Full text of "Fishes"
THE GIFT OF
FLORENCE V. V. DICKEY
TO THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES
THE DONALD R. DICKEY
LIBRARY
OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
EK
BS//, ^LOSANCELfx^ JNtUBRARYO/
LIBRARY^
BRARi
THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,
INCLUDING
CEYLON AND BUKMA.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.
EDITED BY W. T. BLASFOKD.
FISHES. Vol. I.
BY
FRANCIS DAY, C.I.E., LL.D V ETC.,
DEPUTY SURGEON- GENERAL MADRAS ARMY (RETIRED).
LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
CALCUTTA : BOMBAY :
THACKEB, 8PIXK, & CO. | THACKER & CO., LIMITED.
BERLIN :
R. FRIEDLANDER & BOHN, H CARLSTRASSE.
1889.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
BED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
wt
INTRODUCTION.*'
THE present work is chiefly an abridgment of the author's
' Fishes of India/ published in 1876-78. Several additions
and alterations have been made, most of which were pub-
lished in 1888, in a Supplement to the work just mentioned.
The synonymy, having been already quoted in full, has not
been repeated in these volumes, but under each species will
be found a reference to the original specific description, and
to the page in the ' Fishes of India ' where full details are
given. The illustrations in the present work are, with very
few exceptions, copies of those in the ' Fishes of India/
The state of Dr. Day's health has unfortunately prevented
him from correcting the proofs of the present publication
beyond the middle of the first volume, and it is probable
that some mistakes or omissions may have escaped detection
in consequence. The manuscript of the work had been
prepared before the author's health gave way; but some
additional compression was required, and this the editor
Las carried out to the best of his ability.
The limits of the area of which the freshwater fauna is here
IV INTRODUCTION.
described have been already defined in the Introduction to
the volume of Mammals belonging to the same series (' The
Fauna of British India'), and are those of British India
and its dependencies, such as Burma, the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Manipur, Nepal, Kashmir, Baluchistan, &c.,
together with Ceylon. The marine fishes included are all
known to inhabit the seas around British India.
ABBREVIATIONS.
I. FINS.
D. Dorsal : the fin or fins along the back. The numerals following the letter
in this and other fins indicate the number of fin-rays of various kinds.
Numerals separated by a horizontal line signify variation in the
number; an oblique line indicates a distinction into two different kinds
of rays, the anterior being generally spines or unbranched rays, the
posterior branched rays ; a vertical line implies that the numbers on
the two sides of it refer to two distinct dorsal fins. The first number
or numbers refer to anterior fins or rays.
Thus D. 7-8 | 1/10-12 means that there are two dorsal fins, the first
consisting of 7 or 8 rays all of one kind (probably spines), the second
of one ray at the commencement, or anterior end, of the fin of one
kind (spine), followed by from 10 to 12 rays of another kind (branched
rays).
A. Anal : the fin (occasionally, but not often, more than one) along the
lower border of the body behind the vent. This, like the dorsal, is
often composed partly of unbranched rays or spines, partly of branched
rays.
C. Caudal : the fin at the end of the tail.
The above are known as vertical fins.
P. Pectoral fins, one on each side, inserted immediately behind the gill-open-
ing. They are homologous with the fore limbs in other Vertebrata.
V. Ventral fins, one on each side, very rarely united, inserted lower on
the body than the pectoral fins, and known as abdominal if situated
ABBREVIATIONS.
behind the pectorals, thoracic if below them, jugular if before them in
position. The ventrals correspond to the hind limbs of Batrachians,
Eeptiles, Birds, and Mammals.
The ventrals and pectorals are called paired or horizontal fins.
II. OTHER PAETS OF THE BODY.
B. Branchiostegal rays (see cut of Perch's head on p. vii). Bony rays sup-
porting the membrane within the gill-cover that serves to close the
gill-opening. They are attached to the lower portion of the hyoid arch.
L. 1. Lateral line : a series of perforated scales running along each side in
most Teleostean fishes, and generally conspicuous. The numeral re-
presents the number of scales in the lateral line ; two numerals with a
horizontal line between represent the known extremes of variation: thus
L. 1. 50-55 means that the number of scales on the lateral line is
known to vary from fifty to fifty-five.
L. r. The number of transverse rows of scales between the head and caudal
fin. When two numerals are given, thus 88/66, the first represents
the number of scales above the lateral line, the second that below.
When three numbers are given, as 50/48/45, the second figure enume-
rates the scales on the lateral line, the first those above, and the third
those below.
L. tr. The number of longitudinal rows of scales between the back and
abdomen, usually counted, unless some other part of the side is specified,
from the anterior end of the dorsal fin to the ventral.
Caec. pyl. or C. p. Pyloric caeca or pyloric appendages ; sacs attached to the
duodenum. They may be seen, on opening a fish, just beyond the
pyloric end of the stomach.
Vert. Yertebrae. The first numeral signifies abdominal, the second caudal
vertebrae. Thus Vert. 10/14 implies 10 abdominal vertebras, 14 caudal.
The abdominal vertebras are those between the head and the point of
suspension of the anal fin; the majority support ribs, and in none do the
parapophyses or processes, one attached low down on each side, unite
below to form a haemal spine. The caudal vertebrae have a haemal spine
below corresponding to the neural spine above.
ABBREVIATIONS.
Vll
The terms applied to the head-bones are largely used in descriptions of
Acanthopterygians. The accompanying woodcut, representing the skeleton of
a Perch's head, and copied from Cuvier and Valenciennes's great work on
Fishes, shows the position and names of the principal bones affording generic
and specific characters.
Skeleton of Head of a Perch.
/, frontal.
t, turbinal.
po, preorbital.
io, infraorbital ring.
mx, maxillary.
pmx, premaxillary.
m, mandible.
of, dentary bone.
pt, posttyrnpanic.
s, suprascapula.
o, opercle.
so, subopercle.
pr, preopercle.
iop, interopercle.
br, branch iostegal rays.
There are a few other words of frequent use in descriptions of Fishes that
require explanation.
Pscudobranchi(g are a series of lamince attached, in many Teleostean fishes, to
the inside of the gill-cover opposite the gills, and are the remains of a
Via AIHJBEVIATIONS.
gill which was functional during embryonic 'life. Whenever present,
they may be detected by turning back the gill-cover. In Chondroptery-
gian fishes the pseudobranchiaj are differently situated, within the
spiracles.
Gill-rakers. Horny processes on the inside of the branchial arches or bony
supports to the gills.
Lower pharyngeal bones. The dwarfed fifth pair of branchial arches ; the 4
anterior pairs bearing gills. These bones often support teeth.
hthnms. The small space beneath the throat between the two gill-openings.
Teeth. There are several kinds of teeth in fishes. Those of the tipper jaw are
borne by the premaxillarybones.Hhere being no teeth in the maxillaries;
the lower-jaw teeth are attached to the dentary bone of the mandible.
Besides these, teeth (watering) are often found on the vomer situated in
the middle of the roof of the mouth, articulating on each side in front
with the maxillary bones, and behind on each side with the palatines,
which aleo bear teeth in many fishes. Teeth likewise occur on other
bones of the skull or hyoid apparatus, or on the tongue. Villiform
teeth are very fine conical teeth arranged in a band ; cardiform teeth
are coarser or mixed with coarser teeth.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Subclass i
Group Zygee-nina.
4. Zygaena, Cuv.
CHONDROPTERYGII . .
1. blochii, Cuv
2. malleus, Shaw . .
22
99
3. tudes, Vol. .
Order PL AGIOSTOM ATA . .
3
4. mokarran, Hit pp. . .
23
Suborder Selachoidei
3
Group Mustelina
5. Mustelus, Cuv
?,3
1. manazo, Sleeker
Group Carchariina.
6. Trisenodon, Miill. $ Henle
1. obtusus, Day .
24
1. Carcharias, Mull. # Henk.
1. laticaudus, Milll. $
Henk
7
9
Fam. LAMNTD.S:
1. Lamna, Cuv.
25
2. acutus, Hupp
10
1. spallanzanii (Bonap.) . .
26
3. walbeehmi, Bkeker . . . .
10
2. Odontaspis, Agass
27
4. miilleri, MW. $ Henle
5 acutidens. Rilpp
11
11
1 . tricuspidatus (Day) ....
3. Alopias, Safin,
27
98
6. macloti, MW. $ Henle
7. hemiodon,M^/. # Henle
8 sorrah Miill 8f Henk
12
12
12
1. yulpes (Gmel.)
Fam. KHINODONTIDJE
28
9. dussumieri, Mull.Sf Henle
13
1. Rhinodon, Smith
90
10. gangeticus, Mutt, fy
1. typicus, Smith .... . .
99
Henle . .
13
11. melanopterus, Quoy 8f
Fam. NOTIDANID;E ....
99
Gaim
14
1. Notidanus, Cuv
99
12. bleekeri, Dumertl ....
15
1 ">
1 . indicus, Agass
30
14. murrayi, Giinther ....
16
Fam SCYLLIID^E
30
15. memsorrah,Miill.fyHenle
16
17
1 Scyllium, Cuv. . .
30
17. temminckii, Miitt. fy
Henk . ...
17
1. marmoratum, Bennett. .
2. capense,AfM#. SfHenle. .
31
31
2. Hemigaleus, Sleeker
18
18
2. Ginglymostoma, Miitt. 8f
Henk
3. Galeocerdo, Miill. $ Henk
1 rayneri. McDonald &
19
1. concolor (Riipp.)
2 miilleri, Giinther
32
S3
90
3. Stegostoma, Miitt. $ Henk
33
2 tiTinu3 Miltt 8f Henk
21
1 tigrinum (Gmel.). .
33
b
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
4. Chiloscyllium, Mull. $
Henle 34
1. indicuiu (Gmel.) 34
Suborder Batoidei 35
Fam. PIUSTIDJE 36
1. PristiSjJM 37
1. cuspidatus, Lath 37
2. perrotteti, Miitt. % Henle 38
3. zysron, Sleeker 38
4. pectinatus, Lath 39
Fam. RHINOBATID,*: 39
1. Rhyncbobatus, Mull. Sf
Henle 40
1. djeddensis (Forth.) .. 40
2. ancylostomus (Bl. Schn.) 41
2. Rhinobatus, SI. Schn 42
1. granulatus, Cuv 42
2. hakvi (Forsk.) 43
3. thouini (Lacep.) 44
4. columnae, Bonap 44
Fam. TORPKDINID^: 44
1. Narcine, Henle 45
1. timlei (SI. Schn.) 45
2. Astrape, Mull. Sf Henle . . 46
1. dipterygia (SI. Schn.).. 46
Fam.
47
1. Platyrhina, Mil II. Sf Rente 47
1. schonleinii, Mull, fy
Henk .............. 47
Fam.
48
48
48
1. Urogymnus, Mull. Sf Henle
1. asperrimus (Bl. Schn.). .
2. Trygon, Adanson ........ 49
1. sephen (Forsk.) ...... 50
2. beiinetti, Mutt. Sf Henk 52
3. kuhlii, Miitt. Sf Henle . 62
4. imbricata (SI. Schn.) . 52
5. zugei, Mutt. Sf Henle 62
6. uarnak (Forsk.) ____ 53
7. marginatus, Blyth . . 54
8. bleekeri, Blyth ...... 54
9. walga, MM. $ Henle 55
3. Teeniura, Miitt. $ Henle 55
1. melanospilos, Sleeker 56
4. Pteroplatea, Mull. Sf Henle 56
1. micrura (Bl. Schn.) ____ 56
lymna, Forsk ......... 56
Page
Fam. MYLIOBATID^; ........ 57
1. Myliobatis, Cuv ......... 58
1. nieuhofii (Bl. Schn.) . . 58
2. maculata, Gray Sf
Hardw ............. 59
vespertilio, Sleeker .... 59
2. Aetobatis, Milll. $ Henle. . 59
1. narinari (Euphrasen) . . 59
3. Rhinoptera, Kuhl ........ 60
1. adspersa, Mull. Henle 61
2. javanica, Mull Sf Henle 61
4. Dicerobatis, filainv ....... 61
1. eregoodoo Cantor ...... 62
2. kuhlii (MM. Sf Henle) . . 63
Subclass TELEOSTEI .... 64
Order PHYSOSTOMI, Mull. 66
Fam. STHBBAKCHIDJI ...... 67
Group Amphipnina.
1. Amphipnous, Mull ....... 68
1. cuchia (Ham. Such.) . . 69
Group Symbranchina.
2. Monopterus, Lacep ....... 70
1. javanensis, Lacep ..... 70
3. Symbranchus, Block ...... 71
1. bengalensis (McCM.) . . 71
Fam. KfUBJHNma .......... 72
Group Murcenida Engyschisttc.
1. Mursena, Artedi .......... 74-
1. meleagris, Shaiv ...... 76
2. tile (Ham. Such.) ____ 76
3. sathete (Ham. Such.) . . 77
4. punctata (SI. Schn.) . . 77
5. rueppellii (McClell.) . . 77
6. reticularis (Sfoch) ____ 78
7. punctatofasciata (Sleek.) 78
8. tessellata, Richardson . . 78
9. fimbriata, Bennett ____ 79
10. pseudothyrsoidea, Sleek. 79
11. undulata (Lacep.) ____ 80
12. flavimarginata, liiipp.. . 80
13. afra(jKocA) .......... 80
14. macrura, Sleeker ...... 81
15. thyrsoidea, .Richardson . 81
1C., picta, AM ............ 82
17. zebra (Shaw) ........ 82
18. nebulosa, Alii ........ 83
19. polyzona, Richardson . . 83
20. nigra, Day .......... 84
2. Gymnomuraena, Lace"p. . . 84
1. tigrina (Lesson) ...... 84
2. marmorata, Lacep ..... 85
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
Group Mmtmidm Platyschista.
3. Anguilla, Ouv 86
1. bengalensis (Gray fy
Hardw.) 86
2. bicolor, Mcdett 87
4. Congromuraena, Kaup .... 88
1 . anago ( Te mm. $ Schleg.) 88
o. Uroconger, Kaup 89
1. lepturus (Richardson). . 89
(5. Muramesox, McClett 90
1. talabou (Cuv.) 90
2. talabonoides (Meeker) . 91
3. cinereus (Forsk.) 91
7. Saurenchelys, Peters 92
1. peterei, Day 92
8. Mureenichthys^eAer. ... 92
1. schnitzel, Sleeker 98
2. vermiforruis (Peters) . . 93
9. Ophichthys, AM 94
1. boro (Ham. Buck.) 94
2. microcephalus, Day .... 95
3. colubrinus (Boddaert). . 96
4. orientalis (McClell.) .. 96
5. ornatissimus (Kaup) . . 97
10. Moringua, Gray 97
1. raitaborua (Ham. Such.) 98
2. macrocephala (Sleeker) 98
Fam. SILUHID^S
Group Hypostomatina.
1. Sisor, Ham. Such 105
1. rhabdophorus, Ham.
Such 105
2. Pseudecheneis, Blyth 100
1. sulcatus (Medea.) .... 107
3. Exostoraa, Blyth 108
1. labiatum (McClett.) . ... 108
2. blythii, Day 109
3. berdmorei, Blyth 109
4. stoliczkaj, Day 110
Group Chacina.
4. Chaca, Guv. $ Vol. Ill
1. lophioides, Cuv. $ Vol. Ill
Group Plotosina.
5. Plotosus, Laccp 112
1. camus, Ham. Such 113
2. arab (Forsk.) 113
Group Clariina.
('). Clarias, Gronovius 114
1. magur (Ham. Such.) . . 115
Page
2. teysiuanni, Sleeker .... 116
3. dussumieri, Cuv. $ Vol. 117
4. assamensis, Day 117
Group Silurina,
7. Silurus, Artedi 118
1. wynaadensis, Day .... 119
2. afghana, Giinther 119
3. cochinchinensis, Cuv. 8f
Val 120
8. Olyra, McdeU 120
1. longicaudata, McClell. 121
2. burmauica, Day 121
3. laticeps, McClell 122
9. Aniblyceps, Blyth 122
1. mangois (Ham. Such.) 123
10. Saccobranchus,Ct;.#Fa. 124
1. microps, Giinther 126
2. fossilis (Bloch) 125
11. Wallago, Sleeker 126
1. attu (SI. Schn.) 126
12. Eutropiichthys, Sleeker . . 127
1. vacha (Ham. Such.) . . 128
13. Callichrous, Ham. Such. 129
1. gangeticus (Peters) 130
2. sindensis, Day 130
3. bimaculatus (Bloch) . . 131
4. pabo (Ham. Such.) 132
5. macroplithalmus (Blyth) 132
6. malabaricus (Cuv. fy
Val.) 133
7. pabda (Ham. Such.) .. 133
14. Ailia, Gray 134
1. coila (Ham. Such.). ... 134
15. Ailiiclithys, Day 135
1. punctatus, Day 135
16. Pseudeutropius, Sleeker. . 136
1. goongwaree (Sykes) .... 137
2. taakiee (Sykes) 138
3. acutirostris, Day 139
4. murius (Ham. Such.) . . 139
5. sykesii (Jerdon) 140
6. atherinoides (Bloch) .. 141
7. garua (Ham. Such.) . . 141
17. Pangasius, Cuv. $ Val. . . 142
1. buchanani, Cuv. 8f Val. 142
18. Silundia, Cuv. 8f Val. . . . . 144
1 . sykesii, Day 144
2. gangetica, Cuv. # Val 145
19. Macrones, Dumeril 146
1. cbryseus (Day) 148
2. aor (Ham. Buch.) .... 149
3. seenghala (Sykes) .... 150
4. blythii, Day 151
5. gulio (Ham. Such.) . . 151
6. punctatus (Jerdon) .... 153
xii
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
7. corsula (Ham. Such.) . . 153
8. microphthalmus, Day . . 154
28. Glyptosternum, McC'lell. 1^5
1. lonah (Sykes) . . . 196
9. cavaaius (Ham. Such.) 165
10. tengara (Ham. Such.) . . 156
11. oculatus (Cuv. iff Vol.} 156
12 vittatus (Sloch) 157
2. trilineatxmi (Slyth) 197
3. conirostre, Steindachner 198
4. botium (Ham. Such.) . . 198
5 telchitta (Ham Such ) 199
13. leucophasis (Blyth) 158
14. montanus (Jerdon) .... 159
15. keletius (Cuv. $ Vol.) . . 160
16. malabaricus (Jerdon) . . 160
17. armatus (Day) 161
18. bleekeri, Day 162
6. striatum, Me Clef 1. 200
7. inadraspatanum, Day . . 200
8. pectinopterum, McClell. 201
9. cavia (Ham. Such.) . . 202
29. Euglyptosternum, Sleeker 202
1. lineatum Day 20 9
20. Liocassis, Sleeker 162
30. Erethistes, Miill. $ Trosch ^03
1. rama (Ham. Such.) ... 163
2. fluviatilis, Day 164
21. Rita, Sleeker 164
1. buchanani, Sleeker . . . 165
1. hara (Ham. Such.) 204
2. conta (Ham. Such.) . . 205
3. jerdoni (Day) 206
4. elongatus (Day) 207
2. pavimenta (Fa/.) 167
31. Gao-ata, Sleeker . . 207
3 chrysea, Day . . 167
1 cenia (Ham Such ) y 08
4. hastata ( Val.) 168
2. itchkeea (Sykes) ' 209
22. Arius, Day 169
3. batasio (Ham Such ) ^09
1. burmanicus, Day 173
2. nenga (Ham. Such.) . . 173
4. tengana(/fam. Such.). . 210
32. Nangra, Day 210
3. cfelatus, Cuv. $ Vol. . . 174
4. acutirostris, Day 175
5. sumatranus (Sennett) . . 176
6. venosus, Cuv. $ Vol. . . 176
1. buchanani, Day 211
2. punctata, Day 212
3. vmdescens(Ham.Buch.) 212
Fam CYPRINID^E ^13
8. subrostratus, Cuv. $Val. 178
Subfam. Cobitidinte . . 214
9. sagor (Ham. Such. ) 178
10 sona (Ham Such ) 179
1 Botia, Gray . 215
11. serratus, Day 180
1. nebulosa, Slyth 216
12. thalassinus (Riipp.) 181
13 buchanani, Day 181
2. dario (Ham. Such.) . . 216
3. geto (Ham. Such.) . . 216
14 falcatus Richardson 182
4. almorhse, Gray , 217
15. malabaricus, Day 183
o. berdmorei (Slyth) 217
16 platystomus, Day . 183
6. histrionica, Slyth 218
17. nelkCCwv.^FO .... 184
18. macronotacanthus,
Sleeker 184
19. gagora (Ham. Such.). . 185
20. jatius (Ham. Such.) . . 186
2. Acanthopsis, v. Hasselt .. 218
1. choerorhynchus, Sleeker 218
3. Somileptes, Swainsan 219
1. gongota (Ham. Such.) . 219
4. Lepidocephalichthys,
Sleeker . 2'>0
22 jella Day 187
1. gun tea (Ham Such ) 20
23. dussunrieri, Cuv. Sf Val. 188
23 Ketengus, Sleeker ... . 188
balgara 221
2. thermalis (Cuv. fy Val.) . 221
1. typus, Sleeker 189
24. Osteogeniosus, Bkeker . . 189
1. militaris (Linn.) . . 190
3. berdmorei (Slyth) 221
5. Acanthophthalmus. v. Has-
selt .'. .. 22 ; >
2. sthenocephalus, Day . . 191
25 Batrachocephalus, Sleeker 191
1. pangia (Ham. Such.) . . 222
6. Apua, Blyth . . . ^22
1 mino (Ham. Such.) . . 192
1. fusca, Slyth . ... 223
26. Akysis, Sleeker 192
1 pictus, Gunther 193
7. Jerdonia, Day 223
1. maculata (Day} 223
27. Bagarius, Sleeker 193
l.ynne\\n(Ham. Such.).. 194
8. Nemachilichthvs, Day .. 223
1 . rueppelli (Sykes) 224
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
9. Nemachilu?, v. Hasselt . . 224
1.. eyezardi, Day 226
2. pavonaceus(JfcC'/eW.). . 226
3. rubidipinnis (Blyth) . . 226
4. botius (Ham. Buck.) . . 227
5. monoceros (McClell.) . . 227
0. pulchellus, Day 228
7. sinuatus, Day 228
8. guentheri, Day 228
9. semiarmatus, Day .... 229
10. corica (Ham. Buck.} . . 229
11. rupicola (McClell.) 229
12. niontanus (Me CM.) . . 2:30
13. striatus, Day 231
14. nmltifasciatus, Day 231
15. denisonii, Day. : 231
16. notostigma, Meeker 232
17. zonalternans (Blyth) . . 232
18. ladacensis, Giinther 232
19. zonatus (McClell.) 233
20. cincticauda (Blyth) .... 233
21. triangularis, Day 234
22. savona (Ham. Buck.). . 234
23. beavani, Giinther 234
24. spilopterus (Cuv.fyFal.) 235
25. marmoratus (Heckel) . . 235
26. stoliczkse (Steindachner) 235
27. blytbii, Day 236
28. butanensis (McClett.) . . 236
29. gracilis, Day 237
30. turio (Ham. Such.) . . 237
31. guttatus (McClell.) .... 237
Subfam. Cyprinina 238
1. Ilomaloptera, v. Hasselt. . 242
1. brucei (Gray $ Hurdw.) 243
2. maculata (Gi'uy <$'
Hardw.) 243
:}. bilineata, Blyth 244
2. Psilorhynchus, McClell. . . 244
1. balitora (Ham. Buch.) . 244
3. Discognatbus, Heckel 245
1. lamta (Ham. Buch.) . . 246
2. jerdoni, Day 247
:;. inodestus (Day) 247
4. Oreinus, McClell 248
1. sinuatus (Heckel) 248
2. ricbardsonii ( Gray fy
Hardw.) 250
3. plagiostomus (Heckel) . . 250
5. Schizopygopsis, Stcind. . . 251
1. stoliczkje, Steind 251
6. Schizothorax, Heckel 252
1. progastus (McClell.) . . 253
2. esocinus, Heckel 254
Page
7. Ptychobarbus, Steind 254
I. conirostris, Steind 254
8. Diptychus, Steind 255
1. maculatus, Steind 255
9. Labeo, Cuvier 256
1. nandina (Ham.Buch.). . 258
2. firobriatus (Bloch) 258
3. nigrescens, Day 259
4. calbasu (Ham. Buch.) . . 259
5. stoliczkse, Steind 260
6. gonius (Ham. Buch.) . . 261
7. dussumieri(C'wv.# Val.) 202
8. rohita (Ham. Buch.) . . 262
9. porcellus (Heckel) .... 263
10. potail (Sykes) 264
II. kontius (Jerdon) 264
12. caeruleus, Day 265
13. diplostoraus (Heckel) . . 265
14. dyochilus (McClell.) .. 266
15. pangusia (Ham. Buch.) . 266
16. angra (Ham. Buch.) . . 267
17. bata (Ham. Buch.) .... 268
18. microphthalmus, Day. . 268
' 19. boggut (Sykes) 269
20. boga (Ham. Buch.). ... 269
21. nukta (Sykes) 270
22. nigripinnis, Day 271
23. sindensis (Day) 271
24. ariza (Buchanan) 272
25. kawrus (Sykes) 272
10. Osteockilus, Giinther 273
l.chalybeatus(CHV.#Fa/.) 273
2. neilli (Day) 274
3. cephalus (Cm. $ Val.) . 275
11. Dangila, Cuv. Sf Val 275
1. burmanica, Day 275
2. berdmorei, Blyth 276
12. Cirrbina, Cuvier 277
1 . cirrhosa (Bloch) 277
2. mrigala (Ham. Buch.) . 278
3. latia (Ham. Buch.) 279
4. reba (Ham. Buch.) 279
5. fuluugee (Sykes) 280
13. Semiplotus, Bleeker 281
1. inodestus, Day 281
2. mcclellandi, Bkeker . . 281
Carassius, Nilsson 283
auratus (Linn.) 283
14. Scaphiodou, Heckel 283
1. watsoni, Day 284
2. irregularis, Day 284
3. thomassi, Day 285
4. nasbii (Day) 285
6. brevidorsalis (Day) 286
15. Catla, Cuv. Sf Val 287
1. buchanani, Cuv. $ Val. . 287
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
16. Thynnichthys, Meeker . . 288
1. sandkhol (Sykes) 289
17. Amblypharyng<>dou,Z?fce/c. 290
1. atkinsonii (Blyth) .... 290
2. inola (Ham. Buch.) . . 291
3. microlepis (Sleeker) . . 291
4. melettina (Cuv. Sf Val.) . 292
18. Matsya, Day 292
1. argentea (Tickett) 293
19. Barbus, Cuv. $ Val 293
a. Barbodes 299
1. chagunio (Ham. Bmh.) 299
2. clavatu.s, McClell. 300
3. sarana (Ham. Buck.) . . 300
4. chrvsopoma, Cuv. &
Val. 301
5. pinnauratus (Day) .... 301
0. pleurotsema (Bleeker).. 302
7. goniosoraa (Bleeker) . . 302
8. roseipinnis, Cue. $ Val 303
9. dubius (Day) 303
10. micropogon, Cuv. # Val. 304
11. chilinoides, McClell. . . 304
12. carnaticus, Jerdon .... 305
13. hexagonolepis, McClell. . 305
14. dukai, Day 306
15. tor (Ham. Buck.) 307
16. hexastichus, McClell. . . 308
17. bovanicus, Day 308
18. sophore (Ham. Buck.) . 309
19. stracheyi, Day 309
20. curmuca (Buchanan) . . 310
21. lithopidos, Day 310
22. thomassi, Day 311
23. spinulosus, McClell. . . 311
24. pulchellus, Day 311
25. dobsoni, Day 312
26. jerdoni, Day 312
27. 'wynaadensis, Day 313
28. stevensoni, Day 313
29. neilli, Day 314
30. malabaricus, Jerdon .... 314
31. iimominatus, Day 315
32. compressus, Day 315
33. blvthii, Day 315
34. melanampyx (Day) 316
b. Capoeta 316
35. macrolepidotus (Cuv. fy
Val.) 316
36. chola (Ham. Buck.) . . 317
37. parrah (Day) 317
38. burmanicus, Day 318
39. tetrarupagus (McClell.) . 318
40. dorsalis (Jerdon) 319
41. kolus, Sykes 319
42. denisonii (Day) 320
43. melanostigma, Day ____
44. arenatus, Day ........
45. puckelii (Day) ........
46. aniphibius (Cue. # Val.)
47. arulius (Jerdon) ......
48. mahecola (Cuv. Sf Val.).
c. Puntius ............
49. apogon, Cuv. $ Val. . .
50. anibassis, Day ........
51. cor\ckomus(Ham.Buch.)
52. ticto (Ham. Buch.) ____
53. stoliczkanus, Day ....
54. punctatus (Day) ......
55. gelius (Ham. Buch.) . .
56. phutunio (Ham. Buch.)
57. cumiugii, Giinther ....
58. nigrofasciatus, Giinther
59. guganio (Ham. Buch.) .
60. stigma (Cuv. $ Val.) . .
61. chrysopterus (McClell.) .
62. thernialis (Cuv. $ Val.)
63. terio (Ham. Buch.) ____
64. punjabensis, Day ......
60. uniuiaculatus (Blyth) . .
66. waageni, Day ........
67. cosuatis (Ham. Buch.) .
68. vittatus (Day) ........
69. filamentosus (Cuv. 8f
Val.) ..............
70. puntio (Ham. Buch.) . .
20. Nuria, Cuv. $ Val. ......
1. danrica (Ham. Buch.). .
21. Rasbora, Bleeker ........
1. elanga (Ham. Buch.) . .
2. &&mconius(Ham.Buch.)
3. buchanani, Bleeker ____
22. Aspidoparia, Heckel ____
1. morar (Ham. Buch.) . .
2. jaya (Ham. Buch.) ____
23. Rohtee, Sykes ..........
1. bakeri, Day ..........
2. neilli, Day ..........
3. cotio (Ham. Buch.) ____
alfrediana ...........
4. vigorsii, Sykes .......
5. belangeri (Cuv. $ Val.)
6. ogilbii, Sykes .......
7. cunma (Tickell) .....
24. Barilius, Ham. Buch ____
1. vagra (Ham. Buch.) .
2. modestus, Day .....
3. radiolatus, Giinther. . .
4. shacra (Ham. Buch.) .
5. bendelisis (Ham. Buch.)
6. barila (Ham. Buch.) . .
7. bakeri, Day ..........
Page
320
321
321
322
322
323
324
324
324
325
325
326
326
327
327
328
328
328
329
329
330
330
331
331
332
332
333
333
334
334
334
335
336
336
337
338
338
339
339
340
340
340
341
341
342
342
343
343
345
34-">
346
346
347
348
348
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XT
8. gatensis ( Cup. fy Fa/.) . .
9. canarensis (Jerdon). . . .
10. barna (Ham. Buck.) . .
11. guttatus (Day)
12. tileo (Ham. Such.}
13. evezardi, Day
14. bola (Ham. Buch.) ....
25. Dauio, Ham. Buck
1. devario (Ham. Buck.). .
2. spinosus. Day
3. malabaricus (Jerdon) . .
4. flequipinnatus (McClell.)
5. dangila (Ham. Buck.) . .
6. durysops (CWv. $ Vol.)..
7. neilgherriensis (Day) . .
8. rerio (Ham. Buck.). . . .
9. albolineatus (Blyth) . .
10. nigrofasciatus (Day) . .
26. Perilampus, McClell
1. atpar (Ham. Buck.) . .
2. laubuca (Ham. Buck.) .
3. ceylonensis ( Giinther) . .
27. Chela, Ham. Buck
hoalius (Ham. Buck.) . .
borelio (Ham. Buck.) . .
solio (Ham. B^^ch.) ....
jorah, Sykes
alkootee, Sykes
1. gora (Ham. Buch.) ....
2. sladoni, Day
3. sardinella (Cuv. 8f Val.)
4. untrahi, Day
5. argentea, Day
6. punjabensis, Day
7. phulo (Ham. Buch.) . .
8. boopis, Day
9. clupeoides (Bloch) ....
10. bacaila (Ham. Buch.) . .
Fam. CHIROCENTRIDJE ....
1. Chirocentrus, Cuv
1. dorab (Forsk.)
Fam. CLUPEID^: 369
Group Clupeina.
1. Clupea, Artedi 370
1. brachysoma (Bleeker). . 371
2. atricauda, Gunther .... 372
3. kunzei (Bleeker) 372
4. leiogaster (Cuv. $ Val.) 372
5. longiceps (Cuv. $ Val) . 373
6. firabriata (Cuv. $ Val.) . 373
7. sindensis, Day 374
Page
349
350
350
351
351
352
352
353
354
355
355
356
356
357
357
358
358
359
359
359
360
361
361
361
361
361
361
362
362
364
364
365
365
366
366
367
8. lile (Cuv. # Val.) .... 374
9. variegata, Day 375
10. chapra (Ham. Buch.) . . 375
11. ilisha (Ham. Buch.) . . 376
12. kanagurta (Bleeker) . . 377
13. toll (Cuv. 8f Vol.) 377
14. melanura (Cuv. # Val.) . 378
2. Corica, Ham. Buch 378
1. soborna, Ham. Buch. . . 378
3. Pellona, Cuv. $ Val 379
1. filigera, (CMV. $ Val.) . . 380
2. elongata (Bennett) 380
3. motius (Ham. Buch.). . 381
4. indica (Sivains.) 381
5. ditchela, Cuv. fy Val. . . 381
6. hoevenii, Bleeker 382
7. brachysoma, Bleeker . . 382
8. megaloptera (Swains.) . . 382
9. sladeni, Day 383
10. leschenaultii, Ctiv.fy Val. 383
4. Opisthopterus, Gill 383
1. tartoor (Citv. $ Val.) . . 384
5. Raconda, Gray 384
1 . russelliana, Gray 384
Group Chatoessina.
6. Chatoessus, Cuv. $ Val. . . 385
1. chacunda (Ham. Buch.) 386
2. modestus, Day 386
3. manminua (Ham. Buch.) 386
4. nasus' (Bloch) 387
7. Engraulis, Cuvier 388
1. hamiltonii (Gray fy
Hardw.) 389
2. malabaricus (Bloch) .... 389
3. mystax (Bl. Schn.) 390
4. kammalensis, Bleeker . . 390
5. baelama (Forsk.) . , 391
6. setirostiis(Broussonet). . 391
7. dussumieri, Cuv. $ Val. 391
8. telara (Ham. Buch.) . . 392
9. breviceps, Cantor 392
10. taty, Cuv. Sf Val 393
11. purava, Cuv. $ Val 393
12. commersonianus(Zc^p.) 394
13. indicus, v. Hassett .... 394
14. tri, Bleeker 395
8. Coilia, Gray 395
1. reynaldi, Cuv. $ Val. . . 396
2. ramcarati (Ham. Buch.) 396
3. cantoris, Bleeker 396
4. quadrigesimalis, Cuv. Se
Val.?. 397
5. dussumieri, Cuv. Sf Val. 397
6. borneensis, Bleeker 398
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
Group Dussumierina.
9. Dussumieria, Cuv. $ Val. 398
1. hasseltii, Blacker 399
2. acuta, Cuv. $ Val 399
10. Spratelloidea, Sleeker .... 400
1. malabaricus, Day .... 400
Group Albulina.
11. Albulus, Gronovius 401
1. conorhynchus, Bl. Schn. 401
Group Elopina.
12. Elops, Linn. 401
1. saurus, Linn 401
13. Megalops, Commerson .... 402
1. cyprinoides (Brottssonet) 402
Group Chanina.
14. Chanos, Lacep 403
1. salmoneus (Bl. Schn.). . 403
Fara. GALAXIDJE 405
1. Galaxias, Cuvier 405
1. indicus, Day 405
Fam. NOTOPTERIDJE 406
1. Notopterus, Lacep 406
1. kapirat (Pallas) 406
2. chitala (Ham. Buck.) . . 407
Fam. SCOPEUD^E
408
1. Saurus, Cuvier 408
1. indicus, Day
2. myops (Bl. Schn.) . .
2. Saurida, Cuv. 8f Val. . .
1. tumbil (Block)
2. nebulosa, Cuv. $ Val.
3. Harpodon, Lesueur
409
409
410
410
411
411
1. nebereus (Ham. Buch.) 412
4. Scopelus, Cuvier 413
1. indicus, Day 413
Fam. CYPBINODONTID^E .... 414
1. Cyprinodon, Lacep 414
1. dispar (RiippeU) 414
2. Haplochilus, McClell. 415
1. melanostigma (Me CM.) 415
2. rubrostigma (Jerdon) . . 416
3. lineatus (Cuv. $ Val.). . 416
4. panchax (Ham. Buch.) 417
Fam. SCOMBRESOCID^ 417
1. Belone, Cuvier 418
1. melanostigma, Cuv. <$
Val. 418
2. annulata, Cuv. $ Val. . . 4*19
3. choram, RiippeU 419
4. liura, Sleeker 420
5. cancila (Ham. Buch.) . . 420
6. strongylura, v. Hasselt. . 421
2. Hernirhamphus, Cuv 422
1. longirostris, Cuv 423
2. leucopterus, Cuv. & Val. 423
3. cantori, Bleeker / 423
4. georgii, Cuv. & Val. . . 424
5. far (Forsk.) 424
6. reynaldi, Cuv. $ Val. . . 425
7. xanthopterus, Cuv.cf Vol. 425
8. unifasciatus, Ranzani . . 426
9. limbatua, Cuv. 8f Val. . . 426
10. dispar, Cuv. Sf Val 426
11. buffonis, Cuv. % Val. . . 427
12. ectuntio (Ham. Buch.) . . 427
13. brachynotopterus, Bleek. 428
3. Exoccetus, Artedi 428
1. micropterus, Cuv. fy Val. 429
2. evolans, Linn 429
3. furcatus, Mitchell 429
4. pcecilopterus, Cuv. 8f Val. 430
5. altipinnis, Cuv. fy Val. . . 430
6. bahiensis, Ranzani .... 431
7. mento, Cuv. $ Val. 431
Order ACANTHOPTER YGII 432
Fam. PERCIDJE
Group Percina.
1. Lates, Cuv. $ Val. .. . . 440
1. calcarifer (Bloch) 440
Psammoperca 440
waigiensis 440
Group Serranina.
2. Cromileptes, Swains 441
1. altivelis (Cuv. $ Val.) . . 441
3. Serranus, Cuv 442
1. stoliczkse, Day 445
2. areolatus (Forsk.) 445
3. coromandelicus, Day . . 445
4. un(lulosus( Quoi/fyGaim.) 446
5. gilberti, Richardson 446
6. hexagonatus (Bl. Schn.) 447
7. maculatus (Bl.) 447
8. flavo-cseruleus (Lacep.) . 448
9. fasciatus (Forsk.) 448
10. boevenii, Bleeker 449
11. diacanthus, Cuv. 8f Val. 449
12. sexfasciatus, Cuv. 8f
Val... .. 449
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
13. lanceolatus (Block) 450
14. erytlmirus, Cuv. $ Vol. 450
15. pantheiinus (Laccp.) . . 451
10. corallicola, Cuv. # Vol. 451
17. salmoides (Laccp.) .... 452
18. semipunctatus, Cuv. $
Veil 452
19. summana (Forsk.) .... 453
20. dermocliirus, Cuv. $ Vol. 453
21. morrhua, Cuv. $ Val. . . 453
22. angularis, Cuv. fy Val. 454
23. fuscoguttatus (Forsk.). . 454
24. latifasciatus, Sckleacl . . 455
25. boenack (Block) 455
20. polleni (Sleeker) - 450
27. miniatus (Forsk.) 456
28. guttatus (Block) 457
29. leopardus (Laccp.) 457
30. sonnerati (Laccp.) 457
31. boelang, Cuv. $ Val. . . 458
4. Variola, Sivains 459
1. louti (Forsk.) , 459
5. Grammistes, Bl. Schn 400
1. orientalis, Bl. Schn 460
2. punctatus, Cuv. $ Val. . . 461
0. Myriodon, Barneville .... 401
1. waigiensis (Quoy 8f
Gaim.) 461
7. Diploprion, Cuv. Sf Val. . . 462
1. bifasciatum, Cuv. $ Val. 462
8. Lutjanus, Block 463
1. sebfe (Cuv. $ Val.) .... 465
2. niger (Forsk.) 465
3. malabaricus (Bl. Schn.) 400
4. annularis (Cuv. $ Val.) 406
5. dodecacanthus, Bleeker . 467
6. kasmira (Forsk.) 408
7. fulvus (Bl. Schn.) 408
8. biguttatus(CMy. $ Val.) 409
9. lineolatus (Riipp.) 409
10. lemniscatus (<??>.# Fa/.) 470
11. chrysotrenia (Bleeker). . 470
12. rivulatus (Cuv. $ Val.) 471
13. argentimaculatus(.For.s&.) 472
14. roseus, Day 472
15. sillaoo, Day 473
10. lioglossus, Bleeker 473
17. jahngarah, Day 474
18. cseruleolineatus (Riipp.) 474
19. lunulatus (Mungo Park} 475
20. fulviflamma (Forsk.) . . 475
21. unimaculatus (Quoy Sf
Gaim.) 476
22. johnii (Block) 476
23. gibbus (Forsk.) 477
24. bohar (Forsk.) 477
Page
25. marginatus (Cuv. fy Val.) 478
26. yapilli (Cuv. % Val.) . . 479
27. quinquelinearis (Block) 479
28. vitta (Quoy 8; Gaim.). . 480
29. madras (Cuv. Sf Val.) . . 480
30. decussatus (Cuv. $ Val.} 481
Group Priacanthina.
9. Priacanthus (Cuv. 8f Val} 481
1. hamrur (Forsk.) 482
2. holocentrum, Bleeker . . 482
Group Apoaom'na.
10. Ambassis, Cuv. $ Val. . . 483
1. nama (Ham. Buck.) 484
2. ranga (Ham. Buck.) . . 485
3. baculis (Ham. Buck.) . . 485
4. thomassi, Day 486
5. nalua (Ham. Buck.) . . 486
6. intcrrupta, Bleeker 487
7. dayi, Sleeker 487
8. comruersoni, Cuv. Sf Val. 488
9. myops, Giinther 488
10. gymnocephalus (Lacep.) 489
11. urotaenia, Bleeker 489
12. thermalis, Cuv. Sf Vol.. . 490
11. Apogon, Lacep 490
1. multitteniatuSjCttB.^FaJ. 491
2. calosoma, Bleeker 492
3. nigricans, Day 492
4. frenatus, Val. 493
5. taniatus, Cuv. Sf Vol. . . 493
6. tkurstom, Day 494-
7. quadrifasciatus, Cuv. &
Val 494
8. fasciatus ( White) 494
9. bandanensis, Bleeker . . 495
10. wassinki, Bleeker 495
11. aureus (Lacep.) 496
12. bifasciatus, Rupp 497
13. ellioti, Day 497
14. maculosus, Cuv. Sf Val. 497
15. nigripinnis, Cuv. Sf Val. 498
16. glaga, Bleeker 498
17. auritus, Cuv. $ Val. 499
18. tickelli, Day 499
19. lineolatus, Cav. 8? Val.. . 499
20. sangiensis, Bleeker 600
21. hyalosoma, Bleeker 500
22. orbicularis, Cuv. Sf Val. 500
23. ceramensis, Bleeker .... 501
12. Chilodiptorus, Cuv. $ Val 501
1. macrodon (Lacfy.) .... 601
2. quinquelineatus. Cuv. 8f
Val. 502
3. liueatus (Funk.) 502
c
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Group Grystina.
13. Dules, Cuv. $ Val
Page
503
503
504
504
505
505
506
507
507
508
508
509
510
510
510
511
511
512
512
513
513
514
514
515
516
516
517
517
518
518
519
519
519
520
521
521
522
4. ghanam (Forsk.)
5. monogramma, Cuv fy Val
6. caucellatus ( Cuv. $ Val.)
7. vosmeri (Bloch)
Page
522
522
523
524
524
526
525
525
526
526
527
528
528
529
529
530
530
530
531
531
681
532
532
533
533
533
534
0:J4
535
536
536
537
538
538
638
639
539
540
540
1. niiirginatus, Cuv. 8f Val.
2. argenteus (Bennett) ....
Group Theraponina.
8. leucotaenia (Sleeker) , .
9. ciliatus (Lacep )
20. Dentex, Cuv
1. puta, Cuv. $ Val
1. rivulatus, Rilpp
2. jarbua (Forsk.)
3. theraps, Cuv. $ Val. . .
4. quadrilineatus (Bloch) . .
5. argeuteus (Cuv. $ Fa/.)
Group Pristipomatina.
15. Pristipoma, Cuv
1. stnatus (Cuv. 8? Val.) ..
2 japonicus (Block).
3. tolu (Cuv. 8f Val.)
4. bleekeri, Day
5. taeniopterus (Cuv. #
Val)
2'^ Pentapus Cuv
1. stridens (Forsk.)
2. olivaceum Day
1. aurolineatus (Laccp.) . .
23. Aphareus, Cuv. # Val
1 . rutilans, Cuv. $ Val. . .
24. Smaris, Cuv
1. balteatus, Cuv. $ Val...
25. Csesio, Lacep
1. pinjalo, Bleekcr
2. cunino- (Block)
3. nmculatum (Block) ....
4. furcatum (Bl. Schn.) . .
5. hasta (Block) ....
0. argenteum (Forsk.) ....
7. dussutnieri, Cuv. fy Val.
8. guoraca, Cuv. fy Val. . .
9. operculare, Play/air . .
16. Hapalogenys, Richards. . .
1. petersi, Day
17. Diagramina, Cuv
3. chrysozoua, Cuv. fy Val.
26. Aprio'n, Cuv. $ Val
1. pristipoma (Hleeker) . .
Group Gerrina.
27 Datnioides Bleekcr
1. crassispinum, Rilpp. . .
2. lineatuin (Ginel.)
4. orientale (Block)
5. cinctum, Teinm. fy Sckl.
6. griseum, Cuv. fy Val. . .
7. pictuni (Thuiib )
1. quadrifasciatus (Sevast.)
28. Gerres, Cuv
1. setil'er (Ham. Buck.) . .
2. oblongus, Cuv. Sf Val. . .
3. tilameutosus, Cuv
8. punctatum, Cuv. $ Val.,
18. Lobotes, Cuv
5. abbreviates, JJleeker. . . .
6. poeti, Cuv. $ Val
7. Jucidus, Cuv. $ Val. . .
8. limbatus, Cuv. % Val. . .
29. Pentapriou, Bleeker ....
1. surinamensis (Block) . .
19. Scolopsis, Cuv. $ Val.
1. biniaculatus, Rilpp
2. phaeops (Bennett)
3. biliiieatus (Block)
1. lougiiiianus (Cantor) . .
PISCES.
VERTEBEATE animals . adapted for an aquatic life, having their
extremities modified into fins ; respiring, almost invariably, solely
by means of gills * ; possessing a heart with only two (in one
instance three) cavities, and being cold-blooded. They are scale-
less, or partially or wholly scaled, the scales being sometimes in
the form of osseous plates.
Synopsis of Subclasses occurring in India.
Skeleton cartilaginous. Skull without cranial sutures. Gills at-
tached by their outer edges to the skin, with a gill-opening
intervening between every two gill-laminse. Conus arte-
riosus contractile. Optic nerves not or only partially de-
cussating. A spiral valve to intestines.
I. CHONDROPTERYGII,
Skeleton osseous. Skull with cranial sutures. Vertebra? com-
pletely separated, and the posterior extremity of the vertebral
column bony, or having bony plates. Branchiae free, and the
water discharged through a single aperture on each side,
protected by a bony gill-cover or opercle ; branchiostegal rays
present. A non-contractile bulbus arteriosus, having a pair
of valves at its commencement. Optic nerves decussating.
H. TELEOSTEI.
Skeleton membrano- cartilaginous and notochordal. Skull and
brain absent. Pulsating sinuses present in place of a heart.
III. LEPTOCARDII.
* Certain fish, as the Ldbyrinthici and Ophiocephalida, provided they are
able to obtain direct access to atmospheric air, can live in water even with a
bandage fastened round their gill-covers, entirely preventing their gills being
employed for respiratory purposes. Such a proceeding would, however, be
fatal to the majority of fishes, thus showing that some forms possess means of
depurating their blood which are n ot present in all.
B
Subclass CHONDROPTERYGIL
Skeleton cartilaginous ; no cranial sutures. From one to seven
external gill-openings on each side ; the gills are attached by their
outer edges to the skin, with a gill-opening intervening between
each two lamina) ; no gill-cover. Two or more series of valves at
the conus arteriosus. The optic nerves, although united, do not
decussate, or do so only slightly. Body with vertical and paired
fins, the posterior pair abdominal ; caudal fin with an eloDgated
upper lobe. Intestines with a spiral valve. Male sex with intro-
mittent organs attached to the ventral fins. Ovaries containing
large ova, which are fertilized, and sometimes likewise developed
internally. Embryo with external deciduous gills. No air-bladder.
This subclass includes the sharks, rays, and chiinaoras, and is
divided into two orders, the second of which does not appear to
have representatives in India. Geologically speaking, these fishes
existed prior to the Teleosteaus.
Synopsis of Orders.
Five to seven external gill-openings,
and no cartilaginous gill-cover.
Jaws distinct from the skull 1. PLAGIOSTOMATA.
A single external gill-opening having a
rudimentary cartilaginous gill-
cover ; four branchial clefts inside
the gill-cavity. Palatal and maxil-
lary apparatus attached to the
skull 2. 1IOLOGEP1IALA.
Order I. PLAGIOSTOMATA.
Syn. Elasniolratwhii.
Body more or less cylindrical or depressed ; the trunk may or
may not pass gradually into the tail. From five to seven gill-
openings, which may be lateral or inferior. Jaws distinct from
the skull.
This order has been subdivided as follows :
A. Trunk gradually passiug into the
tail. Gill-openings lateral . . SELACIIOIDEI or Sharks,
13. Gill-openings inferior. Pectoral
fins largely developed and con-
stituting a flat disk BATOIDEI or Skates and Bays.
These fish are employed as food, and portions of them, especially
the fins, are largely exported from the Indian to the Chinese
markets. In China Dr. Cantor observed that the fins were not
exclusively selected from the sharks, SelacJioidei, but equally
from the rays, Batoidei. Among those examined at Pinang were
found to be fins taken from fishes belonging to the following
genera: Carcliarias, Zygcena, Stegostoma, Pristis, JRhinobatus,
Trygon, and Myliobatis. Gelatine is obtained from the larger fins,
glue from the smaller. All except the caudal fins are cut from
the fish at the root, so as to leave as little flesh as possible. The
root is dipped into wetted lime (Chunam) and then the fins are
dried in the sun, and according to their value they are divided
into two kinds, " white " a,nd " black." The white consist exclu-
sively of the dorsal fins, which are on both sides of a uniform
light colour, and expected to yield more gelatine than the other
fins. The pectoral, ventral, and anal fins pass under the denomina-
tion of black fins ; the colour, however, varies from buff to grey or
brown, and most of them are of two different colours, the upper
surface being dark and the lower light. The black fins of course
are the most numerous, and supposed to yield a comparatively
small quantity of gelatine.
Suborder A. SELACHOIDEI.
Body more or less cylindrical, the trunk gradually passing into
the tail. Gill-openings lateral. The gills in these fishes are not
situated in a common cavity but in separate sacs that do not
communicate one with another. In those which possess five sacs
BSi
4 CHONDEOPTEEYGII. SELACHO1DEI.
the four anterior ones are lined in front with parallel rows of
adherent gills, whilst in the fifth these processes are found solely
on its proximal side. Water taken in by the mouth for respiratory
purposes passes backwards through the pharyngo-branchial slits
into these sacs, from whence it emerges by the external gill-
openings or stigmata. The scapular arch, which is suspended to
the front part of the vertebral column, divides these respiratory
sacs from the abdominal cavity. Although opercular pieces are
absent, cartilaginous rings are sometimes present surrounding the
gill-openings.
The size to which these fish attain is not an invariable index to
their character, which is better shown by an examination of the
teeth with which they are armed. Some powerful forms have
small teeth, whilst the obtuse teeth of particular genera are more
calculated for crushing shells and Crustacea than for waging war
with other fishes. The scales are peculiar, being generally small
papillae that have a coating of enamel : this, under the designation
of shagreen, is sometimes employed in certain trades, as for covering
small boxes or the scabbards of swords, or even for smoothing down
wood. The tail-fin is flexible and of great power, terminating
much like the blade of an oar, and giving the bearer great facilities
in pursuit ; when seizing their prey, if it is large, sharks generally
turn on one side.
When breeding, a congress takes place between the sexes, the
arrangement of the sexual organs being somewhat similar to what
obtains among the higher vertebrates. The male organs are com-
pact, placed far forwards in the abdominal cavity, while attached
to the ventral fins are claspers which have intromittent functions.
In the females, different parts of the oviduct may be functionally
modified, for although the ova are fertilized within this oviduct,
the development of the young is not invariably carried out on the
same plan, some being perfected prior to extrusion, while in others
the ovum is encased in a horny covering and so deposited in the
sea. In such forms as produce their young alive, a modified
placenta exists.
Geographical Distribution. Sharks are spread throughout the seas
and estuaries of cold, temperate, and tropical regions, being most
numerous in the last ; and some ascend rivers even far beyond the
influence of the tides *. They are common along the coasts of
India, and some species have a wide range, although they do not
appear to descend to any great depth. They seem to scent blood
or offal from long distances, but their carrying off human prey is
* Not only sharks but saw-fishes occasionally reside in pieces of fresh water,
when the communication with the sea has been cut off. Professor Meyer
(' Nature,' Dec. 30, 1875) remarked on this subject that " an accurate comparison
(between marine and freshwater forms) showed no difference at all, and
therefore the changed conditions seem to have had no influence on the external
features of the species."
SELACHOIDEI. 5
not of frequent occurrence. Among the most savage species are
the ground-sharks of the rivers, as Carcharias yangetiais, which
seldom loses an opportunity of attacking the bather. The Galea-
cerdo rayneri is likewise greatly dreaded along the coast or in the
harbours. Though stationed several years at Cochin, I could only
ascertain a single instance of a living human being having been
carried off by these fishes, and Col. Tickeli mentions that while in
Burma for many years he only heard of one such case. The most
frequent accidents occurring are after the fish has been hooked
and lifted into the fisherman's boat, or else while entangled in a
net when attempts are made to seize it or cut it adrift. Corpses
are almost immediately eaten by sharks, while it may be said in
their favour that they devour 'the poisonous sea-snakes (Hydro-
pJiidce).
Along the coast of Sind, as at Kurrachee, there are considerable
shark-fisheries, one form, the Mhor, being harpooned while basking
on the surface, and Dr. Buist observed in 1850 that this species was
often captured 40 and sometimes 60 feet in length. The largest
shark I saw there in 1870 was about 20 feet long, but I was told
that others up to 30 feet had been recently taken. Here sharks are
likewise netted, the nets being a quarter of a mile or more in length,
constructed of strong twine and having a six-inch mesh ; floats of
light wood are affixed along the upper line, while the lower edge
of the net is weighted by stones. These nets are sunk in deep
water (from 80 to 150 feet) and well out to sea, where they remain
until the following day ; they are set two or three times a week
according to the weather and local circumstances. Small sharks
are eaten by the lower classes, and their flesh is considered along
the Malabar coast as very nourishing food for mothers after child-
birth, while in Bombay they are largely purchased by the African
sailors.
The fins of the sharks are removed and dried in the sun. Strips
of flesh are also salted as food, and the livers boiled down for the
oil they contain. Fins of sharks and rays, along with fish-maws
or fish-sounds, were exported from Kurrachee to Bombay during
the 5 years ending 1872-73 to the declared annual average value
of about 7415 ; from Bombay they were re-exported to China.
Some forms of large sharks, as Galeocerdo, which have the edges of
their broad teeth sharp or coarsely serrated, cannot be captured by
nets, as they at once cut their way out. But nets are suitable
for such species as possess conical teeth ; these last may likewise
be taken by baited hooks attached to cords composed of many
strands, through which the teeth penetrate but do not cut.
Further down the Western coast, as at Calicut, medicinal fish-
liver oil of an excellent quality was formerly manufactured, a
small factory for this purpose 'having been constructed at that
station in 1854, and the livers of sharks and saw-fishes were pur-
chased from the fishermen. The abundance or paucity of these
fishes evidently depended to a very great extent upon whether
sardines were or were not present, for these latter forms of Clu-
6 CHONDROFTEBYGII. SELACIIOIDEI.
peidce are very capricious, sometimes forsaking the coast for several
successive years, and then as suddenly reappearing in countless
millions (see Clupea lonyiceps). No livers under 40 Ib. weight
were accepted at the factory, as the larger ones gave propor-
tionally a greater amount of oil than the smaller ones ; sometimes
li vers of a great size were purchased. One weighed 290 Ib., and
another from a female saw-fish 14 feet long 185 Tb.
The division Selachoidei among the Plagiostomata has been
further subdivided into nine families, the following only of which
have as yet been recorded from the seas of India :
I. A nictitating membrane to eye ; two dorsals and
an anal fin Carchariidae.
IT. No nictitating membrane to eye ; two dorsals and
an anal fin; nostrils not confluent with mouth,
which last is inferior. Spiracles absent or minute . Lamnidae.
III. No nictitating membrane to eye ; two dorsals nnd
an anal fin. Mouth near the extremity of the
snout. Teeth small and conical Rhinodontidae.
IV. No nictitating membrane to eye ; only one dorsal
and an anal fin Notidanida?.
V. No nictitating membrane to eye ; two dorsals and
au anal fin. Mouth inferior. Teeth small, several
rows being generally in use at the same time .... Scylliidae.
Family I. CAECHARIID^E.
The snout may be produced longitudinally or laterally. Spiracles
absent or present. Eye with a nictitating membrane. A small
pit may or may not exist above the root of the tail, and a groove
at the angle of the mouth may be present or absent. Mouth
crescentic, inferior. The teeth may be erect or oblique, with a single
cusp, having smooth or serrated edges ; or they may be small,
the cusps being obsolete ; or with one central and one or two
lateral cusps. The first dorsal fin, destitute of a spine, is placed
opposite the interspace between the pectoral and ventral; anal
fin present.
The most abundant species of this family along the coasts of
India undoubtedly are such as belong to the genus CarcJiaricw,
the immature of which are very destructive to herrings and other
edible fishes. It has been observed that one of the remarkable
results which has followed the construction of the Suez Canal has
been the introduction into the Mediterranean sea of sharks, which
were formerly almost unknown there.
