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BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), 


FIRST REPORT 


ON 


ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY 


BY 


FRED. V. THEOBALD, M.A., 


FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATION OF RCONOMIO ENTOMOLOGISTS, WASHINGTON, U.S.A. ; 
ZOOLOGIST TO THE SOUTH-EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ; ETC. 
Author of “A Monograph of the Culicidae (Mosquitoes) of the World (Brit. Mus.)"’ ; 
“A Text-Book of Agricultural Zoology"; “ The Parasitic Diseases of Poultry” ; 
“ An Account of British Flies,” ete. 


LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 


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1903. 
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PREFACE. 


— 


Tue present volume consists primarily of a series of Reports to the 
Board of Agriculture, of Reports and letters to a variety of unofficial 
correspondents, and of Reports to the Foreign Office and to the 
Colonial Office, drawn up by Mr. F. V. Theobald during the years 
1901-1902. Mr. Theobald has recently been employed by the 
Trustees of the British Museum to assist the Director in such work, 
especially with a view to furnishing the Board of Agriculture with 
scientific information on Economie Zoology, in accordance with a 
request made by that Department of his Majesty’s Government. 
Mr. Theobald is well known as an authority on Economic Zoology, 
and has the advantage, in carrying out his work at the Natural 
History Museum, of consulting with the various specialists on the 
scientific staff, as well as of making use of the collections and library 
of the Museum. 

I have added to Mr. Theobald’s Reports an introductory scheme 
or outline of the study known as Economic Zoology, in the form of 
a classified survey of the various sub-divisions which it is found 
convenient to recognise in the treatment of this subject. For this 
classification I am responsible, whilst Mr. Theobald has been good 
enough to fill in the list of selected examples. I have also added 
some correspondence on Tsetse-fly disease, and on the proposed 
investigation of the Pearl Fisheries of Ceylon, and on the Marine 
Resources of the West Indies, which arose from my being consulted 
in my official capacity by his Majesty’s Secretaries of State for 
Foreign Affairs and for the Colonies. 

The Trustees have ordered the publication of the present Report, 
in order that the valuable information which it contains may be 
made easily accessible; and further, in order to make clear the 
nature and amount of scientific information on matters of economic 
importance which the staff of the Zoological Department is almost 
daily called upon and is prepared to furnish to the public service or 
to individuals. It must be remembered that the Reports and letters 
printed in this volume form only a portion of the work of economic 
importance which is carried out by this Museum, in addition to the 


IV first Report on Economic Zoology. 


far more extensive work in the pure science of Natural History, 
which is the primary occupation of its official staff. The Trustees 
published in 1901 a descriptive treatise on Mosquitoes in three 
volumes, with forty-two plates, which was prepared by Mr. Theobald 
in connection with the specimens of Culicids already in the Museum, 
and others specially collected for the work, with a view to assisting 
in the study of the relationship of Culicide to Malaria and other 
diseases. A supplementary volume of this work, by Mr. Theobald, 
has been completed and published in the present year. Also in the 
present year the Trustees have published an illustrated monograph 
on the Tsetse-flies, by Mr. Austen, Assistant in the Zoological 
Department. Our rapidly increasing knowledge of the activity of 
the minute parasites known as Trypanosoma, as the specific causes 
of disease both in man and in horses and cattle, renders an accurate 
knowledge of the species of Tsetse-flies necessary, since one of these 
flies, the Glossina moritans of Westwood, is the carrier of the 
Trypanosoma causing the deadly disease of horses and cattle known 
in South Africa as Nagana, and it is possible that other species of 
Glossina are concerned, in a similar way, in the distribution of 
disease. 

It is not, however, only in correspondence and publications, and 
in the researches of the naturalists of the staff that this Museum 
renders direct assistance to the development of the knowledge and 
application of Economic Zoology. The large study collections of the 
Museum have, for a long time past, comprised important series from 
all parts of the world of carefully named and recorded specimens of 
animals having economic importance, either as pests or as sources of 
commercial products. In addition to these, several cases are now 
exhibited in the North Hall of the Museum, in which the life-history 
and activities of animals important to man in one or other of the 
relations recognised in the classification adopted in this volume, are 
illustrated with a view to the edification of the public, and the 
promotion of the public interest in the thorough scientific treatment. 
of the subject. 

I have to thank the Board of Agriculture for permission to 
reproduce some of the Reports furnished to the Board. 


E. RAY LANKESTER. 


British Museum (Natura History), 
Lonpon, S.W. 


May 15th, 1903, 


CONTENTS. 


= > 


PREFACE . : ; ° ‘ : ; ; ; iii 


INTRODUCTION.—Tue CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS FROM THE 
Pornt or View or Economic ZooLogy . : ; ‘ xi 


PART 1. 


REPORTS ON AGRICULTURAL ZOOLOGY TO THE BOARD 
OF AGRICULTURE. 


GROUP E. 


Svus-crovr B.—Section I. ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE, 


Cereat Pests: Eel-worm disease in oats; The Frit Fly (Oscinis frit) on 
oats; Smut in Barley and Insects. Roor Crop Pests: Silpha rugosa on 
Turnips, and other Silphidw; Notes on Surface Larvew; The Pigmy 
Mangold Beetle (Atomaria linearis); Black Fly on Mangolds (Apiis 
atriplicis, Linn.); Flies (Bibionide) on Mangolds; Muscid Larva 
attacking roots; Chafer Larvew (Melolonthidw); Leather Jackets 
(Tipulide); The Green Rose Chafer on Beans and Currant Bushes. 
Poraro Pests: Myriapoda in Potatoes; Wire-worm (Agriotes murinus) 
in Potatoes; A new Potato Feeder, the Cinnabar Moth (Zuchelia jacobew). 
Mustarp Pests: Destruction of the Mustard Beetle. Fruir Pests: An 
enquiry re Gall Mites in Black-currant bushes; The Apple-Blossom 
Weevil; Strawberry Beetles ; Slug-worms on Fruit trees and Hedgerows ; 
Maggots in Apples; Maggots in Imported Apples; Infestation of Fruit 
trees by Winter Moth caterpillars; The Pear Midge (Diplosis pyrivora) ; 
Scale disease and “false scale” amongst fruit trees and bushes; Scale 
Insects on Plum Trees; The Apple Bark-louse or Mussel Scale (Mytilaspis 
pomorum); Eggs on Apple trees, and a further remedy for Mussel Scale ; 
Aphides (A. mali) on Apple trees; The Peach Apbis; A general wash for 
Fruit trees; Further Information re Winter Washing of Fruit trees; 
Canker fungus (Nectria ditissima) on Apple twigs mistaken for insect 
work ; Enquiry as to poison for Moles. . . ° : . 3-30 


Svn-crovr B.—Secrion Il. ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO HORTICUL- 
TURE. 

Land Bugs on Chrysanthemums (Lygus pratensis) ; The destruction of Ants ; 
The destruction of subterranean insects and other ground garden pests; 
Directions for the employment of the Gas ‘Treatment under glass; White 
Grubs or Maggots (Phorbia brassice) causing great damage amongst 
cabbage, carrots and broccoli, and exterminating Cabbage-fly . . 30-36 


Vi First Report on Economic Zoology. 


PAGES. 
Sus-crour B.—Srcrion III. ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FORESTRY. 
Willow-beetle at Norwich (Sarperda carcharias, Linn.); Sirex Flies in 
Fir trees (S. juvencus and S. gigas); The Poplar Saw-fly (Cladius 
viminalis); Saw-fly Larve on Willows; Insect Galls on Osier plants ; 


The Felted Beech-coccus (Cryptococeus fag’); Chermes corticalis on Pine 
trees . : . 2 ; : : : : : : . 36-40 


GROUP F. 


The Furniture Beetles and Clothes Moths; Insects and Mites in Furniture; 
the Larder Beetle (Dermestes lardarius); Weevils amongst stored corn 


(Calandra granaria) . : : : : . 41-47 
Fungoid disease in Black-currant leaves (Septoria r ibis) Giieesberey Fn 
(Puceinia pringsheimiana)  . : : 5 : ; : . 47-49 
APPENDIX. 


Tapeworm in Sheep at Okehampton ; Black Wire-worm in Mangolds ; List of 


leaflets prepared and revised for the Board : - : - . 49-50 
PART At 
REPORTS ON ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY SENT IN REPLY TO VARIOUS 
CORRESPONDENTS. 
A. British. 
GROUPS. 
Origin and Varieties of Domesticated Geese. : ‘ , ; . 538-54 
GROUL D. 
Dipterous Jarvz in human excreta; Correspondence on the Mosquito annoy- 
ance at Blackheath . : : ; 2 : : : . 90-59 
GROUP E. 


Sup-Group A. 


Horse-worms and the use of Thymol; Depluming scabies in Fowls. . 60-61 


Sup-crour PB. 
Section I. ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE. 


Froir Pests: The Bud Moth (Hedya ocellana); The Pith Moth (Laverna 
atra); The Pear and Cherry Sawfly ; Notes on Fruit Pests in an Orchard 
at Wisbech ; Phyllobius or Leaf Weevils ; Insects on Vines in Jersey ; 


Contents. Vii 


PAGES 
The Pear Leaf Blister Mite; Big Bud in Currants; Oribatide or Beetle 
Mites; Hover Flies or Syrphide; The Mussel Scale (Mytilaspis 
pomorum). Hor Pests: Woodlice in Hops. Cereat Pests: Beetles 
in Barley affected with Smut. Porato Pests: The Rosy Rustic Moth 
(Aydrecia micacea) ; Surface larvm attacking Potatoes and Celery; The 
Pigmy Potato Beetle (Bathyscia wollastoni) ; Millepedes attacking 
Potatoes ; Notes on the Colorado Beetle in England. Roor-cror Pests: 
Cabbage Aphis on Turnips; Tipulid# or Daddy-long-legs =. . 62-104 


Seorroy Il. ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO HORTICULTURE. 

Julide destroying plants in the gardens of Downton Castle, Ludlow; Wood- 
lice in Gardens ; A new Phytoptid Disease in Violas ; The Narcissus Fly 
(Merodon equestris); The Marguerite Fly and its Destruction; The 


Carrot-fly and Aphides on Carrots; Correspondence and Report on 
Insects in Orchid Houses; Fumigation for Mealy Bug. : . 105-113 


Section III. ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FORESTRY. 


Goat-Moth larve attacking Willows ; Insects on Osiers and Willows ; Insects 
on Elm and Willow; Pissodes notatus ravaging Austrian Pines; The 
Spruce Gall Aphis ( Chermes abietis) . ‘ * ° . 113-119 


GROUP PF. 


Sus-crovr A. 
Acarine household pests (Glyciphagus domesticus and G. spinipes) ; 


Anobium tessellatum in St. Alban’s Cathedral; Earwigs causing 
annoyance indoors . ‘ ’ ‘ > . ‘ . 119-124 


Scp-crovr C. 


The Cigar Beetle (Lasioderma testacewum, Duff); The Indian Meal Moth 
(Plodia interpunctella) attacking Almonds; ‘The Larder Beetle « 125-127 


GENERAL SUBJECTS. 
Green Matter in Lewes Public Baths; Short Reports . ° : . 127-129 


B. Extra-British. 
GROUP D. 


A poisonous Land Bug in Singapore; The Screw Worm in St. Lucia . 180-131 


viii First Report on Economic Zoology. 


GROUP E. 
Sup-crovup A. 
PAGES 
The Screw Worm in Cattle at St. Lucia; Pony Flies . : : . 1382-133 
Sus-eroup B, 
Scale Insects in Monte Video (Mytilaspis citricola) ; Scale on Pineapples 
in Jamaica (Diaspis bromeliz); Pine Beetle (Hylesinus piniperda); 
Damaged Coffee-berries from Uganda and Costa Rica; Weevils 
(Hypomeces squamosus) defoliating rubber ; Insect Pests of West Indies; 
other Reports . : : . : 5 ‘ 5 : . 1383-142 
GROUP -¥. 
Sus-Group 4A. 
Teredo and Canadian Timber . : ; - - : : . 143-144 
Other Short Reports - 5 - - : : - « 144-145 


PART III. 


REPORTS TO THE FOREIGN (4) AND COLONIAL OFFICES (2). 


A. REPORTS TO THE FOREIGN OFFICE. 


Tsetse-fly and its Connection with the Buffalo (Bos caffa) (Correspondence); 147-155 
White Ants or Termites in the Sudan (Correspondence and Report); 155-163 
Locust Plagues in the Sudan (Correspondence and Report) : . 163-169 


B. REPORTS TO THE COLONIAL OFFICE. 
The Marine Resources of the West Indies; Ceylon Pearl Fisheries . . 169-178 


APPENDIX, 


List of North African Locusts . ‘ : ; é : 3 . 179-184 
List of African Termites . ‘ ; : : : : , . 184-185 


Index . 5 “ § é Z : : : ? ; . 186-192 


Contents. ix 


LIST OF FIGURES. 


PAGES 
Fig. 1. The Pigmy Mangold Beetle (Atomaria linearis) . ; : , 9 
Fig. 2. The Green Rose Chafer (Cetonia aurata) . ; » 
Fig. 3. False-scale, true scale and Canker-blisters on Fruit Twigs . o. a 
Fig. 4. Protection of Cabbage Plants from Root Maggots. : : 35 
Fig. 5. The Bud Moth (Hedya ocellana)  . : ; 4 . 65 
Fig. 6. Twig with larval cases of Bud Moth and Buds ; ; : . 66 
Fig. 7. The Pith Moth (Laverna atra). a > ; ; of ae 
Fig. 8. Mussel Scale (Mytilaspis pomorum) . . : so Ne 
Fig. 9. The Potato Stem-borer (Hydrecia mécacea) . ; , . 82 
Fig. 10. The Pigmy Potato Beetle (Bathyscia wollastoni). ; ; . 85 
Fig. 11. Injurious Tipulide, or Daddy-long-legs : 7 , . Oi 
Fig. 12. Larva and Pupa of Pissodes notatus . ; . ; : . 116 
Fig. 13. The Banded Pine Weevil (Pissodes notatus) : : : . 116 
Fig. 14. Pine cone damaged by P. notatus  . : ae 
Fig. 15. Household Mites (Glyciphagus domesticus and G. ‘ spinipes) , 121 
Fig. 16. Coffee Berries damaged by Areocerus ae and as sp. @ 137 
Fig. 17. Termite protection . ; 161 
Fig. 18. A Hopper-Dozer . : : ‘ ; ; ‘ ; . 166 


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INTRODUCTION: 


A Classification of Animals from the point of view 
of Economic Zoology. 


Grover A.—Animals captured or slaughtered by man for food, or for 
the use by him in other ways, of their skin, bone, fat, or 
other products. 

Examples.—Animals of the chase; food-fishes ; whales ; 
pearl-mussels. 


Grove B.—Animals bred or cultivated by man for food or for the use of 
their products in industry or for their services as living 
things. 

Examples.—Flocks and herds; horses; dogs, poultry ; 
gold-fish ; bees ; silkworms and leeches. 


Grover C.—Animals which directly promote man’s operations as a civilised 
being without being killed, captured or trained by him. 
Exvamples.—Scavengers such as vultures ; carrion-feeding 
insects ; earthworms and flower-fertilizing insects. 


Group ]).—Animals which concern man as causing bodily injury, some- 
times death, to him, and in other cases disease, often of a 
deadly character. 

ramples.—Lions; wolves ; snakes; stinging and parasitic 
insects ; disease germ-carriers, as flies and mosquitoes ; 
parasitic worms ; parasitic protozoa. 


Group E.—Animals which concern man as causing bodily injury or 
disease (both possibly of a deadly character) to (A), his stock 
of domesticated animals ; or (/), to his vegetable plantations ; 
or (C), to wild animals in the preservation of which he is 
interested ; or (J), wild plants in the preservation of which 
he is interested. 

Ezxamples.—Similar to those of Group D, but also insects 
and worms which destroy crops, fruit and forest trees, and 
pests such as frugivorous birds, rabbits and voles. 


Xi First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Group F.—Animals which concern man as being destructive to his 
worked up products of art and industry, such as (A) his 
various works, buildings, larger constructions and habitations ; 
(B) furniture, books, drapery and clothing ; (’) his food and 
his stores. 

Examples.—White ants; wood-eating larve; clothes 
moths, weevils, acari and marine borers. 


Group G.—Animals which are known as “ beneficials” on account of 
their being destructive to or checking the increase of the 
injurious animals classed under Groups D, E and F. 
Examples.—Certain carnivorous and insectivorous birds, 
reptiles and amphibia ; parasitic and predaceous insects, acari, 
myriapoda, etc. 


The above is a complete classification of animals in their economic 
relation to man, and proceeds from the simpler relations of primitive man 
and the animals around him to the more complex relations of civilised 
man with his endless arts and industries and circumscribed conditions. 

It is, however, convenient in the treatment of the subject, whether in 
a Museum Collection or in a Handbook, to deal with the last group 
(Group G), the beneficial animals, in immediate connection with the 
injurious animals by the destruction of which they render service. The 
diseases of injurious animals caused by parasitic plants such as fungi and 
bacteria are naturally connected also with this subject of ‘“ beneficials.” 
But in the artificial scheme which we have decided for practical reasons 
to accept, they are omitted, and the student is referred to the botanist and 
pathologist for the treatment of these vegetable organisms. 

A similar treatment of Group EH, namely, those animals which injure 
other animals in the conservation of which man is interested, would be 
convenient in some ways. But it is not followed here for two reasons, 
firstly, because it is convenient rather to associate this group with the 
animals causing disease or death to man, the animals of the two groups 
being in many cases identical or closely related, and secondly, because the 
zoologist has to take cognizance of a further large and important series of 
injurious animals, namely, those which destroy or injure the cultivated or 
wild plants in the life of which man is interested. 

It is obvious that the subject-matter of Economic Botany could be 
set forth in a series of groups exactly parallel to those which we have 
employed for reviewing the subject-matter of Economic Zoology; we 
should merely have to substitute the word “plant” for “ animal” in the 
groups given above, and to use the appropriate words in the place of 
“captured” and “slaughtered.” 

A review of the contents of each of the main Groups A to G is given 
below. It is to be noted that the animals of Group G will, as explained 
above, be placed in our Museum series (and in any further treatment of 
the subject based on this prodromus) alongside of the particular forms of 
injurious animals to which they are hostile. 

It is also found convenient in a subject which has such definite local 
interest and importance as has that of Economic Zoology to sub-divide 
every group into a series of sections corresponding to large geographical 
areas. For the purposes of the Natural History Museum, and with the 


——— 


Introduction. Xill 


space at our disposal for the exhibition of specimens relating to the 
subject of Economic Zoology, we find it sufficient to distinguish in each 
group or smaller division the “ British ” and the “ Extra-British ” animals, 
An animal once established as an inhabitant of Britain we shall consider 
as British, whether it is of foreign importation or long established as an 
inhabitant of these islands. 


GROUP A. 


Animals Captured or Slaughtered by Man for Food, or for the 
use by him, in other ways, of their Skin, Bone, Fat, or 
other Products. 


This group includes those animals having the most primitive and 
direct relation to man, those which he hunts and captures or kills. 

Perhaps the relation of some (but not all) of those animals which 
infest or attack the body of uncivilised man may be regarded as equally 
primitive, that is to say, the relations are free from the complicating 
circumstances of the civilisation of great communities of mankind. 

It is not desirable in a general Museum of Natural History to bring 
together a special series of these animals of the chase or fishery. They 
are best seen and are fully represented in the general galleries of the 
Mnseum. Here they may be roughly enumerated. According to locality 
and circumstance, almost any animal may become the source of food or of 
economic products to this or that race of man. In the list given below 
those animals only are cited which are regularly and habitually pursued 
by man, either for the purposes of procuring them for food or as the 
source of economic products. 

We divide the group into two sub-groups. 

® Animals pursued for food. 

b) Animals pursued for their economic products. 


Survey or Sus-Group (a) or Group A. 
ANIMALS PURSUED FOR FOOD. 


ROOM vei ues cnsteaniavésiee. None. 
MENS Ga oy ced ches cas censencsss NOMI 
RIOOMELUMEW a guscitsvaceeas esses Sea anemones (cul de mulet) are to be seen in most 


French fish markets and are also eaten in Sicily, Trieste, 
and Istria (Actinia viridis and others). 

Echinoderma ............... Echinus (sea urchins), the ovaries of various species in 
all parts of the world, especially in the West Indies 
and Adriatic Coast. 

Holothurians, known as ‘‘béche-de-mor" or ‘‘ trepang,” 
are dried and cooked by the Chinese, Neapolitans and 


others. 
Platyhelmia ..............0.. Cestodes (tapeworms) are eaten by the Chinese, 
RR icsscanusensecexsenne None. 
PETER cccccecveaccoensscuap None. 
Chetopoda  ...........cceeeees Palolo worms (Eunice) are eaten in the Samoan Islands 


in large quantities. 


XIV First Report on Economic Zoology. 


(SOSGACER ..2....--50--.---001- All groups are eaten. Even cirrhipedes (Pollicipes) are 
sold in the market at Madrid and Balanus psittacus in 
South America. 

Arachnida ..................... Only by uncivilised man. 

Hexapoda. .............. Locusts in countries where they abound (Greece and 
N.S. Wales); larve of aquatic insects and midges are 
compressed into cakes in Africa (Kunga cakes); bees 
(honey); the grubs of palm weevils (Rhynchophorus 
palmarum) are eaten by natives of India and Burma, 
Manna produced by scale-insects (Gossyparia mannipara 
in Arabia); ants eaten in India; Bugong moths eaten 
in Australia; the Chinese eat the chrysalids of the 
silk moths. Karens eat cicadas; Kaffirs and Hast 
Indians cook termites, and also eat them raw. 


(Ginvilkoy syo(ele Ve epemaerseneene| 0b By South American Indians. 
Diplopoda .. --.-2..--. -.... None. 
IW OMUsCa! Efcect es fecce eee Examples of all groups are eaten either raw or cooked by 


both civilised and uncivilised people (oysters, Ostrea 
edulis, O. parasitica ; clams, Mya arenaria, species of 
Mactraand Venus and Razor shells, Hnsis Americana; Ark 
shells, Arca and Codakia in America and West Indies). 

Piddocks (Pholas) are eaten in Normandy; snails (Helix 
aspersa) in France; Balimus ovatus is sold as food in 
Rio Janeiro; whelks (Buccinwm) and limpets (Patella) 
in Europe; even sea slugs (Aplysia) are eaten in the 
South Sea Islands. 


PUINITCAUES, 6c ccc cecee senses sees One species, Cynthia microcosmus, is eaten raw and 
cooked by the Adriatic fishermen. 
Hushess ea eoeeeseacosee ee All kinds are eaten, even in civilised countries. Fish fins 


and fish maws eaten by Chinese, and isinglass obtained 
from swim-bladders of sturgeons and other fish. 


ATP OIDIANS! co-seecscecee- res Frogs only are eaten both in Europe (Rana esculenta) and 
India (croaking and spangled frogs). 
127) sol (eihe cornea sas nor eB aseeOTe Many lizards (Iguana twberculata in West Indies, 


I. delicatissuma in §. America, water lizards, Varanus 
dracena, in India, and others) are eaten by civilised 
man; also chelonians, as the green turtle, Chelone 
midas, and the hawksbill, C. wmbricata. Alligators are 
eaten by Indians, and crocodiles by Siamese. Snakes 
are eaten by Australian aborigines. 

Birds .............. ............ All kinds eaten except birds of prey and fish-eating birds. 
Eggs of some wild species, as plovers and gulls. Nests 
formed by swiftlets (Collocalia fuciphaga and C. francica) 
used for soups by Clinese. 

Mammals ........-.- erases All except the carnivora are eaten; but civilised man is 
more selective than uncivilised man, and refuses as a 
rule to eat mammals not belonging to the Ruminantia, 
excepting the pigs, hares, rabbits, sometimes horse, and 
occasionally his dog. The manatee is eaten in West 
Indies; the fox bat (Pteropus edulis) in Malay; white 
whale (Delphinapterus leucas) in Greenland and Siberia. 
Various marsupials—the koala (Phascolarctus cinereus) ; 
wallabies and kangaroos (Macropus); rabbit-bandicoot 
(Peragale lagotis), ete. 


SuRVEY OF SuB-GRoup (0) OF GRouP A. 


ANIMALS PURSUED FOR THEIR ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. 


ELOLOZOR steer iten os.c0 oc None. 

IB OLifOLe er rce cs -2. sees tare Sponges (grass sponge, Hippospongia equina ; wool sponges, 
H. equina, variety gossypina; Zimocca sponge, 
zimocca; yellow sponge, variety corlosia, and others) 
are collected in many parts, as West Indies, Florida, 
Mediterranean. 


attain ate etl 


Introduction. XV 


Conlentera ..................... Red ae rubrum) and Isis and M 


opsea. 

Echinoderma ............... Starfish (Asterias vulgaris) are collected and used as 
oo (five-finger manure) in some parts of Great 

Platybhelmia to Chetopoda None. : 

SEPUNOODY (i. cecececcccoscas sees None, 

EL cctccqapubucnsasscase None. 

SE Miata sdeennpadiadinss Various insects are sought for by man for their products 


lac insects (Coccide) ; ‘‘ cantharides"’ (= d beetles, 
tomar napa eon sey ty Matron eg eer po 
ocusts eria ; ( ips) for dyes, 

ink; nai be their saatatiie elytra, used as ornaments 
for poner pea Aa! ocean auratus, Buprestis vittata) ; 


‘ ground of Bahamas produced by a scale insect, 
arga Sormicarium. 
RENESIOUD 2. ccscccsscssecsccese None. 
Diplopoda .................... None. 
Mollusca .................... Many shells are collected for ornamental 


purposes— 
cameos (Cassis madagascarensis and others); Sepia for 
cuttle bone and sepia; pearl oysters (Aviculidz); 
cowries (Cyprea moneta) are used as ree he some 
uncivilised races; the byssus of Pinna for ; pearls 
and mother-of-pearl from pearl oysters (Avicula mar- 
garitifera),and purple — from Arca ; others for dyes, 
as Aplysia camelus in Portugal. 

Tunicata (Ascidians) ...... None. 

Fish  ......0ccc0ce0:s.s0e:ss. Warious sharks for their skin (shagreen); fish skins are 
used to clarify beer, also isinglass. Glue is also made 
from fish skins in India. Cod liver oil from the cod 
(Gadus morrhuz). Fish bile used chemically in India. 
Fish scales, of the bleak (Leuciscus alburnus) and dace 
(L. vulgaris), to make artificial pearls. Fish scales of 
the asir (Barbus tor) also used in manufacture of 
playing cards in India. 

Amphibians .................. Frogs for their skin for ornamental oop: 

Reptiles ........................ Many lizards and crocodiles are captured for skins 
for ornamental purposes; also turtles (hawksbill and 
green turtle) for tortoise shell. 

Birds ............0............. The plumage of many wild birds for ornamental purposes 
—grebes (Colymbus cristatus), skins used for muffs, 
trimmings, etc.; gulls (Rissa tridactyla and others), for 
hats and decoration ; A pheasant (Argus giganteus) ; 
peacock feathers in China; eagle feathers in N. 
America; jays, cockatoos, and parakeets for making 
artificial flies; Eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) for 
eider down in Greenland, Iceland, and Norway; wild 
swans for swan down; bile (fel) of the peacock used 


medicinally in India. 

Mammals ..................... Most groups are sought for for their (i) furs; (ii 
skin and hide; (iii) bone and born; (iv) fats; an 
(¥) scents. 


(i) For furs—seal, bear, ermine, marten, pine marten, 
sable, chinchilla, skunk, mink, neutria, caracal, wol- 
verine, marmot, musquash, genet, squirrel, Arctic 
fox, moles, etc. Various marsupials—wallabies and 
— 00s (Macropus), phalangers (Trichosurus), and 
others, 

(ii) For skin and hide—the wild pig, white whale 
(= porpoise hide) and true porpoises (Phocena com- 
rely buffalo and chamois; seal for black enamel 
eather. 

(iii) For bone and horn—elephant and narwhal for 
ivory; oxen, deer, and buffalo for horn; whales 
( mysticetus) for whalebone. 


XV1 First Report on Economic Zoology 


Mammals—continued ...... (iv) For fat, soaps and oil—whales and porpoises, wild 
pigs and bears; spermaceti from sperm whale. 
(v) For scents—musk from a gland in the skin of 
abdomen of male musk deer (Moschws moschiferus) in 
India and used as a stimulant medicinally, and scent 
from civets (Viverra); ambergris from sperm whale 
(Physeta macrocephalus). 


GHROU P.B. 


Animals Bred or Domesticated by Man for Food, or for the 
use of their Products in Industry, or for their Services as 
living things. 


This group is related to the organisation of human society in com- 
munities possessing fixed dwellings, fields, stock-yards, etc. The animals 
here comprised are captured, bred and reared by man. The purposes of 
this domestication by man are diverse, and the group may be broken up 
into sub-groups or sections accordingly, but they are of very unequal 
size. The chief purposes of man’s domestication of animals are : (a) the 
provision of food for himself; (0) the provision of beasts of burden ; 
(c) the provision of assistance or companions in the chase (hounds, 
ferrets, cheetah, etc.); (d@) the provision of guardians for flocks, house 
and other property ; (¢) the provision of animals which shall amuse and 
delight their owner either by brilliant plumage and colour, song (birds), 
or by courage and skill in fighting (gamecocks, fighting fish) ; (/) the 
provision of hides, wool, fat, bone and other products, such as wax, honey, 
silk and cochineal ; (g) the utilisation of the animal as a surgical agent 
(the leech). 


SuRVEY OF SuB-GROUP (a) oF Group B. 
ANIMALS BRED OR DOMESTICATED FOR THE PROVISION OF FOOD. 


PT OLOZON «ccs sstansseosecen ee None. 

IP OVILCTS ees coSarses seco steeece None. 

Comlenterai cscs scscotecemes << None 

Hichinodermia .....-.2.0.000- None. 

iBlatiyhelmis os... .cccscers--- = None. 

IN GINGELING,. 25. cccecadocn eon None. 

INGMALOUR), .-.ceeesrcceccvecen- None. 

(Clnksireyiters hh aaaneeeereeusecoeoas None. 

CGrustaceds cients oc scsscsoscscs Lobsters in Newfoundland; crayfish in France. 
IATACHINIGS sve. scccesasvoxsseses None. 

TICXAPOOS oo. ccc se sec ence Bees (Honey). 

WhilGpodanescrcss ees e=he-s -8- None. 

WUOPOUS i erec sassy cess seer one. 

WOES COD) SapBeste dosed sanacde- Several kinds of molluscs are cultivated, such as oysters 


(Ostrea edulis), cockles (Cardiwm edule), mussels (My- 
tilus edulis), snails in parts of Europe (Helix pomatia). 

PUTCRU sists rade pas soccossae None. 

TET se ardszonacbacdncnanncooge Several fish are cultivated and bred for food (and sport)— 
salmon (Salmo salar), trout (Salmo fario, S. levenensis), 
rainbow trout (Salmo irideus), land-locked salmon 
(S. sebago), whitefish (Coregonus albus and C. clupei- 
ey the shad (Clupea sapidissima), carp (Cyprinus 
carpio). 


Introduction. XVil 


TT cctndipaieiabaiactsa Frogs are bred and cultivated for food in parts of America 
and Europe. 

I Ste sercseptessncetnuces None. 

Se nbetadeen iiss Fowls, turke EO ampere yt ducks and geese, are culti- 
vated and in most parts of the world. 

SET Witicchateoctadeseens Ruminantia, as oxen (Bovid#), sheep (Ovid#), and goats, 


are bred by man in most parts of the world, even 
amongst uncivilised tribes, for food; Pachyderms, as 
the pigs; and Rodents, as rabbits, also for food. The 
Mama in parts of S. America, also the alpaca. 


Survey oF Sunp-Grovup (/) or Group B, 


ANIMALS BRED OR DOMESTICATED FOR THE PROVISION 
OF BEASTS OF BURDEN. 


scone cecteniecscce The mammalia alone form ‘‘ beasts of burden,” such as 
elephants in India; camels in Africa, etc.; oxen in 
India and parts of Europe; the horse and ass, cosmo- 
politan; the reindeer in Lapland; dogs in Arctic 
regions and parts of temperate Europe; at one time 
lamas in Peru. 


SuRVEY oF Sun-Group (c) or Group B. 


ANIMALS BRED OR DOMESTICATED FOR THE PROVISION OF 
ASSISTANCE OR AS COMPANIONS IN THE CHASE. 


Birds and Mammals alone come in this section. 


I elsctitacanks Sect erdederes Hawks and falcons are used in various parts of the world 
for sporting purposes. 

Mammoailia..................... Various dogs, such as foxhounds, deerhounds, spaniels, 
setters, terriers; horses; elephants; the cheetah and 
ferrets. 


SuRVEY oF Sub-Group (d) or Group B. 


ANIMALS BRED AND DOMESTICATED FOR THE PROVISION OF 
GUARDIANS FOR FLOCKS, HOUSE, AND OTHER PROPERTY. 


MID ddvaccoanes saniwicavess The Corn snake (Coluber guttatus) is domesticated in 
N. America, and keeps off ratsand mice. Rat snake in 
India (Zamenis mucosus). 

PEE eceveteicees Svocupbanethgas The secretary bird (Gypogeranus serpentarius) is domesti 
cated by Cape farmers for killing snakes, etc., that 
attack their animals. 

Mammnailia..............+00+++: The animals represented in this sub-group are mainly 
dogs. Thecommoncat. Genets are domesticated in the 
south of Europe for killing rats and mice. Mungooses 
(Herpestes) are tamed in India, America, and else- 
where, and keep snakes, rats, and mice away from 
buildings and ships. The hedgehog in Europe for 
destroying cockroaches. 


xvill L7rvst Report on Economic Zoology. 


Survey or Sus-Group (¢) or Group B. 


ANIMALS BRED AND DOMESTICATED FOR THE AMUSEMENT AND 
DELIGHT OF THEIR OWNER, EITHER BY BRILLIANT PLUMAGE 
AND COLOUR, SONG, OR BY COURAGE AND SKILL IN FIGHTING. 


TIPEADDO ALS, clonespeseesstaeeze Mantis flies and some beetles are kept by the Italians 
and Chinese for fighting; also a grasshopper (@ticus) ; 
and crickets also by Chinese. - 

PUPP orcs enass asnadee-s -a0s3 Horned or Californian toads (Phrynosoma) are kept as 
pets in North and Central America. The coral snake 
(Tortrix scytale) is used by native women in tropical 
America as an adornment round their necks. 


ISN Gece Stas so e-ce caste octave Fighting races of fish (Macropodus pugnaz, var.) are bred 
by the Siamese. Goldfish and others for ornamental 
purposes, 

IES lig eds ncn ah eecness Hoes cosen ss Fowls (Aseels and Malays) are bred by the Malayans and 


other races for fighting, and various game-fowls (Pile 
game, black-breasted reds, duckwings) in Europe for the 
same purpose. Great varieties of birds are bred for 
their brilliant plumage and colour and song—canaries, 
bullfinches, silver pheasants (Gennaus smycthemerus), 
golden pheasants (Chrysolophus picta), and others—and 
various ornamental ducks, geese and swans, pea- 
fowls. 

Mamimaliatjc.csssesss0s-crers > Race-horses, greyhounds, and whippets,;bull dogs, pugs 
and fancy dogs. Dutch, lop-eared, and other fancy 
rabbits. Cavies or guinea pigs. A special race of bulls 
is cultivated for fighting purposes in Spain. 


SURVEY OF Sub-Group (f) oF Group B. 


ANIMALS BRED AND DOMESTICATED FOR THE PROVISION OF HIDES, 
WOOL, FAT, BONE, FEATHERS, AND OTHER PRODUCTS SUCH |AS 
WAX, HONEY, SILK, AND MEDICAMENTS. 


EOUOZOD Meneses ace eae tencenee None. 
ROWLEY As fence os oo'n sep aoc None. 
Woelentera oss<-.<0s sees 620 None 
Wehinodermay, °2....6.22222-2 None. 
Platyhelmia: ....sc..6..ssecn0- None. 
Nemertina 33.226. :2c.sec20-055 None. 
INEM RtOda ss cee ceacsese ese ar None. 
Cheetopoda_ .................. None. 
@rustacea......-<-.--s0<.--06s None, 
AGACHIGR |...4500<s32-7605583's Spiders have been kept in some countries with a view 
to using their webbing as silk. 
EIGKS POG Suse ies sosdtnccaes: Silk moths—Antherea mylitta (Tusseh silk), Antherea 


pernyi, A. yama-mai, Attacus cynthia (Ailanthus silk), 
and Bombyx mori are bred and reared in India, China, 
Japan and Europe for the silk formed by the larve, 
also for the ‘‘cat-gut’’ made from the inside of the 
silkworms. Bees are kept by all civilised nations for 
the production of honey and wax. Cochineal insects 
(Coceus cacti) are cultivated for dyes and colours in 
Mexico, Peru, Spain, Algiers. 


Chilopodar. cee -esers 6-2-2 None. 
Diplopods .......--cccc.s.cese None. 
Mollasear(25:21-.sesecsesessa05 None. 
PREDICA cesucescrdoeeeas Jones None. 


PIS coo aapcscccecesavcdecenatees None. 


| 
] 


Introduction. XIX 


pee RRR SEAR ae None 
RUDIIRIID cccnvescocscssncsenecess None. 
EE cons ccdgkxoneves anakbe Ostriches are farmed for their feathers in South Africa 


and at Nice. Swans also to provide feathers (swans- 
down). Albumen prepared from fowls’ eggs. 

SS SS eee The same as Sub-group (a), i.e. cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, 
and others for (i) hide; (ii) wool; (iii) at (iv) a 
and horn; (v) milk; and (vi) other products. 

(i) For hide—oxen (Bovid#), ox-hide, cow-hide, calf-skin ; 
sheep-skin for chamois and Morocco leather; lamb- 
skin for gloves. Goat-skin used for Morocco leather 
and bottle making in the East. 

(ii) For wool—sheep, suchas Merinos, Lincolns, Leicesters, 
Persian Lamb; goats, as Angora, Kashmir or Thibet 
and Sudan goats; camels for hair which is woven into 
cloth in Persia; alpaca and the llama in Peru and 
Bolivia. 

(iii) For fat—pigs, sheep, oxen; prepared suet from 
internal fat of sheep; wool fat (Adeps lane); prepared 
hog’s lard. 

(iv) For bone—oxen, sheep, horses, and all domesticated 
animals. Horn—cattle and sheep. 

(v) For milk—cows, goats, mares. 

(vi) For other products—sugar of milk from whey of cows’ 
milk; ‘fel’ or purified ox-bile; pepsina from mucus 
membrane of the stomach of sheep, pigs, calves. Modern 
medicine makes use of nearly all the glands of domesti- 
cated mammalia in order to manufacture “ extracts” 
of a curative nature, 


Survey or Sun-Group (vy) oF Group B, 
THE UTILISATION OF THE ANIMAL AS A SURGICAL AGENT. 


The chief animals coming in this sub-group are the Medicinal Leeches 
Sanguisuga medicinalis and S. officinalis. In Mexico another leech, a 
species of Heementaria, is made use of. 


GROUP C. 


Animals which directly promote Man's operations as a civilised 
being, without being killed, captured or trained by him. 


This is a remarkable group—remarkable because it is so small. The 
fact is that in more primitive conditions of civilisation man would 
recognise more clearly than he now does his indebtedness to other 
animals, as, for instance, the fisherman looks to the sea-gulls for guidance. 
Highly civilised man has almost completely separated himself from the 
ancient association with the animal world, excepting where he has seized 
and domesticated or more or less trained the useful animal. The 
seavenger animals and birds and the earthworms still act freely for man’s 


benefit without submitting to his yoke. : 
2 


XX First Report on Economic Zoology. 


SURVEY OF GrovuP C. 


PPFOLOLOHN sc cots seqasse-<0..1 NN OUGs 
Level tis): eerie Ure Sete eee eer None. 
Gonlenters 222raks.sacccce-s ce None. 
Echinoderma ............... None. 
Platyhelmis...02e62s6<22-e0- None. 
Nemertina ::.ces.5<0-5-ss05002 None. 
Nematoda. 3.2.2 -22t0-<.<ch.0 es Various eel-worms (Anguillulidz) hasten decay in plants. 
Cheotopoda............s..0+0e- The earthworms form surface soil and bury stones on 
the surface, and prepare seed beds, etc., for plants. 
Cristaces <...5.5-00.2.2 52.0% None. 
AERCHIIGR saucers eee en dnastece None. 
Ghai by aYare Fe Rs ace None. 
WDiplopadarts.f.0- cee. se6se~ oe None. 
EIGN SOG oon .avevavss.t0esess Many insects act as scavengers in all parts of the world; 


the larve of flies (Calliphora) feed upon and hasten 
decay of carrion; some carrion beetles (Silphidx); dung 
beetles (Copride and Dynastidx); burying beetles 
(Necrophorus) also act as scavengers; humble bees 
(Bombi) fertilise clover, and many other insects act as 
fertilisers (Trigona and Vanilla, Blastophaga and figs). 


IVE GIISCSy tec ocsceteeossnerus None. 

BEIT s 2 Se aecieis ein slowaoe None. 

TERT 2) 5 See eee eae Soe Fish, especially carp, keep water free from insectsand decay- 
ing matter, and are used for such purposes in reservoirs. 

Amin hibin) 2622 .s02ie cde ae None. 

Ve piiligy.--.ceeesosee ec: ae ie None. 

Tesi [eee On eRe eee oe Vultures, by destroying the flesh of dead animals and man. 

Mammals, <6. 5-cen-0<-15. .... Rats feed upon carrion, as well as sound food; and also 


jackals and semi-wild dogs. 


GERGOVUP D. 


Animals which concern Man as causing bodily injury, some- 
times death, to him, and in other cases disease, often of a 
deadly character. 


This large group contains representatives in most of the divisions of 
the animal kingdom. It may conveniently be divided into two sub- 
groups, Viz., (@) animals which cause injury, by direct attack, to man, 
and (/) animals which cause disease by acting as germ carriers. 

In the former section parasitism plays an important ré/e. 


SURVEY OF SuB-GRouP (a) oF Group D. 
ANIMALS WHICH CAUSE INJURY, BY DIRECT ATTACK, TO MAN. 


IPT OLOZO® Piecssroroceeseceracene Malarial hemameebide, coccidia, Amaba coli, and 
Trypanosoma in the blood. 

POVICEA)...s2ss-derbacseeiess 222. None. 

Coslembers os: atscaeiscess ns Jelly-fish, by stinging man when in sea water. 

Echinoderma .............+. Spines of Echinws may penetrate the skin. 

Platyhelmia ..............000 Numerous tapeworms (Cestoda) are parasitic in the 


intestines of man (Tenia soliwm, Tenia saginata), 
and in their cystic or hydatid stage in the various 
organs and connective tissue (Echinococcus hominis). 
Flukes (Trematoda) also occur as parasites in man 
(Bilharzia hematobium, Distomum hepaticum). 


OO 


—_— 


Introduction. Xxi 
PEE cccsccesccccsctcccees None. 
PIIOIED ccicctccrccsceccseees Many jes occur as parasites in the alimentary canal 


tiasis) ; the Guinea worm (Filaria medinensis) ; Trichina 


spiralis. 
SNIEEM, cebicecsecescdntess Land leeches (Hamadi ceylonica) attack man in 
Ceylon and India and where, 
SINID daconechasensacsseuce Crabs and lobsters bite, also land-crabs (Gecarcinidz). 
EEN cb cbunbéeveseccoeesse A few Lyi (Mygale) have poisonous bites; mites (Sar- 
coptide) produce itch, etc., and the sting of scorpions 
Chilopoda tian poles aleaial Ss i ical 
Sonsnansceacnevsccqce t ( ra gigantea, S, morsitans) in trop 
climates are poisonous, and produce painful wounds. 
SEINE, ¢.sccseneceserséseres None. 
SEL, enconnteshevtbersives Insects of the orders Diptera (flies) and Hemiptera- 


Heteroptera (bugs) bite in all parts of the world. 
Biting Diptera include :—mosquitoes (Culicidz), sand- 
flies (Simulide), gadflies (Tabanide), stinging-flies 
(Chrysops, Stomorys), tsetse-flies (Glossina). Diptera 
also live as parasites in their adult — (jigger-flea) and 
in the larval state in man (Dermatobia, Screw-worm). 
Bugs of the genera Cimez and Conorhinus. 

SDL, Scunvenecicceerananss The bites of some are poisonous (Conusa aulicus in 
Moluccas, C. ftertilis in South Sea Islands, and most 
other Toriglossa), 

IID © catsisecpdpnéstéeseoes None. 

IE Reusbivscbasdnsccsovesesesé Sharks and various poisonous fish, the latter (i) poisonous 
as food, Clupea thrissa, C. venenosa ; species of Scarus, 
Tetrodon, Diodon, Balistes, Ostracion; the roes of 
barbel, pike and burbot, and (ii) on account of tho 
poisonous wounds they may Fa ypecer pry (Tra- 

idx), 


chinus), stinging rays (7rygon species of Synanceia 
and Thalassophryne. 

BERND, .. ccceccoresesscenss None. 

a Many snakes are poisonous (rattlesnake, cobra, fer de 


lance, blue adder, puff adder, purple and short death 
adders) and a single lizard (the Heloderma). Crocodiles 
and alligators may devour man (the gavial, Gavialis 
gangeticus, Crocoduus vulgaris), 

BREEN oc.0t ccccnsecccsenccccoecncs None. 

| SSS ER ee Most of the @ carnivora (lions, rs, bears, wolves) 
may cause ly injury to man and often devour him. 
Any large mammals such as rhinoceros, elephant, deer, 
may attack and injure him. 


Survey or Sup-Grovp (+) or Group D. 


ANIMALS WHICH CAUSE DISEASE BY ACTING AS GERM CARRIERS. 
Protozoa to Crustacea...... None. 
Arachni 


IU ncacnconnsecceccocess Probably ticks (Izodidw) may distribute disease from 
we — to man. 
Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 
BEEIOUS, cccccceccsccncssesese All piercing-mouthed insects may either carry disease 


direct from man to man or animals to man gadflics 
(Tabanidx), Stomoxys and tsetse-fly (Muscide), sand- 
flies (Simulida) ; (Cimez and Conorhinus) ; or they 
may act as in ate hosts of parasites (mosquitoocs 

malaria and filariasis). Germs may also be carried 
to food and drink by dung-feeding flies (Musca, Calli- 
oo Scatophaga) from latrines and foul matter 
(typhoid). 


xxl First Report on Economic Zoology. 


PP PRTISORS (Gass cs eesees aan conta ce Some mollusca may carry germs, as oysters and cockles 
carry typhoid. 

MICRA... scccseerccectesetss None. 

LOT A RE? aR None. 

EATING 53525 0515 Sves <0 oso The imperfectly cooked flesh of various mammals may 


carry disease to man, as the flesh of pigs (cysts of Tamia 
soliwm, and Trichia spiralis, thus producing tapeworm 
and trichinosis in man); the flesh of oxen (cysts of 
tapeworms, Txnia saginata); milk of cow and other 
animals carries tuberculosis. 


GROOT? A 


Animals which concern Man as causing bodily injury or disease 
(both possibly of a deadly character) to (A) his stock of 
Domesticated Animals; or (B) to his Vegetable Plantations ; 
or (C) to Wild Animals; or (D) Wild Plants in the pre- 
servation of which he is interested. 


The examples coming in this. group are somewhat similar to those in 
Group D, but in addition must be included also worms and insects, which 
destroy crops and fruit, garden produce and forest trees, and such pests as 
the frugivorous birds, rabbits and voles. This forms the largest group, 
and is directly connected with the cultivation and improvement of land 
by tillage and forestry, and the animals used by man in carrying on his 
work, and kept for the improvement of the soil and food. 

The sub-groups may conveniently be divided into smaller groups or 
sections. 


SURVEY OF Sus-GRoup A oF GrRour E. 


ANIMALS WHICH CONCERN MAN AS CAUSING BODILY INJURY OR 
DISEASE (BOTH POSSIBLY OF A DEADLY NATURE) TO HIS STOCK 
OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 


This sub-group may be divided into smaller groups or sections as 
follows :—Animals which concern man as causing bodily injury and 
disease to his stock of domesticated animals, i.e. (a) cattle; (8) sheep and 
goats ; (y) horses, asses and mules ; (8) the pig ; (e) elephant and camel ; 
(¢) guinea pig ; (7) dogs and cats ; (6) rabbits, and (c) poultry. 


SURVEY OF SECTION (a) oF Sub-Group A. 
ANIMALS CAUSING BODILY INJURY AND DISEASE TO CATTLE. 


I. By direct injury. 

PEOLOZORs ie cecek aavMantctene None. 

Platyhelmia s.:c.s00-.sd<1< Tapeworms (Moniezia planissima) and cysts (Cysticercus 
bovis, C. tenuicollis) produce disease; also flukes (Disto- 
mum hepaticum, D. magna). 

Mematod ae ss.0..242 eset hve Numerous thread and round worms (Ascaris, Tricho- 


cephalus, etc.). 
Chestopoda  .......siessess0s: None. 


Introduction. XXill 


SEMMRONDED csccssssisssnctorssei Txodidx or ticks (Ixodes) and mange mites (Sarcoptide). 

OS See Biting flies ot eee Haemato ‘sa Stouciumy warble 
flies Paice lineata and H. bovis), 

ENED Uicevclbcsicesseceees None. 

EE Lisdbibiedsacahhbctuceds Poisonous snakes attack cattle—puff adder; crocodiles 
(Crocodilus vulgaris) in African rivers, 

ENE adebebestdsiauedesovedeunss None. 

MEENA eccccctscescectseuese The larger carnivora attack cattle, especially leopards, 

Il. As germ carriers. 

SINED oxcéseinccacnsssesees Ticks (Irodid#) distribute various bovine diseases, as 
Texas fever. 

SEINE nuinasenteacscccescie Probably biting flies, such as Tabanidw, Stomoxys, carry 
disease germs (Anthrax) ; tsetse-fly and N 

INTL, "6s pideséosedousi¢cece Certain species of water snails (Limnwid#) carry the 


germs of flukes. 


Survey or Section (8) or Sup-crovup A, 
ANIMALS CAUSING BODILY INJURY AND DISEASE TO SHEEP AND GOATS. 
I. By direct injury. 


SINT tics pidesanerysneucen Protozoa are said to cause a disease in the feet of 
sheep in Australia. 

Platyhelmia .................. Numerous cestodes (Moniezia expansa, ae peseery alba) 
in intestines and cysts in the body (Cysticercus tenui- 


collis), and in the brain (Ca@nurus cerebralis), causing 
“sturdy.” The liver fluke (Distomum hepaticum) 
producing “ rot.” 

Nemertina..................-+ None. 

Nematoda ..................... Numerous filaria in all sheep (lung worms, Eustrongylus 
filaria and husk). Strongylus contortus in intestines. 

IED socbuseosctunnseneene Sarcoptide, producing scab (Psoroptes communis v. ovis) ; 

Chilopoda a oe op Txodid# or ticks. 

an ited te) None. 

Hexapoda .. . Keds (Melophagus ovinus), nasal fly (G@strus ovis), and 

sheep maggots (Lucilia), lice (Mailophaga) in sheep and 


goats, 
ENED seua die sdenienbech nests Many poisonous snakes (puff adder, cobra). 
SUMIUIIOID) ance ussvenisetstevses None. 
Selbepeusess evens . Some birds of prey (eagles); - kaka parrot (Nestor 
meridionalis) attacks nay lp w Zealand. 
Mammals ............ .. Large carnivora abroad and dogs pa lor 
Il. As germ carriers. 
BIRGRTIGD 0 occcescressccsccoees wre and yeine ill (Ixodes reduvius), and heartwater 
Hexapoda ........ccccereeeees Biking ! a es (Tabane, ) may oad anthrax, 
BEOTIBOR cece ccecvcsesccccsees wet water snails haaoaiias ees the germs of the 
e. 


Survey or Secrion (y) or Sup-Group A, 


ANIMALS CAUSING BODILY INJURY AND DISEASE TO HORSES, 
ASSES, AND MULES, 
I. By direct injury. 
Protozoa to Echinoderma None. 
qhssoencnenvesvess A few occur in horses (Tnia plicata, and perfoliata). 


None. 
RO OIN do.cavctisecedcctecevt Many in all of the bod ; armed strongyles (Sclero- 
iene um Fe Sn a equinum) ; thread worms 
Filaria) ; maw worms (Oxzyuris ‘and mastigoides). 


XXIV First Report on Economic Zoology. 


ATAG HNIC <2... .cdivecd.sad-sa0 Acari produce mange and sores (Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, 
Symbiotes). 

EIGEADOGS *.-.:.castenrceracess Biting flies (Tabanus, Hematopota) ; warble flies (Gastro- 
philus) (“bots”); forest flies (Hippoboscidz). 

WOU) J cas.cccsa-seees-ocee None. 

TENTS 7s See geeeeec cor canccuec Electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) attacks horses at 
water in Brazil. 

Amphibian. a.ctccsces eens snes None. 

RAGHU pens cenccecesscarcerses Many poisonous snakes, especially the puff adder, fer de 
lance and others, and crocodiles. 

SINGS cree hen waste cadescswecses None. 

Miarmialitay 5 odwsacecense- ae A few large:carnivora, as leopards ; vampire-bats (Vampyrus 
spectrum). 


IL. As germ carriers. 


EIR NOG ties co canens seer aslae Tsetse flies (Glossina) and Nagana; possibly other biting 
flies carry disease. 


SURVEY OF SECTION (5) OF SuB-GROUP A. 
ANIMALS CAUSING BODILY INJURY AND DISEASE IN PIGS. 


I. By direct mjury. 


IPTOUOZOR) cave seeassesccsesves- Balantidium coli causes ill-health. 
Porifera to Echinoderma. None. 
Platyhelmia <5.2..ccccecossee Cysticercus cellulose, cyst of human tapeworm (measles 


in pigs); no sexual tapeworm. Hchinococcus frequent 
in the liver. 

INemorting..c..2..c<0sc0csecen. None. 

DNCIMALODBic---.<cc-sec0sses se. Ascaris suilla in intestines and others; Echinorhynchus 
gigas; Trichina spiralis ; Strongylide (S. paradoxus) in 
bronchi; Stephenurus dentatus. 

Cheetopoda..................... None. 

ATACHIIOS cocecsccrsecoswoocses Itch mites (Sarcoptes scabei) transmittable to man, and 
Demodex. 

Diplopoda and Chilopoda None. 

Hexapoda ..............20.. Stomozys (biting or stinging fly); Mallophaga and 
Hzmatopinus (lice). 


Amphibia: ...0.25..5.2.2sevees INONG. 

HVODUINI a 0c. -c-twecccecest ces Poisonous snakes rarely attack the pig. 
BRS eee een ths cee ewcceseaes None. 

Mammals: 2922. i. ccsteseces Larger carnivora. 


II. As germ carriers. 


Protozoa to Birds............ None known. 
Mammalia .. 254... 2éces0s0ns0s- Rats carry trichinosis (Trichina spiralis). 


SURVEY OF SECTION (ec) OF SuUB-GROUP A, 


ANIMALS CAUSING BODILY INJURY AND DISEASE IN ELEPHANTS 
AND CAMELS. 


I. By direct injury. 


Proton, cecaccssrencseseners<) NODC. 
Porifera and Echinoderma None. 
Piaty belay sc -s0c.0steccrses Amphistomes cause sickness in Indian elephants ; Trema- 


todes in lungs of camel; also Cysticercus tenwicollis in 
camels; Echinococcus in liver. 


INGMOEINA. 75. J2:5¢--c20e00026, NORA, 
NGI ALOE <5 ccs eves donvencvess Strongylus filaria in the bronchi of camels. 
ARC HIRIOA 25255 -0ctelzerbo oe » Pentastomes (Linguatula) in camel; Ixodes camelinus and 


Galeodes aranoides, a great camel pest, and Sarcoptida. 
Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 


Introduction. XXV 


aay dbctsbecvanstcuptqual Qstrus cameli, common in camels, and biting flies 
(Tabanus, Chrysops). 
essrnsvecevescesecessecs None (?). 
a sivebecen : ... None (?). 
napetsesooves SAOIG 
ecsevcvccsnsconsecece None. 


Il. As germ carriers. 
None known, 


Survey or Secrion (() or Sup-Group A, 
ANIMALS CAUSING BODILY INJURY AND DISEASE IN GUINEA PIGS, 
Protozoa ...........00.++s.... Coecidia and Infusoria (Monocercomonas caviz) live in the 


intestines. 

Porifera to Echinoderma. None. 
Platyhelmia .................. Trematodes or flukes (Distomum caviz), 
ES i oeee None. 
SIEIOOD wc cencsess con senses None (?). 
Arachnida ............... STunnelttninn (Linguatula) occur in the intestines. 
— rcidusdhenduukascsbs None known except fleas (Pulicida), 
Se Various poisonous snakes. 
| SES None. 

eoreececsessecseccescsseees MLOSt rapacious birds. 
EEE REE Most large carnivora. 


Survey or Section (n) or Sun-Group A. 
ANIMALS CAUSING BODILY INJURY AND DISEASE TO DOGS AND CATS. 
I. By direct injury. 


SEEEIOD ~ ipurecescvttvecee sev Protozoa! forms in the blood cause malignant jaundice in 
_ in Africa. Coccidium perforans in intestines of 
og. 
Porifera to Echinoderma. None. 
er Numerous Cestodes infest dogs (Tamia caenurus, T. mar- 
ginata, T. echinococcus). T. crassicollis in cats. 
UMEROTORIIR, cc cccsoneescessees None. 
Nematoda ..............:00006 Various species in both cat and dog (Ascaris mystaz in 
cats; Filaria immitis in dogs). 
SED dendeeorenssessuccnse Ticks (Ixodidw) ; Mange Insects (Psoroptes, Symbiotes, and 
 Diplopoda N Demode ), ‘and Pentastomes. 
Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 
SID Scctsccvobbcrsstesses pr (Pulicidw) and lice (Mallophaga) on both dog and 
NNN iiestbedievdndescensias pieouadie snakes, and especially the alligator (Alligator 
Mississippiensis). 
— Socesseesnccisscsenes None. 
qsubbrekasducehessocesneees None. 
Ee Other large carnivora. 
Il. As germ carriers. 
Protozoa to Crustacea...... None. 
TEOMA oo cettecgscoecesines A Tick (Ixodes : ) carries a of malignant jaundice. 
auescnnceoceneshececs Culicidew carry the embryos of Filaria immitis. Lice 
an the cysts of BA ipecic canina, 
Chilopoda to Birds ......... Non 
Mammals ......... ae a biddbes Sheen: rabbits, hares and mice contain hydatids of some 


canine and cat tapeworms (Camurus cerebralis in 
sheep, Cysticercus pisciformis in hares and rabbits). 


xxvi first Report on Economic Zoology. 


SURVEY OF SECTION (6) OF SUB-GROUP A. 
ANIMALS CAUSING BODILY INJURY AND DISEASE TO RABBITS. 


I. By direct injury. 


PTOUOZOR, | a cncsrecscesssenesse' Coccidia produce disease in the liver (liver-rot). 

Porifera to Echinoderma. None. 

Platyhelmia ....;...<00.0+26: Numerous tapeworms in the intestines and cysts in the 
organs and tissues (Tania pectinata, Cysticercus 
pisciformis). 

Nemertina... c.<..-c0-te ss + None. 

Nematoda..................... Strongylide often cause great mortality (Strongylus 


strigosus, Oxywris ambigua). 
Cheetopoda and Crustacea None. 


