First Middle English primer; extracts from the Ancren riwle and Ormulum, with grammar and glossary

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Sweet, Henry

First Middle English
primer

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FIRST MIDDLE ENGLISH PRIMER

SWEET

OXFOBD

WABEHOUSE

AMEN CORNER

FIRST

MIDDLE ENGLISH PRIMER

EXTRACTS

FROM THE

ANCREN RIWLE AND ORMULUM

WITH GRAMMAR AND GLOSSARY

BY

HENRY SWEET, M.A.

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1884

[ All rights reserved ]

S95

PREFACE.

THE object of this work is not to afford a general survey
of the Middle English dialects in their different periods, but
rather to lay a firm foundation for such a survey by giving
extracts from the two oldest texts which have been handed
down in consistent, contemporary spellings representing pure
and fixed dialects, one dialect being the direct descendant of
the classical West Saxon of Alfred and JElfric, the other the
nearly direct ancestor of Modern English. The spellings
of the MSS. have been preserved unchanged, or else given
at the foot of the page, but diacritics have been added as
guides to the quantity and quality of those sounds which are
imperfectly distinguished in the MSS. The grammar and
glossary are based entirely on the extracts, all comparison
of the other M. E. dialects and periods being rigorously
excluded, the two texts being also kept apart as much as
possible.

Although I think it a great mistake to begin the study of
M. E. without a previous elementary knowledge of Old E.,
such as may easily be acquired with the help of my Anglo-
Saxon Primer, I have nevertheless adapted this work to
the requirements of those who may take it up without any
such preparation. These students will find it advisable to
begin with the Ormulum instead of the Ancren Riwle.

vj PREFACE.

The texts are based on the editions of Morton1 and
White2, together with the collations of Kolbing in the
Englische Studien (vol. i. p. i foil.) and the Jahrbiicher fvir
romanische und englische sprache und litteratur (xv. p. 180
foil.). I have followed Morton in basing my text on the
MS. Cott. Nero A. 14, as being the only one in a pure
Southern dialect, and am quite unable to agree with the
objections raised to Morton's choice by Kolbing and others.
The Cambridge Corpus MS. not only shows the influence
of a Midland dialect, but gives (as far as I can judge at
present) a much less accurate text than the Nero MS.

It must be understood that this first attempt consistently
to mark the quality and quantity of the vowels in M. E. is
only a tentative one, especially as regards the quantity. I
am now inclined to mark the vowels in -liche, wel, yt (adv.),
lilt, Intel as long, and to assume short vowels before certain
consonant-combinations in the A. R., but have not been able
to investigate the question fully as yet.

The extracts have been carefully chosen not only from a
linguistic, but also from a literary and social-historical point
of view. The student who has carefully worked through
them will hardly need to be told that the A. R. is one of the
most perfect models of simple, natural, eloquent prose in our
language; without it indeed, the history of English prose
from the close of the Old E. period down to the beginning
of the seventeenth century would be little more than a dreary

1 The Ancren Riwle, edited by James Morton. London : Camden
Society, 1853.

* The Ormulum. with the notes and glossary of Dr. R. M. White,
edited by Rev. R. Holt. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1878.

PREFACE. Vll

blank. As a picture of contemporary life, manners, and
feeling it cannot be over-estimated. The passage (p. 36) in
which Christ is described as a Norman knight in homeliest
English phrase is alone enough to give a vivid idea of that
fusion of English and French traditions and sentiments
which — in spite of Ivanhoe — was almost completely carried
out by the beginning of the thirteenth century. The con-
clusion (p. 39) of the allegory of Christ's wooing of the soul
is, on the other hand, thoroughly Old English in its com-
bined picturesqueness and grandeur (comp. especially 1. 26
foil.). Thoroughly English, too, though in a totally different
way, is the humorous description of the troubles of the nun
with her cow (p. 41) : how she curses when the cow is
impounded, and yet has to pay the damages. Equally good
is the description of the chattering nun (p. 19), and the
comparison of her to a cackling hen. This, and many other
passages, may be read with profit as well as amusement even
at the present day.

Of the literary merits of the Ormulum little can be said,
for it has none whatever. The author was, in fact, a spelling-
reformer and philologist who mistook his vocation. The
Old E. picturesqueness and power disappears entirely from
his verse together with the traditional alliteration, and the
only compensation is a dry, practical directness of style and
metre which is anything but poetical. The only passage in
our extracts that shows any trace of poetry is, perhaps, the
description of the lamb (p. 68).

In conclusion, I have to express the wish that those who
make use of this book either as teachers or students will
kindly favour me with such corrections, additions, and

vin

PREFACE.

>r1i ti/"\t"»

criticisms as I can utilize in the event of a second edition
being called for. As I have never had any opportunity of
teaching English systematically, I am obliged to rely mainly
on the experience of others.

HENRY SWEET.

HEATH STREET, HAMPSTEAD,
September 8, 1884.

ADDITIONS.

Page 2, line 8, y has the value of i.

1. 24. Short e was probably lengthened before certain consonant com-
binations (p. .6), as in ende ' end ' ; the resulting long vowel, which was
distinct from \ (being less broad) is denoted by italic e in the extracts
and glossary.

p. 3, 11. I, 3. Add the diphthongs £«, ecu, as un\eauwes 'vices,' treou
'tree.'

p. 8, 1. 28. Add wummon ' woman,' plur. witmmen.

p. 10, 1. 3. ruh ' rough/ inflects ruzve.

p. 44, 1. 33. j has the sound of our consonant y, as vajiidissk ' Jewish.'

ERRATA.

Page I line 4 for twelfth read thirteenth.

„ 3 „ 23 „ long „ with long n.

„ 37 „ 14 „ acwiten „ acwiten.

,, 47 „ 12 „ forfedd „ for]>edd.

14 „ lare „ lire.

„ 48 „ 25 ,, for]>edd „ for>edd.

44 „ rime ,, rime.

CONTENTS.

woe

ANCREN RIWLE :

Grammar . . . . . . . . . \

Extracts 19

THE ORMULUM :

Grammar • - • 43

Extracts 47

GLOSSARY 79

ANCREN RIWLE.

(Southern Dialect.)

GRAMMAR.

THE Early Middle English of the beginning of the twelfth
century was spoken, like Old English, in four chief dialects,,
the Northumbrian, Midland, Southern, and Kentish. The
Southern (strictly South- Western) dialect of the Ancren
Riwle, probably that of Dorsetshire, represents geographically
the Old West-Saxon, and especially the Late West-Saxon of
jElfric. In its sounds, however, it is a mixed dialect, show-
ing strong Midland influence.

The most important change that took place in M. E. was
the levelling of the old inflectional vowels under e, which led
to a partial break-up of the O. E. inflectional system. These
changes were no doubt accelerated by the Danish and
Norman conquests, which also introduced many Norse and
French words into the language.

SPELLING.

The influence of French spelling begins to show itself
almost before the Conquest. In the A. R. it is strongly
marked. We find the sound of O. E. ^ expressed by the
French #, that of /"by v, guttural and palatal c distinguished
as k and ch — all French influence, which also caused the dis-

B

2 ANCREN RIWLE,

use of the O. E. a. The general result of all this was, that
M. E. spelling became more and more ambiguous and un-
phonetic, although the spelling of the A. R. is much less
unphonetic than that of Chaucer. The following are the
letters and digraphs (denoting simple sounds) used in the
MS. of the A. R. : a, b, c, th, d, $, e, ea, eo, f, g, 5, h, i, k, /,
m, n, o, oa, />, qu (rare), r, s, sc, sch, /, /, u, ut, v, w, x,
y (rare), z (rare). In this book the spelling of the early
thirteenth-century MS. is kept unaltered, except that where
v is used to denote a vowel it is written ^ and where i and
u are used to denote consonants they are written/ and v
respectively, and that p is printed uniformly both for the /
and ff of the MS., which employs both of them indis-
criminately. Diacritical marks have also been added to
some of the letters to distinguish their sounds, giving the
following additional letters : e, g, u, g, long vowels being
marked ( " ).

The following table will show the probable pronunciation
of the vowels and diphthongs : —

a

al (alt) as in

father (*5«/ short}

a

dame (lady) „

father

ai

dai (day)

my (<5w/ broader}

au

drauh]? (draws) „

now (but broader)

e

men (men) „

mm

stille 1 (still} „

father

e

efter (after} „

man

e

ded (deed) „

see (German)

f , ea

If ren, learen (/<?a<^z) „

th^re

ei

eie (/ear) „

way (but broader)

§i

mej (may}

ei

eie (fjtf)

way

Unaccented.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.

eo seove (gift) „

eo veond (fiend) „

i sitten (sit) „

I win (zw'ra) „

0 hope (hope) „
6 boc (book) „

9, oa mgre, moare (more) „

01 noise (noise) „

ou ^ rouble (wrought) „

6u wouh (perverse) „

911 guh (ought)

u sunne (,?««) „

u ut (out)

ii siinne («'»)

u, ui hiiren, huiren (hire) „

peur (French, but short)

peu (French)

art

hop

S0hn (German)

more

nwse

no (but broader)

no

fid

(= short 5)
lune (French)

As regards the consonants, it is necessary to pronounce
the double ones really double, as in E. ' penknife/ dis-
tinguished from 'penny '.= respectively pennaif, peni. So in
M. E. sunne ' sun ' must be distinguished from sune ' son.'

The O. E. distinction between double and single final
consonants was lost in M. E., O. E. in and inn being both
written in, and pronounced long, as in Mod. E.

. The following consonants require special notice.

s, fi and f had the voiced sounds, 2, dh, v, initially and
finally, except, of course, in such combinations as st, ft, &c.,
and in ss, ff (J>b in wrgbbe l wroth/ was probably voiced), v
is always written for voiced f medially, and often also
initially, as in heovene ' heaven/ forb, vorb 'forth.' Finally
f is always written, as in Uf ' life/ to prevent confusion with
the vowel u. In words of French origin j and f probably
had their present sounds, as in servtse ' service/ pronounced

B 2

4 ANCREN RIWLE.

servize,fjsie { feast.' z is only written in French words, such
as avez 'aves' (plur.), where it had the sound of z. In
saltiz ' salvation ' it probably had the sound of ts. sc was
used for ss not only in French words, such as lescun ' lesson/
but also in E. ones, such as llescien ' bless/ bliscien ' gladden.'
sch had the sound of sh, scke being written for it in scheort
' short/ scheomeful ' shameful/

h had the sound of Germ, ch in ach everywhere except
initially, as in drauhb^ wouh', after a palatal vowel (e, t)
it probably had that of ch in G. ich, as in heih 'high/ ch
had, no doubt, nearly if not quite the sound of E. ch in
child =tsh, double in cch, nearly = ttsh, as in strecchen
' stretch/ c had the sound of s in the French iemptaciun
' temptation/ &c., and also in the E. spellings eocene, seldcene
' easily-seen/ ' rarely-seen.' k was generally written instead of
c before e and z', but also in other cases, g and j in French
words had the sound of dzh (or very near it), as in Mod. E.,
and gg had this sound doubled (comp. cch) in such E. words
a"s siggen ' say/ g also occurred in E. words in the com-
bination ng, as in swenge ' stroke/ 3 (the O. E. form of g)
had the sound of our cons.j/, as in yung 'young/

ph in the French prophete had, of course, the sound of f,
and p was silent in psalm-wiirhte ' psalm-wright, psalmist/

PHONOLOGY.

It has been shown that many of the changes from Old to
Middle E. are changes of spelling only.

VOWELS.

Of real sound-changes (besides the levelling of inflec-
tional vowels, p. i, above), the most important are the
following.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 5

The old diphthongs ea, ea, eo, eo became monophthongic,
ea being levelled under O. E. a>, written e in M. E., and ea
under O. E. <z, so that such a pair as the O. E. heard and
/><z>/were both pronounced with the same vowel, and were
accordingly both written with e (=/); and such a pair as
O. E. dead and tieran were both pronounced with the corre-
sponding long vowel, which was accordingly written in-
differently ea or e (=/), so that these two words could be
written either ded, leren, or dead, learen, ea being restricted
to the long sound, and not employed for the short /. eo
and eo were simplified in a similar way, but the resulting
labial vowels were soon delabialized into e and e.

But new diphthongs were developed in M. E. (to some
extent already in O. E.)

(1) By weakening of O. E. g, which itself was an open
consonant (= German g in sagen) medially and finally. O. E.
g became i after palatal vowels, as in wet (O. E. weg) ' way,'
mfi(mag) 'may/ veien (fegan) 'join,' being itself absorbed
after ;', as in stien (sfigari) 'ascend,' isfien (gesiigeri) 'ascended.'
After guttural vowels it became w, as in drawen (dragon)
'draw,' gwen (agan) 'owe,' bowe (boga) 'bow' sb., buwen
(bugan) ' bow ' vb., giving combinations which are scarcely
distinguishable from diphthongs, being itself absorbed after
K, as in vuel (fugol) ' bird.'

(2) By the development of i^ before palatal h, and of u
before guttural h and w (=O. E. g and w) : heih (Mercian
heh} 'high,' seiht (sehf) 'peace'; £uh (ah) 'owes,' brouhte
(brohte) 'brought,' touward (loweard) 'towards,' scheaitwen
(sceawiari) ' show.' Before O. E. palatal nc in kinien (lencteri)
' spring/ acweinie (acwencte) ' quenched.'

Of the other vowel-changes the most important is that of
O. E. a into the broad £ which was often written oa, as in

6 ANCREN RIWLE.

moare, more (mare) ' more/ zvoa, wo (wd) ' woe/ The result
was that a occurs only in French words, such as dame,
bldmen.

Short vowels were lengthened before Id, ng, nd, mb, rd
and in other more doubtful cases (the lengthening having
begun in O. E.), as in tglde (Mercian talde) ' told/ child ' child/
l§nS (lang> l°n§) ' l°ng>' vmden ' find/ climben ' climb,' word
' word.' Not before //, Ip, «/, &c. : cp. 'hglden ' to hold ' with
pres. hall ' holds.'

Consonant influence showed itself in other ways, w
changes £ into a : water (water) ' water/ hwat (hwcef) ' what/
ward (weard) 'guardian.' Palatal h changes e to i_\ briht,
(beorht, brehf) ' bright/ vihten (Mercian fehiari) ' fight/ Ken
(leogan, Mercian legari) 'tell lies/ drien (Mercian dregan)
' suffer.'

CONSONANTS.

Original single consonants are sometimes doubled between
vowels, especially m, as in summe (O. E. sumum) dat. of
sum 'some (one).' Also in wunnunge 'dwelling/ iwarre,
plur. ' wary.' Original double consonants are, on the other
hand, simplified in unaccented syllables, as in the plur.
sunfule (synfulle) ' sinful/ the dat. wummone (vtnfmanne)
' woman.'

O. E. consonants are sometimes dropped, as in hwttch,
swilch (hwylc, swylc] ' which/ ' such/ ajse=alsg (ealswa) ' so,
as.' The unaccented monosyllables ich (ic) 'I/ on 'on/
in ' in/ an ' on, an (indef. art.)/ together with the un-
shortened gn ' one/ often drop their consonants. So also in
me (man) the unaccented form of mon ' man/ which is used
in the indefinite sense of ' one/ ' they.'

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. J

When final / or d is followed by p beginning another
word (generally a pronominal word or a particle), the two
consonants were regularly assimilated together, becoming //,
and this change is often carried out in writing: ant te=and
fie, mil te=mid ]>e.

INFLECTIONS.

SUBSTANTIVES.

In the A. R. the threefold distinction of gender in the
names of things as well as of living beings is still partially
kept up, although the frequent dropping of the inflections of
the articles and adjectives makes it difficult to distinguish
them. The natural fern, gender of wiimmon and leofmon
'sweetheart,' begins to prevail over the grammatical masc.,
these words taking the pronoun heo ' she.'

The following are the inflections, those which are liable to
be dropped being in ( ) : —

SINGULAR.

Strong Masc.

Strong Neui.

Fern.

Norn, wei (way)

word (word)

chirche (church)

Ace. wei

word

chirche

Dal. wei(e)

word(e)

chirche

Gen. weies

wordes

chirche

PLURAL.

Nom.,Acc. weies wordes, word chirchen

Dat. weies wordes chirchen

Gen. weies, weie(ne) wordes, worde(ne) chirchen(e)

8 ANCREN RIWLE.

SINGULAR.

Weak Masc. Weak Neut.
Nom. ivere (companion) eie (eye)
Ace. ivere eie

Dat. ivere eie

Gen. ivere eie

PLURAL.

Nom., Ace. iveren eien

Dat. iveren eien

Gen. iveren(e) eien(e)

In vdr slj>en ' four times ' we have a remnant of the old
dat. plur. in -um.

Many feminines, such as hgnd ' hand/ do not take e in the
nom. sing Feminines rarely take -es in the gen. sing., the
plur. neuters with a short root-syllable (short vowel + single
cons.) generally take -en in the plural : j// ' gate/ pi. ^gten.
So also the original neuters treo, deovel have plur. treon,
deqflen. bede (O. E. neuter gebed) takes e in the nom. sing.
French polysyllables take s instead of es : parlurs ' of a
parlour/ detturs ' debtors/ passiuns ' passions/

Such words as engel ' angel/ wunder ' wonder/ throw out
their unaccented vowel before an inflectional one : engle,
wundres.

dgi (O. E. dceg) has plur. dawes (dagas). vader, moder,
broper, siister are generally unaltered in the sing. The last
two have their plurals brefiren, silstren. vreond ' friend ' is
unchanged in the nom. ace. pi., as also niht ' night.' ji ' egg/
has plur. jiren. mon ' man/ vot ' foot/ have their plur. men,
vet.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 9

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives retain the distinction between strong and weak,
the latter form being used after the definite article, demon-
stratives, and defining words generally, but there is much
confusion.

Strong.

SINGULAR.

Mass. Neut. Fern.

Norn, god, gode (good) god god, gode

Ace. god god g£de

Dat. god(e) god(e) god(e)

Gen. god(e) god(e) god(e)

PLURAL.

Norn., Ace. gode

Dat. gode

Gen. gode, alre.

When an adj. stands without a subst. it sometimes has a
gen. sing, in -e s in the fern, as well as masc. and neut.

Weak.

SINGULAR.

Weak Masc., Fern., Neut.

Norn. gode

Ace. gode

Dat. gode

Gen. gode

PLURAL.

Norn., Ace. gode

Dat. gode

Gen. gode

10 ANCREN RIWLE.

The e of the weak form seems to be dropped only after
an unaccented syllable, as in hgli(e") ' holy,' bitter (for bittre).

The comparative and superlative are formed by adding
-(e)re, -est.

-lich becomes -liikest in the superl. : Igdlich ' hateful,' Igd-
liikest. grgtest ' greatest/ is contracted to grjst. hgt ' hot/
shortens its vowel in the comp. hattre.

PRONOUNS AND GENERAL ADJECTIVES.

The personal pronouns have only two cases, nominative
and oblique (which is mainly the O. E. dative, but is used as
an ace. as well as a dat), and are declined thus : —

SINGULAR.
Nom. ich, I (/) bu (thou)

Obi. me be

PLURAL.

Nom. we

je

Obi. us

ou

SINGULAR.

Masc.

Neut.

Fern.

Nom. he (he)
Obi. him, hine

hit (if)
him

heo (she)
hire

\

PLURAL.

Nom.

, heo

Obi.

heom, ham

The reflexive pronoun is often the simple pronoun, as in
hglde hire stille I 'let her keep herself quiet.' Generally,
however, siilf ' self is used. It is joined to the possessives
of the first two persons and to the oblique (dative) case of
the third person, the form siilven being also used in the nom.
as well as the obi. case : bi-siilf^ fii-siilven, him-sulf, him-
siilven, ham-siilven.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. II

The possessives are mi(n\ /F(«), his (masc. and neut.),
hire (her) ; ure, ower (our, our, inflected oure), hore. They
are all (including his) declined like other adjectives, niin and
}nn drop their n before a consonant.

The definite article is declined thus : —

SINGULAR.

Masc.

Neut.

Fern.

Norn, be

b$t, be

beo, be

Ace. bene, be

bet, be

beo, be

Dai. ben, be

ben, be

ber, be

Gen. bes, be

bes, be

j>er, be

PLURAL.

Norn., Ace.

beo, be

Dai.

beo, be (ben)

Gen.

beo, be (ber)

J>e (with long (?) is also used as a pers. pron. when followed
by the relative pe \ }>e J>el he who,' peo pe ' she who,' ' they
who.'

pis ' this/ is declined thus : —

SINGULAR.

Masc.

Neut.

Fern.

Norn. Ipes

bis

beos

Ace.

bis

beos

Dai. bisse

bisse

bisse

Gen.

bisse

V
PLURAL.

z., Ace.

beos

Dai.

beos, bissen

Gen.

beos

ANCREN RIWLE.

The relatives are fie and///, both undeclined in gender,
number, and case, hwat is also used as a relative, as in
Mod. E.

Indefinites are formed by adding se=-sg 'so' to the in-
terrogatives hwg, hwat, hwgper 'which of the two,' hwg-se
' whoever,' hw$er-se ' whoever of the two.' an, a shorten-
ing of gn ' one/ is used as an indefinite article, and is
declined like an adjective. Both an and gn drop their «
before a consonant, as also does ngn ' none,' which has an
ace. sing. masc. nenne. jni, gi ' any ' is also declined like an
adjective. oj>er 'other' keeps the strong form after pe: J>$t
oper, &c.

VERBS.

There are two classes of verbs, strong and weak, the
former being conjugated by means of vowel-change in the
root, the latter by the addition of d (/).

The following are the general endings : —

INDICATIVE.

Pres. sing. i. binde'bind'

2. bintst

3. bint
plur. bindef)

Pret. sing. i. bgnd

2. bunde

3. bgnd
plur. bunden

SUBJUNCTIVE.

bmde

binde

bmde

binden

bunde

bundest

bunde

bunden

Imper. sing, bind ; plur. b!ndef>. Infin. binde(n). Part,
pres. blndinde ; pret. ibunde(n). Gerund to binden(e).

The plur. drops its p and n when the pron. immediately
follows its verb instead of preceding it: bmde y, imper.,

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 13

bunde y. The pret. partic. regularly prefixes i- (=O. E. ge-),
unless it already has a prefix of the same character.

STRONG VERBS.

In these the 2nd sing. pret. indie, and the whole pret.
subj. always have the vowel of the pret. plur. indie.

The 3rd pers. sing, of the pres. indie, is sometimes full
, as in tte)> ' tells lies,' spekep ' speaks,' but is often con-
tracted, as in sledb ' slays,' berj> ' bears.' After / it is lost, as
in sit ' sits,' from sitten. It changes d into /, and is dropped
itself, as in tret 'treads/ from treden, stont 'stands,' from
sfpnden, ylt ' pays ' from ylden, ivint ' finds ' from ivinden, the
vowel being generally shortened.

STRONG VERBS.

The following strong verbs occur in our extracts (those
only being given which show forms with a vowel different
from that of the infinitive) : —

I. * Fall '-conjugation.

INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PART. PRET.

hglden (hold] halt heold heolden ihglden.

vgngenvonXra-mtf) .. .. veng vengen v^ngen.

II. ' Drink '-conjugation.

ivinden (find) ivint ivpnd ivunden ivunden

biginnen (begin) .... bigon^ bigunnen bigunne(n)

delven(^) dulven dolven

helpen(^) holpen

ceorven (cut} .... kerf kurven ....

worpen (throw) .... wejp wurpen worpen
1 Plur. indie, vop, vo(je) ; imper. sing, vo, vgng.

ANCREN RIWLE.

beren (bear)

berf> be.r

beren boren

breken (break)

.. .. bre.c

breken broken

IV. ' Give '-conjugation.

jiven (give)

sef

jeven ijiven

cweben (say)

.... cwe.b

bijeten (get)

bijit

speken (speak)

spekej? spe.c

.. ..

liggen (tie)

lib lej

leien .. ..

sitten (si/)

sit se.t

seten .. ..

iseon (see)

isihb isgih

iseien iseien

V.