The number of species of this family found in the Red Sea by
Klunxinger, as recorded in his ' Synopsis der Fische des Rothen
Meeres' in 1871, was as follows : Carcharias 6, Loxodon 1, Galeo-
cerdo 2, Dirrhizodon 1, which does not show that these fishes are a
large element in the fish-fauna. As, however, the more open Indian
Ocean is reached, the number of these destructive fishes largely
CARCHABIIDjE. 7
increases, and innumerable young swarm along the shores, while
they are exceedingly numerous off the low coast and muddy seas of
Burma. In fact I shall have to describe double the number of
forms given by Klunzinger : Carcliariaa 17, Hemigalew 1, Galeo-
cerdo 2,
Synopsis of Genera.
First group. CAECHABIINA.
Snout produced longitudinally. Teeth erect or oblique, with a single
cusp, which has smooth or serrated edges. A pit at the base of
the caudal fin.
No spiracles .................................... 1, CABCHARIAS.
Spiracles small. Distinct labial folds. Teeth ser-
rated or notched in the upper jaw. Caudal
fin with a single notch ...................... 2. HEMIG ALETJS.
Spiracles small. Teeth serrated in both jaws. Caudal
fin with a double notch ...................... 3. GALEOCEBDO.
Second group.
Head produced laterally into the shape of a hammer. Nostrils on front
edge of head. Teeth oblique, with a single cusp, having sharp
smooth edges. A pit at the base of the caudal fin.
Spiracles absent ................................ 4. ZYGUENA.
Third group. MTJSTELINA.
Teeth small, obtuse, or having a central and one or two smaller
lateral cusps.
Spiracles small; labial folds well developed. Teeth
obtuse. No pit at base of the caudal fin ........ 5. MUSTELUS.
No spiracles. A pit at base of the caudal fin ........ 6. TBUENODON.
First group. CARCHAEIINA.
1. Genus CARCHARIAS, Muller & Henle.
Syn. Scoliodon, Aprion or Aprinodon, Physodon, Ilypoprion, Prionodon,
Muller & Henle ; Priotiace, Cantor ; Eulamia, Isogomphodon, Lamiopsis,
Platypodon, Jfypopn'onodon, Isoplagiodon, and Cynocephalus, Gill.
No spiracles. A pit before the root of the caudal fin. Snout
longitudinally produced. Mouth crescentic or angular ; the labial
fold or groove rarely extends beyond the angle of the mouth.
Teeth erect or oblique, with a sharp more or less compressed cusp,
sometimes triangular, the edges of which may be serrated or
smooth*. The first dorsal fin, destitute of a spine, is placed
* In some forms these characters alter considerably with age.
CHONDEOPTERYGII. SELACHOIDEI.
opposite the interspace between the pectoral and ventral ; caudal
with a distinct lower lobe.
Eespecting the colours in these fishes, I have observed that
black spots or marks on the fins frequently become fainter in
examples which have been preserved some time in spirit, more
especially if they have been removed from the alcohol and per-
mitted to dry.
The fishes constituting this large and widely distributed genus
have been subdivided by some authors into several genera, by
others into the like number of subgenera or divisions, which latter
is the course that I have adopted.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Teeth with smooth edges; all oblique
and without swollen bases. (Scoliodon.)
Pectoral fin not reaching to below dorsal ;
length of base of anal nearly equalling
its distance from the ventral ; second
dorsal posterior to base of anal. Groove
at angle of mouth not extending on to
the upper jaw 1. C. laticaudus, p. 9.
Pectoral fin reaching to below origin of
dorsal ; length of base of anal nearly
equalling half its distance from the
ventral ; second dorsal over end of base
of anal. Groove at angle of mouth not
extending on to the upper jaw 2. C. acutus, p. 10.
A well-marked groove at the angle of the
mouth extending a short distance along
both jaws 3. C. walbeehmi, p. 10.
B. Teeth with smooth ed^es ; those in the
centre of the lower jaw smaller than
those at the side, the latter swollen at
their bases and having an oblique and
narrow cusp. Upper teeth flat and
oblique. (Physodon.}
Snout elongated ; end of base of first
dorsal above origin of ventral ; second
dorsal small and' posterior to the base
of anal 4. C. miillcri, p. 1 1 .
C. Teeth with smooth edges ; all narrow and
standing on a broad base, the upper
erect or slightly oblique; the lower
erect. (Aprionodon.)
Second dorsal as large as the anal and nearly
equal in size to the first dorsal. Nostril
with a distinct valve inferiorly. Teeth
5. C. ncutidem, p. 11.
D. Teeth with smooth edges, except the
bases of the upper ones, which are
serrated. (Hypoprion.)
Snout pointed. The bases' of the teeth in
the upper jaw serrated on both sides . . 6. C. madoti, p. 12.
CARCHABIID^. 9
Snout rounded. Only the outer sides of the
bases of the upper teeth serrated .... 7. C. hemiodon, p. 12.
E. Some or all of the teeth serrated both
Teeth in both jaws serrated. Second dorsal
much shorter than anal .............. 8. C. gorrah, p. 12.
Teeth in both jaws serrated. Second dorsal
not much smaller than the anal. Fins
darkish with light edges ............ 9. C. dussumicri, p. 13.
Snout obtuse. Teeth in both jaws serrated. 10. C. ganyetiaus, p. 13.
Teeth in both jaws serrated. All the fins
black-edged ..................... 11. C. melanoptcrus, p. 14.
Fins, except the first dorsal, with black ex-
tremities .......................... 12. C. bleekeri, p. 15.
Teeth coarsely serrated in upper jaw ; awl-
shaped in lower, some with a basal
cusp .............................. 13. C. ellioti, p. 15.
Upper teeth serrated. Second dorsal oppo-
site to but larger than the anal. A black
spot on the second dorsal ............ 14. C. murrayi, p. 10.
Upper teeth serrated. Second dorsal oppo-
site the anal. A black spot on second
dorsal ............................ 15. C. menisorrah, p. 10.
Upper teeth serrated and on rather a broad
base ; lower more slender. Ends of some
of the fins black .................... 16. C. limbatus, p. 17.
Teeth in both jaws slender, and from thirty-
six to forty in number .............. 17. C. temminckii. p. 17.
1. (1.) Carcharias laticaudus. (Pig. 1.)
Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus, Mull. 8? Ifenle, Plagios. p. 28,
t. viii.
Carcharias laticaudus, Day, Fish. India, p. 712, pi. clxxxviii, fig. 1
(see synonymy).
Dan-da-nee, Sind. ; Nulhan sorrah and Palah sorrah, Tel.
Length of preoral portion of snout exceeding the width of the
mouth by one fifth, and equal to or slightly more than the distance
Fig. 1. Carcharias laticaudus.
between the eye and the first gill-opening (longer in the imma-
ture) ; the groove at the angle of the mouth scarcely extends on to
the upper jaw. Nostrils very much nearer to the mouth than to the
end of snout. Teeth those in upper jaw rather oblique, not swollen
10 CHONDROPTBBTGII. 8ELACHOIDEI.
at their bases : those in the lower jaw very oblique, especially near
the syraphysis : none are serrated. Fins the length of the base of
the anal fin is nearly or quite equal to its distance from the ventral :
the pectoral does not extend so far as to below the origin of the
dorsal ; its posterior edge is nearly straight, its internal edge one
third of the length of its outer margin. The length of the caudal
fin is contained 3f to 4 times in the total length, but is rather
more in adults than in immature specimens. Colour uniform grey
superiorly, white beneath : the pectoral of a deep grey, having a
white outer edge, as have also the ventral and anal ; posterior portion
of caudal fin dark grey or nearly black.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. This
species attains to at least two feet in length.
2. (2.) Carcharias acutus.
Carcharias acutus, Rilppett, N. W. Fische, p. 65, t. xviii, f. 4 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 712, pi. clxxxiv, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Purrooway sorrah, Tarn. ; Parl sorrah, Mai. ; Sem sorrah, Tel.
Length of preoral portion of snout one fourth longer than the
gape of the mouth, and equal to or slightly less than the distance
between the eye and the gill-opening : a groove at the angle of the
month not, or but slightly, extending on to the upper jaw.
Nostrils nearer to mouth than to the end of the snout. Teetli
the upper and lower ones oblique, without swollen bases and none
serrated. Fins the length of the base of the anal fin is one half
its distance from the ventral or less : the pectoral extends to at
least below the origin of the dorsal, its posterior edge is concave,
and its internal edge about two fifths the length of its outer :
second dorsal small, situated over the posterior half of the anal.
Length of caudal fin contained about 3^ to 3| times in the total
length. Colour grey or bronze above, white below : fins grev,
the posterior edge of pectoral, outer edges of ventral, anal, and
posterior half of caudal, white; upper edge of caudal dark, as
is also its posterior lobe.
Hob. Eed Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and
beyond ; said to attain to a considerable size.
3. (3.) Carcharias walbeehmi.
Carcharias (Scoliodon) walbeehmi, Bleeker, Nat, Tyds. Ned, Ind.
x, p. 353.
Carcharias walbeehmii, Day, Fish. India, p. 712, pi. clxxxv, fig. 2
(see synon.).
Ei-dah, Andamanese.
Length of the preoral portion of the snout exceeding the width
of the mouth by nearly one third, and equalling the distance
between the eye and the second gill-opening. A well-marked
groove at the angle of the mouth extending on to the upper jaw
and along a portion of the mandible. Nostrils rather nearer to the
CABCHAEIID^. 11
mouth than to the end of the snout, the distance between the
outer edges of the nostrils equal to the extent between them and
the end of the snout. Teeth oblique and flat in both jaws,
without any serration. Fins the pectoral extends to nearly
beneath the middle of the first dorsal fin, it has its posterior edge
rather concave, and its inner edge equals one third of the length of
its outer; second dorsal rather small, with its posterior lobe
produced, it is situated over the last half of the anal. Length of
the base of the anal equal to two fifths of its distance from the
base of the ventral : caudal fin 3| times in the total length.
Colour light brown superiorly, becoming dull white beneath.
Fins grey and mostly with light outer edges.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Japan.
4. (4.) Carcharias miilleri.
Carcharias miilleri, ( Valenciennes) Mull, fy Ilenle, Plagios. p. 30, t. xix,
f. 1 (teeth) ; Day, Fish. India, p. 713 (see synon.).
Snout elongated and pointed. Nostrils nearer to the angle of the
mouth than to the end of the snout. Mouth nearly as long as
wide. Fins the end of the base of the first dorsal situated
opposite the origin of the ventral ; second dorsal very small and
commencing above the last third of the base of the anal. Pectoral
extending to below the origin of the first dorsal. Colour brownish,
becoming lighter beneath ; fins a little darker.
Hob. Bengal.
5. (5.) Carcharias acutidens.
Carcharias acutidens, Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 65, t. xviii, fig. 3 ;
Day, Fish. India, p. 713, pi. clxxxix, fig. 1 (see synon.).
Snout obtuse and rounded, the length of its preoral portion
equal to two thirds of the width of the mouth and much less than
the distance between the eye and the first gill-opening. Nostrils
rather nearer mouth than to the end of the snout. A very short
groove at the angle of the mouth not extending on to the upper
jaw. Eye small, Gill-openings much wider than the orbit.
Teeth |p|- *, those in both jaws rather slender, erect or oblique,
and with the bases rather swollen ; none serrated. Fins the base
of the first dorsal situated midway between the inner angle of the
pectoral and the commencement of the ventral ; second dorsal
nearly as large as the first, rather larger than the anal and situated
above it. Caudal fin 4| in the total length. Pectoral falciform, its
inner edge two sevenths the length of its outer, it reaches to
beneath the middle of the base of the first dorsal. Colour of a
dull reddish brown, becoming lightest on the sides and beneath.
Hal), lied Sea, coasts of Sind and the Indian Ocean, attaining
at least to six feet in length.
* Twenty-seven to twenty-nine teeth in each jaw.
1 2 CHONDEOPTEEYGII. SELACITOIDEI.
6. (6.) Carcharias macloti,
Carchariag (Hypoprion) macloti, Mull Sf Ifenle, Plagios. p. 34, t. x.
Carcharias' macloti, Day, Fish. India, p. 713, pi. clxxxviii, fig. 2
(see synon.)
Pala son-ah and Sorrah Kowah, Tel.
Length of the preoral portion of the snout exceeding the width
of the mouth by one third, and equalling the distance between the
eye and the second gill-opening. A short groove at the angle of
the mouth, not extending on to the upper jaw. Nostrils nearer
to the opening of the mouth than to the end of the snout. Teeth
the bases of those in the upper jaw denticulated on both sides ;
those in the lower jaw erect, with smooth edges and a broad base.
Fins the length of the base of the anal is equal to about twice its
distance from the origin of the ventral ; the pectoral extends to
nearly below the hind edge of the first dorsal, its posterior margin
is rather concave, its internal equals about one third of the length
of its outer edge ; caudal 3| to 3g in the total length. Colour
grey or brown, becoming dull white beneath ; the fins grey, the
caudal nearly black in its posterior half ; outer half of first dorsal
dark ; pectoral and ventral with a light edge.
Hab. Seas of India to New Guinea.
7. (7.) Carcharias hemiodon.
Carcharias (Hypoprion) hemiodon, (Vol.} Milll. Sf ITenlc, Plagio*.
p. 35, t. xix, f . 2 (teeth).
Carcharias hemiodon, Day, Fish. India, p. 714 (see synon.).
Ngamdn ngheppyan, Burmese.
Snout obtusely rounded ; the distance between the end of the
snout and the mouth equals the interspace between the outer
angles of the nostrils. No groove at the angle of the mouth.
Teeth in the upper jaw oblique, with the outer side of their bases
serrated. Fins the pectoral reaches to below the middle of the
first dorsal ; the second dorsal commences opposite to or rather
behind the origin of the base of the anal. Caudal fin 4 3 in the
total length. Colour grey, becoming lighter beneath.
Hal). Seas of India, ascending rivers, as the Hooghly at Cal-
cutta.
8. (8.) Carcharias sorrah.
Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah, (F/.) Milll. $ Hank, Plagios. p. 45,
t. xvi.
Carcharias sorrah, Day, Fish. India, p. 714, pi. clxxxv, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Length of the preoral portion of the snout about equal to the
width of the mouth and nearly equal to the distance between the
eye and the first gill-opening. No groove at the angle of the
mouth. Nostrils about midway between end of snout and mouth.
Gill-openings rather wider than the orbit, Teeth |?, those in the
CABCHAIIIIDJ5. 13
upper jaw oblique, serrated, and with a toothed notch on their
outer edge ; those in lower jaw a little oblique, rather narrow,
situated on a broad base and serrated. Fins pectoral falciform,
extending to beneath the hind third of the base of the first dorsal
fin, its internal margin equalling about one fourth or two sevenths
of its outer. Origin of first dorsal slightly posterior to the base of
the pectoral, and not extending to above the ventral. The second
dorsal smaller than and slightly posterior to the origin of the anal,
the latter rather nearer the caudal than the ventral. Caudal fin
34 in the total length. Colour dull brown superiorly, and
whitish beneath ; fins grey, lower caudal lobe and pectorals with
black extremities.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
9. (9.) Carcharias dussumieri.
CarcharicOS (Prionodou) dussumieri, (Valenciennes) Mull, fy Henle,
Plagios. p. 47, t. xix, f. 8.
Carcharias dussumieri, Day, Fish. India, p. 714, pi. clxxxvii, tig. 2
(see synoii.)
Choti musi, Marathi.
Length of the preoral portion of the snout very slightly exceed-
ing the width of the mouth, and equalling the distance between
the eye and the first gill-opening. A very short groove at the
angle of the mouth, only slightly extending on to the upper jaw.
Nostrils nearer the opening of the mouth than to the end of the
snout. Gill-openings wider than the orbit. Teeth ^, those of
the upper jaw oblique and serrated, having a notch on the outer
side ; those in the mandibles smaller, oblique, narrow, serrated, and
with a broad base. Fins pectoral extends to opposite the hind
edge of the base of the first dorsal, its posterior margin is slightly
concave, its internal margin equals two fifths of the length of its
outer edge. Origin of the first dorsal a very slight distance behind
the base of the pectoral, and its base not extending to above the
ventral. The second dorsal slightly smaller than the anal. The
length of the caudal about 4 in the total length. Colour grey
or dull brown, becoming white beneath ; fins grey with white
outer edges ; upper two thirds of second dorsal blackish.
Hab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
10. (10.) Carcharias gangeticus.
Carcharias (Prionodon) gauge ticus, Mutt. 8f Henle, Plagios. p. $),
t. xiii.
Carcharias gangeticus, Day, Fish. India, p. 715, pi. clxxxvii, tig. 1
(see synon.)
Mundah mayur, Ooriah ; Nga man young wyn, Burmese.
Length of the preoral portion of the snout only two thirds of
the width of the mouth, and equalling half of the interspace between
the eye and the middle gill-opening ; a very slight groove at the
14 CIIONDROPTEBYGII. SELAOHOIDEI.
angle of the mouth. Nostrils in the front half of the distance
between the end of the snout and the mouth. Gill-openings wider
than the orbit. Teeth twenty-seven to thirty in each jaw, all
serrated; the upper almost triangular, their outer edge with a
notch, very distinct in the immature, but becoming almost lost
with age ; those in the lower jaw narrow, erect, and having broad
bases. Fins pectoral elongated, falciform, and extending to
beneath the middle of the first dorsal ; its internal margin % of
the length of its outer. Origin of the first dorsal slightly posterior
to the hind edge of the base of the pectoral, its base not extending
to above the ventral. The second dorsal of about the same size as
the anal, the latter nearer to the caudal than to the ventral. Length
of the caudal 3| in the total length. Scales small and with rough
edges ; they are hardly above half the size of those in C. melanop-
terus. Colour grey superiorly, becoming dull white beneath.
Fins grey, the pectoral, ventral, and anal with white edges ; pos-
terior portion of caudal rather dark.
Hcib. Seas of India to Japan, ascending rivers to above tidal
influence. It is the commonest form along the Burmese coasts and
attains at least nine feet in length.
This is one of the most ferocious among Indian sharks, and
frequently attacks bathers even in the Hooghly at Calcutta, where
it is so dreaded that a reward is offered for its destruction.
11. (11.) Carcharias melanopterus:
Carcharias (Prionodon) melanopterus, Quoy Sf Gaimard, Voy. Uranie
fy Physicienne, Zool. p. 194, pi. 43.
Carcharias melanopterus, Day, Fish. India, p. 715, pi. clxxxv, fig. 3
(see synon.)
Caval sorrah, Nella vekal sorrah, Raman sorrah, Muklian sorrah, Boka
sorrah, and Ran sorrah, Tel. ; Nydman toungmt, Arracan ; Hitnyur,
Chittagong.
Length of the preoral portion of the snout two thirds the width
of the mouth and considerably less than the distance between the
eye and the first gill-opening ; a very short groove at the angle of
the jaws. Nostrils nearer to the extremity of the snout than to
the end of the mouth. Snout rounded and very obtuse. Teeth
!^|(|i), the upper broad, flattened, oblique, with a very slight
notch or rather concavity on the outer side and serrated ; the
lower much narrower, pointed, on a broad base and also serrated,
these serrations being generally minute, sometimes only on one
side of the tooth, and occasionally wanting, especially in the lower
jaw. Fins pectoral falciform, extending to beneath the middle
or even hind edge of the base of the dorsal, its outer edge three
times as long as its inner one. Base of first dorsal a little nearer
the pectoral than its posterior end is to the ventral. Second
dorsal opposite and similar to the anal. Length of caudal 3| to 4|
in the total length. Scales comparatively large, lineated, but with
almost smooth edges. Colour brown or bluish grey superiorly,
15
fading to dull white beneath ; ends of all the fins deep black. Iris
grey, stained darker superiorly. It may be remarked, as showing
the size to which this species attains, that the liver of one at the
Government fish-oil factory at Calicut weighed 270 Ib.
Hah. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond.
This form is very common.
12. (12.) Carcharias bleekeri.
Carcharias (Prionodon) bleekeri, Dumtril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, p. 3G7.
Carcharias bleekeri, Day, Fish. India, p. 715 (see synon.).
Length of the preoral portion of the snout equal to the width of
the mouth. Nostrils midway between the end of the snout and
the mouth. Teeth |j, the upper triangular with a slightly notched
outer border ; the lower nearly erect, narrow, and on a broad base.
Fins the dorsal commences a short distance behind the angle of
the pectoral ; second dorsal opposite to, nearly as long as, but lower
than the anal, and elongated posteriorly. Pectoral with its upper
edge 4| to 5 times as long as its lower ; caudal one fourth of the
total length. Colour a deep black spot at the lower edge of the
end of the pectoral fin ; a second at the end of the inferior lobe of
the caudal ; no black spot on the first dorsal.
Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India.
13. (13.) Carcharias ellioti.
Carcharias ellioti, Day, Fish. India, p. 716, pi. clxxxix, tig. 2.
Puducan or Aduyu-pal sorrah, Tamil ; Pal sorrah, Tel.
Length of the preoral portion of the snout equal to the width of
the mouth. A well-developed labial groove along the outer side of
the maxilla, and a slight one on the mandible. Eyes rather small.
Nostrils rather nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout.
Gill-openings much wider than the orbit. Teeth f^fi the upper
nearly triangular without any notch or basal enlargement, very
coarsely serrated on both edges ; those in the mandible obliquely
erect, awl-shaped, becoming smaller and more triangular at the
angle of the mouth ; the awl-shaped ones have a cusp at either side
of the base, below which the outer edge has a few serrations ; the
external triangular ones are serrated externally. Fins the first
dorsal commences just behind the root of the pectoral, its base
being nearer to it than to the ventral ; second dorsal smaller than
the first, but larger than the anal, before which it commences.
Pectoral falciform, its internal margin the length of its outer,
the fin reaches to beneath the end of the base of the dorsal.
Anal below the last two thirds of the second dorsal. Caudal
3| in the total length. Colour grey superiorly, becoming nearly
white beneath.
Hob. Seas of India. At Kurrachee it is not uncommon.
16 CHONDBOPTEBYGir. 8ELA.C1IOIDEI.
14. (14.) Carcharias murrayi.
Carcharias murrayi, Giinther, A. M. N. II. (5) xi, p. 137 (1883);
Day, Fish. India, Supplement, 1888, p. 809.
Snout short and obtuse ; the distance between the mouth and the
end of the snout being less than that between the inner angles of
the nostrils. Nostrils nearly midway between the end of the snout
and the mouth. Teeth in the upper jaw of moderate size, the
anterior equilateral, rather longer than broad, those on the side
oblique with the posterior edge concave and both edges finely
serrated; twenty-nine rows in the lower jaw, lanceolate, their
edges smooth, with a broad base, two-rooted, and some with an
additional minute lobe. Fins first dorsal commences opposite
the axil of the pectoral ; the second only one third the size of the
first, but conspicuously larger than the anal, which is small. Origin
of anal behind that of the second dorsal. Pectoral large, exceeding
the distance between the first gill-opening and the end of the snout ;
the length of its hind margin only one fourth of that of its outer.
Caudal of moderate length, rather longer than the distance between
the two dorsal fins. Colour uniform, top of first dorsal appears
to have been black.
Hob. Kurrachee, where an example 6 feet 8 inches long was
captured. The specimen, which is in the British Museum, is stuffed
and not in a very good condition; it seems only to differ from
G. ellioti in the size of the second dorsal and anal fins.
/-- V f. 1.
lo. (15.) Carcharias memsorrah.
Carcharias (Prionodon) menisorrah, (Fa?.) Mull, fy Henle, Plagios.
p. 46, t. xvii.
Carcharias menisorrali, Day, Fish. India, p. 710, pi. clxxxiv, fig. 1
(see synon.)
Karamoottee sorrah and ('if/a sorrah, Tel.; Nga man nee, Arracan.
Preoral portion of snout nearly or quite as long as the mouth is
wide ; the width of the head equals the distance from the angle of
the mouth to the end of the snout. A very small groove at the
angle of the mouth extending a short distance on to the upper jaw.
Teeth twenty-eight in the upper jaw ; they are oblique, triangular,
notched externally, and serrated in the whole extent of their cusps ;
lower teeth erect, slender, lanceolate, not serrated, and having broad
bases. Fins pectoral not so long as head, one fifth longer than
broad at its extremity, it is scarcely emarginate, its inner margin
equals about half the length of the outer; base of the second
dorsal slightly more than half of that of the first dorsal, it is
opposite, and almost as large as the anal. Posterior end of the
dorsal fin at the same distance from the ventrals as its anterior
end is from the root of the pectoral. Upper edge of the caudal
almost straight, its length being slightly more than the interval
between its base and the origin of the ventral. Colour grey above,
17
white below ; upper half of the second dorsal generally deep
black.
llab. Eed Sea to the Malay Archipelago. Attains twelve feet
or more in length.
16. (16.) Carcharias limbatus.
Carcharias (Prionodon) limbatus, Mull, fy Henle, Playios. p. 49, t. xix,
f. 9 (teeth).
Carcharia-s limbatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 710, pi. clxxxiv, fig. 2
(see synon.).
Length of preoral portion of the snout about equal to the
width of the mouth, and slightly less than the distance between the
eye and the first gill-opening ; a short groove at the angle of the
mouth scarcely extending on to the upper jaw. Eyes small; gill-
openings about twice the size of the eye. Teeth erect, somewhat
constricted above the base, which is broad, the upper teeth broader
than the lower, although all are of somewhat similar shape, and
serrated, but most distinctly in the upper jaw ; in the young the
teeth in the mandibles usually appear to have smooth edges, but
under the microscope the rudiments of serrations are perceptible.
Fins the length of the base of the anal is equal to about two thirds
of its distance from the base of the ventral ; the pectoral extends
to below or even to beyond the hind edge of the dorsal fin ; the
posterior edge is slightly concave ; the internal edge is y\ to ^ the
width of the outer. Dorsal commences over the inner angle of the
base of the pectoral ; second dorsal arises above or slightly pos-
terior to the origin of the anal, than which it is somewhat smaller.
Caudal 83 to 3 in the total length. Colour grey superiorly,
becoming white on the sides and beneath. Pins dark grey; in the
immature the outer extremity of pectoral, lobe of caudal, and the
margins of the fins dark black ; ventral and anal white-edged.
As age advances, the second dorsal becomes black-tipped and the
anal has a darker edge.
Hob. This shark is very common along the sea- coasts of India, and
appears to frequent the tropical parts of the Atlantic, and of the
Pacific coast of Central America, and to extend throughout the
Indian Ocean. It attains at least six feet in length.
17. (17.) Carcharias temminckii.
Carcharias (Prionodon) temminckii, Milll. $ Henle, Plagios. p. 48,
t. xviii.
Carchavias temminckii, Day, Pish. India, p. 717 (see synon.).
Length of the preoral portion of the snout about four fifths the
width of the mouth. Nostrils nearer to the mouth than to the end
of the snout. Teeth !^~^, upper rather narrow with a broad base,
erect and serrated; the lower erect, entire, awl-shaped ; the teeth
near the outer angle of the jaws very small. Fins first dorsal
inserted midway between the roots of the pectoral and ventral fins :
18 C1IONDEOPTERYUII. SELACIIOIDEI.
pectoral with its upper edge nearly three times the width of the
lower. Second dorsal opposite anal, and nearly as large as the
first. Colour uniform.
Hab. Seas of India.
2. Genus HEMIGALEUS, Bleeker.
Syn. Chccnoyaleus, Gill.
Spiracles minute and behind the eye. Nictitating membrane
present. A pit before the root of the caudal fin both above and
below. Snout longitudinally produced. Moutli crescentic, with
labial folds. Teeth in the upper jaw denticulated, not so in the
lower. The first dorsal fin, which is destitute of a spine, is placed
opposite the interspace between the pectoral and ventral ; caudal
with a single notch.
These fishes have been divided from Carcharias on account of
the existence of a rudimentary spiracle behind the eye, and like-
wise because the labial folds, which are rare in Carcharias, are
developed in all known species of the present genus.
Geographical Distribution. Coromandel coast of India to the Malay
Archipelago.
18. (1.) Hemigaleus balfonri. (Fig. 2.)
Hemigaleus balfouri, Day, Fish. India, p. 717, pi. cLxxxv, fig. 4.
Fig. 2. Hcmiyalcus balfuuri,
Length of the preoral portion of the snout slightly exceeding
the width of the mouth, and not quite equalling the distance
between the eye and the first gill-opening. Spiracle minute, situ-
ated about one half the diameter of the eye posterior to the orbit.
A groove at the angle of the mouth extending some distance along
each jaw. Nostrils situated nearer to the mouth than to the end
of the snout. The distance between the outer angles of the
nostrils equal to the width of the mouth. Gill-openings at least
twice the width of the orbit. Teeth g, those in the upper jaw
smooth, notched externally, or with about three denticulations
along the outer side of the base ; those in the lower jaw of a
slightly smaller size, erect and smooth. Finn pectoral falciform,
extending to below the first third of the base of the dorsal fin, the
CABCIIABIID.i:. 19
inner nearly equalling one third of the outer margin. First dorsal
(with about 24 rays) having its base almost midway between the
end of the base of the pectoral and the origin of the ventral fins.
Second dorsal (with about fifteen rays) commencing slightly in
advance oF the anal; the length of its base equal to rather above
one half of that of the first dorsal, while it is a little larger than tbe
anal. Caudal fin equal to about of the total length. Colour
dark brown ; fins grey, the second dorsal with a dark summit.
Ilab. Coroinandel coast of India.
3. Genus GALEOCERDO, Miiiler & Henle.
Spiracles small. Nictitating membrane present. Mouth cre-
scentic. Teeth large, flat, triangular, and oblique, serrated on
both edges, and with a deep notch on the outer margin. The first
dorsal spineless, placed opposite the interspace between the pec-
toral and ventral fins ; caudal with a double notch. A pit on the
tail both above and below, at the base of the caudal fin.
Sharks of this genus are much dreaded in India, the native
fishermen distinguishing those forms with long conical teeth
from others having elongated or triangular cusps with serrated
edges. The former can be captured by lines and even by nets;
but the latter immediately cut through nets and sever lines, ren-
dering it necessary to attach the hooks to chains. Sharks seem to
prefer their food a little high, and therefore the natives bury the
bait in the ground for a day or more before using it. It was
apparently a fish belonging to this genus which was referred
to in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences
of Mauritius, vii. 1873. Col. Pike observed of the specimen
that it was 13 feet 9 inches long, and had " a terrible incident
connected with it. The men of M.M. steamer 'Emirne' caught it,
and it was exposed for sale in the bazar. When cut open, a clasp
knife and belt, with the bone of a man's arm, were found in it.
This, of course, gave rise to the most horrible surmises, especially
as it was rumoured that a few days previously a sailor had deserted
from a vessel in the harbour, and was supposed to have been
attacked by a shark before he could reach the shore " (p. 27).
Geoyrcqiliicul Distribution. Seas of the Tropics, also of tempe-
rate and Arctic regions.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Caudal tin 3 to 4 in the total length. Teeth
denticulated, and of equal size in both jaws. 1. G. rayneri, p. 20.
Caudal tin 3 to 3 in the total leu<fth. Teeth
denticulated, and rather smaller in the
lower than in the upper jaw 2. G. tiyrinus, p. 21.
c2
20
CH02fDK01TEUYGlJ. SELAC11OIDEI.
19. (1.) Galeocerdo rayneri. (Fig. 3.)
Galeocerdo ravneri, McDonald $ liarnnt, P. Z. S. 1868, p. :M5s,
pi. xxxii. ; Day, Fish. India, p. 718, pi. clxxxvii, fi#. 3 (see synon.).
Wulluccn sorrah, Tain. ; Kcttulum sorrah f Tel.
Fig. 3. GrjJeocerdo rayneri.
Length of preoral portion of the snout much less than the width
of the mouth. A groove at the angle of the mouth extending
some distance along the side of the maxilla ; nostrils nearer the
end of the snout than the mouth. Gill-openings not so wide as
the orbit. Eyes rather large. Teeth |j, large, of equal size in
both jaws, compressed and serrated in their whole extent in both
jaws, as well as notched externally above the base. Fins pectoral
falciform, extending to beneath the anterior third of the first
dorsal. Origin of first dorsal a short distance behind the base of
the pectoral, but nearer to that fin than to the ventral, which latter
is midway between the hind edge of the first dorsal and the origin
of the anal. Second dorsal above the anal, the two being of about
equal size. Length of the caudal 3 to 4 in the total length,
apparently decreasing in comparative length with age. Colour
dark grey superiorly, becoming dull white beneath ; cheeks and
lower surface of the snout yellowish. Body, from a short distance
behind the gill-openings, with numerous large black spots and
vertical bare. Fins grey, the first dorsal with irregular vertical
bands.
This fish, probably a variety of O. arcticus, attains to a consider-
able size in the Indian seas, where it is not numerous. Besides
being exceedingly fierce, Jerdon has remarked that it is very
cunning and swells itself out so as to appear like a floating mass of
animal substance, and having thus decoyed its prey it immediately
attacks it. It eats everything, even sea-snakes. Sir "W. Elliot
observed that he obtained an example of this voracious shark 12 ft.
4 in. long; in its stomach were the remains of fish of various sizes
and several shin-bones of beef partially digested. Another ex-
ample, 8^ feet long, had the remains of a sea-snake (IJydrojihis
nigrocincta) and of a siluroid fish.
Hub. Indian and Australian Seas ; attaining upwards of twelve
feet in length.
CARCTTARIID^E. 21
20. (2.) Galeocerdo tigrinus.
Galeocerdo tigrinus, MiilL Henle, Plagios. p. 50, t. xxiii ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 718 (see synon.).
Length of the preoral portion of the snout equal to one half the
width of the mouth and slightly less than the distance between the
inner angles of the nostrils. A long labial fold along the edge of
the upper jaw. Teeth in lower jaw not so large as those in the
upper, denticulated in both jaws, and the deuticulations at the base
of each cusp also serrated, more especially in the lower jaw.
Fins the first dorsal commences above the angle of the pectoral ;
second dorsal arises slightly in advance of the anal. Length of
caudal contained 3 to 3| times in the total length, and consider-
ably (one third) exceeding the length of the interspace between
the two dorsal fins. Colour grey superiorly, becoming slightly
lighter on the sides and beneath ; numerous brown or dark grey
spots over the body.
Jfal>. Eed Sea, seas of India to Japan, and beyond.
Second group. ZYG-JENINA.
4. Genus ZYGJENA, Cuvier.
Syn. Cestracion, Klein ; Cestrorhinvs, Blainv. ; Sphyrna (Raf.), Miill.
& Ilenle ; Eusphyrna and Reniceps, Gill.
Combun sorrah. Tarn.
The anterior portion of the head is broad, flattened, and laterally
elongated, with the eyes situated at its lateral extremities and the
nostrils at its fore border. A nictitating membrane present.
Spiracles absent. Mouth crescentic. Teeth similar in both jaws,
oblique and notched. The first dorsal fin spineless, situated above
the interspace between the pectoral and the ventral ; caudal with
one notch, and a pit at the commencement of the fin.
This genus of sharks is reputed to be very dangerous in some
localities. The young are captured along the shores of India and
Burma in large numbers.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
\ . \ groove along front edge of head.
Kuril lateral expansion of the side of the
head two or three times as long as broad 1. Z. blochii, p. 22.
The length of the hind edge of each
lateral expansion of the head nearly or
quite equal to its width near the eye. ... 2. Z. malleus, p. 22.
Anterior edge of head curved but not
continuous with the lateral one ; the
length of the hind edge of each lateral ex-
pansion is less than its width near the eyes 3. Z. hides, p. 23.
B. No groove along front edge of bead.
Anterior edge of head nearly straight;
length of hind edge of lateral expansion
exceeds width 4. Z. mokarran, p. 23,
ClIONDItOPTERYGII. SELACIIOIDET.
21. (1.) Zygsena blochii. (Fig. 4.)
Zygfena bloohii, Citrifr, /.'///'"' -l/tini. ii, p. 127; Tr//. J/t'm. 3/>/s. ix,
p. 227, pi. i, f. 2 ; J%, .!&/*. 7wftVi, p. 711), pi. clxxxiv, tig. 4 (see
eynon.).
Kinrtn sorrah, Tarn.; S;>pa sorrah, Tel.; .%a wzaw &M<*y, Burmese.
Each lateral expansion of the side of the head from twice to thrice
ns long as broad, and with a deep groove along the anterior edge,
reaching externally nearly as far as the orbit. The posterior edge
of the lateral expansion about as long as its anterior edge, while
the external edge is nearly straight. Nostril much nearer the
mouth than the eye. Eyes situated near the upper angle of the
Fig. 4. Zyffeena blochii.
external edge of the lobe of the head. Teeth oblique, externally
notched and smooth in their entire extent. Fins the dorsal
arises slightly behind the base of the pectoral, extending nearly
halfway to above the ventral ; second dorsal arising above the
posterior half of the anal, than which it is much smaller. Colour
of a deep grey or brownish -grey, becoming lighter beneath ; the
fins are usually of a slightly deeper colour than the body.
Unit. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond.
Blyth observed that it rarely exceeded 4 feet in length. This is
the commonest form on the Malabar coast, where the fishermen
consider it attains to a very large size.
22. (2.) Zygsena malleus.
Squalus zygsena, Linn. Syst. Nat,, p. 300.
Zygrena malleus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. viii, pi. 207 Day, Fish. India,
p. 719, pi. clxxxvi, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Nga man thamvoot, Burmese.
The hind edge of the lateral expansion of the head nearly equals
its width near the eye, and has a groove along almost its entire
anterior margin. Nostrils close to the eye. Colour body and
fins slaty-grey ; under surface white. In a female taken at Pinang,
( 'union observed 37 living young, of which 20 were males and 17
females.
J/nfi. Tropic.-il and temperate sens.
CARCnARIIDJE. 23
23. (3.) Zygaena tildes.
Zyprrena tudes, Val. Mem. Mus. ix, p. 22o, pi. ii, f. 1 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 720, pi. clxxxviii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Koma sorrah, Tel.
Anterior edge of head curved, but the front margin is not con-
tinuous with the lateral ; the length of the hind margin less than
the width near the eye. Eyes situated just below the junction
of the anterior and outer edges of the snout. Nostril close to the
eye. A groove running along the anterior edge of the head.
Teeth oblique, with a notched outer edge. Fins dorsal arises
above the hind margin of the inner edge of the pectoral fin, its
height equals the length of the pectoral ; second dorsal over the
hind half of the anal ; length of the base of the anal extends | of
the distance to the ventral ; caudal 3 to 3j in the total length.
Colour grey, becoming lighter beneath ; first dorsal fin very dark,
the upper portion of the second dorsal and the lower caudal lobe
deep black in newly captured examples, the colour fading after
they have been some time in spirit. One example, captured at
Cochin, Dec. 27, 1872, besides the black marks on the fins men-
tioned, had the hind edge of the dorsal and the end of the pectorals
dark.
Hob. Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and Archipelago, also
tropical parts of the Atlantic. It attains several feet in length.
24. (4.) Zygaena mokarran.
Zj'gnena mokarran, Riippcll, N. W. Fische, p. G6, t. xvii, f. 3 ; Day,
Fish. India, Supplement, p. 8C9 (see synon.).
Anterior edge of head nearly straight, forming a more or less right
angle with the lateral margin. Length of hind edge of one of
the lobes equal to its width near the eye ; no groove running along
the anterior edge of the head. Eyes near nostrils. Teeth
oblique, as broad at their base as long, with an indistinct lateral
notch, and serrated on both . edges. Colour brownish-grey,
becoming white beneath.
Hab. lied Sea to Kurrachee.
Third group. MUSTELINA.
5. Genus MUSTELTJS, Cuvier.
Nictitating membrane present. Small spiracles behind the eyes.
Mouth crescentic, with long labial folds. Teeth small, numerous,
similar in both jaws, and pavement-like, obtuse, or with indistinct
cusps. The first dorsal fin spineless, situated above the interspace
between the pectoral and ventral ; the second nearly as large as
24 CHOXDKOPTEEYQII. SELACHOIDEI.
the first ; caudal without a distinct lower lobe, and no pit at the
commencement of the fin.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of tropical and temperate regions*.
25. (1.) Mustelus manazo. (Fig. 5.)
Mustelus mannzo, Meeker, Batav. Gen. Verhand. xxvi, Ichtli. Japan,
p. I2(i ; Day, Fuh. India, p. 720, pi. clxxxvi, fig. 3 (see svnon.).
Pah sorrah, Tel.
Fig. 5. Mustelus manazo.
Snout produced and pointed, the length of its preoral portion
equalling the width of the mouth (or \ more in the foetus), which
latter is somewhat angular. A well-developed labial fold at each
angle of the mouth. Teeth rhombic, and destitute of any distinct
cusps. Fins the first dorsal arises opposite the posterior end of
the base of the pectoral, and does not extend to above the anal ; the
second dorsal smaller than the first, but the length of the bases of
the two about the same. Pectoral reaches to below centre of first
dorsal ; anal commences beneath the posterior half of the second
dorsal and is smaller than it. Caudal -| of the total length, its
lower lobe moderately developed and notched. Colour reddish
grey superiorly, becoming dull white beneath. Posterior extremity
of the caudal of a dark colour.
Hal). Seas of India to Japan. I obtained at Kurrachee a female
(16-5 inches in length) which had several young inside.
6. Genus TRIJENODON, Miiller & Henle.
No spiracles. Nictitating membrane present. Mouth crescentic,
with a pit behind its angle. Teeth numerous in both jaws, and
consisting of one central cusp and a smaller lateral one on each side.
First dorsal spineless, placed opposite the interspace between the
pectoral and ventral fins. Lower caudal lobe distinct. A pit at the
root of the caudal tin.
* Mustelus vuJgaris and M. la-vis hate both been captured in the Red Sea.
25
26. (1.) Trisenodon obtusus*. (Fig. 6.)
Trisenodon obtusus, Day, Fish. India, p. 720, pi. clxxxix, fig. 3.
Snout short and rounded, the distance between the mouth
and the end of the snout about half the width of the mouth. Nos-
trils nearer end of snout than the mouth, each with a flap. Eye
of moderate size. Gill-openings rather wider than the orbit. No
spiracle. Teeth with one central and a small lateral cusp on each
side. Fins the first dorsal commences behind the inner angle of
Fig. 6. Triesnodon obtusus.
the pectoral and the base does not extend to above the ventral.
Second dorsal not quite half as large as the first and situated above
the anal. Pectoral reaches to below the middle of the first dorsal ;
caudal fin nearly | of the total length. Colour dark above,
becoming lighter beneath.
Hob. A young male, nineteen inches in length, was obtained at
Kurrachee.
Family II. LAMNID^.
Spiracles, if present, minute. No nictitating membrane. Mouth
inferior and crescentic. Nostrils not communicating with the
mouth. First dorsal spineless, and placed opposite the interspace
between the pectoral and ventral fins ; an anal fin present.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
A keel along the side of the tail .................. 1. LAMNA.
No keel along the side of the tail. Caudal fin less than
one third total length ........................ 2. ODONTASPIS.
No keel. Caudal fin nearly one half total length .... 3. ALOPIAS.]
* Tri<enodonobesus (Carcharias), Euppell, N.W. Fische, p. f>4, pi. xviii, f. 2.
Snout very short and obtuse. Nostrils with a short tentacle. Fins first dorsal
close to the root of the ventral ; the second upwards of half the size of the first and
opposite the annl. Summits of dorsal and caudal fins white. Hub. Eed S<M :
east coast of Africa ; New Hebrides ; and probably off India.
26 CHONDROPTEBTOII. SELACITOIDEI.
1. Genus LAMNA, Cuvier.
Syn. O.ryrhina, Agassiz.
Spiracles, if present, minute. No nictitating membrane. Mouth
wide. Gill-openings large. Teeth large, awl-shaped, smooth or
sometimes with a small lateral basal cusp on either side. The first
dorsal fin spineless, placed opposite the interspace between the
bases of the pectoral and ventral fins. Lower caudal lobe large.
A keel along the side of the tail. A pit at the base of the caudal
fin*.
27. (1.) Lamna spallanzanii. (Fig. 7.)
Oxyrrhina spallanzanii, lionap. Faun. Itnl., Peso. t. cxxxvi, fig. 1.
Lamna spallanzanii, Day, Fish. India, p. 722, pi. clxxxvS, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
Ganumu sorrah, Tarn.
Fig. 7. Lamna spallanzanii.
Snout pointed, angle of the mouth about midway between the
nostril and the first gill-opening. Gill-openings very wide. Teeth
j| on each side, awl-shaped, with sharp but entire lateral edges,
and destitute of basal cusps ; the third on each side of the synv
physis of the upper jaw smaller than those on either side of it.
Fins the base of the first dorsal rather nearer the pectoral than
the ventral fin. Pectoral falciform, its inner being one fourth of
the length of its outer margin. Second dorsal and anal small,
situated opposite one another; the keel on the side of the tail
commences in front of the bases of these fins. Colour grey,
becoming lighter beneath.
Lamna yuntheri, Murray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist (5) xiii. p. 349),
obtained at Kurracb.ee, is said to differ, having ^| teeth on either
* In a specimen of this genus, Lamna comulnca, Pennant, in Wales, observed
two embryos, and Neill, in 1804, remarked of one six feet long, at Newhaven,
that "no fewer than thirty young ones appeared, fifteen in each of two bags.
These were all from 12 to 14 inches in length, fully formed, and apparently
ready for exclusion."
LAMNIPJE. 27
side, and the dorsal being a little further behind the base of the
pectoral fin.
II1>. Red Sea and Indian Ocean, also the Atlantic and Medi-
terranean. This species attains to a very large size.
2. Genus ODONTASPIS, Agassi/.
Syn. Triykchis, Miiller & Henle.
Spiracles minute and above the angle of the mouth. No nicti-
tating membrane. Mouth wide and crescent-shaped. Teeth large,
awl-shaped, and with one or two cusps at the base. Gill-openings
of moderate size. Two spineless dorsal fins, the first opposite the
interspace between the pectoral and ventral ; the second dorsal
and the anal not much smaller than the first dorsal. A pit present
or absent at the root of the caudal fin.
Geographical Distribution. Temperate and tropical seas.
28. (1.) Odontaspis tricuspidatns. (Fig. 8.)
Carcharias tricuspidatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 713, pi. clxxxvi, fig. 1.
Dundatiee, Sind.
Length of preoral portion of the snout equal to half the width
of the mouth, and not equal to half the distance between the eye
and the first gill-opening; no groove at the angle of the mouth.
Fig. 8. Odontaspis tricu$pidatus.
Nostrils nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout. Gill-
openings much wider than the orbit. Teeth j*|^*, very large, awl-
shaped, smooth except at the base, where there exists a small basal
cusp on either side. The fourth tooth on each side of the sym-
physi s of the upper jaw very much smaller than those next to it ;
the central tooth on each side of the symphysis of the mandibles
slender; the last few lateral rows in both jaws small. Finn
pector al reaching to below the base of the first dorsal ; the inner
edge o ne fifth of the length of the outer. First dorsal very slightly-
larger than the second, its base situated nearer to the ventral than
to th e pectoral. The second dorsal slightly in advance of and
28 CTTONDBOPTEKYGTI. SF.LACITTODET.
about the same size as the anal ; length of base of anal equal to its
distance from the ventral. Caudal fin 3| in the total length.
Colour brown superiorly, becoming dull white beneath.
Hob. Seas of Sind, where they abound attaining at least twenty
feet; one on board a native craft measured that length. A spe-
cimen, 10| feet long, from South Australia, is in the British
Museum ; also several jaws.
3. Genus ALOPIAS, Kafinesque.
Mouth crescentic. No nictitating membrane to the eye. Spiracles
minute, close behind the orbit. Teeth of rather small size, flattened
and triangular, having smooth edges. Gill-openings of medium
size. The first dorsal fin spineless, inserted above the interspace
between the pectoral and ventral fins ; the second dorsal above the
interspace between the ventral and anal, the latter being very
small ; caudal very long, with a pit at its commencement. No keel
on the side of the tail.
29. (1.) Alopias vulpes. (Fig. 9.)
J
synon.).
Squalus vulpes, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 1406.
Alopias vulpes, Day, Fi&h. India, Supplement, 1888, p. 810 (see
Fig. 9. Alopias vulpes. .
Body fusiform, gradually decreasing in size to the caudal fin,
the great length of which is about half the total. Eyes rather
large. Nostrils beneath and nearer the anterior border of the
mouth than the end of the snout. Gill-openings of medium size,
the two last being over the pectoral fin. Teeth about g, the
third or fourth tooth on either side of the centre of the upper jaw
being smaller than the others.
Hob. Both shores of the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean.
One example from the Cape is in the Paris Museum. Mr. Haly
(' Taprobanian,' 1886, i. p. 167) recorded one 8 feet 8 inches long
from Ceylon : it was procured in the Colombo market in Feb. 1884,
where it was quite unknown to the fishermen. It has also been
obtained from San Francisco Bav, California, and New Zealand.
BHIXODONTID.E. NOTIDANID.E. 29
Family III. EHINODONTID^.
Spiracles minute. No nictitating membrane. Gill-openings
wide. Two spineless dorsal fins, the origin of the first opposite
to the ventral or somewhat in advance of it ; the second small,
placed nearly opposite the anal ; lower caudal lobe well developed.
A keel along the side of the tail. A pit at the root of the caudal
fin.
1. Genus RHINODON, Smith.
Definition as in family. Mouth and nostrils near the extremity
of the snout. Teeth small and conical. Grill-rakers similar to
those of the Basking Shark of northern seas.
Geographical Distribution. Ceylon, Seychelles to the Cape of
Good Hope. This shark has been said to exceed fifty feet in
length, and some authors even assert seventy. It is a harmless
form.
30. (1.) EMnodon typicus.
Rhinodon typicus, Smith, Illust. Zool. South Africa, Pisces, pl.xxvi;
Day, Fish. India, Supplement, p. 811 (see synon.) >
Snout broad, flat and short. Eyes small. Upper jaw with a
long labial fold. Colour brown, with white dots and narrow
transverse lines.
Hah. One example recorded by Haly from the west coast of
Ceylon.
Family IV. NOTIDANID^.
.Spiracles small and on the side of the neck. No nictitating
membrane. Gill-openings six or seven. A single spineless dorsal
fin placed nearly opposite to the anal; lower caudal lobe present.
No pit at the root of the caudal fin.
1. Genus NOTIDANUS, Cuvier.
Syn. Hcxanckus and Heptanchus, Rafin. ; Mtmaptprktmu, pt., Blainv.
Spiracles small and on the side of the neck. No nictitating
membrane. Mouth crescentic. No labial fold. Gill-openings
six or seven, and wide. Teeth in the upper jaw consisting of one
or two pairs that are awl-shaped, followed by six broader ones,
which have one strong and several smaller casps. In the lower
jaw six large comb-like teeth on each side, and some smaller lateral
ones. A single, spineless dorsal fin placed opposite the anal ;
lower caudal lobe present. No pit at the root of the caudal fin.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of tropical and temperate regions.
30 ClION-UliOPTERYGII. SELACHOIDEI.
31. (1.) Notidanus indicus. (Fig. 10.)
Notidanus indicus, Ayatwiz, 1'aixx. l<\ms. iii, pp. 1)2, i'17, t. E, f. 1
(teeth); Day, Fish. lndia,p. 723, pi. clxxxix, fig. 4 (see syuon.).
Fig. 10. Notidanus indicus.
Snout rounded and obtuse. Cleft of mouth wider than deep.
Teeth opposite the symphysis of the upper jaw is a tooth having
a single cusp, those on either side being stronger and denticulated.
The central tooth in the lower jaw has no median cusp, but two or
three lateral cusps on each side. Colour grey, with dark blotches
and marks.
Hab. Seas of India and South Africa to California.
Family V. SCYLLIID.E.
Spiracles present. Eye without any nictitating membrane.
Mouth inferior. Teeth small, several rows being generally in use.
The first dorsal fin spineless, placed above or behind the ventrals ;
an anal present, which may be in front of, below, or behind the
second dorsal.
St/nof>sis of Indian Genera.
A. Nasal and buccal cavities separate ; upper
edge of caudal tin smooth 1. SCYLLIUM.
B. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent.
Minute spiracle behind each eye; second
dorsal fin nearly opposite anal ...... 2. GINGLYMOSTOMA.
Spiracle behind eye and equal to it in
size. Caudal portion of body and fin
very long 3. STEGOSTOMA.
Spiracle below eye and well developed;
anal fin behind second dorasl 4. CIIILOSCYLLIUM.
1. Genus SCYLLIUM, Cuvier.
Syn. Scylliorhinus, Haltclurus, Poroderma, and CephaloscyUium, Gill.
Spiracles behind the eye. Nasal and buccal cavities distinct.
Teeth small, in several rows ; usually with a central and one or
two lateral cusps. Origin of arial fin in advance of that of the
second dorsal ; upper edge of caudal not serrated.
These sharks, or " dog fishes," do not attain to any large size,
but are much dreaded by fishermeu, as they get entangled in their
SCYLLILD.E. 31
nets, from which great injury occurs. The eggs are somewhat
similar to those of the rays. The skins form tine shagreen.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Nasal valves confluent, with a single transverse
uninterrupted flap and a well-developed
labial fold 1. S. marmoratum, p. 31.
Nasal valves separated from one another by a
considerable interspace 2. S, capense, p. 31.
, 32. (1.) Scyllimn marmoratum. (Fig. 11.)
Scvllium marmoratum, Bennett, Life of Sir S. Raffles, p. 693 j Day,
'Fish. India, p. 724, pi. cxc, tig. 2 (see synon.).
Fig. \\..Scyllium marmoratum.
Length of the snout equals the width of the mouth. Nasal
valves confluent in the form of a single broad flap, with a free
posterior edge, and no cirrus. A well-developed labial fold. Gill-
openings as wide as the orbit. Teeth small. Fins the first dorsal
commences just behind the ventral; the second dorsal slightly
larger than the first, and has the anal beneath its anterior one
half or two thirds. Colour of a tawny brown, becoming lighter
beneath. Lines of spots, some of which occasionally become con-
fluent, exist along the body; there may also be bands or ocelli.
Hob. Seas of India, where it is rare, to the Malay Archipelago.
33. (2.) Scyllimn capense.
Scvllium capense (Smith), Muller $ Henle, Plagios. p. 11 ; Day,
'Fish. India, p. 724, pi. cxc, fig. 1 (see synon.).
Snout obtuse. Nasal valves distinct, separated from one another
by a considerable interspace, and having no prominent cirrus. No
labial fold to the upper jaw, but a short one on the lower. Gill-
openings narrow, not so wide as the orbit. Teeth minute. Fins
the first dorsal is inserted rather nearer to the anal than to the
base of the ventral ; the second dorsal situated entirely behind the
anal. Colour brown, lightest beneath. Body with light vertical
bands and some white blotches.
Hah. An Indian example, about 40 inches in length, is in the
British Museum.
32 CnOXDHOPTEKYGII. SELACHOIDEI.
2. Genus GINGLYMOSTOMA, Miiller & Henle.
Syn. Nebrius, Riippell.
A minute spiracle behind the eye, which also is minute. A
quadrangular flap formed before the mouth by the conjoined nasal
valves, and which has a free cirrus on either side. A superior and
an inferior lip, the latter not extending across the syruphysis.
Nasal and buccal cavities confluent. Teeth either in many rows
with a strong median and one or two smaller lateral cusps ; or else
in merely about three rows, of which the foremost only is in use,
and each tooth with a convex and serrated edge. Fourth and fifth
gill-openings situated close together. Dorsal fins spineless, the
first above or behind the ventrals, the second rather in advance of
or opposite to the anal.
Geoyrapliical Distribution. Red Sea, Indian Ocean to the Malay
Archipelago; also tropical parts of the Atlantic.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Teeth in three rows, with one central and four or
five lateral cusps; second dorsal fin larger
than the anal 1. G. concolor, p. 32.
Teeth in many rows, with one central and three
or four lateral cusps ; second dorsal fin smaller
than the anal 2. G. miilleri, p. 33.
34. (1.) Ginglymostoma concolor. (Fig. 12.)
Nebrius concolor, Itiippelf, A". W. Fischc, p. 02, t. xvii, f. 2.
Ginglymostoma concolor, Day, Fish. India, Supplement, p. 811 (see
synon.).
Snout short. The nasal cirrus nearly reaches the lower lip. Teeth
in three rows, with one central and four or five lateral cusps,
having serrated edges. Fins angles of dorsal and of all paired
Fig. 12. Ginglymostoma concolor.
fins pointed ; second dorsal much smaller than the first, but larger
than the anal, and placed nearly opposite to the latter. Caudal
one third of the total length.
Hah. Ked Sea, and through the seas of India to the Malay
Archipelago.
SCYLLIIDdE. 33
35. (2.) Ginglymostoma miilleri.
Ginglymostoma miilleri, Gilnther, Catal. viii, p. 408; Day, Fish.
India, p. 725 (see synon.).
Snout very short, its length not equalling the width of the
mouth. Nasal cirrus short, reaching to the edge of the upper lip.
Teeth in many rows, each with a large central cusp, and three or
four lateral cusps on each side. Fins first dorsal opposite the
ventral, angles of all the paired fins pointed ; second dorsal slightly
in advance of the anal, but rather smaller than it or than the first
dorsal. Caudal nearly one third of the total length.
Hab t Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Said to attain 8J feet in
length.
3. Q-enus STEGOSTOMA, Miiller & Henle.
Spiracles about the size of the small eyes, behind which they are
situated. Fourth and fifth gill-openings close together. Nasal
and buccal cavities confluent. Snout obtuse ; upper lip thick, with
a cirrus on either side. A well-developed labial fold round the
angle of the mouth. Teeth small, sometimes trilobed, the dental
plate being almost quadrangular. Two spineless dorsal fins, the
first above the ventral, the second anterior to the anal, which is
near the caudal, the latter being very elongate.
Geographical Distribution. From the Eed Sea and east coast of
Africa, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and
Formosa.
36. (1.) Stegostoma tigrimim. (Fig. 13.)
Squalus tigrinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 1493.
Stegostoma tigrinum, Day, fish. India, p. 725, pi. clxxxvii, fig. 4
(young) (see synon.).
Pollee-makum, Konyarasi and Oorookoolti sorrah, also Potrava (when
young), Tel. ; Corungun sorrah, " monkey-mouthed shark," Tarn. }
ShawdMj Marathi.
Head as broad as long. Eye small, with the spiracle just
behind it. Upper lip very thick, like a quadrangular pad, with a
Fig. 13. Stegostoma tigrinum.
barbel on either side. A distinct labial fold round the angle of the
mouth, which is slightly nearer to the eye than to the end of the
snout. Teeth small and trilobed. Fins the origin of the first
dorsal is a little posterior to the base of the ventral, it is about
D
34 CHONDIIOPTEETOII. SELACHOIDEI.
as high in front as its base is long, and larger than the second
dorsal, which commences a short distance behind it and anterior
to the anal. Caudal fin very long, being about one half of the
total length and with a notch below near its extremity. A low
median, tubercular dorsal ridge, and sometimes a second on either
side of dorsal fin. Colour (youncf) white or buff, in the form
of markings, the fish appearing black, with narrow white lines or
bands, between which are white spots, across the head and body ;
these markings take on various forms in different examples. Adults
tawny, or with more or less transverse bands of rounded spots,
the colour of the fish being brownish.