ATACHINOR \ocsacescercscessss. Psoroptes produce scab and itch. 

NTOXAPOA: s.2.<cccascenceesee ns Fleas (Pulex goniocephalus). 

WROD EINE 542). cc.coessioecsasescesetc Various snakes. 

IBIFOS: f.oesnacsesiiseccameteseceae Rapacious birds (hawks, falcons and crows). 
WWrarmmals \c.: ccssesccsessscees The fox, dogs, cats, weasels, stoats, etc. 


Il. As germ carriers. 
None known. 
SuRVEY OF SECTION (.) OF SuB-GROUP A, 
ANIMALS CAUSING BODILY HARM AND DISEASE TO POULTRY. 


I. By direct mjury. 


HE TOCOZORumme econ a cores oeee ea Cause false coccidiosis of liver (Amaba meleagris), 
diphtheritic roup, epithelioma contagiosum. 

Platyhelmia «..ccssicacsese0s Tape worms often occur in all poultry (Davainea pro- 
glottina, Drepanidotenia infundibuliformis and others). 

INOMONEING 5.0 s.cseerseccs sons None. 

WTGMGLOOD ¢. ...-. 2 ccessecco<nne Thread worms (Heterakis) live in the intestines of fowls ; 
the gape worm (Syngamus trachealis, gapes). 

Chetopodays 23. sic..ccsseseree None. 

MEA CHMAC A Marccescevecceenenses Sarcoptide (depluming scabies, Sarcoptes levis), scaly leg 


(Sarcoptes mutans) ; ticks (Argas); mites (Dermanyssus 
aviwm) on skin and feathers. 
Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 


HETEXAPOG), co .cascsteersenes ... Lice (Mallophaga), fleas (Pulicide) and certain flies 
(Ornithomyia) and sand flies (Simuliwm) cause 
annoyance. 

Mollusca, ..cscc.cstossecestens None. 

Reptilia’ catecstt ise eee ceee Poisonous snakes attack poultry (chicken snake, Colwber 
quadrivittatus in N. America and others). 

IBITAS Yacsse erect sere scee tect ee Hawks (sparrow-hawk) and crows take the chicks}; 
eagles, kites; peregrine falcon. 

Mammals) sy. <scc0ssscececcs seas Many mammals prey on poultry and eggs (fox, polecat, 


weasel, rat, Indian civet, leopard cat). 


Il. As germ carriers. 


Chietopodas: ss. :cscccecessecs .. Earthworms carry the ova and embryos of the gape 
worm and are eaten by fowls, 


See es 


Introduction. XXV1 


Survey oF Sun-Grour ZB or Grovur E. 


ANIMALS WHICH CONCERN MAN AS CAUSING INJURY AND 
DISEASE TO HIS VEGETABLE PLANTATIONS. 


This group deals with animals which cause loss to farmers, gardeners 
d foresters. It may then be divided into three main sections; (i.) 
animals injurious to agriculture; (ii.) to horticulture; and (iii.) to 
forestry. 
Each of these sections may be again conveniently divided up into 
smaller groups. 
Survey or Secrion I. or Sun-Grovur B, 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE. 


This section may be divided up into several headings under the names 
of the particular crops grown by man. It is not possible here to enter at 
length into this sub-group, owing to its extensive nature. The following 
divisions of this section may be employed :—(a) animals injurious to 
cereal crops ; (8) to ppt (y) to root crops; (6) to forage crops and 

; (© to fruit and fruit trees ; ({) to hops; (7) to tea; (@) to coffee ; 
() to sugar. 


Survey of Sub-section (a) of Section I. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO CEREAL CROPS, 
The animal pests of corn crops are very numerous, 


PO consscvarsscbececces None, 

Platyhelmia ... None 

Noemertina..................... None, 

IND véessconervenssecenne Eelworms (Anguillulide) cause disease, as tulip root in 
oats. 

Chetopoda ..............00.. Some Enchytreus apparently cause disease to plants. 

SIE ndntusessessenses cost Land Isopods (woodlice) sometimes do harm (Armadilli- 
dium, Oniscus). 

SEN cddscssoviedhecsasses None (?). 

STEN ciniiness Sia ntorensas Numerous insects eat leaf (larve of Noctu#), stalks 


(Hessian fly, Cecidomyia destructor, maize aphis, A. 
matis, ate nygmeus, Leucanium, etc.), roots hl 
te 


worm, id#), and seed and blossom (wheat midge— 
Diplosis tritici). ' 

RENO scncnatenstsenceseseas None. 

SINE cotectccsisescasences Millepedes (Julidw) attack the roots of corn. 

PMOURMBOR ccscosecveesvecesseve Many snails (Helicide) and slugs (Limacid#) devour the 

ves, 

Reptilia and Amphibia ... None. 

BEEP ascocsccsescccacesccesosess 7 the seed and pull up young plants (rooks, starlings, 
wood-pigeons, cranes ( ruidw), wild geese (Anser 


anser in Europe, Plectropterus gambensis in Transvaal). 
Mammals .....08000.s00sceseee Ruminantia, especially deer, often do harm to standing 
corn; rodents, as voles and mice, 


Survey of Sub-section (8) of Section I. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO PULSE, 


Protozoa to Nemertina ... None. 
Nematoda ..................... Eeleworms (Tylenchus), 
IY Koss iccstodtuasnhcons —_ (woodlice) attack young plants (Porceliio, 


xxvill frst Report on Economic Zoology. 


Y Nie) het | pene er a None (?). 

EIOXAPOUS iscccscekelocesiecaces Many insects attack leafage (pea weevils, Sitones), stem 
(Aphides), roots (wire-worm or JZlater larve), seed 
(pea moth, Grapholitha pisana), 

Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 


MolGsea) 0502 sscdsccact ees Snails (Helix) and slugs (Limaz). 
Reptilia and Amphibia ... None. 
BSINS Wp de Sestes atestornacenk Many of the passerine birds take the seed in the ground; 


also pigeons, rooks and jackdaws. 
Mammals ,.................... Mice take seed in the ground. 
Survey of Sub-section (y) of Section I. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO ROOT CROPS. 
Protozoa to Nemertina ... None. 


WV OMIAGOR |. 25.00. sccccnceeeee None (?). 

CYUBERCEA: .22.-2:serepsseassr, Woodlice (Oniscus, Armadillidium). 
Arachnida), .ccsstetstsacee-oes None (?). 
Chilopoday...c:2:4...r.+.-<..< None. 

DiplopoGs vsiss ccescacesncac es Many Julidz damage roots. 


Hexapoda ..................... Large numbers of insects attack root crops (flea beetles 
(Halticide) ; surface larve (Noctuwe); diamond-back 
moth (Plutella maculipennis); root weevils (Ceuto- 
rhynchus) and Aphides). 

Mollusca ..................... Slugs and snails (Limacide and Helicide). 

Reptilia and Amphibia ... None. 

Birds ............ssseseeseeeee- Many birds eat the seedlings (linnets, sparrows, green- 
finches, larks). 

Mammialiay.-sscccscs=2s-0esese Rabbits, hares and deer. 


Survey of Sub-section (8) of Section I. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FORAGE CROPS AND GRASS. 
Protozoa to Nemertina ... None. 


Nematoda ..........000 sec Tylenchus devastatriz causes clover sickness. 
PATACHMIGAS oconccccsners oss sons None. 
NTEKAPOGD: cxcscncosezecccscese Large numbers attack roots (chafer larve, Melolontha, 


Cetonia, leather jackets or larve of Tipulidzx), leaves 
(weevils—Apions), and seeds (thrips, midges—Diplosis). 
Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 


IMIGMIMIRCA io cceacns-cnsseenancee Slugs and snails attack young forage crops. 

Reptilia. ...<.scscs-cacssreosese NONE, 

Aariphibis) soescucecesesseseses None. 

GATOS) oro duescscscsesccsececeses The seed of grass, clover, etc., is eaten by sparrows and 
finches. 

Mammalia, <scc..: secs eceecns = Moles cause annoyance in pastures by throwing up hills; 


gophers in America; voles and rabbits. 


Survey of Sub-section (e) of Section I. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FRUIT AND FRUIT TREES. 
Protozoa to Cheetopoda ... None. 


Crustacea... Jccactie.ievescevsece Woodlice damage soft fruits (Oniscus, Asellus). 

ATACHNIGS se crocc0-0<c08testees Various mites (red spider, Tetranychus and Bryobia) 
damage the leafage. 

TIOXAPOGA wovedsuserechs yowsn ss Hosts of insects attack fruit—codling moth, woolly aphis, 


San José scale, pear midge, mussel scale, bark beetles, 
plum cuculio, fruit flies (Ceratitis), phylloxera. Leafage, 
fruit, stem and roots are all subject to insect ravages in 
all parts of the world. 

Chilopod ar s.ess2s0a0-s0s-00s022 None. 

PVIPlOPOAReoceasenvescestee+s Some millepedes (Julidx) damage soft fruits, 

Mollusca ..............-....-- slugs and snails damage soft fruits on the ground. 


[utroduction. XXix 


ee and Reptilia None. 

tttteseserereesesseessscees Many frugivorous birds, hornbills (Bucerotideg), trogons 
(Trogonoider), cockatoos and parrots (Plissolophus 
moluccensis), depredate whole fields of fruit, in 
Moluccas; ring parrot (Palwornis torquatus), in Africa 
and India, grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) in Africa, 
do much harm in fruit plantations; others do so now 
and then; starlings (Sturnus), thrushes (Turdids), 
toucans (Rhamphastide); other birds damage twigs, etc. 
plant cutters, Phytotomidz). 

Mammailia..................... Rabbits and hares damage young trees by biting the 
bark: squirrels take nuts and soft fruit, and some fruit 
bats (Pteropus jocephalus, P, Kerandrenii), and 
others do much harm abroad, 


Survey of Sub-section ({) of Section I. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO HOPS, 
Protozoa to Nemertina .. None. 
Nematoda 


tata inectacse see? Eel-worms (Heterodera), produce disease, 
Crustacea ..................... Woodlice (Armadillidium and Ascellus). 
SII outns xxz. sesso ncoasece Red spiders (Tetranychus telarius). 


Chilopoda .................... None. 

Diplopoda ...................... Millepedes (Julidxz) damage the roots. 

0” eee Many insects attack root, leaves and stem—Aphis, flea 
beetle (Haltica concinna), wire-worm (Agriotes lineatus), 
hop-dogs (D. pudibunda), shy-bugs (Calocoris fulvo- 


maculatus), 
Mollusca ..................... Occasionally snails (Heliz). 
Reptilia and Amphibia ... None. 
ae Sie Some birds, as linnets, damage the cones, 
SN cea uh Ancuddcicsen ct Rabbits and hares attack the bine, 


Survey of Sub-section () of Section I. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO TEA, 


Protozoa to Chewtopoda ... None. 

IID Cuveavnsceecescesynst Land crabs in India. 

MED a tocitypicacuset abs Red tea mite (Tetranychus biaculatus); fire-legged tea 
mite aaa carinatus) ; yellow tea mite (Acarus 
transluceus); pink mite (Phytoptus ther). 

Hexapoda ..................... Red borer (Zeuzera coffer); black grub (Agrotis suffusa) ; 
faggot worm (Eumeta carmeri); tea scale (Aspdiotus 
them); tea aphis (Ceylonia thewrcola); white ants 
(Termes taprobanes); tea mosquito or tea bug (Helio- 

ae theivora), and others. 
oO 


Chil and Diplo ne. 
— — “ag slugs do much harm (Heliocarion salius and 
others). 
r and Amphilia ... None. 
page None. 
S| REET Wild elephants do much harm in tea plantations; also 


stray cattle, hares and land rats. 
Survey of Sub-section (6) of Section I. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO COFFER. 


ciesddboubadde «see None recorded, but probably several occur on coffeo 
leaves. 


XXX first Report on Economic Zoology. 


TIOKANOUS, 55.5. eccisne cas cecas er Coffee scales (Lecaniwm caffex, Aspidiotus articulatus) ; 
mealy bug (Dactylobius destructor); coffee moth 
(Heliothis armigera); coffee miner (Gracillaria coffei- 
foliella); also Oryzia Ceylonica, Zeuzera coffer, and 


others, 
Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 
MGM SCH es <5 neces sencascses secs Probably snails and slugs. 
Reptilia and Amphibia ... None. 
BSUS Wee sees sod veces seeestes None. 
Miamiminls 07,2. oesco0 3202-22 = The same as section (7). 


Survey of Sub-section (c) of Section I. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO SUGAR-CANES. 
Protozoa to Nemertina ... None. 


INGRIAGODS cove. cox -duaceet veces Several damage sugar cane (Heterodera sacchari, Ty- 
lenchus sacchari, and others). 

PRCUNIOS 2 cscccesdcconssssecs Numerous mites damage leafage and stems (Histiostoma 
rostroserratus, Tarsonymus Bancrofti). 

IEIGRAP OG |---se-aceessecaencese Sugar-cane borers (Diatirza saccharalis); tropical sugar- 


cane berer (Chilo saccharalis); pin borers (Xyleborus 
pweus and X. perforans; Sandwich Island borers 
(Sphenophorus obscurus); white grub of Queensland 
(Lepidiota squamulata); sugar scale (Aspidiotus sac- 


chari). 
Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 
WOMSC Biases nec ova oat veesdo cuss None. 
Reptilia and Amphibia ... None. 
MAING: cs cccsecscecr acess Rats and stray domestic stock. 


SurvEy oF Section II., Sus-Grour PB. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO HORTICULTURE. 


The number and variety of plants cultivated in the garden is so great 
and so varied that it is not possible to sub-divide them in detail. For our 
purpose we may, however, divide them into two sub-sections in connection 
with their animal enemies :— 

(a) The animals injurious to culinary plants. 

(8) The animals injurious to ornamental plants. 


Sub-section (a) of Section IT. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO CULINARY PLANTS. 
Protozoa to Nemertina... None. 


IN GINAaGODA 3.502 -0.s0sesc0eeree Various eel-worms (Tylenchus, Heterodera). (Tomato 
root disease). 

CHBLOPOdA: c.0c..scneces sass Enchytrzus and a few others damage roots. 

CEUSEACEA 25. .cc cress ccseress Land isopods (Oniscus, etc.) attack roots and seedlings, 

Arachmidayss...tesssesrs222 a0 = Red spiders and various acari damage leaves. 


Hexapoda ............+.+0+.... Most groups of insects attack vegetables—onion fly 
(Phorbia cepetorum), cut-worms (Noctuz), thrips, aphis, 
leather jackets (Tipulidz). 

Chilopoda ..................... None. 


Wiplopeds 2. ...cscce-s87-05%0 = Millepedes attack various roots (Julus, Polydesmus, etc.). 
Mollusca ..............-+..... Suails and slugs attack delicate leaves. 

Amphibians .............0.06. None. 

BSADEMICR J. 22s200c0000r5s osce<eae SNOMED. 

NSREAS fe ee oo racans ete vas ec oenets Several finches, the sparrow, and other small birds, as long- 


tailed tits, take seeds, buds, and fruit. 
Masa | uc sssdeadeeres scores Mice, rats, voles, skunks, and others do damage in gardens. 


Introduction. XxXx1 


Sub-section (8) of Section LI. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO ORNAMENTAL PLANTS, 


Protozoa to Nematoda ... None. 
Chetopoda .................. Earthworms often do harm to Lee 2a 
y 


hisdcehdinavesige .. Land isopods are destructive, espec under glass. 
ie an cana ane if Many acari cause harm (Tetrasiychus, Bryobia). ° 
REIINEEET Scescettccdvecccsesss Most orders of insects are injurious (carnation maggot, 


narcissus fly (Merodon equestris), scales (Chionaspis rose, 
Lecanium olew), thrips (Thripide), mealy bug (Dac- 
tylobius), rose sawflies (Hylotoma ros#, Blennocampa 


pusilla), 
Chilopoda ..................... None, 
IOUD odisdsnacevconssacses Millepedes (Julidw) often attack ornamental plants, 


especially bulbs. 

Mollusea ..................... Snails and slugs (Helicide and Limacide). 

— and Reptilia ... None. 

Bi cececsesceeceecesseseeeeeee SMall birds take plant seeds (finches, sparrows), also 
damage the blossoms. 

SID cirtictnscectsctnavies Moles, rabbits, mice, voles, and rats all do harm amongst 
ornamental plants. 


Survey or Section III., Scs-crove B. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FORESTRY. 


The animal pests of forestry may be best treated in detail under 
smaller sections dealing with allied groups of trees; i.¢., animals injurious 
to (A) Pines; (B) Oak ; (C) Willows, ete., but for our purpose here no 
division need be made. 

There are no enemies amongst the lower groups of invertebrates until 
we come to the— 


0 A few attack the leaves of trees (Tetranychus). 

ST icdduckpeaieadidiuscs Most orders occur on forest trees—wood borers, as wood 
wasps (Sirer), goat moth (Cossus); leaf eaters, 
moth (Porthesia), tent caterpillars (Clissiocampa) by x 
beetles (Tomicus, Pissodes). 

Chilopoda and Dilopoda... None. 


SINS Eascashaskcanbonecnes None. 
Reptilia and Amphibia ... None. 
EE Woodpeckers and others damage the trunks, and others 


(crossbills, Loria) take cones and seeds. Capercaillzie 
and other grouse damage buds and young growths. 
SEED sccccnpectecanesosese Many mammals do harm by barking trees (deer, rabbits 
mice, voles, hares). 


Svus-crours C anp D or Grovp E. 


It is difficult to enumerate the members of these two sub-groups. 
Numerous parasitic worms attack wild rabbits, big game, and game birds. 
Mange mites and ticks attack the fox and other animals. Birds destroy 
the useful earth-worms. The schedules pee pe by the International 
Conference for the Preservation of Wild Ani in Africa may be referred 
to as giving some indications on the subject. In Sub-group D we find 
numerous insects damaging such wild plants as rushes, croci, the cranberry, 
pepper plants, and familiar forest trees already considered. 


xxxii First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Gio Ff. 


Animals which concern Man as being destructive to his 
worked-up Products of Art and Industry, such as (A) his 
various Works, Buildings and larger Constructions and 
Habitations ; (B) his Furniture and Books, Drapery and 
Clothing ; (C) Food and Clothes. 


The numerous animal pests coming in this group do not all confine 
their attacks to one sub-group only, but they will be dealt with under the 
heading of that sub-group in which they occasion most damage. A large 
number of these pests are cosmopolitan, having been distributed chiefly 
by artificial agencies (é.e., Corn Weevils, Cockroaches, Rats). Others 
have a wide distribution from natural agencies, such as ocean currents 
(Teredo worms). 


SuRVEY OF Sus-Group A oF Group F. 


ANIMALS DESTRUCTIVE TO MAN’S BUILDINGS AND LARGER 
CONSTRUCTIONS AND HABITATIONS. 


Protozoa to Cheetopoda ... None. 


Crustacean ccccaccseoricsccsee Limnoria terebrans and lignorwm, and others do damage 
to marine works and shipping. 

AraChHnida kosdsiecadacacescsoe. None. 

PT OXAPOUA\sceaeer seecicesaoeere Numerous insects destroy the woodwork of bridges, 


telegraph poles, etc., such as Termites or white ants; 
carpenter bees (Xylocopa); death watch beetles (Anoc- 
biwm); ants (Formicide). 

Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 

Ios Dkittcr ys Sopsghocasacosenomnac Teredo worms damage marine works by boring into the 
wood; Dreissena by entering water pipes; Saxicava 
burrow into stone piers. 


MPEMICAGA | ...s:200c.ncvescnes NONE. 
Wishes. .....02.veccesceeneseesve- None. 
SHES et eesee see ee eee ese ar Birds do damage and cause annoyance by building in 


chimney stacks (sparrows, storks) and by destroying 
mortar in buildings (pigeons). Woodpeckers damage 
telegraph poles in Germany. 

Mammals .................... Durrowing animals may undermine man’s buildings and 
habitations (rabbits, rats, mice), and dam-forming 
animals (beavers), by causing floods, may damage 
bridges; otters, voles, by burrowing, damage canal and 
river banks. 


SURVEY OF SubB-GROUP JB. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FURNITURE, BOOKS, DRAPERY AND 


CLOTHING. 
Protozoa to Crustacea...... None. 
Arachnida ..................... Acari (Glyciphagus) spoil furniture and are obnoxious. 
ET EXAPOMANL..sceten-tecdecedvests Termites or white ants; wood-boring beetles (Xylobiwm 


and Anobiwm); leaf-cutting bees (Megachile); clothes 
moths (Tinea); Dermestes beetles attack soft goods; 
cockroaches (Blattidx) attack boots, also Anobium ; 


Introduction. XXXill 


Hexapoda—continued ...... books and papers damaged by book-worms saa 
divinatoria) and by Chelifers or tailless scorpions in 
India, also by Lepisma. Clothing also damaged in 
Chilopoda and Diplopoda N India by Anthrenus voraz. 
opoda an ) one. 
Tunicata to Birds. nrevocens None. 
Mammalia,..................... Mice and rats (occasionally). 


SurRvEY oF Sup-Grour @. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO MAN'S FOOD AND OTHER STORES, 


Protozoa to Crustacea...... None, 

abcd sehsescancesssitee A few acari attack food—household mites (Glyciphagus) ; 
cheese mites (T'yroglyphus) ; sugar mites (Glycyphagus). 

ERIN cosh. adusnae wes cckiaes Numerous insects attack man’s food and other stores, 
both dry goods and fresh—corn weevils (Calandra) ; 
bacon beetles (Dermestes); cheese fly (Piophila); blow 
flies (Calliphora); cockroaches (Blattide); cigar 
beetles (Lasioderma) ; drug beetle (Anobium paniceum) ; 
death-watch (A tropos divinatoria) ; silver fish (Lepisma). 

Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 


Mollusca ..................... Slugs attack corks. 
Tunicata to Birds............ None. 
I ee ogc caaan Rats and Mice. 
GROUP G. 
Animals which are known as “ Beneficials” on account of their 


being destructive of or checking the increase of the 
injurious Animals classed under Groups D, E, and F. 


The animals falling in this group, spoken of as a rule as “ natural 
enemies,” are best treated in connection with the pests enumerated in the 
ups D, E and F. They may be beneficial, either by (i) being pre- 
us, or (ii) being parasitic upon the pests of crops, animals, and man. 


Survey or Group G, 


PEOROMOR  o..020000000000050002 NONE, 

Porifera to Echinoderma None. 

Platyhelmia .................. Parasitic cestodes help to keep down certain noxious 
birds and mammals (rabbits, sparrows, and others). 

ER Scestecchatsavtatecs None. 

SD votevvsund cxseseceers Act the same as Platyhelmia, 

SEIN, ushoocesverstneqasers None ?. 

Arachnida ...............00000+ Spiders by destroying noxious insects; mites (Der- 
manyssus) by being parasitic on destructive birds, 

SEMIOGD ceescssossoceseeevers Many insects prey upon other insect pests. Hover flies 


(Syrphida) and lace-wing flies (Hemerobiida) feed upon 

ipkiies ; dragon flies (Odonata) a mosquito larva, 

butterflies, etc, ; carnivorous ground beetles (Carabidae, 

ete.), lady birds (Coccinellidx) upon Aphides and scales. 
c 


XXXIV 


Chilopoda .... 
Diplopoda..... 
Tunicata .... 
EISNOSs tevaceis shes cesesieaion 
Amphibia ..... 
Reptilia ........ 


First Report on Economic Zoology. 


ievawatwsceee ss Most centipedes kill noxious ground insects and molluscs. 
BuctaceaNes ease None. 
edn cde ueeeN Cuts None. 


...... Many fish prey upon mosquito larvee—carp, etc. 
Baronecorssesee Frogs and toads especially, by devouring insects and slugs. 
seccenaeuastonses Snakes destroy insects, rats, mice, and other noxious 
animals (fer de lance, grass snake, rat or corn snake). 
Eawtsenoereeeaee All insectivorous birds and some birds of prey (warblers, 
swallows, starlings, rooks, kestrel hawk, owls. Starlings 
(Sturnus) devour ticks on sheep; Buphaga or ox- 
peckers the ticks on oxen in 8. Africa*). 
Spare cease arene Many mammals are beneficial (moles, skunk, hedgehogs, 
fox, shrews, various insect-eating bats (Vespertilionide) 
and others). 


* The Oxpeckers do some harm as well, for when no ticks are present on the ox 
or sheep they will wound the back of the animal, pecking deeply into the flesh. 


E. RAY LANKESTER. 


PAIS. Ls. 


REPORTS ON ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY 


TO THE 


BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


FIRST REPORT ON ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY, 


GROUP E 


Animals which concern Man by causing bodily injury or 
disease, both possibly of a deadly character, to (A) his 
stock of Domesticated Animals, (B) his Vegetable Planta- 
tions, or (C) to Wild Animals in the preservation of which 
he is interested, or (D) Wild Plants in the preservation 
of which he is interested. 


SUB-GROUP B. ANIMALS WHICH CAUSE INJURY AND 
DISEASE TO MAN’S VEGETABLE PLANTATIONS. 


Section I. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE. 


CEREAL PESTS. 
Eel-worm Disease in Oats. 


Some oat plants, sent by a correspondent of the Board from South 
Tawton, Devon, from a field that was seriously damaged,were found 
to be attacked by eel-worms (7ylenchus devastatriz, Kuhn). The 
popular names for the disease these eel-worms cause are “ tulip-root” 
and “segging.” This disease takes its name from the swollen 
appearance of the base of the stem. This swollen basal part is 
surrounded in most cases with contorted shoots of a pale unhealthy 
hue. The minute eel-worms are found in abundance amongst the 
deformed shoots and in the stem (at its base). This species of 
eel-worm attacks chiefly oats, rye, clover, onions, turnips, but also 
occurs in wheat, buckwheat, and various wild grasses, as sweet- 
B 2 


4 first Report on L:conomic Zoology. 


scented vernal and annual meadow-grass; it is also found in daisies, 
buttercups, and plantains. Teasels and hyacinths also harbour it, 
according to Ritzema Bos. It appears that barley and carrots are 
free from its attack. 

Part of their life is spent in the soil, and they can then be 
successfully treated as mentioned below. 


PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. 


1. Deep ploughing in autumn; the depth should be eighteen 
inches. By this treatment the layer of earth that contains the 
eel-worms is buried, and so they are put out of the way of the next 
crop. Ploughing at a less depth does good if a skim coulter is 
attached, but the deeper the land is ploughed the better. 

2. On eel-worm land avoid crops in rotation that are attacked, 
and use those that are not—z.e. barley. Clover after “tulip-root” 
must carefully be avoided. 

3. Sulphate of potash on a diseased field does good at about the 
rate of 1 cwt. to the acre. 

There is not the least doubt that by late autumnal deep ploughing, 
by judicious rotation, and by the use of certain artificial manures, 
the pest can be easily fought with success. It is also said that 
stable manure should be avoided. 

There was also a single puparium of the Frit Fly (Oscinis frit) 
found in one plant from this district. 


The Frit Fly on Oats. 
(Oseinis frit, L.) 


Oat plants sent to the Board of Agriculture from the sewage farm 
of the Croydon Corporation were being destroyed by a small 
dipteron, which has done a great deal of damage to the oat and 
barley crops in the south of England. This small fly is the so-called 
Frit Fly, the Oscinis frit of Linnaeus, the Oscinis vastator of Curtis. 

The larve of the Oscinis feed just inside the crown of the plant, 
and in the majority of cases destroy it; but when they feed between 
the outer leaves, as they often seem to do, the crop may survive. 

Crops that look irreparably damaged often tiller out and produce 
a moderate yield. This year (1902) the pest has been very harm- 
ful. The flies were nearly all hatched out by June, but some sent 
in the sample of oat plants from Croydon were only just entering 
the pupal stage. The second brood probably lays its eggs on the 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 5 


developing grain. In Sweden this second attack is often harmful, 
producing light shrivelled samples of corn (frits). 

Little or nothing can be done when a crop is badly attacked, as 
the one reported from Croydon. Moreover, the damage is now (June) 
done, and the second brood cannot be materially lessened, even by 
ploughing up the crop, as they are hatching out rapidly. 

One feature has been noticed in districts where Oscinis frit is 
abundant, namely, that early sown crops suffer the least. Oats 
sown 29th of March were not attacked; those sown on 29th of April 
had over 70 per cent. of the stems attacked. 

Where a field is irreparably damaged it is as well to deeply 
plough it up at once, so as to bury the puparia of the fly and thus 
prevent the second and summer brood, that cannot be so easily 
destroyed, from appearing. 

When early signs of the crop being attacked are noticed, the loss 
may be materially lessened by the timely application of some 
stimulating dressing such as nitrate of soda. 


Smut in Barley and Insects. 


The barley sent by a correspondent of the Board from Brackley, 
Northamptonshire, was found to be suffering from the fungoid disease 
called Loose Smut (Ustilago nuda, Jensenii). 

Two methods of treatment are known for Smuts: (1) the “ blue- 
stone” treatment and (2) the “hot water” treatment. The former 
does well for covered smut (Ustilago jensenii, Rostr.), but has little 
effect on Loose Smut. 

The “ hot water” treatment consists of soaking the grain for five 
minutes in hot water heated to 126° F. 

The grain should be warmed just before by putting it in a sack 
and steeping it for a few minutes in water of 120° F. After the 
grain has been five minutes in the hot water, 126° F., it should be 
taken out and plunged right away into cold water and then spread 
out to dry. 

Some Clavicorn Beetles of the genus Phalacrus of Paykull were 
found in the diseased ears, They apparently feed upon the spores of 
the Smut fungus, but at the same time they no doubt help to dis- 
tribute this fungoid disease, for they are often seen covered with the 
spores, amongst which they craw] during feeding time. The remedy 
of this combined attack lies in treatment of the seed ; no steps need be 
taken in regard to the insects, 


6 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


ROOT CROP PESTS. 
Silpha rugosa, L., on Turnips, and other Silphide. 


One of the Carrion Beetles, Silpha rugosa, L., closely related to 
the Beet Carrion Beetles (Si/pha opaca and S. atrata), sent to the 
Board, was appearing in great numbers on a turnip crop. Both of 
the latter species are injurious to mangolds, the larve devour the 
leaves and stem and often destroy a crop entirely. Silpha rugosa 
occurs with them nearly always and is probably the commonest 
member of the genus, being found almost everywhere, but there have 
been no observations made on this species showing that it does any 
harm to crops, such as occurs with the two closely related Carrion 
Beetles. 

The larve of the Silphide and also the adults are normally 
carrion feeders. Numbers of these three species may usually be 
found in June in and under any dead carcase laying about in the 
fields, but as previously stated the two species S. opaca and S. atrata 
frequently give up their carnivorous habits and attack mangolds and 
beetroots. Canon Fowler also records finding the larve of a member 
of this genus on the roots of plants in the Isle of Wight. It is, 
therefore, possible that S. rugosa may sometimes become vegetarian 
in habit, but no mention has been made of this, nor does the Board 
correspondent make any such statement. 

The larvee of S. rugosa are moderately broad with the edges of the 
thoracic (i.e. first three) segments rounded, those of the remaining 
segments projecting. The body ends in two processes called cerci, 
which in this species are long, at least three times as long as the 
anal process between them ; the head is large and projecting. 

When full grown, which is usually by the middle, but sometimes 
not until the end, of July, they bury themselves in the soil to a 
depth of from three to four inches and turn to pupe. 

After from three to four weeks beetles appear from these pupe, 
and these beetles apparently live through the winter. 

Miss Ormerod records the Beet Carrion Beetle (S. opaca) on 
potato and also as devouring the Spurrey (Spergula arvensis), and 
it is thus possible that we may get S. rugosa working in a similar 
manner on various plants and not on any one in particular. 

As there is a possibility of these carrion beetles becoming 
destructive, steps should be taken to have the turnip and other fields 
cleared of them and any of their larve. To do this is a compara- 
tively easy matter if we employ natural traps in the form of dead 


eS i, a 


~ 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 7 


birds or small mammals, scattered over the ground every here and 
there. The dead bodies attract the beetles and the larvw, which can 
be shaken out into pails of hot lime and so destroyed. 


Caterpillars (Surface /arve) on Turnips, etc. 
The Turnip or Dart Moth (Ayrotis segetis) and the 
Heart and Dart Moth (4. exclamationis). 


Some larve attacking turnips and potatoes, sent by a correspon- 
dent of the Board of Agriculture, were the caterpillars of the Heart 
and Dart Moth (Agrotis exclamationis), popularly called Surface 
Larve—Cutworms in Canada and the United States. Two species 
occur in abundance, viz., A. exclamationis and A. segetis; the latter 
is called the Turnip Moth. 

Another correspondent, writing from Dadlington, Nuneaton, states 
“that turnips are eaten off and potatoes burrowed into. In this 
district acres are spoilt by eating the turnips under the ground.” 

These caterpillars were also sent by a correspondent from 
| Loughborough, where they were attacking mangolds, 

There has been a serious outbreak of these pests during the 

| present year in all parts of England and Wales. 

| A leaflet (No. 33) has been issued by the Board on these pests 
| under the title of “ Surface Caterpillars.” To this leaflet the follow- 
| ing information should be added :— 

(a) No dressings can be applied in sufficient strength to kill 
these caterpillars as recommended, but the dressings do good in 
helping on growth of the plant. 

(>) Land after mangolds had best be lightly broken up, not 
deeply ploughed ; this would bury, not expose, the larve, and birds 
are the greatest help in keeping them in check. 

(c) In land invaded by Cutworms, a crop of mustard ploughed in 
has done good. 

(d) The long and exhaustive series of experiments, conducted at 
the Agricultural Experimental Station of Cornell University, have 
shown that by far the most successful way of combating these pests 
is the employment of “ poison-baits.” These “ poison-baits” have 
been employed in the field by soaking clover, lucern, ete., in a 
solution of Paris green and throwing little heaps of it about in the 
field amongst the roots, etc., or, in the case of garden cultivation, bran 
soaked in Paris green may be used. 

When clover, etc., is employed the solution of Paris green in 


8 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


which it is dipped should be one pound of Paris green to fifty 
gallons of water. 

For bran bait use 1 lb. of Paris green to 25 Ibs. of wheat bran, 
and mix with just enough water to make a mash. 

Of course it should not be placed where poultry go or sheep or 
other stock feed. 

In mangold fields the clover bait might be tried where the 
attack is very bad. 

The fresher the clover the better the results would be. The baits 
should be placed on the ground late in the afternoon. 

The green-stuff might be sprayed with the Paris green before 
being cut—so as to save the trouble of dipping it. 


The Pigmy Mangold Beetle. 
(Atomaria linearis, Stephens.) 


Some beetles sent by a correspondent of the Board from Barn- 
staple that were destroying his mangolds proved to be the Pigmy 
Mangold Beetle (Atomaria linearis). A similar attack was reported 
to Wye College by Mr. Thos. Powell. In this case the beetles had 
destroyed a field of mangolds on the Waldershare estate. Miss 
Ormerod has recorded damage to mangolds by an Atomaria which 
she identified as /inearis, Stephens. 

As far as is known, these little beetles (Fig. 1, D) destroy the 
sprout of the mangold seed just as it germinates, and later they 
attack both root and the leaves. 

The leaves are gnawed away and gradually die (Fig. 1, c); they 
also gnaw away the lower parts of the leaf stalks below the ground 
level and so kill the plants. The tap root is attacked, the damaged 
part turning black (Fig. 1, b). It thus seems that all parts of the 
plants suffer in the young stages and during germination. The 
beetles may be found in great numbers on the ground under zlods 
of earth, on the leaves and in the earth around the roots. They 
appear in May and June and seem to decrease in July and August, 
those occurring in the last two months apparently being a second 
brood. Nothing is known of its life-history, but apparently the 
larve feed below ground, probably on the roots of the plants. 

This attack was first observed in 1839 by M. Bazin at Mesnil 
St. Firmin, and later Macquart noticed this pest devouring the fields 
of red beet in the environs of Lille to such an extent that whole 
crops were ploughed up. It occurs in Great Britain in many districts 
in great numbers and does much harm; it is not noticed on accoun 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 9 


of its small size. It seriously injured the mangold crop at Ciren- 
cester in 1891; it is also recorded as damaging mangolds at Lyming- 
ton, Ashburton (Devon), Weston-super-Mare, Shifnal (Shropshire), 
Denham (Bucks); and it has been abundant this year in the neigh- 
bourhood of Wye, Kent. The beetles may be noticed on the wing, 
pairing on warm evenings. They probably hibernate in the adult 
stage. 


Fic. 1.—THE PIGMY BEETLE (Afomaria linearis). 


A, damaged plant; 6, damaged tap root; C, holes caten in leaves ; 
bp, adult, 


The best way of destroying this pest would be to run a 
Strawsoniser over the field with ordinary Paris green wash in July, 
when the beetles seem to feed mainly on the young seed leaves. 

If the crop is destroyed as is the case with this outbreak at 
Barnstaple, deep ploughing would be advisable. 

In districts on the Continent where this beetle is a serious pest 
to sugar-beet, thick sowing of seed is practised and would be worth 


10 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


doing in the case of mangolds in this country in districts where the 
beetle occurs in large numbers. 

If the land is in good heart maize may be put in in the place 
of the mangolds that have been destroyed. The beetles would 
probably leave this plant alone, if they are not all destroyed by deep 
ploughing. 

This is not an uncommon pest, but is not reported very often 
on account of the damage being attributed to other causes, such as 
ants, etc., the beetles, owing to their small size, being either not 
observed or if observed mistaken for ants. 


Black Fly on Mangold. 
(Aphis atriplicis, Linn.) 


Some insects attacking the seed heads of the mangold were sent 
to the Board of Agriculture from Childerley Hall, Cambridge; they 
were one of the Aphides known as Aphis atriplicis, Linn. This 
species feeds normally on the Chenopodiums in the summer and on 
the common Orache (Atriplex patula) in the autumn. 

The apterous females are of various colours, green, olive green, 
black. Buckton describes four distinct varieties: (1) wholly black, 
(2) black with orange tibize and white patches on the body, (3) body 
green with white bands, legs ochreous or whitish, (4) head and 


thorax black, abdomen green with white spots. The pupal stage is — 


black with white patches, thorax and wing cases olive. The winged 
female that produces living young is dark olive, the abdomen barred 
with black and with lateral spots; the honey tubes are green at the 
base and black at the apex; the legs are yellowish except the hind 
femora and tips of the other femora. The male is wingless and of a 
greenish-yellow colour, head black, thorax with black markings; 
the abdomen has three longitudinal rows of black spots forming 
almost bands on the apical part. Legs, and cornicles dull grey. 

The oviparous female is also apterous and green, the head having 
two dark spots. 

THE LIFE-HISTORY. 


Little is known concerning its life-history. The females of the 
last generation lay their eggs on the dead rolled up leaves of the 
plants upon which they have been feeding, amongst their débris 
formed of cast skins, frass, etc. The ova are elongated oval, yellow 
at first, and gradually become black. These eggs are laid in the 


autumn after the apterous males have appeared and fertilised the 


ee ee 


_ 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 11 


females. How the winter is passed is not known. In the early 
and late summer they feed upon wild Chenopodiums and mangolds 
and in the autumn on Atriplex latifolia. 

Not only does this aphis cause the leaves to roll up longitudinally, 
but they also feed upon the seed heads of the mangold. 

Spraying with paraffin emulsion or quassia wash would check 
their increase and clear most of them off. This, of course, should not 
be done when the sun is out. 


Flies (Bihionide@) on Mangolds. 


Some flies were sent by a correspondent from Billericay of the 
dipterous family—Bibionide, species Bibio hertulanus—from a field 
of mangolds cleared off in one night. 

These flies can have had nothing to do with the two acres of 
mangold reported to have been destroyed. 
; Although their larve are more or less injurious to roots, the 
adult flies do no harm, not having a biting or piercing mouth. 

The damage reported seems to point to the small beetle recently 
sent to the Board from North Devon—the Pigmy Mangold Beetle 
(Atomaria linearis), which is evidently abundant in some parts. 

The correspondent was advised to look for these small beetles, 
which may be most easily caught by pulling up the young mangolds 
and the earth round them, when the beetles fall out of the soil. On 
fine days they occur above ground as well (vide page 8). 

In any case the flies sent cannot have damaged the mangolds in 
the way reported. 


Muscid Larve attacking Roots. 


A correspondent of the Board of Agriculture sent from Burley 
Beacon, Ringwood, Hants, two different kinds of larve attacking 
roots of plants. 

(1) A dipterous maggot changed during transit into the so-called 
chrysalis or puparium stage of one of the flies belonging to the 
group Anthomyida. There are several of these diptera which are 
root-feeders in their maggot stage. Probably the one sent was 
Anthomyia radicum, L. 

(2) Three small larvee which were the caterpillars of one of the 
Tinee. 

The damage was probably all caused by the Anthomyia larve, 
which are often serious root pests. 


12 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


TREATMENT. 


Soot and lime have been found of some benefit. The chief thing 
to do, however, is to treat the land with gas-lime during the autumn 
and winter to kill the hibernating insects, then in the puparium 
stage in the soil, and so prevent their doing damage another year. 

On the Continent some good is said to have been done by 
applying superphosphate of lime as a preventative. 

Treatment with gas-lime is the only certain way of lessening 
these pests on a large scale. 

The three small caterpillars were probably non-injurious. 


Chafer Larve. 
(Melolonthide.) 


Several enquiries have been made at the Board of Agriculture 
during the past summer concerning Chafer larvae, the so-called 
White Grubs. From Ferryside, South Wales, the grubs of the 
Garden Chafer or Cock-y-bonddu (Phyllopertha horticola, L.) were sent 
on June 20th. They were reported as Antler Moth caterpillars 
(Chareas graminis, L.). The Cock-y-bonddu is apparently the common 
Welsh chafer, for nearly all the larvee examined have proved to be 
this species; the attack seems to have been fairly general in Wales 
this year. The Summer Chafer (2izotrogus solstitialis, L.) has also 
done much damage in many parts of Great Britain. From Launceston 
they were especially reported as damaging pasture land, also from 
Wye. 

By far the most abundant species, however, has been the Cock- 
chafer (Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr.), which has occurred this summer 
in large numbers in the following localities: Wetherby, York, 
Chester, Lytham, Southwell, Pewsey, Roydon, Limpsfield, Croydon, 
Tooting, Highgate, St. Leonards, Catford and Wye. 

The brood appeared from the first to the third week in June. The 
Summer Chafer (2. solstitialis) has occurred as adults at Wye, the 
brood occurring from the third week in July to the end of August. 
In districts where these broods are recorded we shall now know 
when to expect the next brood of beetles and so be prepared to take 
steps to collect them wholesale as soon as they appear. In this way 
only can any real good be done in districts where these Chafer larvee 
are harmful. Full information regarding these pests is given in 
the revised leaflet No. 25 of the Board. 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 13 


Leather-Jackets or Larve of 7ipulide. 


The insects sent to the Board of Agriculture by a correspondent 
from Eaton, Norwich, that had been damaging the roots of grass 
proved to be the pupe of one of the Daddy Long Legs (Tipulida). 
The larve of these Tipulide are known as “ leather-jackets,” and are 
very destructive to all kinds of roots, especially grass. Pasture land 
is often ruined by them. 

They were those of the Yellow Spotted Crane Fly (Pachyrhina 
maculosa), whose larve work in a very similar way to those of the 
Common Crane Fly (Tipula oleracea), The pupe of the latter are 
larger than those of the former. 

(A full report on these pests is given on pages 94 to 104). 


PULSE PESTS. 


The Green Rose Chafer (Cetonia aurata, Linn.) on 
Beans and Currant Bushes. 


The Green Rose Chafer (Cetonia aurata) was sent to the Board 
from Gloucester, with a note that they were appearing in great 
quantities and were stripping the beans and currant bushes of their 
leaves. 

This beetle is generally distributed in the South of England and 
occurs in plenty in the Midlands, but becomes rarer in the North. 
It is usually very common at Gloucester, so that it is not surprising 
that it now and then occurs in such numbers as to become a serious 
pest. The beetle attacks all kinds of flowers and also the leaves ; it 
is especially injurious to the rose, apple and strawberry. It is also 
recorded as damaging turnips for seed. When attacking blossoms 
the beetles seem to mainly devour the anthers and thus destroy the 
crop. They are very frequently found in Peonies and on the Elder; 
they also destroy Iris blossom at times. These brillant beetles fly 
readily in bright sunshine, but become very sluggish during dull, 
damp, and cold weather. 


LIFE-HISTORY. 


The beetles appear from the middle of May on through June, 
They lay their eggs in the ground, seeking out some crack or crevice 
into which they crawl. Heaps of rich earth such as cucumber beds 
and vine borders are favourite places for them to lay their eggs. 
These soon give rise to white grubs very like those of the Cockchafer, 


14 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


but which can easily be told by having a deep reddish-brown spot on 
each side of the first thoracic segment ; the legs are also longer than 
in the Cockchafer grub, and the whole surface is clothed with 
transverse rows of reddish-brown hairs. The larvee may also be 
found amongst rotten and rotting wood, but mainly in rich soil ; their 
food consists chiefly of the roots of various plants and probably of 
decaying vegetable matter as well. When full grown they attain the 
length of an inch and a half, taking from two to three years to reach 
maturity. The pupal stage takes place in an earthen cell over an 
inch in length formed deep in the ground; the outer part of the cell is 
rough, the inner surface smooth. The pupa is of an ochre colour. 


Fie. 2. 
THE GREEN ROSE CHAFER (Cetonia aurata). 
A, Imago; B, Larva. 


The grubs apparently pupate in the summer, and the beetles appear 
from these in the following May and June. Canon Fowler notes that 
the little larvee and perfect insects are often found in ants’ nests. 


REMEDIES. 


By far the most successful way to cope with these large sluggish 
beetles is by “ hand-picking.” This should be done during dull 
weather when they are very quiet, as on warm days they become 
more active and fly about. 

Heaps of leaf mould, cucumber beds, and heaps of decaying wood 
should be examined when turned over or moved and the grubs hand- 
picked. Old tree stumps frequently harbour them and should thus 
be grubbed up in the winter and burnt. Im garden and field 
cultivation poultry do much good if turned on to the land when it is 
being broken up, for they greedily devour these larvee as well as those 
of the Cockchafer. 

“ Turf-traps,’ 1.e. heaps of rotting turf, may be left here and 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 15 


there about in the garden to attract any stray beetles to deposit 
their eggs; these heaps can be examined in the winter and all the 


grubs burnt. 
POTATO PESTS. 


Myriapoda in Potatoes. 


Numbers of centipedes and some millepedes were sent to the 
Board from Honiton with a note to the effect that they (the centi- 
pedes) were destroying the potato crop in that neighbourhood. 

| The Scolopendride were mostly alive in a small tin box, but 
| several had been killed by the stronger ones in the box. 

These Scolopendrid are certainly carnivorous and do not seem 
to be destructive to roots, although Curtis mentions such a habit, 
quoting the following from a correspondent: “ Mr. Hope attributed 
the potato disease to the attacks of wire-worms, and also to a small 
Scolopendra which was found in myriads infesting diseased potatoes 
at Southend.” 

In all cases where these myriapods are sent as the culprits 
other pests will be found on careful examination. In the box sent 
from Honiton were also the remains of some small Julide which 
have undoubtedly been the cause of the trouble. The large centi- 
pedes sent had probably been feeding off these Julide and other 
animals in the soil. 

With regard to destroying the Julide, nothing further can be 
added to the information given on pages 86 and 105. 


Wire-worm (Lacon murinus, L.) in Potatoes. 


An insect sent to the Board in a potato from Barley, near 
Burnley, proved to be the larva of one of the Elateride or Click 
Beetles, i.e., a wire-worm—JLacon murinus. 

There is unfortunately no remedy when wire-worm get into the 
potato crop. The field should be deeply trenched later on and a 
crop of mustard grown afterwards, Sometimes wire-worm will leave 
potatoes for wurzel and carrot, so that slices of either, if procurable, 
might be put here and there along the rows just under the ground 
and examined every few days, or rape cake may be spread between 
the rows, as this class of larve are very fond of this as food, and 
would probably be drawn away from the plants. 

(Mr. Deadman, of Wye, finds that beet-root forms a much more 
attractive bait than any other root for catching these pests.) 


16 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


A New Potato Feeder: 
The Cinnabar Moth (Luchelia jacobee). 


During the past year quite a number of new potato pests have 
appeared. Amongst them may be mentioned the caterpillars of the 
Cinnabar Moth (Luchelia jacobew), sent by a correspondent of the 
Board from Alton, Hampshire. This moth is fairly common. The 
front wings when expanded measure from an inch and a half to an 
inch and three-quarters across ; they are dull black with a narrow red 
stripe near the upper margin and two spots on the outer margin of 
the same colour; the hind wings are scarlet red with a narrow dull 
black margin. The moth appears in May and June and flies slowly 
during the day-time. The caterpillars feed usually on the Ragwort 
(Senecio jacobwa), and sometimes, as stated by the Board’s correspon- 
dent, on the Groundsel. As far as can be found out the potato is 
quite a new food-plant. As the larve are found in companies, they 
could easily be cleared out of the potato crop, which should certainly 
be done, as they are very ravenous feeders. Ragwort may frequently 
be seen quite stripped of its leaves by these black and orange ringed 
larvee. 


MUSTARD PESTS. 


The Mustard Beetle (Phedon betula, Linn.). 


The Mustard Beetle (Phadon betule, Linn.) was reported this 
year (1902) to the Board as very destructive at Holbeach, Lincolnshire, 
and information was asked for as to the best plans of coping with the 
attack. It can be materially lessened by various methods. 

The beetles pass the winter in a torpid condition in any shelter 
where they have been working in the summer and autumn. 

The larvee hatch from eggs laid in the spring upon various plants. 
The beetles which deposit these spring eggs have previously passed 
the winter in hollow stems of reeds along the dykes and ditches of 
the district and also commonly in the hollow mustard stocks left 
about in and around the fields and also in the mustard stubble. They 
also winter in mustard stacks, cracks and crevices of gates, posts, 
fences, rough grass and all manner of places. The larve when 
mature pass into the ground to pupate, in which stage they remain 
from two to three weeks; the beetles coming from these pup at 
once attack the mustard crop. We find the beetle practically all the 
summer: it is therefore probable that there is more than one brood 


_ . 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 17 


every year. The eggs laid in the spring are placed on all kinds of 
Crucifere ; the larve feed upon the leaves; they are dull, smoky 
yellow creatures, slightly hairy and spotted with black, the head and 
the six legs are also black; there is also a distinct caudal foot and a 
row of tubercles along each side from which can be protruded curious 
yellow glands; when mature they reach about three-fourths of an 
inch in length. These larvee can be easily seen on the leaves, and 
| are vulnerable at this stage. 


| PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
All precautions should be taken to destroy as much winter shelter 


as possible. After a bad attack it would be advisable to burn the 
mustard straw, not at once, but after it has been allowed to stand 
some time in heaps in the fields; the beetles would seek winter shelter 
there, and on firing the heaps they would be destroyed. 

All hedge trimmings and reedy growths along dykes should be cut 
and burnt during the winter. 

No experiments on a large scale seem to have been made in 
destroying the larvee upon the young plants when it is possible to get 
on the land. There is no doubt that the proper time to attack this 
pest is in its larval stage when feeding upon the young leaves. 

The fields should then be sprayed by means of a horse Strawsonizer 
with Paris-green wash; the time to carry out this operation would 
depend upon the time the grubs are noticed on the leaves. 

The beetles also attack the young leaves, and would also be 
destroyed by the same wash. The beetles may also be collected, when 
present in numbers on the young plant, by dragging a long strip of 
tarred sacking attached to a light rod over the fields, and also by 
special machines. The beetles which attack the crop later on in the 
year may be kept in hand by preventing their movements from place 
to place. Towards the latter part of the year when so much damage 
is reported, the beetles do not seem inclined to use their wings, but 
migrate in a body along tiie ground from field to field. They can 
thus be “held up” like locusts by cutting a trench across their line of 
march, or by burning damp straw so that the smoke blows on to them. 

The employment of a shallow trench about a foot deep is the best 
plan to check them, especially if it can be filled or smeared repeatedly 
with tar. 

It is also important to keep horse-hoeing as long as possible 
between the rows; by this means the pupe are turned out of the 
earth and are exposed to the attack of various birds. 


Cc 


18 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


Mustard should always therefore be drilled far apart when grown 
for seed; more than a foot should be allowed between each row. Not 
only can the crop then be easily horse-hoed, but special machines can 
be taken across the fields between the rows to catch the beetles. 
Wooden scoops, with tar or soft soap smeared over the insides, may 
be arranged so as to be pulled through the field, either by hand or 
horse-power, and so collect the beetles. 

The early spraying with some arsenical wash so as to kill the 
larvee and beetles is, however, most to be recommended. 


FRUIT PESTS. 


An Enquiry re Bud Mites (Eriophyes ribis, Nalepa) in 
Black Currant Bushes. 


A correspondent of the Board of Agriculture living at Suckley 
sent an enquiry regarding the stacking of diseased black currant 
bushes and the subsequent escape of the Bud Mites (Hriophyes ribis). 
Information was sent that it is best to burn the cuttings from the 
black currant bushes infested with the “ Big Bud” mite. There are 
several points not yet settled in the life-history of this pest, notably 
how long the egg stage lasts; under the circumstances, it is best to 
destroy all infested parts, as ova will be found at most times of the 
year in the buds. 

The probability is, however, that if the black currant faggots were 
stacked in the centre of the rick of other wood, that the acari would 
«ie out and the eggs become destroyed; but, owing to the great 
increase and ravages of this pest, it is best to be on the safe side and 
to recommend the burning of the infested cuttings, which cannot be 
of much value as wood. 

The most complete life-history of this serious pest has recently 
appeared in the Journal of the S. E. Agricultural College, by My. E. J. 
Lewis (No. 11, pp. 55 to 80 (1902) ). 


The Apple Blossom Weevil. 


(Anthonomus pomorwm, Linn.) 


Some apple blossoms sent by a correspondent of the Board from 
Cottenham on July 20th were attacked by the Apple Blossom 
Weevil (Anthonomus pomorum). The blossoms all contained the 
mature beetles, ready to emerge. These beetles feed upon the leaves 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 19 


to some extent for the rest of the year, and hibernate during the 
winter under the bark of trees, and amongst rubbish, ete., at the foot 
of hedgerows. 

It appears from observations made on the specimens sent from 
Cottenham that the beetles do not leave the dead blossoms for 
some days. 

Much good may be done by collecting, as far as possible, all the 
dead blossoms beneath the trees (first seeing that all “ capped”’ blossoms 
have fallen; if not, shake the remainder off the trees) and burning 
them. At the same time spray the ground beneath the trees with 
strong soft soap and paraffin wash, adding double the amount of paraffin 
usually employed. 

At present all we can do in this attack is to destroy the beetles 
and so prevent their increase. This can be done in three ways: (i) 
by that mentioned above; (ii) by destruction of winter shelter by 
use of caustic alkali wash; and (iii) by jarring the trees when the 
blossom appears in spring so as to shake off the weevils on to sheets 
spread beneath the trees, when they can be swept wp and destroyed. 
Warm days should be chosen for this, preferably with a S.W. wind. 
This has been found to do considerable good where properly 
carried out. 

Stress should be laid on the destruction of fallen diseased blossom. 
A few days, or even hours, may be sufficient for the beetles to escape, 
and so give them every chance to continue their work next season. 


Strawberry Beetles. 


A correspondent of the Board sent an enquiry in September 
asking for information concerning beetles that had been very 
harmful amongst the strawberries in parts of Norfolk. The following 
report was sent in return :— 

Several species of ground beetles attack strawberries, including 
the following: Harpalus ruficornis, Fabr.; Omaseus vulgaris, Linn. ; 
Steropus mandidus, Fabr.; and Calathus cisteloides, Panzer. 

These beetles attack the berries at night, usually just when the 
fruit is ripening. The insects remain under the earth, straw, or 
grass between the rows during the day, making holes in the soil and 
having regular runs opening through the litter. Green fruit is also 
attacked, the skin being eaten away, the seeds usually being left 
intact. There are nevertheless records of the seeds also being eaten, 
the ground being described as “covered with a powdery deposit,” 
caused by the seeds eaten off the berries. 


c 2 


20 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


The most destructive species appears to be H. ruficornis, which 
is winged, and which evidently migrates in large numbers. 

These beetles will feed on other substances, such as live worms, 
cooked and uncooked meat, etc. Harpalus ruficornis and others 
have been recorded before in Norfolk, namely at Walsingham. 


TREATMENT. 


The only successful plan is that adopted by Messrs. Laxton 
Bros., namely, to sink small pudding basins in the soil between the 
plants every few yards and baiting them with “lights” and sugar- 
water; the beetles swarm to this and are unable to crawl back up 
the sides of the basins; similar good results have been gained by 
using ordinary jam pots or glass jars. Probably poisoned baits 
would act well, but trapping as given above is a well tried and most 
successful plan. 


Slug-worms on Fruit Trees and Hedgerows. 
(Eriocampa limacina, Cameron.) 


The larvee of the Pear and Cherry Sawfly (Zriccampa limacina) 
have been received by the Board of Agriculture from Enfield. They 
were reported by the correspondent as doing damage to fruit-trees and 
to the hedgerows. They are frequently very destructive to pear, 
cherry, and other leaves (vide p. 72). 

Another correspondent from Willingham reports them in September 
as damaging the leaves of cherry trees there. 

The life-history, etc., of this pest is dealt with in the revised 
leaflet No. 62. It has not been nearly so abundant as in past 
seasons. 


Maggots in Apples. 


- A correspondent from Uttoxeter forwarded to the Board an apple 
that had been damaged by the Coding Maggot (Carpocapsa pomonella, 
Linn.). This pest is dealt with in Leaflet 30. 

The correspondent refers to the damage to the apples being due to 
weevils: “ We are suffering in our trees from the effects of a weevil 
that has spoiled and lost us most of the fruit.” 

Two weevils have been recorded attacking apples, namely, the 
Purple Apple Weevil (Rhynchites bacchus, Linn.) and the Copper 
Coloured Weevil (2. cwpreus, Linn.). 

Apples also suffer from another grub which has been very preva- 
lent this year, the Apple Sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea, Klug.). 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. — 21 


Small dipterous maggots have also been recorded—possibly the 
larve of the Apple Fruit Fly (7'rypeta pomonella), an introduced pest. 

The larve of the above can be told as follows :— 

(a) Codling Maggot, pink, with six jointed legs in front, four 
pairs of prolegs in the middle of the body, and an anal pair. 

(b) Weevil Maggots, white, footless, more or less curved, and with 
a wrinkled skin. 

(c) Sawfly Maggot, white, six jointed legs in front, more than four 
pairs of fleshy prolegs. 

(d) Fruit Fly Maggot, white, footless, not curved, small. 


Maggots in Imported Apples. 


Some larve sent by a correspondent to the Board of Agriculture 
from Smithfield Market, Manchester, proved to be those of the Codling 
Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella). 

The correspondent pointed out the danger of constant fresh 
importations of this pest from abroad. Some observations have been 
privately made which confirm this report. 

The Codling Moth has been distributed to countries where it was 
formerly unknown in the way described by the correspondent of the 
Board. If large numbers occur alive, as recorded, there is undoubtedly 
much harm being done, and this may account for the great increase of 
this apple pest during recent years, which in some cases during the 
past season has completely ruined the apple crop. 

As the pest is very abundant in America, and probably the 
unsound apples are shipped to the English market, some steps should 
be taken, if it proves to be a general rule, to safeguard the apple 
growers of this country by similar means to those employed in 
Tasmania. 