* Drive '-conjugation.

schriven (con/ess)

.. .. schrijjf

schriven ischriven

striven (strive)

.... strgf

VI.

' Choose '-conjugation.

beoden (offer)

bfd

vorlesen (lose)

.. .. vorlfs

vorluren vorloren

vlien (flee)

.. .. .. ..

vluwen ....

lien (tell lies)

.. .. .. ..

.... ilowen

wrien (cover)

.... wreih

.. .. i wrien

biiwen (<50zo)

buhb beih

VII

. * Shake '-conjugation.

drawen (draw)

drauhb drouh

drSwen idrawen

stgnden (stand)

stont stod

stoden istgnden

cumen (come)

cumeb com

comen icumen

slean (slay)

sleab slouh

slowen isleien

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 15

hebben 'lift,' which in O. E. belongs to this conjugation,
has pret. hgf.

WEAK VERBS.

•

There are two conjugations of weak verbs: (i) those with
inf. -en ; (2) those with inf. -fen.

Conjugation I.

The pret. and partic. pret. are formed by adding -de and
-(e}d, -lid- being written -Id-, and -ndd- becoming -nd-. After
/ and other voiceless consonants the d becomes /, and -///-
becomes -//-. The 2nd and 3rd sing. pres. indie, are con-
tracted in the same way as in the strong verbs.

(a) ' Hear '-class. f

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres. sing. i. here (hear} here

2. her(e)st here

3. her(e))? here
plur. here]? heren

Pret. sing. i. herde herde

2. herdest herdest

3. herde her den
plur. herden herden

Imper. sing, here : plur. herej?. Infin. heren.
Part. pres. herinde ; pret. iher(e)d.

Other examples are : —

If ren (leach} le.rej> Ifrde ilf red, ilf rd

ileven (believe} ileve]? ilevde ileved

wenden (/urn, go) went wende iwend

speten (spit) spet spette ispet

setten (set} set sette iset

1 6 ANCREN RIWLE.

Ijden ' lead/ .and Uten ' let,' shorten in the pret. : Igdde, kite,
seiten ' set,' has imper. sing. sete. ktipen ' make known,' has
pret. partic. iktid; leggen has pret. partic. ileid; siggen ' say,'
has 3rd pers.» seifi, pret. seide, partic. iseid, imper. seie and
sigge; acwenchen 'quench,' has pret. acweinte; strecchen
'stretch,' has partic. pret. istreiht; nemnen 'name,' has imper.
sing. nem.

(b\ ' Seek '-class.

tellen (tell} tellej? tglde itgld

j?enchen (thinK) 1 .... ]?ouhte if>ouht

biiggen (buy) bu\> bouhte ibouht

J^unchen (seem) .. .. Jiuhte i]?uht

wiirchen (work) .... wrouhte iwrouht

Conjugation II.

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres. sing. i. luvie (love) luvie

2. luvest luvie

3. luvej? luvie
plur. luviej? luvien

Pret. sing. i. luvede luvede

2. luvedes luvedes

3. luvede luvede
plur. luvede luveden

Imper. sing, luve ; pi. luvief>. Infin. luvien.
Part. pres. luvi(i)nde ; pret. iluved.

The i is often omitted in these verbs, luvie sometimes
becomes luvi.

habben ' have ' (nabben ( have not ') shows a mixture of
forms of both conjugations.

1 Imper. penc(h).

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 17

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres. sing. i. habbe habbe

2. havest habbe

3. have)? habbe
plur. habbe)) habben

Pret. he/de, he.vede.
Imper. sing, have ; plur. habbej). Infin. habben.

STRONG-WEAK VERBS.

These have for their present an old strong preterite, from
which a new preterite is formed.

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres. sing. i. con (can) cunne

2. const cunne

3. con cunne
plur. cunnen cunnen

Pret. cu]?e. Infin. cunnen.

The others are : —

WQt ' know,' ' guard,' pi. witefi, wiitep ; pret. wiisle. So also
ngt ' knows not.'

guh 'owes,' ' ought,' pwen\ guhte.

mot ( may,' ' must/ moten ; moste.
- m$i ' can,' ' may,' fru miht, mgiht, muwen ; miihte.

schal ' shall,' pu schalt, schulen, schullen ; schulde.

A similar verb is wullen ' will,' niillen ' will not.'

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres. sing. r. wtile, wiille, ichiille (ntille) wiile

2. wilt, wiilt (null) wiile

3. wtile wtile
plur. wiillejj wUllen

Pret. wolde

i8

ANCREN RIWLE.

ANOMALOUS VERBS.
i. beon, 'be.'

SUBJUNCTIVE.

beo

beo

beo

beon

were

were

were

weren

Infin. beon.

INDICATIVE.

Pres. sing. i. am (nam)
2. e.rt

3- is (nis)
plur. beo}?, bo]?

Pret. sing. i. was

2. were (nere)

3. was
plur. weren

Imper. sing, beo ; plur. beo}?.

2. don, ' do.'

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres. sing. i. do do

2. dest do

3. de}? d5
/>/wr. do}? don

>/. dude

Imper. sing, do : plur. do}?. /#/*«. don.
Part. pres. donde ; pret. idon.

, ' go.'

INDICATIVE.

Pres. sing. i. gQ

2. gfSt

3- gfl3

//wr. g9]?
Pret. code

Imper. sing. g9 ; />/

SUBJUNCTIVE.

g9

g9}?.

» gon.

EXTRACTS.

SPEECH.

ON alre-§rest, hwon je schulen to Sure parlures btirle, iwiteb
e.t ower mgiden hw9 hit beo b§t is icumen, vor swiich hit me.i
beon be.t je schulen aschunien1 ou ; &2 hwon je alles moten
vor}?, creoiseb ful jeome our mub, earen, & eien, & te breoste
eke ; & gob for]? mid Codes drf de to preoste. On f rest 5
sigge}? confiteor, & Jjer-§fter behedicile. pe.t he Quh to siggen,
hercne}? his wordes, & sittej? al stille, fȤt, hwon he partef) 3
vrom 6u, f>§t he ne cunne ower god, ne ower iivel n^u^er ;
ne he ne cunne ou n9uj?er blamen ne preisen. Sum is SQ
wel ilfred, 9f>er se wis-iworded, J>§t heo wolde f>e.t he wiiste 10
hit; J?.e sit & spekej? touward him, & jelt him word ajein
word, & bicume)? meister, \>e schulde beon ancre ; & learej?
him J?§t is icumen to If ren hire : wolde bi hire tale sone beon
mit te wise iciid & icngwen. Icn^wen heo is wel, vor fmrh
b§t ilke be.t heo wene|? to beon wis ihglden, he understont 15
be.t heo is sot. Vor heo hunteb §fter pris, & ke,cche]? lastunge.
Vor §t te laste, hwon he is iwfnd a-wei, 'beos ancre,' he
wtile siggen, 'is of miichele speche.' Eve heold ine parais
Ignge tale mid te ngddre, & tplde hire al b§t lescun be.t God
hire h^fde ilfred & Adam of ben epple; & 59 be veond burh 20
hire word understod an-9n-riht hire W9cnesse, & iv9nd wei
touward hire of hire vorlorenesse. Ure le/di, Seinte INIarie,
1 asunien. - «=ancl, ant. 3 parted.

20 ANCREN RIWLE.

diide al an ober wise : ne tglde heo Ipen engle ngne tale, aul
askede him bing scheortliche be.t heo ne kube. ge, mine
leove siistren, voleweb ure le.fdi, & n^ut be kakele Eve.
Vor-bi ancre, hwat se heo beo, alse miichel ase heo fuer con
5 & me.i, hplde hire stille : nabbe heo nput henne kiinde. J)e
hen, hwon heo have]? ileid, ne con buterr kakelen. And
hwat bijit heo ber-of ? Kumeb be cpue angn-riht & rfve}>
hire hire f iren, & fret al be.t of hwat heo schulde vorb-bringen
hire cwike briddes ; & riht alsg be liij^ere cgue, deovel, berj?

10 a-wei vrom l Ipe kakelinde ancren & vorswoluweb al b§t god
b§t heo istreoned habbeb, bgt schulden ase briddes beren ham
up touward heovene, jif hit nere icakeled. pe wre.cche 2
peoddare mgre noise he makeb to jeien his SQpe, ben a riche
mercer al his deorewurbe ware. To summe gpstliche monne

15 b§t je beob trtisti3 uppen, ase je muwen beon of liit, god is
be.t je asken rf d, & salve }?§t he tf che 6u tojeines fQndunges,
& ine schrifte scheawejj him, jif he wiile iheren, ower grfste
& ower Ipdlukeste siinnen, vor-bi-b§t him areowe ou ; & burh
be bireounesse crie Crist inwardliche mere! vor 6u, & habbe

20 6u ine munde & in his bonen. Sed multi veniunt ad vos in
•vestimentis om'um ; intrinsecus auiem sunt lupi rapaces. ' Auh
wite]? 6u, & beof) iwarre,' he seib, ure Lgverd, ' vor monie
cumeb to ou ischriid mid Igmbes fleose, & beob wode wulves.'
Worldliche men ilevej? Kit4; religiuse jet l§sse. Ne wilnie

25 je nQut to miichel hore kublfchunge. Eve wibute drfde
sp§c mit te ngddre. Ure l^fdi was ofdrgd of Gabrieles
speche.

Wibute witnesse of weopmon gber of wiimmon bft ou

muwe iheren, ne speke je mid n^ne monne ofte ne l9nge ; &

30 bauh hit beo of schrifte, i ben ilke huse, gber ber he muwe

iseon touward ou, sitte be bridde, bute jif be ilke bridde o

1 norm. a wreche. 3 strasti. * hit.

SPEECH. 21

ber stunde 1 trukie. pis nis ngut vor ou, leove siistren, iseid,
ne vor ober swiiche ; auh 2 for-bi be treowe is misleved, & te
sakelease ofte bilowen vor wone of witnesse. Me ilevef* be.t
iivel sone, & te unwrfste blibeliche lief) on be gode. Sum
uniseli, hwon heo seide be.t heo schrpf hire, have,f> ischriven 5
hire al to wundre. Vor-.bi gwen .be gode fuer to habben
witnesse, vor twg ancheisuns : nomeliche, be.t gn is be.t te
ontfule ne muwen lien on heom SQ bet be witnesse ne preove
heom valse ; be.t ober is, vor te given be obre vorblsne, &
binime be iivele ancre b§t ilke uniseli gile be.t ich of seide. 10

Ut of chirche biirle ne hglde je ngne tale mid ngne
monne, auh berejj wurbschipe ber-to, vor be hgli sacrament
b§t je iseob ber-burh, & nimej? oberhwiiles ower wiimmen
to be huses biirle. peo obre men & wiimmen to be parlurs
biirle speken vor neode: ne 9uwe je buten §t beos twg 15
buries.

Silence f uere e.t te mete ; vor jif obre religiuse dob hit,
ase je wel wiiteb, ge gwen bivoren alle. & jif fni haveb
deore gist, do hire maiden ase in hire stiide te glgdien hire
vere, & heo schal habben leave to openen hire biirl f nes gber 20
twles, & makien singnes touward hire of gne gl?de chere.
Summes kurteisie is ng-be-leas itiirnd hire to iivele. Under
semblaunt of god is ofte iheled siinne. Ancre & huses le.fdi
9uh miiche to beon bitweonen. |lueriche vrid§ie of be jer
hglde)? silence, bute jif hit beo duble ff ste ; & teonne hgldtj? 25
hit sum ober dai i be wike; i ben Advent, & i be Umbri-
dawes, wodnesdawes, & fridawes ; i be leinten breo dawes, &
al be swibwike vort non of ^stereuen. To owr maiden 56
muwen bauh siggen mid liit wordes hwat se [je] wiillej? ; &
jif fni god mon is feorrene ikumen, hercneb his speche, 30
and onsweriej? mid liit wordes to his askunge.

1 stude. a nout.

22 ANCREN RIWLE.

Miiche fol he were J?e miihte to his gwene bihove, fawner
se he wolde, grinden greot glper hwfte, jif he grunde
greot, & Igfde ]?ene hwfte. ' Hwfte is hgli speche,' ase Seint
Anselme sei]?. Heo grint greot ]?e chf flef>. pe two cheoken
5 beoj? J>e twg grinstgnes. pe tunge is ]?e clgppe. Loke]?,
leove siistren, f>et ouwer cheoken ne grinden nfuer bute
sgule vode, ne our earen ne hercnen nf uer bute SQule heale ;
& ngut §ne our earen, auh ower eie]3urles tfinej? a^ein idel
speche, £>e,t to ou ne cume ng tale ne twinge of \>e worlde.

10 ge ne schulen vor ngne |?Tnge ne warien, ne swerien, bute
jif je siggen witterliche, 9J?er sikerliche, 9)?er o sumnie
swuche wise ; ne ne prf che ge to ngne mon ; ne ng mon ne
aski ou read ne counsail, ne ne telle ou. Reade)? wiimmen
gne. Seinte Pgwel vorbead wiimmen to prf chen. Mulieres

15 non permitto docere. Ngnne weopmon ne chasti je, ne ne
§t\viteb him of his unj>eau, bute jif he beo ouer kujsre.
Hglie glde ancren muwen don hit summes weis ; auh hit nis
ngut siker J?ing, ne ne limpef) ngut to \>e junge. Hit is hore
mester J?§t beoj? over olpre iset, & habbef> ham to witene.

20 Ancre pave]? to witene buten hire & hire m§idenes. Hglde
fuerich his gwene mester, & ngut ne reavie 6f>res. Moni
mon wene)? to don wel ]?e,t he de|? al to cweade : vor, ase
ich f r seide, under semblaunt of gode is ofte iheled siinne ;
& ]?urh swiich chastiement havef) sum ancre arfred bitweo-

25 nen hire & hire preost gf>er a valsinde luve, g]?er a miiche
weorre.

Seneca seide : Ad summam [volo] vos esse rartloquos, tuncque

pauciloquos. ' pft is ]?e ^"nde of J?e tale,' seif? Seneke J?e wise :

' ichiille ]?§t je speken seide, & Jjeonne buten liitel.' Auh moni

30 punt hire word vor te leten mg ut, as me de]? water et1

ter mtilne cluse ; & sg duden Jobes freond, }?e.t weren icumen

1 &.

SPEECH. 23

to vrovren him : seten stille alle seoue niht. Auh \>eo [heo]
he,fden alles bigunne vor to spekene, J^eonne1 ku)?en heo
nf vere astiinten hore cle.ppe. Greg. : Centura sihncii nutri-
lura est verbi. 89 hit is inne monie, ase seinte Gregorie
seif> : ' Silence is wordes fostrild : bringej? for}? cheafle.' An 5
6f>er half ase he seif», Juge silencium cogit cclestia meditari.
L£ng silence & wel ivviist nedef) J?e bouhtes up touward }?er
heovene ; alsg ase je muwen iseon }?e water, hwon me punt
hit & stoppe)? bivoren wel, 59 }?e,t hit ne muwe aduneward,
Jjeonne is hit ined ajein vor to cllmben upward; & je al 10
f»isses weis piinde]? ower wordes, & forstoppej? ouwer )?ouhtes,
ase je wiillej? lp$t heo cllmben & hien touward heovene, &
n9~ut ne vallen aduneward, & tovleoten jeond te world, ase
dej> miichel cheafle. Auh hwon je nede moten speken a
liite wiht, lesej? up ouwer mujses flodjgten, ase me dej? gt ter 15
miilne, and lete}> 2 adun sone.

M9 sleaj? word j?ene sweord. Mors et vita in manibus
' lingue. ' Lif & dea]?,' sei}? Salomon, ' is ine tunge hgnden.'
' Hw9 se wite}? wel his mu)5, he witef>,' he seif>, ' his sgule.'
Stcut urbs patens 6f absque muroritm ambitu : sicut, &c. Greg. 20
Qui murum silencii non habet, paiet inimtct, &c. : ' Hwg se ne
wif>halt his wordes,' seif> Salomon J?e wise, ' he is ase buruh
wif>uten wal, J?er ase v<?rd me. i in over-al.' pe veond of helle
mid his frrd went J^urh j?e ttitel }?e.t is fuer open into )?e
heorte. In vitas patrum hit telle}? J?§t 9n hgli mon seide, f>eo 25
me preisede ane [of f>e] bre)?ren J?e,t he hgfde iherd f>§t weren
of miiche speche : Boni utique sun/, sed habiiaiio eorum non
habet januam : quicunque vull intrat, $ asinum soluit.
' Code,' cwgjj he, ' heo bojj ; auh hore wunnunge nave}? np
j§t : hore muf> majjele}? f ver ; & hwp se f uer wiile m§i gpn 30
in, & If den vorj? hore asse ; ' J>e.t is, hore unwise sgule Vor
1 J>eone. a leted.

24 ANCREN RIWLE.

J?i, sei]? sein Jame : Si guts putat se religiosum esse, non ref re-
nans linguam suam, sed seducens cor suum, haec vana est rdigio.
pe.t is ' gif f ni wene}? }?e.t he beo religius, & ne bridle}? n£ut
his tunge, his religiun is fals : he gile}? his heorte.' He sei}?
5 swii}?e wel, ' ne bridle}? ngut his tunge,' vor bridel nis ngut
gne i }?e horses mu]?e, auh sit sum upo }?en eien, & sum o
]?en earen. Vor alle }?reo is miiche neod }?e.t heo beon
ibridled ; auh i }?e mu]?e sitjgt iren, & o }?e lihte tunge ; vor
]?er is mf st neod hpld hwon }?e tunge is o riine, & ivollen on

10 to eornen. Vor ofte we }?enchej?, hwon we vo}? on to
spekene, vor te speken liitel, & wel-isette wordes ; auh J?e
tunge is sliddri, vor heo wade}? ine wete, & slit lihtliche vor]?
from liit word into monie ; & teonne, ase Salomon sei}?, in
multiloquio non deest peccatum. Ne me.i ngut miiche] speche,

15 ne aginne hit nfuer 59 wel, beon wijmten siinne; vor vrom
so}? hit slit te vals ; ut of god into iivel, & from mestire into
unimete ; & of a drope waxe}? a miiche flod, }?f t adrenche]?
}?e sgule. Vor mid te fleotinde word tofleote]? }?e heorte ;
59 }?§t Ignge }?er-efter ne me.i heo beon a-riht ige.dered t5-

20 gfderes. Et os nostrum tanto longius est Deo, quanto mundo
proximum ; tanto minus exauditur in prece quanto amplius in-
quinatur in locutione. pis beo]? sein Gregories wordes, in his
dialgge. Ase neih ase ure mu}? is t5 worldliche speche, ase
veor he is [vrom] God, hwon we speke}? touward him, & bit

25 him fni bone. Vor-]?i is }?gt we jeiej? upon him ofte, & he
fiirse}? him awei vrommard ure stefne : ne niile he ngut
iheren hire, vor heo stincke}? to him al of ]?e worldes ma}?e-
lunge, & of hire chf fle. Hwg se wiile wilnen ]?§t Codes eare
beo neih hire tunge, fiirsie hire vrom ]?e worlde, elles heo m§i

30 Ignge jeien f r God hire ihere ; auh he sei]? ]?urh Isaie : Cum
exlenderitis manus vestras, avertam oculos meos a vobis ; §
cum multiplicaveritis orationes, non exaudiam vos; }?§t is,
' }?auh je makien monivgld ouwer bonen touward me, je J?§t

SPEECH. 25

pleieb mit te worlde, nuT ich ou ngut iheren ; auh icchiille
tiirnen me awei, hwon je hebbeb touward me eien 9ber
hgnden/

Ure deorewurbe lefdi, seinte Marie, be.t guh to alle wum-
men beon vorblsne, was of 59 liite speche be.t nouhware ine 5
hpli write ne ivinde we b^t heo sp?c bute vor siben ; auh for
be seldspeche hire wordes weren hevie, & hgfden miiche
mihte. Hire vorme wordes fȤt we rfdej? of weren f>9 heo
onswerede f>en engle Gabriel, & p>eo weren 59 mihtie )^t mid
tgt ]?§t heo seide, Ecce ancilla Domini ; fiat mihi secundum 10
verbum tuum, e.t tisse worde Codes sune & so)? God bicom
mon ; & )?e L^verd, JȤt al J?e world ne mtihte n9~ut biyon,
bitiinde him wijsinnen f>e m^idenes W9mbe Marie. Hire
obre wordes weren boa heo com & grette Elizabeb hire
mgwe; & hwat mihte wenest-tu was iciid ine beos wordes? 15
Hwat! pe.t a child bigon vor to pleien tojeines ham — b§t
was sein Johan — in his moder W9mbe. pe bridde time b§t
heo spgc, b§t was §t te neoces, & ber, burh hire bone, was
water iw<?nd to wine, pe veorbe time was boa heo he/de
imist hire sune, & eft hine iv9nd. & hii muchel wunder 20
voluwede beos wordes ! pgt God almihti beih him 15 9"ne
monne, to §ne smibe, & to ane wiimmone, & foluwude ham,
ase hore, hwiider 59 heo f uer wolden. Nimeb nU her jeme,
& leorneb jeorne her-bi hu seldcene speche haveb miiche
strencbe. 25

Vir lingosus non dirigetur in terra : ' Veole-iwordede
mon,' sei}) be psalmwiirhte, ' ne schal nf uer If den riht Hf on
eorbe.' Vor-bi he seif) elleshwar : Dixi, custodian vias meas,
ut non delinquam in lingua mea ; & is as bauh he seide, ' Ic-
chiille witen mine weies mid mine tunge warde.' Wite ich 30
wel mine tunge, ich mgi wel h^lden bene wei touward heo-
vene ; vor ase Isaie seib, Cullus justicie silencium : ' be tilbe

26 ANCREN RIWLE,

of rihtwlsnesse, be.t is silence.' Silence tile]? hire ; & heo idled
bringej? for}? sgule eche vode. Vor heo is undeablich, ase
Salomon witne]? : Justicia immortalis est. Vor-bi veiej? Isaie
hope & silence bgbe toge.deres; & sei]? b§t in ham sc
5 stgnden gpstliche strencbe: In silencio $ spe erit fortih
veslra ; be.t is, ' ine silence & ine hope schal beon ower
strencbe.' Nimeb jeme hu wel he seib; vor hwg se i:
miiche stille, & halt Ignge silence, heo me.i hopien sikerlic
be.t hwon heo speke]? touward Gode, ]?§t he hire wtile iheren.

10 Heo me.i ec hopien J?gt heo schal ec singen |?urh hire scilence
sweteliche ine heovene. pis is nu Tpe reisun of f>e veiunge,
hwi Isaie veiej? hope & silence, & kuple}? bQj)e tog^deres.
Tek'e lp§t he seif) I ]?en ilke autorite, fet ine silence & ine
hope schal beon ure strenc])e ine Codes servise ajein f>es

15 deofles turnes & his fgndunges. Auh lokej? burh hwat reisun.
Hope is a swete spice wibinne be heorte, b§t spetef> ut al be
bitter be.t tgt bodi drinkeb. Auh hwg se cheouwe]? spices, heo
schal tOnen hire muj? b§t te swote brff) & te strencbe ber-of
astiinte wibinnen : auh heo b§t openej? hire muf) mid miiche

20 mabelunge, & brekef) silence, heo spet hope al ut, & te swot-
nesse ber-of mid worldliche wordes ; & heo leose]? ajein be
veond ggstliche strencbe. Vor hwat make]? us string vor te
drien derf ine Godes servise, & ine vgndunges to wrastlen
stalewardliche ajein bes deofles swenges ? Hwat, bute hope

25 of heih mede ? Hope halt be heorte ihgl, hwat se b§t vlgschs
drie gber bolie ; ase me seib, jif hope nere, heorte tobreke.
A, Jesu, bin gre ! Hu stont ham be.t beoj) bere ase alle wg
& weane is, wibuten hope of utcume, & heorte ne me.i ber-
sten? Vor-bT, ase je wiille}? hglden wibinnen ou hope, &

30 bene swote brf Tp of hire be,t sive]? be spule mihte, mid muf)
itiined cheouwe]? hire wibinnen ouwer heorte : ne blgwe je
hire ngut ut mid mabelinde mube, ne mid jeoniinde tiiteles.
Non habeatis linguam vel aures prurientes ; ' Lokeb ' sei]? sein

ANGER.

