem mone-.
PRESENT.
mone mone-te
monu-er-o monu-eri-mus future.
monu-eri-s monii-eri-tis mone-to mone-tote
monu-eri-t monu-eri-nt mone-to mone-nto
a. Most verbs of the Second Conjugation form the
Perfect stem by changing final -e of the Present stem to
-u, thus mone- becomes monu- ; but there are many ex-
ceptions which shouhl be carefully studied. Notice the
stems of sedeo and video in the following paragraph.
C. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA.
220. Diu Porsena Roniam obsederat. Maxima
inopia cibT in iirbe erat. Denique C. Miicius, adu-
lescens nobilis, in castra hostium penetravit. Ibi
prope regium tribiinal ingentem turbam vidit. Scrlba
cum rege sedebat, atque stTpendium militibus dabat.
Dili Miicius dubitabat ; nam figiirae regis inscius
erat. Denique sciibam pro rege obtruncat. Satel-
lites regis audacem iuvenem comprehendunt retra-
huntque ante tribiinal. liissis regis, iTgna Miicio
circumdant, atque ignis parant.
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES.
71
X
221. 1. Porsena's soldiers were besieging the ene-
my's camp. 2. The daring youths will slay the
king's attendants. 3. The soldiers penetrated the
vast crowd. 4. The enemies of Mucins will have
besieged the cities. 5. Is not the crowd of daring
soldiers sitting before the tribunal ?
Sight Translation.
C. Mucius ScAEVOLA. — Concluded.
222. Miicius autem interritus, " Romanus civis "
inquit "sum, neque mortem timeo." Inde dextram
in ignem imponit. Porsena, attonitus miraculo, tan-
tam virtiitem laudat, atque Miicium liberum dimittit.
Inde Mucius regem sic monuit : " Trecenti Romani
iuvenes, magne rex, in te coniiiraverunt. Mea prima
sors fuit. Ceteri singuli aderunt, utcumque occasio
erit." Rex, de sua saliite commotus, copias dediicit,
et agro Romano excedit. Postea Miicius, a clade
dextrae, cognomen Scaevola habuit.
223. 1. Ciir olim erat maxima inopia cibi in urbe
Roma? 2. Quis in castra hostium penetravit?
in-territus, unterrified.
timeo, fear. ( Timid. )
dextra, right hand. (Dex-
terous.)
ivci-Tpono, put into or on. j^
(Imposition.)
at-tonitus, astonished.
miraculum, startling act.
di-mitto, DISMISS.
tre-oenti, three hundred.
con-iuro, conspire. (Conjure.)
ut-oumque, whenever.
oc-casio, opportunity, occa-
sion.
com-motus, alarmed. (Com-
motion.)
ceteri, the others.
singuli, one bij one. (Singular.)
de-duco, lead away. (Deduce.)
cog-nomen, surname.
72 LATIN EEADEli.— LESSON XXV.
3. Quid prope regium tribunal vtdit? 4. Ciir Mii-
cius scribam pro rege obtruncavit ? 5. Quid audaci
iuveni accidit? 6. Noiine Miicius ignis timuit?
7. Quid facit Miioius? 8. Quid facit Porsena?
9. Quid Mucius regem nionuit? 10. Quid facit
rex ? 11. Quod cognomen postea Miicius liabuit ?
QUESTIONS.
224, Wliat -i stem endings are found in the declension of
most Third Declension adjectives with consonant stems ? Con-
jugate the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of habeo and
sedeo. What is the Genitive Singular of Mucius ?
LESSON XXV.
Fourth Declension; Third Conjugation — Indica-
tive and Imperative.
225. exercitus, ?»., r/rm?/. cornu, n., //o?h. domus,/., /<oitse.
Stem exercitu- cornu- domu-
SINGULAK. CASE ENDINGS.
N. exercitus cornu domus -us -u
G. exercitus cornus domus (domi) -us
D. exercitui (-u) cornu domui (domo) -ui(-u)-u
Ac. exercitum cornu domum -um -u
Ab. exercitu cornu domo (domu) -u
PLURAL.
N. exercitus cornua domus -us -ua
G. exercituum cornuum domuum (domorum) -uum
D. exercitibus cornibus domibus -ibus
Ac. exercitus cornua domos (domus) -us -ua
Ab. exercitibus cornibus domibus -ibus
FOURTH DECLENSION. 73
a. Notice that tir%-stem ends in -u; hence this is
sometimes called the -u Declension.
b. Observe that domus has several forms of the
Second Declension, and that the Second Declension form
is preferred to the Fourth in the Ablative Singula^' and
in the Accusative Plural.
226. Gender Rule. Most nouns of the Fourth Declen-
sion ending in -us are Masculine ; those ending in -u are
Neuter.
Exc. Manus and domus are feminine.
227. Like exercitus decline magistratus, m., magis-
trate, and manus, /., hand, band; like cornu decline
genu, n., knee.
228. THIRD CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect stem rex-
PERFECT.
PLUPERFECT.
I ruled or
/ have ruled.
Ihad
ruled.
rex-i
rex-imus
rex-era-m
rex-era-mus
rex-isti
rex-istis
rex-era-s
rex-era-tis
rex-it
rex-erunt
or rex-ere
rex-era-t
rex-era-nt
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present stem rege-.
FUTURE PERFECT. PRESENT.
/ shall have ruled. rege regi-te
rex-er-o rex-eri-mus future.
rex-eri-s rex-eri-tis regi-to regi-tote
rex-eri-t rex-eri-nt regi-to regu-nto
a. The formation of the Perfect stem in the Third
Conjugation is very irregular. Notice the following
ways of forming the Perfect stem :
74 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXV.
1. Adding s to the root : reg- + s = rex-, due- + s =
dux-, lud- + s = lus-.
2. Reduplication (prefixing the first two letters to
the root) : cu + curr- = cucurr-, pe -f pell- = pepul-.
3. Lengthening the vowel of the root : em-, em- ; ag-
eg- ; vine-, vie-.
4. Adding -u to the root : al- + u = alu-, eol- +-u= eolu-.
5. By adding -Iv to the root : pet- + iv - petiv-, quaer-
-f IV = quaesiv-.
6. Retaining the root : ru-, ru- : vert-, vert-.
DUO EQUITES. ^
229. Postquam Porsena cum suo exercitu finibus
Romanis excesserat, Tarquinius a1b Octavio Mamilio,
rege Latinoruui, auxilium petTvit. Brevi postea Ro-
mauT et Latin! ad lacum Regillum dimicaverunt.
Grave et atrox erat proelium. Denique a- sinistro
cornii RomanT impetum LatTuorum non sustinuerunt.
lude Aulus Postumius dictator, " Tem2:)lum " incla-
mat " geminis fratribus voveo, si hodie hostis vTceri-
mus." Ecce autem, statim duo Tgnoti iuvenes in albis
equTs clelectam manum dictatoris in hostis ducebant.
230. 1. The two armies have withdrawn from the
Latin territory. 2. Mamilius had led the cavalry
against the left wing. 3. The dictator, with a
picked band of young men, was sustaining the ene-
my's attacks. 4. Postumius will lead the left wing
of the Roman army. 5. Will not tlie king have
souQfht aid from the Latins?
FOURTH DECLENSION. 75
Sight Translation. Duo Equites. - — Concluded.
231. Omnibus in locTs magna caedes erat. lam
Mamilius atque filius TarquinT occidunt. Denique
Latmi terga vertunt et fuga saliitem petunt. In-
terea in urbe cTves in magno metii erant. Subito,
occasii solis, duo equites in Foro apparent. Prope
templum Vestae ex equTs descendunt. Dum hic
fessTs equis aquam dant, civibus vTctoriam praecla-
ram niintiant. Inde ex Foro equitant, neque iterum
Romanis apparent. Sed Aulus " Duo equites " in-
quit "gemini fratres, Castor et Polliix, fuerunt."
In Foro igitur templum magnificum aedificavit dica-
vitque geminls dels.
232. 1. Num Porsena Romam expiignavit? 2.
A quo postea Tarquinius auxilium petivit? 8.
Ubi duo exercitiis dimicaverunt ? 4. Nonne Ro-
man! impetum Latinorum sustinuerunt? 5. Quid
inclamavit dictator? 6. Quid accidit? 7. Qui
denique terga verterunt? 8. Qui in Foro, occasii
solis, apparuerunt ? 9. Quid prope templum Vestae
fecerunt? 10. Qui erant duo equites ?
oc-cido, /a^/, _pem^. fessus, tired.
verto, turn. (Re-vert.) victoria, victory.
metus, anxiety. prae-clarus, .splendid., glorious.
oc-casus, setting. iiuntio, an-NOUNCE.
sol, sun. (Solar.) iterum, again.
Vesta, Goddess of the Hearth. Castor, Castor.
de-scendo, descend, dis- Pollux, Pollux.
mount. magni-ficus, magnificent.
76
LATIN READER.
LESSON XX VL
QUESTIONS.
233. Why is the Fourth Declension sometimes called the -u
Declension ? Decline domus. In what cases of domus are the
Second Declension forms preferred to the Fourth ? State the
Gender Rule. What nouns in -us are Feminine ? Conjugate
the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of duco. Give a
synopsis in the Indicative and Imperative of do and sustineo.
(A synopsis is an outline of a verb, giving but one form in each
tense, as: amat, amabat, amabit, etc.)
LESSON XXVI.
Fifth Declension ; Fourth Conjugation — Indica-
tive and Imperative ; Accusative of Time.
234
. dies, m.
, day.
TBS, J
'., thing.
stem
die-
re-
CASE
ENDINGS.
SING.
PLUR.
SING.
PLUR.
SING.
PLUR.
N.
dies
dies
res
res
-es
-es
G.
diei
dierum
- rei
rerum
-ei
-erum
D.
diei
diebus
- rei
rebus
-ei
-ebus
Ac.
diem
dies
rem
res
-em
-is
Ab.
die
diebus
re
rebus
-e
-ebus
a. The stem ends in -e.
b. Only dies and res have all the cases in the Plural.
Most nouns of this declension are declined in the Sin-
gular only, but a few have also the Nominative and
Accusative Plural.
c. Contrary to the rule, in the Genitive and Dative
Singular the vowel -e is long before -i, except in res, spgs,
and fides. See § 8, b.
FIFTH DECLENSION. 11
235. Gender Rule. Nouns of the Fifth Declension
are Femininej except dies, which is usually Masculine in
the Singular, and always in the Plural.
236. FOURTH CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect stem audiv-.
PERFECT.
PLUPERFECT.
I heard or
■ I have heard.
/ had heard.
audiv-i
audiv-imus
audiv-era-m audlv-era-mus
audiv-isti
audiv-istis
audiv-era-s audlv-era-tis
audiv-it
audiv-erunt
or audiv-ere
audiv-era-t audlv-era-nt
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present stem audi-.
FUTURE
PERFECT.
PRESENT.
I shall have heard.
audi audi-te
audIv-er-6
audiv-eri-mus
FUTURE.
audiv-eri-s
audiv-eri-tis
audi-to audi-tote
audiv-eri-t
audlv-eri-nt
audi-to audiu-nto
a. The Perfect stem in the Fourth Conjugation is
regularly formed by adding -v to the Present stem as,
audi- + V = audiv-.
237. ACCUSATIVE OF TIME HOW LONG.
Multos annos caecus fuit. He was blind many years.
Observe that annos is in the Accusative, and that it
answers the question, IIoiv long? It is therefore called
the Accusative of time liow long.
238. Rule XVI. The Accusative is used to denote
time how long.
78 LATIN READER. — LESSON XX VL
PROSERPLNA.
239. In Sicilia quondam Proserpina, filia Cereris,
in liico flores carpebat. Subito Pliiionis currus ad
lucum celeriter appropinquat. Deus pulchram deam
videt atque statim diligit. Nee iilla mora est. lam
Proserpina captiva in currii terribilis del per agros
laciisque volat. NequTquam dea territa matrem et
comites clamat. Mox Pliiton sceptrum in altum
fontem condit et viam in Tartara aperit.
Interea Ceres flliam dies noctisque quaesiverat
sed non reppererat. Denique fessa dea omnem spem
deposuit. Valde Trata friiges terris negabat. Ubique
dira inopia erat.
240. 1. At length the mother and companions of
Proserpina gave up all their hopes. 2. Have you
searched for the maiden during the night? 3. He
had opened a way through the earth with Pluto's
sceptre. 4. Did not the maidens pluck flowers in
the fields during the day? 5. You will not find
the god's chariot in the grove.
Sight Translation. Proserpina. — Concluded.
241. Sed fliimen Alpheus, dum subter Sicilian!
fluit, Proserpinam viderat, et nunc tandem Cereri
totam rem narravit. Inde dea ad lovem venit, et
auxilium oravit. Pater hominum atque deorum
preces Cereris benlgne audivit. Tum sTc respondit:
" Proserpina repetet terram, sed certa lege, sT nullum
cibum contigit." At infelix Proserpina, dum per
FIFTH DECLENSION. 79
hortum errat, Puniceuin pomum gustaverat. Iteruin
Ceres omiiem spem deposuit. Turn luppiter, plenus
misericordiae annum inter Plutonem et Cererem
dividit. Qua re postea Proserpina cum matre sex
mensis, cum coniuge totidem mensis semper manebat.
242. 1. Ubi quondam Proserpina flores carpebat?
2. Quis ad lucum celeriter appropTnquat? 3. Vi-
detne Pluton Proserpinam ? 4. Quid statim accidit ?
5. Quo modo Pluton viam in Tartara aperuit? 6.
Quid interea Ceres fecerat? 7. Quo modo Ceres
terras piinivit? 8. Quis tandem Cereri totam rem
'narravit? 9. A quo Ceres auxilium oravit? 10.
Quid respondit luppiter? 11. Contigeratne Pro-
serpina ullum cibum? 12. Quid tandem fecit
luppiter ?
QUESTIONS.
243. Decline together festus dies ; res publica ; inanis
currus. State the Gender Rule for the Fifth Declension. Inflect
the Indicative and Imperative of repeiio. (xive a synopsis of
divido and maneo.
Alpheus, a river in Greece. in-ieli:^, unfortunate. (Infelici-
subter, underneath. tous.)
fluo, FLOW. Puniceus, funic, reddish ; with
totns, whole. (Total.) ■pomwcQ. = jpomegranate.
prex, prayer., entreaty. gusto, taste. (Dis-gust. )
benigue, in a kindly manner, miseri-cordia, pity.
BENIGNLY. dlvido, DIVIDE.
lex, law. (Legal.) sex, six.
cextvLS, fixed, certain. mensis, mon^^.
nullus, no. (Null.) con-iunx, husband. (Conju-
con-tingo, touch. (Contact.) gal.)
80 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXVIL
LESSON XXVIL
Personal and Reflexive Pronouns ; Double
Accusative.
244. " FIIiST PEKSON.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. ego, I. nos, we.
G. mei, of me. nostrum or nostri, of us.
D. mihi (mi), to or for me. nbhia, to or for us.
Ac. me, me. nos, us.
Ab. me,/ro>/i, with, or by me. nobis, /rom, with, or by us.
SECOND PERSON.
N. til, you. vos, you.
G. tui, of you. vestrum or vestri, of you.
D. tibi, to or for you. vobis, to or for you.
Ac. te, you. vos, you.
Ab. te,from, with, or by you. vobis, yVom, with, or by you.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.
N.
G. Bui, of himself , herself , itself . sui, of themselves.
D. sibi, to or for himself, etc. sibi, to or for themselves.
Ac. se or sese, himself, etc. se or sese, themselves.
Ah. Be or sese, from, ivith, or se or sese, /row, with, or by
by himself, etc. themselves.
a. The Reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the
sentence, as : Imperator se culpat, The geMeral hlmnes
himself. The pronouns of the first and second person
may also be used refiexively, asj Ego me culpo, I blame
myself ; vos vos oulpatis, You hlame yourselves.
b. The preposition cum becomes an enclitic when
used with the Personal and Reflexive pronouns, as :
tecum, nobiscum.
PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 81
245. DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE.
Romulus urbem Rdmam vocavit, Romulus called the
city Rome.
246. Rule XVII. Verbs of naming, making, choosing,
sJioiaing, and the like, may have two Accusatives of the
same person or thing.
PERSEUS ET MEDUSA.
247. Polydectes, rex Seriphi, Danaen, matrem
Persei, in matrimonium sibi petebat. At Perseus
obstabat. Rex tandem iuvenem ad se vocavit.
" Quot annos" inquit "hic ignavus manebis? Tii es
non iam infans. A latere matris discede, et apud
externas gentis gloriam pete. Ubi Gorgonis Medii-
sae caput abscTderis, turn fortem virum te praebebis."
Sine mora Perseus ad iter paravit. Mediisa autem
cum duabus sororibus in Libya habitabat. Dira mon-
stra erant Gorgones ; nam aureas alas et aeneos un-
guis habebant. Mediisa olim pulcherrima virgo
fuerat. Sed Minervam laeserat. Qua re Trata, dea
crinis Mediisae in turpTs serpentis mutaverat.
248. 1. Show yourselves brave heroes, young men.
2. The maiden will remain abroad two years. 3.
I had sought glory for myself in Africa. 4. We
called the young men to us. 5. The monster has
brazen claws (^use the Dative of Possessor^.
Sight Translation.
Perseus et Medusa. — Cojitinued.
249. Exinde, sT quis ora Mediisae aspexit, proti-
nus in saxum se vertit. Perseus autem Gorgones
82 LATIN HEADER.— LESSON XXVIl.
non temere petivit, sed pnmum ab immortalibus dels
auxilium oravit. Inde Minerva iuveni nitidum cli-
peuni dedit. Harpen, teluni curvo hamo, atque talaria
ab Mercurio Perseus accepit. Sic arniatus ad oras
Libycas tendit. Mox ad locum venit, ubi Graeae
sedebant. Tribus soioribus erant omnino unus ocu-
lus unusque dens. Ab GraeTs viam ad Hesperidas
quaesivit Perseus, sed asperum responsum recepit.
Dum auteui unum oculum inter se tradunt, Perseus
suam manum supposuit et oculum subripuit. Tum
denique necessitate, sorores iuveni viam monstrave-
runt.
250. 1. Quis matrem Persei in matrimonium sibi
frustra petebat ? 2. Quid tandem fecit rex ? 3.
Quid Perseo dixit? 4. Qualia monstra erant Gor-
gones? 5. Quo modo olim Minerva Medusam
piiniverat ? 6. Quid accidit, si quis ora Medusae
aspexit? 7. Quid Perseus ab Minerva accepit?
8. Quid ab Mercurio? 9. Quae erant Graeae?
10. Quo modo Perseus Graearum oculum cepit?
ex-inde, thereafter. ac-cipio, receive. (Accept.)
OS, face., feature. (Oral.) ora, .s7<ore.
a-spicio, look at. (Aspect.) Libycus, Libyan^ African.
prb-tinvLS, forthwith. tendo, hold one's course, tend.
temeie, rashly. (Temerity.) Graeae, the gkaeae. (SeeYo-
immortalis, immortal. cab.)
clipeus, (a round) shield. dens, tooth. (Dentist.)
Harpe, a sickle-shaped sword. Hesperides, guardians of the
hamus, hook. golden apples.
curvus, CURVED, bent. sup-pono, place under.
talaria, winged sandals. sub-ripio, steal away. (Sur- ■
Mercurius, Mercury, mes- reptitious.)
senger of the gods. necessitas, necessity.
PASSIVE OF FIBST CONJUGATION. 83
QUESTIONS.
251. Decline the Personal Pronouns. Decline the Reflexive.
Translate: We blame ourselves ; they blame tJiemselves ; will not
your mother come with you f
LESSON XXVIII.
Voice ; Passive of First Conjugation ; Ablative of
Agent.
252. There are two voices :
a. The Active voice represents the subject as acting,
as : The dog hit the hoy.
h. The Passive voice represents the subject as acted
upon, as : The boy u'cis hitten hy the dog.
Heretofore, verbs have been given in the Active voice
only.
253. The Personal endings in the Passive voice are
as follows : —
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
-r = I. -mur = we.
-ris or -re = you. -mini = you.
-tur = /je, she^ it. -ntur = they.
254. FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE.
amo-r, I am loved. ama-mur, we are loved.
ama-ris or -re, you are loved. ama-mini, you are loved.
ama-tur, he is loved. ama-ntur, they are loved.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
ama-ba-r, I was loved. ama-ba-mur, we were loved.
ama-ba-ris or -re, you icere loved, amfi-ba-mini, you were loved.
ama-ba-tur, he was loved. ama-ba-ntur, they were loved.
amatus
84 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXV IIL
FUTURE TENSE.
ama-bo-r, / shall he loved.
ama-be-ris or -re, you will he loved.
ama-bi-tur, lie will he loved.
amfi-bi-niur, we shall he loved.
ama-bi-mini, you will he loved.
ama-bu-ntur, they will be loved.
PERFECT TENSE.
„ f / ivas loved.
sum, <
(. I have heen loved.
J r you were loved.
(-a, -um) j ' \ you have been loved.
I ^ j he was loved.
I ' ^ he has been loved.
o,.».»o i w)e were loved.
sumus, <
( we have been loved.
amati ' . . j you were loved.
(-ae, -a) I ' } you have heen loved.
I _„„4. j they were loved.
I ' I they have been loved.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
Teram, I had heen loved.
d us ^ eras, ijou had heen loved.
{- , -um; j^gj-at, he had been loved.
f eramus, we had been loved.
J eratis, t/ou had been loved.
^' ' ' ^ [erant, they had heen loved.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
C ero, I shall have been loved.
. "^ ^ -{ eris, you will have been loved.
^~ ' ""™^ [erit, he will have been loved.
ferimus, we shall have been loved.
■^ eritis, you will have been loved.
^' ' '^^ [erunt, they will have been loved.
ABLATIVE OF AGENT. 85
IMPERATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE.
amu-re, be thou loved. ama-mim, be ye loved.
FUTURE TENSE.
ama-tor, thou shalt be loved.
ama-tor, he shall be loved. ama-ntor, they shall be loved.
a. Observe that the te7ise signs in the Present, Imper-
fect, and Future are the same as in the Active voice.
h. In the Perfect, Phiperfect, and Future Perfect
tenses, the participle amatus must agree with the sub-
ject of the verb in gender, number, and case, as : pater
amatus est, mater amata est, etc.
c. Notice -that the Present Imperative Passive is the
same as the Present Infinitive Active.
d. Notice the irregularities in the First Singular of
the Present Indicative, and in the First and Second
Singular of the Future Indicative.
255. ABLATIVE OF AGENT.
Oppidum a Caesare expugnatum est. The town was
taken by Caesar.
Observe that Caesare is in the Ablative with the
preposition a, and that it denotes the agent or j^ei^son by
whom the action was done. Hence it is called the
Ablative of Agent.
256. Rule XVIII. The Ablative with the preposition
a or ab is used to denote the Agent after Passive verbs.
Note. — a may be used on??/before words beginning with a con-
sonant; ab before words beginning with a vowel or a consonant.
(Compare the use of a and an in English.)
86 LATIN BEADEE. — LESSON XXVIIL
^^^ ^^SEUS ET^EDUSA. — Continued.
257. Haucl ita multo post Perseus ad pomaria
Hesperidum perveiiit. Pulclirae virgines cum iii-
somni dracone arborem auieis pomis custodiebant.
IIic quoque Perseus felTx fuit. Nam nh virginibus
mira galea, ddiialus est. QuTcumque galeam induit,
statim ex oculis evaiiuit. Nunc dcnicpie Perseus ad
certameu cum Gorgonibus paratus est. Mox ad
domos Gorgoiium appropiiiqual)at. Passim per
agros et per vias saxea simulacra hominum fera-
rumque videbat. Nam omnes res a jNIedusa in saxa
miitatae erant. Perseus autem in nitidum clipeum
inspiciebat. Subito horribilem formam monstri cernit.
258. 1. Be thou changed, friglitful monster, into
a stone. 2. The maiden is presented by Perseus
with a golden apple. 3. Will the men have been
prepared for tlie contests with Avild beasts? 4.
The sleepless dragon will Avatch the golden apples
in the gardens. 5. Men and beasts were every-
where being changed into stones.
Siffht Translatio7i.
Pekseus et Medusa. — Concluded.
259. Dum gravis somnus tris sorores tenet, Perseus
Medusae caput fido telo abscidit. Inde celeribus
talaribus avolat. Interea duae reliquae Gorgones
e sonino excitantur, atque caedem suae sororis senti-
unt. Omnis in partis circumspectant et mox hostem
cernunt. Sine mora instant. At Perseus miram
galeam induit, atque ita magno periculo statim
ABLATIVE OF AGENT. 87
liberatur. Denique cum capite Gorgonis ad insulam
Seriphon pervenit. Hic matrem in templo invenit,
quo indignitatibus Polydectae fugerat. Inde ad re-
giam Perseus pergit, atque sine mora malum regem
in saxum miitat. Brevi postea Harpen et talaria
Mercurio, galeam Hesperidibus reddidit. Mediisae
caput Minervae dedit. Semper postea dea Gorgonis
caput in medio clipeo gerebat.
260. 1. Quid insonmis draco in pomariis Hesperi-
dum custodiebat? 2. Quid Hesperides Perseo
dederunt? 3. Quam ob rem mira fuit galea? 4.
Quid videbat Perseus, ubi ad domos Gorgonum appro-
pTnquabat? 5. Ciir Perseus in saxum non mutatus
est? 6. Quo modo Perseus Mediisam caedit? 7.
Quid faciunt duae reliquae Gorgones ? 8. Quo
modo Perseus periculo liberatur? 9. Ubi matrem
invenit? 10. Quo modo malum regem piinivit ?
11. Quibus Perseus arma dedit? 12. Ubi semper
postea erat caput Gorgonis ?
QUESTIONS.
261. Distinguish between the Active and Passive voice.
What are the Personal endings in the Passive ? What stems are
used in the Passive ? Give an example of your own of the Abla-
tive of Agent. How does it differ from the Ablative of Means ?
somnus, sleep. (In-somnia.) insula, island. (Insular.)
fidus, trusty. (Fidelity.) quo, whither.
B.-vo\b,fiy away. in-dignitas, indignity.
ex-cito, awake. (Excite.) fugio./ee. (Fugitive.)
sentio, perceive. (Sense.) pergo, proceecZ.
circum-specto, iooA: arowncZ. medius, muW^e o/. (Medium.)
insto, pursue. (Instant.)
88 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIX.
Inflect paro in all tenses of the Indicative and Imperative Pas-
sive. Translate: mutaberis, mutantor, mutatus eram, miita-
mini, mutata est, mutabaris, mutati erimus; you (plural)
had been changed, lam changed, itwill have been changed, we were
being changed, you (singular) will be changed, be ye changed.
LESSON XXIX.
Demonstrative Pronouns, Hic, Ille, and Iste ; Pas-
sive of the Second Conjugation.
262. The Demonstrative pronouns are used to point
out or emphasize an object. They are hIc; iste, ille, is,
idem, and ipse. They may be used alone as pronouns ;
or, like adjectives, they may agree with their nouns in
gender, number, and case.
2
63. hie, this.
ille, that.
SINGULAR.
N.
hic
haec
hoc
ille
ilia
illud
G.
huius
illius
D.
huic
illi
Ac.
hunc
hanc
hoc
ilium
illam
illud
Ab.
hoc
hac
hoc
illo
ilia
illo
PLURAL.
N. .
hi
hae
haec
illi
illae
ilia
G.
horum
harum
horum
illorum
illarum
illorum
D.
his
illis
Ac.
Ab.
hos
has
his
haec
illos
illas
illis
ilia
Note. — iste, ista, istud is declined like ille, ilia, illud.
a. hIc, this (iiear me), is called the Demonstrative of
the First person, as : hic liber, this book.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 89
b. iste, that (of yours), is called the Demonstrative of
the Second person, as : iste liber, that book of yours. It
often implies contempt.
c. ille, that (jjonder, near him), is called the Demon-
strative of the Third person, as : ille liber, that book
yonder.
d. AVhen hie and ille are contrasted, ille usually de-
notes the former, and hic the latter.
264. SECOXD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. IMPERFECT.
I am warned. I was warned.
moneo-r mone-mur mone-ba-r mone-ba-mur
mone-ris or -re mone-mini mone-ba-ris or -re mone-ba-niini
mone-tur mone-ntur moiie-ba-tur mone-ba-ntur
FUTURE.
I shall be warned.
mone-bo-r mone-bi-mur
mone-be-ris or -re mone-bi-niini
mone-bi-tur mone-bu-ntur
PERFECT.
I was warned or I have been warned.
( sum ( sumus
monitus )^ moniti ) ^^^^^
(-a,-um) 1^^^ (-^6'-^) (sunt
PLUPERFECT.
I had been warned.
' eramus
( eram (
\ eras "^^"^^^ \ .....=
(-a'-^°^)(erat ^^^' -^) ( erant
monitus , - ^^^..^..^ ,
eras ~( eratis
90 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIX.
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have been warned.
inonitus
(-a, -um
f ero
} eris
)|erit
moniti
(-ae, -a)
erimus
eritis
erunt
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
.^;^;
F
mone-tor
UTURE.
mone-re ...^.^..
LUUllC-JLlXiilX
raone-tor
mone-ntor
ARION ET DELPHINUS.
265. Clarissimi vates anliquitatis fuerunt Orpheus
et A lion. Ex his, ille Thracius, hic Lesbius fuit.
De Aiione haeo res adliuc memoria teiietur: Apud
Periandrum, regem Coriuthi, ArTon multos annos
habitabat. Aliquaiido in Siciliam transmisit. Ubique
reges prlncipesque dulcedine carminum Arionis de-
lectabantur. Denique multis pretiosls donis onustus
navem conscendit, et Graeciam repetebat. Nautae
aiitem avari erant, atque Arioni mortem struebant.
Vates illorum mala consilia sentit et misericordiam
implorat sed frustra. Denique extremam veniam
orat atque impetrat. Protinus splendidam vestem
induit, et lyram sumit.
266. 1. These things will be remembered by the
wicked princes many years. 2. The avaricious
king will have been delighted with that costly gift
(of yours). 3. I will embark immediately and
return to Sicily. 4. The former implored pity in
vain, the latter obtained his request. 5. Are the
songs of Arion still remembered in Greece?
DEMONSTRATIVE PBONOUNS.
91
tV
Sight Translation. Arion et Delphinus. — Concluded.
267. Inde Aiion in puppi navis lyra canit. Totum
mare cantu vatis sonat. Mox multi delphiiii circum
navem congregantur. Protinus Arlon ornatus in
medias undas desilit. Turn unus ex delphinis Aiioni
curvum tergum supponit atque novum onus vehit.
Vates autem incolumis in illius tergo sedet, tenetque
lyram, et cantii undas mulcet. Sic magna cum cele-
ritate delphinus Aiionem ad Taenarum vehit. Inde
Arion ad Periandrum contendit et omnis res narravit.
Brevi postea mail nautae ad urbem Corinthum perve-
nerunt. Sine mora ad regem vocati sunt. Primum
de Arione mendacia dixerunt. Sed ubi rex vatem
advocavit perturbati sunt, atque mox poenam iiistam
solverunt.
268. 1. Qui fuerunt clarissimT vates antiquitatis ?
2. Ubi habitabat Arion? 3. A quibus multa dona
aliquando accepit? 4. Qui Arioni mortem strue-
bant? 5. Quid fecit vates? 6. Qui circum
puppis, stern.
cano, play.
cantus, singing. (Chant.)
sono, re-souND.
circum, around.
con-grego, assemble. (Con-
gregation. )
ornatus, ad-ORNED, dressed.
novus, strange., new.
veho, carry. (Vehicle.)
in-columis, safe, unharmed.
mulceo, soothe.
Taenarus, a promontory of
Greece.
con-tendo, hasten. (Con-
tend.)
mendacium, falsehood, lie.
(Mendacity.)
ad-voco, call to. (Advo-
cate.)
per-turbo, confuse. (Per-
turbation. )
iustus, JUST, deserved.
solvo, pay. (Solve.)
92
LATIN HEADER.
LESSON XXX.
navem congregaiitur ? 7. Quo modo unus ex del-
phinis Aiioiii auxilium dedit? 8. Quo delphinus
vatem vehit ? 9. Ad quern Aiion contendit ? 10.
legem vocati sunt, quid de Arione
Quid accidit ubi Arionem vide-
ad
11,
Ubi nautae
dixerunt?
runt?
QUESTIONS.
269. In what two ways may Demonstrative pronouns be
used? Decline together: hie vir; haec res; hoc donum; ille
rex; ista civitas; illud mare. Distinguish between hie, ille,
and iste. Inllect doee5 in all tenses of the Indicative and Im-
perative Passive. Translate : doetae eritis. doeeor, doeebitur,
doeti erant, doeemini, doeebamur, doeere, doetus es ; we
are taught, they shall he taught, you (singular) had been taught,
I was being taught, she has been taught.
i LESSON XXX.
' Demonstrative Pronouns — Is, Idem and Ipse
Passive of the Third Conjugation.
270.
SINGULAR.
X. is ea
G. eius
D. ei
Ac. eum earn
Ab. eo ea
id
id
eo
is, this, that.
e^(ii)
eorum
PLURAL.
eae
earum
eis (iis)
eas
eis (iis)
ea
eorum
eaedem eadem
idem, the same.
N. idem eadem idem eidem
(iidem)
G. eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem
D. eidem eisdem (iisdem)
Ac. eundemeaudemidem eosdem easdem eadem
Ab. eodem eadem eodem eisdem (iisdem)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 93
> ipse, self.
N. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
G. ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
D. ipsi ipsis
Ac. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
Ab. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis
a. Is is not as forcible as hie or ille. It is frequently
used as a pronoun of the Third person, meaning he,
she, it.
b. Notice that idem = is + dem (a demonstrative
suffix).
Observe the change of m to n before d.
G. Ipse adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun, as :
vir ipse, the man himself.
271. THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. IMPERFECT.
I am ruled. I was ruled.
rego-r regi-mur rege-ba-r rege-ba-mur
rege-ris or re regi-mini rege-ba-ris or re rege-ba-mini
regi-tur regu-ntur rege-ba-tur rege-ba-ntur
FUTURE. PERFECT.
I shall be ruled. I was ruled or I have been ruled.
reg-a-r reg-e-mur _ ^ ( sum ( sumus
_ . _ . _ rectus ) ^„ recti )
reg-e-ris or re reg-e-mini , x K ®^ , x i estis
- ^ .. (-a, -um) j ^. (-ae, -a) j
reg-e-tur reg-e-ntur ^ ' ' { est ^ ( sunt
PLUPERFECT.
I had been ruled.
( eram _ ^ . ( eramus
rectus y _ recti }
^ ■{ eras ^ ^ > eratis
(-a, -um) ) ^ (-ae, -a) ) .
^ ' ^ ( erat ^ ( e^^nt
94 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXX.
FUTURE PERFECT.
1 shall have been ruled.
_ , ( ero _ . C erimus
rectus ) . recti A
J ens J eritis
(-a,-um)|^^.^ ^-^^'-^)(erunt
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. FUTURE.
rege-re regi-mini regi-tor
regi-tor regu-ntor
DOMUS ROMANA.
272. Vestibulum domus Komanae erat vacuus locus
ante ianuam. Per id vestibulum erat aditus a via ad
domum. lanua ipsa erat iTgnea ; at postes saepe
erant e marmore. In limine plerumque erat verbum
"Salve " in pavimento tessellato. Interior domus in
tris partis dividebatur. Earum prima pars appellata
est atrium. In medio tecto eius partis, liicis et aeris
causa, apertum spatium relTctum est. Pluvia per
eundem locum in impluvium descendit. Supellex
erat exigua ; at parietes pulchiis statuis plcturisque
ornabantur. In atrio, dominus amicis et clientibus
aditum dabat.
273. 1. That space had been left in the wall on
account of a door. 2. The atrium will be in the
same part of the house. 3. Roman houses are
divided into these three parts. 4. Have not the
doors themselves been left open? 5. The roofs of
Roman houses were divided into the same parts.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 95
Sight Translation. Domus Romana. — Concluded.
274. Ab utroqiie latere atii erant nocturna et
diurna cubicula familiae hospitibusque. Locus prox-
imus atrio appellatus est tablinum. Hic tabulae
familiares condebantur ; et in eodem loco dominus
pecuniam servabat atque suum opus faciebat. Utrim-
que fauces ab atrio ad peristylum, tertiam partem
domus, ducebant. In peristylo pulcher liortus atque
fons columnis marmoreis includebantur. Ubi vela
pro tablino reducta sunt, tota domus, — atrium,
deinde tablinum, mox pulchrum peristylum, — iinum
in conspectum venit. Peristylo adiacebant triclinia,
cubicula, et celiac omnis generis. Superior domus
servorum et libertorum iisibus detinebatur.
275. 1. Ubi erat vestibulum domiis Romanae?
2. Quid plerumque in limine erat? 3. In quot
uter-que, each (of two). tertius, third. (Tertiary.)
nocturnus, for the night. marmoreus, of marble.
(Nocturnal.) in-cludo, enclose., include.
diurnus, /or the day. (Diur- velum, curtain. (Veil.)
nal.) re-diico, draio back. (Re-
familia, family. duce.)
hospes, guest. (Hospitality.) unus, one. (Unit.)
proximus, nearest. (Ap- con-spectus, vieio.
proximate.) ad-iaceo, adjoin, be adjacent.
tablinum, the tablinum. triclinium, dining-room,.
tabulae, records. (Tables.) cella, store-room. (Cellar.)
familiaris, of the family. SMTperior, upper part of . (Su-
( Familiar.) perior.)
pecunia, mone?/. (Pecuniary.) libertus, /reecZ-man. (Liberty.)
utrimque, on both sides. usus, use.
fauces, passages. de-tineo, reserve. (Detain.)
peri-stylum, the peristyle.
96 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXL
partis interior domus dividebatur ? 4. Quid prima
pars appellata est? 5. Ubi erat impluvium? 6.
Quo modo atrium ornabatur ? 7. Ubi erant cubi-
cula familiae liospitibusque ? 8. Ubi erat tablT-
num? 9. Quid erat tertia pars domus? 10.
Quibus superior domus detinebatur?
QUESTIONS.
276. In what two ways may thU thing be translated ? {Ans.
[1] Ea res, [2] id.) Decline together: ea res ; idem consilium ;
tu ipse. Inflect divido in all tenses of the Indicative and Im-
perative Passive. Translate: relinquemini, relinquitur, relicti
sumus, relinquuntur, relicta eram, relinquebaris ; it has been
left, I Hliall be left, you (plural) will have been left, these things
were being left, you (singular) are left.
LESSON XXXI.
Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns;
Passive of Fourth Conjugation.
f
577.
qui, loho.
loldch.
SINGULAR.
FLU UAL.
N.
qui
quae quod
qui quae quae
G.
cuius
quorum quarum quorum
D.
cui
quibus
Ac.
quem
quam quod
quos quas quae
Ab.
quo
qua quo
quibus
278. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUX.
quis, who f which f what ?
N. quis (qui) quae quid (quod) qui quae quae
G. cuius quorum quarum quorum
D. cui quibus
Ac. quem quam quid (quod) quos quas quae
Ab. quo qua quo quibus
RELATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 97
279. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
1. aliquis (-qui), aliqua, aliquid (-quod), some one, any
one, some, any.
2. quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), some one, any one,
some, any.
3. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), certain one,
certain.
4. quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), each one, every.
5. quisquam, , quidquam (no plural), any one.
a. In the Interrogative and Indefinite pronouns, the
forms quis and quid are generally used as nouns, the
forms qui and quod as adjectives, thus: Quis soribit?
Who is writing ? Qui puer scribit ? What hoy is writ-
i7uj ? This is also true of compounds of quis.
h. The compounds are declined like the simple pro-
nouns, except that in quidam, m changes to n before d,
as : quendam. Aliquis has aliqua in the Feminine Nomi-
native Singular, and also in the Neuter Nominative and
Accusative Plural.
c. The Indefinite pronoun quis is chiefly used with si,
nisi, ne, and num, and then means any one, a,ny.
280. USE OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.
1. Tu, qui epistulam scripsisti, poenas solves. You,
who wrote the letter, shall i^ay the 'penalty.
2. Mulier, quam defenderam, mea mater fuit. The
woman, -whom / had defended, ivas my mother.
In the first example, observe that the Eelative pro-
noun qui agrees with its antecedent (the word to which
it refers) in gender, number, and person. For qui is
98 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXI.
Masculine in form, and it is followed by its verb scrip-
sisti in the Second person and Singular number.
In like manner, observe that quam in the second ex-
ample agrees Avith mulier in being Feminine Third Singu-
lar. But notice that in both examples the case of the
pronoun is not determined by the case of its antece-
dent, but by its relation to the other words in the clause
in which it stands. For qui,iXfi the subject of scripsisti,
is in the Nominative case ; Avhile quam, as the object of
defenderam, is in the Accusative case.
281. Rule XIX. A Relative pronoun agrees with its
antecedent in gender, number, and person; but its case
depends on the construction of the clause in which it
stands.
282. FOURTH CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PKESENT. IMPERFECT.
I am heard. I was heard.
audio-r audi-mur audie-ba-r audie-ba-mur
audi-ris or re audl-mini audie-ba-ris or re audie-ba-mini
audi-tur audiu-ntur audie-ba-tur audie-ba-ntur
FUTURE. PERFECT.
I shall be heard. I was heard or I have been heard.
audi-a-r audi-e-mur ( sum ( sumus
,. - . T ;; _i ; auditus 1 audit! )
audi-e-ris or re audi-e-mim -( es ■< estis
audi-e-tur audi-e-ntur '^'^' '^'"^^ ( est ^'^''' "^^ ( sunt
PLUPERFECT.
I had been heard.
( eram ( eramus
auditus \ ^5^ aud,ti )
(-'->"") I erat (-.-)( erant
BELATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 99
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have been heard.
( er<
. ero i erimus
auditus ) auditi
eris . . < eritis
(-a,-um)|— C-^^' -^) ( erunt
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. FUTURE.
audi-re audi-mini audi-tor
audi-tor audiu-ntor
OBSIDlS VEIORUM.
283. Post proelium ad lacum Regillum, Romani
cum finitimis oppidTs nuilta bella gerebant ; quorum
claiissimum est obsidio Veiorum. Id oppidum et
iiatiira loci et manu egregie munitum est." Decern
annos liomaiiT eius moenia obsidebant, sed fmstra.
Denique mirum prodigium evenit, quod animos om-
nium magnopere perturbavit. Nam aqua in lacii
Albano in altitiidinem Tnsolitam crevit, atque finiti-
mos agros inundavit. Deinde vates quid am Veiens
sTc cecinit : " Numquam Romani Veios expugnabunt,
priusquam aqua ex Jacii Albano emissa erit." Le-
gati ab Romanis ad oraculum Delplucum missT sunt.
Quibus a deo sic responsum est : " Si aqua ex lacu
Albano in mare infiuet, Veios non occupabitis."
284. 1. The Romans have taken the town, whose
walls they have besieged for ten years. 2. If any
water is (shall have been)' let out of the Alban Lake,
Veil will never be captured. 3. Some of the neigh-
boring towns are admirably fortified. 4. What god
100 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXI.
responded thus to the ambassadors ? 5. Wonderful
prodigies had happened, which disturbed the minds
of certain Roman seers.
Sight Translation. Obsidio Veiorum. — Concluded.
285. Haud ita multo post ex lacii in agros aqua
emissa est. Deinde M. Furius Camillus dictator
creatus est atque mox magno cum exercitu in castra
Romanoium venit. Protinus milites ad magnum
opus ducti sunt. Nam cunTculus ab castris in arcem
hostium inceptus est. Neque nocte neque die opus
intermissum est. Denique paene peractum est in
templum lunonis, quod in arce Veientana erat. Quo
in templo forte rex Veientium hostiam immolabat.
Cui haruspex sic dicit : " Qui eius hostiae exta in
aras imponet, ei Victoria dabitur." Quam vocem
Roman! in cuniculo exaudiunt. Sine mora cunicu-
lum adaperiunt, in templum erumpunt, exta rapiunt
feruntque ad dictatorem. Mox urbs Romanis militi-
bus impletur. Magna est caedes omnibus in locis.
Sic Roman! Veios occupaverunt.
cimiculus, mine. im-molo, sacrifice. (Immo-
in-cipio, hecjin. (Inception.) late.)
inter-raitto, interrupt. (In- haruspex, soothsayer^ diviner.
termittent.) exta, entrails.
paene, almost. (Pen-insula.) ara, altar.
per-ago, carry through. ad-aperio, throw open.
luno, Juno, wife and sister of e-rumpo, hurst out. (Erup-
Jupiter. ' tion.)
Veientanus, Yeientian, of rapio, seize. (Rapine.)
Veii. fero, hear., carry.
hostia, victim. im-pleo, fill, fill up.
BEGULAR COMPARISON. 101
286. 1. Quot annos llomaiiT Veios obsidebant?
2. Delude quod prodigium evenit? 3. Quid vates
quidam Veiens cecinit? 4. Quo Roman! legatos
miserunt? 5. Quid deus legatis respondit? 6.
Quis dictator creatus est? 7. Quod magnum opus
dictator incepit? 8. Ubi erat templum lunonis ?
9. Quis in hoc templo hostiam immolabat ? 10.
Quid dicit hamspex legi ? 11. Qui haruspicis vocem
exaudiunt? 12. Quid Roman! milites faciunt .-^
QUESTIONS.
287. Decline qui ; quis. What is the meaning of quidam,
quisquam, aliquis, quisque, quis ? Illustrate the use of the
two forms found in quis and its compounds. What irregularity
occurs in the declension of quidam ? of aliquis ? How is quis
chiefly used ? Illustrate the rule for the use of the Relative pro-
noun. Inflect muni5 in all tenses of the Indicative and Impera-
tive Passive. Translate: audita erant, audior, audimini,
audita est, auditor, auditi sumus ; I was heard, you have been
heard, he thou heard, we have been heard, he will be heard.
LESSON XXXII.
Regular Comparison ; Declension of Comparatives ;
Ablative with Comparatives.
288. Adjectives undergo a change in form in order
to express different degrees of quality. Thus in Eng-
lish we say : a tall tree, a taller tree, the tallest tree ;
i.e., starting with the simple adjective, — which is said
to be in the positive degree, — we add -er to form the
comparative degree, and -est to form the superlative de-
gree, as :
102 LATIN READER. —LESSON XXXIL
rOSlTIVK. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE.
tall, taller^ tallest.
Now observe the Latin :
289. REGULAR COMrARISON.
POSITIVE. COMPAUATIVE. SUPERLATIVE.
latus {stem Ifito-), latior, -ius, latissimus, -a, -um,
imde. wider. widest.
fortis (stem forti-), fortior, -ius, fortissimus, -a, -um,
brave. braver. bravest.
audfix (stem audfic-), audricior, -ius, audficissimus, -a, -um,
bold. bolder. boldest.
sapiens (s^em sapient-), sapientior, -ius, sapientissimus, -a, -um,
wise. wiser. wisest.
a. Observe that the comparative is formed by adding
-ior, -ius, to the stem of the adjective, and the superla-
tive by adding -issimus, -a, -um, dropping the final vowel
of the stem, if there is any.
h. Compare gravis, heavy, atrox, fierce, longus, long,
prudens, idrudent, felix, hapj^y, altus, high, levis, light.
290. In English, when it would not sound well to
compare the adjective by adding -er and -est, we prefix
the adverbs more and inost, as: beautiful, more beauti-
ful, most beautiful. Likewise in Latin some adjectives
are compared by prefixing the adverbs magis, more, and
maxime, uiost, as : idoiieus, suitable, magis idoneus, more
suitable, maxime idoneus, most suitable.
29L DECLEXSION OF COMPARATIVES.
latior, wider. plus, more.
Stem latior-. Stem pliir-.
REGULAR COMPARISON.
103
^.
SINGULAK.
MAsc. and fem. neuter.
latior latius
latioris
latiori
latiorem latius
latiore or-i
MASC.
and FEM.