Apple barrels have been examined and numbers of Codling 
Maggots have been found. These get distributed over the country, 
and cannot but help increase this pest in our orchards. 

The maggot in Lisbon apples may prove to he one of the fruit flies 
(Trypeta or Ceratitis). 


Infestation of Fruit Trees by Winter Moth 
Caterpillars, etc. 
Winter Moth (Cheimatobia brumata, Linn.) caterpillars were 


reported destroying the foliage of fruit trees by a correspondent of 
the Board of Agriculture at Laceby, near Grimsby. Advice as 


22 Tirst Report on Economic Zoology. 


regards spraying with Paris green and the importance of “ sticky 
banding” was called attention to. 

Information concerning this pest is given in leaflet No. 4; but it 
should be pointed out that the use of quassia or soft-soap wash is 
now known to be quite useless for these biting-mouthed insects, and 
also that when Paris green is used animals may be kept under the trees. 
It may also be pointed out that Myssia zonaria has no importance 
as a fruit pest, feeding only on yarrow and dog-rose, nor is Phygalia 
ptlosaria found on fruit-trees, its food plant being the oak. 

The Winter Moth was also reported as damaging the leaves of 
apple and pear at Glazebrook, near Manchester. 

The same correspondent sent some flies belonging to the Bibionide. 
They have no connection with the caterpillars as supposed. These 
dipterous insects belong to the species Bibio marci (St. Mark’s Fly). 
The Jarvee live in the soil and somewhat resemble small “ leather- 
jackets”’; usually they occur in masses, and seem to do no little 
harm to the roots of grass and other plants. Great numbers of this 
species and B. hortulanus have appeared this year, and have been 
sent by numerous other correspondents. 


The Pear Midge. 
(Diplosis pyrivora, Riley.) 

Pear fruitlets sent to the Board from Brackenwaite, Wigton, 
Cumberland, were attacked by the Pear Midge (Diplosis pyrivora). 
This same pest was reported from Glazebrook, near Manchester. 
It is interesting to note the northern extension of this pest and its 
much later period of reaching the mature larval stage in the north. 
Drenching the ground under the trees with paraffin emulsion either 
when the larve are falling or as the flies are hatching out is most 
beneficial. An unobserved feature in the attack of this pest may 
here be mentioned. When the fruitlets are “ struck by the fly,” they 
swell much more rapidly than the sound ones, and can thus always 
be told on the tree by their being often twice the size of a healthy 
fruitlet. 


Scale Disease and False Scale amongst Fruit 
Trees and Bushes (Apple, Pear, Gooseberry, 
Currant, -etc.). 


Specimens sent to the Board of Agriculture from Hayling Island 
of apple, pear, quince, gooseberry and currant, all supposed to be 


ee ee 


————— 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 23 


attacked by scale, were in some instances perfectly healthy ; in others, 
scale insects (Coccide) were causing disease. 

The attention of growers is drawn to the normal appearance of 
bark and rind of the different fruit trees, as it is not an uncommon 
thing to have questions asked regarding the spots present on the 
twigs of various fruit trees and bushes, which are often, as in the 
present case, mistaken for scale insects. 

The following specimens sent may be taken as examples of 
this :— 

A. (Apple; an exceptionally bad case of Quarrenden apple— 
fourth year.) 

This specimen was covered with the Apple-bark Louse or Mussel 
Scale (Mytilaspis pomorum) (Fig. 3, a). 

B. (Pear, presumed to be scale of a different variety, somewhat 
like bark blisters.) 

This twig was quite clean; the small grey spots (Fig. 3, }) are 
normal bark spots, but might easily be mistaken for the San Jose 
Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus), or the Japanese Fruit Scale (Diaspis 
amyqdali). 

C. (Gooseberry with scale. This scale in most cases has not 
been noticed to leave a protruded egg trail. Does it? See E.) 

This specimen contained two specimens of the Brown Currant 


_ Seale (Lecanium ribis); no white protruding egg mass, i.¢., no white 


cottony nest is formed so as to protrude from the scale in this species, 
as in the White Woolly Currant Scale (Pulvinaria ribesii). The 
young scales of this species are much flatter than the old and paler 
in colour. 

D. (Currant with remnants of “ egg trail.”’) 

Although no scale is attached to the twig of currant sent it 
contained a large cottony mass of eggs and wool. This resembles the 
cottony cushion seen in Pulvinaria ribesii (vide C). 

This scale can easily be told from JZ. ridis by being raised up off 
the rind by a pad of white wool. 

E. (Gooseberry with remnant of egg trail, etc.) 

This spray of gooseberry had two mature scales of Lecanium ribis 
and several smaller ones; also a mass of white wool with no scale 
attached. The scales are the same as C. Possibly the white wool is 
dlue to the same species as D. 

F. (Apple Branch, grey spots on bark.) 

The grey barnacle-like spots referred to are not scales or any 
insect, but bark spots. 

G. (Quince, red spots on bark.) 


first Report on Fconomic Zoology. 


24 


‘ 
‘ 
\) 


Fic. 3.—SCALE, FALSE SCALE AND EFFECT OF FROST AND CANKER. 


apple twig blistered 


; s, the scales ; a1, mussel scale enlarged ; a2, its eggs ; b, pear 


g grey scale-like spots (normal plant structure); c, 


by frost and canker (?), not insect work ; uw and ¢, blistered area, 


a, Mussel scale on apple wood 
twig showin 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 25 


These small red spots are not scales nor the stage of any insect, 
the quince having red bark spots. 

It is important to notice whether we have scale on the tree or 
whether the markings are normal plant structures. Scales are often 
very harmful in this country and should be checked before they get 
the upper hand of the tree and sap its vitality. 

- Three washes may be used for scale insects :— 
1. Paraffin emulsion. 
2. Resin wash. 
3. Caustic alkali wash. 

The first (paraffin emulsion) is chiefly of use when the young 
scale insects are emerging from beneath the scales; observations 
personally by the grower must be made, as the times of hatching vary 
very much. 

Caustic alkali wash is the most beneficial to use (vide article in 
the September number of the Board “ Journal”’). 

Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is the best scale remedy, 
but is difficult to apply to large trees. Should this be employed, full 
information will always be sent from this Department. 

Winter washing with caustic alkali wash is strongly advised. 


Life-history of Scales (Coceide.) 


The eggs of the Coccide are found under the scales; the young 
scales are minute, active, six-legged insects with projecting antenne 
(“horns”) and often hair-like processes. They can only be seen 
with a strong magnifying power. Scales (Coccide) are provided 
with a long piercing mouth, which the larve thrust into the bark, 
leaf or fruit. The larve then degenerate, and by degrees form over the 
body a scaly covering—beneath which you find the mature female, 
which is legless; the male scale insect is rare, and unlike the female 
is active, having a pair of wings. Scale insects on trees in the open 
pass the winter in Great Britain mostly in the egg stage beneath the 
scales, a few as immature females. 


Scale Insects on Plum Trees, 


Plum trees sometimes suffer from scales. The Oyster-Shell 
Bark Louse (Aspidiotus ostreaformis, Curtis) is found on plum. A 
brown Lecanium has also been found, but was not identified. 

The Japanese Fruit Scale (Diaspis amygqdali) also occurs on plum, 
and thus care should be taken to examine all Japanese cherries that 


26 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


may be bought. Numbers of these fruit trees are introduced and the 
scales may be also brought over with the plants. If the scale is 
seen the plants should be fumigated or destroyed. 

The Brown Currant Scale (Lecanium ribis) has also been found 
on plum trees, especially in gardens when the trees are grown 
against walls. 


SPRAYERS. 


For bush-fruit the best sprayers are the “Knapsack sprayers,” 
the “ Eclair,” the “ Notus,” the “ Anti-pest,” and others. 

Ordinary syringes are of no use in washing plants. The 
insecticide must be sent out in the finest possible spray. 

Paraffin emulsion should be used first in April for currant scale 
and repeatedly every two weeks for at least two months; for 
mussel scale in May, and likewise onwards. 

It is advisable to try caustic alkali wash alone for the first year. 
This need not be put on by a “ mistifier,” as the object is to saturate 
the tree, not to spread a fine even layer of the wash over it as when 
Paris green or emulsions are used. 


The Apple Bark Louse or Mussel Scale. 
(Mytilaspis pomoruwm, Linn.) 


Several correspondents of the Board of Agriculture lave reported 
damages to apple trees by the mussel scale, namely, from Romsey, 
Tarporley, Hayling Island, and other places previously mentioned. 
One correspondent thought the scale connected with thrips and 
canker fungus. 

The best way to destroy this scale is to use the caustic alkali 
wash in winter, and spray in the spring and early summer with 
paraffin emulsion. 

A full account of this pest is given on page 75. 


Eggs on Apple Trees and a further Remedy 
for Mussel Scale. 


(i) Apple shoots sent to the Board of Agriculture from South 
Norwood were covered with the eggs of (1) the Red Spider (Bryobia 
‘m), (2) the Apple Sucker (Psylla mali). The former are red 

v eggs, the latter are elongated oval and white. Two only of 

eggs could be detected. The majority of the Bryobia eggs 


a 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 27 


were shrivelled and killed, as also were the two Psylla eggs; some of 
the former, however, had hatched out. Psylla mali has been most 
destructive during the past season, both in Worcestershire and 
Herefordshire, and has been more or less troublesome in Kent. 

For these two pests a combined wash of paraffin emulsion and 
sulphur should be used. Ordinary paraffin emulsion may be made 
by mixing equal portions of boiling soft soap solution and paraffin 
together, and then churning them up by means of a force pump until 
a creamy emulsion is produced. When required for use, this may be 
mixed with twenty-five times its bulk of warm water. 

To every three gallons of this dilute emulsion, add one ounce of 
liver of sulphur and well mix. Spray in a fine spray, so that every 
part of the tree is wetted. 

(ii) The only thing to do after the buds have burst to destroy 
mussel scale is to wash with paraffin emulsion two or three times 
during the late spring and early summer. Commence at end of 
April—if possible a look out should be kept—and as soon as any 
signs of the young active scale insects are noticed crawling about 
the trees washing should be carried out; the corroding effect of 
paraffin emulsion is not great on the mature scales, but it soon 
destroys the immature forms. 

The wash recommended for the two former insects will do also 
for this scale. 


Aphides (.1. mal’, Fabr.) on Apple Trees. 


Some insects sent by a correspondent of the Board from Chesham 
proved to be the Apple Aphis (Aphis mali), which has been doing an 
enormous amount of damage this season (1902) in the South of 
England—many orchards being covered by them. Steps should be 
taken as soon as the plant lice are seen to destroy them. This can 
easily be done if the leaves are not too far curled up, but even then 
some good can be done by spraying. 

The best wash to advise for this Aphis is soft soap and quassia, but 
if the operator has proper sprayers, paraffin emulsion. It should be 

pointed out that the wash must go on the under surface of the leaves. 
Two washings, at a few days’ interval, are usually necessary for this 
pest. 

This pest was also reported as doing considerable damage at 
Tunbridge Wells, and also from Glazebrook, near Manchester. 


28 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


The Peach Aphis. 
(Aphis amygdali, Fonsc.) 


Amongst a number of Aphides sent by a correspondent from 
Tunbridge Wells were specimens of the Peach Aphis (Aphis amygdalt). 
The Peach Aphis also attacks nectarines and causes the leaves to 
curl up and to fall, often leaving the branches quite bare. It also 
feeds on the sloe and tobacco plant. Another species, Hyalopterus 
pruni, Fabr., also attacks the peach, but from the remains sent the 
species in question here is A. amygdali. These Aphides have 
nothing to do with the curled fleshy leaves seen on peach trees 
caused by the fungus Exogesius deformans. 

It is advisable to use quassia wash only on peach, as paraffin 
emulsion might damage the foliage and the young fruit, the peach 
being much tenderer than the apple or plum. 


A General Wash for Fruit Trees. 


A general insect wash required by a Gloucestershire correspondent 
of the Board of Agriculture may be made as follows :— 

A. (1) Dissolve 1 oz. of arsenate of soda in soft water and add to 
16 gallons of soft water. 

(2) Then dissolve 3 ozs. of acetate of lead in soft water and add to 
above and stir well (= Arsenate of lead wash). 

B. Dissolve 1 quart of soft soap in 2 quarts of boiling soft 
water. Then remove from the fire and while still boiling hot add 
L pint of paraffin and churn the whole together for ten minutes with 
a small hand syringe. (For use alone dilute with ten times its 
volume of soft water (= Paraffin emulsion.) 

For mixing with A, add about two pints of the concentrated 
emulsion (B) and mix well. The combined wash will then destroy 
both biting or mandibulate and sucking or haustellate insects. 

3y far the most successful wash for “ Apple Sucker” is Quassia 
wash as used in the Kent hop gardens. 


Further Information 7e Winter Washing of 
Friut Trees. 
In answer to an enquiry of a correspondent of the Board of Agri- 


culture, 7¢ winter washing of fruit trees, it was pointed out that 
“washing” and “spraying” of fruit and other trees are merely 


—————————— 


i ~~, 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 29 


different terms for the same treatment. Hop growers call the process 
“washing,” fruit growers both “washing” and “spraying.” In all 
insecticides it is well to put the wash on the foliage or fruit in as 
fine a mist as possible, but with the Caustic Alkali wash this is not 
essential. The wash may be syringed over the trees thickly, but it 
is advisable to use a proper sprayer or washer such as the Strawson 
“ Anti-pest.” After spraying with this wash the machine should be 
well cleaned out with cold water. No care is necessary regarding 
the buds as long as they have not commenced to burst. 

Three quarters of a pound of soft soap for the ten gallons of wash 
may be used in place of the treacle previously advised. India rubber 
gloves are sometimes worn by the sprayer, but are not necessary. It 
is far better to fix a circular dise pointing downwards on the spraying 
tube so that any wash that runs down will fall clear of the hands. 

Another Board correspondent was informed that ordinary treacle 
may be substituted for coarse agricultural treacle in this wash. 

Certain gardening papers have raised an objection to the use of 
treacle or soft soap in this wash, but it is certainly a beneficial 


ingredient. 


Canker Fungus (.Vectria ditissima) on Apple Twigs 
mistaken for Insect Work. 


The effect of “canker” is often mistaken for insect work. Apple 
twigs were sent to the Board of Agriculture from Bournemouth with 
brown blister-like patches over them; these were attacked by the 
canker fungus Nectria ditissima (fig. 3). The shoots had been 
probably damaged by frost early in the season ; canker becomes more 
prominent lower down the tree. Another correspondent from Rugby 
also sent twigs with the typical canker of apple; the small scarlet 
fruit or perithecia of the fungus were present on most of the twigs 
sent. There was a lot of this disease showing these blister-like 
patches this year (1902). 


MAMMALIA. 


Enquiry as to Poison for Moles. 


Several enquiries have been made regarding Moles. One cor- 
respondent wrote asking the best way to poison these animals, 

This Department knows of no poison of any use in destroying 
moles, but probably bisulphide of carbon would be as successful in 
killing these animals as it is in destroying the Canadian Pouched Rat 


30 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


or Gopher. This latter animal is most harmful in America, but the 
mole is not with us and its destruction should not be advocated. If 
they are very numerous, as on the land of the Board’s correspondent 
they should be trapped alive and spread over the country. 


SUB-GROUP B. ANIMALS WHICH CAUSE INJURY AND 
DISEASE TO MAN’S VEGETABLE PLANTATIONS. 


Section IT. 


AnimMats Ingurious To HorTICULTURE. 


Land Bugs on Chrysanthemums. 
(Lygus pratensis, Fabr.) 


The insects sent to the Board of Agriculture by a correspondent 
from South Norwood, 8.E., are Hemiptera-Heteroptera (Bugs) and 
belong to the species known as Lygus pratensis, the L. campestris of 
Linneus. This is a very common and widely distributed British 
species and is sometimes harmful to various garden plants. There is, 
however, no record of their attacking chrysanthemums. 

Several other species of land bugs are injurious to garden plants, 
including the so-called potato bugs, Phytocoris pabulinus, L. and 
Lygus contaminatus, Fallen. 

These bugs injure the plants by sucking out the juices, puncturing 
stem, leaf and blossom. 

The life-history of Lygus pratensis is not known, but it may be 
mentioned that the eggs are usually laid on the plants upon which 
the insects feed—these eggs give rise to the larval or louse stage— 
a creature much like the adult, but wingless; the next stage, the 
pupal stage, differs in having two bud-like processes on each side of 
the body, the wing buds. 

These plant bugs are injurious in all three stages. Some winter 
as eggs, others hibernate amongst rubbish in hedgerows, etc. 


TREATMENT. 


The only remedies of any avail against these creatures are 
(1) collecting them by jarring the plants over tarred boards held on 
each side and (ii) treatment by washing. 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 31 


In a similar attack in hops by a species known as Calocoris 
Sulvomaculatus of De Geer jarring over boards cleared the invaded 
gardens, 

The only washes found of any use are soft soap washes, especially 
paraffin emulsion with an extra 3 lb. of soft soap to the 100 gallons. 

To be of much service the wash must be used when the insects 
are in the larval or pupal stage. A look-out should be kept in the 
garden to see where this chrysanthemum pest passes the winter; if 
the winter quarters are discovered steps should be taken to destroy 
the insect before spring, if it hibernates in the adult stage. If the 
species passes the winter in the egg stage on the chrysanthemums, 
the plants should be sprayed with paraffin emulsion as soon as the 
young larvie are seen to appear. 


The Destruction of Ants. 


The following information was sent to a correspondent of the 
Board of Agriculture at Kingston-on-Thames concerning the method 
of destroying ants damaging grass and clover. 

First find out the ants’ nest. This may be under the ground, in 
which case it can only be detected by following the ants and so 
finding the opening in the soil down which they descend; nests may 
also be formed under dome-shaped masses of earth, etc., above ground 
or they may be under stones and rotting wood, according to the 
species of ant concerned. 

Having located the nests, make a hole in each one about eight 
inches in depth and then pour into each hole from 1 to 2 ozs. 
of bisulphide of carbon, according to the size of the nest, and fill 
up the hole at once with earth. If the ground is regularly under- 
mined with ants’ nests and tunnels, treat the soil with the same, 
making holes every three feet apart, and pour into each hole 2 ozs. of 
the bisulphide of carbon, This is asa rule not necessary for ants, the 
nests only needing treatment. Evening is the best time to attack 
them. Care must be taken not to put a light near the bisulphide of 
carbon or to let it come in contact with hot metal, as it is highly 
inflammable. This is the only plan by which ants can be cleared 
out of the soil and has so far always met with success, 

There are very few parasitic enemies of ants. A genus of 
Ichneumon flies, Elasmosoma, is one of the few parasites that attack 
them, whilst a brilliant Chaleid, Zucharis myrmecia, is known to prey 
on the large Australian Myrmecia. A small fly, Phora formicarum, 
Verrall, lays its eggs on ants, inside which the larve live. Ants 


32 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


are also attacked by mites. Numerous birds, of course, prey upon 
them. 


The Destruction of Subterranean Insects and 
other Ground Garden Pests. 


A box containing the following creatures was sent by a corres- 
pondent of the Board of Agriculture from Glasgow, with a request 
for information as to how to clear them out of his garden. 

i. Wire-worm—The larval stage of the click beetles (Elateride). 
These are hard, shiny and bright yellow. 

i. Julide, including: 

a. Two species of Julus. 
b. A species of Polydesmus. 

il. Scolopendride, including Geophilus longicornis. 

The wire-worms are, of course, very injurious, and so also are the 
Julide. A small white Julus sent was an immature form, but a 
different species to the large dark snake millepede (Julus terrestris, 
Linn.). 

The Polydesmus can easily be told by the sides of the body being 
notched and by its more or less flattened form. It was too damaged 
to identify, but was probably Polydesmus complanatus, Linn. It is 
also injurious to plant life. Geophilus longicornis, the long snake-like 
yellow species with one pair of legs to each segment, is a centipede 
and is beneficial, probably feeding upon the young Julidie. The 
pests may be destroyed in the following way :— 


TREATMENT, 


Peat moss manure is always attractive to Myriapoda and other 
pests and should be avoided. Lime if applied in proper quantity 
always seems to check the increase of millepedes, but has no effect 
on the wire-worm. Both wireworms and millepedes are prominent 
garden pests and can only be treated in two ways, viz: 

(i) By fumigation. 
(ii) By trapping. 

(i) Fumigation for subterranean insects and other animal pests 
is best carried out by using bisulphide of carbon. Proceed as follows : 
Make a small hole in the flower bed or border every two yards and 
pour in 4 oz, of the bisulphide of carbon and close up each hole as 
soon as the carbon is poured in. This must be done so that the 
bisulphide of carbon does not touch the roots of a plant, that is, it 


— 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 33 


must be put in the earth between the plants, Care must be taken, 
as it is of an inflammable nature and the fumes are also poisonous. 

(ii) Trapping largely employed for wire-worm consists of placing 
pieces of carrot, mangel, beetroot or turnips in the ground, and taking 
them up every few days and collecting the wire-worm that are 
feeding upon the “bait.” Millepedes may also be caught in this 
way, but for them large hollow, more or less rotten, roots form the 
best trap. It has also been found that the small millepedes (/Julus 
pulchellus) may be caught in numbers by placing cabbage leaves 
soaked in a solution (1 oz. to the gallon of water) of Paris green 
on the ground. The millepedes come to the surface at night and 
feed upon the leaf and are so poisoned. 

Bisulphide of carbon treatment is best; failing that, some good 
may be done by trapping by means of ground bait. 


Directions for the Employment of the Gas 
Treatment under Glass. 


Several enquiries have been received concerning the destruction 
of greenhouse pests. 

Various methods of fumigating plants under glass are employed, 
such as sulphur fumes and tobacco smoke. Neither of these are as 
good as the employment of hydrocyanic acid gas. For Aphides, 
Red Spider, and Wood Lice the following quantities are necessary : 
2 ozs. of cyanide, 4 ozs. sulphuric acid, 7 ozs. of water per 1000 
cubic feet of space. Proceed as follows: Pour the water into a jar, 
then add the acid to the water. Wrap up the cyanide in a piece of 
blotting-paper and drop it into the jar of acid and water from outside 
the house. This can be done by tying the cyanide bag on to a stick 
with a longish piece of string, then close the door or window. Leave 
the house shut up for at least three-quarters of an hour, then open all 
doors and windows to ventilate freely; be careful not to enter the 
house for at least an hour after the doors and windows have been 
thrown open. Fumigate at dusk and when the foliage is dry. The 
temperature must not be above 60° F. The best temperature is 
50° F.; above 60° F. the foliage gets scorched, as it also does if you 
fumigate in bright light. If the house is more than 10,000 cubic 
feet two jars would be necessary, but up to that size one is ample. 

The result of one experiment may be quoted here. Greenhouse, 
2,000 cubic feet, containing Chrysanthemums in full bloom, severely 
infested with Green Fly. Cyanide 34 ozs., acid 5 ozs., water 9 ozs, 
Temperature 50° F. Time 25 minutes. 1 hour after sunset, 

D 


34 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Result. Every Aphis killed, also slugs, flies, wasps and butter- 
flies. Not a petal or leaf injured. Cost 5d. Journal 8S. E. Agric. 
College. 

The quantities given first are, however, now found most successful. 


White Grubs or Maggots (Phorbia brassice, Bouche) 
causing great damage amongst Cabbages, 
Carrots and Broccoli. 


The larve and puparia of the Cabbage Root Fly (Phorbia brassice) 
were reported to the Board of Agriculture from Castle Croft, near . 
Wolverhampton, as doing considerable harm. Several other corre- 
spondents reported the same pest. The different reports sent out 
are here united. This fly is a great pest in most cabbage-growing 
districts in Great Britain, and also causes endless harm in North 
America. 

The only publication of value on this pest is by Professor Slinger- 
land, of Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. (“The 
Cabbage Root Maggot, ete.,” Bull. 78, Cornell Univ. Exp. Station, 
Nov., 1894.) 

The flies, which are very like the house-fly, appear all the 
summer in successive broods. Maggots may be found as late as 
November. These latter pupate in the soil, but apparently some of 
the adults also hibernate and come out and lay their eggs in the 
spring. Generally there are three broods in Great Britain, and 
undoubtedly the majority pass the winter in the puparium stage 
either in the ground or in the heaps of cabbage stumps and roots one 
sees so frequently on the farm. 


PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. 


The results obtained from a long series of experiments conducted 
by Professor Slingerland seem to show that only two things can be 
done to mitigate the evil caused by the Root Maggot. As a pre- 
ventive the only effective device is to apply around each plant, 
when it is set out, a dise made of tarred paper or card. These can be 
cut out by machinery in large numbers, and as placing them around 
each plant before it is set takes so little time the plan has been 
adopted on a large scale by many American growers. 

A plan of the card disc invented by Mr. Goff is given on page 35. 

This disc (A) must lie flat on the surface of the soil to stop the 
flies from crawling beneath. 


——- a ah, ie 
: 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 35 


The only other plan found to be successful is the use of bisul- 
phide of carbon or carbolic acid, the former injected into the ground. 
This treatment on a large scale would be costly in Great Britain 
and need not be referred to here. 

Gas-lime has been found of benefit, but to be so it has to be put 
on strong and may damage the next year’s crop to some extent; at 
other times it is a complete failure. Gas-lime to be of use must be 
put on so strong that the land often requires a year’s rest. 

All cabbage stumps and other roots after an attack should be 
burnt. 

A dressing of superphosphate of lime has been found beneficial 
on the Continent. 

Broad-casting soot and lime around the plants soon after planting 


Fic, 4, 


estore through card disc A, Star-shaped slit so as to allow stem 
1 duee on tha growed. ee card; B, Slit to push 
up 


out has also met with success in preventing the fly from laying eggs, 
but is by no means certain in action. 

By far the best plan is to give up growing cabbage for two years 
on the land and plough deeply, or if hand cultivation dig two spits 
deep. 

If it is necessary to continue to grow cabbage again and again on 
land, attention should be paid to the method of discing the plants 
when being set. A small amount of soot and lime may also be put 
in at dibbling time with the young plants. 

Carbolic acid in soft soap and water as follows was found the 
next best remedy and preventative after the tarred discs in a large 
series of experiments in America, 

pd 2 


36 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


The mixture used was made as follows :— 

1 Ib. hard soap. 

1 qt. soap dissolved in 

1 gal. of boiling water, and 

1 pt. of crude carbolic mixed with the above. 
Pour round the roots of each plant. 


SUB-GROUP B. ANIMALS WHICH CAUSE INJURY AND 
DISEASE TO MAN’S VEGETABLE PLANTATIONS. 


Section III. 


Animas Insurtiots TO FoRESTRY. 


Willow Beetle at Norwich. 


(Sarperda carcharias, Linn.) 


A beetle received by the Board from a correspondent at Thorpe, 
Norwich, proved to be one of the longicorn beetles—the largest 
British species—Sarperda carcharias, Linn. It is found chiefly in 
the Fen districts, and was at one time very common there, but 
appears to be now more local. It is found in and about old willows. 
The larvee burrow into the wood of willow, aspen, and poplar; they 
do considerable damage toa tree, but are seldom sufficiently abundant 
to call for any remedial measures. 


Sirex Pires in) Pir trees: 
(Sirex juvencus, Linn. and S. gigas, Linn.) 


Fir trees in the neighbourhood of Bath have been reported to the 
Board of Agriculture as being seriously attacked by the two common 
British Wood Wasps (Sirex juvencus and Sirex gigas), the former 
popularly called the Steel Blue Sirex, the latter the Giant Sirex. 
The larvee of these two insects, which burrow into the wood, remain 
and pupate in the timber and may be found there during the winter. 

Infested trees should be cut down and burnt. They should not 
be cut up into post and rails, as is often done, as many of the larvee 
and pupze will hatch out after the wood has even been creosoted. 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 37 


The trees should be cut down and burnt in the winter when the 
larve and pupe are safely housed in the wood. There are no 
remedies for the Sirex Flies, but all damaged and diseased timber 
should be cleared out so as to check their increase. Damaged or 
unhealthy trees are mainly attacked. 


The Poplar Sawfly. 
(Cladius viminalis.) 


Some larve sent to the Board of Agriculture from Brondesbury 
attacking poplars were those of the Poplar Saw-fly (Cladius 
viminalis). 

The eggs are laid on the leaf-stalk of the poplar, which becomes 
swollen and bends over on each side so as to cover the eggs. 

The young larve are green with black heads; at the second 
moult they become orange and green with twelve large black marks 
on each side, etc. When full fed they are entirely orange with the 
black marks very prominent. 

The double cocoon is usually spun beneath loose bark or may be 
between the leaves. They feed in companies and eat the epidermis 
usually on the under side of the leaf. 

These is one brood which occurs in August and September. 

The insect is very common and the larve sometimes do some 
harm to the leafage of young trees. 

They also occur on the willow and osier. 


Sawfly Larve on Willows. 


Some Sawfly larve, sent by a correspondent from Reading, 
belonging to the genus Nematus, were reported as attacking willows. 
A great number of Sawflies feed on the willow and osier, and several 
of this genus Nematus have larve very similar to the two sent. It 
was not possible to say for certain what the species was unless the 
perfect insects were bred, but it was probably the species known as 
Nematus conjugatus, Dbm.; but at the same time there were slight 
differences seen in the larve sent and the description of those of that 
species given by Cameron. Another species has similar green and 
orange larve, NV. croceus, Fall., but the black markings in those from 
Reading did not agree. 

Nematus pavidus, Lep., does most harm to osiers in this country ; 
but they were not that species, as the orange marks are larger, and 
there were certain black dots which are not seen in NV. pavidus, 


38 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Insect Galls on Osier Plants. 


Diseased osier-shoots were sent to the Board of Agriculture by a 
correspondent, infested with the larve of one of the Gall Midges 
(Cecidomyide). The material sent was not sufficient to say definitely 
the species of Cecid doing the damage, but probably it was Cecidomyia 
salicina, Schrk. 

The following Cecid Willow Galls, formed on stems and twigs, 
may occur in abundance in any part of Great Britain :— 

Those that form true leaf galls are not mentioned in this report. 

(1.) Cecidomyia heterobia, Lw. The larvee live in the male flowers 
and in rosettes on the leaves of salix, especially S. amygdalina. These 
larve pupate in the galls. 

(2.) C. salicina, Schrk. The larve live in the withered tips of 
the young shoots of salix—in the terminal leaflets of the shoots 
which wither away and form a bud-shaped nidus. Three to eight 
larvee inhabit each gall. 

(3.) C. terminalis, Lw. The larve are yellowish-red and live in 
bloated galls on the shoots of salix; 20-30 ova are deposited at a 
time. When the larve leave the shoots, many scars appear between 
the healthy and galled parts. They pupate in the ground. 

(4.) C. rosaria, Lw. The larvee form rose-shaped galls at the ends 
of the boughs. They pupate in the rosette. 

(5.) C. saliciperda, Duf. Orange larve found, from July to 
August, in the wood of young willows under the bark, where they 
form short irregular passages with gall-shaped swellings, and cause 
the bark to crack and become scabby. 

(6.) C. salicis, Schrk. The larve form large woody galls on the 
boughs, many in each gall, and pupate in the swellings they form. 

On making a careful examination of the material sent, one gall 
was found to contain four orange-yellow Cecid larve. Probably (as 
most of the galls were empty) they pupate in the earth, and thus 
some good might be done by a heavy dressing of soot in the spring, or 
sand sprinkled with paraffin and spread over the stocks or stools. 
But until the life-history is known little can be done to eradicate 
the pest. 


The Felted Beech Coccus. 
(Cryptococcus fagi, Barensprung.) 
Very few scale insects are sufficiently abundant on forest trees in 


this country to do much harm. One of the worst is the Felted Beech 
Scale (Cryptococcus fagi) of Barensprung. This insect has been 


: 
J 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 39 


reported from Castle Eden, Durham, by Mr. R. Burdon, of the Castle, 
and a request sent to the Board of Agriculture for information. Mr. 
Burdon, writing later to me at the British Museum, says: “I have 
now noticed a large number of trees attacked more or less in the same 
way. It looks like a regular epidemic, as it certainly has not appeared 
in the same way for the last few years. My forester tells me that 
they had the same sort of epidemic on the Tyne, or in Northumber- 
land, some fifty years ago (I think) and lost a lot of fine beeches.” It 
has also been reported to the British Museum from Longwillow Hall, 
Morpeth, from whence the following note was sent: “ At a distance 
the tree looks as if it had been whitewashed ; when it is scraped off, 
the yellow eggs or insects are to be seen. Two trees are covered on 
the E. side of their stems. I remember a beech—not an old tree—in 
Gloucester which was affected in the same way, and died after a 
time. It smells something like the larva of a Goat Moth.” 

This scale insect chiefly attacks the trunk, but may ascend into 
the boughs. The females give rise to larve in September, and they 
envelop themselves in a white cottony secretion, and then cast off 
their antennz and legs and remain for the rest of their lives devoid of 
such appendages. The adult female is a small orange-yellow sac, 
surrounded by a white mass; these white patches often unite and 
form large felted masses, beneath which the larve burrow and develop. 
These scale insects suck out the sap very greedily, and often do much 
harm when present in large numbers. In time they cause the bark 
to peel off the tree and then decay and death may ensue. Large 
numbers of trees are attacked in parts of Surrey; it is also common 
in Cheshire, Huntingdonshire, and probably occurs in small numbers 
wherever the beech grows in Europe. 

The trees should be sprayed in the summer with strong paraffin 
emulsion twice at an interval of two days. In the winter they should 
be sprayed with caustic alkali wash. 

The method of scrubbing the tree trunks is too laborious if the 
attack is on a large scale, and thorough spraying with warm paraffin 
emulsion is quite effective. 

Mr. Burbidge, of the Botanic Gardens, Dublin, has informed Mr, 
Newstead that the weeping beech, of which there are two kinds, 
grafted on common beech stocks is not affected by this coccus. The 
stock may thus be attacked, but the weeping scion is not. 

This insect is not attacked by birds and very rarely by insect 
parasites, according to Mr. Newstead. 

Should the trees be cut down they should be burnt at once, 


40 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Chermes corticalis, Kalt, on Pine Trees. 


Conifer shoots and bark, sent by a correspondent of the Board of 
Agriculture from Holmleigh, Matfield, Paddock Wood, Kent, covered 
with a plant louse which belonged to the genus Chermes, several of 
which attack conifers. It is known as Chermes corticalis, Kalt. 

The apterous female is small, oval and yellowish-brown in colour, 
the abdomen exuding a large quantity of white, flocculent silky matte 
mixed with white meal; beneath this the insect conceals itself. It is 
rather firmly fixed to the bark by its short rostrum with long flexible 
sete. The pupal stage is oblong and has transverse brown bars on 
the abdomen, the wing cases, antenne and legs also deep brown. 
These give rise to the winged viviparous female, which has a black, 
shiny thorax, and abdomen ringed and covered with masses of white 
wool; the legs are black, and the fuscous wings have coarse brown 
veins. 

The insects are very harmful when present in large numbers ; 
the trees should, be sprayed with paraffin emulsion, especially when 
the larve are hatching out, and the disease in consequence rapidly 
spreading. The larvee were very active when the specimen arrived 
in June. 

This species is often destructive to the Scotch pine (Pinus 
sylvestris) and Weymouth pine (Pinus strobus), both on the twigs and 
trunk. The white flocculent matter is seen in June around the base 
of the needles. There the wingless female produces her yellow eggs, 
which gradually become brown. 

Numerous natural enemies occur in this species; the ova are 
preyed upon, according to Buckton, by the larve of Seymnus dis- 
coideus, and by the Land Bug (Anthocoris fusca, Kalt), and by the 
larvee of Agromyza chermivora, Kalt. 


ay 


i 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 4! 


GROUP _F. 


Animals which concern Man as being injurious to his 
worked-up Products of Art and Industry, such as (A) his 
various Buildings and larger Constructions, Habitations, 
(B) Furniture and Books, Drapery and Clothing, (C) Food 
and Stores.” 


SUB-GROUP B. 
Furniture Beetles and Clothes Moths. 
I. Furniture Beetles. 


SEVERAL enquiries have been received from correspondents of the 
Board concerning Furniture Beetles and Clothes Moths. 

The so-called Furniture Beetles are usually known as “ Death 
Watches” ; they are beetles belonging to the genera Anobiwm and 
Xestobium. The group of beetles to which they belong, the Anobiina, 
are mostly found in old wood ; several are found in houses, the two 
commonest being the Anobiuwm domesticum, Foure, and Xestobium 
tessellatum, F. Eleven species of Anobiina are found in Great 
Britain ; the two previously mentioned and A. paniceum, L., and 
Ernobius mollis, L., are the domestic forms. Furniture and wood- 
work are chiefly damaged by A. domesticwm and X. tessellatum. The 
species A. panicewm attacks all kinds of stored goods, such as flour, 
bread, biscuits, medicinal stores, skins, etc., and has been introduced 
into most of our towns, but appears not to be common in Scotland. 

Anobium domesticum is a most destructive furniture pest, the 
larve eating galleries into the solid wood, and often so completely 
riddling it that it falls to pieces; tables, chairs, and furniture may 
become so honey-combed by these pests that they suddenly collapse. 
The exits to these galleries are seen as small round holes in the 
wood-work. In soft woods they soon cause complete destruction. 

Xestobium tessellatum is also generally distributed, and occurs in 
old trees, such as oaks and willows, but especially in old wood in 
churches and houses. It is also rare in Scotland. 

Both these species make a curious ticking noise, which has given 
rise to their popular name of “ Death Watch.” This noise is made 


42 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


chiefly during the pairing season, and is produced by the beetles 
striking their heads upon the wood on which they are standing so as 
to attract their mates, who make a similar noise in reply. This noise 
is made during the day as well as at night, but is not so noticeable at 
that time. Several species make this ticking noise, but those most 
often heard in houses are A. domesticum and X. tessellatum. It is 
said that the larva also can produce this sound, but it is not 
definitely known to do so. 

The larve make quite long galleries into the wood, and when 
mature pupate in little chambers from which the beetles escape by 
eating their way out. 


TREATMENT. 


Where furniture or woodwork is attacked by these beetles and 
their larve, steps should be taken at once to destroy them, as they 
return generation after generation to lay their eggs on the same object 
until it crumbles right away. Amongst the best ways of treating 
attacked furniture are the following :— 

(a) Painting with a brush with corrosive sublimate; this poison 
kills the beetles as they make their exit. 

(6) Fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas; where small objects, 
such as chairs, are invaded they may be put in some closed cupboard 
and left in the fumes for some days. (This gas, one must remember, 
is a deadly poison, as well as the cyanide of potassium used in its 
manufacture.) 

(c) Benzine may also be applied to polished furniture, but it is 
best used mixed with carbolic acid ; furniture so treated has, of course, 
the polish taken off and will require repolishing. 

(2) Rooms in which these pests are present should be fumigated 
every week during July, either with sulphur or hydrocyanic acid gas, 
and then well washed down with carbolic. Of course, during fumi- 
gation all windows should have the crevices, etc. papered up and the 
doors tightly closed If hydrocyanic gas is used it must be used 
with care, and should only be employed in certain cases; it could 
not be used in high attics, as the windows should be opened from 
the outside so as to allow the fumes to escape from the room before 
anyone enters. In the case of attics, where windows cannot be opened 
from the outside, sulphur had best be used. In the hands of an 
expert a w'ole house may be treated with the gas. 

. it 


War 


———— a a ae 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 43 


II. Clothes Moths. 


Three species of small moths attack clothes, woollen articles, 
carpets, etc. These all belong to the group Tineine, and have now 
become almost cosmopolitan ; in origin they are probably Old World 
species. 

The three species are the following :— 


i, The Case-making Clothes Moth (Tinea pellionella, L.). 
ii. The Webbing Clothes Moth (7ineola biselliella, Hum.). 
iii. The Tapestry Moth ( Tinea tapetzella, L.). 


They are all common and very destructive in this country, both in 
private houses and in stores. 

1. The Case-making Clothes Moth, Tinea pellionella, L., is a small 
moth with wing expanse of nearly half an inch, the fore wings are 
yellowish-grey with three indistinct brownish spots, the hind wings 
grey, and the wing-fringes grey. The larve feed on all woollen 
goods, carpets, furs, and feathers. The moth appears in February, 
and may continue in successive broods until November. In America 
there appears to be only one brood in the north, the moths appearing 
from June to August, but in the south there are two or more broods, 
the moths appearing from January to October. 

The eggs are very small and are usually laid on the food material. 
The larve are small dull white caterpillars, the head reddish-brown, 
and the second segment with a dark brown plate behind. They form 
a tubular, slightly flattish case in which they pass the whole of their 
existence, the head and first few segments and legs being protruded 
when the caterpillars move from place to place. This case has fre- 
quently to be enlarged as the larva grows; this is done by the insect 
making a slit half-way down the tube and then inserting a patch of 
new material, and then a similar slit is made and filled in on the 
opposite side, and then the same is done at the opposite half of the 
ease, the larva having previously turned round inside the tube; when 
the tube wants lengthening, additions are simply made at each end of 
the tube. These larval cases are made from the material upon which 
the insects are feeding, change of food thus changing the colour of the 
case ; sometimes when feeding on variously coloured fabrics the cases 
are thus multi-coloured. Inside each case is lined by a fine white 
silk spun by the larva. When mature these “houses” are either spun 
to the substance upon which the larve have been feeding, or more 
often the larvee wander to the walls and ceilings and then fasten the 


44 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


tubes firmly to the surface with silk. The pupal stage takes place 
inside the case and lasts from two to three weeks. 

2. The Webbing Clothes Moth, the Tincola biselliella of Hummel, 
is about the same size as the preceding species, and has the front 
wings pale ochreous, and more or less shining, without any spots; the 
hind wings are whitish and the head reddish-yellow. The larva 
feeds on a great variety of substances, such as woollen goods, furs, 
feathers, the linings of chairs and sofas, and has been found feeding 
on cobwebs. The moth appears from March to October and produces 
two broods in the year. The larva is dirty white, and spins a silken 
webbing as it progresses over its food material; no true case is 
formed as in the preceding species; but when mature it spins a 
cocoon of pieces of hair or wool of irregular outline and pupates 
within it. 

3. The Tapestry moth, the Tinea tapetzella of Linneus, is also 
known as Trichophaga tapetzella ; its fore wings are black from the 
base to the middle, then white clouded with grey towards the tip, the 
hind wings are pale grey and the head is white; the wing expanse is 
about three-fourths of an inch. It appears during June and July. 
The larva forms galleries in the cloth or other substance it attacks, 
these galleries being lined with silk. It affects carpets, horse cloths, 
upholsterings, especially in carriages, also furs and skins. The pupal 
stage takes place inside the galleries. Heavy and coarse materials 
are attacked mainly by this species, which damages by its actual 
burrowing into the material upon which it feeds. 


TREATMENT FOR CLOTHES Morus. 


Frequent removal, beating and shaking of clothes, ete., will do 
much to prevent the harm caused by these three pests. Materials 
which are lable to be attacked should be put away in boxes and 
cupboards with pieces of naphthalene in muslin bags placed here and 
there. Exposure to sunlight and plenty of air in May and June will 
do much to prevent clothes being spoiled by them. Benzine has a 
very deleterious effect on these pests and any valuable materials 
might be treated now and then with this substance. 

In the case of cloth-covered furniture spraying with benzine is 
the most successful way of treatment. 

Large dealers of carpets and furs could always keep their stock 
free from attack by adopting cold storage. A temperature of 40° F. 
is protective. 


EE 


J 
| 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 45 


Insects and Mites in Furniture. 


Some furniture and household pests sent by a correspondent of 
the Board from Whitchurch, Glamorganshire, proved to be two species. 
They were (i) the so-called “ Death Watch” (Atropos divinatoria)— 
the same name is given to certain furniture beetles, Anobium lessel- 
latum, etc.—and (ii) Mites belonging to the genus Glyciphagus, and 
were G. domesticus, De Geer, the Glyciphagus cursor, Gerv. Speci- 
mens have been sent to A. Michael, Esq. for identification. They 
are both best destroyed by fumigation. Sulphur is usually employed, 
but if both the pests are particularly abundant the rooms should be 
fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas as well. Rooms should be 
well brushed down and the floors washed with soft-soap and water. 
Books, ete., which harbour the Atropos should be subjected to the 
fumes of benzine in closed boxes. Fumigation with sulphur answers 
best for the mites, but is not so effective upon the Afropos, hence 
hydrocyanic gas is mentioned. (A full report on household mites 
is given on page 120.) 


SUB-GROUP ©. FOOD. 
I. The Larder Beetle. 


(Dermestes lardarius, L.) 


Some insects sent by Mr. Edgar J. Lewis to the Board of 
Agriculture, and which had been attacking and causing damage 
to winter-cured bacon, proved to be the Larder beetle (Dermestes 
lardarius). This insect is common to North America, Europe, and 
Asia. It attacks not only bacon and hams, but cheese, horns, 
skins, feathers, hair, silk and other dry goods. Fresh hams and 
bacon are not so liable to be attacked as those that are slightly 
tainted, improperly cured or injured in any way. The beetles are 
very disposed to lay their eggs in any crevice, and have probably 
done so in this case where the muslin bags are sewn up. The larve 
are very minute when first hatched and can easily penetrate muslin 
unless it is very fine. The larve as they mature bury themselves in 
the bacon, but at first they feed on the exterior. 


TREATMENT. 


Bacon is best hung as is sometimes done in America, in thin 
paper bags, care being taken that all crevices are closed, or else the 


46 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


minute larve coming from the eggs laid on the paper may manage 
to work their way through. 

When the larve and beetles are found in the bacon the attacked 
part should be cut away fairly deep, and well washed with a strong 
solution of salicylate of soda or salicylic acid. After a bad attack the 
store room should be well white-washed and then fumigated with 
hydrocyanic acid gas, bisulphide of carbon or with sulphur to 
destroy the beetles—the first for preference, as it is safer to use than 
the bisulphide and more effective than sulphur. 

The use of bisulphide of carbon to destroy the beetles and larve 
amongst the bacon has been suggested and would be quite successful 
if we had only to deal with those two stages and the pupal stage, but 
unfortunately the beetles also lay their eggs in and around the 
attacked parts, and I have not at present obtained any satisfactory 
results of the action of bisulphide of carbon or hydrocyanic acid gas 
on insect and mite ova. In all cases experimented with so far the 
ova have not been harmed to any appreciable extent. The infected 
bacon or ham had thus best have the attacked parts where many of 
the eggs appear to be laid cleansed with salicylic acid. A second 
fumigation fourteen days after the first is the safest plan to follow. 


Weevils amongst Stored Corn. 
(Calandra granaria, UL.) 


Corn Weevils (Calandra granaria) were sent by a correspondent 
of the Board of Agriculture which had been attacking some oats 
stored in a barn. This beetle, and a closely related one, the Rice 
Weevil (C. oryze, L.), which has also been forwarded by another cor- 
respondent, from damaged Indian corn, are the most destructive corn 
pests in granaries, stores, ships and barns, that are known. Not 
only do they attack stored corn, but also all cereals in transit. 
Whole cargoes of wheat, etc., are often destroyed in transit from 
India, Australia, ete. 

One or two instances are known of field attack near mills in 
Great Britain. 

The beetles lay their eggs in the corn, the maggots feed inside the 
grain and there pupate. They breed fairly rapidly in this country 
and may attack other stored goods than cereals. 

Reproduction may go on all the year in mills, but chiefly takes 
place in the spring and summer. The warmer the temperature the 
more rapidly do they breed. In Great Britain we mainly suffer from 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. — 47 


the Corn Weevil, the climate not being warm enough for C. oryza@ to 
flourish to any extent. 


TREATMENT. 


1. Well clean out the barn or other building in which the 
beetles have been at work; walls, ceiling and floors should be 
cleaned, washed with whitewash and soft soap and all refuse burnt. 

2. Keep grain in bulk and constantly stir. 

3. Keep well ventilated with cold air and plenty of light. Ina 
warm climate ventilation would do no good, but cold air soon checks 
their reproductive powers. 

4. If the store house or barn is fairly air-tight, close up all 
openings where possible and then fumigate with bisulphide of carbon. 
Evaporate 1 lb. of the bisulphide of carbon to every 1000 cubic feet 
of space (about). Put the carbon about the surface of the grain in 
flat saucers—the heavy fumes penetrate through the grain and kill 
all forms of life, but do not harm the grain—leave closed for 
twenty-four hours and then well ventilate and move the grain over. 

If the grain could be treated in closed bins so much the better— 
1 lb. of the bisulphide to every 100 bushels of grain is sufficient, 
leaving for twenty-four hours. 

A caution must be given that this substance is :— 

1. Inflammable. 
2. Both the fumes and liquid poisons. 

A detailed report on this pest is given in the Journal of the S. E. 
Agricultural College, No. 5, pp. 11-21, 1897. 

The infested grain given to poultry would do no harm—the birds 
would devour the insects as well. 


FUNGOID DISEASES, 


Fungoid Disease in Black Currant Leaves. 
(Septoria ribis.) 


The currant leaves sent to the Board of Agriculture from Wickham 
Market, Suffolk, are invaded by a fungus which produces so-called 
Currant Rust or Leaf Spot. The fungus is apparently Septoria ribis. 
This disease attacks all kinds of currants, and appears, as a rule, 
about the beginning of July. 

It is first noticeable as small brown spots. Dull whitish spots 
also appear, but these may be due to another fungus. Both may be 
treated, however, as one, so far as remedies go. 


48 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


TREATMENT. 


The bushes should be sprayed with cupram and Bordeaux mixture 
some time before and after harvesting ; the first application should be 
about two weeks before the rust spots usually appear. 

Bordeaux mixture may stain the fruit, so that for an early washing 
before the fruit is picked cupram had best be used, and Bordeaux 
mixture after harvesting. 

Neither should be used for three weeks before the fruit is gathered 
as they are to a certain extent poisonous. 


PREPARATION OF CUPRAM. 


Measure out 3 pint of strong ammonia (avoid the fumes), and 
add it to 2 quarts of water. Weigh out 1 oz. of carbonate of copper, 
wrap it up in a piece of copper gauze and suspend it by a copper wire 
in the ammonia liquor. Let it remain all night. When required for 
use dilute the blue fluid with 12 gallons of water. This is the best 
fungicide for all ripening fruit. 


BoRDEAUX MIXTURE. 


Copper sulphate é : : Breet) 
Lime : i ; : ae 
Treacle .. ; : “ : +. Ith; 
Water . : ; ‘ : . 10 gallons. 


Dissolve the copper in 10 gallons of water, boil the lime and 
treacle with a quart of water for half an hour. When dissolved, mix 
them together and stir them up well. The mixture is then ready 
for use. 


Gooseberry Fungus. 
(Puccinia pringsheimiana, Kleb.) ° 


The gooseberries and leaves sent are attacked by a fungus. This 
fungus is the ecidium stage of Puccinia pringsheimiana of Klebahn. 

The cluster cups or ecidia occur on the gooseberry, both on the 
leaf and fruit ; the other stages affect certain species of Carex (sedges). 

It is generally seen in damp places, but is rarely in sufficient 
abundance to do any practical harm. As in the present case it is doing 
considerable damage, any further notes will be gladly received. 


ee 


vt 


——————— Oe 


Reports to the Board of Agriculture. 49 


TREATMENT. 


All that can be done is to wash as soon as the fruit is gathered 
with Bordeaux mixture; the best wash is the “Wye Bordeaux 
mixture,” prepared as follows :— 


Copper sulphate (bluestone) : » Llb. 


Lime ‘ ‘ . : ; , 
Agricultural treacle. : ‘ . ti 
Water. ; . : ‘ . 10 gallons, 


Dissolve the bluestone in 10 gallons of water, and boil the lime 
and treacle with a quart of water for half an hour. When the blue- 
stone is all dissolved and the lime and treacle liquid fairly cool, pour 
the latter into the bluestone liquid and stir well. It is then ready 
for use and will keep any time. 

The soil should be well limed in the autumn, and the bushes 
sprayed again early next year, about the first week in May. 


APPENDIX. 


Amongst other enquiries made to the Board of Agriculture, of 
which short letters only were sent, may be mentioned the following :— 


I. Tapeworms in Sheep at Okehampton. 


A correspondent of the Board sought information concerning 
Cestodes in sheep. 

The writer was referred to an article dealing with this subject in 
the “ Agricultural Gazette” for Jan. 20, 1902, p. 40. The chief British 
ovine tapeworm is Moniezia expansa, which is very destructive to 
lambs in many parts of the country. Its life-history is not known. 


2. Black Wire-worm in Mangolds. 


A correspondent wrote for information concerning Black Wire- 
worm attacking his mangolds. 

No specimen being sent and nothing being known of any creature 
having this popular name, no information could be given. Further 
information on this subject will be gladly received. 

E 


50 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


LIST OF LEAFLETS PREPARED AND REVISED FOR THE 
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Prepared. 


No. 68. Currant Aphides. 

No. 69. Tent Caterpillars. 

No. 70. Winter Washing of Fruit Trees. 
No. 71. The Colorado Beetle. 


Revised and Enlarged. 


No.1. The Currant Bud Mite. 

No. 2. Weevils. 

No. 12. The Gooseberry Saw Fly. 

No. 14. The Raspberry Moth. 

No. 15. The Apple Blossom Weevil. 

No. 16. The Apple Sucker. 

No. 20. The Magpie Moth. 

No. 22. The Diamond Back Moth. 

No. 28. Cockchafers. 

No. 80. ‘The Codling Moth. 

No. 33. Surface Caterpillars. 

No. 34. The Woolly Aphis or American Blight. 
No. 35. ‘The Celery Fly. 

No. 38. The Carrot Fly. 

No. 46. The Stem Eel-worm. 

No. 47. The Asparagus Beetle. 

No. 48. The Pea and other Thrips. 

No. 49. The Fruit Tree Beetle. 

No. 53. The Pear Midge. 

No. 62. The Pear and Cherry Saw Fly 
No. 40. The Kestrel or Windhover. 

No. 42. The Short-eared Owl. 

No. 48. Titmice. 

No. 44. ‘The Common Lapwing or Peewit. 
No. 45. The Starling. 

No. 51. The White or Barn Owl. 

No. 54. The Spotted Flycatcher. 

No. 55. The Swallow. 

No. 6. The Field Vole. 

No. 57, The External Parasites of Poultry 
No. 58. The Internal Parasites of Poultry. 


PART IL. 


REPORTS ON ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY 


SENT IN 


REPLY TO VARIOUS CORRESPONDENTS, 


GROUP B. 


(A) BRITISH. 


Animals bred or domesticated by Man for Food or for the 
use of their products in industry or for their Services 
as living things. 


SUB-GROUP « ANIMALS BRED AND CULTIVATED FOR 
THE PROVISION OF FOOD. 


Origin and Varieties of Domesticated Geese. 


An enquiry as to the origin, etc, of Domesticated Geese was 
_ received from the Hon. Florence Amherst. No information could 
be gathered in regard to Pomeranian Goose and little concerning 
the Strasburg Goose. The latter is a white goose with blue eyes 
and thus probably of Embden origin. 

There seem to be five well-marked varieties of Domesticated 
Geese: (1) Toulouse; (2) Embden; (3) African or Indian; (4) 
Brown China ; and (5) White China. 

The main characters of these may be summed up as follows — 


Neck-feathers curled or twisted ; no knod to bill, 


1. Touwlowse—Adult grey; bill reddish, nail white or flesh- 
coloured. Eye brown or hazel, rim colour of bill. Abdominal pouch 


2. Bmiden or Bremen.—Adult white ; bill yellow to orange ; nail 
Eye blue, rim orange. Abdominal pouch small. Gosling 
Legs orange, claws white. 


54 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Lill knobbed, note much harsher than in 1 and 2. 


3. African or Indian —Adult with back, wings and tail dark 
grey ; bill and knob black. Eye hazel or brown. Legs orange 
Dewlap under bill. 

4, Brown China.—Plumage much as in African; bill and knob 
dark brown to black. Eye hazel. Legs dark with greenish tinge. 
Dewlap under bill. 

5. White China.—Plumage white; knob orange. Eye blue. 
Bill orange with white nail. Legs orange with white claws. 


There is no doubt that the European Geese are descended from . 


the Grey Lag (Anser ferus), which has not only a wide European 
distribution, but is also Asiatic. 

The blue eye of the Embden has a similar parallel in the Blue- 
eyed White Chinese Goose. 

The presence of the twisted or curled neck feathers of the 
Toulouse, Embden and other Europeans is characteristic of the Grey 
Lag, and both will revert much to the Grey Lag in appearance. 

The two Chinese varieties are evidently clearly descended from 
the Anser cygnoides; the blue-eyed white variety having been 
obtained from the wild form by selection. Thus we get two parallel 
cases of blue-eyed white varieties produced from different parent 
stock. 

The African or Indian Goose is due to crossing between the 
Grey Lag and Chinese (White). 


—_ 


- 


Dipterous Larve in Human Excreta. 55 


GROUP D. 


Animals which concern Man as causing bodily injury, some- 
times death, to him, and in other cases disease, often of 
a deadly character. 


Live Dipterous Larve in Human Excreta and 
Notes on Species producing Myiasis. 


Mr. J. W. Bridge, of the University, Birmingham, sent two larve 
from the excreta of a woman with the following letter, dated 
Dee. 4th, 1901 :— 


I ask yon to identify the specimens which I am sending here- 
with. They were sent to me by a doctor at Shrewsbury who states that 
they were passed per rectum by a patient suffering from cancer. If you 
can give me any clue to their identification I shall be grateful. 


To this the following reply was sent :— 


The larve you send from the excreta of the woman suffering 
from cancer are those of one of the Anthomyiide and of the genus 
Homalomyia. Certain species of these diptera are responsible for authentic 
cases of internal Myiasis. They are taken in with vegetable food and 
retain their vitality and are sometimes passed in the feces alive. They are 
in no way connected with cancer. 


Most of the cases of human Myiasis are due to the larve 
of Compsomyia, Calliphora, Sarcophila, Homalomyia, Ochromyia, 
Dermatobia and Auchmeroyia. Myiasis may be either (i) cutaneous 
or (ii) internal. 

Homalomyia canicularis, Linn., has been reported by Hagen 
(Proc. Bost. Soc., N.H. xx. 107) as living in the larval stage in the 
urethra of a patient. Probably, says Nuttall, a case of pseudo- 
parasitism. 

The following other dipterous larve have been known to cause 
external or cutaneous myiasis. 

Sarcophila magnifica, Schiner, which deposits its eggs in wounds 
on man and animals. 


56 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


Luecilia cesar, Linn., also lays its eggs on wounds; probably the 
sheep-fly, Z. sericata, Meig., does the same. 

The Senegal or Cayor Fly (Ochromyia anthropophaga, Blanchard). 
The larve or Cayor worms develop beneath the skins of man and 
animals and often produce serious Myiasis in Senegal. Dermatobia 
nowialis, Goudot, also lives beneath the skin of man as well as 
animals, occurring from Mexico to Brazil. It is known under a 
variety of names, such as the Macaw worm in Cayenne, the Ura in 
Brazil, the Torcel at Costa Rica, the Mozoquil worm in Mexico. 

The Maggot Fly of Natal (Auchmeroyia (Bengalia) depressa, 
Walker), also produces serious cutaneous Myiasis; this pest is one of 
the Sarcophagidee. It is not restricted to Natal, but occurs further ~ 
up the coast, having been recorded from Delagoa Bay. The range of 
this serious cutaneous parasite seems to be limited to the coast and 
no further inland than 1000 feet elevation. It is common from the 
Tugela downwards (vide Agri. Journal, Natal Dept. Agri. and Mines, 
vol. iv. p. 606, 1901. C. Fuller). Vide also note on Screw Worm 
(pote): 


Correspondence on the Mosquito Annoyance at 
Blackheath. 