Hob. Eed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay
Archipelago, and beyond; attaining to 10 or 15 feet in length.
This species is common at Madras. Its favourite food consists of
mollusks and Crustacea.
4. Genus CHILOSCYLLIUM, Miiller & Henle.
Syn. Hemiscyttium, Miill. & Henle.
Spiracle below the eye. Fourth and fifth gill-openings close
together. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent ; nasal valve with a
barbel. Lower lip continuous or interrupted in the centre. Teeth
small, triangular, with or without lateral cusps. Two spineless
dorsal fins, the first above or behind the ventrals, the second con-
siderably anterior to the anal, which is near the caudal.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago, and Australia.
37. (1.) Chiloscyllium indicum. (Fig. 14.)
Squalus indicus, Gmcl. Syst. Nat. p. 1503.
Chiloscyllium indicum, Day, Fish. India, p. 726, pi. clxxxviii, tig. 3
ynon.).
Sokee-sorrah or Ra-sarrah, Tel. ; Corungun sorrah, Tam. ; Ettee, Mai. ;
Poos-hee, Belooch. ; Bdlavdla, Marathi ; Nya man ingmyouny, Burmese.
Head rather depressed and flatter below than above. Eye
small, with the spiracle (which is of about the same size) below
and slightly posterior to it. Lips surround the mouth, the lower
Fig. 14. Chiloscyllium Mimim.
labial fold being continuous; the mouth at its angle one third
nearer to the eye than to the end of the snout, which is obtuse.
Nasal valve with an elongated barbel. Teeth small, triangular
BATOIDEI. 35
with lateral cusps. Fins the origin of the first dorsa is just
posterior to the base of the ventral, the anterior edge of the former
exceeds the length of its base, which latter distance equals the
length between the t\vo dorsal fins, both of which have their
anterior and upper edges rounded; the second fin somewhat
smaller than the first and ending some distance anterior to the
origin of the anal. Anal notched, terminating close to the caudal
fin, which is also notched posteriorly, and is contained about 5
times in the total length. Erom one to three smooth or tuber-
cular ridges may exist along the back, or may be entirely absent.
Colour this varies exceedingly : usually grey with dark, or even
black, cross-bands, which may or may not include white spots ;
sometimes the cross-bands break up into spots or bands, having
dark edges ; or the fish is simply of a reddish-brown colour.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond.
Suborder B. BATOIDEI.
Spiracles present ; gill-openings in five pairs, and on the ventral
surface of the body. Body depressed, forming, with its largely
developed pectoral fins, a more or less flat disk, and usually having
a thin and slender tail. Dorsal fin, when present, in the caudal
portion of the body ; anal absent.
Some of these fishes approach the sharks in external form, the
tail portion not being so sharply contracted behind the trunk as in
most rays.
Skates and rays exist in enormous numbers in the Indian seas,
where they attain to a great size, and some are dreaded by fisher-
men because of the wounds inflicted by their caudal spines, while
others cause great injury to the oysters and other mollusks.
Skates are gregarious, and may suddenly arrive, to the dismay of
the owner of an oyster-bed, as they appear to remain so long as
any mollusks are to be obtained. Eays lie concealed in the sand,
and are reputed to be able to suddenly encircle fish or prey
swimming above them with their long whip-like tails, and then
wound them with their serrated tail-spines. They are observed in
aquaria to cover their victims with their expanded body and sub-
sequently convey their prey to their mouths by movements of
their pectoral fins. Their skins were formerly valuable as shagreen,
being considered superior to those of sharks. Irrespective of this
use, they are occasionally employed as rasps or sand-paper, to give
the first surface to wood or horn which it is desired to polish.
Their fins are exported, along with those of the sharks, to China,
where they are in request for soups, while from their livers an oil
is extracted (see pp. 5, 6, ante).
The thin horny cases, inside which are the foetal rays, are more
quadrangular in form and comparatively smaller than what are
observed among the sharks ; such cases have a horn-like projection
from each corner.
36 CBONDR01-TEBYOII. BATOIDEl.
Synopsis of Indian Families.
I. A flattened snout, having lateral teeth, ren-
dering it saw-like. Trunk passing gra-
dually into the tail Pristidae.
II. Pectoral fins not continued to the snout.
Trunk gradually passing into the tail,
which has two dorsals and a caudal fin Rhinobatidae.
III. Trunk a broad smooth disk. Usually dorsal
and caudal fins. An electric organ Torpedinidae.
IV. Trunk a broad and generally a rough disk.
Pectoral fins extend on to the snout. A
fold along each side of the tail ; no serrated
caudal spine. No electric organ : Raiidae.
V. Pectoral fins extend on to and are confluent at
the snout. No fold along side of tail, which
latter is usually armed with a serrated
spine Trygonidae.
VI. Pectoral fins do not extend on to the side of
the head; snout with a detached pair of
fins ,. Myliobatidae.
Family I. PRISTID.E. (Saw-fishes.)
Snout much produced, flattened, and having a saw-like appearance,
due to the existence of large teeth on its lateral edges. Trunk
passing gradually into the tail.
The endoskeleton of a tooth of the saw of one of these fishes
consists of from three to five hollow tubes, tapering towards their
extremity, and covered with an osseous deposit which is perforated
with fine holes. The teeth vary both in size and number in the
same species, rendering them unsuitable as specific, but admissible
as individual distinctions.
Great injuries can be inflicted by these fishes, which strike side-
ways with their formidable snouts : and although not personally a
witness to the fact, I have been informed on native authority that
large ones have been known to cut a bather completely in two. Tbe
largest example I saw was off tbe coast of Sind (Pristis zysron) ; it
measured over 16 feet, the rostrum being 4 ft. 2 in. in length. A
P. cuspidatus, 14 feet long, captured at Calicut, was found to have
a liver weighing 185 lb., which was taken to the oil-factory when
I was present.
At (xwadur, on the Mekran coast, 1 found that the fishermen of
all religions presented the saws of these fishes at a small temple,
where they were hung up inside or piled round the outside. The
priest was expected to pray for success for the fishermen in their
takes and a safe return to shore. At the Andamaii Islands the
aborigines wishing to make a suitable offering to their superinten-
dent, attacked an enormous saw-fish, which they harpooned, and
eventually secured at the risk of their lives. They presented him
with the rostrum, which I now possess.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of tropical and temperate regions.
P1USTIDJE. M7
1. Genus PRISTIS, Latham.
Body elongated and depressed. Gill-openings inferior and of
moderate width. Spiracle wide and posterior to the eye, which
latter has no nictitating membrane. Nostrils inferior. Teeth
minute and obtuse. Dorsal fins spineless, the first opposite or
nearly opposite the ventrals ; front edge of pectoral free.
Synopsis of Indian Species,
A. Caudal fin with a distinct lower lobe.
From 23 to 35 pairs of teeth on the snout; in the
younp their hinder edge is barbed. Dorsal
fin arises behind the root of the ventral . . 1. P. cuspidatus, p. 37.
B. Caudal fin without any distinct lower lobe.
Prom 17 to 20 pairs of teeth on the rostrum,
commencing at its base. Dorsal fin almost
entirely in advance of ventrals 2. P. perrotteti, p. 38.
From 25 to 32 pairs of teeth on the rostrum,
commencing near its base. Dorsal fin almost
entirely posterior to the ventrals 3. P. zysron, p. 38.
From 24 "to 27 pairs of teeth on the rostrum.
Dorsal fin opposite ventral 4. P. pectinatus, p. 39.
38. (l.) Pristis cuspidatus. (Fig. 15.)
Pristis cuspidatus, Latham, Tr. L. S. 1794, ii, p. 279, pi. 2H, fig. 3
(rostrum) ; Day, Fish. India, p. 728, pi. cxci, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Yahla, Tel. ; Vela meen, Tamil.
Eostrum narrow and of about the same width throughout,
armed with from twenty-three to thirty-five pairs of broad teeth,
those on one side (generally the right) often exceeding in number
those on the other. This dentition is absent in the foetus, while
Fig. 15. Pristis cus-pidatus.
in the immature it only exists in the anterior three quarters of
the snout, and in the adult a considerable portion of the base is
unarmed. Usually the anterior six pairs of teeth are opposite
one another, and the posterior teeth in the immature are mostly
barbed behind. Mouth transverse, with a membranous valve
(fringed in the young) behind the teeth in the upper jaw, and
with a deep notch near the symphysis. The pupil is transverse,
with a semicircular flap above and another below ; these flaps are
easily raised, depressed, or expanded, according to the stimulus of
light received, which they can partially or entirely exclude ; lens
very soft. Spiracles large, nearly transverse, posterior to the eyes,
38 CHONDROPTEKTOn. BATOIDEI.
half a diameter of the eye in width. Nostrils situated about one
and a half transverse lengths from the mouth ; they have long
triangular narrow valves in their upper, and a hem-like one at
their lower margins ; their distance asunder posteriorly equals
their length, and is twice as much anteriorly. Teeth small,
longer than broad. Fins the first dorsal commences just behind
the ventral ; the second dorsal midway between the posterior
extremity of the first dorsal and the base of the caudal. The two
dorsals are of equal size, their upper margins concave, and the
posterior lobe of each produced. Posterior margin of the caudal
deeply excavated so as to form two lobes. A keel passes along the
tail, dividing the lateral from the abdominal surfaces. Colour
greyish-yellow above, whitish beneath. Iris golden, with a black
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, ascending rivers ;
attaining 20 feet and upwards in length. The flesh is equally
esteemed with that of the sharks. The fins are prepared and sent
to China : oil is extracted from the livers, whilst the skins are
useful for sword-scabbards or for smoothing down wood.
39. (2.) Pristis perrotteti.
Pristis perrotteti, Mutt. $ Henle, Plagios. p. 108 ; Day, Fish. India,
p. 729, pi. cxci, fig. 1 (see synon.).
Kundah, Ooriah.
Rostrum of moderate breadth, rather narrow anteriorly, armed
with from seventeen to twenty pairs of teeth, mostly about the
same number on either side, and commencing at the base of the
snout ; the first four pairs being opposite one another, and the
breadth of the base of each anteriorly being about equal to one
third of the interspace. Spiracles placed very obliquely, from
1 to 1| diameters behind the orbit. Teeth larger than in P. cus-
pidatus or P. zysron, oval, longer than broad. Fins the first
dorsal almost entirely in advance of the ventral ; second dorsal
commences nearly midway between the posterior extremity of the
first dorsal and the base of the caudal ; these two fins are of
about equal size ; inferior margin of the caudal with a faint indi-
cation of a lobe. Colour reddish brown superiorly, becoming
dull white along the abdominal surface ; iris golden, with a black
Hob. Tropical seas, entering rivers. In the Mahanadi river,
Orissa, I observed it at least forty miles from the sea, far beyond
the influence of the tides, where I obtained several specimens 4 ft. in
length. In Orissa it is only eaten by the sweepers and the very
lowest castes.
40. (3.) Pristis zysron.
I
Vetta torrah, Tamil.
Pristis zysron, Sleeker, Eotav. Gen. Verhand. xxiv, Plagios. p. 55 ;
Day, Fish. India, p. 729, pi. cxci, fig. 2 (see synon.).
PRISTLD^E. RHINOBATID2E. 39
Eostrum intermediate in width between P. cuspidatus and
P. perrotteti, of about the same breadth throughout, and armed with
from twenty-five to thirty-two pairs of teeth, of mostly the same
number on either side ; they commence just in front of the base
of the snout, the posterior ones are much further apart than the
anterior. Teeth intermediate in size between P. cuspidatus and
P. perrotteti. Fins first dorsal almost entirely behind the ven-
trals ; second dorsal as large as the first, or larger, is situated
rather near to the root of the caudal, to which its posterior lobe
almost reaches ; caudal without a lower lobe. Colour sandy-
brown, becoming lighter beneath.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining at
least 20 ft. in length. This species is perhaps more common in
the seas of India than P. cuspidatus. It is especially abundant
along the Mekran and Sind coasts, where it is much dreaded.
41. (4.) Pristis pectinatns.
Pristis pectinatus, Latham, Tr. L. S. 1794, ii, p. 278, pi. 26, fig. 2
(siiout) ; Day, Fish. India, Supplement, p. 811 (see synon.).
Nga-tat-way, Burmese ; Khurra mach, Chittagong.
Eostrum nearly twice as wide at its termination as at its base,
and armed with from twenty-four to twenty-seven pairs of , generally ,
long teeth, not placed opposite one another. Fins first dorsal
commences opposite ventral, the second dorsal of about equal size
to the first ; no lower caudal lobe. Colour as in the last.
Hob. Eed Sea and through the Indian Ocean. One 24 ft. long
asserted by fishermen to have been taken at Akyab.
Family II. RHINOBATID^E.
The disk slightly dilated laterally ; the rayed portion of the
pectoral fin not continued on to the snout. Trunk gradually
passing into the tail, which is thickened and has a longitudinal
fold along each side. Two well-developed dorsals, likewise a
caudal fin. No electric organs.
These fishes are very destructive to marine Crustacea and
mollusks ; and are said to congregate in large droves.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
Two dorsal fins, the anterior opposite the ventrals 1. RHYNCHOBATUS.
Two dorsal fius, the anterior situated far behind
the ventrals 2. RHINOBATUS.
40 CHONDHOPTEBTGII. BATOIDET.
1. Genus RHYNCHOBATUS, Miiller & Henle.
Syn. Rhina, sp., and Rhinobatiw, sp., Bl. Schn. ; Rhamphobatis, Gill.
Body depressed and elongated. Gill-openings inferior, narrow,
and inside the base of the pectoral fin. Spiracles wide and
behind the eyes, which latter have no nictitating membrane ;
snout rather elongated and acute ; nostrils inferior, oblique, wide
slits. Teeth obtuse, ridged ; the dentary plate having an undu-
lated surface. Dorsal fins spineless, the first opposite the ventrals ;
front edge of pectoral free, not extending to the head ; caudal
with a well-marked lower lobe.
Geographical Distribution. From the Red Sea and east coast of
Africa through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and
China.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Snout elongated ; few tubercles or spines on
head or body. A black shoulder-spot and
numerous white spots on upper surface 1. R. djeddensis, p. 40.
Snout broad, having a semicircular outline.
Rows of large tubercles and spines on
head and trunk. Brown 2. R. ancylostomus, p. 41.
42. (1.) Rhynchobatus djeddensis. (Fig. 16.)
Raja djiddensis, Forsk. Descrip. Anim. p. 18.
Rhynchobatus djeddensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 730, pi. cxcii, fig. 1
(see synon.).
Walawah Tenkee, Nul Ulavi, or Tipi Ulavi, Tel. ; Rdnja, Marathi ;
Paluiiga or Parangan, Tarn.
Snout elongated, the distance between the mouth and end of
snout equals one fourth to one fifth of the entire length excluding
Fig. l. Rhynchobatus djeddensis.
the caudal fin, being shortest in adults. Eyes rather large ; the
spiracle close behind the orbit. Teeth oval, wider than broad,
with a horizontal cusp across the centre of each ; ^~& twenty
to twenty-five vertical rows across the middle of both jaws. Dental
plate with a central and a smaller lateral elevation ; corresponding
emarginations exist in the upper jaw. Fins the first dorsal
EHINOBATID^B. 41
commences opposite the centre of the base of the ventral. The
second dorsal is half as far from the base of the caudal as from the
posterior extremity of the first dorsal; and is smaller than the
latter fin, but of the same shape. Scales minute, of irregular
shapes and sizes, keeled; a number of tubercles, directed back-
wards, exist in rows in some parts of the body ; a supraorbital
row extends from the anterior margin of each orbit round its upper
edge to above the spiracle ; a second passes from a central point
between the termination of the last two and proceeds along the
back to the base of the first dorsal, the tubercles on it being much
further apart than hi the other lines ; from slightly behind the
commencement of the dorsal line of spines is a short diverging
row on either side, also a row on the shoulder, and two or three
spines on the scapula. The lateral keel commences a little above
the termination of the ventrals. Colour the immature are dull
grey above, whitish, sometimes tinged with red, beneath. A dark
or black band on the upper eyelid and a dark spot beneath on
either side of the snout ; also there is usually, but not invariably,
a black spot at the root of the pectoral, which may have several
small white spots round it. The body and sometimes the pectoral
fins are spotted with whitish or light grey. Iris golden. The
adult is of a dull grey above and lighter on the abdomen.
ffab. Bed Sea and east coast of Africa, seas of India to the
Malay Archipelago, and beyond. The flesh is considered nourishing
whether eaten salted or fresh, and oil from the liver is much
esteemed. The young are captured along the Coromandel coast
in large numbers about the month of March. This fish grows
to at least six feet in length.
43. (2.) Rhynchobatns ancylostonms.
Rhina ancylostomus, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 352, t. Ixxii.
Rhynchobatus ancylostomus, Day, Fish. India, p. 730, pi. cxciii, fig. 3
(see synon.).
Mun ulava, " mud skate," Tarn. ; Nalla dindi, or PottHa sora, Tel.
Snout very broad with a semicircular outline. A longitudinal
row of tubercles on each side of the head above the eyes continued
on to the shoulders, and a median one along the back, with two
short lateral rows between the last and the pectoral fin ; a few
tubercles round the front edge of the eye and below the spiracle.
Teeth ^; twenty-two vertical rows in the centre of the upper
and twenty-seven in the centre of the lower jaw. The dental
surface deeply undulated, with one large median and a smaller
lateral elevation in the lower jaw and with corresponding emar-
ginations in the upper. The teeth are largest on <the summit
of each elevation; all are obtusely rounded, with several longi-
tudinal ridges across each. Colour dull brown, lighter beneath ;
the body and sometimes the fins covered with whitish spots ;
occasionally some tortuous black lines.
Hob. Prom the east coast of Africa through the seas of India
to the Malay Archipelago and China. One 6 ft. 10 in. long was
sent by Dr. Jerdon to the British Museum ; in it were found the
42 CHONDEOPTERYOII. BATOIDEI.
remains of great numbers of Crustacea of many kinds. The natives
assert that this ray swims slowly just above the bottom of the
sea not far from the shore, picking up what it can find.
2. Genus RHINOBATUS, sp., Bl. Schn.
Syn. Syrrina, Mull. & Henle.
Body depressed and elongated. Spiracles wide, behind the eyes.
Snout elongated, the cranial cartilage produced and the interval
between it and the pectoral fin filled by a membrane. Nostrils
oblique and wide ; the anterior nasal valves not confluent. Teeth
obtuse, ridged. Dorsal fins spineless, both far behind the ventral ;
no lower caudal lobe.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas. Indi-
viduals are exceedingly numerous along the coast of India, and prefer
a sandy to a muddy bottom. Tickell observed that they have the
singular habit of coming so close to the edge of the water that the
retiring wave frequently leaves them, exposed to the air, in which
condition they contentedly remain allowing the surf to cover them
and desert them alternately. They often select a smooth, sloping,
sandy beach for this purpose, where they lie with their snouts
pointed seawards, so that if danger approaches they wriggle sea-
wards and swim awav with the next wave.
Fig. 17. Rhinobatus gramdatus.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Snout elongated; a row of spines along the
middle of the back 1 . R, granulatus, p. 42.
Snout rather obtuse ; a few blunted spines along
the middle of the back 2. R. halavi, p. 43.
Nostrils very large, their distance apart at the
base being less than half their length .... 3. JR. thouini, p. 44.
Snout rather elongated ; a row of tubercles
along the middle of the back 4. R. columnce, p. 44.
44. (1.) Rhinobatus granulatus. (Fig. 17.)
Rlrinobatus granulatus, Cuv. Rtyn. Anim. ed. 2, ii, p. 396'; Miill. $
Henle, Plagios. p. 117, t. xxxviii ; Day, Fish. India, p. 732,
pi. cxcii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Suttiivarah, Tel. ; Pur-run-gun, Tamil ; Cun-da-ree, Sind. ; Nga-man-
liaing, or Nga-man-kha, Burmese ; Mattia byllia, Chittagong.
KHINOBATID^E. 43
Snout elongate, its length being from 4| to 5| in the total, and
as a rule being longest in the immature ; the \vidth of the inter-
orbital space varies from 2| to 3| in the length of the snout.
Anterior nasal valve with no lateral dilatation. The distance
between the external angles of the nostrils equals about two thirds
or three fifths in the preoral portion of the snout ; the two rostral
ridges narrow and closely approximating in their anterior half or
two thirds : mouth transverse. Teeth ^, dental plate with a
t>2* A
central and lateral elevation in the lower, with corresponding
depressions in the upper jaw : 20 to 22 vertical rows in the upper
and 13 in the lower jaw opposite the symphysis. Scales tubercles
on the back, and a row of compressed spines along its middle,
which become obsolete with age ; some spines on the edge of the
orbit and on the shoulder. In the young a row likewise along
either side of the upper edge of rostral ridge. Colour reddish
grey superiorly, becoming dull white beneath.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Australia.
This ray attains at least seven feet in length.
45. (2.) Ehinobatus halavi.
Raja halavi, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 19.
Rhinobatus halavi, Day, Fish. India, p. 731, pi. cxciii, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Pare, if young Padangan, Tarn.
Snout rather obtuse, its length contained 7 to 8 times in the
total. The width of the interorbital space 2| to 2% times in the
length of the snout. Anterior nasal valve not dilated laterally.
The distance between the outer angles of the nostrils four fifths
the preoral length of the snout ; the length of the nostrils about
equals the distance their bases are asunder. Eostral ridges diver-
gent posteriorly, becoming confluent in their anterior half or two
thirds. Teeth transversely oval, with a slight ridge along the
centre, the width of the plate above the symphysis of both jaws
being one eighth of its length ; -^ rows of teeth, and fifteen
vertical rows in the median line in either jaw. The dental plate
almost straight. Fins the two dorsals of about the same size,
their distance asunder equalling the interspace between the second
dorsal and the base of the caudal, the latter being 7| to 8^ in
the total length. Scales somewhat trefoil-shaped and flattened,
being rather largest along the median line of the back, which,
however, is not spined, although a few tubercles almost form
spines. Colour reddish grey superiorly, becoming white beneath ;
fins and snout with a reddish tinge. Large examples have occasion-
ally black blotches over them.
Hab. From the Mediterranean, west coast of Africa and Cape
of (rood Hope : also from the Red Sea through the seas of India
to the Malay Archipelago and China. This species attains at least
aix feet in length.
44 CHONDROPTEKYGII. BATOIDEI.
46. (3.) Rbinobatus thouini.
Raie thouin, Lactptde, H. N. Poiss. i, p. 134, pi. i, figs. 3-5.
Rhinobatus thouini, Mull. Sf Henle, Plagios. p. 120; Day, Fish. India,
p. 732, pi. cxc, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Snout of moderate extent, contained 5 or 6 times in the total
length ; the width of the interorbital space 2| in the length
of the snout. Anterior nasal valves not dilated laterally. The
distance between the outer angles of the nostrils equals two thirds
of the length of the preoral portion of the snout ; the length of
the nostrils is more than twice the extent their bases are apart.
Mouth straight. Rostral ridges confluent in almost their entire
length. Teeth small, upwards of one hundred rows in either jaw.
Fins the two dorsals of about the same size, high and pointed,
the first if laid flat nearly reaching the base of the second dorsal ;
caudal 6 in the total. Scales skin granulated with a row of
compressed spines along the middle of the back and smaller ones
over the shoulders and above the eyes. Colour brown, becoming
yellowish white beneath.
Hob. From the Red Sea through the seas of India to the
Malay Archipelago. This species attains to 6 feet in length,
according to Bleeker.
47. (4.) Rhinobatus columns.
Rhinobatus columnae, Bonaparte, Faun. Hal. iii, pi. 152 ; Mull. 8f
Henle, Plagios. p. 113; Day, Fish. India, Supplement, 1888, p. 811
(see synon.).
Snout rather elongated, the distance between the outer angles of
the nostrils is equal to two fifths of the length of the preoral portion
of the snout. Each anterior nasal valve connected to a fold of
skin that passes towards the median line and so nearly joins that of
the opposite side. The upper rostral ridges are convergent in front.
Back finely granular, with a median row of small tubercles.
Colour brown ; young examples have a white snout.
Hob. Mediterranean, the Indian and Atlantic Oceans.
Family III. TORPEDINID^E.
Trunk broad and disk smooth. Anterior nasal valves confluent
and forming a quadrangular flap. Body gradually passing into
the tail, which latter has a rayed dorsal (except in Temerti) and
caudal fin ; a longitudinal fold along both sides. An electric
organ situated between the pectoral fin and the head.
The upper surface of the electric organs in these fishes is positive
and the lower negative.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical, subtropical, and temperate
seas. In India the species of this family do not appear to be used
as food.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
Two dorsal fins ; spiracles immediately behind the eyes .. 1. NAHCINK.
One dorsal fin 2. ASTRAPE.
TOEPEDINIDjE. 45
1. Genus NARCINE, Henle.
Disk distinct from the tail, which has a lateral fold on each side
and is longer than the disk. Spiracles close behind the eyes :
nasal valves confluent, forming a quadrangular flap. Teeth nearly
flat, with a central point. Two dorsal fins, the anterior behind
the ventrals and usually smaller than the posterior. An electric
apparatus present.
It must be noted that an apparatus exists in fishes of the genus
Raia which presents the anatomical characters of electric organs,
and has been known for a long period.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas.
48. (1.) Narcine timlei. (Fig. 18.)
Kaja timlei, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 359.
Narcine timlei, Day, Fish. India, p. 733, pi. cxcii, fig. 3 (see synou.).
Temeree and Nalla Temeree, Tel.
Outline of disk somewhat rounded, broader than long ; along the
side of the tail is a broad skinny keel reaching the base of the
caudal fin. Caudal portion of fish rather longer than the body.
Nasal valves confluent, forming a quadrangular skinny flap which
is rather elongated in the middle. Spiracle just behind the orbit
and not tuberculated on the edge. Teeth flattened anteriorly,
the internal ones with a small median cusp ; the dental plate only
embraces the central half of each jaw, the lips being thickened and
continuous at the angles. The*form of the dental plate varies,
being either angular in the mandible, the angle pointing downward
&
Fig. \9>.Xarcine timlei.
or similar to what obtains in the upper ja\v. F'uis the first dorsal
usually commences just behind the ventrals, but occasionally over
their posterior extremity, it is somewhat smaller than the second ;
in the young its apex forms an angle, which in the adult becomes
rounded. The distance between the two dorsals equals that
between the posterior dorsal and the caudal. The size and shape
of the two dorsals is similar. Caudal with its hinder edge rounded
46 CHONDROPTERYGII. BATOIDEI.
and confluent with its lower edge. Colour body and fins reddish
brown above, with numerous irregularly sized chocolate-coloured
spots ; lower surface white. Pupil triangular, apex below. Iris
golden. In the immature the spots have a white margin. Some
examples are marked all over with large brown blotches much
wider than the ground-colours ; in others no spots at all exist.
These differences in colour do not depend on sex or age.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. This fish attains
at least eighteen inches in length.
2. Genus ASTRAPE, Miiller & Henle.
Tail with a fold on either side. Spiracles close behind the eyes,
which last are minute. Nasal valves confluent, forming a large
quadrangular flap. Teeth flattened or with a central elevation,
the dental plate extending slightly beyond the outer edge of the
jaws. A single dorsal fin on the tail ; caudal well developed. An
electric apparatus on the side of the head between it and the pec-
toral fin.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago and China, also the Cape of Good Hope and Madagascar.
49. (1.) Astrape dipterygia. (Fig. 19.)
Raja dipterygia, SI Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 359.
Astrape dipterygia, Day, Fisk. India, p. 734, pi. cxcii, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Zinzina, Marathi ; Timiri tiki, Tel.
Disk rounded, as wide as long, extending posteriorly to over the
anterior margins of the ventrals. Tail shorter than the body ; a
Fig. 19. Astrape dipterygia.
low keel along the lateral edge of the former. Snout short. Spi-
racles smooth, close to and much larger than the eyes ; vent slightly
nearer to the head than to the posterior extremity of the caudal
fin. Teeth pointed, with tetragonal bases ; they project slightly
beyond the margin of the jaws. Fins ventrals with their angles
acute in the young, rounded in the adult. Caudal rounded, its
RAIIDJE. 47
upper and lower portions confluent. Colour dull reddish olive
above, whitish below. A white spot near each side of the posterior
end of the head, another above the end of the ventral, and generally
a third at the root of the caudal ; ventral with a white edge.
Hal. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, China and
Japan. This species attains at least ten inches in length.
Family IV.
Disk broad, rhombic ; tubercules or spines usually present.
The pectorals extend to the snout. The body passes gradually
into the tail, which has a longitudinal fold on either side. No
serrated caudal spine. Electric organs absent *.
In the year 1815 Colonel Montagu drew attention to a sexual
character which was observable in some species of these fishes, in
which the teeth were blunted in the females and pointed in the
males. Another sexual character is that of spines on the body
which are temporarily developed during the breeding-season.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of both hemispheres, but more
numerous in the northern ; it possesses but few representatives
along the coasts of India, and seems to be absent from the Bed
1. Genus PLATYRHINA, Miiller & Henle.
Disk rhombic, with a fold on either side ; tail distinct. Nasal
valves distinct. Two dorsal fins on the tail ; caudal well developed ;
ventrals separated one from the other. Body covered with rough
asperities and spines.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to China and
50. (1.) Platyrhina schonleinii.
Platyrhina schonleinii, Mull, fy Henlt >, Plagios. p. 125, t. xlv ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 735 (see synon.)-
Disk subcircular; snout obtuse; tail as long as the disk. Den-
tal plate undulating; three elevations in the lower and three
corresponding depressions in the upper jaw. Nostrils wide apart.
A row of strong spines and also smaller lateral ones along the
median line of the back and tail ; some more along the edge of the
orbit and on the shoulder. Colour brown, covered with light
blotches ; said sometimes to have dark cross bands and large dark
spots.
Hab. Coromandel coast of India. A male example, 27
inches in length, was in the Madras Museum.
* See remarks to genus Narcine, p. 45, ante.
48 CHONDKOPTERYGII. BATOTDEI.
Family V. TRYGONID^E.
Disk wide ; the pectorals continued to the extremity of the
snout, where they become confluent. Tail long and slender, without
any lateral folds. Vertical fins, if present, imperfectly developed,
or they may be modified into a serrated spine.
The forms with armed tails, generally termed " sting rays,"
occasion exceedingly dangerous injuries, not merely owing to the
jagged nature of the caudal spines, but apparently also to the
presence of some irritating foreign substance, which is carried into
the wound.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
Tail long and spineless. Body densely covered with
tubercles 1. UROGYMNUS.
Tail long, armed with a serrated spine. Teeth flattened 2. TRYGON.
Tail long, armed with a serrated spine, and having a
broad lower cutaneous fold continued to its termi-
nation 3. T^ENIURA.
Body very broad, tail very short and armed with a
serrated spine. Teeth with from one to three
cusps 4. PTEROPLATEA.
1. Genus UROGYMNUS, Miiller & Henle.
Syn. Anacanthus, Ehren. ; Rhachinotus, Cantor.
Disk subcircular ; tail long and distinct, destitute of any spine,
but with a narrow inferior fold ; pectorals united anteriorly. Teeth
flattened. Body covered with osseous tubercles, amongst which
are sharp conical spines.
Geoywipliical Distribution. From the Red Sea and east coast of
Africa, throughout the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
51. (1.) Urogymmis asperrimus.
Raja asperrima, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 307.
Urogymnus asperrimus, -Day, Fish. India, p. 730, pi. cxcv, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Moollan tiriki, Tarn.
Disk nearly as wide as long ; snout scarcely projecting. Body
densely covered with small heart-shaped scales, between which are
numerous thorns which are generally erect, and are continued pos-
teriorly to the first fifth of the tail, where they cease. On the
pectoral fins are numerous small conical spines, irrespective of
those over the body amongst the tubercles. Colour greenish
above, white beneath.
TRYGONIDJE.
49
Hob. Bed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the
Malay Archipelago. One, 2 feet across the disk, existed in the
Madras Museum. This species is said to attain to 4 or 5 feet in
length.
Fig. 20. Uroyymnus asperrimus.
2. Genus TRYGON, Adanson.
Syn. Himantura, Hcmitrygon, and Hypolophus, Miill. & Henle ; Para-
tryyon, Duineril.
Pdkat, Marathi.
Disk oval or rhomboidal ; tail elongated and tapering. Nasal
valves coalescent, forming a quadrangular flap. Teeth flattened,
or with a central point or transverse ridge. Pectoral fins united an-
teriorly ; tail destitute of a fin, or if with a cutaneous fold, such
does not extend to its extremity ; it is armed superiorly with one
or two lanceolate spines that are serrated on both sides. Body
smooth or with tubercles.
In this genus the colours in individuals of the same species are
subject to considerable variation, and this is not invariably due to
age. The character of the tubercles and their extent have also
been (as I think erroneously) employed to characterize some
species : thus one, Trygon chindrnkee (Cuv.), Bleeker, is a form
without tubercles or spines, except on the tail; T. polylepis,
Blt-ckcr, has small tubercles in the interorbital space, a narrow
band along the back with a few indistinct enlarged ones, but none
50 CIIONDROPTERYOJI. TUTOIDEl.
on the tail: T. wnlf/a, Miill. & ITenle, has the interorbital space
and back covered with small tubercles, no larger ones in the median
line, but a series of short spines between the root of the tail and
the larger spine. Now all these forms, with every intermediate
variation, occur, and the smooth body usually confined to the young
may be persistent in the adult.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Lower dental laminae somewhat pointed, the
upper being angularly bent for their reception.
Tail
Tail with a cutaneous fold.
A broad fold along lower surface of tail. Upper
part of bodv covered with tl,-it tubercles .... 1. T. sephen, p. 50.
B. Dental laminae transverse ; if undulating,
slightly so. Tail with a cutaneous fold.
( Tryyon.}
Snout pointed. Tail three times as long as disk.
Tubercles few 2. T. bennetti, p. 52.
Tail half longer than disk. Body nearly smooth.
Blue ocelli on upper surface 3. T. kuJdii, p. ">"_'.
Tail scarcely as long as body. Tubercles fuw . . 4. 7'. imlricata, p. 52.
Snout very pointed and produced. A few
tubercles in median line of back 5. T, zugei, p. 52.
C. Dental laminae transverse ; if undulating,
slightly so; tail without a cutaneous fold.
(Himantura.)
Snout rather pointed. Tail very long. One or
more large tubercles in middle of back.
Brown or spotted 0. T. uarnal-, p. 53.
Tail twice as long as disk. A row of pointed
tubercles on the back, which is spined all
over 7. T. maw/hiatus,
Snout very pointed. Tail three to four times [p. 54.
as long as disk. A central and several
smaller tubercles on the back 8. T. llcckeri, p. 54.
Snout pointed. Tail rather longer than disk.
Tubercles variously disposed 9. T. vtilt/a, p. 55.
52. (1.) Trygon sephen. (Figs. 21, 22.)
Raja sephen, Forsk. Descr. An. p. 17.
Trygon sephen, Day, Fish. India, p. 740, pi. cxcv, fig. 2 (fee synon.).
Adavalan tiriki, Tamil ; Volugiri tenkee and Wolaa tcnkee, Tel. ;
Govdl pdkat, Marathi.
Disk rather broader than long ; the length of the tail three to
four times that of the body. Snout most obtuse in adults. Teeth
lower dental laminae somewhat pointed, the upper angularly
bent for their reception; ^ rows transversely, and ~ vertically
opposite the symphysis : they are all flattened, those in the centre
of the upper jaw being the smallest. Fins tail with a broad
lower cutaneous fold ; there may be one or two serrated spines
TliVGOXTDJE.
51
situated rather behind its anterior third. Scales upper surface
of the head and body and base of tail covered by thick, concave, or
flat-headed, several-sided tubercles ; in the scapular region and
Fig. 2l. Tryyon sephen.
central line of the back are two large, smooth, approximating
tubercles in the young, and three in the adult, the middle and
largest of which is usually oval, the second in size posterior and
heart-shaped, the anterior or smallest round or heart-shaped.
Colour the upper surface of the immature is reddish brown : but
in the adult lead-coloured, becoming black in the posterior two
thirds of the tail. Some examples have a row of black blotches
near their outer margin.
Fig. 22. Teeth of '/'/////<- repJirn.
ffufi. "Red Sea, through the seas of India to lli
pelngo, and beyond. This fish grows to ;i \;\r^c
represented in (lie figure (--) wen- from an exai
Malay Aivhi-
i/.e. The j;i\\ s
>le ."> ft. |() in.
52 CHO^DROPTERTGII. BATOIDEI.
across the disk. In its stomach were found Crustacea, mollusks,
&c. T. sepJten is most common during the south-west monsoon,
when it approaches the shore.
53. (2.) Trygon bennetti.
Trygon bennetti, Mull Sf Henle, Playios. p. 160, t. liii; Day, Fish.
India, p. 739 (see synon.).
Disk about as broad as long ; tail about three times as long as
disk, and with a low cutaneous fold along its inferior surface.
Snout somewhat pointed. Eyes nearer together than to the
end of the snout. A tubercle in the middle of the back in adults,
with some flat ones around it, which extend backwards to the
caudal spine ; but the young are quite smooth. Colour a pale
fleshy-red, which becomes almost white in parts, the tail being
darker near its extremity.
Hftb. Seas of India to China and beyond.
54. (3.) Trygon kuhlii.
Trygon kuhlii, Mutt. Henle, Playios. p. 1C4, pi. li ; Day, Fi*h.
India, p. 739, pi. cxciii, lig. 2 (see synon.).
Kunnoo tirike and Shemen tenkee, Tel.
Disk broader than long ; tail about one half longer than the disk.
Snout somewhat obtuse, its length equal to or slightly exceeding
the breadth of the interorbital space. Two appendages on the
floor of the mouth. Teeth dental plate more undulated in the
upper than in the lower jaw. Fins a cutaneous fold along the tail
both above and below, caudal spine well developed. Colour above
of a dull brown, covered with numerous small black spots and larger
rounded blue ocelli, each having a rather dark outer edge.
Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
This ray attains to at least 5i inches across the disk at AJadras.
55. (4.) Trygon imbricata.
Raja imbricata, Bl. Schn. Si/st. Ich. p. 366.
Trygon imbricata, Dai/, Fm. India, p. 739 (see synon.).
Disk as broad as long, snout produced and pointed ; tail scarcely
as long as the body, with low upper and inferior cutaneous folds.
Small tubercles on the nape and back, with a row of conical spines
on the shoulder and back ; while along the tail as far as the
spine are large tubercles intermixed with smaller ones.
Hob. Coromandel coast of India.
56. (5.) Trygon zugei.
Trygon zugei, Mull, fy Henh, Plaaios. p. 165, t. liv ; Day, Fixlt.
'India, p. 739, pi. cxc, tig. 3 (see synon.).
Cfntmbara kah, Tam.
Disk about as broad as long, with the snout very much produced
TRYGONIDJS. 53
and acutely pointed, its length being about 3 that of the disk ;
tail equal to 1| or twice the length of the disk. Eyes small ;
interorbital space concave. Teeth dental laminae undulated. Fins
a distinct cutaneous fold along the lower surface of the tail, com-
mencing opposite the base of the spine ; there is likewise a fold
along the upper surface of the tail. A strong and long spine,
serrated in its last third, is situated at about the commencement of
the second quarter of the tail, and anterior to it a row of small
spines ; the body otherwise smooth. In some examples a row of
tubercles exists along the median line of the back. Colour dull
brown superiorly, the edge of the fins black.
Hub. >eas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and Japan.
57. (6.) Trygon narnak.
Raja uarnak, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 18.
Trygon uarnak, Miill. $ Henle, Playios. p. 158 $ Day, Fish. India,
p. 737, pi. cxciv, fig. 1 (see synon.) .
Sana kah tiriki, Tarn. ; Pulitenke, Tel.; Sankush, Ooriah ; Lek kyouk,
Burmese ; Hankoos, Chittagong.
Disk about as broad as long, snout pointed and rather promi-
nent ; tail from three to four times as long as the body. Iris with
a well-developed superior flap. Teeth dental laminae undulating.
Fins no cutaneous folds on the tail, which is armed with a serrated
spine situated about | the length of the disk from the root of the
tail. Tubercles vary in different specimens, absent in the very
young : in those with a disk of about 6 inches across there are two
or three rows of widely separated oval tubercles on either side of
the head, internal to the eyes, and meeting on the occiput, from
thence towards the scapula is a single row of larger and more
widely separated ones. In the middle of the back three large
closely approximating scales or tubercles, the centre one heart-
shaped, the anterior round, and the posterior almost heart-shaped.
In some specimens, of a large size, there are also numerous
distant thorns on the tail, which may disappear with age. In
specimens with a disk of 3 feet across, the head, back, and sides
are covered with smooth, roundish scales, having intermediate
smaller ones. Colour varying according to age : up to the period
when the breadth of the disk is about 9 inches the body is of a
yellowish brown, darkest along the back, and the abdomen white :
a short distance beyond the commencement of the tail it is irregu-
larly annulated with alternate narrow light brown, and broad or
narrow dark brown rings. With increasing age black spots
commonly appear on the body, and when it has attained the width
of 3 feet across its disk it is light brown or greenish olive, covered
with lighter and in some almost white spots, or reticulated with
white lines, whilst the anterior extremity of the tail also shows the
remains of the rings. The adult is uniformly brownish or greenish
olive. Iris golden. Occasionally there are light spots on the
posterior portion of the disk.
54 ClIOXJJUOi'TKHVUll. B.VTOIDEI.
l/d!>. K"d Sea, si -as and estuaries of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago, and China, also the Cape of Good Hope. The immature
are frequently captured in the back-waters, and wounds from their
caudal spines are much dreaded. The species attains a large size ;
5 feet or more across the disk. The late Sir W. Elliot observed
that from a female of this species 13 feet long (including the tail
8 feet 9 in.) a young was removed perfectly formed and of the
same colour as its mother. In the cold season, as about October,
these fish are frequently perceived springing out of the water for
some distance in the same manner as trout do just prior to
brri'ding. They devour large quantities of small fish, Crustacea,
mollusks, &c.
58. (7.) Trygon marginatus.
Trygon marginatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 18 JO, p. 38; Dai/,
Fish. India, p. 738 (see synon.).
Disk slightly broader than long, tail from one half longer than
the disk to nearly twice as long. The width of the interorbital
space equals the length of the snout. Tubercles sparsely set all
over the upper surface, but a little larger along the median line,
where they appear like small limpets ; an irregular row of pointed
tubercles on either side of the middle line of the back ; tail tuber-
culated as far as its spine, but destitute of any fin. Colour grey
above ; buffy white below, with a dark border, except in front.
Eah. Hooghly at Calcutta. I examined an example in which
the disk was 16 inches across and 15 long; Blyth observed one
specimen which was 52, and another 60, inches across the disk,
and the tubercles were extended on to the edge of the disk and
even to its under surface. This would therefore appear to be a
result of age.
5U. (8.) Trygon bleekeri. .
Trygon bleekeri, Blyfh, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 41 ; Day, Fi*h.
'India, p. 738, pi. cxcv, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Pakat, Marathi ; Seman tirike, Tarn.
Tail from three to four times as long as the disk. Snout pro-
longed and pointed. Width of interorbital space equal to i or $
the length of the snout anterior to the eye. A large round tubercle
in the middle of the back, and commonly before it three smaller
ones triangularly disposed, and three similarly placed behind it.
Tubercles sometimes present along the upper surface of the tail to
the caudal spine, from whence, in adults, they are continued to
its extremity. Colour " Brown above and below, with a narrow
white median longitudinal patch on the abdomen " (Blyth). Some-
times this ray is brown above with the margins of the disk dark.
Hab. Bengal. Blyth observed one 25 inches long to base of tail,
the tail 72 inches ; another 15 and 56 inches.
TBYGONLIXE. 55
60. (9.) Trygon walga.
Try gi m walga, Milll. $ Henle, Plagios. p. 159, t. li; Day, Fish.
India, p. 738, pi. cxciv, fig. 3 (see syncm.).
Isacurrah tenkee, Tenkee shindraki, Tel.
Disk about as broad as long, with the snout pointed and acutely
projecting, more so in some examples than in others. Eyes smaller
in the adult than in the young. Interorbital space concave.
Teeth small, having a transverse elevated ridge along each. Dental
laminae undulated. Fiiis no cutaneous folds on the tail, the length
of which is rather longer than the disk. One or two (sometimes
more) large serrated spines on the tail at the commencement of its
second third ; between this and the base of the tail exists a median
line of about seven short spines. Scales interorbital space, and a
varying width along the middle of the back and also on the tail
covered with numerous fine tubercles ; there are usually no larger
ones, but in some examples there is one larger on the centre of the
shoulder, in others a few more anterior to it. Neither the number,
size, character, nor extent of the distribution of the tubercles and
spines depends on age or sex, adults even may be without any of
either. In one example (a male) the band of tubercles along the
back is very narrow, a row of large ones exists in the median line
of the scapular region, and four along the back of the tail. This
would be intermediate between T. wcilya and T. polylepis. Another
example has a row of small spines all along the first third of the
back of the tail, and a moderately sized, rather compressed median
scapular spine with six smaller ones anterior to it ; a very wide
band of tubercles exists along the back. One example has the
smaller caudal spine very well developed, a very narrow row of
tubercles along the back, and a central scapular tubercle. Another
has only a few small tubercles and one central spine in the scapular
region, some between the eyes, and some fine spines between the
base of the tail and the two large spines. Young examples are
often destitute of tubercles or armature except the caudal spines,
and this immature character may be seen in some adults. Colour
dull grey or brown superiorly, white beneath.
Blyth has observed that the males are larger than the females and
have proportionately longer tails ; very commonly the second caudal
spine (more especially of the females) does not extend beyond the
first one. Some have a small lauceolated tubercle on the centre of
the dorsal surface, others two or more, even to a series of five or
six along the median line.
Hob. From the Bed Sea, through the seas of India to the Malay
Archipelago.
3. Genus TJENIURA, Mull. & Henle.
Disk oval or rhomboidal ; tail elongated and tapering. Nasal
valves coalescent, forming a quadrangular flap. Pectoral fins
united anteriorly ; tail with a broad lower cutaneous fold continued
56 CHONDliOPTERYGII. BA.TOIDEI.
to its extremity. Body and tail either smooth or furnished with
tubercles.
Geographical Distribution. From the Eed Sea and east coast of
Africa through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and
tropical America.
61. (1.) Tseniura melanospilos *.
Tseniura melanospilos, Sleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. 2nd. 1853, iv, p. 513 ;
Day, Fish. India, p. 740 (see synon.J.
Jtiwja tirike, Tel.
Disk rather broader than long ; its upper surface smooth. Tail
very thick at its base, with two strong flattened elongated spiues
(upper 9, lower 5 inches long) serrated externally. From
opposite these spines on the lower surface of the tail commences a
broad cutaneous fold, which is continued to the extremity of the
tail, and on its upper surface are numerous tubercles of the same
character as on the tail. The colours have not been noted.
Two examples were captured in 1853 off the Coromandel coast,
where they were said by the fishermen to be very rare. One had
its disk 4 ft. 11 in. long and 5 ft. 11 in. broad ; the other disk was
4 ft. 1 in. long by 5 ft. 11 in. wide. Inside the stomach of the
latter were found the remains of some small crabs and a squilla.
It was, however, expressly stated that the body was smooth, but the
tail covered with rough tubercles, all of which had a stellated base.
Hob. Eed Sea and Coromandel coast of India to Batavia.
4. Genus PTEROPLATEA, Mull. & Heule.
Syn. JEtoplatea, Mull. & Henle.
Body at least twice as broad as long ; tail thin, generally shorter
than the body, with or without a rudimentary iin, but having a
serrated spine ; spiracles with or without a tentacle ; nasal valves
confluent, and forming a quadrangular flap. No papilla at bottom
of the mouth. Teeth with from one to three cusps. Pectoral fins
united in front. Skin smooth or tubercular.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas.
62. (1.) Pteroplatea micrura. (Fig. 23.)
Kaja micrura, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 360.
Pteroplatea micrura, Day, Fish. India, p. 741, pi. cxciv, fig. 2.
* TJSNIUUA LYMMA, Forsk&l.
Disk rather longer than broad ; a few spines along the middle of the back.
Two long papillse at the bottom of the mouth. Colour grey, with round blue
dark-edged spots ; a bluish band along either side of the tail.
Hab. Eed Sea, coast of Africa to the Malay Archipelago ; this ray con-
sequently may probably be found off the coast of India.
MYLIOBATIDJE.
Peroom tirik, or Tappor kouti tiriki, Tamil ; Tappu cooti and Tenkee
kunsul, Tel. ; Lek kyouk temenynce, Burmese.
Disk about twice as wide as long ; tail as long as disk in young,
but shorter in adults. No tentacle to spiracle. Teeth with a
single pointed cusp. Fins one or two small spines on caudal fin.
Skin smooth. Colour reddish brown ; tail annulated with white
and brown ; superiorly, in the centre of each light ring, there is
generally a brown spot. The young are covered all over with
small brown spots. A figure exists amongst Sir Walter Elliot's
drawings of Madras fish of an example covered with light rouud
.
Fig. '23. Pteroplatea micmra.
Nab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond.
Jerdon obtained one in which the disk was 6 feet across and
3 feet long.
Family VI. MYLIOBATID^E.
Pectoral fins large, developed along the sides of the body, occa-
sioning the latter to appear very broad ; these fins are not present
on the sides of the head, but reappear at the end of the snout as
a pair of detached fins.
These fish, many of which attain to a large size, are variously
known as " Devil-fishes," "Sea-devils," "Bat-fishes," "Eagle-
rays," &c.
58 CIIONDBOPTEUYUII. BATOIDEI.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
A. Teeth large, flattened, tessellated.
Fins on head meet in the form of a soft appendage in
front of snout. Teeth in several series, the
middle being the broadest 1. MYMOBATIS.
Only one series of very broid teeth '2. \K ron.vris.
Fins on either side of snout form a lobe 3. KIIINOPTKBA.
13. Teeth small ; cephalic fins forming an appandage
on either side of snout.
Teeth in both jaws 4. DICKIIOBATIS.
1. Genus MYLIOBATIS, Cuvier.
Head distinct from disk ; snout with a soft prolongation, in-
ternally supported by fin-rays ; nasal valves coalescent, forming a
quadrangular flap. Teeth hexagonal, flat, the central broader
than long ; the external rows narrow *. Tail very long and whip-
like, having a dorsal fin near its base, and usually a serrated spine
posterior to the fin. Body smooth or tuberculated above.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Body smooth. The young with five blue cross
bands on the upper surface, disappearing
with age 1. M. nieuhofii, p. 53.
A row of small tubercles in the median. line of the
scapular region. Ocelli with brown margins
in the posterior half of the upper surface of
disk 2. M. maculata, p. 59.
63. (1.) Myliobatis nieuhofii.
llaja uieuhofii, El. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 304.
Myliobatis nieuhofii, Day, Fish. India, p. 742 (see synon.).
Tuppa koollee or Chuppa tirike, Tamil ; Mookarah tenkee, Tel.
Disk about twice as broad as long ; tail about three times as
long as disk. Fleshy prolongation of snout short : no horn on
orbit. Body smooth. Fins dorsal situated at commencement of
base of tail, opposite the end of the insertion of the ventrals ; no
spines posterior to it. Colour olive superiorly, tinged externally
with a reddish hue and a dark outer margin to the disk. The
young have about seven blue bands across the disk and two more
between or close to the eyes. As the fish increases in size, first
the bands on the head disappear and finally those on the body.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Japan.
In the young the rows of teeth are of equal size and regularly hexagonal.
.WVM015ATID.E. 59
64. (2.) Myliobatis maculata *.
Myliobatis maculata, Gray Sf ILtrdw. III. In I. Z-jol. ii, pi. 101 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 742 (.see synon.).
Disk about twice as wide as long ; tail more than three times as
long as the disk. Fleshy prolongation of snout short, no horn on
orbit. Body with a row of small tubercles along the median line
of the back in the scapular region. Fins dorsal situated at the
commencement of the base of the tail, behind the end of the
insertion of the ventrals ; no spine posterior to it. Colour
greenish brown, with round blue spots in the posterior half of the
disk. /Tail white with black rings.
Hal. 8eas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
2. Genus AETOBATIS, Mull. & Henle.
Syn. Stoasodon, Cantor.
Head distinct from disk ; snout with a soft prolongation, in-
tsrnally supported by fin-rays. Nasal valves usually distinct, each
1'orinini* a long flap, or they may be united into one quadrangular
flap. Teeth in a single row, hexagonal, broad, flat, with the lower
dental laminso projecting beyond the upper. Tail very long and
whip-like ; dorsal fin present near its base, and a serrated spine
posterior to the fin.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of the tropics.
65. (1.) Aetobatis narinari. (Fig. 24.)
Raja narinari, Euphrasen, Vet.-Ak. Nya Ilandl. 1790, xi, p. 217.
Aetobatis narinari, Day, Fish. India', p. 743, pi. cxciv, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Eel-tenkee, Tel ; Currooway tiriki, Tarn. ; Ra-ta-charm-dah, Andam.
The comparative proportions of this fish vary greatly with age ;
the distance from the mouth to the anus equals about half the
width of the disk. Nasal valves in some examples separate, each as
a long flap ; in other examples the valves unite and form a quad-
rangular flap the lower edge of which is fringed ; the spiracle
wider than the orbit. Teeth broad, flat, and in a single row,
those in the lower jaw may be angularly bent or nearly straight ;
the lower dental plate projects beyond that in the upper jaw.
Fins the dorsal arises opposite the base or centre of the ventral,
* MYLIOBATIS VESPERTILIO, Blecker.
Disk at least twice as broad as long ; snout somewhat produced ; no horn on
orbit. No tubercles on back. Fins dorsal begins close to the end of ven-
trals, beyond which it does not extend. Colour a network of black lines on
the back and root of the pectoral (in.
Hub. Kcd Sea and the Malay Archipelago ; therefore probably exists off the
coast of India.
60 ClION DBOPTEEYGII. BATOIDEI.
the latter fin being about three times as long as broad. Tail three
or four times as long as the body, triangular in shape as far as the
spine, which is serrated and situated just behind the termination
Fig. 24. Aetobatis narinari.
of the dorsal fin ; beyond the spine the tail is compressed ; in this,
as well as in some other species, there is occasionally a second
spine on the tail a little behind the root of the first. Body
smooth. Colour greyish olive, sometimes greenish olive or
leaden grey above, and usually covered from beyond the occiput
with numerous dirty-white or bluish spots edged with black ;
abdominal surface white; tail black. Iris golden green, teeth
greenish yellow. In the immature the back is of a deep leaden
colour, and the spots hardlv apparent.
Hob. Red Sea, seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago, and beyond. Eaten by the natives. Is captured to
upwards of 6 feet in width.
3. Genus RHINOPTERA, Kuhl.
Syn. Mylorina and Micromesus, Gill.
Head distinct from the disk, but with a pair of rayed appendages
Fig. 25. Teeth of Rhiiwptcrajavanica.
on the lower edge of the snout. Nasal valves confluent, forming
MYLIOBATlDjE. 01
a broad flap. Teeth broad, flat, in five or more rows, the central
being the broadest. Tail whip-like, having a dorsal fin armed
with a serrated spine.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and contiguous seas.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Nine series of teeth in upper jaw, and seven in the
lower 1. It. adspersa, p. 61 .
Seven rows of teeth in each jaw, the three central
series being much the longest 2. JR. Javanica, p. 61.
66. (1.) Rhinoptera adspersa.
Rhinoptera adspersa, Mull, fy Henle } Plagios. p. 183 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 744 (see synon.).
Mutta tiriki or Kurivi tiriki, Tamil.
Disk about twice as wide as long ; tail about three times as long
as disk. Notch on snout shallow. Teeth nine rows in the upper
and seven in the lower jaw, the .teeth in the central row of the
upper jaw 2| to 3 times wider from side to side than from back to
front, but not so wide as those in the next row. Fins dorsal,
situated at the base of the tail, and immediately behind it a strong
serrated spine. Upper surface of body covered with fine stellate
tubercles. Colour greenish brown superiorly, becoming lighter
at tbe edges of the disk.
JIab. 8eas of India.
67. (2.) Rhinoptera javanica. (Fig. 25, teeth *.)
Rhinoptera javanica, Muller Sf Henle, Plagios. p. 182, t. Iviii ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 744, pi. cxcv, fig. 4 (teeth).
Disk from about If to twice as broad as long; tail nearly twice
as long as disk. Notch on snout shallow. Teeth seven rows in
both jaws, those in the central row being four or five times wider
than long (in the antero-posterior direction), and rather more than
twice as wide as the row on either side. The outer rows are hexa-
gonal and narrow ; those in the lower jaw rather narrower than
those in the upper. Fins dorsal situated at the base of the tail,
and immediately behind it a serrated spine. Colour greenish
superiorly, white beneath.
Jfab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
4. Genus DICEROBATIS, Blainville.
Syn. Cephaloptera and Mobula, A. Dume'ril.
Pectoral fin not extended on to the sides of the head, which
latter is truncated in front, whilst on either side is a forwardly-
* Mr. A. S. Woodward (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, i. p. 281) has shown
that the dentition of these fishes may be abnormally altered.
62
CHONDBOFTTOTOII. UATOIDKI.
pointing horn-like projection, \\ Inch is internally supported by fin-
rays. Nostrils not confluent. Teeth in jaws very small, flat, or
tuberculated, and in many rows. Tail whip-like, with a dorsal fin
situated above and between the ventrals, armed with or destitute
of a serrated spine.
The designation Sea-devils has been given by some authors to fishes
belonging to this genus ; it is also frequently applied to several other
forms of armed rays and fishes which inflict dangerous wounds.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Teeth numerous in both jaws L I), rrcyoodoo, p. 02.
Teeth
D. kuhlii, p. 63.
68. (1.) Dicerobatis eregoodoo. (Fig. 20.)
Eregoodoo tenkee, Rtisscll, Fish. Vizay. i, pi. ix. ; Cumer, Kcync
Anim. ed. 2, 1829, ii, p. 442, note.
Dicerobatis eregoodoo, Cantor, Cat. Mai. Fish. p. 438 ; Dai/, Fish.
India, p. 744, pi. cxciii, fig. 1 (see syr.on.).
Eregoodoo tenkfe, Tel. ; Shiny pdkut, Mavatlii ; Yeliki or Komiin tirikt,
Tarn.