NEUTER.
plus
G.
pluris
T).
Ac.
plus
Ab.
plure
PLURAL.
N. latiores latiora
G. latiorum
D. latioribus
Ac. latiores (-is) latiora
Ab. latioribus
plures plura
plurium
pluribus
pluris (-es) plura
pluribus
a. Comparatives are declined like latior. Notice how
closely the declension of comparatives resembles that of
consonant stems, differing in this respect from other
adjectives of the Third Declension. See § 218, a.
h. Superlatives are declined like bonus.
c. The comparative may sometimes be translated
rather, as : Durior iudex erat, He was a rather severe
judge.
d. The superlative may sometimes be translated very,
as : Durissimus iudex erat, He was a very severe judge.
292.
ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES.
1. Caesar erat fortior quam Cicero. Caesar loas
braver than Cicero.
2. Caesar erat fortior Cicerone. Caesar was braver
than Cicero.
104 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXIL
Notice that in the first example, where quam (than) is
used, Cicero is in the same case as Caesar, the word with
which it is compared. But in the second example, where
quam is omitted, Cicerone is in the Ablative case.
293. Rule XX. The comparative degree is followed
by the Ablative when quam is omitted.
Note. — Quam may be omitted only when the first of the com-
pared words is either in the Nominative or Accusative case.
THESEUS.
294. Theseus a sua matre in urbe Troezene educa-
tus est. Nam, ubi etiam parvolus erat, eius pater
Aegeus, qui imperium Atheiiarum habuit, uxorem
deseruerat et suum regnum repetiverat. Primo The-
seus ludicris certaminibus vires auxit. Mox erat
validior ceteris iuveuibus eiusdem aetatis. Deinde
in venatione saltus peragrabat. Semper princeps in
peiiculo erat atque fortissimus armis. Nemo ex om-
nibus Argolicis iuvenibus iaculo levibusque sagittis
celerior erat. Compliiris feras occidit, sed maxime
saevissimam suem, quae agros diii vastabat. lam no-
men These! per totam terram Argolicam clarissimum
erat.
295. 1. This young man will be braver than his
father. 2. Sevei'al very fierce wild beasts had been
slain by Theseus. 3. Are not the young man's ar-
rows rather light ? 4. These young men were most
famous throughout the kingdom. 5. Was there any
one braver in danger than Theseus ?
BEGULAE COMPARISON. 105
Sight Translation. Theseus. — Continued.
296. Tandem mater Tliesei eum ad se vocavit, atque
patris gladium soleasqiie ei ostendit. " Sume, mi fill,"
inquit '* haec monumenta, et tuum patrem pete, quem
ill urbe AthenTs reperies. Peiiculosa et a latronibus
Tnfesta est via. Tamen del te incolumem per omnia
pericula ad tuum patrem diicent." Iiide Theseus
maestus matrem suam reliquit, atque mox ad Atti-
cam contendebat. Quo in itinere prope Epidaurum
obviam venit cuTdam saevissimo latroni, Periphetae
nomine, qui ferrea clava viatores occidebat. At The-
seus de eius manibus clavam extorsit, et ipsius telo
eum occTdit.
297. 1. Ciir Theseus a sua matre educatus est?
2. Quo modo vires auxit? 3. Num quis fuit ex
Argolicis iuvenibus fortior quam Theseus? 4. Quid
in venatione occTdit Theseus ? 5. Quae monumenta
pater eius reliquerat? 6. Ubi habitabat pater
These! ? 7. Quam ob rem erat via ad Atticam
peiiculosa ? 8. Cui Theseus obviam venit prope
Epidaurum ? 9. Quo modo Theseus latronem oc-
cTdit?
solea, sandal. (Sole.) ob-viam, in the loay (to). (Ob-
monumentum, remembrance. vious.)
periculosus, dangerous, per- Periphetes, a robber.
ILOUS. ferreus, iron.
latro, robber. clava, club.
in-festus, made unsafe, in- viator, traveller.
TESTED. ex-torqueo, twist out. (Ex-
Attica, a province of Greece. tort.)
Epidaurus, a city of Argolis.
106
LA TIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXIIL
QUESTIONS.
298. How are adjectives regularly compared in Latin ? De-
cline plus. Decline together audacior servus ; f ortior femina ;
gravius bellum ; saevissimus leo. How may the Comparative
sometimes be translated ? The Superlative ? State and illustrate
the rule for the Ablative with Comparatives. Translate in two
ways : " Who was braver than Caesar f " When may quam be
omitted ?
LESSON XXXIII.
Irregular Comparison ; Ablative of Degree of
Difference.
299.
POSITIVE.
miser {stem misero-),
wretched.
acer {stem acri-),
sharp.
ADJECTIVPIS IN -ER.
COMPAKATIVE.
miserior, -ius,
more lo retched.
acrior, -ius,
sharper.
SUPERLATIVE.
miserrimus, -a, -um,
most IV retched.
acerrimus, -a, -um,
sharpest.
Observe that adjectives in -er form the Superlative by
adding -rimus, -a, -um to the Masculine Nominative Sin-
gular. Compare celer, swift, pulcher, beautiful, asper,
rough.
300.
POSITIVE.
facilis, easy.
difficilis, difficult.
similis, like.
dissimilis, unlike.
gracilis, slender.
humilis, low.
ADJECTIVES IN -LIS.
COMPAKATIVE.
facilior, -ius.
difficilior, -ius.
similior, -ius.
dissimilior, -ius.
gracilior, -ius.
humilior, -ius.
SUPERLATIVE.
facillimus, -a, -um.
difficillimus, -a, -um.
simillimus, -a, -um.
dissimillimus, -a, -um.
gracillimus, -a, -um.
humillimus, -a, -um.
lEBEG ULA R COMPARISON.
107
Observe that these six adjectives in -lis form the su-
perlative by adding -limus, -a, -um, to the stem minus the
stem vowel.
301. ADJECTIVES WITH DOUBLE SUPERLATIVE.
POSITIVE.
COMPAKATIVK.
SUPKKI.ATIVE.
exterus,
exterior,
extremus, extimus,
outward.
outer.
outmost.
inferus,
inferior,
inflmus, imus,
loiv.
lower.
lowest.
posterus,
posterior.
postremus, postumus,
following.
later.
last.
superus,
superior,
supremus, summus,
upper.
higher.
top of, highest.
302.
ADJECTIVES WITH NO POSITIVE.
[cis, citra.
citerior.
citimus,
adv., on this side.]
hither.
hithermost.
[in, intra.
interior.
intimus.
prep., in, within.]
inner.
inmost.
[prae, pro.
prior,
primus.
prep., before.]
former.
first.
[prope,
propior.
proximus,
adv., near.]
nearer.
next.
[ultra.
ulterior,
ultimus,
adv., beyond.]
farther.
farthest.
303. ADJECTIVES IRREGULAR THROUGHOUT.
bonus, good.
malus, bad.
magnus, great.
parvus, small.
multus, much.
multi, many.
melior, better.
peior, loor.ne.
maior, greater.
minor, smaller.
, plus, more.
plures, more.
optimus, best.
pessimus, worst.
maximus, greatest.
minimus, smallest.
plurimus, most.
plurimi, most.
108 LATIN READER, — LESSON XXXIIL
304. ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE.
1. Arbor sex pedibus altior est quam turris. The
tree is (by) six feet h'ujlier than flie tower.
2. Crassus multo divitior erat Caesare. Crassus was
(by) much richer than Caesar.
In the first example, the Ablative sex pedibus Qx^idHy
expresses the difference between the height of the tree
and that of the tower. In the second example, the
Ablative multo is an indefinite expression of the differ-
ence between the wealth of Crassus and that of Caesar.
Such ablatives are called Ablatives of Degree of Dif-
ference.
305. Rule XXI. The Ablative is used to express the
Degree of Difference.
THESEUS ET LATRONES.
306. Paucis post diebus Theseus in extremum peiT-
culum venit. lam ad Istlimum appropinquabat. Hic
propter angustias difficillimum eifit iter. Utraque ex
parte erant riipes altissiniae et asperrimae. Mox The-
seus ante vastum specum latronem, Sinim nomine,
vTdit, de quo incolae terrae eum saepe numero prae-
monuerant. Hic multo gravior hostis erat quam
Periphetes. Hic enim duas proceras jjinus ad terram
curvabat, ad quas incautos viatores adligabat. De-
lude, ubi subito arbores solvit, corpora lufe Ileum
liominum divellebantur. Hoc modo iam pliirimos
viatores necaverat.
307. 1. You will not see a much more formidable
robber than Sinis. 2. Are not the roads to the
IRliEGULAR COMPARISON. 109
Isthmus very rough and difficult? 3. A few days
afterwards, the unfortunate traveller approached the
robbers' cave, and was killed. 4. Are these trees
taller than the pine ? 5. This road to the caves is
much more difficult than that.
SigJit Translation. Theseus et Latrones. — Con-
tiniied.
308. Ubi Sinis procul Thesea vTdit, primo iuve-
nem inrisit. Interritus autem Theseus in hostem
invasit. Acerrima erat piigna. Denique Sinis defes-
sus occidit. Tum Theseus ad duas piniis monstrum
ipsum adligavit. Mox divolsum est Sinis corpus
eodem modo, quo tot viatores ab eo ipso necati erani?.
Inde Theseus ad urbem Megaram contendit. Quo
in itinere angusta semita in altum montem diicebat.
A dextra erat abrupta riipes magna altitiidine. IlTc
latebat latro, ScTron nomine, qui primum viatores
spoliabat ; deinde, dum hi eius pedes lavabant, ipsos
praecipites ad imam rrlpem deiciebat. Infra ingens
testiido eorum corpora devorabat.
in-rideo, laugh at. (De-ride.) ab-ruptus, precipitous. ( Ab-
in-vado, advance upon. (In- rupt.)
vade.) lateo, lurk. (Latent.)
de-fessus, tired out, ex- spolib, rob. (De-spoil.)
hausted. lavo, wash. (Lave.)
tot, so many. prae-ceps, headlong. (Pre-
Megara, a town in Megaris. cipitous.)
angustus, narrow. de-icio, hurl down. (Deject.)
semita, foot-path. infra, below.
altus, high. (Altitude.) testudo, tortoise.
110 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXIV.
309. 1. Ubi Theseus in ex tremum peiiculum venit?
2. Quam ob rem emt iter difficillimum ? 3. Ubi
Theseus hitronem vTdit? 4. Quo moclo Sinis via-
tores necabat ? 5. Nonne Theseus latronem timuit?
6. Quo modo Theseus Sinim uecavit ? 7. Ubi hite-
batSciron? 7. Quo modo viatores necabat? 9.
Quae eorum corpora devorabat?
QUESTIONS.
310. Compare in Latin and Englisli : imus, maior, primus,
multus, miser, summus, citerior, bonus, proximus, similis,
minor, extremus, acer, postremus, interior, malus, iilterior,
plurimi. Wliat adjectives have -limus in the superlative ? Give
an example of your own of the Ablative of Degree of Difference.
Give a synopsis, Active and Passive, of duco.
LESSON XXXIV.
Formation and Comparison of Adverbs ; Genitive
and Ablative of Characteristic.
311.
a. latus {stem lato-), wide. lilte, widely.
pulcher {stem pulchro-), beautiful. pulchre, beautifully.
Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of
the Second Declension by changing the final -o of the
stem to -e.
b. gravis {stem gravi-), heavy. graviter, heavily.
acer {stem fieri-), sharp. acriter, sharply.
prudens {stein prudent-), prudent, prudenter, prudently.
Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of
the Third Declension by adding -ter to the stem. Stems
in -nt drop -t before adding -ter.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. Ill
c. (1). multus, much.
(2). facilis, easy.
(3). subitus, sudden.
multum, much.
facile, easily.
subito, suddenly.
The Neuter Accusative Singular of the adjective is
sometimes used as an adverb, as in examples (1) and
(2). Likewise the Ablative, as in example (3).
312.
POSITIVE.
late, widely.
graviter, heavily.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
COMPARATIVE.
Ifitius, more widely.
gravius, more heav-
ily.
SUPERLATIVE.
latissime, most
widely.
gravissime, most
heavily.
Notice that the comparative of the adverb is the same
as the Neuter comparative of the adjective. The super-
lative of the adverb is formed from the superlative of
the adjective by changing the final -o of the stem to -e.
If the adjective is irregular, the adverb will show the
same irregularities. Learn the following :
313.
COMPARISON OF IRREGULAR ADVERBS.
bene, well.
male, ill.
multum, much.
melius, better.
peius, worse.
plus, more.
magis, more.
parum, not enough, minus, less.
optime, best.
pessime, worst.
plurimum, most.
maxime, most.
minime, least.
314.
GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC.
1. Vir magnae virtutis. A man of great valor.
2. Vir fuit humili statura. He was a man of short
stature.
Observe that, in the first example, virtutis is in the
Genitive, and that, in connection with the adjective
112 LATIN READER. —LESSON XXXIV.
magnae, it expresses a characteristic or quality of the
man. But notice that, in the second example, 2i physi-
cal characteristic or quality is expressed by staturU, with
an accompanying adjective, in the Ablative case. Physi-
cal characteristics are always thus expressed by the
Ablative. Other qualities by either the Genitive or
Ablative.
315. Rule XXII. The Genitive and Ablative are
used, with a modifying adjective, to denote a charac-
teristic or quality.
THESEUS ET LATRONES.
316. Scirou erat ingenti magnitudine corporis
atque terribili aspectii. In quern tamen Theseus
cum ferro audacissime invasit. Diu atque acriter
piignatum est. Denique Scirou supplex misericor-
diam iniplorat. Sed Theseus latronem ad Imam
rupem demittit eodem modo, quo ille multos viatores
tam crudeliter necaverat. Qua ex re nomeu Sci-
ronis erat scopulls.
Haud ita multo post Theseus in Atticam pervenit,
atque ibi Cercyonem liictamine vicit necavitque. Sic
Theseus perditis hominibus latronibusque omnis
generis llberabat omnIs terras, per quas in itinere
contendebat.
317. 1. The travellers had been hurled down to
the bottom of the cliffs. 2. Sciron killed travellers
much more cruelly than Cercyon. 3. Theseus
used to attack robbers of every kind most fiercely.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 113
4. Are not robbers men of frightful appearance?
5. The land, through which Theseus is hastening,
wm be freed fromM^ffiny desperate robbers.
Sight Translation. Thp^seus et Latronp:s. — Concluded.
318. lam Theseus ad ipsam urbem A then as appro-
pinquabat, ubi in ripa Cephisi in magnum perTculum
capitis venit. Hic enim Procriistes habitabat, qui in
suam regiam turrim incautos viatores diicebat, atque
eos primo magnifice accipiebat. Ubi autem nox ve-
nit, in mirum lectum infelicem hospitem imponebat.
Turn, SI hospes longior erat quam lectus, illius mem-
bra satis praecidebat. Si viator brevior erat lecto,
tum Procrustes eius corpus in longitiidinem lecti dis-
tendebat. Hoc modo multos annos viatores necaverat.
Sed Theseus victor latronem in ipsius lectum impo-
suit, atque eius caput praecTdit. Brevi postea The-
seus incolumis ad portam Athenarum pervenit.
319. 1. Num ScTron erat vir humili statiira? 2.
Quo modo Theseus Scironem necavit? 3. Quem
deinde Theseus in Attica necavit ? 4. Ubi in mag-
num perTculum capitis venit ? 5. Quo modo Pro-
criistes piimo incautum viatorem accipiebat? 6.
Ubi nox venit, quid faciebat Procriistes ? 7. Neca-
ripa, hank. satis, sufficiently. (Satis-fy.)
Cephisus, a river near Athens, longitude, length. (Longi-
refeius, royal. (Regal.) tude.)
lectus, bed. dis-tendo, stretch, distend.
membrum, limb, member.
114
LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV.
vitne Theseus Procrusten ?
incolumis pervenit?
8. Ubi brevi postea
QUESTIONS.
320. How are adverbs formed from adjectives of the Second
Declension ? Of the Third Declension ? What cases of adjec-
tives are sometimes used as adverbs ? How are adverbs com-
yjared ? Form and compare adverbs from the following adjectives:
acer, facilis, malus, latus, multus, gravis, parvus, pulche/,
bonus, prudens. Explain the use of the Genitive and Ablative
of Characteristic. Decline is. Give a synopsis of moveo.
LESSON XXXV.
Numerals; Partitive Genitive
Adjectives.
321.
Nine Irregular
CARDINALS.
ORDINALS.
1.
unus, una, iinum, one.
primus, first.
2.
duo, duae, duo, two.
secundus, second.
3.
tres, tria, tliree.
tertius, third.
4.
quattuor
quartus
5.
quinque
quintus
6.
sex
sextus
7.
septem
Septimus
8.
octo
octavus
9.
novem
nonus
10.
decern
decimus
11.
undecim
undecimus
12.
duodecim
duodecimus
13.
tredecim
tertius decimus
14.
quaUuordecim
quartus decimus
1.5.
quindecim
quintus decimus
16.
sedecim
sextus decimus
17.
septendecim
Septimus decimus
18.
duodeviginti
duodevicesimus
NUMERALS. lit
19.
undeviginti
iindevicesimus
20.
viginti
vicesimus
21.
viginti unus or
vicesimus primus or
unus et viginti
unus et vicesimus
28.
duodetriginta
duodetricesimus
29.
undetriginta
undetricesimus
30.
triginta
tricesimus
40.
quadraginta
quadragesimus
50.
quinquaginta
quinquagesimus
60.
sexaginta
sexagesimus
70.
septuaginta
septuagesimus
80.
octoginta
octogesimus
90.
nonaginta
nonagesimus
100.
centum
centesimus
101.
centum unus or
centesimus primus or
centum et unus
unus et centesimus
200.
ducenti, -ae, -a
ducentesimus
300.
trecenti, -ae, -a
trecentesimus
400.
quadringenti, -ae, -a
quadringentesimus
500.
quingenti, -ae, -a
quingentesimus
600.
sescenti, -ae, -a
sescentesimus
700.
septingenti, -ae, -a
septingentesimus
800.
octingenti, -ae, -a
octingentesimus
900.
nongenti, -ae, -a
nongentesimus
1,000.
mille
millesimus
2,000.
duo milia
bis millesimus
100,000.
centum milia
c en ties millesimus
1,000,000.
decies centena milia
decies centies millesimus
a. The cardinals from quattuor to centum are inde-
clinable. The hundreds are declined like the plural of
bonus. The ordinals are declined throughout like bonus.
22.
duo, two.
tres, three.
MASC.
FKM.
NEUT.
M. and F. N.
N.
duo
duae
duo
tres tria
G.
duorum
duaruhi
duorum
trium
D.
duobus
duabus
duobus
tribus
Ac.
duos, duo
duas
duo
tris (tres) tria
Ab.
duobus
duabus
duobus
tribus
IIG LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV.
a. In the Singular, mille is generally an adjective ; but
the Plural milia is a Neuter noun, and is followed by
the Partitive Genitive, as : mille homines, a thousand
men, but duo milia hominum, two thousand men (lit. two
thousands of men).
NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
323. The following nine adjectives end in -lus in the
Genitive Singular and in -I in the Dative in all genders.
They are regular in the Plural.
alius, another.
linus, one.
alter, the other.
solus, alone.
ullus, any.
uter, which
{of two).
totus, whole.
niillus, none.
neuter, neither.
a. Alius
and unus are thus declined in the Singular.
MASC.
KKM.
NKUT.
MASC.
FKM.
NEUT.
N. alius
alia
aliud ^
finus
una
unum
I ^
alius
unius
alii
uni
Ac. alium
aliam
aliud
iinum
unam
unum
Ab. alio
alia
alio
uno
lina
uno
Note. — Alius is the only one of these adjectives that ends in
-ud in the Neuter.
324. PARTITIVE GENITIVE.
Tres militum. Three of the soldiers.
a. Observe that militum is in the Genitive, and de-
notes the entire number of which a part is taken. It is
called the Partitive Genitive.
325. Rule XXIII. The Genitive is used to denote
the whole of which a part is taken.
NUMERALS. 117
SUPELLEX DOMUS ROMANAE.
326. Et in atrio clomus Romanae et in peristyle, de
quibus supra scripsinius, exigiia erat supellex. In
triclTnio autem semper erat mensa, aut quadra aut
orbis. Harum mensarum multae erant pulcherriniae
et magni pre IT. Plinius maior de duabus mensis
scripsit, quarum alter! pretium fuit decies centena
milia sestertium, alter! paulo minus. Conv!vae cir-
cum mensam in sell!s non cons!debant. Sed ex tri-
bus mensae lateribus erant lect!, in quibus novem
convivae accumbebant, tres in quoque lecto. L!gnea
aut aenea erat sponda lect! in quam torus et cerv!cal
et vestes stragulae impositae sunt.
327. 1. Six guests are reclining on two of the couches.
2. Is not the furniture in the dining-room very ex-
pensive ? 3. He is writing of two chairs, of which
the price of one is five hundred sesterces, of the other,
seven hundred and fifty. 4. (There) were twelve
chairs in each dining-room. 5. The price of this
table is one hundred thousand sesterces.
Sight Tra7islatio7i.
Supellex Domus Romanae. — Concluded.
328. Lectus cubicularis erat altior quam lectus
tr!cl!niaris et scamno ascendebatur.
Varia erant genera sellarum in domibus Roman!s ;
sed cathedra, in qua feminae plerumque sedebant,
erat simillima nostr!s sell!s. Omnium sellarum !n-
signissima erat eburnea sella curuUs curv!s pedibus,
in qua qmdam magistratiis sol! sedebant.
118 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV.
Pulcherriraae erant lucernae llomanorum, quarum
multa exempla adhuc exstant. Aliae lictiles, aliae
erant aeneae, sed omnes summa arte perfectae. Lu-
cernae, aut in mensas aut in alta candelabra impo-
nebantur, aut etiam laquearibus dependebant. Non
autem claram lucem praebebant.
329. 1. Eratne niulta siipellex in atrio domiis
Romanae ? 2. Qualis mensa erat in triclinio ? 3.
Quae erant ex tribus mensae lateribus? 4. Quot
convivae in quoque lecto accumbebant? 5. Erantne
lectT Romanorum similes nostris lectis ? 6. Qualis
erat lectus cubicularis ? T. Quid erat nomen sel-
lae, in qua feminae sedebant ? 8. Qualis erat sella
curiilis ? 9. Quales lucernae erant Romanis? 10.
Ubi iniponebantur? 11. Nonne claram liicem prae-
bebant?
QUESTIONS.
330. Count from 1-100 in Latin. Give the Latin for the
following: 463, 58, 3,723, 938,365. Give the hundreds and the
thousands in Latin. Give the Latin ordinals from 1-20. De-
cline unus, duo, tres. Mention the nine irregular adjectives.
In what does their irregularity consist ? Decline alius. Which
cubicularis, of a bedroom. lucerna, lamp.
tricliniaris, of a dining-room, ex-sto, exists be extant.
scamnum, stool, stex). fictilis, of clay, ijottery.
varius, vakious. per-fectus,^ms/ied, pekfect.
C3it\ie€iX3., an arm-chair. (Ca- ars, art, .sH/L
thedral.) candelabrum, a lamp stand.
insignis, remarkable. (Candelabrum.)
eburneus, of ivory. laquearia, a panelled ceiling.
curulis, CURULE. de-pendeo, hang down. (De-
pend.)
INFINITIVES.
119
of the cardinals are indeclinable ? How are the ordinals de-
clined ? What of mille in the Singular, and in the Plural ?
Give an example of the Partitive Genitive, the Ablative of Com-
parison, and the Ablative of Degree of Difference.
LESSON XXXVI.
Infinitives ; Complementary Infinitive ; Expres-
sions of Place.
331. The Infinitive mood has neither person nor num-
ber, and has but three tenses, the Present, Perfect, and
Future. The sign of the Infinitive in English is to.
332.
ACTIVE INFINITIVES.
VERB SUM.
PRES.
es-se, to he.
PERF.
fu-isse, to have been.
FUT.
fut-urus, -a, -um ^
esse (or fore) 1'^^^^"^^^^^^^^^'
CONJ. I.
PRES.
ama-re, to love.
PERF.
amfiv-isse, to have loved.
FUT.
amfit-urus, ^
-a, -um esse / ' ^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^o^^-
CONJ. II.
CONJ. III. CONJ. IV.
PRES.
mone-re
rege-re. audi-re.
PERF.
monu-isse. rex-isse. audlv-isse.
FUT.
inonit-urus, rect-urus, audit-urus,
-a, -um esse. -a, -um esse. -a, -um esse.
Observe :
a. That in the Active voice the Present Infinitive is
formed by adding -re to the Present stem. (Note the
irregularity in the verb sum.)
120 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVL
b. That the Perfect is formed by adding -isse to the
Perfect stem.
c. That the Future is formed by adding -urus, -a, -um
esse to the Participial stem.
333. COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE.
Cupit die ere, He desires to speak.
Notice that the Infinitive die ere completes the mean-
ing of cupit. Hence it is called the Complementary
Infinitive.
334. PLACE WHERE. LOCATIVE CASE.
In oppido. In the town. Romae. At Rome.
In Italia. In Italy. Athenis. At Athens.
In Africa. In Africa. Curibus. At Cures.
Observe that oppido, Italia, and Africa are in the Ab-
lative with the preposition in, and that they denote the
place ivhere. But notice that the 7iavies of toivns denot-
ing ^/ctce where omit the preposition, and are put in the
Locative Case. This in the Singular of nouns of the
First and Second Declension is like the Genitive ; else-
where, it is like the Ablative. Account for the form
of Romae, Athenis, and Curibus.
335. Rule XXIV. Place where is expressed by the
Ablative with the preposition in. Names of towns are
put in the Locative.
336. PLACE TO WHICH.
In Italiam. To Italy. Romam. To Rome.
Ad flumen. To the river. Delphos. To Delphi.
INFINITIVES. 121
337. Rule XXV. Place to which is expressed by the
Accusative with ad or in. Names of towns omit the
preposition.
338. PLACE FROM WHICH.
Ex oppido. From the town. Roma. From Rome.
Ab Italia. Fro?n Italy. Corintho. From Corinth.
339. Rule XXVI. Place from which is expressed by
the Ablative with ab or ex. Names of towns omit the
preposition.
Note. — Names of small islands, domus, Jiome, and rus, coun-
try, are used like names of towns, as : Cypri est, He is at
Cyprus; Mox domum ^/eniet, He will soon come home; Rus
ibo, I shall go into the country.
THESEUS ET AEGEUS.
340. Interea rex Aegeus veneficam Medeam, quae
Athenas nuper venerat, in matrimonium diixerat.
Ex ea autem niillos liberos habuit. Quam ob rem
viginti filii Pallantis, fratris Aegei, regnum sibi
occupare constituerunt. His hominibus ea coniiiratio
prospere evenit. Nam regem cum Medea in regiam
se recipere cogunt, atque ipsT civitatem regunt.
Athenis in hoc statii erant res, ubi Theseus in
urbem venit. Sine mora iuvenis ad Aegei regiam
contendit, atque tandem aditum ad patrem habuit.
Sed Aegeus hunc iuvenem, qui Troezene venerat,
non agnovit. Quin etiam eum pro hoste habuit,
atque consilio uxoris ei vinum dedit, quo Medea
venenum miscuerat.
122 LATIN HEADER. —LESSON XXXV L
341. 1. The king's palace was at Athens. 2.
Was Aegeus compelled to many a sorceress? 3.
Affairs were in this condition at Troezen when he
determined to seize the kingdom. 4. Theseus
hastened from Troezen to Athens. 5. The king
will compel Medea to mix the poison with the wine.
Sight Translation. Theseus et Aegeus. — Concluded.
342. Theseus poculum dextra sumpserat, ubi pater
in eburneo capulo gladi agnovit sTgna sui generis,
atque poculum ab ore excussit. Inde Medea per sua
carmina effugit. At Aegeus ingenti gaudio comple-
batur, quod suus filius incolumis erat, atque eum in
regiam laetissimus accepit. Postquam Theseus de
omnibus periculis itineris narravit, et pater et filius
dels immortalibus gratias agunt, et aras donis cumu-
lant. Interea vigintT f ilii Pallantis de adventii The-
se! audiverant, atque piignare parabant. Acerrime
Theseus impetum in eos fecit, ciinctosque ex urbe
expulit. Brevi postea Aegeus palam Thesea suum
f ilium agnovit. Quam ob rem magna laetitia erat per
to tarn urbem.
343. 1. Quam Aegeus Athenis in matrimonium
diixit? 2. Qui regnum sibi occupare constituerunt ?
poculum, cup. gratia, thanks. (Grace.)
capulus, hilt. cumulo, load. (Ac-cumulate.)
ex-cutio, strike away. ad-ventus, arrival. (Advent.)
gaudium, jo?/. cunctus, all.
com-pleo, Jill. (Complete.) ex-pello, drive out, expel.
quod, because. palam, openly.
laetus, glad. laetitia, gladness.
PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 123
3. Quid regem facere coegerunt? 4. Ubi Theseus
Athenas venit, quo piimum contendit? 5. Nonne
Aegeus suum filium agnovit? 6. Quid ei dedit?
7. Quid accidit? 8. Quid deinde fecit Medea?
9. Quo modo rex Thesea accepit? 10. Num filii
Pallantis laeti erant, ubi de adventii Thesel audive-
runt? 11. Vicitne Theseus eos? 12. Cur brevi
postea magna erat laetitia Athenis?
QUESTIONS.
344. How does the Infinitive differ from other moods ? How
are the tenses of the Active Infinitive formed in Latin ? Give
the Active Infinitives, Latin and English, of paro, doceo, scribo,
munio. Give tlie Infinitives of sum. Wliat is meant by the
Complementary Infinitive ? State the rules for pZace where,
place to wldch, and place from which. What is the Locative
case? Translate: At Delphi ; from Rome to Corinth ; at home ;
from Greece to Cyprus; we were hastemnr/ into the country.
Compare the following : summus, melior, inius, multus, prox-
imus, similis, miser, primus.
LESSON XXXVIL
Passive Infinitives ; Infinitive as a Noun ; Simple
Indirect Discourse ; Dative with Special
Verbs ; Ablative of Specification.
345.
CONJ. I.
Pres. ama-ri, to he loved.
Pekf. amfit-us, -a, -um esse, to have been loved.
FuT. amfit-um iri, to be about to be loved.
124 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXVIL
CONJ. II. CONJ. III. CONJ. IV.
Pkes. mone-ri. reg-i. audi-ri.
Pekf. monit-us, rect-us, audit-us,
-a, -um esse. -a, -ura esse. -a, -um esse.
FuT. monit-um iri. rect-um iri. audit-um iri.
In the Passive voice :
a. The Present Infinitive is formed by adding -ri to
the Present stem. ]^)ut notice that in the Third Conju-
gation -1 (not -ri) is added to the stem minus the final
vowel.
h. The Perfect is formed by adding -us, -a, -um esse
to the Participial stem.
c. The Future is formed by adding -um iri to the
Participial stem.
346. INFINITIVE USED AS A NOUN.
1. Videre est credere. To see is to believe.
2. Pueri nare discunt. Jioys learn to svirim.
Observe that the Infinitive may be used as a noun.
Thus in example (1) videre is the subject of est, while
credere is a Predicate Nominative. In example (2)
nare is the object of discunt.
347. SIMPLE INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
In English, verbs of saying., thinking, knowing, and
perceiving are sometimes followed by an Infinitive with
its subject in the Accusative, as : We supposed him to
be a friend. He found it to be inqyossible.
PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 125
Compare tKe following :
Direct. Urbs incolumis est. 21ie city is safe.
Indikect. Putamus urbem incolumem esse. We think
that the city is safe (lit. the city to be safe).
Direct. Hostes discesserunt. The enemy have departed.
Indirect. Cognoverunt hostis discessisse. They ascer-
tained that the enemy had departed (lit. the
enemy to have departed).
Direct. Veniam. I shall come.
Indirect. Dicit se venturum esse. He says that he will
come (lit. himself to be about to come).
a. Observe that where a Direct statement is made to
depend upon a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, and
'perceiving, it becomes Indirect, the verb in Latin being
put in the Infinitive with its subject in the Accusative.
h. Observe that, in English, the Indirect statement is
generally introduced by the conjunction that, and that
the verb is in the Indicative Mood.
348. Rule XXVII. Verbs of saying, knowing, think-
ing, and perceiving are followed by the Infinitive with
its subject in the Accusative.
349. Examine the following :
„_ ., [ venire. ^^ *, ^ ^, C «^^ coming.
Dicit \ _ . He says that the \ ,
-,.,_ < venisse. ,^. < have come.
milites I ,- - soldiers f .„
^ ventures esse. ^ will come.
^_ .^ /'Venire. ^^ .-,,,,,, ( vvere coming.
Dixit S - • He said that the \ , ,
_,,._ < venisse. ,,, {hsLci come.
milites / . - - soldiers i
' ventures esse. ^ "would come.
Observe that the tense changes in the English, when
the verb of saying, etc., is in a past tense, while the
tense of the Latin Infinitive remains the same.
126 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXX VIL
The tense of the Infinitive depends on the time of
the principal verb. If the Infinitive denotes :
a. The same time as the principal verb, it will be in
the Present.
b. Time before that of the principal verb, it will be in
the Perfect.
c. Time afte?' that of the principal verb, it will be in
the Future.
350. DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS.
Servo parcit. He spares the slave.
Legibus non parent. They do not obey the la-ws.
Notice that servo and legibus, apparently the objects
of parcit and parent, are in the Dative case, and not in
the Accusative, as we should expect them to be.
Of the verbs thus followed by the Dative, the most
common are :
Parco, pareo, placeo,
Faveo, noceo, servio,
Invideo, nubo, ignosco,
Resisto, persuadeo,
Maledico, indulgeo.
351. Rule XXVIII. Many verbs meaning to favor,
help, please, trust, and their opposites ; also to believe,
persuade, command, obey, serve, resist, envy, threaten,
pardon, spare, and the like, are followed by the Dative.
352. ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION.
Virtute praecedunt. They excel in courage.
Virtute is in the Ablative, and specifies what they
excel in. Hence it is called the Ablative of Specifi-
cation.
PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 127
353. Rule XXIX. The Ablative of Specification is
used to denote that in respect to which anything is or is
done.
DAEDALUS.
354. Daedalus, natii Atheniensis, vir summo in-
genio, multas iitilTs artis invenit. Sed PerdTx, eius
sororis filius, qui a Daedalo docebatur, etiam puer,
celeriter praeceptori antecellit. Cui Daedalus invi-
det et denique eum ex alta riipe praecipitem demittit.
Deinde puerum decidisse niintiat. Cui autem Atlie-
nienses non crediderunt. Quam ob rem Daedalus
cum filio Icaro ad Mlnoem, regem Cretae, effiigit.
El Daedalus dixit se Athenis iniuste expulsum esse ;
se autem paratum esse regl multis rebus servire.
Nee difficile erat id regi persuadere. Nam dirum
monstrum, nomine Minotaurus, niiper in Creta appa-
ruerat, cui corpus hominis erat, sed caput tauri.
355. 1. They say that an Athenian, Daedalus by
name, envied his sister's son. 2. The boys declared
that Perdix had been hurled from a very high cliff.
3. It is very difficult to believe this man in all things.
4. I say that Perdix excels his instructors in genius.
5. The Athenians said that Minos would expel Dae-
dalus from Crete.
Sight Translation!. Daedalus. — Coticliided.
356. Itaque Minos Daedalum benigne accepit,
atque eum iussit in potestatem suam monstrum redi-
gere. Inde Daedalus mirabilem labyrinthum aedi-
ficavit, qui miUe vias et innumerabilis ambages
128
LATIN READER. — LESSON XXX VIL
habuisse dicitur. HTc Minotaurum clausit. Tamen
necesse erat monstro corpora hominum ad cibum
praebere. Panels post annis Daedalus nuntiat se
Athenas rediturum esse. Id autem a rege non con-
ceditur. Inde ille novam viam fugae repent. Nam
pennas avium in ordine ponit, quas lino et cera in
formam rdarum adligat. Has Tgnotas alas umeris
suis et fill accommodat. Inde iter peiiculosum in-
ceperunt. Sed Icarus iussTs patris non paret et
celsior volat. Mox sol cerain pennarum mollit, et
Icarus in mare decidit quod nomen ab illo traxit.
Daedalus autem incolumis in Siciliam pervenit et
multis rebus regi Siciliae serviebat.
357. 1. Quis erat Daedalus? 2. Ciir Daedalus
Perdici invidet? 3. Quid PerdTcT accidit? 4.
Ad quem Daedalus effugit? 5. Quid Minoi dixit?
6. Cur non difficile erat id regl persuadere ? 7. In
quo Daedalus monstrum clausit? 8. Quid erat
cibus inonstrT? 9. Quam viam fugae a Creta Dae-
dalus reperit? 10. Quid accidit Tcaro? 11. Num
Daedalus in mare decidit ? 12. Cul regi postea
serviebat?
iubeo, order.
potestas, power.
red-igo, reduce.
mirabilis, wonderful.
ambages, wind'mgs. (Am-
biguous.)
claudo, shut up., in-CLOSE.
red-eo, return.
cou-cedo, permit, concede.
penna, feather. (Pen.)
linum, thread. (Linen.)
cera, wax.
forma, form.
umerus, shoulder.
ac-commodo, fit to. (Ac-
commodate.)
celsus, high. (Ex-celsior.)
mollio, soften. (MoUi-fy.)
PARTICIPLES: ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 129
QUESTIONS.
358. How are the tenses of the Passive Infinitive formed ?
Give the Passive Infinitives, Latin and English, of nuntio, video,
mitto, venio. Illustrate the use of the Infinitive as a noun.
What is the difference between Direct and Indirect Discourse ?
In what case is the subject of the Infinitive put ? On what does
the tense of the Infinitive depend ? When will it be Present ?
Perfect ? Future ? Mention the most common of the special
verbs which are followed by the Dative. State the rule for Dative
with special verbs. Distinguish between the Ablative of Specifi-
cation and Ablative of Characteristic, giving an example of each.
Compare the Adverbs formed from multus, parvus, acer, gravis,
facilis.
LESSON XXXVIII.
Participles ; Ablative Absolute.
359. A Participle is a Verbal Adjective ; as a verb it
may be followed by an object ; as an adjective it must
agree with its noun in gender, number, and case.
360. In Latin there are two participles in each voice,
as follows :
ACTIVE participlp:s.
NAME. ENDING. MEANING.
Present. -ns, gen. -litis. -ing.
FuTUKE. -urus, -a, -um. about to.
passivp: participles.
Perfect. -us, -a, -um. having been.
Gerundive. -ndus, -a, -um. necessary to be.,
or -ing.
130 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVIIL
CONJ. I.
Pres. ania-ns, loving.
FuT. amat-urus, ")
-a, -um, J
Pekf. amfit-us, )
-a, -um,
G'v'e. ama-ndus, ^ necessary to be loved,
-a, -um, S or loving.
about to love.
)
|- having been loved.
CON J. 11.
CON.I. III.
CON J. IV.
PitES.
mone-ns.
rege-ns.
audie-ns.
FUT.
monit-urus,
rect-urus,
audit-urus.
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
Perf.
monit-us.
rect-us,
audit-US,
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
G'v'e.
mone-ndus,
rege-ndus.
audie-ndus
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
a. Observe that the Present particifjle and the Gerun-
dive are formed by adding the endings to the Present
stem, while the Future and the Perfect have the Parti-
cipial stem.
b. Notice that -e is added to the Present stem in the
Fourth Conjugation.
c. Form the participles, both Latin and English, of
ports, doceo, scribo, munio.
361.
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.
1. Bello contecto,
in italiam con-
tendit.
The war having been fin-
ished,
Since the tear was fin-
ished,
When the war loas fin-
ished,
{^Having finished the war^ J
he hastened
into Italy.
PARTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 131
Si^no dato, mi-
lites impetum f e-
cerunt.
Eorum vicis in-
censis, Caesar
exercitum re-
duxit.
4. A castris, te
insciente,
discessit.
The signal having been
given^
When the signal was
given,
At the signal,
f Their villages having been'"
burned,
When he had buryied their
villages,
After burning their vil-
lages,
Having burned their vil-
lages.
You not knowing.
Without your knowledge,
\
^ , (Caesar (being) our
Caesareduce. \ ,^„^^^
nihil timemus.
the soldiers
charged.
Caesar
led back
his army.
he departed
from camp.
we fear
nothing.
Vento secundo,
classis redibit.
the fleet imll
return.
With Caesar as leader,
'The wind (being) favor a-^
ble.
When the wind is favora-
ble,
If the wind is favorable,
a. Notice that in the first three examples, there is
a noun (in the fourth, a pronoun) in the Ablative, and a
participle agreeing with it, and that they define the
time or circumstances of the action expressed in the
main clause of the sentence. Notice also that they are
independent of the rest of the sentence. Hence this
construction is called the Ablative Absolute.
Rule XXX. A noun or pronoun, with a participle,
may be put in the Ablative to define the time or circurri-
stances of an action.
132 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVIIL
h. Observe that in the 5th example a noun, and in the
6th an adjective, is used instead of the participle. In
both cases, '^ being ^^ is supplied in English.
c. Observe that the literal translation of the Ablative
Absolute is apt to be awkward. A smoother translation
is obtained by using the Active participle with a direct
object, or a clause introduced by a suitable conjunction.
d. In translating English into Latin, do not imagine
that all participles will have the Ablative Absolute con-
struction. For example, if a participle belongs to the
subject of a verb in the Indicative mood, it will, of
course, be in the Nominative case, as : Caesar, influenced
by their entreaties^ undertook the war. Caesar, eorum
precibus adductus, bellum suscepit.
362. usp: of the pkesknt participle.
In Latin, the Present i)articiple can only be used
when it denotes the same, time as the principal verb, as :
Vidi eum ridentem. I saw him laughing. When, there-
fore, the Present participle is used loosely in English to
denote time before that of the principal verb, a Perfect
participle or a clause must be substituted, as :
Ascertaining these facts, they departed.
His rebus cognitis, discesserunt.
THESEUS ET MINOTAURUS.
363. Olim, regnante Aegeo, Androgeus Minois fi-
lius Athenas venit, atque liidorum, qui ibi quotannis
celebrabantur, victor appellatus est. Haud ita multo
post, casii nescio quo necatus est. Quam ob rem
Minos inceiisus ira bellum cum Atheniensibus gessit.
PARTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 133
Quibus victis terribile tributum imposuit. Eos enim
quotannis septem iuvenis septemque virgines ad ci-
bum Minotauro mittere iussit. Ea re cognita, The-
seus ad Cretam navigare et cum monstro pugiiare
constituit. Nee lacrimis patris nee precibus populT
motus est. Deiiique sortes ducuiitur et omnia pa-
rata sunt. Infelices iuvenes cum Theseo navem atris
veils aptatam, signum luctus, conscendunt. Quam
navem Theseus patri promittit albis veils aptatam,
sTgnum victoriae, Athenas redituram esse.
364. 1. In the reign of Minos king of Crete, An-
drogeus, his son, was murdered at Athens. 2. When
everything was ready, Ave embarked on a ship with
black sails. 3. Theseus said that he would kill
the Minotaur and return to Athens a victor. 4.
After the lots had been drawn, seven unfortunate
youths were ordered to sail to. Crete. 5. On ascer-
taining these facts, Minos determined to wage war
with Aegeus.
Sight Translation.
Theseus et Minotaurus. — Concluded.
365. Mox nautae navem solvunt, et altum mare
petunt. Panels post diebus navis ad Cretam ap-
pulsa est. CaptivT expositi ad regem ddcuntur. Tum
primum Ariadne, pulchra filia Minois, Thesea videt.
Statim admiratione et misericordia mota nobilem
iuvenem servare constituit. Itaque virgo, captTvTs in
carcerem ductis, custodes auro corrmnpit, ac ipsa The-
se! gladium et filum dat. Vesper! custodes Thesea
134 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXVIIL
in labyrinthum ducunt. Prope introitum autem iu-
venis custodibus mscientibus filum adnectit. Subito
terribilem mugitum exaudiunt. Iiide custodes ex
labyrintlio discedunt et Tlieseus solus relinqiiitur.
Mox Miiiotaiirum videt. Turn acerrima erat pugna.
Nam MTiiotauro erant et vires tauri et dolus celeri-
tasque hominis. Denique volneribus confeutum mon-
strum cadit.
366. 1. Cur MTiids bellum cum Atlieniensibus
gessit? 2. Quod terribile tributum Atbeniensibus
victis imposuit ? 3. Qufde monstrum erat Mino-
taurus? 4. Quis cum Minotauro pugnare cdnsti-
tuit? 5. Qualem navem lufelices iuvenes conscen-
dunt ? 6. Quid Theseus patri promittit ? 7. Ubi
piimum Ariadne Tliesea vldit ? 8. Quid fecit
virgo? 9. Quando Tlieseus in labyrinthum ductus
est? 10. Quid prope introitum fecit? 11. Ciir
acerrima erat piigna cum Minotauro? 12. Quis
vicit ?
QUESTIONS.
367. What is a participle ? Give the names, endings, and
meanings of the four participles. Which are formed from the
Present stem ? From what stem are the others formed ? Form
the participles of duco, moveo, custodio, laudo. What is an
Ablative Absolute ? What may be used instead of the participle ?
Is there an Ablative Absolute in the sentence: The Gauls having
been conquered sent hostages to Caesar? Why? Where only
may the Present participle be used in Latin ? Rule for place
where. Give the Infinitives, Active and Passive, of pono.
ap-pell6, land. filum, thread.
ex-pono, disembark. introitum, entrance.
ad-miratio, admikation. ad-necto, fasten.
moveo, MOVE. mugitus, bellowing,
career, 2Jr ISO n. (In-carcerate.) dolus, cunning.
GERUND : GERUNDIVE.
135
LESSON XXXIX.
Gerund ; Gerundive ; Supine ; Ablative of Time.
368.
CONJ. I. CONJ. II. CONJ. III. CONJ. IV.
G. amandi, of loving. monendi regendi audiendi
D. amando, /or loving, monendo regendo audiendo
Ac. amandum, loving, monendum regendum audiendum
Ab. amando, by loving, monendo regendo audiendo
a. The Gerund is a verbal noun of the Second De-
clension ; it lacks the Nominative case, which is sup-
plied by the Infinitive. Following are examples of its
use.
369.
G. His potestatem discedendi fecit. lie gave these the
opportunity of departing.
D. Aqua iitilis est bibendo. Water is useful for drink-
ing.
Ac. Naves erant inutiles ad navigandum. The ships
were useless for sailing.
Ab. Milites in metendo occupati sunt. The soldiers were
occupied in reaping.
a. Observe that the gerund is governed precisely like
any other noun. As it has the force of a verb, it mat/
take an object in the proper case. But, as a general
rule, instead of the gerund with a direct object the
gerundive is used. The gerundive then agrees with its
noun, which is put in the case in ivhich the gerund luould
have been. The following examples illustrate the use of
the gerundive instead of the gerund.
136
LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXIX.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
370.
Consilium
ceperuut
Vix erat
tempus
In Italiam
contendit
Mobiles
sunt
legionem opprimendi.
legionis opprimendae.
They formed the
plan of crushimj
the legion.
( res conlocando.
^ rebus conlocandis.
There was scarcely
time for arranging
matters.
ad agendum con-
ventus.
adc on v_entus
agendas.
lie hastened into Italy for
the purpose of holding
{to hold) courts.
^ in capiendo consilia. )
) in consiliis capiendis. V
They are changea-
ble in forming
plans.
a. Notice that the Accusative of the gerundive with
ad is used to express i^urpose.
37
1.
HUriNK.
CON.T. I.
CONJ. II.
CONJ. III.
CONJ. IV.
Ac.
amfitum, to love.
monitum
rectum
auditum
Ab.
amfitu, to love.
monitu
rectu
auditii
a. The Supine is a verbal noun of the Fourth Declen-
sion, used only in the Accusative and Ablative as fol-
lows :
1. Legates miserunt rogatum auxilium. They sent am-
bassadors to ask assistance.