Jerome, ' f>e.t je nabben jicchinde ngu)3er"tunge ne earen' ;
}?e.t is to siggen, J?e.t ou ne liiste ngujjer speken ne iheren
worldliche speche. Hider-to is iseid of ouwer silence, & hu
our speche schal beon seldcene. Contrariorum eadem est
disciplina : of silence & of speche nis bute a Igre ; & for-)?I 5
ine writunge heo eorne]? bgjje toge.deres.

ANGER.

Mine leove siistren, als9 ase je wel witejj 5ur wittes wty-
uten, als9 over alle Jring loke]? jjgt je beon softe wijsinnen, &
mlld[e], & fdmode, swete, & swote-iheorted, & ]?olem6de
ajein word, jif me seif) on 6u mis, ant were £e.t me misdej? 10
6u, If ste je al vorleosen. Ajein bittre ancren David sei]? J?is
vers, Similis faclus sum pellicano soh'/udints, &c. ' Ich am
ase pellican/ he sei}?, ' Js^t wuniej? bi him gne.' Pellican is a
leane fuwel 1, SQ weamod & 59 wrejjful J)gt hit sleaj? ofte vor
grome his gwune briddes, hwon heo teonej? him, ant |?eonne 15
sone ]?er-gfter hit bicume}? swQ)3e sgri, & makef) swUj^e miiche
mgne, & smit him siilven mid his bile }>§t hit slouh fr his
briddes mide, & drauh]? ut blod of his breoste, & mit te. t blod
acwikej? eft his isleine briddes. pis pellican is J?e weamode
ancre. Hire briddes ]?e.t beoj? hire gode werkes, j?§t heo 20
sleaj? ofte mid bile of schearpe wre^Jje. Auh hwon heo 59
have}? idon, do ase dej> }?e pellican: ofjjunche hit swUjse
sone, & mid hire 9wune bile bekie hire breoste ; f>e.t is, mid
schrifte of hire mu}>e J?§t heo siinegede mide & slquh hire
gode werkes, drawe J?e blod of siinne ut of hire breoste, J?e.t 25
is, of J?e heorte, |?gt S9ule llf is inne, & 59 schulen eft a-
c wikien hire isleiene briddes, J?e.t beo|? hire werkes. Blod
bit9cne|3 sunne ; vor als9 bledinde mon is grlslich & atelich

1 fowel.

28 ANCREN RIWLE.

ine monnes eihsih]?e, alsg is ]?e svinfule bivore Codes eien.
An 6J)er half, ng mon ne me,i jiiggen blod wel fr hit beo
cgld; alsg is of sunne. peo hwiile ,J>§t te heorte walle)?
wijjinnen ofwr^Jje1, nis her ng riht dom, ne ng riht giige-
5 ment ; g]?er Jseo hwiile J?§t te lust is hgt toward f ni sunne,
ne miht-tu ngut J?eo hwtile demen wel hwat hit is, ne hwat ]?er
wiile cumen of; auh let lust overggn, & hit te wiile liken.
Let J>e.t hgte acSlen, ase de)? \>e |?§t wiile juggen blod, & f>u
schalt demen al riht Ipe sxinfule & te siinne Igdlich & ful, f)§t
10 te J^uhte vgir ; & sg miichel iivel cumen ]?er-of )5§t jif J?u hii
hgfdest idon \>eo hv/tile )?§t te h§te ilf ste, £e.t tu schalt deme:
Jn siilven wod, ]?g ]?u }?er-touward ]?ouhtest. pis is of f veri
siinne so)).

Inpedit ira animam ne possit cernere verum. ' Wre.J>]?e,'

15 sei)5, ' J3e-hwtile-]?e.t hit ilfst, abk'nde]? sg J?e heorte f)§t heo
m§i soj> ikngwen. Maga quedam est transfer mans naturam
humanam. Wr§]?]3e is a vorschiippild, ase me tellejj ine
spelles: vor heo bireave}> & binimej? mon his rihte wit,
chaungej? al his chere, & forschiippe]? him vrom 2 mon into

20 bfstes cfinde. Wiimmon wrgf) is wiilvene : & mon wrgjj is
wulf, g]?er leun, g|?er iinicorne. pe hwiile f>§t fuer wr§|?
is ine wiimmone heorte, fiauh heo versalie, & sigge hire ure
& hire paternostres, & hire auez, al ne def> heo bute
heo nave]? bute, ase J?eo }>§t is iw^nd te wiilvene i Codes eie

25 wiilvene s stefne in his swete earen. Ira furor brevis est
wr§]))je is a wodschipe. Wrgf) mon is he wod ? Hu loke
he, hu spekej) he, hu vare]? his heorte wijnnnen him
Hwiiche beoj? wi]?uten alle his lates ? He ne icngwej? nen
mon. Hu is he mon Jjeonne? Est enim homo animal ma

30 suetum natura. Mon is ktindeliche milde ; auh sg sone
he his mildheortnesse vorleose)?, he vorleosej? monnes kUnd

1 ure'S'Se. 3 wonn. 3 & is ase wuluene.

ANGER, 29

& wre.bbe, be vorschiippild, vorschiippeb him into bfstes
kfinde, ase ich f r seide. Ant hwat jif f ni ancre, Jesu Cristes
spuse, is forschiipped to wiilvene — nis be.t mtiche seoruwe ?
Nis ber beonne bute vorworpen sone be.t rQvve vol abute be
heorte, & mid softe seihtnesse makien hire smebe & softe, ase 5
is ciindeliche wiimmone hiide. Vor mid te wiilvene velle
ng bmg be.t heo deb nis Code Hcwurbe ne icweme.

Lo her a^eines wrgbbe monie kiinnes remedies, & frovren
a mtiche vloc, & misliche boten. gif me misseib be, benc
be.t tu §rt eor]?e : ne todrauhj? me ]?e eorj?e ? ne totret [me] 10
J>e eor)?e ? ne bispet me f>e eor)?e ? pauh me dude 59 bi J?e,
me dude }?e eorj?e rihte. gif J)u berkest ajein f)U e.rt hundes
kiindes; ant jif ]?u stlngest ajean mid attri wordes, jsu §rt
ngddre kiindes, & ngut Cristes spuse. penc, dude he sg?
Qui tanquam ovi's ductus esl ad occisionem^ 4' non aperuii os 15
suum. ^fter alle }?e schendfule pmen J)gt he jiolede o )je
Ignge uriniht, me l§dde him a-morwen vor te hgngen o wari-
treo, & driven J?uruh his four limes Irene ne.iles ; ant ' nan
mgre ]?en a schep/ ase J?e hgli writ seij?, ' ne cwe.J> he nf uer
a word.' 20

pench set an ober half, hwat is word bute wind ? To WQC
heo is istrencbed bgt a wlndes puf of a word me.i avellen, &
aworpen into siinne ; & hwg ntile bunchen beonne wunder of
an ancre be.t a wlndes puf of a word avelleb ? get, an ober
half, ne scheaweb heo b§t heo is dust, & vnstable bing \ b§t 25
mid a lutel wind of a word is an-gn toblg wen & tobollen ?
pe ilke puf of his mub, jif bu hit wurpe under bine vet, hit
schulde beren be upward toward be blisse of heovene. Auh
nu is miiche wunder of Ore muchele unmf bschipe. Under-
stgndeb bis word. Seint Andreu muhte ibolien be.t te h§rde 30
rode he.f him touward heovene, aut luveliche biclupte hire.
1 J)inc.

3C

ANCREN RIWLE.

Seint Lgrens alsg ibolede be.t te gredil he/ him upwardes mid
berninde gleden. Seinte Stefne ibolede1 te stones be,t me
stf nede him mide, & underveng ham glgdliche mid hommen
ivglden, be.t is, cneolinde ; & we ne muwe ngut ibolien b§t
5 te wind of a word bere us touward heovene, auh beob wode
ajeines ham be.t we schulden boncken, ase beo ilke be,t
serve]? us of miiche servise, bauh hit beo hore unbenkes.
Impius vivit pio, velit nolit impius. Al be.t be unwrf ste & te
iivele deb for iivele, al is be gode to gode 2, & al is to his

10 biheve, & timbrunge touward his blisse. Let hine iwurben
& tgt glgdliche : breiden J?e ane crime, penc hu ]>e gode
mon, in vitas patrum, ciiste & blescede }>e unwrf ste hgnd
hgfde ihgrmed him, & seide 59 inwardliche ciissinde hire
jeorne ' Iblesced beo fuer })eos hgnd, vor heo have]? itim-

15 bred me be bliscen of heovene ;' & tu sigge alsg bi \>& hgnc
bgt misdeb be, & bi be mu]> alsQ bgt gut misseib be, ' Iblescec
beo bi mub/ bu seie, ' vor bu makest me lome 3 ber-of to tim
bren & to echen me mine crime. Wei is me vor mine gode
& WQ is me bauh for bin iivel; vor bu dest me god, & he,r

20 mest bi siilf.' "Q$ f i mon gber f i wiimmon misseib §ber mis-
deb ou, mine leove siistren, 59 je schulen siggen. Auh nu is
miiche wunder, jif we wel bih^ldeb hu Codes halewer
boleden wunden in hore bodie, & we beob wode jif a wine
bl^web a liitel touward us, & te ilke wind ne wundeb

25 bute be eare 9ne. Vor n9uber ne mgi be wind, be,t is
word, ne wunden be i bine vlf sche, ne fiilen bine S9ule, baut
hit puffe on be, bute jif bi siilf hit makie. Bernardus : Quit
irritaris ? quid inflammaris ad verbi flatum, qui nee carnen
vulnerat, nee inquinat mentem. Wel bu mgiht underst9nden

30 b§t ter was liitel fur of chejite b§t leiteb al of Ore L^verdes
luve. Liitel ftir was ter ber-of, be.t a puf acweinte. Vor ]>
ase miichel fur is, ktindeliche hit waxeb mid winde.

1 J*t. 2 god. 3 leome.

ANGER. 31

Agein missawe gjjer • misdede, lo, her-anont remedie &
salve. Alle cunnej? wel J?eos asaumple. A mon £e.t leie ine
pristine, & guhte miiche raunsun, & o npne wise ne schulde ne
ne miihte ut, bute jif hit were vor te hgngen, f r he hgfde al
his raunsun fulliche ipaied, — nolde he cunnen god )?onc ane 5
monne }?e.t wurpe upon him a bigiirdel full of ponewes vor te
acwiten & areimen him mide, & alesen him ut of pine, J?auh
he wurpe hit ful hejde ajein his heorte ? Al )?e.t hurt & al
}?e.t sQre were vorjiten & forgiven vor glgdnesse. Al riht o
f»isse wise we beof» alle ine pristine her, & gwen God greate 10
dettes of sunnen ; & for-]?! we jeief> to him i J?e paternoster,
dimilte nobis debita nosira : ' Lguerd/ we siggej), ' forjif us
ure dettes, alsg ase we vorjive]? to iire detturs.' Wouh ]?§t me
misdej? us, 9f>er of word 9f>er of were, £e.t is ure raunsun
Jjgt we schulen areimen us mide, & acwiten ure dettes tou- 15
ward ure Lgverd, f>e.t beoj? ure sunnen ; vor wifmte cwitaunce
up of his prisune nis ngn inumen, J?e.t he ne bij? anhgnged,
9]?er ine purgatorie, 9J5er I J?e pine of helle. Ant ure Lgverd
siilf sei]?, Dimilte, fy dimittetur vobis : ' forjif, & ichtille forjive
Ipe.' & is as ]?auh he seide, 'J3U §rt andetted touward me 20
swuf)e mid sunnen ; auh wiiltu god foreward, al )?^t f uer f ni
mon missei)? \>Q 9|?er misdej? Ipe, ichulle nimen hit onward
£e dette J>gt tu 9west me.' Nu Jseonne, j?auh a word ciille
J?e ful hgrde upo f>ine heorte, & te )ninche}5 a-vormest f>?t hit
hiirtej? J»ine heorte, J)enc ase ]?e prisun wolde }5gt were ihiirt 25
sgre mil te bigiirdle, & undervgng hit glgdliche uor te acwiten
J?e mide, & Jjonke him )?§t hit sende f>e, jiauh God ne kunne
him nfuer f>onc of his sgnde. He h^rmej? him-siilf & freome]?1
J?e, gif f>u const hit understgnden. Vor, ase David seij?
swOj^e wel mid alle, ' God dej? in his tres9r )?eo unwrf ste & 30
te iivele vor te hUren mid ham, ase me dej? mid garsume }>eo
J)§t wel vihte}?. Eft, an 6J>er halve, J?e pellican is a fuel J?§t
1 froeme'S.

32 ANCREN RIWLE.

have)? an ober ctinde ; be.t is, bet hit is fver leane. Vor-bl ase
ich fr seide, David efnede him ber-to in ancre persone, & ine
ancre stefne : Similis facius sum pellicano solitudinis. ' Ich
am a pellican iliche, be.t wuneb bi him gne ; ' & ancre guh bus

5 to siggen, & beon iliche be pellican anont b§t hit is leane.
Judit clausa in cubiculo jejunabat omnibus diebus vite sue, &c.
ludit bittind inne, ase hit telleb in hire boc, Igdde swiibe hgrd
lif, v§ste, & werede heare. ludit bittind inne bitgcneb ancre
bittind, be.t guhte Ifden h§rd lif, ase dude be Igfdi ludit, e/ter

10 hire efne, & ngut ase swln ipiind ine sti vor te vgtten & for
te greaten ajein be ctil of ber eax.

Seinte Pgwel witneb J)gt alle uttre hejdschipes, & all<
vl^sshes pmunge, & alle licomes swinckes, al is ase ngu
a^ean luve, b§t schlreb & brihteb be heorte. Exercitatu

15 corporis ad modicum valet ; pietas autem valet ad omnia : bgt is
' Licomliche bisischipe is to liitel wurb ; auh swote & schlr
heorte is god to alle binges.' Si tradidero corpus meum ita
ut ardeam : si linguis hominum loquar et angelorum ; et si dis-
tribuero omnes facultates meas in cibos pauperum, 'caritatem

20 autem non habeam, nichil mihi prodest. ' pauh ich kube,' he
seib, ' alle monne Igdene & englene ; and bauh ich dude o
mine bodie alle be pinen & alle be passiuns b?t bodi miihte
bolien ; and bauh ich geve pgvre men al b§t ich he/de ; bui
jif ich he/de luve ber-mide to God & to alle men, in him &

25 for him, al were aspilled;' vor, ase be hgli abbod Moises

seide, ' Al b§t WQ & al b?t h§rdschipe J be.t we bolieb of flf sche

& al be god be.t we fuer dob, alle swuche binges ne beoj:

buten ase lomen uor te tilien mide be heorte. gif eax ne

1 herschipe.

LOVE.

33

kurve, ne be spade ne dulve, ne be suluh ne erede, h\vg
kepte ham vor te hglden?' Alsg ase ng mon ne luveb
lomen vor ham sulven, auh def> for be Binges be.t me wiirchej?
mid ham, riht alsg ng vlgsshes derf nis for te luvien bute
vor-bl-be,t God be raber loke biderward mid his grace, and 5
makie fce heorte schir & of brihte sihbe, be.t ngn ne me.i
habben mid monglunge of unbeamves, ne mid eorblich luve
of worldliche Binges ; vor bis mgng woreth sg be eien of be
heorte be.t heo ne me.i ikngwen God, ne gle.dien of his sihf>e.
' Schir heorte,' ase Seint Bernard sei)?, ' make]? twg jsmges : )?§t 10
tu, al ]?e,t J?u dest,do hit Qper vor luve Qne of God, gj?er vor 6f>res
god, & for his biheve.' Have, in al ]?e.t tu dest, gn of }?eos
t\vg ententes, gj?er bg tog^deres : vor f>e latere vallejj into f>e
vorme. Have fver schir heorte }?us, & do al )5gt tu wilt;
have wori heorte, & al J>e sit uvele. Omnia munda mundt's, 15
coinquinatis vero nichil est mundum ; Apostolus. St. Augus-
tinus : Habe karitalem etfac quicquid vis : voluntale, videlicet,
rationis. Vor-bi mine leove siistren, over alle }?ing beojj bisie vor
te habben schir heorte. Hwat is schir heorte ? Ich hit habbe
iseid f r : J?e.t is, J>e.t je ng blng ne wilnen, ne ne luvien bute 20
God gne, and beo ilke binges, vor God, be.t helpefi ou tou-
ward him. Vor God, ich sigge, luvien ham, & ngut for ham
sulven — ase mete, & clgb, and mon gber wiimmon be.t je
beo)j of igoded. Vor, ase Seint Austin seib, & spekej? bus
t5 ure Lgverd, Minus te amat qui preter te aliquid amat quod 25
non propter te amat : b^t is, ' Lgverd, Ifsse heo luvieb be b§t
luvie)? gut bute be, bute jif heo luvien hit for be.' Schlrnesse
of heorte is Codes luve one. I bissen is al be strencbe of
alle religiuns, and be ^nde of alle ordres. Plenitudo legis est
dileclio, ' Luve fulle)? be lawe,' he seib, Seinte Pgwel. Quic- 30
quid precipilur in sola caritate solidalur, ' Alle Codes hfsten,'
ase Seint Gregorie seib, ' beoj? ine luve iroted.' Luve gne
schal beon ileid ine Seinte Miheles weie. peo be.t mfst

34

ANCREN RIWLE.

luvieb, beo schullen beon me.st iblisced, n§ut beo j?e.t l§de}? :
hardest lif ; vor luve overwei}? hit. Luve is heovene stiwar
vor hire miichele vreoschipe, vor heo ne e,thalt n§ bing, ai
heo jive]? al b§t heo have]?, & ec hire siilven : elles God
5 kepte nQut of al be.t hire were.

God have]? ofggn ure luve on alle kunne wisen.
have]? miichel idon us, & mgre bihpten. Miichel jeove o
drawe]? luve ; me miichel je.f he us : al ]?ene world he je.f u
in Adam ure vgder ; and al be.t is i be worlde he we.rp under

10 ure vet — bfstes & fueles, ear we weren vorgiilte. Omnia
subjecisti sub pedibus e/us, oves et doves untversas, insuper et
pecora campt, valuer es celt et pisces man's, &c. And jet al be.t
is, ase is ber-uppe iseid, serve]? be gode, to be sgule biheve ;
jete be iivele serve}? eorbe, seea, & sunne. 3et n^ diide

15 mgre : he j§f us ngut §ne of his, auh dude al him siilven.
SQ heih jeove ne.s nfver ijiven to SQ Iguwe wrecches. Apo
tolus : Christus dilexit ecclesiam et dedit semetipsum pro ea
Seinte P9\vel seib, ' Crist luvede sg his leofmon b§t he j§f
for hire be pris of him siilven.' Nime}? god jeme, mine

20 leove sustren, vor-hwi me guh him to luvien. 5rest> ase a
mon bgt woweb — ase a king bgt luvede gne l^fdi of feorrene
Ignde, and s<?nde hire his sgndesmen bivoren, bgt weren be
patriarkes & be prophetes of be Qlde Testament, mid lettres
isealed. A-last he com him siilven, and brouhte be,t gospel

25 ase lettres iopened, and wrgt mid his ywune blode saliiz to
his leofmon of luve-gretunge, vor te wowen hire mide, & for
te wflden hire luve. Her-to vallej? a tale, and §n iwrien
vorbisne.

A Igfdi was bgt was mid hire voan biset al abuten, and hire
30 Ignd al destriied, & heo al pQvre, wibinnen gne eorbene
castle. Qn mihti kinges luve was bauh bitiirnd upon hire,
1 leSet.

LOVE.

35

59 unimete swUf»e f>e.t he vor wouhlecchunge s/nde hire his
S9nden, on e/ter ojjer, and ofte somed monie ; & s/nde hire
beaubelez bfye veole & fe.ire, and sukurs of livenef), & help
of his heie hird to hglden hire castel. Heo underveng al ase
§n unrecheleas J?mg, J>e.t was 59 he.rd-iheorted )>e.t hire luve $
ne miihte he nfver beon Tpe neorre. Hwat wiilt-tu mQre?
He com him siilf a-last, and scheawede hire his fe.ire neb, ase
J?e ]?§t was of alle men ve.irest for to bihglden, and spe.c
swfij^e sweteliche, & 59 miirie wordes }?e.t heo miihten J>e
deade arearen vrom dea]?e to live. And wrouhte veole 10
wundres, and diide veole meistries bivoren hire eihsih}?e ; &
scheawede hire his mihten ; t9lde hire of his kinedome ; and
bead for to makien hire cwene of al f>e.t he 9uhte. Al J>is ne
hglp n9ut. Ne.s J)is wunderlich hoker ? Vor heo ne.s nfver
wur]?e vor te beon his schelchme. Auh 59, Jjuruh his debo- 15
nerte, luve hgfde overkumen hine f>e.t he selde on /nde :
' Dame, Ipu e.rt iweorred, & pine v<jn beoj? 59 strange )?§t tu
ne mgiht n9nes-weis wi}>uten sukurs of me ^tfleon hore
hpnden, ]>e.t heo ne don J>e to scheomefule deaj?e. Ichchiille
vor }?e luve of ]?e nimen }>is fiht upon me, and aredden f>e of 20
ham f>gt sechej? ]?ine deaj?. Ich w9L]?auh for solpe J)§t ich
schal bitweonen ham underv^ngen deajses wunde; and ich
hit wulle heorteliche vor to ofg9n ]?ine heorte. Nu, )?eonne,
biseche ich f>e, vor ]?e luve ]?§t ich kitye )?e, )?§t tu luvie me,
hure & hure, e/ter ]?en ilke dea|?e dead l, hwon J)Q noldes 25
Kves.' pes king diide al }>us : aredde hire of alle hire V9n,
and was himsiilf to wundre ituked, and isleien on <?nde.
puruh miracle, J?auh, he ar9s from dea]?e to live. Nere J?eos
ilke le/di of iivele ktinnes kOnde, jif heo over alle )?Ing ne
luve him her-e,fter? 3^

pes king is lesu Crist, Codes sune, f>e.t al o Jrisse wise
1 dead deade.

36 ANCREN RIWLE.

wowude ure sgule, b§t be deoflen h§ueden biset. And he, ase '
npble woware, e/ter monie messagers, & feole goddeden, com
vor to preoven his luve, and scheauwede buruh knihtschipe
b§t he was luvewurbe ; ase weren sumewhiile knihtes iwuned
5 for to donne. He diide him ine turnement, & he/de vor his
leofmonnes luve his scheld ine vihte, ase kene kniht,on fueriche
half ibiirled. pis scheld b§t wreih his Godhed was his leove
licome be.t was ispre,d o rode, brgd ase scheld buven in his
istreihte earmes, and nejuh bineoben, ase be £n vot, e/ter b§t

10 me weneb, sete upon ]?e o|?er vote. p§t Jjis scheld nave]? ngne
siden is for to bitQcnen 1p$t his declples, ]?gt schulden stgnden
bi him, and ibeon his siden, vluwen alle vrom him, & bilefden
him ase vreomede ; ase J?e gospel sei]?, Relicto eo, omnes fuge-
runt. pis scheld is ijiven us ajean alle temptaciuns, ase Jeremle

15 witne]?: Dabis scutum cordis, labor em tuum ; & Psalmista:
Scuto bone voluniatis tue coronasti nos. pis scheld ne schilt us
ngut Qne vrom alle u'veles, auh dej> jet mQre : hit krune]? us
in heovene. Scuto bone voluniatis tue, ' Lgverd,' he seij), DavIJj,
' mid ]?e schelde of J^ine gode wille bu havest ikriined us.'