The following letter was received on November the 6th, 1901, 
from the Public Health Department, Borough of Greenwich :— 


Drar Srr,—Complaints have been made to my Committee respecting 
the inconvenience caused to the inhabitants in this neighbourhood by the 
bite or sting of insects found in the neighbourhood of Greenwich Park and 
Blackheath, popularly supposed to be mosquitoes. I shail esteem it a 
favour if you can give me any information you may have respecting this 
class of insect found in that immediate neighbourhood. 


I am, etc., 
ERNEST GEorRGE Annis, M.R.C.S., etc., etc., 
Medical Officer of Health. 


To F, V. THEOBALD, Esq., 
Natural History Museum. 


To Dr. ERNEST GrorcEe ANNIS, M.R.C.S., etc., 
Medical Officer of Health, Greenwich. 


Deak Srr,—It is somewhat difficult to answer the questions in your 
letter re the annoyance caused by biting insects reported to your Com- 
mittee without seeing actual specimens of the pests. 


Mosquito Annoyance at Blackheath. 57 


I know of no records of mosquitoes from either Greenwich Purk or 
Blackheath. Two species occur in abundance in some of the docks 
(London and Albert), namely, Culer pipiens, L., and Culex dorsalis, Meigen, 
and from the latter dock I have received Culex pulcritarsis, of Rondani. 
Culex dorsalis is a vicious biter, and I believe occurs all down the river. 
Culex pipiens also bites severely at times, the bites being followed by large 
red cedematous patches. I am afraid without investigation on the spot I 
cannot possibly help you further. 

I am, ete., 


Frep. V. THEOBALD. 


BorovuGu or GREENWICH 
Pusiic HeattH DEPARTMENT, 
Town Hall, Greenwich Road, S.E., 
12th November, 1901. 


Dear Srr,—Please accept my best thanks for the information you 
have so kindly supplied to me, and I will endeavour to obtain a few 
specimens of the insects referred to and submit them to you if you are 


agreeable. 
I am, etc., 


E. G. ANNIs. 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, S.W., 
2ist November, 1901. 


To Dr. E. G. Annis, M.R.CS., ete., 
Medical Officer of Health, Greenwich. 


_ Dear Srr,—I shall be pleased to examine the noxious flies that are 
causing annoyance in your district whenever you care to send them here. 
Yours, etc., 
Frep. V. THEOBALD. 


Borovce or GREENWICH 
Pusuic HeattH Department, 
26th November, 1901. 
To F. V. Tueosap, Esgq., 
British Museum (Nat. Hist.) 


Dear Srr,—Yours of the 21st to hand, for which I thank you, and 
I am endeavouring to obtain specimens of the insects referred to, but they 
do not seem to be so prevalent in the colder weather. 
I shall, however, be pleased to avail myself of your kind offer when I 
am ina position to do so. 
I am, ete., Yours, 
E. G, ANNIS. 


a a 


58 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Further correspondence on this subject was received from Coun- 
cillor Walter Dannatt, of Blackheath, who, writing on April 1st, 1902, 
states that :— 


We have been much troubled with gnats and mosquitoes in this 
neighbourhood, the last two summers especially, and I thought something 
might be done to abate the nuisance. . . . I proposed to have a solution 
of petroleum put in the ponds on Blackheath and the neighbourhood to 
destroy the larve, and I thought if all householders who have rain-water 
tanks and tubs were to put some petroleum into their receptacles that 
many of the Culex would then be destroyed. Will you kindly inform me 
when the breeding season of these insects is? I may say that these pests 
have been so troublesome in this neighbourhood that most people dare not 
sit in their gardens of an evening in the summer. Many people have been 
laid up by bites from these insects. 


BritisH Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, S.W., 
4th April, 1902. 
To CoUNCILLOR WALTER DANNATT, Blackheath. 


Dear Srr,—Your letter regarding the above subject has reached me. 
In November of last year I had some correspondence from the Public Depart- 
ment of Health of the Borough of Greenwich on this same subject. I wrote 
to Dr. Annis, the Medical Officer of Health, saying I could not give any 
definite advice, as I did not know what the biting insects were. Much 
depends on the species of Culex or Anopheles. Do you know, or can you give 
me any idea of the character of the Culex. C. dorsalis and C. pipiens occur 
along the Thames. The former isa very Vicious biter, and I have known it 
cause much annoyance in the docks and at Rochester. C. pipiens also bites 
at times, but may never do so in some districts. The two Anopheles 
breed in different ways. A. difurcatus is in the larval stage in the winter, 
A. maculipennis in the spring and summer, but the former occurs again in 
the summer in larval stage. C. pipiens larvee occur from May onwards in 
tubs, cisterns, etc., mostly in June, July and September. Culex dorsalis 
I have found in small artificial collections of water in July, but it probably 
also occurs in May. I am afraid only a careful examination will help you. 
I should paraffin the ponds for Anopheles (1) in winter; (2) in May and 
June; for Culex (1) May and (2) July and September ; much depends on 
local circumstances. For instance, Anopheles larve occur in ponds, ditches, 
rivers and canals, in stone troughs and in rain-water barrels. So much 
ground has to be covered, but I fully expect the pests you have are Culez, 
probably both C. dorsalis and C. pipiens, which will be much easier to get rid 
of. I have some exact data of larval appearance at home, and I will look 
this up and send you. I expect you know all about the way of treating 

the water to kill the larve ; if not, I shall be pleased to help you. 
Without knowing the district and local conditions I cannot help you as 

I should wish. I think I said this to the Officer of Public Health. 

Any further information I can give you I shall be very pleased to do. 


I am, etc., 
Frep. V. THEOBALD. 


Mosquito Annoyance at Blackheath. 59 


Donrnxincton, VanspruGcH Roap, 
Blackheath, 8.E., 
8th April, 1902. 
To F. V. Turosaup, Esq., M.A. 


Dear Srr,—Many thanks for your kind and interesting letter. I 
am writing the London cg Council on the matter of treating the 
ponds at Blackheath. I shall be greatly obliged if you will favour me 
with the modus operandi of using the petroleum, and if any particular kind 
4 used, _ where obtained. I presume it will destroy any fish that are in 

e pond ? 
here are some Culices about now, but whether they bite or what, I 
know not. My opinion is, that the species that troubles us most in the 
summer are rather small, and I have noticed them settle but never 
appear to crawl; whether that will prove what species they are I do not 
know. Thanks, I shall be very ag of the data you refer to of larval 
appearances. 

I suppose the enclosed large one is a Culex; there are plenty in out- 
houses now. My opinion is, that the summer species is smaller. I have 
found a couple which were killed against the wall last summer. Are they 
Anopheles ? 

I am, ete., 


Water Dannatt, F.E.S. 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, 8. W. 
To Wautter Dannatt, Esq., F.E.S., Blackheath. 


Dear Srr,—as far as I can judge, the two remains of the Culicide 
you send are those of Culex pipiens, the perfect one certainly is. No doubt 
the smaller one is Culex dorsalis, a very vicious biter. 

The usual times Anopheles maculipennis and different Culex larve are 
found is in June, July, August and September. This would be the time 
to destroy the larve, I fancy. A. bifurcatus, as I mentioned in a previous 
letter, occurs in the larval stage in winter also. They breed in rain 
barrels, small puddles, etc., so the work must be done very thoroughly. 
I should advise a look-out to be kept for the larve before the paraffin 
treatment is started. 

The paraffin is best applied by dipping a bundle of rag tied on the end 
of a stick into the paraffin and then dabbing the pool over in many places, 
so as to get the whole surface covered with a thin film. I do not think 
fish would be hurt by the treatment, and doubt if you can get a better 
substitute at present for paraffin. I will find out from Dr. Daniels, who 
has bred Culer dorsalis, where they live. The only ones I have found 
were in a small puddle near a tap at Rochester. 

The fin treatment, I think, should be done two or three times at 
a week's interval soon after the larva are first noticed. 


I am, ete., 
(Signed) Frep. V. THeopap. 


60 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


GROUP EF. 


Animals which concern Man as causing bodily injury or 
disease, both possibly of a deadly character, to (A) his 
stock of Domesticated Animals, or (B) his Vegetable 
Plantations, or (C) to Wild Animals in the preservation 
of which he is interested, or (D) Plants in the preserva- 
tion of which he is interested. 


SUB-GROUP 4A. ANIMALS WHICH CONCERN MAN BY 
CAUSING BODILY INJURY OR DISEASE TO HIS 
STOCK OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 


Horse Worms and the Use of Thymol. 


The following enquiry was received from a correspondent at Fort 
Camden, Crosshaven, Co. Cork, regarding horse worms and _ their 
treatment :— 

“Seeing several articles lately in the Field about the use of 
Thymol for the eradication of worms in horses, and on the 5th a 
letter from the Hon. Miss Dillon mentioning your name as having 
had a large experience in the use of Thymol for that purpose, I 
would be obliged to you if you would give me information on the 
following points :—The amount required for a mare 15°2, five years 
old; the worms are about one inch long, small white ones. The 
mare has been out on grass all the summer till about a month ago. 
Should the mare be kept on bran mashes for a day or two before 
giving Thymol.” 

The following reply was sent :— 

“From your description I imagine the worms in your mare are 
the Maw Worm (Oayuris curvula). Thymol has been found of great 
benefit for these nematodes, as well as for the armed strongyles 
(Selerostomum equinum, S. tetracanthum, and S. rubrum). The best 
plan is to give bran mashes the day before and then give the 
Thymol in sweet milk. Fifteen grains have been found sufficient 
early in the morning and again in the afternoon for all horses. 


Depluming Scabies tn Fowls. 61 


Up to three drams may be given, but in all cases I have known, 
fifteen grain doses are sufficient, and more simply produce collapse. 
This can of course always be counteracted by administering 
stimulants.” * 

The importance of Thymol as a nematocide is now well-known, 
it being especially valuable for the armed sclerostomes that cause 
often fatal epizootics in studs in this country. 


Depluming Scabies (Sarcoptes levis) in Fowls. 


Amongst the enquiries regarding animal parasitic diseases was 
one from Mr. K. J. J. Mackensie, Lecturer on Poultry-keeping to the 
Suffolk County Council, regarding Depluming Scabies in Fowls. 
Feathers were sent from birds suffering from an ailment with symp- 
toms pointing to this disease. An examination of the feathers sent 
did not reveal any Sarcoptes levis. This mite, which produces the 
acariasis, ending in loss of feathers, lives at the base of the quills 
amongst a white powdery substance. The feathers sent had broken 
off close to their roots, and any powdery substance attached would 
have gone. As far as one can say without definite proof (Le. the 
actual presence of mites) the feathers looked as if the parasite had 
been at work. To be sure of this it would be necessary to send 
feathers pulled out from the diseased bird that do not seem diseased, 
and also scrapings of the skin from the invaded areas ; such material 
must be fresh or sent in dilute spirit. This disease was found by 
Railliet in 1886 in a poultry-yard in Normandy, and since in many 
fresh areas. In this country there is a general idea that “ feather- 
pulling” or eating is due solely to vicious habits, whereas it is nearly 
always due to the minute Sarcopt mite which lives around and at 
the base of the feathers. This acarus is most abundant in spring 
and summer; males, females, and larve are all found together 
around the bases of the feathers on any part of the body. A dozen 
or more mites may often be found in close proximity, causing the 
irritation which leads to the birds plucking at the feathers. 


* Alcohol must not be used as a stimulant after Thymol. 


62 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


SUB-GROUP B. ANIMALS WHICH CAUSE INJURY OR 
DISEASE TO MAN’S VEGETABLE PLANTATIONS. 


Section I. 


ANIMALS [NJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE. 


FRUIT PESTS. 


The Bud Moth. 
(Hedya ocellana, Fab.) 


Numerous enquires have been made during the past summer 
concerning the larve of a small Tortricid Moth which damages the 
buds of various fruit trees when they are bursting and for some time 
after. These larve which are prevalent to a greater or less extent 
every year are mostly those of the Bud Moth (Hedya ocellana, Fab.). 
This fruit pest has long been known in Europe, Kollar having 
described its ravages as far back as 1857. Since that date little 
has been added to our knowledge in Europe, but in 1896 Slingerland 
published a detailed account of its life-history. The accounts of 
Kollar and Slingerland differ in some essential points, but the insect 
they write about is undoubtedly the same. It is quite probable 
that both observers are right, the insect living in two ways, as we 
see may occur in the case of the Colorado Beetle (vide p. 87). The 
Bud Moth not only occurs in Europe, but also on the North American 
Continent, both in Canada and the United States. The south of 
England has been most affected by its presence, but it occurs in the 
western and eastern counties. It has been especially recorded from 
Bournemouth. Most fruit trees are subject to its ravages, but cherry 
and apple suffer to the greatest extent. The “Bud Moth” has been 
described under a great variety of names, some of which are given 


below :— 
Hedya ocellana, Fab. 
Penthina ocellana, Tr. 
Spilonota ocellana. 
Pyralis luscana, Fab. 
Tortrix comitana, Hb. 
Tmetocera ocellana, Schiff. 
Penthina oculana, Harris. 
Penthina pyrifoliana, Clem. 


—~— eS 


The Bud Moth. 63 


The following references have been kindly supplied by Mr. John 
Hartley Durrant :— 


TMETOCERA (Ld,) 


Tmetocera ocellana, Schiff. 


a Ocetiana, Schiff. 


= luseana, F.; = comitana, Hb.; = pyrifoliana, Clem.; = oculana, Harris ; 
= oculina, Pack. 

Tortrix ocellana, Schiff, Syst. Verz. Schm. Eur., 130, No. 7 (1776). 

Pyralis ocellana, F., Mant. Ins. I., 228. 

Pyralis luscana, F., Syst. Ent. (1787); IIT. (2), 255, (1793). 

Tortriz comitana, Hb., 8m). Schm. Ent. (1800). 

(Frapholita (Tmetocera) ocellana, Schift. 
= lariciana, Z. Stett. Ent. Ztg., XX XIV., 129-130 (1873), 

Zellerana, Borgmann, Forst. N.W. Ztschr. (Tubeuf), 1V., 171. 

Tmetocera ocellana + lariciana, Stgr. and Rbl., Cat. Lep. Pal., II., 128, 
No. 2255, 9 (1901). M. Europe. 


LITERATURE, 


Penthina pyrifoliana, Clem., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1860, 357 (1860). 

Penthina oculana, Harris, Inj. Ins., 482 (1862). 

Penthina oculana, Pack., Rp. Mass. Bd. Agr. (1869); Am. Ent., I., 251. 

Grapholitha oculana, Sndrs., Can. Ent., III., 13, fig. 9 (1871). 

Grapholitha oculina, Pack, Mass. Agr. Rpt. (1870). 

Grapholitha oculina, Pack, Am. Nat., 1V., 684 (1871). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Z., Beitr., 61 (1875). 

Tinetocera ocellana, Fern., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., X., 48, No. 349 (1882). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Fletch., Rept. Dep. Agri. Can. (1885). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Harvey, Ann. Rp. Marine Exp. Stn. (1888). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Tern, Hatch. Exp. Stn. Rp., 1888, 11-12 (1889). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Cook, Ann. Rep. Mich. Agri. Exp. Stn., IV. (1891). 

Tortriz comitana, Hw., Lp. Br., 434 (1811). 

Tortrix luscana, Trél., Enum. Tortr. Wiirt., No. 106 (1828). 

Penthina luscana, Dp., H.N. Lp. Fr., [X., 203, pl. 245, 10 (1834), and 
Supp. IV., pl. 84, 2. 

Penthina ocellana, Tr., Schm. Eur., VIII., 40 (1830). 

Penthina ocellana, Tr., Schm. Eur., X. (3), 51. 

Penthina comitana, Wa., Ind. Ent, (1833-0), 

Penthina ocellana, Tr., Treat. Ins. Kollar, 234 (1837). 

Tortriz (Penthina) ocellana, HS. and SB., Schm. Eur., IV., 233 (1849). 

Hedya ocellana, Wilk., Br. Tortr., 118 (1859). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Ld., Wien Ent., IIL, 367-8 (1859). 

Grapholitha (Tmetocera) ocellana, Hein., Schm. Deutsch, Tortr,, 206 (1563). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Stgr., Cat. Lp. Eur., 260, No, 1210 (1871). 

Grapholitha ( Pwdisca) ocellana, Snell, Vlind. Ned. Micr., 325-6 (1882). 

Tmetocera ocellana, MP, and FT., Nat. Sc., VIIL, 188 (1889); Meyr. 
H. B., Br, Lp., 476 (1895). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Stgr. and Rbl., Cat. Lp. Pal., IL. 125, No, 2255 (1901)., 

Hedya ocellana, Theob., Agri. Gaz., 7. 7, and 14, 7 (1902). 


64 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


8. OceLLana, Schiff.; + Laricrana, Hein. 

= zellerana, Brgmn. 

lariciana, Hein, Schm. Deutsch. Tortr., 206, No. 371 (1863). 

Spilonota lariciana, Knaggs, Ent. Ann., 1866, 166 (1865). 

Hedya lariciana, Brit. Ent. Mo. Mag., X., 66 (1878). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Tern, Mass. Agr. Exp. Stn. Bull., 12 (1891). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Ltnr., Can. Ent., XXIII., 231-2 (1891); Rept. N.Y. 
VII. (1891). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Fletcher, Rp. Dp. Agr. Can., 1891, 195 (1891). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Slingerland, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stn., Ent. Div. = 
Bull. 50, 3-29, figs. 1-8, IIT. (1893). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Slingerland, Cornell Univ. Agri. Exp. Stn., Div. Ent., 
Bull. 107, 57-66, figs. 32-39 (1896). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Ltnr, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. (x.s.), Bull. 6, 54, 
N.Y. (1896). 

Tmetocera ocellana, Sndrs., U.S. Dept. Agri., Div. Ent. (x.s.) Bull. 26, 69 
(1900). 


How THE PEST MAY BE DETECTED. 


The presence of this fruit pest may be detected by the early 
destruction of the developing buds, which on partly opening are seen 
to be eaten and shrivelled and which soon turn brown; these buds 
will be found to contain a small reddish-brown caterpillar, the cause 
of the injury. Later the damage is still more noticeable, the opening 
leaf and blossom being spun together, for both leaf and blossom buds 
are attacked. There may frequently be noticed a gummy appearance 
of the opening leaflets. The larva enters the bud, if it has not 
already burst, by eating down between the bracts, and there, as 
described by Kollar, a drop of sap forms which tends to hold the bud 
intact and to stop it from bursting; in any case if it does open the 
young leaves soon shrivel and turn brown. During the past summer, 
trees, especially cherry, have been quite ruined in this way. More 
usually, many of the buds fully open, leaf and blossom appearing as 
usual, the caterpillars later spinning the bunches of leaves and 
blossoms into a mass with silk. These leaf nests frequently die right 
away and turn brown in a very characteristic manner. Slingerland 
states that in America the larve also sometimes “ burrow down the 
stalk for two or three inches, causing it to die.” This habit has not 
so far been observed in England; in all cases the larva boring down 
the top shoots of apple and pear has proved to be that of the Pith 
Moth (Laverna atra) (vide p. 68). When nearly mature the Bud 
Moth larva forms more or less of a tube by rolling up a leaf and 
roughly lines it with loose silk. The caterpillar at first only uses 
this tube as a shelter from which it emerges to feed, gradually 
drawing the neighbouring leaves together by silken cords. From 


The Bud Moth. 65 


observations made during the last few years it seems that the cater- 
pillars chiefly feed at night. 


LIFE-HISTORY. 


The Bud Moth (Fig. 5, @) is one of the Tortricidae. It varies in 
length from half-an-inch to two-thirds across the expanded wings. 
The front wings are dark grey with a broad greyish-white band across 
the middle with grey spots and streaks; near the anal angle of the 
Wing is a triangular blackish spot and towards the tip a leaden-grey 
eye-like spot with several black dots. The hind wings are grey. The 


Fic. 5.—tTuHr pup motu (H. ocellana). 


@, The lava ; 6, the pupa; ¢, leaf eaten by larve in autumn ; d, imago ; ¢, egg (after Slingerland). 


fore wings are subject to considerable variation; in some specimens 
the median greyish-white band is distinctly dull slaty-grey. 

This moth appears in June and July when it may be seen flying 
about in orchards, gardens, and lanes at dusk. During the day they 
rest amongst the leaves of the trees and upon the trunks, their 
coloration rendering them most inconspicuous, especially when 
resting on an old moss or lichen grown tree, 

The female lays her eggs at night; they may be deposited singly 
or in clusters, usually upon the upper sides of the leaves. Kollar 
states, however, that they are placed at the base of leaf and fruit buds 
and that they remain as ova during the whole of the winter. Both 

F 


66 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


Fletcher and Slingerland have found that the eggs hatch in late 
summer and early autumn and that winter is passed in the larval 
stage. This is undoubtedly the usual case, but that some hibernate 
in the egg condition I think very probable, as I have found young 
larve in the early spring not more than one-twelfth of an inch long, 
whilst those that hibernate are considerably larger. 

The eggs (Fig. 5, e) are flat, round or oval, the centre being 
slightly elevated, they are very transparent and look like little drops 
of gum on the leaf. When several are laid together they overlap 
one another like fish scales. In general appearance they resemble 
the ova of the Codling Moth; the outer edge is marked with a well 
defined reticulate sculpturing; the central part of the egg is usually 
green, the colour being due to the developing larva within showing 
through. 

The egg stage lasts from seven to ten days. The young larve on 
coming from the egg at once commence to feed upon the lower layers 
of the leaf, forming for themselves a little tube of silk open at each 
end and attached to the leaf, usually at the mid-rib. When feeding 
off the leaf the larvee form a slight silken web 
which serves as a protection for them. In this 
manner the larve go on feeding until about the 
middle of September, by which time they are 
about half grown, Professors Slingerland and 
Fletcher were the first to show that these small 
larvee pass the winter in small silken cases on the 
trees, as inconspicuous objects covered with dirt 
and not more than one-eighth of an inch long. 
These winter houses (Fig. 6) are found at the 
base of a bud or under a dead leaf or bud scale. 
When quite young the larve are green, and 
this is the colour most usually found when 
they are in their “houses.’ When the buds 
commence to swell they crawl out and enter 
them and become dull reddish-brown with black 
Ot head and black first segment; when nearly 

mature they become a more pronounced reddish- 
brown, the dark head, first segment and legs showing up pro- 
minently. When quite mature they reach half-an-inch in length. 
During the latter part of their life they feed amongst the leaves, 
which they spin together, and pupate in a tube of dead leaves 
as previously described. The pupa is bright brown, with two rows 
of backwardly projecting spines on each segment. 


The Bud Moth. 67 


One brood only occurs in Great Britain. The moth is very 
common all over the South of England, but becomes rarer in the 
North. 


Foop PLANTs. 


All fruit trees are attacked by this pest, but it is especially 
cherry and apple that suffer in this country. It also occurs on the 
sloe and plum, and has been recorded from the blackberry, whilst in 
North America it attacks the peach and quince also. 


NATURAL ENEMIES. 


Five species of Ichneumon flies prey upon the caterpillars of this 
moth in Europe, but none have been noticed in Great Britain, In 
North America they also are preyed upon by three species of 
Ichneumons. Amongst birds we find the blue and great tits (Parus 
ceruleus and P. major) picking the larve out of the buds and leaf 
nests. The sparrow also has been observed feeding upon them. A 
large sand-wasp, Odynerus catskillensis, stores its nests with these 
caterpillars in North America. None of these natural enemies, 
unless it be the Paride or Tits, do much good in keeping down this 
Bud Moth. 


METHODS OF PREVENTING THE RAVAGES OF Bup Morn LArv&. 


Now that we know that the larvee feed upon the leafage in the 
late summer we can to a large extent check the ravages of this pest 
by arsenical spraying. Larve are always more easily destroyed 
when young, and there is not the least doubt that spraying in the 
autumn will kill them. There should also be a second washing in 
the spring when the caterpillars are to some extent exposed just 
when the buds are bursting, and this followed by a third dressing to 
kill those that escape when they are in their leaf and blossom nests. 
Hand-picking may be resorted to in gardens and nurseries and where 
single low trees are invaded, the leaf nests being easily seen and 
picked off by hand before the moths have emerged from the pupal 
stage. 

Washing with caustic alkali wash does not seem to check this 
pest, for trees so treated last winter (1902) suffered severely from 
the Bud Moth and also Pith Moth. Probably the larval cases were 
hidden under the bud-bracts and in such places that the wash does 
not reach, the larval cases also protecting the caterpillars within from 
the burning action of the wash. 

F 2 


68 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


THE ALLIED Bup Motu. 
(Antithesia variegana, Hb.) 


Another Tortrix lives in a very similar way to the Bud Moth, 
namely, Antithesia variegana or <A. cynosbatella. This moth is 
about two-thirds of an inch in width of expanded wings; the fore 
wings have the basal two-thirds brownish-black, the apical third is 
white clouded with grey towards the hind margin; there are also 
two or three black spots projecting from the edge of the central band. 
The moth appears in June, and lays her eggs on the leaf. The larve 
are thick and dark green with black spots; the head and first 
segment also being black. They may be found in the early spring 
on hawthorn and sloe growing in the hedgerows and also in most 
apple and pear orchards. The winter is passed, according to Mr. 
Newstead, much in the same way as the Bud Moth. 

Penthina pruniana, a closely related species, also probably lives 
in the same way. 


The Pith Moth. 


Laverna atra, Haw.; putripenella, Zell. 
> purry 


Numerous inquiries were made during the past year concerning 
the larva of a small moth—the Pith Moth (Laverna atra). This 
attack has been known to fruit-growers and gardeners for a long 
time. It is noticed every year, but in 1902 it was abnormally 
abundant, and a vast amount of damage was done by it over Great 
Britain. The moth is not often seen, and probably but few people 
are acquainted with it. It occurs over a large area of England 
up to Newcastle. 

The damage done by the larve is particularly noticeable in 
nursery stock. They burrow up the terminal shoots and kill them, 
the result being deformed and stumpy trees. The attacked shoots 
flag and then die and turn brown, the dead masses varying from two 
to four inches in length. These dead shoots may remain some time 
on the tree, or they may fall to the ground naturally, or be beaten off 
by heavy rain. The attack may readily be told from that of the Bud 
Moth by the absence of leaves spun together, and the absence of 
damaged buds and blossom ; but the whole shoot dies away. Apple 
trees are chiefly attacked, but reports of its ravaging pears have 
also been received. The larvee are also found on hawthorn and other 
wild Rosacee. 

Although it is a wide-spread pest, the following localities may be 


The Pith Moth. 69 


mentioned as having been particularly troubled with it: Worcester ; 
Herefordshire (Ross); Gloucester; Cambridgeshire (Wisbech) ; 
Bournemouth; Sussex (especially at Polegate); Surrey and Kent 
generally. 


LIFE-HISTORY. 


This moth belongs to the group of small moths known as Tineine 
‘and to the genus Zaverna, Its wing expanse is a little less than 
half an inch when fully expanded; the front wings are almost 
entirely black, but may be mottled with black, dark brown and 
rusty brown; the inner margin of the fore wings is white to beyond 
the middle, where an irregular oblique white bar proceeds to the tip 
of the wing, and two branches from this intersect the black apical 
portion ; the posterior wings are grey and, like all Tineine, have 
long fringes; the head is almost entirely white. It is subject to 
much variation. Some specimens are almost black; these Stainton 
considers a distinct variety. The moth appears in June according 
to Stainton, but all those that have been bred or observed appeared 
in July. Some received in 1898 hatched on July 5th, others not 
until the 21st. Difference of locality is sure to account for a 
difference in the time of their appearance. 

The eggs are apparently laid on the leaves; no definite observa- 
tions have been made, however. In July I found several small 
batches of eggs on an apple tree previously badly attacked by Pith 
Moth, but I am not certain if they were those of the Laverna. They 
occurred in small batches from one-fifth to one-fourth of an inch 
long; in form they resembled those of the Bud Moth, viz., flat and 
scale-like and almost transparent. One batch was composed of 
twenty eggs overlapping one another like fish scales. The whole 
surface of the egg is covered with a well-defined reticulate sculptur- 
ing, not the outer part only, as in those of the Bud Moth or Codling 
Moth. Penthina variegana was seen near this tree, so that it may 
be the eggs were of that insect. 

In any case the eggs, whatever they may be like, give rise to the 
larvee the same summer, and the young larve feed first on the leaves. 
As winter approaches, the larve, which are still quite small, bore 
just under the bark of a twig or into the apex of a shoot and remain 
there most of the winter. During January and February the larve 
tunnel right into a young shoot and work up the pith (Fig. 8, B). 
In this tunnel the caterpillar lives until June; its presence does 
not stop the leaves and blossom from unfolding, although later they 
flag, turn brown, and die right off (Fig. 7, 8). These dead shoots 


70 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


— 


“NAIA, 


i ; Me 


se 


—<sassere fe S&S 


AY 
Z ty Mil | Ae 
ey Ay 


isa = 
h WINS 
ay \ Sa 


s/f 

i. * ba 

‘ Me i. 

\ CHR |) 
A 


Fic. 7.—THE PITH moTH (Laverna atra). 


A, Imago ; B, attacked apple-shoot, the upper portion shrivelling up and dying away ; 
C, processes on pupa ; D, pupa (enlarged) in situ; E, showing position of larva 
(natural size) in situ; F enlarged larva in broken open bud; G, larva (enlarged), 


The Pith Moth. 71 


if broken off will be found to contain the Pith Moth caterpillar or 
pupa, usually situated near the apex of a shoot. 

The larva (G) is dull reddish-brown with a deep brown head and 
first segment ; the other segments show more or less traces of pale 
brown spots four in a row on the second and third segments and 
four placed in a quadrangle on the remaining segments. The two 
anterior segments have two lateral spots and the remainder a single 
lateral spot. The apex is deep brown. When mature they reach one- 
third of an inch in length and then pupate near the apex of the shoot 
they have tunnelled. They reach their full-fed stage during the last 
two weeks in June. If the dead shoots are picked off, the moth can 
be easily bred. 

The pupa (D) is of an ochraceous hue ; the head and front of the 
thorax and tip of the body mahogany red. It is cylindrical in form 
and about one-fourth of an inch long. On the ventral surface of the 
penultimate segment are two blunt processes separate and diverging 
outwards, hairy at their apices (Fig. 7, c); the eyes are black and the 
wing cases and legs long, the former pointed. This stage lasts from 
two to three weeks, the moths emerging from the end of June into 
July. The pupe may sometimes be seen projecting from the dead 
shoot. Stainton says the larve also occur in hawthorn berries in 
September and that the black variety only is found in apple shoots 
in February and March. 


PREVENTIVE MEASURES. 


It is quite obvious that there can be no remedy for this pest, but 
we can do much in the way of prevention by hand-picking the dead 
shoots before the moths emerge in June. This can only be done, of 
course, where small trees are attacked, and it usually happens that it 
is only on such trees that the attack takes place. 

Late spraying with Paris green would probably prove beneficial, 
as it would kill the young larve, which seem to feed first of all on 
the leaves. Of course, care must be taken in regard to the fruit. 
The trees should be washed not less than four weeks before the fruit is 
gathered, but as soon as it is harvested a heavy spraying may be given. 

The time to spray therefore must depend on the variety of apple 
concerned. This is certainly worth giving a fair trial, as beyond 
hand-picking we can do nothing to check the increase of this pest, so 
noticeable during the past few years. 


72 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


The Pear and Cherry Sawfly or Slugworm. 
(Eriocampa limacina, Cameron.) 


A few enquiries were received during the past year regarding the 
Pear and Cherry Sawfly (Zriocampa limacina). This fruit tree pest 
has not been so abundant as usual during the past summer and 
autumn. In some districts where it is usually harmful it has 
scarcely been noticed. One correspondent writing from Sitting- 
bourne, Kent, asked for information concerning these pests, “found 
in numbers on and destroying his plum and cherry trees,’ and for the 
best means of preventing and destroying them. Their normal food 
plants are cherry, pear and sometimes hawthorn. It has not been 
notified before as injurious to plum, although Miss Ormerod mentions 
plum, and sometimes peach, as being occasional food plants, and on 
one occasion it is recorded on the quince. Cameron, in his work on 
“British Phytophagous Hymenoptera” (vol. i. p. 225), mentions 
other food plants, as Rubus, Amygdalus, Quercus and Betula. 

There is no doubt that this insect is very susceptible to damp 
weather and thus has not been nearly so harmful during the past 
year, 

Considerable relief from this pest has been reported by adopting 
the plan of removing and burning the surface soil during the winter 
months from beneath trees that had been attacked. 


Notes on Fruit Pests in Orchards at Wisbech. 


Some interesting notes on the ravages of insect pests were sent, 
together with an enquiry as to the cause of the damage, from 
Mr. B. W. Gatherwood, of Wisbech. In this letter he states that— 


Plum blossom was cut off by frost, but apple trees mixed with the 
above were comparatively all right, except for a few caterpillars, of what I 
took to be the Winter Moth, on the 24th of May, the trees showing every 
sign of a plentiful crop of apples. I may say in the last week of April 
and the first week in May we syringed twice with Paris green (1 in 200). 
When I[ returned home on the 7th of June my apple trees and some of 
the plum presented an appearance as if a hot blast of air had passed over 
the whole garden, withering all shoots, leaves, and flowers ; the few leaves 
left were all riddled with holes, leaving only the ribs of the leaf. I could 
find no insects then or since except a few green caterpillars. I am quite 
at a loss to know the cause of this wholesale destruction. I should be 
glad to have a reply from you on the subject, and you would be con- 
ferring on the district a great boon if you would suggest a remedy. 
I firmly believe if we had kept dressing the trees with the solution 
mentioned until the apple blossom had gone we should have had a crop. 


Phyllobius and Insects on Vines. 73 


To this the following reply was sent :— 


From the fact that you sprayed twice with Paris green, and the 
description you give of the withering shoots, leaves, and flowers in your 
orchards, I feel pretty certain you have been suffering from the combined 
attack of two of the prominent apple and pear pests this season, viz., the 
Pith Moth (Laverna atra) and the Bud Moth (Hedya ocellana). The 
former is most abundant generally, but I have had many reports of the 
damage done by the latter. 

The Pith Moth is in the pupal stage in the dead shoots still and will 
soon hatch out. On a a scale these should be hand-picked, but I 
doubt if it could be done in large orchards. But judging from the 
recorded facts in the life-history of these two moths, 1 am strongly 
inclined to believe we can cope with them on a large scale by autumn 
and late summer spraying, for the eggs hatch out in July and the 
larvee (small) feed until the winter, when they hibernate. Arsenical 
spraying then, say in August (depending on the fruit), and again as soon 
as the crop is harvested would give relief, for at no other time can we get 
at the Pith Moth, and not at the Bud Moth until it has done the damage. 
The green caterpillars you refer to, if they are not “ loopers,” are probably 
Penthina variegana, one of the Tortrices related to the Bud Moth.* 


Phyllobius or Leaf Weevils. 


A single instance only of the attack of Leaf Weevils has been 
reported. In districts where they are usually very abundant they 
have only occurred in small numbers during the past summer. 
Messrs. James Carter & Co. sent specimens of the species Phy/lobius 
viridaris on the 19th of June, stating that they were overrunning the 
garden of a client, and asked for information how to eradicate the 
pest. This particular leaf weevil is common on elm hedges as a rule. 
The following reply was sent :— 


With regard to eradicating this pest, the only treatment is as follows :— 

1, Spraying with Paris green wherever the foliage can be so treated 
now (i.e. on apple, plum, pear, and nut). 

2. Beating down the beetles on to tarred sacks in early morning has 
been found to clear a garden speedily of this pest. 

But probably spraying will be the least costly treatment if on a large 

e. 


Insects on Vines in Jersey. 


Three kinds of Arthropods have been sent by Col. Sanderson, 
from Jersey, attacking the vines, with enquiries regarding them. 
They were the following :— 


* Since this report was sent, I have found the treatment advised has cleared 
apple trees of the young larva. 


74 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


(i.) Two small larval mealy Bugs (Dactylobius citr). 

(ii.) A single mite (Tetranychus telarius). 

(iii.) Several specimens in larval, pupal, and adult winged stages 
of one of the Pseudo-Neuroptera belonging to the family Psocide. 

The following note was sent to Col. Sanderson :— 

The life-history of the Psocidw is roughly as follows: The females 
lay their eggs in patches on leaves, bark, etc., of trees and plants and 
other objects, many on dead and decaying matter and preserved 
objects. The females cover the eggs with a web. Larve and pupe 
are much alike; wing-buds gradually appear on the larva and so the 
pupal stage is assumed. Dry vegetable matters and lichens form the - 
food of one section (Phocina) ; the food of the other section (Atropina) 
is dried insects, plants, books, papers, etc. One of the latter, Atropos 
divinatoria, is sometimes called the Death Watch. A beetle, Ano- 
bium tessellatum, is also called the Death Watch. The Psocide do 
much harm to papers, books, and insect collections. The Phocina 
live more or less in societies on tree trunks, palings, and amongst 
rough herbage and on trees, especially on Conifers ; both sexes can 
spin a web of silk. Some species do harm to living plants, but the 
majority do not. The Psocide sent belong to the genus Cecilius. 

With regard to the male “Mealy Bugs” which you enquire 
after, they can soon be told, for they have one pair of wings as in all 
other Coccide, and thus differ from the winged Psocids. 

The common “ Mealy Bug” is known as Dactylobius citri, Bois- 
duval, and is the same as D. destructor of Comstock. It is a world- 
wide species. The males are not so very rare; they are of a dull 
reddish colour and have two long white thread-like processes at the 
end of the body; the single pair of wings are dark iridescent blue, 
and when the insects are settled these wings overlap and hide the 
abdomen. They are very different in appearance from the sedentary 
females. 

Two other “Mealy Bugs” occur in Great Britain, namely the 
Long-fringed Mealy Bug (D. longipinus) and the native Laburnum 
and Gorse Mealy Bug (Pseudococcus ulicis). The former can be told 
by the long margined processes. The latter is really non-injurious. 

The other forms you sent with the winged Cecilius were its 
larval and pupal stages. Many of the Psocide remain very like the 
larval stage you send, i.e. in an apterous condition. 


The Mussel Scale. 75 


The Mussel Scale or Oyster-Shell Back Louse. 
(Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouche.) 


Numerous enquiries are constantly being made by fruit-growers 
and gardeners concerning the Mussel Scale (Mytilaspis pomorum). 
There being no leaflets issued or other ready information for fruit- 
growers, the following notes have been prepared with a view to 
meeting this want. 

The Mussel Scale is found chiefly on apple, but also on pear, 
currant, plum and wild Crataegus, such as the Hawthorn. I have 
also found it abundantly on Blackthorn in Devonshire. This 


Fic 8.—MUSSEL SCALE (Mytilaspis pomorum). 
a, Upper; b, lower surface of 2 scale; c, f scale. (Greatly enlarged.) 


pest, the worst scale insect we have in Great Britain, is found in 
North America, and also in Australia, New Zealand, and South 
Africa, having been imported on nursery stock. In this latter way 
it is also largely distributed in this country. The necessity of 
fumigating young stock before planting is thus rendered essential 
and should be done by all nurserymen before their stock is sent out. 
A few scales may easily escape detection and so set up a large 
colony, to the detriment and even death of the tree. I know of no 
district in England where this pest does not occur in greater or less 
abundance. Old trees and neglected orchards chiefly encourage it, 
but young stock suffer far more than old. 

This scale insect is frequently taken for growths on the bark. 

The scale is the product of a minute insect belonging to the 


76 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Coccide ; the male and female scales differ in appearance and size ; 
the male scales are seldom observed. 

The female scale (Fig 8, a and 0) is about one-eighth of an inch 
long; in form the scales are rounded behind, but taper to a point at 
one end—the head end; they may ve straight or curved, and even much 
contorted. In colour they vary from deep brown to almost grey. The 
male scale is much smaller than the female and of the form shown 
in fig. 9,c. They damage the trees by sucking out the sap by means 
of long, flexible mouths which they insert into the plant tissues. This 
scale not only occurs on the trunk and boughs of the trees, but also on 


the leaf and fruit. Foreign apples are frequently imported covered. 


with this and other scale pests. The scale, as in all Coccide, is a 
product formed by the insect which lives beneath it, partly by 
excretions from its body, partly by the cast skins of the insect, the 
so-called exuvie. 


LIFE-HISTORY. 


The eggs (Fig. 3, a”), are laid by the sedentary female under the 
scale. They resemble to the naked eye small whitish dust. As many 
as eighty may be counted under a single scale, but the number varies 
considerably. The eggs give rise in the early summer to very small 
active six-legged larvae, which crawl from beneath the scales and 
may be distributed from tree to tree by the wind, by birds, and by 
predatory insects, such as lady-birds. They are about one-hundredth 
of an inch long. In a short time they fix themselves to the plant by 
their short proboscis and draw away the sap ; the scale then commences 
to form by the excretion of a few waxy threads and gradually grows 
to the form shown in Fig. 8. During this period the larva loses its 
legs and becomes converted into a fleshy legless creature; the female 
remains feeding beneath the scale and is provided with a long flexible 
proboscis, which is inserted into the tissues of the plant. Towards 
the end of the summer she deposits her eggs and dies, her shrivelled 
skin remaining beneath the scale. 

If the larva is going to become a male, not only is a different 
scale produced (most often upon the leaves), but a totally different 
mature insect. The male undergoes a kind of pupal stage and 
escapes from the scale as a small winged insect, provided with two 
rather large wings and a pointed process at the end of the abdomen, 
which it can insert under the female scale and so carry out 
fertilisation. The males are very rare, most of the feinales reproducing 
asexually. A single brood normally exists in this country. 


* 


Mussel Scale and Beetle Mites. 77 


NATURAL ENEMIES. 


Scales have many natural enemies, but this species and those 
that attack the currant in this country are not materially lessened 
by them. Anyone trusting to parasites to help the farmer in this 
respect evidently is not acquainted with these pests in our orchards. 
Amongst the natural enemies birds alone do any good. The Paridae 
or Tits feed upon this scale, and a few other birds on the Tree- 
creeper and Wryneck. Lady-birds and their larvae eat scale, but 
none seem very partial to the Mussel scale in Great Britain. 
Minute hymenoptera—Chalcididae—also live as parasites upon 
them, but seldom do any appreciable good; in the first instance 
they occur too late in the attack to prevent the damage, and never 
are sufficiently abundant to check the pest for the following year. 
Sound advice to fruit growers is to go on washing and ignore the 
infinitesimal help given by these minute parasites. Also encourage 
those useful birds the Tits in orchard and garden. 


TREATMENT, 


The trunks, etc., of all trees must be kept clean, ie., free from 
rough bark, moss and lichens. This can be done by washing in 
winter with caustic alkali wash, which at the same time corrodes 
and loosens the scales from the trees. Trees badly infested should 
also be sprayed in the early summer about the middle of June with 
paraffin emulsion, two or three times, at intervals of a few days. 
This kills numbers of the young and corrodes away to some extent 
any remaining scales. Whitewashing the trunks of the trees as far 
as the forks of the boughs does some good and keeps the wood in a 
healthy state. All young stock should be treated to destroy the 
scale before being planted or soon after. The best method is fumi- 
gation with hydrocyanic acid gas, the most valuable scale remedy. 


Oribatidz or Beetle Mites on Forest and Fruit 
Trees. 


The Beetle Mites are frequently sent by fruit-growers with 
enquiries as to their economy. The records of them on forest trees 
are few. 

Specimens have been sent from the Director, Royal Botanic 
Gardens, and received by him from Mr. A. 8. Birknell, of Barcombe, 
Sussex, which are recorded by him as damaging chestnut (horse) and 


78 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


lime trees. There are a number of species of Oribata; one, O. globata, 
is often present in swarms on fruit trees, especially the plum. 
Instead of finding them injurious, they appear to be either beneficial 
or non-obnoxious. They have been seen feeding off the spores of the 
canker fungus and various green vegetal matters on fruit trees. But 
in one or two instances fruit-growers have noticed that they have 
done some harm to the leaves. They often swarm in the forks of 
the boughs and axils of the twigs and buds. The species sent by 
Mr. Birknell has been identified by Albert Michael as Oribata 
orbicularis, which also occurs on various fruit trees in Kent. 


This species has been dealt with in the Journal of the South-— 


Eastern Agricultural College (No. 6, p. 11 (1897)). Albert Michael, the 
chief authority on Mites, agrees that these Oribatide do no practical 
harm. Several fruit-growers have informed me that they cause the 
leaves of the plum to die off, however. It is possible this may have 
been due to other causes. All cases personally investigated have 
shown no damage to the trees, although thousands of these shiny mites 
were present. 


TREATMENT. 


Soft soap wash as suggested by a correspondent would be quite 
useless. The Oribatide have very hard chitinous skins, and probably 
no wash that could be used in the summer would affect them. Late 
in the autumn caustic alkali wash might be tried and might prove 
beneficial. 

The method of preparing and using the alkali wash will be found 
in Leaflet 70 of the Board of Agriculture. 


The Pear-Leaf Blister Mite. 
(Eriophyes pyri, Sch.) 


Several enquiries were made concerning the Pear-Leaf Blister 
Mite during 1902. Information was sent that these little acari 
enter the leaf by the stomata and live in the soft internal tissues, 
where they soon commence to form a galled patch. They move from 
leaf to leaf, but spread very slowly. Often one tree in an orchard 
will be attacked for years before any neighbouring ones show signs of 
having contracted the disease. Frequently we see a single branch of 
a tree diseased year after year and yet the rest of the tree remains 
clean. In nearly all cases I have seen, the fruit becomes hard and 
gritty and is usually deformed. All we can do is to hand-pick the 


————— “a 


Big Bud Mite and Hover Flies. 79 


diseased leaves in July, not later, and wash the trees frequently in 
early spring and autumn with liver of sulphur wash—that is paraffin 
emulsion and liver of sulphur. Dr. Nalepa informs me the mites 
winter in the buds. 


The “Big Bud” Mite. 
(Eriophyes ribis, Nalepa.) 


A correspondent from near Tewkesbury wrote as follows: “A 
dealer has offered me 6,000 black currants (Baldwin's), but they 
contained a lot of swollen buds like the enclosed. I want to know 
if they are infested with Gall Mites, if so whether it would be safe 
to plant them.” The following reply was sent: “The black currant 
buds you send are badly infested with the Currant Bud Mite 
(Eriophyes (Phytoptus) ribis), This mite is perhaps more prevalent 
in the Baldwin currant than in any other variety, but the only kind 
I have never seen attacked is the old cottage-garden one, that is so 
prevalent in Kent, a light cropper, however.” 

“It is most unwise to have any infested plants, however cheap. 
It is really quite useless attempting black currant growing with the 
‘big bud’ pest in the plantations, as at present there is no known 
remedy for it. It is most essential to be successful to start on land 
new to black currants and with clean stock.” 


Hover Flies (Syrphide: Apuis FEEDERS). 


A number of enquiries have been made this season (1902) con- 
cerning the leech-like larve of the Hover Flies (Syrphide). The 
following note was sent to Mr. Bear, of Hailsham, in answer to an 
enquiry as to the nature of these larvee :— 


The three larve you send feeding on the Apple Aphis are those of one 
of the Hover Flies (Syrphide) Catabomba pyrastri, Linn. They are most 
beneficial, being ravenous Aphis feeders attacking all kinds of “ Dolphins.” 

There are a good many species, sufficiently abundant to do a great deal 
in keeping Aphis in check, but unfortunately they come rather late and 
much harm is often done by the Aphides before they make their presence 
felt. Syrphus ribesii, Linn., and i grossulariae, Meig., seem to be the 
most abundant after the one you send. 


These three species were sent from widely different localities. 


80 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


ANIMAL PESTS OF HOPS. 
Woodlice in Hops. 


Specimens of the so-called Monkey-peas were forwarded on the 
2nd of June from Macknade, Faversham, by Mr. F. Neame, with the 
following note :— 


I noticed the other day in one of the hop gardens large numbers of the 
insect commonly known as “ Monkey-pea.” Are they likely to damage 
the bine at all by biting it? If you could inform me on this point, I 
should be much obliged. 


The following reply was sent :— 


The so-called “‘Monkey-peas”’ or woodlice are omnivorous feeders. 
They sometimes do considerable harm out of doors as well as in green- 
houses, especially to soft fruits. I have never heard of them damaging 
hops in any way, but it is quite probable that they would do so if present 
in sufficient numbers. They are more likely to eat away on the surface of 
the ground than upon the bine. Strawberries are often gnawed away 
around the crown by them. Woodlice can easily be trapped by putting 
old baskets full of damp moss upside down, beneath which the woodlice- 
congregate and can easily be collected. 


CEREAL PESTS. 
Beetles on Barley affected with Smut. 


Specimens of barley affected with “Smut” and small beetles 
found with the fungus were received on 26th June (1901) from 
Mr. Neame, of Faversham. Mr. Neame stated that he found them 
in afield of barley badly affected with smut; they were of a glistening 
black colour, and seemed to be only on the ears affected by smut, and 
occurred on almost every foul ear that had recently speared. Where 
the smut had begun to blow away he could not find them. They 
seemed to be eating through the skin of the ears. The following 
answer was sent to his letter of enquiry :— 


The Beetles you send are known as Phalacrus corruscus, Paykull. They 
are common and generally distributed throughout the London and Southern 
districts, rather common in the Midlands, rarer further North. I do not 
know anything of the economy of the five British species, but they are 
certainly not injurious. Two N. American species, P. politus, L., and 
P. peniillatus, Say, have been noticed to feed upon the spores of the 
Smut-fungus on wheat. There is no doubt, I think, that those you notice 
in your barley are there, as you say, to feed off the fungus attacking the 
crop, and that they may therefore be looked upon as beneficial creatures ; 
but at the same time it is very probable they carry the spores about with 
them and so help spread this serious cereal malady. 


The Rosy Rustic. 81 


POTATO PESTS. 


The Rosy Rustic (//ydrecia micacea) attacking 
Potatoes. 


Amongst the numerous enemies from which the potato crop 
suffered during 1902 were the larvee of one of the noctuid moths 
known as the Rosy Rustic (Hydracia micacea). This attack was 
reported to the Board of Agriculture from two localities, namely from 
Winton, Manchester, and from near Wigan, Lancashire, and was also 
observed personally. The two notes sent with these larve were as 
follows :— 


(1) Enclosed are grubs that have attacked and are destroying a large 
patch of potatoes ; will you kindly say what they are and what remedy I 
can take. 


(2) I herewith send two insects that I have found amongst my 


potatoes. They were looking well to about a week ago. Any information 
about them will be thankfully received. 


In both cases the caterpillars were found to be working in a 
similar way, namely, by tunnelling up the stalks of the potatoes, 
completely hollowing them out and so killing the haulm, Should 
this pest become very numerous it would be a serious matter, as 
remedies are quite out of the question save hand-picking the 
attacked haulm. These caterpillars are recorded as feeding in the 
stems of equisetums, docks, valerian, but probably attack a variety 
of other plants. 

The larva when mature varies from an inch and a quarter to an 
inch and a half in length. The back and sides are dull purplish- 
brown, paler on the first three segments and where the segments 
join, the sides and venter are of a dull flesh colour, the legs pale and 
the head yellowish-brown ; on the second segment is a brown semi- 
circular plate broadly margined in front with blackish-brown and a 
shiny yellowish-brown patch on the anal segment with a posterior 
border of small dark warts; on the segments are small dark-brown 
tubercular warts each with a fine terminal hair; the spiracles are 
deep brown and the prolegs pale with black extremities. 

Before pupation the larva becomes a paler dull smoky flesh 
colour all over, with a dusky median dorsal line. The full-fed stage 
is reached from the beginning to the end of July. During the whole 
of its life the larva burrows up the haulm and emits a great quantity 
of green frass ; a round exit hole is made in the stem, the frass being 

G 


82 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


emitted through this. Buckler quotes a letter from the Hon. T. de 
Grey as follows :—“I first observed the larva by pulling up, on the 
14th May, a sickly-looking plant of Hguisetwm arvense. It appeared 
to be feeding on the root and stem below the surface of the ground, 


Fic. 9.—THE POTATO STEM-BORER (Hydre@cia micacea). 
a, Imago ; b and d, larva; c, pupa; e, hole in potato haulm caused by larva. 
(Natural size). 


but when placed in a bottle with a supply of the food plant, it 
immediately entered a stem, and fed upon the inner substance, 
hollowing it completely out, and ejecting the frass at the lower end.” 
This describes the way it has been observed working in potato haulm. 
They work with great rapidity, eight inches being tunnelled in an 


Rosy Rustic and Surface Larve. 83 


hour by one specimen under observation. The damage caused by 
a small number in a plot of potatoes will be seen to be very great. 
The larve have been reported as early as May 10th in dock. Stainton 
says it feeds on the roots of various Cyperacea. The pupal stage is 
found in the ground in an earthen excavation. It is light yellowish- 
brown in colour, about three-fourths of an inch long, ending in an 
anal spike and some short stout bristles, pointing backwards, on the 
last two segments. The imago appears in August and September, a 
few stragglers even in October. It is particularly found in gardens 
and lanes and by hedgerows, also along the borders of ditches, 
marshes and fens. It flies at night and readily comes to light. The 
fore wings are pale brown with a rosy tinge, a dark broad patch 
below the upper border between the inner line and the elbowed line. 
The hind wings are whitish-grey with a darker central line. The wing 
expanse varies from one and a quarter to one and a half inches. 

An almost identical attack is recorded from America® by two 
species, Hydrecia nitela and H, nebris, Guen. The former is known 
as the Potato Stalkborer and has been recorded doing injury to 
potatoes in Western Maine, the damage being due to the larve 
boring up the stalk and causing it to wilt. It also attacks wheat 
and carnations in Ohio (Webster). It also injures tomato, spinach. 
cauliflower, dahlia, aster, lily, spirsa, salvia, thistle and other plants. 
and has been noticed in currant, apple, peach and blackberry twigs, 
and wheat and other corn. No doubt our species has a similar 
varied diet. I do not know the egg stage of this moth, nor where 
the eggs are deposited in this country. 


PREVENTION. 


All we can do is to hand-pick the haulm in gardens and fields 
where it is seen to wilt and then destroy the larve inside; by so 
doing a great deal of damage will be saved. Poultry should be 
turned on potato fields, when the crop has been lifted, to devour the 
pup, and the men should be instructed to kill all pupw they turn 


up in digging. 
Surface Larve attacking Celery and Potatoes. 


The Heart and Dart Moth (4. exclamationis, Linn.) larve, 
commonly called Surface Larve or Cutworms, were reported by 
Messrs. Carter and Co. as seriously attacking one of their clients’ 

* “Some Insects injurious to Vegetable Crops,” F. H. Chittenden, U.S, Dept. 
Agri., Div. Ent., Bull. 33, 1902. 

G2 


34 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


celery and potatoes. They have been very abundant this year in 
many parts of the country, and have caused a great deal of harm to 
all kinds of roots. 

Various remedies have been suggested and used with varied results. 
Soot and lime broadcasted over the soil and worked in with a prong- 
hoe in an attack on turnip has been successful. Bran soaked in 
Paris green and placed in heaps just under or on the soil has been 
known to destroy them; hundreds being poisoned by eating the 
arsenic on the bran. Kainit, at the rate of 3 cwt. to the acre, has 
also been successful. In regard to the attack on potatoes, it is 
difficult to do any good, but with the celery, soot and lime broad- 
casted on each side of the rows would prove beneficial. 

One grower has recommended watering with paraffin emulsion. 
If the plants are young this would no doubt be an excellent remedy. 


The Pigmy Potato Beetle. 


(Bathyscia wollastont, Jans.) 


Early in June, Mr. Stains, gardener to F. Monins, Esq., of Ring- 
would, near Dover, sent some potatoes badly damaged and full of 
small Snake Millepedes (vide pp. 15, 32, and 86) (Julus pulchellus). 
These often serious pests had undoubtedly done most of the damage. 
At the same time, either by accident or by intent, there were sent 
with the potatoes a few small brown beetles. These were identified 
by Mr. Waterhouse as Bathyscia wollastont. 

Canon Fowler, in his “ British Coleoptera” (Vol. III., p. 71), says 
that this species is “ found in rotting seed potatoes.” Mr. Stains was 
so informed, and the subject of these little beetles dropped. But 
early in July they appeared upon the scene again. I noticed 
some “Up-to-Date” potatoes in my garden with the haulm badly 
damaged ; there were no signs of any larve to be seen either by day 
or at night. My gardener said the damage was due to small “ brown 
bugs” in the soil, and on digging up some tubers I found them 
covered with this small beetle. Rather more than two-thirds of the 
crop proved unsound, some from “ rot,” but the majority owing to the 
ravages of this beetle. 

Not only is the sound seed potato eaten, but the tubers themselves. 
The beetles work first of all along the surface of the potato, eating 
surface galleries, and then tunnel little round holes into the tubers; 
these tunnels and channels soon decay and turn brown, and so the 
tuber rots away. An attacked potato cut in two looks as if riddled 
with fine shot. The seed potatoes seem to be hollowed out; whether 


——— 


Pigmy Potato Beetle. 85 


this is due to the beetles or subsequent decay I could not say for 
certain, but I believe from the latter. 

On July 14th, I wrote to this effect to Mr. Staines, to which he 
replied that he had also come to the conclusion that these beetles 
were causing much harm. 

Not content with damaging potatoes, they spread into an onion 


Fic. 10.—THE PIGMY POTATO BEETLE (Bathyscia wollastoni, Jans.) 


A, Section of damaged potato (c, holes eaten by the beetle, D); B, damaged 
outer surface, 


bed and ruined quite half the crop. Just as in the potato crop, so 
with the onion, they work underground. The rootlets of the onions 
were eaten off, so that the plants fell down; the beetles also nibbled 
at the lower part of the onions and so caused them to split and become 
worthless. I tried them with numerous other food plants experi- 
mentally, and found parsnips the only one they would touch; but if 
& parsnip, an onion, and a potato were put in the same box, they 


86 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


invariably sought the potato, and when that was gone the onion. I 
have not had sufficient time to trace the life-history of this beetle, 
which can only be looked upon as a serious potato pest in East Kent 
and probably elsewhere, its small size and peculiar habits rendering 
it very inconspicuous. From enquiries I have made, it seems to be 
commonly distributed over that part of the county, and has been 
connected with the diseased state of potatoes by many local men. 

The beetles (Fig. 10D) are very small, never more than 2 mm. 
long ; oval and convex, of a dull, reddish-brown colour, with fine dull 
yellowish hairs and the surface with minute punctures ; the thorax 
a little broader than the elytra, rounded at the sides and contracted 
in front ; the elytra are narrow behind and rounded at the apex ; legs 
long and slender, and the tibiz, especially the middle ones, spinose. 
Canon Fowler records it from Finchley and Hammersmith ; all the 
other records are from Kent. 

They are extremely active, both when on the potato and in the 
ground, running with great rapidity and falling from the tuber at the 
least shock. Evidently they hibernate as adults, for when going to 
press (December) they are still alive. 


Millepedes attacking Potatoes. 


Mr. F. Powers forwarded some potatoes from Great Staughton, 
badly attacked by small Snake Millepedes (Julus pulchellus); but two 
other species were present, one belonging to the genus Julus and the 
third to the genus Polydesmus, These animals breed in the soil and 
often cause considerable loss; they are probably primarily attracted 
by the decaying seed. 