2. Perfacile factu est. It is very easy to do.
h. The Accusative of the supine — called the supine
in -um — is used, as in example (1), with verbs of mo-
tion to express purpose.
Note. — This Supine is also used with iri, — the Passive Infini-
tive of eo, to go, — to form the Future Passive Infinitive of verbs,
as : amatum iri.
SUPINE; ABLATIVE OF TIME. 137
c. The Ablative of the supine — called the supine in
-XL — is used, as in example (2), with a few adjectives.
372. ABLATIVE OF TIME.
1. Node oppidum oppugnabimus. We shall storm the
town at night.
2. Tribus horis expugnabitur. It will he taken -within
three hours.
In the first example the Ablative node expresses
time when ; in the second example the Ablative tribus
horis expresses time within whieli.
373. Rule XXXI. Time ivhen or within which is
expressed by the Ablative without a preposition.
THESEUS ET ARIADNE.
374. Minotauro victo, Theseus filo viam, qua ve-
nerat, celeriter repetit. Ad introitum labyrinth!
Ariadnen viclet, quae metii tremens iuvenem petitum
venerat. Nunc tandem virgo laeta eum victorem
videt, atque ei dicit se omnia paravisse ; custodes
carceris somno vinoque sepultos esse ; eius comites
ad iiavigandum paratos esse. Statim Theseus cum
Ariadne ad litus properat, ubi iam suT comites con-
venerant. Sine tumultii omnes navem atris veils
conscendunt et nocte tecti per classem Minois eva-
dunt. Nunc tandem eis est spes patriae videndae.
Postero die Naxon veniunt. Hic ab omni periculo
tuti paucos dies manebant. Tum Theseus et comi-
tes navem conscendunt et Athenas cursum derigunt.
Ariadne autem relicta est, quam ob rem difficile
dictii est.
138 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXIX.
375. 1. The companions of Tlieseus had no hope
of conquering the Minotaur. 2. They had has-
tened to the shore to see the ship with black sails.
3. They say it is (a) difficult (thing) to see. 4.
They will remain at Naxos for the purpose of search-
ing for the maiden. 5. On the following day they
said that they would arrive at Athens within a few
days.
Slfjht Translation. Theseus et Ariadne. — Concluded.
376. Alii dicunt TlieseT in animo esse Naxon postea
redire ad d&cendam Ariadnen in matrimonium; alii
deum Bacchum coegisse iuvenem Ariadnen relinquere
dicunt. Saltern certum est Bacchum eam in caelum
secum evexisse et ei coronam septem stellarum de-
disse. Etiam nunc enim iiocte in caelo Ariadnea
corona cernitur.
lam multos dies rex Aegeus reditum navis ex-
spectabat, quae suum filium ad Cretam evexerat.
Procul tandem navem cernit, sed eheu ! atris veils.
Nam Theseus cilsii nescio quo vela non miitaverat.
Turn rex magno dolore adfectus se ex alta riipe in
mare deiecit ; unde mail nomen est Aegaeum. Inde
Theseus rex Athenarum sapienter civitiitem rege-
Bacchus, god of wine. dolor, sorrow, grief. (Dolo-
saltem, at any rate. rous.)
e-veho, carry away. (Ve- ad-ficio, affect.
hide.) Aegaeus, Aegean.
Stella, star. (Stellar.) sapienter, wisely.
red-itus, return. ar-cesso, send for, fetch.
eheu, Alas ! prae-cipuus, special.
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 139
bat. Suam matrem, Aethrani, Troezene arcessivit,
quam semper habebat praecipuo bono re.
377. 1. Quo modo Theseus ex labjrintbo evasit?
2. Quam ad introitum vTdit ? 3. Quid virgo ei
dixit? 4. Ubi Theseus suos comites in venit ? 5.
Quo modo per chassem Minois evaserunt ? 6. In
qua insula Ariadnen relTquerunt? 7. Quid dicunt
scrip tores de hac re? 8. Quid certum est? . 9.
Ciir Aegeus se ex riipe in mare deiecit? 10. Quis
postea erat rex Athenarum? 11. Qualis rex erat
Theseus? 12. Qualis filius erat Theseus?
QUESTIONS.
378. Give the gerunds of narro, video, duco, venio. What
is a gerund ? A gerundive ? When is tlie gerundive used instead
of a gerund ? In tlie following examples change from the gerund
to the gerundive construction, and vice versa : ad perferendas
calamitatis, consilium bellum renovandi, difSoultas belli
gerendi, ad legiones transportandum. What is a supine ?
How are the supines used ? Give an example of time when; time
within which. What kind of time does the Accusative express ?
LESSON XL.
Derivation and Composition of Words.
379. In Enghsh, several words of kindred meaning
may often he formed from one word hy the addition of
certain endings, called suffixes ; e. g., from the verb gov-
er7i we have governor, governess, government, governable,
etc. Compare the following examples in Latin:
140 LATIN REABER. —LESSON XL.
KEG- = guide.
reg-ere, to rule. regn-um, reign.
rex (= reg-s), king. regn-are, to reign.
reg-ina, queen. regna-tor, ruler.
reg-ius, royal. rec-tor, guide, ruler.
reg-ia, jmlace. rect-io, direction, government.
reg-io, direction. rect-us, direct, straight.
All these Latin words, having in them the idea of
guidance or (joiuirnnumt, are fcn-med from the root keg-
by the addition of certain suffixes. Following are a few
of the most important suffixes used in the formation of
Latin words.
380.
NOUNS.
(1.) The suffix -tor added to roots or verb-stems de-
notes the agent or doer of an action, as :
vinco (root vie-), / conquer. victor, conqueror.
oro (stoni ora-), I plead. orator, pleader, orator.
In like manner form nouns of agency from impero
and cano.
(2.) -ia, -tia, -tas and -tudo added to adjective and
noun stems form abstract nouns expressing quality,
as :
diligens (stem diligent-), diligentia, diligence.
diligent.
laetus (stem laeto-), glad. laetitia, gladness.
celer (stem celeri-), quick. celeritas, quickness.
altus (stem alto-), high. altitSdo, height.
Form nouns expressing quality from prudens, saevus,
tardus, magnus.
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 141
(3.) -io, -tio, -tus and -tura added to verb stems form
nouns expressing actiofi, as :
leg5 (root leg-), I gather. legio, gathering, legion.
dimico (stem dimica-), I dimicatio, struggle.
fight.
cano (root can-), / sing. cantus, singing.
pingo (root PIC-), I j^aint. pictur a., iiainting.
Form nouns of action from dico, coniuro, advenio, sto.
381. ADJECTIVES,
(1.) The suffixes -anus, -inus, -ensis form adjectives
denoting helonging to, as :
Roma (stem Roma-), Rome. Romanus, Roman.
Gabii (stem Gabio-), Gabii. Gahinus, of Gabii.
Athenae (stem Athena-), Atheniensis, Athenian.
Athens.
Form such adjectives from Alba, Latium, Sicilia.
(2.) -eus forms adjectives denoting viaterial, as :
aurum (stem auro-), gold. aureus, golden.
ferrum (stem ferro-), iron. ferreus, of iron.
Form adjectives denoting material from lignum and
marmor.
(3.) -lis, -alls, -elis, -ills, -bills form adjectives denoting
tendency, as :
humus (stem humo-), ground. humilis, low.
mors (stem mort-), death. mortalis, mortal.
fides (stem fiAe-)., faith. Tidelis, faithful.
hostis (stem hosti-), enemy. hostilis, hostile.
terreo (root tbur-), frighten. terribilis, terrible.
In like manner form adjectives from facio, natiira,
crudus, vir, horreo.
142 LATIN READER. — LESSON XL.
382. VERBS.
Some Latin verbs are formed directly from roots,
as ago from root ag-; others are formed from noun,
adjective, and other verb stems, as :
laus (stem laud-), praise. laudare, to praise.
albus (stem albo-), white. albeo, he white.
caleo (stem cale-), he warm, calesco, (jrow warm.
finis (stem fini-), end. finio, end.
383. COMPOUND WORDS.
Latin compounds consist of two or more simple
stems uniting to form one word, as : magno -(- animus =
magnanimus, great-souled.
They are often formed of verbs preceded (1) by a
preposition, as in-scribo, inscribe, or (2) by a particle, as
dis-cedo, depart.
a. Notice the following compounds of mitto, send.
a-mitto, send awaij. manii-initto, send from the hand.,
ad-mitto, send to., admit. release.
circum-mitto, send around. o-mitto, omit.
com-mitto, send together., per-mitto, send through., per-
commit. mit.
de-mitto, send or cast down. prae-mitto, send forward.
di-mitto, send apart, scatter. pro-mitto, promi.^e.
e-mittb, ."tend forth, emit. re-mitto, send hack, remit.
im-mitto, .'<end in. sub-mitto, send under, suhmit.
inter-mitto, send between, in- trans-mitto, send across.
termit.
h. The final consonant in the preposition is often
assimilated to the consonant beginning the following
word, as cor-rump6 for con-rumpo, au-fero for ab-fero.
c. A short (X or e in the stem of a verb compounded
with a preposition is often weakened to short i, as
con-ficio for con-facio, ob-tineo for ob-teneo.
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 143
PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION.
384. Prepositions, when compounded with other words,
sometimes vary from their usual meaning. Note care-
fully the following :
Com-, con- (cum), (1) toff ether, as con-venire, to come
together ; (2) thoroughly, completely, as con-laudare, to
praise highly.
In-, im-, (1) with verbs, in, into, on, against, as im-
portare, to b?'i7ig in ; (2) with adjectives, not, un-, as in-
iustus, unjust.
Ob, (1) towards, as oc-currere, to run towards ; (2)
down, as oc-cidere, to cut down.
Sub, (1) under, beneath, as sub-mergere, to dip under ;
(2) from beneath, up, as sub-levare, to raise up ; (3)
secretly, as sub-ripere, to take away secretly y (4) slightly,
as sub-ridere, (to laugh slightly), to smile.
385. PARTICLES IN COMPOSITION.
amb-, am-, an-, around, round about, as amb-ire, to go around.
dis-, di-, asunder, apart, as dis-cedere, to depart,
por-, forward, forth, as por-rigere, to hold forth, extend.
red-, re-, hack, again, as red-ire, to go back, return,
sed-, se-, apart, as se-cludere, to shut apart.
NUPTIAE ROMANAE.
386. Die niiptiarum niibens alba tunica et flammeo
luteo induebatur. Eius coma, cuspide hastae in sex
ciinis divisa, vittis nectebatur. Ubi convivae in
patris niibentis domum convenerunt, optimTs auspi-
ciis caei'imonia agebatur. Primum certa et sollemnia
verba, decern testibus praesentibus, dicuntiir. Deinde
144 LATIN READER.— LESSON XL.
pronuba novos maritos ad aram dels sacrificandi
causa ducit. Dum Flanien Dialis carmina peragit,
novi maiiti, manibus inter se iunctis, aram circunn-
bant. Quibus ritibus factis, omnes convivae et marito
et nuptae ' feliciter ' dicunt. Delude epulis usque ad
uoctem apud patrem novae nuptae accumbunt.
387. 1. They said that the guests had assembled
at the bridegroom's house. 2. The solemn words
will be pronounced in the presence of the priest.
3. The guests will recline at the feast until night-
fall. 4. Has the bride put on the white tunic and
orange-colored veil? 5. The priest used to go
round the altar for the sake of performing these
ceremonies.
Sight Translation. Nuptiae Romanae. — Concluded.
388. Ubi nox venit, niipta specie vTs de complexu
matris avolsa ad domum marlti deddcitur. TibTcines
species, hIiow. (Species.) oleum, oil.
com-plexus, e^>i/>race. (Com- unguo, auo/wL (Unction.)
plexion.) omen, omen.
a-vello, tear away. (Re- trans-fertur, is carried across.
vulsion.) (Transfer.)
tihicen, flute-player. vide-licet, (one may see),
fax, torch. clearly.
agmen, line. quia, because.
prae-cedo, precede. necessarius, necessary.
Talassio, perhaps an ancient re-potia, return banquet.
god of marriage. Lares, deified spirits of ances-
clamito, keep shouting. tors.
nux, nut. Penates, liousehold gods.
spargo, scatter. (Sparse.) sacri-fico, sacrifice.
signi-fiCO, SIGNIFY.
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 145
et servT faces ferentes agmen praecedunt. Post
novos maiitos veniuiit convivae, quibus mox magna
turba plebis se iungit. Omnes carmina canunt et
'Talassio' clamitant. Nunc maiitus pueiis nuces
spargit, quo significat se non iam puerum esse. Ubi
ad domum mariti veniunt, nupta postis oleo unguit
atque eos vittis ornat. Deinde ad malum omen
vitandum nupta trans limen transfertur. In atrio
maritus suam uxorem aqua et igni accipit, videlicet
quia hae duae res ad vivendum maxime necessariae
sunt. Postero die repotia apud maritum erant, quo
tempore primum niipta Laribus et Penatibus mariti
sacrificabat.
389. 1. Quo modo niibens Romana induebatur?
2. Quo modo eius coma dividebatur? 3. Quot
testibus praesentibus caerimonia agebatur? 4. Quis
ducit novos maritos ad aram? 5. Dum Flamen Di-
alis carmina peragit, quid faciunt novi mariti? 6.
Quid deinde faciunt convivae ? 7. Ubi nox venit,
quo niipta deducitur? 8. Dum turba per vias ince-
dit, quid faciunt omnes ? 9. Quid facit novus mari-
tus? 10. Ubi ad domum veniunt, quid facit niipta ?
11. Ciir niipta trans iTmen transfertur? 12. Quo
modo maritus in atrio niiptam accepit? 13. Ubi pri-
mum niipta Laribus et Penatibus mariti sacrificabat ?
QUESTIONS.
390. Explain the formation of tlie following words, giving
the meaning of the suffixes: R^manus, diligentia, fidelis, ora-
tor, terribilis, altitude, Gabinus, pictura, cantor, ligneus,
laetitia, mortalis, legio, celeritas, Atheniensis, ferreus, hu-
146 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLL
mills, dimicatio, hostilis, cantus. What is the force of the
prepositions and particles in the following: iniustus, porri-
gere, subripere, secludere, occidere, conlaudare, redire,
subridere, discedere, sublevare, occurrere, ambire, conve-
nire, importare.
LESSON XL I.
Subjunctive of Sum ; Hortatory Subjunctive ;
Subjunctive of Wish.
391. The Subjunctive mood has four tenses ; viz.,
Present, Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect. It is vari-
ousl}^ translated according to the clause in which it
stands. Learn the following paradigm : —
SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM.
PRESENT.
IMPEUFECT.
s-i-m
s-i-mus
es-se-m
es-se-mus
s-i-s
s-i-tls
es-se-s
es-se-tis
s-i-t
s-i-nt
es-se-t
es-se-nt
PERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
fu-eri-m fu-eri-mus fu-isse-m fu-isse-mus
fu-eri-s fu-eri-tis fu-isse-s fu-isse-tis
fu-eri-t fu-eri-nt fu-isse-t fu-isse-nt
392. The Subjunctive has two principal uses.
I. It may be used independently.
II. It may be dependent on another verb.
I. SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES.
393. HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE.
1. Boni simus. Let us be good.
2. Ne ignavi simus. Let us not be cowards.
HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE, 147
a. Observe that these sentences are exhortations.
Hence this is called the Hortatory Subjunctive.
b. The negative is ne, as in example (2).
394. Rule XXXII. The Subjunctive is used to ex-
press a mild command or exhortation.
395. SUBJUNCTIVE OF WISH.
1. Sis felix. May you be fortunate.
2. (Utinam) Athenis ess em. O that I were (now) at
Athens !
3. (Utinam) ne domi fuissemus. O that we had not
been at home !
a. Notice that the wish expressed in example (1) is
with regard to the future, and that it may be fulfilled.
Hence, it is called a possible wish. It requires the Pres-
ent Subjunctive.
b. The wish expressed in example (2) is with regard
to present time, but it cannot be fulfilled, as the person
is evidently not now at Athens. It is therefore called an
impossible wish in the p)resent. Notice that although the
time is present, the tense is Imperfect.
c. The wish in example (3) is with reference to past
time, and of course cannot be fulfilled. It is called an
impossible ivlsh in the past, and requires the Pluperfect
Subjunctive.
d. Utinam may be omitted. The negative is ne.
396. Rule XXXIII. The Subjunctive is used to ex-
press a wish ; the Present tense is used for a possible
wish; the Imperfect for an impossible ivish in the pres-
ent; the Pluperfect for an impossible ivlsh in the past.
148 LATIN READER. —LESSON XLL
MIDAS.
397. Bacchus olim Midae, regi Phrygiae, pro bene-
ficio aibitrium muiieris dedit. Ille autem sic petivit :
'' Quicquid ineo corpore contigeio, id aurum sit."
Cm deus maestus adnuit, "Ita sit." Midas autem
laetus domum abivit. Vix fortiinae credens postis
taugit, qui protinus in aurum vertuntur. Deinde
regiam percurrit, lectos, mensas, sellas, maniitangens.
Brevi omnia sunt aurea. Mox regi magnificas epulas
ministiT apponunt. Tum vero quicquid cibT rex ore
contingit, id statim in aurum vertitur. Etiam vTnum
in aureum flumen vertitur. Midas attonitus opes
effugere temptat sed frustra. Sic tandem secum
dicit : " Ne tam stultus fuissem ! Et ditissimus et
pauperrimus mortalium sum ! Utinam deus ipse
adesset! Quo modo sine eius auxilio mortem effu-
giam ? "
398. 1. Let not the king be astonished. 2. O
that all things in the palace were golden ! 3. Let
the feast be magnificent. 4. O that the attend-
ants of the kin Of had not been so foolish ! 5. O
that we were not so poor !
Sight Translation. Midas. — Concluded.
399. Inde Midas Bacchum diem noctemque quaere-
bat. Denique fame sitique defessus deum repperit.
Tum SIC orat : '' Da veniam, pater, peccavi. Ab hoc
criidelT fato me eripe." Cui deus benigne respon-
det: '' Vade ad fliimen Pactolum. Ubi ad fliiminis
fontis veneris, aquae tuum caput subde, et simul
\
SUBJUNCTWE OF WISH. 149
corpus ciimenque elue." Hex ad flumen succedit,
atque in aquam se mergit. Statim, mirabile dictu,
vis aurea de eiiis corpore in fliimen cedit. Usque ad
hoc tempus Pactolus avireis harenis fluere dicitur.
At Midas, cui ex eo tempore opes invTsae erant,
silvas et riira semper colebat.
400. 1. Quis erat Midas? 2. Quis olim Midae
arbitrium miineris dedit ? 3. Ubi rex domum venit,
quid primum fecit? 4. Quid accidit? 5. Quid
deinde Midas fecit? 6. Quid accidit, ubi ministri
epulas regi apposuerunt? 7. Quern Midas diii
quaerebat? 8. Quid Midae petentT deus respondit?
9. Quid accidit, ubi rex in aquam se mersit? 10.
Ciir postea Midas silvas et riira colebat?
QUESTIONS.
401. Inflect the Subjunctive of sum. What are the two
principal uses of the Subjunctive ? Illustrate the Hortatory
Subjunctive. Why is it called Hortatory ? In wishes, when is
the Present Subjunctive used ? The Imperfect ? The Pluper-
fect ? What negative is used with the Hortatory Subjunctive
and in wishes ?
fames, hunger, famine. e-luo, wash, wash away.
sitis, thirst. suc-cedo, draw near. (Suc-
pecco, sin. ceed.)
e-ripio, snatch or save from. mergo, dip, sink. (Merge.)
vado, go, proceed. (In-vade.) harena., sand. (Arena.)
Pactolus, river in Asia Minor, in-visus, hateful.
sub-do, put or dip under. colo, inhabit, frequent.
crimen, ojfencc, CRIME. (Culture.)
I
150
LATIN READER. — LESSON XLII.
LESSON XLII.
Active Subjunctive; Indirect Question; Genitive
and Dative with Adjectives.
402.
ACTIVE VOICE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
I'KESENT TENSE.
CON.I. I.
coN.r. 11.
CON.I. III.
CON.I. IV.
am-e-m
mone-a-m
reg-a-m
aiidi-a-m
am-e-s
mone-a-s
reg-a-s
audi-a-s
am-e-t
mone-a-t
reg-a-t
audi-a-t
am-e-mus
mone-a-mus
reg-a-mus
audi-a-mus
ain-e-tis
mone-a-tis
rcg-a-tis
audi-a-tis
ani-e-nt
mone-a-nt
reg-a-nt
audi-a-nt
IMPEHFECT TENSE.
ama-re-m
monr'-re-m
roge-re-m
audi-re-m
ama-re-s
mone-re-s
roge-re-s
aiidi-re-s
amfi-re-t
mour'-re-t
rege-re-t
audi-re-t
ama-re-mus
inone-re-mus
rege-re-mus
audi-re-mus
aina-re-tis
mone-re-tis
rege-re-tis
audi-re-tis
ama-re-ut
moiie-re-nt
rege-re-nt
audi-re-nt
PERFECT
TENSE.
amfiv-eri-m
monu-eri-m
rex-eri-m
andiv-eri-m
amfiv-eri-s
monii-eri-s
rex-eri-s
aiidiv-eri-s
amav-eri-t
monu-eri-t
rex-eri-t
audiv-eri-t
amriv-eri-mus
monu-eri-mus
lex-eri-mus
aiidiv-eri-mus
amav-eri-tis
inonu-eri-tis
rex-eri-tis
audiv-eri-tis
amav-eri-nt
nionu-eri-nt
rex-eri-nt
audiv-eri-nt
PEUPEKFECT TENSE.
amuv-isse-m
monu-isse-m
rex-isse-m
audlv-isse-m
amfiv-isse-s
monu-isse-s
rex-isse-s
audiv-isse-s
amav-isse-t
iiionu-isse-t
rex-isse-t
audiv-isse-t
amav-isse-mus
monu-isse-mus
rex-isse-mus
audiv-isse-mu
amuv-isse-tis
monu-isse-tis
rex-isse-tis
audiv-isse-tis
amav-isse-nt
monu-isse-nt
rOx-isse-nt
audlv-isse-nt
ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. 151
a. Notice that the tense signs of the Subjunctive in
all four Conjugations are as follows :
PKESENT. IMrEKFECT, PEIIFECT. PLUPKRFI5CT.
-a- (CoNj. I. -e-) -re- -eri- -isse-
b. Inflect the Active Subjunctive of porto, habeo,
dico, venio.
n. SUBJUNCTIVE IN DEPENDENT SENTENCES.
403. INDIRECT QUESTION.
DIKECT QUESTION. INDIRECT QUESTION.
1. Ubiest? Scio ubi sit.
Where is he? I know where he is.
2. Quid agunt? Sensit quid agerent.
What are they doing ? lie perceived what they
w^ere doing.
a. Observe that an Indirect Question is really a
Direct Question made dependent on a verb.
b. Notice that the verb in the Indirect Question is in
the Subjunctive mood.
404. Rule XXXIV. Indirect Questions are put in the
Subjunctive.
405. SEQUENCE OF TENSES.
Quaerit )
Quaeret . quis | ^^'^^^^^t
Quaesiverit ^ ^ discesserit
He is inquiring
He loill inquire y who
He will have inquired
is departing,
has departed.
Quaerebat )
Quaesivit C quis ( discederet
Quaesiverat ) ^ discessisset
152 LATIN READER.— LESSON XLIL
He was inquiring )
He inquired [ who \ ^^^ departing.
He had inquired ) ^ ^^^ departed.
a. Carefully examine the above sentences and observe
that the tense of the Subjunctive depends upon the
tense of the principal verb according to the following
rule :
406. Rule XXXV. If the tense of the principal verb
is Present, Future, or Future Perfect, it will be followed
by the Present or Perfect Subjunctive. But if the tense
of the principal verb is Tuiperfect, Perfect, or Pluperfect,
it will be followed by the Imperfect or Pluperfect Suh-
junctire.
407. GENITIVE AND DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES.
GENITIVE. ■ DATIVE.
Plenus ira,e. Locus idoneus castris.
Full of anger. A place suitable for a
camp.
408. Rule XXXVI. The Genitive is used with adjec-
tives denoting destine, knowledge, memory, fulness, power,
sharing, guilt, and their opposites.
409. Rule XXXVII. The Dative is used with adjec-
tives denoting fitness, nearness, likeness, friendliness, in-
clination^ and their opposites.
lASON ET CENTAURUS.
410. In Thessalia olim erat rex, nomine Aeson,
cuT erat frater Pelias, homo summa audacia et impu-
dentia. Hic, coiiiuratione facta, fratrem expulit, ac
ipse regnum occupavit. Hand ita multo post, Pelias
INDIRECT QUESTION. 153
lasonem filium Aesonis interficere constituit. Sed
quidam, qui Aesoni amicus erat, ei ostendit quid
consili Pelias haberet. Inde Aeson, plenus timoris,
cum filio in montis effuigit, ubi cuidam centauro,
nomine CiiTroni, lasonem educandum dedit. (Gen-
tauii caput maniisque hiimanas sed corpus equinum
liabebant.) Cum Chirone multos annos vivebat
lason, patris regnique immemor. Tandem ei iam
fortissimo et validissimo centaurus ostendit unde
venisset et quis esset.
411. 1. Full of recklessness he was expelled from
Tliessaly by the king. 2. Let us show the brave
youth who he is, and whence he came. 3. Jason
was educated by a centaur who was friendly to his
father. 4. O that his brother would show him
what plan the centaurs have ! 5. Forgetful of their
father, they had lived many years in the mountains.
Sifjht IVanslation. Iason et Anus.
412. Inde lason, patris videndi cupidissimus, ad
lolcum, ubi regia erat, contendere constituit, atque,
Pelia expulso, patrem restituere in suum regnum.
Mox, omnibus rebus paratis, Cliironi " Vale " dicit, et
ad plaiiitiem descendit. Sub monte succedit ad Anau-
rum, rapidum fliimen, qui tum maxime imbribus
tumidus erat. Dum lason transire dubitat, pauperem
anum in rlpa sedentem videt. Quae statim stiidula
voce iuvenem se transportare iubet. Quod piimum
lason recusat ; sed postea, misericordia motus, eam in
suos umeros tollit et aquam intrat. Vix in rapido
154 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XLII.
flumine se sustinet. Tandem, defessus laboribus,
altero calceo amisso, ad iipam veiiit. Deinde, onere
deposits, ad '' Vale " dicendum se vertit. At iam,
miiabile dictu, noii anus, sed dea pulcherrima forma
adest.
413. 1. Qualis homo erat Pelias ? 2. Quo modo
regnum occupavit ? 3. Quid deinde facere con-
stituit ? 4. Quis Aesoni ostendit quid consili
Pelias haberet ? 5. Quid fecit Aeson ? 6. Qualia
animalia erant centauii? 7. Quis lasoni ostendit
unde venisset et quis esset? 8. Quid deinde iu-
venis facere constituit? 9. Ad quod flumen sub
monte succedit? 10. Quam in lipasedentem videt?
11. Quid anus iuvenem facere iubet? 12. Num
lason reciisat? 13. Quid accidit, ubiaquam intrat?
14. Ubi ad alteram ripam venit, quid fecit lason?
15. Quis adest ?
QUESTIONS.
414. What are the tense signs of the Active Subjunctive in all
four conjugations ? What is the difference between a Direct and
an hidirect Question ? Give the rule for Sequence of tenses.
What adjectives are followed by the Genitive ? What by the
Dative ?
lolcus, town in Thessaly. tumidus, swollen. (Tumor.)
planities, plain. trans-eo, go across. (Transit.)
Anaurus, river in Thessaly. anus, old woman.
rapidus, swift, rapid.
PASSI VE S UBJ UNCTl VE.
155
LESSON XLIII.
Passive Subjunctive ; Subjunctive of Purpose ;
Dative of Service.
415.
PASSIVE VOICE
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
CONJ. I.
am-e-r
am-e-ris
or -re
am-e-tur
am-e-mur
am-e-mini
am-e-ntur
PRESENT TENSE.
CONJ. II.
mone-a-r
mone-a-ris
or -re
mone-a-tur
moue-a-mur
mone-a-mini
mone-a-ntur
CONJ. III.
reg-a-r
reg-a-ris
or -re
reg-a-tur
reg-a-mur
reg-a-mini
resr-a-ntur
CONJ. IV.
audi-a-r
audi-a-ris
or -re
audi-a-tur
audi-a-mur
audi-a-mini
audi-a-ntur
ama-re-r
ama-re-ris
or -re
amfi-re-tur
ama-re-mur
ama-re-mini
ama-re-ntur
IMPEKFECT TENSE
mone-re-r
mone-re-ris
or -re
inoiie-re-tur
mone-re-mur
mone-re-mini
mone-re-ntur
rege-re-r
rege-re-ris
or -re
rege-re-tur
rege-re-miir
rege-re-mini
reire-re-ntur
audi-re-r
aiidi-re-ris
or -re
audi-re-tur
audi-re-mur
audi-re-mini
audi-re-ntur
amatus
Sim
sis
(-a, -uin) ^ gjj
4 SI
PEIiFECT TENSE
amfiti
monitus
(-a, -um) 1
rectus )
(-a, -um)|;:;
Sim
sis
sit
sim
sis
simus
sitis
(-ae, -a) ; ^^^^
( sim
'O^^t^ ) siti
(-^^' -^) { sint
simus
sitis
recti
(-ae,-a)
simus
sitis
sint
156 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XLIL
,-, ( sim ,-,- ( simus
auditus ] auchti )
. \ S SIS / „ ^ „ A -\ sitis
(-"'-"■") (sit ^-'^'-"^Isint
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
^ essemus
A esses , s ■< essetis
J (-ae, -a) J
( esset ( essent
( essem ... ( essemus
monitiis ) _ luoniti
amatus \ ^^^t"^ amati (
(-a, -uin)
essetis
esset ' ' ( essent
(-a, -iiin) 1 ^ (-ae, -a)
i essem j."'oti ( essemus
rectus , _ , _ .
. < esses , s -( essetis
(-a, -uni) ) (-ae, -a) )
^ ^ ( esset ( essent
( essem ,,- ( essemus
audiUis \ _ auditi \ _ .
. -[ esses . . ■{ essetis
(-"•-""» (esset ("^' -■'M esBent
a. Inflect the Passive Subjunctive of volnero, doceo,
vinco, and vincio.
416. SUH.TUXCTIVE QY PURPOSE.
1. Venit ut auxilium petered.
i that he might seek assistance.
He came -^ in order to seek assistance.
( to seek assistance.
2. Misit amicum, qui. auxilium. peteret.
( -who -was to seek assistance.
He sent a friend -^ in order to seek assistance.
(^ to seek assistance.
3. Eum in vinoula coniecit, ne auxilium peteret.
C that he might not seek assistance.
jr . . , , . lest he should seek assistance.
He imprisoned him -I
in order that he might not seek
I assistance.
SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE. 157
4. Monuit captivum, ne auxilium peteret.
( that he should not seek assistance.
He ivarneO. the captive < lest he should seek assistance.
( not to seek assistance.
a. Observe that the dependent clauses introduced by
ut, qui, and ne express purpose, the verb being in the
Subjunctive.
h. Observe that the dependent clause in example (4)
is equivalent to a noun, or snbstcmtive, used as an object
of the principal verb. Such clauses are called Substan-
tive clauses of Purpose.
417. Rule XXXVIII. The Subjunctive with ut, ne,
or a relative, is used to express Purpose.
Note, — - The rule for Sequence of Tenses is observed in clauses
of Purpose.
418. DATIVE' OF SERVICE.
Milites urbi praesidio erant.
The soldiers virere (for) a guard to the city.
a. Observe that praesidio is in the Dative, and that
the soldiers served as a guard to the city. Hence this
is called the Dative of Service. It is usually coupled
with another Dative forming the construction sometimes
called the Double Dative.
419. Rule XXXIX. The Dative is used to denote the
Purpose or End,
ias5n et dea.
420. Turn SIC dicit dea lasoni: " liino sum, quae
iiicedo regiua deoruni, et soror et uxor lovis I Tii
mihi labonmti auxilio fuisti. Ego, si quando usus
158 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLIIL
erit, tibi auxiliuin feram." His verbis e coiispectu
in tenuem auram evanuit. Inde lason laetissimus ad
lolcum contendit.
Interea Pelias nuiis somniis graviter commotus,
Delphos iiiTsit legatum, qui Apolliiiem consuleret.
Cui sic respondit deus : "Cave iie alieims, uiium cal-
ceum gerens, te ex tuo regno expellat." Legatus
rediit et regi nuntiavit quid deus respondisset. Eum
rex monuit ne quid de oiaeulo diceret. Tamen,
nescio quo modo, i unior de hac re volgatus est. Ubi
igitur lason in urbem venit, elves eum alterum cal-
ceum amisisse senserunt atque eum monuerunt ut
fugeret. At ille " Veni," inquit " ut criidelem tyran-
num expellerem."
421. 1. A citizen liad warned me not to come
into tlie city. 2. The stianger is reporting what
Apollo lias replied. 3. Jason will come to expel
the cruel tyrant from the city. 4. The citizens will
send a messenger to consult the oracle. 5. He Avas
sent to be an aid to the king in trouble.
SigJd Translation. Iason et Pelias.
422. Inde lason clamore secundo ad regiam conten-
dit. Sed Pelias — mirabile dictii — iuvenem benigne
accepit. BlandTs verbis dixit se fratris filio libenter
blandus,^a^ierinj/, BLAND. neg-otium, ia.sfc. (Negotiate.)
sub-eo, undergo. teniere, rashlj/.
callidus, crafty, cunning. Athamas, king of Boeotia.
vellus, ^eece. Boeotia, province in Greece.
re-fero, bring back. (Refer.) noverca, step-mother.
DATIVE OF SERVICE. 159
cessurum esse ; piTmum autem necesse esse lasonem
se fortem virum praebere. CuT lason respondit se
ad omnia peiicula subeunda paratum esse. Turn
callidus rex " Ubi mihi velliis aiireum ex Colchide
rettuleris, turn tibi regnum tradam." lason autem
hoc difficillimum negotium temere suscepit.
De vellere aureo baec res narratur. AthamantT,
regi Boeotiae, erant duo liberT, Phrixus et Helle.
Quos eorum noverca interficere constituit, ut sui lib-
eri regnarent. Sed deus e manibus novercae iTberos
eripuit.
423. 1. Quae erat dea ? 2. Quid luno lasonT
promisit? 3. Ciir interea Pelias graviter commotus
est? 4. Quid fecit rex ? 5. Quid respondit deus?
6. De quo rex legatum monuit nediceret? 7. Ubi
lason in urbem venit, quid cives dixerunt? 8.
Quid respondit lason ? 9. Quo modo Pelias iuve-
nem accepit? 10. Quod difficillimum negotium
lasoni dedit? 11. Qui erant Phrixus et Helle?
12. Quis llberos interficere constituit ?
QUESTIONS.
424. What is the meaning of ut and ne ? Give an example
of a Purpose clause introduced by a relative. What other ways
of expressing purpose have been given ? May the Infinitive be
used to express purpose ? (Ans. Onhj in poetry.) Give an ex-
ample of the Dative of Service. What special verbs take the
Dative ? What adjectives are followed by the Dative ?
160 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XLIV.
LESSON XLIV.
Verbs in -io ; Subjunctive of Result.
425. Verbs in -io of the Third conjugation have a
few forms in the jjreseiit stem like the Fourth conjuga-
tion. Study the following :
Principal parts: capio, capere, cepi, captus.
INDICATIVE MOOD,
ACTIVE VOICK. PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT TENSE.
I take,
etc.
I am taken, etc.
capi-5
capi-mus
capio-r
capi-mur
capi-8
capi-tis
cape-ris or -re
capi-mini
capi-t
capiu-nt
capi-tur
capiu-ntur
IMPERFECT TENSE.
I was
taklnfj, etc.
I wan taken, etc.
capie-ba-m,
etc.
capiu-ba-r, etc.
FUTURE TENSE.
I shall take, etc. I shall he taken, etc.
capi-a-m capi-e-mus capi-a-r capi-e-mur
capi-e-s capi-e-tis capi-e-ris or -re capi-e-mini
capi-e-t capi-e-nt capi-e-tur capi-e-ntur
PERFECT TENSE.
I took, or have taken, etc. I ivas or have been taken, etc.
cep-i, etc. capt-us, -a, -um sum, etc.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I had taken, etc. I had been taken, etc.
cep-era-m, etc. - capt-us, -a, -um eram, etc
VERBS IN -10; SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT. 161
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
I fthall have taken, etc. I shall have been taken, etc.
cep-er-o, etc. capt-us, -a, -um ero, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
capi-a-m, etc. capi-a-r, etc.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
cape-re-m, etc. cape-re-r, etc.
PERFECT TENSE.
cep-eri-m, etc. capt-us, -a, -um sim, etc.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
cep-isse-m, etc. capt-us, -a, -um essem, etc.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
cape, take thou. cape-re, he thou taken.
capi-te, take ye. capi-mini, be ye taken.
FUTURE TENSE.
capi-to, thou shalt take. capi-tor, thou shalt be taken.
capi-to, he shall take. capi-tor, he shall be taken.
capi-tote, ye shall take.
capiu-nto, the]/ shall take. capiu-ntor, they shall be taken.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. cape-re, to take. cap-i, to be taken.
Perf. cep-isse, to have taken, capt-us, -a, -um esse, to have
been taken.
FuT. capt-urus, -a, -um esse, capt-um iri, to be about to be
to be about to take. taken.
162 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLIV.
TAKTICIPLES.
Pres. capie-ns, -entis, taking. Perf. capt -us, -a, -um, having
been taken.
FuT. capt-urus, -a, -um, G'v'e. capie-ndus, -a, -um,
about to take. necessary to be taken,
or taking.
GERUND. SUPINE.
G. capie-ndi, of taking. Ac. capt-um, to take.
I), capie-udo, for taking. Ab. capt-u, to take.
Ac. capie-ndum, taking.
Ab. capie-ndo, })y taking.
a. Observe tliat verbs in -io retain the -i wherever
Fourtli conjugation verbs have -i followed by a vowel.
Inflect in like manner, iacio, to throw.
426. SURJUNCTIVE OF RESULT.
1. Tanta erat tempestas ut naves reicerentnr.
So great was the storm that the shijts were driven
back.
2. Erat adeo tardus, ut noil effugeret.
He was so sloit\ that he did not escape.
3. Hie unus est qui non credat.
This is the only man "who does not believe.
4. Accidit ut esset luna plena.
It happened that it was full moon.
a. Observe that these dependent clauses introduced
by ut and qui express result, and that their verbs are in
the Subjunctive mood.
h. Notice that the negative in Result clauses is non.
Compare the negative in Purpose clauses.
c. The dependent clause in example (3) characterizes
the man to whom reference is made. Such clauses are
VERBS IN -10 ; SUBJUNCTIVE OF BESULT. 163
therefore sometimes said to contain a Subjunctive of
Characteristic.
d. Notice that the dependent chmse in example (4) is
used as a substantive, being the subject of the verb
accidit. Such chiuses are therefore called Substantive
Clauses of Result.
427. Rule XL. The Subjunctive is used with ut,
ut non, or a relative, to express Kesiilt. ,
VELLUS AUREUM.
428. Dum saeva noverca Plirixum et Hellen cae-
dere parat, subito e niibibus pennatus aries vellere
aureo api^aruit, atque liberos abstulit. Turn tantus
erat furor novercae, ut ex alta riipe in mare se deniitt-
eret. Interea aries super mare terramque ad ori-
entem volabat. Sed eheu ! ad oram Asiae, tam
defessa erat Helle ut praeceps in pontum incideret.
Cm aquae usque ad hoc tempus nomen est Helles-
pontus. Phrixus autem incolumis in Colchida perve-
nit. Hic, ariete caeso, vellus aureum in silva sacra
Marti suspendit. Quo ex tempore vellus aureum
ingenti dracone terribilT specie cust~diebatur. Nemo
tam fortis inventus est, qui ad draconem accedere
auderet.
429. 1. They were so exhausted that they did not
reach the coast. 2. The ram a})peared in order that
the children might not be slain by their step-mother.
3. So fierce was the dragon that they did not dare
approach the wood. 4. Jason will fly to Colchis in
order to slay the dragon. 5. No one is so brave as
to approach the fierce ram.
164 LATIN BEABER. — LESSON XLIV.
Sight Translation. Iasoxis SociT.
430. lason autem tarn cupidus gloriae erat ut
etiam hoc negotio iioii lefugeret. Piimum in omiiTs
partis legates inisit, qui clarissiniTs viiTs persuade-
reut lit hoc iter facerent. Ad lioc liino erat niao-no
auxilio lasoiii. Nam dea tantam cupiditatem gloriae
viiis iniecit ut multi ex oiiiiiibus partibiis Graeciae
conveiiirent. In hoc niimero erant friitres gemini,
Castor et Pollux, atque Hercules, fortissimus om-
nium mortalium ; Orpheus, qui carminibus saxa sil-
vasqiie movisse dicitur ; et Meleager et Tlieseus, de
qiiibus ante deinonstravimus, et multl alii clari viri.
Aderat quoque quidam Argus, qui summam scien-
tiam nauticarum rerum habebat. Interea lason
omnia, quae sunt iisui ad armandas navTs, compor-
tari iusserat. Postquam omnes viri convenerunt,
Argo praecipiente, navem longam aedificaverunt,
quam ex nomine duels Argo appellaverunt.
431. 1. Cur iTberi a noverca nou caesi sunt? 2.
Quid delude fecit noverca? 3. Quo volavit aries?
4. Quid accidit ad oram Asiae? 5. Quid fecit
Phrixus, ubi in Colchida pervenit? 6. Quid
velliis aureum custodiebat? 7. Cur lason hoc nego-
tio non refiigit ? 8. Quid j^rimum fecit ? 9. Quo
re-fugio, shrink from. (Ref- de-monstro, mention. (Dem-
uge.) onstrate.)
cupiditas, eagerness. (Cu- scientia, knowledge., science.
pidity ) nauticus, nautical.
in-icio, infuse. (Inject.) armo, equip. (Arm.)
Humerus, number. com-porto, collect.
prae-cipio, direct. (Precept.)
DEPONENT VERBS.
165
modo erat luiio auxilio lasoni? 10. Qui ex om-
nibus partibus Graeciae convenerunt ? 11. Quid
interea lasou iusserat? 12. Quid primum virT
fecerunt?
QUESTIONS.
432. In what respect do verbs in -io differ from other verbs
of the Third conjugation ? Rule for clauses of Result. What
is the negative ? What negative is used in clauses of Purpose ?
What is meant by the Subjunctive of Characteristic ? What is a
Substantive clause of Result ? Give an example of the Hortatory
Subjunctive.
LESSON XLV.
Deponent Verbs ; Verbs of Fearing ; Quin Clauses.
433. Deponent verbs are Passive in form but Active
in meaning. They are inflected in all conjugations as
follows :
Principal Parts :
hortor, hortari, hortatus.
vereor, vereri, veritus.
sequor, sequi, secutus.
potior, potiri, potitus.
IXDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres.
cox J. I.
CON.I. 11.
CONJ. III.
CONJ. IV.
hortor
vereor
sequor
potior
horturis
vereris
sequeris
potiris
(-re)
(-re)
(-re)
(-re)
hortatur
veretur
sequitur
potitur
hortfimur
veremur
sequimur
potimur
hortamini
veremini
sequiraini
potimini
hortantur
verentur
sequuntur
potiuntur
16G
LATIN READER. — LESSON XLV.
Imp.
hortfibar
V ere bar
seqnebar
potiebar
FUT.
hortabor
verebor
soquar
potiar
Pekf.
hortfitus
voritus
secutiis
potitus
sum
sum
sum
sum
Plup.
liortatus
veritus
secutus
potitus
eram
eram
eram
eram
F. P.
hortfitus
vorltus
secutus
potitus
ero
ero
ero
ero
SUJ'..! UN CTIVE MOOD.
PRES.
horter
verear
sequar
potiar
[MP.
hortfirer
vererer
sequerer
potirer
Pehf.
liortatus
veritus
secutus
potitus
Sim
sim
sim
sim
Plup.
liortatus
veritus
secutus
potitus
essem
essem
essem
essem
IMPERATIVE MOOD,
horture, etc. verere, etc. sequere, etc.
potire, etc.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres.
hortari
vereri
sequi
potlri
Pekf.
liortatus
veritus
secutus
potitus
esse
esse
esse
esse
FUT.
hortfiturus
veriturus
secuturus
potiturus
esse
esse
esse
esse
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. liortfins
FuT. liortaturus
1*ERF. liortatus
G'v'e. liortandus
verens sequens potiens
veriturus secuturus potiturus
veritus secutus potitus
verendus sequendus potiendus
verbal nouns.
Ger. hortandi, etc. verendi, etc. sequendi, etc. potiendi,
etc.
Sup.
hortatum, -u veritum, -u seciitum, -u potItum,-u
VERBS OF FEARING. 167
a. Notice that the Future Infinitive is Active in
form as well as in meaning.
b. Observe that Dexjonent verbs have all four parti-
ciples. These have the same meaning as in any regular
verb, except the Perfect participle, which means having,
(not having heeii)^ thus:
Pkes. hortruis, exlwrting.
FuT. hortuturus, about to exhort.
Pekf. liortfitus, having exhorted.
G'v'e. hortandus, necessary to he exhorted, or exhorting.
After studying hortor and vereor, inflect in like man-
ner miror and mere or.
Note. — Four verbs which are Active in the Present system
become Deponents in the Perfect, and are called Semi-deponent.
They are :
audeo, audere, ausus, dare.
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus, rejoice.
fido, fidere, fisus, trust.
soleo, solere, solitus, be wont.
434. PURPOSE CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF FEARING.
1. Vereor ut vincat. I fear that he ivill not conquer.
2. Vereor ne vincat. I fear that he will conquer.
Observe that after verbs of fearing ut means that not,
while ne means that. In accordance with this rule,
example (1) may also be written thus :
Vereor ne non vincat. I fear that he will not conquer.
435. Rule XLI. Verbs of Fearing are followed by
the Subjunctive introduced by ut or ne non, meaning
that not, or by ng, meaning that.
168 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLV.
436. RESULT CLAUSES WITH QUIN.
1, Non dubito quin veniat. I do not doubt that he will
come.
2. Non multum afuit quin interficeretur. Not much
was lacking but that he was killed, i.e., he ivas very nearly
killed.
Notice that the Kesult clauses introduced by quin are
dependent on clauses containing the negative non.
437. Rule XLII. The Subjunctive with quin may be
used to express Kesult when the main clause contains
or implies a negation.
ARGONAUT AE.
438. Omnibus rebus paiatis, lason et eius socii
naveni dcdiicunt. Mox Aigonautae (nam ita appel-
lati sunt) portii provehuntur, terraeque urbesque
recedunt. Postero die Pelion et Ossam praeterve-
huntur. Procul apeiitur Olympi altum caciimen
nive candidum. Hinc cursum ad dextram advertunt.
Mox Athon relinquunt, et altum mare petunt. lam
insula Lemnos apparet. Hie paucos dies morati, ite-
rum navem solvunt. Postero die per Hellespontum
in Propontida vecti, ad urbem regis CyzicT accedunt.
Hic verebantur ut benigne acciperentur. Rex enim,
quod cum finitimis gentibus bellum gerebat, omnis
alienos ab urbe prohibebat. Ac primo quidem non
dubitavit quTn Argonautae hostes essent. Sed tan-
dem certior factus quam ob causam venissent, eos
non modo in urbem accepit sed etiam donis oneravit.
qUIN CLAUSES. 169
439. 1. I did not doubt that you would be kindly
received. 2. We were afraid that his companions
were not ready. 3. O that I had been informed
why they came ! 4. They are afraid that the
neighboring nations will wage war with them.
5. We do not doubt that he will be delayed a few
days.
Siffht Translation. Argonautae et Cyzicus.