20 Scheld he seij? of gode wille, vor willes he bolede al b§t he
bolede. Ysaias: Oblatus est quia voluit. Me, Lgverd, bu
seist, hwar-to ? Ne mtinte he mid If sse gref habben ared us ?
Jf siker, ful lihtliche ; auh he nolde. Hware-vore ? Vor te
binimen us fuerich bitellunge ajean him of ure luve, bgt he

25 59 deore bouhte. Me bii}) lihtliche a bing bgt me luvej?
lutel. He bouhte us mid his heorte blode — deorre pris
nf uer — vor te ofdrawen of us ure luve touward him, be.t kost-
nede him SQ deore. Ine schelde beob breo binges, b§t treo,
and b§t leber, & be peintunge. Al SQ was i bisse schelde —

30 b§t treo of be rode, & be.t leber of Godes licome, and be
peintunge of be reade blode bgt heowede hire sg u§ire. Eft,
be bridde reisun. Efter kene knihtes deabe me hgnge]? heie
ine chirche his scheld on his munegunge. Al sp is bis

LOVE. 37

scheld, be.t is, b§t crficifix, iset ine chirche, ine swiiche stiide
bgt me hit sonest iseo, vor to benchen ]?er-bi o Jesu Cristes
knihtschipe b§t he diide o rode. His leofmon bihglde ber-
on hwu he bouhte hire luve, and lette biirlen his scheld : f>e.t
is, lette openen his side vor te scheawen hire his heorte, and 5
for to scheawen hire openliche hwu inwardliche he luvede
hire, and for to ofdrawen hire heorte.

Vour heavedluven me ivint i bisse worlde : bitweonen
gode iveren be vormeste is ; bitweonen mon & wiimmon be
ober is ; bitweonen wif & hire child be bridde is ; bitweonen 10
llcome & SQule. peo luve b§t Jesu Crist have}) to his deore
leofmon overgf J? ham alle voure, & passe)? ham alle. Ne
tellef) me him god feolawe b^t lei]? his wed ine Giwerie vor
to acwiten iit his fere ? God Almihti leide him-siilf vor us
ine Giwerie, and diide his deorewurbe bodi vor to acwiten ut 15
his leofmon of Giwene hynden. Nfuer vere swiich forbede '
ne diide vor Qwune vere. Miichel luve is ofte bitweonen
mon & wiimmon. Auh bauh heo were iwedded him, heo
miihte iwurben 59 unwrf st, b§t, tauh heo wolde kumen a jean,
he ne kepte hire ngut. And for-bi Crist luve]? mgre : vor he 20
seij? al d§i, ' pu bgt havest SQ unwrf steliche idon, bitiirn be,
and cum ajean ; wilkume schaltu beon me.' Immo, ei oc-
currit prodigo venienti. get he eorneb, hit seib, ajean hire
jankume, and worpe]? earmes an-gn abuten hire sweore.
Hwat is mgre mike? Nu of be bridde luve. Child b§t 25
hguede swiich iivel bgt him bihovede b§]? of blode f r hit were
ihfled, miichel luvede be moder hit b?t wolde him bis be)>
makien. pis diide Ore Lgverd us, be.t weren 59 sike of siinne,
& 59 isiiled ber-mide, be.t n9 blng ne miihte hflen us ne
clensen us bute his blod 9ne ; vor 59 he hit wolde ; his luve 30
makede us be]? ber-of ; iblesced beo he f uere ! He luve]> us

1 fordede.

38 ANCREN RIWLE.

mgre ben fni moder deb hire child. He hit seib him-stilf
buruh Isaie : Nunquid potest mater oUivisci filii uteri sui?
1 M§i moder vorjiten hire child ?,' he seib, ' and tauh heo do,
ich ne me.i vorjiten nf ver : ' and seib be reisun e/ter, hware-

5 vore : In manibus meis descripsi te. ' Ich habbe/ he sei]>,
'depeint be i mine hgnden.' Sg he diide mid reade Hode
upo be rode. Mon kniit his kiirtel vor te habben bouht of
gne binge ; auh ure Lgverd, vor he nolde nfuer vorjiten us,
he dude merke of biirlunge ine bgtwg his hgnden. Nu of ]?e

10 veorbe luve. pe sgule luvej? f)gt bodi swiibe mid alle ; & bgt
is ebcene i be twinnunge ; vor leove vreond beob sgrie hwon
heo schulen twinnen. Auh ure Lgverd willeliche totwea-
mede his s^ule vrom his bodie vor to veien ure bgbe tog§-
deres, world a buten ^nde, i be blisse of heovene. pus, 16 !

15 Jesu Crlstes luve touward his deore spuse, b§t is, hgli chirche,
gber be cleane sgule, passeb alle, & overkumeb be vour
mgste luven bgt me ivint on eorbe. Mid al bisse luve jet he
woweb hire o bisse wise.

' PI luve,' he seib, ure l Lpverd, ' gber heo is for to jiven

20 allunge, Qber heo is for to sullen, Qber heo is for to reaven &

to nimen mid strencbe. Jif heo is for to jiven, hwar m§iht-tu

biteon hire betere ben upon me? Nam ich binge vejrest?

Nam ich kinge richest ? Nam ich heixst ikiinned ? Nam

ichweore2 wisest? Nam ich monne h<mdest? Nam ich

25 monne vreoest ? Vor sg me seib bl large monne, be.t he ne

con ngut §thglden — b?t he haveb be hgnden, ase mine beob,

ibiirled. Nam ich alre binge swotest & swetest ? pus, alle

be reisuns hwui me guh for to given luve bu m§iht ivinden in

me ; nomeliche, jif bu luvest chaste elf nnesse ; vor ngn ne

30 m§i luvien me bute heo hglde hire, gif bl luve nis ngut for

1 urfe. » weolie.

LOVE.

39

to given, auh wii't allegate b§t me biigge hire ; do, seie hwui :
9~ber mid ober luve 9ber mid sumhwat elles ? Me siillej? wel
luve vor luve ; and 59 me guh for to sullen luve, & for ngne
binge elles. Jif bin luve is 59 to sullen, ich habbe ibouht
hire mid luve over alle obre. Vor of be vour mfste luven 5
ich habbe ikiid toward be be mfste of harri alle. And jif bu
seist b§t tu niilt n9"ut leten ber-on SQ liht cheap, auh wiiltu
jet mgre ; nem hwat hit schule beon : sete feor o bine luve.
pu ne schalt siggen 59 miichel be.t ich niille jiven be, vor
bine luve, miichele mgre. Wiiltu kastles and kinedomes? 10
Wiiltu wf Iden al bene world ? Ichchiille don be betere : ich-
chiille makien be, mid al bis, cwene of heovene. pu schalt
beon seovenvgld brihtre ben be sunne; n9n iivel ne schal
hgrmen be ; n9 bing ne schal sweamen be ; n9 wiinne ne
schal wonten be; al bi wille schal beon iwrouht in heovene 15
& in eorbe ; jf , and jet ine helle. Ne schal nf uer heorte
benchen swiich seluhbe, b^t ich niille jiven vor bine luve,
unimeteliche and un/ndeliche m9re : al Kresules weole;
and Absalones schene wlite, be.t ase ofte ase me evesede him,
me S9"lde his evesunge — beo her b§t me k§rf of — vor tw§ 20
hundred sides of seolvre ; Asaeles swiftschipe, b§t str9f wij?
heortes overiirn ; Samsones strencbe, b§t slouh a busund of
his f9n al e.t 9ne time, & 9ne, bute vere ; Cesares vreoschipe ;
Alisaundres hereword ; Moiseses heale. Nolde a mon, vor
9n of beos, jiven al be.t he 9uhte ? And alle beos binges 35
somed, ajean mine bode, ne beoj) n9ut wurb a nelde. And,
jif bu §rt 59 swiibe gnwil, & 59 ut of bine witte b§t tQ, buruh
n§ut to vorleosen, vorsakest swiich bijeate mid alle kiinnes
seluhbe, 15 ! ich hglde her hetel sweord over bin heaved, vor
to dealen lif & sgule, and to bisenchen bgtwg into be fiir of 30
helle. Onswere nu, & were be, jif bu konst, ajean me, gber
jftte me bine luve be.t ich jirne 89 swfibe, ngut for mine,
auh for bin gwune miichele biheve.

40 ANCREN RIWLE.

Lo! bus ure Lgverd woweb. Nis heo to hejd-iheorted
pet a swiich woware ne me.i tiirnen hire luve to him ? and
nomeliche jif heo benche]? beos breo binges : hwat he is ;
and hwat heo is ; & hwu miichel is be luve of sg heih ase he
5 is touward sg Iguh ase heo is. Vor-bi seip pe psalmwuruhte :
Non est qui se abscondai a calore ejus. Nis ngn pet muwe
gtlutien pet heo ne mot him luvien. pe sobe sunne i be un-
derntid1 was for-bi istien on heih o be heie rode vor to
sprf den over al hgte luvegleames ; bus neodful he was, & is

10 vort tisse deje, to ont^nden his luve in his leoves heorte, and
seib i be gospelle : Ignem veni mittere in terram, et quid volo
nisi ut ardeat? ' Ich c5m/ he seib, 'vor to bringen fur into
eorbe, pet is, berninde luve into eorbliche heorten, & hwat
jirne ich elles bute pet hit blasie? Wlgch luve is him Igb,

15 ase he seib buruh Sein Johan i be Apocalipse : Utinam frigi-
dus esses aut calidus ; sed quia tepidus es, incipiam te evomere
de ore meo. ' Ich wolde,' he seij? to his leofmon, ' b§t tu
were i mine luve gber allunge cgld, gber hgt mid alle ; au
for-bi-b? t tu ert ase wlgch bitweonen twg, nguber cgld ne hgt,

20 bu makest me vor to wlatien ; and ichchiille speouwen be ut,
bute jif bu iwurbe hattre.'

u

h

••
'.

Nu je habbejj iherd, mine leove siistren, hu, & for hwl,
God is sw5j?e to luvien. And, for to ont«?nden 6u wel,
g^derej) wude J?er-to, mid pe pgvre wiimmon of Sarepte pe

25 buruh, pet spelep ont^ndunge : En, inquid, colligo duo ligna.
' Lgverd,' cwej? heo to Elie, pe hglie prophete, ' 15 ! ich ge-
dere twg treon.' peos twg treon bitgcnej? pet 9 treou pet
stod upriht, and tet oper ek pet code ]?vertover of pe deore
rode. Of J)eos twg treon je schulen ontenden fUr of luve

30 wijjinnen ower heorte. Biseojj ofte touward ham. penche]?
2if je ne gwen eaj>e to luvien pene king of blisse be.t tospret

1 undertid.

THE NUNS ARE TO KEEP NO BEAST BUT A CAT. t 41

sg touward 6u his f rmes, and buhb, ase vor to beoden cos,
aduneward his heaved. Sikerliche ich sigge hit, be.t jif be
sobe Elle, be.t is, God Almihti, ivint ou beos twg treon bisi-
liche ggderinde, he wiile gistnen mid 6u, and monivglden in
6u his deorewurbe grace, ase Elie dttde J?e pgvre wiimmone 5
livenej), and gistnede mid hire be.t he ivgnd be twg treon
gfderinde i Sarepte.

THE NUNS ARE TO KEEP NO BEAST
BUT A CAT.

ge, mine leove siistren, ne schulen habben ng bf st, bute
kat $ne. Ancre f>gt have]? fihte ]?iinche}j bet husewif, ase
Marthe was, J>en ancre : ne npne-weis ne m§i heo beon Marie 10
mid grijjfulnesse of heorte. Vor J?eonne mot heo }>enchen
of |?e kues foddre, and of heordemonne huire, oluhnen J?ene*
heiward, warien hwon me piint hire, & jelden, Jjauh, )?e
he.rmes. Wat Crist, f>is is Igdlich ]?ing hwon me make}?
mQne in tune of ancre fihte. pauh, jif f ni mot nede habben 15
ku, loke \)§t heo ngne monne ne eilie, ne ne hermie ; ne
}?e.t hire bouht ne beo ngut )?er-on iv§stned. Ancre ne guh
ngut to habben ng Jiing bgt drawe utward hire heorte. Ngne
chgfFare ne drive 36. Ancre b§t is cheapild, heo cheapeb
hire sgule be chepmon of helle. Ne wite je ngut in Sure 20
huse of ober monnes Binges, ne fihte, ne clgj^es ; ne ngut ne
undervo je |>e chirche vestimenz, ne bene caliz, bQte jif
strenc)?e hit makie, gber miichel eie ; vor of swiiche witunge
is ikumen miichel ttvel ofte-sl)jen.

THE ORMULUM.

(East Midland Dialect, about 12OO.)

GRAMMAR.

ALTHOUGH the Ormulum is probably even older than the
Ancren Riwle, the existing MS. being in the author's own
hand, its grammar is much simpler, while the vocabulary
shows hardly any French, but considerable Norse, influence.

SPELLING AND SOUNDS.

The most characteristic feature of Orm's spelling is the
consistency with which he has introduced doubled con-
sonants to show shortness of the preceding vowel. This
he does regularly whenever the consonant is final, or
followed by another consonant, as in J>att, crisstenndom ;
and he was able to do so because the O. E. distinction
between double and single final consonants was lost (see
p. 3) ; where the consonant is followed by a vowel, as in
sum 'son,' it was not possible to double the consonant,
because in that position it would have been pronounced
double, so that sune would have been confounded with sunne
1 sun.' But in such cases he often puts a short mark over
the vowel, as in takenn ' to take,' chele ' chill/ or an accent to
show length, as in Idre 'lore/ which is often doubled, or
even trebled, especially before /.

44 THE ORMULUM.

We have a further guide to the quantity. Every secon
line of Orm's verse ends in an unaccented syllable, preceded
by an accented one, which is always long, either by having
two consonants, as in sette, wille, or, if there is but one con-
sonant, a long vowel, as in wise, wrltenn, moderr ; such
words as wrilenn ' written,' faderr, never come at the end oi"
the line in the Ormulum.

The spelling of the Orm. shows hardly any Fren
influence. The O. E. ce is kept to denote the long /, an
like the ea of the A. R., is never used for short e. T
O. E. f_ is kept, though in this dialect it probably had,
gether with /> (3 occurs very seldom in the Orm.) and
the present voiceless sound initially, sh is written for th
$£k of the A. R. The diphthongs are written with ^ and w_
instead of£ and a.

The following are the main points in which the sounds of
the Orm. differ from those of the A. R.

O. E. a is kept unchanged, except that it is sometime
shortened, as in hal ' whole,' halfyhenn ' hallow.'

O. E. short a, ea regularly become a, as in foatt ' that
affterr ' after,' harrd (O. E. heard) ' hard.' Also in the diph
thong 033, as in da-% (O. E. dag) ' day.'

O. E. y, y become z^J, as in sinne ' sin,' kipenn ' mak
known.'

eot eo are also written without the o, and are, perhaps, t
be pronounced as simple e, e.

In the consonants we find the medial w (=O. E. g) of th
A. R. represented by ^h (h^K), as in a^henn ' own ' adj
fol-fienn ' follow,' probably with the open sound of Germai
g in sagen. After e and *', where A. R. has *', as in le$hen
(lien, A. R.) ' tell lies/ berr$hen ' save,' it probably had
more palatal sound, ^h in ^ho ' she ' (O. E. heo) probabl_
represented the sound of German ch in ich.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 45

The Orm. has £, instead of the ch_ of the A. R. in many
words, such as kirrke ' church,' whillc ' which.'

The change of fratt fiatt into patt tali, &c. is carried out
with perfect regularity in the Orm.

The metre of the Orm. requires that a final vowel should
be dropped before a word beginning with a vowel, or such
a subordinate word as hiss ' his,' whose h was probably silent.
Sometimes the vowel is dropped in writing, sometimes not.

INFLECTIONS.

The substantives have lost nearly all traces of grammatical
gender, and are mostly declined as in Mod. E. : word, for
instance, having no inflection but wordess for the gen. sing.
and the plural ; mann has gen. sing, mannes, plur. menn, gen.
pi. menness. A dative in -e_ sometimes occurs, as in to manne.
The fem. gen. sing, in -e also occurs in such collocations as
ure sdwle nede ' our soul's need.' peod ' people ' keeps the
O. E. plur. peode. wawe ' woe ' still has a weak plur. wawenn.
Among the irregular plurals note child ' child,' chilldre ; gat
' goat/ gat. ^

The only inflection that the adjectives retain is the^jof-
the plural and of the weak declension, as in mine wordess,
fratt lafre flocc ' the hateful multitude.'

The pronouns are as follows : —

ice, I 'I/ me; we, uss.
pu 'thou//<?; y, yiw.
he 'he,' himm; z'//'it,' himm and ///; ^ho 'she/ hire',

The Orm. also preserves the two old duals, of which only
the first occurs in our extracts : witt ' we-two/ unnc.

46 THE ORMULUM.

The possessives are : —
mz(n), fo(n) ; ure, ^ure ; hiss, hire ; fieyye and he(o)re, to-
gether with the dual unnkerr ' of us-two.'

The def. art. is fie and /a//, and is undeclined.

In the verbs the most characteristic feature is the_plural
pres. as well as pret._iri -en instead of the -ep of the A. R. :
witt hafenn ' weItwo_ have ' (A. R. habbep}. The n of the
infin. and the partic. pret. of the strong verbs is never
dropped. The partic. pret. drops the original ge-.

The second conj. of weak verbs drops its i throughout :
ice lufe ' I love,' pey$ lufenn ' they love.'

EXTRACTS.

DEDICATION.

Nu, brdberr Wallterr, broberr min

affterr be flseshess klnde;
3 l broberr mm I Crisstenndom

burrh fulluhht j burrh trowwbe ;
j broberr mm I Godess bus, 5

jet 6 be bride wise,
burrh batt witt hafenn takenn ba

an rejhellboc to folljhenn,
unnderr kanunnkess had -] lif,

swa summ Sannt Awwstin sette ; 10

ice hafe don swa summ bu badd,

•] forbedd te bin wille,
ice hafe wennd inntill Ennglissh

goddspelless halljhe lare,
aflfterr batt little witt batt me 15

min Drihhtm hafebj? lenedd.
bu bohhtesst tatt itt mihhte wel

till mikell frame turrnenn,
jiff Ennglissh follc, forr lufe off Crist,

itt wollde jerne lernenn, 20

3 folljhenn itt, 3 fillenn itt

wibjs bohht, wibb word, wibb dede.

1 =annd.

48 THE ORMULUM.

-] forr-bi jerrndesst tu batt ice

biss werrc be shollde wirrkenn ;
•j ice itt hafe forbedd te, 25

ace all burrh Cristess hellpe;
3 unnc birr}? babe bannkenn Crist

batt itt iss brohht till <?nde.
ice hafe sammnedd o biss hoc

ba Goddspelless neh alle, 30

]?att sinndenn o f>e messeboc

inn all J>e ^er att messe.
3 agj afFterr J?e Goddspell stannt

Ipatt tatt te Goddspeil mene]?]?,
Jjatt niann birr}? speljenn to ]?e follc 35

off j^ejjre sawle nede ;
3 jet tser tekenn mare inch

Jju shallt tseronne findenn,
off ]?att tatt Cristess hall^he ]?ed

birrjj trowwenn wel ^ folljhenn. 40

Ice hafe sett her o Ipiss boc

amang Goddspelless wordess,
all ]jurrh me sellfenn, manij word

])& rime swa to fillenn;
ace bi? shallt findenn batt mm word, 45

ejjwhasr bser itt iss ekedd,
majj hellpenn ba batt redenn itt

to sen "] tunnderrstanndenn
all bess te bettre, hu bejjm birrb

be Goddspell unnderrstanndenn ; 50

3 forr-bi trowwe ice bat te birrb

wel bolenn mine wordess,
ej^whser bser bii shallt findenn hemm

amang Goddspelless wordess.
forr wha se m5t to Isewedd follc

larspell off Goddspell tellenn,

DEDICATION. 49

he m6t wel ekenn manlj word

amang Goddspelless wordess.
j ice ne mihhte nohht mm ferrs

ajs wi)?)? .Goddspelless wordess 60

wel fillenn all, 3 all fbrr-}ri

shollde ice well offte nede
amang Goddspelless wordess don

mm word, mm ferrs to fillenn.
-} te bitseche ice off }?iss boc, 65

heh wikenn alls itt semejjj?,
all to jmrrhsekenn illc an ferrs,

3 to fmrrhlokenn oflfte,
jjatt upponn all ]?iss boc ne be

nan word jam Cristess lare, 70

nan word tatt swij^e wel ne be

to trowwenn ^ to folljhenn.
Witt shulenn tredenn unnderr fot

-) all )?werrt-ut forrwerrpenn
}?e dom off all f>att la}?e flocc, 75

j?att iss }?urrh ni]? forrbl^ndedd,
jaatt taelef>J3 jjatt to lofenn iss,

}>urrh nT}3full modljnesse.
J)ejj shulenn l^etehn hge)>elij

off unnkerr swinnc, lef brof)err; 80

•] all J?ej5 shulenn takenn itt

onn unnitt 3 onn Idell;
ace nohht ]?urrh skill, ace all J?urrh n!J>,

-] all ]?urrh J?ejjre sinne.
1 unnc birrj? biddenn Godd tatt he 85

forrjife hemm here sinne ;
•j unnc birr}? ba}?e lofenn Godd

off J?att itt wass bigunnenn,
-] fiannkenn Godd tatt itt iss brohht

till £hde fmrrh hiss hellpe; 90

E

50 THE ORMULVM.

forr itt majj hellpenn alle }>a

}?att bll)?elike itt herenn,
] lufenn itt, 3 folljhenn itt

wij?}> ]>ohht, wi]>)? word, wi}>)? dede.
3 wha se wilenn shall J>iss boc

EfFt oj?err si£>e writenn,
himm bidde ice J?att he't write rihht,

swa summ ]?iss boc himm taeche}?J>,
all J?werrt ut affterr ]?att itt iss

uppo J>iss firrste bisne,
wif>]? all swillc rfme alls her iss sett,

wi]?]? all se fele wordess;
•] tatt he loke wel ]?att he

an bocstaff write twijjess,
ej^whser J^aer itt uppo )?iss boc

iss writenn 6 |?att wise.
Loke he wel J?att het write swa,

forr he ne majj nohht elless
onn Ennglissh writenn1 rihht te word,

}?att wite he wel to soj?e.
3 jiff mann wile wlten whi

ice hafe don f)iss dede,
whi ice till Ennglissh hafe wennd

Goddspelless halljhe lare ;
ice hafe itt don forr-J3l-]?att all

Crisstene follkess berrhless
iss lang uppo J?att an, ]?att tejj

Goddspelless halljhe lare
wij7f> fulle mahhte folljhe rihht

pmrrh f>ohht, )?urrh word, ]?urrh dede.
Forr all f>att sefre onn erj^e iss ned

Crisstene folk to folljhenn

1 writtenn^

DEDICATION. 51

I trowwj>e, i dede, all taechej?}? hemm

Goddspelless halljhe lare.
3 forr-]?i wha se lernef>}> itt 125

3 folljhebjj itt wiJ>J? dede,
he shall onn <Fnde \vurr]?I ben

Jjurrh Godd to wurrjjenn borrjhenn.
3 taerfore hafe ice turrnedd itt

inntill Ennglisshe spaeche, 130

forr J5att I wollde bltyelij

Jjatt all Ennglisshe lede
\vi)?)j sere shollde lisstenn itt,

wijjjj herrte shollde itt trowwenn,
\\ilplp tunge shollde spellenn itt, 135

wipj? dede shollde itt folljhenn,
to winnenn unnderr Crisstenndona

att Godd so]? savvle berrhless.
^ jiff J5CJ3 wilenn herenn itt,

•j folljhenn itt wijj)? dede, 140

ice hafe hemm hollpenn unnderr Crist

to winnenn ]?ej5re berrhless.
3 I shall hafenn for min swinnc

God laen att Godd onn <Fnde,
jiff f>att I, forr Tpe lufe off Godd 145

-) forr f>e mede off heffne,
hemm hafe itt inntill Ennglissh wennd

forr f^ejjre sawle nede.
~] jiff J^ejj all forrwerrpenn itt,

itt turrnejjj? hemm till sinne, 150

3 I shall hafenn addledd me

J>e Laferrd Cristess are,
]?urrh f>att ice hafe hemm wrohht tiss boc

to fejjre sawle nede,
J?ohh j^att tejj all forrwerrpenn itt 155

J^urrh ^ejjre modijriesse.