Another correspondent, Mr. Staines, writing from Ringwould, near 
Dover, says :— 

I am sending you two potatoes which are attacked by some pest, a 
small, thin, worm-like pest, enclosed with the tubers. As you will see, they 
attack the old set, also the young tuber. When it attacks the old set, it 
entirely destroys the crop, the haulm ceases to grow, and eventually 
disappears. In my opinion, it is quite as bad a pest as Phythophora 
infestans. If you can give me any information regarding the pest I 
should be extremely obliged. Last year when planting I dusted round 


each tuber soot and lime, with good results. This year I did not use 
soot and lime, and am very much troubled with it. 


Liming the soil is the only treatment of practical use on a large 
scale. There is no doubt Mr. Staines’s plan of dusting soot and lime 
around each tuber when set is a good plan—lime being the great 
specific against Millepedes. A plan that has met with success where 


Colorado Beetle. 87 


gardens are troubled with these animals is given in the Report on 
p. 115. 

The small beetles also sent were Bathyscia wollastoni, an abundant 
potato pest in East Kent (vide p. 84). 


Notes on the Colorado Beetle in England. 


The appearance of the Colorado Beetle in England in 1901 was 
not surprising. Ships from American ports may very easily bring 
over specimens that have flown on board whilst in harbour on the 
other side. A single pregnant female would be enough to start a 
colony. It is probably in this way that the colony established in 
1901 in Tilbury Docks originated. It has been surmised that the pest 
may have come over in American potatoes ; that is scarcely likely, for 
the only American potatoes that are sent to this country are seed 
potatoes, which are particularly clean. At present there is no infesta- 
tion of the Colorado Beetle in Europe, so that it can only have been 
derived from an American source. Two previous outbreaks have 
been known in Europe, both in Germany. 

The outbreak of this beetle in 1901 was reported to the Board of 
Agriculture during August. The beetles were then very vigorous, 

eggs and larvee of all sizes being found. 

; The colony was evidently well established, and looked as if it had 
been in existence some little time. It was situated inside Tilbury 
Dock on some potatoes on the workmen’s allotments; they extended 
for about fifty yards, and had materially defoliated the potatoes in 
some places. 

The adults did not readily seem to take wing, but crawled about 
with great energy. Later on in the year, those taken away for 
breeding purposes, however, showed a strong disposition to fly; they 
were constantly flying with great force in the breeding-cage in which 
I kept them, and beautiful objects they are, too, when their brilliant 
rose-coloured under wings are expanded. By keeping some specimens 
in warmth, I succeeded in getting through a complete life-cycle by 
October, but those kept out-of-doors did not deposit any eggs after I 
brought them away from Tilbury. 

The land where this beetle had taken up its abode was cleared of 
all potato haulm, and the haulm burnt with paraffin at night on the 
ground under the superintendence of the Board of Agriculture 
officials; the ground was also soaked with paraffin, ploughed ten 
inches deep, and then dressed with gas lime at the rate of 60 tons 
per acre. Potatoes were planted on and around parts of the area to 


88 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


serve as baits for any fresh beetles that might appear in the spring of 
the following year. In spite of the heavy dressing of gas lime, 
volunteer potatoes and weeds germinated freely, showing how 
uncertain gas lime is in its action. 

The length of the different stages of the beetle in England, as far 
as my observations go, are as follows: The egg stage, ten days; the 
larval stage, from three weeks to a month or five weeks; and the 
pupal stage, from a week to ten days in the summer. The eggs are 
usually laid on the under surface of the leaves in clusters of from 
nine to forty, but Mr. Craigie has observed the beetles at Tilbury to 
deposit a few on the upper surfaceas well. They are very conspicuous 
elongated oval orange bodies attached to the leaves, after the manner 
of those of the Lady-birds. The eggs were found at Tilbury also on 
the leaves of the Sow-thistle (Sonchws). There is some variation in 
their colour: some are deep orange, others pale orange, according to 
their age. 

All the beetles I brought away from Tilbury in the autumn of 
1901 went to earth by the middle of October and remained under 
ground all the time, except during a few warm days in November, 
when two appeared on the surface of the earth. They made their 
appearance above ground in April, but did not all come up until 
May 4th. They were kept until May 20th, when they commenced 
egg laying. These “check” specimens were then destroyed. 

At this date no beetles had made their appearance at Tilbury, so 
that the probability is that the drastic measures taken last autumn 
cleared off all those in the adult stage. 

According to Riley, the beetle passes the winter only in the adult 
stage, and thus it was hoped that the measures taken had exterminated 
the pest in this country. 

But in May, 1902, beetles commenced to appear again at Tilbury. 
Those that I saw alive were certainly not hibernated specimens, so 
easily told by their dingy appearance. The specimens appearing at 
this time were without doubt freshly-hatched ones, the elytra being 
quite pale compared with those that hibernated. It thus seems that 
the Colorado Beetle passes the winter also in the pupal stage in the 
soil. This will account for this second outbreak at Tilbury. There 
is no doubt that some larve had already buried themselves deep 
in the soil previous to the plot being treated, and no doubt many 
of these were below the ten inches ploughed up, and so escaped the 
effects of the gas lime and paraffin. 

Professor Howard informs me that this is known to happen in 
America as well; Professor Smith having observed the beetle to 


SE ———E 


Colorado Beetle. 89 


pass the winter in the pupal stage, which, however, is apparently 
exceptional. 

This secondary method of passing the winter makes the insect 
more difficult to cope with when it makes its appearance in a new 
country, and should be borne in mind in the destruction of any future 
colony that is found. 

The number of beetles that appeared this year (1902) was not 
large, but sufficient to show that they can well survive our winter, 
even under such unfavourable circumstances as existed on the plots 
at Tilbury. 

From specimens in the National collection it seems that there are 
three closely-related species of Doryphora, namely, D. wndecemlineata, 
Stal; D. juncta, Germ.; and D. melanothorax, Stal. The first-named 
has black legs, but otherwise resembles the Colorado Beetle. 
D. melanothorax has an entirely dark thorax, not yellow with black 
spots and central mark, as seen in the Colorado Beetle. D. juncta, 
known as the Bogus Colorado Beetle, has two of the black lines on 
the wing cases very closely united, forming almost one broad single 
line. 

There is a fourth species in the collection, D, multiteniata, 
Stal, but there seems to be no difference between it and D, wndecem- 
lineata. 

The only species likely to be confounded with the potato pest is 
D. juncta in its larval stage; but it can easily be told when young by 
being much paler than decemlineata, and when adult by having a pale 
head instead of a black one; its eggs also differ, being white instead 
of orange. 

The Reports sent to the Board of Agriculture on visits paid to the 
infested plots are appended. : 


First Report on Colorado Beetle Outbreak at Tilbury. 


The potato plots in the allotments in Tilbury Dockyard were visited on 
August 22nd, 1901. 

The Colorado Beetle (Doryphora 10-lineata) was found to be present. 
The beetles were not at all numerous, not more than two dozen being 
observed. 

They were, however, very active, and breeding was going on. Larve 
n all stages were found and three batches of ova. 

The beetles seemed to be limited to about fifty yards of the allotments, 
the end nearest the station being quite free from the pest. A single 
specimen was also found on the Nightshade. None were detected in the 
rough herbage surrounding the plots, a likely place to harbour hibernators 
during the winter. 

e beetles showed great vitality, but the damage, although noticeable 


ete) First Report on Economic Zoology. 


on the crop, was not as great as one would expect. Amongst the potatoes 
mentioned were several of the large Ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata), 
which were feeding on the eggs of the beetle. It would be advisable to 
have all surrounding plots examined, especially those on the other side of 
the high fence separating the dockyard from the railway. As the beetles 
occur on poppies and tomatoes both these plants should be searched. 


Report of Second Visit to Tilbury re Colorado Beetle. 


On September 17th, 1901, I visited Tilbury with Mr. Craigie to make 
further examination of the allotments upon which the Colorado Beetle had 
been found breeding. 

No signs of any fresh beetles had been noticed by the foreman who 
had charge of the plot of land. None could be found under boards, 
sacking, etc., places where they might hibernate. It is extremely 
improbable that any could live in the ground covered with the gas lime 
in the way it has been treated. No signs of any damage could be detected 
on the potatoes, not yet dug, on the railway bordering the infested patches 
in the docks. 

There is a possibility that a few stray individuals might live in amongst 
the rough grasses near the plots, which although treated with gas lime, 
still offer many tempting spots for wintering where the lime has not 
fallen. 

It would be well to plant a few batches of early potatoes about, as 
traps for any that may have escaped; this would probably stop any 
stragglers in the spring from straying away. 

The specimens taken away at my first visit have now all gone to earth. 
On placing them amongst fresh leaves and on the soil, even in the sun, they 
refuse to remain above ground. These will be kept as checks, and as soon 
as they commence to appear in the spring from the soil, information will 
be sent to the Board, when a sharp look-out may be kept at Tilbury. For 
the present nothing further can be done. 


Report on the Colorado Beetle at Tilbury (1902). 


I have visited the plot of land in Tilbury Dock upon which the 
Colorado Beetle bred last summer, and found that the beetles were 
appearing in small numbers and that they had already commenced to lay 
their eggs (June 2nd). As stated by Mr. Brown, the beetles were coming 
out of the ground that had been treated with gas lime and paraffin during 
August, 1901. 

The beetles seen by me were quite fresh specimens and presented a 
much brighter shiny appearance than those I kept alive during the winter 
at Wye; one specimen found during my visit on June 2nd was certainly 
immature. It thus seems that these beetles that are now appearing have 
passed the winter in the pupal stage. The larve had no doubt gone to 
earth before the land was treated last autumn. A number may well have 
gone deeper than 10 inches,* so that they would escape the action of the 
gas lime and paraffin, and thus the appearance of the beetles this year can 
be accounted for. 


* The land was only ploughed to this depth. 


Colorado Beetle. gl 


It is probable that they may go on appearing for another two weeks, 
but I think it well to have a watch kept over the plot for at least a 
month. That a brood may appear over some time we may judge from the 
fact that eggs and larve in all stages were found last August at the same 
time, although it is probable that the first brood would hatch out about 
the same time. 

Recommendations. 


1, Constant supervision and hand-picking adults and ova on infested 
plot in the docks for one month. 

2. Very careful examination of the potato plots along the railway line 
just outside the dock property. 

8. Clearing off the ooh herbage in close proximity to the infested 
plot. (It would be as well not to burn this near ; smoke very often makes 
insects fly when they otherwise would be sedentary.) 

4, An examination of all potato fields and plots within a three-mile 
radius of the dockyard plot. his had best be made twice ; once as soon 
as possible, and again about the 21st of June. 

A visit ought to be paid now as well as later, because some of the 
beetles may have flown away last year and hibernated, and like those kept 
at Wye, have appeared during the early part of May and commenced to 
breed. _ If this has happened the larve should be quite large. 

5. It would be well to have the leaflet on this pest sent to all potato 
growers on both sides of the river to distribute to their men. 


COLORADO BEETLE ENQUIRY. 


(BoaRD OF AGRICULTURE.) 
Insects sent as Colorado Beetles. 


A number of insects were sent to the Board of Agriculture as 
Colorado Beetles from different localities ; it is a matter of interest to 
note the great variety of creatures sent—none being the pest in 
question. The specimens are as follows :— 

No. 

No, 

The Cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr.). 


A 
Soe 
> 9 £9 


No. 6. Chrysomela marginalis, Duft. 

No. 7. Bibio hortulanus, Linn. (a fly). 

No. 8. Larvee of one of the Chrysomelida (Colorado Beetle family) 
of the genus Timarcha, 

No. 9. Burying Beetle (Necrophorus sp.). 

No. 10. The Cockchafer (M. vulgaris, Fabr.). 


92 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


No. 6 is never in sufficient numbers to do much harm. No. 8 
feeds chiefly on rank grasses and low herbs, and does no harm. 
No. 9 is beneficial, the beetles and their larve acting as scavengers. 

No. 7 is to some extent injurious in the larval stage; the larve 
occur in large masses in the soil and attack the roots of various 
plants, especially grass; great numbers have appeared in some 
districts this spring. 

a - Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr. 

No. 13. Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. 

This latter is a very common beetle, which passes its larval and 
pupal stages in rotten oak, birch, beech, willow, and other wood. 

Neither beetle nor larva are in the least destructive. 

No. 14. Yelephorus rusticus, Fall. 

No. 15. Telephorus bicolor, F. 

No. 16. Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr. 

Nos. 14 and 15 are popularly known as “Soldiers and Sailors.” 
They are most voracious, the females even devouring their mates ; 
the larvee are also carnivorous, feeding on insect grubs, earthworms, 
slugs, etc., so that these beetles should be protected. 

No. 17. Clytus arietis, Linn. 

No. 18. Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr. 

No. 19. Crioceris asparagi, Linn. 

No. 20. Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr. 

No. 19 is the Asparagus Beetle. 

No. 17 is of little importance. 

Nos. 18 and 20 are the large Cockchafer. 

No. 21. Bibio hortulanus, Linn. 

No. 22. Larvee of Chryomelid Beetle (Zimarcha). 

No. 23. Steropus mandidus, Linn. 

ae = Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr. 

No. 26. Pterostichus vulgaris, Linn. 

No. 23 attacks mangolds and strawberries, eating the fruit of the 
latter plant. 

No. 24 also attacks strawberry ; both are somewhat abundant 
this season. 

No. 25. 

No. 30.4 The Rosy Rustic (Hydrecia micacea). 

No. 31. 

The pupa sent to the Board of Agriculture, numbered 32, is the 
pupa of the 7-spotted Lady-bird (Coccinella septempunctata). 


Cabbage Aphis. 93 


Reported Colorado Beetle at Hockley. 


Some pupe sent from Hockley were those of the 7-spotted Lady- 
bird (C. septempunctata), 

There are no records of any of the true Lady-birds, except a 
single species of Subcoccinella, S. vigintiquatuorpunctata, Linn., doing 
any harm to foliage in this country, but many of the large genus 
Epilachna, which does not occur here, do considerable harm, and are 
all herbivorous and not carnivorous. It is extremely improbable 
that the potato leaves sent by Mr. Craigie, which appear to be 
devoured to some considerable extent, have been attacked by the 
Coccinellids sent. It is much more likely that “Surface Larvee,” 
which are nocturnal feeders, were the cause of the damage, or slugs. 

At the same time, it is of course not impossible for carnivorous 
insects to develop herbivorous habits. Search should be made on the 
potatoes for Plant Lice, the normal Lady-bird food; if none occur, 
then there would be more reason to think that the larval Coccinellids 
had become herbivorous. 


Supposed Colorado Beetle at South Benfleet. 


Pupe sent from South Benfleet as Colorado beetles were those 
of the 7-spotted Lady-bird (C. septempunctata). 


Suspected Colorado Beetle at Northfleet. 


Pupe also sent from Northfleet were those of the 7-spotted Lady- 
bird (C. septempunctata), and not any stage of the Colorado Beetle. 
Nothing was found in the tube resembling Fig. 2 of the pamphlet, 
but the pupe are those figured at No. 7. 

There was also sent a small adult Lady-bird (Hippodamia 
variegata). 

ROOT CROP PESTS. 


The Cabbage Aphis on Turnips. 


A correspondent forwarded in September some turnip leaves 
seriously damaged by aphides from the Isle of Thanet. The leaves 
were attacked by the Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brassicw, Linn.) Nothing 
can, of course, be done as late as this; as a rule the Ichneumon flies 
parasitise them in enormous numbers in September. It is not 
known for certain how they pass the winter—but probably in the 
egg-stage on wild Crucifere. This species does not usually attack 


94 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


turnips or any other root-crop leaves, but Curtis evidently observed 
it on the stems of turnip leaves. Its normal food plants are the 
various Brassicw, upon which it may occur in great numbers, causing 
large crinkled folds and swellings on the leaves, which turn white. 
The Aphides are covered with a white mealy coat. 

Unless one has a field Strawsoniser one can do nothing in such 
attacks. 


Injurious Tipulidz of Great Britain. 
THEIR LIFE-HISTORY AND TREATMENT. 


Several enquiries have been received during 1902 concerning 
Leather-Jackets. 

The so-called Leather-Jackets, or the larve of the Daddy Long- 
legs, or Crane Flies, that do most harm to crops, belong to five 
species, namely, the common Crane Fly (Tipula oleracea); the Marsh 
Crane Fly (Tipula paludosa); the Striped-abdomen Crane Fly 
(7. lateralis, Meig.) ; the Yellow-Spotted Crane Fly (Pachyrrhina 
maculosa), and an allied species, P. quadrifaria. Some years itis one 
species that does most harm, in other years another, or all may be 
equally abundant. During the year 1902 the Yellow-Spotted Crane 
Fly (P. maculosa) was most abundant generally. The larve of all 
species work in a very similar way, the grubs feeding upon roots of all 
kinds of plants, often working into the interior of large roots just below 
the surface of the ground. In such plants as the dahlias, carnations 
and hops, they often cannot be detected, as they work so far into the 
roots. They not only attack plants below ground, but they frequently 
appear on the surface, and have been noticed to eat through straw- 
berry runners. Their appearance on the surface is chiefly at night. 
I have frequently noticed those of oleracea and maculosa feeding in 
large numbers above ground on damp summer nights. Ritzema Bos 
has not only observed the larvee of maculosa feeding above ground at 
night, but also “by day in dark, damp weather,’ and watched them 
at work on the growing field crop. This habit of coming above 
ground at night to feed is one we must pay especial attention to 
from an economic point of view. All these larve are particularly 
prevalent in grass land and clover lay, where they find congenial 
surroundings amongst the tangled growth of roots and in turnip 
fields ; but at the same time we get them in rich, clean garden soil, 
causing havoc amongst lettuce, cabbage, and tender flowering plants. 
During the past season (1902) the larve of P. maculosa were 
observed working into the stems of cornflowers just below and above 


Injurious Tipulide. 95 


ground, and caused complete destruction of beds of quite large size. 
It is mainly in undisturbed ground that these insects propagate, 
especially when there is moisture, as in damp meadows, marshes, 
and amongst the vegetation along dykes and ditches. The smaller 
larve of P. maculosa occur most abundantly on light soils, but not 
by any means entirely, for I have seen them in swarms during the 
past year on clay land. They occur in hilly districts just as 
abundantly as in low-lying marshy land, in light and heavy soil; in 
fact, they have as wide a distribution as the common Crane Fly. 

The larve of all these and other injurious species live throughout 
the winter, feeding all the time, except when the ground is frozen ; 
they then pass deeper into the earth to escape the cold. Some seem 
to reach maturity sooner than others of each species, for it is not 
infrequent to find adults of some of the species occurring over several 
months, but the main brood occurs about the same time; others 
have two or more broods in the year. Grass land and root crops 
perhaps suffer more than anything else from the ravages of the 
Leather-Jackets. The following instances may here be recorded. 
In 1813, according to Kirby and Spence (“Introduction to Ento- 
mology”), hundreds of acres of grass land were destroyed by 
Leather-Jackets. In 1842 the marsh lands by the side of the 
Thames in the Isle of Grain were so completely destroyed by these 
grubs that the ground was bare. This occurred again in 1894 in the 
same area. The larve, of course, differ in certain features in each 
species. In general form they are cylindrical, without any feet, with 
a distinct horny head, retractile, 7.¢., it can easily be drawn into the 
succeeding segments ; the posterior end is truncated and ends in a 
number of fleshy projections, so-called papilla, which vary in the 
different species. There are two respiratory orifices on the last 
segment. The mandibles are dentate and work transversely, not upon 
one another, but upon two other fixed pieces. They are not only 
found living in roots, but also in rotting wood and even in water, 
both salt and fresh, The pup of these insects can easily be dis- 
tinguished by their having two horn-like projections from the head ; 
the segments of the abdomen are encircled more or less with spines, 
especially beneath, and, like most of the nematocera, are naked, that 
is they are not enshrouded in a puparial case. This stage in the 
root-feeding Tipwlida is always found in the ground where the larve 
have been feeding, generally at some little distance; from the surface, 
Just before the imago is ready to emerge they wriggle partly out 
of the ground, the abdominal spines being used for this purpose; 
usually about half the pupa projects above the level of the earth. 


96 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


The imagines then escape. Itisavery common sight to see hundreds 
of these empty pupal cases sticking up amongst a few square feet of 
pasture. They are especially noticeable, projecting from the edges 
of lawns along gravel paths. These insects do endless mischief to 
lawns, but never to the same extent that they do to permanent 
pasture, because the mowing and rolling, especially if carried on late 
into the autumn, kills so many of the adults, and destroys the eggs, 
besides compressing the ground so firmly that the Leather-Jackets 
can move but slowly from root to root. 

Very frequently the damage done to grass land by their larve is 
attributed to other causes. Miss Ormerod gives the following 
instance :—‘ On May 24th Mr. W. Gray, writing from Langholm, 
Dumfriesshire, N.B., sent me some quite young caterpillars of 
the Antler Moth of various sizes, from very small up to as much 
as a third or half-grown. He mentioned at the same time the 
injured appearance of the grass, but that on searching for the cater- 
pillars there seemed very little sign of them, which he ascribed to 
their being still so small that they escaped observation. However, 
about a month later the true cause of the damage was found.” The 
maggots proved to be the larve of P. maculosa (Report XIX., 
p. 33, 1896). 

The five chief injurious species may have their characteristics 
summarised as follows :— 


I. THE CoMMON CRANE-FLY. 
(Tipula oleracea). 


This species (Fig. 11, 1) is widely distributed over Great Britain, its 
larvee and those of the next species being the common forms of large 
Leather Jackets so destructive to all crops. The adults appear from 
May to September, the majority being seen during August and 
September, but they may occur even into October in considerabie 
numbers. They can stand a fair amount of frost, for I have seen 
them alive after the night temperature has been as low as 28° F. 
The adult is silvery-grey; the thorax striped; the metathorax 
silvery-white; the abdomen slaty-grey; the segments becoming 
testaceous towards their edges, and there is a dark lateral line 
between the upper part and the testaceous sides; the apex is also 
testaceous. The long, slender legs are testaceous; the tarsi dark 
brown. The wings are longer than the body, greyish; the costa 
brown, and sharply contrasted from the rest of the wing, and beneath 
it there is a greyish, limpid streak in both g and 9. 

The larvee when full grown reach an inch in length and about the 


ee 


Lhnjurious Tipulide. 97 


thickness of a goose-quill. The skin is quite tough when they are 
mature, much wrinkled, and of an earthy color, The blunt tail- 


————————— 


| 
! 
| 


5 ft 
Fic, 11.—1nsunious Tipulida on DADDY-LONG-LEGS. 


1, Tipula oleracea ; 2, T. lateralis; 3, Pachyrhina maculosa; 4 and 5, pupa and larva of T. 
okracea ; 6 and 7, pupa and larva of 7’, maculoen ; 8, egy of T. oleracea ; 9, of maculosa : 
10, basal cell and veins near, in Pachyrhina; 11, in Tipula, 


end is furnished with four large tubercles on the edge with two 
below, and in the centre the two respiratory openings. 
Bi 


98 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


They pupate in July, August and September. The pupa is about 
as long as the larva, but not quite so thick, and in colour varies from 
dirty brown to brown; the ventral spines are large, and there are 
small ones on the dorsal parts of the segments ; the tail-end is spiny 
and acuminate. 

The larvee of this large Tipulid feed on all manner of roots, but 
are especially prevalent in grass land. 


II. Toe ALLIED oR MarsH CRANE-FLY. 
(Tipula paludosa). 


This species is nearly as common as the former, which it closely 
resembles. It appears, however, a little later as a rule, and may be 
at once distinguished by the wings of the female being shorter than 
the body and by the absence of the pale streak under the costa in the 
female; this pale streak, however, occurs in the male, but the 
genitalia differ from those of oleracea. The legs are also much 
stouter than in oleracea. The body, especially in the female, is of a 
general ferruginous colour, with the dorsal stripe weakly developed. 
The palpi are also stouter than in the common crane-fly. Its larve 
feed in similar situations to the former. I am not acquainted with 
its structural differences. 


III. THe StTRIPED-ABDOMEN CRANE-FLY. 
(Tipula lateralis, Meigen.) 


This is a very abundant species which sometimes appears in 
swarms. I have frequently had the larve sent me as damaging 
grass lands from different parts of England. I have noticed it to be 
particularly abundant along the grassy roadsides in Huntingdonshire 
some years, notably in 1890 and 1900, when great numbers of the 
maggots were attacking the grass in neighbouring fields. Grass roots 
seem to be the main food of the larve. There are no records of it 
attacking garden produce or other crops, but it doubtless does so. It 
occurs in the adult stage in June and July and again in September. 
In the latter month I found the flies swarming in the fields around 
Sidmouth in 1889. 

The thorax of this species (Fig. 11, 2) has three brown stripes and 
is margined with deep brown; the middle line is broadest anteriorly 
and has a dark central line in front. The abdomen has chestnut- 
brown side lines, and each segment has the posterior border with a 


oe ee © 


Lnjyurious Tipulide. 99 


fine pale line. The legs are reddish-brown, the tips of the joints dark 
brown. The wings are tinged with brown and there is an oblique pale 
mark by the stigma. The cross-veins are clouded with dark brown 
and the marginal cell yellowish-brown. Its length varies from half 
to two-thirds of an inch. The larva varies from three quarters of an 
inch to nearly an inch in length; it is thick skinned, of a dirty 
brownish yellow hue, often with a coating of earth when it assumes 
a brownish appearance, and has three dark stripes running down the 
body on the back interrupted by the segments; there are a few dark 
short hairs; the anal end with four short thick papillae above, all 
much the same length, but the two middle ones closer together and 
a little smaller than the outer pair, and two short, coarse ones on the 
lower edge. The pupa is nearly an inch in length, of a dirty whitish 
colour at first, becoming blackish-brown. On the ventral surface of 
the fifth to the eighth segments is an unequal sized transverse row 
of bristles near each posterior border; there are also spines on the 
front parts of the ventral segments ; the last segment is surrounde 
by ten spines, four above, four below, and two on each side. 

The larvee are especially fond of damp, wet, muddy earth. 

The other two recorded injurious species belong to the genus 
Pachyrhinus of Macquart. The members of this genus can be told 
by their more fragile form and black and yellow colouring, and they 
have the three veins from the diseal cell, generally starting from 
separate bases (Fig. 11, 10). 


IV. Tue SporreD CRraNE-FLy. 
(Pachyrhina maculosa, Meigen.) 


This is a most abundant species in Great Britain in fields, road- 
sides, and especially in gardens. It appears in June and July and 
again in September. After the two large Crane Flies this is the 
most harmful species, some years it being far more destructive in its 
larval stage than they are. Its life-history was first worked out by 
the greatest economic entomologist England has seen—John Curtis, 

During the season of 1902 it appeared in enormous numbers in 
some districts, such as Kent and Huntingdonshire, and has been 
reported in great abundance elsewhere. I also found it swarming in 
parts of Devonshire in 1888. 

Curtis speaks of it as swarming on the sea coast, and mentions 
“seeing myriads on sand banks in the Isle of Portland, also at the 
back of the Isle of Wight, and at Lowestoft in Suffolk.” 

H 2 


100 }=6 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Most of the small “leather-jackets” infesting gardens are of this 
species; they especially attack lettuce, peas, young brassice, and 
garden flowering plants. 

There are two broods during the year, and in some seasons 
possibly a third. Curtis records them as early as May. I have 
taken it in numbers as late as August. 

The adult (Fig. 11, 3) is yellow, the abdomen having a broad 
interrupted dorsal line ; the head has a dark triangular patch behind ; 
the thorax three black stripes, the lateral pair curved outwards at the 
front end; and the sides (pleurz) before the halteres blackish-brown 
on three sides. The wings are transparent with a pale brown stigma. 
The thin delicate legs are testaceous, dusky towards the tips. In 
length this species varies from a little under to half an inch. 

The eggs of P. maculosa are oval and jet black. The larvee when 
mature are never more than three-quarters of an inch long. In 
colour they are earthy and the skin is wrinkled, but not tough as in 
the Tipule. They are cylindrical, somewhat attenuated at each end ; 
the alimentary canal shows through the skin, above and below, as a 
broad dark stripe. Each segment has a transverse row of four stiff 
bristles, the inner ones of each row the shorter; laterally are short, 
stiff, black hairs. They can at once be told from the large leather- 
jackets when the latter are immature, z.c., about the size of mature 
maculosa grubs, by the anal processes; in this species the truncated 
tail has two hooks or papille, and two short ones between them, with 
two blunt tubercles below and two fleshy protuberances capable of 
dilatation and contraction; there are also two central spiracles; 
between each stigma and the ventral papille a transverse row of 
three small dark brown spots. They reach maturity in the spring 
and pupate in the soil. The pupe are brown to golden brown in 
colour, slightly narrower than the larvee, and have the two straight 
cephalic horns; the abdominal segments have each a row of minute 
spines above and six large ones beneath, and on either side an 
elevated spiny line, the penultimate segment has six long spines and 
two small ones, and there is a large conical process at the tail with a 
shorter one beneath it. Curtis describes them as not only eating 
roots, but also eating off trusses of the strawberry flowers close to the 
crown. He also found them in May at the roots of lilacs and 
amongst the roots of grass; they also destroyed carrots, raspberry and 
strawberry roots, lettuces and various flowers. Miss Ormerod, as 
previously noted, gives records of its damage in the Scottish uplands, 
where its working was mistaken for that of the larva of the Antler 
Moth (Charwas graminis). 


sin 


a 


Lhyurious Tipulide. 101 


V. Tue ALLreD Spotrep CRANE-FLY, 


(Pachyrhina quadrifaria, Meigen.) 


This is a closely related species to the preceding, and like it is 
generally distributed over England, but does not seem to occur in 
such swarms, nor do its larve seem to occasion as much harm. It, 
however, has been sent to me from various parts of Surrey and I 
have observed its larve in great numbers ravaging flower and 
vegetable plants at Kingston-on-Thames in 1884 and 1886; in the 
latter year it was especially abundant in the south of England. 
The adult appears in June and July. 

The female is yellow, the abdomen with a black dorsal stripe; the 
head with a triangular black spot behind. The thorax has three 
broad black stripes, the lateral pair including two yellow spots, and 
the metathorax has three black stripes. In the ¢ the abdominal 
stripe is interrupted on the anterior border of each segment, in the ? 
the dorsal stripe is dilated on the hind border of each segment. The 
Wing is transparent, with the stigma brown, and the hind cross-vein 
and the last piece of the vein below it infuscated. Legs testaceous ; 
tips of the femora and tibize black, and the tarsi dusky. Length, 
half an inch, 

The deep brown stigma will at once separate it from the 
preceding species. 

The larva is seldom more than half an inch long, of a greyish- 
yellow colour, with thick skin, and very like that of P. maculosa ; 
four dorsal papillw, the two inner ones much shorter than the two 
outer ones ; the two ventral papille short, also brown stripes beneath 
the stigmas. The pupa is about as long as the larva, brownish-yellow, 
with sharply indented segments; two short, thin, rather spatulate 
cephalic horns; each segment with six or seven dorsal spines; 
ventral surfaces with five teeth-like spines. 


NATURAL ENEMIES OF TIPULID. 


The Tipulide are preyed upon by a number of natural enemies 
which, however, are not sufficiently potent to stop them doing much 
harm and causing great loss both to the agriculturist and horticul- 
turist. The subject of natural enemies is one to which special 
attention should be paid, but it is quite useless to expect very great 
benefit to accrue from any except the birds. People who are 
acquainted more with the laboratory than the field talk of the use of 
parasitic hymenoptera ([chnewmonide and Chaleidide) and of 


102 »=fvrst Report on Economic Zoology. 


predaceous insects as if they would do all that is required to check 
an insect pest. In a few cases predaceous insects have done 
enormous good, under abnormal conditions, but in a state of nature 
they never appear in sufficient numbers to make any impression 
until the pest in question has increased to such an extent that the 
harm is all done. The introduction of new predaceous forms is, 
however, always worth trying, as now and again good has resulted, 
as seen in the case of the Jcerya scale and Vedalia cardinals. 
When people commence to talk of stopping spraying for Aphides 
or scales because the beneficial parasites are killed also, it is sufficient 
evidence they know little of fruit-growing or the fruit grower’s 
troubles. 

In the Tipulide we find scarcely any record of insects that 
destroy either larve or adults. Curtis mentions Ichneumons as 
attacking the larvee, but says no more. Although I have bred large 
numbers from different parts of Britain I have never come across a 
parasite, with the exception of a single? Zachina, sp. (?) that appeared 
in a cage of 7. oleracea. Numerous birds, however, feed very largely on 
these insects, not only upon the larvee, but also upon the adult flies. 

Amongst those birds which are great “ leather-jacket ” destroyers 
are the following: the Rook, the Starling, the Peewit, various Gulls, 
the Pheasant, and, to a lesser extent, all the Zurdida, or Thrushes, 
and Blackbirds. Enormous numbers of these larvee are devoured in 
autumn, winter, and spring by the three former birds, and the 
pheasant’s crop may frequently be found full of them. The decrease 
in the number of Peewits has been marked by a corresponding 
increase in this pest as well as in the Wire-worm. All these birds 
should be encouraged, not only because of their destroying “leather- 
jackets,” but other pests as well. 

The adults are devoured by the Spotted and other Fly-catchers, 
by the Swallow, and even by the Sparrow. The Rook also devours 
large numbers as they are ovipositing in the fields. Poultry also do 
much good, for they feed whenever opportunity occurs upon both 
larvee and adults. These birds all do good because they are always 
present and are constantly feeding. They are often attracted in greater 
numbers when hosts of insects appear, but even when normally present, 
by devouring these and other pests before many of them have done 
harm, they do inestimable good, whilst on the other hand parasitic 
and predaceous insects come too late. 

Moles also feed off leather-jackets, and do far more good than 
harm even in pasture land, where their “heaps” cause some 
inconvenience. 


——_—- — 


Ingurious Tipulide. 103 


PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. 


Although there is no known remedy for “leather-jackets”’ in the 
field there is much we can do to lessen the amount of harm 
caused by them and to prevent their undue increase. In garden 
cultivation, on the other hand, we can destroy them even in the soil, 
if it is considered worth the while. 

In the first place, we can do some good in preventing egg laying. 
This we may do in three ways; firstly, by keeping down all long 
herbage during the autumn, long rank growths at the headlands and 
along hedgerows; secondly, by bush-harrowing pasture land or 
heavily rolling the same when the swarms of flies are noticed in the 
fields, hundreds will thus be killed and so prevented from laying 
their eggs, and the eggs in many cases themselves will be destroyed ; 
thirdly, late mowing and rolling of lawns, croquet grounds, etc., will 
not only kill large numbers of the adults, but eggs as well. There 
is no doubt that for preference the flies will go to damp areas to 
deposit their eggs, and thus drainage will do good. This has been 
carried out on many occasions and has always been attended with 
good results. Pasture land and clover lay should be broken up 
when possible early in the autumn, so that the flies can find no 
shelter amongst which to lay their eggs. The land may first be 
dressed with gas lime, spread over it at once and allowed to remain 
on the surface for a few days. The smell would deter the flies from 
laying their eggs and would probably affect any small larve present. 
The effect of gas lime is very variable, however, and it is doubtful 
from recent experience if it has much effect upon large subterranean 
insects. 

The old plan of “paring and burning” the stubble or grass on 
breaking up pasture is perhaps the best method of clearing out this 
and other ground pests. It of course has its disadvantages and is 
now seldom practised, but there is not the least doubt that it is the 
only way to lessen these pests in the soil. 

Rolling with a cross-kill or Cambridge ring roller does some good 
by compressing the soil, and so preventing the “ leather-jackets ” 
from free movement in the ground. This is especially advantageous 
where they are attacking wheat or barley. In dealing with their 
life-history it was pointed out that the grubs come to the surface at 
night ; a heavy ring-roller, of course, would kill any number of their 
larve if passed over them, and could not fail to do much good, 


104 turst Report on Economic Zoology. 


especially where as in grass land we have absolutely no means of 
controlling them. The extra cost of night work would be amply 
repaid. It is recorded by Miss Ormerod “that the grubs may be 
collected by a top dressing of rape-cake and the roller passed over 
the ground in the morning with good results”; this does not always 
seem to have the desired effect, however. 

Traps may be employed in gardens in the form of heaps of turf, 
partly buried in the soil; the flies lay their eggs there and the larve 
seem to be attracted to it and can then be collected and killed. 
Rotting turf-manure and leaf-mould heaps should be kept free from 
surface weeds and top dressed with gas lime, or else they will form 
breeding grounds for these Tipulide, and the larve will be carried 
to field and garden, and so contaminate the soil. Grass-borders in 
gardens are favourite breeding grounds, and from these the larve 
spread to the bedding plants. In garden borders and beds they can 
be easily destroyed by injecting bisulphide of carbon into the soil at 
the rate of half an ounce to every square yard. This should be done 
in late autumn or early spring. When crops are attacked various 
stimulating manures should be employed ; they do not kill the larve, 
but they hasten on the growth of the plant and repair some of the 
damage that the grubs have done. Nitrate of soda has the greatest 
effect upon leather-jackets, but is not permanent in its action. It, 
however, causes a cachectic condition in these pests, from which they 
do not recover for some days, if its application at the rate of 24 cwt. to 
the acre is followed by rain. Miss Ormerod records an experiment 
in which at the rate of 2 ewt. to the acre they had not recovered 
from its ill effects after eight days. The effect of this artificial 
manure on insects is so extremely variable that one must not rely on 
it too much, At the same time it must be borne in mind that if it 
has not the desired effect on the grub, it is still of value as a 
stimulant to the plant. Hand and horse hoeing have also been 
recommended and largely followed, but the good done is scarcely 
sufficient for the outlay. 


Woodlice tn Gardens. 105 


SUB-GROUP B. ANIMALS WHICH CAUSE INJURY OR 
DISEASE TO MAN’S VEGETABLE PLANTATIONS. 


Srecrion II. 


ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO HORTICULTURE. 


Julide destroying Plants in the Gardens of 
Downton Castle, Ludlow. 


In answer to a communication received from Mr, C. Boughton 
Knight, of Downton Castle, regarding the damage and annoyance 
caused by Myriapoda, the following report was sent :— 


The Millepedes that are damaging strawberry and other plants in 
the gardens at Downton Castle are the small Snake Millepede (Ju/us 
pulchellus). 

These animals live both on healthy and diseased plants. The eggs are 
laid in the ground; the young Juli lave but few legs at first. I have 
found them breeding at all times of the year, but especially in spring and 
early summer. Julus pulchellus is particularly prevalent in damp localities 
and where decaying vegetation is left about. Heaps of leaf mould harbour 
it especially. Lilies are particularly subjected to the ravages of this pest, 
but all roots seem to be liable to its attack. 

I have made one or two experiments with the ones sent me from 
Ludlow, and I find that poisoned bait is very satisfactory. I simply dipped 
the pieces of mangold and potato in a strong solution of Paris green and 
covered the baits with a cabbage leaf. This morning all the Millepedes 
were dead, those not so treated all alive and wel. 

I think I should adopt this plan to clear them out in preference to 
any other. The baits should be ea than the pieces sent with the pests 
and should be left to soak in the Paris green for an hour; of course the 
poison, which is soluble in water, must be kept stirred up every now 
and then. 

Put the baits down wet and cover over with a green leaf, the best 
time to start them would be at night (dusk). 

Heaps of leaf mould, ete., should have a good dressing of gas lime 
mixed with them if the creatures are observed there. 

There were also a few Polydesmus complanatus with the Julus; they 
also are easily poisoned. 


Woodlice in Gardens. 


In answer to a letter sent by Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, from 
Mr. Thomas A. Lance, of Sydenham, Surrey, the following reply was 
sent concerning Woodlice :— 


The scientific name of the woodlouse most commonly found in Great 
Britain is Porcellio scaber, Linn. There are two other common species 


106 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


that do harm, viz., Oniscus asellus, Linn., and Armadillidium vulgare, 
Lat. Oniscus asellus is omnivorous, but does much harm in hot-houses 
and to soft wall-fruit ; it also eats away at strawberry roots. This species 
rolls itself up into a ball and can be told from the Armadillidinm and 
Porcellio by having eight-jointed antenne, the two latter having seven- 
jointed ones. 

Armadillidium vulgare is larger and of a uniform slaty blue and rolls 
itself up very readily. 

Porcellio scaber is brown, much variegated in colour, with a rough 
shell and two long spines behind. 

Probably they have been spread in the manure from the heap you 
refer to. 

You might cover the manure heap with lime—gas lime (hot) in 
preference—but it must be left on the heap for some four weeks before it is 
put on the land. J should put a layer an inch thick of gas lime over the 
heap and let it stand for some time. 

Woodlice may easily be trapped along borders by putting here and 
there pots filled with moss and horse dung. They can be collected in the 
day-time and so destroyed. 

Many plants are harmed by these pests; as a rule the harder the leaf 
the more the plant escapes. 

There are some twenty species of Woodlice found in Great Britain. 
These land isopoda are included in twelve genera. They may mostly 
be found under moss, decaying wood, and leaves, both out-of-doors and in 
greenhouses. Some few, such as Ligia oceanica, Linneus, and Philoscia 
Couchii, Kinahan, seem to be partial to the neighbourhood of the sea. 


A New Phytoptid Disease in Violas. 


Quite a new disease in violas has been reported by Mr. Charles J. 
Gleed, of Cliveden Gardens, Maidenhead. The specimens sent had 
most of the leaves curled tightly over at each side and were quite 
hopelessly deformed. 

My. Gleed wrote that he “thought it was the cold weather; but 
the attack is not general, two or three plants here and there, about 
30 per cent. of the plants and both young stuff struck this spring, 
and old plants off which cuttings have been taken, are attacked 
indiscriminately.” 

At first sight one would say the damage was due to Diplosis 
violicola—the Violet Gall-Midge described by Mr. Chittenden * and 
excellently figured—but an examination soon revealed the real cause 
of the disease. There were found in all the leaves examined a 
number of short, thick green phytopti which seemed especially to 
congregate towards the apex of the leaves. As many as fifty of this 
large species were counted in one leaf. It is larger than the Currant 


* “Some Insects injurious to the Violet, Rose, and other Ornamental Plants,” 
Bull. 27 (x.s.), U.S. Dep. of Agriculture, 1901, p. 47. 


The Narcissus Fly. 107 


Gall Mite, and can easily be seen with a hand lens. Specimens were 
sent to Dr. Nalepa, who informs me it is a new species which he is 
going to describe.f 

Information was sent to Mr. Gleed to destroy the plants that were 
attacked and all cuttings taken from them, and to burn the earth in 
which they were growing. 

If allowed to spread, this mite would probably form a serious 
source of loss to nurserymen. 


The Narcissus Fly. 
(Merodon equestris, Fabr.) 


A correspondent, Mr. T. J. Leney, sent the larve of the Nar- 
cissus Fly, from Chertsey, with the following note: “They play 
havoe with the narcissus bulbs and are evidently the maggot of some 
fly. They commence boring from the -base of the bulb upwards, 
eating out the centre. I cannot quite understand their beginning 
operations at the base of the bulb; one would have thought the eggs 
would be deposited at the top and the maggots work down the bulb, 
whereas the point of entrance is in nearly all cases as shown by the 
dot in the drawing.” 

The larvee were of the dipterous genus Merodon, several of which 
are known to feed upon the bulbs of the narcissus, etc., in Europe. 
One species only is so far recorded from Great Britain, namely, 
Merodon equestris, Fabr., according to Mr. Verrall, but Walker in his 
work on “ British Diptera 4 also gives Merodon clavipes, Meigen, 
probably in error. There are three varieties of Merodon equestris, viz., 
var. narcissi, F., var. validus, Meig., and var. transversalis, Meig. 
These three were at one time treated as distinct species. Which 
variety the larvee sent belong to it is not possible yet to say. 

This Narcissus Fly has frequently attacked the bulbs in Corn- 
wall, and I have had it reported to me from Ham, in Surrey, 

The fly appears in May, and may be seen flying over daffodils and 
other similar plants. The fly resembles to some extent a bee in 
form; it is three-fourths of an inch long; the body is deep bluish- 
black with transverse bands of golden yellow; the wings grey, 
fringed with dull yellow ; legs black, short and stout. 

The female probably lays her eggs near or upon the bulb, The 
larvee, however, always seem to enter from the lower part of the 


¢t This is described under the name he moh ty n. (Sitzung der 
mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe vom 11. y ihe, K Kaiserliche 
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien). 


108 furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


bulb as you describe. Those I have kept attacked as many as ten 
bulbs before becoming mature. When one bulb is destroyed they 
crawl through the soil and enter the next one at its base. The grubs 
seem to reach maturity during November, but some kept under 
observation lived until January. When full fed they form a cell in 
the earth near the last bulb attacked and line this cell with silk, 
forming a perceptible cocoon. The puparium is dark brown, oval in 
form, and has two projecting processes in front. 

It is probable that this pest is constantly being imported from 
the Continent. 

It is very desirable to lift all bulbs in a bed that is invaded 
before October ends, even if it is not the year for their removal. All 
bulbs should be examined and any showing decay destroyed, or the 
fly will go on increasing and may do endless harm. Where beds 
have been invaded and the bulbs lifted, the ground should be deeply 
dug and the top spit buried so as to prevent the flies emerging next 
year. Mr. Leney informs me that on lifting the bulbs to have 
them examined and to kill the larve no more than two full-grown 
larve occurred in each bulb, but more frequently only one in a bulb; 
when, however, the larve are in a younger stage and about half the 
size of those sent (fully mature) he invariably found from seven to 
eight in a single bulb. 


The Marguerite Fly and its Destruction. 


Specimens of Marguerite leaves tunnelled and generally damaged 
were received from Great Staughton, near St. Neots, on the 4th of 
June. The following reply was sent in answer to a request for 
information in regard to destroying the culprits :— 

The white daisies that are attacked are being tunnelled by the little 
grubs of a small fly, the Marguerite Fly (Wapomyza lateralis, Fall.). The 
only thing one can do is to pick off all the diseased leaves, and if they 
are very bad destroy (burn) the whole plant. There is no remedy, and if 
left alone they go on spreading very rapidly. When the plants are young 
spraying with paraffin emulsion will keep the fly away, but when it has 
once laid its eggs on the leaf you can do nothing for it. 


The Carrot Fly (Psila rose, Fabr.) and Aphides 
on Carrots. 
The Carrot Fly (Psila rose) was very destructive during the 


summer of 1902. One correspondent, Mr. Hammond, writing from 
Canterbury, states as follows: “I have since looked at my neigh- 


Insects in Orchid Houses. 109 


bour’s carrot-bed ; every carrot has been ruined; his bed is utterly 
ruined.” Together with the work of the Carrot Fly in this neigh- 
bourhood was a bad attack of Aphis. “People about here,” writes 
Mr. Hammond, “are complaining that their carrots are very much 
infested with Aphides at the roots.” This was early in October. 
By the 20th Mr. Hammond found that they had nearly all dis- 
appeared. They are to be found generally on the crown of the 
carrot; they do not cause the cracks, but shelter in them. These 
Aphides were too shrivelled to identify when they arrived; they 
were probably Schizonewra fodiens, 


Correspondence and Report on Insects in Orchid 
Houses. 


Gatton Park, SURREY, 
8th July, 1902. 
7o Proressorn E. Ray LANKEsTER, M.A., etc., 


Natural History Museum, South Kensington, 8.W. 


My Dear Srr,—lI am a collector of orchids and somewhat largely 
interested in their hybridization, but our efforts are materially interfered 
with by a little fly or its grub (specimens of which I enclose), and whose 
ravages we have found no means of preventing. It is no uncommon 
thing for them to clear off the whole of the contents of a pot of seed as 
soon as it is sown and germinates. We have made the following observa- 
tions in regard to it :— 

They seem to frequent and thrive most where they have damp moss to 
dwell in, which unfortunately is an essential feature of successful orchid 
growing. 

Being often found on plants that have no seed on them, they of course 
have other food, but apparently they have largely increased in my houses, 
which, however, may be due rather to the amount of moist moss about than 
to the amount of orchid seed which they have to feed on. They are 
equally troublesome in what we know as the “ Cool House” (50° to 60° F.) 
as in the hot ones (65° to 85° F.). They devour the seed immediately it 
commences to germinate, and if not devoured in this stage they attack 
the small bulblet as soon as it is formed, eating it from the base and 
leaving the shell only. They are harmless to plants after the early stages 
and so are not troublesome to orchid growers generally. 

Careful search has failed to discover a grub. Hence it is assumed 
{possibly erroneously) that it is the fly which does the mischief. Further, 
» gers fe one (7? male) is rarely found on the pots, which leads to the 
assumption that it is the wingless one which does the mischief. If we are 
wrong in the assumption that the male only has wings our observation 
would lead to the suggestion that the fly is harmful only before it develops 
its wings. The body of the wingless one on the pots is much larger than 
the one found with wings. When the seed is sown on a flat surface 
without harbour we are not troubled; but directly the seed is removed, 
which it has to be soon after germination, it becomes liable to attack. 


110 =6 frrrst Report on Economic Zoology. 


Various methods have been unsuccessfully tried, particularly the 
following :— 

Fumigation, either with tobacco or a compound known as “ X.L. All” 
(this is supposed to contain nicotine, camphor, methylated spirits, etc.), 
but neither has any material effect. Quassia affects them only for a short 
time, as they leave the pots and return in a few days. The pots have been 
placed under water for hours, but upon being taken out the flies are equally 
as lively as before. Fly-paper and strings similarly covered are of no avail. 

(N.B.—The houses are regularly fumigated for pests, in general about 
every ten days.) 

I should be very glad to know if there is any method of ridding 
ourselves of the pest by destruction or of making it harmless to the 
germinating seed and bulblet by driving it from the pot or otherwise. 
Any information as to its known habits might help us to work out its 
destruction if no remedy is known. It is of course important that any 
remedy shall be harmless to the orchid seedlings themselves. They are 
extremely delicate and porous and have to be kept in a constant state of 
moisture. 

I must apologise for having troubled you with so long a letter, but the 
ravages of this insect are most annoying and often rob us of results which 
have promised to be of great interest in the horticultural world, and I 
should feel much indebted if you could let me know of a remedy or of any 
one who would be likely to advise me should you personally be not 
acquainted with one. 

I beg to remain, etc., 


(Signed) JEREMIAH COLMAN. 


Report on Insects in Orchid Houses. 


The insects sent by Mr. Colman, of Gatton Park, Surrey, causing 
harm to orchids, are in too broken a condition to identify accurately. The 
small flies are Sciarine and belong to the genus Zygoneura, of which only 
one species occurs in Britain—Z. sciarina (Meigen), found in summer and 
autumn in underwoods and moss—but without seeing fresh and perfect 
specimens it is not possible to be certain of the species. The life-history 
is not known, but probably they breed in the damp moss. The larve do 
not seem to have been observed; they would possibly be in the form of 
small white footless grubs. 

The flies can do no harm—it would be the larvee—but there is no 
doubt that the damage is done to the orchids by the wingless creatures 
sent at the same time. There is no connection between the wingless 
insects and the Sciarine. The wingless forms are Collembola, or Spring- 
tails. Some of these are certainly very injurious, but little is known of 
them, however. The young of these Spring-tails resemble very closely the 
adult, and live and grow in similar situations and under similar conditions 
and are injurious during the whole of their existence. Preparations have 
been made of this Collembola, and attempts will be made at its 
identification. 

The majority of species live under damp moss and stones and are no 
doubt encouraged by the methods necessary in orchid cultivation. All 
that can be suggested is that Mr. Colman experiments on a small scale 


Zusects tn Orchid Hotses. III 


with some common orchids and hydrocyanie acid gas. This gas can be 
used for such delicate plants as maidenhair fern without injury and is 
fatal to all forms of animal life, but its effect on orchids has not been 
observed. If there is much moisture on the plants this gas loses much 
of its potency, and the air during fumigation should be dry. Its effects 
in an orchid house might not therefore be as successful as under other 
circumstances. It is certainly worth trying, however, as fumigation with 
tobacco, etc., would have little effect on these creatures that are causing 
the annoyance. 

Great care should be exercised in the use of hydrocyanic acid gas, as it 
is a most dangerous poison to man. 

Should Mr. Colman think it advisable to experiment with this 
insecticide, information as to procedure can be sent him. 

There does not seem to be any other way in which these pests can be 
eradicated under the conditions necessary for orchid cultivation. 


Frep. V. THEOBALD. 


Gatton Park, SurREy, 


29th July, 1902. 
To Proressor LANKESTER, 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.) 
Cromwell Road, 8.W. 


Dear Srr,—In further reply to the interesting report of Mr. 
Theobald of the 21st, [ have had an opportunity of a careful discussion 
of the points raised with my gardener. 

I understand the report to throw considerable doubt upon the 
probability of the larve of the Sciarine being harmful. Under the 
circumstances, and as it seems certain that the Collembola or Spring-tails 
are, I suggest that we ignore the former, especially as we have not been able 
to observe them and have no actual evidence of their causing mischief. 

There will be no difficulty in adopting the suggestion that the effect 
of hydrocyanic acid gas upon orchids shall be ascertained by experiments. 
It is believed, however, that, used in moderation, it will not be harmful to 
them. It is certainly unfortunate that its effect is likely to be minimised 
by moisture. The moisture on the moss, ete., can be reduced, but it is 
such an essential feature in the early stages of orchid growing that it 
would have to be done with great care and not for any length of time. 
Should it be the young Spring-tails which are most largely responsible for 
the mischief, material relief from these pests might be secured by an 
application of the gas before the seed is sown or before the germinating 
plants are transferred thereto and when the compost is in a perfectly dry 
state. A good deal depends upon their habits, but 1 am writing on the 
assumption that the young may not develop very quickly or be able to 
reach the pots before the plants are sufficiently strong to take care of 
themselves. It seems difficult to place the pots in such a position as to be 
out of reach of the adult Spring-tails, but we will gladly experiment if any 
suggestion can be made. We have now placed some of the pots on a zine 
tray on stands, which seems to have minimised the mischief somewhat. 
Although the more orthodox way of raising the seed seems to be to sow it 


12 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


upon the moss surrounding growing orchids, it is quite possible to raise 
it and transfer it to very small pots, so that if we have the means of 
preventing the depredations of these Spring-tails over a small area a great 
deal would be accomplished. 


Apologising for troubling you, etc., . 
(Signed) JEREMIAH COLMAN. 


Fumigation under Glass for Mealy Bug and 
other Pests. 


Frequent enquiries have been made as to the use of hydrocyanic 
acid gas under glass for the destruction of Mealy Bug. This treat- 
ment will be found to far surpass the old methods of fumigating with 
tobacco and various patent compounds. 

The method of fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas (HCN) for 
Mealy Bug, Scale, etc., under glass, is as follows :— 

For every 1,000 cubic feet of space use 5 ozs. sulphuric acid, 8 ozs. 
water, 3 ozs. cyanide of potassium. 

The water should be put into a jar and then the acid added to it; 
remember to always add the acid to the water, and not the water to 
the acid; the cyanide should be in small lumps and wrapped up in 
blotting-paper ; the cyanide is then dropped into the jar of water and 
acid and the fumes allowed to generate for an hour, It, of course, 
has to be done quickly and with care, owing to the poisonous fumes 
being so deadly to all forms of animal life. The cyanide should be 
dropped into the acid and water from outside the house; this can 
easily be done by putting the jar close to the door or window, so that 
it can be shut as soon as the packet of cyanide touches the mixture. 
When wrapped in blotting-paper, some seconds elapse before the 
fumes generate. 

If the glass-house is more than 10,000 cubic feet another jar will 
be required, and for every additional 10,000 feet. 

The foliage of all plants to be treated should be as nearly dry as 
possible. 

The temperature never more than 60° Fahr. 50° Fahr. is the best 
temperature. At heat over 50° Fahr. there is a risk of harming the 
foliage. 

Do not fumigate in a strong light, as foliage may then be 
damaged ; fumigate always after sunset. 

Do not fumigate vines when in bloom or just before the grapes 
have commenced to ripen. 


Goat Moth Larve attacking Willows. 113 


The times to fumigate for Mealy Bug are (a) before the vines 
bloom ; (2) after the crop has been gathered. 

The house should be well ventilated for at least one hour after 
fumigation before anyone should go into it, the windows being 
arranged so as to open from the outside, and also the door. 

The cost comes to about 4d. per 1,000 cubic feet. This treatment 
has been found not to damage even maiden-hair ferns if carried out 
properly, and there is no danger if proper precautions are taken. It 
is not advisable to leave the treatment to ignorant people, as the 
fumes and the cyanide are of course deadly poisons. 


SUB-GROUP B. ANIMALS WHICH CAUSE INJURY OR 
DISEASE TO MAN’S VEGETABLE PLANTATIONS, 


Secrion III. 
ANIMALS InJuRIOUS TO FORESTRY. 


Goat Moth Larve attacking Willows. 


Mr. W. 8. Mockett, of Ramsgate, wrote in September regarding 
the damage to willows by the larvee of the Goat Moth. Several other 
correspondents have also applied for information both in regard to 
their life-history and ways of destroying the larvae. Ash, oak, elm, 
as well as fruit trees, are attacked by these large larve, and they 
frequently kill the trees outright. 

If there are not many Goat Moth larve in a tree it is quite 
possible to destroy them. This may be done in several ways ; the 
old plan was to insert a wire into the opening of the tunnel to find 
out which way the tunnel goes, and if downwards use a fluid, if 
upwards a gas, 

The best fluid is paraffin emulsion, with a little Paris-green 
injected by means of a syringe, the nozzle being forced into the hole 
and surrounded by clay until the injection is over. If a gas or fume 
is used, sulphur acts well; use bee-bellows and blow the fumes in, 
fixing the nozzle as before with clay. 

About June, smear the trunk of the tree with cow-dung and clay, 
mixed with paraffin, as far up as holes are found; this prevents egg- 
laying. By far the best plan has recently been found in the use of 
cyanide of potassium. Place a small piece of stick cyanide in each 
hole and then close up with clay. The fumes soon kill the larve 
within their tunnels. 

I 


114 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


Insects on Osiers and Willows. 


In answer to a request for names of insects observed by Mr. 
Marsh, of Milford School, near Godalming, who gives instruction in 
Basket-work, and who is growing the different varieties of Willows 
and Osiers with a view of comparing them, and also finding out 
something about their culture and what insects affect them, the 
following reply was sent :— 

As far as one can say from your descriptions of the insects attacking 
your willows and osiers, they are as follows :— 

(1) The Minor Shoulder Knot Moth (Apunda viminalis). The 
moth appears in July and August, the larva in May; the pupa is 
subterranean. All the larve of this genus live exposed and extended 
along the stems of plants. 

(2) The larve of Syrphide or Hover Flies ; they are not injurious, 
but beneficial, being Aphis feeders. 

(3) A green Aphis, undoubtedly Siphocoryne capree, Fabricius. It is 
found on ali willows and occurs from April to July. It is fairly common 
round Guildford, Godalming and that part of Surrey. 

(4) This Aphis is called Melanocanthus salicis, Linn. It is 
especially found on Salix viminalis. The wingless forms appear in April, 
the winged females from the end of June throughout July. It is recorded 
from your district (Guildford) and I have found it in abundance on osiers 
at Wye; it is also recorded from Kentish Town. 

(5) This Aphis is Chaitophorus salicivorus, Walker. It varies much 
in hue. They are often seen brick red in colour. 


The osier has a great number of insect pests, especially amongst 
the sawflies, cecids or gall midges, moths and beetles. 
A list of the more important is being prepared. 


Insects on Elm and Willow. 
(Schizoneura lanuginosa, Hartig., and Lachnus viminalis, Fonse..) 