440. Tum navem conscendunt et portii provehun-
tur. Sed eadem nocte subito tanta tempestas coorta
est, ut navis, ArgonautTs inscientibus, in eundem
portum reiceretur. Ubi igitur hi urbem intrare cona-
bantur, cives, non dubitantes quTn hostes essent, in
eos impetum fecerunt. Nee multum afuit quin
Argonautae vincerentur. Piignatum est diu atque
acriter. Tandem cTves, defessi volneribus, intra
moenia urbis se receperunt. Prima liice omnes
agnoscunt se nocte deceptos esse. Sed eheu ! in
acervis cadaverum rex ipse repertus est. Deinde
Argonautae magno dolore adfeclT, ingentem rogum
striixerunt, quem pTctis vestibus et fulgentibus armis
decorant. In alto rogo corpus regis locant. Tum
lason aversus facem admovet. Flammae mox omnia
consiiinunt. Quo facto Argonautae maesti ex urbe
ad navem discedunt.
co-orior, arise. pictus, embroidered. (Picture.)
Conor, try. fulgens, (jleaming. (Re-ful-
de-cipio, deceive. gent.)
acervus, heap. aversus, turned away.
cadaver, corpse. (Averse.)
rogus, funeral pyre. ad-moveo, apply.
170 LATIN BEABEE. — LESSON XLVL
441. 1. Cur lasoii et eius socii Argonautae appel-
lati sunt? 2. Quos montis piimuni Argonautae
viderunt? 3. Ubi paucos dies morabantur? 4.
Cur verebantur ut a Cyzico benigne acciperentur ?
5. Quid fecit rex? 6. Quid eadeni nocte eis acci-
dit ? 7. Ubi urbem intrare conabantur, quid cives
fecerunt? 8. Qui vTcerunt? 9. Quid prima liice
omnes agnoscunt? 10. Ubi rex repertus est?
11. Quid fecerunt Argonautae ?
QUESTIONS.
442. What are Deponent verbs ? In what respect do they
differ from regular verbs ? Give all the participles, Latin and
English, of polliceor, I promise. How do you translate ut and
ne after verbs of Fearing ? When may quin clauses be used ?
LESSON XLVL
Ablative with Deponents ; Accusative of Extent ;
Simple Conditions.
443. Study sequor and potior in the preceding lesson ;
then write out synopses of utor and molior.
444. ABLATIVE WITH DEPONENTS.
1. Carne et lacte vescuntur. Theij live on flesh and
milk,
2. Castris potiti sunt. They got possession of the camp.
Observe that vescuntur and potiti sunt are followed by
the Ablative.
ABLATIVE WITH BEPONENTS. 171
445. Rule XLIII. The Deponents utor, fruor, fungor,
potior, vescor, and their comjjounds, govern the Ablative
case.
446. ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT.
Fossa quinque pedes alta, A ditch five feet deep.
Notice that quinque pedes is in the Accusative case,
and is the extent of the depth. It is therefore called
the Accusative of Extent.
447. Rule XLIV. Extent of space is expressed by
the Accusative.
448. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
INDICATIVE.
SIIUPLK PRESENT.
1. Si cedit, ignavus est. If he yields, he is a covmrd.
SIMPLE PAST.
2. Si cessit, ignavus fuit. If he yielded, he was a
coward.
MORE VIVID I-UTURE.
^ r.- -r ■, u. . .^. ( V fi^ yields (lit., shall yield
3. Si cSdet (cesserit), ) u n t, • u jn 7
^ ^' -^ or shall havft vieldfidV Jip
ignavus erit.
or shall have yielded), he
( will be a coward.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
LESS VIVID FUTURE.
4. Si cedat, ignavus sit. If he should yield, he would
be a coward.
CONTRARY TO FACT PRESENT.
5. Si cederet, ignavus esset. If he were yielding, ?ie
would be a coivard.
CONTRARY TO FACT PAST.
6. Si cessisset, ignavus fuisset. If he had yielded, he
would have been a coward.
172 LATIN READER.— LESSON XLVL
a. Notice that these sentences contain a condition^ on
which a conclusion is based.
h. In the first three sentences, nothing is implied as
to the truth or falsltij of the condition ; if the condition
is a fact, the conclusion follows as a fact. Hence the
Indicative is used. Now compare the last three sen-
tences.
c. Example (4) refers to the future, and vaguely sug-
gests the possibility of the person's yielding. Example
(5) distinctly implies that he is not yielding, and exam-
ple (6) that he did not yield. In these sentences there-
fore the Subjunctive is used, the Present tense to
suggest niere possibility, the Imperfect to imply impossi-
bility in the j)'^^sent, the Pluperfect to imply impossibil-
ity in the past. (Compare the tenses in the Subjunctive
of Wish.)
d. The six Conditions may be grouped according to
their names, as follows :
\ Present. Indicative Present.
' ^ Past. Indicative Past.
( More vivid. Indicative Future or Future
Future, -' Perfect.
( Lens vivid. Subjunctive Present.
Contrary to Fact,
Present. Subjunctive Imperfect.
Past. Subjunctive Pluperfect.
e. Observe that in 3Io7'e vivid, future conditions the
Latin marks the time with far greater precision than
the English, using the Future or Future Perfect where
we less accurately use the Present.
Note. — In Simple past conditionals, the Imperfect Indicative
may be used to denote continued time in the past, as: Si cede-
ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT. 173
bat, ignavus erat. If he was yielding, he was a coward.
So also the Perfect Subjunctive is occasionally used in the condi-
tion of Less vivid future sentences, as: Si cesserit, ignavus
sit. If he should have yielded, he would be a coward.
449. Rule XLV. Simple and More vivid future con-
ditions take the Indicative ; Less vivid future conditions
take the Present Suhjitnctive ; Contrary to fact condi-
tions take the Imperfect Suhjunctive when they refer to
present time, and the Pluperfect Suhjunctive when they
refer to past time.
LUDI CmCENSES.
450. Circus Maximus Romae erat tria stadia longus
et Snum stadium latus. Undique erant sedilia, quo-
rum in primTs senatores equitesque sedebant ; cetera
sedilia cTvibus Romanis gratulta erant. In altera
extrema parte erant carceres, ex quibus quadrigae
emittebantur. In medio cursii erat nmrus humilis
duodecim pedes latus, spina nomine, qui statuis et
columnTs ornatus est. Utrimque in extrema parte
spinae erat meta, quam septies circumire necesse
erat.
Ex omnibus spectaculis, ludis Circensibus Rom an 1
maxime fruebantur. Nee occasio deerat. Multis
festis diebus erant piiblici liidT. Si imperator bene
res gessit, Romae triumphum liidis egit. ST quis
creatus est curiilis aedilis, magnifico miinere fiinctus
est. Etiam fiinera egregiorum virorum liidTs cele-
brabantur. Die constitiita, prima liice multitudo
plebis ad Circum pro])erabat ut sedilia occuparent.
Multo ante tempus spectaculi omne sedile tenebatur.
174 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVI.
Tandem sonus tubarum exauditur, et mox magnifica
pompa, consule ducente, portam intrat.
451. 1. It will be necessary to go round a low wall,
which is one stade long and three feet wide. 2. If
this is a feast daj^, the Romans are enjoying the
games at the Circus. 3. If I am (shall have been)
elected curule aedile, I will exhibit magnificent
games. 4. Were the walls of the Circus Maximus
three stades long? 5. If the sound of trumpets
has been heard, the Senators have taken their seats.
Sight Translatio7i. LudT Cikcenses. — Concluded.
452. Denique, omnibus rebus paratTs, consul mappam
demittit, et statim ex carceribus quattuor quadrigae
emittuntur. Aurigae stantes currii vehuntur, et
colore vestis et curriis facile discernuntur. Iterum
atque iterum fervidis rotis metam stringunt. lam
ultimum spatium ad carceres decurrunt. Aurigae
proni voce verbereque equos concitant. Plausii fre-
mappa, napkin. fremitus, shouting, roaring.
auriga, charioteer. linea, i.risrE.
dis-cerno, distinguish. (Dis- pugillatio, boxing. (Pugilist.)
cern.) lanista, trainer.
fervidus, glowing. (Fervid.) Myrmillo, a kind of gladiator.
rota, ivheel. (Rotate.) Retiarius, net-fighter.
string©, graze. fuscina, trident.
pronus, leaning fo r w a r d. rite, net.
(Prone.) Thrax, gladiator in Thracian
verber, ichip, lash. (Re- armor.
verberate.) sica, dagger.
con-cito, urge on. (Ex-cite.) pollex, thumb.
plausus, ap-PLAUSE. premo, press doivn.
SIMPLE CONDITIONS. 175
mitiique secundo trans albam lineam volant et victor
amplum praemium accipit.
Saepe erant alia certamina, cursus pedum, luc-
tatio, pugillatio. Valde grata plebi erat venatio,
in qua leones, elephaiiti et ceterae ferae aut inter
se aut cum hominibus pugnabant. Maxime Komani
spectaculo gladiatorum fruebantur. Hi in ludis
gladiatoriis a lanistTs exercebantur. Multis gene-
ribus telorum utebantur. Myrmillones Gallicis tells
armabantur. Retiarii fuscina et rete, Thraces sica
clipeoque pugnabant. Ubi gladiator volneratus est,
multitudo 'hoc liabet' conclamabat. Si ille bene
pUgnaverat, poliices premebant atque ita ei parcebant.
Sed sT poliices verterunt, gladiator feiTLim accepit.
453. 1. Quot stadia longus erat Circus Maximus?
2. Ubi erant sedilia senatorum? 3. Quid erat
spina? 4. Quoties utramque metam circumire
necesse erat? 5. Quibus liidis Romaiii maxime
fruebantur? 6. Ciir prima liice plebs ad Circum
proper aba t? 7. Quando pompa port am intrat ? 8.
Ciir consul mappam demittit? 9. Quo modo au-
ligae discernuntur ? 10. Quid erat venatio? 11.
Quo modo gladiatores exercebantur? 12. Ubi glad-
iator volneratus est, quid multitiido conclamabat?
13. Quid faciebant, si bene piignaverat ? 14. Quid
accidit, si poliices verterunt ?
QUESTIONS.
454. What verbs govern the Ablative ? Give an example
of the Accusative of Extent ? Name six kinds of conditions.
What mood and tense is used in each and why ?
176
LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIL
LESSON XLVII.
Compounds of Sum ; Conditionals.
455. Possum, compounded of potis, able, and sum, is
inflected as follows :
Principal Parts : possum, posse, potui, he able.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. / am able, can, etc.
possum possumus possim
potes potestis possis
potest possunt possit
Imp. I was able, could, etc.
poteram poteramus possem
poteras poteratis posses
poterat poterant posset
FuT. / shall be able, etc.
potero poterimus
Perf. / have been able, could, etc.
potui potuimus potuerim
Plup. I had been able, could have, etc.
potueram potueramus potuissem
FuT. Perf. I shall have been able, etc.
potuero potuerimus
possimus
possitis
possint
possemus
possetis
possent
potuerimus
potuissemus
INFINITIVE.
Pres. posse, to be able. Perf. potuisse, to have been able.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. potens, -entis, (used as an adjective), powerful.
a. Notice that t is changed to s before s, and f is
dropped after t.
COMPOUNDS OF SUM; CONDITIONALS. 177
Note. — In prosum, I benefit, compounded of prod (old form
of pro), for, and sum, the d is retained only before e, thus:
prosum, prodes, prodest, prodessem, profui. Other compounds
of sum are inflected like sum.
456. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
Carefully review all that is given in the preceding
lesson on Conditional sentences. Name and translate
the following:
(Remember that you can easily determine to which of the six
classes any condition belongs by observing the mood and tense of
the verbs. )
Si laudareris, beatus esses ; si laudaberis, beatus eris : si
laudaris, beatus es; si lauderis, beatus sis; si laudatus
esses, beatus f uisses ; si laudatus es, beatus fuisti. Trans-
late the following conditions into Latin : If you were
being praised, you were happy ; if you tvere praised, you
would he hajjpy ; if you should be praised, you would be
happjy ; if you had been praised, you would have been
happy ; if you are praised, you are happy ; if you are
praised, you will be happy.
HERCULES ET HYLAS.
457. lani Argoiiautae oi-am Mysiae praetervehe-
bantur. Paulo post, vento adverso, proxima litora
petiverunt, et in terram egress! sunt. Ibi Hercules
cum Hjda, puero pulcherrima forma, in silvam vena-
tum ivit. Mox Hylas cervum videt, quem protinus
Tnsequitur. Ea res felTciter evenisset, si Hercules
puerum seciitus esset. At ille longius in silvam pro-
greditur. Hylas autem celerem cervum volnerare
non poterat, ac diri solus in silva errabat. Denique
178 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIL
ad fontem venit, ubi bibendi causa substitit. Sed
Nympha fontis puerum piilcherrimuiii yidet, atque
eum, niauibus eiiis collo iniectis, ad Tiiium fontem
detrahit. lam Hercules ad iTtiis reverterat, sed nus-
quam Ilylam repeiire poterat. Veritus ne puer
eiraret, in silvam rediit. Aniens liuc atqne illuc cur-
rit et semper longius in silvam penetrat, sed frustra.
Inteiea ventus se verterat. lam diii Argonautae
imjjatientes morae erant. Maxime Tiphys guberna-
tor sic querebalur, "Si Hercules et Hylas adessent,
protinus prolicTscT possemus."
458. 1. If be bad advanced fartber into tbe forest,
be would bave come to a spring. 2. K the stag
was pursued by Plercules, it was wounded. 3. If
you were impatient of delay, you would be com-
plaining. 4. If be stops, be will be dragged down
to tbe bottom of tbe spring. 5. If tbey should go
into the forest to hunt, they could see deer.
Sight Translation. Phineus et Harpyiae.
459. Sed nee Hercules nee Hylas venit. Totam
noctem Argonautae eos exspectabant. Prima luce
lason SIC dixit: " Nisi nostri comites mox redierint,
sine eis proficTscemur." Turn diii eos in onuiis partTs
Argonautae petebant. Denique maesti navem cons-
cendunt et proficiscuntur. Hand ita multo post, ad
terrain venerunt, ciiius rex, Pbineus nomine, gravis-
simo supplicio adficiebatur. Nam, quod hominibus
oc-cultus, hidden, concealed, morior, die. (Mortal.)
(Occult.)
COMPOUNDS OF SUM; CONDITIONALS. 179
quasdam res occultas aperuerat, eum del oculis prTva-
verant, atque nuper Harpyias in eins terram demise-
rant. Haec duo nionstra, quae capita liiimana sed
corpora avium habebant, semper ab ipso ore regis
cibum eripiebaiit. Ubi igitur Phineus, qui non mul-
tum afuit quin fame moreretur, audivit qui alien!
essent, eos in regiam arcessivit. Nam sic secum
putabat: "ST lii viiT cum Harpyiis dimicent, forte
eos vincere possint." Casii accidit ut duo ex Argo-
nautls, Zetes et Calais, alas haberent. Ubi igitur
hi de Harpyiis audiverunt, statim dixerunt se regem
liberatiiros esse. Epulis paratis, omnes mensis ac-
cumbunt. Mox monstra apparent. Sed Zetes et
Calais in auras ascendunt, et impetum in ea faciunt.
Dili et acriter piignatum est. Tandem duo viri Har-
pyias vincuiit et fugant.
460. 1. Ubi iam Argonautae erant? 2. Ciir in
terram egress! sunt? 3. Qu! in silvam venatum
iverunt? 4. Quid Hylae accidit? 5. Quid fecit
Hercules ? 6. Quis maxime querebatur, quod nee
Hercules nee Hylas aderat? 7. Quam diii Argo-
nautae comites exspectabant? 8. Quid tandem
fecerunt? 9. Quo modo de! Pluiiea piiiaverant?
10. Qualia monstra erant Harpyiae ? 11. Qu! Har-
pyias fugaverunt?
QUESTIONS.
461. Give a synopsis of possum. Give the Imperfect Sub-
junctive of possum in full. How do the letters change in
possum ? In prosum ? Translate the following : possis,
potuisse, potueram, potuistis, potuerim, poteramus ; you
(sing.) might he able, they are able, vne might have been able, to be
able, you (plur.) ivill have been able, they vnll be able.
180 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIIL
LESSON XLVIII.
Active and Passive Periphrastic Conjugations;
Dative of Agent; Objective Genitive.
462. The Active Periphrastic conjugation is made np
of the Future Active yartwiple and forms of the verb
sum, as :
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pkes. amfituriis sum, I am about to love. amaturus sim.
Imp. ainfiturus eram, / ivas about to love, amfiturus essem.
FuT. amaturus ero, I shall be about to
love.
Perf. amfiturus fui, I tvas about to love. amaturus fuerim.
Plup. amaturus fueram, / had been about amaturus fuissem.
to love.
F. P. amaturus fuero, I shall have been
about to love (rare).
INFINITIVE.
Pres. amaturus esse, to be Perf. amaturus fuisse, <o ^are
about to love. been about to love.
463. The Passive Periphrastic conjugation is made up
of the Gerundive and forms of the verb sum, as :
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. amandus sum, I ought to be loved. amandus sim.
Imp. amandus eram, / ought to have been amandus essem.
loved.
FuT. amandus ero, it will be necessary
that I be loved.
Pekf. amandus fui, I ought to have been amandus fuerim.
loved.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS, 181
Plup. amandus fueram, it had been neces- amandus fuissem.
sary that I be loved.
F. P. amandus fuero, it will have been ne-
cessary that I be loved.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. amandus esse, to be Perf. amandus fuisse, to have
necessary to he been necessary to be
loved. loved.
Note. — The difficulty of translating some tenses of the Pas-
sive Periphrastic conjugation arises from the fact that the Eng-
lish verb ought is defective. The student can always obtain the
.sense by using the meaning necessary to be, — as: Hoc nego-
tijim suscipiendum fuit, (lit., this task was necessary to
be undertaken)., This task had to be undertaken.
464. DATIVE OF AGENT.
1. Hoc mihi faciendum est. This must be done by me.
2. Caesari omnia erant agenda. Everything had to be
done by Caesar.
Observe that the Dative is used to denote the person
on whom the necessity rests.
465. Rule XL VI. The Dative is used with the Pas-
sive Periphrastic conjugation to denote the person by
whom the action is to be done.
466. OBJECTIVE GENITIVE.
1. Amor patriae. Love of country.
2. Spes salutis. Hope of safety.
Observe that the Genitives patriae and salutis are
objects of the feeling expressed by amor and spes respect-
ively. Hence the name Objective Genitive.
182 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIII.
467. Rule XLVII. Nouns of action and feeling are
followed by the Objective Genitive.
SYMPLEGADES.
468. Argonautae, fugaLis Harpyiis, eo die apud
Phiiiea manserunt. Rex, gratiis pro tanto beneficio,
lasonT de perlculls, quae el subeunda essent, multa
praedixit. Posterd die, nacti idoneam tempestatem
ad iiaviganduni, iiavem solvunt, et mox Pontum
EuxTuuni intrant, llic prinium niagnus timer men-
tis omnium occupavit. " Eheu ! " dixeriint " quantum
aequor nobis lustrandum est! At, ea re bene gesta,
lion dubium est quin in multo graviora perTcula ven-
turi sinius. Nam etiam si incolumes in Colchida per-
venerimus, niilla spes erit nobis monstiT vincendi,
quod nemo adliuc etiam aggredi ausus sit." Dum sTc
queruntur, subito terribilem fragorem exaudiunt.
Mox procul duas rii[)T.s ingenti magnitiidine cernunt,
quae parvo intervallo in mari natabant. Tum sic
dixit lason : " lUae sunt Symplegades, de quibus
PliTneus me praemonuit. Quae, si quid in medium
spatium venit, protinus incredibili celeritate con-
currunt."
469. 1. He will forewarn them about the monster,
which must be conquered by Jason. 2. The Argo-
nauts said that they would remain with the king that
day. 3. If we had obtained suitable weather, we
would have set sail. 4. We shall have to undergo
this danger, if we intend to (are about to) arrive in
Colchis. 5. There Avas no hope of sailing on the
following day.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 183
Sight Translation. Symplegades. — Concluded.
470. Qua re audita, Argonautae perterriti sunt.
Nee quidem multum afuit quiii domum repetere
constituerent. Quos autem lasoii sTc increpuit:
" Ubi nunc, socii, est iste amor gloriae ? Nonne in-
columes per tot pericula cursum tenuimus? Revo-
cate animos. Certe luno in tanto discrimine nobis
non deerit." Vix dicendi finem fecerat, cum colum-
bam in medium spatium intrare vident. Protinus
ingentes riipes concurrunt. Sed tanta celeritate co-
lumba volavit, ut incolumis, cauda amissa, evaderet.
Tum Argonautae uon dubitantes quin dea ipsa
viam monstraret, remls incumbunt. Citius Noto
voluciique sagitta volat Argo in angustum f re tum.
Ingens inons aquae sequens eos obruere minatur.
lam utrimque riipes terribili celeritate concurrunt.
Tum Argonautae summa contentione remis procum-
bunt. Prosilit Argo per reliquum spatium atque
intactus in altum mare evadit.
471. 1. Quo modo Phmeus probavit se Argonautis
gratum esse? 2. Quando magnus timor mentis
in-crep6, chide, rebuke. volucer,^ee^, swift.
dis-crimen, crisis. (Discrim- fretum, strait, channel.
ination.) minor, threaten.
columba, dove. ob-ruo, overwhelm.
Cauda, tail. (Caudal.) con-tentio, effort, exertion.
remus, oar. (Contention.)
in-cumbo, bend. (Incum- pro-cumbo, bend forward.
bent.) pro-silio, leap forward.
cito, quickly. in-tactus, untouched, intact.
Notus, the south wind.
184 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLIX.
Argonautarum occupavit? 3. Quid maxime time-
bant? 4. Quid subito exaudiimt ? 5. Quid mox
cernunt? 6. Quid accidit, si quid inter mpTs venit?
7. Quis solus ex ArgonautTs Symplegadas non ti-
muit? 8. Quam iam in medium spatium intrare
vident? 9. Quid deinde accidit? 10. Num Ar-
gonautae in angustum fietum intrare audent? 11.
Quid evenit?
QUESTIONS.
472. Of what does the Active Periphrastic conjugation con-
sist ? Wliat is tlie Passive Periphrastic conjugation ? What
case is used to denote the agent witli tlie Passive Periphrastic
conjugation ? How is the agent usually expressed with Passive
verbs ? Give an example of the Objective Genitive. Why is it
so called ?
LESSON XLIX.
Irregular Verb Eo ; Cum Temporal, Causal, and
Concessive.
473. Principal Parts : E6, Ire, ivi or il, iturus, go.
INDICATIVE
•
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
eo
imus
earn
eamus
Is
itis
eas
eatis
it
eunt
eat
eant
Imp.
ibam
irem
FUT.
ibo
Perf.
ivi or ii
iverim
or ierim
Plup.
iveram or ieram
ivissem or issem
F. P.
Ivero or iero
VERB EO ; CUM TEMPORAL.
185
IMPEliATIVE.
Pres.
1
ite
FUT.
ito
itote
ito
eunto
PARTICIPLES.
Pres.
iens, euntis
FUT.
iturus
Perf.
itumi
G'v'e.
eundus
infinitive.
Pres. Ire
Perf. ivisse, or isse
FuT. iturus esse
GERUND.
eundi, eundo, eundum, eundo
Ac.
SUPINE.
itum Ab. itu
474. CUM TEMPORAL.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Nam in ceteris rebus, cum
venit calamitas, turn det-
rimentum accipitur. For
in everything eLs-e, tlte damage
is received at the time when
the disaster comes.
Cum Caesar venit, alterius
factionis principes erant
Haedui. At the time when
Caesar came, the Haedui
were leaders of one faction.
Cum rosam viderat, tum
incipere ver arbitrabatur.
When he had seen a rose,
then did he think spring was
commencing.
Cum. Athenis essern, Zeno-
nem audiebam. I used to
hear Zeno, when I was at
Athens.
Cum. in fuga traheretur, in
ipsum Caesarem incidit.
While he was being
dragged along inflight, he
happened upon Caesar him-
self.
Cum. pervenisset, 'ea cog-
novit. When he had ar-
rived, he ascertained these
facts.
Haec cum. dixisset, pro-
cedit extra munitiones.
After saying this, he pro-
ceeded outside the fortifica-
tions.
a. In clauses introduced by cum, meaning when, if
the writer wishes to emphasize vierely the time when
Used only impersonally.
186 LATIN READER. —LESSON XL IX.
an action is done, he uses the Indicative. If, however,
he wishes to suggest further that one action depends on
another, he uses the Subjunctive. Thus, in the first
example above in the right hand column, the writer not
only states that he heard Zeno ivhen he was at Athens,
but, by using the Subjunctive, he further suggests that
his hearing Zeno depended on his being at Athens.
h. Since, however, in narrating past events, it is nat-
ural for a person to think of the dependence of one action
on another, the Subjunctive is generally used in the Im-
perfect and Pluperfect tenses, as seen in the examples
above.
475. Rule XLVm. In narration, cum, meaning when,
is followed by the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive.
476. CUM CAUSAL. .
1. Quae cum ita sint, discedamus. Since these things
are so, let us depart.
2. Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti,
obsides imperat. Caesar, since he had decided to winter on
the contiy-ent, ordered hostages to be provided.
CUM CONCESSIVE.
3. Cum. consilium tuum probarem, nihil proficiebam.
Although I approved your plan, I was accomplishing nothing.
4. Cum. primi ordines concidissent, tamen acerrime
reliqui resistebant. Although the first ranks had fallen,
still the rest resisted most fiercely.
Observe that in the first two examples, cum, mean-
ing since, is followed by the Subjunctive. Likewise in
the last two, cum, meaning although, is followed by the
Subjunctive.
CUM CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE. 187
477. Rule XLIX. Cum causal or concessive is followed
by the Subjunctive.
lASON ET MEDEA.
478. Multos dies Argonautae ad orientem provebe-
bantur. Tandem procul summa cacumina Caucasi
cernunt. Prima vis^ilia subeunt ostia fliiminis Phas-
idos, qui per finis Colcborum fluit. Hic, cum ad
finem cursus pervenissent, tamen magno timore adfi-
ciebantur. Nam ad urbem magni regis appropmqua-
bant. Mane lason, cum novem comites delegisset,
ad urbem profectus est. Quo ipso tempore, forte
Medea, filia regis, caterva virginum coinitante, sacri-
ficandi causa ad Idcum Hecates ibat. Cm igitur
lason obviam ivit. lUe autem, cum incertus esset,
quo via diiceret, a Medea viam ad regiam quaesivit.
Cui Medea moenia urbis monstravit. Cum autem
alien! discessissent, Medea mirabatur unde hi viri
venissent, et maxime quis dux esset. Nam lason
erat vir egregia specie, et reliquos comites altis ume-
ris supereminebat.
479. 1. Since you are a stranger, I will show you
the way. 2. Although they had entered the mouth
of the river, they had not reached the end of their
voyage. 3. When Medea was going toward the
river, she met Jason. 4. Nine comrades must be
selected by the leader, to accompany him to the
palace. 5. On meeting him (when he had met
him), he inquired where lie was going.
188 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XLIX.
Sight Translation. Perfidus Rex.
480. Interea Argonautae in regiam ])ervenerunt,
atque sine mora ad regem Aeetam adinissi suut.
Turn regi lasoii dixit quam ob causam Argonautae
in Colcliida venissent. Rex, cum re vera valde ira-
tus esset, tamen callide respondit: ante omnia bellum
cum fratre Perse sibi gerendum esse ; hoc coiifecto,
se vellus aureum ArgonautTs libenter traditurum esse.
lason, cum hoc audivisset, pollicitus est se regi ad
id bellum auxilium daturum esse. Sine mora rex
cum siio fratre bellum gerere incipit. Omnibus in
locTs Argonautae ingentem cladem hostium faciunt.
Tandem Perses, omni spe regnl potiendi deposita, e
finibus regis exiit. Iiide lason, cum bellum confec-
tum esset, postulavit ut vellus aureum sibi tradere-
tur. Cui sTc respondit rex : '' Non iam te morabor.
Audi; tibi ostendain quae facienda sint. In finitimo
campo sunt duo aeripedes et flammifeiT tauri. Hi
tibi primum iungendi sunt. Delude, campo arato,
dentes draconis serendT sunt."
481. 1. Ad quod fliimen tandem Argonautae ve-
niunt? 2. Ciir magno timore adficiebantur ? 3.
Quis postero die ad urbem profectus est? 4. Cui
obviam Tvit? 5. Quid lason a Medea quaesivit?
6. Quid Medea mirabatur ? 7. Nonne rex iratus
erat, cum audivisset quam ob causam Argonautae
venissent? 8. Quid rex dixit? 9. Fueruntne
re vera, in fact. Hammi-fer, fire-breathing.
poUiceor, j^romise. aro, })louf/h. (Arable.)
aeri-pes, bronze-footed. sero, sow.
IRBEGULAR VERB FERO.
189
Argonautae auxilio regi in bello ? 10. Quid pos-
tulavit lason, cum bellum confectum esset? 11.
Quid respondit rex ?
QUESTIONS.
482. Write out a synopsis of eo, giving the Present Indica-
tive and Subjunctive in full. Explain the use of moods with
cum meaning when. Rule for cum in narration. Rule for
cum causal and concessive. Translate the following: iverunt,
eamus, i, eunt, ivisse, ibat, ivissetis ; to f/o, he may have
gone, they will go, you (singular) are going, I might go, we
had gone.
LESSON L.
Irregular Verb Fero ; Dum, Donee, and Quoad ;
Antequam and Priusquam.
483. Principal Parts : Fero, ferre, tuli, latus, hear, carry.
ACTIVE.
PASSIVK.
INDICATIVE.
Pres.
fero
ferimus
feror
ferimur
fers
fertis
ferris or -re
ferimini
fert
ferunt
fertur
feruntur
Imp.
ferebam
ferebar
FUT.
feram
ferar
Perf.
tuli
latus sum
Pl.UP.
tuleram
Ifitus eram
F. P.
tulero
latus ero
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
feram
ferar
Imp.
ferrem
ferrer
Perf.
tulerim
liltus Sim
Plup.
tulissem
latus essem
190
LATIN HEADER. — LESSON L.
Pres. feri
FuT. ferto
fert5
IMPERATIVE.
ferte ferre
fertote fertor
ferunto fertor
ferimini
feruntor
INFINITIVE.
Pres.
ferre
ferri
Perf.
tulisse
latus esse
FUT.
Ifiturus esse
latum iri
PARTICIPLES.
Pres.
ferens
Perf. Ifitus
FUT.
luturus
G'v'e. ferendus
GERUNr
>. SUPINE.
G.
ferendi Ac.
ferendum Ac, latum
D.
ferendo Ab.
ferendo Ab. latu
484.
SUBJUNCTIVE WITH DUM, DONEC, AND QUOAD.
INDICATIVE.
Dum haec geruntur, re-
liqui discesserunt. While
these things were going on,
the rest departed.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Rusticus exspectat, dum
defluat amnis. The coun-
tryman is waiting (lit. until
the river shall flow by) for
the river tofloio by.
a. Notice that when dum means ivhile, and simply
marks the fact that one action happens during another,
the Indicative is used. The Present tense is preferred.
h. Observe, however, that when dum means imtil, and
implies purpose, doubt, or futurity, it takes the Subjunc-
tive.
Note. — Donee and quoad are used, though less frequently,
in the same way.
J Four verbs drop final -e in the imperative; viz., dico, duco, facio, and
lero.
BUM, DONEC, AND QUOAD. 191
485. Rule L. Dum, donee, and quoad, implying pur-
pose, doubt, or futurity, take the Subjunctive, otherwise
the Indicative.
486. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH ANTEQUAM AND PRIUS-
QUAM.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Neque prius fugere desti- Priusquam se hostes ex
terunt quam. ad flumen terrore reciperent, in
Rhenum pervenerunt. finis Suessionum exerci-
They did not cease fleeing turn duxit. Before the
before they came to the enemy could recover from
river Rhine. fright, he led his army into the
territory of the Suessiones.
a. Notice that the Indicative is used with priusquam
to denote simply that one action happened before an-
other. (Priusquam may be separated by intervening
words as in the example illustrating the use of the
Indicative.)
b. Notice that the Subjunctive is used with prius-
quam, when any further relation exists. Thus in the
example above there is an idea of possibility, as well as
of priority of time.
487. Rule LI. With antequam and priusquam the
Indicative is used to express mere priority of time, the
Subjunctive to express smy further relation.
POTENTISSIMUM UNGUENTUM.
488. lason, cum tyranni verba audivisset, iratus
SIC respondit : " Praeclaram vero gratiam, Aeeta,
nobis refers pro nostiis tantis beneficiis ! Ego tamen
non sum is, qui peiiculum vitet. Priusquam sol
192 LATIN READER. — LESSON L.
crastinus occidet, aut tua iussa confecero, aut per-
iero." His verbis discessit, et maestus ad socios se
coiitulit. Rex autem valde gavisus est, quod cre-
didit nullum inortalem flammiferos tauros domare
posse. Interea Medea incerta erat, quid faceret.
Scivit enim lasonem sine auxilio penturum esse.
Dili liaerebat. Tandem ei clam auxilium ferre decre-
vit. Exspectavit dum omnes somno se darent. Turn
priusquam vigiliae eam caperent, ex regia evasit,
et ad fliimen pervenit. II ic subsistit incerta quid
faciat. Subito lasonem ipsum cernit. Ille enim qui-
escere non potuerat, atque solus in lipa vagabatur.
Quem Medea sic breviter appellat: " Ne time, lason.
Ego sum Medea, filia regis, quae veni ut tibi auxili-
um feram." His verbis ei potentissimum unguentum
dat, quod ipsa composuerat. Nam summam scientiam
medicamentorum habebat. Tum Medea, cum lasonT
explicuisset quo modo unguento iiteretur, et quid
deinde faciendum esset, ad regiam rediit.
489. 1. To-morrow's sun will set before you can
subdue the fire-breatliing bulls. 2. Wliile she was
escaping from the palace, the guards seized her.
3. They had come to bring her assistance. 4. His
comrades departed before he could execute the king's
commands. 5. She waited until Jason should
bring her assistance.
Sight Translation. Flammiferi TaurT,
490. Mane lason nuntium ad regem misit, qui
draconis dentis referret. Deinde, cum suum corpus
ANTEQUAM AND PEIUSQUAM. 193
armaque ungueiito unxisset, cum Argonautis ad cam-
pum proticTscitur. Hic duos ingentis tauros ex sta-
bulis emergere vident. Mox ill! alienos cernunt.
Parum^er stant, dum terram aereis pedibus pulsant
et flamnias e naribus exspirant. Turn horribili mu-
gitu accedunt. lason intrepidus stat, dum reliquT
Argonautae se in tutiorem locum recipiunt. lam
feroces tauri in lasonem invadunt. Subito, mirabile
dictu ! sistunt atque se convertunt. Sed, priusquam
effugerent, lason prosilit, atque eos comprehendit.
Neque hi, cum summTs Yiribus niterentur, eius
manus excutere poterant. Tandem perdomiti, se
iungi patiuntur. Delude lason campum arat, ac dra-
conis dentis sulcis commlttlt. Ex qulbus venit mira
sesres armatorum virorum. De liTs autem Medea
lasonem praemonuerat. I lie igitur siue mora in
medios viros suam galeam iniecit. Quo facto, viri
inter se piignare inceperunt, atque mox ad unum
caesT sunt.
491. 1. Reciisavitne lason iiissa regis? 2. Cur
rex gavisus est? 3. Cur diii haerebat Medea?
4. Quid tandem fecit? 5. Quem in ripa cernit ?
6. Quid lasoni dat? 7. Quid deinde Medea facit?
8. Quo modo lason unguento iisus est? 9. Quid
fecerunt tauri, cum Argonautas cernerent? 10. Cur
stabulum, stall, stable. sisto, stop. (De-sist.)
parum-per, for a little while, nitor, struggle,
pulsb, paw, beat. (Pulse.) patior, suffer, allow. (Pa-
naris, nostril. (Nasal.) tient.)
ex-spiro, breathe out. (Ex- sulcus, /wrroio.
spire.) seges, crop.
194
LATIN READER. — LESSON LI.
taurl sistunt priusquam ad lasonem pervenirent?
11. Qualis seges venit ex sulcis? 12. Quo modo
Jason armatos viros superat?
QUESTIONS.
492. Give a synopsis of fero, Active and Passive, writing the
Present Indicative of both voices in full. What tense of the
Subjunctive of fero is irregular ? How does dum differ in mean-
ing when used with the Indicative or the Subjunctive? When
do dum, donee, and quoad take the Subjunctive ? When do
antequam and priusquam take the Subjunctive ? Translate
the following: feramus, tulisse, ferebaris, lati essetis, fer-
rent, ferri, tulerit, ferunto, fert ; I might have carried, you
(plural) had been carried, to he about to be carried, we shall
carry, he ivas carried, you (singular) may have been carried, to
have been carried, thou shalt be carried.
LESSON LI.
Irregular Verbs Volo, Nolo, Malo ; Subjunctive
in Indirect Discourse.
493. Principal Parts :
Volo, velle, volui, be loilling, tvish.
Nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling.
Malo, malle, malui be more willing, prefer.
Pres.
INDICATIVE.
volo
nolo
malo
vis
non vis
mavis
volt (vult)
non volt (non
vult)
mfivolt (mavult)
volumus
nolumus
mfilumus
voltis
non voltis
mfivoltis
(vultis)
(non vultis)
(mavultis)
volunt
ndlunt
malunt
IRBEGULAE VERBS VOLO, NOLO, MALO. 195
Imp.
volebam
nolebam
mrdebam
FUT.
vol am
nolam
mfilam
Perf.
volui
nolui
nifilui
Plup.
volueram
nolueram
malueram
F. P.
voluero
noluero
subjunctive.
maluero
Pres.
velim
nolim
mfilim
velis
nolis
mfilis
velit
nolit
malit
velimus
nolimus
malimus
velitis
nolitis
ma litis
velint
nolint
mfilint
Imp.
vellem
noUem
mfilleni
velles
nolles
ma lies
vellet
noUet
mallet
vellemus
noUemus
mallemus
velletis
nolletis
mrdletis
vellent
noil en t
mallent
Perf.
voluerim
noluerim
maluerim
Plup.
voluissem
noluissem
imperative.
maluissen
Pres.
n51i
nolite
nolito, etc.
INFINITIVE.
FUT.
Pres.
velle
nolle
ma lie
Perf.
voluisse
noluisse
1>ARTICIPLE.
maluisse
Pres.
voleiis
nolens
a. Nolo is compounded of the negative ue 4- volo.
Malo = mage (more) + volo.
196 LATIN READER. — LESSON LL
494. INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
The student will recall the general nile that verbs of
saying, thinking, knowing, and 'perceiving are followed
by the Infinitive with a subject-accusative. Examine
the following examples:
a. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, inter se obsidea
dant. The Germans, who dwell across the Rhine, are exchan-
ging hostages.
INDIRECT.
Dlcit Germanos, qui trans Dixit Germanos, qui trans
Rhenum incolant, inter Rhenum incolerent, in-
se obsides dare. 7/esays ter se obsides dare. He
that the Germans, who dwell said that the Germans, who
across the Rhine, are ex- dwelt across the Rhine,
changing hostages. were exchanging hostages.
Observe that, in the Subordinate clause introduced by
qui, the verb — which is in the Indicative mood in the
Direct Discourse — becomes Subjunctive in the Indirect.
Notice also that the rule for Sequence of Tenses holds
good in Indirect Discourse.
h. COMMANDS.
DIRECT.
Veni ad me, si potes. Come to me, if you can.
INDIRECT.
Respondet veniat ad se, Respondit veniret ad se,
si possit. He replies that si posset. He replied that
he may come to him, if he he might come to him, if
can. he could.
IRREGULAR VERBS VOLO, NOLO, MALO. 197
Observe that the Imperative in the Direct Discourse
is changed to the Subjunctive in the Indirect.
Mild commands with the Hortatory Subjunctive in
Direct Discourse retain the Subjunctive in the Indirect,
thus :
DIRECT.
Redeat ad me, cum volet. Let him return to me, when
he pleases.
INDIRECT.
Respondet redeat ad se, Respondit rediret ad se,
c-amvelit. He replies that cum vellet. He replied
he may return to him, when that he might return to him,
he pleases. when he pleased.
Notice that the First and Second persons in the Direct
Discourse are usually changed to the Third person in the
Indirect.
c. QUESTIONS.
DIRECT.
Quid tibi vis ? What do you mean ?
INDIRECT.
Respondet: Quid sibi ve- Respondit: Quid sibi vel-
lit? He replies: What let? He replied: What
does he mean ? did he mean ?
Observe that a real question is put in the Subjunctive
in Indirect Discourse. On the contrary, rhetorical ques-
tions (which are merely asked for effect, and imply their
own answer) are generally put in the Infinitive in Indirect
Discourse, thus :
DIRECT. INDIRECT.
Quid est turpius ? What is Quid esse turpius ? What
baser? was baser?
198 LATIX READER.— LESSON LI.
A rhetorical question suggesting a doubt, and therefore taking the
Subjunc. in Direct Discourse, retains the Subjunc. in the Indirect, as:
DIRIX'T. INDIKECT.
Quid agam? What am I to Respondit: quid ageret? He
do? replied: IFAa^ washetodo?
495. Rule LII. In Tiulirect Discourse, tlie Subjunctive
is used in subordinate clauses, in commands, and in real
questions; but rhetorical questions legularly take the Infin-
itive
MEDEAE FUGA.
496. lason, omnibus laboribus confectTs, cum sociis
ad iiavem rediit. Rex autem, cum lasonem nego-
tiuni coiifecisse audivisset, primum obstupuit, deinde
in suain iliiani saevTrc cocpit. ScTvit enim Medeam
unam esse quae lasoiii auxilium ferre potuisset.
Cum tamen iam uox esset, statuit diem sibi exspec-
taiidum esse. Dixit auteiu se prima liice in perfidam
filiam animadversiiiuin esse, quae suum patrem ali-
enis prodere voluisset.
Medea, his minis audilis, vehementer coinmota est.
Scivit enim i\eetam liominem esse barbarum et ira-
cundum. Quid faceret? Non dubium esse quin, si
in regia maneret, sua vita magno in peiiculo esset.
Praeterea nisi lason de consiliis regis certior facere-
tur, ilium cum omnibus sociTs peritiirum esse.
Talia in animo volvens, diii incerta erat. Tandem
fugere decrevit. Iterum e regia elapsa ad ripam
fliiminis pervenit. Hic lasonem invenit. Ille enim
eius adventum exspectabat. Tum Medea docuit iinam
esse spem saliitis si f ugam experirentur ; regem pri-
ma liice cum omnibus co})iis ventiirum esse ; sine
mora in navem conscenderent et fugerent.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 199
Note. — Before translating the following sentences into Latin,
change the English into the Latin form. Thus the first sentence
will read: Medea knew Jason her arrival to be about to await.
m
497. 1. Medea knew that Jason would await her
arrival. 2. The king said that they might remain
in the palace if they wished. 3. Jason knew that
the king would be very angry, when he heard this.
4. They reply: What are they to do? If they
remain, their lives will be in great danger. 5.
Jason knows that Medea is the only (person) who
can bring him assistance.
Sight Translation. Medea et Dkaco.
498. At lason respondit: Se hoc modo nolle dis-
cedere. Num ad patriam sine vellere aureo, propter
quod et ipse et fortes socii tot labores pertulissent,
redire posset? Se malle mori quam, re infecta,
ex Colchide discedere.
Inde Medea lasonem sequi iussit ; se eum ad
vellus aureum ductiiram esse. Protinus virgo rapido
passii in densam silvam penetravit. lason ducem
subsequitur. Subito lason ingentem flammam con-
in-fectus, unaccomplished. horreo, bristle.
passus, step^ pace. offa, cake.
sub-sequor, /o^Zow closely. mel, honey.
vibro, gleam. (Vibrate.) medicatus, magic.
rubor, redness. (Ruby.) soporatus, sleejJ-causing.
sanguineus, blood-red. guttur, throat. (Guttural.)
crista, crest. pando, open, cx-pand.
am-plector, encircle. humi, on the ground.
sibila, hissings. (Sibilant.) iaceo, lie. (Ad-jacent.)
200 LATIN READER. — LESSON LL
spicit. Tenebrae saeva luce vibrant. Turn quaerit
lason, "Quid est ille rubor? Quid tarn subito re-
fulsit." Cui Medea respondet eum draconis oculos
conspicere ; ilium sanguineis cristis sic fulgere.
BrevT postea liison ipse draconein cernere potest.
Ille immeiisTs orbil)us arboreni amplexus, iam caput
tollit et liorrenda sTbila emittit. CuT Medea, videns
collum iaiii horrere, off am melle et medicatis frugi-
bus sopdratam obicit. Ille ingens guttur pandens,
offam coriipit. lainque moustii altae cristae cadunt,
atque ca[)ut et ingens cervix liumi iiTCent.
499. 1. Quam rex culpilvit, cum lasonem nego-
tium confecisse audivisset? 2. Quid dixit rex, se
prima liice factiirum esse? 3. Qualis homo erat
Aeeta? 4. Quid Medea facere decrevit? 5. Quern
ad iTpam fluminis invenit? 6. Quae ArgonautTs
erat una spes saliitis? 7. Ciir lason hoc modo
discedere noluit? 8. Ubi Medea lasonem ducit?
9. Quid subito lason conspicit? 10. lasonT de hoc
rubore quaerenti quid Medea respondet ? 11. Quid
facit draco, ubi lasonem cernit ? 12. Quo modo
Medea effecit ut draco dormiret?
QUESTIONS.
500. In what clause is the Infinitive with Subject-Accusative
used in Indirect Discourse ? What mood is used in Subordinate
clauses ? How are commands and questions expressed ? Give
synopses of volo, nolo, and malo, writing the Indicative Present
in full. Translate the following : noluissetis, ma volt, volemus,
nolles, maluerint, voluisse, non vis, malimus, nolle ; we were
unwilling^ you (singular) had wished, they might prefer, he ye
unwilling, I 'preferred, you (plural) will have wished, to prefer,
they will wish, they may wish, the]/ might wish.
IRREGULAR VERB FIO.
201
LESSON LI I.
Irregular Verb Fio.
501. Principal Parts : Fio, fieri, factus, be viade,
come.
he-
INDICATIVE,
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
fio
fimus
fiam
fiamus
fis
fitis
fias
fiatis
fit
fiunt
fiat
fiant
Imp.
fiebam
fierem
FUT.
fiam
Perf.
factus sum
factus 1
Sim
Plup.
factus eram
factus 1
essem
F. P.
factus ero
imperative.
INFINITIVE.
Pres.
fi
fite
Pres.
fieri
FUT.
fito
fitote
Perf.
factus esse
fito
fiunto
FUT.
factum iri
participles.
Perf.
factus
G'V'E.
faciendus
a. Fio is used as the Passive of facio. Notice that
the -1 is long, except before -er.
VELLUS AUREUM.
502. lason, cum denique draconem dormire vidis-
set, magnam arborem, sub qua ingeus monstrum ex-
tenditur, aspicit. Per ramos auii fulgorem conspicit.
Turn ei quaerenti viam, qua se ad caput arboris
ferret, Medea respondet necesse esse ei arborem as-
cendere, sT praemio potiri velit. Nee mora fit. Sine
iillo sonitii dormientem draconem transilit, atque ad
caput arboris ascendit. lam avidus manum por-
202 LATIN READER. — LESSON LIT.
rigit et vellus optatum corripit. Turn celeriter ex
arbore descenclit. Taciti ipse et Medea ab loco dis-
cedunt, et per silvam vestigia repetimt. Ubi vero
S4>ciis, qui aiixio animo ducem exspectabant, per
tenebras aureus fulgor appiiret, magnus clamor in
caelum surgit. lason gaudens ad iTpam incedit,
atque prius vellus aureum in puppim mittit. Delude
Medeae persuadet ut patriam relinquat et secum ad
Thraciam proficTscatur. Primum virgo Ire noluit.