MYI.IOIUTIDJE. '"'
Disk about twice as broad as long ; tail in the young 1| times
the length of the body, but in adults only a little more than half
the same length. Body smooth. The horns or cephalic portion
of the pectoral fin have a convoluted appearance, and " are used
by the animal to draw its prey into its mouth, which opens like a
huge cavern between them. The fishermen say they see them
swimming slowly along with their mouth open and flapping these
great sails inwards, drawing in the smaller Crustacea on which they
feed " (Sir W. Elliot, MS.). Teeth small, like flattened, quad-
rangular tubercles as broad as wide in adults, twice as broad in
the young, with a backwardly directed point ; |^, in a jaw twelve
inches across the gape taken from an example upwards of eighteen
feet across the disk, and ~ vertical rows opposite the symphysis.
In a pair of jaws four inches across, from an example captured at
Kurrachee, there are |j. Cantor found in an example thirty inches
across the disk ^, and six or seven vertical rows. It may therefore
be supposed that the number increases with age, and perhaps alters
in shape. The band of teeth reaches nearly to the angle of the
mouth. Fins no spine on the tail posterior to the dorsal fin.
Colour of a deep purplish superiorly ; white beneath.
Nab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago; attaining to
1 8 feet and upwards across the disk.
69. (2.) Dicerohatis kuhlii.
Cephalopiera kuhlii, Miilkr $ Henle, Pfaf/ios. p. 185, t. lix, fig. 1.
Uicerobatis kuhlii, Day, Fish. India, p. 745 (see synon.).
Disk more than twice as wide as long ; tail not so long as the
disk. Body and tail smooth. Teeth wider than broad; jjJ|
series, the band ceasing some distance from the angle of the mouth.
Colour brown or greenish.
Hob. From the east coast of Africa, through the seas of India
to the Malay Archipelago.
Subclass TELEOSTEI.
Skeleton osseous. Skull with cranial sutures. Vertebrae com-
pletely separated, and the posterior extremity of the vertebral
column bony, or having bony plates. Branchiae free, and the
water discharged through a single aperture on each side, protected
by a bony gill-cover or opercle ; branchiostegal rays present. A
non-contractile bulbus arteriosus, having a pair of valves at its
commencement. Optic nerves decussating.
The fishes which compose this subclass form the great bulk of
those existing at the present day, and are popularly known as the
" true fishes." In geological sequence they appeared subsequently
to the Chondropterygii, their first traces being found in the Cre-
taceous period towards the close of the Mesozoic epoch.
Syncqjsis of Orders * amonyst Indian Teleostei.
All the fin-rays articulated, with the
exception of the first in the dor-
sal and pectoral which sometimes
are more or less ossified. Ven-
tral fins, when present, abdomi-
nal and spineless. Air-bladder,
if existing, having a pneumatic
duct (except in Scombresocida>) . 1. PHYSOSTOMI.
A portion of the dorsal, anal, and
ventral fins unarliculated, form-
ing spines f. Air-bladder, when
present, completely closed in
adults, not possessing a pneu-
matic duct 2. ACANTHOPTEEYGII.
All the rays of the vertical and ven-
tral fins articulated ; the latter,
when present, being jugular and
thoracic 3. ANACANTHINL
* The above Orders are given in accordance with commonly received views
or those of Miiller somewhat modified ; but they are of very different values, and
must be largely altered when the developmental and general anatomy of fishes
becomes better known.
t There are some genera in which the fins can hardly be said to possess any
true spines, aa amongst the Trachinidce, Aulostoma, &c.
TELE08TEI.
A dermal segmental skeleton; the
opercular pieces reduced to a
single plate. Gill-openings small.
Gills consisting of small rounded
tufts, attached to the branchial
arches. Muscular system very
slightly developed 4. LOPHOBRANCH11.
The bones of the head completely
ossified, those in the remainder
of the body incompletely. Ver-
tebrae few. Gill-openings small,
situated in front of the pectoral
fins. Gills pectinate. Mouth
narrow ; the bones of the upper
jaw mostly united, sometimes
produced into the form of a beak.
There may be a single soft-rayed
dorsal fin, belonging to the caudal
portion of the vertebral column,
and situated opposite the anal ;
in some a rudimental spinous
dorsal is also present : the ven-
trals, when existing, have the
form of spines. Skin either
smooth, with rough scales, or
ossified in the form of plates or
spines. Air-bladder destitute of
a pneumatic duct 5. PLECTOGNATHI.
Order I. PHYSOSTOMI, Muller.
All the fin-rays articulated with the exception of the first in
the dorsal and pectoral, which are frequently more or less ossified.
Ventral fins, when present, abdominal and spineless. Air-vessel,
if existing, having a pneumatic duct (except in the family Scom-
bresoddce).
This order contains the largest proportion of the freshwater
fishes of India. The family Siluridce or sheat-fishes are destitute
of scales ; the carps, Cyprinidce, have scaled bodies but no teeth in
the jaws ; while the herrings, Clupeidce, are likewise scaled, and
have some teeth in the jaws and a carinate abdominal edge.
Synopsis of Indian Families.
I. Fishes with eel-like bodies. Margin of upper jaw
formed of the premaxillaries, the maxillaries
being internal and parallel to them. Vertical
fins rudimentary, and no paired fins. Gill-open-
ings in the form of a single slit. Scales, if present,
minute. Accessory breathing-organs may be pre-
sent. No air-bladder. Stomach without a blind
sac ; no pyloric caeca. Ovaries with oviducts. Symbranchidae.
II. Fishes with eel-like bodies. Margin of upper
law formed anteriorly by the premaxillaries and
laterally by the maxillaries. Pectoral fins
present or absent; no ventrals. No accessory
breathing-organs. Stomach with a blind sac;
no pyloric caeca. Ovaries without oviducts . . Muraenidae.
III. Subopercle absent. Margin of upper jaw
formed by the premaxillaries. Skin scaleless and
smooth, or covered with osseous plates or scat-
tered tubercles. Adipose dorsal usually present. Siluridae.
IV. Pseudobranchiae, when present, glandular. Mar-
gin of the upper jaw formed by the pre-
maxillaries. Opercular pieces complete. Mouth
toothless, teeth in lower pharyngeals. Head
scaleless ; body scaled or scaleless, never covered
by osseous plates. Air-bladder present or absent. Cyprinidae.
V. Pseudobranchiae absent. Margin of upper jaw
formed by the premaxillaries and maxillaries,
which are toothed. Opercular pieces complete.
No barbels. Dorsal fin in caudal portion of body.
Stomach with blind sac; intestinal canal short,
and furnished with spiral folds. No pyloric caeca.
An air-bladder Chirocentridae.
VI. Pseudobranchiae usually well developed. Mar-
gin of the upper jaw formed by premaxillaries
and maxillaries. Opercular pieces complete.
SYMBBANCHID.E. 67
Abdomen usually keeled. No adipose dorsal.
Scales on body, none on head. Pyloric append-
ages numerous Clupeidae.
VII. No pseudobranchiae. Margin of upper jaw
mostly formed by premaxillaries, behind and
parallel to which are the maxillaries. No scales
or barbels. Abdomen rounded. Dorsal opposite
anal. No adipose fin. Few pyloric caeca ; large
air-bladder. The ova fall into the abdominal
cavity before exclusion Galaxidae.
VIII. Pseudobranchiae absent. Margin of upper
jaw formed by premaxillaries and maxillaries.
Opercular apparatus incomplete ; a parieto-nias-
toid cavity on either side, leading into the
interior of the skull. A single rayed dorsal fin ;
a long anal. Head and body scaled. Two
pyloric appendages Notopteridae.
IX. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Margin of
upper jaw formed by^ premaxillaries. Opercular
Sieces sometimes incomplete. No oarbels.
ill -openings very wide. Scales present or
absent. Adipose dorsal present Scopelidae.
X. Pseudobranchiae absent. Margin of upper jaw
formed by premaxillaries. Barbels absent.
Teeth in both jaws, and in superior and inferior
pharyngeals. One spineless dorsal in posterior
half of body. Air-bladder simple Cyprinodontidae.
XI. Pseudobranchise glandular. Margin of upper
jaw formed by premaxillaries and maxillaries.
Lower pharyngeals united. No adipose dorsal.
Scales present. Air-bladder, when present, des-
titute of pneumatic duct Scombresocidae.
Family I. SYMBEANCHID^.
Gill-openings confluent into a single slit, which is situated on
the abdominal surface. Gills well developed or rudimentary. Body
elongated. The humeral arch may or may not be attached to the
skull. Margin of the upper jaw formed by tbe premaxillaries, the
maxillaries being internal and parallel to them. Barbels absent.
Palatine teeth, when present, in a single row or a narrow band.
Vertical fins rudimentary, in the form of mere folds of skin, and no
paired fins. Scales, if present, minute. Vent far behind the
head. An accessory breathing-sac present or absent. Air-bladder
absent. Ribs present. Stomach destitute of a blind eac. No
pyloric appendages. Ovaries with oviducts.
The families Symbranchidw and Murcenidce belong to the Apodcs
of many authors. The first is fairly represented in the fresh waters
on the continent of India, whereas the latter is more numerous in
F2
68 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
the seas than in the fresh waters. Among the Apodes the spined
freshwater eels (RhynchoMellidce) and the NotacantJtidee, Giiuther,
have been placed.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh and brackish waters of tropical
Asia and America; also Western Australia and Van Diemen's
land.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
First group. AMPHIPNINA.
Humeral arch not attached to the skull ; an accessory breathing-
apparatus. Scales present.
Palatine teeth in a single row 1. AMPHIPNOUS.
Second group. SYMBRANCHINA.
Humeral arch attached to the skull. No accessory breathing-
apparatus. Scales absent.
Gills rudimentary 2. MONOPTEBUS.
Gills well developed
First group. AMPHIPNINA.
1. Genus AMPHIPNOUS, Miiller.
Syn. Pneumabranchus, McClelland.
Branchiostegals six. Gill-membranes almost entirely grown to
the isthmus, and having a single transverse opening. Three bran-
chial arches with the laminae rudimentary, divided by. narrow slits.
A respiratory air-sac exists on the neck behind the head and com-
municates with the gill-cavity. Palatine teeth in a single, well-
developed row. Scales present and arranged in longitudinal rows.
This amphibious fish, when kept in an aquarium, may be observed
constantly rising to the surface for the purpose of respiring atmo-
spheric air direct. It usually remains with its snout close to the
surface, and in like manner lies in the grassy sides of ponds and
stagnant pieces of water, so that without trouble it may obtain
access to air.
In Amphipnous cuchia we find that " of all the arches, the second
alone possesses laminae for the purposes of breathing ; and these
consist merely of a few long fibrils attached to the middle of the
arch, and occupying but a very small extent of its surface ; the
third supports, in the place of laminae, a thick and semi-transparent
tissue, which in large individuals of the species possesses a fringed
or denticulated appearance at its edge ; whilst the first and fourth
are bare, having only the membrane that fills up the space between
SYMBBANCHIDJE. 69
the arches reflected over them. The principal organs of respir-
ation are two small bladders, which the animal has the power of
filling with air, immediately derived from the atmosphere. They
are placed behind the head, one on each side of the neck, above the
superior or vertebral extremities of the branchial arches, and are
covered over by the common integuments, presenting externally,
when distended with air, two protuberances of a round shape. ....
They present, when separated from their surrounding attachments
and inflated with air, thin, semi-transparent, membranous parietes,
resembling the posterior portions of the lungs of serpents. . . .
Of the whole volume of blood contained in the branchial artery,
one-third passes through the gills and respiratory bladders, whilst
the otheV two-thirds are conveyed directly from the heart to the
aorta without being exposed to the action of the air." Taylor^
Gleanings in Science, ii, p. 173, and Edinb. Journ. of Sc. v, 1831,
p. 33 ; Hyrtl, Denk. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1858, xiv, p. 39, c. tab.
70. (1.) Amphipnous cnchia. (Fig. 27.)
Unibranchapertura cuchia. Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 16, 363.
pi. 10, fig. 4.
Amphipnous cuchia, Day, Fish. India, p. 656, pi. clxvii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Cuchia, Ooriah and Beng. ; Nga-sheen, Burmese ; Dondoo paum, Tel.
Length of head (from gill-opening) contained 6 to 8 times m
the distance between the snout and the anus ; length of tail 4 to 4|
in the entire length. Eyes two to three diameters from end of
snout and situated in the anterior one fourth or one fifth of the length
Fig. 27.- Amphipnous cuchia and its upper teeth.
of the head, about midway between the end of the snout and the
posterior extremity of the jaws ; a valved nostril opens above the
orbit ; a second, round and patent, in front of the snout. Upper
jaw slightly the longer ; lips fleshy. Teeth a single row of small
ones in the premaxillaries, except opposite the symphysis ; a
single band of large, curved, compressed and backwardly directed
ones on either palatine; and a single row of moderately large
ones on either ramus of the mandible. Fitis a rudimentary
dorsal commences slightly before a vertical line drawn through
the anus. Scales distinct and longitudinally arranged. Gill-
70 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMJ.
openings inferior, the membrane adherent to the isthmus. Ver-
tebrae 106/65. Colour greenish, or of a chestnut-brown, becom-
ing lighter on the abdomen ; numerous black spots over the body ;
occasionally individuals are flesh-coloured.
" Natives reject it as food and imagine that its bite is fatal to
cattle, although less powerful on the human kind a supposition
highly improbable." (Ham. Buck.)
Hab. Fresh and brackish waters of the Punjab, Bengal, Orissa,
Assam and Burma ; attaining at least two feet in length.
Second group. SYMBEANCHINA.
2. Genus MONOPTERUS, Lacepede.
Syn. Fluta, Bl. Schn. ; Ophicardia, McClelland ; Apteriyia, Basilewski.
Branchiostegals five or six. Gill-membranes almost entirely
attached to the isthmus, having a single transverse opening. Three
branchial arches separated by moderately wide intermediate slits,
with the laminae rudimentary or absent. Palatine teeth in a narrow
band. Scales absent. No accessory breathing-sac.
Dareste observed a complete absence of branchial lamina? in
three examples of Monopterus javanensis.
71. (1.) Monopterus javanensis. (Fig. 28.)
Monopterus javanensis, Lacfpede, II. N. Poiss. ii, p. 139 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. G50, pi. clxix, fig. 1 (see synon.).
Length of head contained 9 to 12 times in the distance between
the end of the snout and the vent : length of body about four or
five times that of the tail. Eyes situated about midway between
Fig. 28. Monopterus javanensis and upper teeth.
angle of mouth and end of snout, diameter one eighth of length of
head, 2 diameters from end of snout and 1 to 1| apart. Greatest
diameter of fish at the occiput. Profile of upper surface of head
descending somewhat suddenly from above the eyes to the snout,
which last is pointed and somewhat compressed. Extent of cleft
of mouth equal to about one third the distance bet\veen end of snout
and gill-opening. Tail narrow and tapering to a point. Teeth
conical, and in a band tapering towards the angle of the mouth ;
STMBRANCIIID^E. 71
the palatine band resembles that in the jaw. Fins dorsal com-
mencing above or a little before the vertical from the vent. Colour
light greenish, with or without dark spots ; or else the whole body
nearly black.
" This eel is numerous at Chusan, in streamlets, canals, and
estuaries. As it is a favourite article of food it is kept by the
inhabitants of Cbusan in large jars, with fresh water. But it is
capable of living a considerable time out of water. It is of
voracious habits, feeding on smaller fishes, and it takes hooks baited
with earthworms/' (Cantor, I. c.)
Hab. This fish is confined to the fresh or brackish waters of
Burmah, the Malay Archipelago, and China.
3. Genus SYMBRANCHUS, Block
Syn. Unibranchapertura, Lace"pede ; Pneumabranchus and Ophisternon,
McClelland ; Tetrabranchus, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals six. Gill -membranes not attached to the isthmus,
having a single transverse opening. Four branchial arches with
well-developed gills. Palatine teeth in a band. Scales absent.
No accessory breathing-sac.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh and brackish waters of India to
the Malay Archipelago and Australia : also tropical America.
72. (1.) Symbranchus bengalensis. (Fig. 29.)
Ophisternon bengalensis, McClelland, Calc. Jour. N. H. v, pp. 197,
220, pi. xi, tigs. 1, 2.
Symbranclius bengalensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 657, pi. clxvii, tig. 2
(see synon.).
Length of bead contained 9 to 12 times in the distance between
end of snout and anus. Eyes diameter about one twentieth of
Fig. 29. Symbranchus bevyalensis and upper teeth.
length of head. The girth of the body is equal to about three times
its height. Snout anteriorly rounded, lips fleshy, the upper jaw
rather the longer; cleft of mouth extending to some distance
behind the orbits. Teetli in upper jaw fine and pointed, not
continuous at the symphysis ; those on either side terminating in
72 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
a triangular patch, with a narrow edentulous interspace ; those in
the lower jaw rather larger, with a narrow edentulous interspace
between those of each side, laterally they are in a single row :
palatine teeth in a band. Fins the dorsal commences before the
anal, which is situated in the last fourth or fifth of the total
length, the caudal is hardly conspicuous : all the fins are low.
Lateral line conspicuous. Colour a dull dirty brownish red in
estuaries, lightest on the abdomen. In clearer water this fish is
greenish or blackish green, the abdomen being paler.
Hab. Estuaries and fresh waters within the influence of the
tides along the coasts of India and the Malay Archipelago, to the
Philippines : attaining to several feet in length. Apparently more
common in Bengal than in Malabar.
Family II.
Body elongated, cylindrical, or band-shaped : the humeral arch
not attached to the skull. The branchial openings in the pharynx
may be narrow or wide slits. Margin of upper jaw constituted
anteriorly by the premaxillaries, which are more or less coalescent
with the vomer and ethmoid, while the sides of the upper jaw are
formed by the maxillaries, which are furnished with teeth. Ver-
tical fins, when present, confluent or separated by a projecting
tail : pectorals present or absent : ventrals absent. Scales, when
present, rudimentary. The vent may be situated close to the root
of the pectoral fins, or a long distance posterior to the head. The
heart may be situated just, or a long distance, behind the gills.
Stomach with a blind sac. No pyloric appendages. Ovaries
destitute of oviducts.
Eels (Anguilla) are not, as sometimes supposed, hermaphrodites,
but they breed in salt water. Large sterile females are found in
Fig. 80. The above figure, from Sir W. Elliot's drawing, is a common
Leptocephalus of some mursenoid form.
A number of larval fishes have been termed LeptocepJutli, or
" glass eels " (fig. 30). The development of some of them, it has
been suggested, may have been arrested at an early age, the fishes
dying before attaining their perfect state. L. spallanzanii is said
by Dareste to be a young conger : and Delage in 1886 (Compt. Eend.
73
ciii, p. 698) traced the development of one of these fishes into a
conger; but some cannot be the offspring of mursenoid fishes.
" Stomiasunculus, Kaup, is the young of Stomias ; Porobronchus,
Kaup, the young of Fierasfer acus and Esunculus, Kaup, probably
that of Alepocephalus." (Gunther.*)
Eels are generally known as Velangoo or Paniboo meen in Tamil
(snake fish).
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
First group. MUBJENIDJE ENGYSCHIST.J;.
A. Branchial openings in the pharynx are narrow slits.
Pectorals absent; vertical fins well deve-
' loped. Posterior nostril a round and
patent opening 1. MURJENA.
Fins absent, except a rudimentary one round
end of tail 2. GYMNOMTJR^ENA.
Second group. MUEJENID^E PLATTSCHISTJE.
B. Branchial openings in the pharynx are wide slits.
a. Heart close behind gills. Tail longer or
scarcely shorter than the trunk. Nostrils
lateral or superior. Tongue free. Caudal
fin continued round the end of tail ; pecto-
rals present or absent. Scales present or
absent.
Pectoral fins present ; dorsal commences some
distance behind the nape. Rudimentary
scales 3. ANGUILLA.
Pectoral fins present; dorsal commences above
gill-opening. Cleft of mouth reaches to
below middle of eye. Large muciferous
cavities on skull. Teeth in bands.
Scaleless 4. CONOR OMUR.&NA.
Pectoral fins present ; dorsal commences above
gill-opening. Cleft of mouth reaches to
behind middle of eye. Maxillary teeth
biserial ; vomerine uniserial. Scaleless . 5. UROCONGER.
b. Heart close to gills. Tail not shorter than
trunk. Nostrils lateral or superior. Tongue
not free. Caudal fin continued round the
end of tail; pectorals present or absent.
Scaleless.
Pectoral fins present. Canine teeth in jaws
anteriorly ; strong teeth on vomer. Pos-
terior nostril opposite upper part ormiddle
of eye 6. MURJENESOX.
Pectoral fins absent. Posterior nostril lateral
and in front of orbit 7. SAURENCHEI.YS.
c. Heart close to gills. Nostrils labial. Tongue
not free. Caudal fin continued round the
end of tail ; pectorals present or absent.
Scaleless.
Pectoral fins absent. Body elongated, ver-
miform . . 8. MURJSNICHTHYS.
74 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
d. Heart close to gills. Nostrils labial. Tongue
not free. End of tail free, being without
fin-rays. Pectorals, when present, rudi-
mentary. Scaleless.
Vomerine teeth present 9. OPIIICHTHYS.
e. Heart placed a long distance bahind the gills.
Tail shorter than the trunk. Posterior
nostril in front of the eye. Vertical fins
little developed ; pectorals, if present, rudi-
mentary.
Eyes small. Cleft of mouth narrow. Teeth
in a single row 10. MORINGUA.
First group. MUR.ENID.E ENGYSCHIST^.
1. Genus MUKENA, Artedi.
Syn. Gymnothorax, Bloch ; Murainophis, Lace"p. ; Echidna, Forst. ;
ThccrodontiSj Strophidon, and Lycodontis, McClell. ; Sideru, Eurytnyctera,
Thyrsoidea, Limamureena, Polyuranodon, Pcecilopkis, Gymnomurtena,
Priodonophis, and Ta-niophis, Kaup ; Pseudomurcena, Johnson.
Body moderately or exceedingly elongate. Gill-openings narrow.
A tubular nostril on either side of the upper surface of the snout;
the posterior nostril a round foramen between the eyes or opposite
the antero-superior edge of the eye, it may or may not be furnished
with a tube. Teeth well developed and acute or molariform ; the
maxillary teeth may be in one or t\vo rows. Dorsal fin elevated
or not so ; the end of the tail surrounded by fin, which is occasion-
ally rudimentary. Pectorals absent.
Geof/rapMcal Distribution. Seas of tropical and temperate regions :
a few species ascend tidal rivers.
The dentition in some of these fishes alters considerably with
age, whilst in others it is not constant in every individual of the
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Teeth pointed. The posterior nostrils not
tubular.
a. Tail and trunk of about the same length.
Teeth biserial. Black, with numerous
yellow dots 1. M. meleagris, p. 70.
Teeth biserial. Brownish yellow, with
fine white spots, streaks, or marks,
which may be lost in the adult 2. M. tile, p. 70.
Teeth biserial. Greenish olive, with
silvery dots along the lateral line 3. M. sathete, p. 77.
Teeth uniserial. Dark purplish, covered
with fine white spots 4. M, punctata, p. 77.
Teeth uniserial. Yellow, with 18 to 20
dark bands, 3 of which are on the
head 5. M. rueppettii, p. 77.
MURjENIDJE. 75
Teeth uniserial. About 16 dark bands
encircle body, none being on the head . . 6. M. reticularis, p. 78.
Teeth uniserial. From 28 to 35 more or
less complete dark bauds ; head with [p. 78.
dark marks 7. M. jwnctatofasciata,
Teeth uniserial. Dark spots on head,
body, and fins, separated by narrow
light lines or interspaces 8. M. tessellata, p. 78.
Teeth uniserial. Olive-brown ; a few
dark spots on head, and many irre-
gular spots on body and fins 9. M.fonbriata, p. 79.
Teeth uniserial. Brown, covered with
fine spots on head and body, amongst
jwhich are reticulated yellow lines ;
a black spot usually at the gill- [p. 79.
opening , 10. M. pseudothyrsoidea,
Teeth uniserial. Light brown, covered
with irregular dark blotches and
usually reticulated lines, most dis-
tinct in the posterior half of the
body 11. M. undulata, p. 80.
Teeth uniserial ; vomerine band bifur-
cated in front. Light brown, marbled
with darker ; gill- open ing in a black
spot; fins usually with a light outer [p. 80.
edge 12. M. jlavimarginata,
Teeth uniserial. Brownish black or
blotched 13. M. afra, p. 80.
b. Tail at least twice as long as trunk.
Teeth biserial. Uniform brown ; the fins
nearly black 14. M . macriira, p. 81.
B. Teeth in jaws pointed ; globular on
vomer.
Teeth biserial. Light brown, covered
with closely-set purplish spots and
light intermediate lines forming a
network ; anal fin sometimes with
a light outer edge 15. M, thyrsoidea, p. 81.
Teeth in jaws uniserial. Grey, with ar-
borescent black markings and mar-
bling 16. M. picta, p. 82.
C. Teeth generally obtuse or molariform.
Tail one third of the total length. Brown,
with from 30 to 100 narrow white
or yellow rings 17. M. sebra, p. 82.
Tail a little shorter than the trunk.
Brown, with from 20 to 25 dark
blotches along the side, with some
white spots in the centre of each 18. M. nebulosa, p. 88.
Tail one third longer than the trunk.
Brown, with from 25 to 30 narrow,
yellow, whole or half bands 19. M. polyzona, p. 83.
Tail about as long as trunk. Black 20. M. nigra, p. 84
76 TELEOSTET. rilYSOSTOMl.
73. (1.) Mnrsena meleagris.
Muraena meleagris, Shaw, Nat. Misc. p. 220, and General Zool. iv,
pt. i, p. 32 ; Day) Fish. India, p. 608 (see synon.).
Length of head contained 3g to 3f times in the distance between
the end of the snout and the vent ; tail rather longer than the
trunk. Eyes small, 2| diameters from the end of the snout ; an-
terior nasal tubes very short. Length of cleft of mouth 2f in the
length of the head. The mouth can be completely closed. Gill-
opening narrow. Teeth in two rows, except on the vomer and
on the sides of the mandible. Canines rather small. Colour
brownish black, covered with numerous yellow dots that are smaller
than the eye.
ffab. From the east coast of Africa, the Seychelles, and the
Mauritius throughout the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago
and the Pacific. This species attains a large size.
74. (2.) Muraena tile. (Fig. 31.)
Mursenophis tile, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 18, 3G3.
Mursena tile, Day, Fish. India, p. G68, pi. clxx, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Length of head 3f to 4| in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; tail rather shorter than the trunk, or about
the same length. Eyes rather small, about 2 to 2| diameters from
/If
Fig. 31. Mitrana- tile and upper teeth.
end of snout and situated slightly nearer to the angle of the mouth
than to the end of the snout; length of cleft of mouth about 3g in
that of the head ; anterior nasal tubes short. Gill-opening about as
wide as the eye. Teeth in two rows, except at the sides in the
lower jaw; canines small. Colour brownish yellow or greenish,
becoming lighter beneath; the body covered with small white spots,
specks, or marks, which sometimes have a dark border, or they
may be entirely absent in adults.
Hab. Bourbon, seas and estuaries of Bengal to the Malay Archi-
pelago. M. tile ascends tidal rivers and is common in the Hooghly
at Calcutta, where it attains about 2 feet in length.
MURYENIDJE. 77
75. (3.) Muraena sathete.
Murjenophis sathete, Ham. Huch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 17, 363.
Mtmeua sathete, Day, Fish. India, p. G68 (see synon.).
Length of head 4| to 5 in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent : tail rather longer (considerably according to
McClelland) than the trunk. Eyes small, 2J to 2| diameters from
the end of the snout, 2 apart, and midway between the angle of the
mouth and the end of the snout. Length of the cleft of the mouth
about 3if times in the length of the head ; jaws nearly equal in length
anteriorly. Teeth the maxillary, anterior vomerine, and anterior
mandibular teeth biserial, the rest uniserial. Colour Head, body,
and fins dark greenish olive, becoming of a greenish yellow infe-
riorly ; silvery dots along the lateral line.
Hob. Bay of Bengal, Piuang.
76. (4.) Muraena punctata.
Gymnothorax punctatus, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 526.
Muraena punctata, Day, Fish. India, p. 669, pi. clxxiii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Calamaia paum, Tel.
Length of head 3| in the distance between the end of the snout
and the vent ; tail rather longer than the trunk. Eyes of moderate
size, situated midway between the angle of the mouth and end of
the snout ; anterior nasal tubes about half as long as the orbit.
Length of cleft of mouth equal to half the length of the head ; the
mouth can be completely closed. Gill-opening about twice as large
as the orbit. Teeth in a single row, from 18 to 22 on each side
of the mandible, the anterior longest. Canines of moderate size.
Colour purplish black, with black streaks radiating from the eye ;
the whole of the fish covered with pure white spots each having a
dark edge, they are largest posteriorly, but nowhere exceed the size
of the pupil of the eye.
Hob. Coromandel coast of India. This fish attains to a large
size. Ilussell observed that it was not eaten, and it was considered
to be of a poisonous nature, whilst its flesh smelt very rank even
when it was just captured.
77. (5.) Muraena rueppellii.
Dalophis rupelliae, McClelland, Cal. Journ. Nat. Hist, v, p. 213.
Mureena ruppellii, Day, Fish. India, p. 069 (see synon.).
Length of head 3J- to 3| in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; tail about one fifth longer than the trunk.
Eyes rather above half the length of the snout, and situated nearly
midway between angle of mouth and end of snout ; anterior nasal
tubes scarcely half the length of the eye. Snout slightly com-
pressed ; extent of cleft of mouth 2|- in the length of the head.
Gill-opening about as wide as the eye. Teeth in a single row
(the young may have one or two extra teeth forming an inner
maxillary row), from 20 to 23 in each ramus of mandible ; canines
78 TELEOSTEI. PI1YSOSTOMI.
of moderate size ; the mouth can be completely closed. Colour
yellowish, with from 18 to 20 black rings encircling the head and
body ; they are narrower than the ground-colour ; the first three
are on the head, the others sometimes become less distinct as age
increases.
Hub. Andamans and Malay Archipelago.
78. (6.) Muraena reticularis.
Gymnothorax reticularis, Block, Ausl. Fische, t. 416.
Mursena reticularis, Day, Fish. India, p. GC9 (see synon.).
Length of head 3j in the distance between the end of the snout
and the vent ; tail a little longer than the trunk. Eyes diameter
two thirds of the length of the snout, situated rather nearer angle
of mouth than end of snout. Anterior nasal tubes very short ;
snout short and very slightly compressed. Extent of cleft of
mouth one third of the length of the head. Gill-opening of about
the same size as the eye. Teeth in a single row, some being
slightly serrated ; about 13 in each ramus of mandible ; the canines
small ; the mouth can be completely closed. Colour head and
back spotted and dotted with brown ; about 16 dark cross bands
on the body, wider than the ground-colour, and most distinct in
the lower half of the body and on the dorsal fin ; the first well-
marked ventral baud is behind the gill-opening.
Hob. Seas of India to China and Japan.
79. (7.) Muraena punctatofasciata.
Gymnothorax punctato-fasciatus, Bleaker, Gymnoth. Intl. Ar<:h. p. 107,
and Ail. Ich. iv, p. 99, pi. clxxv,. fig. 4.
Mursena punctato-fasciata, Day, Fish. India, p. GG9, pi. clxix, fig. 4
(see synon.).
Kills, Marathi.
Length of head 3| to 4| in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; tail slightly longer than the trunk. Eyes
situated midway between the end of the narrow snout and the angle
of the mouth, two thirds the length of the snout. The mouth can be
completely closed ; the extent of its cleft equals one third of the
length of the head. Gill-opening about the same size as the eye.
Body rather slender. Teeth pointed and in a single row, without
any basal lobe, occasionally there are 2 or 3 teeth forming an
inner maxillary row ; canines of moderate size ; 16 to 17 teeth on
each side of the mandible. Colour reddish brown, darkest along
the back ; from 28 to 35 dark, more or less complete, rings of an
irregular character on the body and fins. Head and ground-colour
between the rings with blotches, spots, and fine lines.
Hub. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
80. (8.) Muraena tessellata.
Mursena tessellata, RicJtardsoti, Voy. Sulphur, Ich. p. 109, t. Iv, figs.
6-8 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 070, pi. clxxi, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Kyouk nga phayoon. Arracan.
MUB^ENIIXE. 70
Length of head to gill-opening 3 to 3| in the distance between
the end of the smout and the vent ; tail slightly longer or shorter
than the trunk. Snout compressed. Eyes situated slightly before
the middle of the distance between the angle of the mouth and the
end of the snout. Length of cleft of mouth 2 \ to 2^ in the dis-
tance between the end of the snout and the gill-opening. Anterior
nasal tubes half as long as eye. Teeth large, compressed, pointed,
and in the adult in a single row : occasionally in the young there is
a short internal row in the maxilla. Fins dorsal commences
above the gill-opening. Colour dark polygonal or rounded spots,
which are separated by narrow light lines or interspaces on the
head, body, and fins ; most or all of the spots are wider than the
intervening areas.
Hab. Prom the east coast of Africa and the Mauritius, through
the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and China.
81. (9.) Muraena fimbriata.
Murama fimbriata, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 168 ; Day, Fish. India,
p. 670, pi. clxxii, fig. 1 (see synon.).
Chukapdm, Tel.
Length of head 3 to 3| in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; tail one third longer than the trunk. Eye
rather nearer the angle of the mouth than the end of the narrow
snout, from which last it is distant from If to 2 diameters. Extent
of cleft of mouth equal to one third of the length of the head.
Gill-opening smaller than the eye. Teeth pointed, and in a single
row, without any basal lobe, occasionally there are 2 or 3 teeth
in a second inner maxillary row. Colour olive-brown, with a
few black spots on the head, and numerous irregularly formed ones
on the body, dorsal and anal fins; many of the spots take a
vertical direction, and a few are larger than the eye. Pins with a
white* edge. In some examples the spots are in 2 or 3 regular
longitudinal rows.
Hab. Madagascar, Coromandel Coast of India, Andaman Islands
to the Malay Archipelago.
82. (10.) Mursena pseudothyrsoidea.
Muraena pseudothyrsoidea, Bleeker, Balavia, Nat. Tijdschr. iii, p. 778,
and Murom, p. 44 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 070, pi. clxxiii, fig. 3 (see
synon.).
Jlesdl, Marathi.
Length of head 3J to 3 in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; tail a little shorter than the trunk. Eyes
nearer end of snout than angle of mouth, \\ to 2 diameters in the
length of the snout, and l- apart. Cleft of mouth 2\ in the length
of the head. The gill-opening about one third wider than the
eye. Teeth in a single row, about 18 or 20 on each side of
the mandible, the 2 anterior being canines and of moderate
size ; one or two teeth of anterior vomerine scries subulate and
80 TELEOSTEI. PUYSOSTOMI.
larger than those in the preraaxillaries. The mouth can be com-
pletely shut. Colour brownish, covered with fine dark spots on
the head and body, intermixed with reticulated yellow lines, most
distinct in the caudal region. Sometimes a white edge to fins.
Gill-opening usually surrounded by a black spot.
Hab. Coasts of Sind and India to the Malay Archipelago.
83. (11.) Mnraena undulata.
Muraenophis undulata, Lacfyede, H. N. Poiss. v, pp. 629, 644.
Muraena undulata, Da;/, Fish. India, p. 671, pi. clxxi, fig. 5 (young),
& pi, clxxiii, fig. 2 (adult) (see synon.).
Length of head 3^ to 3j in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; tail a little longer than the trunk. Eyes
If to 2 diameters from the end of the snout, and about midway
between the angle of the mouth and the end of the snout. Length
of cleft of mouth 2 to 21 in the length of the head. Gill-opening
about as wide as the eye. Anterior nasal tube short. The mouth
cannot be completely shut ; snout pointed. Teeth in a single row,
occasionally one or two additional, forming an inner row in the
maxilla ; normally 4 pairs of canines in the mandibles, and 18 to
20 teeth in either ramus of mandible ; two canines in the maxilla.
Colour light brownish, covered with irregularly sized blotches,
and usually with light reticulated lines over the body, most distinct
posteriorly ; no black spot at gill-opening ; no white edge to fins.
Hab. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay
Archipelago and Pacific Ocean.
84. (12.) Murasna flavimarginata.
Muraena flavimarginata, Rilppell, Atl. p. 119, pi. xxx, fig. 3; Day,
Fish. India, p. 671 (see synon.).
Length of head 3| to 4 in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent : tail rather shorter than the trunk. Eyes
small, from 2 to 2| diameters in the length of the snout, and
situated about midway between the angle of the mouth and the end
of the snout. Anterior nasal tubes very short: snout rather
elevated. Length of cleft of mouth 2| in the length of the head.
The mouth can be completely closed. Gill-opening wider than the
eye. Teeth in a single row, except the vomerine band, which is
bifurcated anteriorly; canines of moderate size. Colour light
brown or yellowish brown, marbled or spotted with darker : the
head and end of tail nearly black. Gill-opening in a black spot.
Fins usually with a light edge.
Hab. lied Sea, Seychelles Archipelago, Bourbon, Mauritius, and
seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
85. (13.) Muraena afra.
Gymnotnorax afer, Block, Ausl. Fischc, t. 417.
Muraena afra, Day, Fish. India, p. 071 (see synon.).
81
Length of head 3| in the distance between the end of the snout
and the vent ; tail slightly longer than the trunk. Eyes diameter
about half the length of the snout ; situated slightly nearer to angle
of mouth than to end of snout. Length of cleft of rnouth about
2| in the length of the head. Snout pointed ; anterior nasal tubes
about half as long as the orbit. Gill-opening not quite so wide as
the eye. Teeth in old examples in one row, but in the young
usually in two rows in both jaws. Coloui a light ground, blotched
and marked all over with brown, or of a general brownish black.
Hah. Recorded from Tranquebar (Bl. Schn.), Indian Ocean,
Australia, and tropical parts of the Atlantic.
86. (14.) Murama macrura. (Fig. 32.)
Murnena macrurus, Bleeker, Batavia, Nat. Tijdsch. vii, p. 324 ; Day,
fish. India, p. 072, pi. clxx, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Seram pambu, Tamil.
Length of head from snout to gill-opening one fourth of the
distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail from 1$
to twice as long as the trunk. Eyes situated in the front half of
Fig. 32. Munena, macrura and upper teeth.
the distance between the angle of the mouth and the end of the
snout, about 2 diameters from end of snout. Teeth pointed, those
in the maxilla and mandible in two rows : canines badly developed.
Fins the dorsal anteriorly is low and densely enveloped in skin ;
it commences midway between the gape of the mouth and the gill-
opening. Colour uniform brown, the fins tinged with black.
The variety Imyisrima, Kaup, has the body comparatively longer
than in macrura.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. It attains upwards
of 10 feet in length.
87. (15.) Muraena thyrsoidea.
Muraena thyrsoidea, Ilidiardson, Voy. Sulphni; Ich. p. Ill, pi. xlcx,
tig. 1 ; Day, Fisfi. India, p. 672, pi. clxxii, tig. 3 (see synon.).
82 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
Length of head 3 in the distance between the end of the snout
and the vent; tail from one sixth to one third longer than the
trunk. Eyes lj diameters from end of snout, to which they are
nearer than to the angle of the mouth. Anterior nasal tubes
equal in length to two thirds of the vertical diameter of the eye.
Length of cleft of mouth 3^ in the length of the head. Gill-
openings rather larger than the eye. Teeth conical and laterally
biserial on the maxilla; about 23 on each ramus of the mandible;
vomerine teeth globular and in two rows ; no large canines ; the
mouth cannot be completely shut. F'ois dorsal more than two
thirds as high as the body. Colour light brown, covered all over
with closely-set purplish spots, amongst which are light lines
forming a network ; gill-opening sometimes with a black mark
around it ; no white edge to fins.
Hob. Andamans and Burma to the Malay Archipelago, China
and the Tonga Islands.
88. (16.) Muraena picta.
Mursena picta, AM, De Mur. et Ophich. in TJmnb. Dixs. iii, p. 0, t. ii,
fig. 2; Day, Fish, fndia, p. 672, pi. clxxii, tig. 4 (see synon.).
Length of head 3| in the distance between the end of the snout
and the vent ; tail about as long as the trunk. Eyes small, about
2 diameters from the end of the snout, and situated over about the
centre of the cleft of mouth, which latter is about one third of the
length of the head : the mouth cannot be completely closed. Ante-
rior nasal tube not quite so long as the vertical diameter of the orbit.
Gill-opening about as large as the orbit. Teeth maxillary and
premaxillary teeth in a single row; vomerine ones posteriorly
rounded and generally anteriorly bifurcated in a row ; the anterior
2 or 3 vomerine teeth are rather curved, sharp, not subulate, and
about the same size as those in the premaxillaries. Mandibular teeth
in one row, except anteriorly where it is double. Colour there are
many different forms of colour, usually the ground tint is grey or
greyish yellow covered with black spots, which are connected together
by a network of dark lines, causing the fish to appear marbled.
Hob. East coast of Africa, Madagascar, Bourbon, and seas of
India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond.
89. (17.) Muraena zebra.
Gymnomursena zebra, Shatv, Gen. Zool. iv, p. 31.
Mura3na zebra, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 673 (see synon.).
Length of head 6| to 7| in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; tail one third of the total length. Eyes small,
and rather nearer the end of the snout than to the angle of the
mouth. Teeth consist of bands of obtuse molars. Colour rich
dark brown, ornamented with from 30 to 100 narrow white or
yellow rings, which are sometimes incomplete.
83
Hub. Red Sea and east coast of Africa, through the seas of India
to the Malay Archipelago and the Pacific. This species attains a
large size.
90. (18.) MnraBna nebulosa. (Fig. 33.)
Murnena ne.bulosa, AM, De Mur. et Ophich. p. 5, t. i, fig. 2; Day,
Fish. India, p. 073, pi. clxxii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Sattlinga Pain, Tel.
Length of head 4| to 4| in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; tail a little shorter than the trunk. Eyes
nearly 2 diameters from end of snout and situated midway between
it and cleft of mouth, which last equals about one third of the
length of the head. Gill-opening rather smaller than the eye.
Teeth most of the teeth obtuse or molariform. Fins vertical
ones rather well developed and commencing a little in front of gill-
opening. Colour brownish or olive, darkest along the back. A
, Fig. 33. Mur&na nebulosa aiid upper teeth.
row of from 20 to 25 black blotches along the upper surface of the
head and back extending on to the dorsal fin, and nearly as wide
as the ground-colour ; there are some white spots in the centre of
each. A similar row of blotches along the abdominal surface.
Intermediate ground-colour of fish covered with small black stars,
spots, or vermiculated lines. Vertebra? 65/57.
Hob. Eed Sea, Madagascar, Bourbon, Seychelles Archipelago,
through the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is said to attain 5 feet
in length.
91. (19.) Murana polyzona.
Muraena polyzona, Richardson, Voy, Sulphur, Ich. p. 112, pi. Iv,
figs. 11-14; Day, Fish. India, p. 673, pi. clxix, fig. 5 (erroneously
marked M. schultzei) (see synon.).
Budlde pdm, Tarn.
Length of head one fourth of the distance between the end of
the snout and the vent; tail about one third longer than body.
Eyes of moderate size, placed about midway between angle of
mouth and end of the snout. Length of cleft of mouth 3| in the
length of the head. Gill-opening small, scarcely so large as the eye.
Teeth with rounded crowns, their form changing considerably with
o2
84 TBLBOSTBI. PHYSOSTOMI.
age. Fiiis dorsal rudimentary, commencing a little behind the
vertical from the branchial opening. Colour deep brown, encircled
with 25-30 fine narrow (yellow) whole or half bands, which
usually increase in width as they descend.
Hab. Eed Sea, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago
and the Pacific.
92. (20.) Muraena nigra.
Mursena nigra, Day, I. Z. S. 1870, p. 702, and Fish. India, p. 674,
pi. clxxi, tig. 3.
Length of head 4 in the distance between the end of the snout
and the vent; tail nearly one half of the total length. Eyes
situated nearer to the snout than to the angle of the mouth, .small,
diameter half that of the snout ; anterior tubular nostril of moderate
length. Gill-opening about as wide as the eye. Cleft of mouth
equals one third of length of the head; the mouth cannot be
completely closed. Teeth biserial, except in the mandible, where
there are three rows in some places ; all are obtuse except those of
the inner maxillary row, which are pointed and finer than the outer
row; premaxillary and vomerine teeth of equal size and with
globular heads ; mandible with about 20 teeth on each side. Fim
dorsal and anal moderately developed ; the former commencing
just behind a vertical line from the gill-opening, and half as high
as the body. Colour uniform black, no light edge to the fins.
Hab. Andamans. The specimen, 16 inches long, was discovered
alive under a large stone at low water at Port Blair.
2. Genus GY1INOMURJENA, Lacepede.
Syu. Muranoblenna, Lace"p. ; Ichthyophis, Lesson ; Uropterygius
RUpp. ; Channomurcena, Richardson.
Gill-openings of moderate width or narrow. Two pairs of
nostrils on the upper surface of the snout, the posterior being a
round foramen, or with a short tube. Teeth small, pointed, and
numerous. Fins absent, except a rudimentary one round the end
of the tail. Scales absent.
Geographical Distribution. Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Tail nearly twice as long as trunk. Brownish,
with dark blotches 1. G. tigrina, p. 84.
Tail rather longer than trunk. Grey, marbled
with arborescent dark lines 2. G. marmorata, p. 85.
93. (1.) Gymnomuraea tigrina.
Ichthyophis tigrinus, Lesson, Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, iv,
p. 399.
Gymnomurjena tigrina, Day, Fish. India, p. 674 (see synon.).
85
Length of head 4% in the distance between the end of the snout
and the vent ; tail nearly twice as long as the body. Eyes small.
Posterior nostril slightly tubular in the adult. Extent of cleft of
mouth 24 in the length of the head. Teeth no distinct canines ;
the maxillary and anterior mandibular teeth in two rows. Colour
brownish, with various sized irregularly shaped or rounded black
spots and blotches.
Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago and beyond. An example in the British Museum from the
Mauritius is 4 feet in length.
94. (2.) Gynmomnraena marmorata. (Fig. 34.)
Gymnomimena marmorata, Lacepede, H. N. Poiss. v, pp. 648, 650 ;
Day, Fish. India, p. 674, pi. clxxii, fig. 5 (see synon.),
Length of head 4 to 4^ in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; taif rather longer than the trunk. Eyes
small, about H or 1| diameters from the end of the snout, to
Fig. 34. Gymnomurcena marmorata.
which they are nearer than to the angle of the mouth. Extent of
cleft of mouth from 2| to 2| in the length of the head. The gill-
opening wider than the eye. Anterior nasal tubes short, the
posterior nostrils with a raised edge in adults. Teeth pointed, in
a band in each jaw, the inner row the larger ; no large canines ;
in a single row in the vomer, the anterior two rather enlarged and
acicular. Fins the vertical fins only exist round the end of the
tail, the fin-rays being rudimentary. Colour brownish grey, marbled
all over with arborescent dark lines. The variety O. xantliapterus
has the fins yellow.
Hal>. Andamans to the Malay Archipelago.
86 TBLEOSJET. PIIYSOSTOMT.
Second group. MUBJENIDJE PLATYSCHIST^.
3. Genus ANGUILLA, G'uvier.
Syn. Murcena (sp.), Artedi ; Terpolepis (pt.), McClelland ; Panmytiillu,
Bleeker.
Gill-openings of moderate extent, situated near the base of the
pectoral fins. Upper jaw not projecting beyond the lower.
Teeth small and in bands. The dorsal fin commences at some distance
behind the nape ; pectorals present. Small scales present, which
are imbedded in the skin.
Geographical Distribution. Fishes of this genus appear to be
distributed in fresh waters throughout the habitable globe, being
reputed to be only absent in the Arctic regions, and probably in
cold districts such as Turkestan.
Numerous species have been recorded and more are almost
yearly being added to the present mass of synonyms. There
appear to be two distinct forms in India, but they are subject to
variation in the relative position of the origin of the dorsal fin to
the vent ; and likewise, but to a minor extent, in the character of
the bands of teeth and the position of the eye. The comparative
size of the bodies of these fish also varies with age and the existence
of suitable food in the localities they inhabit.
Eels attain a large size in India, but not the immense length
(300 feet) attributed to those of the Ganges by Pliny. Being
seldom eaten except by the lower classes, there is but little demand
for them. " The natives have an easy way of taking them. They
leave small-mouthed earthen pots with a bit of sheepskin in each
over night, and draw them up in the morning, with their fish lying
coiled up most comfortably in them " (Thomas, ' Tank Angling in
India,' p. 100). In Java the eel, according to Bleeker, is considered
by the natives to be a serpent, and they say it attacks small goats
and even children. It migrates overland from one river to another
when desirous of change.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Origin of dorsal fin situated about midway
between the gill-opening and origin of
anal fin 1. A. bengalensis. p. 80.
Origin of dorsal fin situated above, rather in
front of, or slightly behind the vent .... 2. A. bicolor, p. 87.
95. (1.) Anguilla bengalensis. (Fig. 35.)
Muraena anguilla, Ham. Bvch. Fish. Gatu/ef;, p. 22.
Munena bengalensis, Gray fy Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. (from II. S.'s
MSS.).
Anguilla bengalensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 659. pi. clxviii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Ahtr, Marathi ; T'eUangoo, Tamil ; Nya-mce-town/, Arracan ; <SV///,s r,nd
Cuchia, Ohittagong.
MUR^ENIDJE. 87
B. xii. D. 250-305. P. 18. A. 220-250. C. 10-12.
Length of head 3 to 3^ in the distance between the snout and
the vent ; length of tail three sevenths more than that of the
trunk. The distance between the gill-opening and the origin of
the dorsal fin is one third or one fourth more than the length of
the head ; that between the origin of dorsal and anal fins equals
Fig. 35. Anguilla bengalensis and upper teeth.
the length of the head. Head rather broader than the body;
snout not broad. Lower jaw prominent. The cleft of the mouth
is nearly or quite one third as long as the head, and extends
behind the posterior edge of the orbit ; diameter of latter 2^ in
the length of the snout. Lips well developed. Teeth the vomerine
band does not extend posteriorly so far as the maxillary one, the
mandibular teeth divided by a longitudinal groove. Fins pec-
toral equals about two sevenths of the length of the head. Colour
brownish above, becoming yellowish on the sides and beneath ;
the whole of the upper surface of the body, in some examples,
covered with black spots and blotches, occasionally continued on
to the dorsal fin, which has a light edging; anal with a dark mar-
ginal band and a light outer edging.
" It is an irritable creature, swelling its head whenever angered ;
and constantly, when it can, buries itself in putrescent carcases."
(Ham. SucJi.)
Hob. Islands in the Indian Ocean, continent of India and
Burma. This eel is common at the Andaman Islands. It probably
ranges to the Malay Archipelago, Formosa, and the Pacific. It
attains four feet and upwards in length, and is much rarer on the
hills than in the plains.
96. (2.) Anguilla bicolor.
Anguilla bicolor, McClelland, Cal. Jottrn. Nat. Hist, v, p. 178, t. 6,
fig. 1 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 6GO, pi. clxvii, fig. 3, pi. clxviii, fig. 2.
Jce-fa/i-dah, Andamanese.
B. xii. D. 220-245. P. 18. A. 200-220. C. 10-12.
Length of head 3| to 31 in the distance between the snout and
the vent ; length of tail one fourth to one sixth more than that of
the trunk. Eyes rather variable in size, usually about 2^ dia-
88 TEi/EOSTEI. PBTSOSTOMI.
in the length of the snout. Head very slightly broader thnn
the body ; snout rather broad ; lower jaw scarcely longer than the
upper. Extent of cleft of mouth equal to rather above one third
of the length of the head, and extending to at least one diameter of
the orbit behind the eye in the adult, to below it in the imma-
ture. Lips thick. Teeth bands of nearly equal width, the
vomerine reaching nearly as far backwards as those on the maxilla.
fins dorsal commences above the vent or slightly before or behind
it. Colour of a dark olive above, becoming yellowish beneath.
Hal. Coasts of India to the Andamans and the Malay Archi-
pelago.
4. Genus CONGROMUEJENA, Kaup.
Syn. Gnathophis, Kaup ; Ophisoma and Ariosoma, Swainson.
Gill-openings wide. Eyes large. Cleft of mouth not extending
behind the middle of the eye. Bones in fore part of head with
large mucous canals. Posterior nostril patent and opposite the
middle of the front edge of the eye; the anterior nostril tubular.
Teeth small and pointed, forming bands, those in the jaws not con-
stituting a cutting-edge ; vomerine band elongated and narrow.
Dorsal fin commencing nearly opposite the gill-opening; the
pectoral and also the vertical fins (which are continuous round the
tail) well developed. Scaleless.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas.
97. (1.) Congronmraena anago. (Fig. 36.)
Conger anago, Temm. Sf Kcltley. Fauna Japan., Places, p. 259, pi. 11 3,
fig. 1.
Congromursena anago, Hay, Fish. India, p. CCO, pi. clxix, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
B. viii. P. 14. D. 170-196. A. 122-145. C. 10.
Length of head 2 to 2| in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent; length of trunk about one third less than that
of the tail. Cleft of mouth 3 to 3^ in the length of the head,
Fig. 36. Congromurana anago and upper teeth.
terminating below the middle of the eye. Eyes large, 1 to 1 j
diameters in the length of the snout, and two thirds ot a diameter
apart. Lips rather thick ; upper jaw the longer. Teeth of ahoufc
equal size ; the voinerine band extending backwards to about half
the length of the maxillary band. Fins dorsal commences slightly
behind the gill-opening ; pectoral nearly half as long as the head.
Colour brownish along the back, becoming dull white beneath.
Fins yellow, the vertical ones with a narrow black edging. Upper
half of pectoral occasionally stained with black.
Hal. Coromandel coast of India to the Malay Archipelago.
5. Genus UEOCONGER, Kaup.
Syn. Congerodon, Kaup.
GihVopemngs rather wide. Muciferous cavities on jaws mode-
rately developed. Hind nostril in the form of a slit opposite the
upper third of the orbit ; front nostril not tubular. Eyes rather
large. Cleft of mouth reaching to rather behind the middle of
the orbit. Teeth fiue, conical, and subequal in size ; those in the
jaws biserial ; the vomerine teeth in a single elongated row and
small. The dorsal fin commences above the root of the pectoral : all
the fins well developed. Scaleless.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago, China, and the Philippines.
98. (1.) Uroconger lepturus. (Fig. 37.)
Congrus lepturus, Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Ich. p. 106, pi. 56, figs.
1-6.
Uroconger lepturus, Day, Fish. India, p. 061, pi. clxx, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Tolaka, Marathi.
B. ix. P. 10. D. 200-220. C. 10. A. 120-150.
Length of head 2^ to 2| in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; length of trunk about half that of the tail.
Cleft of mouth rather oblique, and ceasing below the hind edge of
the eye ; the extent equals about two fifths of the length of the head.
Fig. 37. Uroconger leptunis and upper teeth.
Eyes 2 to 2 1 diameters in the length of the snout, and 1 to 1^
diameters apart. Snout depressed, with a row of slit-like openings
above the edge of the upper lip. Teeth rather large and unequal
90 TELEOSTEI. PIITSOSTOMI.
in size ; those in the jaws in two rows, placed a slight distance
apart, the inner row somewhat the larger ; vomerine teeth in
a single pointed row about equal in size to the inner maxillary
row, one of the anterior teeth is sometimes enlarged. Fins the
dorsal commences above the base of the pectoral, which latter
equals about one fourth of the length of the head. Colour
brownish above, becoming dull white beneath : a row of white-
edged glandular openings along the lateral line. Vertical fins
edged with black.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and China.
. 6. Genus MURJENESOX, McClelland.
Syn. Cynoponticus, Costa, and Brachyconger, Bleeker.
Gill-openings wide, approximating to the abdomen. Snout
rather elongated, the upper jaw the longer. Two pairs of nostrils,
the posterior of which are opposite to the upper part or centre of
the orbit. Teeth in the jaws rather fine, with some canines
anteriorly; vomer with several rows of teeth, the middle of which
are large and conical or compressed. Dorsal fin commencing
above the gill-opening; it, the anal, caudal, and pectoral well
developed. Vent a long distance from the gill-opening. Scaleless.
The comparative proportions of the parts in these fishes vary
considerably with age, season, and food.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical Seas.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Vomerine teeth large, and without basal lobes. 1. M. talabon, p. 90.
Vomerine teeth slender, the posterior ones with
basaj lobes ; the external mandibular row
directed outwards 2. M. talabonoides, p. 91.
Vomerine teeth large, and having a basal lobe ;
external mandibular row not directed out-
wards 3. M. einerem, p. 91 .
99. (1.) Mnrsenesox talabon. (Fig. 38.)
Miiraena talabon, Cucier, Iteyne An. ed. 2, ii, p. 350, note 4.
Mursenesox talabon, Duy, Fish. India, p. 061, pi. clxviii, fig. 5
(see synon.).
Tala-bon and Culim-ponn, Tel. ; Kotah or Kidivi-pambon, Tamil ; Thong-
bonto, Arracan ; Ky la nmti-hee, Chittagcng ; Nya thembau loick, Burmese.
B. xvii-xix. P. 15-1(3. D. 270-285. C. 10. A. 195-210.
Length of head one third of the distance between end of snout
and vent ; length of trunk about one fourth less than that of the
tail. Extent of cleft of mouth about half of length of head. Eyes
diameter one third of length of snout, distance apart 1 diameter.
Teeth on the vomer consisting of a row of moderately large, lanceo-
01
late, widely set ones, without any basal lobes ; mandibular teeth
much smaller than the vomerine, and those in the external row
not directed outwards. fins the dorsal commences a short distance
before the base of the pectoral ; the anal under about the fifty-filth
dorsal ray, just posterior to the vent. Colour upper surface of
Fig. 33. Murcenesox tulabon.
back and head olive, becoming brown posteriorly ; abdomen dull
white, becoming silvery inferiorly. The throat, cheeks, and gill-
covers with golden reflections; vertical fins with dark margins.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining ten feet
or more in length.
100. (2.) Muraenesox talabonoides.
Conger talabonoides, Sleeker, Bataria, Verhand. Nat. Ver. xxv, Mur.
p. 20.
Muroinesox talabcuoides, Day, Fish. India, p. GG2, pi. clxviii, fig. 3
(see synon.). . .