Specimens of Aphides attacking elm and willow were received 
in October, 1901, from Miss J. Burroughs Norgate, from Enfield. 
One, a large gall on the elm, proved to be the work of an Aphis of 
the same genus as the White Woolly Aphis or American Blight. It 
is known as Schizoneura lanuginosa. The Willow Aphides Lachnus 
viminalis, Fonse. The correspondent stated that her attention 
was called to this aphis by the number of wasps hovering over a 
lilac bush beneath the willows. They were feeding off the gummy 
honey-dew. The large masses of aphides were then discovered on 
the willow in their typical position. William Curtis noticed that 


Insects on Elm and Willow. 115 


wasps feed readily off the honey-dew excreted by this species of 
aphis, and also that bees totally disregarded it. The flow of honey- 
dew produced by this species is very copious and does much damage 
to the trees and those beneath. It is not at all unusual for willows 
and osiers to be killed outright by it. 

The effect of the punctures of these plant lice is to leave distinct 
brown scars in stripes. This plant louse is also known as the 
Aphis saligna, Walker, other synonyms being Aphis salicis, Curtis, 
Aphis viminalis, Boyer de Fonscolombe, and Lachnus viminalis, 
Passerine. The wingless viviparous female is dark yellowish-brown 
to greyish-brown; the antenne red at the base, black at the tips, 
and there are two dark spots on the thorax. The abdomen is much 
rounded and in the centre is a curious horn-like projection; the 
cornicles are large and short and there are five to six rows of large 
black spots on it. The legs are deep brown, rather long and hairy. 
In length they are about 0°16 of an inch. The pupa is much like 
the larva, but rather longer and with bright brown wing cases, and 
the dorsal tubercle is very large. 

The winged female is quite a large insect, 4 to 5 mm. in length, of 
a dull brown colour with darker marks, the abdomen being spotted 
with black, one large spot placed centrally; this spot apparently is 
the representative of the tubercle seen in the wingless female ; the 
short cornicles are almost conical. The long wings always seem to 
be carried horizontally when the insect is at rest ; the stigma is long, 
narrow and black; the insertion and cubitus orange-yellow. The 
legs are long, the tibie yellowish-red, the two-jointed tarsi deep 
brown. 

As this is certainly a very harmful species steps should be taken 
to destroy them by washing the willows with paraffin emulsion. 

This species is very common in some districts on willows and 
osiers. They congregate in masses often half a foot in length and an 
inch or more wide; they are usually grouped side by side with their 
heads pointing downwards. When disturbed these sedentary insects 
become most active, yet do not leave their abode; they throw their 
long hind legs up and wave them about in an erratic manner, with 
the probable intention of frightening off the enemy, especially hymen- 
opterous parasites. The effect of this species on the trees is very 
strange. Some osiers observed this year were killed by them, whilst 
others close to only presented a yellow-leafed appearance ; some shed 
their leaves, others recovered in a few weeks. Cameron records a case 
where this Zachnus swarmed in such numbers at Carshalton that 
trees thirty to forty feet high had been killed by their poisonous 

12 


116 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


influence. It is in osier cultivation that it proves most dangerous 
and it should be destroyed when noticed by hand-picking or 
spraying. 


Pissodes notatus, Fabr., ravaging Austrian Pines. 


Damage to Austrian Pines by the Banded Pine Weevil (Pissodes 
notatus, Fabr.) has been reported by Mr. R. Hyne and others during 
the past year. 


According to the reports of Continental foresters, Pissodes notatus | 


almost exclusively follows the Pine Weevil (Hylobius abietis, Fabr.). 
It is usually found on trees rendered unhealthy by the Hylobius and 


Fic. 13. 
Larva (c) and pupa (b) of The Banded Pine Weevi 
Pissodes notatus. (Pissodes notatus). 


finishes the damage begun by that beetle. Pissodes notatus occurs in 
all manner of places, in wood split for fuel, in young living stems, in 
pine cones and in the bark at the base of old trees. The chief 
damage it does is where it attacks young unhealthy trees. Planted 
pines suffer more than those self-sown, (1) because the planting 
often throws them back, (2) on account of the crowding in the nurseries 
which makes the young trees sickly. The Pissodes chiefly feeds then 
on trees attacked by the Hylobius and those grown on unkindly soil and 
thus more or less unhealthy. If the supply of unhealthy trees fails 
then these beetles will attack sound ones. 

The beetle (Fig. 13) is about one-third of an inch long and of a 
reddish-brown colour, irregularly covered with bright hairs; the pro- 
thorax has eight yellowish spots ; the elytra with two broad pale bands 
running transversely across them. The beetles appear in April and 


—————— ee 


Ne ee ee een eee 


cc 


The Banded Pine Weevil. 117 


May and again in August and September. There seems to be one 
brood only in the year. 

The female beetle lays her eggs singly, daily or at intervals of 
a few days, egg-laying lasting over a period of several weeks up to 
two months. The eggs are generally 
laid just above the root up to as much 
as six feet above the ground. Egg- 
laying commences early in April and in 
May and may occur again in the autumn, 
but usually the females oviposit in the 
spring. This beetle prefers four to eight 
year old plants, but may attack those 
of much greater age. The larve eat 
their way between the wood and the 
bark, forming slightly winding passages Fic. 14. 
which increase in size as the larvae _ Pine cone damaged by Pissodes 

notatus. 

grow. When mature they construct 
oval fibrous cocoons composed of wood fibres in which they pupate. 
The larve also live inside pine cones, which they turn yellowish- 
grey. As many as three larve may occur in a single cone. Attacked 
plants may be told by small drops of turpentine on the bark and by 
the premature death of the needles. The winter is passed in the 
beetle stage and also in the larval and pupal stages. The beetles 
hibernate in the chinks of the bark, as near the inner bark as 
possible, mostly where the root and trunk join, generally above 
ground, but sometimes below. 


PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. 


As there is no doubt that the Hy/lobius is often followed by this 
Pissodes, and that the latter does not often occur without the former, 
steps should be taken to destroy the Hy/lobius if it occurs; then the 
Pissodes will cease to increase. 

The causes of /Zy/obius attack are (1) leaving old stumps in the 
ground and dead felled timber about; (2) the presence of sickly 
trees from either (a) bad planting, (b) unkindly soil, or (c) growing 
the trees too close together. 

Destruction of all diseased timber (roots and all) when larve and 
pupe are in the tree in May and June should always be carefully 
attended to. 

Laying newly cut stems of pine in open parts in April and May 


118 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


forms an excellent trap; in a few hours, says Kollar, they will be 
found covered with beetles, particularly so when the stem (of each 
trap) has been pressed into the earth. 

These decoys must not be laid too late and must all be burnt 
before the brood escapes. This plan has frequently been known to 
clear a forest of Hylobius pest. 

Billets of unbarked fire-wood laid about will attract the beetles 
to lay their eggs. These should be destroyed from the end of June 
to the middle of July. 

Smearing the lower parts of the trunks with a mixture of mud 
and lime early in April would probably check egg-laying or perhaps 
it would be better still carried out in March. 

Young trees containing Pissodes larvee should be pulled up and 
burned in June and July. 

All cones attacked should be collected and burned; they may 
easily be told by the exuding turpentine. Wood-peckers (Picade) 
should be encouraged. 


The Spruce Gall Aphis. 


(Chermes abietis, Linn.) 


Deformed growths on Spruce were sent by Mr. J. Saunders, of 
49, Rothesay Road, Luton. These proved to be caused by the Spruce 
Gall Aphis (Chermes abietis, Linn.). These galls are at first bright 
green and rosy and shaped like a small pine-cone. The “mother” 
Chermes is oval, wingless, and woolly, green and purple in hue with 
blackish legs. This form is found in the spring and inserts her 
proboscis into the tissue of the plant just below a bud. This causes 
the irritation which commences the diseased growth. 

The female lays her eggs amongst a woolly secretion on the gall ; 
the young larve coming from the same stick their proboscides into 
the gall which still further swells and grows up more or less around 
each larva. The larve are really enclosed by the unnatural swollen 
leaves of the bud overlapping them. Later these galls harden, 
become brown, the chambers split open, and the Chermes make 
their exit. These soon turn to pupe, and then yellowish-green 
winged females, which fly from spruce to spruce and deposit about 
twenty eggs each. These eggs give rise to larve which grow into 
the “mother-queen” in the spring. The male is a small apterous 
louse found in the galls, very sedentary in habits. 


Sih aaiecht 


Earwigs causing Annoyance. 119 


TREATMENT. 


It is most important that all gall-bearing trees in young spruce 
plantations should be felled and the galled boughs burnt in the 
summer. In fresh planted areas the trees should be gone over in the 
summer and the galls carefully picked off and burnt. 

They are always most abundant where the trees are too thickly 
planted and on cold clay soils; both thick growth and clay soil 
should be avoided for spruce plantations. 


GROUP F. 


Animals which concern Man as being injurious to his worked- 
up Products of Art and Industry, such as (A) his Buildings 
and larger Constructions and Habitations, (B) Furniture, 
Books, Drapery and Clothing, (C) Food and Stores. 


SUB-GROUP A. 
Earwigs causing Annoyance Indoors. 


Mr. F. W. Carter, of the Board of Agriculture, writes that his 
house at Boxmoor is infested with Earwigs (31.vii.02), which come 
into the house each night in large quantities; they appeared to be 
living in the crevices between the window-frames and the brickwork, 
and also they seemed to be in the soil. 


What I am anxious to know, writes Mr. Carter, is what they feed 
upon, their habits, etc., and also what, if any, chemicals could safely be 
employed to eradicate them from the window frames. I have tried 
syringing with paraffin and water, but no use. I have also tried spreading 
unslacked lime under the window sills to prevent them creeping into the 
house, but of no use. Can you suggest any means of eradicating them, 
ete. 


The following reply was sent :— 
“ Judging from the description you give of the Earwig nuisance, I 
should say the species is the large Earwig (Forfiewla auricularia), which 


120 8 6furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


seldom flies. A smaller species, Labia minor, uses its wings much more 
freely. The food of earwigs is very varied, they are both carnivorous 
and herbivorous ; hops, fruit, snails, slugs, flowers, leaves, etc., form 
their bill of fare as a rule. 

“ They are mostly nocturnal in habits, hiding away during the day 
in crevices in walls, woodwork, etc., under the bark of trees, under 
clods of earth, and any shelter upon the ground. They lay their eggs 
in a hole in the ground, about twenty to thirty yellowish ova being 
placed together. Some authorities say the female looks after these 
eggs and the young for some time. They take from two to four 
weeks to incubate. The young are at first very pallid and wingless, 
but after several moults they reach the mature winged form. The 
winter is passed in the adult stage, the insects hibernating under the 
bark of trees, beneath rubbish, ete. They become noticeable in the 
latter part of the summer, especially in August, but may be found 
much sooner. The small Earwig (Labia minor) flies in the day-time 
as well as at night. 

“With regard to their destruction, ‘trapping’ is the most successful 
method. Place some baskets filled with straw or dry moss under the 
windows and some flower pots filled with moss on the window sills. 
These should be examined in the day-time and the insects collected 
and destroyed. I do not think you could employ any chemical, as 
they get into so many places of a day-time ; but by ‘ trapping’ you 
will get rid of the nuisance, especially if you put a plum or other 
fruit in each pot.” 


SUB-GROUP B. 


Acarine Household Pests. 
(Glyciphagus domesticus and Gt, spinipes). 


Several instances of acarine pests have been reported. Mr. 
White writes from Birmingham, “This mite is a veritable plague in 
my house.” It proved to be the Glyciphagus domesticus, De Geer 
(the G. cursor of Gervais). 

Another correspondent wrote from Walthamstow as follows :— 

“T have upholstered a suite for my firm which has been sent into 
the country, and since it has been in the customer’s possession it has 
developed a small insect as sample sent on enclosed piece of banding 

. . my firm seem to think I have been using dirty material, but it 
is nothing of the kind.” 

The mites sent were identified by Albert Michael, Esq., as 


Furniture Pests. 121 


Glyciphagus spinipes of Koch, and G. domesticus, De Geer. G. spinipes 
is an abundant and widely distributed mite, and feeds chiefly on 
dried animal and vegetable matter. It is found abundantly in straw 
and hay, also in flour, meal, cantharides, horsehair, etc. (. domesticus 
is also an abundant acarus in houses, sheds, stables, etc., and feeds 
on hay, straw, bran, on dried fruits, dead insects, cork, tobacco, and 
unclean horsehair. It is frequently found in furniture. Oudemans 
found it “literally covering the furniture of the whole house,” and 
states that they fed on the animal fat which adhered to the not 
thoroughly cleaned horsehair with which the furniture was stuffed. 


A 


Fic. 15.—HOUSEHOLD MITES. 
A. Glyciphagus domesticus (De Geer). B. @. spinipes (Koch). 
(After Albert Michael.) 


It is thus likely they often originate from the stuffing used, but it 
is not possible to say. 

Nine species of this genus of mites ocecur in Great Britain. 
Three species (@. dispar, Michael; G. erameri, Michael; and G. pla- 
tygaster, Michael) live in moles’ nests; one ((. seiurus, Haller), in 
squirrel nests; the others (@. palmifer, Robt. Fum.; @. canestrini, 
Armanelli; and @. p/umiger, Koch), commonly in stable fodder and 
in dust and sawdust. 


LIFE-HISTORY. 
These minute acari deposit their eggs amongst the substances 


upon which they feed. The eggs are comparatively large, oval and 
smooth-shelled, of a dull grey or white, the outer covering being 


122 8first Report on Economic Zoology. 


more or less soft, not a hard, rigid shell. The egg gives rise to the 
so-called larval stage, which resembles the adult, except that it has 
six instead of eight legs, and they are usually colourless and semi- 
transparent. This larval stage does not last long, a single ecdysis 
bringing it to the third or nymph condition. 

The nymph resembles the adult when nearing maturity, but when 
young it has the appearance of the larva. This is the period when 
the mite grows, and it assumes its fourth pair of legs. The nymph 
casts its skin twice. Another curious stage exists in these acari, 
namely, the hypopial stage, in which the mite assumes a different 
appearance—a stage in which it can more easily be distributed from 
place to place by becoming attached to flying insects, etc., but in the 
two furniture pests this stage is rudimentary; in G. domesticus it 
never emerges from the young nymphal skin, and in G. spinipes it 
seldom does so. This “skin-like” case protects the mite and so 
enables it to withstand heat, moisture, etc., and in this stage it may 
very easily be distributed from place to place by the wind. The 
wind may also spread these minute creatures in other stages as well. 

The “feather-bristle” mites, or Glyciphagi, may often be noticed 
in houses suffering from dry rot. They do not seem to do any 
material damage in a house except to stored goods, unless it is by 
carrying the spores of dry rot fungus about. Mr. White stated in 
one of his communications, “the white insects give considerable 
trouble on my furniture; perfectly harmless, but unpleasant.” They 
may also be noticed in abundance in furniture attacked by the furni- 
ture pest—the Death Watch (Anobium tessallatum)—living amongst 
the dust and débris these pests produce. 


TREATMENT. 


Washing well all likely corners where they may shelter with a 
strong solution of “Chinosol” was recommended. Failing this, 
fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas or disulphide of carbon might 
be tried. These, of course, are poisonous, also the fumes, and bisul- 
phide of carbon is also inflammable, so must be used with care 
(vide p. 126). 

A further letter regarding fumigation for this pest was received 
from Mr. Howard White, to which the following answer was sent :— 


Your letter has not been answered because I was waiting the result 
of some experiments Prof. Hall was making for me re bisulphide of 
carbon. He finds it will not hurt gold picture frames, etc., unless there 
are impurities in the gold. Nor will it hurt furniture, foods or draperies 


Furniture Pests. 123 


if well aired afterwards ; but as it is highly explosive he advises the use of 
hydrocyanic acid gas as used for destroying insects under glass, etc. 

The cyanide treatment is deadly to all insect life and does not harm 
food or anything ; but care has to be taken that the poison is not eaten or 
the fumes inhaled by any person. 

You could only use the Chinosol for floors and crevices. 


Directions for using Hydrocyanic Acid Gas Indoors. 


The following are instructions sent to Mr. White with regard to 
the gas treatment. 

The proportions for hydrocyanie acid gas treatment are as follows : 

2 ozs. of cyanide of potassium. 
4 ozs. of sulphuric acid. 
7 ozs. of water. 

- for 1,000 cubic feet of space. 

Proceed as follows: Add the 4 ozs. of acid to the 7 ozs. water in a 
deep saucer or jam-pot ; then roll up the small lumps of cyanide in 
blotting-paper and drop into the acid and water. Leave for a couple 
of hours ; then freely ventilate the room; do not enter it for an hour 
after ventilation, as, of course, you must not breathe the fumes, as they 
are deadly, and so is the cyanide. It would be safest to bury the 
residue, but it is innocuous. You can easily manage windows for 
ventilation, so as not to have to enter the room to do so. I should 
put the saucer just inside the door, so the arm can reach it, and 
drop the cyanide in blotting-paper into the saucer, shutting the door 
immediately. Of course, do not let people stand about outside the 
door, as some fumes may come through crevices, etc. Get the room 
as air-tight as possible. 

The proportions I give have been found sufficient in greenhouses 
to kill Red Spider, Woodlice, Slugs, Aphis, and Caterpillars. 

The employment of this gas for Bud Mite in Currants (Zriophyes 
ribis) has not proved it to be successful. Su/phur in some form alone 
seems to affect acari. It is thus interesting to learn that fumigation 
with hydrocyanic acid gas did not affect this household pest, but Mr. 
White tells me he cleared it out by sulphur fumigation. 


Anobium tessellatum in St. Alban’s Cathedral. 


An insect, sent by Mr. Nathaniel Hicks, in oak from the roof of 
St. Alban’s Cathedral, proved to be one of the common Wood-boring 
Beetles—a serious furniture pest—known as the “ Death Watch” 
(Anobium tessellatum). 


124 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


Judging from the destructive habits of this pest and the great 
difficulty in ridding furniture of it when once it gets well into the 
wood, it is extremely dangerous to use such wood unless it is treated 
to destroy all the pests in it first. 

For treatment: corrosive sublimate alone seems of any avail. 
Paraffin has been found practically useless. 


SUB-GROUP @. 


The Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella, Huebn.) 
attacking Almonds. 


Almonds sent to the Museum from stores in the Docks, proved 
to be attacked by one of the Meal Moths (Plodia interpunetella, 
Huebn.), popularly called the Indian Meal Moth. 

The Indian Meal Moth caterpillar often spins a mass of silk such 
as sent with the attacked almonds. It is recorded as attacking beans, 
peas, peanuts, walnuts, dried fruits, almonds, and various other dried 
products, including cinnamon-bark, dried dandelion roots, etc. 

The moth is about three-fourths of an inch across the expanded 
Wings ; some specimens, however, only reach half an inch. The outer 
two-thirds of the front wings are dull reddish-brown; the basal part 
and all the hind wings dull grey. The moth deposits her eggs over 
the articles destined for larval food, and also on boards, on walls, and 
on floors; these white ova are laid both singly and in groups of from 
three to twelve. In a few days, variously estimated at from three to 
seven, they hatch. The larva varies from dull white to pale reddish 
or dull yellow, with brown head, and is more or less hairy. When 
mature it reaches half an inch in length, and then spins a loose 
cocoon in which it changes to a pale brown pupa. The whole life- 
cycle takes four or five weeks; so that a number of broods may appear 
under favourable conditions. 

Fumigating with bisulphide of carbon, or hydrocyanic acid gas, 
is the only treatment. 

Notes and instructions on fumigation with bisulphide of carbon 
and hydrocyanic acid gas are appended; neither harm food if freely 
ventilated afterwards (vide p. 126). 


| 


Cigar Beetle and Larder Beetle. 125 


The Cigar Beetle. 
(Lasioderma testacea, Dut.) 


Dr. Christy, of St. James Place, forwarded some Indian cigars, a 
case of which were being seriously damaged by a small beetle. The 
pest is known as the Cigar Beetle (Zasioderma testacea, Duf.), and 
is closely related to the American, West Indian, and almost cosmopo- 
litan Cigarette Beetle (Zasioderma serricorne). It is recorded from 
India as attacking cheroots, rice, saffron, the leaf coverings of opium 
balls, ete. 

They have been noticed largely in Burmah cheroots, and are 
trequently found in Manilla cigars and cheroots. It is almost cosmo- 
politan, and attacks most dry vegetable substances. I do not 
remember having seen it in Havana cigars. The egg stage lasts from 
eight to sixteen days. The grub stage normally takes six weeks, but 
under unfavourable conditions it may last for a year or more. The 
pupal stage lasts about eight days. 

The beetles may live for two months. The development of the 
larvee is hastened and retarded by heat and cold. Both larve and 
beetles do the damage ; a single tunnel into the cigar, as a rule, stops 
it drawing, so that the damage done by a comparatively small number 
of beetles and their larvee in a case may often be considerable. This 
pest, when a case is opened and found to be infested, may easily 
be checked by bisulphide fumigation. 


The Larder Beetle. 


(Dermestes lardarius, Linn.) 


The Larder Beetle previously mentioned (p. 45) was sent with 
various enquiries by a correspondent from Wantage. 

This beetle is also known as the Bacon Beetle. As far as 
personal observations go it lays its eggs first in May and on through 
the year in successive broods, under favourable conditions. 

No observations have been made on the length of egg-life. The 
larvee that I have kept under observation took nearly five weeks to 
reach maturity, but I believe they may do so in four weeks. 

Hams and bacon affected by this pest should have the parts 
invaded by the insects cut away and washed with a strong solution 
of salicylate of soda, Store rooms in which this pest has occurred 
should be well swept out and either fumigated with bisulphide of 
carbon or hydrocyanic acid gas. 


126 8=6©Frirst Report on Economic Zoology. 


Instructions for the Fumigation of Stores with Bisulphide of Carbon. 


1. Obtain the best bisulphide of carbon. 

2. Remember that it is both poisonous and highly inflammable ; 
no light of any kind should go near it, nor should it be used where 
electric wires run. 

3. Dried goods are best placed in a large air-tight bin, and then 
the bisulphide placed in saucers on the substance to be fumigated. 
The bin should be closed and kept shut for four or five hours; the 
treated commodities should then be freely ventilated. 

4, The quantity to use is 1 lb. to every 1000 cubic feet of space. 

If you are much troubled with insects in stores it would be well 
worth having large bins (air-tight) made for the treatment. The 
vapour given off is heavier than air, and hence penetrates into the 
stuff below. 

As there may be eggs (which I do not think are affected), a second 
fumigation two weeks later would be advisable. 

You want to pour the bisulphide out rapidly, so as not to inhale 
much of the fumes ; a small quantity breathed in will not affect one, 
but it is well to be very careful. 

Treatment in bins is far safer and better than fumigating the 
whole room, which may be well cleaned out by scrubbing with hot 
soft-soap and water. 


Hydrocyanie Acid Gas. 


The fumes of this gas are also deadly poisonous to all animal life, 
with the exception, it seems, of Mites or Acari. It is safer in one way 
to use than the former, owing to its not being inflammable. 

It is formed by the mixture of (1) cyanide of potassium; (2) 
sulphuric acid; and (3) water. 

The fumes do not harm substances for food; but in applying this 
remedy you must be careful the men do not breathe the fumes. 
Rooms can be fumigated, and the stores in bulk, in bins, as before. 
The following rules should be remembered :— 

(1) Cyanide of potassium (a) and the fumes when mixed with 
sulphuric acid (b) are very poisonous. Therefore do not breathe the 
latter. 

(2) Use the following proportions :— 

2 ozs. of cyanide, 
4 ozs. of sulphuric acid, 
7 ozs. of water, 

oe every 1,000 cubic feet to be fumigated. 


General Subjects. 127 


(3) Work as follows: Add the 4 ozs. of acid to the 7 ozs, of 
water in a saucer (never add the water to the acid); then put the 
2 ozs. of cyanide in small lumps wrapped up in blotting-paper into 
the saucer and close the bin up quickly ; the fumes do not come off 
for a few seconds, so there need be no danger of inhaling them. If 
fumigating a room, put the saucer close to a door and drop the cyanide 
into it and shut the door rapidly ; manage so that you need only put 
your arm into the room. 

Leave the stores in the fumes for two hours at least, and then 
open the windows from outside; do not go into the room for at least 
an hour after the doors and windows have been thrown open. Night- 
time is the best time to fumigate ; a man should keep guard to stop 
people going near when either method is employed, it many people 
are about and used to entering the room. 

If you can put the stores in bins, I should use bisulphide ; if to 
fumigate a room or store, the hydrocyanic gas. With reasonable care 
there is no danger in the use of either. 


GENERAL SUBJECTS. 
Green Matter in Lewes Public Bath. 


To an enquiry received by the Director from the Lewes Town 
Council regarding the inconvenience caused by quantities of green 
matter appearing in the Public Baths, the following report was sent :— 


The green matter sent from the public bath at Lewes is mainly 
composed of alge—the majority are Desmids and Diatoms—but the 
slime masses are formed by a Leuconostoc. There are no traces of any of 
these in the sample of water sent taken direct from the pump. 

The bottom and sides of the bath are probably covered with these 
organisms, which increase with great rapidity ; the slime masses formed by 
the Leuconostoc forming on the floor and sides of the bath, and when 
disturbed by swimmers float to the surface. The green colour is due to 
certain of the “blue green” algw contained with the Desmids and 
Diatoms in the slime. A few protozoa and gga larvee and seeds of 
elm, etc., were also present, but the cause of the green floating masses is 
undoubtedly the slime-forming algw referred to. 

The remedy found successful in cases of a similar nature is the 
os pong of sulphate of lime. The bath should be well cleansed and 

out a few times with a strong solution of the above, the sides as 
well as the floor. 


128 8=6©First Report on Economic Zoology. 


OTHER SHORT REPORTS SENT ON THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS. 


Group F. 


The Death Watch (Anobiwm domesticum), which were reported as appearing in 
large numbers on the walls of a room that had been shut up for a year full 
of boxes, at Eastbourne. (Miss E. Branscombe.) 


The Clothes Moth (Tineola biselliella), also reported by the same observer, with a 
note that ‘‘ They do not fly about as ordinary moths, but sit on the walls and 
ceilings with folded wings, waiting for me to kill them. Sometimes I kill 
ten in a room, then find none for a day or two; then eight or ten make their 
appearance in a room which is shut up and no window opened. I am 
thinking of shutting up the house, so it is important for me to know 
what to do.” (Vide Report, p. 43.) 


Method of destroying insects (sp.(?)) in Acacia wood. (T. Christy & Co., 
London.) Letter containing a note that “they always submit drugs with 
weevils and insects in them to a process of baking.” We have therefore 
made arrangements for them to receive the whole of our parcel (of acacia 
wood) to treat it in the ordinary way. 


Grovur E. 
Sub-Group A. Animals Injurious to Domesticated Animals. 


Filariasis in Lambs. (W. H. Hammond, Esq., Canterbury.) 
A Parasite in Fowls’ Eggs. (Dr. Humphrys, Marychurch, Torquay.) 


Group E. 
Sub-Group B. (Section I.) Agriculture: Fruit. 
The Wood Leopard (Zeuzera xsculi) attacking Apple Trees at Hailsham. 


The Pith Moth (Laverna atra) attacking Apple Shoots at Hailsham. (Mr. Bear); at 
Swanley. (Mr. Cecil Hooper.) 


The Bud Moth (Hedya ocellana) attacking Apple and Cherry at Hailsham and 
Swanley. 


Winter Moth (Cheimatobia brumata) from Swanley. (Mr. Cecil Hooper.) 
Red Plum Maggot (Opadia funebrana) in fruit in Kent. (Mr. W. H. Hammond.) 


Apple Sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea) at Guestling, Sussex. (Rev. E. N. 
Bloomfield.) 


Pear Midge (Diplosis pyrivora) attacking Pears at Guestling. (Rey. E. N. 
Bloomfield) ; at Swanley (Wilkinson); at Ross (Getting). 


i i i i 


General. 129 


Scale Insects on Currants (P. ribesiw, and L, ribis). (G. B. King, Lawrence) 
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) 


Regarding Pulvinaria, ribesiw Professor King writes as follows:— The 
Pulvinaria is what I believe to be P. vitis, L.; in fact, it is identical 
with what I have written of (MS.) a species common on grapes in 
Germany.” 


Information re Currant Scale and caustic alkali wash, advising use of same to b 
continued. Good results reported by correspondent, J. Riley, Esq., Putley 
Court, Ledbury. 


Winter Moth and Grease Banding. Information sent to Mr. R. Amos, Perry 
Court, Wye, as to date, etc., for keeping bands on the trees. 


Sub-Group B. (Section 11.) Horticulture. 


Acari attacking Roots of Flowers (Tetranychus). (James Nimms, 17, Great 
Tower St.) 


Leaf-Cutting Bee (Megachile willoughbiella) tunnelling Apple wood. (Sir Joseph 
Hooker, per the Director, and Mr. Towns-Smith, Yalding, Kent.) 


Thysanoptera: Corresvondence regarding Haliday’s types. (Mr. Froggatt, Gov. 
Ent., N. S. Wales.) 


Leaf Miners (Phytomyza, sp. (?)) in Melons. (Mr. Staines, Ringwould, Dover.) 
Sub-Group B. (Section I1].) Forestry. 


Cecidomyia salicis, on Willows near Canterbury. (Mr. W. H. Hammond.) Goat 
Moth attacking elm. (Brondesbury.) 


Grovur B. 


Sericulture, list of works on. (H. A. Kelly, Casale Litta, Lombardy.) 


General. 


List of books, e'c., useful for the Herefordshire Fruitgrowers’ Association. (S. E. 
Agri. College.) 


130 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


G, RIO} Ue Pass 


(B) EXTRA-BRITISH. 


Animals which concern Man as causing bodily injury, some- 
times death, to him, and in other cases disease, often 
of a deadly character. 


A Poisonous Land Bug from Singapore. 


A large land bug received by Dr. Cantlie from Singapore proved 
to be one of the Hemiptera heteroptera, known as Conorhinus 
rubrofasciatus, De Geer. It is neotropical and oriental in dis- 
tribution. 

Some of the foreign bugs are very poisonous. The note sent to 
Dr. Cantlie is of considerable interest. It is as follows :— 


(From “THE JouRNAL OF Tropical Mepicring,” November 1, 1901), 


INSECT BITE. 


To the Editor of “ Tot JouRNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE.” 


Dear Sir,—I beg to forward you an insect which I shall be 
glad if you will kindly get identified. It inflicts a very nasty sting, which 
is done by a huge proboscis capable of being folded up beneath the maxilla 
and neck. Acute pain and inflammation follow in a few minutes. In one 
case the whole leg became swollen. 

Yours, &c., 
Liu Boon Kenc, M.B., C.M.Edin. 


Singapore. 


IDENTIFICATION OF THE INSECT REFERRED TO BY 
DR. LIM BOON KENG. 


To the Editor of “THE JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE.” 


Dear Srr,—The insect you send from Singapore is one of the 
Hemiptera-heteroptera known as Conorhinus rubrofasciatus, De Geer. It 
is neotropical and oriental in distribution. 
Yours, etc., 


FRED. V. THEOBALD. 
British Museum (Natural History). 


Screw Worms in Human Beings. 131 


A full account of Hemiptera-heteroptera obnoxious to man has 
recently been compiled by Raphael Blanchard entitled, “Sur la 
Piqire de quelques Hémiptéres.” Archives de Parasitologie, V. No. 1, 
p. 139 (1902). 


Screw Worms in Human Beings. 


A note regarding the Screw Worm (Compsomyia macellaria) in 
human beings was sent by Dr. St. George Gray. Screw Worms were 
taken from the mouth and nose of a female patient dying of phthisis 
in the Victoria Hospital. “I am not at all sure that they are the 
larvee of Compsomyia macellaria, which is very common in some 
parts of this island and which attacks cattle, for I have never seen a 
single specimen of the adult fly in the vicinity of the hospital, but 
there are innumerable flies of other species about. I am trying to 
breed out a few of these in a jar of earth, so that I may be absolutely 
certain of the fly. I may mention one fact about them which may 
be of interest. Out of four patients who were attacked by Screw 
Worms two occupied the same bed, one after the other, and a third 
the next bed to it. The other case was in a more remote part of the 
hospital.” 

About a month after, specimens of the fly and its puparia arrived 
with the following interesting notes by Dr. St. George Gray: “I 
notice that those bred from the larve have a more decided bluish 
colour than those caught in the open. This may be due to the 
fact that the former had never fed. During life the eyes are of a 
brick-red colour, but this changes after death.” The larve of 
C. macellaria have frequently been known to attack human beings, 
entering the external orifices, 


132 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


GhOU Ps, 


Animals which concern Man as causing bodily injury or 
disease, both possibly of a deadly character, to (A) his 
stock of Domesticated Animals, or (B) to his Vegetable 
Plantations, or (C) to Wild Animals in the preservation 
of which he is interested, or (D) Plants in the preservation 
of which he is interested. 


SUB-GROUP 4A. ANIMALS WHICH CONCERN MAN BY 
CAUSING BODILY INJURY OR DISEASE TO HIS 
STOCK OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 


The Screw Worm in Cattle in St, Lucia. 


Two diptera sent by the Director of the Imperial Department of 
Agriculture of the West Indies that are injurious to cattle in St. Lucia 
proved to be the well known “Screw Worm” Fly. The scientific 
name of the fly is Compsomyia macellaria, of Fabricius. There is 
any amount of literature on this pest, its life-history being well 
known, 

The fly is common from the Argentine to Canada. It especially 
attacks the natural openings of animals, notably the “sheaths” of 
horses and the navel of newly-born animals; but the fly will lay its 
egg upon any abraded surface of the skin. Where ticks, etc., have 
been killed on an animal is a favourite place for the fly to deposit 
her eggs, the fly being attracted by the blood. Abrasions from 
contact with barbed wire form favourite localities. Human beings 
are also subject to its ravages, especially in the nose and ear (vide 
“Psyche” iv., pp. 27-30, 1883, and page 131). Amongst the 
many excellent accounts issued by American stations is the 
following :— 

Bulletin of the Agricultural Station of Louisiana, No. 2, second 
series. “The Texas Screw Worm,” by Prof. H. A. Morgan, 1890. 

Al] animals seem to be attacked by it. 


—_———= 2. ee 


Pony Flies and Scale Insect. 133 


Pony Flies. 
(Lyperosia, sp. ?) 


Mr. E. E. Green forwarded some small flies that were causing 
annoyance in the pony-breeding establishments in Ceylon. They 
were examined by Mr. Austen and found to belong to the family 
Muscide and to the genus Lyperosia, sp. (?). The species is probably 
new. 


SUB-GROUP B. ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO MAN’S 
VEGETABLE PLANTATIONS. 


Srecrion I. 


ANIMALS I[NJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE. 


Scale Insect (Mytilaspis citricola, Packard) on Orange 
Trees in Monte Video. 


Dr. E. S. Miller, R.N., sent from Monte Video a scale insect 
affecting the orange trees there and asking for information as to 
destroying it. This scale proved to be Mytilaspis citricola, Packard. 
It occurs in the United States, West Indies, China, Brazil, Southern 
Europe, Ceylon, Fiji, ete. It has been recently introduced into South 
Africa. Fruit from Southern Europe, Canary and Madeira is usually 
infested. 

Its food plants are all citrus fruits and probably all Rosacew. In 
Jamaica, Cockerell records it on the Murraya. Its original home was 
probably the West Indies or South America, It occurs on leaf, fruit, 
stems and twigs. 

This scale is about {th of an inch long, and is about three times 
as long as it is wide, and like the Apple Mussel scale in outline, the 
anterior end being narrow and the posterior broad and rounded, the 
whole scale somewhat curved. 

The colour is variable, some are dull purplish, others almost 
brown. Beneath the scale is white; this lower white portion coming 
away with the scale retains the insect or eggs within. 

The male scale is almost straight and +'gth of an inch long. 

The eggs, which vary from twenty-five to seventy under each 
scale, are white. All the specimens examined from Monte Video had 
eggs within them. 


134 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Three or four broods may occur in tropical climates. It is known 
under a variety of popular names, such as the Purple Scale and the 
Orange Mussel Scale. 


TREATMENT OF AFFECTED TREES. 


There are two ways of treating scale-insect attack :— 
I. Spraying, with either paraffin emulsion or resin wash, 
II. The gas treatment. 


1. Spraying for scale attack. 

A. Paraffin emulsion. This is used to kill the larval scale 
insects when they are crawling from beneath the scales and to 
corrode the scales away. The time of migration of the larve should 
be noticed when this wash is used, and the wash applied when they 
are crawling about, to do most good. But it has been found more or 
less satisfactory at any time if applied on several occasions during 
the year, best at intervals of two weeks. 

Paraffin emulsion is made as follows :—Mix equal portions of 
soft soap dissolved in boiling water and paraffin, and then churn 
them up by means of a force pump until a creamy emulsion is 
produced. When required for use mix with twenty times its bulk 
of water, 

B. Resin wash. There are many recipes for this—the following 
is a good one :—dissolve 1 Ib. of caustic soda in 1} gallons of soft 
water, then dissolve 2 lbs. of resin and 1 Ib. of tallow by moderate 
heat, and as it is cooking stir in gradually 1 quart of the dissolved 
caustic soda solution, and then add water until you have 22 pints of 
liquid. This forms a thick brown soap which is sufficient for 44 
gallons of wash; it being added to the water and well stirred; warm 
water, if possible, should be employed. This should be applied before 
the blossom bursts, but in bad attacks it may be used later as 
it is well to clear out the scale, even at the loss of all that year’s 
crop, through destroying the blossom. 

2. Gas treatment. This is largely employed for scale in the 
United States, the Cape of Good Hope, etc. The trees have to be 
covered with a tent of gas-proof canvas; the hydrocyanic acid gas is 
generated by putting water and sulphuric acid in a saucer or jar 
and then putting lumps of 60 per cent. grade cyanide of potassium 
into the mixture. The fumes may be allowed to ascend for an 
hour or more—evening or dull days are the best times to fumigate. 
The slower the gas generates the better; the greater the quantity of 


_ 


Scale on Pineapples and Pine Beetle. 135 


water and the larger the lumps of cyanide used the slower the gas 
comes off. 

Experiments conducted by Mr. Cousins in England show that the 
following quantities are required per cubic foot of space—3 ozs. of 
cyanide, 5 ozs. of acid, 8 ozs. of water per 1000 cubic feet. Both the 
cyanide and the gas generated are poisons, 

If gas treatment cannot be carried out owing to lack of material 
or apparatus, then spraying should be employed. 


Scale on Pineapples. 
(Diaspis bromeliw, Kerner.) 

Pineapples are frequently damaged by a scale insect, which now 
and then causes the fruit to rot. Specimens have been sent by Mr. 
Hammond, of Kingston, Jamaica, for identification and information 
concerning it. This scale is the Pineapple Scale (Diaspis bromeli, 
Kerner). The scale is thin, circular and pure white—the females 
yellow or orange. Like most Diaspids, they burrow beneath the 
epidermis of the plants and become almost entirely hidden, 

It chiefly attacks the leaves, but now and then the fruit. 

It should be destroyed as soon as the fruit is cut. 


SUB-GROUP B. 


Section III. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FoREsSTRY. 


The Pine Beetle. 
(Hylesinus piniperda, Linn.) 


Some pine wood sent by R. E. Haslam, Esq., from Monico, was 
found to be attacked by the Pine Beetle (Hylesinus piniperda, Linn.) 
It had killed an old tree and two young ones. This insect chiefly 
attacks diseased and damaged timber; but if no unhealthy trees are 
about it will attack healthy ones. As a rule one sees this pest 
working in plantations of about thirty years standing. 

Scotch and Weymouth Pines are chiefly attacked, but cluster and 
other species of pines are frequently recorded as being damaged by 
this pest. 

This insect does harm in three ways; (i) the beetles and larve 
attack bark and bast, the former making longitudinal galleries with 


136 8 =©6Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


one to three air holes — the larvae eat out secondary galleries in the 
bast which branch out at right angles to the primary gallery ; (ii) the 
beetles in August and September bore into the pith of young pine 
shoots at a distance of from one to three inches from their extremities, 
eating out a tunnel up to the terminal bud. The holes where the 
entrance is made are surrounded by a ring of opaque resin; (iii) the 
beetles bore into the sap wood of the root-stock of quite sound trees 
to hibernate, and thus trees may become sickly that were formerly 
quite sound, and so attract beetles during the following year. 

The beetles appear in April and May, and again in June and 
July. The larve hatch in April and May, and pupate in June or 
July and even August. 

Those that hatch in June may produce a second brood in August, 
and this second brood attacks the terminal shoots and branches. The 
whole life cycle lasts from sixty to eighty days. 

It should be remembered that the beetles hibernate in the adult 
stage in the root stocks and roots of standing trees, also in old 
stumps. 

Schlich * gives the following protective and remedial measures :— 

i. Timely and frequent thinnings of woods and quick removal of 
all sickly wood. 

ii, Clearance of felling areas by the middle of April. 

ii. Uprooting of stumps and broken trees or barking the same, 

iv. Pine woods if damaged by fire should be felled. 

v. Insect-eating mamials and birds should be protected. 

vi. All standing trees containing larve and pupe should be felled 
and barked and the bark burned. 

vii. Trap trees should be felled from February to September, so as 
to supply trees which are not too dry for the beetles to breed in. 
These should be barked at the middle of May, and others at intervals 
of four to six weeks, and the bark burnt. 

Of these rules the most important are; (A) the destruction of 
attacked trees at the proper time; and (B) using certain unhealthy 
trees as “trap” trees. If there are no unhealthy trees in the 
plantation, certain of them should be made into “trap” trees by 
ringing the worst trees. This is done by cutting strips of bark round 
the trees in the early spring so as to produce an unhealthy state, and 
so attract the beetles to lay their eggs and thus keep them away 
from the surrounding ones. 

These “trap” trees should be burnt later, before the larvee and 
pup have matured. 


* “Manual of Forestry,” Vol. IV., p. 242. 


Insects Injurious to Coffee. 137 


INSECTS INJURIOUS TO COFFEE, ete. 


Beetles Damaging Coffee-Berries. 


Two samples of coffee-berries damaged by small beetles have been 
received during the past year. One was sent by a correspondent in 
London with the following information : “I enclose a small sample 
of coffee taken from a bag recently in, from Costa Rica, and shall 
be glad if you can tell me the life-history of the creatures with the 
coffee, and whether they are likely to spread to other goods in the 
warehouse, either coffee or cocoa or goods of a kindred nature.” On 
examination the sample was found to contain a number of live 
beetles, and most of the berries were greatly damaged. 


c A B 
Fia, 16, 
B, Coffee damaged by (A), Araocerus fasciculatus, De Geer (¢ and 9); C, by Scofyti, sp. 


The beetles sent are known as Areocerus fasciculatus, De Geer 
(Fig. 16, A). Their life-history is well known, They are cosmo- 
politan and abundant in the Old and New Worlds. 

The larve live in coffee-berries, and will attack cocoa, ginger and 
other commodities, as also will the adult beetles, 

It is well known in Central America, in India and the Cape of 
Good Hope, but does not seem abundant in Europe. It has also 
been found on Zamariscus gallicus and in and on packages of 
Tegenaria, The larva is short and cylindrical, with distinct legs and 
about one-fourth of an inch long; its movements are slow, It has 


138 = Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


been observed in branches of a kind of ginger from China, eating the 
woody parts, making long galleries deep into the branches, which 
become full of dust (frass). When they are ready to pupate they 
make a large nest or cell near the bark, so that the beetle can escape 
easily. The pupal stage lasts from ten to fifteen days. The beetles 
are very agile, jumping often nearly an inch; they also fly readily, 
so that they might soon spread themselves over a storehouse. They 
also feign death when touched. They were breeding in the coffee 
berries sent as well as having damaged them by eating them. If 
such a consignment is not destroyed, it should be treated at once to 
kill the beetles. This may be done either by heat (if possible in 
this case) or by fumigating the mass with hydrocyanic acid gas in 
closed receptacles. 

The life-history of this pest has been fully described by 
M. R. Lucas in the Annales of the Entomological Society of France 
(tom. 1, 4th se., p. 399, 1861). 

The other sample of coffee berries (Fig. 16, c) was received at 
Kew from Uganda and sent on to the British Museum. The follow- 
ing note was sent back to Kew regarding the cause of damage :— 

“Some coffee berries from Uganda have been handed to me by Sir 
George Hampson. They have been damaged by Scolytida. Mr. 
Waterhouse says it is most probably a new species. As only a few 
fragments of the beetle could be found, it is not possible to refer to 
it in detail. Could you obtain fresh specimens of the beetle and 
have them sent here? I can find no record of any similar pest 
attacking the berries. 

“A Rhyncota—Stachia geometrica, Motsch (MS.)—attacks young 
coffee berries in Ceylon and does some harm.” 

These berries were eaten into, many hollowed right out, the outer 
shell often perforated in two or three places. 


Weevils (Hypomeces squamosus, Fabr.) Defoliating 
Rubber. 


Some Weevils sent by the Curator of Selangor Museum that 
were reported to him as defoliating Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) 
proved to be the Hypomeces squamosus of Fabricius, 


Insect Pests of the West Indies. 139 


Insect Pests of the West Indies. 


In answer to Mr. Hammond, the following list of West Indian 
insect pests has been forwarded. The Orange Pests are not given 
in this list. Probably the Museum of the Jamaican Institute has 
records, as they have published catalogues under the title of Museum 
Notes. This list is further augmented by the identification of 
specimens sent over by the Imperial Department of Agriculture of 
the West Indies. The names of these species and their food plants 
are given in the following pages. 


A. Iysecrs rxsurtous To Sucar Cane. 
1. Large Sugar Cane Borer (Diatrwa saccharalis). (“ Ins. Life,” Vol. iv. 
pp. 95, 103.) 
2. Sugar Xyleborus or l’in Borer (Xyleborus perforans). (“ Ins. Life,” Vol. 


v. p. 31.) 
3. Sugar Cane Pin Borer (Xyleborus putescens). Varbados, Trinidad, 
St. Vincent. 
4, Boring Weevil (Sphenophorus). 
5. Tropical Sugar Cane Borer (Chilo saccharalis). 
6. Scale (in Jamaica) (Aspidiotus sacchari, Ckll.). 
7. Mites, vide Histiostoma rostroserratus (decaying plants). 
Bull. 40, Royal } Immature Gamasids (predacious). 
Kew Gardens, Damacus or Motaspis, sp. Tarsonymus bancrofti, 
April, 1890. Miller, does damage to canes. 
B. Corton. 


1. Dactylobius virgatus, Ckll.= Mealy Bug on under side of leaves. Jamaica. 
2. Cotton Stainer (Dysdercus andrew), attacks bolls. -’amaica. 


C. Corree. 
1. Scale (Aspidiotus articulatus). Jamaica. Leaves. 


D. ALuspice. 
1. Pimento Borer (Cyrtomerus pilicornis), bores into twigs. Jamaica. 


E. Banana. 
1, Aspidiotus articulatus, on leaf, 
2. Ceroplastes floridensis. 
3. Aspidivtus personatus 
4, Aspidiotus ficus. 


F. Coxco Pra Pests, 
Vide No. 54, Inst. Jamaica Mus. Notes. 


G. Cocoa Piast. 
1. Cocoa Bug (Membracidw). Leaf-hopper found in Trinidad. 
2. Leaf-cutting Ant (Alta pedeus, L.). Trinidad. 
3. Longhorn Beetle (Sterastoma depressum), on young plants, 
4. Palm Weevil (Riynchophorus palmarum). 


Jamaica. 
} rare. 


140 8©©frst Report on Economic Zoology. 


H. 


or 


. Diaspis boisduvalii. Trinidad. 

. Fiorinia gallucida, Sig. 

7. Mytiiaspis buxi, Sig. 

= M. pandani, Cou. Abundant on leaves in Jamaica. 


lor) 


Cocoanut Pam. 

. Autocarpis boisduvalii. Jamaica, 

. Aspidiotus pumice, Ckll. Jamaica. 

. Dactylopius longifilis. Jamaica. 

. Dactylopius virgatus, on leaves. Jamaica. 


Oor ON RE 


iv. 380.) 
. Aspidiotus minutus, Ckll. 
. Aspidivtus rapax v. palmex, Ckll, 
Fiorina camelliz, Cou. 


coo N 


I. Cuincona PEstTs. 


1. Diaspis pedargonii, Ckll. Jamaica. 
2. Lecanium decidrophthore, Ckll. Jamaica. 


J. Mango. 
1. Ceroplastes floridensis, leaves. 
2. Vindonia stellifera. 
3. Aspidiotus personatus. 
4, Aspidiotus articulatus. 
5. Lecanium olex, 
6. Lecanium eee leaves. 
7. Dactylobius longifilis, Cou. 
8. Aspidiotus, sp. (?), pale patches on fruit. 
9. Planchonia pustulans, Ckll. Moutserrat. 


M. 


POMEGRANATE. 
1. Ceroplastes floridensis, on leaves. 
2. Aspidiotus pumice, Ckll. Jamaica. 


PEACH. 
1. Bermuda Peach Maggot (Ceratitis, sp. (?) ), attacks fruit 


PINEAPPLE. 
1. Pineapple Scale (Diaspis bromelia). 


ORANGE. 
1. Aspidiotus citricola. Bermuda. 
2. Chionaspis citri, Bermuda. 


ANIMAL PEsTs. 
1. The Screw-worm Fly (Compsomyia macellaria). St. Lucia. 


. Diaspis vandalicus, Galvoz. Jamaica, abundant; and Santiago de Cuba. 
. Rufous Scale (Aspidiotus articulatus), Morgan. Jamaica. (“ Ins. Life,” 


Insect Pests of the West Indies. 141 


NAMES OF ECONOMIC INSECTS SENT BY THE IMPERIAL 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE WEST INDIES. 


Nore.—({A.) Aptera; (C.) Coleoptera; (B.) Blattidw ; (L.) Lepidoptera ; 
(H.) Hymenoptera; (He.) Hemiptera. 


Suoar Cane. 
Myochronus armatus, B. On leaves. Barbados. (C.) 
ARRownoor. 
Calpodes ethlius, Cram. Barbados. (L.) 
Megachile flavitarsata, Smith. Barbados, St. Vincent. (II.) 
Megachile martindali, Ashmead. Barbados. (H.) 
ANDIRA, sp. 
Cleogonus rubetra, F, Grenada and Trinidad. (C.) 
Diorymerus, sp. (?) 


Banana. 

Tomarus bituberculatus, Beard. St. Lucia. (C.) 
Cassava. 

Dilophonota ello, Linn. Montserrat. (L.) 
Cocoa. 

Cryphalus, sp. (?) Grenada. (0.) 
CowPeas. 

Bruchus chinensis, Linn. Barbados. (C.) 
CoRNWEAL. 


Carpophilus dimidiatus, Fabr. Barbados. (C.) 
CASTILLVA ELASTICA. 

Tweniotes scalaris, Fabr. Grenada. (C.) 
Divi-prvi (Cesalpinia coriaria). 

Bruchus, sp. (to fruit). Antigua. (C.) 
Ficus. 

Phryneta verrucosa. Barbados. (C.) 

Leucophea surinamensis. Barbalos. (B.) 


Fipp.e-woop. 

Pyraustra mellinalis, Hubn. Barbados. (L.) 
GRASSES. 

Remigia repanda, Fabr. Trinidad. (L.) 
Gurvga Cory. 

Calandra oryz#, Linn. Antigua. (C.) 
GRANDILLA. 

Lactica pallens, Fabr. Montserrat. (C.) 
Ispran Corn. 


Trogosita mauritanica. Antigua, (C.) 
Aphis maidis, Fitch. Montserrat. (He.) 
Spodoptera frugiperda, Barbados. (L.) 


142 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


Lime TREE (Citrus acida). 

Naupractus, sp.(?) Ant’gua. (C.) 
Manoo. 

Platypus parallelus, Fabr. Grenada. (C.) 


MALprImGcHIA. 
Podagrica amenissima, Chen. MS. Antigua. (C.) 


ORANGE. 
Lagochirus arauciformis, L. Grenada. (C.) 


Pigeon Pea Busu. 
Rhyparobia maderz, F. Barbados. 


Picron Pras (Dried). 
Bruchus 4-maculatus, F. Antigua. 


PaLM SEEDS. 
Coccotrypes dactyloperda, Fabr. Trinilad. (C.) 


Sweet PoraToes. 
Cryptorhynchus batatus,G. Waterh, To tubers. Barbados. (C.) 
Coptocycha trisignata, Bohem, var. bistripunctata, B. To leaves. Antigua. 
(C.) 
Chetocnema amazona, Baty. Eats leaves. Barbados. 
Soranum MELONGENA. 
Epitrix parvula, Fabr. On leaves. Barbados. 
Corythaica monacha, Stal. On leaves. Barbados. 


TAMARIND. 
Cathartus cassie, Reich. Tojods. Barbados. (C.) 
Cryphalus, sp. To pods. Barbados. (C.) 
TANNIA. 
Tomarus bituberculatus, Beard. St. Lucia. (C.) 


Wootty Pyrou. 
Thermesia gemmatalis, Hubn. Barbados. (L.) 

Woop (Dry). 
Tribolium ferrugineum. Barbados. (C.) 
Platypus, spp. Barbados. (C.) 

StoreD Goons, ETC. 
Lepisma, sp. Starch, Gum, etc. Barbados. (A.) 
Calandra oryzz, Linn., var. pallida. To macaroni. Barbados. (C.) 
Tribolium ferrugineum. To corn-flour. Barbados. (C.) 
Lasioderma serricorne, F. (C.) 
Periplaneta americana, L. (B.) 


BEEs. 
Galleria mellonella, Linn. To honeycomb. Antigua. (L.) 


BENEFICIAL INSECTs. 
Megilla maculata, var. De Geer. Eats various insects. 
Scymnus ochroderus, Mulsant. Feeds on Aphis maidis. Montserrat and 
Barbados. (C.) 
Exochomus nitidulus, Fab. Feeds on Coccida. Barbados. (C.) 
Chrysopa, sp. Feeds on various insects in Barbados. (N.) 


————— 


143 


GROUP F. 


Animals which concern Man as being destructive to his 
worked-up Products of Art and Industry, such as his 
various (A) Buildings and larger Constructions and 
Habitations, (B) Furniture and Books, Drapery and 
Clothing, (C) Food and Stores. 


SUB-GROUP A. 
Teredos and Canadian Timber. 


A communication was received on 23rd November, 1901, from 
the Imperial Institute in regard to the wood-boring Teredos and 
Canadian timber (Abies canadensis). In this communication the 
following was stated:—*‘ This Department has supplied full infor- 
mation with reference to the general characteristics of the wood and 
its mechanical properties. It appears, howover, that other wood so 
employed in South Africa is liable to be attacked by the Teredo 
worm, The Canadian wood is known not to be readily attacked by 
worms or insects of any description in Canada, but the question is, 
does this particular worm occur in Canada?” The following 
replies were sent to the Institute :-— 

(1.) The Teredo worm, one of the mollusca, attacks all manner of 
wood. Canadian fir, judging from the specimens so frequently 
washed up on the shores of England, Norway, ete., seems very liable 
to the attack of Teredo. One species, Teredo megotara, Hanley, 
found in England, both on fixed, floating and drift timber (especially 
in Canadian fir), occurs in America. Stimpson described it as 
(T. dilatata) infesting fixed wood and harbour buoys at Lynn, New 
England. Tryon states that this species extends from Massachusetts 
to South Carolina—it also occurs in Greenland and Iceland—so has 
a very wide range, as one would expect, being transported on floating 
wood, aided by the Gulf Stream. 

I do not know any exact localities to give for Teredo in Canada, 
but the one I mention and others occur there. 

It is surprising to find that Abies canadensis is not subject to 
boring mollusca in Canada, as drift wood of that fir appears particularly 
prone to the attack of the pest. 


144 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


(2.) Since I last wrote you 7e Teredo and Canadian pine I find 
the following species occur in Canada: Zereda dorsalis (the commonest 
species), Yylophaga jfimbriata, and X. bipinnata on the West Coast, 
and TZeredo megotara on the East Coast. 

The species occurring on the United States coast (Massachusetts) 
are 7. navalis, T. norvegica, T. dilatata, T. chlorotica and X. fimbriata. 

T. norvegica occurs in oak, fir, and birch, and is found in Europe 
as well. Z. navalis in fir, elm, etc.; also in Europe. TZ. megotara in 
any wood; also European. -X. bipinnata occurs in Europe, West 
Indies, etc., in almost any wood. XY. fimbriata has also occurred in 
teak in Europe. 

The only Teredo quoted from South Africa is 7. (Hyperotus) 
nucivora of Spengler, which bores into floating cocoa-nuts. This 
species Mr. Edgar Smith says he believes to be only tropical and 
sub-tropical. Teredos which bore into wood, floating or otherwise, 
may be found anywhere, and doubtless have a very wide range. 
They may be carried very great distances by ocean currents. 


OTHER SHORT REPORTS SENT. 


The Rat Flea (7. musculi); Information concerning it, and its 
connection with Plague. (Dr. Cantlie.) 

Tapeworms in the Bile Duct of Sheep in Transvaal (Dr. Theiler). 
A new species under investigation. 

Hippo and other Flies (Tabanus dorsovitta, Lucilia marginalis, 
and Lucilia, sp. (?)) from Zambesi. (L. Lloyd Prichard, M.R.C.P., 
etc., Jersey.) 

Ticks (Jvodide) on Toads in Para, and their connection with 
Drepanidium found in Toads. (Dr. Durham.) 

Tsetse-fly in Gambia (Glossina longipalpis, Wied., var. tachinoides, 
Westwood). (Dr. Dutton.) 

The Swift Tick, intermediate host of Pilaria cypseli. (Dr. Dutton.) 
A new species of Mallophaga. 

Melolonthid Larve (Apogonia rauca) attacking Coco Palms in 
Ceylon. (E. E. Green.) 


PART Il 


REPORTS 


TO 


(A)-THE FOREIGN OFFICE 


AND 


(B)J-THE COLONIAL OFFICE. 


A.—REPORTS TO THE FOREIGN OFFICE. 


1. TSETSE-FLY AND BUFFALO CORRESPONDENCE, 


Forricn Orricer, 
15th June, 1901. 


Srr,—I am directed by the Marquess of Lansdowne to transmit to 
you the accompanying copy of a letter from the Colonial Office on the 
subject of the Tsetse-fly, forwarding a copy of a letter from a Mr. Val 
Gie to the British South Africa Company remarking on the special 

irulence of this fly in districts where Buffalo are principally to be found, 
and I am to request that you will favour His Lordship with your observa- 
tions on the subject. 
I am, Sir, 
Your most obedient humble servant, 


Cirement Lu. Hin. 
Prorrsson E. Ray Lankester, 
British Museum (Nat. Hist.) 
South Kensington, S.W. 


Down1xe Srreet, 
11th June, 1901. 
The Under Secretary of State for the Colonies presents his compli- 
ments to the Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and is directed by the 
of State to transmit, for the information of the Marquess of 
Lansdowne, a copy of the letter noted in the subjoined schedule on the 
subject of the Tsetse-fly and Buffalo. 


Mwenoa R., 
** Hook of the Kafue,” 
N.E. Rhodesia, 


2th February, 1901. 
Mr. Vat Grevoun to Hie Brrrisu Sourn Arrican Company. 


Gens Srr,—I see from the pa that the international conference for 
the preservation of big game decided to recommend that buffalo be 


L 2 


148 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


placed on the list of game to be absolutely protected. I, therefore, wish 
to bring to your notice my observations on the Tsetse-fly and the Buffalo, 
the correctness of which are, I believe, borne out by the experience of 
Mr. George Gray when travelling through a fly country in 1899 and also 
by information obtained from native sources. 