Tandem autem lasoni spondenti se earn in niatri-
monium ducturum esse, cum primum in tiitum lo-
cum pervenissent, concedit. Tum laeti Argonautae
navem solvunt et prima liice ad ostia fluminis appro-
pin quabant.
503. 1. The Argonauts rejoiced when they saw
the gleam of the golden fleece. 2. It will be neces-
sary for you to go to the river, if you wish this to be
done. 3. Jason replied that he could see the fleece
in tlie brandies of the tree, under which the dragon
was sleeping. 4. Did Jason persuade Medea to
leave her country? 5. You must climb the tree,
if you wish to obtain the golden fleece.
Sight Translatio7i. E,f:DiTus Argonautarum.
504. Interea mane riimor Argonautas discessisse
per urbem volat atque mox ad auris regis venit.
Ille suspicans id quod erat, Medeam per regiam
quaerit, sed nequTquam. Inde furens ad fliimen
fertur. lam ripae civibus complentur, qui omnes
unam in partem spectant. Procul Aeeta puppim
IRREGULAR VERB FIO. 203
navis cernit, quae iam e conspectii evehitur. Brevi
postea nuntius regem certiorem fecit, Argonautas
cum Medea et vellere aureo ex eius manibus effugisse.
Interea Argonautae secundo vento diem noctem-
que per undas volant. Cum tandem ad ostia Histii
pervenissent, in terram egrediuntur et laetissimas
niiptias celebrant. Tum iterum navem solvunt. Per
varios casiis, per multa perTcula cursum tenent, et
denique cum vellere aureo in portum lolci inveliuntur.
Multae aliae res a Latiius scrTptoribus de lasone
et Medea narrantur. Qnas res autem discipulus ipse
nunc Latine legere potest.
505. 1. Quid per ramos arboris lason conspicit?
2. Quid necesse erat ei facere ut vellere aureo po-
tiretur? 3. Quid faciunt sociT ubi aureum fulgo-
rem cernunt ? 4. Quid lason Medeae persuadet
ut faciat? 5. Nonne Medea ire volt? 6. Ubi
prima liice erant Argonautae ? 7. Qui riimor mane
ad auris regis venit ? 8. Quid fecit rex ? 9. De
quo mox certior f actus est? 10. Ubi Argonautae
niiptias celebrant? 11. In quem portum denique
invehuntur? 12. Ubi nunc discipulus ipse de
lasone et Medea multas alias res legere potest?
QUESTIONS.
506. How is fio used ? When is the -i of fio long ? Give a
synopsis of fio, writing the Present Indicative and Subjunctive
in full. Translate the following : factum erit, fieri, fietis,
facta essent, fi ; it may be done, to he about to be done, they
might be done, having been done.
auris, ear. (Aural.) Latine, in Latin.
Hister, Danube river. lego, read. (Lecture.)
204
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NOUNS.
205
TABLES
OF
DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION.
508. NOUNS.
FIRST DECLENSION. -A STEMS.
SINQULAK.
N. porta, a gate.
G. portae, of a gate, or, a gate'
D. portae, to or for a gate.
Ac. portam, a gate
PLURAL.
portae, gates.
portarum, of gates, or, gates''
portis, to or for gates.
portas, gates.
Ab. porta, from, with, or by a gate, -portis, from, with, or by gates.
509. SECOND DECLENSION. -O STEMS.
slave (m.) boy {m.) field (m..) man (m.) temple(n.)
1
SINGULAR.
N.
servus
puer
ager
vir
templum
G.
servi
pueri
agri
viri
ternpli
D.
servo
puero
agro
viro
templo
Ac.
servum
puerum
agrum
virum
templum
Ab.
servo
puer5
agro
PLURAL.
viro
templo
N.
servi
pueri
agri
viri
templa
G.
servorum
puerorum
agrorum
virorum
templorum
D.
servis
pueris
agris
viris
templis
Ac.
servos
puerds
agros
viros
templa
Ab.
servis
pueris
agris
viris
templis
206
LATIN READER.
Note. — The Vocative Singular of Second Declension nouns
in -us ends in -e, as : serve.
510. filius, son (m.)
SINGULAR. PLUIIAL.
auzilium, aid (n.)
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.
filius
filii
auxilium
auxili a
G.
fili, -ii
filidrum
auxili, -ii
auxiliorum
D.
filio
filiis
auxilio
auxiliis
Ac.
f ilium
filios
auxilium
auxilia
Ab.
filio
filiis
auxilio
auxiliis
Note. — The Vocative Singular of filius is fili.
511. THIRD DECLENSION. -LIQUID STEMS.
consul {m.) legion (i.) maiden (f.) river (n.)
SINGULAR.
N.
consul
legio
virgo
flumen
G.
consulis
legionis
virginis
fluminis
D.
consuli
legioni
virgini
flumini
Ac.
consulem
legionem
virginem
flumen
Ab.
consule
legione
PLURAL.
virgine
flumine
N.
consules
legiones
virgines
flfimina
G.
consulum
legionum
virginum
fluminum
D.
consulibus
legionibus
virginibus
fluminibus
Ac.
consules
legiones
virgines
flumina
Ab.
consulibus
legionibus
virginibus
fluminibus
512. labor (m.)
father (m.)
bodij (n.)
race (n.)
SINGULAR.
N.
labor
pater
corpus
genus
G.
laboris
patris
corporis
generis
D.
labori
patri
corpori
generi
Ac.
laborem
patrem
corpus
genus
Ab.
labore
patre
corpore
genere
NOUNS.
207
PLURAL.
N.
labores
patres corpora ,-
genera
G.
laborum
patrum corporum
generum
D.
laboribus
patribus corporibus
generibus
Ac.
labores
patris corpora
genera
Ab.
laboribus
patribus corporibus
generibus
513.
MUTE STEMS.
chief (m.)
king (m.)
SINGULAR.
judge (m.)
N.
princeps
rex
itidex
G.
principis
regis
iiidicis
D.
principi
regi
iudici
Ac.
principem
regem
iudicem
Ab.
principe
rege
PLURAL.
iudice
N.
principis
regis
iudicis
G.
principum
regum
iiidicum
D.
principibus
regibus
iudicibus
Ac.
principis
regis
iiidicis
Ab.
principibus
regibus
iiidicibus
514. soldier (m.
,) guard (m.)
head (n.)
SINGULAR.
N.
miles
custos
caput
G.
militis
custodis
capitis
D.
militi
custodi
capiti
Ac.
militem
custodem
caput
Ab.
milite
custode
PLURAL.
capite
N.
militis
custodis
capita
G.
militum
ciistodum
capitum
D.
militibus
custodibus
capitibus
Ac.
militis
custodis
capita
Ab.
militibus
custodibus
capitibus
208
LATIN READER.
515. I STEMS.
a. Masculines and Feminlnes in -is and -es.
cough (i.) ship {i.) fire (m.) enemi/ (m.) cloud {f.)
SINGULAR.
N.
tussis
nfivis
ignis
liostis
nubes
G.
tussis
nuvis
ignis
liostis
nil bis
D.
tussi
navi
igni
liosti
niibi
Ac.
tussim
ndvem
(-im) ignem
liostem
niibem
Ab.
tussi
navi (-
•e)
igni (-e)
PLURAL.
hoste
nube
N.
tusses
G.
tussium
D.
tussibus
Ac.
tussis (-es)
Ab.
tussibus
naves ignes hostes nubes
navium ignium liostium nubium
navibus ignibus hostibus nubibus
navis (-es) ignis (-es) bostis (-es) nubis (-es)
navibus ignibus hostibus nubibus
b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar.
sea (n.) animal (n.)
spur (n.)
SINGULAR.
N.
mare
animal
calcar
G.
maris
animfilis
calcaris
D.
mai-i
an! mail
calcari
Ac.
mare
animal
calcar
Ab.
mari
animali
PLURAL.
calcari
N".
maria
animalia
calcaria
G.
marium
animalium
calcarium
D.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
Ac.
maria
animalia
calcaria
Ab.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
NOUNS.
209
516.
MIXED
STEMS.
citij (f.)
citadel (f
.)
bridge (m.)
arje(i.)
SINGULAR.
N.
urbs
arx
pons
aetas
G.
urbis
arcis
pontis
aetatis
D.
urbi
arci
ponti
aetati
Ac.
urbem
arcem
pontem
aetatem
Ab.
urbe
arce
ponte
aetate
PLURAL.
N.
urbes
arces
pontes
aetates
G.
urbium
arcium
pontium
aetatium (-um)
D.
urbibus
arcibus
pontibus
aetiitibus
Ac.
urbis (-es)
arcis (-es)
pontis (-es)
aetfitis (-es)
Ab.
urbibus
arcibus
pontibus
aetatibus
517. FOURTH DECLENSION. — U STfJMS.
exercitus, army (m.) cornii, horn (n.)
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
N.
exercitus
exercitiis
cornu
cornua
G.
exercitus
exercituum
corniis
cornuum
D.
exercitui (-u)
exercitibus
cornu
cornibus
Ac.
exercitum
exercitus
cornii
cornua
Ab.
, exercitu
exercitibus
cornii
cornibus
518. FIFTH DECLENSION. -E STEMS.
dies, day (m.) res, thing (f.)
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL
N.
dies
dies
res
res
G.
diei
dierum
rei
rerum
D.
diei
diebus
rei
rebus
Ac.
, diem
dies
rem
res
Ab
. die
diebus
re
rebus
210
LATIN READER.
519.
IRREGULAK NOUNS.
god (m.)
house (f.)
SINGULAR.
strength (f.)
N.
(leus
domus
vis
G.
dei
doniiis (-i, loc.)
vis
D.
deo
domui (-6)
vi
Ac.
deum
donium
vim
Ab.
deo
domo (-ii)
PLURAL.
vi
N.
dei, dii, di
domiis
vires
G.
deorum, deum
L domuum (-orum)
virium
D.
deis, diis, dis
domibus
viribus
Ac.
deos
domos (-us)
vires
Ab.
deis, diis, dis
domibus
viribus
520.
GREEK NOUNS.
Note. — These are given for reference only. All the irregular
forms of Greek nouns occurring in the text will be found in the
Vocabulary.
DEC. I.
DECLENSION II.
DEC. III.
SINGULAR.
N.
Helle
Naxos
Perseus
Propontis
G.
Helles
Naxi
Persei (-
eos)
Propontidis
(-idos)
D.
Hellae
Naxo
Perseo (
-ei)
Propontidi
Ac.
Hellen
Naxon
(-um)
Persea
Propontida
Ab.
Helle (-a)
Naxo
Perseo
Propontide
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES.
211
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212
LATIN READER.
ADJECTIVES.
522. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
bonus, bona, bonum, good.
SINGULAIi.
MASC.
FEM.
NKUT.
N.
bonus
bona
bonum
G.
boni
bonae
boni
D.
bono
bonae
bono
Ac.
bonum
bonam
bonum
Ab.
bono
bona
PLURAL.
bono
N.
boni
bonafe
bona
G.
bonorum
bonarum
bonorum
D.
bonis
bonis
bonis
Ac.
bonds
bonas
bona
Ab.
bonis
bonis
bonis
miser, misera, miserum, wretched.
SINGULAIi.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
N.
miser
misera
miserum
G.
miseri
miserae
miseri
D.
misero
miserae
misero
Ac.
miserum
miseram
miserum
Ab.
misero
misera
PLURAL.
misero
N.
miseri
miserae
misera
G.
miserorum
miserarum
miserorum
D.
miseris
miseris
miseris
Ac.
miseros
miseras
misera
Ab.
miseris
miseris
miseris
ADJECTIVES.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful.
213
SINGULAli.
MASO.
FEM.
KEUT.
X.
pulcher
pulchra
pulchrum
G.
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchri
D.
pulchro
pulchrae
pulchro
Ac.
pulchrum
pulchram
pulchrum
Ab.
pulchro
pulchra
PLUKAL.
pulchro
N.
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchra
G.
pulchrorum
pulchrarum
pulchrorum
D.
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
Ac.
pulchros
pulchras
pulchra
Ab.
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
523.
THIRD
DECLENSION. -
-I STEMS.
acer, acris, acre,
Hharp.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT. MASC.
FEM. NEUT.
N.
Ticer
acris
acre acres
acres acria
G.
acris
acrium
D.
acri
acribus
Ac.
acrem
acrem
acre acris (-es
i) acris (-es) acria
Ab.
acri
acribus
fortis, forte, brave.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
M. AND F
N.
M. AND F.
N.
N.
fortis
forte
fortes
fortia
G.
fortis
fortium
D.
forti
fortibus
Ac.
fortem
forte
fortis (-es)
fortia
Ab.
forti
fortibus
214
LATIN HEADER.
524.
CONSONANT STEMS.
audax, daring.
SINfiULAK.
M. AND F. N.
N. aiidux
G, audacis
D. aiidfici
Ac. aiuiricem audax
Ab. auduci (-e)
PLUKAL.
M. AND F. N.
audaces audacia
aiidriciuni
aiidacibus
audacis (-es) audacia
audacibus
prudens, j^rudent.
SINGULAR.
M. AND F. N.
PLURAL.
M. AND F. N.
N. prudens prudentes prudentia
G. prudentis prudentium
D. prudent! prudentibus
Ac. priidentem prudens prudentis (-es) prudentia
Ab. prudenti (-e) prudentibus
525.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES,
alius, alia, aliud, another.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
MASC. FEM.
NEUT.
N.
alius
alia
aliud
alii aliae
alia
G.
alius
aliorum aliarum
aliorum
D.
alii
aliis
Ac.
alium
aliam
aliud
alios alias
alia
Ab.
alio
alia
alio
aliis
unus, una, unum, one.
SINGULAR.
MASC.
N". unus
G.
D.
Ac. unum
Ab. uno
FEM.
una
unius
uni
unam
una
NEUT.
unum
unum
uno
totus, tota, totum, whole.
SINGULAR.
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
totus tota totum
totius
toti
totum totam totum
toto tota toto
ADJECTIVES.
215
duo, duae, duo, two.
tres, tria, three.
MASC. FEM.
NEUT.
M. AND F.
N.
N.
duo duae
duo
tres
tria
G.
duorum duarum
duorum
triuni
D.
duobus duabus
duobus
tribus
Ac.
duos, duo duas
duo
tris (tres)
tria
Ab.
duobus duabus
duobus
tribus
526. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES,
latior, latius, wider. plus, more.
SINGULAR.
M. AND F. N.
N. latior latius
G. latioris
D. latiori
Ac. latiorem latius
Ab. latiore or -i
M. AND F.
N.
plus
pluris
pliis
plure
PLUKAL.
latiora
N. latiores
G. hitiorum
D. latioribus
Ac. latiores (-is) latiora
Ab. latioribus
plures pliira
plurium
pluribus
pliiris (-es) plura
pluribus
527.
IRREGULAR COMPARISON.
ADJECTIVES IN -liS.
POSITIVE.
facilis, -e, easy.
difficilis, -e, difficult.
similis, -e, like.
dissimilis, -e, unlike.
gracilis, -e, slender.
humilis, -e, low.
COMPARATIVE.
facilior, -ius.
difficilior, -ius.
similior, -ius.
dissimilior, -ius.
gracilior, -ius.
hurailior,-ius.
SUPERLATIVE.
facillimus, -a, -um.
difficillimus, -a, -um.
simillimus, -a, -um.
dissimillimus, -a, -um.
gracillimus, -a -um.
humillimus, -a, -um.
216
LATIN READER.
ADJECTIVES WITH DOUBLE SUPERLATIVE.
POSITIVE.
COMPARATIVE.
SUPERLATIVE.
ezterus,
exterior,
extremus, extimus.
outward.
outer.
Olltl
nost.
inferus,
inferior.
infimus, imus,
low.
lower.
loivest.
posterus,
posterior,
postremus, postumus,
following.
later.
last
superus,
superior,
supremus, summus,
Mi>i>er.
higher.
toj)
of, highest.
ADJECTIVES AVITH NO
POSITIVE.
[cis, citra,
adv., citerior.
citimus,
on this side.
.] hither.
hither most.
[in, intra, prep. , interior,
intimus,
in, ivithin.]
inner.
inmost.
[prae, pro.
prep., before.] prior, former.
primus, first.
[prope, adv., near.] propior.
nearer.
proximus, next.
[ultra, adv,
., beyond.] ulterior.
fa^^
rther.
nltimus, farthest.
ADJECTIVES IIUlEGULAIi THROUGHOUT.
bonus, good. melior, better. optimus, best.
peior, ivorse.
maior, greater.
malus, bad.
magnus, great
parvus, small.
multus, much.
multi, many.
minor, smaller.
, plus, more.
plures, more.
pessimus, worst.
maximus, greatest.
minimus, smallest.
plurimus, most.
plurimi, most.
528.
NUMERALS.
CARDINALS.
unus, lina, linum, one.
duo, duae, duo, tioo.
tres, tria, three.
quattuor
quinque
sex
septem
ORDINALS.
primus, first.
secundus, second.
tertius, third.
quartus
quintus
sextus
Septimus
NUMERALS.
217
CARDINALS.
8. OCtO
9. novem
10. decern
11. undecim
12. duodecim
13. tredecim
14. quattuordecim
15. quindecim
10. sedecim
17. septendecim
18. duodeviginti
19. undeviginti
20. viginti
21. viginti unus or
unus et viginti
28. duodetriginta
29. undetriginta
30. triginta
40. quadraginta
50. qumquaginta
60. sexaginta
70. septuaginta
80. octoginta
90. nonaginta
100. centum
101. centum unus or
centum et unus
200. ducenti, -ae, -a
300. trecenti, -ae, -a
400. quadringenti, -ae, -a
500. quingenti, -ae, -a
600. sescentl, -ae, -a
700. septingenti, -ae, -a
800. octingenti, -ae, -a
900. nongenti, -ae, -a
1,000. mille
2,000. duo milia
100,000. centum milia
ORDINALS.
octavus
nonus
decimus
iindecimus
duodecimus
tertius decimus
quartus decimus
quintus decimus
sextus decimus
Septimus decimus
duodevTcesimus
undevicesimus
vicesimus
vicesimus primus or
unus et vicesimus
duodetricesimus
undetricesimus
tricesimus
quadragesimus
quinquagesimus
sexagesimus
septuagesimus
octogesimus
nonagesimus
centesimus
centesimus primus or
uaxLS et centesimus
ducentesimus
trecentesimus
quadringentesimus
quingentesimus
sescentesimus
septingentesimus
octingentesimus
nongentesimus
millesimus
bis millesimus
centies millesimus
decies centigs millSsimus
218
LATIN READER.
529.
PERSONAL PRONOUN'S.
FIRST PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
REFLEXIVE.
SINGULAR.
N.
ego
tu
G.
mei
tui
sui
D.
mihi
tibi
sibi
Ac.
me
te
se or sese
Ab.
me
te
PLURAL.
se or sese
N.
G.
nos
nostru
VOS
ri vestrum or
m or nost
vestri
sui
D.
nobis
vobis
sibi
Ac.
nos
VOS
se or sese
Ab.
nobis
vobis
se or sese
530.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
hie, this.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL
N.
hie
haec
hoc hi
hae
haec
G.
hiiius
horum
harum
horum
D.
huic
his
Ac.
hunc
hanc
hoc hos
has
haec
Ab.
hoc
hac
hoc
ille, that.
his
N.
ille
ilia
illud illi
illae
ilia
G.
illius
ill5rum
illarum
illorum
D.
illi
illis
Ac.
ilium
illam
illud illos
illas
ilia
Ab.
illo
ilia
illo
is, this, that.
illis
N.
is
ea
id ei (ii)
eae
ea
G.
eius
eorum
earum
eorum
D.
ei
eis (iis)
PRONOUNS.
219
Ac
Ab. eo
SINGULAR.
eum earn id
PLURAL.
eas ea
eis (iis)
idem, the same.
N. idem eadem idem eidem eaedem eadem
(iidem)
G. eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem
D. eidem eisdem (iisdem.)
Ac, eundemeandem idem eosdem easdem eadem
Ab. eodem eadem eodem
eisdem (iisdem)
ipse, self.
N.
ipse
ipsa ipsum
ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
G.
ipsius
ipsorum
ipsarum
ipsorum
D.
ipsi
ipsis
Ac.
ipsum
ipsam ipsum
ips5s
ipsas
ipsa
Ab.
ipso
ipsa ipso
ipsis
531.
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
qui, who, which.
N.
qui
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
G.
cuius
cui
quorum
quarum
quibus
quorum
Ac
quem
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Ab
. quo
qua
quo
quibus
532.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN".
N I ^"^^ Quae / ^"^^
^•)qui ^"^®\quod
G. cuius
D. cui
Ac. quem quamj^^Jjf^
Ab. quo qua quo
qui
quae
quae
quorum quarum quorum
quibus
quos
quas quae
quibus
220
LATIN READER.
533.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS,
aliquis, sonie one.
SINGULAR,
N.
aliquis (-qui)
aliqua
aliquid (-quod)
G.
alicuius
D.
alicui
Ac.
aliquem
aliquam
aliquid (-quod)
Ab.
aliquo
aliqua
PLURAL.
aliqu5
N.
aliqui
aliquae
aliqua
G.
aliquorum
aliquarum
aliquorum
D.
ali^quibus
Ac.
aliquos
aliquas
aliqua
Ab.
ali^quibus
quidam, certain one.
SINGULAR.
N.
quidam
quaedam
quiddam (quoddam)
G.
ciiius^dam
D.
cuidam
Ac.
queudam
quandam
quiddam (quoddam)
Ab.
quodam
quadam
PLURAL.
quodam
N.
quidam
quaedam
quaedam
G.
quorun^'dam
quarun^dam
quorun^dam
D.
quibus^dam
Ac.
quosdam
quasdam
quaedam
Ab.
quibus^dam
BEGULAR VERBS. 221
REGULAR VERBS.
First Conjugation.
534. Principal Parts : amo, amare, amavi, amatus.
Stem ama-.
indicativp:.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT.
I love, am loving, do love, etc. I am loved, etc.
amo
amamus
amor
amamur
amas
amfitis
amfiris or -re
amamini
amat
amant
amiltur
amantur
IMPERFECT.
I loved, was loving, did love, etc. I loas loved, etc.
amabam amfibamus amfibar amabamur
amfibas amfibatis amabaris or -re amabamini
amabat amabant amabatur amfibantur
FUTURE.
I shall love, etc. I shall be loved, etc.
amabo amfibimus amabor amfibimur
amabis amabitis amfiberis or -re amabimini
amabit amabunt amabitur araabuntur
PERFECT.
I loved, have loved, etc. I ivas or have been loved, etc.
amavi amavimus { sum T sumus
amavisti amavistis amatus - es amfiti -^ estis
amavit amaverunt (-re) (^ est ( sunt
222
LATIN READER.
PLUPERFECT.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I had loved, etc.
amaveram amaveramus
amfiveras amaveratis
amaverat amaverant
PASSIVE VOICE.
I had been loved, etc.
amatiis
eram
eras
erat
lati -<
eramus
eratis
(^ erant
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have loved, etc.
amavero amaverimus
amaveris anuTveritis
amaverit amfiverint
I shall have been loved, etc.
( ero
ainatus ^ eris
( erit
amati
{ erimus
J eritis
( erunt
amem
ames
amet
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
amemus
anietis
anient
ainer
ameris or -re
ainetur
amemur
amemini
amentur
IMPERFECT.
amarem
amares
amaret
amaremus
amaretis
ainarent
amarer
amareris or -re
amaretur
aniaremur
aniaremini
amarentur
PERFECT.
amaverim amfiverimus
amaveris amaveritis
amriverit amfiverint
( sim
amatus -/ sis
(sit
amati
J
simus
sitis
sint
PLUPERFECT.
amavissem amavissemus
amavisses amfivissetis
amavisset amavissent
amatus
essem
esses amati
esset
f essemus
/ essetis
( essent
UNIYfcRSiTY
REG ULjfn fMnTs.
223
IMPERATIVE.
ACTIVE VOICE.
PASSIVE VOICE.
ama, love thou.
amate, love ye.
PRESENT.
amare, be thou loved.
amamini, be ye loved.
aniato, thou shalt love.
amato, he shall love.
aiuatote, ye shall love.
amanto, they shall love.
FUTURE.
amator, thou shalt be loved.
amator, he shall be loved.
amantor, they shall be loved.
INFINITIVE.
Pres.
amfire, to love.
amfiri, to be loved.
Perf.
amavisse, to have
amatus, -a, -um esse, to have
loved.
been loved.
FUT.
amaturus, -a, -um
amatum iri, to be about to be
esse, to be about
loved.
to love.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. amans, -antis, loving. Perf. amatus, -a, -um, having
FuT. amaturus, -a, -um, been loved.
about to love. G'v'e. amandus, -a, -um, ne-
cessary to be lovedj
or loving.
GERUND.
G. amandi, of loving.
D. amando, /or loving.
Ac. amandum, loving.
Ab. amando, by loving.
SUPINE.
Ac. amatum, to love.
Ab. amatu, to love.
224
LATIN BEABEB.
535.
Second Conjugation.
Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus, warn.
Stem mone-.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I warn, etc.
moneo monemus
mones monetis
monet monent
NDICATIVE.
PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT.
/ am warned, etc.
moneor
moneris or -re
monetur
monemur
monemini
monentur
IMPERFECT.
I loarned, loas warning, etc. I was warned, etc.
monebam nionebamus monebar monebamur
monebas monebatis monebaris or -re monebamini
monebat monebant monebatur monebantur
FUTURE.
I shall warn, etc. / shall he warned, etc.
Tuonebo monebimus raonebor monebimur
monebis monebitis monebaris or -re monebimini
monebit monebunt monebitur monebuntur
PERFECT.
I warned, have warned, etc. I was or have been warned, etc.
monui moniiimus C sum ( sumus
monuisti monuistis monitus J es moniti J estis
monuit monuerunt (-re) (^ est ( sunt
I had warned, etc.
PLUPERFECT.
I had been warned, etc.
monueram monueramus
monueras monueratis
monuerat monuerant
( eram
monitus -< eras
C era]
J era!
(^ erat
eramus
moniti -^ eratis
( erant
REGULAR VERBS.
225
ACTIVE VOICE.
/ shall have warned, etc
FUTURE PERFECT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
I shall have been warned^ etc.
monuero monuerimus
monueris monueritis
monuerit monuerint
C ero
monitus J eris
(erit
moniti
erimus
eritis
erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
moneam moneamus
moneas moneatis
moneat moneant
monear
monearis or -re
moneatur
moneamur
moneamini
moneantur
monerem moneremus
moneres moneretis
moneret monerent
IMPERFECT.
monerer moneremui:
monereris or -re moneremini
moneretur monerentur
monuerim monuerimus
monueris monueritis
monuerit monuerint
PERFECT.
C sir
,' C1G
Sim
monitus J sis
(sit
{ simus
moniti J sitis
siiit
PLUPERFECT.
monuissem moniussemus
monuisses monuissetis
monuisset monuissent
I essem i essemus
monitus ■} esses moniti ■) essetis
( esset ( essent
mone, warn thou.
monete, warn ye.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
monere, be thou warned.
monemini, be ye warned.
226
LATIN READER.
ACTIVE VOICE.
moneto, thou shall warn.
moneto, he shall warn.
monetote, ye shall warn.
monento, tltey shall ivarn.
PASSIVE VOICE.
monetor, thoi.i shall he warned.
monetor, he shall he warned.
monentor, they shall he warned.
INFINITIVE.
Pres.
monere, to warn.
moneri.
to be warned.
Pp:rf.
nionuisse, to have
monitus, -a, -um esse, to have
warned.
heen warned.
FUT.
moniturus, -a, -um
monitum iri, to he about to he
esse, to he ahout
IV ai
-ned.
to team.
PARTICIPLES.
Pkes.
monens, -entis, warn-
Perf.
monitus, -a, -um, hav-
incj
'.
ing heen loarned.
FUT.
moniturus, -a, -um.
G'v'e.
monendus, - a, - u m ,
about to warn.
necessary to be
warned, or warning.
GEKUXI).
SUPINE.
G.
monendi, of ivarninrj.
Ac
monitum, to vmrn.
D.
monendo, /or warnincj.
Ab.
monitu, to warn.
Ac.
monendum, warning.
Ab.
monendo, by warninfj.
536.
Third Conjugation.
Principal Parts : rego, regere, rexi, rectus, rule.
Stem rege-.
INDICATIVE,
ACTIVE VOICE.
PRESENT.
I rule, etc.
rego regimus
regor
regis ' regitis
regerit
regit regunt
regitu:
PASSIVE VOICE.
/ am ruled, etc.
regimur
or -re regimini
reguntur
REGULAR VERBS.
227
IMPERFECT.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I ruled, was ruling, etc.
regebam regebamus
regebas regebatis
regebat regebant
PASSIVE VOICE.
/ was ruled, etc.
regebar regebamur
regebaris or -re regebamini
regebatur regebantur
/ shall rule, etc.
regain regenius
reges regetis
reget regent
I shall be ruled, etc.
regar
regeris or -re
regetur
regemur
regemini
regentur
I ruled, have ruled, etc.
rexi reximus
rexisti rexistis
rexit rexerunt (-re)
PERFECT.
I loas or have been ruled, etc.
C sum C sumus
rectus
est
recti J estis
/ sunt
•LUPERFECT.
I had ruled, etc.
rexeram rexeramus
rexeras rexeratis
rexerat rexerant
I had been ruled, etc.
( eram C eramus
rectus J eras. recti J era tis
(^ erat (^ erant
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have ruled, etc. I shall have been ruled, etc.
rexero
rexerimus
( ero
rectus -| eris
(erit
( erimu!
recti -^ eritis
( erunt
rexeris
rexeritis
rexerit
rexerint
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
regam
regamus
regar
regamur
regaa
regatis
regaris or -re
regamini
regat
regant
regatur
regantur
228
LATIN READER.
ACTIVE VOICE.
regerem
regeres
regeret
regeremus
regeretis
regerent
IMPERFECT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
regerer regeremur
regereris or -re regeremini
regeretur regerentur
PEKFECT.
rexerim
rexeris
rexerit
rexerimus
rexeritis
rexerint
Sim
rectus -^' sis
sit
ectus -I I
r-pf T J
simus
recti -{ sitis
sint
PLUPERFECT.
rexissem
rexisses
rexisset
n'-xissemus
rexissetis
rexissent
( essem ( essemus
rectus -' esses recti } essetis
(^ esset (^ essent
rege, rule thou.
regite, rule ye.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
regere, he thou ruled.
regimini, be ye ruled.
regito, thou shalt rule.
regito, he shall rule.
regitote, ye shall ride.
regunto, they shall rule.
regitor, thou shalt be ruled.
regitor, he shall be ruled.
regulator, they shall be ruled.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. regere, to rule.
Perf. rexisse, to have ruled.
FuT. recturus, -a,
esse, to be about
to rule.
regi, to be ruled.
rectus, -a, -um esse, to have
been ruled.
um rectum iri, to be about to be
ruled.
REGULAR VERBS.
229
PARTICIPLES.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.
PiiES. regens, -entis, ruling. Pkkf. rectus, -a, -um, havinrj
been ruled.
FuT. recturus, -a, -um, G'v'e. regendus, -a, -um, ne-
about to rule. cessary to he ruled.,
or rulinci.
GEKUND.
SUPINK.
G.
regendi, of ruling.
Ac
rectum, to rule.
D.
regendo, /or ruling.
Ab.
rectu, to rule.
Ac.
Ab.
regendum, ruling.
regendo, by ruling.
537.
Fourth Conjugation.
Principal Parts : audio, audire, audivi, auditus, hear.
Stem audi-.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I hear., etc.
audio audimus
audis auditis
audit audiunt
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
I am heard^ etc.
audior aiidimur
audiris or -re audimini
auditur audiuntur
IMPERFECT.
I heard., was hearing., etc. I ivas heard, etc.
audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur
audiebas audiebatis audiebaris or -re audiebamini
audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebantur
I shall hear, etc. I shall be heard, etc.
audiam. audiemus audiar audiemur
aiidies audietis audieris or -re aiidiemini
audiet audient audietur audientur
230
LATIN HEADER.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I heard, have heard, etc.
audivimus
audivi
audivisti audivistis auditus J es
audivit audiverunt (-re) ( est
rEllFECT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
I tvas or have been heard, etc.
sum i sumus
auditi .-| estis
I sunt.
PLUrEUFECT.
I had heard, etc. I had been heard, etc.
audiveram audiveramus ( eram ( eramus
audiveras audiveratis auditus ■) eras auditi .| eratis
aiidiverat audiverant i erat (^ erant
FUTURE PERFECT.
/ shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc.
audivero audiverimus ( ero
audiveris audiveritis auditus -| eris
audiverit audiverint ( erit ( erunt
C erimuB
auditi -< eritis
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
audiam audiamus audiar
audias audiatis audiaris or -re
audiat audiant audiatur
audiamur
audiamini
audiantur
audirem audiremus
audires audiretis
audiret audireut
IMPERFECT.
audirer
audireris or -re
audiretur
audiremur
audiremini
audirentur
PERFECT.
audlverim audiverimus
audiveris audiveritis
audiverit audiverint
C Sim
auditus -' sis
(sit
{ simus
auditi I sitis
(sint
REG ULAR VERB S.
231
PLUPERFECT.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.
audlvissem audlvissemns ( essem ( essemus
audivisses audivissetis auditus -<| esses audit! -^ essetis
audivisset audivissent ( esset (^ esseut
IMPERATIVE.
audi, hear thou.
audite, hear ye.
PRESENT.
audire, be thou heard.
audimini, be ye heard.
audito, thou shalt hear.
audits, he shall hear.
auditote, ye shall hear. -
audiunto, they shall hear.
FUTURE.
auditor, thou shalt be heard.
auditor, he shall be heard.
audiuntor, they shall be heard.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. audire, to hear. audiri, to be heard.
Perf. audivisse, to have heard, auditus, -a, -uni esse, to have
been heard.
FuT. auditurus, -a, -um esse, auditum iri, to be about to be
to be about to hear. heard.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. audiens, -entis, hear-
ing.
FuT. auditurus, -a, -um,
about to hear.
Perf. auditus, -a, -um, having
been heard.
G'v'e. audiendus, -a, -um,
necessary to be heard,
or hearing.
GERUND.
SUPINE.
G.
audiendi, of hearing.
Ac.
auditum, to hear.
D.
audiendo, /or hearing.
Ab.
auditu, to hear.
Ac.
audiendum, hearing.
Ab.
audiendo, by hearing.
232
LATIN READER.
538. THIRD CONJUGATION. — VERBS IN -lO.
Capio, take.
Principal Parts : capio, capere, cepi, captus.
INDICATIVE.
ACTIVE VOICE.
/ take, etc.
capio capimus
capis capitis
capit capiunt
I loas taking, etc.
capiebam capiebamus
capiebas capiebatis
capiebat capiebant
'ASSIVE VOICE.
PKESENT.
/ am taken, etc.
capior
caperis or -re
capitur
IMPERFECT.
I VMS taken, etc.
capiebar
capiebaris or -re
capiebatur
capimur
capimini
capiuntur
capiebamur
capiebamini
capiebantur
FUTURE.
/ shall take, etc. I shall be taken, etc.
capiam capiemus capiar capiemur
capies capietis capieris or -re capiemini
capiet capient capietur capientur
PERFECT.
I took, or have taken, etc. I was or have been taken, etc.
cepi, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, etc.
I had taken, etc.
ceperam, etc.
PLUPERFECT.
I had been taken, etc.
captus, -a, -um eram, etc.
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have taken, etc. / shall have been taken, etc.
cepero, etc. captus, -a, -um ero, etc.
capiam, capias, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
capiar, capiaris or -re, etc.
REGULAR VERBS.
233
caperem, etc.
ceperim, etc.
cepissem, etc.
IMPERFECT,
caperer, etc.
PERFECT.
captus, -a, -um sim, etc.
PLUPERFECT.
captus, -a, -um essem, etc.
cape, take thou.
capite, take ye.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
capeie, he thou taken.
capimini, be ye taken.
capito, thou shalt take.
capito, he shall take.
capitote, ye shall take.
capiunto, they shall take.
capitor, thou shalt be taken.
capitor, he shall be taken.
capiuntor, they shall be taken.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. capere, to take. capi, to be taken.
Perf. cepisse, to have taken, captus, -a, -um esse, to have
FuT. capturus, -a, -um been taken.
esse, to be about captum iri, to be about to be
to take. taken,
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. capiens, -eiitis, tak-
ing.
FuT. capturus, -a, -um,
about to take.
GERUND.
G. capiendi, of taking.
D. capiendo, /or taking.
Ac. capiendum, taking.
Ab. capiendo, by taking.
Perf. captus, -a, -um, having
been taken.
G'v'e. capiendus, -a, -um, ne-
cessary to be taken,
or taking.
supine.
Ac. captum, to take.
Ab. captu, to take.
234
LATIN READER.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
539. Sum, be.
Principal Parts : sum, esse, f ui, futurus.
SINGULAR.
sum, I am.
es, you are.
est, fie, {she, it) is.
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
PLURAL.
sumus, we are.
estis, you are.
sunt, they are.
eram, I was.
eras, you were.
erat, ?ie was.
IMPEBFECT.
eramus, we were.
eratis, you were.
erant, they were.
ero, I shall be.
eris, you will be.
erit, fie will be.
FUTURE.
erim.us, we sfiall be.
eritis, yo^i will be.
erunt, they will be.
fui.
fuisti,
fuit.
I was.
I fiave been.
you were.
you fiave been.
fie was.
he fias been.
PERFECT.
fuimus,
we were.
we fiave been.
fuistis, \ you were.
( you fiave been.
fuerunt ( tfiey were.
or fuere, ( u^^y /^(^^g been.
PLUPERFECT.
fueram, I had been.
fueras, you had been.
fuerat, fie had been.
fueramus, we liad been.
fueratis, you had been.
fuerant, they had been.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
235
FUTUKE PERFECT.
fuero, I shall have been. fuerimus, we shall have been.
fueris, you will have been. fueritis, you will have been.
fuerit, he will have been. fuerint, they will have been.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
IMPERFECT
PERFECT.
SINGULAB.
PLUPERFECT,
sim
essem
fuerim
fuissem
sis
esses
fueris
fuisses
sit
esset
fuerit
PLURAL,
fiiisset
simus
essemus
fuerimus
fuissemus
sitis
essetis
fueritis
fuissetis
sint
essent
fuerint
fuissent
SIKGULAR.
es, be thou.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
PLURAL.
este, be ye.
esto, thou shalt be.
esto, he shall be.
FUTURE.
estote, ye shall be.
sunto, they shall be.
INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. esse, to be.
Perf. fuisse, to have been.
FuT. futurus, -a, -um esse, futiirus, -a, -um, about to be.
to be about to be.
540. Possum, be able.
Principal Parts: possum, posse, potui.
236
LATIN READER.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pkes.
possum
possumus
possim
possimus
potes
potestis
possis
possitis
potest
possunt
possit
possint
Imp.
poteram
poteramus
possem
possemus
poteras
poteratis
posses
possetis
poterat
poterant
posset
possent
FUT.
potero
poterimus
Peiif.
potiii
potuimus
potuerim
potuerimus
Plup.
potueram
potueramus
potuissem
potuissemus
¥. P.
potuero
potuerimus
INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pkes.
posse
potens, -
entis
Pekf.
potiiisse
541. Prosum, benefit.
Principal Parts : prosum, prodesse, profui, profutiirus.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pkes.
prosum
prosumus
prosim
prosimus
prodes
prodestis
prosis
prositis
prod est
prosunt
prosit
prosint
Imp.
proderam
proderamus
prOdessem
prodessemus
Put.
prodero
proderimus
Pekf.
profui
profuimus
profuerim
profuerimus
Plup.
profueram
profueramus
profuissem
profuissemus
F. P.
profuero
profuerimius
Pkes. prodes
IMPERATIVE.
prodeste Fut. prodesto prodestott
INFINITIVE.
Pkes. prodesse
Pekf. profuisse
Fut. profuturus, -a, -um
PARTICIPLE.
esse profuturus, -a, -um
IRREGULAR VERBS.
237
542. Eo, go.
Principal Parts : eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pkes.
eo
imus
earn
eamus
is
itis
eas
eatis
it
eunt
eat
eant
Imp.
Tbam
irem
Put.
ibo
Pekf.
ivi or ii
iverini
or ierim
Plup.
iveram
or
ierani
ivissem
. or issem
F. P.
ivero or
iero
IMPERATIVE.
Pkes. i ite
FuT. ito itote
ito eunto
INFINITIVE.
Pres. ire
Perf. ivisse or isse
FuT. iturus, -a, -um esse
Pres.
FUT.
Perf.
G'v'e.
543.
PARTICIPLES.
ieiis, euiitis
itiirus, -a, -um
itum
eundus, -a, -um
GERUND.
eundi, eundo, eundum, eundo
SUPINE.
Ac. itum Ab. itii
Fero, bear.
Principal Parts: fero, ferre, tuli, latus.
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Pres.
fero
ferimus
feror
ferimur
fers
fertis
ferris or -re
ferimini
fert
ferunt
fertur
feruntur
Imp.
ferebam
ferebar
FUT.
feram
ferar
Perf.
tuli
latus, -a, -um
sum
Plup.
tuleram
lutus, -a, -um
eram
F. P.
tulero
latus, -a, -um ero
238
LATIN READER.
Pres. feram
Imp. ferrem
Perf. tulerim
Plup. tulissem
Pres. fer
FuT. ferto
ferto
SUBJUNCTIVE.
ferar
ferrer
latus, -a, -um sim
latus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE.
ferte ferre ferimini
fertote fertor
ferunto fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE.
Pres. ferre •> ferri
Perf. tulisse latus, -a, -um esse
FuT. laturus, -a, -um esse latum iri
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. ferens, -entis Pekf. hltus, -a, -um
Fur. laturus, -a, -um G'v'e. ferendus, -a, -um
GERUND. SUPINE.
G. ferendi Ac. ferendum Ac. latum
D. ferendo Ab. ferendo Ab. latu
544. Volo, Nolo, Malo.
Principal Parts:
Volo, velle, volui, he loilling, wisJi.
Nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling.
Malo, malle, malui, be more willing, prejer.
INDICATIVE.
Pres.
volo
nolo
mulo
vis
non vis
mavis
volt
non volt
mavolt
(vult)
(non vult)
(mavult)
volumus
noliimus
malumus
voltis
non voltis
mavoltis
(vultis)
(non vultis)
(ma vultis)
' volunt
nolunt
malunt
IRREGULAR VERBS.
239
Imp. volebam nolebam malebam
FuT. volam, voles, etc. nolam, nolis, etc. mfilam, males,
Pekf. volui nolui malui
Plup. volueram n5lueram malueram
F. P. voluero
Pres. velim
velis
velit
velimus
velitis
velint
Imp. vellem
velles
vellet
vellemus
velletis
vellent
Perf. voluerim
Plup. voluissem
etc.
Pres.
FUT.
Pres. velle
Perf. voluisse
Pres. volens
noluero
maluero
subjunctive.
nolim
malim
nolis
mails
nolit
malit
nolimus
malimus
nolitis
malitis
nolint
malint
noUem
mfiUem
noUes
malles
nollet
mallet
nollemus
mallemus
noUetis
malletis
noUent
mallent
noluerim
maluerim
noluissem
maluissem
IMPERATIVE.
nolT
nolite
nolTto etc
infinitive.
nolle
malle
noluisse
maluisse
PARTICIPLE.
nolens
240
LATIN BEADER.
545.
Fio, he made, become.
Principal Parts : fio, fieri, factus.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PUES.
fio fimus
fiam fiamus
fis fitis
fias fiatis
fit fiunt
fiat fiant
Imp.
fiebam
fierem
FUT.
fiam, fies, etc.
Pekf.
factus, -a, -um sum
factus, -a, -um sim
Plup.
factus, -a, -um eram
factus, -a, -um essem
F. P.
factus, -a, -um ero
IMPERATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
Pres.
fi fite
Pres
. fieri
FUT.
fito fitote
Perf
•. factus, -a,-um esse
fito fiunto
FUT.
factum iri
PARTICIPLES.
Perf. factus, -a, -um G'v'e. faciendus, -a, -um
VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS.
abl. . .
= ablative.
inter. .
= interrogative
ace. .
= accusative.
loc. .
= locative.
adj. .
= adjective.
m. . .
= masculine.
cf. (confc
r) = compare.
n. . .
= neuter.
comp. . .
= comparative.
num. .
= numeral.
conj. .
= conjunction.
part. .
= participle.
dat. . .
= dative.
pass. .
= passive.
def. . .
= defective.
plur. .
= plural.
dem. . .
= demonstrative.
poss. .
= jwssessive.
f. . . .
= feminine.
prep. .
= preposition.
gen. . .
= genitive.
pron. .
= pronoun.
impers.
= impersonal.
pronorn.
= pronominal.
indecl. .
= indeclinable.
refl. .
= reflexive.
indef. . .
= indefinite.
rel. . .
= relative.
interj. .
= interjection.
sup. .
= superlative.
irect and
indirect derivatives from
the Latin (as \
veil as cognate wo
which are also definitions, are printed in small capitals. Derivatives and
cognates wliich are not definitions are printed in Gothic Italic, and included
within parentheses.
VOCABULARY.
A., abbreviation of Aulus.
a, ab, or abs, prep, with abl., from,
by, on.
ab-eo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -iturus, go
away. Cf. discedo, excedo.
ab-ruptus, -a, -um, adj., [rumpo,
6rea^], (broken off), steep, pre-
cipitous. (^Abrupt.)
abs-cido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, [cae-
do] , cut off.
abs-tuli, see au-fero.
ab-sum, -esse, afui, afuturus, be
ABSENT, be distant, be lacking.
ac, see atque.
ac-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus,
[ ad] , draw near, approach. (Access.)
Cf. approplnquo.
ac-cendo, -ere, -cendi, -census,
[ad + -cendo, kindle], kindle,
set on fire, light. Cf. incendo.
ac-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [ad +
cado], fall upon, happen. (Ac-
cident.) Cf. incido, evenio.
ac-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, [ad
+ capi6], ACCEPT, receive, en-
tertain. Cf recipio.
ac-commodo, -are, -avi, -atus,
[ad + cominodo,^^;] ,fit to. (Ac-
commodate. )
ac-cumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi-
tus, [ad + -cumbo, lie], recline
(at the table).
ac-cus6, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad +
causa], (call to account), ac-
cuse.
acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, spir-
ited, fierce. (Acrid.)
acervus, -i, m.,pile, heap.
acriter, adv., [acer], sharply,
fiercely.
ad, prep, with ace, ^o, toward, for, at.
ad-aperio, -ire, -erui, -ertus,
tlirow ope7i.
ad-duc6, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
lead to, tn-DUCE, influence.
ad-eo, adv., to this, so far, so.
ad-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, [fa-
ci5], (do to), treat, affect.
ad-haereo, -ere, , , cling
to, stick to, ADHERE.
ad-huc, adv., hitherto, still.
ad-iaceo, -ere, -cui, , lie near,
be ADJACENT.
ad-itus, -us, m., [eo], (a going to),
approach, access, entrance.
ad-ligo, -are, -avi, -atus, bind to,
fasten to. Cf. adnecto.
ad-miratio, -onis, f., [miror], ad-
miration.
ad-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
(send to, let go, let come) , admit.
ad-moveo, -ere, -movi, -m5tus,
MOVE to, apply.
ad-necto, -ere, -nexui, -nexus,
tie to. (Annex.) Cy. adligo.
ad-nu6, -ere, -nui, , nod to,
assent.
ad-siduus, -a, -um, adj., [sedeo],
constant, steady. (Assiduous.)
ad-sum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be
present, be at hand, come.