B. xviii-xix. P. 15. D. 245-250. C. 10. A. 200-205.
Length of head one third of the distance between end of snout and
vent ; length of trunk rather less than that of the tail. Extent of
the cleft of the mouth about half of the length of the head. Eyes
diameter 3^ to 3j in the length of the snout, and 1 diameter
apart. Teeth the anterior on the vomer are straight, slender,
compressed, and elongated, while the posterior have a small basal
lobe in front aud behind ; the outer mandibular teeth are directed
outwards. Fins the dorsal commences in advance of the base of
the pectoral, the latter fin contained 3f times in the length of the
head. Colour silvery, becoming white on the abdomen ; vertical
fins yellowish, with a narrow black outer border.
Hob. Seas and . estuaries of India to the Malay Archipelago.
This is the rarest of the three forms of this genus found in India, j
101. (3.) MuraBnesox cinereus.
Murana cinerea, Forsk. Dcsc. An Jin. pp. x and 22.
Mununesox cinereus, Day, Fish. India, p. 002, pi. clxviii, fig. 4
(see synon.).
B.xx-xxii. P. 14-10. D. 230-270. C. 10. A. 190-220.
Length of head 2\ to 21; times in the distance between end of
snout and vciit ; length of trunk rather less than that of the tail.
Extent of cl<>ft of mouth equals rather less than half the length of
92 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
the head. Eyes 2 to 21 diameters in the length of the snout,
and 1 diameter apart. Teeth the vomerine are straight, com-
pressed, and with a basal lobe anteriorly and posteriorly : the
mandibular teeth are very much smaller than the vomerine, and
those in the external row are not bent outwards (as in M. talabo-
noides). Fins dorsal commences slightly in advance of the gill-
opening; pectoral contained 3 times in the length of head.
Colour silvery, becoming white on the abdomen; vertical tins
yellowish, with either a narrow or wide outer black edge ; pectoral
yellow or black.
Hah. Eed Sea, seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago and Australia. This is the most common species of the genus
in the seas of India.
7. Genus SAURENCHELYS, Peters.
Gill-openings of a moderate width. Snout much produced.
Nostrils lateral, the front one near the end of snout, the hind one
close in front of orbit. Teeth rather small and in several rows.
Pectoral fins absent ; vertical fins well developed. Air-bladder and
pyloric appendages absent. Scaleless.
Geographical Distribution. Coromandel coast of India and the
Mediterranean.
102. (1.) Saurenchelys petersi. (Fig. 39.)
Saurenchelys petersi, Day, Fish. India, p. 663, pi. ckviii, fig. 6.
Length of head 2| times between end of snout and vent ; length
of trunk 31 times in that of the tail ; extent of the cleft of the
mouth half the length of the head. Eyes 3 diameters in the
Fig. 39. Saurenchelys petersi.
length of the snout, and one diameter apart. Teeth canines
present anteriorly ; the vomerine teeth large, compressed, but
without any basal lobes. Fins the dorsal commences a short dis-
tance behind the gill-opening; itislowanteriorly,becominggradually
more developed, and is continuous posteriorly with the anal. Pec-
torals absent. Colour dorsal fin with a dark edge ; it and the
anal become almost black in the last one fourth of their extent.
Hob. The single example was taken from the sea in Orissa.
8. Genus MUILENICHTHYS, Bleeker.
Body elongated and cylindrical. Gill-openings narrow. Eyes
small. Nostrils on the edge of the upper jaw. Dorsal fin low
93
or rudimentary, commencing a long distance posterior to the gill-
opening ; caudal continued round the end of tail. Pectorals absent.
Scaleless.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Dorsal fiu commences before the vent ...... 1. M. schultzei, p. 93.
Dorsal fin commences behind the vent ...... 2. M. vermiformis, p. 93.
103. (1.) Maraenichthys schnitzel. (Fig. 40.)
Munenichthys schultzei, Sleeker, Batavia, Nat. Tijdsch. xiii, p. 366 ;
Visch. Batav. p. 506 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 603, pi. clxix, fig. 3 * (see
synon.).
Length of head 2| to 3 in the distance between the end of the
snout and the vent ; length of the trunk three fifths that of the
tail. Extent of cleft of mouth equals one third of the length of
Fig. 4Q.Mur(enichthys schultzei and upper teeth.
the head. Eyes of moderate size, situated midway between the
angle of the mouth and the end of the snout. Upper jaw some-
what the longer. Teeth in jaws pointed, in three rows, the inner
the larger ; the palatine teeth in two rows, with obtuse crowns.
Fins the dorsal low, commencing in the last sixth of the distance
between the gill-opening and the vent. Pectorals absent. Colour
brownish along the back, becoming of a yellowish greea on the
sides and below.
Hob. Andaman Islands to the Malay Archipelago.
104. (2.) Mnraenichthys vermiformis.
Chilorhinus (Muraenichthys) vermiformis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss.
Berl. 1806, p. 524.
Muraenichthys vermiformis, Day, Fish. India, p. 663 (see synon.).
Angle of the mouth slightly posterior to the eye. Teeth in the
jaws and on the vomer in a single row. The origin of the dorsal
fin behind the vent.
Hob. Ceylon.
* A mistake has been made in the plate quoted. The name given for fig. 3,
Mur&na polyzona (ante, p. 83), belongs to fig. 5 and vice ven>d.
94 TELEOSTKI. PHYSOSTOMI.
9. Genus OPHICHTHYS, Ahl.
Syn. Ophisurus, Fcccilocephahis, and Gzcilia, Lace"p. ; Cacula, Vahl ;
Siikar/ebranchus, Bl. Schn. ; Mwtenopsis, Lesueur ; Dalophi*, Kaf. ; Li'p-
tognafhus, Swainson ; Apterichthys, Dumeril ; Leptorkyncnut, Smith ;
Ichthi/apus, Bris. de Barneville ; Centrurophis , Pcecilocephalui, Micrndo-
nop/iis, Coscilopis, Herpetoichthys, Brachysomophia, Elapsopis, Myttriophis,
Echiophis, Scytalophis, Leptorhinophis, Pisoodunophis, Lamnostoma, Anr/ui-
Echiophis, Scytalophis, Leptorhinophis, Pisoodunophi
mtrits, Cirt'himurcena, Callechelys, Ichthyctpus, Opsuraps, i'oaopsx,
Kaup ; Achirophichthys, Bleeder ;. Mucrodonophis and Urnnichthys, Poey.
The gill-openings may be close together. Snout greatly or mode-
rately produced. Cleft of mouth wide or of medium width ; lips
may or may not be fringed. Teeth in jaws and on vomer, either
pointed and granular, or small and conical ; in the maxilla they may
be in from one to four rows or in bands, while in the mandibles they
may be in one or two rows ; canines present or absent, Dorsal fin,
when present, commences either in advance of or nearly above the
gill-opening, or behind the root of the pectoral ; the pectorals, when
present, may be rudimentary, or only developed in the adult, or else
of moderate size ; anal present or absent. Extremity of tail
free.
This genus has been regarded by some authors as a Family ;
in all the species the extremity of the tail is free, and there are
vomerine teeth.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A.. Teeth obtuse or granular. Pectorals present
or absent.
Head 3| to 4 times in length of trunk ; body
nearly two thirds of total length ...... 1. O. boro, p. 94.
Head 7^ to 8 times in length of trunk ; body
rather above a third of the total length . . 2. O. inicroccphalus, p. 9o.
Head 8 to 9 times in length of trunk; body
about half of total length. Body sur-
rounded by brown rings, between which
are sometimes spots .................. 3. O. colubnnus, p. 90.
B. Teeth pointed and in a single row. Pec-
torals absent.
Head 3| to 4 times in length of trunk ; body
half of total length ................. 4. O. orientalis, p. 90.
Head 7 in length of trunk ; body about as
long as tail. 10 to 17 large dark spots
along the lateral line ................ 5. O. ornati^hnxs, p. 97.
105. (1.) Ophichthys boro. (Fig. 41.)
Ophisurus boro, Ham. Bitch. Fish. Gang. p. 20, t. v, fig. 5.
Ophichthys boro, Day, Fish. India, p. 664, pi. clxxi, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
B. xxix-xxxi. D. 320-400. P. 13. A. 250-270.
Length of head (to gill-opening) from 3| to 4 times in the dis-
95
tance between the snout and the vent ; length of trunk nearly two
thirds of the total. Eyes from 2 to 2| or even 3 diameters from
end of snout, and slightly nearer angle of mouth than end of snout.
Upper jaw the longer ; cleft of mouth extending some distance
Fig. 41. Ophichthys boro and tippet teeth.
behind the eye. Snout rather depressed in the 'young and obtuse
in the adult. Teeth granular, in a large patch on maxilla, and in
several smaller rows on premaxillaries ; large and in several rows
on the vomer ; two outer granular rows in mandible, with an inner
pointed row. The form of the teeth is subject to considerable
variation : thus they are usually conical in the young, which cha-
racter *iay be retained in the adult age (O.hyald)', or the young in
some instances have globular-headed teeth ; the number of rows of
teeth is not constant. Fins dorsal low ; it commences about the
length of the pectoral behind the posterior margin of that fin, and
does not quite reach the tip of the tail. Pectoral rounded or
pointed, its length equals about one fourth of the distance between
the snout and its base. Anal low, not extending to the tip of
the tail. Colour greenish olive above, with many minute black
spots, becoming greenish white below ; the dorsal fin with a dark
edging.
The natives in some parts of Bengal imagine that this fish
proceeds from the ear of a porpoise. Sir Walter Elliot was informed
that in some parts of Madras those captured in salt-water creeks
were eaten by the natives as a remedy for weakness or pains in the
loins.
When breathing this fish distends its gill-cavities with air taken
in at the mouth, while it can also respire that contained in the
water. If its gill-openings are kept firmly closed, it takes in air
by its mouth ; should its mouth be kept shut it struggles until
released so as to be able to respire. If the gills are exposed by
removing the gill-membranes, it slowly. moves its branchiae, and is
able to respire without taking in air by the mouth.
Hub. Seas and estuaries of India and Malay Archipelago,
ascending large rivers to far above tidal reach. It attains to at
least 24 inches in length.
106. (2.) Ophichthys microcephalus.
Ophichthys microcephalus, Day, Fish. India, p. 665 pi. clxx, fig. 2.
Length of head from 7 3 to 8 in the distance between the end of
the snout and the vent ; tail nearly twice as long as trunk (1&).
Eyes of moderate size, situated behind the middle of the distance
96 TKLEOSTKT. PHYSOSTOMI.
between the snout and the angle of the mouth. Extent of cleft of
mouth from end of snout 3^ in the length of the head. Anterior
tubular nostrils well developed. Teeth obtusely conical and in
three rows. Fins low, the dorsal commences over the last third
of the pectoral fin, neither the dorsal nor anal is continued round
the end of the tail. Pectoral 3^ to 3| in the length of the head.
Colour olive above, becoming of a dull yellow on the sides and
beneath ; fins externally stained with black.
Hob. Three examples, none less than 25 inches in length, were
captured in Malabar.
107. (3.) Ophichthys colubrinus.
Muraona colubrina, Boddaert, Pallas' 's Neue Nord. Beytr. ii, 1781,
456, pi. 2, fig. 3.
ichthys colubrinus, Day, Fish. India, p. 065, pi. clxvii, fig. 4
(see synon.).
" B. xxv. circ. D. 510, circ. A. 318, circ. P. 10, circ." Bleeker.
Length of head 8 to 9 times in the distance between the end of
the snout and the vent ; length of trunk about equal to that of the
tail ; snout projecting. Extent of cleft of mouth equals about ^
to | of the length of the head. Eyes rather small, situated
behind the middle of the cleft of the mouth. Snout rather pointed.
Teeth with rounded crowns and in two rows. Fins the dorsal
fin commences in front of the gill-opening, just behind the nape ;
it and the anal are rather low ; pectoral rudimentary. Colour
numerous (25 to 35) brown rings surround the body. In some
examples a dark round spot exists in the interspace between each
ring on the body.
Hob. Eed Sea, Andamans to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond.
108. (4.) Ophichthys orientalis.
Dalophis orientalis, McClelland, Cal Journ. Nat, Hist. 1845, v, p. 213.
Ophichthys orientalis, Day, Fish. India, p. 665, pi. cbcxi, tig. 1 (see
synon.).
Manti-bukaro-paumbu, Tel.
Length of head 3| to 4 in the distance between the end of the
snout and the anus ; tail as long as the trunk. Eyes small, placed
rather behind the middle of the length of the head. The gill-
openings are longitudinal slits almost parallel one to the other.
Snout projecting, extending beyond the lower jaw, and the openings
of the nostrils are on the lower surface. Teeth pointed and in a
single row. Fins the dorsal commences at a short distance behind
the gill-openings, it and the anal being low; pectorals absent.
Colour olive, becoming lightest beneath ; one or two rows of
round whitish spots across the occiput, having a short line of
similar spots directed forward on either side.
97
" Very common at Madras. The boys catch it at the edge of
the surf by bruising a crab in their hands and throwing it into the
water, then walking about over the spot, and when they feel an
eel about their feet they stoop down and suddenly dash it on to
the sand with both hands. If thrown on the moist sand they bur-
row themselves, tail foremost, almost instantaneously." (Jerdon.)
Hob. Seas and estuaries of Ceylon and up the Bay of Bengal,
certainly as high as Orissa. It attains at least a foot in length.
109. (5.) Ophichthys ornatissimus.
Herpetoichthys ornatissiinus, Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish. p. 7, fig. 4.
OpHichthys ornatissimus, Day, Fish, India, p. 660 (see synon.).
Length of head from snout to gill-opening 7 in the length of
the trunk ; length of tail rather less than that of the trunk. Head
depressed. Eyes near end of snout. Jaws of nearly equal length.
Teeth pointed, those on the maxilla and front of the vomer in a
double, the remainder in a single row. Fins dorsal low, com-
mencing behind the end of the pectoral, the latter with 24 rays
and about one fourth the length of the head. Colour irregular dark
spots on the head. One transverse and two longitudinal rows of
white spots on the occiput ; two curved whitish lines between the
eyes ; sixteen to seventeen large, round, black spots along the
lateral line, which are separated by another band of spots of dif-
ferent sizes. Dorsal fin with black marginal spots and stripes.
Hob. Malabar, whence an example 20-8 inches long was brought
by Dussumier.
10. Genus MORINGUA, Gray.
Syn. Raitaborua, Gray ; Ptyobranchus, McClell. ; Pterurus, Swainson ;
Apldhalmichthys, Kaup ; Pscudomoringua, Bleeker.
Body subcylindrical, with the trunk considerably longer than
the tail. Gill-openings rather narrow and inferior; heart far pos-
terior to the branchiae. Cleft of mouth narrow. The posterior
nostril situated in front of the eye. Teeth in a single row. Vertical
tins limited to the tail ; pectorals, if present, small. Scales absent.
Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago
and Japan.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Length of head G to G in that of the trunk ;
trunk longer than the tail 1. M. raitaborua, p. 98.
Length of head 6J in that of the trunk ;
trunk at least f longer than the tail . . 2. M. macrocephala, p. 98.
93 TELEOSTEI. PITYSOSTOMI.
110. (1.) Moringna raitaborua. (Fig. 42.)
Munena raitaborua, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 2o, 364.
Moringua raitaborua, Day, Fish. India, p. GG6, pi. clxx, fig. 3 (see
synon.).
Length of head from snout to gill-opening 6 to 6| in the distance
from snout to vent ; length of tail from two fifths to three eighths
of the entire length. Height of body equals one third of length
of head. Eyes rather high up, and 2 to 3 diameters from end of
snout ; jaws of equal length in front, or the lower slightly the longer.
Fig. 42. Morinyua raitaborua and upper teeth.
Cleft of mouth extends above 1 diameter of the orbit behind its pos-
terior margin. Gill-opening a slit at the side of the pectoral fin.
Teeth in a single row directed backwards, pointed. Pirn dorsal
slightly developed, it commences about the length of the head pos-
terior to the anus ; the anal arises a short distance behind the
anus ; both fins are interrupted in the middle, but posteriorly de-
veloped and join the caudal. Pectoral equals about one sixth of
its distance from the snout. Lateral line distinct. Colour
coppery, olive, or even purplish above, becoming silvery under-
neath ; some black dots. Vertebra) 90 -f 14.
Hub. Estuaries of the Ganges to the Malay Archipelago ; attain-
ing at least 22 inches in length.
111. (2.) Moringna macrocephala.
Aphthalmichthys macrocephalus, BleeJccr, Atl. Ich. iv, p. 17, t. 147,
fig. 2.
Moringua macrocephala, Dai/, Fish. India, p. GOG (see synon.).
Length of head from snout to gill-openjng 5| in the distance
from snout to vent ; trunk at least two thirds longer than tail.
Cleft of mouth about one fifth of the length of the head. Fins a
few rays at the end of the tail, otherwise the vertical and pectoral
fins are reduced to mere cutaneous folds.
Hob. India and the Malay Archipelago.
99
Family III. SILUKID.E.
Margin of the upper jaw formed mainly by the premaxillaries ;
the maxilla rudimentary, often constituting the base of a barbel ;
no subopercle. The rayed dorsal fin or the adipose dorsal may be
present or absent. Skin scaleless, aud either smooth or covered
with osseous plates, or scattered tubercles. Air-bladder, when
present, either free in the abdominal cavity or more or less enclosed
in bone ; it communicates with the organs of hearing by means of
the auditory bones. Csecal appendages absent.
The Siluroid, or scaleless, fishes are popularly termed Cat-fishes,
owing to most of them being provided with feelers or long barbels
arranged around the mouth. They mostly prefer muddy to clear
water, and the more developed the barbels, the more these fishes
appear to be adapted for an inland or muddy freshwater residence.
The wider and deeper the rivers, the more suited they are for
the Siluridce, consequently the larger forms are comparatively rare
in the south of India, whilst they abound in the Indus, Juiniia, and
Ganges, also in the Irrawaddy and other Burmese rivers.
. Owing to their usual resort, these fishes appear to employ their
feelers in moving about in muddy places, and consequently have
less use for their eyes than forms that reside in clear pieces of
water. This is one reason why the size of the eye as compared
with the length of the head is much greater in the young than in
the adult. The eye in fact atrophies, it does not increase in size
in proportion with the remainder of the head. In some species,
the skin of the head passes over the eye without any trace of a
free orbital margin.
In the genus Arius and some allied marine forms, the males
appear to carry the ova in their mouths perhaps until the young
are produced.
Many of these fishes are credited with causing poisonous wounds,
and we frequently find such cases admitted into hospitals. The
injuries may be divided into two classes, (1) those in which the
wounds are of a distinctly venomous description, (2) those in which
the jagged spines occasion intense inflammation often of a dangerous
character.
The respiration of these fishes is effected in two ways, and it may
be appropriate here to refer to the amphibious fishes of India, as
the Lalnjnntliid and Qphiocephalidai. Kespiration in fishes is
carried out normally, (1) by their using the air which is in solution
in the water to oxygenate 'the blood at their gills, (2) by taking in
atmospheric air direct, which is employed at a special organ, where
it oxygenates the blood, which can be returned for use into the gen-
eral circulation without going through the gills. The true amphi-
bious fishes respire by the latter method. No doubt we observe
that fishes which normally oxygenate their blood solely at their
crills, do rise to the surface in very hot weather, when the water is
H 2
] 00 TELEOSTEI. PIITSOSTOMI.
foul, or insufficiently charged with air, and take in air by the mouth ;
likewise we find that those which mainly take in atmospheric air
direct by the mouth may, to a certain extent, be able to use their
gills. If fishes having these two different modes of respiration are
placed in a globe of water, across which a diaphragm of net is in-
serted below the surface, so as to prevent their obtaining access to
the atmosphere, those of the first class which oxygenate their blood
at the gills are unaffected, whereas those which have accessory
breathing-organs and take in air direct, or amphibious fishes, die
from blood-poisoning.
Amongst the Siluridce, Clarias has a dendritic apparatus attached
to the branchia} (see fig. 48, p. 114), and Saccobranchus has a long
air or respiratory sac passing backwards amongst the muscles of
the back from behind the gill-cavity proper. The blood from the
heart goes up the bulbus arteriosus, and divides into branches on
either side, one of which goes to each respiratory air-sac, the
anterior on the right, the posterior on the left side. The one
on the right goes along the upper wall of the sac, whilst that
on the left traverses the lower wall, giving off numerous lateral
branches. From this respiratory air-sac the purified blood is
returned by a vessel which conveys it direct to the aorta.
It is thus evident that blood can be purified at these respiratory
air-sacs, and these fishes can be kept alive hours, and even days,
without being in water, thus enabling them to traverse considerable
distances where aquatic respiration would be impossible. They are
also able, when in water, to depurate some of the blood at the gills,
if occasion should render it necessary for them to do so.
The air- or swim-bladder (not respiratory air-sac) exists in two
forms amongst the Siluridce. In marine species it is thick and not
enclosed in bone, likewise in most of the freshwater forms found
in the waters of the plains ; but as we approach the hills a change
occurs, and in most of the genera the air-bladder possesses an
osseous covering.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas and
rivers. Fishes of this family are very abundant in the fresh
waters of India, likewise in the estuaries and sea ; they are not so
common, however, in the clear waters around the Andamans. and
are nearly absent from the Red Sea.
Uses. As a rule (excluding Pseudeutropius^ Callichrous, and Ailia),
the Siluroids are more eaten by the poorer than by the richer
classes, and for two reasons first, they are forbidden to Jews
and Mahomedans, and secondly, they are very foul feeders. Sacco-
brancTius and Clarias, however, are deemed nourishing and often
prescribed for patients recovering from illness. The air-bladders
of the marine forms are collected for export to China, as they
afford a coarse isinglass.
SILURID^E. 101
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
First group. HYPOSTOMATINA.
Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus; gill-openings
small. The rayed dorsal fin, if present, belongs to the abdominal
portion of the vertebral column, being in advance of the ventrals.
Adipose dorsal present. Pectorals and ventrals horizontal. Air-
bladder partially or wholly enclosed in bone.
i plates along the back. The adipose fin
ui the form of a short spine. Upper
caudal ray very elongate 1. SISOB.
An adipose fin. An adhesive apparatus form-
ed of transverse folds of skin situated on
the chest between the bases of the pec-
toral fins 2. PSEUDECHENEIS.
No long caudal ray, osseous dorsal plates, nor
adhesive apparatus. A low adipose tin. . 3. EXOSTOMA.
Second group. CHACINA.
Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus ; gill-openings
small. Rayed dorsal and anal fins consisting each of two portions ;
a strong serrated spine in front of the first dorsal fin, while the
posterior portions of both fins are confluent with the caudal. No
adipose fin. Ventral with six rays. Air-bladder not enclosed in
bone.
Mouth very wide. Eyes rudimentary 4. CHACA.
Third group. PLOTOSIKA.
Gill-membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus ; gill-open-
ings wide. Rayed dorsal fin in two portions ; the anterior with
few rays, and armed with a pungent spine, the posterior long and
confluent with the caudal, as is also the long anal. No adipose
dorsal. Ventral many (12) rayed. A dendritic post-anal organ.
Air-bladder not enclosed in bone.
Teeth on the palate. Pectoral with a spine. 5. PLOTOSUS.
Fourth group. CLABIINA.
Gill-membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus ; gill-open-
ings wide. Rayed dorsal fin single, spineless and elongated, pos-
teriorly neither it nor the anal confluent with the caudal. No adi-
pose dorsal. A dendritic accessory branchial apparatus attached
to the convex side of some of the branchial arches, and received
into a recess above and behind the true gill-cavity. Air-bladder
transverse, lobed, and enclosed in bone.
Teeth on the palate. A pectoral spine. Ventral
with six rays 6. CLARIAS.
Fifth group. SILURINA.
Gill-membranes more or less separate from the isthmus, which they
overlap, their hind edges being freo even if united to ono another.
L ( )2 TELEOSTEI. 1'H I8OSTO.M I.
The rayed dorsal fin, if present^, belongs to the abdominal portion
of the vertebral column, ueing in advance of the veutrals. Adipose
fin present or absent.
a. Length of the anal fin nearly equal to that of the caudal portion of
the vertebral column. Gill-openings wide.
Teeth on the palate. Barbels four or six.
Rayed dorsal fin without spine ; no
adipose fin. Pectoral with a spine. Ven-
tral with eight or more rays ; anal with
from sixty to ninety rays. Air-
bladder free , 7. SILURUS.
Teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. , Rayed
dorsal fin with a short spine, an adipose
fin; j&a pectoral spine. Ventral with
six, anal with from fifteen to about
twenty-three rays. Caudal rounded or
lanceolate. Air-bladder free 8. OLYBA.
No teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. Dor-
sal fin with one spine and six rays ; a
small pectoral spine. Anal rather short
(eleven to twelve rays). Ventral with
six rays ; caudal forked. Air-bladder
enclosed in bone 9. AMBLYCEPS.
Teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. A short
spineless dorsal, also an adipose fin ; an
elongated anal one (sixty to eighty rays).
A strong pectoral spine. Ventral with
six rays. An elongated, respiratory air-
sac, extending backwards amongst the
muscles of the back on either side of the
neural spines. Air-bladder enclosed in
bone 10. SACCOBRANCJU *.
Cleft of mouth deep, extending to behind
the eyes. Teeth on the vomer. Barbels
four. Rayed dorsal fin short, spineless ;
no adipose fin. A pectoral spine. Ven-
tral with nine or ten rays ; anal with
sixty-five to ninety-five rays. Air-
bladder free " 11. WALLAGO.
Teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. A short
dorsal fin with a spine, also an adipose
fin. A pectoral spine ; an elongated anal
fin (forty-seven to fifty rays). Ventral
with six rays. Air-bladder partially
protected by bone 12. EUTBOPIICHTHY.S.
Cleft of mouth does not extend to the eye.
Teeth on the vomer. Barbels two or
four. Rayed dorsal fin when present
small ; no adipose fin. A pectoral spine.
Ventral with ten or less rays ; anal with
from about forty-five to ninety-five -rayt -
Air-bladder free .". . 13. GALLIC HBOUS.
Teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. No
rayed dorsal, but an adipose fin. Pec-
toral with a spine ; an elongated anal
(sixty to seventy-five rays) ; a pectoral
SILUBID.-E.
spine. Ventral with six rays. Air-
bladder partially protected by bone 14. AILIA.
Similar to Atlia but destitute of ventral tins. . 15. AiLiic
Teeth present on the palate. Barbels
eight. Dorsal and pectoral spines. An
adipose dorsal. Ventral with six or eight
rays; anal with from about twenty-
seven to fifty-five rays. Air-bladder free. 16. PSKUDEUTROPIUS.
Teeth present on the palate. Barbels four.
Dorsal and pectoral spines ; an adipose
dorsal. Ventral with six, anal with trora
about twenty-nine to thirty-nine rays.
Air-bladder free ". 17. PANOASIUS.
Teeth on the palate. Barbels two or four.
A short dorsal having a spine, also an-
adipose fin ; an elongated anal (forty or
fifty rays). A pectoral spine. Ven-
tral with six rays. Air-bladder partially
protected by bone . . . 18. SLLUNDIA.
b. Length of the anal fin much less than the caudal portion of the
vertebral column.
Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not
confluent with the skin of the isthmus,
but overlapping one another, being cleft
nearly to the chin. Teeth present on the
palate. Barbels eight. Dorsal and pec-
toral spines ; an adipose fin. Ventral
with six, anal with from about eight or
nine to twenty or more rays. Air-
bladder free 19. MACHONES.
Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not
confluent with the ekin of the isthmus,
but overlapping one another, being cleft
nearly to the chin. Teeth present on the
palate. Barbels six or eight. Dorsal and
pectoral spines ; an adipose fin. Ventral
with six, anal with from about fifteen to
twenty rays. Air-bladder free 20. LIOCASSIS.
Gill-openings wide, the membranes not con-
fluent with the skin of the isthmus, and
scarcely or not notched. Teeth present
on the palate. Barbels six or eight.
Strong dorsal and pectoral spines, an
adipose tin. Ventral with seven or eight
rays, anal with twelve to thirteen. Air-
bladder free 21. RITA.
Gill-openings wide, the membranes not con-
fluent with the skin of the isthmus, and
scarcely or not notched. Teeth present
or absent on the palate. Barbels six.
Dorsal and pectoral spines ; an adipose
fin. Ventral with six, anal with from ^
about fourteen to at least twenty-four
fayir~5Ir-bladder free 22. ABICS.
Gill-openings wide, the membranes not con-
104 TELEOSTEI. PHISO8TOMI.
fluent with the skin of the isthmus, and
not notched. No teeth on the palate.
Barbels six. Dorsal and pectoral spines ;
an adipose fin. Ventral with six, anal
with about twenty rays. Air-bladder
free 23. KETENGUS.
Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not
confluent with the skin of the isthmus,
but overlapping one another, being
notched. Teeth on the palate. Barbels,
one semi-osseous maxillary pair. Dorsal
and pectoral spines ; an adipose fin. Ven-
tral with six, anal with from about
nineteen to twenty-four rays. Air-
bladder free 24. OSTEOGENIOSUS.
Gill-openings wide, the membranes not con-
fluent with the skin of the isthmus, and
not notched. Teeth present on the palate.
Barbels two. Dorsal and pectoral spines ;
an adipose fin. Ventral with six, anal
with about twenty rays. Air-bladder
free 25. BATHACIIOCEPIIAI.US.
Gill-openings of moderate width, not con-
fluent with the skin of the isthmus. No
palatine teeth. Barbels eight. Dorsal
and pectoral spines ; an adipose fin. Ven-
tral with six, anal with few (8-10) rays . 26. AKYSIS.
Gill-openings wide, the membranes confluent
with the skin of the isthmus. No teeth
on the palate. Barbels eight. Dorsal
fin with one spine and six rays. A pec-
toral spine ; an adipose fin ; anal rather
short. Ventral with six rays. Air-
bladder enclosed in bone 27. BAGAIUUS.
Gill-openings wide, the membranes confluent
with the skin of the isthmus. No teeth
on the palate. Barbels eight. Dorsal
fin with one spine and six or seven rays ;
an adipose fin. A pectoral spine. Anal
short. Ventral with six rays. An ad-
hesive apparatus formed of longitudinal
plaits of skin, situated on the chest
between the bases of the pectoral fins.
Air-bladder enclosed in bone 28. GLYPTOSTKRNUM.
As in last genus but having palatine teeth . . 29. EUGLYPTOSTERNUM.
Gill-openings narrow, the membranes being
confluent with the skin of the isthmus.
Mouth narrow. Occipital, scapular, and
humeral processes well developed. No
palatine teeth. Barbels eight. Dorsal
and pectoral spines present; an adipose
fin. Ventral with six, anal with about
ten rays Air-bladder free 30. ERETHISTES.
Gill-openings rather narrow, the membranes
being confluent with the skin of the
isthmus. No teeth on the palate.
SILUBIDjE. 105
Barbels six or eight, the two mandibular
pairs arising on a transverse line. Dorsal
with one spine and six rays ; an adipose
fin ; a pectoral spine. Anal rather short.
Ventral with six rays. Air-bladder en-
closed in bone 31. GAGATA.
Gill-niembranes not confluent with the skin
of the isthmus, or only slightly adherent.
No palatine teeth. Barbels eight, the
two mandibular pairs not arising on a
transverse line. Dorsal fin with one spine
and six to eight rays; an adipose fin.
Anal rather short. Ventral with six rays.
Air-bladder enclosed in bone 32. NANGHA.
First group. HYPOSTOMATINA.
1. Genus SISOR, Hamilton Buchanan.
Branchiostegals four. Gill-openings narrow and mostly lateral,
the gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Head
and anterior portion of the trunk broad and depressed. Eyes
small. Mouth small, transverse, the upper jaw the longer.
Nostrils round and approximating, but separated by a valve. One
maxillary pair of barbels with broad bases, and about five mandi-
bular pairs. Teeth absent. A short dorsal fin destitute of a
distinct spine ; pectoral with, a strong spine. Ventral having
seven rays, and situated below the last portion of the dorsal fin.
Upper portion of body covered with bony plates. Anal with six
rays. Caudal with its upper ray very prolonged. Air-bladder
enclosed in a bony capsule. An axillary pore.
Geographical Distribution. Indus and upper portions of the
Jumna and Ganges rivers.
112. (1.) Sisor rhabdophorus. (Fig. 43.)
Sisor rhabdophorus, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 208, 379 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 491, pi. cxv, figs. 1, la, \b (see synon.).
Chennuah, Hind. ; Kir^ri-dee, Sind.
B. iv. D. 1/6. P. 1/8. V. 7. A. 6 (2/4). C. 11.
Length of head 5|, of caudal 11, height of body contained 11
times in the total length, excluding the caudal filament, which in
some specimens equals the length of the body. Eyes small,
nearer the gill-opening than the end of the snout, which is rather
pointed. A median longitudinal groove on the head reaches to the
base of the occipital process. The greatest width of the head
equals two thirds of its length. Numerous rough ridges exist on
the head, which is covered by very thin skin. The basal bone of
the dorsal fin has an anterior and two lateral processes covered
106 TELEOSTEI. PHY8OSTOMT.
with rough ridges. Mouth small, transverse, inferior, the upper
jaw the longer. Barbels the maxillary reach the pectoral spine,
and are dilated at their bases. From the lower lip there is a sort
of flap, having a rather long barbel at either side, which reaches
the gill-opeuing ; and two more intermediate but shorter ones ;
between these flaps are several sh'ort "barbels 6ii a transverse line
across the chin. There are five plates on either side o the base of
Fig. 43. Sisor rhabdopho
the dorsal fin, behind which the back has six elevated scale-like
plates along the median line ; the last forms a spine before the
Vertical from the anal fin. The last half of the body is covered by
12 osseous rings, having a sharp edge above and on each side, as
is seen in the pipe-fishes. The lateral line has also a series of
smaller rough bony plates. Fins dorsal rather higher than long,
its first undivided ray weak, and finely serrated anteriorly.
Pectoral spine compressed, not quite so long as the head, serrated
on both edges, but in general strongly so externally. The ventrals
arise u-nder the posterior dorsal rays. The anal commences behind
the vertical from the spine on the back. Upper caudal ray with a
long prolongation. Colour blackish above, lighter below.
Hob. Indus, JSind, Ganges, and Jumna rivers in Northern India,
Bengal, and Behar : the largest I have seen was about 8 inches long,
excluding the caudal filament. Not uncommon at Delhi. This
fish is only eaten by the lowest and poorest classes. It is said to
lie under stones when young.
2. Genus PSEUDECHENEIS, Blyth.
Gill-openings small, not extending on to the lower surface of
the head, the gill-membranes being attached to a very broad
isthmus. Body somewhat elongate ; head rather depressed. An
adhesive apparatus formed of transverse folds of slun situated on
the thorax between the bases of the pectoral fins. Eyes small,
subcutaneous, on the upper surface of the head. Mouth trans-
verse, small, inferior. Nostrils on either side approximating,
divided by a barbel Barbels eight, the maxillary pair with broad
bases. Teeth villiform in the jaws, palate edentulous. Dorsal
SILTHUtt/E.
107
lin with one spine and six rays; the adipose of moderate extent.
Pectoral with its inner third vertical, its lower two thirds horizontal,
its spine feebly serrated. Ventral horizontal, having six rays, and
situated- below the dorsal. Caudal einarginate. Air-bladder in
rounded lateral portions enclosed in bone.
This genus 1 is evidently adapted for an existence in rapids.
113. (1.) Pseudecheneis snlcatus. (Fig. 44.)
Glyptosternon sulcatus, McClelland, Cal Journ. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 587,
pi. vi. .
Pseudecheneis sulcatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 500, pi. cxvi, fig. 1
(see synon.).
D. 1/6 1 0. P. 1/13. V. 6. A. 11-13 (2-4/7-9). C. 17.
Length of head 7|, of caudal fin 6, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes small, situated midway between the hind edge of
the opercle and the nostrils ; the width of the interorbital space 3|
in the length of the head. Lower surface of the head with
numerous papillae, especially near the symphysis. The width of
Fig. -44'. P&eutkch&neis si'Jcattis.
the head equals its length, Barbels the maxillary pair equal to
about one third of the length of the head. Fins spine of anterior
dorsal broad, weak, crenulated posteriorly; base of the adipose dorsal
as long as the interspace between the two dorsal fins. Pectoral
large and extending to above the base or first third of the ventral ;
pectoral spine broad, finely ctenoid externally in its lower half,
crenulated internally, especially in its posterior soft termination.
108 TBLEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
In some specimens the under surface of the pectoral spine aud first
ventral ray are striated. Caudal emarginate, lower lobe the" longer.
The thoracic sucker has about 14 transverse folds. The free portion
of the tail about three times as long as deep at its base. Colour
blackish, with some large, irregular, yellowish blotches. Fins
yellow, with black bands.
Hob. Darjeeling and Khasi hills, attaining 7 to 8 inches in
length.
3. Genus EXOSTOMA, Blyth.
Syn. Chimarrichthys, Sauvage.
Gill-openings narrow, the membranes confluent with the skin of
a broad isthmus. Head depressed and covered superiorly with soft
skin. No thoracic adhesive apparatus. Mouth inferior, with the
lips reflected around the whole or most of its circumference, and
usually covered with tubercles. Nostrils close together, separated
by a barbel. Eight barbels. Teeth in the jaws in several rows ;
palate edentulous. Anterior dorsal fin with a rudimentary spine
and six rays ; adipose fin long and low. Pectorals vertical in their
upper, horizontal in their lower half, the spine enclosed in skin.
Ventral composed of six rays, inserted some distance behind the
rayed dorsal, shaped like the pectoral. Caudal square, emarginate
or forked. Air-bladder enclosed in bone.
This peculiar mountain genus has its lips adapted for a sucker,
the chest likewise appears to form a flat adhesive surface, bounded
by the striated rays of the pectoral and ventral fins.
Geographical Distribution. From the upper waters of the Indus,
along the Himalayas and the Mishmee Mountains in East Assam,
to Eastern Tibet on the confines of China ; also in Tenasserim.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Lower labial fold uninterrupted. Anal com-
mences much nearer the base of the caudal
than that of the ventral 1. E. labiatum, p. 108.
Lower labial fold interrupted. Anal com-
mences in last third of the distance between
ventral and base of caudal 2. E. blythii, p. 100.
Snout more pointed. Caudal forked 3. E. berdmwei, p. 10Q.'
Lower labial fold interrupted. Anal com-
mences nearer the base of the ventral than
that of the caudal 4. E. stoliczlxc, p. 110.
114. (1.) Exostoma labiatum.
Glyptosternon labiatus, McClell. C. J. N. If. ii, p. 588.
Exostoma labiatum, Day, Fish. India, p. 501 (see synou.).
SILUJiID.13. 109
D. 1/6 I 0. P. 1/11-12. V. 6. A. 1/5. C. 17.
Length of head 5, of pectoral 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body
8 in the total length. Eyes small, situated in the posterior two
fifths of the head. Mouth small, inferior, transverse : jaws in the
form of a double crescent or c/c-shape. Lips broad, with a median
and a lateral lobe on either side, having a barbel between. Nasal
barbels reach the end of the snout : the maxillary extend to the
pectoral fin. Fins as in the next species. Caudal slightly forked.
Colow uniform.
Hab^ Mishmi Mountains, East Assam.
115. (2.) Exostoma blythii.
Exostoma blythii, Day, Fish. India, p. 501, pi. cxvii, fig. 2,
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/17. V. 6. A. 8 (2/6). C. 13.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 6|, height of body 5 in the total
length. Eyes small, situated on the upper surface of the head :
the width of the interorbital space nearly equals the length of the
snout, which is broad and depressed. Mouth inferior and trans-
verse, sulcus behind lower lip interrupted. Gill-openings not
continued on to the lower surface of the head. Barbels the nasal
about three times as long as the orbit ; a fleshy appendage to the
maxilla having a rudimentary barbel ; two pairs behind the lower
lip arising on a transverse line. Teeth none on the palate.
Fins pectoral subhorizontal, its rays plaited below; base of
adipose more than twice as long as that of the rayed fin. Dorsal
arising slightly in advance of the ventrals, its spine weak. Ventrals
subhorizontal. Caudal with its outer rays slightly produced,
rendering it almost lunated. Air-bladder small, in two rounded
lobes, both enclosed in a bony capsule. Colour yellowish brown.
Hob. Rivers below Darjeeling ; up to at least 3 inches long.
116. (3.) Exostoma berdmorei.
Exostoma berdmorei, lilyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, I860, p. 155 ; Day,
ffish. India, p. 502 (see synon.),
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 6. C. 14.
Maxillary barbels reach the base of the pectoral fin. The snout
is much more pointed than in the other species. Fins caudal
rather deeply forked. Colour " dingy olive-brown, with obscure
dark broad bands, presenting more or less of a clouded appearance :
the fins mostly darker, below pale."
Hob. Tenasserim. The typical specimen (4 inches long) in the
Calcutta Museum is in such a very bad state of preservation that
I am unable to add to Blyth's description.
1 1 <.) TELEOSTE1. PIIYSOSTOMI.
.MIT; (4) Exostoma stoliczkae.. (Fig. 45.)" ."
Exostoma stoliczkae, Day, P.Z.S. 1870, p. 782, and Fish. India,
p. 502, pi. cxvii, fig. 3.
D.l/G | 0. P. 1/12. V. 6. A. 6. 'C. 15.
Length' of head from 4 in the young to 5| in the adult, of ;
caudal fin 8, height of body 7 5 in the total length. Eyes minute,
situated in the middle of the length of the, head : the width of the
interorbital space equals half the length of the snout, or the distance
between the eye and the front nostril. Head depressed, as broad
as long, and obtusely rounded. Mouth inferior : lips thick, and
studded with small tubercular elevations ; the upper and lower
lips continuous at the angle of the mouth, but the transverse fold
across the lower jaw is interrupted in the middle. Nostrils close
together, the anterior round and patent, the posterior tubular ; a
barbel divides the two nostrils. Barbels the nasal reach the hind
edge of the eye ; the maxillary have broad basal attachments, and
reach the root of the pectoral. Of the mandibular barbels the
anterior are situated just behind the inner end of the lower labial
fold ; they are shorter than the outer pair, which latter extend to
the gill-opening. Gill-opening situated on the side of the head in
front of and above the base of the pectoral fin. Teetli several
rows of pointed ones in each jaw, of which the outer are slightly
the larger, rather wide apart, and with rather obtuse summits.
~Fig~45.Exosfomastoliczk<e.
the dorsal arises midway between the snout and the com-
mencement of the adipose fin ; its greatest height is one third
more than the length of its base; its spine is rudimentary and
enveloped in skin. Adipose dorsal very long and low, posteriorly
in some instances it is free, in others it almost appears to decrease
in 1 height and join the free portion of the tail. Pectoral nearly as
long as the head, having the outer half horizontal and the innet
vertical ; the spine rudimentary, with a broad, striated, cutaneous
111
covering. Ventral of a similar form to the pectoral ; its first and
a portion of its second ray also with a striated cutaneous covering;
the fin commences on a vertical line falling just behind the base of
the dorsal fin, is rather nearer the snout than the posterior end
of the adipose dorsal, and commences midway between the bases
of the ventral and caudal fins ; it is half higher than long. Caudal
cut almost square. Free portion of the tail one half higher than
long. Skin tuberculated from the head along the lower surface
of the body to nearly as far as the bases of the ventrals. Colour
of a dull yellowish green, becoming lightest along the abdomen.
Fins yellowish, with dark edges or bands.
Hal. Le^ or Ladak, and along the head -waters of the Indus
it attains to about 7 inches in length.
Second group. CHACINA.
4. Genus CHACA, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Branchiostegals six to eight. Head large, depressed. Gape of
mouth very wide ; lower jaw prominent. Gill-openings somewhat
contracted, the membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus.
Barbels six *, one maxillary and two mandibular pairs. Teeth
villiform in both jaws, palate edentulous. Two rayed dorsal fins,
the first having one strong spine and three or four rays, the
second confluent with the caudal. Two rayed anal fins, the first
with from eight to ten rays, the second somewhat longer and con-
fluent with the caudal. Ventral with six rays, and situated behind
the first dorsal. Air-bladder rather large, somewhat cardiform in
shape, concave anteriorly, lying across the bodies of the anterior
vertebrae and not enclosed in bone. No axillary pore.
Geographical Distribution. Large rivers of Bengal, Assam, and
Burma, and sluggish fresh waters in their vicinity. It extends as
far as the Malay Archipelago.
118. (1.) Cnaca lophioides. (Fig. 46.)
Platystacus chaca, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 140, 374, pi. 28,
fig. 43.
Chaca lophioides, Day, Fish. India, p. 481, pi. cxii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Coor-cur-riah, Ooriah ; Pemd, Bhagalpur (Ham. Buch.) ; Godir,
Marathi.
B. vi. D. 1/3-4 | 19-25. P. 1/5. V. 6. A. 8-10 | 8-12. C. 11.
Length of head 3, of caudal fin 6 to 8, height of body 6 in the.
total length. Eyes small, in the anterior fourth of the head ; the
width of the interorbital space equals half the length of the head,
and along it runs a deep central groove. Head strongly depresses,
* Eight, if there is a nasal pair.
112 TELEOSTBI. PIITSOSTOMI.
its width equals its length behind the angle of the mouth. Mouth
very wide. Head and body in specimens from India having short
tentacles, with a ring of them round the eyes, and several along
the edge of the lower jaw, but such were not present in a specimen
I captured in the Irrawaddy. Fim dorsal spines slightly serrated
on both sides, pectoral spine serrated internally. A few tentacles
along the lateral line. Colour brownish, marbled darker.
Fig. 46. Chaca lophioidcs.
Ham. Buchanan observed, " Of all the horrid animals of this
tribe the Chaka of this district is the most disagreeable to behold.
It has the habit of the fishes called by Lacepede Uranotcopt and
Cotte, that is, it conceals itself among the mud from which, by its
lurid appearance, and a number of loose filamentous substances on
its skin, it is scarcely distinguishable, and with an immense open
mouth it is ready to seize any small prey that is passing along.
In order that it may see what is approaching, the eyes are placed
on the crown of the head. All persons turn away from it with
loathing."
Hob. Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Irrawaddy rivers, and tanks in
connection with them ; also some fresh waters of Bombay. This
species attains to at least 8 inches in length.
Third group. PLOTOSINA.
5. Genus PLOTOSTTS, Lacepede.
Syn. Platystacus, Bloch ; Cojndoglanis, Giinther.
Branchiostegals nine to twelve. Gill-openings wide, the mem-
branes separated by a deep notch, and not being confluent with the
skin of the isthmus. Head depressed, covered with thin skin.
Eyes with a free circular margin. Nostrils remote from one
another. Barbels eight. Teeth conical in the upper, mixed in the
lower jaw; molariform on the vomer. Two rayed dorsal fins, the
first with one spine and four or five rays ; the second many-rayed
and confluent with the caudal, as is also the anal. A pectoral
spine. Ventral fin many-rayed (12). Air-bladder of moderate
size, and not enclosed in bone. A dendritic post-anal apparatus.
Geographical Distribution. From the east coast of Africa through
the seas and estuaries of India and Buima to Polynesia and
Australia.
S1LT7BIDJE. 113
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 1/5, 2 D-f C+A 242-271. Uniform brownish. . 1. P. canius. p. 113.
D. 1/4-5, 2 D+C+A 109-190. Brown, with two
longitudinal white bands 2. P. arab, p. 113.
119. (1.) Plotosns canius. (Fig. 47.)
Plotosus canius, Hum. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 142, 374, pi. xv,
fig. 44; Day, Fish. India, p. 482, pi. cxii, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Irung-kellettee, Tamil ; Ndrshingld, Marathi ; Nga khoo Jchyounffj
Arracau; Khagoon, Chittagong.
B. xi-xiii. D. 1/5. 2 D + C+A 242-271. P. 1/10-11.
V. 12. Vert. 15/65.
Length of head 4| to 5|, height of body 7 to 7| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 10 to 11 in the length of the head, the
width of the interorhital space 2| to 2| in the length of the head.
The width of the head equals its length behind the angle of the
mouth. Barbels the nasal nearly reach the nape, the maxillary
the end of the opercle or base of the pectoral, whilst the outer
mandibular pair are slightly longer than the inner. Fins dorsal
Fig. 47. Plotosus camus.
spine serrated on both edges, and equal to two fifths of the length
of the head ; pectoral spine similar and equal to one third the
length of the head. Colour brown, the vertical fins edged with
black.
Bleeker observed that the Malays at Batavia believed the flesh
of this fish to possess emmenagogue properties.
Hob. Estuaries of India and Burma to the Malay Archipelago.
Attains to 3 feet and upwards in length,
120. (2.) Plotosus arab.
Siluvus arab, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. xvi, no. 36.
Plotosus arab, Day, Fish. India, p. 483, pi. cxii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Moor ghee, Mai.
B. xi. D. 1/4-5. 2 D + C+A 169-190. P. 1/11. V. 12.
Vert. 12/35.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 7 to 8 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 5 to 6| in length of head and situated in the
middle of the same ; the width of the interorbital space equals one
third of the length of the head. Greatest width of the head
equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth. Upper ja\v
1 1 4 TELEOSTBI. PHY8OSTOMI.
slightly the longer, the width of the gape of the mouth equalling
two fifths of the length of the head. Barbels the nasal reach the
hind edge of the eVes, the maxillary one half to two thirds as
long as the head, the mandibular shorter. Fins dorsal spine
rather strong, one third as long as the head and serrated on
both sides. Colour chestnut-brown, with two bluish-white longi-
tudinal bands, the superior proceeding from above the eye along
the base of the dorsal fin, the inferior from the maxilla along the
middle of the side of the body. Bleeker observed that these
bands entirely disappear in adults. Vertical fins with black edges.
"Wounds from the pectoral spines of this fish are much dreaded
by the natives of India and are said to cause severe inflammation
or even tetanus.
Hab. From the Eed Sea and east coast of Africa through the
seas of India to Japan and Polynesia.
Fourth group. CLAEIINA.
6. Genus CLAEIAS, Gronovius.
Syn, Macrofiteronotiis, LactSpede ; Cossyphus and Phagwus, McClelland.
Branch iostega Is seven to nine. Gill-openings wide, the mem-
branes not being confluent with the skin of the isthmus, and
separated by a deep notch. A dendritic accessory branchial ap-
paratus, attached to the convex side of the second, third, and
fourth branchial arches, is received into a recess above and behind
the usual gill-cavity. Head depressed, gape of mouth of moderate
Fig. 48.' Clarias magur, showing accessory branchial apparatus.
extent, anterior and transverse. Eyes small, with a free circular
margin. Barbels eight. Teeth villiform in the jaws and in a
band across the voiner. Dorsal fin long and spineless, extending
from the neck to the caudal fin, with which it is continuous : no
adipose fin. Ventral with six rays. Pectoral with a spine. Air-
bladder small, transverse, lobed, and enclosed in bone.
SILURID.E. 115
Mr. Kitchen Parker, F.R.S. (on the shoulder-girdle, Bay Society,
1868, p. 29), observed of the air-bladder and its surroundings in
Clarias : " The remarkable trumpet-shaped cavities belong to the
atlas and axis vertebrae, and they are strongly attached to the
post-temporals and clavicles at their point of junction ; they lodge
the lateral cornua of the three-lobed air-bladder. These cavities
are very imperfect below ; but this deficiency is largely supple-
mented by a transverse splint on each side, attached below to the
anterior edge of the great cylinder of the atlas. There is a smaller
splint in each cavity, and two smaller splints eke out the mouth of
each of these trumpets. The large obliquely transverse splints
(they are sometimes turned backwards) meet within a line and a
half below the centrum of the atlas, between and behind the splints.
This and the next centrum are deeply grooved."
Geographical Distribution. Throughout Africa and "Western Asia
to India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, the Malay Archipelago, Hong Kong,
the Philippines and beyond. These fish being amphibious, live for
some time after removal from their native element.
Uses. Considered by the natives of India as exceedingly wholesome
and invigorating.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 62-70, A. 45-58. Vomerine teeth villiform. 1. C. magur, p. 115.
1). 70-77, A. 53-63. Vomerine teeth obtuse. 2. C. teysinanni, p. 11G.
D. C9-70, A. 50-59. Pectoral spine externally
serrated. Vomerine teeth very obtuse .... 3. C. dussumieri, p. 117.
D. 64-08, A. 46-50. Vomerine teeth obtuse
and in two pyriform bands 4. C. assamensis, p. 117.
Macropteronotus jagur of Hamilton Buchanan, Fish. Ganges,
pp. 1-15, 374, appears to be a monstrosity of Clarias mayur, in
which the last few vertebrae have been accidentally lost or removed,
and the new caudal fin has become continuous with the dorsal fin
superiorly and the anal inferiorly.
121. (1.) Clarias magnr. (Figs. 48, 49.)
Macroptercnotus magur, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 146, 374,
pi. xxvi, fig. 45.
Clarias magur, Day, Fish. India, p. 485, pi. cxii, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Ku(/-(/a, Punj. ; Mah-oiir, Beng. ; Mftyunth, Ooriah ; Nya-khoo, Bur-
mese and Mugh. ; " Munyri, Patna, and Monghir, II. Buch. " ; Marpoo,
Tel.
B. ix. D. 62-76. P. 1/8-11. V. 6. A. 45-58. C. 15-17.
Length of head to end of gill-covers 5f , of caudal fin 8^, height
of body 6| to 7| in the total length. Eyes diameter 8 in the
length of the head, 2 to 2 diameters from the end of the snout,
the width of the interorbital space equals one half the length of
the head. The greatest width of the head equals its length.
i 2
1 1 6 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the mouth equals
four ninths of the length of the head. Head shagreeued superiorly
and covered with fine granules. Two depressions on the head,
the anterior oblong and situated so that its first fourth is between
the eyes; the posterior oval and placed midway between the
posterior extremity of the anterior fossa and the end of the occipital
process. Occipital process rounded behind, the width of its base
Pig. 49. Glorias magur.
rather above twice its length. Barbels the na^al reach the base
of the occipital process ; the maxillary the base or middle of the
pectoral fin, the mandibular are shorter. Teeth on the vomer
villifonn, not so fine as those in the jaws and becoming a little
blunted with age, they form an uninterrupted band which in its
centre is as wide as the premaxillary band or rather narrower.
Fins pectoral fin reaching to below the commencement of the
dorsal ; pectoral spine finely serrated, but covered with skin. Caudal
free. Colour dingy green or brownish superiorly, becoming lighter
beneath ; the vertical fins usually with reddish margins.
Bab. Fresh and brackish waters of the plains of India, Burma,
Ceylon, and the Malay Archipelago. This fish lives long after its
removal from its native element, being amphibious. It attains at
least a foot and a half in length. As food it is deemed highly
nourishing.
122. (2.) Clarias teysmanni.
Clarias teysmanni, Bleeker, Batavia, Nat. Tijdsch. xiii, p. 344 ;
Day, Fish. India, p. 484 (see synon.).
B.ix. D. 70-77. P. 1/7-10. V.6. A.53-63. C.17. Vert. 16/41.
Length of head to end of opercle 5 to 5|, height of body C| to 7|
in the total length. Eyes situated in the commencement of the
second third of the total length of the head to the end of the
occipital process. The greatest width of the head equals its length
to hind edge of opercle. Head nearly smooth. Occipital process
two thirds as long as wide at its base. Barbels the nasal as long
as the head, the maxillary reach the end of the pectoral fin, the man-
dibular are shorter. Teeth those on the vomer somewhat obtuse,
forming a crescentic band which in its centre is about equal in
SILITRID-S!. 117
width to the promaxillary band. Fins the pectoral extends
nearly to below the origin of the dorsal ; spine of pectoral moderately
strong, more than two thirds the length of the fin, rugose or finely
serrated along its outer edge, serrated internally. Caudal free.
Colour brownish.
Hab. Ceylon and Java.
123. (3.) Clarias dnssumieri.
Clarias dussumieri, Cuv. Sf Vol. H. N. Poiss. xv, p. 382 ; Day, I'w/t.
India, p. 484 (see synon.).
B. ix. D. 69-70. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 50-59. C. 16.
Length of head to end of gill-cover 6, of caudal fin 9, height of
body 8| in the total length. Eyes in the commencement of the
front third of the distance between the end of the occipital process
and the snout ; the width of the interorbital space equal to half
the length of the head. The greatest width of the head equals its
length ; its upper surface finely shagreened and covered with skin ;
on it are two depressions the anterior, which is oblong, extends to
opposite the front margin of the eyes ; the posterior, which is oval,
is midway between the posterior end of the anterior depression
and that of the occipital process, which last is scarcely produced
and 3| times as wide at its base as it is long. Barbels the nasal
reach the hind edge of the eye, the maxillary the base of the
pectoral fin, those on the lower jaw are shorter. Teeth those
on the palate with globular heads and in an uninterrupted curved
band, which is rather wider than that on the premaxillaries. Fins
pectoral spine rather strong ; its length equals half the distance
between the base of the occipital process and the end of the snout ;
it is rather strongly serrated externally with a few recurved spines
near its extremity, more feebly internally, whilst the length of the
fin only equals half the distance between its base and that of the
ventral, it does not quite reach to below the origin of the dorsal.
Caudal distinct from the other vertical fins.
Hab. Malabar and Pondicherry to the Malay Archipelago.
124. (4.) Clarias assamensis.
Clarias assamensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 485.
Mah-yur, Assamese.
B. ix. D. 64-68. P. 1/8-11. V. 6. A. 46-50. C. 14.
Length of head to end of opercle 5| to 6, of caudal fin 8, height
of body 6| to 7 in the total length. Eyes in the commencement
of the anterior third of the total length of the head, width of the
interorbital space equal to two fifths of the total length of the head.
The greatest width of the head equals its length between the
snout and the hind edge of the opercle ; the width of the gape of
the mouth equals one third of the total length of the head. Upper
118 TELEOSTEI. P11YSOSTOMI.
surface of the head very finely shagreened and covered with thin
skin ; two depressions on the head the anterior oblong and reaching
forwards to between the middle of the eyes ; the posterior oval
and commencing midway between the posterior end of the anterior
fossa and the end of the occipital process, which latter is rounded,
and twice as broad at its base as it is long. Barbds the nasal
reach to the base of the occipital process, the maxillary to the end
of the pectoral spine, the mandibular are shorter. Teeth those
on the vomer globular and arranged in two pyrifortn bands, the
widest end internal and exceeding the width of the premaxillary
band. Fins pectoral reaches to below the commencement of the
dorsal fin and halfway to the base of the ventral, its spine strong,
one third of the total length of the head, rough externally, serrated
internally. Ventral reaches anal. Vertical fins not confluent
with the caudal. Colour greenish brown, vertical fins edged with
red.
This fish appears to take the place of 0. mayur in Assam, and I
have procured it from Goalpara and as high as Sadiya. Its teeth
distinguish this from other species or possibly varieties.
Hab. Upper and Lower Assam.
Fifth group. SILUEINA.
7. Genus SILUBUS, Artedi.
Syn. Parasilurus, pt., Bleeker.