The Tsetse-fly has always abounded in districts where Buffalo were 
numerous, and since the almost total destruction of Buffalo by rinderpest 
these flies have not disappeared, although, perhaps, not so numerous as 
formerly. The bite of the insect, however, appears to have become much 
less deadly to domestic animals, and stock and dogs not only survive the 
bites for a much longer period than formerly, but in many cases suffer no 
ill at all. 

This has been my personal experience, and I think I am correct in 
saying Mr. Gray’s is similar. 

The natives say that now the Buffalo are dead the Tsetse-fly no longer 
kills stock, but of course natives are notoriously careless and loose in their 
statements. It is a fact also that in many places where Buffalo have 
become extinct the Tsetse-fly has also vanished ; this is the case in parts of 
Sebungwi and Zankie districts. As there are large fly districts in northern 
Rhodesia I call your attention to these facts, as it appears to me that the 
protection of the Buffalo and the Tsetse-fly are identical, and I would 
doubt if the benefit accruing from the preservation of the former will 
compensate for the disadvantages arising from the existence of the latter. 


I am, etc., 
VaL GIELGUD. 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, London, 8.W., 


24th June, 1901. 
To Sir CLEMENT Lu. H1ut, K.C.M.G., C.B. 


Srr,—I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter 
of the 15th instant, enclosing a copy of a letter from Mr. Val Gielgud 
with reference to Tsetse-fly and Buffalo. 

In accordance with your request that I should furnish the Marquess of 
Lansdowne with some observations on the subject I would wish, first of 
all, to draw your attention to the powers given by Article IV. of the 
“dispositions” adopted by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the 
preservation of African wild animals, May 1st, 1900. The final clause of 
that article was inserted on my suggestion with a view to such a case as 
that reported by Mr. Gielgud, and gives power to dispense with the 
principles agreed upon “dans un intérét supérieur d’administration.” 

It is, therefore, within the provisions of the agreement signed by the 
Plenipotentiaries for the Government to authorise the British South Africa 
rea aed to destroy Buffalo, in order to protect domesticated cattle from 

isease. 

A question, however, of a very serious nature arises as to whether there 
is sufficient ground for concluding that the parasite of the blood, which 
is introduced by the bite of the Tsetse-fly into domesticated animals, is 
specially and abundantly harboured in the blood of the wild Buffalo. 

The theory is held that the parasite (Herpetomonas nagane) of the 
blood is comparatively harmless to wild indigenous forms, such as Buffalo, 


Reports to the Foreign Office. 149 


Antelope, ete., although multiplying in their blood, but that it is deadly to 

introduced domesticated animals. Hence, it is supposed, it flourishes in 

the wild game and is more abundant among them than it would be if its 

oper caused death. I am inclined to believe this theory correct, but it 
not been properly tested. 

Before the destruction of Buffalo in the vicinity of herds of domesti- 
cated cattle is authorised, it ought to be clearly shown by experiment and 
observation of competent medical men that the Buffalo harbours the 
parasite, or at any rate that it can harbour it without being killed off as 
are domesticated animals. It would be a matter of small expense, in 
comparison with the enormous pecuniary interests involved, for the 
British South Africa Company to employ a medical authority to experi- 
ment on wild Buffalo, saad ind kept in a paddock for the purpose of 
settling the question. 

And it seems to me that authority to destroy the Buffalo should not be 
granted to the Company until they have furnished satisfactory scientific 
evidence of the harbouring of the Nagana parasite by the Buffalo. 


I am, Sir, 
Your most obedient humble servant, 
(Signed) E. Ray LANKESTER. 


ForREIGN OFFICE, 
15th October, 1901. 


Sir,—With reference to your letter of the 24th June, I am directed 
by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to transmit to you for your 
information the accompanying copy of a despatch from His Majesty's 
Commissioner in the East Africa Protectorate relative to the connexion 
between Tsetse-fly and the Buffalo. 


I am, Sir, 
Your most obedient humble servant, 


(Signed) MARTIN GOSSELIN. 
Proresson E. Ray LANKESTER. 


Mompasa, 
6th September, 1901. 
To the Manquess or Lanspowng, K.G., ete., ete. 


My Lorp,—In reply to Your Lordship’s despatch, No, 259 of | 
July 20th, respecting the connection between the Tsetse-fly and the 
Buffalo, I have the honour to transmit letters from Messrs. Stordy and 
MacClellan and Doctor Radford. 

After reading this correspondence and discussing the question with 
other persons, my own opinion is that where there are Buffaloes, 'Tsetse-flies 
are usually (but not always) found, but that the flies also occur in districts 
where there are no Buffaloes, Hence it would appear that the Buffalo 
cannot be the only host of the parasite which the Tsetse-fly introduces into 
the blood of domestic animals with fatal results. a 

ve, etc., 


(Signed) C. Exror. 


150 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


NAIROBI, 
East Africa Protectorate, 
3rd September, 1901. 


To Siz CHARLES Exot, K.C.M.G., C.B., 
His Majesty’s Commissioner and Consul General, Mombasa. 


Srr,—lI beg to acknowledge receipt of a copy of the correspondence 
re 'Tsetse-fly and the preservation of the Buffalo which you forwarded to 
me for my opinion, and I have the honour to transmit to you herewith my 
observations on the subject. 

The Tsetse-fly belt of British East Africa, exclusive of Jubaland, may 
be said to extend from Mtoto Andes to Simha, a distance of roughly ninety 
miles ; it is situated in a densely wooded, low-lying part of the country, 
about 3000 feet to 3400 feet above sea level. 

Driajani, an old camping ground, within this area, was considered by 
the late Captain Haslam and myself to be the most dangerous place for fly, 
on the old transport route, but strange to say it was practically devoid of 
game of any kind. 

In my opinion, Buffalo and other big game are not the only factors in 
the Tsetse-fly theory, and we must first consider the question of climate 
and humidity before we condemn the Los caffa as the true and only source 
of the Tsetse-fly and Tsetse-fly disease. 

I believe that the distribution of the fly is entirely influenced by the 
physical aspects of the country and that for its existence it must have a 
humid, low-lying position. 

Major Bruce in his excellent report says (see p. 20. Further report 
on Tsetse-fly disease in Zululand, 1896), “That the presence of wild 
animals in the vicinity of horses and oxen is not the only factor in the 
problem is shown by the fact that in the old days when big game was 
numerous and roamed over the whole country, hunters and travellers 
never complained of fly until they encountered the disease in low-lying 
tracts of country or along the large river valleys.” 

As in the Hermansdorp district of Cape Colony herds of Buffalo are 
still to be found, yet Tsetse-fly with its concomitant disease is unknown, 
so in the high altitude of the Kedong (6000 feet), in this Protectorate, 
herds of Buffalo are to be met with, greatly reduced in numbers by rinder- 
pest within recent years it is true, yet neither Tsetse-fly nor Tsetse-fly 
disease have ever been known to occur, nor has the fly or its disease been 
heard of in the Baringo district of the Uganda Protectorate, where herds 
_ of Buffalc and other big game exist. 

When studying the causes which rendered the Island of Mombasa 
uninhabitable for horses, I ascertained that an organism, the morphology 
of which was identical with that found in animals suffering from Tsetse-fly 
disease, was found in donkeys which had never left the island. 

I expressed an opinion then (wide Preliminary Report as to the causes 
which rendered the Island of Mombasa uninhabitable for horses in 1899) 
with regard to African Nagana and Indian Surra being one and the same 
disease, and as the occurrence of Surra cannot be attributed to the presence 
of wild animals or Tsetse-fly, we must explain, ere we destroy the buffalo 
in an attempt to stamp out Nagana, why a disease identical with that 


— aia 


Reports to the Foreign Office. 151 


caused by the bite of the Glossina morsitans occurs in places such «as 
Mombasa, where Tsetse-fly and Buffalo are non-existent. 


I have, ete., 
(Signed) Rosert J. Storpy, M.R.C.V.S. (Vety. Officer, E.A.P.). 


NArmosl, 
East Africa Protectorate, 
8rd September, 1901. 
To KR. Strorpy, Esq., M.R.C.Y.S. 


Dear Mr. Storpy,—Many thanks for sending me the communi- 
cations you have received from Sir Charles Eliot, re the Buffalo and 
Tsetse-fly. 

That the two should be associated is not extraordinary when one 
remembers that both inhabit densely-wooded, damp, secluded districts, 
but the arguments advanced to prove that the Bos Caffa alone is the 
host of the Tsetse, and that the extermination of the former leads to the 
disappearance of the latter do not appear to me to be convincing. From 
my own observation I am inclined to the opinion that hosts other than the 
one species mentioned (or some other factors) are necessary for the 
ation of the fly, and that the hzematozoon is in all probability to 

ound in many species of diptera. 

During my residence in Jubaland, East Africa Protectorate, which 
extended over two years, [ had ample opportunity of studying the habits 
and distribution of the Tsetse-fly and the effect it produced on domestic 
animals. 

Speaking generally, the fly belt is confined to two distinct areas in 
that province. 

(1) The valley of the Juba River within the forest belt. Here fly 
abounds for a distance of upwards of 400 miles—in fact, so general 
is it in places that it is a source of annoyance to Europeans and natives. 
Yet within the whole of that great tract of country Buffalo are few and 
far between. The late Mr. Jenner and I came across them in one place 
only (Lake Galey and district). Within this belt is the district of Gosha, 
80 to 100 miles in length, where the fly is peculiarly abundant, yet Buffalo 
are not found; notwithstanding this, the hematozoon is very virulent, 
and on the occasion of the late Mr. Jenner's expedition to ak in 1899, 
he lost every camel and pack-ox that went through (vide my report, 
May 16th, 1899, forwarded to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
No. 53, May 3ist, 1899). 

(2) The region of Lake Kumbi to the north-east of Desek Wama 
(Lake Hardinge), where the distribution of the fly is restricted to the 
dense forest belt in the neighbourhood ; yet Buffalo are not known to 
frequent this district. It appears to me reasonable to assume that where 
fly is abundantly found extending over a large tract of country that its 
Pameth-von ned o only) a be in large numbers also; or else the fly 
must of extraordinary migrato wers. 

If that host be the Buffalo, it is Base that it is particularly 
conspicuous by its absence in the extensive districts mentioned, while 
waterbuck and bushbuck are common in most parts, and yet again in 


152 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


others no animals of any sort are found save monkeys and rodents. 
Amongst other pests that affect camels very seriously in Jubaland is a 
species of gadfly which is restricted in its distribution to the open plains 
and sparsely-bushed country in the districts of Desek Wama and Derib. 
This fly, unlike the Tsetse, attacks animals during the day at all hours, 
and the symptoms produced by it (in camels) are identical in every 
particular with those produced by Tsetse, but I was unable at the time to 
substantiate this theory microscopically owing to lack of the necessary 
materials, etc., for carrying on investigations. 


Yours truly, 


WiturAm 8. RapForp, 
Medical Officer, East Africa Protectorate. 


NatIRobBI, 
4th September, 1901. 


Sir,—Referring to our conversation on the subject of Tsetse-fly in 
the Jubaland Province, I would state that along the Juba River where 
low-lying forest exists (my observations cover a distance of some hundred 
and twenty miles from Bulbula to Gele) Tsetse-fly abounds. The worst 
places are damp, dark, and low-lying, shaded chiefly by the Ndoma Palm. 
In many such localities there is little or no game and certainly no 
Buffalo. 

On the other hand, from Mtudo northwards buffalo are found, 
especially in rainy weather and in the heat of the day frequent the 
thickest depth of the forest ; here, too, Tsetse-fly is found in large numbers, 
as also in the dry lake beds adjacent to the river. At the same time half 
a mile or so away from the river and lake beds in the dense dry bush, 
where Buffalo feed in the early mornings and evenings, the fly does 
not appear. In many places the areas in which fly exist are quite small, 
possibly only a few hundred yards in extent, and I have seen a watering 
place made entirely free of fly for the time being by cutting down forest 
and undergrowth and burning the grass in the immediate vicinity. 
Again, at Lake Hardinge (now dry), where little or no forest exists, 
where buffalo are frequently seen, and always large herds of waterbuck, 
and Somalis graze their cattle at all times of the year without ill effects. 
Passing on, however, some thirty miles to the Rumbi forest on the 
Affmadu road, Tsetse-fly abounds, especially in wet weather. 

My opinion, therefore, is that Tsetse-fly is to be found in certain dark, 
damp, low-lying localities, irrespective of big game of any kind. 

I have, etc., 
(Signed) J. W. P. McCLeiian. 


FOREIGN OFFICE, 
20th November, 1901. 
. Srr,—With reference to my letter of October 15th last, I am 
directed by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to transmit to you 
for your information the accompanying copy of a despatch from His 


Reports to the Foreign Office. 153 


Majesty’s Commissioner in the British Central Africa Protectorate 
respecting the supposed connexion between Tsetse-fly and Buffalo. 
I am, ete., 
CLement Lu. HIL. 
To Tux Drrecror, 
Natural History Museum. 


Tue Resipency, Zompa, 
British Central Africa Protectorate, 
30th September, 1901. 


To His Masesty’s Princrpan Secretary or State FoR FoREIGN 
AFFAIRS. 
My Lorp,—With reference to your Lordship’s despatches Nos. 
141 and 155, enclosing copies of correspondence on the subject of the 
connection between the existence of Tsetse-fly and the preservation of 
Buffalo, I have the honour to append a few notes which give my own 
experience during the past fourteen years in Africa on this subject. 

(1) Tsetse-fly would appear to depend upon wild game for their 
existence, as I have never found Tsetse in any locality where game was 
totally non-existent. 

(2) Tsetse does not appear to be in any way specially dependent upon 
buffalo. On the plains at the north end of Nyassa, before rinderpest 
made its appearance, there were vast herds of Buffalo, but no Tsetse. 
The natives at the north end at that time owned large quantities of cattle 
which could be seen grazing in close proximity to Buffalo. When 
rinderpest came it killed practically all the cattle and all the Buffalo. 

In other districts of British Central Africa Tsetse are found in large 
quantities where Buffalo, at the present date, at any rate, do not exist. 

(3) Tsetse are not found (in British Central Africa) in open plains, 
although such plains may have large quantities of game on them, and 
in spite of the fact that at the edges of the plains, where forest abounds 
Tsetse are found. 

It would appear, therefore, that what regulates the presence of Tsetse- 
fly is the description of the country almost as much as the abundance or 
searcity of game. 

I have, ete., 
(Signed) ALFRED SHARPE, 
His Majesty's Commissioner and Consul-General. 


Foreign Orricr, 
27th November, 1901. 
To Tux Director, Natural History Museum. 

Sir,—With reference to my letter of the 20th instant, I am directed 
by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to transmit to you for your 
information a copy of a despatch which has been received from the acting 
British Commissioner in Uganda, respecting the supposed connection 
between Tsetse-fly and Buffalo. 

I am, ete., 
Ciemext Lu. Hit. 


154 frst Report on Economic Zoology. 


ENTEBBE, UGANDA, 
27th September, 1901. 


To THE MARQuESS OF LANSDOWNE, K.G. 


My Lorp,—I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your 
Lordship’s despatch No. 190 of July 20th, with enclosures regarding the 
question of the existence of the Tsetse-fly in connection with the preser- 
vation of the Buffalo, and in reply to submit the following remarks, in so 
far as my own experience has taught me, on this vexed question. 

I may say at once that I am firmly of the opinion that in Hast Africa 
the existence of the Tsetse-fly was never in any way connected with the 
presence of the Buffalo more than any other species of game. 

I first met with the true Tsetse, in any great numbers, and consequently 
suffered much from their needle-like bite, in German East Africa, about 
eighty miles inland from Saadani, in February, 1886. 

At that time impala, hartebeest, zebras, and warthogs were found in 
large numbers, also a few sable antelopes, but there were no Buffaloes 
anywhere in the vicinity of my shooting grounds. 

In 1887 I again found this fly in great numbers in a small patch of 
thick bush, about a mile and a half long and three quarters of a mile wide, 
about ten miles west of Taveita. 

In this bush which projected from the forest I certainly found buffaloes 
occasionally, but as a rule they preferred to lie up for the day in the thick 
and cooler forest, in which there were no T'setse-flies. 

The bush in question was a favourite resort of impalas, and a small 
dik-dik (Modoqua), the latter in great numbers, and also a few bush-bucks 
and waterbuck. At that time (1887) Buffaloes may be said to have swarmed 
in the vicinity of Tareita, but I never saw a Tsetse-fly in this one 
particular patch of bush. 

Later on, in 1888-89 and 1890, the fly was met with, also in great 
numbers, along the old caravan road from about two miles south of the 
Tsavo river, as far as Kibwezi. Between these two points there were practi- 
cally no Buffalo, but a great number of dik-dik and a few impala. The 
flies and the small game are still there, but there are certainly no Buffaloes. 

In 1891-2, after rinderpest had carried off nearly all the Buffaloes (at 
least 90 per cent.) throughout Hast Africa, Mr. Rogers, the present sub- 
commissioner of the Tanaland province, and myself found the Tsetse-fly 
existing in considerable numbers in a narrow belt of forest, not more than 
a mile wide, between Mkonumbi and Witu, and we were told by the natives 
that the Gallas, when driving cattle to Lamu for sale, always drove them 
through the forest by night, and that the herdsmen carried smoking 
firebrands to keep the flies off. 

With the exception of a few bushbuck and duykers, there was no game 
in the vicinity of this belt of forest. 

These four places are the only areas, the first and third ones only 
being of any considerable extent, in which I have myself met with the 
true Tsetse-fly, and yet, until they were decimated by rinderpest, Buffaloes 
were more or less common throughout East Africa, and perhaps in no 
part of the Continent were they ever more plentiful than the Masai 
country between Kilimanjaro and Lake Baringo, Mau Plateau, and 
Turkwell. Throughout the whole of this vast area the Tsetse was, and is, 
non-existent. 


— es 


ee ee ee OO 


| 


Reports to the Foreign Office. 155 


I may add that there is a species of Tsetse-fly found along the wooded 
portion of the lake shore here at Entebbe. 

A specimen of this fly I gave to Sir Harry Johnston, and I believe he 
sent it home. It is plentiful in the botanical gardens. In these gardens, 
with the exception of a few monkeys and squirrels, and certain small 
nocturnal beasts, such as the ichneumons, etc., and an occasional 
hippopotamus, there are no mammals, and if, as is supposed, the fly is 
necessarily dependent on the presence of suitable mammals on which to 
feed, the blood of these animals, and occasionally man, must necessarily 
form its food supply. In conclusion I may add that I have ventured to 
hold the opinion that the Tsetse is like the mosquito, only a bloodsucker 
by a ia and, in support of this view, I may state that on my return 
to Kibwezi in April, 1892, at a time when the whole of the fly “ belt” was 

ed and dried up—there being no water between Msongoleni and the 

savo river, a distance of fifty miles ; and consequently there was no game 

of any kind—the Tsetse was more plentiful than at any other time, before 
or since, I have passed through that area. 

Between Mtoto-Ndai and Kinani I caught on my own person thirteen 
of these flies, and my half-naked porters suffered even more than I did 
from their bites. 

I can, therefore, not readily believe that all these flies could exist in 
such a dried-up and at that time intensely hot locality if solely dependent 
on the blood of a very infrequent passer-by or a stray dik-dik. 


I have, etc., 
(Signed) F. J. JACKSON. 


2. WHITE ANTS OR TERMITES IN THE SUDAN, 


CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORT PREPARED FOR THE 
FOREIGN OFFICE, 
Svupan GOVERNMENT, 
Civil Secretary's Office, Cairo, 
; 7th August, 1901. 
To Tux Britisn AGENT AND ConsUL-GENERAL, Cairo. 


Sm,—We are much troubled in the Sudan by White Ants. They 
destroy not only wooden telegraph poles, boxes, furniture, timber, ete., 
but in the Khartoum district green and growing plants. 

This is in our experience an unusual procedure for the Sudanese White 
Ants (who mostly confine themselves to wood), and shows that there must 
be several varieties of the pest. This particular form of White Ant has 
its nest about the size of a small melon, 4 or 5 feet under ground ; but it 
is very difficult to extirpate him completely without digging up and 
spoiling a great deal of ground. 


156 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


As Lower Egypt is not troubled by these insects, I have applied in vain 
to the School of Agriculture at Cairo for information as to the best method 
of getting rid of them. I may add that we have planted a good number 
of Casuarina trees, which are supposed to be proof against the attacks of 
White Ants ; but they eat the trees with the greatest impartiality. 

I have the honour, therefore, to suggest that you will have the kindness 
to forward a copy of this letter to the proper quarters with a request that 
I may be supplied with any information there may be on the subject, or 
that I may be referred to any books or papers on the same. 


I am, etc., 


(Signed) GLEICHEN, MaJor, 
Assistant Civil Secretary for Governor-General. 


CarRo, 9th August, 1901. 
To Tue Marquess or LANDSDOWNE, K.G., etc., ete. 

My Lorp,—I have the honour to transmit to your Lordship 
herewith copies of a note which I have received from the Civil Secretary 
to the Soudan Government, asking for assistance in procuring information 
as to the best means for combating the ravages of the White Ant, which is 
extremely destructive in the Soudan. 

I am informed that, in certain parts of America, the White Ant is very 
prevalent, and that considerable attention has been directed to this subject 
by the Department of Agriculture in the United States. It is probable 
also that the Colonial Office are in possession of valuable information, and 
more might perhaps be obtained from the Horticultural Gardens at Kew. 

I should be most grateful if your Lordship would render me any 
assistance which is possible, in obtaining such information as may be 
available, for the use of the Soudan Government. 


I have, etc., 
(Signed) RENNELL Ropp. 


FOREIGN OFFICE, 
22nd August, 1901, 
To THE DIRECTOR OF THE Royal GARDENS, Kew. 


Srr,—I am directed by the Marquess of Landsdowne to transmit to 
you the accompanying copy of a despatch from His Majesty’s Acting Agent 
and Consul-General in Egypt, relative to the ravages committed in the 
Sudan by the White Ant. 

I am to enquire whether the Director of the Royal Gardens can furnish 
any information on the best means of combating the ravages of these 
insects. 

I am, etc., 


T. H. SANDERSON. 


Reports to the Foreign Office. 157 


Royat Boranic Garpens, Kew, 


23rd August, 1901. 
7 Sm T. H. Sanverson, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., 
Foreign Office, Downing Street. 


Srm,—I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter 
of yesterday's date enclosing a copy of a dispatch from His Majesty's 
Acting Agent and Consul-General in Egypt relative to the ravages 
committed in the Sudan by the White Ant. 

In reply I have to state that Kew is not in possession of anything but 
the most general information on the subject and is therefore unable to 
furnish any advice which would be of any practical utility to Sir Rennell 
Rodd. I have forwarded the correspondence to the Director of the 
Natural History Museum, South Kensington, and requested him to examine 
the question and communicate with you. 

I am, etc., 
(Signed) W. T. Tursecton-Dyren. 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, S.W., 
7th September, 1901. 
To Sin T. H. Sanperson, G.C.B., 
Foreign Office, 8.W. 


Srr,—I am directed by Professor Ray Lankester to acknowledge 
the receipt of your letter of the 22nd ult. addressed to the Director of the 
Royal Gardens, Kew, enclosing copy of a despatch,from His Majesty’s Acting 
Agent and Consul-General in Egypt, relative to the ravages committed in 
the Sudan by the White Ant. 

I am to state, for the information of the Marquess of Lansdowne, that 
Professor Ray Lankester is giving his attention to the question, and that 
he will further communicate with you in regard to the matter. 

I am, ete., 
(Signed) C, E. FaGay. 


British Mcsevm (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, 8.W., 
5th November, 1901. 
To Six T. H. Sanverson, G.C.B., 
Foreign Office, 8.W. 

Sm,—Referring to your letter of 22nd August last to the Director 
of the Royal Gardens, Kew, and to my acknowledgment of the 7th of 
September, relative to a despatch from His Majesty's Acting Agent and 
Consul-General in t on the subject of the ravages committed in the 
Sudan by the White Ant, I have the honour to enclose herewith, for the 
information of the Marquess of Lansdowne, a report pre by Mr. F. V. 
Theobald, of this Department, on the Termites or White Ants, dealing 
generally with their prevention and destruction. 

I an, ete., 


(Signed) EE. Ray Lankester. 


158 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


Report on Termites or White Ants, and methods 
of checking the ravages of the same, prepared 
at the request of the Sudan Government. 


Without having specimens of the White Ants or Termites that are 
causing havoc in the Sudan not only to wood-work, telegraph poles, etc., 
but also to green crops in the vicinity of Khartoum, it is not possible to 
give a satisfactory account of any methods for combating the pests. 
Investigation to be of any practical use must be made on the spot. 
Information has been, however, collected from all sources concerning any 
measures that have been taken in various parts of the world with a view 
of checking the serious damage these insects do. This information is 
embodied in this report. The various African Termites are also enume- 
rated—their various ways of working pointed out and detailed methods of 
destroying them given. A number of suggestions for preserving articles 
from their attack and possible new remedies are also given. 


AFRICAN TERMITES.* 


The following Termites are common in Africa ; the species found in 
Central and Northern Africa being separately tabulated at the end of the 
list. 

1. Calotermes flavicollis, T., Ent. Syst. Fabr., 11, 15, p. 91. 
. Hodotermes ochraceus, Burm. 
= Termes ochraceus, Ramb., Egyp. Neurop., pl. 2, fig. 21, Ramb. 

. Hodotermes mossambicus, Hagen, Linn. Ent., 12, p. 94. 
. Termes bellicosus, Smeathman, Phil. Trans., Vol, 71, p. 141, 
. Termes angustatus, Ramb., Neuropt, p. 306, No. 11. 
. Termes capensis, De Geer, Memoirs, VII., p. 47, tab. 38, fig. 7. 
. Termes destructor, Smeathman, Phil. Trans., Vol. 71, p. 141, No. 4, tab. 10, 
. Termes lucifugus, Rossi, Mant. Etr., 1, p. 107. 

9, Termes (Eutermes) atrox, Smeathman, Phil. Trans., Vol. 71. 
10. Termes (Eutermes) lateralis, Walker, Lin. Ent., 12, p. 216. 
11. Termes (Butermes) trinervius, Ramb., Neuropt., p. 308. 
12. Termes (Eutermes) mordax, Smeathman, Phil. Trans., Vol. 71, p. 141. 
13. Termes viator, Lat., Hist. Nat., XIII., p. 51, 8. 
14. Termes (Eutermes) arborum, Smeathman, Phil. Trans., Vol. 71, p. 141. 
15. Termes incertus, Hagen., Linn. Ent., 12, p. 280. 


1 S> Ot HH CO bo 


oO 


Species found in N. Africa, Egypt, Sudan, etc., down to the Equator. 
The following species occur in North and Central Africa and along 
the seaboard :— eer 
. flavicollis ; 
C. lucifugus Algeria. 
T. trinervius, Tripoli. 
C. flavicollis 
T. atro« 
T. lucifugus 
HT. ochraceus !} 


Egypt. 


* A complete list of African Termites is given in the Appendix (p. 184), 


Reports to the Foreign Office. 159 


Dongola, Darfur, Kordofan, 
Sennaar, and Abyssinia. 
T. destructor, Kordofan. 
HH. viarum 
T’. bellicosus 
T. destructor 
T. mordax 
T. atrox 
T. arborum 
T. trinervius 
T. lateralis 
T. fatale, Arabia. 


T. bellicosus 


Sierra Leone and Gambia. 


DAMAGE CAUSED BY TERMITES. 


The usual way of working is to destroy wood-work of all kinds. In 
all instances Termites work in the dark ; they enter wood-work from the 
ground, working up inside the wood from where the poles, supports and 
timbers are placed in the soil. Furniture, books and papers are attacked 
and destroyed, the wood-work being completely hollowed out, nothing 
but a thin papery outer shell left, which naturally can stand no pressure 
and so, soon collapses. 

Damage to living substances and crops is by no means unusual. The 
American 7’. flavipes has been recorded destroying turnip roots, by 
gradually eating out the interior.* In Florida they damage living trees 
by eating away the bark about the collar and root, but growing wood is 
only attacked by them under exceptional circumstances when there is no 
dead wood or when they wish to escape from the heated soil.t This 
species also attacks potatoes growing in rich soil or where there is a 
considerable quantity of decaying vegetable matter. The insects form 
scars or pits covering the surface, often over-hung by the dead and dying 
skin. 

Termes falile is very destructive to trees in Arabia.t In Ceylon tea 
and coffee plants are attacked by them, the stems being gnawed through 
just below the ground. 

Termes australis, according to French (“ Handbook of Injurious Insects 
of Victoria,” pp. 11, 137, 1893), attacks vines and fruit trees in Victoria. 
Damage to living plants is therefore not unusual. 


Varretres oF Nests (Termitaria). 


Termites or White Ants form variously-shaped nests. The ways of 
destroying Termites differ according to the type of Termitaria. The 
following types of nests seem to occur (1) large mound-nests, often six to 
ten feet high (7. bellicosus), (2) small dome-shaped nests over tree stumps, 
seldom more than two feet high (Hutermes sp.), (3) Arboreal nests, on 
live and dead trees, approached by a covered tunnel up the tree trank 
(Eutermes arborum and Eutermes sp.), (4) Small round nests in the soil 
mentioned by Major Count Gleichen in his letter of inquiry (sp. ?). 


* “Tnsect Life,” IT. 283. + “ Insect Life,” I. $41. 
3 “ History of Arabia, Ancient and Modern,” A. Crichton, 1833, 


160 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


Termitaria of the arboreal species are also found on the roofs of houses, 
stables, etc. The nests occur both above and below ground. Methods 
of extermination must therefore depend on the species causing destruction. 


METHODS OF PREVENTION AND REMEDIES. 


As the White Ants nearly always work under cover, the damage they 
do is often not detected until too late. It is therefore necessary to protect 
objects from being attacked. This can be done (1) by making ground 
wood-work either obnoxious, poisonous or inaccessible to the Ants ; (2) by 
lessening the number of Termites by poisoning and destruction of their 
nests. 


MakInG GrouND Woop-worRK OBNOXIOUS AND PoIsoNouUS 
To TERMITES. 


Steeping posts, poles, timbers of houses, etc., in various smelling 
substances has met with more or less success. 

Use of Creosote-—In India creosote was used by the Government for 
treating all the railway sleepers before they were laid. 

In the outskirts of Columbia great damage has been done by White 
Ants (7. flavipes) to board fences: “ The chief damage is done where the 
boards meet on the posts. It is particularly noticeable where a batten is 
nailed on at a joint. Professor Atkinson states that tar poured on 
between the posts and the boards soon after building the fence will act as 
a preventive.” * 

Experiments conducted with wood-boring insects and creosote-soaked 
posts has not invariably met with success with Termites or other insects 
after the wood has been “ planted” some time. It cannot therefore be 
recommended for telegraph poles, etc., that are being destroyed in the 
Sudan. 

Use of Arsenious Soda.—Of more lasting effect is steeping the parts of 
poles, etc., that are placed below ground in arsenious soda dissolved in 
mineral oil. 

Protection of Telegraph Poles and Bualdings.—Telegraph poles might 
easily be protected by having the part buried either embedded in cement 
or encased in zinc or tin. The metal should be painted with non-corrosive 
paint. Cement casing would be best, as the tin would probably corrode 
rapidly unless carefully painted, and the least hole would let the pests into 
the wood. Zinc casing has been employed for foundation wood-work in 
buildings with success, the zinc passing up the timbers out of the ground 
and then bent over (Fig. 17, 2) so as to prevent the ants crawling upwards. 
Complete dryness in buildings is also essential in regard to checking some 
species of White Ants. All floors of houses in the districts where White 
Ants are destructive should be made of concrete (or raised well above 
ground, as shown in Fig. 17, 3). No furniture should be allowed to 
stand against a wall. Where wooden floors are essential, the furniture 
may be protected by standing the legs in small tins with paraffin oil in 


them. 
* “Tnsect Life,” I. 353. 


‘~~ 


.. LTD 


Fic. 17, 


1, Base of telegraph pole protected from Termites : a, pole; 6, cement ; ¢, sand. 

2. Another method of protecting poles; 6, metal casing ; c, ledge : i, sand, 

3. House with Termite protection: a, metal guards; 6, brick or cement 
corners ; d, floor separated by space ¢ from ground c. 

M 


162 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


DESTRUCTION OF TERMITES AND THEIR NESTS. 


When the nests can be located much good can be done by destroying 
the nests and inmates. This may be done by pouring kerosene oil or 
carbolic into the nests. The action is temporary, however, for it only 
drives many of the ants away to form fresh nests. 


Uss oF ARSENIC POISONS FOR THE INSECTS. 


A far better plan is to put arsenic and syrup into the openings of 
their tunnels or into the nests. The arsenic may be mixed up with 
sugar into a thick syrup. Paris green would probably answer well. The 
insects will feed off this and soon die, and it has been found that the 
dead Termites are devoured by other Termites which themselves become 
poisoned, and so great numbers are destroyed. Experiments should be 
made in this direction and if successful should be carried out on a large 
scale. Where this plan has been tried in isolated nests it has met with 
marked success. 


CLEARING WHITE ANTS FROM WOOD-WORK. 


When present in wood-work of a house or other building, Riley * 
suggests injecting steam or hot water or kerosene wherever an opening 
seems to lead into their burrows in timber. 


DESTRUCTION AND PREVENTION WHERE DAMAGING LIVING TREES. 


When the Termites attack trees by eating away the bark about the 
collar and root, the earth should be removed from the infected parts 
and the ground should be exposed to the depth of several inches, and 
the dead wood and bark cut off with a knife. A liberal supply of hot 
water will destroy those that cannot be reached with a knife. Pyrethrum 
and kerosene emulsion in extreme dilute solution can be applied with 
success, but the latter should be used with great caution. Trees which 
have been girdled may be saved by inserting scions between the root 
below and the stalk above, thus re-establishing the connection between 
the two. A poultice of mud and cow-dung applied to the affected part 
will protect it and assist in the formation of new bark. 


Woops NOT ATTACKED BY WHITE ANTS. 


From a report concerning the ravages of the White Ant in St. Helena 
it is gathered that certain woods resist the attack of these pests better 
than others. The wood of Myrtacee and teak were found to be the last 
attacked and to resist their ravages. A correspondent in West Africa 
informs me that they will not touch pitch-pine as much as other woods. 
Californian red wood also appears to be free from attack.t 


* “Insect Life,” II. 253. 
+ Riley, ‘‘ Insecé Life,” I. 341. 
¢ Bull. 30 (n.s.), Dept. Agric., U.S.A. 


Reports to the Foreign Office. 163 


CONCLUSION, 


Beyond these points nothing is known regarding the destruction 
and prevention of ‘Termites. It is certainly (1) advisable to set all foun- 
dations of wood-work in cement so as to prevent the entry of the ants ; 
(2) to adopt the bom of steeping wood-work for the ground in 
arsenious soda, and (3) to employ arsenic as a poison in the nests near 
all habitations, works and railways. The probability is that by such pre- 
cautions the ravages of these pests in the Sudan would be greatly lessened. 


Signed Frep. V. THEOBALD. 
tw] 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, S.W. 
15th November, 1901. 
To Tue Cry SEcrETARY, 
Sudan Government, Cairo. 


Dear Srr,—Referring to my letter of the 17th ultimo, I have to 
inform you that a full report on White Ants, dealing generally with their 
prevention and destruction, was forwarded to the Foreign Office on the 
aptaag to be transmitted to His Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General 
in Cairo. 

I shall be glad to learn that it has reached you. 
I remain, ete., 


(Signed) C, E, Facan, 


Supan GOVERNMENT, 
Civil Secretary's Office, Cairo, 
24th November, 1901. 
Dear Srr,—I have the honour to acknowledge your letter of the 
15th instant and to thank you for the “ Report on White Ants,” which 
was received through H. B. M.’s Agency here. 
This report will eventually be of the greatest use as a guidance in 


fighting these pests. te 
remain, etc., 


E. G. Buunt, Lieut.-Colonel. 


Tue Crvin Secretary anp Supan AGent, Carino, 


164 first Report on Economic Zoology. 


3. LOCUST PLAGUES IN THE SUDAN. 


CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORT PREPARED FOR THE 
FOREIGN OFFICE. 


Supan GOVERNMENT, 
Civil Secretary’s Office, Cairo, 
2nd October, 1901. 
To THE Director, 
Natural History Museum, 
Cromwell Road, 8.W. 


Dear Srr,—I wrote to you in August last asking for such infor- 
mation as you could kindly give me about the different species of locusts, 
the means of distinguishing them, and their habits. I am sending you by 
this mail a proof copy of the instructions that have been drawn up for the 
use of officers in the administration of the Sudan, in which it is proposed 
to include your notes. 

Any remarks you might think fit to make would be of great interest, 
as the instructions will not be printed until your notes have been received 
and included. 

These notes are being published with the shortest possible delay, and I 
should like if possible to have them circulated by the beginning of next 
month. I should, therefore, be very much obliged to you if you could let 
me have your notes and remarks as soon as possible. 

I must apologise for the trouble I am giving you, but the question of 
the destruction of locusts is so important in the Sudan that I feel it my 
duty to collect as much information as I possibly can before publishing 
the notes. 

I remain, etc., 
(Signed) GLEICHEN, 
Assistant Civil Secretary and Sudan Agent, Cairo. 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, S.W., 
12th October, 1901. 
To THE CIVIL SECRETARY, 
Sudan Government, Cairo. 

Srr,—I am desired by the Director to acknowledge receipt of Count 
Gleichen’s letter of the 2nd inst., enclosing proof of printed instructions for 
the use of officers in the administration of the Sudan, with regard to the 
destruction of locusts. 

A full reply thereto will be sent as soon as possible. 


I have the honour to be, ete., 
(Signed) C. E. Facan, Assistant Secretary. 


| 


Reports to the Foreign Office. 165 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, 8.W. 
To Tue Civi. SECRETARY, 
Sudan Government, Cairo, Egypt. 


Dear Srr,—Referring to Count Gleichen’s letter of the 2nd inst. 
(No. C.8.8. 4/1259), I am desired by the Director to send you herewith a 
report on the subject of locust iia in the Sudan, with notes and 
suggestions for the destruction of the locusts. 
am to point out that while Count Gleichen’s letter of the 2nd inst. 
refers to locusts, his letter of the 7th August is on the subject of White 
Ants. A separate report will be forwarded to you in due course in regard 
to this last question, which is forming the subject of investigation by the 
Museum. 
I remain, etc., 


(Signed) C. E. Fagan. 


Report on Locust Plagues in the Sudan. 


At the request of the Foreign Office, the following information 
regarding the Locust Plagues in the Sudan has been despatched for 
the use of the Sudan Government. 


Particular attention is called to sections B. 2, 3, and 4 in the Report. 
Experiments should certainly be tried in connection with the African 
Locust fungus and the use of “ poison-baits.” 


Prevention and Remedies for Locust Plaques. 


A. Destruction by capture in, 1, trenches; 2, traps; 3, by burning. 
This was fully dealt with in the proof of a paper sent from Egypt. 
B. 1. Destruction of the eggs. 
2. Collection of “ hoppers” by special machines, 
3. “ Poison-baits.” 
4. Fungoid disease. 
5. Plants poisonous to locusts. 
6. Natural enemies. 


Appendiz (p. 179). 
Various locusts, North African. 


B. 1. Destruction or Eaas, 
(a) By cultivation. 


The eggs are usually laid in firm ground to guard them against natural 
enemies. 

By turning up and loosening the soil to a depth of three inches, the 
eggs can be exposed, and numbers are destroyed by birds, parasitic 
insects, ete. 


166 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


(0) By collecting. 


Egg masses may be collected where plenty of native labour can be 
obtained. 

The authorities in Cyprus in 1881 had 1300 tons of eggs collected by 
natives at so much per pound. 

A look-out should be kept to see where the females deposit their eggs, 
and those particular parts of the district should be searched soon after. 


B. 2. Macuines ror Catcuina Locusts (“ Hopper Dozers”). 


These machines of various patterns resemble a shallow earth scoop or 
long tray. They are Jargely employed in America in Locust plagues. 

A “hopper-dozer” is usually a flat iron or zinc tray, containing tar or 
paraffin. This tray is dragged or pushed along by a horse or man “against 
the wind—the young locusts j jumping out of the way get blown in, and are 
thus killed. 


le ae aie alii ries ater 


\AG a 


Fic. 18.—A HOPPER-DOZER USED FOR COLLECTING LOCUSTS. 
(After S. J. Hunter, Kansas). 


One machine mentioned in “ Insect Life” is 15 feet long, 2 feet deep, 
and 4 to 5 feet wide; this box is divided into sixteen compartments filled 
with lime water. 

A plan of one of the most recent and most successful machines used in 
America is here appended. This machine was used by the Hon. Thos. 
H. Ford, of Syracuse, U.S.A., and cost ready for use five dollars. 

The pans should be 2 feet wide, 4 inches deep, and 8 inches at the 


— Pe eS eee ee 


» 


Reports to the Foreign Office. 167 


back ; they are laid on 1 x 4 boards, previously nailed to runners; the 
height of the pans above the ground varies with the height of the crop 
over which the “ hopper dozer” will be taken. 
The pan should be partly filled with paraffin and water and taken across 
the infected crops until full, when fresh oil and water must be added. 
These machines can be made of any size. 


B. 3. Mrneran Porsons. 


Arsenical poisons can be employed to advantage where animals are not 
likely to touch them. In America poisoned bran is successfully employed. 
Mr. Coquillett (U.S. Dept. Agriculture) has found the following formula 
the best: 1 lb. arsenic, 1 lb. sugar, 6 Ibs. bran. Add water to make an 
ordinary mash. 

This is prepared as follows: Mix the dry bran and arsenic in a tub, 
dissolve the sugar in warm water, and mix with the arsenic and bran. 
Place this mixture about in little heaps ; its action is not rapid, but always 
fatal in about twenty-four hours. 


B. 4. THe Arrican Locust Funcus (Empusa grylli). 
(Destruction by Fungoid Disease.) 


A fungus known as Empusa gry/li found on grasshoppers and locusts 
has been used as a remedy with more or less success. Its introduction into 
Egypt might probably be very beneficial, and certainly should be tried. 

t has been imported into America from Natal, and has destroyed 
injurious swarms of locusts in Colorado and Mississippi. 

Dr. Lounsbury (Cape of Good Hope Rept., 1896) refers to this disease 
and its employment, and says it causes destruction to the swarms when 
proper conditions of moisture are present. 

t has been introduced into Australia and has met with some success 
there also. 

The method of employment adopted by Mr. Froggatt, Government 
Entomologist to New South Wales, is here appended. 

The fungus must be cultivated in a laboratory on gelatine and sent out 
to — in test tubes. 

he operator proceeds as follows :—The fungus should be sent out in 
definite quantities, enough of the culture to make a tumbler full of liquid 
being a useful proportion. The operator should boil sufficient water and 
let it cool down to luke-warm. The contents of the tube are then extracted 
and mashed up with two teaspoonfuls of sugar and well stirred up in the 
water with several bits of cork, which have been previously pl in the 
glass as indicators. Cover the tumbler with a sheet of paper and then 
lace it in a warm room and leave for twenty-four hours. When examined, 
if fit for use, the cork indicators should show mycelium growing on them. 
This culture is taken to the infested land. Then proceed to catch some 
locusts by means of a net. The culture placed in a tin is spread over the 
locusts and they are released, when they carry infection to others and so 
destroy myriads of the pests. 

Mr. Froggatt, Government Entomologist of New South Wales, states 

that one tumbler full of liquid is sufficient for 1000 locusts, 


168 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


The most favourable time to treat them is in the evening—damp 
weather if possible being chosen—as the increase of the fungus is doubtful 
unless the air is moist. 

Further experiments should be conducted, however, before this is 
definitely considered satisfactory. 


B. 5. Puants Porsonous to Locusts. 


1. Common Garden Larkspur (Delphinium). 

2. Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis). 

These might be employed around gardens, orchards, etc., as a barrier 
to the advance of locust armies. 

It should be pointed out, however, that stock will eat Larkspur and are 
thereby poisoned (wide Dr. E. V. Wilcox’s Rept., Bull. 15, Montana Exper. 
Station, 1897, on “ Larkspur Poisoning of Sheep ”). 


B. 6. NATURAL ENEMIES. 


Locusts suffer from many natural enemies, both vertebrate and inver- 
tebrate. Amongst the former may be mentioned fowls and turkeys. 
Droves of the latter clear off locusts very rapidly, as many as fifty being 
found at once in a turkey’s crop. Encouragement of these birds should 
be'given in all districts where locusts abound. Numerous wild birds also 
feed off locusts. 

Amongst insect enemies are numerous diptera or flies, especially 
Tachina Flies (Yachinide), and Flesh Flies (Sarcophagide), whose larve 
or maggots live inside and destroy the young locusts. 

Many carnivorous flies, such as the Asilide, or “ Wolf Flies,” feed off 
the young “ hoppers.” 

Predacious beetles and their larvee devour locusts in different parts of 
the world, especially the locusts’ eggs. 

In North America a species of mite, J. Jocustarum, Riley, is the most 
effective enemy of the various locusts. These mites feed off the eggs and 
aiso the winged adults. 

No natural enemies are able to cope with locusts, however, unless it be 
the Locust Fungus (Lmpusa grylli’) (vide B. 4). 


(Signed) Frep. V. THEOBALD. 


Scupan GOVERNMENT, 
Civil Secretary’s Office, Cairo, 
3rd November, 1901. 
To C. E. FaGan, Esq., Assistant Secretary, 
Natural History Department, British Museum. 


DeEaAR Srr,—I beg to thank you for your letter of the 17th October 
enclosing some very valuable suggestions for the destruction of locusts. 
They should eventually prove of the greatest use, though as yet the Sudan 
is too new and too thinly populated to permit of operations being carried 
out very effectively. 


CU 


Reports to the Colonial Office. 169 


My first letter on locusts, dated 28th August (copy enclosed) addressed 
7 ou, must have been lost in the post, as it was carefully sent to your 

ress. 

I note that a separate report re White Ants will be forwarded to me 
later. I have received a copy of the “ Bulletin” for July, 1896, of the 
Botanical Department of Trinidad through the Colonial Office ; but the 
“ Bulletin” deals with the West Indian White Ants only, which present 
no resemblance whatever to the Sudan White Ants. 

I am anxiously awaiting the result of the investigations kindly under- 
taken by the Museum before taking any further steps. 


I remain, ete., 
(Signed) GLEICHEN. 


B.—REPORTS TO THE COLONIAL OFFICE. 


1. THE MARINE RESOURCES OF THE WEST INDIES. 


COLONIAL OFFICE, 
Downing Street, S.W., 


; 29th April, 1901. 
To Proressor E. Ray Lanxester, LL.D., F.R.S. 


Srr,—I am directed by Mr. Secretary Chamberlain to transmit to 
iq the segreeg cana, copy of a letter which he has received from 
r. Morris, the Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies, 
relating to a paper, of which a copy is also enclosed, on the Marine 
Resources of the West Indies, by Dr. J. E. Duerden, Curator of the 
Museum of the Institute of Jamaica, together with the copy of a despatch 
on the same subject from the Governor of Jamaica. 
2. Mr. Chamberlain would be glad if you would be so good as to take 
— into your consideration and favour him with your opinions 
res the subject. 
8. In accordance with Dr. Morris’s request, copies of these papers have 
also been referred to Professor Howes. 
I am, ete, 


(Signed) H. Bertram Cox. 


IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR 
THe West Inpres, 


Barbados, 
14th March, 1901. 


To Tue Unper Secretary OF State, 
Colonial Office. 
Srr,—I have the honour to forward, herewith, a copy of a paper on 
“The Marine Resources of the West Indies.” read before the late West 
Indian Agricultural Conference by Dr. J. E. Duerden, Curator of the 
Museum of the Institute of Jamaica. 


170 8©6©frirst Report on Economic Zoology. 


2. Owing to the special interest attached to the subject, the paper has 
been issued as an extra number of the ‘ West Indian Bulletin.” It will 
also appear amongst the Conference papers to be published in the second 
volume of the Bulletin now in the press. 

3. Although the British West Indian Islands are surrounded by wide 
seas, inhabited by large numbers of edible fish of excellent quality, the 
methods employed in capture are somewhat primitive, and in no instance is 
advantage taken of modern improvements. At present a considerable trade 
in salt fish is carried on between these islands and British North America, 
the annual value of which is estimated at £234,000. 

4, Dr. Duerden, so far as I am aware, is the first to draw attention 
from the scientific point of view to the potentialities of the marine 
resources of these islands. It would, in my opinion, be most valuable if 
the subject could be taken up as a part of the research work entrusted to 
this Department. This would be in harmony with what has been done 
with considerable advantage at Cape Colony and in connection with the 
recently created Board of Agriculture in Ireland. I estimate that the cost 
of adding a Fishery Branch to this Department would be about £800 to 
£1000 per annum. 

5. I commend for special consideration the résumé given at the close 
of Dr. Duerden’s paper (pp. 18 and 19). He rightly points out that the 
West Indian Fisheries and the men associated with them have been wholly 
neglected by the agencies devoted to the improvement and extension of 
the industrial resources of these Islands,” and he concludes as follows: 
“The directions along which development and investigation in fishery 
matters are most needed at present within the West Indies may finally be 
summarised :—(1) The best methods of capturing and curing tropical fish ; 
(2) Knowledge of the life-history and habits of the edible and migratory 
fish ; (3) Encouragement of enterprise in fisheries generally ; (4) The 
best means of shipping live turtle. Artificial hatching and rearing of the 
green turtle and the hawksbill; (5) Restocking of the exhausted grounds 
around Barbados with artificially reared sea-eggs ; (6) Oyster, sponge, and 
lobster culture. One of the great endeavours of to-day in the West Indies 
is to supplement in as many directions as possible the old industries of 
sugar and rum by the introduction and encouragement of other products ; 
and in the undeveloped resources of the sea the Colonies have a possession 
which, if rightly used, will constitute a valuable adjunct to the many 
agricultural efforts.” 

6. In order that the subject may be placed before the Secretary of State 
in a complete form I suggest that a copy of this letter and of Mr. Duerden’s 
paper be referred for their opinion as Zoological Experts to Professor Ray 
Lankester, F.R.S., Director of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and to Pro- 
fessor Howes, F.R.S., of the Royal College of Science, South Kensington. 

7. In the meantime copies of Dr. Duerden’s paper have been communi- 
cated to the Governors and to all the leading officials and residents in 
these Colonies. 

8. I forward, under separate cover, five extra copies of the Report for 
the use of the Colonial office. 


I have, ete. 


(Signed) D. Morris, 
Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies. 


a 


Reports to the Colonial Office. 171 


Kino's House, Jamaica, 
8th March, 1901. 
To Tue Rieur Hon, J. Coampersary, M.P., ete. 


Srr,—I have the honour to transmit to you a copy of a pamphlet 
by Dr. J. E. Duerden on the subject of Fisheries in the West Indies and 
to commend it to your consideration. 

2. I understand from Dr. Duerden that Dr. Morris has expressed 
himself very favourably with regard to the suggestions contained in the 
paper, and that it is possible he may recommend that experiments for 
giving effect to them should be carried out in connection with, and under 
eh auspices of, the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West 

ndies. 

3. Were the financial circumstances of Jamaica different to what they 
are, I should consider it desirable that efforts should be made by the 
Colonial Government to improve and develop the fisheries of the island. 
Any such efforts are, however, for the present, at all events, “ beyond the 
range of practical politics.” 

4. I feel, however, that it would be of great benefit to the Colony if 
experiments in the directions suggested by Dr. Duerden, particularly with 
regard to the artificial breeding and culture of turtles, could be carried 
out, and [ shall be very glad to learn that you have found yourself able to 
sanction any recommendation which Dr. Morris may make for the matter 
being taken in hand by the Imperial Department of Agriculture. 


I have, ete., 


(Signed) Aucustus W. L. Hemrne, 
Governor, 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, 8.W., 
3rd May, 1901. 
To H. Bertram Cox, Esq., 
Colonial Office, Downing St., S.W. 


Srr,—In accordance with Mr. Secretary Chamberlain’s request, 
tg ban in your letter of April 29th, I have considered the letter of 
Dr. Morris and Dr. Duerden’s Report on the Marine Resources of the 
West Indies, of which you were good enough to send me copies. 

The matter storied to has been for some time under my consideration, 
and I find myself in entire agreement with Dr. Morris. I think it would 
be a most valuable step in the public interest were the Marine Resources 
of the West Indian Tales taken up as a part of the research work 
entrusted to the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies. 

The paper by Dr. Duerden on “The Marine Resources of the West 
Indies” is a valuable one. The various sources of wealth in the seas of 
the West Indies are each carefully sketched. By the references made to 
marine investigations carried on elsewhere, Dr. Duerden shows that he is 
well informed in the subject, whilst his observations and suggestions and 
igen handling of the subject show originality and full competence. 

. Duerden has had a thoroughly sound training as a scientific biologist. 
His original eg as Well as the present report on the Marine Resources 
of the West Indies, prove him to be a trustworthy scientific adviser, who 


172 first Report on L:cononic Zoology. 


would be regarded with respect and confidence by scientific men in this 
country were he further employed in connection with this subject. 

I am of the opinion that the carrying out of the investigations 
suggested by Dr. Duerden’s Report, under the auspices of the Imperial 
Department of Agriculture for the West Indies, would lead to economic 
results of practical value and justify the expenditure of public funds in 
that direction. 

I have, ete., 


(Signed) E. Ray LANKESTER. 


Abstract of Dr. Duerden’s Report on the Marine 
Resources of the West Indies. 


In an extra number of the West Indian Bulletin issued in 1901, Dr. 
J. E. Duerden reviews the chief marine resources of the British West 
Indies. In this he gives an account of the fisheries of the West Indies, 
and points out that in a few instances only are the marine products of any 
export value to the Colonies, whilst on the other hand there is an enormous 
import trade in dried and preserved fish. 

The principal marine resources are as follows: 7Z'urtles, Jamaica being 
the chief centre of the West Indian turtle trade, the exports for 1900 
being about £10,000. The industry is concerned with the two well-known 
species, the Green Turtle (Chelone midas) and the Hawksbill (Chelone 
imbricata). The supply is chiefly obtained from around the Cays and 
Mosquito coast of Central America. The Report shows that there is an 
evident diminution in the supply, merchants never being able to obtain 
sufficient to meet the export demands. The two subjects dwelt upon 
concerning turtles of great importance are their artificial rearing so as to 
produce them in greater numbers to meet the demand and the best method 
of shipping them. The mortality from capture to landing in England 
varies from as much as 25 to 50 per cent. ! 

Under the heading of “fishing” is given a general account of the 
industry, and stress is laid on the primitive methods adopted by the 
fishermen : “ fishing as adopted elsewhere is comparatively neglected and 
undeveloped.” The amount of coral prevents trawling, and moreover 
there are evidently not enough flat fish to make this method pay. The 
use of seine and other nets along the shore and shallow banks is very 
profitable ; but unfortunately the habits of the schools of migratory fish, 
such as June fish, herring, sea mullet, etc., are not known, nor the best 
means of catching them, nor of preserving them when caught. The fishing 
industry appears to be mainly in the hands of natives. Amongst the chief 
fish of good quality are various species of Snappers (Jfesoprion), Yellow 
Tail (Ocyurus chrysurus), Grunts (Hemulon), Silks (T'ropidiurus dentatus), 
King and June fish, river and marine mullet and Caliperus (J/wgil), and 
Snook (Centropomus). They occur around Jamaica, where the average 
price of fish is 6d. a pound. Barbados is celebrated for its large flying- 
fish industry. The Flying-Fish (Zxoceius roberti) is estimated to yield 
annually £13,000. Snappers and Brines (Centropristes oculatus) are also 
taken in numbers by line fishing around Barbados. 


Reports to the Colonial Office. 173 


Under the heading Oysters we find that the West Indies have an 
oyster in abundance, Ostrea parasitica, Gmelin, which grows on the roots 
of mangrove trees. There is no system of cultivation at present. They 
are much appreciated and find a ready sale. Many other edible mollusca 
occur, including the Mussel (Mytilus erustus, Linn., the Scallop (Pecten 
zigzag, Chemn.), various “ ark” shells, Arca spp. ? and Codakia tigerina. 

Lobsters, shrimps and crabs are also amongst the marine resources, the 
most abundant lobster being Palinurus argus, Latr. They and other 

ies are caught in fish-pots from amongst the coral. It is pointed out 

at successful cultivation of lobsters might be carried out just as in 
Newfoundland and Canada. 

Sea-eqgs. Barbados occupies an almost unique position in having an 
important industry founded on the marine forms of life called sea-urchins, 
or sea-eggs. Its annual value is estimated at nearly £4,000. The roe or 
reproductive organs, are the part used as food. There is unfortunately a 
great decrease in the number of these Echinoderms. The chief species is 
known as Hipponoé esculenta, Leske. They form a staple food for a few 
montis along the coast. Before any remedial measures can be adopted, it 
is necessary to know the life-history of this sea-egg. 

Holothurians, Béche-de-Mer, Trepang, etc. Great numbers of these 
echinoderms occur on the floors of the seas in the West Indies. The 
species have not been identified, but the Jamaican ones are of the genera 
Holothuria and Sticophus. Experimental shipments of Béche-de-Mer were 
carried out a few years ago at the Caicos Islands with the object of 
supplying the American Chinese with their favourite article of diet. To 
show the importance of this marine animal, the report mentions that the 
annual export value to Queensland is about £23,000. 


SPONGES. 


The West Indies and Florida, along with the Mediterranean, are the 
principal sponge producing areas of the world ; but fine bath sponges also 
come from Australia. 

The shores around the Bahamas are the best known sponge grounds in 
the West Indies. They form the greatest industry of that Colony. 
Dredging and diving for them have been prohibited. They are gathered 
by means of two-pronged forks attached to staves 25 feet in length. The 
sponge exchange is at Nassau. The annual value is nearly £100,000. 

he United States Government has undertaken the investigation of the 
Florida sponge grounds with a view to the better development of the 
industry. Successful experiments in the artificial propagation of sponges 
by transplanting and by cuttings have been carried out in the Mediterranean 
and in Florida. 

Amongst other industries mentioned in the report are the whale oil 
industry, still carried ont in a small degree around some of the islands of 
the Lesser Antilles. Ambergris is occasionally found on the coasts of the 
Bahama Islands. 

Companies of dolphins are often seen traversing the length of 
Kingston Harbour, but no attempt is ever made to secure them. The 
Manatee is also sometimes caught and the flesh sold, but they breed too 
slowly to become of much economic importance. 


174 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


The résumé is given in Dr. Morris’s letter, p. 188. The report has three 
appendices :— 

(1) The Fisheries of Barbados, where we learn the approximate income 
is £19,500. 

(2) The Jamaican Fisheries ; an account of the operations in Jamaica 
of the Caribbean Sea Fisheries Development Syndicate, Limited, which 
does not appear to have been financially successful. 

(3) A Report on the Sea-egg Industry of Barbados. 


2. CEYLON PEARL FISHERIES, 


COLONIAL OFFICE, 
Downing Street, 
7th August, 1900. 


To Tue Director oF THE British Museum (Nat. Hist.). 


Srr,—I am directed by Mr. Secretary Chamberlain to enclose for 
your consideration copies of a special Report on the Ceylon Pearl Fisheries 
and of the last report on the inspection of the pearl banks, which have 
been received from the Governor of that Colony. 

Mr. Chamberlain would be much obliged if you would be good enough 
to advise him on the subject generally, but I am to state that he doubts 
whether the Colonial Government would be well advised to incur any 
considerable expense in the matter, unless it is considered to be of great 
scientific interest, as the local conditions seem to be well known for 
practical purposes. 