£ 2

52 THE ORMULUM.

Goddspell onn Ennglissh nemmnedd iss

god word, 3 god tlj?ennde,
god errnde, forr-]?i-]?att itt wass

jjurrh halljhe Goddspellwrihhtess 160

all wrohht 3 writenn uppo hoc

off Cristess firrste1 come,
off hu so]? Godd wass wurrj>enn irann

forr all mannkinne nede,
•3 off ]?att mannkinn ]?urrh hiss dsej? 165

wass lesedd ut off helle,
3 off )?att he wisslike ras

|?e f»ridde dajj off dsej?e,
•j off ]?att he wisslike stah

]?a si^enn upp till heffne, 170

j off ]?att he shall cumenn efft

to demenn alle J>ede,
-] forr to jeldenn iwhillc mann

affterr hiss ajhenn dede.
Off all }?iss god uss brinnge]?)? word

^ errnde •] god ti]?ennde
Goddspell, *] forr-]?! majj itt wel

god errnde ben jehatenn.
Forr mann majj uppo Goddspellboc

godnessess fmdenn seffne
}?att ure Laferrd Jesu Crist

uss hafe]?}? don onn er]?e,
Jnirrh ]?att he comm to manne, 3 ]?urrh

]?att he warr]? mann onn er]?e.

Forr an godnesse uss hafe}^}? don
]?e Laferrd Crist onn er]?e,

1 fisste.

DEDICA T/OAT. 33

J)urrh j?att he comm to wurrjjenn mann

forr all mannkinne nede.
Of>err godnesse uss hafej?)? don

J>e Laferrd Crist onn erj>e, i.;o

Jmrrh £>att he was I flumm Jorrdan

fullhtnedd forr ure nede;
forr lpa.tt he wollde uss waterrkinn

till ure fulluhht halljhenn,
J)urrh )?att he wollde ben himm-sellf 195

onn er}?e I waterr fullhtnedd.
pe J?ridde god uss hafe)?J? don

]?e Laferrd Crist onn erj?e,
purrh ]?att he jafF hiss ajhenn lif

wi|?J? all hiss fulle wille, aco

to Jjolenn dse)?1 6 rodetre

sacclaes wijjjjutenn wrihhte,
to lesenn mannkinn Jsurrh hiss2 daej?

ut off J?e defless walde.
))e fer]?e god uss hafe|?J? don 205

)?e Laferrd Crist onn erj>e,
J^urrh J?att hiss halljhe sawle stah

fra rode dun till helle,
to takenn ut off helle wa

j?a gode sawless alle, 210

J?att haffdenn cwemmd himm I J>iss lif

Jjurrh so]5 unnsha^ijnesse.
pe fifte god uss hafej?}? don

}>e Laferrd Crist onn erjje,
)7urrh }?att he ras forr ure god 215

}>e j?ridde da^j off dae]5e,
-] let te posstless sen himm wel

inn hiss mennisske kmde ;

1 d«?j>j>. J his.

54 THE ORMULUM.

forr ]?att he wollde fesstnenn swa

sojj trowwj>e I J>ejjre brestess 220

off J?att he, wiss to fulle so]?,

wass risenn upp off d3e]?e,
3 I f>att illke flsesh ]?att wass

forr uss o rode najjledd ;
forr }>att he wollde fesstnenn wel 225

J?iss trowwjje I J^ejjre brestess,
he let te posstless sen himm wel

well offte-si]5e onn er|>e,
wi^innenn dajjess fowwerrtlj

fra f>att he ras off daef>e. 230

pe sexte god uss hafej?f) don

]?e Laferrd Crist onn erj?e,
Jjurrh J?att he stah forr iire g5d

upp inntill heffness blisse,
•3 sennde sif>]5enn Hallj Cast 235

till hise Lerninngcnihhtess,
to frofrenn1 *] to beldenn hemm

to stanndenn jasn Ipe defell,
to gifenn hemm god witt inoh

off all hiss halljhe lare, 240

to gifenn hemm god lusst, god mahht,

to ]?olenn alle wawenn,
all forr Ipe lufe off Godd, ^j nohht

forr erj?lij loff to winnenn.
pe seffnde god uss shall jet don 24=

Ipe Laferrd Crist onn <?nde,
^urrh j^att he shall 6 Domess

uss gifenn heffness blisse,
jiff J?att we shulenn Avurr]?! ben

to findenn Godess are.

1 frofren.

DEDICATION.

puss hafeb}> Ore Laferrd Crist

uss don godnessess seffne,
Jnirrh batt tatt he to manne comm,

to wurrbenn mann onn erbe.
j 6 batt halljhe hoc batt iss 255

apokalypsis nemmnedd
uss wrat te posstell Sannt Johan,

burrh HalTj Gastess lare,
batt he sahh upp inn heffne an hoc

bisett wibf> seffne innsejgless, rio

~} sperrd swa swijje wel Jjatt itt

ne mihhte nan wihht oppnenn1,
wi}?}?utenn Godess halljhe Lamb

J>att he sahh ec inn heffne.
j J?urrh ba seffne innsejjless wass 265

rihht swibe wel bitacnedd
batt sefennfald godlejjc batt Crist

uss dide burrh hiss come;
^ tatt nan wihht ne mihhte nohht

oppnenn ba seffne innsejjless, 270

wibbutenn Godess Lamb, batt comm,

forr batt itt shollde tacnenn
batt nan wihht, nan enngell, nan mann,

ne naness kinness shaffte,
ne mihhte burrh himm sellfenn ba 275

seffne godnessess shaewenn
6 mannkinn, swa batt itt mannkinn

off helle mihhte lesenn,
ne gifenn mannkinn lusst, ne mahht,

to winnenn heffness blisse. 2^0

•j all allswa se Godess Lamb,
all burrh hiss ajhenn mahhte,
1 opnenn.

56 THE ORMULUM,

lihhtlike mihhte 3 wel inch

ba sefFne innsegjless oppnenn,
all swa be Laferrd Jesu Crist, 285

all burrh his aghenn mahhte,
wibj> Faderr ^ wibf> Halij Cast

an Godd 3 all an kinde,
allswa rihht he lihhtlike inch

j wel wib}> alle mihhte 290

o mannkinn burrh himm sellfenn J>a

seffne godnessess shaewenn,
swa |?att he mannkinn wel inoh

off helle mihhte lesenn,
•] gifenn mannkinn lufe 3 lusst, 295

3 mahht ^ witt ^ wille,
to stanndenn inn to cwemenn Godd,

to winnenn hefFness blisse.
3 forr J?att hallj Goddspellboc

all J?iss gSdnesse uss shsewej))?, 300

piss sefennfald godlejjc patt Crist

uss dide Jmrrh hiss are,
forr-bi birr]? all Crisstene follc

Goddspelless lare folljhenn.
~] taerfore hafe ice turrnedd itt 305

inntill Ennglisshe spseche,
forr bat i wollde blibelij

batt all Ennglisshe lede
wibj? aere shollde lisstenn itt,

wibp herrte shollde itt trowwenn, 3

\\iplp tiinge shollde spellenn itt,

wib)? dede shollde itt folljhenn,
t5 winnenn unnderr Crisstenndom

att Crist sd]> sawle berrhless.
3 Godd Allmahhtij gife uss mahht .?,

i lusst 3 witt 3 wille,

HOMILIES. 57

to folljhenn jriss Ennglisshe hoc

j^att1 all iss halij lare,
s\va J>att we motenn wurrjjl ben

to brukenn heffness blisse. 320

Am[aen]. Am[aen]. Am[oen] ; •
Ice J>att tiss Ennglissh hafe sett

Ennglisshe menn to lare,
ice was bser baer I crisstnedd wass

Orrmln bl name nemmnedd.
3 ice Orrmm full innwarrdlij 325

wib)? mujj •] ec wij>}> herrte
her bidde }>a Crisstene menn,

J?att herenn oj^err r^denn
}?iss boc, hemm bidde ice her |>att tejj

forr me ]?iss bede biddenn, 330

]?att bro]?err f>att tiss Ennglissh writt

allr-seresst wrat ^ wrohhte,
Jjatt broj?err forr hiss swinnc to Isen

soj) blisse m6te findenn.

Am[aen].

HOMILIES.

j nu ice wile shsewenn juw 962

summ del, wij?}? Godess hellpe,
off ]?att Judisskenn follkess lac

J>att Drihhtin wass full cweme, 965

3 mikell hellpe to J?e folk,

to laeredd ^ to laewedd,
biforenn J)at te Laferrd Crist

wass borenn her to manne.

bat

58 THE ORMULUM.

Acc nu ne gejjnej?)? itt hemm nohht 970

to winnenn eche blisse
}?ohh ]?at te£j stanndenn daj£ j nihht

to ]?eowwtenn Godd "j lakenn;
forr all itt iss onnjseness Godd

]?ohh f>att tejj swa ne wenenn, 9

forr-]?i-batt tejj ne kegenn nohht

n'off Crist, n'off Cristess moderr.
3 tohh swa]?ehh nu wile ice juw

off ]5ejjre lakess awwnenn,
hu mikell god tejj tacnenn uss 980

off ure sawle nede ;
forr all J)att lac wass sett J?urrh Godd,

forr ]?att itt shollde tacnenn,
hu Cristess }?eow\v birrj? lakenn Crist

gastlike I gode Jjsewess, 985

wijjj? all ]?att tatt bitacnedd wass

J>urrh alle f>e;$;$re lakess.

patt follkes lac wass shep, j gat,

~] oxe, 3 cullfre, j turrtle,
J tejjre lac wass bule, 3 lamb, 990]

3 buckess twa togeddre,
~j reclessmec, -) bulltedd braed

]?att bakenn wass inn ofne,
3 smeredd wel wi]?]? elesaew

•] makedd fatt 3 nesshe; 995

•3 6J?err stund tatt lac wass brsed

all J?eorrf wi]?J)utenn berrme ;
^ 6J?err stund itt bakenn wass

full harrd ^ starrc inn ofne;
3 6J>err stund tatt lac wass brennd 1000;

j turrnedd all till asskess.

HOMILIES. 59

3 ajj wass sallt \\\\>\> Iwhillc lac

biforenn Drihhtin offredd;
~) tatt wass don, J?att witt tu wel,

forr mikell £>Ing to tacnenn. 1005

All J^ejjre lac wass swillc 3 swillc,

forr 6J?err ]?ing to tacnenn, *^x
}?att uss iss swlj?e mikell ned

to folljhenn 3 to trowwenn ;
forr uss birrj? nu biforenn Godd 1010

offrenn J?a lakess alle,
rihht 6 |?att wise }?att uss iss

bitacnedd fmrrh |?a lakess ; •
3 witt tu f>att an wajherifft

wass spredd fra wah to wajhe, 1015

biforenn an allterr Jjatt wass

innresst I ]?ejjre minnstre.
patt wajherifft wass henngedd taer,

forr )?att itt hidenn shollde
all ]5att tatt taer wi]?]?innenn was 1020

fra Isewedd follc j lasredd,
wij^jjutenn J?att te bisscopp sellf,

wij?J? blod ^ ec \v'\\)]> recless,
J?a3r shollde cumenn o J?e jer

ann sij?e, •] all himm ane. 1025

•] enngless comenn offte jsaer,

1 wij? ]?e f»e bisscopp spsekenn
6 Godess hallfe off manijwhatt,

himm 3 hiss follc to frofrenn.
•] bi ]?att allterr stodenn ajj 1030

f>att follkess halijdomess,
)?att waerenn inn an arrke jjaer

wel 3 wurrj?like jemmde.
3 tser oferr }?att arrke wass

an oferrwerrc wel timmbredd, i°;i5

6o THE ORMULVM.

bait \vass Propitiatoriwnm

6 Latin spaeche nemmnedd,
off lpa.il word tatt 6 Latin iss

nemmnedd Propitt'drt,
}>att majj onn Ennglissh nemmnedd ben 1040

millcenn, 3 shaewenn are,
forr wha se do]? hiss are 6 be

//<$/ propitiatur,
affterr batt itt majj wel inch

ben sejjd o Latin spaeche.
•3 taer uppo f>att oferrwerrc

|?ej3 haffdenn liccness metedd
off Cherubyn, ~] haffdenn itt

o twejjenn stokess metedd.
All ennglef>eod todaeledd iss

6 nijhenn kinne f>eode;
•3 Cherubyn ^ Seraphyn

sinndenn J?a twejjenn ]?eode,
|>att sinndenn Drihhtln allre-nest,

•y hehjhesst1 upp inn heoffne.
^ off J?att an, off Cherubyn,

J?ejj haffdenn liccness metedd
uppo J>att oferrwerrc f»att wass

abufenn Jj'arrke timmbredd.
•] att te minnstredure wass

an allterr J^ser wij^Jjutenn ;
•] bi batt allterr wass be lac

6 fele wise jarrkedd
burrh preostess, alls uss sejsj? sop boc,

off Aaroness chilldre. 1065

-} 6 batt allterr haffdenn bejj

glowennde gledess jarrkedd.

1 hehthesst.

HOMILIES. ' 6 1

-) off |>att errfe J?att tser wass

Drihhtm to lake jarrkedd,
himm toe j?e bisscopp off J?e blod, io;o

swa summ hiss boc himm tahhte,
3 gledess inn hiss reclefatt

he toe }>3er 6 Jjatt allterr,
-j dide recless inn inch

Drihhtm Jjgerwi)?}? to }>eowtenn, 1075

ajj whann he shollde ganngenn inn

upp to |?att 6f>err allterr;
)?att wass ajj seness 6 J?e jer,

•j ajj himm sellf himm ane,
forr mikell Jjing to tacnenn uss ioSo

)?att uss birrf> alle trowwenn.
He toe }>e recless ^j te blod

3 jede upp to )?att allterr
j?att wass wi)5)?innenn wajherifft,

swa summ ice habbe shoewedd, 1085

~j tanne brennde he recless )?3er,

to f>eowwtenn Godd to cweme,
swa jsatt taer wass swa mikell smec

off recless alt tatt allterr,
)?att all he wass himm sellf* f»aer hidd iccjo

-) lokenn J?aer wi)?}>innenn ;
3 toe himm ]?a ]?att illke blod

f>att he jjser haffde grejj|?edd,
)?att blod tatt he jjaer haffde brohht,

-] warrp itt taer wij?}? strenncless, 1095

ejjwhaer uppo ]5att halljhe bord,

^ ejjwhser 6 J?att allterr.
•j si)?J?enn jede he f»ej?enn ut

to strennkenn I Tpe kirrke
wijjjjutenn j^ejjre wajherifft, 1100

swa summ hiss boc himm tahhte.

THE ORMULUM

•j sib]?enn comm he till J?e follc

•j wessh himm hise claj^ess,
ace ]?ohh swa]?ehh he wass all dajj

unnclene an-an till efenn. 1105

Nu habbe ice shaewedd juw summ del

off )?a Judisskenn lakess,
Jjatt Drihhtm toe full aedmodllg

biforenn Cristess come,
j off ]?att preost tatt tanne wass, mo

-] off f>att bisscopp ba})e.
^j ec ice habbe shaewedd juw

summ del off f>ejjre wlkenn.
•3 nu ice wile shaswenn juw

all ]?att whatt itt bitacne|3j5. 1115

^j hu itt majj ^uw turrnenn all

till jure sawless hellpe,
•3 hu je mujhenn lakenn Godd

gastlike I gode j^aawess,
\i\\>\> all f>att Judewisshe lac 1120

J>att ice 5Uw habbe shaswedd ;
forr juw bilr]? nu biforenn Godd

offrenn J?a lakess alle,
all o Jjatt wise J?att guw iss

bitacnedd ]?urrh J?a lakess. 1125

pa lakess mihhtenn clennsenn hemm

off sakess ~j off sinness,
•j gladenn Godd, jiff j?att he wass

hemm wraf> forr heore gillte.
•] witt tu wel j?att Latin boc 1130

full witerrlike uss ki^ej?)?,
whillc lac wass offredd forr f>e preost,

whillc forr j?e bisscopp offredd,

HOMILIES. 6 $

\vhillc wass offredd forr Jje follc,

to clennsenn hemm off sinne. 1135

pe ramm wass offredd for ]?e preost,

to clennsenn him off sinne,
3 forr J>e bisscopp was Jje calif

offredd 6 ^ejjre wise,
3 forr ]?e follc wass offredd bucc, 1140

Drihhtln to lofe 3 wurrjje,
f>att he j^ej^m fmrrh hiss mildherrtlejjc

forrjaefe ]?ejjre gilltess.
Her habbe ice shaewedd ]?rinne lac

forr ]?rinne kinne leode, 1145

forr bisscopp 3 forr unnderrpreost,

^j forr \>Q follkess nede.
•] ure Laferrd Jesu Crist

badd hise bedess Jjrijess,
biforenn J?att he takenn wass 1150

3 najjledd uppo rode.
3 taer he badd forr alle }?a

Jjatt onn himm sholldenn lefenn,
forr biscopp 3 forr unnderrpreost,

•3 ec forr laewedd leode; 1155

•] mare wass hiss bede wurrj?

]?ann alle J^ejjre lakess,
to lesenn ^j to clennsenn menn

off alle kinne gillte,
j tohh swaj?ehh wass j?ejjre lac, 1160

biforenn Crlstess come,
Drihhtln full cweme inn alle J>a

J?att Godess lajhess heldenn.

nu ice wile shsewenn juw,

vfilplp mm Drihhtlness hellpe, 1165

64

THE ORMULUM.

all hu je mujhenn lakenn Godd

gastllke i gode fiaewess,
wij?f> all f>att Judewisshe lac

J?att juw her-uppe iss shaewedd.
Jiff f>att tu folljhesst so]) meoclejjc

^ so]? unnshajjljnesse,
J?a lakesst tu Drihhtin \vilp]p shep

gastllke I }?Ine j^aewess,
swa J?att itt majj w^l hellpenn Jje

to winnenn Godess are ;
forr shep iss all unnska^efull

•] stille der ^ lljje,
•] make]?]? itt nan mikell brace

jiff mann itt wile bmdenn,
ne forr]?enn ]?ser mann cwellej?]? itt,

ne wi})}?re]5]? itt nohht swijje.
^j forr-^I sejjj? }>att Latin hoc,

}?att J)werrt ut nohht ne lejhej?)?,
)?att iire Laferrd Jesu Crist

inn ure mennisscnesse
toe J)lldillj wi)?J?utenn brace,

]?att mann himm band wij?}> wo^he,
rihht all swa summ Tpe shep onnfo}>

meocllj, ]?att mann itt clippe)?]?.
~) jiff J?u cwennkesst ! |?e sellf,

3 Iseresst me to cwennkenn
inn me galnessess fule stinnch

3 hire fule lusstess,
3 folljhesst ajj clsennessess slof»,

•3 laeresst me to folljhenn,
f>a lakesst tu Drihhtin wij)-jj gat

gastlike i ]?Ine ]?aewess,
swa |?att itt majj wel hellpenn }?e

to winnenn Godess are.

I K

HOMILIES. 65

for gat iss, f>att witt tQ full wel, 1 200

gal deor, ^ stinnke^J? fule,
•j forr-f>i tacnej?f> itt full wel

galnessess hate stinnchess.
3 forr-j?i sinndenn alle J?a

Jjatt shulenn inntill helle 1205

effnedd wif>}j g£et, ~) nemmnedd gset,

6 Goddspellbokess lare,
forr-}>i-Jjatt sinness fule stinnch

shall shsedenn hemm fra Criste.
1 jiff Jm folljhesst skill •) shaed mo

•3 witt I gode J?sewess,
•] hafesst jet, tohh JjQ be jung,

elldernemanness late,
•j hajherrllke ledesst te

3 dafFtelike ~] fajjre, 1215

3 ummbejjennkesst ajj occ ajj

hu )?u mihht Drihhtm cwemenn,
3 lufenn himm } dredenn himm

} hise lajhess haldenn,
wijjj? oxe lakesst tu Drihhtm 1220

gastllke I ]?ine J)aewess,
swa ]?att itt majj wel hellpenn

t5 winnenn Godess are.
Forr oxe gaj? 6 clofenn f5t

^j shsede^ hise clawwess, -1225

J?urrh whatt he tacnej?)? skill 3 shsed

•] witt I gode )?aewess.
~j oxe gannge]?Jj hajhellj

•3 aldelike late]?)?,
3 jifejj]? bisne off ]?ati te birr]? 1230

all hajhelike j fajjre
3 dafftelike ledenn \>e,
wij?})utenn brace •] brajjjje,
F

66 ORMULUM.

•3 shsewenn jet, tohh Jm be jung,

ellderrnemanness late,
•j oxe chew we]? £ f>aer he gap

hiss ciide, 3 tser he stannde^J?,
3 chewwej?}? forr]?enn J^ger he lij>,

forr J?e to jifenn bisne,
£att te birr]? ummbe]?ennkenn ajj

•] chewwenn I jrin heorrte
hu J3U mihht cwemenn J?in Drihhtm,

3 winnenn eche blisse.
puss Jju mihht lakenn Drihhtm Godd

wi]}f> oxe I gode J^sewess,
jiff f>u )?e ledesst all wi]?J3 skill,

3 ha^helike ^j fajjre,
^j ummbepiennkesst nihht 3 dagj

hu ]?u mihht Drihhtm cwemenn.
3 jiff p>u firrj^resst fremmde menn

ajj affterr ]?ine fe"re,
•3 arrt te sellf ajj milde 3 meoc,

3 all wi)?£>utenn galle,
wibj) cullfre lakesst tu Drihhtm

gastlike I J?ine ]?sewess,
swa )?att itt majj wel hellpenn J?e

to winnenn Godess are.
Forr cullfre iss rmlde, 3 meoc, 3 swet,

j all wif>]?utenn galle,
1 fede]}]? 6J?err cullfress bridd

all alls itt waere hire ajhenn.
j jiff ]?u ledesst clene lif,

•] murrcnesst I J)in heorrte,
f>att tu swa lannge dwellesst her

swa ferr fra Godess riche,
3 jeornesst tatt tu mote sket

upp-cumenn inntill heoffne,

HOMILIES. 67

upp till \>\ Laferrd Jesu Crist,

to lofenn himm 3 lutenn,
wi£>J? turrtle lakesst tu Jiln Godd 1270

gastlike I J?Ine |?ae\vess,
swa ]?att itt majj wel hellpenn J?e

to winnenn Godess are.
Forr turrtle ledef>J? charij llf,

Jmtt witt tu wel to so]?e, 1275

forr fra Tpa.it hire make iss dsed

ne kepe]}]? jho nan 6)5err,
ace serrjhe]?}) ajs forr-)3i-J5att gho

ne majg himm nowwhar findenn.
^ jiff ]?att tu forrlangedd arrt 1280

to cumenn upp till Crlste,
j nohht ne chesesst 6}?er Godd

to folljhenn ne to J?eowwtenn,
wij?j5utenn Crist tatt wass 3 iss

1pm Drihhtln 3 tin hsefedd, 1285

)ja lakesst tu gastlike Godd

\\i])]) turrtle I Jrine }>aewess.
•] giff }?u cwennkesst i Ipe sellf

all J?\verrt ut modijnesse,
3 laeresst1 o|?re allswa to don 1290

f>urrh lare 3 ec J^urrh blsne,
wiJ?J? bule lakesst tu f>in Godd

gastlike I }?ine |?aewess,
swa J>att itt majj wel hellpenn ]?e

to winnenn Godess are. 1295

Forr bule late)?)? modilig,

3 bere)?)? upp hiss hsefedd,
3 drifef>f> 6)?re nowwt himm fra

•j hallt himm all forr laferrd.