Dorsal profile nearly horizontal ; head covered with soft skin.
Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes not confluent with the skin
of the isthmus, and deeply notched. Mouth transverse. Eyes
without free orbital margins, situated above the level of the angle
of the transversely placed mouth. Nostrils remote from one
another. Barbels six (Silurus, Bleeker) ; or four (Parasilurus,
Bleeker) ; one pair being maxillary, and one or two pairs mandi-
bular. Teeth cardiforra or villiform in the jaws, in one or two
transverse bands on the vomer, none on the palatines. One very
short and spineless first dorsal but no adipose fin ; anal terminates
close to the caudal, but is not usually continuous with it ; ventrals
situated posterior to the dorsal, and consisting of eight or more
rays. Air-bladder not enclosed in bone.
Geographical Distribution. Eastern Europe, Central and South-
eastern Asia. In India and Burma this genus is represented in
the ghats on the Western coast ; along the Himalayas from
Afghanistan to Darjeeliug, also in the hills above Akyab and the
Tenasserim provinces, in Cochin China and beyond. These fishes,
so far as I know, have not been recorded from waters of the plains
of India.
SILUKID^E. 110
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. With six barbels. (Stlurus.)
A. 58-62. Vomerine band of teeth in-
terrupted. Leaden, shot with purple. 1. S. wifnaadewin, p. 119.
B. With four barbels. (Parasihtrm.)
A. 70-78. Voraerine band of teeth un-
interrupted. Purplish brown 2. S. afyhana, p. 119.
A. 62-64. Vomerine band of teeth in-
terrupted. Leaden, shot with purple . 3. S. cochinchinensis, p. 120.
125. (1.) Silurus wynaadensis. (Fig. 50.)
Silurus wynaadensis, Dny, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 237 ; and Fish. India,
p/480, pi. cxi, tig. 6 (see synon.).
B. xii-xiv. D. 5. P. 1/10. V. 8. A. 58-62 (2/58-60). C. 19.
Length of head 6 to 7, of caudal fm 10, height of body 8 to 8|
in the total length. Eyes small, situated just above the angle of
the mouth, from 2| to 3 diameters from the end of snout, and 5
apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length behind
Fig. 60. Silurus wynaadensis.
the nostrils ; lower jaw slightly the shorter and rather elevated in
the centre. Width of the gape of the mouth equals the postorbital
length of the head. A row of large open pores along the lower
jaw and across the cheeks. Barbels the maxillary nearly twice as
long as the head, the mandibular pair on each side situated one
anterior to the other at a distance equalling one diameter of the
orbit, both extend nearly to the base of the pectoral fin. Teeth
two oval patches on the vomer divided by a short interspace.
Fins dorsal small, situated anterior to the origin of the ventral.
Pectoral with a short but strong spine ending in a soft termina-
tion. Ventrals reach the origin of the anal, the latter is divided
from the rounded caudal by a notch. Colour leaden, becoming
purplish beneath and covered all over with small black points ;
some specimens have a dark finger-mark on the shoulder.
Hob. "VVynaad, in a stream about 3000 feet above the level of
the sea. Said never to exceed 12 inches in length.
126. (2.) Silurus afghana.
Silurus afghana, Giinther, CataL v, p. 34; Day, Fish. India, p. 481,
pi. cxii, tig. 1 (see synon.).
120 TELEOSTEI. PHYSO8TOMI.
D. 2. P. 1/13-14. V. 10. A. 70-78. C. 19.
Length of head 6 to 6, of caudal fin 9 to 12, height of body 9
to 12 in the total length. Eyes small, situated above and behind
the angle of the mouth and in the anterior half of the head ; the
width of the interorbital space rather exceeds half the length of the
head. Upper jaw slightly the longer. Barbels four, the maxil-
lary reach the base of the ventral, the single mandibular pair as
long as the head. A single row of six widely separated open
glands under the mandible. Teeth in a single uninterrupted
horseshoe-shaped band on the vomer. Fins the pectoral as long
as the head behind the eyes, rounded, its spine moderately strong,
short, entire, and having a soft termination ; dorsal fin rudimentary,
and in the anterior third of the total length excluding the caudal
fin ; anal and caudal scarcely united. Colour uniform, purplish
black or brown.
Hob. The Himalayas ; Griffith is said to have sent this fish from
Afghanistan, but some Khasi hill specimens were unfortunately
mixed with his Afghan collections. I received several specimens
from Dr. Duka, who obtained them at Darjeeling, and Jerdon pre-
sented some to the British Museum, the largest of which is about
7'2 inches in length ; the locality was not stated, but the specimens
probably came from either the Kashmir or Assam regions.
127. (3.) Silnrns cocMnchinensis.
Silurus cochinchinensis, Cuv. 8f Vol. H. N. Poiss. xiv, p. 352 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 481, pi. cxiii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
B. xiv-xv. D. 4. P. 1/11. V. 10. A. 62-64 (2/60-62). C. 17.
Length of head 6 to 6|, of caudal fin 7, height of body 6| in
the total length. Eyes minute, situated in the commencement of
the anterior half of the head, and above the angle of the mouth.
Upper jaw slightly the longer. The width of the head equals its
length behind the nostrils. Barbels the maxillary about twice
the length of the head, the mandibular pair rather shorter than the
head. Teeth in two oval spots on the vomer divided by a
smooth interspace. Fins dorsal arises before the origin of the
ventral. Pectoral with a short but strong and scarcely serrated
spine ; ventrals extend to the origin of the anal, which last is
slightly joined to the caudal, the latter being rounded. Colour
leaden, purplish below, and covered all over with minute black
points, which sometimes form an irregular finger-mark on the
shoulder. Caudal sometimes yellow.
Hub. The hill-ranges above Akyab, Tenasserim, and Cochin
China.
8. Genus OLYRA, McClelland.
Syn. Branchiotteus, Gill.
Body elongate and low, the dorsal profile nearly horizontal ;
head depressed and covered above with soft skin. Gill-openings
SILUBIDJE. 121
wide, the gill-membranes not being confluent with the skin of the
isthmus, but notched nearly to the chin. Mouth terminal and
transverse ; jaws of about equal length, or the lower the longer.
Nostrils remote from one another, the posterior provided with a
barbel. Barbels eight. Eyes small. Villifonn teeth in the jaws
and on the palate. First dorsal fin without a spine, and with from
six to eight rays ; adipose dorsal long and low. Anal of moderate
length (15 to 23 rays); ventrals inserted below the dorsal and
with five or six rays ; caudal lanceolate or rounded. Air-bladder
not enclosed in bone. Skin smooth.
Gill subdivided the genus into those species which have the
jaws subequal in length, the anal with more than 20 rays, and the
caudal lanceolate (Olyra) ; and those in which the lower jaw
projects, the anal has less than 20 rays, and the caudal is rounded
(Branchiosteits).
Geographical Distribution. Small fishes from the Khasi hills and
British Burma.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 7/0, A. 18-23. Jaws of equal length. Cau-
dal lanceolate 1. O. longicaudata, p. 121.
D. 8/0, A. 16. Jaws of equal length. Caudal
lanceolate 2. O. burmanica, p. 121.
D. 6/0, A. 15. Lower jaw the longer. Caudal
rounded 3. 0. laticeps, p. 122.
128. (1.) Olyra longicaudata,
Olyra longicaudata, McClelland. Calc. Jour. N. H. ii, p. 588, pi. xxi,
fig. 1 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 475, and Supplement, p. 800 (see synon.),
B. vi. D. 7/0. P. 1/4. V. 5. A. 18-23. C. 12.
Length of head 7, height of body 14 in the total length. Eyes
behind the angle of the mouth and above its level, small, the
diameter of each equal to half the length of the snout ; they are
two diameters apart. Barbels eight, the maxillary reaching the
base of the pectoral fin, the remainder short. Fins rayed dorsal
as high as the body, the adipose very low. Pectoral spine strong
and serrated, the fin being as long as the ventral, the latter arises
below the commencement of the dorsal and nearer the vent than
the gill-opening. Anal scarcely so high as the body above it.
Caudal lanceolate, its upper rays being prolonged.
Hob. A small species obtained from the Khasi hills and Tenas-
serim.
129. (2.) Olyra burmanica. (Fig. 51.)
Olyra burmanica, Day ; Fish. India, p. 475, pi. cxi, fig. 5.
D. 8/0. P. 1/4. V. 7. A. 16 (3/13). C. 17.
Length of head 7^, of caudal fin 3, height of body 74 in the total
length. Eyes small, subcutaneous, and in the anterior half of
TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
the head, above the level of the angle of the mouth. Jaws of
nearly equal length, head depressed. Nostrils patent, wide apart,
the posterior with a barbel in front of it, the anterior just over the
Fig. 51. Olyra burmanlca.
snout, but not in front of it. Gill-openings wide, not confluent
with the isthmus, and extending laterally to opposite the end of
the opercle. Barbels eight, not dilated at their bases, the maxil-
lary the longest, almost extending to the base of the ventral h'n,
the external mandibular as long as the head. Teeth villiform in
both jaws, those in the outer row slightly the longest ; in an uninter-
rupted horseshoe-shaped band across the palate. Lateral line
present. Skin smooth. Air-bladder large, thin, and in the ab-
dominal cavity. Fins dorsal without any spine, its first ray the
shortest, it arises opposite the ventral ; adipose dorsal very low
and long. Pectoral spine rather strong, slightly serrated externally,
coarsely so internally, the fin only extends halfway to the ventral.
The anal rays increase in length to the last. Caudal with its central
rays strongest and elongated, making the fin one third of the total
length. Colour dark brown.
Ifab. Pegu Toma or Mountains.
130. (3.) Olyra laticeps.
Olyra laticeps, McClelland, Culc. Jour. N. H. ii, p. 588, pi. xxi, fig. 2 ;
Day, Fish. India, p. 475 (see synoii.).
B. xiii. D. 6/0. P. 1/9. V. 7(6?). A. 15. C. 18.
Eyes small and vertical. Head much depressed at the snout.
Lower jaw longer than the upper. Six or eight slender barbels.
Teeth villiform in the jaws, palate edentulous. Fins the anal
rays gradually increase in length from the commencement of the
fin. Caudal entire.
Hob. Khasi hills.
9. Genus AMBLYCEPS, Blyth.
Branch iostegals twelve. Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes
not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, notched as far forwards
as the chin. No thoracic adhesive surface. Head covered with
soft skin. Eyes small, subcutaneous. Mouth anterior ; gape wide.
Nostrils close together, the posterior having a barbel. Teeth in
jaws villiform ; palate edentulous. Anterior dorsal fin enveloped
SILUUID.E. 123
in skin, having one spine and six rays. Pectoral with a concealed
spine. Ventral with six rays, inserted behind the vertical from
the posterior margin of the rayed dorsal. Anal rather short (9 to
12 rays). Caudal forked. Air-bladder almost entirely enclosed
in bone. No axillary pore.
Geographical Distribution. Small fishes inhabiting the fresh
waters of India and Burma, usually on or near hills. Griffith
observed (Cal. Journ. N. Hist, ii, p. 564) respecting certain fish
from the Mydan valley in Afghanistan, " the most remarkable fish
is a dark-coloured loach-like Silurus, which is not uncommon about
Julraiz."
I have a large series of this fish, and they show such diversities
that it appears to me that all are varieties of one species.
131. (1.) Amblyceps mangois. (Fig. 52.)
Pimelodus mangois, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganycs, pp. 199, 379.
Amblyceps mangois, Day, Fish. India, p. 490, pi. cii, fig. 0, and
pi. cxvii, tig. 1 (see synon.).
liilli, " a cat," and Sudani, Punj.
B. xii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 9-12 (2-3/7-9). C. 19.
Vert. 12/23.
Length of head 6, of caudal fin 6, height of body 7 to 9 in the
total length. Eyes small, situated in the anterior two fifths of
the hend. Mouth wide, lower jaw somewhat the longer. Barbels
nasal as long as the head, and equalling the internal mandibular
Fig. 52. Ambtycc, s mangois.
pair, the maxillary reach the end of the pectoral spine, while the
outer mandibular are not quite so long. Fins dorsal not so
high as the body, and situated in the commencement of the second
fifth of its total length, dorsal spine about half as high as the
rays ; the latter are partly enveloped in skin, as are also those of the
124 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
anal. Adipose dorsal low, the length of its base equalling that of
the rayed fin, and two thirds of the interspace between the two fins.
Pectoral scarcely extending halfway to the base of the ventral,
which latter does not reach the anal. Caudal deeply forked, its
upper lobe the longer. Caudal peduncle as high as long. Lateral
line absent. Air-bladder has a small rounded lobe on either
side of the body of the second vertebra, and all but a small portion
of its front surface enclosed in bone. Colour olive-brown, lightest
beneath. In some a dark line commences opposite the opercles
and soon subdivides one branch going to the centre of the base
of the caudal, the other to the base of the anal.
Hob. The Himalayas ; found in the Jumna for some considerable
distance from the hills, also through Burma to Moulmein. This
fish does not appear to exceed 5 inches in length. When captured
it bites most viciously, and lives for some time after its removal
from the water.
10. Genus SACCOBRANCHUS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Syn. Heteropneustes, Miiller.
Branchiostegals seven. Gill-openings wide, the membranes not
being confluent with the skin of the isthmus, and separated by a
deep notch. Gill-cavity having an accessory posterior sac, which
extends backwards on either side of the neural spines amongst the
muscles of the abdominal and part of the caudal region. Head
depressed, covered with very thin skin ; mouth transverse. Eyes
with a free circular margin. Barbels eight. Teeth present in the
jaws and on the vomer. Dorsal fin short and spineless ; ventral
with six rays situated under the dorsal. Anal long and confluent
with the caudal or separated from it by a notch. Air-bladder
placed transversely across the bodies of the anterior vertebra),
where it is enclosed by bone ; two ducts pass upwards, one from
either side of the air-vessel, unite, and open into the inferior
surface of the pharynx.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh waters of India, Ceylon, and
Burma, extending to Cochin China, but not found in the Malay
Archipelago. Fishes of this genus can live long after their
removal from the water.
Uses. Considered exceedingly wholesome and invigorating by the
natives of India, but in some places deemed by the Brahmins to be
impure.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Anal fin united to the caudal D. 8, A. 70.
Eyes small 1. S. microps, p. 125.
Anal fin separated' from the caudal by ft notch.
D. 6-8, A. GO-79 , , 2. S.fossilis, p. 125.
SILURTDJE. 125
132 . (1.) Saccobranchus microps.
Saccobranchus microps, Ounther. Catal. v. p. 31 ; Dai/, Fish. India.
p. 486.
D. 8. P. 1/6. A. 70.
Length of head 7|, height of body 8 in the total length. Eye*
much smaller than in S. fossilis, and less than one third the length
of the snout. Barbels the nasal reach the end of the pectoral,
the maxillary the root of the ventral fin. Teeth the vomerine
band is interrupted in its centre. Fins origin of the dorsal is
two sevenths of the length (excluding the caudal fin) from the end
of the snout. Pectoral spine feebly serrated, two thirds as long as
head. Ventral fin reaching the anal, which last is united with the
caudal. Colour brown,
Hah.' Ceylon, growing to 6 inches in length.
133. (2.) Saccobranchus fossilis. (Fig. 53.)
Silurus fossilis, Block, Ich. t. 370, fig. 2.
Saccobranchus fossilis, Day, Fish, India, p. 486, pi. cxiv, fig. 1
(see synon.).
liitchu ka miitchee and Sinai, Hind. ; Stnyee and Shecn-ce, Assam.
Thay-lee, Tarn. ; Mar-pu, Tel. ; Sinyee, Ooriah, Beng. and N.W. Prov. ;
Naa-gyee and Nya-khoo, Burmese and Mugh. ; Lahoord (young), Nidlie
(adult), Punj. ; Kahree-meen, Mai. ; Lo-har, Sind. ; (Kamacha singgi,
Bhagalpur, H. B.).
B. vii. D. 6-7. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 60-79. C. 19.
Length of head from 5| to 7, of caudal fin from about 9 to 14,
height of body (greatly depending upon food or season; from 5 to
8 in the total length. The width of the head equals its length,
and that of the gape of the mouth is contained 2| to 2| times in
the length of the head. Eyes from 2 to 3 diameters from end of
snout. Barbels the maxillary extend to the middle of the pectoral,
Fig. 53. Saccobranchus fossilis.
or even the commencement of the ventral fins. Teeth those
on the vomer in a pyriform patch on either side, converging ante-
riorly, widely divergent posteriorly. Fins the dorsal commences
rather before the anterior third of the body ; the ventrals reach to
the third or fourth anal ray or just to the origin of that fin.
Pectoral spine serrated internally, it usually has a few ser-
rations externally at its anterior end; it is from two thirds to
126
TEMCOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMT.
three fourths as long as the head. Anal and caudal separated by
a more or less distinct notch. Colour leaden, sometimes with
two longitudinal yellowish bands. The young are occasionally
reddish.
- Wounds from the pectoral spine of this fish are dreaded in
India, as they are reputed to be very poisonous, even occasioning
tetanus. As soon as captured, the offensive spine is broken off by
blows with a stake, consequently it is difficult to procure large and
perfect specimens. Fishermen dread this fish so much that they
would prefer cutting the meshes of their nets and allowing it to
escape than endeavour to remove it uninjured. As food the flesh
is esteemed for its invigorating qualities, and tanks are frequently
stocked with these fishes during the rainy season. When food is
plentiful they fatten well ; if the reverse they become lanky, thus
altering the comparative height of the body to that of its length.
In a specimen captured at Bezwada, September 12th, 1868, the
ova were fully developed ; the colour of the eggs was of a pea-green.
Hob. Fresh waters of Sind, India, Ceylon, Burma, and Cochin
China; attaining a foot or more in length.
11. Genus WALLAGO, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals from fifteen to twenty-one. Gill-openings wide,
the membrane not being confluent with the skin of the isthmus,
and being rather deeply notched. Body elongated and compressed,
the dorsal profile being nearly straight. Head covered with soft
skin. Cleft of mouth deep, extending to below or even behind the
eyes. Snout rather produced ; lower jaw a little the longer.
Nostrils some distance apart, the posterior small and patent, the
anterior slightly tubular. Barbels four, one maxillary and one
mandibular pair. Eyes above the level of the angle of the mouth,
and not covered with skin. Teeth numerous and cardiform in
both jaws, and in an oblique patch on either side of the vomer,
none on the palatines. A short spineless dorsal, situated above or
slightly before the ventrals; no adipose fin ; anal long, terminating
near the caudal, which last consists of two rounded lobes. Ventrals
with from eight to eleven rays. Air-bladder heart-shaped, situated
in the abdomen, and attached to the bodies of the second, third, and
fourth vertebrae. Axillary pore, if present, minute.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh waters of India, Burma, and
the East Indian Archipelago.
Uses. Good eating: thrives well in tanks, especially if they
have grassy margins; but it destroys vast numbers of other fish.
134. (1.) Wallago atttt. (Fig. 54.)
Silurus attu, SI. Schn. Si/st. Ich. p. 378, t. 75.
Wallago attu, Day, Fish. India, p. 479, pi. cxi, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Wtih-laJi, Mai. and Tarn.; Mid-la and Pi-i-kce and Jrr-i-l-ce, Sind.;
8ILTJBIIXE. 127
Jloyrtri, Bong. ; RhivruJa and Part, Mnrathi ; Bcalll, Ooiiah ; Foil, Chitta-
gong ; Nya bat, Burmese.
B. xix-xxi. D. 5. P. 1/13-15. V. 8-10. A. 86-93 (4/82-89).
C. 17. Vert. 13/56.
Length of head 5 to 5^, of caudal fin 9, height of body 6| in the
total length. Eyes with free lids, diameter two fifteenths of
length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout. Width of head
rather less than its length, and half its height. Snout rather
produced. Cleft of mouth extending to about 1 diameter behind
the orbit, the lower jaw being slightly the longer. Barbels the
maxillary twice as long as the head, mandib :lar as long as the
Fig. ^A. Wallago attu.
snout. Teeth generic. Fins the dorsal nearly as long as the
pectoral, which last equals in length the depth of the cleft of
the mouth. Pectoral spine finely serrated internally. Anal not
confluent with the caudal, which last consists of two lobes.
Air-bladder of moderate size, somewhat heart-shaped, situated
in the front portion of the abdomen, and attached to the anterior
vertebrae. Colour uniform, fins sometimes covered with fine dots.
Hob. Fresh waters throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma, and
sometimes, according to Col. Tickell, within tidal influence.
Attains at least six feet in length, and is good eating, but is a
voracious and not very cleanly feeder, said to mostly feed at night,
time.
12. Genus EUTROPIICHTHYS, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals eleven. Gill-openings wide, the membranes
not being confluent with the skin of the isthmus, but separated by
a deep notch. Body and head compressed. Head covered with
soft skin. Eyes with broad adipose lids. Cleft of mouth deep,
extending to below the eyes ; upper jaw slightly the longer.
Nostrils wide and patent, the anterior and outer one being at the
side of the snout. Eight barbels. Teeth in jaws sharp ; and in a
broad band across the vomer and palatines. First dorsal short,
having one spine and seven rays ; the adipose short. Pectoral
with a spine. Ventral with six rays, and situated below the rayed
dorsal. Anal long (47-50 rays). Caudal forked. Air-bladder
externally protected by bone. No axillary pore.
128 TELEOSTET. PIIYSOSTOMI.
135. (1.) Eutropiichthys vacha. (Fig. 55.)
Pimelodus vacha, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 100, 378, pi. 19, fig. 64.
Eutropiichthys vacha, Day, Fish. India, p. 490, pi. cxiv, fig. 6 (see
synon.).
Butchua and Nandi butchua, Ooriah ; Chel-lee, Sind. ; Nee-much, N.W.
Prov. ; Vdchd, Beng. ; Nga-myen-kouban, Kfttha-boung, and Nya-myee-yiny,
Burmese.
B. xi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/13-16. V. 6. A. 3-4/41-47. C. 17.
Length of head 5| to 5|, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 to 5| in
the total length. Eyes with broad adipose lids, diameter 3 to 3
in the length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of snout, and
1 to 1^ apart. "Width of the head equals its length behind the
middle of the eyes. Cleft of mouth rather oblique, its extent
being one fourth more than the width of the gape ; the angle
situated under the middle or hind third of the eyes ; snout com-
pressed and pointed, the upper jaw being slightly the longer.
Barbels the nasal pair reaching to the hind edge of the head or
even slightly further ; maxillary ones to the end of preopercle, or
they may be even as long as the head ; the mandibular ones, which
Fig. 55. Eutropiichthys vacha.
arise on a transverse line across the chin, are rather shorter.
Teeth sharp in the jaws, in a pyriform band on the palatines, the
latter with those on the vomer forming an uninterrupted band,
that nearly touches the band on the upper jaw. Fins dorsal
spine thin, serrated posteriorly, and usually as long as the head,
excluding the snout. Pectoral fin reaching the base of the ventral ;
pectoral spine rough externally, serrated internally, and as long as
that of the dorsal. Ventral situated under the posterior dorsal
rays, and only extending halfway to the anal. Free portion of
the tail as high as long. Colour silvery, greyish along the back ;
pectoral and caudal usually edged with black.
Variety Eutropiichthys burmannicus has A. 4/55, and its nasal
barbels almost reach to the dorsal fin, the maxillary to the middle
of the pectoral spine, whilst all the others are longer than the head.
The pectoral spine is serrated externally, and reaches the anal fin.
7/o6. From the Punjab through the large rivers of Sind, Bengal,
and Orissa, and variety E. burmannicus in Burma. This species
attains upwards of a foot in length. It is good eating.
8ILUBID.E. 129
13. Genus CALLICHROUS, Hamilton Buchanan.
Syn. Omwk, Lacep. ; Kryptopterus, Kryptopterichthys, Micronema,
Philacronotus, Hemmlurws, Silurodes, Pseudosilurus, and Stturichthys,
Bleeker ; Plerocryptis, Peters.
Branchiostegals twelve to fifteen. G-ill-qpenings wide ; the
membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, deeply
notched and overlapping. Head covered with skin. Cleft of mouth
oblique, not extending so far as the front of the eyes ; the lower
jaw the longer. Eyes subcutaneous, situated behind and opposite
the angle of the mouth, lateral or sometimes partially on the lower
surface of the head. Barbels four or two, one pair maxillary, and
some distance behind the symphysis a mandibular pair, the latter
sometimes being rudimentary or even absent. Nostrils remote
from one another. Teeth villiform in the jaws, in an uninterrupted
(Silurodes, Bleeker) or interrupted (Callichrous, Bleeker) band on
the vomer, none on the palatines. Dorsal fin spineless, short,
rudimentary, or absent, when present anterior to the ventrals ; no
adipose fin. Pectoral with a spine. Anal long, continuous with
(Pterocryptis, Peters) or terminating close to the caudal, the latter
being forked, emarginate or rounded. Ventral with eight to ten
rays. Air-bladder rather small, attached to the lower surfaces of
the second to the fourth vertebrae, and not enclosed in bone. No
axillary pore.
Geographical Distribution. Sind, India, Ceylon, Burma, through
Siam, to the Malay Archipelago and China.
Uses. Although rarely exceeding a foot in length, these fishes are
usually excellent as food, and from their quality have been termed
" Butter-fish " by Europeans in Bengal, and are generally known as
" Puffta," Hind.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Anal fin united to the caudal.
Teeth on the palate in an uninterrupted
band. D.2,A.75. Maxillary barbels
not quite so long as the head 1. C. gangeticus, p. 130.
Vomerine teeth in two separate patches.
D. 4, A. 47. Maxillary barbels
reach middle of pectoral tin 2. C. sindensis, p. 130.
B. Anal fin distinct from the caudal.
A. 60-75, V. 8. Maxillary barbels
reach ventral tin. Pectoral not so long
as head, spine smooth or serrated . . 3. C. bimaculattis, p. 131.
A. (50-71, V. 9-10. Maxillary barbels
shorter than the head. Pectoral
spine feebly serrated 4. <?. jxibo, p. 132.
A. 09-73, V. 8. Eyes large. Maxil-
lary barbels reach middle of fish.
Pectoral fin reaches fourth or fifth
anal ray 5. C. macrophthalmus, p. 132.
K
130 TELKOSTEI. PUYSOSTOMI.
A. G1-G9, V. 8. Maxillary barbels
reach anal fin ; of a purplish-brown
colour 0. C. malabaricus, p. 133.
A. 54-60, V. 8. Maxillary barbels
reach middle or end of pectoral fin. 7. C. pdbda, p. 133.
136. (1.) Callichrous gangeticus.
Pterocryptis gangetica, Peters, MB. Ah. Berl 1801, p. 712.
Callichrous gangeticus, Day, Fish. India, p. 476 (see synon.).
B. xii. D. 2. P. 1/12. V. 10. A. 75.
Length of head nearly one seventh, height of body two nineteenths
of the total length. Maxillary barbels do not quite reach the
pectorals, whilst the mandibular ones reach the edge of the gill-
membrane. Vomerine teeth in an uninterrupted baud. Fins
pectoral spine feebly serrated ; anal united with the caudal.
Hob. Ganges. 1 have not procured this species in India, my
nearest approach to it beiug C. sindensis.
137. (2.) Callichrous sindensis. (Fig. 56.)
Cdllichrous sindensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 476, pi. ex, fig. 1 .
B. xii. D. 4. P. 1/12. V. 8. A. 47 (2/45). C. 13.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 7, height of body 4^ in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1 diameter from
end of snout, and 2 apart. The dorsal profile rather elevated, and
a little concave over the orbits. The greatest width of the head
equals its height, or its length excluding the snout. Cleft of mouth
very oblique, the lower jaw prominent, and the eye situated rather
Fig. 56. Cattichrous sindcnsis.
above the angle of the mouth. Barbels the maxillary reach to the
middle of the pectoral fin ; the mandibular are thin and nearly half
as long as the head. Teeth in two small oval patches on the vomer
not confluent in the median line. Fins dorsal narrow at its base.
Pectoral spine as long as the head behind the middle of the eyes and
finely serrated internally ; the fin reaches to nearly above the com-
mencement of the anal. Ventral reaches the first anal ray. Aanl
united to the caudal. Colour silvery, with a black spot behind
the gill-opening and above the base of the pectoral fin ; body
and fins with numerous cloudy dark markings.
Hdb. Sind from the Indus.
131
138. (3.) Callichrous bimaculatus. (Fig. 57.)
Silurus biniaculatiis, Jiloch, Ich. t. 364.
Callichrous bimaculatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 476, pi. ex, figs. 4 & 5
(see synon.).
Diika-diimti, Tel. ; Godla, Canarese ; Dimmon, Sind. ; Chotnh- or
Ckcla-wahlah, Tarn. ; Pob-tah, Ooriah ; Pah-boh, Assam.; Pufta, Goonyidxh,
and Pallu, Punj.; Goon</-wah-ree and Puf-ta, N.W. Provinces; Gugli,
Mara thi ; Kanee rabda, Beng. ; Nya noothan, Burmese.
B. xii. D. 4. P. 1/13. V. 8. A. 60-75 (2-3/58-72). C. 17.
Length of head 5 to 7, of caudal fin 6| to 7, height of body 5|
to5 in the total length. Eyes situated opposite the angle of the
mouth ; diameter 4 to 5| in the length of the head, 1 to 1| diameters
from the end of snout, and 2| to 3| apart. The greatest width of
the head equals its length behind the angle of the mouth. The
lower jaw very prominent, the width of the gape of the mouth
equals the postorbital length of the head or its length to behind
the middle of the eyes. Barbels the maxillary pair reach the
middle of the pectoral or the commencement of the anal. Teeth
in two small oval patches, one on either side of the vomer, and not
continuous. Fins dorsal arises in the commencement of the
second two sevenths of the body, it is narrow and two thirds as high
'. 57. Callichrous bimaculatus.
as the body. Pectoral as long as the head behind the angle of the
mouth, its spine of moderate strength, as long as the head behind
the middle of the eyes, and strongly or feebly serrated on the inner
side, or even entire. Anal ceases close to, but is not continuous
with, the forked caudal. Colour silvery shot with purple, a black
spot on the shoulder behind the gill-opening and above the middle of
the pectoral fin ; in some specimens this black spot is much better
defined than in others. Occasionally the caudal fin is tipped with
black.
The character of the pectoral spine, whether smooth * or serrated,
is not a specific distinction.
Hob. The fresh waters of Sind, and from the Punjab throughout
India, Ceylon, and Assam to the Malay Archipelago and beyond.
Sometimes observed in Burma, according to Col. Tickell, within
tidal influence. Attains at least a foot and a half in length.
* At Trichinopoly I opened eight specimens having entire pectoral spines ;
all were females, one had 47,844 eggs.
K2
132 TELEOSTEI. PHJCSOSTOMI.
139. (4.) Callichrous pabo.
Silurus pabo, Ham. Bush. Fish. Ganges, pp. 153, 375, pi. 22, fig. 48.
Callichrous pabo, -Day, Fish. India, p. 477, pi. ex, fig. G (see synon.).
B. xii. D. 5. P. 1/14. V. 9-10. A. 66-71 (3/63-66). C. 17.
Length of head 5 to 5|, of caudal fin 8|, height of body 5 to 5.|
in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in the length of the
head, 1^ diameters from the end of snout, and 2| apart. The
greatest width of the head equals its length behind the middle of the
eyes. The lower jaw slightly in advance of the upper ; the width of
the gape of the mouth equals half the length of the head. Barbels
the maxillary reach the hind edge of the eye or a little further ;
the mandibular are fine and short. Teeth in two short trans-
verse patches rather distant from one another in the median line.
Fins the dorsal situated in the commencement of the second third
of the length of the body. Pectoral fin as long as the head behind the
angle of the mouth, the spine feebly serrated (entire in Burma)
and half as long as the head. Ventral with ten rays in India, nine
in Burma. Colour silvery, with a badly marked shoulder-spot.
I found in Burma a variety of this fish, clouded all over with
fine dark spots ; it had black tips to the caudal lobes, and nine
ventral rays.
Hab. Jumna and Ganges rivers, also Burma. Ham. Buchanan
observed that it was- termed at Patna TdmbuKya pdpta, or Callichrous
resembling a betel-leaf.
140. (5.) Callichrous macrophthalmus.
Pseudosilurua macrophthalmos, Bli/th, J. A.S. P. xxix, 1800, p. 1515.
Callichrous macrophthalmus, Day, Fish. India, p. 478, pi. ex, figs. 2
& 3 (see synon.).
B. xv. D. 4. P. 1/12-15. V. 8. A. 69-73 (2-3/66-70). C. 18.
Length of head 5| to 6, of caudal fin 6 to 7, height of body 5 to 6
in the total length. Eyes diameter 3f to 4 in the length of head,
1 to 1 \ diameters from end of snout, and 2 to 2 apart. The
greatest width of the head equals its length excluding the snout.
Cleft of the mouth descends to opposite the upper third of the
eye ; the width of the gape equals one half to four ninths of the
length of the head. Barbels the maxillary pair reach to opposite
the eighth or tenth anal ray; the mandibular are nearly one
half the length of the head. Teeth in a very narrow oblong
patch on either side of the vomer, and not continuous in the
median line. Fins the dorsal half as high as the body, narrow
(especially in Madras specimens), and situated in the commence-
ment of the second third of the length of the fish excluding
the snout. Ventrals equal 1| diameters of the eye. Anal not
united to the caudal, the latter deeply forked. Colour silvery,
a dark round shoulder-spot over the middle of the pectoral spine ;
SILURIDJB. 133
this mark is very indistinct in Madras specimens, but exceedingly
dark in those from Burma.
The only objection to uniting the Madras with the Assam and
Burmese form is that the former has P. 1/12-13, the latter P. 1/15.
The shoulder-spot is not so well marked, and the dorsal fin not so
developed in the Madras variety. This fish is closely allied to
C. bimaculatus, but has a larger eye, a narrow band of palatine
teeth, much longer pectoral fins and maxillary barbels. The Bur-
mese form (C. iwtatus) is more elongated.
Udb. Madras, Assam, and Burma.
141. (6.) Callichrous malabaricns.
Silurus malabaricus, Cuv. fy Val. H. N. Poiss. xiv, p. 363.
Calllchrous malabaricus, Day, Fish. India, p. 478, pi. cxi, fig. 1 (tee
synon.).
Kalaywjli, Marfithi j Mungee Wahlah, Mai.
B. xv. D. 4. P. 1/13-14. V. 8. A. 61-69 (3/58-66). C. 17.
Length of head 5 to 5^, of caudal fin 7, height of body 6 in the.
total length. Eyes opposite the angle of the mouth, diameter 5|
in the length of head, 1| diameters from the end of snout, and 3
apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length excluding
the snout. Lower jaw strongly prominent. Barbels the maxil-
lary reach to above the commencement of the anal fin, the inandi-
bular are short. Teeth in an interrupted band across the vomer.
'Fins dorsal narrow. Pectoral rounded, as long as the head ex-
cluding the snout; the spine strong, nearly one half as long as the
head, and rather strongly serrated internally. A notch between
the end of the anal and the base of the caudal, the last being deeply
forked with the upper lobe the longer. Colour of a deep greyish
brown shot with purple, fin-membranes densely spotted with
black.
Specimens captured to the south of Canara or in the Cochin
district show the most anal rays, a more elongated body, and
longer mandibular barbels.
Hab. Malabar coast of India as high as Canara. These fish reach
20 inches in length.
142. (7.) Callichrous pabda.
Silurus pnbda, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 150, 374, t. xxv, fig. 47.
Callichrous pabda, Day, Fish. India, p. 479, pi. cxi, figs. 2 & 8
(see synon.).
Pattu, Punj. ; Pabda, Beng.
B.xii-xiv. D.4-5. P. 1/11-13. V.8. A. 54-60 (2/52-58). C.I 8.
Length of head 5 to 6|, of caudal fin 8, height of body 5 to 5|
in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in the length of head, 1 to
1 1 diameters from end of snout, and 2.] to 3 apart. The greatest
134 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
width of the head equals its length excluding the snout. The
width of the gape of the mouth equals half the length of the head.
Lower jaw very prominent. Barbels the maxillary reach the
middle or end of the pectoral fin, the mandibular the hind edge of
the orbit. Teeth vomerine in two small oval patches, not con-
fluent together. Fins pectoral spine as long as the head behind
the middle of the eyes, serrated internally, sometimes rather
strongly, at other times feebly, or entirely smooth. Anal not con-
fluent with the caudal. Colour this varies considerably, usually
silvery glossed with gold, having a dark shoulder-spot above the
middle of the pectoral h'u, and usually another close to the base of
the tail. In some specimens the body is covered with brownish
blotches. At Jubbulpore I took specimens having a dark band
along the upper portion of the back, and a second along the
lateral line, leaving a light line from the gill-opening to the upper
portion of the caudal fin.
Hob. Punjab in the affluents of the Indus and along that river
to its termination ; at Hard war where the Gauges emerges from
the Himalayas and along its waters in the Gangetic provinces ;
also Orissa, Darjeeling, and the Brahmaputra in Assam.
14. Genus AILIA, Gray.
Branchiostegals eight. Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes
not confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Body elongated and
strongly compressed. Head covered with thin skin. Eyes nearly
or quite behind the angle of the mouth, and with adipose lids.
Upper jaw slightly the longer. Nostrils patent, those on either
side approximating, the anterior in front of the snout. Eight
barbels. Villiform teeth in the jaws and in two minute patches
on the vomer. No anterior dorsal, but a small adipose fin pos-
teriorly. Pectoral with a spine. Ventral with six rays. Anal
long (59-75 rays). Caudal forked. Air-bladder tubifcrm, lying
across the body of an anterior vertebra, and externally protected
by bone. No axillary pore.
Geographical Distribution. Sind, the larger rivers of the Punjab,
N.W. Provinces, Bengal, Assam, and Orissa.
143. (1.) Ailia coila. (Fig. 58.)
Malapterurus coila, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 158, 375.
Ailia coila, Day, Fish. India, p. 488, pi. cxiv, fig. 4 (see synon.).
PiMuli and JBounse jmtti, " Banihoo leaf," Ooriah ; Mioiyleeahnce,
Sind. ; Vella kalada, Telugu ; " Kajoli, Rangpur, Busaiiyuti, Gorakpur,
lidtausi, Bhagulpur," II. Buch.
B. viii. P. 1/14. V. 6. A. 59-75. C. 19.
Length of head 6 to 7, of caudal fin 5 to 8, height of body 5^ to 6
in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 3j in the length of the
head, 1 diameters from the end of snout, and 1 apart. The
greatest width of the head equals its length excluding the snout ;
SILURID^E. 135
the width of the gape of the mouth equals one third of the length
of the head. Upper jaw the longer, and rather overhung by the
snout. Cleft of the mouth reaching halfway to the orbit opposite
the centre of the eye. Barbels extend to the first one third or
middle of the length of the fish excluding its caudal fin. Teeth
generic. Fins pectoral spine slender and about as long as the
Fig. 58. Ailut coila.
head. Ventral short. Anal with from 59 to 75 rays in mv
specimens, and most of the intermediate numbers may be found.
Caudal forked. In many specimens the neural spines appear just
above the skin along the back. Colour silvery, some of the fins
often stained grey at their margins. The caudal, especially in
Orissa specimens, is commonly orange edged with black.
The fish is excellent eating and much esteemed as food.
Hob. From the Kistna and Orissa ; throughout the Indus
Jumna, and Granges, from the hills to their terminations ; also
Assam. Attains at least 7 inches in length.
15. Genus AILIICHTHYS, Day.
Similar to Ailia except that the ventral fins are absent.
144. (1.) Ailiichthys punctatns. (Fig. 59.)
Ailiichthys punctata, Day, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 713; and Fish. India,
p. 489, pi. cxiv, fig. 5.
Put-tas-si and Put-tu-ah, Punj.
P. 1/12. A. 76-90. C. 17.
Length of head 6 to 7, of caudal fin 6, height of body 5 in the
total length. Eyes situated more than half below the angle of the
month, being partly on the lower side of the head, diameter four
elevenths to one third of length of head, one half to two thirds of
a diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Body coin-
pressed, upper profile of the head slightly concave. Width of
the head equals its postorbital length. Width of the gape of the
mouth equals one third of the length of the head. Upper jaw
somewhat the longer, the cleft of the mouth only extends about
halfway to the anterior margin of the eye, and to opposite its
]36 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
centre. Barbels subequnl in length and extend to the middle of
the length of the fish. Teeth villiform in the jaws. Fins adi-
pose dorsal minute. Pectoral spine nearly as long as the head ;
Fig. 59. Ailiichthhys punctatm.
vcntrals absent. Caudal forked, lower lobe the longer. Colour
silvery, upper surface of head nearly black, a large black spot
before the base of the caudal fin.
Hub. Jumna below Delhi, also from the Indus in Sind, where I
obtained numerous specimens up to 4 inches in length.
16. Genus PSEUDEUTROPIUS, Bleeker.
Syn. Clupisoma, Swainson ; Schilbeichthys, Bleelcer.
Branchiostegals from six to ten. Gill-openings wide, the mem-
branes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus and rather
deeply notched. Body elongated and compressed. Head covered
with soft skin. Eyes large, with- or without broad adipose lids,
and situated behind as well as a little below the angle of the
mouth, being usually partly on the inferior surface of the head.
Upper jaw, as a rule, the longer. Nostrils patent, the posterior
ones transverse and as near together as they are to the anterior
pair. Barbels eight one nasal pair, one maxillary and two man-
dibular pairs, these last commencing in a transverse line close to
the hind margin of the lower lip. Teeth villiform on the jaws and
palate. Dorsal fin short, with one spine and six to eight rays ; a
very small adipose dorsal which may be absorbed in the adult
(Schilbeichthys) ; pectoral with a serrated spine ; anal long, ter-
minating at some distance from a forked caudal. Ventral with
from 6 to 8 rays. Air-bladder rather small, somewhat heart-
shaped, with a notch at its anterior edge, and closely attached to
the front surfaces of the vertebra. An axillary pore generally
present.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh waters of Sind, India, Ceylon,
and Burma to the Malay Archipelago, where according to Bleeker
it appears to have a single representative.
Uses, These fishes are all excellent as food, but in some localities
are to be avoided as they consume offal.
SILURID;E. 137
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. 54. Nasal barbels reach the dorsal, max-
illary barbels the anal fin ; the mandibular
are about as long as the head. Cleft of
mouth to below first third of eye ...... 1. P. goongwaree, p. 137.
A. 43-52. Maxillary barbels reach middle of
pectoral fin, the mandibular shorter than
the head ............................ 2. P. taakree, p. 138.
A. 42-46. Snout projecting, and covered
beneath with teeth which are entirely in
advance of those of the lower jaw. The
maxillary barbels reach the anal fin, the
mandibular are as long as the head ---- 3. P. acutt'rostris, p. 139.
A. 38-43. Maxillary barbels as long as head,
the others shorter ..................... 4. P. murius, p. 139.
A . 35-37. Maxillary barbels reach the ventral
fin, mandibular as long at the head. Teeth
on the palate in two distinct patches ____ 5. P. sykesii, p. 140.
A. 33-41. Maxillary barbels reach the anal
fin, mandibular longer than the head.
Dark bands along the body, and a spot at
the base of the caudal ................ 6. P. athcrinoides, p. 141.
A . 29-36. Maxillary barbels reach the ventral
fin, mandibular about as long as the head.
Adipose dorsal absent in adults ........ 7. P. garua, p. 141.
145. (1.) Psendeutropins goongwaree. (Fig. 60.)
G
cix, fig. 3
Hypophthalnius goongwaree, Sykcs, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 369, pi. G4, fig. 3.
Paeudeiitropius goongwaree, Day, Fish. India, p. 471, pi.
(see synou.).
mycen yeeng, Burmese.
Fig. 69. Pseiidf.utro'pius goongwaree and upper dentition.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/13. V. 6. A. 54 (3/51). C. 17.
Length of head 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 in .the total
length. Eyes with a very broad circular adipose lid, situated
partially on the lower surface of the head, diameter 2| in the
length of head, $ to 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 1
apart. The median longitudinal groove on the head reaches the
base of the occipital process, which latter is narrow, especially
at its base. Width of head rather above half its length. Upper
138 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
jaw the longer ; width of gape of mouth equals the diameter of the
eye ; cleft extends to below first third of the eye. Barbels the
nasal pair reach the base of the dorsal fin, the maxillary the anal
fin, and the mandibular are about as long as the head. Teeth in a
wide pyriform band, wider than those in the jaws ; the vomerine
and palatine groups touching, but the two vomerine patches
having a short interspace between them. Fins dorsal spine
somewhat slender, nearly as long as the head and very finely
serrated posteriorly. Pectoral spine slightly longer, stronger,
and rather strongly denticulated internally. Ventral fin not
quite half as long as the head, and under the centre of the dorsal
fin. Caudal forked. Free portion of the tail rather higher at its
base than it is long. Colour silvery, darkest superiorly.
Jfb. Eivers of the Deccan, Bengal, and Burma; attaining about
a foot in length.
146. (2.) Pseudentropins taakree.
Hypophthalmus taakree, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 360, pi. 64, fig. 4.
Pseudeutropius taakree, Day, Fish. India, p. 471, pi. cix, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Waidi and Vdyadi, Manitlii ; Salava jella, Telugu ; Nga fhan yyik,
Burmese.
B. vi. D. ^ 7 | 0. P. 1/10-11. V. 6. A. 43-52 (J=^). C. 17.
Length of head 6 to 6^, of caudal fin 6, height of body 5 to 6
in the total length. Eyes situated behind the angle of the mouth
and partly on the under surface of the head, having broad circular
adipose lids ; diameter 2| to 3 in the length of the head, f to 1
diameter from end of snout aud 1 apart. The greatest width
of the head equals half its length, the width of the gape of the
mouth two fifths ; the cleft of the mouth extends to opposite the
middle of the front edge of the eve. Occipital process long and
slender, scarcely reaching the basal bone of the dorsal fin. Median
longitudinal groove on the head shallow and reaching to the
occipital process. Barbels the nasal half as long as the head, the
maxillaries reach the anal, whilst the mandibular are a little longer
than the head. Teeth the vomerine and palatine in a distinct
patch. Fins dorsal spine smooth anteriorly, serrated posteriorly,
as long as the head without the snout. Pectoral spine stronger,
serrated internally and almost as long as the head. Ventral rather
above half as long as the head and reaching the anal. Free portion
of the tail about as high at its base as it is long. Colour silvery,
with a gloss of green along the back ; caudal stained with grey at
its edges.
I have obtained in Burma, as high as Mandalay, specimens
which 1 am unable to separate from this species, except that in
some the pectoral spine is slightly shorter, in others the adipose
fin is almost or quite absent.
Hab, Poona, the Deccan, the rivers Kistnaand Jumna. Attains
upwards of a foot and a half in length, and is good eating.
S1LURIDJE. 139
147. (3.) Pseudeutropius acutirostris.
Pseudeutropius acutirostris, Day, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 618 ; and Fish.
India, p. 472, pi. cix, fig. 1 (see synon.)
B. vi. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 42-46 (2/40-44). C. 17.
Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 in
the total length. Eyes without adipose lids, situated behind the
cleft of the mouth, diameter one third of the length of the head,
one diameter from the end of snout, and also apart. The greatest
width of the head equals half its length. Upper surface of the
head flat and rugose. Upper jaw elongated, and projecting con-
siderably beyond the lower. The median longitudinal groove on
the head reaches the base of the occipital process, which is narrow
and twp sevenths as wide afe its base as it is long. Barbels the
nasal rather longer than the head, the maxillary reach the base of
the anal fin, the mandibular as long as the head. Teeth the
whole under surface of the snout toothed, the premaxillaries
being entirely in advance of the lower jaw, in two minute
patches on the vomer, and of the same character on the palatines,
the latter not continuous with those on the vomer. Fins
dorsal spine as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth,
finely serrated posteriorly. Pectoral spine strong, rough ex-
ternally, and with about ten strong teeth internally ; it is as long
as the head excluding the snout. Ventral arising somewhat
behind the base of the dorsal fin ; caudal deeply forked. Colour
silvery, a black spot on the occiput, and a black blotch at the base
of the dorsal fin.
Hal. The Irrawaddi and other large Burmese rivers. It does
not appear to attain a large size.
148. (4.) Psendeutropius murius.
Pimelodus murius, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 195, 378.
Pseudeutropius murius, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 306; and Fish. India,
p. 472, pi. cviii, fig. 6 (see synon.).
Muri-vacha, Ooriah and Bengali ; Motusi, Beug. ; Butchua, Hind. ;
Ke-raad, Punj. ; Chhotkd vdchoyd, of the Kusi (H. B.).
B. v. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 38-43 (3/35-40). 0. 17.
Length of head 5 to 6, of caudal fin 5| to 6, height of body 5|
to 6 in the total length. Eyes lateral and very slightly on the
lower surface of the head ; each with a broad, circular, adipose lid,
diameter 3 to 3| in the length of head, f of a diameter from
end of snout, and 1 apart. The greatest width of the head is
rather above two thirds of its length. Jaws compressed, the
upper slightly the longer, the cleft reaches nearly or quite to
below the front edge of the eye ; the width of the gape equals
one third of the length of the head. The median longitudinal
groove on the head extends to the end of the occipital process,
140 TELEOSTEI. PUYSOSTOMI.
which is narrow, short, half as wide at its base as it is long,
and with a long interspace between it and the basal bone of the
dorsal fin. Barbels the nasal reach to a short distance behind
the posterior edge of the orbit ; the maxillary to the base of the
pectoral fin, whilst the two mandibular pairs are a little longer
than the head. Teeili on the vomer and palate form an almost
uninterrupted semilunar baud. Fins dorsal spine nearly as long
as the first ray, or as the head excluding the snout, weak, very
finely serrated in front, more coarsely behind. Pectoral spine
weak, nearly or quite as long as the head, rough externally, serrated
internally. Ventral small, one third as long as the head. Caudal
deeply forked. Caudal peduncle as long as deep at its base.
Colour silvery, lightest along the sides and below ; dorsal, pectoral,
and caudal fins darkest at their margins.
In the form called P. megalops the maxillary barbels extend to
beyond the origin of the anal fin, but I do not see any other
difference.
Hcib. Eivers of Sind, Orissa, the Jumna, and rivers of Bengal
and Assam. Attaining about 6 or 8 inches in length.
149. (5.) Pseudentropius sykesii.
Schilbe sykesii, Jertkm, Mad. Jour. L. Sc. xv, 1849, p. 335.
Pseudeutropius sykesii, Day, Fish. India, p. 473, pi. cix, iig. 5 (see
synon.).
Nah-kelletee, Tarn.
B.viii-ix. D.l/7|0. P. 1/9. Y.6. A . 35-37 (3/32-34). C. 17.
Length of head 6, of caudal fin 6, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3^ in length of head, 1 diameter
from end of snout, and lj apart. Head rather higher than wide,
its greatest width equals its length excluding the snout. The
angle of the mouth is on a level with the lower edge of the orbit.
Upper jaw slightly the longer; posteriorly it reaches two thirds of
the distance between the snout and front edge of the orbit. The
median longitudinal groove on the upper surface of the head
reaches to the base of the occipital process, which is narrow.
Barbels the nasal pair reach to the front edge of the orbit, the
maxillary pair to the end of the pectoral or middle of the ventral ;
the mandibular are as long as, or a little longer than the head.
Teeth those on the palate in two distinct patches. Fins-
dorsal spine slender, as long as the head excluding the snout, and
finely serrated posteriorly ; adipose fin small. Pectoral spine
stronger and slightly longer than that of the dorsal, smooth
externally, denticulated internally with about twenty-two teeth.
Ventral commences just behind the vertical from the last dorsal
ray ; caudal forked, lower lobe slightly the longer. Colour bluish
silvery along the back, becoming silvery white on the sides and
below. Dorsal and caudal grey, the other fins white.
Hob. Western coast of India in fresh water ; attaining about 6
inches in length.
BILUBLDJE. 141
150. (6.) Pseudeutropius atherinoides.
Siluru.3 atherinoides, Block, Ich. t. 371, fig. 1.
Pseudeutropius atheriuoides, Day, Fish. India, p. 473 ; pi. cix, fig. 2
(see synon.).
Put-tul, and Che.l-lee, Punj. ; Ah-hee, Sind. ; Put-tah-re, N.W. Prov. ;
Akku-jella, Tel. ; Battuli and Bi-potam, Ooriah ; Boh-du-ah (Pdtdsi, and
Dot/a, H. B.), Assam.
B. vi. D. 1/5-6 | 0. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 33-41 (3/30-38). C. 17.
Length of head 5 to 5|, of caudal fin o, height of body 4| to 5| in
the total length. Eyes with free orbital margins, no adipose lids,
situated partially on the lower surface of the head ; diameter 2
to 3 iu the length of head, and about half a diameter from end
of snout. The greatest width of the head equals two thirds of its
length. Upper jaw a little the longer. The median longitudinal
groove on the head broad, shallow, and reaching to the base of the
occipital process, which is four times as long as broad at its base
and extends to the basal bone of the dorsal fin. Barbels the
nasal slightly longer than the head, the maxillary reach the base of
the anal (in some Madras specimens only to the ventral) fin, the
niaudibular pair are rather longer than the head. Teeth in the
preinaxillaries usually anterior to those in the mandibles ; in a
narrow, uninterrupted, crescentic band across the palate. Fins
dorsal spine two thirds as long as the head, anteriorly rugose,
finely serrated posteriorly. Pectoral spine rather longer and
stronger than that of the dorsal, with about ten denticulations
internally. Ventral half as long as the head. Caudal deeply
forked. Colour silvery, greenish along the back, and with three
or four bands along the sides formed by black spots. Occiput and
anterior portion of dorsal fin dark-coloured.
Hob. Throughout Sind, India (excluding the western coast), and
Assam ; rarely attaining to above 4 or 5 inches in length. The form
called P. uruais said to come from rivers and ponds in the northern
parts of Bengal.
151. (7.) Pseudeutropius garua.
Silurus garua, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 156, 375, pi. 21, fig. 60.
Pseudeutropius garua, Day, Fish. India, p. 474, pi. cix, fig. 6 (see
synon.).
Punia bucliua, Ooriah ; Puttosi, Beng. ; Buchua, Hind. ; Dfion-ya-nu,
Sind.; (Kocha, H. B.).
D. vi. D. 1/7. P. 1/11. V. 6. A. 29-36 (3/26-33). C. 17.
Length of head 5 to 6|, of caudal fin 4, height of body 5 to 7
in the total length. Eyes situated partly on the lower surface of
the head, having a broad, circular, adipose lid ; diameter 3^ to 4 in
the length of the head, 1| diameters from the end of snout, and 2$
apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length excluding
142 TELEOSTEI. PHYBOSTOMI.
the snout. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the
mouth is two fifths the length of the head. Occipital process
about four times as long as it is wide at its base, and not quite
reaching the basal bone. Barbels nasal from one third to one
half as long as the head ; the maxillary extend to the middle or end
of the ventral fin, the two mandibular pairs are about as long as
the head. Teeth in a semilunar band across the palate, those of
the vomer contiguous to those of the palatines, and each patch
being semicircular internally : sometimes the two voraerine
patches have an interspace between them. Fins dorsal spine
rather slender, rugose anteriorly and feebly serrated posteriorly,
as long as the head behind the nostrils, while the pectoral is of
equal length or a little longer, stronger, and denticulated internally.
The adipose dorsal generally only exists in the immature, and
becomes almost imperceptible in the adult : as its non-existence
forms the chief distinction of the genus ScJiilbeichthyg from that of
Pseudeutropius, whilst its absence is merely the result of age, I
have not adopted the former designation. Lower caudal lobe the
longer. Air-bladder small, somewhat heart-shaped, and closely
attached to the anterior surface of the front vertebrae. Colour
silvery, fins stained with grey.
Hal. Found generally throughout the larger rivers of Sind,
India, Assam, and Burma. Attains upwards of two feet in length.
17. Genus PANGASIUS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Syn. Pseudopangasius and Helicophagus, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals from about seven to twelve. Gill-openings
wide, the membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus
and rather deeply notched. Upper jaw the longer. Eye with
free orbital margin. Nostrils at some distance apart, both patent,
the anterior situated in front, or on the upper edge, of the snout.
Four slender barbels, one pair maxillary and a pair behind the
chin. Teeth villiform, intermixed with conical ones in the jaws ;
those in the vomer, if present, distinct from those on the palatines.
Dorsal fin inserted in front of ventral and with one spine and
seven rays ; adipose fin short. Ventral with six rays. Pectoral
with a spine. Anal rather elongate (29 to 39 rays), not confluent
with the caudal. Air-bladder in the abdominal cavity, and not
enclosed in bone. One or more axillary pores.
Geographical Distribution. Large rivers and estuaries of India
and Burma to the Malay Archipelago.
152. (1.) Pangasins buchanani. (Fig. 61.)
Pimelodus pangasius, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 103, 376, pi. 33,
tig. 52.
Pangasius buchanani, Cuv. 8? Vol. H. N. Poiss. xv, p. 45, pi. 426;
Day, Fish. India, p. 470, pi. cviii, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Jettum, Ooriah ; Coola KeUette, Tamil ; Nga, dan, Burmese.
S1LVIUD.E. 143
B.ix-x. D.l/7|0. P. 1/12. V.6. A. 31-34 (4-5/27-29). C. 19.
Length of head 5| to 6, of caudal fin 5 to 5|, height of body 4
to 5 in the total length. Eyes partly on the lower surface of the
head, and rather nearer the snout than the occiput, the width of
the interorbital space equalling the length of the head excluding
the snout. The greatest width of the head equals its length
behind the angle of the mouth. Upper jaw the longer; width of
the gape of the mouth equals three sevenths of the length of the
head, its cleft reaches to below the hind nostril, and is opposite
the centre of the front edge of the eye. Upper surface of the
head smooth in small specimens, rather lineated in large ones,
especially along the occipital process, which is from 2| to 3
^p "^
Fig. Gl.Panffasitis buchanani and upper dentition.
times as long as wide at its base. Barbels the maxillary reach
the base of the pectoral fin ; the mandibular are half as long as the
head. Teeth on the palate in a crescentic row, the vomerine
patches being either distinct from or just confluent with those on
the palate. Fins dorsal spine of moderate strength, as long as
the head behind the angle of the mouth, slightly serrabed anteriorly,
in its entire length posteriorly. Pectoral spine rather stronger
than that of the dorsal, in some specimens of the same length ; in
others as long as the head, denticulated internally. Caudal deeply
forked. Colour silvery, darkest along the back and glossed with
purple on the sides ; cheeks and under surface of the head shot
with gold. Air-bladder large, its anterior portion occupies about
half the length of the abdominal cavitv, and is then divided by a
constriction from the second portion, which is narrowed and
divides into two small continuations, one of which extends on
either side amongst the muscles covering the haemal spines, as far
as to above the middle of the anal fin. The anterior portion of
the air-bladder has a large pyramidal and cellular cavity, the base
of which is anterior; on either side of this cellular cavity is a
pyriform smooth chamber, the two communicating anteriorly.