243
ADULESCENS
244
ALT us
ad-ulescens, -entis, m. and f.,
[olesco, groio], youth, ijoung
man or ivoman. Cf. iuvenis.
ad-vena, -ae, m. and f., [venio],
stranger.
ad-ventus, -us, m., [venio], arri-
val. {Advent.)
ad- versus, -a, -um, adj., [verto],
(turned towards, facing), ad-
verse, unfavorable.
ad- versus or ad-versum, pnp.
with ace, [verto], against.
ad-verto, -ere, -verti, -versus,
turn to or towards.
ad-voc6, -are, -avi, -atus, call,
stimmon. (Advocate.) Cf. arcesso.
aedi-fico, -are, -avi, -atus, [ae-
dis + lacio], build. (Edifice.)
aedilis, -is, m., [aedis], commis-
sioner of buildings, akdilk.
aedis or aedes, -is, f., temple,
room; phir., house. Cf. doiuua.
Aeeta, -ae, m., king of Coiciiis.
Aegaeus, -a, -um, adj., Akgkan.
aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., ill, sick.
Aegeus, -ei (ace, -ea), m., father
of Tlieseus and king of Athens.
aeneiis, -a, -um, adj., [aes, bronze],
of bronze, bronze.
aequor, -oris, n., (level surface),
sea, ocean. Cf mare.
aer, aeris (ace, aera), m., the air.
aereus, -a, -um, adj , [aes, bronze],
of bronze, bronze.
aeri-pes, -pedis, adj., [aes, bronze],
with feet of bronze, bronze-footed.
Aeson, -onis, m., prince of Thes-
saly.
aestas, -atis, f., summer.
aetas, -atis, f., age.
Aethiopia, -ae, f., Ethiopia.
Aethra, -ae, f., mother of Theseus.
Africa, -ae, f., Africa.
a-fui, see ab-sum.
ager, -gri, m., field. (Agr i-cullure.)
ag-gredior, -gredi, -gressus, [ad
+ gradior, step], approach, attack.
(Aggressive.) Cf. invado.
agmen, -inis, n., [ago], (that which
is driven), line, army. Cf. exer-
citus.
ag-nosco, -ere, -novi, -nitus, [ad
+ (g)n6sc6, kvoiii], recognize, ac-
knowledge. Cf. cognosco.
ago, -ere, egi, actus, drive, lead,
ACT, do, perform, celebrate;
gratias ago, give thanks. Cf.
duco.
agri-cola, -ae, m., [ager + colo],
farmer. (Agriculture.)
ala, -ae, f., wing. Cf. penna.
Alba [Iionga], -ae, f., [albus], an-
cient city in Latium.
Albanus, -a, -um, adj., [Alba], of
Alua, a I. ran.
albeo, -ere, , , [albus], be
white.
Albertus, -i, m., Ai-rert.
albus, -a, -um, adj., white. Cf.
candidus.
alienus, -i, m., [alius], stranger,
foreigner. (Alien.)
ali-quando, adv., [alius], (at some
time or other), once.
ali-quis (qui), ali-qua, ali-quid
(quod), indef. pron., [alius],
some one, any one, some, any.
alius, -a, -ud, (gen., alius, dat.,
alii), adj., other, another ; alius
. . . alius, one . . . another. Cf.
alter.
alo, -ere, alui, alt us or alitus,
nourish.
Alpheus, -i, m., god of the river
Alpiieus in Arcadia.
after, -era, -erum (gen., alterius,
dat., alteri), adj., o7ie (of two),
the other (of two); alter...
alter, the one . . . the other. Cf.
alius.
Althaea, -ae, f., Althea, mother
of Meleager.
altitiido, -inis, f., [altus], height,
depth. (Altitude.)
altus, -a, -um, adj., [alo], high,
lofty, deep. Cf. celsus, procerus.
AMAT
245
AP.DUUS
amat, (he) loves, likes.
amb-, am-, an-, inseparable par-
ticle meaning around, round
about.
ambages, -urn, plur. f., [amb- +
ago], tmndings. (Ambic^ous.)
amb-io, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus
[eo], ffo around.
ambulo, -are, -avi, -atus, walk.
(Amble.)
a-mens, -entis, adj., (out of one's
mind), mad, frantic.
Americanus, -a, -um, adj.,
[America], Amkrican.
amicus, -a, -um, adj., [amoj,
friendhj. (Amicable.)
amicus, -i, m., [B.mb], friend.
a-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
(send away, let go), lose.
amnis, -is, m., river. Cf. tlumen,
fluvius.
amo, -are, -avi, -atus, love, like.
amor, -oris, m., [amo], love.
am-plector, -plecti, -plexus,
[plecto], ttvine, embrace.
amplus, -a, -um, adj., ample.
Anaurus, -i, m., river in Thessaly.
Androgeus, -i, m., son of Minos,
king of Crete.
Anditemeda, -ae, f., daughter of
Cepheus, king of Ethiopia.
anguis, -is, m. and f., snake. Cf.
serpens.
angustiae, -arum, plur. f., [an-
gustus], narroivs, strait.
angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow.
anim-ad-verto, -ere, -verti, -ver-
sus, [animus], (turn one's mind
to), attend to, punish.
animal, -alis, n., [anima, breath],
(living being), animal.
animus, -i, m., mind, spirit, cour-
age; in animo esse, to intend.
Cf. mens.
annus, -i, m., year. {Annual.)
ante, prep, with ace, and adv., he-
fore.
ante-cello, -ere, , , ear-CEL.
ante-hao, adv., before this.
ante-quam, conj., before.
antiquitas, -atis, f., [antiquus],
ANTIQUITY.
antiquus, -a, -um, adj., [ante],
old, ancient. (Antique.)
anus, -us, f., old looman.
anxius, -a, -um, adj., anxious,
aper, apri, m., lodd boar.
aperio, -ire, -erui, -ertus, ojyen,
become visible, disclose, reveal.
apertus, -a, -um, adj., [aperio],
open. (Aperture.)
Apollo, -inis, m., god of the sun, of
divination and oracles, of poetry
and music.
ap-pareo, -ere, -vii, -itiirus, [ad]
appkau.
ap-pello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus
[ad], (drive to), land.
ap-pell6, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad]
call, name, accost, address, pro
claim. (Appeal.) Cf. voco.
ap-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus
[ad], place near, place or set be-
fore. (Apposition.)
ap-propinquat, (he) approaches.
ap-propinqu6, -are, -avi, -atus
[ad + prope], (come near to), ap
proach. Cf. accedo.
apto, -are, -avi, -atus,^^, ad-WT.
apud, prep, with ace*., among, with
at the house of, at.
aqua, -ae, f., water. (Aquatic.)
aquila, -ae, f., eagle.
ara, -ae, f., altar.
arbitrium, -i, n., [arbiter, judge],
choice.
arbitror, -ari, -atus, [arbiter,
judge], judge, believe, think.
(Arbitration.) Cf. puto, sentio.
arbor, -oris, f., tree. (Arbor.)
ar-cess6, -ere, -ivi, -itus, [acce-
de], summon, fetch. Cf. advoco.
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsus, he on fire,
burn, blaze. (Arson.)
arduus, -a, -um, adj., steep, diffi-
cult, arduous.
ARGENTARIA
246
AUT
argentaria, -ae, f., [argentum,
silver], bank.
Argo, -us, f., the Akgo, Jason's
ship.
Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., o/ Argo-
Lis, a district In the Pelopon-
nesus.
Argonauta, -ae, m., an Argonaut,
one of the crew of the Argo.
Argus, -i, m., the builder of the
Argo.
Ariadne, -es, (ace, Ariadnen,
abl., Ariadne), f., daughter of
Minos, king of Crete.
Ariadneus, -a, -um, adj., [Ariad-
ne], o/Ariadnk.
aries, -ietis, m., ram.
Arion, -onis, ni., a Lesbian bard.
arma, -orum, plur. n., arms, weap-
ons. Cf. telum.
armatus, -a, -um, adj., [armo],
ARMED,
armo, -are, -avi, -atvis, [arma],
ARM, equip.
aro, -are, -avi, -atus, plough, till.
{Arable.)
ars, artis, f., art.
arx, arcis, f ., citadel.
a-scendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen-
sus, [ad + scando, climb] , climb,
mount, ASCEND, embark on. Cf.
conscendo.%
Asia, -ae, f., Asia Minor.
a-spectus, -us, m., [aspicio], sight,
appearance, aspect. Cf. con-
spectus.
asper, -era, -erum, adj., rough,
harsh.
a-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus,
[ad + -specie, look] , look at. Cf.
conspicio.
at, conj., but (introducing a contrast
to what precedes). Cf. sed, autem.
Atalanta, -ae, f., daughter of
Schoeneus.
ater, atra, atrum, adj., black.
Athamas, -antis, m,, father of
Phrixus and Helle.
Athenae, -arum, plur. f., Athens,
capital of Attica.
Atheniensis, -e, adj., [Athenae],
Athenian.
Athos, , (ace, Athon), m.,
mountain in Macedonia.
at-que,* conj. (used before vowels
and consonants ; ae, before con-
sonants only), [ad + -que], and
too, and also, and. Cf. et, -que.
atrium, -i, n., [a,tev], fore-court.
atrox, -ocis, adj., [ater], savage,
fierce, atrocious. Cf. ferox,
saevus.
Attica, -ae, f., district in central
Greece.
at-tollo, -ere, , , [ad], lift
up. (Ex-tol.)
at-tonitus, -a, -um, adj., [ad +
tono, thunder], (thunderstruck),
astonished.
audacia, -ae, f., [audax], daring,
AUDACITY, recklessness.
audacter, adv., [audax], boldly,
courageously, audaciously.
audax, -cis, adj., [audeo], daring,
bold, audacious.
audeo, -ere, austis, semi-deponent,
dare.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear, listen
to. {Audience.)
au-fero, -ferre, abs-tuli, ab-la-
tus, [ab], bear away, carry off.
augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, (transi-
tive verb), increase. Cy. cresco.
Aulus, -i, m., see Postumius.
aura, -ae, f., breeze, air; often
plur., air. Cf. ventus.
aureus, -a, -um, adj., [aurum],
of gold, golden.
auriga, -ae, m. and f., charioteer.
avu-is, -is, f., ear.
aurum, -i, n., gold.
au-spicium, -i, n., [avis -f -specie,
look], divination (by the flight of
birds), AUSPICES.
aut, conj., or ; aut . . . aut, either
AUTEM
247
CANDELABRUM
autem, post-positive conj., hut,
however, moreover, now. Cf. at,
secl.
auxilium, -i, n., [augeo], help, aid,
assistance. (Auxiliary.)
avarus, -a, -um, adj., avaricious.
a-vell6, -ere, -veili, -volsus, tear
aivay. (Con-uulsion.) Cf. eripio.
a-verto, -ere, -ti, -sus, turn away,
AVERT.
avidus, -a, -um, adj., desirous,
ear/er. {Avidity.) Cf. cupidus.
avis, -is, f., bird. (Aviary.)
a-volo, -are, -avi, -aturus, fly
away.
avunculus, -i, m., [avus], mater-
nal UNCLE.
avus, -i, m., grandfather.
Bacchus, -i, m., god of wine.
baculum, -i, n., stick, staff, cane.
barbarus, -a, -um, adj., foreign,
strange, barbarous.
basilica, -ae, f., portico, basilica,
building used for mercluints' ex-
change and for the courts.
beatus, -a, -um, adj., happy,
blessed. (Beatitude.) Cf. fellx.
Belga, -ae, m., Bklgian, man of a
tribe in northern Gaul.
bellum, -i, n., icar.
belua, -ae, f, heast, wild beast,
monster. Cf. fera, monstrum.
bene, adv., [bonus], well.
bene-ficium, -i, n., [facio], favor,
BKNEFIT.
benigne, adv., [bene + genus], in
a kindly manner, graciously.
bibo, -ere, bibi, , drink. (Im-
bibe.)
blandus, -a, -um, adj., flattering.
(Bland.)
Boeotia, -ae, f., district in central
Greece.
bonum, -i, n., [bonus], (good
thing), treasure, blessing.
bonus, -a, -um, adj., good.
bracchium, -i, n., arm. (Bracket)
brevi, adv., [brevis], in a short
time, shortly, soon.
brevis, -e, adj., short, brief.
breviter, adv., [brevis], briefly.
Briitus, -i, m., L. Junius Brutus,
who expelled the Tarquius.
C, abbreviation for Gaius.
caciimen, -inis, n., point, peak.
cadaver, -eris, n., [cado], corpse,
carcass. Cf. corpus.
cado, -ere, cecidi, casiirus, fall,
fall down, fall prostrate, droop.
caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind.
caedes, -is, f., [caedoj, murder,
slaughter.
caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesus, cut,
beat, kill, slay, sacrifice. Cf. iu-
terficio, neco.
caelum, -i, n., sky, heaven, the
heavens. (Celestial.)
caerimonia, -ae, f., ceremony,
Caesar, -aris, m., Julius Caesar.
Calais, , m., one of the Argo-
nauts.
calamitas, -atis, f., calamity,
disaster. Cf. clades.
calcar, -aris, n., spur.
calceus, -i, m., shoe. Cf. solea.
caleo, -ere, -ui, , be loarm.
calesco, -ere, , , groro warm.
callide, adv., [callidus], shrewdly,
cunningly.
callidus, -a, -um, adj., shrewd,
cunning, crafty.
Calydonius, -a, -um, adj., Caly-
donian.
Camillus, -i, m., M. Furius Camil-
LUS, dictator, who commanded
the Romans at the siege of Veil.
campus, -i, m., plain, field ; Cam-
pus Martins, a grassy plain in
Rome along the Tiber, dedicated
to Mars.
candelabrum, -i, n., lamp-stand,
candelabrum.
CANDIDUS
248
CERVICAL
candidus, -a, -um, adj., shining
white, bright, shining, glittering.
(Candid.) Cf. albus.
cano, -ere, cecini, , sing, play,
prophesy, foretell.
cantor, -oris, m., [cano], singer.
cantus, -us, in., [canoj, song, sing.
ing. {Chant.)
capio, -ere, cepi, captus, take,
seize, captuuk, adopt. Cf.
rapio.
Capitolium, -i, n., [caput], the
hill in liome ou whicli the Catj-
TOL stood; the Capitoline.
captat, (he) seizes, takes prisoner.
captiva, -ae, f., [capio], (female)
CAPTIVE, prisoner.
captivus, -i, m., [capio], (male)
c\i'Ti\K,j)risoner.
capulus, -i, m., [capio], that which
i.s grasped ), hilt.
caput, -itis, n., head, life, top.
(Capital. )
career, -eris, m., prison, jail; bar-
rier, starting place (in a race
course). (In-carcerate.)
carmen, -inis, n., song, ciiakm,
religious formula, prayer.
caro, carnis, i., flesh. (Carnal.)
Carolus, -i, ni., Chaklks.
carpo, -ere, -psi, -ptus, ])ick,
pluck, gather.
carus, -a, -um, adj., dear,2)recious.
casa, -ae, f., cottage, hut.
Castor, -oris, m., twin brother of
Pollux.
castra, -orum, plur. n., camp.
casus, -us, m., [cadoj, accident,
chance, experience. (Casual.)
catena, -ae, f., chain, fetter. Cf.
vinculum,
caterva, -ae, f., crowd, throng. Cf.
turba.
cathedra, -ae, f., easy chair, arm
chair. Cf. sella.
Caucasus, -i, m., the Caucasian
mountains in Asia.
Cauda, -ae, f., tail. (Caudal.)
causa, -ae, f., cause; abl., causa
followed by the gen., /or the sake
of, on account of.
caveo, -ere, cavi, cautus, beware.
(Caution.)
cecini, see cano.
cedo, -ere, cessi, cessus, go from,
tvithdraw, yield. (Cede.)
celebro, -are, -avi, -atus, fre-
quent, CELEBRATE.
celer, -eris, -ere, adj., swift, fleet,
quick. Cf. rapidus.
celeritas, -atis, f., [celer], sicift-
ness, quickness, celeuity.
celeriter, adv., [celer], sioiftly,
quickly.
celerrimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
celer], s^cif test, fleetest.
cella, -ae, f , store-room. (Cell.)
celsus, -a, -um, adj., (raised), high.
(Ex-celsior.) Cf. altus, procerus.
centaurus, -i, m., centaur.
centeni, -ae, -a, num. adj., [cen-
tum], one hundred each.
Cepheus, -ei, m., king of Ethiopia
and father of Andromeda.
Cephisus, -i, m., river ou the west
side of Athens.
cepi, see capia
cera, -ae, f., wax.
Cercyon, -onis, m., robber in At-
tica.
Ceres, -eris, f., goddess of agricul-
ture.
cerno, -ere, crevi, certus, dis-
CERN, make out, catch sight of,
perceive.
certamen, -inis, n., [certo, strive],
struggle, contest, race; certa-
men pedum, foot-race.
certe, adv., [certus], assuredly,
certainly.
certus, -a, -um, adj., [cerno],
fixed, settled, certain, sure;
certior facio, (make certain),
inform.
cervical, -alis, n., [cervix], pil-
low, bolster.
CERVIX
249
COMES
cervix, -icis, f., neck. Cf. collum.
cervus, -i, m., stag, deer.
ceterus, -a, -um, adj., the other,
the rest. Cf. reliquus.
Chiron, -dnis, m., a centaur.
cibus, -i, m.,food.
Cicer5, -onis, m., M. Tullius Cice-
KO, the famous Roman orator.
Circensis, -e, adj., of the circus.
circum, adv., and prep, with ace,
[eircus], around.
circum-do, -dare, -dedi, -datus,
place around, surro^md ; "with
ace. and dat.
circum-eo, -ire, -ivi or ii, -itus,
go around. (Circuit.)
circum-ibant, (they) went around.
circum-specto, -are, -avi, -atus,
[-specie, look], look around.
{Circumspect.)
circus, -i, m., (chicle), enclosure
for races, athletic games, and
contests ; Circus Maximus, an
oval CIRCUS between the Palatine
and Aventine hills, with room for
one hundred thousand spectators.
cis, ])rep. with ace, on this side.
citerior, -ius, comp. adj., [cis, cit-
ra], hither.
cito, adv., [citus, qidck], quickly,
swiftly.
citra, prep, with ace, on this side.
civis, -is, m. and f,, citizen. {Civic.)
civitas,-atis, f., [civis], state. {City.)
clades, -is, f., deslruction, disaster,
loss, injury. Cf. calamitas.
clam, adv., and prep, with abl., se-
cretly.
clamito, -are, -avi, -atus,
[clamo], cry aloud, keep shout-
ing.
clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, call to,
call tipon, shout to.
clamor, -oris, m., shout, cry,
CLAMOR,
clarissimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
clarus], most celebrated, most
famous.
clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear,
bright, famous, celebrated, illus-
trious. Cf. egregius, Tnsignis.
classis, -is, f., fleet. {Class.)
claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus,
shut up, CLOSE.
clava, -ae, f., club.
cliens, -entis, m., dependant,
CLIENT.
clipeus, -i, m., round shield of
metal. Cf. scutum.
cloaca, -ae, f., sewer; Cloaca
Maxima, the great sewer built
by Tarquinius Superbus.
Cliisium, -i, n., ancient city of
Etruria.
Codes, -itis, m., Iloratius Cocles,
who defended the PonsSublicius.
coepi, -isse, coeptus, def., begiyi.
cognomen, -inis, n., [com- + no-
men], S7irname.
c5-gn6sco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitus,
become acquainted with, ascer-
tain, 7-e-coGXiZE, knoio. Cf.
agnosco.
co-go, -ere, co-egi, co-actus,
[com- + ago], (drive together),
force, compel. {Cogent)
Colchis, -idis, (ace. Colchida), f.,
province of Asia east of the
Black Sea.
Colchus, -i, m., [Colchis], Col-
CIIIAX.
collis, -is, m., hill. Cf. mons.
collum, -i, n,, neck. Cf. cervix.
colo, -ere, colui, cultus, culti-
vate, inhabit.
color, -oris, m., color.
columba, -ae, f., dove, pigeon.
columna, -ae, f., column.
com-, (primitive form of cum, used
in compounds, and changed to
col-, con-, cor-, or co-, before
certain consonants), (1) together
with; (2) thoroughly, completely.
coma, -ae, f., hair. Cf. crinis.
com-es, -itis, m. and f., [eo], com-
panion, comrade.
COMITIUM
250
CONSCENDO
com-itium, -i, n., [eo], the comi-
TIUM, a place in the Forum
wl»ere certain elections were
held; plur., comitia, assemblies
(of the Roman people), elec-
tions.
comitor, -ari, -atus, [comesj, ac-
companij, attend.
com-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
COMMIT, intrust.
com-rriotvis, -a, -um, adj., [part,
of commoveo], (movku), ex-
cited, alarmed. (Commotion.)
com-moveo, -ere, -movi, -mo-
tus, MOVK violently, alarm,
arouse, excite.
com-pleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, fill
2ip. {Complete.) Cf. explco, iin-
pleo.
com-plexus, -us, m., [plecto,
tivine], (surrounding;, embrace.
com-plures, -a, (more than one),
seve7'al.
com-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus,
(place together), mix, compoujid.
(Component.)
com-porto, -are, -avi, -atus,
carry or bring together. (Im-
port) Cf. confero.
com-prehendo, -ere, -endi, -en-
sus, (take hold of), seize. Cf.
corripio.
con-, see com-.
con-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
yield, grant, con'CEDk.
con-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [cado],
(fall together), fall doini, fall.
con-cilio, -are, -avi, -atus, 2^'>^o-
cure, obtain, ivin, conciliate.
con-cito, -are,- avi, -atus, [citus,
quick], xirge on, ex-ciri^.
con-clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, (cry
out together), shout out. (Ex-
clamation.)
con-cordia, -ae, f., [cors, heart],
concord; Templum Concor-
diae, Temple of Co>xord in
the Forum.
con-curro, -ere, -cum or cucurri,
-cursus, run or rush together,
collide. (Concourse.)
con-dicio, -onis, f.,[dico], condi-
tion, terms.
con-discipulus, -i, m., [disco],
schoolmate. (Disciple.)
con-do, -dere, -didi, -ditus, (put
away), store up, bury.
con-diico, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
draw together, assemble, collect.
(Conduct.) Cf. congrego, conve-
nld, convoco.
con-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus,
(bring together), bear; with se,
betake one's self, go. Cf. com-
porto.
c6n-fici6, -ere, -feci, -fectus,
(facioj, complete, accomplish,
finish, wear out.
con-grego, -are, -avi, -atus,
[grex], collect, assemble. (Con-
gregation.) Cf. couduco, conve-
nid, convoco.
con-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus,
[iacio], throw; in vincula
conicio, imprison.
con-iugium, -i, n., [iungoj, mar-
riage. Cf. mfitrimonium.
con-iunx, -iugis, m. and f., (mar-
ried person), husband, loife.
(Conjugal. )
con-iuratio, -onis, f., [coniiiroj,
conspiracy.
con-iuro, -are, -avi, -atus,
[iiiro, sivear], (swear together),
conspire. (Conjure.)
con-laudo, -are, -avi, -atus,
praise highly.
con-loco, -are, -avi, -atus, ar-
range. Cf. po^no.
con-loquium, -i, n., [loquor],
conversation. (Colloquy.)
Conor, -ari, -atus, attempt, try.
Cf. experior, tempto.
c6n-scendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen-
sus, [scando, climb], mount, em-
bark on. Cf. ascendo.
CONSIDO
251
CRUDELIS
con-sido, -ere, -sedi, -sessus, sit
doicn.
con-silium, -i, n.,plan, counsel.
con-sobrinus, -i, m., [soror], (son
of a mother's sister), Jirst-cotisin.
c6n-spectus, -us, m., [conspicio],
sight. Cf. aspectus.
con-spieio, -ere, -spexi, -spec-
tus, [-specio, loo/c], look at
attentively, get sight of, sec.
Cf. aspicio.
c6n-stitu6, -ere, -ui, -utus,
[statu5], fix, appoint, deter-
mine, CONSTITUTE. Cf. de-
cerno.
c6n-sul, -ulis, m., [consuloj, con-
sul, chief Roman magistrate.
c6n-sulo, -ere, -lui, -Itus, [salio,
leap], (meet and consider), con-
sult.
c5n-sult6, adv., [consulo], onimr-
pose, designedly.
con-siimo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sump-
tus, (use up), CONSUMK, burn up,
destroy.
con-tendo, -ere, -di, -tus, (aim
for), CONTEND, hasten. Cf. fes-
tino, propero.
con-tentio, -onis, f., [tendo], ef-
fort, CONTENTION.
con-tinens, -entis, f., [teneoj,
mainland, continent.
con-tineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus,
[teneo] , hold together, comprise,
contain.
con-tingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactus,
[tango], totich. {Contact.)
con-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus,
come together, assemble, con-
vene. Cf. condiico, congrego,
convoco.
con-ventus, -iis, m., [venio], (as-
sembly), court.
con-verto, -ere, -ti, -sus, turn
round, turn. {Convert.)
con-viva, -ae, m. and f., [vivo],
(table companion), guest. {Con-
vivial.) Cf. hospes.
con-voc6, -are, -avi, -atus, call
together, assemble, convoke.
Cf. condiico, congrego, convenio.
CO-, see com-.
co-orior, -iri, -ortus, rise.
copia, -ae, f., [com- -f ops], abun-
dance, plenty, supply; plur.,
troops, forces. {Copious.)
cor-, see com-.
coram, prep, with abl., in the pres-
ence of.
Corinthus, -i, f., Corinth, a city
of Greece.
cornu, -us, n., horn, wing.
corona, -ae, f., crown, wreath,
garland.
corpus, -oris, n., body (living or
lifeless), corpse. Cf. cadaver.
cor-rigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus,
[rego], (set right), make up for,
correct.
cor-ripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus,
[rapio], snatch up, seize. Cf.
comprehendo.
cor-rumpo, -ere, -riipi, -ruptus,
ruin, corrupt.
eras, adv., to-morrow.
Crassus, -i, m., a very wealthy
Roman.
crastinus, -a, -um, adj., [eras],
of to-morrow, to-morrow's.
credo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, believe,
trust. {Credit)
creo, -are, -avi, -atus, make, cre-
ate, choose, elect.
cresco, -ere, crevi, cretus, in-
transitive verb, rise, groio,
in-CREASE. Cf. augeo.
Creta, -ae, f., Crete, a large island
in the Mediterranean.
crevi, see cerno and cresco.
crimen, -inis, n., charge, crime,
offence. Cf. scelus.
crinis, -is, m., hair, lock of hair.
Cf coma.
crista, -ae, f., crest.
crudelis, -e, adj., [criadusj.
CRUDELITER
252
DECIES
crudeliter, adv., [crudelis], cru-
elly.
crudus, -a, -um, adj., raw, cuude,
rough, cruel.
cubicularis, -e, adj., [cubicul-
um], of a sleeping clidinber.
cubiculum, -i, n., [-cumbo, re-
cline], sleeping chamber, bed-
room.
cubile, -is, n., [-cumbo, recline],
couch, bed.
cui, [dtit. of qui], to whom.
culpa, -ae, f., blame, fault. {Cul-
pable.']
culpo, -are, -avi, -atus, [culpa],
blame, reproach.
culter, -tri, rn., knife.
cum, conj., when ; as, since ; though,
although; cum . . . tum, both
. . . and.
cum, prep, with abl., tcith.
cumulo, -are, -avi, -atus, heap,
load, «c-cuMUL.\Ti:.
cunctus, -a, -um, adj., [co-iiiiic-
tus] , all together, the whole. Cf.
omnis, totus.
CUiliculus, -i, m., underground
jiassage, mine.
cupiditas, -atis, f., [cupidus], de-
sire, eagerness, cui'IDITY.
cupido, -inis, f., [cupidus] , rfes/Ve,
wish, eagerness.
cupidxis, -a, -um, adj., [cupioj,
eager, desirous, anxious.
cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itus, long for,
desire, loisli.
cur, adv., [qui + res], ichg : inter.,
why f
ciira, -ae, f., care, anxiety.
curat, (he) cares for, takes care of.
Cures, -ium, m. and f., the chief
town of tlie Sabines.
ciJria, -ae, f., senate house; in
Home, the senate usually met
in the Ciiria Hostilia, built by
Tullus Hostllius.
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus, run.
(Current)
currus, -us, m., [curro], chariot.
cursor, -oris, m., [curro], runner,
racer. {Cursory.)
cursus, -us, m., [curro], running,
COUKSb:, voyage.
Curtius, -i, m., :Mettius Curtius,
the Roman hero who leaped into
an abyss in the Forum,
curulis, -e, adj., [currus], cv-
RULK ; sella curiilis, the cu-
RULE chair, occupied only by the
higher Roman magistrates.
curvo, -are, -avi, -atus, [cur-
VUS], bold, CURVE.
curvus, -a, -um, adj., be7it,
CURVED, crooked. Cf. falcatus.
cuspis, -idis, f., jwint.
custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [cus-
tos], watch, guard, keep.
custos, -odis, m. and f., guard,
keeper, custodian.
cygnus, -i, m., sivan.
Cyprus, -i, f., island near the coast
of Asia Minor.
Cyzicus, -i, m., king of a town of
the same name in ^lysia.
Daedalus, -i, m., an Athenian ar-
chitect, the contriver of the laby-
rinth.
Danae, -es, (ace. Danaen), mother
of Perseus.
dat, (he) gives.
de, prep, with vlIA., from, of, abouty
concerning.
dea, -ae, (dat. and abl. plur., dea-
bus), f., goddess.
decem, indecl. num. adj., ten. {Deci-
mal. )
de-cerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretus,
decide, di-xree. Cf. constituo.
de-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [cado],
fall down. {Deciduous.)
decies, num. adv., [decem], ten
times.
DECIPIO
253
DICIO
de-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,[ca-
pio], DECEIVE.
de-clino, -are, -avi, -atus, turn
aside. {Decline.)
decoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [decus,
beauty], adorn, decouate. Cf.
onio.
de-curro, -ere, -cucurri or-curri,
-cursus, run down.
de-cuti5, -ere, -cussi, -cussus,
[quatio, shake], shake off. Cf.
excutio.
dedi, see do.
de-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
lead away, lead down, launch.
{Deduce. )
de-fendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensus,
[-fendo, toard off^,T> EVE'S D,pi'o-
ted.
de-fessus, -a, -ura, adj., tvorn out,
exhausted.
de-fluo, -ere, -fluxi, -&viKVis,flow
doion or by. {In-flux.)
de-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus,
[iacio], hurl down or off, cast
down. (Dejection.)
de-inde, adv., [de], then, next,
afterwards.
de-lectat, (he) delights, ^jZmses.
de-lecto, -are, -avi, -atus, de-
light, ptotse.
de-lectus, -a, -um, adj., [deligo],
picked, chosen, choice.
de-ligo, -ere, -legi, -Iectus, choose,
jyick out, se-LECT.
Delphi, -orum, plur. m., city in
Greece, famed for its oracle of
Apollo.
Delphicus, -a, -um, adj., [Del-
phi], Delphic, o/Delphi.
delphinus, -i, m., dolphin.
de-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
se)td doion, drop, throiv, cast.
de-monstro, -are, -avi, -atus,
point otit, show, demonstrate.
Cf. ostendo.
denique, adv., at last, at length,
finally. Cf. tandem.
dens, dentis, m., tooth. {Dentist.)
densus, -a, -um, adj., thick,
DENSE.
de-pendeo, -ere, , , hang
from, DEPEND.
de-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus,
lay aside, give up, abandon. (De-
posit)
de-rigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus,
[regO], DIRECT.
de-scendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen-
sus, [scando, climb], descend,
dismount, disembark. Cf. ex-
pono.
de-sero, -ere, -rui, -rtus, desert,
abandon. Cf. relinquo.
de-sertus, -a, -um, adj., [desero],
DESERTED, abandoned.
de-silio, -ire, -ilui, -ultus, [salio,
leap], leap down, jump doion.
de-sisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus, leave
off, stop, DESIST.
de-sum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus,/fw7,
be icanting, be lacking.
de-tineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus,
[teneo], keep back, detain, re-
serve.
de-traho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus,
draw off, drag down, drag. {De-
tract.)
de-trimentum, -5, n., [tero, ruh^,
damage, detriment.
Deucalion, -onis, m., a survivor of
the flood. See Pyrrha.
deus, -i, (plur., nom., dei, dii, di,
gen., deorum or deum, dat. and
abl., deis, diis, dis), m., god,
DEITY.
de-vorant, (they) devour.
de-voro, -are, -avi, -atus, [voro,
sivalloio whole], devour, destroy.
dextra, -ae, f., right hand. {Dex-
terous. )
di-, see dis-,
Dialis, -e, adj., of Jupiter ; Flamen
Dialis, priest of Jove.
(dicio), -onis, f ., [dico], sway, con-
trol.
DIGIT
254
DUODECIM
dicit, (he) says.
dico, -are, -avi, -atus, cIc-dicatk,
consecrate, devote.
dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, say, tell.
(Diction.)
dictator, -oris, m., [dico], dicta-
TOK, a chief magistrate witli
unlimited powers, appointed in
great emergencies to govern for
six months.
dies, -ei, m. and f., day.
dif-ficilis, -e, adj., [dis- + facilis],
DIKKICULT.
dif-ficultas, -atis, f., [difflcilis],
DIFFICULTY.
diligens, -entis, adj., [diligo], dil-
K;ent, careful.
diligenter, adv., [diligens], dili-
GFNTLY, cai-efully.
diligentia, -ae, f., [diligens], dili-
GENCK.
di-lig5, -ere, -lexi, -lectus,[leg6],
single out, love.
di-micatio, -onis, f., [dimico],
fight, struggle. Cf. pugna, proe-
lium.
di-mic6, -are, -avi, -atvis, fight,
struggle. Cf. ])ugno.
di-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
(send apart), dismiss.
dirvis, -a, -um, ad]., frightful, fear-
fid, DIRE. Cf. terribilis.
dis-, di-, inseparable particle mean-
ing asunder, apart, in different
directions.
dis-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
depart. Cf. abeo, excedo.
dis-cerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretus,
(set apart), distinguish, discern.
discipulus, -i, m., [disco], (learner),
scholar, pupil.
disco, -ere, didici, , learn.
dis-crimen, -inis, n., crisis.
dis-similis, -e, adj., unlike, dis-
similar.
dis-tendo, -ere, -di, -tus, stretch
apart, stretch, distend. Cf.
extendo.
ditissimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
dives], richest, wealthiest.
diii, adv., long, for a long time.
diurnus, -a, -um, adj., [dies], for
the day, day. (Diurnal.)
di-vell6, -ere, -velli, -volsus,
[vello, tear], tear apart.
dives, -itis, adj., rich.
di-vido, -ere, -visi, -visus, [vi-
deo], divide.
divitior, -ius, comp. of dives.
do, dare, dedi, datus, give, offer.
Cf. dond.
doceo, -ere, -cui, -ctus, teach,
show, inform, tell. (Doctor.)
dolor, -oris, in., [doled, grieve],
grief, jyain. (Dolorous.)
dolus, -i, m., deceit, cunning. Cf.
fraus.
dominus, -i, m., [domo], master.
domo, -are, -ui, -itus, subdue, con-
quer. (In-domitabte.)
domus, -lis, f ., house ; domi, loc,
at home.
donee, conj., as long as, while ; un-
til.
dono, -are, -avi, -atus, [donum],
present, give. Cf. do.
donum, -i, n., [do], present, gift.
(Donation.) Cf. munus.
dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, sleep.
(Dormitory.)
draco, onis, m., dragox.
dubito, -are, -avi, -atus, [dubius,
doubtful], hesitate, doubt.
dubium, -i, n., [dubius, doubtful],
uncertainty, doubt.
diico, -ere, duxi, ductus, lead,
draio ; in matrimSnium diico,
marry (a wife). (Duct.) Cf. ago.
dulcedo, -inis, f., [dulcis, sweet],
sweetness. (Dulcet.)
dum, conj., with Indie, tvhile, as
long as ; with Subj., until.
duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two.
(Duet.)
duo-decim, indecl, num. adj., [de-
cern], twelve. (Duodecimal.)
DUllUS
255
EVENIO
durus, -a, -um, adj., hard. (En-
dure.)
dux, ducis, m. and f.,lAxiOO],leader,
general. {Duke.) Cf. imperator.
€, see ex.
eburneus, -a, -um, adj., [ebur,
ivory], of IVORY, IVORY.
ecce, interj., lo I see ! behold ! there !
look !
e-duc6, -are, -avi, -atus, [dux],
brikig up, rear, educate.
e-duc6, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
lead out.
ef-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus,
[ex + facio], make, cause, accom-
plish, EFFECT.
€f-fugi6, -ere, -fugi, , [ex +
fugio], (flee away), escape. Cf.
evado.
egi, see ago.
ego, mei, pers. pron., I.
e-gredior, -gredi, -gressus, [gra-
dior, step], go out, disembark.
(Egress.) Cf. expono.
e-gregie, adv., [egregius], excel-
lently, admirably, remarkably.
e-gregius, -a, -um, adj., [grex],
distinguished, eminent. (Egre-
gious.) Cf. clarus, msTgnis.
eheu, interj., alas!
e-labor, -i, -lapsus, slip away,
glide out, escape. (Elapse.)
elephantus, -i, m., elephant.
e-lu6, -ere, -ui, -utus, ivash out,
wash. Cf. lavo.
€-mergo, -ere, -si, -sus, coine
forth, EMERGE.
e-mico, -are, -ui, -atus, dart
forth.
e-mineo, -ere, -ui, , [-mineo,
tower], stand out, j^roject. (Emi-
nent.)
e-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, send
out, EMIT, let otit ; pass., start.
emo, -ere, emi, emptus, buy ;
gain, obtain.
enim, conj., (post positive), /or. Cf.
nam.
eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus, go.
Epidaurus, -i, f., city in Argolis.
epistula, -ae, f., letter, epistee.
epulae, -arum, plur. f., (viands),
feast, banquet.
eques, -itis, m., [equus], home
man, cavalryman, knight: one
of the equestrian Order rank-
ing between the Senate and the
riebs.
equester, -tris, -tre, adj., [eques],
EQUESTRIAN.
equinus, -a, -um, adj., [equus],
of a horse, equine.
equitabant, (they) used to ride.
equito, -are, -avi, -atus, [eques],
ride.
equus, -i, m., horse.
erant, (they) loere.
erat, (he) was.
e-ripio, -ere, -ui, -repttis, [ra-
pid], snatch away, save, rescue.
Cf. avello.
errabant, (they) used to roam, wan-
der.
errat, (he) strays, ivanders.
erro, -are, -avi, -atus, stray, ivan-
der, rove, roam. (Err.)
e-rumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus,
burst out. (Eruption.)
est, (he) is.
et, conj., and; et . . . et, both . . .
and. Cf atque, -que.
et-iam, adv., also, even, still. Cf.
quoque.
Euxinus, -a, -um, adj., Pontus
Euxinus, the Black Sea.
e-vado, -ere, -si, -sus, go forth,
escape, evade. Cf effugio.
e-vanesc6, -ere, -vanui, ,
vanish aioay.
e-veho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus,
carry aioay ; pass., sail aioay.
e-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus,
(come forth), happen, result.
(Event.) Cf. accido.
EX
256
FALCATUS
ex or e, prep, with abl., out of, of,
from, on, according to.
ex-audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear
(from afar).
ex-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, de-
part ; e vita excedo, die. {Ex-
cess.) Cf abeo, discedo.
ex-cito, -are, -avi, -atus, [cieo,
arouse], rouse, aicaken, ioxcitk.
ex-cutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus,
[quatio, shake], shake off, strike
away. (Ver-cussion.) (/. decutio.
exemplar, -aris, n., copy, i:x-
AMl'LK.
exemplum, -i, n., kxample.
ex-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go out, de-
])art, withdraiv. {Exit.)
ex-erceo, -ere, -cui, -citus, [ar-
ceo, keep], keep at ivork, keep
busy, engage, train, exeucise,
drill.
ex-ercitatus, -a, -um, adj., [exer-
ceo], well EXEKC'ISEi), drilled,
or disciplined.
ex-ercitus, -iis, m., [exerceo],
(disciplined body of men), army.
Cf agmen.
ex-iguus, -a, -um, adj., scanty,
small, inconsiderable. Cf par-
vus.
ex-inde, adv., thereafter, then.
ex-orno, -are, -avi, -atus, fit out,
equip, arZ-ORN.
ex-pello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus,
drive out, expel.
ex-perior, -iri, -pertus, try,pro\'e,
expehience. Cf. Conor, tempto.
ex-pleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, fill up,
fill full. Cf. compleo, impleo.
ex-plic6, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus
or -itus, [plico, fold^, unfold,
explain.
ex-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus,
set forth, set on shore, disem-
bark. (Expose.) Cf. descendo.
ex-pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, take
by assault, storm, capture. Cf
oppugno.
ex-silium, -i, n., [exsul], banish-
ment, EXILK.
ex-specto, -are, -avi, -atus, ex-
pect, await, wait for, wait.
ex-spiro, -are, -avi, -atus, breathe
out, EXPIRE. Cf. morior.
ex-sto, -are, , , exist, be
EXTANT.
ex-sul, -ulis, m. and f., [salio,
leap], EXILE.
exta, -drum, plur. n., (chief inter-
nal organs of the body), entrails.
ex-tendo, -ere, -tendi, -\entus
or -tensus, stretch out, ex-
tend. Cf. distendo.
ex-ternus, -a, -um, adj., [exte-
rus], (EXTERNAL), /ora^u.
ex-terus, -a, -um, adj., [ex], out-
icard.
ex-torqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus,
twist out, icrench aicuy. (Extort.)
extra, adv., and prep, with ace,
[exterus], outside. Cf. intra.
extremus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
exterus], farthest, last, ex-
treme.
fabula, -ae, f., [fari, speak], story,
tale. (Fable.)
faciebant, (they) were doing.
facile, adv., [facilis], easily.
facilis, -e, adj., [facio], (easy to do),
easy. (Facile.)
facio, -ere, feci, factus, make, con-
struct, do, perform ; certior
facio, make more certain, in-
form.
facit, (he) does.
faciunt, (they) do.
f actio, -onis, f., [facio], faction.
factum, -i, n., [facio], deed, act.
(Fact.)
faenum, -i, n., hay.
falcatus, -a, -um, adj., [falx,
sickle], hooked, curved. Cf. cur-
vus.
FAMES
257
FORTIS
fames, -is, (abl., fame), f., hunger,
FAMINE.
familia, -ae, f., family.
familiaris, -e, adj., of the family.
fatum, -i, n., [fari, speak], destiny,
fatk.
fauces, -ium, f., (throat, jaws), nar-
roio passage.
faveo, -ere, favi, fauturus, fa-
vor.
favor, -oris, m., [faveo], favor.
fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand.
fecerunt, (they) did do.
fecit, (he) did do.
feliciter, adv., [felix], luckily, Jiap-
pily ; feliciter dico, offer con-
gratulations.
felix, -icis, adj., lucky, happy, for-
tunate. (Felicity.) Cf beatus.
femina, -ae, f., woman. {Feminine.)
fera, -ae, f., [ferus], wild beast.
ferio, -ire, , , strike, smite,
wound.
fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, bring,
carry. Cf. porto, velio.
ferox, -ocis, adj., [ferus], fierce,
savage, ferocious. Cf. ferus,
saevus.
ferreus, -a, -um, adj., [ferrum], of
iron, iron.
ferrum, -i, n., iron, sioord.
ferus, -a, -um, adj., tvild, untamed,
fierce. Cf. ferox, saevus.
fervidus, -a, -um, adj., [ferveo,
boil], glowing. {Fervid.)
fessus, -a, -um, adj., tired.
festino, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten.
Cf. propero.
festus, -a, -um, adj., festal.
fictilis, -e, adj., of clay oy pottery.
fidelis, -e, adj., [fides], faithful.
{Fidelity.) Cf. fldus.
fides, -ei, f., [fido, trust], trust,
faith, honor.
fido, -ere, fisus, semi-deponent,
trust, C071-FIDE.
fidus, -a, -um, adj., [ildo], faith-
ful. Cf. fidelis.
figura, -ae, f., form, figure, Cf.
forma,
filia, -ae, (dat. and abl. plur., filia-
bus), f., daughter.
filius, -i, (voc. sing., fili), m., son.
{Filial.)
filum, -i, n., thread, string.
finio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [finis], end,
finish. {Finite.)
finis, -is, m., end, boundary;
plur., territory, country, land.
(Final.)
finitimus, -a, -um, adj., [finis],
neighboring, near.
fio, fieri, f actus, (pass, of facio),
be made, be done, become.
firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, stout,
FIRM.
flamen, -inis, r\.,x)riest, flamen.
flamma, -ae, f., flame. Cf. ignis.
flammeum, -i, n., bridal veil.
flammi-fer, -fera, -ferum, [flam-
ma + fero], ¥i.A.^iK-bearing, fire-
breathing.
Flora, -ae, f., [flos]. Flora.
Florus, -i, m., [flos], Florus.
flos, -oris, m.,floicer. (Floral.)
fliimen, -inis, n., [fluo], stream,
river. Cf. amnis, fluvius.
fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow.
(Fluent.)
fluvius, -i, m., [fluo], river. Cf.
amnis, flumen.
focus, -i, m.,firex>lace, hearth.
foedus, -eris, n., treaty, agreement ;
ex foedere, according to agree-
ment.
fons, fontis, m., spring, fountain,
source.
fore, for futurus esse.
forma, -ae, f., form, figure. Cf.
figura.
f 5r-sit-an, adv., [fors sit an, it may
be that] , perhaps. Cf. forte.
forte, adv., [abl. of fors, chance], by
chance.
fortis, -e, adj., brave, strong. Cf.
validus.
FOKTUNA
258
GRANDO
fortuna, -ae, f., [fors, chance],
FORTUNE, good or bad foktunk.
forum, -i, n., market-place ; Forum
(Romanum), the foklm (in
Rome),
fossa, -ae, f„ [fodio, dig], ditch,
trench. {Fosse.)
fragor, -oris, m., crash, noise, din.
Cf. sonus.
frater, -tris, m., bkothku. (Fra-
ternal. )
fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, fkaud,
cheat, trickery. Cf. dolus.
fremitus, -us, in., [fremo, roar],
roaring, shouting.
fretum, -i, n., strait, sound, chan-
nel.
fruges, see frux.
frumentum, -i, n., [fruor], corn,
grain.
fruor, -i, fructus, enjoy.
frustra, adv., in vain.
(frux), frugis, i., fruit; lAnr., fruits,
produce.
fuga, -ae, f., [t\xg.ib], flight.
fugat, {\\e) puts to flight.
fugio, -ere, fugi, , flee, fly.
(Fugitiue.)
fugo, -are, -avi, -atus, [fuga],
j)ut to flight.
fulgens, -entis, adj., [fulgeo],
gleaming, (lie-fulgent.)
fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, , gleam,
shine.
fulgor, -oris, m., [fulgeo], gleam,
flash.
fundus, -i, m.,farm.
fungor, -i, fiinctus, (busy one's
self), perform, exhibit, celebrate.
funus, -eris, n., funkkal rites,
burial, fuxekal.
Furius, -i, m., see Camillus.
furo, -ere, , , 7-age, rave.
(Fury.)
furor, -oris, m,, [furo], madness,
frenzy.
fiirtim, adv., [iuT, thief], stealthily.
(Furtively.)
fuscina, -ae, f ., three-pronged spear,
trident.
f uturus, -a, -um, fut. part, of sum.
Gabii, -orum, plur. m., city of
Latiuni.
Gabinus, -a, -um, adj., [Gabii],
citizen q/" Gabii.
Gaius, -i, m., Gaius or Caius, a
Ivoman name.
galea, -ae, f., helmet.
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., [Gallia,.
Gaul], Gallic.
gaudeo, -ere, gavisus, rejoice.
gaudium, -i, n., [gaudeo], joy.
Cf. laetitia.
geminus, -a, -um, adj., twin-born,
tium-.
gener, -eri, m., son-in-law.
genius, -i, ni., gknius (of a place).
gens, gentis, f., race, nation.
(Gentry.)
genu, -lis, n., knee.
genus, -eris, n., race, family, kind.
(Gender. )
Germanus, -i, m., Geumax.
gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, wear;
manage, carry on, wage; do.
gladiator, -oris, m., [gladius],
(swordsman), gladiator.
gladiatorius, -a, -um, adj., [glad-
iator], o/ gladiators, gladi-
atorial.
gladius, -i, m., sword.
gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame, re-
nown.