1 Iserest.
F 2

68 ORMULVM.

•j jiff bu cnawesst rihht tin Godd,

•3 herrcnesst hise spelless,
•] lejjesst all bin herrte onn himm,

*} folljhesst himm ~\ bujhesst, .
•j forr be lufe off himm forrsest

hsebene Goddess alle, 1305

3 arrt te sellf ajg milde 3 meoc,

3 soffte, j stille, ^j lif>e,
wij))3 lamb ]5U lakesst tin Drihhtm

gastlike I J?me |?sewess,
swa lpa.it itt majj wel hellpenn }?e 13 K

to winnenn Godess1 are.
Forr lamb iss soffte 3 stille deor,

•j meoc, j milde, ^ lif>e,
•] itt cann cnawenn swf[?e wel

hiss moderr f>3er jho blsetej?]? 131

bitwenenn an Jjusennde shep,

)?ohh lpa.it te^j blaetenn alle.
^ all swa birr]? ]?e cnawenn . wel

1pm Godd j all hiss lare,
^j all fornverrpenn haej^enndom 135

^ 6]?re Goddess alle,
swa summ be lamb fleb obre shep,

^ folljhebb ajj hiss moderr.

pe Judewisshe follkess boc

hemm sejjde, batt hemm birrde 132;

twa bukkess samenn [to] be preost

att kirrkedure brinngenn ;
3 tejj ba didenn blibellj,

swa summ be boc hemm tahhte,
^j brohhtenn twegjenn bukkess bser

Drihhtin ba3r-wibb to lakenn.
1 Codes.

HOMILIES. 69

3 att te kirrkedure toe

]?e preost ta twejjenn bukkess,
3 6 J?att an he lejjde J?aer

all Jjejjre sake j sinne, 1335

3 let itt eornenn for]? wi]?]3-all

ut inntill wilde wesste;
3 toe 3 sna]? J>att 6j?err bucc

Drihhtin }?3er-wi]j]5 to lakenn.
All )?iss wass don forr heore ned, 1340

-] ec forr ure nede;
forr hemm itt hallp biforenn Godd

to clennsenn hemm off sinne,
3 all-swa majj itt hellpenn }?e,

jiff }?att tu willt [itt] folljhenn. 1345

^iff ]?att tu willt full innwarrdlij

\viJ)J) fulle trowwf»e lefenn
all ]?att tatt wass bitacnedd taer,

to lefenn 3 to trowwenn,
J?a majj f>att trowwj?e firrj?renn .|?e 1350

to winnenn Godess are.
pa twejjenn bukkess tacnenn uss

an Godd off twinne klnde,
J?att iss \>e Laferrd Jesu Crist,

|?att iss off twinne klnde. 1355

Forr Jesu Crist iss ful iwiss

so)? Godd I Goddcunndnesse,
3 he iss ec to fulle soj>

sof» mann I mennisscnesse ;
forr Crist iss ba|?e Godd •] mann, 1360

an had off twinne klnde,
3 tiss birrj) trowwenn iwhillc mann

J?att jeorne)?]? Godess are.
An bucc rann f»ser a-wejs all cwicc

wij?}3 all J?e follkess sinne, 1365

70 ORMULUM.

-j Crlstess Goddcunndnesse wass

all cwicc 3 all unnpinedd,
bser Crist wass uppo rodetreo

najgledd forr ure nede.
•j Cristess Goddcunndnesse all cwicc 1370

3 all wibbutenn pine
barr ure sinness bser a-we£$

bser Crlstess mennisscnesse
drannc daebess drinnch 6 rodetreo

forr ure wojhe dedess. 1375

j all swa summ lpa.lt 6]5err bucc

toe f>aer wi}?)? dse)?ess pine,
to wurrf»enn J^ger Drihhtm to lac

forr all \>Q follkess sinne,
all swa toe Cristess mennisscle^jc 13801

wij?]? d«]?ess pine o rode,
forr f>att he wollde wurr]?enn ]?ser

offredd Drihhtm to lake,
forr uss t5 clennsenn ]?urrh hiss dsej>

off sinness unnclaennesse. 1385

3 all swa summ }?att cwike bucc

comm inntill wilde wesste,
all swa comm Cristess Goddcunndlejjc

all cwicc upp inntill heoffne,
J^att wass biforenn Cristess dse]? 1390

swa summ itt wesste waere,
forr-|?I-]3att ba]?e enngless ^ menu

itt haffdenn ser forrworrpenn.
Forr enngless haffdenn heoffness serd

forrlorenn all wibj? rihhte ; 1395

forr batt tejj wolldenn effnenn hemm

ja?n Godd burrh modijnesse;
forr whatt tejj fellenn sone dun

off heoffne unntill helle

HOMILIES. 71

till eche \va, forr-bl-batt tejj 1400

, fomvurrpenn eche blisse.
j alle ba batt fellenn swa

bejj sinndenn labe deofless,
3 standenn inn burrh hete j nij?

to scrennkenn menness sawless. 1^05

Ace bu mihht werenn be fra bejjm

}?urrh rihhte laefe 6 Criste,
3 Jmrrh f»att weorrc J?att tser-to lij>

wiJ?J? Jesu Cristess hellpe.
~] ure tAve^enn forrme menn, 1410

Jjatt Drihhtln shop off eorjje,
forrlurenn ec forr heore gillt

wifijj rihht dom heoflfness blisse,
jiurrh }?att tejj forr J?e deofless raj?

Drihhtmess raj? fornvurrpenn ; 1415

•3 all forr-]?I wass heoffness zerd

swa summ itt wesste waere,
forr-fu-Jxitt ba]?e enngless -j menn

itt haffdenn aer forrworrpenn.
•3 Cristess Goddcunndnesse comm 1420

cwicc inntill heoffness wesste
wi)?J? ure sinne, I f>att tatt Crist

toe dae}? forr ure sinne,
all ali-swa summ J)att bucc attrann

ut inntill vvllde wesste M25

all cwicc, ^ barr awejj \v\p]> himm

j?e follkess sake 3 sinne.
•] jiff j?att iss )?att tu willt nu

wi)?}? fulle trowwj^e lefenn,
Jjatt Crist iss baj?e Godd 3 mann, 1430

an had off twinne kinde;
3 jiff Jjatt iss Jsatt tu willt nu

wibj? fulle trowwbe lefenn,

72 ORMULUM.

lpa.it Cristess Goddcunndnesse wass

all cwicc 3 all unnpmedd,
bser Crist wass dsed 6 rodetreo

forr all mannkinne nede;
] jiff batt iss batt tu willt ml

wib}> fulle trowwbe lefenn,
batt Crist, taer he wass o ]>G treo

najjledd forr ure nede,
drah hand 3 hefij pine inoh

]?urrh fife grimme wundess,
J>a mihht tu lakenn J>In Drihhtm

gastlike i soj?fasst Isefe,
wi]?J? all J>att te to trowwenn wass

J?urrh J>a twa bukkess tacnedd.
3 jiff J>u cwemesst tin Drihhtin

bi dajjess, 3 bi nihhtess,
wi{)J) fasstinng, 3 wij>|> bedesang,

wij?]j cnelinng, 3 wij?f> wecche,
J?a lakesst tu wiJ?J) recless swa

J)in Godd i ]?ine }>3ewess,
swa lpa.it itt majg wel hellpenn J>e

to winnenn Godess are.
Forr all all-swa summ recless-smec

iss swet biforenn manne,
all all-se is swet biforenn Godd

)>e gode manness bene.
3 jiff Jnn herrte is arefull,

3 rmlde, 3 soffte, 3 nesshe,
swa J>att tu mihht wel &renn himm

lpa.it iss jaen J>e forrgilltedd, .
3 all forrjifenn himm full-neh

Ipe rihhte domess wraeche,
ajj whann se bu forrjifesst tuss

|)In wra}?be 3 ec bin wrasche,

HOMILIES.

73

ass }>anne lakesst tu J>in Godd

gastllke I J?ine f>aewess,
wpp laf J?att iss \v\pp elesaew 1470

all smeredd wel 3 nesshedd.
pe rihhte dom iss starrc 3 harrd

1 all pe rihhte wraeche,
swa summ itt wsere scorrcnedd laf

J>att iss wif>t>utenn crummess. 1475

•] are j millce -j mildherrtlejjc

3 rihht forrjifenesse,
f>att iss J?att laf Jjatt smeredd iss

wijj)? elessew j nesshedd.
j jiff }?att tu willt makenn laf, 1480

j?u J?resshesst tine shsefess,
•] sif»]?enn winndwesst tfl Jjln corn,

3 fra ]je chaff itt shsedesst,
•3 gaddresst swa }?e clene corn

all fra J?e chaff togeddre, 1485

3 grindesst itt, 3 cnedesst itt,

3 harrdnesst itt vfilpp hsete;
3 tanne mahht tu pin Drihhtin

lakenn Jsaer-wiJ?]? to cweme,
jiff pa.lt tu ledesst hallj llf 1490

i J?ohht, I word, I dede.
•j tu mihht ec gastllke laf

onn open wise jarrkenn,
^ lakenn J?in Drihhtin f>ser-wi|?J>

well swijje wel to cweme. 1495

giff )?att iss patt tu }?urrh pin spell

till rihhte laefe turrnesst
J?att flocc J?att wass toskejjredd aer

J?urrh fele kinne dwilde,
pa. f»resshesst tu pin corn wif>J> flejjl, 1500

I J?att tatt tu pe^m shsewesst,

74 ORMULUM.

hu sinnfull lif J>ejj leddenn agr,

•3 hu J?ejj cwemmdenn deofell,
3 hu }>ejj haffdenn addledd wel

to drejhenn eche pine,
3 hu f>ejjm haffde Drihhtm all

forr heore woh forrworrpenn ;
Vfilplp swillc J>u j?resshesst wel ]?e folk,

jiff ]?att tu ]?uss hemm taelesst;
forr jiff J?u shaewesst me mm woh

•] tselesst mine weorrkess,
^ seggesst swillc 3 swillc wass |?u,

J?u J?resshesst me wij?]? wordess.
^j jiff ]?u shaewesst hemm off Godd

•3 off hiss seddmodnesse,
hu wel he take]?|? ajj \vijjj> J^a

J>att sekenn Godess are,
3 jiff ]?u shaewesst hemm whatt laen

iss jarrkedd hemm inn heoffne,
jiff ]?att tejj takenn Crisstenndom 152

^j Cristess lajhess haldenn,
j spedesst wi]?]? J?In spell swa wel

}?att tejj itt unnderrfanngenn,
•] turrnenn till Ipe Crisstenndom

•] till j?e rihhte laefe, 152;

~\ shasdenn fra |?att has^enn follc

J?att Godd iss all unncweme,
forr J^att itt iss J?att illke chaff

}?att helle fir shall baernenn,
]?a winndwesst tu J>in |?rosshenn corn isac

3 fra f>e chaff itt shaedesst,
•3 gaddresst swa J^e clene corn

all fra Ipe chaff togeddre.
Forr ]?urrh ]?att tatt tu laeresst hemm

to ben sammtale 3 sahhte 153:

HOMILIES. , 75

to j?eow\vtenn an Allmahhtlg Godd

wif»j? anfald rihhte laefe1,
j ajj to ben ummbenn lpa.it an

to winnenn eche blisse,
]?urrh f>att tu sammnesst hemm I Godd 1540

]?u gaddresst corn togeddre.
Annd jmrrh f>att tu primmsejjnesst hemm,

3 spellesst hemm, 3 Iseresst
all to forrwerrpenn modiglejjc,

3 harrd -y grammcund herrte, 1545

3 ajj to folljhenn sop meoclejjc

wifjf) luffsumm aeddmodnesse,
j?aer-j3urrh ]?u brekesst wel |?in corn,

•j grindesst itt ^ nesshesst.
3 Jjurrh J?att tatt tu fullhtnesst hemm 1550

•3 unnderr waterr dippesst,
Tpu sammnesst all \>l mele inn-an

^ cnedesst itt togeddre,
swa J?att tejj shulenn alle ben

an bodig j an sawle. 1555

•3 Jesu Crist himm-sellf shall ben

uppo |?att bodij hsefedd,
to fedenn ^ to fosstrenn hemm,

to steorenn -j t5 berrjhenn.
•] ]?urrh ]?att tatt tu Iseresst hemm 1560

to }>olenn illc unsellf)e
wi]?]? innwarrd heorrte 3 soj?fasst ]?Ild,

all forr J>e lufe off Criste,
all forr J?att lufe )?att iss hat

I Cristess fjeowwess heorrte, 1565

J>35r-J?urrh ]?u bakesst Godess laf

^ harrdnesst itt fmrrh haste,

1 lafe.

76 ORMULUM.

burrh batt tu harrdnesst hemm wib}> spell

to bolenn illc unnseollbe
wib]? sobfasst bild, all forr batt fir 157

batt sobfasst lufe folljhebb.
Forr sobfasst lufe baerneb]? agj,

loc jiff bu't mihht ohht findenn,
3 whaer s' itt iss itt harrdnebb all

J5e gode manness heorrte, 15;

to f>olenn wi]?J? fullfremedd jjild

all Tpa.it tatt iss unnsell]?e.
3 sone summ f>In laf be]? wel

all grej))?edd tuss •] jarrkedd,
J?a mahht tu lakenn Godd wij)jj all 158

gastlike wel to cweme.
Forr Drihhtin take]?)? sedmodllj

wif>j5 ]?a J?att till himm turrnenn,
3 jiff J?u ledesst clene llf

onn alle kinne wise, 158

J)a lakesst tu Tpin Drihhtin swa

gastlike I Jrine Jjsewess,
Vfilp]) J^errflinng brsed swa }?att tu mihht

Drihhtiness are winnenn.
Forr berrflinng braed iss clene brasd, 1590

forr batt itt iss unnberrmedd,
j itt bitacneb]? clene llf,

3 alle clene bsewess,
3 clene bohht, 3 clene word,

3 alle clene dedess. 159

3 jiff bin heorrte iss harrd 3 starrc,

3 stedefasst o Criste,
to bolenn forr be lufe off himm

all batt tatt iss to dreghenn,
ba lakesst tu bin Drihhtin swa 1600

gastlike I bine bsewess,

HOMILIES. 7 7

wijjf) fasst 3 flndlj laf 3 harrd

wiJ)J3innenn "J wij?]?i3tenn,
swa J?att itt majj wel hellpenn J?e

to winnenn Godess are. 1605

3 jiff J?u mihht forrvverrpenn her

J?i faderr, -j ti" moderr,
~] wif, 3 child, 3 hus, •] ham,

3 freond, •] land, 3 ahhte,
3 all fornverrpenn her Jnverrt ut 1610

bitwenenn menn to biggenn,
y ledenn harrd ^j hallj lif

all ane I wllde wesste,
^ plnenn )?aer J?i bodij a

wiJ)J> chele 3 ]?risst •] hunngerr, 1615

wi}?)? fasstinng, ^j wi)?]? swincc 3 swat,

wijj]? bedess, •] wij?]? wecchess,
J)a nrihht tfl lakenn swa J?in Godd

gasllike I }nne Jjsewess
\vty1p lac, f>att all Jjwerrt ut beof> brennd 1620

Drihhtm to lofe 3 wurrfie,
swa j?att itt beo}> Ipe rihht inoh

to winnenn Godess are.
Forr j?u ne mihht nohht ledenn her

na bettre Hf onn eorf>e, 1625

f>ann iss )?att tu Jjweorrt ut forrse,

^ all J>werrt ut forrwerrpe
all weorelldlike lif ~) lusst,

•] fie fra menn till wesste,
^ tser wij?J? harrd ^ halij lif 1630

beo jeoiTnfull Crist to cwemenn.
Forr swillc lif iss all Jnverrt ut daed

fra weorelldshipess lusstess,
3 itt iss turrnedd all J?urrh fir

off soj?fasst lufe 6 Criste 1635

78 ORMULUM.

f

till dusst, forr-J?I-|3att swillke menn

sojtfasst meocnesse folljhenn.
•j aj5 wass sallt wij?]? iwhillc lac,

forr patt itt shollde • tacnenn
jpatt all j^att tu willt offrenn Godd,

jiff J?att itt shall himm cwemenn,
all birr]? itt offredd ben \vipp skill,

3 all vf'iplp lurTsumm heorrte,
swa pa.it itt be clennlike don,

off rihhtbijetenn ahhte,
swa ]?att te Laferrd Jesu Crist

swetlike itt unnderrfannge.
piss wass bitacnedd }>urrh f>e sallt

]?att ure mete swdte]?,
jiff f>att iss }>att mann wile itt don

wif>]3 witt 3 skill |?serinne.
Forr witt 3 skill iss wel inoh

j^urrh salltess smacc bitacnedd,
•j tatt forr-]?i-patt witt ^ skill

iss god inn alle ]?inge,
all swa summ sallt iss swi}?e god

]?ser J?ser itt to-bilimmpe]?]? ;
3 all forr-f)T wass aefre sallt

•wilplp alle lakess offredd,
forr-J)i-)?att nohht ne majj ben don

Allmahhtij Godd to cweme,
but iff itt be \vi]plp witt 3 skill

•j luffsummlike forjjedd.
All puss ]?u mahht nu lakenn Godd

gastlike i }?ine J?sewess,
wi}?f> all J>att lac J»att offredd wass

biforenn Cristess come.

GLOSSARY.

THE arrangement mainly follows the spellings and forms of the Ancren
Riwle.

ce and ea are both ranged under \; It under c, v under/, 3 under g, j
under z, and wh under hw.

Words beginning with the prefix i must be sought under their root :
icwtme under cwcme, &c.

* denotes French words.
f denotes words and forms of the Ormulum.
sv. = strong verb. vn>. = weak verb. swv. =• strong-weak verb.

A, indef. art.

a = an prp.

a, nv. for ever. *

a, inter}, ah !

a-blenden, wv. blind.

sbbod, SOT. abbot.

a-buven, prp. above.

a-buten, prp., av. around.

•fac, see auh.

a-colen, wv. cool.

a-cwenchen, wv. quench.

a-cwikien, wv. quicken, come to
life, bring to life.

*acwiten, wv. free, release.

fadlen, wv: earn.

a-drenchen, wv. drown.

a-dun, av. down.

aduneward, av. downwards.

a-vellen, wv. make to fall.

*avez, spl. aves.

a-vormest, av. at first.

fas, av. always.

a-sean, asein, prp., av. against,
towards (to meet) ; for ; iu ex-
change for ; back.

aseines, prp. against.

fashen, see jwen.

a-ginnen, sv. begin.

•(•ante, see fiht.

al(l), aj. all ; ' over al,' everywhere ;

'mid alle,' 'fwij; alle," entirely,

altogether; 'alre frest,' first of

all.

al, av. all, quite, entirely, utterly.
al, sn. everything.
a-lesen, wv. release,
alle-gate, av. by all means,
alles, av. entirely, really,
al-mihti, falmaritis, aj. almighty.
al-s9, ase, falswa, false, fals,

av. so, also, as, like ; ' ase neih . .

ase veor,' the nearer . . the further ;

' J)er ase,' where, &c.
falter, s. altar.
am, see beon.
famsen, amen.
a-morwen, av. on the morrow,

next morning,
an, indef. art.
an, prp. on, in.
*ancheisun, sn. reason,
ancre, «/. anchoress, nun.
and, ant, cj. and ; but.
*andetted, prt. pic. endebted.
fan-fald, aj. simple, sincere.
an-hnngen, wv. hang,
an-on, fanan, av. immediately;

continually.

8o

GLOSS A RF.

anpn-riht, av. immediately.

an-ont, prp. in regard to.

ant, see and.

* apocalipse, s. apocalypse.

farke, s. ark.

a-redden, wv. rescue, deliver.

a-reimen, wv. redeem.

a-reowen, sv. ' me areowe]),' I

pity.

a-r§ ren, wv. raise ; cause,
a-riht, av. rightly, properly,
a-risen, sv, arise,
•fart, see beon.
*asaumple, s/. example,
-j-askes, spl. ashes.
askien, wv. ask.
askung, s. asking.
a-schunien, wv. refl. shun,
ase, see also,
a-spillen, wv. destroy,
asse, s. donkey,
a-stiinten, wv. stop,
atelich, aj. repulsive, ugly,
attri, aj. poisonous, venomous,
auh, + ac, av. but ; and.
*autorite, s. authority.
a-wei, av. away,
a-worpen, sv. throw, precipitate.

Bacen, sv. bake.

fbad, see bidden.

•fbar, see beren.

bead, see beoden.

*beaubelez, spl. trinkets, baubles.

bede, s. prayer.

bede-sang, s. song of prayer.

belli, see buwen.

*bekien, wv. peck.

fbelden, wv. encourage.

>fbene, s. request, prayer.

beoden, sv. offer.

beon, sv. be.

i-beon, sv. be.

beren, sv. carry, bear ; ' beren up,

hold up.

•fber^lien, sv. save, preserve,
•fberhles, s. salvation,
berken, sv. bark.
berme, s. leaven,
bernen, -j-brennen, wv. burn.

bersten, sv. burst.

bf st, s. beast, animal.

bet, av. better, rather.

betere, aj., sb. better.

bfp, s». bath.

bi, prp., av. by, near ; by means of,

through.

bi-cliippen, wv. embrace,
bi-cumen, sv. become,
bidden, sv. ask, pray,
bi-von, bivongen, sv. encompass,

contain.

bi-voren, bivore, prp., av. before,
bi-geat, s. gain,
bi-gilen, wv. beguile.

fbiggen, wv. dwell.

bi-ginnen, sv. begin.

bi-siten, sv. get, obtain.

bi-giirdel, sn. girdle, belt.

bi-heve, s. profit, benefit.

bi-hove, s. benefit.

bi-hoven, wv. be necessary, behove.

bi-hplden, sv. behold, consider.

bi-hgten, sv. promise, vow.

bile, s. beak, bill.

bi-lfven, wv. leave, forsake.

bi-lien, sv. slander.

bi-limpen, sv. belong.

binden, sv. bind.

bi-neop~en, prp. beneath.

bi-nimen, sv. deprive, take awaj

bi-rf vien, wv. bereave, deprive.

bi-reounesse, s. compassion.

fbirj>, wv., impers. becomes, befits.

•fbiscop, sm. bishop.

bi-sechen, wv. beseech.

bi-senchen, wv. sink.

bi-seon, sv. look.

bi-setten, wv. beset, surround, en-
close, besiege.

bisi, aj. busy, assiduous.

bisiliche, av. busily.

bisisehipe, s. activity.

bisne, s. example, specimen.

bi-speten, wv. spit on.

bi-tf chen, wv. entrust.

bi-tellunge, sf. excusing, excuse.

bi-teon, si/, bestow.

bi-t<xsnen, wv. signify, denote.

bitter, aj., sb. bitter.

GLOSSARY.

8l

bi-tiinen, u-v. shut up, enclose.

bi-tiirnen, wv. turn.

bi-tweonen, prp. between, among.