The remainder of the air-bladder is cellular or, rather, furnished
with valvular-formed folds.
//aft. Large rivers and estuaries of India, Assam, Burma, and
perhaps the Malay Archipelago. This species attains upwards
of four feet in length, and is a foul feeder.
144 TELEOSTEI. PllTSOSTOMI.
18. G-etms SILUNDIA, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Branchiostegals eleven to twelve. -Gill-openings wide, the gill-
membranes overlapping, but not confluent with the skin of the
isthmus. Body elongated and compressed. Head covered with
soft skin. Eyes lateral, with narrow adipose lids. Mouth rather
wide, not cleft to so far as the eyes ; lower jaw the longer.
Nostrils, those on either side approximating, the anterior pair in
front of the snout and a little external to the posterior pair.
A pair of maxillary and sometimes also a pair of mandibular
barbels. Villiforrn teeth in the jaws, and in an uninterrupted
band on the palate. First dorsal fin with one spine and seven
rays ; the adipose short. Anal long (40-50 rays). Ventral with
six rays, placed below or just behind the adipose dorsal. Air-
bladder kidney-shaped, convex anteriorly, lying across the body of
an anterior vertebra, from which it is separated by the aorta,
having its lateral margins protected by bone. An axillary pore.
Geographical Distribution. Throughout the larger rivers of India
and Burma.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. 44-50. Maxillary and mandibular barbels .... \. S. sykesii, p. 144.
A. 40-46. A pair of short maxillary barbels only. 2. S. gaiiyetica, p. 14-5.
153. (1.) Silundia sykesii.
Silundia sykesii, Day, Jour. L. S. Zool. xii, p. 509; and Fish. India,
p. 487, pi. cxiv, tig. 2 (see synon.).
Wal-la-lte kel-le-tee (slippery siluroid) and Poo-nat-tce, Tarn. ; Wan-joii,
Tel.
B.xii. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/12. V.6. A. 44-50 (2-3/42-47). C. 19.
Length of head 5|, of caudal fin 4|, height of body 5f in the total
length. Eyes with a narrow, free, adipose lid ; diameter 3g in the
length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of snout, and lj apart.
The greatest width of the head equals its length behind the middle
of the eyes ; lower jaw the longer, curved upwards in the middle ;
snout rather broad; the width of the gape of the mouth equals four
elevenths of the length of the head. Barbels the maxillary pair
reach the opercle or even the base of the pectoral fin ; the mandi-
bular pair equal one diameter of the eye in length. Teeth
villiform in the jaws, in a cresceutic band across the palate.
Fins dorsal spine weak, roughened anteriorly, finely serrated
posteriorly and as long as the head excluding the snout ; pectoral
spine stronger, as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth,
and reaching to above the ventral. Ventral arising behind
the vertical from the last dorsal ray, and reaching to the anal.
Caudal forked, the lower lobe rather the longer. Free portion
of the tail nearly as high as long. Colour bluish superiorly,
SILUKIDjE. 140
becoming white on the sides and beneath, the fiiis stained exter-
nally with grey.
Sykes says his Ageneiosus childreni is termed Purree, Mahr., and
Sillun in the Decean, that it is without cirri, and also that the first
bony ray is " serrated on the anterior edge," this being also shown
in the figure. The long maxillary barbels of this species serve to
distinguish it from S. ganyetica.
Hab. Kivers of the Decean and the Kistna and Godavery to
their terminations.
154 (2.) Silundia gangetica. (Fig. 02.)
Piuielodus silondia, Hum. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 1GO, 375, pi. 7,
fig, 50.
Silundia gangetica, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xv, p. 49, pi. 426 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 488, pi. cxiv, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Silotid, Punj. ; Ji-luny and Silond, Ooriah and Bengali ; Wanjou, Telugu ;
Poontttte or Wallake keUetti (" slippery siluroid "), Tamil ; Nga mrany,
Arracan ; Basa or Bacha, Chittagong ; Nga mee nyeeng, Burm.
B. xi-xii. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/11-13. V. 6. A. 40-46(4/36-44). C. 17.
Length of head 5J, of caudal fin 5| to 6, height of body 5 to 5|
in the total length. Eyes with narrow anterior and posterior
adipose lids; diameter 4 to 4 in the length of head, 3^ to 1|
diameters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. The width of the
head equals its length excluding the snout, whilst its height is
rather less. Lower jaw the longer, snout rather broad, the width
of the gape of the mouth exceeding half the length of the head.
Barbels a pair of minute maxillary, but no mandibular ones.
Teeth in the jaws villiform, and in a crescentic band across the
Fig. 62.-- Silundia gangetica.
palafe. Fins dorsal spine rather weak, as long as the head
behind the middle of the eye, anteriorly smooth or rugose, pos-
teriorly finely serrated in its upper portion. Pectoral spine
stronger, as long as head without the snout, and serrated in-
ternally. Ventral fin arising under the posterior dorsal rays, and
nearly reaching the anal. Air-bladder small, with its lateral
edges protected by a short osseous process from either side of the
vertebra, but it cannot be said to be enclosed in bone. The air-
bladder itself, when opened, is found to consist of two oval chambers,
L
] 46 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
having a comraunicating canai, and in the young is almost sur-
rounded by high osseous sides. Colour bluish along the back,
becoming silvery on the sides, fins stained with grey.
.Hal. Estuaries of India and Burma, ascending the larger rivers
nearly to their sources. S. f/anyetica attains 6 feet or more in
length, and is called " a shark " by the natives. It is very voracious.
19. Genus MACRONES, Dumcril.
Syn. Bagrw, pt., Cuv. & Val. ; Hypselobayrus, Hemibagnts, Pseitdo-
bagrus, and Asjridobayrus, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals from six to twelve. Mouth terminal, transverse.
Upper jaw generally the longer. Gill-openings wide, the gill-mem-
branes overlapping the isthmus and being separate to the chin.
Eyes with free circular lids. Barbels eight one nasal, one maxil-
lary, and two mandibular pairs. A distinct and separate interneural
shield on the nape, closely connected to the basal bone of the
dorsal tin ; or no such shield. Villiform teeth in the jaws, and in
a more or less uninterrupted curved band across the palate, Rayed
dorsal fin with one spine and seven rays ; adipose dorsal of varying
length ; pectoral with a strong serrated spine ; anal short or of
moderate length ; ventral with six rays ; caudal forked. Air-
bladder of moderate or large size, attached to the under surface of the
bodies of the anterior vertebrae. An axillary pore generally present.
The ova of these fishes are small, consequently very different to
those of their marine relatives, Arius and its allied genera.
Geographical Distribution. These fishes extend through most
parts of Asia, and are numerous in the fresh waters of India and
Ceylon, one species (M. yulio) often being captured in the sea.
Uses. Employed as food by the poorer natives, but of inferior
quality and rather insipid.
Synopttt of Indian Species.
A. 26-28. Golden, with a large black
shoulder-spot 1. M. chryseus, p. 148.
A. 12-13. Maxillary barbels reach cau-
dal fin. A black spot on adipose
dorsal fin 2. M. aor, p. 149.
A. 11-12. Maxillary barbels reach hind
edge of first dorsal fin 3. M. seenyhala, p. 150.
A. 12. Maxillary barbels reach front
edge of eye. A dark shoulder-spot,
another on the adipose dorsal j body
with indistinct cross bands '. 4. M. blythii, p. 151.
A. 12-15. Occipital process half longer
than wide at its base, a long inter-
space between it and basal bone of
dorsal fin. Length of base of adipose
dorsal equal to half that of the inter-
space between the two dorsal fins. . 5. M. gullo, p. 151.
147
A. 11-13. Upper surface of the head
almost smooth. Occipital process
very narrow, a long 1 interspace be-
tween it and basal bone. Brown,
with some black spots along the
sides
A. 11-13. Upper surface of the head
roughened. Occipital process short,
with a long interspace between it
and the basal bone. Brown with
some black spots along the sides . .
A. 12. Occipital process short, with a
long interspace between it and the
basal bone. Dorsal spine smooth,
weak, articulated in its .upper three
fourths
A. 1 1-13. Occipital process reaches
basal bone. Maxillary barbels reach
caudal tin. Adipose dorsal long,
commencing just behind the rayed
fin. Dorsal spine entire. Silvery,
often with a olack spot at base of
dorsal spine, and fins stained with
dark 9.
A. 11-13. Median groove on head
reaches base of occipital process,
which latter reaches the basal bone.
Golden, with a black shoulder-spot
and about five longitudinal dark
bands 10.
A. 11-13. Eye 3 to 3 in length of
head ; occipital process reaches basal
bone. Maxillary barbels reach
middle of anal fin. Base of adipose
dorsal as long as that of the rayed
fin. Dark spot anteriorly at base of
dorsal fin- ' 11.
A. 9-12. Median groove on head does
not reach the base of the occipital
process, which latter reaches the
basal bone 12.
A. 11-12. Maxillary barbels reach anal
fin. Purplish black, with some
white spots
A. 12. Head 5 in the total length.
Median groove on head does not
reach occipital process, which last
extends to the basal bone. Mexil-
lary barbels reach anal fin. A dark
shoulder-mark, a light band along
the body, and dark spot at base of
caudal
A. 9-10. Head 4 in the total length.
Median groove on head does not
micli occipital process, which last
does not quite reach the basal bone.
M. punctatus, p. 153.
7. M. cwsula, p. 153.
8. M. rmcrophlhalmtig, p. 154.
M. crn-nsius, p. 155.
M. tengara, p. 156.
M. oculatus, p. 156.
M. vtt-tatus, p. 157.
M. Iciicophasis, p. 168.
ia
14. M. montamis, p. 159.
L2
148 TELEOSTEI. P1IY.8OSTOM1.
Maxillary barbels reach middle of
anal fin. A large pre-anal papilla.
A dark shoulder-mark lo. M. kclcttun, p. 1GO.
A. 10-11. Head 4f to 5* in the total
length. Median groove on the
head does not reach base of
occipital process, which last has a
long interspace between it and the
basal bone. Maxillary barbels reach
middle or end of ventral fin. A
dark shoulder-spot, another at base
of caudal fin 16. M. malaburicus, p. 100.
A. 11. Head 5 in the total length.
Median groove on the head almost
reaches the base of the occipital
process, which last reaches the basal
bone. Maxillary barbels reach end
of ventral fin. A dark blotch at
base of caudal fin 17. M. annatus, p. 161.
A. 9-10. Head 5 to 5 in the total
length. Median groove on the head
reaches the base of the occipital
process, which last reaches the basal
bone. Maxillary barbels reach the
anal fin. Two light longitudinal
bands, and sometimes a dark shoul-
der-spot 18. M. blcekeri, p. 102.
155. (1.) Macrones chryseus. (Fig. 63.)
185, pi.
xcix, fig 3.
Pseudobagrus chryseus, Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 185, pi. xiii, fig. 2.
Macrones chryseus, Day, Fish. India, p. 443, pi. xcix, fig 3.
Mnngil yata, Mai. ; Neela katurnee, Hind.
B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/6. V. 6. A. 26-28. C. 17-19.
Length of head 4^ to 4, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 in the
Fig. 63. Ifacrones chryseus.
total length. Eyes diameter 4 lo 5 in the length of head, 1 1 dia-
meters from the end of snout, and 2 to 2| apart. Greatest width
of the head equals four fifths of its length. Upper jaw slightly
the longer. Width of gape of mouth nearly equal to half the length
8ILTJKIDJE. 149
of the head. Upper surface of head, opercles, and humeral process
with smooth ridges. Occipital process twice as long as wide at its
hase, no interspace between it and the basal bone. The superior lon-
gitudinal groove on the head shallow, reaching to opposite the hind
edge of the eye. Barbels the nasal rather above half the length
of the head, the maxillary slightly longer, the external mandibular
reach the, base of the pectoral fin, the internal pair are one fourth
shorter. Teeth in a narrow uninterrupted semilunar band across
the palate. Fins dorsal spine as long as the head behind the
middle of the eyes, strong, with about ten denticulations posteriorly,
and three or four anteriorly near its summit ; it ends in a soft
prolongation; adipose fin short, commencing over the last fourth
of the anal. Pectoral reaches the ventral ; pectoral spine stronger
than that of the dorsal and as long as the head excluding the snout,
serrated' externally and with 16 or 18 strong teeth internally.
Ventral rather above half as long as the pectoral and reaching the
anal; base of anal equal to the length of the head; the fin is
highest anteriorly. Caudal slightly or deeply lunated or even
forked. I'ree portion of tail rather higher than long. Colour
back greenish yellow, sides golden ; a large round black mark on
the shoulder surrounded by a light yellow ring. Dorsal and anal
fins yellowish orange, stained with darker at their margins. Caudal
yellow, with a black base and dark edges.
Hob. Rivers in Canara and Malabar, preferring the deepest
pools. Longest specimen obtained 8 inches, but double that size is
said to be attained. "Wounds from the spines of this fish are deemed
venomous by the natives.
156. (2.) Macrones aor.
Pimelodus aor, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 205, 379, pi. 20, fig. 68.
Macrones aor, Day, Fish. India, p. 444.
Mvkul-jellah, Tel. ; Cumboo kelletce, Tarn. ; Nga-jotmg and Nga tify,
Burm. ; Seengala and Sang-go-ah, Punj. j Sinyhdree, Sind. ; Alii or
Addi, Ooriah.
B. xii. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9-10. V. 6. A. 12-13 (3-4/9). C. 17.
Length of head 4 to 5, of caudal fin 4, height of body 6 in the
total length. Eyes transversely oval, diameter 5 to 8 in the length
of the head, 2| to 3 diameters from the end of snout, and 1 f to 2
apart. Snout broad, depressed, the width of the gape being equal
to from two fifths to three sevenths of the length of the head, while
the cleft does not extend halfway to the orbit. The upper
jaw the longer. Width of the head three fifths of its length,
its upper surface rugose in tuberculated ridges. Occipital process
not extending halfway to the basal bone of the dorsal, while an
intermediate interneural shield exists, which is usually wider
than the occipital process. The width of this bone is subject to
great variation : thus in some old specimens it is only twice as long
as broad, whilst in others and in some immature it is four times
150 TELEOSTKT. MIYSOSTOMI.
as long as wide. The longitudinal furrow on the head extends to
the base of the occipital process. Barbels the maxillary extend
to, or even beyond, the base of the caudal fin ; the nasal halfway
to the orbit; the outer mandibularto the base of the pectoral, and
the inner two-thirds of that distance. Teeth in an uninterrupted
semilunar band across the palate. Fins dorsal spine rather weak,
nearly or quite as long as the head (in the young occasionally
shorter), finely serrated posteriorly. Pectoral as long as the head
excluding the snout, and reaching four sevenths of the distance to
the ventral ; pectoral spine stronger -than dorsal but shorter, being
from one half to three fifths of the length of the head, it is rugose
or finely serrated externally and denticulated internally. The
adipose dorsal commences above the last third or end of the ven-
tral, and its base equals about that of the rayed fin or even a little
more, whilst the extent of the interspace between the two fins
equals half the length of that of the rayed dorsal fin. Ventral
does not reach the anal. Caudal with deeply pointed lobes, the
three outer rays in the upper lobe being produced. Air-bladder
large and pyrit'orm. Colour bluish leaden superiorly, becoming
white beneath ; fins yellowish, stained with dark externally in both
the dorsal and caudal. A black spot about equal to the diameter
of the eye on the posterior and inferior portion of the soft dorsal.
Hob. Throughout Sind and India to Burma. Said to attain
feet ; a specimen in Calcutta is 3 feet long.
157. (3.) Macrones seenghala.
Platystoma seenghala, Sykcs, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 371, pi. Go, fig. 2.
Macrones seenghala, Day, Fish. India, p. 444, pi. xcix, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Teng-ga-ra, Punj. ; Muti-jellah, Seenghala, and Shengal, Telugu.
B. xii. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 11-12 (3/8-9). C. 19-21.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 4|, height of body 7| to 8 in
the total length. Eyes diameter 7 to 8 in the length of head, 2 to
2 1 diameters from the end of snout, and 1 j to 2 apart. The greatest
width of the head equals one half to four ninths of its length ;
snout spatulate ; upper jaw rather the longer ; the width of the
gape equals one third of the length of the head, the cleft shallow.
Upper surface of the head granulated in ridges, its median longi-
tudinal groove reaches the base of the occipital process, which is
twice as long as wide at its base, between its posterior extremity
and the basal bone of the dorsal fin is a separate interneural shield
from four times as long as broad in the young, to twice as long
in the adult. Barbels the maxillary extend to the middle or just
beyond the hind margin of the dorsal fin, the nasal to opposite the
middle of the orbit, the external mandibular to the base of the
pectoral, whilst the internal are one third shorter. Teeth on the
palate in an uninterrupted cresceutic baud. Fins dorsal one
SILUEIDJF. 151
third to one half higher than .the body,*its spine rather
anteriorly rugose, indistinctly seriated posteriorly, and as long as
the head excluding the snout ; the length of the base of the
adipose dorsal equals or exceeds that of the rayed fin, while the
intermediate distance is of the same length. Pectoral extends
rather above halfway to the ventral ; pectoral spine is stronger
than dorsal and half as long as the head, roughened externally,
denticulated internally. Ventral extending two thirds of the dis-
tance to the anal. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer.
Air-bladder large, pear-shaped, and not enclosed in bone. Colour
brownish along the back, silvery on the sides and beneath, a
round black spot at the posterior end of the base of the adipose
dorsal fin.
Very closely allied to. J/. aor, and chiefly distinguished by its
much shorter maxillary barbels.
Ilab. The Indus, salt-ranges of the Punjab, Jumna, and Ganges
certainly as low as Delhi, also the Deccan, Kistna river to its
termination, and Assam. This species attains a considerable size.
158. (4.) Macrones blythii.
Batasio affinis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, I860, p. 150 (not Bagrus
affinis, Jerdon, 1849).
Macrones blythii, Day, Fish. India, p. 445 (see synon.).
D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 12 (3/9). C. 17.
Length of head nearly 5, of pectoral fin 6, of caudal 6, height of
body 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of
head, 1 diameter from end of snout and 1| apart. Snout projecting.
Median longitudinal groove on head indistinct, but reaching the
base of the occipital process, which is narrow, twice as long as wide
at its base, and separated from the basal bone of the dorsal fin by
an interneural shield. Barbels the maxillary, which are the
longest, only reach the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth in an
uninterrupted crescentic band across the palate. Fins dorsal
spine moderately strong, slightly serrated posteriorly in its upper
fourth, and rather above half the length of the head. Pectoral
spine slightly longer and stronger than that of the dorsal, and
denticulated internally. Adipose dorsal commencing not far from
the hind edge of the first dorsal, while the base is a little longer
than that of the anal. Caudal forked, the lobes of nearly equal
length. Colour a dark spot on the shoulder, a second on the
base of the adipose dorsal fin ; body with indistinct cross bands.
Hob. Tenasserim provim.es, whence one specimen 3'5 inches
long was sent to the Calcutta Museum.
159. (5.) Macrones gnlio. (Fig. 64.)
Pimelodus gulio, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 201, 379, pi. 23,
%. GO.
Marione.s gulio, Day, Fish. India, p. 44o, pi. xcix, fig. 2 (see synon.).
JVw tt-ni/ijara, Beng. ; Nyajeruny, Arracan.
152 TELEOSTEI. PIIT8OSTOMI.
B.ix. D.l/7|0. P. 1/8-9. V.G. A. 12-15 (3-4/9-11). C. 17.
Length of head 4 to 4|, of caudal fin 4 1,. height of body 5 to 5|
in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 6 in the length of head,
1 diameters from the end of suout, and 2 diameters apart.
Snout broad and slightly depressed, upper jaw somewhat the
longer. Greatest width of head equal to its length excluding the
Bnout, and one fourth broader than high. Upper surface of the
head granulated, its median longitudinal groove lanceolate, ex-
tending to opposite the hind edge of the orbit. Occipital process
rounded posteriorly and half longer than wide at its base, a con-
siderable interspace between it and the basal bone of the dorsal h'n.
Fig. 64. Macroncs gulio.
Barbels nasal shorter than the head, the maxillary reach to the
middle or nearly the end of the ventral fin, the external niandi-
bular are longer than the head or than the internal pair. Teeth
in a narrow, uninterrupted, crescentic band across the palate.
Fins dorsal spine half as long as the head, strong, anteriorly with
one or two teeth at its upper extremity, seri-ated posteriorly.
Anterior rays longer than the spine. Adipose dorsal with a short
base equalling about half of the interspace between the two fins.
Pectoral spine as long as the head excluding the snout, strong,
and denticulated internally. The ventral fin. does not reach the
anal. Upper caudal lobe the longer, inferior sometimes rounded.
Air-bladder heart-shaped, divided along its centre by a strong
partition, having a communicating orifice in its upper back part,
while the whole has many subdivisions internally. Colour lurid
bluish brown on the back, becoming dull white beneath ; fins,
especially on their outer halves, usually black ; maxillary barbels
mostly black, fish from fresh waters sometimes have them whitish
or white-tipped.
As in the rest of the genus Macrones, the ova in this species are
small. Some specimens from the Hooghly have 11 branched anal
rays, and the maxillary barbels only reach the end of the pectoral
fin.
153
Hab. Seas, estuaries, and tidal waters from Sind and Bombay,
throughout India and Burma to the Malay Archipelago. There
are stuffed specimens in the Calcutta Museum 18 inches in length.
160. (6.) Macrones punctatus.
Bagrus punctatus, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. Sc. xv, 1849, p. 339.
Macrones punctatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 445, pi. c, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Sholamj kellett, Tam.
B. xi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 11-13 (3-4/8-9). C. 17.
Length of head 4| in the young to 5, of caudal fin 5|, height of
body 6^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 6 to 7 in the length
of head, 2 diameters from end of snout, and 2 apart. Greatest
width of head equals its' length behind the nostrils ; width of the
gape of mouth equals two fifths of length of head. Upper jaw
slightly the longer. Interorbital space rather convex and equal to
the length of the snout ; upper surface of the head and shoulder-
bones furrowed, but without any tuberculated ridges. Median
longitudinal groove very indistinct, lanceolate, and extending almost
to the base of the occipital process, which is narrow and has an in-
terval equal to twice its length between it and the basal bone.
Barbels the nasal reach the hinder edge of the orbit, the maxillary
the base or middle of the ventral fin, the external mandibular the
base of the pectoral, the internal are one third shorter. Teeth
on the palate in an uninterrupted crescentic band. Fins dorsal
spine of moderate strength, serrated posteriorly in its upper third,
it is one half as long as the head but shorter than the first ray ;
adipose dorsal with a short base, equalling half the distance of the
interspace between it and the first dorsal fin. Pectoral spine
longer and stronger than that of the dorsal, equal in length to the
head excluding the snout, rugose externally, denticulated internally.
The ventrals arise on a vertical line just posterior to the last dorsal
ray. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour head and back
dark greyish olive, becoming yellow on the abdomen ; about ten
black, rounded spots along the lateral line ; fins dusky, except the
ventrals, which are yellowish.
This fish is closely allied to M. corsula, but its head is much
shorter in the adult, its upper surface is almost smooth, and its
snout is not so flat.
Hab. Bhavani river at base of Nilgiri hills ; attaining at least
18 inches in length.
161. (7.) Macrones corsula.
Pimelodus corsula, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pi. i, fig 1 . 72.
Macrones corsula. Day, Fish. India, p. 446, pi. c, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Piinjah-yaynh. Ooriah ; Kala shcnyal, Marathi.
B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 11-13 (3-5/8). C. 17.
Length of head 4 to 4^, of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 6 in
154 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
the total length. Eyes diameter 5^ to 7 in the length of head,
2 diameters from the end of snout, and 2 to 2.V apart ; interorbital
space nearly flat. The greatest width of the head equals its length
excluding the snout. Upper jaw the longer. Median longitudinal
groove on the head extending to the base of the occipital process
in the young, not so far in the adult. Occipital process very long
and narrow, the width of its base being hardly equal to one fifth
of its length ; but in old specimens the anterior portion of this bone
becomes concealed by skin, and appears to be very short, a very
slight interspace exists between it und the basal bone of the dorsal
fin. Extent of gape of the mouth equals three eighths of length of
head. Upper surface of the head, opercles, and shoulder-bone
roughened by the presence of tubercular ridges. Barrels the nasal
extend to below the middle of the orbit ; the maxillary to nearly
or quite the base of the anal ; the external mandibular to the base
of the pectoral, and the internal to opposite the posterior extremity
of the preopercle. Teeth in an uninterrupted semilunar band
across the palate. Fins dorsal spine slender, serrated posteriorly
in its upper half, half as long as the head ; base of adipose dorsal
varying in length, usually as long as, or longer than, that of the
rayed fin. Pectoral spine strong, compressed, rugose externally,
denticulated along its whole extent internally ; it is as long as the
head excluding the snout, and slightly longer than that of th" e dorsal.
Ventral half as long as the head, and not reaching the anal ; in
some specimens the upper caudal lobe is prolonged. Free portion
of the tail rather longer than high. Colour above greyish brown,
below dull white. Fins greyish, stained with black. Several
vertical black spots along the anterior portion of the lateral line.
Blyth observed that this is " a very mucous fish, and those
brought to the ba/aar are commonly much clotted over with an
adhesive clayey mud, as if they had burrowed into it, and they are
mostly brought many together, appearing as if dug out from the
mud of ponds more or less dried up."
Hob. Prom Orissa through Bengal and Assam ; attaining a foot
or more in length.
162. (8.) Macrones microphthalnms.
Macrones microphthalnuis, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 446, pi. c, fig. 4.
, Nga-ike, Burmese.
B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 12 (3/9). C. 17.
Length of head 4, of caudal fin 5^, height of body 6f in the total
length (excluding the filamentous prolongation of the caudal fin).
Eyes diameter 6 in the length of head, 2 diameters from the end
of snout, and 2| apart. The greatest width of the head equals its
length excluding the snout. Upper jaw the longer, snout spatulate.
Median longitudinal groove on the head reaching nearly to the
base of the occipital process, which is pointed, scarcely longer than
wide at its base, and with a long interspace between it and the
SJLURIDjE. 155
basal bone of the dorsal fin. Upper surface of the head nearly
smooth, the few ridges not being tuberculated. Barbels nasal
reaching the hinder third of the eye, maxillary the base of the caudal,
external mandibular the first third of the pectoral, while the inner
pair are shorter. Tedh in an uninterrupted semiluuar band
across the palate. Fins dorsal as high as the body, its spine very
slender, only osseous at its basy and articulated in its upper two
thirds ; length of base of adipose dorsal equal to that of the rayed
fin, whilst the interspace between the two fins is of the same length.
Pectoral as long as the postorbital portion of the head, the spine
moderately strong and one half as long as the head, denticulated
internally. Ventral nearly one half as long as head and just ex-
tending to the anal. Upper caudal lobe with a filamentous pro-
longation. Free portion of tail one half longer than high. Colour
of af light brown, shot with purple ; fins darkest externally.
Possibly all these three last forms are local races of one species.
Hab. Burma, along the valley of the Irrawaddi.
163. (9.) Macrones cavasius.
Pimelodus cavasius, Ham. Bach. Fish. Ganges, pp. 203, 379, pi. xi,
tig. 67.
Macrones cavasius, Day, Fish. India, p. 447, pi. c, tig. 1 (see synon.).
Vella Mletee and Cutta, Tarn. ; Nahra jella, Tel. ; Gutitea, Ooriah ;
Kavasi tengara, Beug. ; Nya-zin-zine, Burmese ; Shinyti and Shingata,
Marathi.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 11-13 (4/7-9). C. 16.
Length of head 6 to 6 j, of caudal fin 6, height of body 5 in the
total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 3 in the length of head, 1 to
14 diameters from the end of snout, and 1| apart. The greatest
width of the head equal to its length excluding the snout. Snout
rather obtuse, upper jaw a little the longer ; width of the gape
equal to two fifths of the length of the head; the cleft extends
halfway to below the orbit. Upper surface of the head slightly
roughened, its median longitudinal groove rather wide and extending
to the base of the occipital process, which last is narrow and three
or four times as long as wide at its base, and with a shallow groove
along its last half or two thirds ; no interspace between its pos-
terior extremity and the basal bone of the* dorsal fin. Barbels
the nasal nearly or quite as long as the head, the maxillary ex-
tending to beyond the base of the caudal fin, the external mandi-
bular almost to the base of the ventral, while the internal are as
long as the head. Teeth on the palate in an uninterrupted cres-
centic band, fins dorsal spine weak, entire, and nearly or quite
as long as the head excluding the snout, the tin is rather higher
than the body and pointed; the adipose dorsal commences just
behind the rayed one, and the length of its base is three times
as long. Pectoral spine as long as, but stronger than, the dorsal,
smooth externally, denticulated internally. Ventral arising just
156 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
posterior to the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Caudal pointed,
upper lobe the longer. Colour leaden superiorly, becoming yel-
lowish along the abdomen and cheeks. Maxillary barbels, dorsal
and caudal fins dusky ; pectoral, ventral, and anal dull white.
There is usually a black spot covering the basal bone of the dorsal
fin. Occasionally there is a bluish band along the lateral line.
Hab. From Sind, throughout India, Assam, and Burma : at-
taining at least 18 inches in length.
164. (10.) Macrones tengara.
Pimelodus tengara, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gaiiges, pp. 183, 377, and Pime-
lodus batasius, pi. 23, fig. GO.
Macrones tengara, Day, Fish. India, p. 447, pl.ci, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Kuttahrah, Hind.; Ting-ya-rah, Assam and Punj.; Karaal, Punj.;
Bikuntia, Ooriah.
B. x. D. 1/7 I 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 11-13 (2-3/9-10). C. 19.
Length of head 4g, of caudal fin 4g, height of body 4g in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of the head, | to 1 diameter
from the end of snout, and 1^ apart. Greatest width of the head
equal to its length excluding the snout. Gape of mouth equal to
two fifths of the length of the head. Upper jaw slightly the
longer. Median longitudinal groove extending to the base of the
occipital process, which latter (as well as the upper surface of the
head) is corrugated and about thrice as long as it is wide at its
base, it reaches the basal bone of the dorsal fin. .Barbels the
nasal are nearly as long as the head, the maxillary reach the base
of the ventral, the external mandibular the base of the pectoral,
while the internal are shorter. Teeth in a narrow uninterrupted
band across the palate. Fins dorsal spine as long as the head
excluding the snout, slightly serrated anteriorly in its upper third,
and posteriorly in its whole extent ; the length of the base of the
adipose dorsal one third less than that of the rayed fin, and equal
to one half the length of the interspace between the two fins ; in
some specimens it is much longer. Pectoral spine nearly as long
as the head, stronger than that of the dorsal, smooth externally, and
with about 13 denticulations internally. Ventrals arising on a
vertical line just behind the last dorsal ray. Caudal forked, upper
lobe the longer. Colour brilliant yellow, with a black shoulder-
spot and about five black longitudinal lines. In some specimens
the mandibular barbels are white with a black streak.
Hab. Northern India, the Punjab and Assam ; attaining 3 to 4
inches in length.
165. (11.) Macrones oculatus.
Bagrus oculatus, Cuv. fy Vol. H. N. Poiss. xiv, p. 424.
Macrones oculatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 448, pi. xcviii, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/6. V. 6. A. 11-13 (3-4/8-9). C. 15.
SILUKID.E. 157
Length of head 5 J, of caudal fin 4, height of body 5 in the total
leugth. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in the length of head, about one
diameter from end oE snout and also apart. Profile from snout to
dorsal fin rather elevated. Greatest width of the head equal to
its length excluding the snout; upper jaw slightly the longer.
Summit of the head rough ; median longitudinal groove extending
nearly to the base of the occipital process, which last is three times
as long as wide at its base, whilst there is no interspace between
it and the basal bone of the dorsal fin. Barbels the nasal half as
long as the head, the maxillary reach the middle of the anal fin, the
outer maudibular the middle of the pectoral, whilst the inner are
rather shorter. Teeth in an uninterrupted crescentic baud across
the palate. Fins dorsal spine of moderate strength, as long as
the head excluding the snout, two or three teeth anteriorly, serrated
posteriorly ; the length of the base of the adipose dorsal equal to
that of the rayed fin, but about one fourth less than the interspace
between the two fins. Pectoral spine stronger than the dorsal, as
long as the head behind the angle of the mouth, and with about
ten very strong teeth internally. Caudal deeply forked, the upper
lobe being the longer. Colour silvery, lightest beneath, a dark spot
at the commencement of the base of the dorsal fin, which is also
black-tipped, a darkish band along the middle of the fin.
Hob. Malabar coast and the Coimbatore district. This species
attains 5 or 6 inches in length.
166. (12.) Macrones vittatus.
Silurus vittatus, Block, Ich. t. 371, fig. 2.
Macrones vittatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 448, pi. xcviii, fig. 3 &
pi. xcix, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Chirana, Marathi ; Tengra, Beng. ; Kwjgur, Hind. ; Kel-le-tee, Tain. ;
Siikvjellah, Tel. ; Kuntia, Ooriah ; Mulleer and Knygur, Sind. ; Sin-go-
rah, Assam ; Nga-sa-ring, Mugh. ; Nya-zin-yine, Burmese.
B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 9-12 (2-3/7-9). C. 17.
Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5 in the
total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 6 in the length of head, 1 to
2 diameters from end of snout, and 1| to 2 apart. The greatest
width of the head equal to its length excluding the snout or behind
the angle of the mouth, and very little more than its height ; in
some specimens there is a considerable rise to base of the first
dorsal fin. Upper surface of the head roughened in tubercles
hardly forming lines, median longitudinal groove reaching to mid-
way behind the hind edge of the eye and the base of the occipital
process, which is rough, three times as long as wide at its base, and
a short (if any) interspace exists between it and the basal bone of
the dorsal fin ; radiating rough lines on the opercle ; shoulder-bone
with its triangular portion a little longer than wide at its base, and
roughened in raised lines. Barbels the maxillary reach the ven-
trals, the nasal the opercle, the external mandibular the first third
of the pectoral spine, whilst the internal are shorter. Teeth iu
I f>8 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
an uninterrupted semilunar band across the palate. Fins dorsal
two thirds as high as the body, its spine bait' as long as the head,
with two or three teeth anteriorly in the young, while it is finely
serrated posteriorly ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal
variable, in some specimens it is equal to that of the inter>pace
between the two fins, and a little more than the length of the rayed
fin. Pectoral spine strong, as long as the head excluding the snout,
denticulated internally with about 10 coarse teeth. Ventral reach-
ing from half to two thirds of the distance to the base of the anal.
Upper caudal lobe the longer. Coloui silvery or golden ; old
specimens at Madras have a light bluish band along the middle of
the side, and a narrow light one above and below it, a dark shoulder-
spot, and sometimes another near the base of the caudal fin. More
to the eastward, as in Orissa and Bengal, the colours are more vivid,
usually of a golden hue, with a black shoulder-spot, a narrow black
band along either side of the lateral line, a lighter parallel one
below, and two wider ones above. Sometimes these fish appear
to be dark, with five longitudinal silvery bands. Tips of fins
usually dark.
This fish is termed " the fiddler " in Mysore ; I touched one
which was on the wet ground, at which it appeared to become very
irate, erecting its dorsal fin and making a noise resembling the
buzzing of a bee, evidently a sign of auger. When I put some
small carp into an aquarium containing one of these fishes it
rushed at a small example, seized it by the middle of its back and
shook it like a dog killing a rat ; at this time the barbels of the
Macrones were stiffened out laterally like a cat's whiskers.
Hub. Throughout Sind, the continent of India, Assam, Burma,
Siam, also Ceylon ; attaining 7 or 8 inches in length.
167. (13.) Macrones leucophasis.
Bagrus leucophasis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 148.
Macrones leucophasis, Day, Fish. India, p. 449, pi. c, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
Nf/a-}Kt-lek and Nffa-nottk-thatca, Burmese (signifies " topsy-turvy," as
the tish is believed to swim in that position). Also Nga puUcy or pa-Uy
at Moulinein.
B. xi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/8-10. V. 6. A. 11-12 (3/8-9). C. 17.
Length of head 4^ to 5, of caudal fin 3 to 4|, height of body 41 in
the tola! length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 in the length of the head,
II to 2 diameters from the end of snout, and 1 to 1^ apart. The
greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the nostrils.
Snout rounded, the upper jaw slightly the longer. Median longi-
tudinal groove on the head does not quite reach the base of the
occipital process, which last is twice as long as wide at its 'base,
while between it and the basal bone of the dorsal fin is a pyriform
bone about twice as long as wide. Upper surface of the head
rather rugose. Barbels the nasal reach to the front edge or the
middle of the eye, the maxillary to the anal fin, the external man-
SILUUID2E.
159
dibular to the middle of the pectoral, and the internal to the gill-
openings. Teeth in an uninterrupted creseentic band across the
palate. Fins dorsal spine moderately strong, as long as the head
posterior to the nostrils or angle of the mouth, finely serrated
nteriorly in the upper fourth ; the adipose tin. commences just
ind the first dorsal, and the length of the base is from twice
to two and a half times that of the base of the first dorsal. Pectoral
spine much stronger than that of the dorsal, a little shorter, and
denticulated internally. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes having
filamentous prolongations. Air-bladdei large. Colour when
alive the lower surface is olive-green or yellow and the head white,
but after death it becomes purplish black over the body and fins ;
some white dots exist on the body.
Hob. Itivers of Burma ; attaining a foot or more in length.
>
168. (14.) Macrones montanus.
Bagrus inontanus, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. Sc. xv, 1849, p. 337.
Macroues moiitanus, Day, Fish. India, p. 449, pi. ci, fig. 4.
B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/6. V. 6. A. 12 (3/9). C. 19.
Length of head 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3^ to 4 in the 'length of the head, rather
above 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 11 apart. A very
slight rise in the profile from snout to base of first dorsal fin.
Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the angle of
the mouth. Upper jaw slightly the longer; the width of the
mouth equal to two fifths of the length of the head. Upper surface
of the head roughened in granulated lines which extend on to the
occipital process. Median longitudinal groove extending to mid-
way between the eye and the base of the occipital process, which
is narrow, about four times as long as wide at its base, and reach-
ing the basal bone of the dorsal fin ; opercle with roughened
radiating lines ; shoulder-bone rather longer than deep at its base
and with roughened lines. Barbels the nasal extend to rather
behind the hinder edge of the eye, the maxillary to the anal fin,
the external mandibular to the end of the pectoral, the internal
are shorter. Teeth in an uninterrupted creseentic band across
the palate. Fins dorsal nearly as high as the body, its spine
rather weak, half as long as the head and posteriorly serrated ;
length of base of adipose dorsal one third more than that of rayed
fin, which equals that of the interspace. Pectoral spine strong, as
long as the head excluding the snout, and with about 16 strong
denticulations internally. Ventral does not reach anal ; upper
caudal lobe the longer. Colour silvery superiorly, with a tinge
of yellow on the under surface of the head and along the abdomen,
a bluish shoulder-spot, and a silverv line along the side ending in
a dark spot at the base of the caudal fin, one or two light bands
alonp the side above the lateral line ; fins tinged with green.
J/dl>. Wynaad range of hills and Manantoddy.
160 TELEOSTEI. PH YSOSTc )M I .
169. (15.) Macrones keletius.
Ikgrus keletius, Cuv. $ Val If. N. Poiss. xiv, p. 411.
Macrones keletius, Day, Fish. India, p. 449, pi. xcviii, iig. 5 (see
synon.).
Tengali, Marathi.
B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 9-10 (2-3/7-8). C. 17.
Length of head 4f , of caudal fin 5 to 5| , height of body 6 to 6
in the total length. Eyes diameter 4^ in the length of the head,
] | diameters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. The greatest
width of the head equal to its length excluding the snout. Upper
jaw slightly the longer. The upper surface of the head roughened
in closely set tubercular lines continued on to the occipital process,
opercle likewise striated with similar lines. Median longitudinal
groove rather constricted in its centre, it reaches to opposite the
hind border of the preopercle. Occipital process narrow, three
times as long as wide at its base, and not quite reaching the basal
bone. Barbels the nasal reach the opercle, the maxillary the
middle of the anal fin, the external maudibular the end of the
pectoral spine, while the internal are shorter. Humeral process
rather short and pointed. Teeth, in an uninterrupted crescentic
band across the palate. Fins dorsal as high as body, its spine
with two or three teeth anteriorly near its summit and serrated
posteriorly, it equals three sevenths of the length of the head ;
length of the base of the adipose dorsal equal to that of the rayed
fin or of the interspace between the two. Pectoral reaching two
thirds of the way to the ventral ; pectoral spine stronger than that
of the dorsal, and equal to the length of the head excluding the
snout. The ventral does not reach the anal. Upper caudal lobe
the longer. A well-marked pre-anal papilla. Colour silvery
along the back, becoming dull white beneath. A dark shoulder-
spot, a light band along the lateral line, and a silvery one above
and another below it ; dorsal and caudal black-tipped, anterior half
of anal dark.
Hob. Madras to Pondicherry and inland to Coirabatore, also
Ceylon ; attaining about 4 inches in length. Jerdon observed that
this species is also found in Mysore.
170. (16.) Macrones malabaricus.
Bagrus malabaricus, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. Sc. xv, 1849, p. 338.
Macrones malabaricus, Day, Fish. India, p. 450, pi. ci, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 10-11 (2-3/8). C. 18.
Length of head 4| in a Wynaad specimen to 5|, of pectoral 6
to 7, of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 6 to 7 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in the length of head, 1^ diameters
from the end of snout, and 1| apart. Scarcely any rise in the
dorsal profile from the snout to the base of the dorsal fin.
SILURIDJE. 161
Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the angle of
the mouth. Upper surface of the head nearly smooth. Median
longitudinal groove extending to midway between hind edge of
the eye and the base of the occipital process, which last is about
twice as long as wide, whilst there exists a considerable interspace
between it and the basal bone of the dorsal fin. The triangular
portion of the shoulder-bone curves rather upwards, and is one
fourth longer than deep at its base. Barbels the nasal reach to
a little behind the orbit, the maxillary to the middle or end of the
ventral fin, the external mandibular to the end of the pectoral,
while the internal are a little shorter. Teeth in an uninterrupted
cre¢ic band across the palate. Fins dorsal nearly as high as
the body ; the spine weak, finely serrated or almost entire pos-
teriorly, with one denticulation anteriorly near the summit, the
length 'of the spine equal to that of the postorbital portion of the
head ; length of base of adipose dorsal one third more than that of
the rayed fin, or of the interspace between the two fins. Pectoral
spine strong and equal to the length of the head excluding the
snout, internally with about eight or ten strong denticulations,
roughened externally. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour
deep leaden, usually with a dark blotch on the shoulder surrounded
by a lighter edge, another at the base of the caudal fin ; a dark
band along the lateral line ; abdomen of a dull white. Fins with
minute dark spots, making the upper portion of the dorsal and
the lower third of the anal blaqkish.
Hub. Malabar coast of India and the "Wynaad ; attaining up-
wards of 6 inches in length.
171. (17.) Macrones armatus.
Ilypselobagrus armatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 289.
Macrones armatus, Dai/, Nsh. India, p. 450, pi. ci, fig. 3.
Cuaree, Mai.
B. x. D. 1/7 j 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 11 (3/8). C. 17.
Length of head 5|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 5 in the length of the head, 1| from end
of snout, and 2 apart. A considerable rise from the snout to the
base of the dorsal fin. The greatest width of the head equals its
height or its length excluding the snout. Upper surface of the
head roughened, the median longitudinal groove almost reaching
the base of the occipital process, which last is about three times as
long as wide, and reaches the basal bone of the dorsal fin ; shoulder-
bone roughened in lines and half longer than deep at its base.
Barbels the nasal nearly reach the opercle, the maxillary the end
of ventral fin, the outer mandibular the end of pectoral spine,
while the internal are shorter. Teeth in an uninterrupted cre-
scentic band across the palate. Fins dorsal as high as the body
below it, its spine very finely serrated posteriorly, or entire, and
four ninths of the length of the head ; length of base of adipose
dorsal exceeding that of the rayed fin, or of the interspace between
162 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
the two. Pectoral spine strong, as long as the head excluding the
snout, and having from ten to fourteen strong denticulations in-
ternallv. Upper caudal lobe the longer. An anal papilla before
the fin. Colour leaden or brown superiorly, lighter beneath,
with or without a brown band along the side, and a dark blotch at
the base of the caudal fin. Upper halt' of dorsal fin darkish, and a
dark band along the anal.
Hub. Malabar and the "Wynaad range of hills.
172. (18.) Macrones bleekeri.
Bagrus keletius, Bleeder, Batav. Genootsch. Vcrhand. xxv, Ich. Beny.
p. 115 (not Cuv. 8f Veil.}.
Macrones bleekeri, Day, Fish. India, p. 451, pi. ci, fig. 1 (see synon.).
B. x. D. 1/7 ] 0. P. 1/9-10. V. 6. A. 9-10 (3/6-7). C. 17.
Length of head 5^ to 5|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5 in
the total length. Eyes diameter 4^ in length of head, nearly 2
diameters from end of snout, and lg apart. The greatest width
of the head equals its length behind the hind nostril. Snout some-
what obtuse. Width of the gape of the mouth nearly equals
half the length of the head. Upper surface of head, opercles,
occipital bone, and humeral process granulated. Median longi-
tudinal groove on the head shallow, and reaching to the base of
the occipital process, which is twice as long as broad at its base,
and reaches the basal bone of the, dorsal fin. Occipital process
not grooved, but with ridged lines. Barbels nasal reaching the
hind edge of the eye, maxillary the anal fin, external mandibular
the base of the pectoral, internal a little shorter. Teeth on the
palate in an uninterrupted semilunar band. Fins dorsal fin
rounded, not so high as the body, the spine smooth and equal to
half the length of the head (in Sind specimens the spine is slightly
serrated posteriorly, and I once saw a specimen that had eight
branched dorsal rays) ; adipose dorsal commencing just behind the
rayed fin, and having its base twice the length of the head. Pec-
toral spine stronger than that of the dorsal, and as long as the
head excluding the snout ; denticulated internally. Caudal with
pointed lobes, the upper being the longer. Colour brownish-
grey, with two light longitudinal bands, one above the other, below
the lateral line ; some specimens have a dark shoulder-spot and a
dark band along the middle of the anal fin. The fins are mostly
darkest at their edges. In a specimen from Burma there is a dark
spot at the end of the lateral line and light longitudinal body-bands.
Hob. Sind, Jumna, upper waters of the Ganges, and Burma,
not attaining to a large size. It descends the rivers as low as
Bengal.
20. Genus LIOCASSIS, Bleeker.
Syn. Kama, Meeker; Macrones, pt., Giinther.
Branchiostegals six. Gill-openings very wide, the membrane
163
not being confluent with the skin of the isthmus, and notched as
far as the chin. Mouth of moderate size, anterior, the upper jaw
the longer. Nostrils distant one from the other. Barbels con-
sisting of a short maxillary pair, and either two pairs or none on
the mandible. Teeth villiform in both jaws, and in an uninter-
rupted band across the palate. One spine and six rays in the first
dorsal; adipose h'n present, it and the anal of moderate length.
Ventral with six rays, situated behind the base of the dorsal ;
caudal forked. Air-bladder not enclosed in bone.
GeoyrapJiical Distribution. Eastern Bengal, Assam and Burma,
to the Malay Archipelago.
* Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. 16. A dark shoulder-mark. Body with short
vertical dark marks. 3 pairs of barbels. ... 1. L. rama, p. 163.
A. 11. Two black blotches on the lateral line. A
pair of maxillury barbels only 2. L.flnviatilis, p. 164.
173. (1.) Liocassis rama. (Fig. 65.)
Pimelodus rama, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 176, 377, pi. 3,
fig. 55.
Leiocassis rama, Day, Fish. India, p. 451, pi. cxv, fig. 2 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/9.' V. 6. A. 16 (3/13). C. 18.
Length of head 4 to 4, of caudal fin 4|, height of body 4| to 5
in the total length. Eyes subcutaneous, diameter 3 to 3| in the
length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of the snout, and also
apart. The greatest width of the head equal to its length excluding
the snout. There is a considerable rise in the dorsal profile to the
base of the rayed fin. Upper jaw the longer. Upper surface of
Fig. 65. Liocassis rama,
the head covered with skin ; a rather wide median longitudinal
groove extends up the first third of the occipilal process, which
is twice as longns \\kle at its base, and a distinct oval interneural
M2
1 G4 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
shield exists between the process and the basal bone of the dorsa
fin. Scapular process well developed ; humero-cubital process
rather longer than high at its base. Barbels a short maxillary
pair, two pairs behind the syraphysis o f the lower jaw. Teeth in
an uninterrupted, semicircular villiform band across the palate.
Colour dull yellow, with short, vertical, brown marks and a dark
shoulder-spot.
Hub. Eastern Bengal and Assam. This fish appears not to
exceed 2 or 3 inches in length. The figure is twice the natural
174. (2.) Liocassis fluviatilis.
Liocassis fluviatilis, Day, Fishes of India, Supplement, 1888, p. 805.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 11. C. 18.
Length of head 4^, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5 in the
total length. Eyes rather small, high up and in the anterior half
of the head. The greatest width of the head equal to two thirds
of its length. There is a moderate rise from the snout to the base
of the dorsal fin. Upper jaw the longer ; upper surface of head
smooth. Barbels a maxillary pair reaching to the posterior edge
of the orbit, no others were detected. Tenth in an uninterrupted
villiform band across the palate. Fins dorsal spine smooth and
nearly as long as the fourth ray, which is four fifths as high as the
body below it. Adipose dorsal rather long, commencing a short
distance behind the base of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine denticu-
lated internally. Colour yellowish horny, with darker shades of
olive-brown on the snout and along the back, also some cloudy
markings. A large black blotch on the lateral line above the anal
fin, another between the pectoral and first dorsal. Tip of dorsal
and ends of both caudal lobes black.
Hob. Col. Tickell obtained four examples, the largest 3| inches
long, from the Anin, a stream rising near Weywoon, Wagroo, in
the Tenasserim Provinces.
21. Genus RITA, Bleeker.
Syn. Gogrius, Day.
Branchiostegals eight. Gill-openings with a free posterior edge
and not confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Mouth transverse,
upper jaw the longer ; nostrils on either side subcontiguous, but
the pair on one side widely separated from that on the other.
Eyes subcutaneous, without free circular margins. Barbels six, a
minute pair at the posterior nostrils, a maxillary and a mandibular
pair. Teeth villiform in both jaws or mixed with molariform ones
in the mandibles, molariform on the palate. One strong spine and
six rays in first dorsal fin, the adipose and the anal of moderate
length. Ventral posterior to the base of the dorsal, and having
SILUBIDjE. 165
seven or eight rays ; caudal forked. Air-bladder not enclosed in
bone, with or without a posterior prolongation. The ova are much
larger than in Macrones, but very much smaller than in Arius and
its allies. A strong cubito-humeral process protects the pectoral
spine when it is flexed along the side of the body.
Geographical Distribution. Large rivers of Sind, India (except
its southern portions), and Burma far above Mandalay.
Uses. Food for the lower classes. These fishes retain life long
after their removal from water, and can be conveyed fresh for long
distances.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Some of the posterior teeth in the lower
jaw* molariform.
Eye 8 to 10 diameters in length of head.
Patches of teeth in palate wide apart.
Dorsal spine in the adult as long as
the head or longer, entire anteriorly . . 1. R. buchanani, p. 165.
Eye 5 1 to G diameters in length cf head.
Patches of teeth in palate close to-
gether. Dorsal spine as long as head
excluding the snout, entire anteriorly 2. R. pavimentata, p. 167.
Eye 4 diameters in the length of head.
"Patches of teeth in palate close to-
gether in their front halves. Dorsal
spine longer than the head, coarsely
serrated anteriorly in its whole extent 3. R. chrysca, p. 167.
B. Teeth in lower jaw villifbrm or cardi-
form.
Eye 4.7 to 5 diameters in length of head.
Patches of teeth in palate wide apart.
Dorsal spine as long as the head or
longer, serrated anteriorly in its lower
third 4. R. hastata, p. 168.
175. (1.) Eita buchanani. (Fig. 66.)
Pimelodus rita, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 165, 376 pi. xxiv, fig. 53.
Rita buchanani, Sleeker, Batav. Gcnootsch. Vcrhand. xxv, Ich. lieny.
p. 123, t. 3, fig. 1 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 454, pi. ciii, fig. 1 (semi-
adult), fig. 2 (immature), and pi. civ, fig. 2 (young) (see synon.).
Nya-htivay, Burmese.
B. viii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 8. A. 12-13 (4-5/9). C. 19.
Length of head 4 to 4^, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5i to 6
in the total length. Eyes diameter 8 to 10 in the length of head,
.'3 diameters from the end of snout and 41 apart. The greatest
width of the head equal to its length behind the nostrils, whilst
its height is a little less. Upper surface of the head covered with
skin except a strip anterior to the base of the occipital process,
that bone, the scapular and cubito-humeral processes granulated ;
166 TELEOSTEI. P1IYSOSTOMI.
the occipital process nearly as long as wide at its base, notched
anteriorly to receive the basal bone of the dorsal fin, which is nearly
as long as the occipital process. Upper jaw the longer ; width of
the mouth nearly equal to half the length of the head. Cubito-
humeral process more pointed in young than in adult specimens
and about three fourths the length of the head. Barbels the nasal
short ; the maxillary nearly reaching the end of the head, and the
mandibular almost as far. Teeth villiform in the upper jaw, also
in the anterior portion of the mandible, and in an outer row along
either ramus, while internally are two or three rows of rounded
teeth, the posterior of which are the largest ; two elliptical patches
of rounded teeth on the palate, which are wide asunder along the
median line but coalesce anteriorly. Fins dorsal spine very
strong, and slightly serrated posteriorly in its upper portion ; its
length varies, being shortest in the immature, it is generally as
long as the head (except in the young) or even one third longer in
adults, especially in those from the Indus ; base of adipose fin
half or two thirds that of the rayed fin, or of the interspace between
the two fins. Pectoral spine (except in the very young) somewhat
shorter than that of the dorsal and denticulated on both edges.
Ventrals arising just behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray.
Fig. 66. Rita buchanani.
Anal one half higher than its base is long. Colour lurid green,
lightest below, and the hind edge of the dorsal sometimes blackish.
Air-bladder with a thick outer covering, and of an almost quad-
rangular form, whilst posteriorly it is continued into two horn-like
prolongations nearly as long as the abdominal cavity, the right one
generally passing over to the left side and curving across the com-
mencement of its fellow, whereas the left one passes backwards,
and is then as a rule recurved on itself. On the inferior wall
being removed a longitudinal median partition is seen in the
posterior half, dividing it into two lateral chambers which anteriorly
communicate together, while posteriorly they are continued down
the two horn-like processes.
Hob. Indus and affluent rivers, Jumna and Ganges, also the
Irrawaddy ; attaining at least 4 feet in length. This fish is
esteemed as food by the natives, but is a very foul feeder.
8ILURID.E. 167
176. (2.) Rita pavimentata.
Arius pavinientatu*, Vul. Jacquemont, Voy. 2nd.. Atlas, 2; Poiss.
jUT^fe*,
Rita pavimentata, Day, Fish. India, p. 455, pi. ciii, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Sanki yeddu, Tel. ; Pilah-gokttndu, Hind. ; G/ioffra, Marathi.
B viii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 8. A. 12-13 (4/8-9). C. 17.
Length of head 3| to 4, of caudal fin 6, height of body 6 in the
total length. Eyes covered by skin which, however, forms a rather
free margin along their lower edges ; diameter 5| to 6 in the length
of head, 2 to 2^ diameters from the end of snout and 2 apart.
Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the angle of
the mouth. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the mouth equal
to three^tenths of the length of the head. Upper surface of the
head and occipital process smooth, covered by skin. Occipital
process rather more than twice as long as wide at its base, it is
notched anteriorly to receive the V-shaped basal bone. Scapular
process short, the cubito-humeral one pointed, as long as the head
behind the middle of the eyes, or even a little longer, and rough-
ened in lines. Barbels the maxillary do not quite reach the poste-
rior end of the head, the mandibular pair extend a little further ; the
nasal are very short. Teeth in villiform or cardiforin rows in both
jaws ; the posterior rows in the lower jaw, commencing behind the
symphysis, with rounded crowns, their size augmenting laterally.
Those in the palate in two semi-elliptical patches of rounded ones,
which are almost continuous along the median line, the posterior
being much the largest. Fins dorsal spine of moderate strength, as
long as the head excluding the snout, and finely serrated posteriorly
in almost its entire extent ; length of the base of the adipose three
fourths of that of the rayed fin and nearly equal to the extent of the
interspace between the two fins. Pectoral spine stronger and a little
longer than that of the dorsal, denticulated on both edges, not
reaching so far as the ventral fin. Anal rays appear to be sometimes
deficient in number. Colour of a dull yellowish colour, with dark
or even black fins.
A drawing and description of this species exists amongst
Sir W. Elliot's collection ; the locality is not given, but was probably
the Kistna ; the fish is termed " Ghogra."
Hob. From Poona and the rivers in the Deccan and affluents of
the Kistna.
177. (3.) Rita chrysea.
Rita chrysea, Day, Fish. India, p. 455, pi. civ, fig. 1.
B. viii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 8. A. 12 (2/10). C. 18.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 4^, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes covered by the skin, which, however, is a little
reflected along its lower edge, diameter 4 in the length of the head,
1| diameters from the end of snout, and 1 apart. The greatest
168 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
width of the head equals its length excluding the snout, its height
is slightly less. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the mouth
equals four thirteenths of the length of the head. Upper surface
of the head mesially and posteriorly, also the occipital and scapular
processes, rough. Occipital process as wide at its base as it is long,
notched anteriorly to receive the basal bone. Cubito-humeral
process as long as the head excluding the snout. Barbels nasal
short, the maxillary reach the base of the pectoral fin, the man-
dibular slightly shorter. Teeth villiform in both jaws, and two or
three of the inner rows in the mandibles with globular crowns ;
two patches of globular-headed teeth on the palate converge an-
teriorly so as to touch one another in their front half. Fins
dorsal spine strong, reaching to about the middle of the adipose fin
and nearly one half longer than the head, coarsely serrated an-
teriorly in its whole extent, and very finely serrated posteriorly.
Pectoral spine rather longer than the head, and denticulated on
both sides. Caudal deeply forked. Colour yellowish, the ends
of the fins stained greyish.
Hah. Orissa, where a single specimen was captured.
178. (4.) Rita hastata.