G^rgo, -onis, f., Gorgon, one of
three frightful sisters having
snakes instead of hair; see
Medusa.
gracilis, -e, adj., slender, graceful.
Graeae, -arum, plur. f., three hor-
rible old women who had but one
eye and one tooth among them.
Graecia, -ae, f., Greece.
grando, -inis, f., hail.
GRATIA
259
HOSTILIUS
gratia, -ae, i., favor, grace; gra-
tias ago, give thanks ; gratiam
refero, return thanks.
gratuitus, -a, -um, adj., [gratia],
(without pay),/ree, gratuitous.
gratus, -a, -um, adj., acceptable,
pleasing, agreeable, QUA.TK-ful.
gravis, -e, adj., heavy, grave, seri-
ous, formidable.
graviter, adv., [gravis], heavily,
exceedingly.
grex, gregis, m.^ flock. (Grega-
rious.)
gubernator, -oris, m., [guberno,
steer], steersman. (Gubernatorial.)
gusto, -are, -avi, -atus, taste,
enjoy.
guttur, -uris, n., throat. (Guttural.)
H
habebat, (lie) had, owned, possessed.
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, have,
hold, pronounce, deliver. Cf.
tent'o.
habito, -are, -avi, -atus, [habeo],
dwell, live, i?i-HABiT. Cf. incolo.
Haedui, -orum, plur. m., a people
of Gaul.
haereo, -ere, haesi, haesurus,
(stick), hesitate.
bamus, -i, m., hook.
harena, -ae, f., sand. (Arena.)
Harpe, -es, (ace, Harpen), sickle-
shaped sword.
Harpyia, -ae, f.. Harpy, half bird
and half woman.
haru-spex, -icis, m., [haru, eti-
trails, + -specie, look], sooth-
sayer, (inspector of the entrails
of victims).
hasta, -ae, f., spear. Cf. telum.
baud, adv., not, not at all. Cf. non.
Hecate, -es, f., goddess of enchant-
ment.
Helle, -es, (ace, Hellen), f.,
daughter of Athamas.
Helles-pontus, -i, m., (sea of
Helle), Hellespont.
herba, -ae, f., grass, plant, herb.
Hercules, -is, m., a hero of great
strengtli, one of the Argonauts.
heri, adv., yesterday.
Herminius, -i, m., Titus Her-
minius, who helped Horatius
Codes defend the bridge.
Hesperides, -um, plur. f., guard-
ians of the garden with golden
apples.
hie, adv., here, on this side.
hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this ;
pers. pron., he, she, it ; ille . . .
hie, the former . . . the latter.
hiemo, -are, -avi, -aturus,
[hiems, winter], winter.
hinc, adv., [hie], from this place,
hence, on this side.
Hippomenes, -ae, m., successful
suitor of Atalanta.
Hister, -tri, m., the river Danube.
ho-die, adv., [hoc + die], to-day.
homo, -inis, m. and f., human be-
ing, man. Cf. vir.
honor or honos, -oris, m., honor,^
office.
honorat, (he) honors, respects.
hora, -ae, f., hour.
Horatius, -i, m., see Codes.
horrendus, -a, -um, adj., [horreo],
dreadful. Cf. horribilis.
horreo, -ere, -ui, , bristle;-
shudder.
horreum, -i, n., barn.
horribilis, -e, adj., [horreo] , /ear-
ful, horrible. Cf. horrendus.
hortor, -ari, -atus, cheer, eaj-HORT.
hortus, -i, m., garden. (Horti-cul-
ture.)
hospes, -itis, m. and f ., host, guest.
hospitium, -i, n., [hospes], hospi-
tality.
hostia, -ae, f., victim, sacrifice.
hostilis, -e, adj., [hostis], hostile.
Hostilius, -a, -um, adj.,o/a7i hos-
TiLius ; Curia Hostilia, senate-
house built by Tullus Hostilius,
third king of Rome.
HOSTIS
260
IMPONO
hostis, -is, m. and f., enemy.
hue, adv. [for old form hoc], hither,
to this side.
humanus, -a, -um, adj., [homo],
HU3IAN.
humilis, -e, adj., [humus], loiv,
lowly, HCMBLK.
humus, -i, f., grotiiul ; humi, loc,
on the ground.
Hylas, -ae, m., one of the Argo-
nauts, companion of Hercules!.
iaceo, -ere, -cui, , lie.
iacio, -ere, ieci, iactus, throw,
cast.
iacto, -are, -avi, -atus, [iacio],
throiv, cast, hnrl.
iaculxim, -i, n., [iacio], dart, jave-
lin. Cf. hasta, telum.
iam, adv., already, noto ; non iam,
no longer. Cf. nunc,
laniculum, -i, n., [lanus], one of*
the hills of Rome sacred to
Janus,
ianua, -ae, f., ^7oo?-. (y. ostium.
lason, -onis, m., jason, leader of
the Argonauts.
ibant, (they) u-sed to go.
ibi, adv., [is], there, in that place.
Icarus, -i, m., son of Daedalus.
idem, eadem, idem, pron., [is +
dem], the same, also, likewise.
(Identity.)
idoneus, -a, -um, adj.,^^, suitable.
igitur, conj. and adv., therefore. Cf.
itaque.
ignavus, -a, -um, adj., [in +
(g)navus, husy}, idle, spiritless,
cowardly.
ignis, -is, m., fire. (Ignite.) Cf.
flamma.
ignore, -are, -avi, -atus, [in +
gnarus, knowing], not know, he
IGNORANT of. Cf. nescio.
ignosco, -ere, -novi, -notus, [in +
(g) nosco, knowl, pardon.
ignotus, -a, -um, adj., [in +
(g)n6tus] , tmknown, untried,
unfamiliar.
ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that ;
pers. pron., he, she, it ; ille . . .
hie, the former . . . the latter.
illuc, adv., [ille], thither, there.
im-, see in-,
imber, -bris, m., rain, rain-storm,
heavy rain. Cf. pluvia.
im-memor, -oris, adj., [memor,
mindful], unmindful, forgetful.
(Immemorial.)
im-mensus, -a, -um, adj., [metior,
measure], vast, immknsk.
im-mol6, -are, -avi, -atus, [mola,
sacrificial meal], sacrifice, offer.
(Immolate.)
im-mortalis, -e, adj., immohtal.
im-patiens, -entis, adj., [patior],
IMTATIKNT.
im-perator, -oris, m., [impero],
commander, general. (Emperor.)
Cf. .lux.
im-perium, -i, n., [impero], coin-
mand, power, authority, rule,
E.^iriKK.
im-pero, -are, -avi, -atus, [paro],
command, order, order to j^^'O-
vide. (Imperative.) Cf. iubeo.
im-petro, -are, -avi, -atus, [pa-
tro, effect] , obtain one's request,
gain one's end.
im-petus, -iis, ni., [peto], attack,
rush. (Impetuous.)
im-pietas, -atis, f., impiety.
im-piger, -gra, -grum, adj., active.
im-pleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, fill up.
Cf. compleo, expleo.
im-ploro, -are, -avi, -atus,
[ploro, wail], beseech, beg, im-
plore.
im-pluvium, -i, n., [pluvia], pool
in the atrium, into which the rain
fell through the opening in the
roof.
im-p6no, -ere, -posui, -positus^
2}lace upon, put into, impose.
IMPORTO
261
INSCIUS
im-porto, -are, -avi, -atus, bring
in, IMPORT.
im-pudentia, -ae, f., [pudens,
modest], shamelessness, impu-
dence.
imus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of infe-
rus], lowest, bottom of.
in, prep., (1) with ace, into, to,
against; (2) with abl., in, on,
upon, among.
in-, prefix, (changing to im- before
b, m, and p), (1) with verbs, in,
into, on, against ; (2) witli adjec-
tives, not, un-, IN-.
inanis, -e, adj., empty. {Inane.)
in-cautus, -a, -um, adj., [caveo],
INCAUTIOUS, unwary.
in-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
march, advance, walk. Cf. pro-
gredior.
in-cendo, -ere, -cendi, -census,
[-cendo, kindle], set on fire,
rouse, excite, incense. Cf. ac-
cendo.
in-certus, -a, -um, adj., uncePv-
tain.
in-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [cado],
fall in or into, fall upon, happen
upon. {Incident.)
in-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,
[capio], (talce in hand), begin.
{Inception.) Cf. coepT.
in-cito, -are, -avi, -atus, [cieo,
arouse], urge on, spur on, in-
cite.
In-clam6,-are,-avi, -atus, cry out.
in-cludo, -ere, -si, -sus, [claudo,
shut], shut up, inclose.
in-cola, -ae, m. and f., [colo], in-
habitant, inmate.
in-col6, -ere, -lui, , dwell in,
inhabit. Cf. habito.
in-columis, -e, adj., safe. Cf. in-
tactus, tutus.
in-credibilis, -e, adj., [credo],
loonderfal, inckeimhle.
in-crep6, -are, -ui, -itus, [crepo,
rattle] , upbraid, chide, rebuke.
in-cumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi-
t\is, [-cumbo, lie], lay one's self
to, bend to. {Incumbent.)
inde, adv., [is], thence, then, there-
upon.
in-dignitas, -atis, f., [dignus,
worthy], insult, indignity.
indulgeo, -ere, -ulsi, -ultus, in-
dulge.
in-du5, -ere, -ui, -iitus, [in(d) -f-
-u6, put], put on, dress one's self
in ; pass., dress.
in-fans, -fantis, m. and f., [fari,
speak], (not spealcing), child, in-
fant, babe.
in-fectus, -a, -um, adj., [facio],
not done, unaccomplished; re
inf ecta, loithout success.
in-felix, -icis, adj., unfortunate,
unhap2)y. {Infelicity.)
in-ferus, -a, -um, adj., lower.
in-festus, -a, -um, adj., [-fendo],
made imsafe, infested.
in-flu6, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxus, flow
in. (Influx.)
infra, prep, with ace, below.
in-genium, -i, n., character, abil-
ity, talents, genius.
in-gens, -gentis, adj., vast, huge.
Cf. magnus, vastus.
in-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, [ia-
cio], put in or on, throw in, in-
spire, infuse, inject.
in-iuste, adv., [iiis], unjustly.
in-iustus, -a, -um, adj., [ius],
UNJUST.
in-numerabilis, -e, adj., [nume-
rus], countless, innumekahle.
in-opia, -ae, f., [ops], want, scar-
city.
inquam, def. verb, say: inquit,
says he or said he.
in-rideo, -ere, -risi, -risus, laugh
at, uiv>\-cule.
in-sciens, -entis, adj., [scio], not
knowiiig, unaware.
in-scius, -a, -um, adj., [scio], not
knoiving, ignorant of.
INSCRIBO
262
ISTHMUS
in-scribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip-
tus, write uj)on, insciube.
in-sectum, -i, n., [seco, cw/j, in-
sect.
in-sequor, -i, -secutus, pursue,
press upon. Cf. insto.
in-signis, -e, adj., [signum], dis-
tinguished, remarkable, striking.
Cf. clarus, egrt'gius.
in-solitus, -a, -um, adj., [soleo],
tinaccusto7ned, iinnsed.
in-somnis, -e, adj., [somnus],
sleej/less. {Insomnia.)
in-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus,
[-specio, look], look into, in-
spect.
in-sto, -are, -stiti, -staturus,
press itpon, ptirsue. Cf. inseciuor.
insula, -ae, f., island. (Insular.)
in-tactus, -a, -um, adj., [tango],
untouched, uninjured, intact.
Cf. iiicolumis, tutus.
intel-lego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus,
[inter] , perceive, understand,
comprehend. {Intelligent.)
inter, prep, with ace, between,
among ; inter se, with each
other.
inter-dum, adv., sometimes.
inter-ea, adv., meamvhile, in the
meantime.
inter-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus,
[facio], (put out of the way),
kill. Cf. caedo, neco.
inter-im, adv., [is], meanwhile, in
the meantime.
inter-imo, -ere, -emi, -emptus,
[emo], (take away from among),
kill. Cf. interficio.
interior, -ius, adj., [comp. of
inter], inteuiok of.
inter-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missvis,
leave off, intekjiit, interrupt.
in-territus, -a, -um, adj., [ter-
reo], undaunted, untki'vUIFIKD.
inter-scindo, -ere, -scidi, -seis-
sus, [scindo, cut], cut down.
{Scissors.)
inter- vallum, -i, n., space between,
distance apart, interval.
in-tolerandus, -a, -um, adj., [to-
leroj, intoleuable, unendur-
able.
intra, prep, with ncc, within, inside.
Cf. extra.
intrat, (he) enteijs.
in-trepidus, -a, -um, adj., [trepi-
dus, alarmed], undaunted, in-
TUEPII).
intro, -are, -avi, -atus, enter.
intro-itus, -iis, m., [intro, with-
in + eO], ENTRANCE.
in-undo, -are, -avi, -atus, [un-
da], overfloio, inundate.
in-iitilis, -e, adj., useless.
in-vado, -ere, -vasi, -vasus, ad-
vance tipon, rush upon, attack.
Cf aggredior.
in-veho, -ere, -veyd, -vectus,
carry in; pass., sail in.
in-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus,
come upon, find, invent.
in- video, -ere, -vidi, -visus, (look
askance at), envy.
in- visus, -a, -um, adj., [invideo],
hated, Jiateful.
in-vitat, (he) invites.
in-vito, -are, -avi, -atus, invite.
lolcus, -i, m., town and harbor of
Thessaly, whence the Argonauts
sailed.
lovis, see luppiter.
ipse, -a, -um, intens. pron., self;
very.
ira, -ae, f ., anger, wrath, rage. (Ire.)
iracundus, -a, -um, adj., [ira],
passionate.
iratus, -a, -um, adj., [ira], an-
gered, enraged.
ire, see eo.
is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that;
pers. pron., he, she, it.
iste, -a, -ud, dem. pron., that (of
yours), that (near you).
Isthmus, -i, m., the isthmus of
Corinth.
ITA
263
LEGIO
ita, adv., so, thus. Cf. sic.
Italia, -ae, f., Italy.
ita-que, conj., and so, therefore. Cf.
igitur.
iter, itineris, n., [eo], journey, road,
march. (Itinerant.)
iterum, adv., again, a second time.
(Iterative.)
itineris, see iter,
iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussus, order,
bid, command. Cf. irnpero.
iudex, -icis, ni. and f., [ius + dico],
JUDGE.
lulia, -ae, f., Julia.
lulius, -i, m., Julius.
iuncus, -i, m., rush.
iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctus, join,
yoke, span.
liinius, -i, m., Junius, see Brutus.
liino, -onis, f., Juno, queen of
heaven, sister and wife of Jupi-
ter.
luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter or
Jove, chief god among the Ro-
mans.
ius, iuris, n., right, law, justice.
Cf. lex.
iussi, see iubeo.
iiissum, -i, n., [iubeo], command.
iiistus, -a, -um, adj., [iusj, just.
iuvenis, -is, m. and f., youth, young
man or ivoman. (Juvenile.) Cf.
adulescens.
iuvo, -are, iuvi, iiitus, help, assist.
(Ad-Jutant)
iiixta, adv., and prep, with ace, near
to, close to.
ivi, see eo.
L., abbreviation for Lucius.
labor, -oris, m., labor, toil. Cf.
opus.
laboro, -are, -avi, -atus, [labor],
LABOR, be in trouble, be in diffl-
cnlty.
labjrrinthus, -i, m., labyrinth.
lac, lactis, n., milk. (Lacteal.)
lacrima, -ae, f., tear. (Lachrymose.)
lacus, -us, m., lake, pond. Cf.
stagnum.
laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus, hurt,
offend.
laetitia, -ae, f., [laetus], joy, glad-
ness. Cf. gaudiuni.
laetus, -a, -um, txd]., joyful, glad.
laevus, -a, -um, adj., left. Cf.
sinister.
lanista, -ae, m., trainer (of ghidi-
ators).
lapis, -idis, ni., stone. (Lapidary.)
Cf. saxum.
laquearia, -ium, plur. n., panelled
ceiling, fretted roof
Lares, -um, plur. m., deified spirits
of ancestors protecting the home,
household gods.
Lars, Lartis, m., see Porsena.
Lartius, -i, m., Spurius Lartius,
one of the companions of Hora-
tius Codes.
late, adv., [latus], u-idely.
lateo, -ere, -ui, , lurk, tie con-
cealed. (Latent.)
Latine, adv., [Latinus], in Latin.
Latinus, -a, -um, adj., [Latium],
of Latium, Latin.
Latium, -i, n., country of Italy be-
tween the Tiber and Campania.
latro, -onis, m., robber.
latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide.
(Latitude.)
latus, -eris, n., side. (Lateral.)
laudat, (he) praises.
laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, [laus],
praise, laud.
laus, laudis, f ., praise, glory.
lavo, -are, lavi, lautus or lotus,
wash, bathe, lave. Cf. eluo.
lectus, -i, m., couch, bed.
legatus, -i, m., [lego, appoint}, am-
bassador, legate, messenger.
legio, -onis, f., [legoj, (a gather-
ing), legion, containing about
5,000 soldiers.
LEGO
264
MAGNIFICUS
lego, -ere, legi, lectus, gather,
co^LECT, se-LECT; read.
Lemnos, -i, f., island in the Aegean
Sea.
leo, -onis, m., liox,
Lesbitis, -a, -um, adj., of Lksbos,
an island in the Aegean Sea,
Lesijian.
levis, -e, adj., light, slight. {Levity.)
lex, legis, f., law. {Legal.) Cf.
ius.
libenter, adv., tcillingly.
liber, -bri, m., hook.
liber, -era, -erum, adj.,/ree. {Lib-
eral. )
Liber, -eri, m., Italian god of plant-
ing, identified with Bacchus.
liberat, (he) freea, releases.
liberi, -orum, plur. m., [liber],
children.
libero, -are, -avi, -atus, [liberj,
free, release, libekatk.
libertus, -i, m.,freedman. {Liberty.)
Libya, -ae, f.. North Africa west of
Egypt.
Libycus, -a, -um, adj., of Libya,
Libyan.
ligneus, -a, -um, adj., [lignum],
of wood, loooden.
lignum, -i, n., stici: of tvood, fire-
wood, wood.
liraen, -inis, n., threshold.
linea, -ae, f., [linumj, string,
line; alba linea, ivhite line
(drawn across the arena, mark-
ing the end of the race course).
linum, -i, n., (flax), thread, line.
litus, -oris, n., .s/to?-c. Cf. ora.
loe5, -are, -avi, -atus, [locus],
place. {Locate.)
locus, -i, m., (plur., loci, single
places ; loca, places connected, a
region), place, position, situation.
{Local. )
longe, adv., [longus], afar, far off.
longitiido, -inis, f., [longus],
length. {Longitude.)
longus, -a, -um, adj., long.
lucerna, -ae, f., [luceo, shine']^
lamp.
Lucius, see L. Ifinius Briitus.
luctamen, -inis, n., [liictor,
wrestle], wrestling match.
luctatio, -onis, f., [luctor,
wrestle], wrestling.
luctus, -us, ni., grief, mourning.
liicus, -i, ni., sacred grove.
ludicer, -era, -crum, adj., [In-
dus], sportive.
ludo, -ere, lusi, lusus, play,
{i're-lude.)
liidus, -i, m., [liido], play, game;
school.
liimen, -inis, n., [luceo, shine],
light, source of light. Cf. lu.x;.
{Luminous, )
liina, -ae, f., [Iiice5, shine], moon.
{Lunar.)
lustro, -are, -avi, -atus, [luceo,
shine], (light up), survey, trav-
erse. {l\-lustrate.)
luteus, -a, -um, adj., orange-col-
ored, yelloio.
liix, lucis, f., [luceo, shine], light,
brightness ; prima luce, at day-
break.
lyra, -ae, f., lyre.
M., abbreviation for M.arcus.
maestus, -a, -um, adj., sad, sor-
rowful.
magis, adv., [comp. of multoj,
more, rather.
magister, -tri, m., [magnus], mas-
ter, teacher.
magistratus, -iis, m., [magister],
MAGISTIIATE.
magn-animus, -a, -um, adj.,
[magnus], greatsouled, mag-
nanimous.
magni-fice, adv., [magnificus],
MAGNir'IOENTLY.
magni-ficus, -a, -um, adj., [mag-
nus + faciO], MAGNIFICENT.
MAGNITUDO
265
MILES
magnitudd, -inis, f., [magnus],
greatness, size, magnitude.
magn-opere, adv., [magnus +
opus], greatly
magnus, -a, -um, adj., great, large.
Cf. ingens, vastus.
maior, -ius, adj., [coinp. of mag-
nus], greater, older, elder.
(Major.)
male, adv., [malus], badly, ill.
male-dico, -ere, -dixi, -dictus,
speak ill of, slander.
malo, malle, malui, [magis +
volo] , (choose rather), prefer.
malum, -i, n., apple. Cf. pomum.
malus, -a, -um, adj., bad, ivicked.
Mamilius, i-, m., Octavius Ma-
milius, son-in-law of Tarciuinius
Superbus.
mane, adv., early in the morn-
ing.
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus,
stay, re-siws.
man us, -us, f., hand, band of men ;
manu, artificially.
mappa, -ae, f., napkin.
Marcus, -i, m., Marcus.
mare, -is, n., sea.
maritus, -i, m., married man; no-
vus maritus, bridegroom ; novi
mariti, bridal couple.
marmor, -oris, n., marble.
marmoreus, -a, -um, adj., made of
MARRT.K, MARRLE.
Mars, Martis, m., god of war.
Martins, -a, -um, adj., [Mars],
o/'Mars; see campus.
mater, -tris, f., mother. {Ma-
ternal.)
matrimonium, -i, n., [mater],
marriage, matrimony.
maturus, -a, -um, adj., ripe, ma-
ture.
maxime, adv., [maximus], very
greatly, especially, most.
maximus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
magnus], greatest, very great,
largest.
Medea, -ae, f., daughter of Aecta,
king of Colchis, and wife of
Jason.
medicam'entum, -i, n., [medico],
drug, MEDICINE.
medicatus, -a, -um, adj., [medi-
co], magic.
medico, -are, -avi, -atus, [medi-
cus], drug.
medicus, -i, m., [medeor, heal\,
doctor, physician.
medius, -a, -um, adj., middle of.
{Medium.)
Medusa, -ae, f., chief of the Gor-
gons, whose look turned objects
into stone.
Megara, -ae, f., a town in Megaris,
a country of Greece.
mel, mellis, n., honey. {Melli-
fliious.)
Meleager, -gri, m., a Calydonian
hero, one of the Argonauts.
melius, comp. of bene.
membrum, -i, n., limb, jiembkr.
memoria, -ae, f., [memor, mind-
ful], MEMORY, remembrance.
mendacium, -i, n., falsehood, lie.
{Mendacious.)
mens, mentis, f., mind. {Mental.)
Cf. animus.
mensa, -ae, f., table.
mensis, -is, m., month.
Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury, mes-
senger of the gods.
mereor, -eri, -itus, deserve, sik-rit.
mergo, -ere, mersi, mersus, dip,
sink, im-MFAiSK.
merits, adv., deservedly, justly.
messis, -is, f., [meto], harvest.
meta, -ae, f , goal.
meto, -ere, messui, messus, reap.
Mettius, -i, m., see Curtius.
metus, -us, m.,fear, dread, anxiety.
Cf. timor.
meus, -a, -um, adj., my, mine.
mi, voc. m., of meus.
Midas, -ae, m., king of Phrygia.
miles, -itis, m., [mille], soldier.
MILITIA
266
MYSIA
militia, -ae, f., [miles], militaky
service, ivarfare.
mille, iiulecl. num. adj., thousand;
plur. milia, -ium, n,, thotisands.
minae, -ariim, plur. f., threats.
Minerva, -ae, f., goddess of wis-
dom.
minime, adv., [minimiis], by no
means, not at all, no, no indeed.
minimus, -a, -um, [sup. of par-
vus] , very little, smallest.
minister, -tri, m., attendant. {Min-
ister.)
minor, -ari, -atus, [minae],
ihreateii, MENA<:ii.
minor, -us, adj., [coinp. of par-
vus] , smaller, less.
Minos, -ois, m., king of Crete.
Mino-taurus, -i, m., Minotaur, a
monster with a bull's head on
a man's body.
minus, see parum.
mirabilis, -e, adj., [rairor], ivon-
derful, f/rf-.MiUABLK.
miraculum, -i, n., [miror], won-
der, MIKACLl'-.
miror, -ari, -atus, wonder at, ad-
MIRK.
mirus, -a, -um, adj., wonderful,
stranrje.
misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtus,
MIX, mingle.
miser, -era, -erum, nA]., wretched,
MISERABLE. Cf. pauper.
miseri-cordia, -ae, f., [cor, heart],
pity, compassion, mercy.
mitto, -ere, misi, missus, send,
throtv. (Missile.)
mobilis, -e, adj., [moveo], change-
able. (Mobile. )
modo, adv., [modus], only, just.
modus, -i, m., manner, mode, way.
moenia, -ium, plur. n., [miinio],
7calls, ramparts, fortifications.
molior, -iri, -itus, (exert one's
self), contrive.
moUio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [mollis,
soft], soften. (Molli-iy.)
moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, advise,
warn, ar/-MONiSH.
mons, montis, m., mountain, hill.
Cf. collis.
monstrat, (he) shows, points out.
monstro, -are, -avi, -atus,
[moneo], show, point out.
(Dv-monstrate.)
monstrum, -i, n., [moneo], mon-
ster.
monumentum, -i, n., remembrance,
relic, memorial. (Monument.)
mora, -ae, f., delay.
morior, -i, mcrtuus, die. Cf ex-
splro.
moror, -ari, -atus, [mora], delay.
mors, mortis, f., death.
mortalis, -is, m. and f., [mors],
MORTAL, human being.
moved, -ere, movi, motus, move.
mox, adv., soon, presently.
Mucins, -i, m., see Scaevola.
mugitus, -us, m., [miigio, bellow],
bellowing.
mulceo, -ere, -si, -sus, soothe.
(Kniulsion.)
mulier, -eris, f., tcoman.
multitiido, -inis, f., [multus],
MULTITUDE.
multo, adv., [multus], (by) much.
multum, adv., [mviltus], much.
multus, -a, -um, adj., towc^; plur.,
many. (Multi-p\y.)
miinio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [moenia],
fortify.
munitio, -onis, f., [miinio], forti-
fication. (Munition.)
miinus, -eris, n,, gift, office; spec-
tacle, exhibition, (lie-munerate.)
Cf. donum.
mxirus, -i, m., wall. (Mural.) Cf.
paries.
miito, -are, -avi, -atus, change,
exchange. (Mutual.)
Myrmillo, -onis, m., gladiator with
Gallic arms,
Mysia, -ae, f ., district of Asia Minor
on the Hellespont.
NACTUS
267
NOLO
N
nactus, see nanciscor.
nam, conj., for. Cf. enim.
nanciscor, -i, nactus or nanctus,
obtain.
naris, -is, f., nostril.
narrat, (he) tells, narrates.
narr5, -are, -avi, -atus, tell, nar-
rate.
natabant, (they) used to swim.
natant, (they) swim,
nato, -are, -avi, -atus, [no], swim,
float. {Natatorium.)
natiira, -ae, f., [nascor, be born],
NATURE.
natiiralis, -e, adj., [natiira], nat-
ural.
natus, -iis, m., [nascor, be horn],
birth. (Natal.)
nauta, -ae, m,, [for navita, from
navis], sailor.
nauticus, -a, -um, adj., [nauta],
of ships, naval, nautical.
navigabant, (they) tised to sail.
navigat, (he) sails.
navigo, -are, -avi, -atus, [navis
+ ago], sail, navigate.
navis, -is, f., [no], ship; navis
longa, ship of war, galley.
{Naval.)
Naxos, -i, f., ishind in the Aegean
Sea.
ne, conj., that . . . not, lest, not ; as
adv., ne . . . quidem, not even.
-ne, inter, enclitic particle, used in
asking questions simply for in-
formation. Cf. nonne, num.
nee, see neque.
necat, (he) slays.
necessarius, -a, -um, adj., [ne-
cesse] , Mrt«vowZa6Ze, necessary.
necesse, neuter indecl. adj., neces-
sary.
necessitas, -atis, f., [necesse],
necessity.
nec5, -are, -avi, -atus, />;t7Z (usually
without a weapon), slay. Cf.
caedo, interficio.
nectar, -aris, n., nectar, drink of
the gods.
necto, -ere, nexui, nexus, tie,
bind. (Con-necf.)
nego, -are, -avi, -atus, [ne + aid,
say], say no, deny, refuse. {Neg-
ative.)
neg-6tium, -i, n., [nee + otium,
ease] , business, matter, task. (Ne-
gotiate.)
ne-mo, -inis, m. and f., [homo],
no one, nobody. Cf. nullus.
Neptunus, -i, m., Nei'tune, god
of the sea, brother of Jupiter,
neque or nee, conj. and adv., aJid
not, not; neque . . . neque,
neither . . . nor.
ne-quiquam, adv., in vain, to no
purpose. Cf frustra.
ne-scio, -ire, -ivi, , not know,
be ignorant ; nescio quis, some-
body, some. Cf. Tgnoro.
neuter, -tra, -trum, (gen., neu-
trius, dat.,neutri), adj., neither.
(Neuter.)
nidus, -i, m., nest.
nihil, w.,mdie<i\., nothing. (Nihilist.)
nihilo-minus, adv., ?wne the less,
nevertheless, notwithstanding.
nimbus, -i, m., (black) rain-cloud.
Cf. imbcr, nubes.
ni-si, conj., [ne + si], if not, unless,
except.
nitidus, -a, -um, adj., [niteo,
shine], shining.
nitor, -i, nixus and nisus, strive,
struggle.
nix, nivis, f., snow.
no, nare, navi, , swim, float.
nobilis, -e, adj., [nosco, know],
icell-born, of high birth, noble.
noceo, -ere, -cui, -citiirus, do
harm to, harm, hurt. (In-nocent.)
noctu, adv., [nox], by night.
nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., [nox],o/
or for the night, nocturnal.
nolo, nolle, nolui, , [ne +
volo], be unwilling, not wish.
NOMEN
268
OFFA
nomen, -inis, n., [nosco, kiioiv],
(means of knowing), name.
(Nominate.)
non, adv., [ne + unum], not. Cf.
baud.
non-dum, adv., not yet.
non-ne, inter, adv., (expects the
answer Ye.'>), not f Cf. -ne, num.
noster, -tra, -trum, pronom. adj.,
[nos], our, otirs.
Notus, -i, ni., the south wind.
novem, indecl. num. adj., nine.
noverca, -ae, f., step-mother.
novus, -a, -um, adj., neto, strange.
(Novel.)
nox, noctis, f., night.
nubens, -entis, f., [nubo], b7-ide.
nubes, -is, f., cloud. Cf. nimbus.
nubo, -ere, nupsi, niiptus, (veil
one's self), marry. Cf. duco.
♦ n-ullus, -a, -um, (jren., nuUius,
dat., nulli), adj., [ne + ullus],
not any, none, no. (Null.) Cf. nemo.
num, inter, adv., (expects the an-
swer iV^o) ; in indirect question,
whether. Cf. -ne, nonne.
numerus, -i, m., nmtmrkk.
n-umquam, adv., [ne], never.
nunc, adv., noir, at present, (f. lam.
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, [nun-
tius], an yovscK, report.
nuntius, -i, m., messenger. (K-nun-
ciate.)
nuper, adv., [novus + -per], re-
cently, lately.
nupta, -ae, f., [niibo], bride.
nuptiae, -arum, plur. f., [nubo],
wedding, nuptials.
n-usquam, adv.,[ne], noichere, in
no place.
nux, nucis, f., nut.
nympha, -ae, f., nymph.
6, interj., 0! oh!
ob, prep, with ace, on account of,
for; in composition, (1) towards;
(2) doion.
ob-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, [ia-
cio], throw before, throiv to, offer.
(Object.)
ob-ru6, -ere, -rui, -rutus, over-
whelm.
ob-ses, -sidis, m. and f., [sedeo],
hostage.
ob-sideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus,
[sedeo], (sit down before), be-
siege. Cf oppugno.
ob-sidio, -onis, f., [sedeo], siege.
ob-sto, -are, -stiti, , be in the
way, hinder.
ob-stupesco, -ere, -stupui, ,
[stupeo], be HTVVK-fied.
ob-tineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus,
[teneo], hold, jwssess, gain, ob-
tain.
ob-trunco, -are, , -atus,[trun-
c5, maim], kill, slay, slaughter.
ob-viam, adv., in the way (to), to-
wards, to meet ; obviam venio,
meet.
oc-casio, -onis, f., [ob + cado],
opportunity, occA.siON.
oc-casus, -lis, m., [ob + cado],
going doion, setting, sunset.
oc-cido, -ere, -cidi, -casus, [ob +
cado], fall doion, perish; go
doion, set.
oc-cido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, [ob -f
caedo], cut down, kill, slay. Cf.
neco.
oc-cultus, -a, -um, adj., [occulo,
conceal], concealed, hidden, se-
cret. (Occult.)
oc-cupo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob +
capio], take possession of, seize,
hold, OCCUPY. Cf. potior.
oc-curro, -ere, -curri, -cursus,
[ob + curro], I'un towards, meet,
OCCUR.
Octavius, -i, m., see Mamilius.
oculus, -1, m., eye, sight. (Oculist.)
odium, -i, n., [odi, hate], hatred.
(Odious.)
offa, -ae, f., (little ball of flour),
cake.
OLEUM
269
PAROUS
oleum, -i, n., oil, (Oleaginous.)
olim, adv., once, once upon a time,
formerly. Cf. aliquando, quon-
dam.
Olympus, -i, m., lugh mountain on
the borders of Macedonia and
Thessaly, the seat of the gods.
om.eii, ominis, n., sign, o:mkx.
omnino, adv., [ova.Td'&]i altogether,
wholly, completely.
omnis, -e, adj., every, all, the
whole. (OmA2/-potent.) Cf. cuuc-
tus, totus.
onero, -are, -avi, -atus, [onus],
load, burden.
onus, oneris, n., load, burden.
(Onerous.)
onustus, -a, -um, adj., [onus],
laden.
oppidanus, -i, m., [oppidum],
toivnsman.
oppidum, -i, n., toivn, city. Cf.
urbs.
op-primo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus,
[ob + premo], oppress, crush.
op-pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob],
attack, storm. Cf. expugno, ob-
sideo.
(ops), opis, f., means, ivealth,
riches.
optatus, -a, -um, adj., [opto, wish
for], wished for, longed for.
(Optative.)
optime, see bene,
opus, operis, n., work, labor, build-
ing, fortification. Cf. labor,
ora, -ae, f., shore, coast. Cf. lltus.
oraculum, -i, n., [oro], oracle.
oratio, -onis, f., [oro], oration.
orator, -oris, m., [oro], orator.
Orbilius, -i, m., teacher of the poet
Horace,
orbis, -is, m., ring, fold, coil ; or-
bis mensa, round table.
ordo, -inis, m., roio, order, rank.
oriens, -entis, m., [orior], rising,
east. (Orient.)
orior, -iri, ortus, rise.
omamentum, -i, n., [orno], ad-
ORNMENT, ORNAMENT.
ornatus, -a, -um, adj., [orno],
fitted out, equipped, accoutred,
a(Z-ORNEl).
orno, -are, -avi, -atus, fit out, ad-
ORN. Cf. decoro.
oro, -are, -avi, -atus, [6s], pray,
beg, beseech, ask. Cf. quaero,
rogo.
Orpheus, -ei, m., a Thracian bard.
OS, oris, n., mouth, feature, face.
(Oral.)
OS, ossis, n., bone. (Ossi-fy.)
6s-culum, -i, n., [6s], (little
mouth), kiss.
Ossa, -ae, f., mountain of Thessaly.
os-tend6, -ere, -tendi, -tentus,
[ob], (stretch before), shoio.
(Ostensible.) Cf. demonstro.
6s-tium, -i, n., door, door -way,
mouth, entrance. Cf. ianua.
ovis, -is, f ., sheep.
pabulum, i, n., [pasc6,/e«Z], /of^-
der.
Pact61us, -i, m., river of l.,ydia vv^ith
golden sands.
paene, adv., nearly, almost.
palam, adv., openly ; prep, with abl.,
before.
Palatium, -i, n., the Talatine
hill.
Pallas, -antis, m., brother of Ae-
geus.
pand6, -ere, pandi, passus, spread
out, open, ear-PAND.
papaver, -eris, n., poppy.
parabant, (they) used to pre-
PARE.
Parca, -ae, f., goddess of Fate;
plur., the (three) Fates.
parc6, -ere, peperci, parsus, use
sparingly, spare. (Parsimony.)
parous, -a, -um, adj., [parco],
thrifty, frugal.
PARENS
270
PERIANDER
parens, -entis, m. and f., [pario,
bring forth], parent.
pared, -ere, -ui, , obey.
paries, -etis, m., wall (in a house).
Cf. murus.
pariter, adv., [par, equal], equally ,
side by side. {Parity.)
Parnasus, -i, m., mountain of
Greece sacred to Apollo and the
Muses.
paro, -are, -avi, -atus, make ready,
pre-PAKK.
pars, partis, f., part, share, direc-
tion, side, end, place.
pariun, adv., too little, not enough.
parxim-per, adv., for a short time,
for a moment,
parvolus, -a, -um, adj., [parvus],
very small, little, or young.
parvus, -a, -um, adj., small, little.
Cf. exiguus.
passim, adv., [pando], (outspread),
everywhere.
passus, -us, m., [pateo, extejid],
step, pace; mille passuum, a
MILE,
pastor, -oris, m., [pasco, feed],
shepherd. {Pastor. )
pater, -tris, m., father.
patior, -i, passus, suffer, allow.
(Patient) Cf. tolero.
patria, -ae, f., [pater], fatiier-
land, country. (Patriot.)
pauci, -ae, -a, iidy,few. (Paucity.)
paulo, adv., [pavilus, little], a little.
pauper, -eris, adj., poor. (Pauper.)
Cf. miser,
pavimentum, -i, n., pavement.
pax, pacis, f., peace. (Paci-fy.)
pecco, -are, -avi, -atus, make a
mistake, commit a fault, sin.
pecunia, -ae, f., [pecus, cattle],
(wealth in cattle), money. (Pecu-
niary. )
pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., [pes],
pedestrian.
peius, see male.
Pelias, -ae, m., king of Thessaly.
Pelion, -i, n., mountain of Thes-
saly.
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, drive,
baninh, ea:-PEL.
Penates, -ium, m., guardian gods
of the family, household gods.
pendens, -entis, adj., [pendeo,
hang], hanging, pendent.
pendo, -ere, pependi, pensus,
weigh, weigh out, pay.
penetro, -are, -avi, -atus, enter,
PENETRATE.
penna, -ae, f.,/m<//er. (Pen.) Cf.
ala.
pennatus, -a, -um, adj., [penna],
winged.
per, prep, with ace, through, over,
by means of.
per-ago, -ere, -egi, -actus, carry
through, go through with, fin-
ish.
per-agro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ager],
roam through. '
per-curro, -ere, -cucurri or
-curri, -cursus, run through,
pass through.
per-ditus, -a, -um, adj., [do], lost,
desperate.
Perdix, -icis, m., nephew of Dae-
dalus.
per-domo, -are, -ui, -itus, [domo,
tame], thoroughly subdue.
per-eo, -ire, -ii, -itiirus, perish.
per-errant, (they) wander through.
per-erro, -are, -avi, -atus, wanrfer
through.
per-facilis, -e, adj., very easy.
per-fectus, -a, -um, adj., [facio],
finished, wrought. (Perfect.)
per-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus,
(bear to the end), endure.
per-fidus, -a, -um, adj., [fides],
faithless, treacherous, perfidi-
ous.
per-go, -ere, perrexi, perrectus,
[rego], go on, proceed.
Periander, -dri, m., tyrant of Cor
inth.
PERICULOSUS
271
POPULUS
periculosus, -a, -um, adj., [peri-
culumj , dangerous.
periculum, -i, n., [-perior, try'\,
trial, risk, danger.
Periphetes, -ae, m., robber who
lurked near Epidaurus in Ar-
golis,
peristylum, -i, n., peristyle, open
court surrounded by a colonnade.
Perses, -ae, m., brother of Aeeta.
Perseus, -ei, (ace, Persea), m.,
slayer of Medusa and deliverer
of Andromeda.
per-suadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasus,
PERSUADE.
per-terreo, -ere, , -it us,
frighten thoroughly.
per-turbo, -are, -avi, -atus,
[turba] , confuse, rfis-TURB.
per-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus,
(come through), reach, arrive.
pes, pedis, m., foot, leg (of a table,
chair, etc.); cursus pedtim,
foot-race.
pessime, see male,
peto, -ere, -ivi and ii, -itus, seeh,
look for, make for, aim at, at-
tack. (Petition.)
Phasis, -idos, (ace, Phasim), river
of Colchis.
Phineus, -ei, (ace. Phinea), m.,
king of Salmydessus in Thrace.
Phrixus, -i, m., son of Athamas
and brother of Helle.
Phrygia, -ae, f., country in Asia
Minor,
pictura, -ae, [pingo], f., painting,
PICTURE.
pictus, -a, -um, adj., [pingo] , cZec-
orated, embroidered. (De-pict.)
piger, -gra, -grum, adj., slow,
lazy.
pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, paint,
rfe-piCT.
pinus, -lis, f., riSK-tree, pine.
pirum, -i, n., pear.
piscis, -is, m.,fish. (Piscatorial.)
pitis, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, pious.
placeo, -ere, -cui, -citus, please,
planities, -ei, f., plain.
plausus, -lis, m., ap-PLAUSE.
plebs, plebis, f., common people,
populace. (Plebeian.)
plenus, -a, -um, adj., [pleo, fill],
filled, full. (Plenty.)
plerum-que, adv., for the most
part, generally. Cf. saepe.
Plinius, -i, m., Plinius maior,
Pliny the elder, a Koman writer,
pliirimum, see multum.
pliirimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
multus], most.
pliis, pilaris, adj., [comp. of mul-
tus], mo7'e. (Plural.)
pliis, adv., [pliis, adj.], more.
Pliiton, -onis, m., Pluto, brother
of Jupiter and king of the Lower
World,
pluvia, -ae, f., rain, shower. Cf.
imber.
poculum, -i, n., drinking vessel,
cup.
poena, -ae, f., [piinio], penalty,
punishment.
pollex, -icis, m., thumb.
pol-liceor, -eri, -itus, [pro + li-
ceor, bid], (hold iorih), promise.
Cf. promitto.
Pollux, -iicis, m., twin-brother of
Castor.
Polydectes, -ae, m., king of Seri-
phus.
pom-arium, -i, n., [pomum],
fruit-garden, orchard.
pompa, -ae, f., procession, parade.
(Pomp.)
Pompeius, -i, m., Pompey, the
great Roman general,
pomum, -i, n., fruit; apple. Cf.
malum.
pon5, -ere, posui, positus, place.
(Position.) Cf. conloco.
pons, pontis, m., bridge.
pontus, -i, m,, sea; Pontus Exixi-
nus, the Black Sea.
populus, -i, m,, people.
PORRIGO
272
PREX
por-rigo, -ere, -rexi, rectus,
[pr5 + rego], stretch forth, ex-
tend.
Porsena, -ae, m., Lars Porsena,
king of Etruria.
porta, -ae, f., gate, entrance, door.
{Portal.) Cf. ianua, ostium,
portat, (he) carries.
portentum, -i, n., [pro + tendo],
omen, pohtknt.
ports, -are, -avi, -atus, hear,
carry. {Porter.) Cf. fero, veho.
portus, -lis, m., harbor, pokt.
posco, -ere, poposci, , ask, beg
for, demand. Cf. postulo.
pos-sum, posse, potui, , [poj
tis, otZe + sum], he able, can.
{Possible. )
post, adv., after, behind, afterwards ;
prep, with ace, after.
post-ea, adv., afterwards.
posterus, -a, -um, adj., [post],
next, folloioing. {Posterity. )
postis, -is, m., rfoo7--i'OST.
post-quam, conj., after.
postremus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
posterus], last.
postulo, -are, -avi, -atus, [posco],
ask, demand, claim. {Postu-
late.)
Postumius, -i, m., Aulus Postu-
mius, dictator who commanded
the Roman forces at the battle of
Lake Regillus.
potens, -entis, adj., [possum],
mighty, poioerful, potknt.
potestas, -atis, f., [potis, able],
power, ability, opportunity.
potior, -iri, -itus, [potis, able], get
possession of, obtain. Cf. occupo.
prae, prep, with abl., before; on
account of.
prae-beo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [habeo],
hold forth, give, furnish ; show.
prae-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
PKECEDE, excel.
prae-ceps, -cipitis, adj., [caput],
headlong ; pkkcipitous.
prae-ceptor, -oris, m., [capio],
teacher, instructor, precep-
tor.
prae-cido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus,
[caedo], (cut off in front), cut
off.
prae-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,
[capio], (take in advance), warn,
direct. (Precept)
prae-cipuus, -a, -um, adj., [ca-
pio], particular, special.
prae-clarus, -a, -um, adj., mag-
nificent, splendid, glorious.
praeda, -ae, f., booty, plunder.
prae-dico, -ere, -dixi, -dictus,
foretell, predict.
prae-fectus, -i, m., [facio], com-
mander, governor. {Prefect)
prae-mium, -i, n., [emo], reward,
prize. {Premium.)
prae-moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, /ore-
warn. {Premonition.)
prae-sens, -entis, adj., [sum],
present; immediate.
prae-siditun, -i, n., [sedeo], guard,
garrison, watch.
praeter, prep, with ace, beyond, be-
sides, except.
praeter-ea, adv., (beyond i\\i?,), fur-
ther, besides.
praeter-vehor, -i, -vectus, (be
borne pa.st), sail by.
praetor, -oris, m., (a Roman ma-
gistrate charged with the admin-
istration of iustice), judge.
prae-validus, -a, -um, adj., very
strong.
prandium, -i, n., luncheon, midday
meal.
pratum, -i, n., meadow.
preces, see prex.
premo, -ere, pressi, pressus,
press down, turn down.
pretiosus, -a, -um, adj., [pre-
tium], costly, valuable, pre-
cious.
pretium, -i, n., price, value.
prex, precis, f., prayer, entreaty.
PRIMO
273
PRUDENTIA
primo, adv., [-primvis], at first. Cf.
primum.
primum, adv., [primus], at first,
first; usually beginning an enu-
meration, as, primum . . . de-
lude. Cf. prlmd.
primus, -a, -um, adj., [prae, pro],
first. (Prime.)
prin-ceps, -ipis, adj., [primus +
capioj, first, foremost; noun,
PRIXCE, diief.
prior, prius, adj., [comp. from
prae, -pvb], former , first, pkior.
prius-quam, conj., before; some-
times separated by words, thus:
prius . . . quam.
privo, -are, -avi, -atus, de-vv.\YV.,
rob.
pro, prep, with abl., for, on behalf
of, in return for, instead of; be-
fore, in front of.
probo, -are, -avi, -atus, [pro-
bus, honest], ap-vi\o\\L, pkove,
test.
pro-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
advance, proceed. Cf. incedo.
pro-cerus, -a, -um, adj., high, tall.
Cf. altus, celsus.
Procrustes, -ae, (ace. -en), m.,
robber in Attica.
pro-cul, adv., afar, far off.
pro-cumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi-
tus, [-cumbo, lie], lean forward,
bend to.
procus, -i, m., [prex], suitor.
prod-igium, -i, n., [pro + ago],
miracle, prodigy.
pro-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, (give
forth), betray.
proelium, -i, n., battle. Cf. dlmi-
catio, pugna.
pro-fecto, adv., [factum], really,
assuredly, certainly.
pro-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus,
[facio], (make progress), accom-
plish.
pro-ficiscor, -i, -fectus, [profi-
cio], set out, start, go, depart.
pro-fundus, -a, -um, adj., deep,
FnovovsD, fathomless.
pro-gredior, -i, -gressus, [-gra-
dior, step], advance, proceed.