*blamen, wv. blame.

blasien, wv. blaze.

bleden, wv. bleed,

blescien, wv. bless.

blf ten, sv. bleat.

bliscien, wv. make happy.

blisse, s. joy.

blipeliche, fblipelike, fblipe-

lig, av. gladly.
blod, sn. blood,
blgwen, sv. blow.
bg, prn. both.
boc, s. book.

fboc-staf, s. letter of the alphabet.
bode, s. offer,
bodi, sn. body,
bone, s. prayer.
bord, s. table,
•fborshen, see bershen.
bote, s. mending, remedy,
bop, see beon.
bgpe, prn., av. both,
bg-twg, prn. both,
bouhte, see buggen.
fbrac, s. noise,
[fbrappe, s. anger,
jbrgd, s. bread,
breiden, sv. braid, plait,
breken, sv. break,
fbrende, see bernen.
breost, s. breast.
br|p, sm. vapour, odour,
brepren, see broker,
bridd, s. young bird,
bridel, s. bridle,
bridlen, wv. bridle,
briht, aj. bright,
brihten, wv. brighten,
brlngen, wv. bringen.
argd, aj. broad.
Sroper, sm. brother.
3rouhte, see brlngen.
srucen, sv. enjoy.
bucc, sm. he-goat,
auggen, wv. buy.
iuhp, see buwen.
[•bule, sm. bull.

fbulted, aj. (prt. p!c.}, boulted,

passed through a sieve,
buruh, fburh, s. city,
buten, bute, but, fbutt, prp.,

av. without; except, only. ' but(e)

3if,' unless.
Bup, see buggen.
buven, prp. above,
buwen, sv. bow, bend.

Cakel, aj. cackling.
cakelen, wv. cackle,
fcalf, s. calf.
*caliz, sm. chalice.
castel, s. castle.
cat(t), s. cat.
tchaf, s-. chaff,
•^kanunk, sm. canon.
*k§cchen, wv. catch,
kene, aj. brave,
kepen, wv. heed, care for.
kerven, sv. cut.
•j*chariSj aj. mourning, sad.
*chast, aj. chaste.
'chastiement, s. rebuking.
*cb.astien, wv. rebuke.
*chaungement, s. change.
cheffare, s. tramc, bargaining,
chgfle, s. chatter,
chgflen, wv. chatter,
fchele, s. chill, cold,
cheoke, s. cheek.
cheosen, sv. choose,
cheouwen, fchewwen, sv. chew.
ch|p, s. bargain.
cli|pien, wv. traffic, sell.
chfpild, s/. trafficker.
ch|pmon, sm. merchant, tradesman.
*chere, s. face, countenance ; ap-
pearance.

*chgrite, s. love, charity.
child, sn. child.
chirche, fkirke, s. church.
kinedom, s. kingdom,
king, sm. king,
•j-kirke-dure, s. church-door,
fclawwes, spl. claws, hoofs.
clfne, aj. pure,
•fclenlike, av. purely,
clcnnesse, s/. purity.

GLOSSARY.

clensien, wv. purify.

cl§ppe, s. clapper.

climben, sv. climb, rise.

clippen, wv. clip, shear.

clofen, prt. ptc. cloven.

clgp, s. clothing, clothes.

cluse, s. sluice.

cneden, sv. knead.

•(•eneling, s. kneeling.

cneolen, wv. kneel.

kniht, sm. knight.

knihtschipe, SOT. knighthood.

kngwen, sv. know.

jkngwen, sv. know, discern.

kniitten, wv. tye a knot in.

Cgld, aj. cold.

com, -fcom, see cumen.

•(•come, s. coming.

con, const, see cunnen.

corn, s. corn.

cos(s), s. kiss.

costnien, wv. cost.

tcounsail, s. counsel.

cgve, s. chough, raven.

*creoisen, wv. make the sign of
the cross on, cross.

*crien, wv. cry.

Crist, sm. Christ.

cristen, aj. Christian.

cristendom, s. Christianity.

cristnen, wv. christen.

*crucifix, s//. crucifix.

fcrummes, spl. crumbs.

*crune, s. crown.

*crunien, wv, crown.

ku, ff. cow.

cude, s. cud.

cul(l), s. stroke.

"f-culfre, s. pigeon, dove.

ciillen, wv. strike.

cumen, sv. come ; happen, be.

ciinde, s. nature, condition.

kundeliche, av. naturally.

kiinne, s. kind.

/'kiinned, aj. (prt. ptc.\ belonging
to a family, descended.

cunnen, swv. know. ' ]>onc cun-
nen,' be grateful for.

*kuplen, wv. couple.

*kurteisie, s. courtesy.

kurve, see kerven.

kiissen, wv. kiss.

kup, aj. known, familiar.

eupe, see cunnen.

kupsn, wv. make known, show.

kuplfchunge, s. acquaintance.

cw|d, s. evil.

cwellen, wv. kill.

cweme, aj. pleasing, agreeable.

cweme, s. gratification. ' to cweme,'

agreeably.

t'cweme, aj. pleasing,
cwemen, wv. please,
cwene, s/. queen,
fcwenken, wv. quench, extinguish,
cwf p, see cwejjen.
cwepen, sv. speak,
cwic, aj. alive, living.
*cwitaunce, s. payment.

fDaftelike, av. becomingly,
dai, see d§i.
*dame, s/. lady,
dawes, see d§i.
*debonerte, s. kindness.
d|d, aj. dead,
dede, s. deed.
d§i, dai, fdas, s. day.
d|l, s. part, share. ' sum d|l,' partly,
dglen, wv. divide, separate,
delven, sv. dig.
demen, wv. judge,
deor, s. animal,
deore, aj. dear, precious.
deore-wnrpe, aj. dear, precious,
deovel, s. devil.
*depeinten, wv. paint,
derf, s. hardship,
dest, see don.
*destruen, wv. destroy.
dep, see don.
d|p, s. death.
*dettes, spl. debts.
*dettur, sm. debtor,
'dialgge, s. dialogue.
•{•dippen, wv. dip.
dgle, s. part, division,
dom, s. judgment, opinion, 'domes
dai,' doomsday, day of judgment.
don, sv. do ; put.

GLOSSARY.

•f-drah, see drien.
fdranc, see drincen.
drauhjj, see drawen.
drawen, sv. draw,
drgd, s. dread.
drfden, s(w)v. dread.
dre?hen, see drien.
drien, fdreshen, sv. endure,
drifen, sv. drive,
fdrihtin, SIB. Lord,
tdrinnch, s. draught.
drinken, sv. drink.
drope, s. drop.
*duble, aj. double,
dude, see don.
dolve, see delven.
dust, s. dust.

EC, eke, av. also,
echo, aj. eternal.
echen, f eken, wv. add.
|d-mod, aj. humble.
fsBdmodlis, av. humbly, graciously,
ffedmodnesse, sf. humility,
gvere, |ver, fslfre, av. ever,
fverich, prn. every, everyone, each

one.

evesien, wv. clip, cut hair,
evesunge, spl. clippings,
efne, s. power, ability,
efnen, vni. compare.
eft, av. again,
ffter, fafter, prp. after, according

to. • gfter j)gt,' as.
git «. egg.
|i, see f ni.

fes-hwSr, av. everywhere,
eie, .•>. eye.
eie, s. fear,
eie-piirel, s. window,
eih-sihp, s. eyesight.
|ihte, fahte, s. property ; cattle,
eilien, wv. annoy, trouble,
jiren, see |i.
f-elderne-mann, sm. elderly person.

e-sSw, 5. oil.
alles, av. else, otherwise,
alles-hwar, av. elsewhere.
:nde, s. end.
;nes, av. once.

engel, sm. angel.

-{•English, aj., sb. English, English

language.

gni, ei, prn. any, anyone,
^entente, s. intention.
code, see g§n.
eornen, see urnen.
eorjje, s. earth.
eorjjen, aj. earthen.
eorplic, feorplis, aj. earthly.
§pple, sm. apple.
|r, av., cj. before, stiperl. frest,

aj., av. first. ' on |rest,' first.
fserd, s. country, region.
|re, s. ear.

ferfe, s. animal, beast,
erien, wv. plough.
|rm, s. arm.
fernde, s. message,
ert, see beon.
|ster-even, s. Easter eve.
§t, fat, prp. at, by ; from.
§t-fleon, i>v. escape,
^t-hglden, sv. withhold.
§t-lutien, wv. crouch away, hide.
§ t-witen, vb. reproach.
fj»-eene, aj. easily seen, manifest,

apparent.

|pe, av. easily, without reluctance.
§x, s/. axe.

Fallen, vallen, &v. fall ; belong.

vals, aj., sn. false ; falsehood.

valsien, wv. prove treacherous.

varen, sv. fare, go.

•(•fasting, s. fasting.

ffatt, aj. fat.

feden, wv. feed.

v§der, ffader, sm. father.

veien, wv. join.

fg ir, aj. fair.

f§ire, ffagre, av. fairly, beautifully.

veiung, s. joining.

vel, sn. skin.

feo-lawe, sm. companion, friend.

veole, ffele, aj. many.

veole-iwordede, aj. of many words,

loquacious.

veond, sm. enemy ; fiend, devil,
veor(r), ffer, av. far.

G 2

GLOSS A RF.

feorrene, av., aj. from a distance ;

distant.

veorpe, fferpe, aj. fourth.
f(Trd, s. army.

(z')vere, s»z. companion, friend,
•ffere, s. means*
*vers, ffefs, sn. vene.
*versalien, wv. repeat a verse.
*f|ste, s. feast,
vgsten, wv. fast.

vg stolen, wv. fix, establish, confirm.
vet, see vot.
vgtten, K>V. fatten,
fif, num. five.
fifte, aj. fifth.
fiht, swz. fight, war, contest,
viliten, sv. fight.
(z)vlnden, sv. find,
ffindis, q/. fruitful, good,
•ffirst, aj. first,
•j-firjjren, wv. promote, help,
•fflesl, s. flail,
fleose, s. fleece,
fleoten, sv. float, flow,
vlfsch, sn. flesh.
vlien, fneon, fflen, sv. flee,
vloe(c), s. flock, multitude, large

number,
flod, s. flood.
flod-Sft, s. flood-gate,
•fflumm, s. river.
vluwen, see vlien.
vg, sw». foe.
fodder, s. fodder,
vode, s. food.
*fol, aj. foolish.
vole, sn. folk, people,
vplden, sv. fold,
volewen, ffolshen, wv. follow.
fvollen, see fallen,
von, sv. sieze, take. ' v5n on,'

begin.

»v§nd, see vlnden.
vgndunge, s. temptation.
foTtprp., cj. for ; because. ' for to,

for te,' in order to, to. ' for ]>at,'

because.

vor-bgd, see vorbeoden.
vor-beoden, sv. forbid.
vor-bisne, *. example, parable.

uperl.

for-blmden, wv. blind.
fore-ward, s. agreement.
for-siven, sv. forgive,
forsifenesse, s. forgiveness,
vor-giilten, wv. incur guilt.

giilt, fforgilted,' prt. ptc. guilt
ffor-langed, aj. (prt. ptc.) longing.
vor-leosen, sv. loose.
forloren, see vorleosen.
vorlorenesse, s. perdition.
vorme, aj. former, first.

vormest. ' a vormest,' av. at first,
vor-saken, sv. refuse, reject.
for-schuppen, wv. transform.
vorschiippild, sf. sorceress,
for-seon, sv. despise,
vor-stoppen, wv. stop up.
vor-swoluwen, wv. swallow

devour.

vort, prp. until.
vorp, av. forth,
forpen, av. also.
vor-Jn, av., cj. therefore, because.

' for-]n-]>at,' because,
vorjrien, wv. promote ; accomplish,

do ; help,
vor - worpen, f f orwerpen,

throw off, cast away, reject,
fostren, wv. nourish, foster,
fostrild, sf. nurse.
vot, s. foot,
vour, vor, ffowwer, num. four.
ffowwertiSj num. forty,
•j-fra, prp. from, out of. ' fra J>at,'

after.

frame, s. profit,
fremde, see vreomede.
freond, SOT. friend,
vreomede, ffremde, aj. stran
freomien, wv. benefit.
freo, aj. free,
vreoschipe, s. liberality,
freten, sv. devour,
vri-dfi, s. Friday,
vri-nint, s. Good Friday eve.
vrovre, s. consolation,
vrovren, wv. console,
vrom, prp. from,
frommard, prp. away from,
fuel, s. bird.

GLOSSARF.

ful, aj. foul.

fulvl), aj. full.

fule, av. foully.

fiilen, wv. defile.

ffulfremed, aj. (prt. ptc.) perfect.

•ffulhtnen, wv. baptize.

fullen, wv. fill, fill up ; fulfil.

fulliche, av. fully.

•(•fulluht, s. baptism.

fiir, s. fire.

fiirsen, wv. remove.

aj. wanton.
galle, s. gall.

fgalnesse, s. wantonness.
gangen, see ggn.
San-kiime, s. return.
tsarken, wv. prepare.
garsume, s. treasure.
fgastlike, av. spiritually.
fgat, s. goat.
Se, prn. ye.
Si, av. yes.
tsede, see g§n.
gfderen, wv. gather.
S§f, see siven.
fgesnen, wv. profit.
Seien, wv. cry,' proclaim.
Selden, &v. pay, repay ; make good ;

requite.

Seme, s. care, heed.
Semen, wv. keep.
"ts®n, prp. against, to.
Seond, prp. throughout, over.
Seonien, wv. gape.
georne, av. eagerly, carefully.
Seuve, s. gift.
Ser, s. year.
gelt, see gat.
Set, sete, fset, av. yet, besides,

even ; already.
8§t, s. gate.
Sgtten, wv. consent.
•j-^ho, she.
gicchen, wv. itch.
Sif, tiff, y. if, whether. ' $if ]?at,' if.
gile, s. guile, deceit.
gllen, wv. deceive.
fgilt, s. guilt.

wv. desire.

gist, i. guest.

gistnen, wv. lodge.

Siven, sv. give.

Giwe, sm. Jew.

Giwerle, s. Jewry.

gladien, see gl§dien.

glf d, aj. glad.

gled, s. red-hot coal.

glgdien, gladien, wv. cheer, rejoice.

glfdliche, av. gladly.

God, sm. God.

god, aj., sn. good.

godcundnesse, s. divinity.

god-ded, s. good deed.

Godhed, s. divinity.

godien, wv. endow.

fgodlejc, s. benefit.

fgodnesse, s. goodness.

•(•god-spell, gospel, sn. gospel.

•fgodspell-boc, s. gospel-book.

•(•godspell-wrihte, sm. evangelist.

ggn, -fga-ngen, vb. go.

gospel, see godspell.

ggst, s. ghost, spirit.

gystlich, aj. spiritual.

*grace, s. grace.

gramcund, aj. angry.

gredil, s. gridiron.

*gref, s. trouble.

fgrespen, wv. prepare.

greot, s. grit, gravel, sand.

grgt, aj. thick, coarse, great, superl.

greast.

greten, wv. greet,
grgten, wv. grow large, get fat.
fgreppen, wv. bake,
grim(m), aj. fierce, severe,
grmden, sv. grind.
grin-st§n, s. grindstone,
grislich, aj. fearful, ghastly,
gripfuliiesse, s. peacefulness.
grome, s. anger,
grunde, see grinden.
*gugement, s. judgment.
Sung, aj. young.
gurdel, s. girdle.

Habben, wv. have.

•f-had, s. rank.

fhajhelike, hashelis, av. quietly.

86

GLOSS 'A RY.

halewe, sm. saint.

half, aj. half.

half, s. side, 'an oj>er h.' on the
other hand, again.

thalshen, wv. consecrate, sanctify.

thalisdom, s. holy thing.

•fhalp, see helpen.

halt, see hglden.

ham, see heom.

thardnen, wv. harden.

tjehaten, prt. ptc. called, name

hattre, see hgt.

have, see habben.

he, prn. he.

hebben, sv. lift, raise up.

h§f, see hebben.

h|ved, s. head.

hevede, see habben.

h|ved-luve, s. chief love.

hevi, f hefis, aj. heavy, severe.

heie, av. highly, high.

heih,q/. high, exalted, august, 'onh.'
aloft, snperl. heixt, fheshest.

hei-ward, sm. heyward, town's
herdsman.

held, see hglden.

hgle, s. health, salvation ; sanctity.

hglen, wv. heal.

helien, wv. hide, conceal.

helle, s. hell.

help, s. help.

helpen, :v. help.

-(•hem, see heom.

hendi, aj. skilful ; courteous.

thengen, wv. hang, suspend.

henne, s/. hen.

heo, prn. she, they.

heovene, fheofne, fhefne, sf.
heaven.

heold, see hglden.

heom, ham, them, prn. them.

heorde-mon(n), sm. herdsman.

the ore, hore, there prn. their.

heort, s. hart.

heorte, sf. heart.

heorteliche, av. heartily, cheer-
fully.

heowien, wv. colour.

her, av. here, 'her-bi,' &c., hereby,
by this.

hercnen, wv. hearken, attend to.
herd, thard, aj. hard,
hgrde, av. violently,
herd-iheorted, aj. (prt.p

hearted.

h^rdschipe, sn. hardship,
there, see heore.
hfre, s. haircloth,
iheren, wv. hear.
here-word, s. renown,
hermien, wv. injure,
hgste, s. command,
thet = he it.
•fhete, s. hate,
hfte, s. heat.

hetei, aj. hostile, threatening,
thfpelig, av. scornfully,
hfpen, aj. heathen,
thiden. wv. hide,
hider-to, av. hitherto,
hien, wv. hie, hasten.
him, prn. him.
hird, s. retinue, court,
hire, prn. her.
his, prn. his.
hit, tit, prn. it.
hoker, s. contempt, disdain,
hgl. aj. whole, sound,
z'hgl, aj. entire, sound,
hgld, s. restraint,
hglden, sv. hold, keep ; consider,
h^li, aj. holy,
holpen, see helpen.
hom(m), s. ham.
h§nd, sf. hand,
h^ngen, vb. hang.
hope, s. hope,
hopien, wv. hope,
hore, see heore.
hors, s. horse,
hgt, aj. hot.
hu, hwu, av. how.
hiide, s. hide,
hund, sm. dog.
hundred, num. hundred,
hunger, s. hunger.
huntien, wv. hunt,
hure, av. « h. & h.' at least, anj

how.
h.ure, huire, s. hire, wages.

GLOSSARF.

huren, wv. hire.

"hurt, s«. hurt.

*hiirten, wv. hurt.

bus, s. house.

huse-wif, s. mistress of a house,

housekeeper,
fwhanne, see hwon.
hwar, fwhser, av. where. ' whaer

se,' wherever.

hware-vore, av. wherefore.
hwar-to, av. to what purpose,

wherefore,
hwat, prn., aj., inierj. what, which,

lo ! ' what se,' whatever. ' for

what,' wherefore.
whSr, see Irwar.
hwfte, sm. wheat,
hwfper, prn. which (of two). ' h.

se,' whichever of the two.
hwi, av. why. ' vor h.' wherefore,

why.

while, see hwiich.
•Awhile, prn. each,
hwg, prn. who. ' hwg se,' who-

hwon(n), fwhanne, cj. when ;

since. ' whann se,' whenever,
hwu, see hu.
hwiich, fwhilc, prn., aj. of what

sort, of what kind, which,
hwuder, av. whither, 'hw. sg,'

wherever.
hwule, s. while, time. ' sume hw.'

sometimes. ']>eo (pe) hw. bet,'

while.

I, see ich.

i, see in.

ich, I, fie, prn. 1.

ichiille = ich wiille.

idel, aj. vain, useless. ' on Idel,' in
vain.

+ilk, prn. each.

ilke, prn. same.

in, I, prp., av. in.

ine, prp. in.

inne, av. in. super!, finrest, in-
nermost.

finsesles, spl. seals.

fin-til, prp. imo, to.

in-to, prp. into,
inward, aj. inward,
inwardliche, inwardlike , in-
wardlis, av. inwardly, sincerely.
Iron, sn. iron.
Iren, aj. iron,
is, see beon.
f Judisk, aj. Jewish,
juggen, uiv. judge.

fLac, s. gift, offering, sacrifice.

•flaf, s. loaf.

flaken, U'v. offer sacrifice to.

flang, aj. dependant (on), owing
(to).

*large, aj. liberal.

flar-spell, s. doctrine.

last, aj., superl. ' a last,' finally.
' atte laste," at last.

flate, s. manner, behaviour.

•flaten, wv. bear oneself.

latere, av. comp. later.

+latin, aj. Latin.

lawe, s. law.

lede, see leode.

l§den, s. language.

Igden, wv. lead ; refl. conduct one-
self.

l|ve, s. leave.

flSfe, s. belief, faith.

l|ven, wv. leave.

eleven, wv. believe.

If fdi, s/. lady.

leggen, wv. lay, lay eggs.

fleshen, see Hen.

l§i, see liggen.

leinten, s. spring, Lent.

leiten, wv. flame.

fliln, s. reward.

l|ne, aj. lean.

flenen, wv. entrust with.

fleode, lede, spl. people.

leof, aj. dear.

leof-mon(n), srnf. sweetheart, be-
loved (applied only to women).

leornien, wv. learn.

leorning-cniht, sm. disciple.

leosen, sv. lose.

l|ren, wv. teach. ' ilfred, fljered,'

88

GLOSSARY.

learned ; ' vvel • ilf red,' well - in-
formed.

*lescun, sn. lesson.

lesen, •j-leosm, wv. loosen, release,
redeem. ' 1. up,' o;»en.

Ifsse, aj. comp., av. less.-

If ste, aj. lest.

zlgsten, wv. last.

leten, glisten, wv. let, permit ;
think, judge.

leper, sn. leather.

*lettres, spl. letters.

leun, s. lion.

"t-lsewed, aj. lay.

llkien, wv. please.

flicnes, s. likeness.

zlich, aj. like.

licome, s. body.

lieomlieh, aj. bodily.

lic-wurpe, aj. acceptable.

Hen, sv . lie, tell untruth.

Hf, s. life. ' lives,' in life, when alive.

livenep, s. sustenance.

liggen, sv. lie.

lint, aj. light, easy.

lihtliclie, av. easily ; for a low price.

lim, s. limb.

limpen, sv. belong.

glisten, wv. listen.

lip, see liggen.

lipe, aj. gentle.

16, interj. lo 1 behold !

Ipverd, sm. lord.

loken, see luken.

lokien, wv look ; take care.

Igdlich, aj. hateful, superl. Igd-
lukest.

lof, s. praise.

lofen, wv. praise.

Ipmb, s. lamb.

lome, s. tool, instrument.

Ignd, s. land, country.

Igng, aj. long.

Ignge, av. long, for a long time.

Igre, s. teaching ; doctrine.

Ipp, aj. hateful.

l§uw, aj. low.

luken, sv. shut, enclose.

luve, s/. love.

luve-glg m, s. love-gleam.

luveliche, av. lovingly.

luvien, wv. love.

luve-wurpe, aj. worthy of love.

lust, s. desire.

liisten, wv. impers. please ; desir

lut, av., aj., sb. little, few.

liitel, lute, flitel, aj., av., sb. little,
few. ' a liite wiht,' a little, some-
what.

luten, sv. bow, bow to.

luper, aj. worthless, base, bad,
wicked.

Make, fmacehe, s. mate,
makien, wv. make ; make nee

sary, cause,
fmas, see m§i.
•fmaht, see miht.
•fmanis-lrwat, prn. many a thing,
't'man-km(n), s. mankind,
mapelien, wv. talk, babble,
mapelunge, s. idle talk.
me, prn. indef. one, they.
me, cj. but ; and.
me, prn. me.
mede, s. reward,
mei, •j'mas, stw. can ; may.
maiden, s. maid, servant.
*meister, sm. master, teacher.
*meistrle, s. mastery, superiority ;

great deed.
mele, s. meal.
men, see mon.
•fmenen, wv. mean, signify,
"fmennisclesc, s. human nature,
'{•menniscnesse, s. human natur
'j-meoe, aj. meek,
•fmeoclesc, s. meekness,
•fmeocllke, meoclig, av. meekl
*mercer, sm. merchant.
*merci, s. mercy,
merke, s. mark.
*messager, sm. messenger,
"t-messe, 5. mass.
4messe-boe, s. mass-book,
mfst, aj., av. most.
*mester, s. office.
*mesure> s. measure, moderatic
mete, s food, meals,
fmeten, wv. paint, depict.