The Governor of Ceylon has suggested that the opinions of the Royal 
Society, British Association, and Zoological Society should be invited as 
to whether it is desirable that these fisheries should be inspected by a 
scientific expert, and also that Dr. Herdman, F.R.S., should be consulted, 
but no application has yet been made to these Societies or to Dr. Herdman, 
pending an expression of your opinion. 

I am to add that various prints relating to Pearl Fisheries in Ceylon 
can be seen in the Library of this Office. 

I am, etc., 


(Signed) C. P. Lucas. 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 
Cromwell Road, S.W., 
13th August, 1900. 
To Tue Riaut Hon. Joseph CHAMBERLAIN. 


Srr,—I have read the Special Report on the Ceylon Pearl Fisheries 
forwarded to me by Mr. Lucas at your request. I am of opinion that the 
recommendations made by Sir W. Twynam are well based and should, so 
far as I am able to judge, be carried into effect. 

The questions connected with the proper management and fishing of 
pearl oyster banks and other similar submarine sources of wealth are 
of great scientific interest, and should, in my opinion, be continually 
investigated and dealt with in the interest of the community. Results 


———— 
" > 


Reports to the Colonial Office. 175 


obtained in Ceylon may be found to be of value from a commercial point 
of view in Queensland or again in the West Indies (Sponge fisheries). 

I am decidedly of the opinion that the expenditure of a certain 
proportion of the revenue derived from the Ceylon Pearl Fisheries, 
upon thorough and authoritative study of the questions raised in Sir W. 

wynam’s report by the best scientific naturalists whose services can be 
obtained must in the course of time—if persisted in and sufficiently 
supported by money needed for experiments and investigation—produce 
a valuable return to the State in the form of increase in commercial 
results. 

A brief inspection of the banks by a capable scientific naturalist or the 
employment of a second-rate man of no real scientific knowledge or 
training would, in my judgment, be a waste of public money. 

I should myself like to see Professor Herdman, of Liverpool, entrusted 
with a two or three years’ mission in connection with the Ceylon Pearl 
Fisheries. He has given special attention to oysters and oyster fisheries, 
and is a man of genuine knowledge and also possessed of energy and 
initiative. It would be possible for him to give three or four months in 
each year to his professional work in England and to spend the rest of the 
year (at the proper season) in Ceylon. 

I think that Sir W. Twynam’s report might very well be submitted to 
Professor Herdman for his opinion, and that before taking a definite step 
it might be well to submit his proposals to the Council of the Royal 
Society for their advice. But I should not recommend that either the 
Zoological Society or the British Association be consulted. 

It is evident from Sir W. Twynam’s report there are many matters 
connected with the pearl banks upon which a competent naturalist versed 
in marine biology could at once clear up doubt. For instance, the 
mysterious enemy of the oysters mentioned in the report, which drills a 
small round hole in their shells. Every marine biologist knows at once 
that this must be one of the whelk-like gastropods, which preys upon the 
pearl oyster as do its congeners in European seas prey upon European 
oysters and comb-shells. 

Were a competent naturalist, such as Professor Herdman, entrusted 
with a thorough study of the Ceylon pearl banks, and provided with a 
well-fitted steam cruiser for dredging, sounding, diving, ete., there can be 
no doubt that, in the first place, zoological results of great general interest 
would be obtained, as well as collections of value to the national Museum, 
and new facts of the most varied kind tending to advance our knowledge 
of marine life. 

I believe, moreover, that in the second place such knowledge of the 
facts would be definitely gained as would enable the Ceylon Government 
to improve the pearl fisheries and to manage them in the best possible way 
with a view to getting the proper commercial return from them. 

It is impossible to foretell what results a clever naturalist might 
obtain. The artificial rearing of the spat of the pearl oyster and the 
nursing and transference of the young oysters as carried out in regard to 
European oysters might be found possible and of immense commercial 
value. Finally the artificial production of pearls is always, as far as 
zoological science enables us to form an opinion, a possibility. Perhaps 
I may, in conclusion, be allowed to point out that, some thirty-five years 


176 Furst Report on Economic Zoology. 


ago, an experimental inquiry into the pearl fisheries of Ceylon, which was 
initiated by Government, ended in failure and disappointment, owing to 
the fact that the matter was entrusted to a gentleman who, though 
acquainted with sea-fishing as a sportsman, had no scientific knowledge 
or training. 

During the past thirty-five years our knowledge of the treatment of 
oysters and similar questions has vastly increased. 

If a naturalist who is really worthy of trust and conversant with the 
subject is sent to Ceylon to study the pearl banks, it is, in my opinion, 
highly probable that the expenditure involved will be amply repaid by the 
results. Such a man could not be obtained for a less payment than one 
thousand pounds a year, exclusive of all expenses; and it would be 
necessary to employ him for three years at least. 


I am, etc., 
(Signed) E. Ray LANKESTER. 


COLONIAL OFFICE, 
Downing Street, 
23rd August, 1900. 
To THe Director, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). 


Srr,—I am directed by Mr. Secretary Chamberlain to acknowledge 
the receipt of your letter of the 13th instant and to thank you for your 
advice on the subject of the Pearl Fisheries of Ceylon. 

2. Mr. Chamberlain will communicate with Dr. Herdman and subse- 
quently with the Royal Society, as you suggest. 

3. I am to ask that you will be so good as to return the Reports 
enclosed in the letter from this Department of the 7th instant, as there 
are no other copies of these prints available. The Governor of Ceylon 
has been asked to send further copies, which will be forwarded to you as 
soon as they are received. 

I an, etc., 


(Signed) C. P. Lucas. 


Abstract of Report on the Ceylon Pearl Fisheries. 
By Sir W. C. Twynam, K.C.M.G. (Colombo, 1899). 


In this long report of sixty-six pages, Sir W. C. Twynam first points 
out the injurious nature of currents and foul water to the pearl oyster. 

For some years the real spat of the pearl oyster does not seem to have 
been known, the spat of other Avicule being taken for young pearl 
oysters. ; 

‘ The enemies of the oyster are given, amongst them the following : 
shellfish, the chank of commerce (TZwurbinella pyrum), the horse and 
elephant chanks (Pyrula carnaria and Murex regius). 

A small mussel (J/odiola) known as the Suran spreads a kind of blanket 
over the oysters and suffocates them; this is, however, rare in the Ceylon 


Reports to the Colonial Office. 177 


beds. The crab is also said to be injurious, cutting the byssus of the 
oyster. A note is given on page 6 regarding an enemy that makes a 
round hole in the oyster shell; this mysterious enemy is one of the 
carnivorous whelks. 

Evidently, from the report, numerous small mollusca prey on the pearl 
oysters. Two fish, the Trigger Fish (/alistes mitis) on skates (7rygon 
warnak), also do much harm. On page 5 it is stated that “the numerous 
rock fish which abound on the Arippu banks feed on oysters . . . the quan- 
tity devoured by these voracious fish must be considerable.” Later, it is 
stated to be useful, as it preys on the injurious Suran or mussel. Skates of 
several unknown species are referred to as very destructive. Divers, both 
European and native, give various tales as to the damage done by sea 
snakes, but nothing authentic is given. 

Floods of fresh, muddy water are stated to be most injurious. 

Little definite seems to be recorded as to the age of pearl oysters, but 
it is stated “that oysters may be profitably fished at the age of four years, 
and that they are in their prime at five years, and may be kept till that 
age if circumstances permit of it, but if they are kept until the sixth yea 
they are almost certain to be found dead.” ‘The best time to fish them 
however, does not appear to be settled. 

The advisability of retaining native divers is entered into at some 
length, their superiority over the European at this work being clearly 
pointed out. Their reward is now raised to one-third of the oysters 
collected. Recommendations to start a chank fishery in the neighbour- 
hood of the pearl banks are given. One fishery exists north of Manaar 
Islands, about 2,000,000 chanks being exported from Jaffna to Calcutta. 
The chanks are used as ornaments by the Hindus. 

The main body of the report (39 pages) is taken up by eight appendices. 
The first dealing with spat, true and false ; enemies of the oyster; chank 
fishery ; age of the pearl oyster and artificial culture ; being extracts from 
the report of Mr. Thomas, Madras Civil Service, to the Government of 
Madras, on the Pearl Banks and Fisheries of Tuticorin. 

The most important part in this report regarding the true spat is here 
reproduced :— 

“The challenged spat in the largest shell which I have seen is 
44 sixteenths of an inch from hinge to contour rectangularly at its 
widest point, and the largest drawing in Sir J. Emerson Tennent’s 
work is no more; it is, therefore, so small as to need very close 
examination. Looked at under a hand lens and under a low power 
microscope, I made it out to differ from the shell of the pearl oyster 
in being much more convex, more oblique; in having the ear on the 
short side, not produced in an almost straight line, but rounded off 
and turned up instead of being flat; in having the right valve fitting 
deeply into the left valve, with the edge of the right valve turned back at 
about an angle of 45° for the whole contour in some, for others only from 
the sinal ear to half way round the contour, instead of the two valves 
meeting each other nearly flat, as in the pearl oyster ; in having none of the 
spines with which the pearl oyster is covered, and gr emgcien Mek 

anges ; in having no alge adhering to it; in having the umbones more 
anterior or advanced beyond the hinge line ; in adhering to weed, said to 
be Saragossum vulgare, instead of to rock and such-like hard substances 


N 


178 First Report on Economic Zoology. 


in being differently coloured, the dark lines of colour radiating as in the 
drawing from the convexity to the contour. Again, it is only the concave 
part of the shell that is coated with glistening nacre, the broad deflected 
margin being dull. It is not so in the pearl oyster, in which the nacre 
comes close to the margin. In the avicule, of which our pearl oyster 
Avicula (Meleagrina) margaritifera is one, the prolonged hinge line, straight 
at the hinge, is brought in below with a curve that gives it a similitude to 
the wing of a bird, and the sinal ear, though shorter, is also slightly curved 
in below. In some avicule this formation is more expressed than in 
others, so that they are divided into two sections of the long-winged and 
short-winged avicule. Avicula macroptera is the type of the former, and 
Avicula heteroptera and A. crocea are illustrations of it; of the latter 
A. margaritifera is the type, but still has the peculiarity distinctly present. 
In the challenged spat it is wholly absent. At the same time, however, 
that it is said in Reeve’s “Conchologia Iconica” that this feature is 
always present in the avicule, it is not shown in the small shell of 
A. vexillum, figured magnified in this work, which, as far as the drawing 
goes, has a general similitude to the challenged spat and has against it the 
remark “ Habitat, Ceylon (in deep water), Gardner,” but beyond this the 
text description, though very brief, hardly tallies, and there are to my 
thinking three, if not four, forms among the challenged spat, all of which 
show under the microscope “the prismatic cellular structure of shell 
found in most of the avicule”’ (Carpenter). My belief is that they have 
been so long sailing under the false colours of being the pearl oyster spat, 
that they are unnamed and seemingly mature avicule, but I am not 
concerned to name them ; all my contention for the purposes of this report 
is that they are not pearl oysters.* 

This is pointed out as having an important bearing on the supposed 
disappearance of young pearl oysters from certain beds. 


* The figures given in Tennent’s ‘Natural History of Ceylon’ are therefore 
wrong.—F.V.T, 


7 at 


179 


APPENDIX. 


I. LIST OF NORTH AFRICAN LOCUSTS. 
(After Mr, W. F. Kirsy’s forthcoming ‘“‘ Catalogue of Orthoptera.”) 


PHASGONURID “4. 
STENOPELMATID2. Iwcasii, Kb. ‘Tunis. 
Lezina, Walk. | inornata, Krauss, Oran. 
concolor, W. Egypt. Madiga, Kb. 


aberrans, Schulth. Somali. 
| Bradyopisthius, Karsch. 
paradoxurus, Karsch. 


Magrettia, Brunn. 
abominata, Brunn. Suakim, Don- 
gola. 
obscura, Burr. Somali. 
Eruirvigerip. 


Uromenus, Bol. 8. France, Corsica, 


Herropip2. 
Sardinia, Algeria. 

Gymnoproctus, Karsch. rugosicollis, Serv. 8. France, Cor- 

Maurelii, Luc. Senegal, Soudan. sica, Sardinia, Algeria. 

abortiva, Serv. 8. and W. Africa. costaticollis, Luc. Algeria. 
Anepisceptus, Fieb. laticollis, Luc. Algeria. 

horridus, Burm. Egypt, Syria, Finoti, Br. Algeria. 

Arabia. agarena, Bol. Ceuta. 

Servillei, Reiche, Abyssinia, Somali. latipennis, Fisch. Algeria. 

Revoilii, Luc. Somali. | Ephippigera, Latr. 

Hippolyti, Kb. (Servillei, Luc.), transfuga, Brunn. Algeria. 

Abyssinia. nigromarginata, Luc. Morocco, 

Ruspolii, Schulth. Somali. Algeria. 

Suakimensis, Kb. Suakim, compressicollis, Fisch. Algeria. 

Robeckii, Schulth. Somali. antennata, Brunn. Algeria. 
Eugaster, Serv. innocentii, Fin. Tunis. 

spinulosus, L. Morocco. oudryanus, Bonn. Tunis. 

Woodii, Kb. Somali. vosseleri, Krauss. Algeria. 

Powysi, Kb. Morocco, trilineata, De Haan. Tripoli. 

Guyoni, Luc. Algeria. Vaucheriana, Sauss. Morocco. 


nN 2 


180 


Mauretanica, Sauss. Morocco. 
maroccana, Sauss. Morocco. 
lobata, Sauss. Algeria. 
teniata, Sauss. Morocco. 
hastata, Sauss. Morocco. 
Steropleurus, Bol. 
selliger, Charp. 
N. Africa (?) 
Lucasi, Brunn. 
Algerica, Brunn. 
Platystolus, Bol. 


Spain, Por‘ugal, 


Algeria. 
Algeria. 


pachygaster, Luc. Algeria. 
Pycnogaster, Graells. 

Finoti, Bol. Algeria. 

DeEcTICIDZ. 

Drymadusa, Stein. 

fallaciosa, Fin. Alger’a. 
Pterolepis, Ramb. 

Gessardi, Bonn. Tunis. 

indigena, Fin. Algeria. 


Rhacocleis, Fieb. 
maura, Borm. Tunis. 
Ariagona, Krauss. 
Margaritex, Kr. 
Ctenodecticus, Bol. 
Bolivari, Targ. 
Vasorensis, Fin. 
Pholidoptera, Wesm. 
punctifions, Burm. Egypt, Syria. 
Decticus, Serv. 
griseus, L. Europe, Madeira. 
laticauda, Brunn. Sicily, Algeria. 
tessellata, Charp. Europe, Algeria. 
seniz, Fin. N. Africa. 
Kabyla, Fin. N. Africa. 
Tettigonia, Linn. 
albifrons, Fabr. 


Teneriffe. 


Sardinia, Oran. 
N. Africa. 


Europe, Madeira. 


PHASGONURID&. 


Phasgonura, Westw. Europe, N. Africa. 
viridissima, L. N. aud W. Africa. 
Savignyi, Luc. Algeria. 
marginifera, Walk. Africa. 
maroccana, Bol. Tangier. 
algerica, Bol. Algeria. 

Lumenymus, Pict. 


Vaucherianus, Pict. Morocco. 


Appendix. 


Calliphona, Krauss. 
Konigi, Kr. Canaries. 
Alluaudi, Kr. Canaries. 


SaGIDz. 
Saga, Charp. 
ornata, Burm. Egypt. 


CoNOCEPHALID. 


Ruspolia, Schulth. 
pygmexa, Sch. Somali. 
Conocephalus, Thunb. 
nitidulus, Scop. §. Euroye, Africa 
Algeria, Canaries, etc. 
Xiphidium, Serv. 
concolor, Burm. Hungary, Egypt. 
stramineum, De Haan. Egypt. 
lugubre, Redt. Egypt. 
somali, Burr. Somali. 
conocephalus, L. N., W. and E. 
Africa, Madagascar. 


MEcOPODID. 


Pachysmopoda, Karsch. 
abbreviata, Tasch. Sokotra. 

Euthyphlebia, Schulth. 
parallela, Sch. Somali. 


MECONEMID2. 


Orophila, Krauss. 
nubigena, Kr. Teneriffe. 


PHANEROPTERIDE. 


Odontura, Ramb. 

spinulicauda, Ramb. 8S. Euroye, 

Algeria. 

Borrei, Bol. Algeria. 

algerica, Brunn, Algeria. 

quadridentata, Krauss. Algeria. 

terniensis, Fin. Algeria. 
Pseudisotima, Brum. 

punctata, Br. Somali. 
Peropyrrhicia, Brunn. 

Massaic, De Borm. Abyssinia. 

maculata, Schulth. Somali. 
Leptophyes, Fieb. 


Antinorii, De Borm. Shire. 


YY. 


Appendix. 


Epiphlebus, Karsch. 
erypterius, Karsch. 
Ruspolii, Schulth. 

Peronura, Schulth. 
Somali, Sch. Somali. 
Rive, Sch. Somali. 

Rihegmatopoda, Brunn. 

Peeli, Burr. Somali. 

Acrometopa, Fieb. 

Servillei,, Brullé. — §. 
Egypt. 

Conchotopoda, Karsch. 

Ruspolii, Schulth. Somali. 

Euthyphi bia, Schulth. 
parallela, Sch. Somali. 

Myrmeocophana, Brunn. 
fallax, Br. Souda». 

Gonatoxia, Karsch. 
maculata, Karsch. Somali. 


Somali. 
Somali. 


Europe, 


181 


| Phaneroptera, Serv. 
falcata, Scop. S. Europe, N. Africa, 
| W. and Central Asia, Madeira. 
nana, Charp. 8. Europe, E., W. 
and §. Africa (can hardly fail to 
occur in N. Africa). 
| minima, Brunn. Egypt. 
punctuta, Burr. Somali. 
Milititsa, Burr. 
| Somaliensis, Burr. 
| Diogena, Brunn. 
Fausta, Burm. 
Tylopsis, Fieb. 
lilifolia, Fabr. Mediterranean 
Region, Egypt, etc. 
perpulchra, Burr. Somali. 
Karschiana, Schulth. Somali. 
| Debrona, Walk. 
angustipennis, Burr. 


Somali. 


Nubia, Aden. 


Somali. 


LOCUSTID. 


ACRIDIID. 


Acrydium, Geoff. 
Nobrei, Bol. Portugal, Morocco (?) 
bipunctatum, L. Europe, Algeria. 
ceperoi, Bol. Cadiz, Tangier. 
depressa, Bris. 

(certainly all N. Africa). 

Paratettix, Bol. 

meridionalis, Ramb. 
Egypt, Nubia. 

Coptotettix, Bol. 

rufipes, Bol. 


TRYXALIDA, 
Tryzxalis, Bol. 
turritus, L. §. Europe, 
Africa (Egypt, Nubia, Algeria, 
etc.). 
giganteus, 
Egypt. 
lineatus, Thunb. Morocco, 
bicolor, Th. Egypt, Arabia. 
[N. G. (near last, but h. w. rudi- 
mentary). ] 
tereticornis, Brullé. Canaries. 
Acrida, Linn. 
Pharaonis, Klug. 
Baghdad. 


ensis, Burr. 


8. Europe, 


Somali. 


Fuessly. §. Europe, 


Sokotra. 


Europe, Zanzibar — 


Asia, | 


Upper Egypt, — 


nasutus, Linn. Morocco (?), Somali. 
miniuta, Klug. Upper Egypt. 
annulata, Thunb. Algeria. 
variabilis, Klug. Egypt, Syria. 
nebulosa, Thunb. (= unguiculafa, 
Ramb.). Arabia, Old World, 
Algeria, Egypt, ete. 
grandis, Klug. Egypt, Nubia, 
Quetta. 
sealaris, Klug. Africa, W. Asia, 
Egypt, Canaries, etc. 
Oxycoryphus, Fisch. 
compressicornis, Latr. §. Europe, 
W. Asia, Egypt, Algeria, Senegal. 
venustus, Walk. Cairo. 
Durenia, Stal. 
fracta, Krauss. Egypt. 
| lucasi, Bol. Algeria. 


laure, Borm. Tunis. 
savignyi, Krauss. Egypt. 
 Chirista, Karsch. 
| flexuosa, Schulth. 
Paracinema, Fisch. 
| tricolor, Thunb. 8. Europe, Africa, 
Algeria. 
| sylvestris, Thunb. Algeria. 
Ochrilidia, Stal. 
tibialis, Fieb. S. Europe, Egypt, 
Syria. 


Somali. 


182 


Brachycrotaphus, Krauss. 
tryxalicera, Fab. 
Arcyptera, Serv. 
hispanica, Ramb. S. France, Spain, 
Algeria. 
Stenobothrus, Fisch. 


pulvinatus, Fisch. 8. Europe, 
Algeria. 

letus, Walk. Cairo. 

Bonneti, Bol. Tunis. 

amend, Bris. Algeria. 

Lucasi, Bris. Algeria. 

Stmonyi, Krauss. Canaries. 


Stauronotus, Fisch. 
cruciatus, Pall. §, Europe, Morocco, 
Egypt, Algeria. 
Genei, Ocsk. §S. Europe, W. Asia, 
Algeria, Egypt. 
Epacromia, Fisch. 
strepens, Lat. §. Europe, Algeria, 
Asia Minor, Canaries. 
thalassina, Fabr. Europe, Egypt, 
Madeira. 


lucasi, Brunn. Algeria. 


LocustTiIpz&. 


Chlebora, Sauss. 
Kollari, Schulth. Somali. 
gracilis, Schulth. Somali. 
Quiroguesia, Pant. 
notabilis, Walk. Canaries, Spain, 
S.W. Asia. 


Blanchardiana, Sauss. Somali, etc. 
(Edaleus, Fieb. 


flavus, Linn. Europe, Asia, Africa, 
(Algeria, etc.). 
Locusta, Linn. 
inornatus, Schulth. Somali. 
danica, Linn,, Old World (all W. 
Africa, Egypt, etc.), Canaries, 
Madeira, and Azores. 


migratoroides, Reiche. Africa 
(Abyssinia, etc.). 
Heteropternis, Stal. 
Savignyi, Krauss. Egypt. 
Pycnodictya, Stal. 
Galinieri, Reiche. Abyssinia. 


Forbesi, Burr. Sokotra. 


A phendix. 


(Edipoda, Latr. 
gratiosa, Serv. §. Europe, Asia, 
Egypt, Canaries. 
cerulescens, Linn. Europe, W. 
Asia, Africa, Zanzibar. 
Juscocincta, Luc. Sicily, Algeria, 
Canaries, Tunis. 


canariensis, Krauss. Canaries. 

Mauretania, Luc. Algeria. 
Thalpomena, Sauss. 

Algeriana, Luc. Algeria. 

Maderz, Serv. Madeira. 

Picteti, Krauss. ‘Teneriffe. 
Aerotylus, Fieb. 

insubricus, Scop. Mediterranean 

Region, W. Asia, Canaries, 


Algeria, Egypt. 

patruelis, Sturm. 8. Europe, Africa, 
Algeria, Egypt. 

longipes, Charp. S$. Europe, W 
Asia, E. Africa, Abyssinia, 
Algeria, Canaries, Sokotra. 


errabundus, Fin. Algeria. 
Egnatius, Stal. 

cerulans, Krauss. Algeria. 
Leptoscirtus, Sauss. 

aviculus, Sauss. Egypt. 

Savignyt, Sauss. Egypt. 


Sphingonotus, Fieb. 

cerulans, Linn. Europe, W. Asia, 
Egypt, Madeira. 

azurescens, Ramb. Spain, Egypt, 
Algeria, Abyssinia. 

Clausii, Kitt. §. Russia, Egypt. 

callosus, Fieb. §S. Europe, Algeria, 
Syria. 

asperus, Brullé. Canaries. 

granulatus, Brullé. Canaries, Al- 
geria. 

Sefre, Fin. Algeria. 

Savignyt, Sauss. Egypt, Nubia. 

Canariensis, Sauss. Canaries, 
etc. 

arenarius, Luc. Algeria. 

niloticus, Sauss. Egypt. 

latifasciatus, Walk. Egypt, Arabia. 

tricinctus, W. Egypt, Arabia. 

octofasciatus, Serv. Egypt. 

variegatus, Walk. Egypt. 


Appendix. 


Leptopternis, Sauss. 
Rhamses, Sauss. Egypt. 
canescens, Sauss. Egypt. 
Helioscirtus, Sauss. 
capitanus, Borm. Tunis. 
Finotianus, Sauss. Algeria. 


EREMOBIIDE. 
Eremobia, Serv. 
cisti, Fabr. S.W. Europe, Algeria. 
Clavelli, Luc. Syria, Tunis. 
pulchripennis, Serv. Egypt. 
continuata, Serv. Cairo. 
Eremochoris, Sauss. 
insignis, Luc. Algeria. 


PYRGOMORPHID. 


Chrotogonus, Serv. 
Bormansi, Bol. Shoa. 
angustatus, Blanch. Egypt. 
Savignyi, Bl. Egypt. 
Blanchardi, Krauss. Egypt. 
homolodema, Bl, Sennaar. 
lugubris, Bl. Egypt. 
Pyrqomorpha, Serv. 
conica, Oliv. 
Egypt. 
debilis, Fin. Algeria. 
Parasphena, Bol. 
picta, Bol. 
Peecilocera, Serv. 
hieroglyphica, Klug. Dongola. 
vittata, K). Dongola. 
bufonia, Klug. Egypt, Syria. 
vulcanus, Serv. Egypt. 
viynaudii, Guér. Abyssinia. 
Phymateus, Serv. 


8. Europe, Algeria, 


Massowa. 


Hildebrandti, Bol. Somali, Zanzibar. 


Maura, Stal. 
apicalis, Bol. Massowa. 
Dictyophorus, Thunb. 
griseus, Reiche. Abyssinia. 
Pamphagodes, Bol. 
Riffensis, Bol. Morocco. 
PAMPHAGID, 
Prionosthenus, Bol. 
galericulatus, Stal. Egypt. 
Eumigus, Bol. 


monticolus, Ramb. 


183 


Finotia, Borm. 


spinicollis, Borin. Tunis. 
Ocnerodes, Brunn. 

Durieui, Bol. Morocco. 

microptera, Bris. Algeria. 


nigropunctatus, Luc, Algeria. 

Volxemi, Bol. Algeria. 

longicornis, Bol. Algeria. 

Acinipe, Ramb. 

hispanica, Ramb. Spain, Algeria. 

Sahare, Pict. Biskra, 

Muelleri, Krauss. Algeria. 

Forel, Pict. Gabes. 

Algerica, Brunn. Algeria. 

expansa, Brunn. Gibraltar, Algeria. 

Mauritanica, Bol. Morocco. 
Eunapius, Stal. 

Brunneri, St. 

sitifense, Bris. 

Numide, Sauss. 


Algeria. 
Algeria. 
Tunis. 


Maroccanus, Sauss. Morocco. 

granosus, Stal. Algeria, 

quadridentata, Bris. Algeria. 

Vaucherianus, Sauss. Morocco. 
Pamphagus, Thunb. 

elephas, Linn. Algeria. 
Xiphocera, Latr. 

Brunneriana, Sauss. Somali, 


Abyssinia. 


CYRTACANTHACRID. 


Dericorys, Serv. 
acutispina, Stal. Egypt. 
albidula, Serv. Egypt. 
Millieriti, Borm. Tunis. 
Platyphyma, Fisch. 
rufipes, Brunn, Algeria. 
Armindia, Krauss. 


Brunneri, Kr. Teneriffe. 
NXenippa, Stal. 
aridula, St. Khartum. 


(N.G. = Acridium (auct. nec Geoffr.).) 


Aigyptium, Linn. 8. Europe, 
N. Africa (Egypt, Algeria, etc.). 
Schistocerca, Stal. 
peregrina, Oliv. 8S. Europe, W. 
Asia, N. Africa (Egypt, Algeria, 
etc.). 
Cyrtacanthacris, Walk. 


compta, Walk. Suakim. 


184 


Robeckia, Schulth. 
obesa, Schulth. Somali. 
Sphodromerus, Stal. 
decoloratus, Fin. Algeria. 
inconspicuus, Schulth. Somali. 
serapis, Serv. Egypt, Sinai. 
Calliptamus, Serv. 
italicus, Linn. S§. Europe, W. 
Asia, N. Africa (Algeria, Tunis), 
Madeira, Massowa, Sokotra. 
ictericus, Serv. Spain, Algeria. 
vulcanius, Krauss. Canaries. 
discoidalis, Walk. Egypt. 
mutator, Walk. Egypt, Arabia. 
similis, Brunn. Egypt, Syria. 
turbidus, Walk. Egypt. 
calcaratus, Stal. Massowa. 


Appendix. 


orientalis, Schulth. Somali. 
stynatus, Walk. Suakim. 
Heteraris, Walk. 
Somali, Schulth. Somali. 
Tylotropidius, Stal. 
Somalicus, Schulth. Somali. 
Thisoicetrus, Brunn. 
littoralis, Ramb. §. Europe, Egypt, 
Nubia, Algeria, Arabia, etc. 
cerulescens, Stal. Massowa. 
grossus, Schulth. Somali. 
Euprepocnemis, Fieb. 
plorans, Charp. SS. Europe, Afric, 
Asia, Egypt, Algeria. 
cinerea, Blanch. Teneriffe. 
morbosus, Serv. Egypt, Arabia. 


II. LIST OF AFRICAN TERMITES. 


(Compiled from Sjéstedt’s “ Monograph ” (Svenska Ak. Handlingar, 
34 (4) (1900), by Mr. W. F. Kirsy.) 


Hodotermes, Hag. 

mossambicus, Hag. 
Caffraria, Natal, 
German E. Africa. 

ochraceus, Burm. 
Morocco, Persian Gulf. 

viator, Latr. Cape (Hex River, etc.). 

Wasmanni, Sjést. 
(Wady M‘bellem). 


Damara, Cape, 
Mozambique, 


Havilandi, Sharp. (= mossambicus : | 


see Sjdstedt). 


viarum, Smeathm. Phil. Trans.]xxi | 


p. 189 (1781). Sierra Lecne. 
Aurivillii, Sjéstedt. Cape (Darling). 
Calotermes, Hag. 


flavicollis, Fabr. Palearctic Region; | 


Mediterranean; Algeria, Egypt. 
Camerunensis, 8}. (=robustus, §j.). 
Cameroons. 
Madagascariensis, Wasm. 
Hav.: sec. Sj.). 
Havilandi, §j. 
nando Po, Congo. 
Howa, Wasm. Ned aesncar 
cryptops, Sj. Ugalla (Ituri-Fahro) 
[? Uganda]. 


Egypt, Tunis, | 


N. Africa | 


Nossi | 
Bé, Durban (= Durbanensis, 


Cameroons, Fer-— 


pallidus, Ramb. Mauritius. 
Voeltzkowi, Wasm. Madagascar. 


_ Rhinotermes, Hag. 


putorius, ae Cameroons, Fernando 
Po, Gaboon, Congo. 


_ Acanthotermes, 8}. 


acanthothorax, Sj. Cameroons. 
militaris, Hag. Togo, Congo, 
Angelo. 
spiniger, Sj. Congo. 
Termes, Linn. 
niger, Sj. Cameroons. 
gratus, Sj. Togo. 
vitrialatus, $j. Congo. 


Goliath, Sj. Kilimanjaro, Masai 
Land, Dar-es-Salaam, British Cen- 
tral Africa. 

Natulensis, Hav. (= termiticola, 
Sj.). Liberia, Gold Coast, Togo, 
Congo, Soudan, Angola, Caffra, 
Natal, N. Transvaal. 

bellicosus, Smeathm. (cf. infra). 

cructfer, Sj. Sierra Leone, Togo, 
Cameroons, Congo, 

cavithorax, Sj. Cameroons. 

lucifugus, Rossi. Mediterranean, 
Algeria, Egypt. 


Appendix. 185 


destructor, Smeathm. (= flavicollis, | 
Walk.). Senegal, Sierra Leone, 
Natal (?), Kordofan, Bahr-el- 
Abiad. 

Caffrariz, Sj. Caffraria, Natal. 

latericius, Hav. Natal, Mozam- 
bique. 

aquaticus, Sj. Toso, Cameroons. 

microps, Sj. Usambara. 

latialatus, Sj. Congo. 

capensis, De Geer. 
Cape, Caffraria, 

Buchholz, 8j. Liberia, Fernando | 
Po, Gaboon. 

angustipennis, Sj. Congo. 

vulgaris, Hav. Natal. 

angustatus, Ramb. Cape, Natal, 
Caffraria. 

Lilljeborgi, 8}. Cameroons. 

amplus, Sj. Congo. 

Gabonensis, Sj. (= Miilleri, §j.). 
Gaboon. 

nobilis, Sj. Cameroons. 

badius, Hav. Natal. 

simplicidens, $j. Cameroons. 

basidens, Sj. Togo. 

unidentatus, Wasm. 
Zanzibar. 

incertus, Hag. Mozambique, Natal. 

monodon, Gerst. Mozambique, 
Usegab, Usagara, Transvaal. 

aquaticus, $j. Togo, Cameroons. 

(bellicosus ; synonyms: var. Mos- 
sambica, Hag; subsp. Sansi- 
barica, Wasm.; fatale, Fabr. ; 
capensis, Latr!;  subhyalinus, 
Ramb.; viator, Walk. ; falciger, 
Gerst.) 

bellicosus ; localities: Senegal, 
Kerry Coast, Sierra Leone, Gold 
Coast, Togo, Cameroons, Congo, 
Angola, Natal, N. Transvaal, 
Delagoa Bay, Mozambique, Use- 
gaba, Usambara, Zanzibar, Tan- 


Gambia (?) 


Gold Coast, 


ganyika, Tangier, Sennaar, Kordo- 
fan, Abyssinia. 


Eutermes, Hav. 


Sungifaber, 8}. S. Leone, Cameroons. 

bilobatus, Hav. Natal. 

atrox, Smeathm, §. Leone, Cape. 

macrothorax, $j. Gold Coast, 
Cameroons. 

longiceps, Sj. Cameroons. 

albotarsalis, $j. Cameroons, Congo. 

Aurivillii, $j. Cameroons. 

lateralis, Walk. Sierra Leone, 
Cameroons. 

truncatus, Wasm. Madagascar. 

arboricola, Sj. Cameroons. 

mordax, Smeathm. Sierra Leone. 

pallidipes, 8}. S. Leone, Cameroons. 

Camerunensis, 8}. Cameroons. 

Sikore, Wasm. Madagascar. 

Suscotibialis, Sj. Cameroons, Gaboon. 

subtilis, Wasm. Aldabra, Mauri- 
tius. 

parvus, Hav. Gold Coast, Natal. 

heterodon, Sj. Cameroons. 

rectangularis, Sj. Cameroons. 

hastatus, Hav. Cape. 

socialis, $j. Gold Coast, Cameroons. 

capricornis, Wasm. Madagascar. 

baculi, Sj. Cameroons. 

hospes, $j. Cameroons. 

trinervius, Ramb. Pal. Region, 
Sierra Leone, Congo, Damara, 
Cape, Natal. 

mauricianus, Ramb. Mauritius. 

togoensis, Sj. Togo. 

geminatus, Wasm. Gold Coast. 

arborum, Smeathm, Senegambia 
Cameroons, Cape, 

laticeps, Wasm. Madagascar. 

latifrons, Sj. ‘Togo, Cameroons, 
Fernando Po. 

chrysopleura, Sj. Cameroons. 

canaliculatus, Wasm. Madagascar. 

nigrita, Wasm. Madagascar. 


186 


END Xx: 


A. 


Acacia Wood, method of destroying 
insects in, 128 

Acari at roots of flowers, 129 

Agromyza chermivora, 40 

Agrotis exclamationis, 7, 83 

Agrotis segetis, 7 

Allied Bud Moth, 68 

Allied Spotted Crane Fly, 101 

Allspice, Pimento Borer in West Indies, 
139 

Almonds, attacked by Indian Meal 
Moth, 124 

Andira, insect pests of, 141 

Anobium domesticum, 41, 128 

Anobiwm paniceum, 41, 45 

Anobium tessellatum, 41; in St. Alban’s 
Cathedral, 122, 123 

Anthocoris fusca, 40 

Anthomyia radicum, 11 

Anthomyidae, 11 

Anthonomus pomorum, 18 

Antipest sprayer, 26 

Antithesia variegana, 68 

Ants, destruction of, 31 

Aphides, on apple trees, 27; on carrots, 
27; on osiers and willows, 114 

Aphis amygdali, 28 

Aphis atriplicis, 10 

Aphis brassicx, 93 

Aphis mali, 27 

Apogonia rauca, 144 


Apple Blossom Weevil, 18; Sucker, 26; | 


Aphis, 27; Fruit Fly, 21 

Apples, maggots in, 20; maggots in 
imported apples, 21; Lisbon, 21; 
Scale on, 22,29; Bark Louse, 26; eggs 
on apple trees, 26; Aphides on apple 
trees, 27; Sawfly, 20, 128 

Arca, 173 

Arzocerus fasciculatus, attacking coffee- 
berries, 137 

Ark Shells, edible, in West Indies, 173 


Armadillidium vulgare, 106 

| Armed Strongyles, 60 

Arrowroot pests of West Indies, 141 
Arsenate of lead wash, 28 
Aspidiotus ostrexformis, 25 
Aspidiotus perniciosus, 23 
Atomaria linearis, 8, 11 

Atropos divinatoria, 45, 74 
Auchmeroyia, 55 

Auchmeroyia depressa, 56 

Austrian pine, Pissodes notatus on, 116 
Aviculae, 176 

Avicula crocea, 178 

Avicula heteroptera, 178 

Avicula macroptera, 118 

Avicula margaritifera, 178 

Avicula vextillum, 178 


‘Bs 


Balistes mitis, 177 

Banana, insects on, in West Indies, 141, 
144 

Banded Pine Weevil, 116; prevention 
and treatment, 117 

Bark spots, 23 

Barley, affected with smut and beetles, 
80 


Barley, smut and insects in, 5, 80 

Bathyscia wollastoni, 84, 87 

Béche-de-Mer in West Indies, 173 

Beech Coccus, 38 

Beet Carrion Beetle, 6 

Beetle Mites, 77 

Benzine, use of, for furniture pests, 42 ; 
for clothes pests, 44 

Bibio hortulanus, 11, 22, 91 

Bibio marci, 22 

Bibionidz, on mangolds, 11; on fruit, 
22 

Bisulphide of carbon, use of, 126 

Black Fly on mangold, 10 

Black Wireworm, 49 


Bordeaux Mixture, 48 
| Brown Currant Scale, 26 


Index. 


B ia pruni, 26 

Bud Mites in Black Currant, 18, 78 

Bud Moth, 62; literature on, 63; life- 
history of, 65; at Wisbech, 73; at 
Hailsham and Swanley, 128 


C. 


Cabbage Aphis on Turnips, 93 

Cabbage Root Fly, 34 

Cecilius, 74 

Caitophorus salicivorus, 114 

Calandra granaria, 46 

Calandra oryze, 46 

Calathus cisteloides, 19 

Cali , 172 

Calliphora, 55 

Calocoris fulvomaculatus, 31 

Canker fungus mistaken for insect work, 
29 


Carpocapsa nella, 20 
Carrion Beetles, 6 ; 


Carrot Fly, 108 

Carrots, Aphides on, 108 

Case-making Clothes Moth, 43 

Cassava, insects on, in W. Indies, 141 

Cattle, Screw Worm in, 132 

Caustic Alkali wash, 25 

Cayor Fly, 56 

Cecidomyia, 38 

Cecidomyia heterobia, 38; rosaria, 38 ; 
salicis, 38, 129; saliciperda, 38; 
salicina, 38; terminalis, 38 

Cecidomyidae, 37 

Centropomus, 172 

Centropristes oculatus, 172 

Ceratitis in apples, 21 

Cereal Pests, 3, 80 

Cetonia aurata, 13 

Ceylon, Pearl Fisheries, 174; abstract 
of Report on, 176 

Chafer, Green Rose, 13; garden and 
summer, 12 

Chafer Larvae, 12 

Chafers, 12 

Chanks of commerce, 176 

Cheimatobia brumata, 21 

Chelone imbricata, 172 

Chelone midas, 172 

Chermes abietis, 18 

Chermes corticalis, 39 

Cherry Sawfly, 21, 72 

Chincona pests, 140 

Chinosol, use of, 123 

Chrysanthemum, land bugs on, 30 

Chrysomela marginalis, 91 

Cigar Beetle, 125 

Cinnabar Moth, 15 

Cladius viminalis, 37 


187 


Clothes Moths, 43, 128; treatment for, 
44, 126 

Clytus arietis, 92 

Coccidae, 29; life-history of, 25 

Coccinella septem-punctata, 92 

Cocoanut Palm, insects on, in West 
Indies, 140; Melolonthid larvae on, 
in Ceylon, 144 

Cocoa Plant, insects on, in West Indies, 
139 

Codling Moth, 20 

Coffee berries, damaged by Beetles, 137 

Collembola in orchid houses, 110 

Colorado Beetle, notes on, in England, 
87; First Report on outbreak at 
Tilbury, 89; Report of second visit to 
Tilbury re, 90; Report on, 1902, 90; 
insects sent as, 91; reported at 
Hockley, 93; at South Benfleet and 
Northfleet, 93 

Common Crane Fly, 96 

Compsomyia, 55, 131 

Compsomyta macellaria in man, 131; 
in cattle in St. Lucia, 132 

Conorhinus rubrvfasciatus, 130 

Cornweal, insect pest in, 141 

Corn Weevil, 46 

Corrosive sublimate, use of, 42 

Cotton, insect pests of, in West Indies, 
139 

Cowpeas, insect pest in, 141 

Crabs in West Indies, 173 

Crane Flies, 94 

Crioceris asparagt, 92 

Cryptococcus fagi, 38 

Cupram, preparation of, 48 

Currant Scale, brown, 26; white woolly, 
23, 129 

Cutworms, 7, 83 


D. 


Dactylobius citri, 74 

Dactylobius destructor, 74 
Dactylobius longipinus, 74 

Dart Moth, 7 

Death Watch, 41, 45, 122, 128 
Depluming Scabies, in fowls, 61 
Dermatobia, 55 

Dermestes lardarius, 45, 125 
Diaspis amygdali, 23; on plum, 25 
Diaspis bromeliae, 135 

Diplosis pyrivora, 22, 128 

Diplosis violicola, 106 

Dipterous larvae in human excreta, 55 
Doryphora decemlineata, 89 
Doryphora juncta, 89 

Doryphora melanothoraz, 89 
Doryphora undecemlineata, 89 


188 


E. 


Earwigs, causing annoyance indoors, 11!) 
“ Eclair” sprayer, 26 
Eel-worm disease in oats, 3 
Eggs on apple trees, 26 
Elasmosoma, 31 

Elephant Chanks, 176 
Epilachna, 98 

Epunda viminalis, 114 
Evriocam; a limacina, 21, 72 
Eriophyes pyri, 78 
Eriophyes ribis, 18, 79 
Eriophyes violz, 107 
Ernobius mollis, 41 
Eucharis Myrmeciz, 31 
Ewchelia jacobez, 16 
Exocetus roberti, 172 


F. 


Felted Beech Coccus, 38 

Ficus, insects pests of, in West Indies, 
141 

Fiddlewood, insect on, 141 

Filariasis in lambs, 128 

Fish and fishing in West Indies, 172 

Flying Fish in West Indies, 172 

Foreign Office, Reports to, 145 

Forficula auricularia, 119 

Fowl’s eggs, a parasite in, 128 

Frit Fly in oats, 4 

Fruit pests, 18; Bud Mites in black 
currant bushes, 18; Apple Blossom 
Weevil, 18; Strawberry Beetles, 19; 
Slug Worms, 21; Maggots in apples, 
20; Pear Midge, 22; Scale and False 
Scale, 22; Apple Bark Louse, 26; in 
orchards at Wisbech, 73 

Fruit trees, infestation of, by Winter 
Moth, 21; a general wash for, 28; 
winter washing of, 28 

Fumigation, with hydrocyanic acid gas, 
33; for subterranean pests, 52; for 
Mealy Bug under glass, 112; with 
bisulphide of carbon, 126. 

Fungoid disease in black currant leaves, 
47 

Furniture Beetles, 41; treatment of, 42 

Furniture Insects, 45 

Furniture Mites, 45 


G. 


Galls on osier plants, 37 

Garden Chafer, 12 

Gas treatment, under glass, 33; for 
scale, 134 


Index. 


Geese, African, etc., 54 

Geese, domesticated, origin and varieties 
of, 53 

General wash for fruit trees, 28 

Geophilus longicornis, 32 

Glossina longipalpis, v. tachinoides, in 
Gambia, 144 

Glyciphagus canestrini, 121 

Glyciphagus cramert, 121 

Glyciphagus cursor, 45, 120 

Glyciphagus dispar, 121 

Giyciphagus domesticus, 45, 120 

Glyciphagus palmifer, 121 

Glyciphagus platygaster, 121 

Glyciphagus plumiger, 121 

Glyctphagus sciwrus, 121 

Gilyciphagus spinipes, 121 

Goat Moth attacking willows, 113 

Gooseberry Fungus, 48 

Grandilla, insect pest on, 141 

Grasses, insect pest of, 141 

Grease-banding and Winter Moth, 129 

Green Turtle, 172 

Ground garden pests, 32; treatment of, 
32 

Grunts, 172 

Guinea Corn, insect pest of, 141 


H. 


Hzemulon, 172 

Harpalus ruficornis, 19 

Hawksbill Turtle, 172 

Heart and Dart Moth, 7, 83 

Hedya ocellana, 62, 78, 128 

Hippodamia variegata, 93 

Hippo Flies, 144 

Hipponoé esculenta in Barbados, 175 

Holothurians in West Indies, 173 

Homalomyia, 55 

Hoplocampa testudinea, 20, 108 

Hops, pests of, 81 

Horse Chanks, 176 

Horse Worms, 60 

Household Pests, Acarine, 120 

Hover Flies, 79, 114 

Hydrecia micacea on potatoes, 81, 92 

Hydrecia nebris, 83 

Hydrecia nitela, 83 

Hydrocyanic acid gas, fumigation with, 
indoors, 123; under glass, 33; for 
Houseliold Mites, 123; for Larder 
Beetle, 126; under glass for Mealy 
Bug, 112 

Hylesinus piniperda, 135; treatment of, 
136 

Hylobius, 116 

Hylobius abietis, 116 


| Hypomeces squamosus, 138 


Index. 


I, 


Indian Corn, pests of, in West Indies, 
141 

Indian Meal Moth, 124 

Insect Pests of West Indies, 139 

Trodide on Toads in Para, 144 


J. 


Japanese Fruit Scale, 23; on plum, 25 

Jersey, insects on vines in, 73 

Julide in potatoes, 15; destroying 
plants at Downton Castle, 105 

Julus pulchellus, 33, 84, 86, 105 


K. 
“ Knapsack ” Sprayer, 26 


L. 


Labia minor, 119 

Lachnus viminalis, 114 

Lacon murinus, 15 

Lady-bird, 7-spotted, 92 

Lambs, Filariasis in, 128 

Land Bug, on chrysanthemums, 30; 
poisonous, 130 

Larder Beetle, 45, 125 

Lasioderma testacea, 126 

Laverna atra, 64; at Wisbech, 68; at 
Hailsham and Swanley, 128 

Leaf-Cutting Bee, 129 

Leaflets, prepared, for Board of Agri- 
culture, 50; revised and enlarged, 50 

Leaf Miners in melons, 129 

Leaf Weevils, 73 

Leather Jackets, 13 

Lecanium ribis, 23, 120; on plum, 26 

Leuconostoc, 127 

Ligia oceanica, 106 

Lime tree, insect pest of, in West Indies, 
142 

Lobsters, in West Indies, 173 

Locusts, African, 184; machines for 
catching, 166; fungus attacking, 167; 
plants poisonous to, 168; natural 
enemies of, 168 

Locust Plagues, in Sudan, Report on, 


Lyqus contaminatus, 30 
Lygus pratensis, on chrysanthemums, 
30; treatment of, 30 


Lyperosia, 133 


M. 


Macaw Worm, 56 

Maggot Fly, of Natal, 56 

Malpighia, insect on, in Antigua, 142 

Mammalia, 29 

Mango, insects on, in West Indies, 140, 
142 

Mangold, Pigmy Beetle on, 8; Black 
Fly on, 10; Flies (Bibionide) on, 
11; Black Wire Worm in, 49 

Marguerite Fly, 108 

Marine resources, of West Indies, 169; 
Dr. Duerden’s Report on, 172 

Marsh Crane Fly, 94, 98 

Maw Worm, 60 

Mealy Bug, 74; fumigation for, under 
glass, 112 

Megachile Willoughbiella, 129 

Melanocanthus salicis, 114 

Melolontha vulgaris, 12, 92 

Melolonthidx, 12 

M:lons, Leaf-miners in, 129 

Merodon clavipes, 107 

Merodon equestris, 107 

Mesoprion, 172 

Millepedes, 87, 105 

Minor Shoulder Knob Moth, 114 

Modiola, 176 

Moles, poison for, 29 

Moniezia exrpansa, 49 

Monkey-peas, 80 

Mosquito annoyance at Blackheath, 56 

Mugil, 172 

Murex regius, 176 

Muscid larve, attacking roots, 34 

Mussel, edible, in West Indies, 173 

Mussel Scale, 23, 26, 75; further remedy 
for, 26; life-history of, 75; natural 
enemies of, 77; treatment of, 77 

Mustard Beetle, 16 

Mustard pests, 16 

Myiasis, human, 55 

Myriapoda, 15, 105 

Mytilaspis citricola, at Monte Video, 
133 

Mytilaspis pomorum, 23, 26, 75 

Mytilus exustus, 173 


N. 


Yapomyza lateralis, 108 
per Fly, 107 
Nectria ditissima, 29 
Nematus oe 37 
Nematus pavidus, 37 


| Nyssa zonaria, 21 


190 


0. 


Oats, eelworm in, 3 

Oats, Frit Fly on, 4 

Ochromyia, 55 

Ochromyia anthropophaga, 56 

Ocyurus chrysurus, 172 

Omaseus vulgaris, 19 

Oniscus asellus, 106 

Orange pests, West Indies, 140, 142 

Orange trees in Monte Video, attacked 
by scale, 183; pests in Grenada, 142 

Orchid houses, insects in, 109 

Oribatide, 77 

Oribata globata, 77 

Oribata orbicularis, 77 

Oscinis frit, 4 

Oscinis vastator, 4 

Osier plants, insect galls on, 37; insects 
on, 114 

Ostrea parasitica, 173 

Oyster-shell Bark Louse, 25, 75 

Oysters in West Indies, 173; pearl in 
Ceylon, 176 

Oxyuris curvula, 60 


le 


Pachyrrhina maculosa, 13, 99 

Pachyrrhina quadrifarsa, 13, 101 

Palm seeds, pest on, 142 

Paraffin emulsion, 25, 27, 28, 134 

Paris Green, 7 

Peach Aphis, 28 

Peach pest, in West Indies, 140 

Pear Midge, 22; at Guestling, etc., 128 

Pear-leaf Blister Mite, 79 

Pear Sawfly, 21, 72 

Pearl Fisheries, Ceylon, 174; abstract 
of Report on, 176 

Pecten ziczag, 173 

Penthina pruniana, 68 

Phaedon betulae, 16 

Phalacrus, 5, 80 

Phalacrus corruscus, 80 

Phalacrus penicillatus, 80 

Phalacrus politus, 80 

Philoscia Couchii, 106 

Phora formicarum, 31 

Phorbia brassicx, 34 

Phygalia pilosaria, 21 

Phyllobius, 73 

Phyllobius viridaris, 73 

Phyllopertha horticola, 12 

Phytochoris pabulinus, 30 

Phytomyza, 129 

Phytoptid disease, new, in Violas, 106 

Pigeon pea bush, pest on, in West Indies, 
142 


Index. 


Pigeon peas (dried), pest in, 142 

Pigmy Mangold Beetle, 8, 11 

Pigmy Potato Beetle, 84 

Pineapples, scale on, 135 

Pine Beetle, 135; treatment for, 136 

Pissodes notatus, 116 

Pith Moth, 68; at Wisbech, 73; at 
Hailsham and Swanley, 128; preven- 
tive measures, 71 

Plodia interpunctella, 124 

Plum Maggot, Red, 128 

Poison Baits, 7 

Polydesmus complanatus, 32, 105 

Pomegranate Pests, of West Indies, 140 

Pony Flies, 133 

Poplar Sawfly, 37 

Porcellio scaber, 105 

Potatoes, Myriapoda in, 15, 87; Wire 
Worm in, 15; A new potato feeder 
(Euchelia jacobex), 16; The Rosy 
Rustic (Hydrecia micacea), 81; Sur- 
face Larve, 83; Pigmy Potato Beetle, 
84; Millepedes, attacking, 87 

Potato pests, 15, 81 

Psila rosz, 105 

Psocidex, on vines, 74 

Psylla mali, 26 

Pterostichus vulgaris, 92 

Puccinia pringsheimiana, 48 

Pulvinaria ribesii, 33, 129 

Purple Apple Weevil, 20 

Pyrochroa serraticornis, 92 

Pyrulla carnaria, 176 


R. 


Rat Flea and connection with plague, 
144 

Red Plum Maggot, 128 

Red Spider, killed by gas treatment, 33 

Resin Wash, 25, 134 

Rhizotrogus solstitialis, 12 

Rhynchites baccus, 20 

Rhynchites cupreus, 20 

Rice Weevil, 46 

Root Crop Pests, 6, 93 

Rose Chafer, 13 

Rosy Rustic, attacking potatoes, 81, 92 


8. 


St. Alban’s Cathedral, Anobiwm in, 123 
San José Scale, 23 

Sarcophagus magnifica, 55 

Sarcophila, 55 

Sarcoptes levis, 61 

Sarperda carcharias, 36 

Sawfly, on poplar, 37; on willows, 37 


Index. 


Scale Disease and False Scale amongst 
fruit trees, 22; treatment of affected 
trees, 134 

Scale Insects, on plum trees, 25; on 
orange trees at Monte Video, 133; on 

ineapples, 135; washes for, 25 
izoneura fodiens, 109 

Schizoneura lanuginosa, on elm, 114 

Sclerostomum equinum, 60 

Sclerostomum rubrum, 60 

Sclerostomum tetracanthum, 60 

Scolopendridx, 15, 32 

Scolytidx, attacking coffee berries, 138 

Screw Worms, in human beings, 131 ; 
in cattle in St. Lucia, 132 

Scymnus discoideus, 40 

Sea Eggs in Barbados, 173 

“ Segging,” 3 

Senegal iy, 56 

Septaria ribis, 47 

Sericulture, Works on, 129 

Sheep, Tapeworms in, 49, 144 

Shrimps in West Indies, 173 

Silks, 172 

Silpha atrata, 6 

Silpha opaca, 6 

Silpha rugosa on turnips, 6 

Siphida, 6 

Siphocoryne caprex, 114 

Sirex Flies in tir trees, 36 

Sirex gigas, 36 

Sirex juvencus, 36 

Slug Worms, 21 

Smut in barley, 5 

Snappers, 172 

Snook, 172 

Solanum melongena, pests on, in West 
Indies, 142 

“ Soldiers and Sailors,” 92 

Sponges, in West Indies, ete., 179 

Spotted Crane Fly, 99 

Sprayers, 26 

Springtails, 110 

Spruce Gall Aphis, 118 

Stachia geometrica on coffee berries, 138 

Steropus mandidus, 19, 92 

Stichophus, 173 

meee goods, pests on, in West Indies, 
142 

Strawberry Beetles, 19 

Stripei-abdomen Crane Fly, 94, 98 

Subcoccinella, 93 

Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata, 93 

Subterranean Insects, destruction of, 32 

Sudan, Termites in, 158; Locust plagues 
in, 164 

Sugar cane, insects injurious to, in West 

dies, 139, 141 

Summer Chafer, 12 


IgI 


“ Suran” pearl-oyster pest, 176 

Surface larvae, on turnips, 7, 83 

Syrphidaw, 79, 114 

Syrphus grossularix#, 79 

Syrphus ribesii, 79 

ice potatoes, pests on, in West Indies, 
4 


a 
Tamarind, pests on, in West Indies, 142 
Tannia, pest on, in West Indies, 142 
Tapestry Moth, 43 
Tapeworms, in sheep, 49; in bile duct 
of sheep in Transvaal, 144 
Telephorus bicolor, 92 
Telephorus rusticus, 92 
Teredo chlorotica, 144 
Teredo dilatata, 143 
Teredo dorsalis, 144 
Teredo megotara, 143 
Teredo navalis, 144 
Teredo norvegica, 144 
Teredo nucivora, 144 
Teredos and Canadian timber, 143 
Termites, in Sudan, 155; Report on, to 
Foreign Office, 158; damage caused 
by, 159; methods of prevention and 
remedies, 160 
Tetranychus telarius, 74 
Thymol, use of, for Horse Worms, 60 
Thysanoptera (Haliday’s types), 129 
Ticks on toads in Para, 144; on swifts 
144 
Tinea pellionella, 43 
Tinea trapetzella, 43 
Tincola biselliella, 43, 128 
Tipula lateralis, 94, 98 
Tipula oleracea, 13, 94, 96 
ipula paludosa, 94, 98 
Tipulidw, injurious, 13, 94; natural 
enemies of, 101; preventive and 
remedial measures for, 103 
Trapping, for Wire Worm, 33 
Trepang, in West Indies, 173 
Trichophaga tapetzella, 43 
Trigger Fish, 177 
Tropidiurus dentatus, 172 
Trygon warnak, 177 
Trypeba pomonel/a, 21 
Tsetse-fly in Gambia, 144; and Buffalo, 
correspondence, 147 
Tulip root, in oats, 3 
Turbinella pyrum, 176 
Turnip Moth pia ry segetis), 7 


Turnips, Silpha rugosa on, 6; cater- 

pillars on, 7; Cabbage Aphis on, 93 
Turtles in West Indies, rs. of, 172 
Tylenchus devastatrizx, 3 


ale 


x4 


192 


U. 


Ustilago nuda, 5 
Ustilayo jensenii, 5 


W 


Vines, insects on, in Jersey, 73 


Ww 


Washes, for scale insects, 25; general 
wash for fruit trees, 28 

Webbing Clothes Moth, 43 

Weevils amongst stored corn, 46; treat- 
ment of, 47; defoliating rubber, 138 ; 
Leaf, 73 

West Indies, insect pests of, 139 

White Ants in Sudan, 155 

White Grubs in cabbage, 34; prevention 
and treatment of, 34 

Willow Aphides, 114 

Willow Beetle, 36 

Winter Moth, 21; at Swanley, 128 

Willows, attacked by Goat Moth, 113; 
Sawfly larve on, 37; insects on, 114 


Index. 


Winter washing of fruit trees, 28 

Wire Worm in potatoes, 15 

Wood Leopard Moth, 128 

Wood Lice, killed by gas treatment, 33 ; 
in hops, 80; in gardens, 105 

Woodpeckers, 123 

Wood, pests on, in West Indies, 142 

Wood Wasps, 36 

Woolly Pyrol, insect pest on, at Barba- 
dos, 142 


X. 


Xestobium tessellatum, 41 
Xylophaga fimbriata, 144 
Xylophaga bipinnata, 144 


a 
Yellow Spotted Crane Fly, 13, 99 
Yellow-tail Fish, 172 

Z. 


Zeuzera xsculi, 128 
Zygoneura, 110 
Zygoneura sciarina, 110 


LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, 
DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. 


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