(Progress.) Cf. incedo.
pro-hibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [ha-
beo], keep from, forbid, pro-
hibit.
pro-missum, -i, n., [promitto],
PROMISE.
pro-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
PROMISE. Cf. polliceor.
pro-nuba, -ae, f., [niibo], brides-
maid.
pro-nus, -a, -um, adj., bending or
leaning forward. (Prone. )
prope, adv., and prep, with ace,
near, nigh. Cf. iuxta.
propero, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten.
Cf. festTno.
Pro-pontis, -idis, (ace, Propon-
tida), f., the Propontis or Sea
of Marmora.
propter, prep, with ace, near; on
account of.
Proserpina, -ae, f., daughter of
Ceres and wife of Pluto.
pro-silio, -ire, -ui, , [salio,
leap], leap forward.
pro-sper, -era, -erum, adj.,[spes],
prosperous.
pro-spere, adv., [prosper], pros-
perously.
pro-sum, prod-esse, pro-fui, be
useful to, benefit, profit.
pro-tinus, adv., [tenua], foi-thtvith,
immediately. Cf. statim.
pro-veho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus,
carryforward; pass., sail on.
proximus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
prope], nearest, next, last.
(Proximity.)
prudens, -entis, adj., [pro+vi-
dens], PRUDENT.
prudenter, adv., [priidens], pru-
dently.
prudentia, -ae, f., [prudens],
prudence.
PUBLICUS
274
QUIS
publicus, -a, -lun, adj., [populus],
rUHLIC.
puella, -ae, f., [dim. of puer], girl.
Cf. Virgo.
puer, -i, ni., child, boy.
pugillatio, -onis, f., boxing (with
the cestus).
pugna, -ae, f . , fight, battle. {Pugna-
cious.) Cf. dluiicatio, proelium.
pugnat, (hi.') fights.
pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [pugna],
fight. Cf. dhnico.
pulcher, -chra, -chrvun, adj.,&eo?t-
tiful,fair, noble, glorious.
pulcherrimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup.
of pulcher], very beautiful, fair-
est.
pulchre, adv., [pulcher], beanti-
fully.
piilso, -are, -avi, -atus, [pello],
beat, paw. {Pulse.)
Puniceus, -a, -um, adj., Tunic,
reddish : pomum Puniceum,
poviegranate.
punlo, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [poena],
puNi.su.
puppis, -is, f., (hinder part of a
ship), stern.
puto, -are, -avi, -atus, think. Cf.
arbitror, senti5.
Pyrrha, -ae, f., wife of Deucalion.
Pythia, -ae, f., tlie priestess who
uttered the responses of the Del-
phic Apollo.
Q
qua, (1) abl. fein. of qui, by which;
(2) abl. fern, of quis, by which or
what f
quadra, -ae, f., [quattuor], square
table.
quadrigae, -arum, f ., [quattuor +
iugum, <e«m] , four-horse chariot.
quae, (1) nom. fem. sing, and neut.
plur. of qui, which; (2) fem. of
quis, u^hof irhickf v-hatf
quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situs, seek,
ask, i/i-QuiKE. (Question.)
qualis, -e, adj., [qui], oftchat sort.
(Quality.)
quam, adv. and conj., [qui], how,
as ; with comp., than ; with sup.,
as iwssible; quam diu, as long
as.
quam ob rem, (1) inter., 07i what ac-
count ? why? (2)rel., on account
of which, why.
quando, (1) inter, adv., at ichat timet
trhen? (2)indef. adv., at any time,
ever.
quantus, -a, -um, adj., [quam],
Jioia great, as. (Quantity.)
quattuor, indecl. num. i\d'].,four.
-que, enclitic conj., and (joins two
words into one conception). Cf.
atque, et.
quem, ace. masc. of quis, whomf
tchat f
queror, -i, questus, complain.
(Querulous.)
qui, inter, pron., jchof see quis.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who,
which, what, that.
quia, conj., because. Cf. quod,
quibus, abl. pi. of qms, from
ichom ?
qui-cumque, quae-cumque,
quod-cumque, indef. rel. pron.,
whoever, whatever.
quid, inter, pron., what f see
quis.
qmdam, quaedam, quoddam and
quiddam, indef. pron., certain,
certain one.
quidem, ad.v. , indeed ; ne . . . qui-
dem, not even.
quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etus, [quies,
QUiiiT], rest, repose, be quiet,
quin, conj., [qui + ne], b%it, indeed,
nay, in fact ; but that, that.
quinque, indecl. num. ad]., five.
qviis (qui), quae, quid (quod),
(1) inter, pron., tohof which t
what? (2) indef. pron., some; fol-
lowing si, nisi, ne, or num,
any, as si quid, if anything.
QUISQUAM
275
BEICIO
quis-quam, , quic-quam, (no
fem, or plur.), indef. pron., any
one, any thing.
quis-que, quae-que, qviid-que
and quod-que, indef. pron.,
each, every.
quis-quis, , quic-quid, indef.
pron., whoever, whatever.
quo, inter, adv., whither f where?
quo, abl. nuisc. of quis, a quo, by
tchom ?
quo-ad, adv., as long as, while; until.
quod, nom. and ace. neut. of qui,
lohich.
quod, inter, pronom. adj., what?
quod, conj., [qm], because. Cf.
quia.
quo modo, inter, adv., in what
manner f in what ivay ? hoio ?
quondam, adv., once upon a time,
once, formerly. Cf. aliquando,
olini.
quoque, conj., also, too. Cf. etiam.
quorum, gen. inasc. plur. of quis,
ofiohomf whose?
quot, indecl. adj., (1) inter., hoiv
many ? (2) rel., as many as,
as.
quot-annis, adv., every year, annu-
ally.
quot-ies, adv., Tiow often ? how many
times ?
ramus, -i, m., branch. (Rami-fy.)
rana, -ae, f.,frog.
rapidus, -a, -um, adj., [rapio],
swift, RAPID. Cf. celcr.
rapid, -ere, -ui, -tus, seize, snatch,
carry off. (Rapine.) Cf capio.
ratis, -is, f ., raft, vessel, boat.
re-, inseparable particle meaning
again, back.
re-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, go
back, RECEDE.
re-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,
[capio], recover, receive; se
recipio, ivithdraw, retreat.
rectio, -onis, f., [rego], guiding,
di-RECTioN, government.
rector, -oris, m., [rego], guide,
ruler. {Rector.)
rectus, -a, -um, adj., [rego], di-
RECT, straight.
re-cuso, -are, -avi, -atus, [causa],
object, decline, refuse.
red-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, [re-],
give back, restore, return, ren-
der, give, administer. Cf. resti-
tuo.
red-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [re-], go
back, return. Cf. revertor.
red-igo, -ere, -egi, -actus, [re- +
ago], redzice.
red-itus, -us, m., [redeo], re-
turn.
re-duc6, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
draio back, lead back; reduce.
r/._redigo.
re-fero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus,
biHng back; relate; refer;
gratiam refero, return thanks.
re-fugio, -ere, -fiigi, , shrink
from, shun. (Refugee.)
refulgeo, -ere, -fulsi, , flash
back, reflect light, glitter, gleam.
(Refulgent)
regia, -ae, f., [regius], royal palace,
castle.
Regillus, -i, m., small lake in La-
tium.
regina, -ae, f., [rex], queen.
regio, -onis, f., direction, regiox,
district. «
regius, -a, -um, adj., [rex], of a
king, royal, recal.
regnator, -oris, m., [regno], ruler.
regno, -are, -avi, -atus, [reg-
num], reign. Cf. rego.
regnum, -i, n., [rex], kingdom,
throne.
rego, -ere, rexi, rectus, di-RKcr,
rule. Cf. regno,
re-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, [ia-
cio], throw back, drive back, re-
ject.
RELINQUO
276
SACRIFICO
re-linqu6, -ere, -liqui, -lictus,
[linquo, leave], leave behind,
abandon, kklinquish. Cf. d5-
sero.
re-liquus, -a, -um, adj., [relin-
quo], remaining, the rest of. Cf.
ceterus.
remus, -i, m., oar.
re-novo, -are, -avi, -atus, [no-
vusj, renew. {Renovate.)
re-nun tio, -are, -avi, -atus, re-
port, an-yovscK. (Renounce.)
re-perio, -ire, repperi, repertus,
[pario, bring forth], find out,
find, discover. Cf. invenio.
re-peto, -ere, -ivi, -itus, seek
again, return to, revisit, retrace.
{Repetition. )
re-potia, -orum, plur. n., [poto,
drink], return banquet, (feast on
the day after a Avoddiiig).
res, rei, f., thing, affair, circum-
stance, business, campaign.
re-sisto, -ere, -stiti, , kksist.
re-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus,
[-specio, look], look back. (Re-
spect.)
re-spondeo, -ere, -di, -sponsus,
ansiver, kkspond.
re-sp6nsum, -i, n., [respondeo],
answer, iiKsroxsE.
res publica, rei publicae, f., state,
commonwealth, luzvuuiAC.
re-stingu6, -ere, -nxi, -nctus,
[stingxid, put out], 2)ut out, ex-
tinguish.
re-stituo, -ere, -ui, -utus, [sta-
tue], put back, restore. (Resti-
tution.) Cf. reddo.
rete, -is, n., net.
retiarius, -i, m., [rete], gladiator
■who carried a net to entangle his
adversary.
re-traho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus,
draw back, drag back. (Retract.)
re-verto, -ere, -ti, , (used only
in perf. stem, see reverter), re-
turn.
re-vertor, -i, -versus, (used in-
stead of reverts in pres., imp.,
and fut.), return. (Revert.) Cf.
redeo.
re-vincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus,
bind back, tie behind, bind.
re-voc6, -are, -avi, -atus, call
back, RECALL.
rex, regis, m., [rego], king. (Re-
gal.)
Rhenus, -i, m., river Rhine.
rideo, -ere, risi, risus, laugh,
laugh at, ridicule.
rima, -ae, f., crack, fissure, opening.
ripa, -ae, f., bank (of a river). Cf.
litus.
ritus, -lis, m., religious observance,
ceremony, riti:.
rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask. Cf.
oro, quaero.
rogus, -i, m., funeral pile, jyy re.
Roma, -ae, f., Rome.
Romanus, -a, -um, adj., [Roma],
RO.M.\N.
Romulus, -i, m., first king of Rome.
rosa, -ae, f., rose.
rostrum, -i, n., beak, ship's beak;
plur., the ROSTRA, a platform for
speakers in the Forum, adorned
with beaks of captured ships.
rota, -ae, f., wheel. (Rotate.)
ruber, -bra, -brum, adj., red.
rubor, -oris, m., [ruber], redness.
ruina, -ae, f., [ruo], ruin.
riimor, -oris, m., report, rumor.
ruo, -ere, rui, riitus, riish. (Ruin.)
riipes, -is, f., rock, cliff. Cf saxum.
riis, ruris, n., the country, lands,
fields. (Rural.)
rusticus, -i, m., [riis], country-
S
Sabinus, -a, -um,adj., Sabine.
sacer, -era, -crum, adj., sacred;
Via Sacra, street in the Forum,
sacri-fico, -are, -avi, -atus, [sa-
crum + facio], sacrifice.
SAEPE
277
SERO
saepe, adv., often, frequently. Cf.
plerumque.
saepe numero, again and again,
repeatedly.
saevio, -ire, -ii, -itxis, [saevus],
be furious, rage.
saevitia, -ae, f., [saevus], ftiry,
fierceness, harshness, severity.
saevus, -a, -um, adj., fierce, cruel,
savage. Cf. ferox, ferus.
sagitta, -ae, f., arroio.
saltern, adv., at least, at any rate.
saltus, -us, m., looodland, glade,
toood. Cf. silva.
salus, -utis, f., health, safety.
(Salutary.)
•' Salve," [imperative of salveo,
be well], " Welcome."
sanguineus, -a, -um, adj., [san-
guis], bloody. (Sanguinary.)
sanguis, -inis, m., blood. (San-
guine. )
sapiens, -entis, adj., [sapio, be
wise], wise.
sapienter, adv., [sapiens], loisely.
satelles, -itis, m. and f., attendant,
courtier. (Satellite.)
satis, adv. and indecl. adj., enough,
sufficierdly.
saxeus, -a, -um, adj., [saxum], of
rock, of stone.
saxura, -i, n., rock, stone. Cf.
lapis, rQpes.
Scaevola, -ae, m., [scaevvis, left],
C. Miicius Scaevola, who
showed Porsena the invincible
spirit of the Romans by holding
his right hand in the fire,
scamnum, -i, n., stool, step.
scelus, -eris, n., crime, wickedness.
Cf. crimen,
sceptrum, -i, n., sceptpwE.
Schoeneus, -ei, m., father of Ata-
lanta.
scientia, -ae, f., [seioj, knowledge,
SCIENCE, skill.
scio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, know. Cf.
cognosco.
t
Sciron, -onis, m., robber, who
lived near Megara.
scopulus, -i, m., rock, crag. Cf.
rupes, saxum.
scriba, -ae, m., clerk, official
SCRIBE, secretary.
scribo, -ere, -psi, -ptus, write.
(Scribble. )
scriptor, -oris, m., [scribo], ivrit-
er, author. (Script.)
scutum, -i, n., (long wooden) shield.
Cf. clipeus.
se, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
se-, inseparable particle meaning
apart.
se-cliido, -ere, -clusi, -cliisus,
[claudo], shut apart, se-
clude.
secundus, -a, -um, adj., [sequor],
(following), SECOND, favorable,
favoring.
seciiris, -is, f., [seco, cut], axe.
secutus, see sequor.
sed, conj., but. Cf. at, autem.
sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessus, sit.
(Session. )
sedes, -is, f,, [sedeo], seat, abode.
sedile, -is, n., [sedeo], chair, seat.
seges, -etis, f., corn-field, crop.
sella, -ae, f., [sedeo], seat, chair.
semita, -ae, f., narroio way, foot-
path.
semper, adv. , ever, ahvays.
senator, -oris, m., [senex, old
man], senatoPv.
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, feel,
perceive. (Sensation.)
sepeli5, -ire, -ivi, -pultus, bury.
(Sepulchre.)
septem, indecl. num. adj., seven.
septies, num. adv., seveji times.
sequor, -i, secutus, folloiv, pier sue.
(Sequence.)
Seriphos, -i, (ace, Seriphon), f.,
Seriphus, a small island in tlie
Aegean Sea.
sermo, -onis, m., conversation.
i sero, -ere, sevi, satus, sow, plant.
SERPENS
278
SPECTO
serpens, -entis, m. or f., [serpo,
crawl], SKRPKNT, snake. Cf.
anguis.
servio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [servus],
SKUVK.
servo, -are, -avi, -atus, save, keep,
pre-SKiiXK, guard.
servus, -i, m., slave, sick VA NT.
sestertius, -i, m., (gen. plur., ses-
tertium), skstki:ck, a smnll
silver coin, wurtli about four
cents,
severus, -a, -um, adj., stern,
SKVEKK.
sex, iudccl. num. adj., .six.
Sextus, -i, ni., son of Tarquinius
Superbu.s.
si, conj., if.
sibila, -orum, i)lur. n., hissinffs.
(Sibilant.)
sic, adv., so, thus. Cf. ita.
sica, -ae, f., (curved) dagger.
Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily.
Siciliensis, -e, adj., [Sicilia], Si-
CIMAN.
signi-fico, -are, -avi, -atus, [sig-
num + facio], signifv.
signum, -i, n., signal, sign, token.
silva, -ae, f., loood, forest. {Silvan.)
Cf. saltu.s.
similis, -e, adj., like, resembling,
SI.MILAi:.
simul, adv., [similis], at the same
time; simul ae or atque, as
soon as.
simulacrum, -i, n., [simulo, imi-
tate], likeness, image, statue. Cf.
statua.
sin, conj., [si + ne], hut if.
si-ne, prop, with abl., loithout.
singuli, -ae, -a, num. adj., one to
each, one by one. (Singular.)
Sinis, -is, m., robber living near the
Isthmus of Corinth, who was
slain by Theseus.
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on
the left hand. (Sinister.) Cf.
laevus.
sisto, -ere, stiti, status, [sto],
stop.
sitis, -is, f., no plur., thirst.
socer, -eri, m., father-in-law.
socius, -i, m., companion, as-soci-
ATK. Cf. conies.
sol, solis, (no gen. plur.), m., stm.
(Solar.)
solea, -ae, f., sandal. (Sole.) Cf.
calceus.
soleo, -ere, -itus, semi-deponent,
be accustomed.
soU-emnis, -e, adj., [soUus, ichole,
+ annus], appointed ; solicmn.
solli-citus, -a, -um, adj., [soUus,
whole, + cieo, roiise], anxious,
troubled, solicitous.
solus, -a, -um, (gen., solius, dat.,
soli), adj., alone, only, solk.
solvo, -ere, solvi, soliitus, loose,
loosen : navem solvo, set sail ;
pay. (Solve.)
somnium, -i, n., [somnus], dream.
somnus, -i, m., sleep. (Somn-ambu-
lism.)
sonitus, -lis, m., [sono], sound.
sono, -are, -ui, -itus, [sonus],
SOUND, re-SOUND.
sonus, -i, m., sound, noise. Cf.
fragor.
soporatus, -a, -um, adj., [sopor,
slumber], btiried in sleep. (Sopo-
rific. )
soror, -oris, f., sister.
sors, sortis, f., Zo«. (Sort.)
Sp., abbreviation for Spurius.
spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsus, scat-
ter, sprinkle. (Sparse.)
spatium, -i, n., space, distance,
interval.
species, (-ei), f., appearance, show.
(Species.)
spectaculum, -i, n., [specto], s^ow,
SPECTACLE, exhibition, amuse-
ment, entertainment.
spectant, (they) look at, gaze at.
specto, -are, -avi, -atus, [-specie,
look], look at, gaze at.
SPECUS
279
SUMMUS
specus, -us, m., cave, cavern.
spes, -ei, f., hope.
spina, -ae, f., low wall in the mid-
dle of the Circus, around which
the races were run.
splendidus, -a, -um, adj., [splen-
deo, shine], splendid, magnifi-
cent, glittering.
spolio, -are, -avi, -atus, roh, plun-
der, (^e-SPOiL.
sponda, -ae, f., bed or couch frame.
spondeo, -ere, spopondi, spon-
sus, promise sacredly. (Sponsor.)
stabulum, -i, n., [sto], stall, sta-
ble.
stadium, -i, n., stade, a distance
of 625 Roman feet, or 606| Eng-
lish feet.
stagnum, -i, n., [sto], (standing
water), pond, lake. (Stagnant.)
Cf. lacus.
statim, adv., [sto], immediately, at
once. Cf. protinus.
statua, -ae, f., [sto], statue
(mostly of men). Cf. simula-
crum.
statuo, -ere, -ui, -iitus, [st5], fix,
decide, determine. (Statute.)
statiira, -ae, f., [sto], height, size,
STATURE.
status, -lis, m., [sto], standing, con-
dition, STATE.
Stella, -ae, f., star. (Stellar.)
stipendium, -i, n., [stips, gift, +
pendo], pay, STIPEND.
sto, stare, steti, status, stand.
stragulus, -a, -um, adj., /or cover-
ing ; stragula vestis, covering,
spread, blanket.
stridulus, -a, -um, adj., shrill.
stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictus,
(draw tight), touch lightly, graze.
(Stringent.)
struo, -ere, striixi, striictus,
build, con-STKUCT; devise, con-
trive, plot.
stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish.
(Stulti-fy.)
stupeo, -ere, -ui, , be amazed,
be srvPK-fied, be terror-stricken.
sub, prep, with ace. (to denote mo-
tion toward), and abl. (to denote
place where), under, below, at
the foot of; in composition, (1)
under, beneath; (2) from be-
neath, up ; (3) secretly ; (4)
slightly.
sub-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, put
under, plunge into.
sub-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go under,
enter ; undergo.
sub-eundus, gerundive of subeo.
subito, adv., [subitus], suddenly.
sub-itus, -a, -um, adj., [subeo],
sudden.
sub-lev6, -are, -avi, -atus, [levo,
lift], raise up.
sublicius, -a, -um, adj., [sublica,
pile], resting upon piles; Pons
Sublicius, the pile-bridge across
the Tiber.
sub-merg5, -ere, -mersi, -mer-
sus, dip under, sub:meuge.
sub-rideo, -ere, -risi, , (laugh
slightly), smile.
sub-ripio, -ere, -ui, -reptus, [ra-
pio], snatch away, filch, steal.
(Surreptitious.)
sub-sequor, -i, -seciitus, follow
closely.
sub-sisto, -ere, -stiti, , stoj)
for a moment, pause, halt.
subter, prep, with ace. (to denote
motion toward), or abl. (to de-
note place where), underneath.
suc-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
[sub], come up, draio near, ap-
proach. (Succeed.)
Suessiones, -tun, plur. m., a people
of Gaul.
sui, of himself, herself, itself, them-
selves.
sulcus, -i, m., furrow.
sum, esse, fui, futiarus, be.
suramus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of su-
perus], highest, top of. (Summit.)
SUMO
280
TARQUINIUS
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus,
take, take up, as-suME. Cf.
ciipio.
sunt, (they) are.
supellex, -lectilis, f., furniture.
super, prep, witli ace. (to denote mo-
tion toward), and abl. (to denote
place where), over, above, upon.
superbia, -ae, f., [superbusj,
pride, haughtiness, arrogance.
superbus, -a, -um, adj., [super],
proud, haughty, arrogant. (Su-
perb.)
Superbus, see Tarqiiinius.
super-emineo, -ere, , ,
over-top, tower above. {Eminent.)
superior, -ius, adj., [comp. of su-
perus], higher, upper part of.
(Superior. )
supero, -are, -avi, -atus, [super],
overcome, conqiier. Cf vinco.
super-sum, -esse, -fui, , be
over, remain.
superus, -a, -um, adj., [super],
upper.
sup-plex, -icis, adj., [sub + plico,
bend], suppliant.
sup-plicium, -i, n., [supplex],
punishment, torture.
sup-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus,
[sub], place under or beneath.
(Suppose.)
supra, adv., and prep, with ace,
above.
surgo, -ere, surrexi, , [sub +
rego], rise. (Surge.)
sUs, suis, m. and f.,sioine,pig, soiv.
sus-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,
[sub + capio] , undertake, take
up. (Susceptible.)
sus-pendo, -ere, -di, -pensus,
[sub], hajig up, suspend.
su-spicor, -ari, -atus, [sub +
-specie, look], mistrust, sus-
pect.
sus-tineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, [sub
+ teneo], sustain, hold up, keep
back, check.
sus-tvili, see toUo.
suus, -a, -um, adj., [sui], (his
own), his, her, its, their.
Symplegades, -um, (ace, -ga-
das), f., the Symplegades, two
small rocky islands in the Black
Sea, which closed upon ship.s and
crushed them.
T., abbreviation for Titus,
taberna, -ae, f., shop.
tablinum, -i, n., [tabula], room
between the atrium and peri-
style, where the tabulae or fam-
ily records were kept.
tabula, -ae, f., tablet, record;
plur., papers, documents, ar-
chives.
tacitus, -a, -um, adj., [taceo, be
silent ] , silent . ( Tacit. )
Taenarus, -i, m., the southernmost
promontory of Greece.
talaria, -ium, plur. n., winged san-
dals.
Talassio! wedding salutation, per-
haps the name of a god of mar-
riage.
talis, -e, adj., such.
tam, adv., so. Cf. ita, sic.
tamen, conj. and adv., nevertheless,
however, yet, but.
tandem, adv., [tam], at length, at
last. Cf. denique.
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactus, touchy
(Tangible.)
tantum modo, adv., only, merely.
tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great.
tarditas, -atis, f., [tardus], slow-
ness, TARDINESS.
tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow, tardy.
Tarpeia, -ae, f., damsel who be-
trayed the citadel to the Sa-
bines.
Tarquinius, -i, m., Tarquinius
Superbus, the last king of
Rome.
TAKTARA
281
TRANS
Tartara, -orum, plur. n., Tar-
tarus, the infernal regions.
taurus, -i, m., bull.
te, ace. of tu, you.
tectum, -i, n., [tego], roof; build-
ing.
tego, -ere, texi, tectus, cover, pro-
TECT.
telum, -i, n., weapon. Cf. hasta,
iaculum.
temere, adv., rashly.
tempestas, -atis, f., [tempus],
loeaiher ; storm, tempest.
templum, -i, n., te:\iple.
tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, [tendo],
try, TEMPT, bribe. Cf. Conor, ex-
perior.
tempus, -oris, n., time, season,
weather. (Temporal.)
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentus,
(stretch), hold o7ie's course, tend.
tenebrae, -arum, plur. f., shadows,
shades, darkness.
teneo, -ere, -ui, , hold, keep,
reach, gain. {Tenant.) Cf. habeo.
tener, -era, -erum, adj., tender.
tenuis, -e, adj., thin, meagre. {At-
tenuated. )
tenus, prep, with abl., as far as.
tergum, -i, n., back, skin, hide.
terra, -ae, f., earth, land. (Terrace.)
terre5, -ere, -ui, -itus, frighten,
alarm, terri-/?/.
terribilis, -e, adj., [terreo] , c^rmrf-
ful, fearful, terrible. Cf
dirus.
territus, -a, -um, adj., [terreo],
TKRUi-fed.
terror, -oris, m., [terreo], dread,
alarm, terror.
tertius, -a, -um, adj., [ter, thrice],
third.
tessellatus, -a, -um, adj., [tes-
sella, small cube], (made of small
cubes), mosaic.
testis, -is, m. and'f., witness. (Tes-
tify.)
testudo, -inis, f., tortoise.
Themis, -idis, 1, goddess of justice
and of prophecy.
Theseus, -ei, (dat., Thesei, ace,
Thesea), most famous hero of
Athens.
Thessalia, -ae, f., Thessaly, a
country in the north of Greece,
Thracia, -ae, 1, Thrace, a coun-
try north-east of Greece.
Thracius, -a, -um, adj., [Thracia],
of Thrace, Thracian.
Thrax, -acis, m., gladiator in Thra-
cian armor.
Tiberis, -is, m., the river Tiber.
tibi-cen, -inis, m., [tibia, flute +
cano] , flute-player.
timeo, -ere, -ui, ,fear. (Timid.)
Cf. vereor.
timor, -oris, m., [timeo], fear.
(Timorous.) Cf. metus.
Tiphys, -yos, m., pilot of the Argo.
Titus, -i, m., a Roman name,
togatus, -a, -um, adj., [toga], wear-
ing the TOGA, (a gown or robe
worn only by Roman citizens).
tolero, -are, -avi, -atus, bear, en-
dure, sustain, tolerate. Cf.
patior.
toUo, -ere, sus-tuli, sub-la tus,
lift, raise, pick up. (Ex-fo/.)
torus, -i, m., mattress.
tot, indecl. adj., so many.
tot-i-dem, indecl. num. adj., [tot +
-dem] , the same number of.
totus, -a, -um, (gen., totius, dat.,
toti], adj., the whole, entire, all.
Cf. cunctus, omnis.
tra-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, [trans],
give over, hand over, deliver. (Tra-
dition.)
tra-ddco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
[trans] , lead across.
traho, -ere, traxi, tractus, draw,
drag. (At-tract)
tra-no, -are, -avi, , [trans],
swim across.
trans, prep, with ace, across, over,
beyond.
TRANSEO
282
USQUE
trans-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go across,
cross over, cj'oss. (Transition.)
Cf. transinitto.
trans-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus,
bear across, thansfkr. Cf.
transporto.
tran-silio, -ire, -ui, , [trans +
salio, leaj)], leap across or
over.
trans-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
send across ; go across, cross.
(Transmit) Cf. transeo.
trans-porto, -are, -avi, -atus,
ca7-r>/ across, THANSroRT. Cf.
traiisfen).
tre-centi, -ae, -a, num. adj., [tres
+ centum], three liundred.
tremo, -ere, -ui, , shake, quiv-
er, TRKMBLK.
tres, tria, num. adj., thrke.
tribunal, -alis, n., judgment -seat,
THIBUNAI..
tribiitum, -i, n., tributk.
tricliniaris, -e, adj., [triclinium],
of a dining-room.
triclinium, -i, n., dining-room,.
triumphus, -i, m., triumphal
procession, triumph.
Troezen, -enis, f, Troezene, an
ancient city of Argolis.
tu, pers. pron., you.
tuba, -ae, f., trumpet.
tum, adv., then, at that time.
tumidus, -a, -um, adj., [tumeo,
sioell}, swollen, swelling. (Tu-
mid. )
tumultus, -us, m., [tumeo, sivell],
uproar, noise, bustle, disorder,
TUMULT.
tunica, -ae, f., under -garment,
TUNIC.
turba, -ae, f., crowd. CD'is-turb.)
Cf. caterva.
turpis, -e, adj., base, disgraceful,
ugly.
turris, -is, f., tower; regia tur-
ris, castle.
tussis, -is, f., cough.
tiitus, -a, -um, adj., [tueor, pro-
tect], safe. Cf. incolumis, in-
tactus.
tuus, -a, -um, adj., [tii], your.
tyrannus, -i, m., monarch, king;
despot, TYRANT.
U
ubi, adv., (I) rel., ivhere, when; (2)
inter., where?
ubi-que, adv., everywhere. (Ubiqui-
tous.)
iillus, -a, -um, (gen., iillius, dat.,
lillij, adj., [for iinulus, dim. of
unus], (with a negation ex-
pressed or implied), any. Cf.
quis.
interior, -ius, adj., [comp. of ul-
tra], /ari/ier. (Ulterior.)
iiltimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of lil-
tra], fartliest, last. (Ultimate.)
iiltra, adv., and prep, with ace, be-
yond, further.
ultro, adv., of one's own accord,
voluntarily.
umerus, -i, m., shoulder.
iina, adv., [linus], (in one with),
togetlier ivith.
unda, -ae, f., wave.
unde, adv., (1) rel., whence; (2)
inter., whence?
undi-que, adv., [unde], from all
sides, on all sides.
unguentum, -i, n., [unguo], oint-
ment, UNGUENT.
unguo, -ere, unxi, iinctus, smear,
rt?i-oiNT. (Unction.)
unguis, -is, m., nail, claw, talon.
unus, -a, -um, (gen., unius, dat.,
ij.ni), num. adj., one, alone; ad
unum, to a man.
urbanus, -a, -um, adj., [urbs], of
or belonging to the city, city.
(Urbane.)
urbs, urbis, f ., tity. (^nh-urb.) Cf.
oppidum.
usque, adv., up to, until, even.
usus
283
VESTIBULUM
usus, -us, m., [utor], use, need;
experience.
ut or uti, conj,, (1) with indie, as,
when ; (2) with subj., that, in
order that.
ut- cum que, adv., whenever.
uter, utra, utrum, (gen., utrius,
dat., utri), inter, pron., which (of
two) ? tohich ?
uter-que, utra-que, utrum-que,
indef. pron., each (of two).
utilis, -e, adj., [iitor], use-/«/.
uti-nam, adv., would that ! O
that !
utor, -i, usus, USE.
utrim-que, adv., [uterque], on
both sides, on both ends.
uxor, -oris, f., wife.
vacca, -ae, f., coio. {Vaccinate.)
vacuus, -a, -um, adj., [vaco, be
empty], empty, vacant.
vado, -ere, , , go, walk, pro-
ceed.
vagor, -ari, -atus, wander, rove.
{Vagrant.)
valde, adv., [validus], (strongly),
exceedingly, very.
vale, [imperative of valeo, be icell],
farewell, good-by.
validus, -a, -um, adj., [valeo, be
well], strong, stout, powerful.
Cf. fortis.
varius, -a, -um, adj., various.
vasto, -are, -avi, -atus, [vastus],
ravage, (Zc-vastate.
vastus, -a, -um, adj., immense,
vast. Cf. ingens, magnus.
vates, -is, m. and f., soothsayer,
prophet ; bard, singer, poet.
vectigal, -alis, n., tax.
vehementer, adv., violently, ykue-
MENTI.Y.
veho, -ere, vexi, vectus, carry;
pass., sail or ride. Cf. ferd,
porto.
Veiens, -entis, adj., [Veii], of
Veii, Veientian.
Veientanus, -a, -um, adj., [Veii],
o/Veii, Veientiax.
Veii, -orum, plur. in., city of Etru-
ria.
vellus, -eris, n., fleece.
velo, -are, -avi, -atus, [velum],
veil.
velum, -i, n., sail; curtain; veil.
venatio, -onis, f., [venor], hunt-
ing.
vene-fica, -ae, f., [venenum +
f acio] , poisoner, sorceress.
venenum, -i, n., poison, venom.
venia, -ae, f., indulgence, favor,
pardon. {Venial.)
venio, -ire, veni, ventus, come.
venor, -ari, -atus, Jmnt.
ventus, -i, m., wind. Cf. aura.
Venus, -eris, f., goddess of love.
ver, veris, n., spring. {Vernal.)
verber, -eris, n., lash, lohip.
verberabat, (he) used to tvhip, beat.
verberat, (he) whips, beats.
verbero, -are, -avi, -atus, [ver-
ber], whip, beat. {Re-uerberate.]
Cf. ferio.
verbum, -i, n., loord. {Verbal.)
vereor, -eri, -itus, re-VEUic; /ear.
Cf. timeo,
Vergilius, -i, m., Vekgil, a Roman
poet.
vero, adv. and conj., [verus], in-
deed, but, however.
verto, -ere, verti, versus, tta-n,
change, {lle-uerse.)
verus, -a, -um, adj., ti-ue, real;
re vera, in truth, in fact, really.
{Verity.)
vescor, -i, , feed upon, live on,
eat.
vesper, -eri and -eris, m., evening.
vesperi, adv., [vesper], in the even-
ing.
Vesta, -ae, f., goddess of the hearth.
vestibulum, -i, m., entrance court,
vestibule.
VESTIGIUM
284
ZETES
vestigium, -i, n., footstep, step,
trace, remnant, vestige.
vestis, -is, f., garment, clothing,
VESTURE.
vetus, -eris, i\d}., ancient. {Veteran.)
via, -ae, f., way, road, street.
viator, -oris, m., Ivia], loayfarer,
traveller.
vibro, -are, -avi, -atus, vibrate;
glitter, gleam.
vicinus, -i, m., [vicus], neighbor.
( Vicinity. )
vici, see vineo.
victor, -oris, adj., [vineo], con-
guering, victorious.
victor, -oris, m., [vineo], con-
queror, VICTOR,
victoria, -ae,*f ., [victor], victory.
vicus, -i, m., .street, village.
vide-licet, adv., [videre licet, it
is alloiced to see], (one may see),
clearly, evidently.
video, -ere, vidi, visus, see; pass.,
seem, appear. {Vision.)
videt, (he) sees.
vigilia, -ae, f., [vigil, tvatchful],
watch, guard, sentinels.
viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty.
villa, -ae, f. , farmhouse, country-
house, VILLA,
vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, hind.
vineo, -ere, vici, victus, conquer.
Cf supero.
vinculum, -i, n., [vincio], bond,
fetter ; plur., prison.
vinum, -i, n., wine.
vir, viri, m., man, husband, man (pi
principle), hero. Cf. homo,
vires, see vis .
virga, -ae, f., rod.
Virgo, -inis, f., maiden, virgin.
Cf puella.
virilis, -e, adj., [vir], manly. {Vi-
rile.)
virtxis, -utis, f., [vir], courage,
bravery, valor ; virtue.
vis, (vis), ace. vim, abl. vi, f., force,
violence; plur., vires, virium,
strength.
vita, -ae, f., [vivoj, life. {Vital.)
vitat, (lie) avoids.
vito, -are, -avi, -atus, avoid, shun,
escape. Cf. effugio.
vitta, -ae, f., head-band, fillet (worn
by victims led to .*^acrifice).
vivo, -ere, vixi, victiirus, live.
{Victuals.)
vix, adv., hardly, scarcely.
voco, -are, -avi, -atus, call, name,
summon, invite. {Vocal.) Cf ap-
pello.
volgo, -are, -avi, -atus, [volgus,
people], jnibiish, sjyread abroad,
circulate, rejwrt. {Vulgar.)
volnero, -are, -avi, -atus, [vol-
nViB\,ioound. (Vulnerable.)
volnus, -eris, n., wound.
volo, -are, -avi, -atiirus, fly.
volo, velle, volui, , ivish, will.
{Volition.)
volpes, -is, f., fox.
volucer, -cris, -ere, adj., [voloj,
winged, fleet, swift.
volvo, -ere, volvi, voliitus, roll,
re-\ohVE, ponder.
voveo, -ere, vovi, votus, vow.
vox, vocis, f., [voco], voice.
Zeno, -onis, m., a philosopher.
Zetes, -ae, m,, one of the Argo-
nauts.
LATIN. 29
Oradatim
An Easy Latin Translation Book for Beginners. By H. R. Heatley,
and H, N. Kingdon. Revised by J. W. Sc udder, Latin Master in
the Albany Academy. i6mo, cloth, 228 pages. Price, 50 cents.
GRADATIM offers an excellent selection of easy reading-
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Twenty- five pages of Latin stories, which illustrate the use of
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these three subjects are especially treated.
In the first third of the book, all long vowels have been
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The Vocabulary has been entirely rewritten, and its scope
much enlarged.
Ray Greene Huling, Principal of the English High School, Cambridge,
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H. S. Cowell, Gushing Academy, Ashburnham, Mass.: I regard it as a
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Professor John H. Grove, Ohio Wesleyan University: It is certainly an
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22 LATIN.
Selections from Viri Rom^
With Notes, Exercises, and a Vocabulary by Professor John C. Rolfe,
University of Michigan. i6mo, cloth, 301 pages. Price, 75 cents.
URBIS ROM^ VIRI ILLUSTRES is a compilation from
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It is admirably adapted to help the pupil over the difficult tran-
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The advantage in its use lies in the fact that it is full of vjiri-
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history from Romulus to Augustus in an attractive form, to-
gether with many allusions to the customs of Roman life.
In the present edition the quantities of all the long voweis,
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Thirty-nine pages of the book have been prepared for reading
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Isaac B. Burgess, T/ie Aforgaji Park Academy, Uftivcrsity of Chicago:
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L. C. Hull, Lawrcnceville School, New Jersey: Rolfe's edition of Viri Romae
is an excellent book ; attractive, scholarly, and able to stand the ttst of
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George H. Browne, Cambridge, Mass. : Every time I have looked over
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Professor J. H. Dillard; Tulane University, New Orleans, La. : It gives in
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careful marking of the long vowels.
MISCELLANEOUS 59
Ancient Greece
From the earliest times down to 146 B.C. By Roiiert F. Pennell,
Principal of State Normal School, Chico, Cal. Revised Edition, with
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24 LATIN.
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With Notes, Exercises, and Vocabulary by Professor John C. Rolfe,
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IN general the same plan is followed as in the Selections from
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In the text, as well as elsewhere througliout the book, the
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The notes are designed to enable the pupil to understand the
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maps, including all the places mentioned by Nepos.
Charles C. Ramsay, Prind/>a/ of High School, Fall River, Mass.: It would
be difficult to say too much in praise of Professor Rolfe's " The Lives of
Cornelius Nepos." The Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary are unusu-
ally well done, and will render the study of the lives interesting and de-
lightful. The publishers, moreover, deserve a share of the praise for the
very attractive form in which the book is issued. The typography is clear,
and the paper is good.
Walter A. Edwards, Principal of High School, Rockford, III. : I am de'
lighted with your Rolfe's edition of Nepos, both as to its typographical
appearance and as to the educational value of the work. Taking it al-
together it is a most attractive text-book. I am not clear in my mind
whether we are ready to drop Caesar yet and turn to some such work as
this, which would certainly have the advantage of greater interest, and per-
haps a greater practical value. There are some points of value which we
should be sorry to lose . . . but I am open to conviction, and Professor
Rolfe's book goes a long way toward convincing me.
Professor Leon J. Richardson, University of California: As a Latin
department we are encouraging the reading of Nepos in the California
High Schools. For this purpose your book commends itself very highly.
Professor F. G. Axtell, Chaffey College, Ontario, Calif : The Nepos is the
best edition I have seen.
18 LATIN.
Cassar's Gallic War
Edited, with Introduction. Notes, Vocabulary, Table of Idioms, and
twenty full-page Illustrations, by Professor Francis W. Kelsey, Uni-
versity of Michigan. 1 2 mo, half leather, 506 pages. Price, ^1.25.
THROUGHOUT the book every effort has been made, by
way of illustration and comment, to render the study of
Caesar attractive and useful, a means of culture as well as of dis-
cipline. That the result has been to produce the best-equipped
edition of the Gallic War is generally conceded.
The Introduction, besides giving a full review of Caesar's life
and character, furnishes also a concise and logical account of
the Roman art of war in Caesar's time. The Illustrations con-
sist of six full-page colored plates, of a double-page map of Gaul,
and of fourteen full-page maps and plans.
The text is clear, accurate, and uniform in its orthography,
and is conveniently divided by brief English summaries.
The Notes are apt and sensible, with full references to the
Grammars of Bennett, Allen and Greenough, and Harkness.
The Table of Idioms and Phrases, found in no other edition,
will enable a teacher to drill his class on those constructions
which are most perplexing to beginners.
The Vocabulary, like the Notes, is intended to give the pupil
only such help as he needs, and such knowledge as he can digest.
Charles S. Chapin, Principal High School, Fitchburg, Mass. : I consider
Kelsey's Caesar, both for teacher and pupil, the most admirable edition in
the field, combining in one volume text, notes, dictionary of antiquities,
maps, and all the instruments for successful study of the Commentaries.
0. D. Robinson, Principal High School, Albany, N.Y.: As a text-book it
seems to me if not absolutely perfect, to approach as near perfection as
any book I have ever examined. The Introduction and colored plates
are invaluable as aids to a clear understanding of the text, and are su-
perior to anything of the kind elsewhere. The maps, notes, vocabulary,
and table of idioms, are unsurpassed in any text-book of Caesar now in use.
Richard M. Jones, Head Master, Wm. Penn Charter School, Philadel-
phia : Kelsey's Caesar is, in my judgment, the nearest approach yet made
in this country to what a school edition of an ancient classic should be.
20 LATIN.
Selections from Ovid
With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by Professor Francis
W. Kelsey. Illustrated. i2mo, half leather, 447 pages. Price, ^1.25.
AS in the editions of Caesar and Cicero by tlie same editor,
no pains have been spared to make the book pleasing to
the eye and useful to the student. The selections, with a few
exceptions, are short and complete in themselves. A consider-
able number of them will be found suitable for sight-reading.
The Introduction contains a sketch of the life and works of
Ovid, with a short essay on Ovid as a poet, together with an
outline of Greek and Roman Mythology.
The Notes are elementary, but at the same time they aim to
suggest a poetic interpretation of the author,
William C. Collar, Headmaster, Roxbury Latin School, Mass. : I am glad to
see an edition containing so good and so varied a collection from Ovid's
■writings. The book seems to me to be a very conscientious piece of work,
and I am particularly pleased with the frequent and happy quotations, in
the notes, of passages from English poets.
Walter A. Edwards, Principal, High School, Rockford, III. : I am delighted
with it. The editor has made an excellent school-book, without thrusting
into the background the literary charm of the text he is annotating. The
abundant quotations from the English poets must materially help toward
a right appreciation and enjoyment of Ovid's poetry.
L. C. Hull, Lawrenceville School, N J.: Professor Kelsey has again shown
how admirably he can meet the wants of good teachers. But his edition
of Ovid does more than this. It must quicken the poetic sense cf even
the most prosaic teachers. I cannot help feeling that many a pupil will
thank Professor Kelsey for having shown how the same themes that in-
spired Ovid still live in our own English classics. We have had given to
us a manual of mythology, a scholarly edition of a Latin classic, and an
abundance of poetic inspiration, all at once. Ovid did not write to ex-
hibit the grammatical usages of his day, or to help make philologists ; and
Professor Kelsey has not made the mistake of supposing that his verses
are best used when they are made to serve such purposes.
Professor George H. White, Oberlin College: The notes are made attrac-
tive, and their meaning more clear, by many quotations from a wide range
of English poets. In this latter respect it is superior to every other school
edition of the ancient classics. I commend the book without reserve.
LATIN. 19
Selected Orations and Letters of Cicero
With Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by Professor Francis W.
Kelsey. i2mo, half leather, 518 pages. Illustrated. Price, $1.25.
THE Orations given in this edition are the four against Cati-
line, those for the Manilian Law, Archias, Marcellus, and
the fourth oration against Antony. These are edited with a
view to showing their value as examples of oratory, rather than
as offering mere material for grammatical drill. The student's
attention is directed to the occasion and circumstances of their
delivery, as well as to the motive and method of presenting the
matter contained in them. Modes of legal procedure, the Con-
stitution and form of government m Cicero's time, and the whole
environment of the orator, are brought into clear view, and made
a reality to the student.
The Letters are selected with reference to the light they shed
on Cicero as a man rather than as a politician. They afford
pleasant glimpses of his private life, and help to make real the
pupil's conception of the times in which he lived. As material
for short exercises for sight translation or rapid reading they
will be found of special value.
A Table of Idioms and Phrases presents in form convenient
for use, constructions that deserve special attention.
Lincoln Owen, Principal of the Rice Training-School, Boston: Kelsey's
Cicero is a model in the art of text-book making. It cannot fail to be a
success for editor, publisher, and user. I count the teachers and the pupils
of the present generation fortunate in having such admirable " instruments
of education " as Professor Kelsey is preparing for us.
Professor J. W. Steams, University of Wisconsin : Kelsey's Cicero com-
mends itself more than any words of mine can commend it. It is a teach-
er's book, up to modern times, both in text and annotations, and admirably
printed.
miss Ellen F. Snow, ^^igh School, Keene, N.H. : I have now used it in my
classes for five weeks in connection with ... in the hands of a part of
the class. Kelsey has the preference every time. It gives a body to the
ideas, and tells the scholars things that they want to know in a way suited
to them. I have been waiting long enough to test it, and I like it better
every week.
14 LATIN.
A Latin Grammar
By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University. i2mo, cloth,
265 pages. Price, 80 cents.
IN this book the essential facts of Latin Grammar are pre-
sented within the smallest compass consistent with high
scholarly standards. It covers not only the work of the pre-
paratory school, but also that of the required courses in college
and university. By omitting rare forms and syntactical usages
found only in ante-classical and port-classical Latin, and by
relegating to an Appendix theoretical and historical questions,
it has been found possible to treat the subject with entire ade-
quacy in the compass of 250 pages exclusive of Indexes. In
the German schools, books of this scope fully meet the exacting
demands of the entire gymnasial course, and those who have
tried ^Bennett's Grammar find that they are materially helped by
being relieved of the mass of useless and irrelevant matter which
forms the bulk of the older grammars.
Professor William A. Houghton, Bowdoht College, Brunswick, Maine:
The Grammar proper is admirably adapted to its purpose in its clearness
of arrangement and classification, and in its simplicity and precision of
statement, giving definitely just what the pupil must know, and not crowd-
ing the page with a mass of matter that too often disheartens the young
student instead of helping him. I trust it will come into general use, for
I think for the reasons just given, and because of its moderate compass
and attractive appearance, students are likely to get more practical gram-
matical knowledge out of it than they generally do from the larger
grammars.
Professor Alfred M. Wilson, University of Nebraska, Lincoln: I have
examined it very carefully, and I can say, truly and with pleasure, that
my first impressions have become positive convictions as to the very great
value and utility of the book. I am daily using it with increasing delight
and satisfaction. It is clear, concise, and independent.
The Critic, Feb. 29, 1896. The book is a marvel of condensed, yet clear
and forcible, statement. Just enough examples are given to illustrate each
principle without discouraging the pupil by their number and variety.
The ground covered in the treatment of forms and syntax is adequate
for ordinary school work and for the use of freshmen and sophomores in
college.
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW
AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS
WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN
THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY
WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH
DAY AND TO $!.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY
OVERDUE.
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