GLOSSARY.

mid, prp. with,
mide, av. with,
miht, vb., see mgi.
miht, fmaht, s. might.
mihti, aj. mighty,
milce s. pity, mercy,
milcen, wv. pity, have mercy,
milde, aj. mild, gentle,
mild-heortnesse, s. gentleness,

mercy.

fmild-hertlesc, s. mercy,
mln, prn. my, mine,
•frninstre, s. temple,
•(•minstre-dure, s. temple-door.
*miracle, s. miracle,
mis-dede, s. injury,
mis-don, sv. injure,
mis-leven, wv. disbelieve,
mislich, aj. various.
mis-sawe, s. slander,
missen, wv. miss, lose,
mis-siggen, wv. slander,
mit, see mid.
mg, aj., sb. more plural.
f moder, sf. mother,
tmodisleso, s. pride,
•fmodislike, modilig, av. proudly.
• "j-modisnesse, s. pride,
mon(n), sm. man, person.
m§ne, s. complaint,
mgng, sn. mingling,
monglunge, s. mingling,
moni, aj. many, many a one.
moni-vgld, aj. manifold,
moniv^lden, wv. multiply.
m§re, aj., av. more s^-. ' na m.' no

more av.

mot, swv. may, must,
mgwe, sf. kinswoman,
muchel, muche, miich, *)*mikel,

aj., av., sb. great, much, very,
miihte, see m§i.
mulne, sf. mill,
mund, protection,
miinegunge, s. commemoration,

remembrance,
murcnen, wv. murmur,
miiri, aj. merry, cheerful,
mup, snt. mouth,
xnuwe, see mg i.

ITabben = ne habben.

navep = ne havef.

fnaslen, wv. nail.

nam = ne am.

ne, av., cj. not ; nor,

neb(b), s, face.

n§ddre, s. serpent.

nede, av. needs.

neden, wv. compel, drive.

neih, fneh, aj., av. near, nearly.

cp. neorre. s-uperl. f nest.
n§il, s. nail,
nelde, s. needle ; pin.
nemnen, wv. name.
n§ nne, see n§n.
*neoces, spl. wedding.
neod, s. need,
needful, aj. zealous,
neorre, see neih.
nere = ne were,
ngruh, aj.' narrow,
ngs = ne wgs.
•fnesshe, aj. soft,
•jrnesshen, wv. soften,
nest, see neih.
nfvere, nfver, av. never,
fni^hen, num. nine,
niht, s. night,
nimen, sv. take,
nip, s. malice, hatred,
nipful, aj. malicious,
ng, see n§n.
*n§ble, aj. noble,
noht, see ngut.
*noise, s. noise,
nolde = ne wolde.
nome, s. name,
nomeliche, av. namely,
ngn, ng, prn. none, no ; no one.
ng-Jje-lgs, av. nevertheless,
ngu-hware, fnowwhar, av. no-

where.

ngut, fnoht, av. not.
nguj>er, av. neither.
niile = ne wule.
tnumen, see nimen.

9, see §n.
6, see on.
of, prp. from, of; about, concerning.

GLOSSARY.

of-drawen, sv. attract.

of-drf d, prt. ptc. afraid.

over, prp. over, above. ' o. al,'
everywhere.

over-cumen, sv. overcome ; surpass.

over-gpn, sv. pass away; pass over ;
surpass.

over-urn, s. course, speed.

over-weien, vb. outweigh.

fofer-werc, s. overwork.

of-ggn, sv. seek ; win.

foffren, wv. offer, sacrifice.

ofte, av. often.

ofte-sipe(n), av. often.

of-Jmnchen, wv. repent.

gld, aj. old.

oluhnen, wv. flatter.

on, §, an, fonne (av.}, prp. on ;
in ; against.

gn, aj., s6. one ; an, a. ' an gn,' forth-
with. ' gne,' alone.

gne, av. only.

on-fon, av. take, receive, suffer.

on-swerien, wv. answer.

on-tenden, wv. kindle.

ontful, aj, envious.

on-ward, prp. towards.

gn-wil(l), aj. obstinate.

open, aj. open.

openien, wv. open.

openliche, av. openly.

gre, s. grace, mercy.

*ordre, s. religious order.

6 per, aj., prn. second ; other.

gper, av., cj. or. ' §J>er . . gj>er,'
either . . or.

6f>er-hwules, av. at other times,
sometimes.

6u, prn. you.

gun, see gwen.

£Ut, prn. anything.

gwen, aj. own.

gwen, swv. owe ; ought, have to.

ower, prn. your.

oxe, s. ox.

*Paien, wv. pay.
*-parais, s. paradise.
*parlur, s. parlour.
*parten, wv. part, depart.

*passen, wv. pass ; surpass.
*passiun, s. suffering, passion.
*patriark, SOT. patriarch.
*peintunge, s. painting.
*pellican, sn. pelican.
*peoddare, sm. pedlar.
*person, s. person.
pine, s. pain, torment.
pinen, wv. torment, mortify,
pinunge, s. pain, tormenting,
pleien, wv. play.
*pgvre, aj. poor.
pone'wes, spl. pence, money,
•j-postel, sm. apostle.
*prfchen, wv. preach.
*preisen, wv. praise.
*preoven, wv. prove,
preost, sm. priest,
•fprimsesnen, wv. make a cate

chumen.

*pris, s. price; praise, estimation.
*prophete, sm prophet,
psalm-wurhte, sm. (psalm-wright'

psalmist.
puf(f), s. puff,
pufifen, wv. puff, blow,
piinden, wv. shut up, impound
*purgatorie, s. purgatory.

right;

•"

fBan, see iirnen.

•JT&s, see risen.

rajj, see r|d.

raper, av. comp. quicker,

readily.

*raunsun, s. ransom,
•frecle-fat, s. censer,
•frecles, s. incense,
•frecles-smee, s. incense-smo!
r|d, "fra}), s. advice, counsel.
r|d, aj. red.
r|den, wv. advise,
rgden, freden, wv. read.
rgvien, wv. bereave, rob.
freshel-boc, s. rule-book, book <

canons.

*reisun, s. reason.
*religiun, s. religion.
*religius, aj., sb. religious ; memb<

of religious order, monk, nun.
*remedle, s. remedy.

GLOSS A RY.

riehe, s. kingdom.

riche, aj. rich.

riht, aj., av. right; rightly, cor-
rectly; just, quite.

riht, s. right, justice.

friht-biseten, aj. (prt.ptc.) rightly
acquired.

rihtwisnesse, sf. righteousness.

rim, s. number ; metre.

•(risen, sv. rise.

*riwle, s. rule, direction.

rod, sf. cross.

rode-treo, s. cross.

t'roted, aj. (prt.ptc.) rooted.

ruh, aj. rough.

rune, s. running, flow.

ruwe, see ruh.

Sake, s. dispute ; guilt.

sakelf s, saklfs, aj. innocent.

*sacrament, s. sacrament.

fsah, see seon.

•fsaht, aj. at peace, reconciled.

*salve, s. remedy.

salt,_s. salt.

*saluz, s. salvation.

•fsamen, av. together.

•fsamnen, vm. gather, collect.

•fsam-tale, aj. agreed.

fsket, aj., av. quick, soon.

fskil, s. understanding, discernment.

schal, swv. shall.

schelchine, sf. slave.

Beheld, s«. shield.

schendful, aj. ignominious.

schene, aj. beautiful.

scheomeful, aj. shameful.

scheortliche, av. briefly.

schep, s. sheep.

schf rp, aj. sharp.

schgwen, wv. show.

schllden, wv. shield, defend.

schir, aj. clear, pure.

Bchiren, wv. clear, purify.

schlrnesse, s. clearness, purity.

schriven, sv. confess.

schrift, s. confession.

schriiden, wv. clothe.

schule, schulde, see schal.

•fscorncen, wv. scorch.

fscrenken, wv. supplant.

se,

sf, seea, s. sea.

sechen, fseken, wv. seek.

seggen, see siggen.

S§iht, s. peace.

s§ihtnesse, s. peace.

*seint, *sein, aj. saint.

seld-cene, aj. seldom seen, rare.

selde, av. seldom.

seld-speche, s. taciturnity.

seluhpe, s. happiness.

*semblaunt, s. appearance.

semen, wv. seem.

senden, wv. send.

fseofen, fsefen, seove, man.

seven.

seovepe, fsefende. aj. seventh.
seove-vgld, fsefen^ld, aj. seven-

fold.

seolver, s. silver.
tseon, fseon, •j'sen, sv. see.
*serven, wv. serve.
*servise, s. service.
+sershen, wv. sorrow.
s§t, seten, see sitten.
setten, wv. set, put ; appoint ; com-

pose.

f sextig, num. sixty.
•fshsed, s. discernment.
fshSden, sv. separate.
fshffif, s. sheaf.
•{•shaft, s. creature, thing.
fshapen, sv. create, form.
•J-shop, see shapen.
sik, aj. sick, ill.
*sikel, s. shekel.
siker, aj. secure.
sikerliche, av. surely.
side, s. side.
siggen, fseggen, wv. say, speak,

recite.

*silence, .«. silence.
fsinden, vb. are.
singen, sv. sing.
*singnes, spl. signs.
sitten, sv. sit.
sip, s. time.

sippen, av. afterwards, since.
sl|n, sv. slay, kill.

GLOSS A RF.

sliddri, aj. slippery.

sliden, sv. slide.

slit, see sliden.

fslop, s. track.

slouh, see sign.

•j-smac, s. taste.

smec, s. smoke.

fsmeren, wv. besmear.

smepe, aj. smooth.

smiten, sv. smite.

smip, SOT. smith, carpenter.

tsnap, see snipen.

snipen, sv. kill.

s<j, se, "t-swa, av . so, as. ' swa
sum," as.

softe, aj. gentle, soft.

somed, av. together.

sgnd, s. a thing sent, message ;
messenger.

sgndes-mon(n), sm. messenger,
ambassador.

sone, av. forthwith ; quickly, soon.

sgpe, s. soap.

sgr, s. pain.

sgri, aj. sorry.

sot, aj. foolish.

sop, aj., sb. true ; truth. ' for s5J>e,'
for a certainty. ' to fulle so}),' in
full truth.

•f sopfast, <j|. true.

sgule, fsawle, s. soul.

spade, s. spade.

sp§c, see speken.

speken, sv. speak.

•fspgeken, see speken.

speche, fspeeehe, s. speech; lan-
guage.

speden, wv. succeed.

spel(l), s. story.

spelien, wv. stand for, represent.

spellen, wv. tell, proclaim, preach.

speowen, sv. vomit.

sperren, wv. shut, close.

speten, wv. spit.

*spice, s. spice.

sprgden, wv. spread.

*spuse, s. spouse, bride.

•j-stah, see stien.

stalewardliche, av. resolutely.

fstarc, aj. stiff, firm, severe.

:end; de

'

stede, see sfriide.

•j-stedefast, aj. steadfast.

stefne, sf. voice.

stgnen, wv. stone.

steoren, wv. steer, direct.

sti, s. stye.

stien, fstishen, &v. ascend ;

scend.

stille, aj. still, quiet, silent,
stinken, sv. stink,
•fstinch, s. stench,
stingen, sv. sting,
sti-ward, sm. steward,
stok, s. place,
stgn, s. stone,
stgnden, fstanden, sv. stand, sub

sist, be. ' standen in,' perseve

continue.

stoppen, wv. stop,
strecchen, wv. stretch.
^strenken, wv. sprinkle.
H"strencles, s. sprinkling,
strencpe, s. strength, force, violence

compulsion.

strencpen, wv. strengthen,
streonen, wv. beget.
*striven, sv. strive, vie.
*strgf, see striven,
strgng, aj. strong.
stu.de, fstede, s. place.
stunde, sf. time.
*sukurs, s. help,
sullen, wv. soil, defile,
siilf, fself, prn. self.
sullen, wv. sell,
suluh, s. plough,
sum, prn., av. some, some

certain one, many a (one).
•fsum, av. as.
sum-hwat, prn. somewhat, SOE

thing.

sune, sm. son.
siinegen, wv. sin.
sunful, aj. sinful,
sunne, s. sun.
siinne, s. sin.
suster, sf. sister,
fswat, s. sweat,
•(•swa-pehh., av. however,
swgmen, wv. grieve, vex.

GLOSSARY.

93

swenge, s. stroke, blow.

sweord, j. sword.

sweore, s. neck.

swerien, sv. swear.

swete, aj. sweet.

sweteliche, fswetlike, on.-^veetly*

graciously.

gweten, wv. sweeten,
swiftschipe, s. swiftness,
swilc, see swiich.
swm, *. hog, swine.
swine, s. labour, toil,
swip-wike, s. holy week (?).
swote, aj. sweet,
swote-iheorted, aj. (prt. ptc.~)

sweet-hearted.
Bwotnesse, s. sweetness,
swueh, fswilc, prn. such, such a one.
swiipe, av. strongly, very.

•(•Taken, sv. take, receive, suffer.
•ftacnen, wv. signify,
•ftahte, see tf chen.
tale, s. talk.
[tat, see p§t.
te, see to.
te, see pe.
tfehen, wv. teach.
St6ke(n), av. besides, moreover,
tglen, wv. blame,
tellen, wv. tell, account, estimate.
*temptaciun, s. temptation,
teonen, wv. vex.
teonne, see peonne.
*testament, s. testament,
tf t, see pgt.
+til, prp. to, till,
tilien, wv. till.
tilpe, s. cultivation.
timbrien, wv. build, prepare, make,
timbrunge, s. building,
time, s. time,
tisse, see pis.

tipinge, ftipende, s. tidings.
to, le, prp., av. to.
to. av. too.

to-blgwen, sv. blow away,
to-bollen, aj. (prt. ptc.) displeased,
to-breken, sv. break,
toe, see taken.

to-drawen, fv. tear apart,
to-vleoten, sv. flow away,
to-gfderes, av. toge;her.
to-seines, av. towards,
tglde, see tellen.
tto-skesren, wv. scatter,
to-tf eden, w. trample,
to-twlmen, wv. separate,
ton-ward, prp. towards, to.
treden, sv. tread,
treo, treou, sn. tree ; wood, piece

of wood.

treowe, aj. faithful.
*tresor, s. treasury,
ftrowpe, s. faith,
•ftrowwen, wv. believe,
trukien, wv. fail,
triisti, aj. trusting.
tu, see pu.
tukien, wv.
tun, s. farm,
tunen, wv. shut, close,
tunge, s. tongue.
*turn, s. trick.
*turnement, s. tournament,
tiirnen, wv. turn,
turtle, s. turtle-dove,
tiitel, s. mouth,
ftwessen, see tw§.
twie(s), twisses, av. twice,
twinne, aj., num. double, two.
twinnen, wv. divide, separate,
twinnunge, s. separation,
twg, num. two.

]3auh, tpoh, fpeh, av., cj. though,
although, however. ' as J>auh,' as
if. ' J)oh bat,' though. ' }>oh swa
t/eh,' nevertheless.

pe (prn.\ def. art. the. ' vor J>I,"
therefore. ' )>es te bettre,' all the
better.

pe, pe, prn. rel. who. ' J)C bgt,' he
who.

pe, av. with compar. the.

pe, prn. thee.

fpes, tpejm, fpesre, see he.

pen, see pe (art.).

pen, pene, av. than.

penehen, wv. think, consider.

94

GLOSS A RF.

peo, see pe (art.'), pe (prn. rel.}.

peo, see p§.

peode, ped, s. people.

peonne, av. then ; when.

peorf, aj. unleavened.

peos, see pis.

peoten, sv. howl.

"(•peow, STW. servant.

>t*peowten, K/I/. serve.

per, pere, av., cj. there ; where.

' |>er ase,' where.
"tperfl.ing, a/, unleavened,
pes, see se (art.),
pgt, prn., art., cj. that, the ; who,

which, what ; because. ' mid tgt

J)gt,' when,
tpepen, av. thence,
pf w, s. behaviour, custom ; ' gode

)>|wes,' virtues,
pi, see pin.

pider-ward, av. thither,
"fpild, s. patience,
fpildelis, av, patiently.
pin, pi, prn. thine.
ping, s. thing. ' vor ngne J>mge,' on

no account,
pis, prn. this.

pp, peo, av., cj. then, when,
poht, see pount.
pole-mod, aj. patient.
polien, iw. suifer, endure,
ponkien, wv. thank,
pouht, fpoht, s. thought, remem-
brance.

pouhte, "("pohte, see penchen.
preo, num. three,
fpresshen, sv. thresh.
pridde, aj. third.

'(•prinne, aj., num. threefold, three,
'j'prist, s. thirst.
tprosshen, see presshen.
pu, prn. thou.
pnhte, see piinchen.
piinchen, wv. seem,
purh, prp. through ; by (of agent}.
purh-loken, wv. look through,

examine,
fpurh-seken, wv. seek through,

examine,
piirl, s. hole ; window.

piirlen, wv. pierce.

piirlunge, s. piercing.

pus, av. thus.

pusund, fpusende, s. thousand.

pwert-over, av. across.

pwert-ut,.pweortut, av. entirety

tJvel, fifel, aj., s. evil, bad ; disea
fumbe, umben, prp., av. aboi

concerning. ' ben umben,' be

cupied with.

"(•umbe-penken, wv. consider.
iimbri-dawes, spl. Ember days.
•j-un-bermed, aj. (prt. ptc.}

leavened.
•|-unc, junker, prn. us two, of

two.

un-clfne, aj. unclean.
un-cl|nnesse, s. uncleanness.
un-cweme, aj. unacceptable,
under, prp. under.
under-von, funderfangen,

accept, receive.

under-preost, sm. under-priest.
under-stgnden, sv. understand,
under-tid, s. morning-time ; tin

of the morning service (about

A.M.).

un-dgplich, aj. immortal,
un-endeliche, av. infinitely.
*unieorne, s. unicorn,
un-imete, av. immeasurably,
un-imeteliclie, av. immeasurablj
un-isele, aj. unhappy.
un-m|pschipe, s. wantofmoder

tion.
fun-nit(t), aj. useless. ' on

uselessly, to no purpose,
un-pined, aj. (prt.ptc.) unpunishe

uninjured.
un-rechelgs, aj. heedless, indi

ferent.
'(•un-seolpe, unselpe, s. unhapp

ness.

fun-skapeful, aj. innocent,
fun-shapisnesse, s. innocence.
*un-stable, aj. unstable,
un-til, prp., av. unto, until.
un-p|u, s. vice, fault,
un-ponkes, av. involuntarily^

GLOSSARy.

95

un-wia, aj. unwise.

un-wrfst, aj. base, worthless,

wicked.

un-wrf steliche, av. wickedly.
up, av. up.
up-on, upo, uppen, uppe, fuP-

pon, uppo, prn., av. upon, on,

in, above.

up-riht, aj., av. upright,
up-ward, upwardes, av. upwards.
ure, prn. our.

*ures, spl. hours, times for prayer,
xirnen, feornen, sv. run.
us, prn. us.

ut, av. out. comp. ' uttre,' outer,
ut-cume, s. coming out, exit,
ut-ward, av. outwards.

V, see under f.

Waden, sv. wade.

•fwashe-rift, s. wall-cloth, curtain.

•fwah, fwashe, s. wall.

wal(,l), s. wall.

fwald, s. power.

wallen, sv. boil.

j'war(r), aj. cautious.

ward, «. guard.

ware, s. wares.

warden, wv . curse.

wari-treo, s. gallows.

warjj, see wurpen.

was, see been.

•j-wasshen, sv. wash.

water, s. water.

•f'water-kin(n), s. nature of water.

waxen, sv. grow, increase.

•fwecche, s. watching.

wed(d), s. pledge, security.

wedded, aj. (prt. ptc.) wedded.

wei, sm. way. 'J>isses weis,' in this
way. ' summes weis,' to some ex-
tent. ' ngne(s) weis,' in no way.

weie, 5. balance.

wel, fwel, av. well ; indeed, in
truth.

welden, wv. possess; win.

wel-iset(t), aj. (prt. pic.} well-
arranged, suitable.

wg-mod, av. peevish.

wJnden, wv. turn, go ; change ;

translate,
wgne, s. distress.
wenen, wv. think, expect.
weole, s. prosperity, wealth.
weo]?-mon(n), sm. male, man.
we ore, see wer.
weoreld, see world,
fweoreldshipe, s. worldliness.
*weorre, s. war.
*weorrien, wv. make war ; harass

with war.
wer, sm. man.
were, s. action, work,
were, see beon.
werien, wv. defend, guard,
warien, wv. wear (clothes).
w§rp, werpen, see worpen.
fwesh, see wasshen.
•j^weste, s. wilderness,
•j-weste, aj. desert,
wete, s. moisture.
"wh-, see hw-.
wike, s. week,
fwiken, s. ofBce, charge.
wif, s. woman,
wiht, s. being, thing. ' a liite wiht,'

av. a little.
wade, aj. wild,
wilen, see wullen.
wilkume, welcome.
wille, s. will.

willeliche, av. voluntarily,
willes, av. voluntarily.
wUnien, wv. desire,
wilt, see wullen.
win, s. wine,
wind, s. wind.
windwen, wv. winnow,
winnen, sv. win, gain.
(«)wis(s), aj., av. certain, certainly,
wis, aj. wise,
wis-iworded, aj. (prt. ptc.) wise of

words.

wise, s. way, manner,
•j-wislike, av. certainly,
•(•wit, prn. we two.
wit(t), s. wit, sense,
(t)witen, swv. know, learn, enquire ;

guard, take charge of; beware of.

96

GLOSSARY.

witnesse, s. witness.

witnien, wv. bear witness, testify.

witterliche, f witerlike, av. truly,

verily.

witunge, s. guarding.
•wijj, prp. against,
wip-hglden, si/, withhold,
wijj-inne(n), prp., av. within,
fwipren, wv. resist,
wip-ute(n), prp., av., cj. outside ;

without ; except,
wlatieh, wv. feel nausea, loathe,
wlgch, aj. lukewarm,
wlite, s. beauty,
wg, s«. woe.
wgc, aj. weak,
wgcnesse, s. weakness.
wod, aj. mad, raging.
wodnes-d§i, s. Wednesday.
wodsehipe, s. madness.
woh, see wouh.
wolde, see wiillen.
wgmbe, s. stomach ; womb,
wone, s. want,
wonten, wv. be wanting.
word, s. word,
worien, wv. disturb,
•world, fweoreld, sm. world,
worldlich, fweoreldlie, aj.

worldly.

worpen, -j-werpen, sv. throw,
wgt, see witen.
wouh, fwoh, aj., sb. perverse,

wrong ; perversity,
wouhlecchunge, s. courtship,
woware, tin. wooer,
wowen, wv. woo.
wrastlen, wv. wrestle.

wrajjpe, see wrg]jj>e.
wrecche, sm. wretch,
wrecerie, aj. wretched,
wrgche, s. vengeance, punishm
wreih, see wrien.

aj. wrathful.
, fwrafipe, s. wrath, an
wrien, sv. cover, hide.
"|"wrihte, s. desert, merit.
write, s. writing, Scripture,
writen, sv. write, transcribe,
writunge, s. writing,
wrgp, aj. angry.
wrouhte, see wiirchen.
wude, s. wood ; fuel,
wiile, see wiillen.
wulf, sm. wolf,
wiilvene, s. she-wolf,
wiillen, fwilen, vb. will, desire,
wummon, smf. woman.
wunde, s, wound,
wunden, wv. wound,
wunder, s. wonder, 'to wundre

cruelly, disastrously.
wunien, wv. dwell ; be accustome

' iwuned,' accustomed,
wiinne, s. joy.
•wuununge, s. habitation.
•wiirchen, vsv. work, do.
•wurpe, see worpen.
wurfi, aj., s. worth,
zwurjjen, wurpen, $v. becom

happen. ' let hine iwurj>en,"

him do as he likes,
fwurpllke, av. worthily, reverentl
wurpschipe, s. worship, honour,
wiiste, wiitep, see witen.

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