Arius hastatus, Vol. Jacquemont, Voy. Ind., Atlas, Potss. pi. 18, fig. 2.
Rita hastata, Day, Fish. India, p. 450, pi. ciii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Kurdu, Marathi ; Mussayahri, Ooriah.
B. viii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 7-8. A. 13-14 (5/8-9). C. 17.
Length of head 4| to 4f , of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 6 in
the total length. Eyes covered with skin, pupil oval, diameter 4|
to 5 in the length of head, lj diameters from the end of snout,
and 1 apart. Greatest width of the head equal to its length
behind the angle of the mouth ; upper jaw the longer ; the width
of the mouth three eighths of the length of the head. Upper sur-
face of the head (except just anterior to the occipital process)
covered with skin, the portion in front of the occipital process and
the process itself with roughened lines, the latter half longer than
wide at its base, anteriorly emarginate to receive the basal bone of
the dorsal fin. Scapular process rough but not elongated. Cubito-
humeral process as long as the head, sharply pointed posteriorly,
and rugose in lines. Barbels the maxillary reaching the base of
the pectoral fin, the mandibular to below the hind edge of the eye ;
the nasal short. Teeth in villiform or cardiform rows in both
jaws ; in two elliptical patches on the palate, converging anteriorly,
and widely asunder along the median line, they consist of pointed
ones anteriorly and more granular ones behind. Fins dorsal
spine of moderate strength, as long as, or even longer than, the
head, finely serrated posteriorly in its upper portion, and also
anteriorly along its lower third ; length of the base of the adipose
dorsal two thirds of that of the rayed fin ; pectoral spine stronger
SILUBID.E. 169
and a little longer than that of the dorsal, denticulated on both
edges ; caudal forked. Colour brownish along the back, silvery
on the sides.
Hob. Deccan, Poona, Tungabhadra and Kistna rivers.
22. Genus AEIUS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Syn. Sciades, sp., and Ariofos, Miill. & Trosch. ; ffe.vanemattchthys,
Guiritinga, Hemiarius, Cephalocassis, Netuma, and Paeudarius, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals from five to six. Gill-inembranes not confluent
with the skin of the isthmus, and scarcely or not notched. Head
osseous superiorly, or covered with very thin skin. Eyes with free
orbital* margins. Mouth anterior ; upper jaw generally the longer.
Anterior and posterior nostrils placed close together, the latter
being provided with a valve. Barbels six one maxillary, and two
mandibular pairs. Teeth in the jaws villiform ; there are nearly
always palatine, and sometimes vomerine teeth, these may be villi-
forui or granular. First dorsal with one spine and seven rays ;
the adipose of moderate length or short ; pectoral spine strong and
serrated ; ventral fin with six rays, situated behind the vertical
from the posterior margin of the rayed dorsal fin ; caudal forked
or emarginate. An axillary pore. Air-bladder not enclosed in
bone.
Considerable stress has been laid in this genus upon the charac-
ter of the teeth, and whether they are villiform or granular forms
a good method of division. Further subdivisions, dependent upon
the groups being continuous or not, appear unadvisable, because
in some species the size of the patches of palatine teeth increases
with age, thus altering their original conformation, and causing
one patch to impinge on its neighbour.
There is likewise another question regarding the palatine teeth
in these fishes ; in Ariusjatius there are usually two small patches
of palatine teeth widely separated along the median line, but in
some specimens they are entirely absent as was stated by Hamilton
Buchanan, but subsequently denied by others. Consequently the
genus Hemipimelodus, Bleeker, has representatives in India, but
they are abnormal specimens in which either the palatine teeth
were absent from birth, or else have become lost through age. Such
species would appear to be amongst those having globular teeth.
The air-bladder is not enclosed in bone, is large, heart-shaped,
and internally subdivided into five chambers, which communicate
together anteriorly : the front one, which is the largest, occupies the
anterior portion ; behind this a median septum divides the bladder
down the centre, and lateral partitions subdivide the posterior
chambers into four. (See A. gayora, p. 185.)
The breeding of these fishes is peculiar and deserves attention.
The eggs of Arius are largo, averaging about 0'5 to 0-6 of an inch
in diameter, and I have found many males of the genus, and also
170 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
of Oxteoyeniosus, with from 15 to 20 eggs in their mouths. Some
of these eggs were in an early stage of development, others nearly
ready to be hatched ; while in the mouth of one specimen was a
hatched fry having the yolk-bag still adherent. The eggs filled the
cavity of the mouth and extended far back to the branchiae.
In the female organs of generation the eggs seemed to come to
maturity in batches of perhaps 50 at a time. On examining the
conformation of the ventral fins, those of the females appeared to
be larger than those of the males ; the rays were thickened by a
deposit of fat, whilst the innermost one had a large pad attached
to its posterior edge. These fins can be expanded into a cup-like
surface, the use of which may be to receive the eggs as extruded,
which may be vivified there by the male.
Whether the male carries about these eggs in his mouth until
hatched or only removes them when danger is imminent from some
spot where he is guarding them is questionable, but in none of the
specimens which I examined did I find a trace of food in the
intestines of the males which had been engaged in this interesting
occupation.
This has been observed likewise elsewhere by Mr. Boake in
Ceylon, and Dr. Hensel has recorded the same of a Brazil species,
A. commersonii ; Dr. Gunther of Arias fissus from Cayenne ; and
the same facts have been remarked in other Siluroid fishes.
Geographical Distribution. Seas and estuaries of tropical regions,
ascending to within tidal influence or even entering fresh waters.
Arius appears to be almost as unknown in the lied Sea as the
Sciceiiidce, and probably from the same cause.
Uses. As food of an inferior quality. On the western coast of
India species of this genus are largely salted and a considerable
amount of coarse isinglass is procured for export to China by
drying their air-bladders.
/Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Villiform teeth on the palate.
A. 19-22. Head 3| to 3 in total length.
Eye 7 to 8| in length of head. Mouth
spatulate. One patch of teeth not as
large as eye on either side of palate .... 1. A. burmanicus, p. 173.
A. 19. Head 4 in total. Eye 6 in length
of head. Maxillary barbels reach last
third of pectoral fin. Two triangular
patches of teeth approximating superi-
orly.' Dorsal spine as long as head.
Dull yellow, fins blackish ............ 2. A. ne>u/a, p. 173.
9 in length of Lead. Maxillary barbels
reach middle of pectoral fin. Two some-
what triangularpatches of teeth, approxi-
mating anteriorly. Dorsal spine about
as long as head .................... 3. A. ccelatus, p. 174.
SILUJIID.E. 171
A. U>. Head 3 in total. Eye 7 iu length
of head. Snout much produced. Max-
illary barbels reach hind edge of eye.
Teeth iu two obliquely ovate diverging
patches. Dorsal spine half as long as
head 4. A. acutiroati'is, p. 17o.
A. 18-19. Head 4 to 4 in total. Eye
5 in length of head. Maxillary barbels
reach eud of head. Palatine teeth in
two triangular patches diverging poste-
riorly. Dorsal spine not so long as head 5. A. sumatratuts, p. 17(3.
A. 18-19. Head 5 in total. Eye 4| in
length of head. Maxillary barbels reach
base of pectoral fin. Teeth on palate in
triangular patches as large as the eye, as
broad as long. Dorsal" spine as long as
the "head behind the angle of the nijuth. 6. A. cenostts, p. 176.
A. 19. Head 4 in total. Eye of in length
of head. Maxillary barbels reanh the
end of the pectoral fin. Palatine teeth in
two pear-shaped patches, the small ends
forwards and converging, widely diverg-
ing posteriorly. Dorsal spine nearly as
long as the head 7. A. parvininnis, p. 177.
A. 17-20. Head 3^ to 4 in total. Eye 5
to 6 in length of head, and 2^ to 3 dia-
meters from end of snout. Maxillary
barbels do not quite reach the eye. Teeth
on the palate in a patch on either side
not longer than the eye, and wide asunder.
Dorsal spine rather above half as long
as head 8. A. subrostratus, p. 178.
A. 17-19. Head 4 to 4| in total. Eye
G to 7 in length of head. Head very
broad ; basal bone of dorsal fin large and
butterfly-shaped. Maxillary barbels reach
middle or end of pectoral spine. Teeth
in two confluent patches on either side
meeting anteriorly. Dorsal spine as long
as the head excluding the snout 9. A. sagor, p. 178.
A. 17. Head 4 in total. Eye 7 to 9 in
length of head. Maxillary barbels reach
end of head. Palatine teeth on either
side in a large triangular patch, emargi-
nate posteriorly, and anteriorly conjoined
by a small vomerine patch. Dorsal spine
as long as head excluding snout 10. A. sona, p. 179.
A. 16. Head 5| in total. Eye 4 in
length of head. Maxillary barbels reach
middle of pectoral fin. Teeth on vomer
and palatines in three patches on either
side converging in median line anteriorly.
Dorsal spine as long as head behind
middle of eyes 11. A. serratus, p. ISO.
A. 15-17. Head 4\ to 5 in total. Eye 5
in length of head. Maxillary barbels
reach base of pectoral tin. Teeth on
172 TELKOSTEI. PIIl'SOSTOMI.
vomer and palatines in three patches on
either side joining anteriorly in the median
line. Dorsal spine nearly or quite as
long as the head 12. A. thalassinus, p. 181.
B. Globular teeth on the palate.
A. 22. Head 4f in total. Eye 7 to 8 | in
length of head. Maxillary barbels reach
first third of pectoral spine. Teeth on
palate in two oval patches placed far
back. Dorsal spine as long as head be-
hind angle of mouth 13. A. buclianani, p. 181.
A. 18-20. Head 4 to 5 in total. Eye 5
to 6 in length of head. Maxillary barbels
reach end of head. Teeth on palate in
two semi-triangular patches, parallel
along median line. Dorsal spine as long
as head excluding snout 14. A.falcarius, p. 182.
A. 20. Head 4 in total. Eye 6| in length
of head. Gape of mouth two fifths of
length of head. Maxillary barbels as long
as head. Teeth on palate in two oval
patches well forwards and slightly con-
vergent anteriorly. Dorsal spine as long
as head behind angle of mouth 15. A. malabaricus, p. 183.
A. 19. Head 4 in total. Eye 7 in length
of head. Width of gape of mouth four
sevenths of length of head. Maxillary
barbels reach j ust beyondbase of pectoral.
Teeth on palate in a pyriform band,
placed well forward, slightly converging
anteriorly. Dorsal spine as long as head
excluding snout 16. A. pfatofawtu, p. 183.
A. 19. Eyes small, in front half of head . 17. A. nella, p. 184.
A. 18-19. Head 4 to 4 in total. Eye 5
to 6 in length of head. Maxillary barbels
reach middle of pectoral spine. Teeth
on palate in a pyriform band, placed w T ell
forwards, and widely divergent poste-
riorly. Dorsal spine as long as head [p. 184.
ehind nostrils 18. A. macronotacanthus,
A. 18. Head 4 to 4 in total. Eye 7 to 8
in length of head. Maxillary barbels not
quite so long as head. Teeth on palate
in a large semi-ovate patch on either side.
Dorsal spine as long as the post-orbital
portion of the head 19. A. gayora, p. 18o.
A. 18. ^ Head 4 in total length. Eye 4|
to 5 in length of head. Maxillary barbels
shorter than head. Teeth in a small
ovate patch posteriorly on either side or
else absent. Dorsal spine as long as head
excluding snout 20. A. jatiut, p. 186.
A. J 8. Head 3 in total. Eye 7 in length
of head. Maxillary barbels as long as
head. Teeth on palate absent (? two
pear-shaped globular patches normally). 21. A. tcnuispinisj p. 187.
SILUBID.*:. 173
A. 17-18. Head 4f in total. Eye in
length of head. Maxillary barbels nearly
as long as head. Teeth on palate in two
convex, oblong ovate patches, rather
convergent behind. Dorsal spine as long
as head excluding snout 22. A.jella, p. 187
A. 14-16. Head 4 to 4 1 in total. Eye 6|
in length of head. Maxillary barbels
rather longer than head. Teeth on
palate in two patches on each side.
Dorsal spine as long as head excluding
snout 23. A. dussumieri, p. 188.
179. (1.) Arms burmanicus.
Arms burmanicus, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 618, and Fish. India,
p. 458, pi. cv, fig. 4.
Nga-kyouny, Burmese.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. Y. 6. A. 19-22 (4-6/15-16). C. 15.
Length of head 3| to 3f , of caudal fin 5, height of body 7 in the
total length. Eyes without free orbital edges, diameter 7 to 8|
in the length of head, 2| to 3 diameters from the end of snout,
and 1 \ to 2 apart. Head depressed, snout spatulate, upper jaw
the longer; the greatest width of head equals two fifths of its
length, while its height is less. The median longitudinal groove
on the head narrow and not extending so far as to the base of the
occipital process, which is keeled and rather wider at its base than
it is long, while superiorly it reaches a Y-shaped basal bone.
Upper surface of the head with roughened lines, which are closest
together at the posterior end of the median groove and on the
occipital process. Barbels short, the maxillary do not quite
reach the base of the pectoral fin, the outer maudibular are nearly
as long. Teeth those on the palate villiform in two small, oval,
obliquely set patches (not so large as the eye) diverging poste-
riorly. Fins the dorsal half as high again as the body, its spine
strong, half as long as the head, and serrated anteriorly and pos-
teriorly ; base of adipose dorsal about as long as that of the rayed
fin. Pectoral spine of the same length as the dorsal, stronger,
serrated on both edges. Yentral nearly reaching the anal. Colour
purplish, dashed with copper, becoming dull white on the sides
and beneatb. Both dorsal fins externally stained with black.
Hab. Tidal rivers of Burma ; attaining at least a foot in length.
180. (2.) Arius nenga. (Fig. 67.)
Pimelodus nenga, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 171, 376.
Arius nenga, Day, Fish. India, p. 458, pi. civ, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Shiiiydlpetdda, Marathi.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 19 (6/13). C. 17.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 in the total
174 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
length. Eyes diameter 6 in the length of head, 2| diameters
from the end of snout, and 3 apart. The greatest width of the
head exceeds its height by one third, and is one sixth less than its
length. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the month
Fig. 07. Arius nenga.
equal to half the length of the head. The median longitudinal
groove on the head is shallow anteriorly, but becomes narrow pos-
teriorly and does not quite extend to the base of the occipital
process, which is keeled, nearly as broad at its base as it is long ;
basal bone of dorsal tin narrow and crescent-shaped. Upper
surface of the head, almost as far forward as the eyes, and the
occipital process studded with coarse granules. Barbels the
maxillary pair reach the posterior third of the pectoral fin, whilst
the outer mandibular pair are as long as the head. Teeth on the
palate villif orm in two triangular patches, approximating superiorly
and parallel along the median line. Fins dorsal much higher
than the body, the dorsal spine strong, as long as the head, and
having an elongated soft prolongation, it is granulated anteriorly
in its lower half, serrated in its upper, and also posteriorly ; base
of adipose dorsal nearly as long as that of the rayed fin. Pectoral
fin almost reaching the ventral ; pectoral spine nearly as long as the
head, rough, granulated externally and denticulated internally.
Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour dull yellow, the fins being
externally stained with black.
This species is closely allied to A. ccelatus, its maxillary barbel is
longer, the dorsal spine more produced, and the colours different.
It may be only a variety.
Ilab. Hooghly at Calcutta. Blyth says this fish attains 12 or
13 inches in length.
181. (3.) Arius caelatus.
Arius cselatus, Ouv. fy Vol. If. N. Poiss. xv, p. 66; Day, Fish. India,
p. 459, pi. cv, fig. 5 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 19 (5-6/13-14). C. 15.
Length of head 4j to 4|, of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 6|
in the total length. Eyes diameter 6 to 9 in the length of the
SILURID.E. 175
head, 2 to 2 diameters from the end of snout, nnd from 3 to 4
apart. Head broader than high, its greatest width being equal to
its length behind the nostrils, the width of the mouth equals the
postorbital length of the head or a little more. Upper jaw the
longer, the angle of the mouth does not extend so far posteriorly
as to below the orbit. Upper surface of the head and occipital
process strongly granulated, the median longitudinal groove nar-
row and deep posteriorly and not quite reaching the base of the
occipital process, which is a little keeled, as broad at its base as it
is long or slightly broader, its anterior extremity slightly concave
and extending to the basal bone, which is V-shaped and rather
narrow. Barbels the maxillary reach the middle of the pectoral
fin, whilst the external mandibular pair are one fifth shorter.
Teeth villiform in two- somewhat widely separated triangular
patches/the vomerine being confluent with the palatine. Fins
dorsal spine very strong especially in its lower half, which is
granulated both laterally and anteriorly, serrated in its upper
portion, also posteriorly in its whole extent, it is nearly or quite
as long as the head and has a sofb prolongation ; base of adipose
dorsal shorter than that of the rayed fin, and equal to about half
the extent of the interspace between the two fins. Pectoral spine
as strong as, but rather shorter than, that of the dorsal, granu-
lated externally, serrated internally. Ventral not reaching the
anal. Upper caudal lobe sometimes the longer. Colour bluish
along the back and sides, becoming white beneath. Adipose dorsal
black, with its inferior and posterior margins yellow. Superior
portion of dorsal, the end of the pectoral and ventrals black, as is
also the anterior part of the anal.
Hub. From Bombay through the Indian Seas to the Malay
Archipelago, not uncommon at Calcutta; attaining to a consider-
able size.
182. (4.) Arras acutirostris.
Arius acutirostri?, Day, Fish. India, p. 459, pi. cvii, fig. 1.
B. v. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 19 (5/14). C. 17.
Length of head 3|, of caudal fin 6, height of body 7 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 7 in the length of head, 3 diameters
from the end of snout, and 2 apart. The greatest width of the
head equals about half its length, and is one sixth more than its
height. Snout fleshy and elongated, extending some distance
beyond the mouth ; mouth inferior, the extent of its gape equalling
one third of the length of the head. Upper surface of the head
granulated, or with roughened lines. Median longitudinal groove on
head not extending to the base of the occipital process, which is slightly
keeled, is rather longer than wide at its base, and reaches the
narrow V-shaped basal bone of the dorsal fin. Barbels short,
the maxillary reach beyond the hind edge of the eye; the outer
mandibular are about one third of the length of the head ; the
176 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
inner are shorter. Teeth the villiform band in the premax-
illaries is about one third as deep as wide ; those on the palate
likewise villiform in two somewhat obliquely oval patches diverg-
ing anteriorly. Fins dorsal spine rather strong, half as long as
the head and serrated on both sides ; the base of the adipose fin
is two thirds as long as that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine of
about the same length as the dorsal and serrated on both edges ;
the fin reaches two thirds of the distance to the ventral ; the
latter does not extend to the anal. Colour upper portion of
rayed and upper two thirds of adipose dorsal black ; pectoral,
ventral, and anal stained grey.
Hob. The Sal ween river at Mouhnein in Burma. Tickell ob-
served that this species was one of the commonest fishes in the
Moulmein bazaar. It attains a foot or more in length.
183. (5.) Arius sumatranus.
Bagrus sumatranus, liennett. Life of Sir S. Raffles, p. 691.
Arius sumatranus, -Day, Fish. India, p. 4GO, pi. cvii, fig. G (see
synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. G. A. 18-19 (5/13-14). G. 17.
Length of head 4% to 4|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5^ in
the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in the length of head, 1| dia-
meters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. The greatest width of
the head exceeds its height and equals its length behind the angle
of the mouth. Upper surface of the head with scattered granu-
lations, which are more lineated on the occipital process. Median
longitudinal groove narrow posteriori)', nearly reaching the base
of the occipital process, the edges in the last portion of the groove
are raised. Occipital process slightly keeled, as broad at its base
as it is long ; basal bone crescent-shaped and narrow. Barbels
the maxillary reach end of head, the outer mandibular the base of
the pectoral fin. Teeth in palate villiform, in two triangular
patches diverging posteriorly. Fins dorsal spine as long as the
head behind the angle of the mouth, and serrated on both edges ;
base of adipose dorsal two thirds of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral
spine as long as the head excluding the snout, externally roughened
in the lower, serrated in the upper portion, internally denticulated,
not reaching the ventral. Ventral extending two thirds of the way
to the anal. Colour bluish green above, becoming lighter on the
sides and beneath ; edges of fins stained grey, very little black on
adipose dorsal.
Hub. Andamans to the Malay Archipelago.
184. (6.) Arms venosus.
Arius venosus, Cuv. fy Vol. H. N. Pom. xv, p. 09 ; Day, Fish. India,
p. 400, pi. cvi, %. 2 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 18-19 (5-6/13). C. 17.
Length of head 5^, of caudal fin 5, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1^ diameters
177
from the end of snout, and 2 apart. Snout rather obtuse, and the
upper jaw the longer ; the width of the gape of the mouth equal
to one half the length of the head. The greatest width of the
head equal to its length excluding the snout, and slightly exceeding
its height. Upper surface of the head with scattered granulations,
which are more numerous on the occipital process. Median longi-
tudinal groove on the head shallow except in its posterior portion,
which is narrow and deep as far as the base of the occipital process,
this is keeled and as broad at its base as it is long. Basal bone
V-shaped, and laterally narrow. Barbels the maxillary extend to
the base of the pectoral fin, the outer mandibular are shorter.
Teeth villiform on the palate, in two triangular patches, the
points of which are directed backwards, the patches are about as
large as the eye, as broad as long, and approximate somewhat
anteriorly. Fins the dorsal as high as the body, its spine rather
strong and as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth ; an-
teriorly the spine is serrated in its upper, granulated in its lower
half, posteriorly it is serrated ; base of adipose dorsal equal to half
that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine as long as that of the dorsal,
granulated and serrated externally, denticulated internally. The
ventral reaches the anal ; upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour
bluish.
Hob. From Burma to the Malay Archipelago.
185. (7.) Arius parvipinnis.
Arius parvipinnis, Day, Fish. India, p. 460, pi. cxiii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Chintajella, Tel.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 19 (5/14). C. 18.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 4|, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes in anterior half of the head, diameter 5| in the
length of the head, If diameters from the end of snout, and 3
apart. Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the
nostrils, and exceeding its height by one fourth. Upper jaw
somewhat the longer ; the width of the gape of the mouth equal to
that of the postorbital length of the head. Upper surface of the
head and occipital process studded with coarse granulations.
Median longitudinal groove on head well marked, lanceolate, its
last portion deep and not extending so far as the base of the
occipital process, which has a granulated keel along its centre, is
as long as wide, arid reaches a narrow crescentic basal bone.
Barbels the maxillary reach the end of the pectoral fin. Teeth
villiform in two pear-shaped crescentic patches placed well for-
wards, diverging, and their small end anterior. Fin* dorsal
spine strong, laterally roughened, serrated anteriorly in its upper
half, also posteriorly, as long as the head behind the angle of the
mouth. Pectoral spine stronger than the dorsal, of the same length,
and serrated on both edges, it reaches two thirds of the distance to
178 TELEOSTET. PHTSOSTOMI.
the ventral ; the latter is very small, a little above half as long as
the pectoral, and does not reach the anal. Caudal deeply lobed,
with its upper lobe rather produced. Colour on the upper surface
dull leaden, sides and abdomen whitish, adipose dorsal with a black
blotch ; pectoral, ventral, and outer half of anal dark.
Hob. Coromandel coast of India.
186. (8.) Arins subrostratus.
Arius subrostratus, Cuv. $ Vol. If. N. Poiss. xv, p. 62 ; -Day, Fish.
India, p. 461, pi. cvi, fig. 6 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 17-20 (5-6/12-14). C. .17.
Length of head 3| to 4, of caudal fin 6 to 7, height of body 5 in
the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 6 in length of head, 2-J to 3
diameters from the end of snout, and 2 to 2 apart. The greatest
width of the head rather exceeds its height and equals four sevenths
of its length. Snout elongated and a little depressed, the upper
i'aw the longer, the width of the gape equals two sevenths of the
ength of the head, cleft short, extending one third of the distance
to the orbit ; median longitudinal groove on the head shallow, an-
teriorly becoming narrow, and posteriorly deep, extending nearly
to the base of the occipital process. Upper surface of the head
behind the middle of the orbit granulated, as is also the occipital
process, which is rather wider at its base than it is long, has nearly
straight lateral edges, and reaches the narrow basal bone of the
dorsal fin. Barbels short, the maxillary pair do not quite reach
the eye, the outer raandibular are still shorter, and the internal the
shortest. Teeth those on the palate villiform, in two small
patches wide asunder, one on either side of the palate, not longer
than the diameter of the eye. Fins dorsal one fourth higher
than the body, its spine not very strong, rather above half as long
as the head, rugose anteriorly, serrated posteriorly ; length of the
base of the adipose dorsal equal to two thirds of that of the rayed
fin. Pectoral scarcely reaching the ventral ; pectoral spine as long
as that of the dorsal, or a little longer, serrated internally.
Ventral reaching the anal ; caudal forked. Colour silvery leaden
along the back when fresh, a series of about fifteen minutely spotted
vertical bands seen on the body. Fins stained with grey.
Hab. Malabar coast of India ; attaining to a foot in length.
187. (9.) Arius sagor.
Pimelodus sagor, Ham. Bitch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 169, 376.
Arius sagor, Day, Fish. India, p. 461, pi. cv, fig. 1 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/7 I 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 17-19 (3-4/14-15). C. 15.
Length of head 4| to 4|, of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 5
in the total length. Eyes diameter. 6i to 7 in the length of head,
2 diameters from end of snout, and 3| apart. Head depressed,
much broader than high, its width equal to its length or a little
SILURIDJ;. 179
less. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the mouth
half the length of the head. The median longitudinal groove on
the head shallow, extending to a little behind the posterior edge of
the eye. Upper surface of the head granulated in radiating lines.
Occipital process one half wider at its base than it is long, its
posterior extremity rounded where it meets the basal bone of the
dorsal fin, which is large and somewhat butterfly-shaped. Barbels
the maxillary reach to the middle or end of the pectoral spine, the
outer mandibular to its base or middle. Teeth ou the palate in
two confluent villiform patches on either side, meeting in the
mesial line, each of these patches has a convex inner edge. Fins
dorsal higher than the body, the spine strong and as long as the
head excluding the snout, granulated or serrated anteriorly, serrated
posteriorly ; the base of the adipose nearly as long as that of the
rayed fin. Pectoral spine stronger than that of the dorsal and
equally long, serrated externally along its outer fourth and denticu-
lated internally, its outer ray often prolonged. Ventral nearly
reaching the anal. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour greenish
brown, becoming lighter on the abdomen ; some specimens have
narrow vertical bands of spots on the body. Fins tinged with
dark.
Hub. From Bombay through the seas and estuaries of India to
the Malay Archipelago. Said to be very common at Batavia,
where it is largely consumed. This species attains to at least 3
feet in length.
188. (10.) Arms sona.
Pimelodus sona, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 172, 376.
Arius sona, Day, Fish. India, p. 462, pi. cv, fig. 2 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/12. V. 6. A. 17 (6/11). C. 17.
Length of head 4, of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 6 in the
total length. Eyes diameter 7 to 9 in the length of head, 2| to
3 diameters from end of snout, and 3| to 4| apart. Head one
half broader than high, and almost as wide as long. Upper jaw
the longer ; the extent of the gape of the mouth equal to two
thirds of the length of the head. Median longitudinal groove on
the head wide, but not extending so far as the base of the occipital
process ; the latter keeled, convex at its posterior extremity where
it reaches the basal bone of the dorsal fin which is somewhat narrow,
especially in its centre, while each side is slightly bent into an S-
shaped form. The occipital process is as wide at its base as it is
long or rather wider ; it and also the crown of the head from behind
the eyes are granulated, these granulations have somewhat of a
radiating direction. Barbels the maxillary reach to the end of
the head, the outer mandibular are shorter. Teeth on palate
villiform, those on each palatine in a large somewhat triangular
patch which is emarginate posteriorly, anteriorly two small patches
on the vomer connect the two palatine ones together. Fins
dorsal spine strong, granulated anteriorly, serrated posteriorly, and
as long as the head excluding the snout, but not so high as the
N2
180 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
rays, which are higher than the body ; length of the base of the
adipose dorsal equal to that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine
stronger and usually slightly shorter than that of the dorsal, rough
externally, sometimes even with a few serrations near its tip,
serrated internally. Ventrals not reaching the anal. Caudal
forked. Colour brownish above, bluish on the sides where it is
glossed with gold, and of a dull white beneath. Fins with a bluish-
black tinge. Young specimens are of a brownish colour, superiorly
glossed with purplish and yellow, the fins nearly black.
Hob. From Bombay through the seas of India, entering estuaries
and tidal rivers ; attaining at least 3 feet in length.
189. (11.) Arius serratns.
Arius serratus, Day, Fish. India, p. 462, pi. cv, fig. 3.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 16 (5/11). C. 17.
Length of head 5|, of caudal fin 4|, height of body o| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1| diameters
from end of snout, and 2 apart. The greatest width of the head
equals its length behind the angle of the mouth. Upper jaw the
longer, the width of the gape of the mouth equal to half the length
of the head. Upper surface of the head granulated or with rough
lines, most distinct on the occipital process. The median longi-
tudinal groove on the head does not quite reach posteriorly to
above the hind edge of the opercle ; from the groove commences a
serrated ridge, which is continued along the occipital process.
Occipital process with a serrated keel, a little longer than wide at
its base. Basal bone narrow and crescent-shaped. Barbels the
maxillary reach to the middle of the pectoral fin, the outer man-
dibular to the gill-opening. Teeth in the palate villiform in three
distinct patches on either side, the two vomerine patches round,
small, and with an interspace between them, outside each there is
another rather longer oval patch ; the third or posterior patch is
parallel to the one on the opposite side. Fins dorsal higher than
the body ; its spine, which is serrated on both edges, is as long as
the head behind the middle of the eyes, and has a soft termination ;
the length of the base of the adipose half that of the rayed fin.
Pectoral reaching rather above halfway to the ventral; pectoral
spine stronger than that of the dorsal, but not quite so long ;
externally the former is rough in its lower, serrated in its outer
half, internally it is denticulated. The ventral does not reach the
anal. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour upper surface of
the head copper-coloured shot with gold, sides silvery. Fins
yellowish, rayed dorsal stained with dark in its outer half; adipose
fin with a black spot ; a dark band, edged with white, along the
outer half of the anal ; both caudal lobes dark at their extremities.
This fish is nearly allied to A. tJtalaxsimts, but has much shorter
pectoral fins and longer maxillary barbels. "Whether the serrations
along the occipital ridge are merely due to the specimen being
young is questionable.
Hob. Sind.
STLTJRID2E. 181
190. (12.) Arms thalassinns.
Bagrus thalassinus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 75, t, 20, fig. 2.
Anus thalassinus, Day, Fish. India, p. 408, pi. civ, fig. 4, and pi. cvi,
fig. 1 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/12. V. 6. A. 15-17 (3-5/12-13). C. 17.
Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5| to 6
in the total length. Eyes longest diameter obliquely transverse,
5 in the length of the head, 1| to If diameters from end of snout,
and 2| to 3 apart. Width of head equal to its length behind the
angle of the mouth, breadth exceeding the height. Upper surface
of the head granulated ; the median longitudinal groove, which is
narrow posteriorly, extends to opposite the hind edge of the opercle.
The occipital process is granulated, keeled, rather longer than wide
at its base, and extends to the basal bone of the dorsal fin, which
is small and crescentic in shape. Barbels the maxillary extend
nearly or quite to the base of the pectoral fin, the outer mandibular
are a little shorter. Teeth on the palate villiform, those of each
side forming a triangle composed of three patches, two in front and
a larger one behind. Fins dorsal spine as long as the head without
the snout, or even a little longer, granulated anteriorly (with some
serrations in the young), serrated posteriorly ; base of adipose dorsal
two fifths of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine strong, but a little
shorter than the dorsal, rough externally, feebly serrated internally ;
caudal with the upper lobe usually the longer. Colour silvery,
darkest superiorly ; the upper half of the adipose dorsal black. In
some specimens the dorsal surface is of a rich brown, and each of
the granules on the head appears to be tipped with gold.
Hob. From the Eed Sea, through the seas of Africa and India to
the Malay Archipelago and beyond, entering tidal rivers. Attains
a large size.
191. (13.) Arms buchanani.
Pimelodus arius, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 170, 376.
pl.
Arius buchanani, Day, Fish. India, p. 463, pl. cv,
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 22 (6/16). C. 17.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5| in the
total length. Eyes diameter 5| in the length of head, If diameters
from end of snout, and 2 apart. Greatest width of the head
equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth. Upper jaw the
longer, width of gape of mouth three eighths of the length of the
head. Median longitudinal groove on the head rather shallow, and
not reaching the base of the occipital process. Upper surface of
the head lineated in roughened lines, which are rather close together
on the occipital process ; the latter is scarcely keeled, and as wide
at its base as it is long. Opercle higher than wide. Barbels tlie
maxillary extend to the first third of the pectoral fin, the outer
mandibular almost to its base. Teeth on the palate in two oval
patches, one on either side, each as large as the eye, placed far
back and parallel to one another, the teeth have large globular
182 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
heads. Fins dorsal higher than the body, its spine as long as the
head behind the angle of the mouth, anteriorly roughened in its
lower two thirds, and serrated in its upper, posteriorly very feebly
serrated; base of the adipose dorsal three fourths of that of the
rayed fin. Pectoral reaching the base of the ventral, the spine
stronger than that of the dorsal but of equal length, serrated on
both sides. Ventral almost reaching the anal ; upper caudal lobe
the longer. Colour silvery along the back, lighter on the sides
and below, pectoral and dorsal edged posteriorly with blackish ;
adipose dorsal with a well-defined black spot.
Hob. Hooghly at Calcutta ; also in Burma.
192. (14.) Arms falcarius.
Arius falcarius, Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Ich. p. 134, pi. Ixii.
figs. 7-9; Day, Fish. India, p. 463, pi. cvi, fig. o (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 18-20 (5-6/13-14). C. 17.
Length of head 4 to 5, of caudal fin 6, height of body 5| to 6 in
the total length. Eyes diameter 5i to 6 in the length of head,
2 diameters from end of snout, and" 3 to 3^ apart. The greatest
width of the head equals its length behind the angle of the mouth,
and exceeds its height by about one sixth. Upper jaw the longer,
the width of the gape of the mouth equal to three sevenths of the
length of the head. The median longitudinal groove on the head,
which is wide anteriorly, becomes suddenly narrow midway between
the front edge of the eye and the hind edge of the opercle, and
does not quite reach the base of the occipital process, which is
keeled, rather longer than wide at its base, and reaches the basal
bone of the dorsal fin, which is V-shaped, narrow 1 , and short.
Upper surface of the head behind the eyes (except in the groove)
strongly granulated, as is also the occipital process. Barbels the
maxillary pair, which are black, reach to the hind edge of the head,
the outer mandibular to the gill-opening, while the inner are
shorter. Teeth the villiforrn band in the premaxillaries four times
as long as wide ; those on the palate granular anteriorly, becoming
globular posteriorly, in two elongated subtriangular patches, longer
than wide, parallel to one another along the median line, their
external edge is convex, anteriorly they nearly reach the pre-
maxillary teeth. Fins dorsal higher than the body, its spine
usually ending in a soft point, it equals the length of the head
excluding the snout, anteriorly it is serrated in its upper, rough
in its lower half, and serrated posteriorly ; the base of the adipose
fin equals three sevenths of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine
a little longer than the dorsal, serrated externally in its outer half,
rough in its lower; externally it is denticulated; it nearly reaches
the ventral, whilst the latter extends to the anal or even to as far
as the third ray of that fin. Colour bluish grey above, becoming
dull white beneath ; fins greyish, dorsal black-tipped ; a black blotch
on the adipose dorsal, and sometimes one on the anal.
Hob. Calcutta, and seas of India, to China. Very numerous
along the Malabar coast.
SILUBID<E. 183
193. (15.) Arius malabaricus.
Arius malabaricus, Day, Fish. India, p. 464, pi. cvii, fig. 4.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 20 (6/14). C. 17.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 51, height of body 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 6- in the length of head, 2^ diameters
from the end of snout, and 3^ apart. The greatest width of the
head equals its length behind the nostrils, it is rather wider than
high. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the mouth
equals two fifths of the length of the head. Upper surface of the
head sparingly granulated. The median longitudinal groove on the
head commences opposite the hind edge of the eyes, it is very narrow
and deep, and is continued nearly to the base of the occipital process,
which latter is slightly keeled and granulated, as broad at its base
as it is long, and emarginate posteriorly to receive the V-shaped
basal bone of the dorsal fin. Barbels the maxillary pair black
and as long as the head, the outer mandibular pair rather shorter.
Teeth in the' upper jaw one fourth as wide as long, those on the
palate granular and in two elongated oval patches which reach far
forwards, and are slightly convergent anteriorly, they extend some
distance posteriorly. Fins dorsal spine of moderate strength, as
long as the head behind the angle of the mouth, anteriorly granu-
lated in its lower, serrated in its upper portion, posteriorly serrated ;
base of soft dorsal rather short. Pectoral spine nearly as long as
the head, denticulated internally, and extending to below the last
dorsal ray. Ventral not quite reaching the anal. Colour silvery,
glossed with gold below ; adipose dorsal with a black spot in its
upper half.
Hob. Canara.
194. (18.) Arius platystomus.
Arius platystomus, Day, Fish. India, p. 464, pi. cvii, fig. 3.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 19 (5/14). C. 17.
Length of head 4, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 7 in the length of head, 2 diameters from
the end of snout, and 4 apart. The greatest widtli of the head
exceeds its height by one third, and is as long as the head without
the snout. Upper jaw the longer ; the width of the gape of the
mouth equal to four sevenths of the length of the head. Median
longitudinal groove on head becoming narrow posteriorly, where it
just reaches the base of the occipital process, which is strongly
keeled, rather longer than wide at its base, with straight lateral
edges, and extending to the basal bone of the dorsal fin, which is
rather narrow and S-shaped. A very few scattered granulations over
the posterior half of the head and the occipital process. Barbels
the maxillary reach just beyond the base of the pectoral, the outer
184 TELEOSTEI. PITYSOSTOMT.
mandibular are not quite so long. Teeth the villiform band in
the premaxillaries is six times longer than wide ; obtusely conical
in the palate in two pyriform patches, rather longer than broad, each
placed well forward, and largest anteriorly where the two slightly
converge, the interspace equal to two thirds of the diameter of the
eye. Fins the dorsal about as high as the body, its spine as long
as the head excluding the snout, anteriorly its upper half is serrated,
its lower roughened, the whole is serrated posteriorly : the length
of the base of the adipose dorsal nearly equals that of the rayed
fin. Pectoral spine rather shorter than the dorsal, externally
serrated in its anterior, rough in its posterior half, internally ib is
denticulated, it reaches three fourths of the distance to the ventral.
The ventral just reaches the anal. Colour bluish along the back,
becoming lighter on the sides and beneath ; dorsal, pectoral, and
ventral with a slight tinge of grey. No black mark upon the
adipose dorsal.
Jfab. Canara.
195. (17.) Arms nella.
Pimelodus (?) nella, Cuv. $ Val H. N. Poiss. xv, p. 162.
Arius nella, Day, Fish. India, p. 465 (see synon.).
Nallahjellah, Tel.
D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 19. C. 19.
Head broad, depressed. Eyes small, in front half of the head.
Teeth on palate, globular. Barbels the maxillary reach to the
middle of pectoral fin. Fins caudal sublunate. Colour head
and back bluish leaden ; belly, throat, and hinder part of the tail
a dull white. The whole trunk strewed with small, obscure, dusky
dots. Dorsal, ventral, and anal with blackish margins. Pectoral
and caudal glossy with a faint yellowish tinge.
This fish has been placed by Cuvier and Valenciennes amongst
those having no teeth in the palate, in consequence of their having
misunderstood Eussell's description.
Hob. Corouiandel coast ; growing to 9| inches in length.
196. (18.) Arius macronotacanthus.
Arius macronotacanthus, Bleeker, Ail. Ich. ii, p. 32, t. 55 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 465, pi. cxiii, tig. 1 (see synon.)-
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 18-19 (6-7/12-13). C. 15.
Length of head 4 to 4, of caudal fin 6^, height of body 5| in
the total length. Eyes diameter 5| to 6 in the length of head,
1 diameters from end of snout, and 2| apart. The width of the
head exceeds its height, and equals its length excluding the snout.
Extent of the gape of the mouth equal to four ninths of the length
of the head. The median longitudinal groove is wide between the
eyes, becomes pointed both anteriorly and posteriorly, and does not
STLURIDjE. 185
reach so far as the base of the occipital process, which latter is as
wide at its base as it is long, and reaches a narrow V-shaped basal
bone. Upper surface of the head granulated in groups, the occipital
process densely so in lines. Barbels the maxillary reach the middle
of the pectoral spine, the outer mandibular its base. Teeth on the
palate obtusely conical or granular, placed in two pear-shaped patches,
each as long as the eye, the large ends posterior and divergent, the
anterior terminating near the band on the pretnaxillaries. Fins
dorsal spine strong, very rugose laterally, as long as the head behind
the nostrils, and serrated both anteriorly and posteriorly, it has a soft
termination ; the length of the base of the adipose equals two thirds
of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine as long as the head excluding
the snout, roughened and serrated externally, denticulated internally,
it reaches two thirds the distance to the ventral, which does not
reach ftie anal. Colour base of dorsal darkish, a large black
blotch on the adipose fin.
Hob. India to Java, Sumatra, and Pinang.
197. (19.) Arins gagora.
Pimelodus gagora, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 167, 376, pi. 10,
fig. 54.
Arius gagora, -Day, Fish India, p. 4G5,"pl. cvii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Nffct-youn, Burmese.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 18 (5-6/13-12). C. 17.
Length of head 4 to 4^, of caudal fin 5| to 5|, height of body 6|
in the total length. Eyes diameter 7 to 8 in the length of head,
2 diameters from the end of snout, and 3 to 3| apart. Head
one fourth wider than high, its width equal to its length excluding
the snout. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the
mouth four elevenths of the length of the head. Most of the
occiput and the whole of the occipital process granulated. Median
longitudinal groove on the head narrow, rather deep, and reaching
nearly to the base of the occipital process, which is keeled, very
slightly longer than wide at its base and extending to a narrow V--
shaped basal bone. Opercle higher than wide. Barbels the maxil-
lary not quite so long as the head, the outer mandibular reach the
gill-opening. Teeth those on the palate with globular heads, in large
semi-ovate patches : considerable variation in size and direction of
these patches of teeth exists, as it not unfrequently happens that
some are wanting. Fins dorsal rather higher than the body, the
spine of moderate strength, anteriorly serrated in its upper, rough
in its lower half, posteriorly serrated^ it is as long as the postorbital
portion of the head ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal two
thirds of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral reaching two thirds of the
distance to the ventral ; pectoral spine rather stronger than the
dorsal, which it equals in length, externally it is serrated, internally
denticulated. The ventral does not extend so far as the anal.
186 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour purplish superiorly,
becoming dull white beneath ; fins externally stained with grey or
black, and a blackish spot on the adipose dorsal. Air-bladder
large and somewhat heart-shaped. On removing its lower wall a
longitudinal septum is seen in its posterior half but not anteriorly.
It has three transverse subdivisions, forming it into five chambers,
the anterior of which is nearly half the size of the entire organ,
and has no longitudinal septum. The four lateral chambers com-
municate freely with each other on both sides, also anteriorly with
the large chamber.
Hob. Seas, estuaries, and tidal rivers of Orissa and Bengal to
Siam. It attains \\ feet (or according to Hamilton Buchanan
3 feet) or more in length ; it is commonly seen about 8 or 10 inches
long.
198. (20.) Ariusjatms.
P. 1
4 (see synon.).
Pimelodus jatius, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganyes, pp. 171, 370.
Arius jatius, Day, Fish. India, p. 400, pi. cvi, tig.
Nga-youn and Nya-yeh, Burmese.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 18 (5/13). C. 17.
Length of head 4| , of caudal fin 5, height of body 5| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in the length of head, 1| diameters
from the end of snout, and 1 J to 2 apart. Height of head nearly
equal to its width, the latter equal to its length excluding
the snout. Upper ja\v the longer ; the extent of the gape
of the mouth equals one third of the length of the head.
Summit of the posterior portion of the head sparingly granulated,
the occipital process more thickly so. The median longitudinal
groove on the head narrow, and continued almost to the base of the
occipital process, which latter is keeled, as wide at its base as long,
and reaches the narrow V-shaped basal bone of the dorsal fin.
Opercle wider than high. Barbels short, the maxillary pair
shorter than the head, the outer mandibular pair just reach the
gill-opening. Teeth villiform, in a band six times as long as wide
in the premaxillaries ; on the palate globular,' in a small oval patch
posteriorly, scarcely exceeding half the diameter of the eye ; they
may be entirely absent. Fins dorsal as high as the body ; dorsal
spine strong, as long as the head excluding the snout, serrated on
both sides ; the base of the adipose dorsal four fifths of that of the
rayed fin. Pectoral spine as long as that of the dorsal, serrated
externally, denticulated internally, reaching as far as the ventral
fin. The latter extends to the anal. Colmir dark bluish along
the back, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath. Fins yellowish,
lower half of dorsal stained with grey. Upper edge deep black.
A deep black spot on the upper half of the adipose fin; caudal'
edged with black, and anal with a dark spot on its edge near the
middle.
Hab, Estuaries and rivers of Bengal and Burma, ascending far
above tidal reach, and attaining a foot or more in length.
1 87
199. (21.) Arius tennispinis.
Arius tenuispinis, Day, Fish. India, p. 40C, pi. cvii, fig. 5 (see synon.),
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 18 (5/13). C. 17.
Length of head 3|, of caudal fin 4, height of body 5| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 7 in the length of head, 2| diameters from
end of snout, and 3| apart. The greatest width of the head equals
its length excluding the snout. The extent of the gape of the
mouth equal to one third of the length of the head. Median
longitudinal groove on the head narrow, and not quite reaching
the base of the occipital process, which has a slight keel, is a little
longer than wide at its base, and rather convex posteriorly, where
it reaches the narrow and V-shaped basal bone of the dorsal fin. A
few granulations on the top of the head, also along the middle of the
occipital process. Barbels the maxillary reach the end of the head,
the outer mandibular are one third shorter. Teeth none on palate.
Fins dorsal spine very weak and thin, nearly as long as the head
excluding the snout, serrated posteriorly ; base of the adipose equal
to half that of the rayed dorsal fin. Pectoral spine as long as the
dorsal, but slightly stronger, roughened externally, serrated inter-
nally. Caudal forked. Colour silvery along the back, becoming
lighter on the sides and beneath.
Hob. Bombay, and perhaps Ceylon.
200. (22.) Arias jella.
Arius jella, Day, Fish. India, p. 467, pi. cvi, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Deddijellah, Tel.
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 17-18 (4-5/13). C. 19.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 5|, height of dorsal fin 5j, of
body 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter 6 in the length of head,
2 to 2 diameters from the end of snout, and 3 apart. Greatest
width of the head one sixth more than its height, and equal to its
length behind the nostrils. Upper jaw the longer, the extent of
the gape of the mouth three eighths of the length of the head.
The median longitudinal groove becomes narrow and deep pos-
teriorly, and reaches nearly to the base of the occipital process,
which is slightly keeled, has nearly straight sides and is slightly
longer than broad, posteriorly it is a little emarginate and reaches
the narrow basal bone of the dorsal fin. Most of the occiput and the
occipital process are closely granulated. Barbeh the maxillary
are nearly as long as the head, the outer mandibular almost reach
the gill-opening, the inner are shorter. Teeth globular on the
palate in two convex, oblong-ovate patches, which are slightly
convergent behind; none on the vorner. Fins dorsal spine of
moderate strength, as long as the head excluding the snout, some-
times with a very long soft termination, slightly serrated anteriorly,
or merely rough in large specimens, strongly serrated posteriorly.
1 88 TELEOSTKT. PH Y SO8TOM I .
Pectoral spine stronger than dorsal and rather longer, roughened
and slightly serrated externally, denticulated internally. Base of
adipose dorsal slightly shorter than that of the rayed fin. Ventral
scarcely reaching the anal. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour
greyish silvery, becoming white on the sides and below. Fins
stained grey, with a white outer edge to the anal. Adipose dorsal
with a dark blotch.
Hob. Coasts of India.
201. (23.) Arius dussumieri.
Arius dussumieri, Citv. fy Val. H. N. Poiss. xv, p. 84 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 467, pi. cvii. fig. 7 (see synon.).
B.vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/12. V. 6. A. 14-16(4-5/10-11). C. 17.
Length of head 4 to 4|, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 in the
total length. Eyes diameter 6| in the length of head, 2 5 dia-
meters from the end of snout, and 4 apart. Head one fourth wider
than high, its width equals its length excluding the snout, or even
behind the angle of the mouth. Upper jaw the longer, the width
of the gape of the mouth equals four ninths of the length of the
head. Median longitudinal groove shallow, becoming most distinct
posteriorly, where it reaches the base of the occipital process,
which is strongly keeled and nearly (or quite) as wide at its base as
it is long, its lateral edges are nearly straight, and it extends to
the basal bone, which is narrow and S-shaped. A few scattered
granulations on the posterior portion of the head and over the
base of the occipital process. Barbels the maxillary reach just
beyond the base of the pectoral, the external mandibular are not
quite so long. Teeth obtusely conical on the palate, in four
widely separated patches, those on either side of the vomer being
smaller than the palatine patches. Fins the dorsal as high as the
body, its spine as long as the head excluding the snout, anteriorly
in the upper half serrated, in the lower roughened, posteriorly
serrated throughout ; the length of the base of the adipose dorsal
equals half of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine rather shorter
than that of the dorsal, externally it is serrated in its anterior
half, rough in its posterior, internally it is serrated ; it reaches
two thirds of the way to the ventral. Ventral just reaching
the anal. Colour bluish along the back, becoming lighter on the
sides and below, fins blackish externally.
Hob. Malabar coast of India and Ceylon.
23. Genus KETENGUS, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals five. Gill-membranes united, not confluent
with the isthmus, but having a free posterior edge, which is
notched. Upper surface of head osseous. Eyelids with a free
circular margin. Cleft of mouth deep ; upper jaw the longer.
Barbels six, small, no nasal ones. Nostrils approximating, the
SILTTBIDjE. 189
posterior provided with a valve. A single row of compressed teeth,
which are subtruncated or almost tricuspid in the jaws ; palate
edentulous. Dorsal fin with one spine and seven rays, inserted
nearer the snout than the ventrals are ; adipose fin short ; anal of
moderate length and not continuous with the caudal, which latter
is forked. Ventral with six rays. Air-bladder not enclosed in
bone. An axillary pore.
Geographical Distribution. Andamans to the Malay Archipelago.
202. (1.) Ketengns typus. (Pig. 68.)
Ketengus typus, Sleeker, Atl. Ich. ii, p. 44, t. 82, fig. 1 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 468, pi. cviii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
B. v. ^D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/7-8. V. 6. " A. 19-20 (5-6/14). C. 15.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 5| in the length of head, 1| diameters
from end of snout, and 2| apart. The greatest width of the head
equals its length excluding the snout. Upper surface of the head,
occipital process, and basal bone of the dorsal fin densely granulated.
Fig. &. Ketengus typus.
The width of the gape of the mouth equals the length of the head
excluding the snout. Longitudinal groove along the upper surface
of the head deep but narrow, commencing on the snout it is not
continued so far as to the base of the occipital process which is as
long as wide at its base. Teeth as defined in the genus. Fins
dorsal spine as long as the head and serrated on both edges ; base
of the adipose nearly as long as that of the rayed fin. Pectoral
spine a little shorter than that of the dorsal and serrated on both
edges. Colour silvery.
Hob. The Andamans to the Malay Archipelago.
24. Genus OSTEOGENIOSUS, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals five. Gill-membranes united at the throat,
einarginate and overlapping the isthmus but not confluent with it;
upper surface of the head covered with very thin skin ; mouth
anterior ; upper jaw the longer. Nostrils approximating, the
posterior provided with a valve. Barbels, a single semi-osseous
maxillary pair. Teeth in the jaws villiform ; obtusely conical on
1 90 TELEOSTEI . PHTSOSTOMI.
the palate, where they form two widely separated patches. Dorsal
with one spine and seven rays, inserted anteriorly to the ventrals ;
adipose fin short. Anal of moderate length, not united with the
caudal, which is forked. Ventral with six rays. Air-bladder not
enclosed in bone. An axillary pore.
Geographical Distribution. Seas and estuaries of India to the
Malay Archipelago, sometimes entering rivers.
Uses. Eaten by the poorer classes. A coarse isinglass is made
from the air-bladder.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. 19-22. Length of head 4J to 4| in the
total length. Greatest width of head
equals its length behind the angle of the
mouth \. O. militaris, p. 190.
A. 20. Length of head 4f in the total length.
Greatest width of head equals half its
length 2. O. sthenoceji/talus, p. 191 .
203. (1.) Osteogeniosus militaris. (Fig. 69.)
Silurus militaris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 503.
Osteogeniosus militaris, Day, Fish. Indii, p. 4(59, pi. cviii, tig. 4 (see
synon.).
Pon6 keliti, Tarn.
B. v. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10-11. V. 6. A. 19-22 (4-5/15-17).
C. 17. Vert, 18-29.
Length of head 4| to 4, of caudal fin 7|, height of body 5| to
6| in the total length. Eyes diameter 7 in the length of head, 2
diameters from the end of snout, and 4 apart. The greatest width
of the' head equals its length behind the angle of the mouth ; its
height*|two thirds of its length ; the width of the gape of the
Fig. 69. Osteogenwsus militaris.
mouth equals half the length of the head. Occipital process 2|
times as long as wide at its base, and its length equals one third of
that of the head. Median longitudinal groove of moderate width,
not extending so far as the base of the occipital process. Upper
surface of the head almost or quite smooth, a few granulations
generally present between the posterior end of the median longi-
tudinal groove and the base of the occipital process, which last is
roughened in ridges which are sometimes granular ; there also
8ILUUID.X. 191
usually exists a patch of granulations above the upper edge of the
opercle on the head. Barbels rather longer than the head.
Teeth on the palate in two somewhat cresceritic patches con-
verging anteriorly. Fins dorsal spine as long as the head
excluding the snout, serrated in the upper portion anteriorly and
in the whole extent posteriorly. Pectoral spine somewhat stronger
than that of the dorsal, the fin reaches about halfway to the
ventral. Anal highest anteriorly, where its height is equal to half
the length of the head. Colour silvery, darkish superiorly, fins
tinged with red.
Hub. Seas, estuaries, and tidal rivers of India to the Malay
Archipelago. A specimen in the Calcutta Museum is 14 inches
long.
t
204. (2.) Osteogeniosus sthenocephalns.
Osteogeniosus sthenocephalus, Day, Fish. India, p. 469, pi. cviii,
fig. 3.
B. v. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 20 (5/15). C. 17.
Length of head 4f , of caudal fin 5|, height of body 1\ in the total
length. Eyes diameter 6i in the length of bead, 2 diameters
from the end of snout, and 3 apart. The greatest width of the
head equals half its length ; the width of the gape of the mouth
equals half the length of the head. Occipital process three times
as long as wide at its base, its length equals one third of that of the
head. Median longitudinal groove rather wide and does not
extend quite to the base of the occipital process. Upper surface
of the head with a few granulations between the posterior end of
the median grooA'e and the base of the occipital process, which last
is roughened in ridges. Barbels as long as the head. Fins as
in the last species, except that the anterior portion of the anal fin
is as deep as the head (excluding the snout) is long. Colour
silvery, darkest superiorly.
Hob. A single specimen captured at Moulmein.
25. Genus BATRACHOCEPHALUS, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals five. Gill-membranes united at the throat,
without a notch, not confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Cleft
of mouth wide ; lower jaw the longer. Eyes with a free circular
margin. Nostrils approximating, the posterior provided with a
valve. Barbels two, rudimentary, and inserted at the chin. Teeth
obtusely conical in either jaw, with an interspace between the
outer and the inner rows, in a broad longitudinal band on the
palate ; none on the vomer. Dorsal fin with one spine and seven
rays, inserted in advance of the ventrals ; adipose fin short. Anal
of moderate length, not confluent with the caudal, which is forked.
Ventral with six rays. Air-bladder not enclosed by bone. An
axillary pore.
192 TELEOSTEI. PUYSOSTOMI.
Geographical Distribution. From Beluchistan through the seas,
estuaries, and tidal rivers of India to the Malay Archipelago and
beyond.
205. (1.) Batrachocephalus mino. (Fig. 70.)
Ageneiosus mino, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganycs, pp. 159, 375.
Batrachocephalus mino, Day, Fish. India, p. 408, pi. cviii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
B. v. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 20 (5/15). C. 15.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 5, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4 in the length of head, ^ a diameter from
the end of snout, and 1| apart. The greatest width of the head
equals its length behind the middle of the eyes. Gape of mouth
wide, the cleft of the mouth reaches to below the centre of the orbit.
Occipital process rather longer than wide at its base, and lineated
Fig. 70. --Batrachocephalus mino,
in roughened lines. Basal bone crescentic and narrow. Barbels
minute. Teeth in a broad longitudinal band on the palate. Fins
dorsal spine of moderate strength, as long as the head behind the
middle of the eyes ; base of the adipose dorsal equal to half that of
the rayed fin. Dorsal and pectoral spices serrated on both edges.
Upper caudal lobe a little the longer. Colour silvery, darkest
along the back and upper lobe of the caudal fin.
Hob. Seas, estuaries, and tidal rivers of India and Burma to the
Malay Archipelago. Not common, and held in no esteem as food.
26. Genus AKYSIS.
Body somewhat elongated; head broad and covered with soft
skin. Gill-openings of moderate width, the membrane stretching
across the isthmus and being slightly notched posteriorly. Mouth
terminal, the upper jaw slightly the longer. Anterior nostrils
tubular and widely separated from one another and from the pos-
terior nostrils. Barbels eight. Eyes small. Villiform teeth in the
jaws, none on the palate. A short dorsal fin with one spine and
five rays ; pectorals horizontal, ventral with six rays, caudal ernar-
ginate or forked. Lateral line present. Skin tubercular.
Geographical Distribution. These small freshwater forms extend
from the Tenasserim Provinces to the Malay Archipelago.
193
206. (1.) Akysis pictus.
Akysispictus, Giinther,A. M. N. H. (5) xi. 1883, p. 138; Day, Fish.
India, Supplement, 1888, p. 806.
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 9.
Head broader than deep. Eyes twice as far from the gill-opening
as from the end of the snout. The distance of the anterior nostrils
apart equals about half the length of the snout, while the interspace
between the anterior and posterior nostril equals half that between
the front pair. Barbels nasal half as long as the head, maxillary
reaching to the origin of the dorsal fin, the outer mandibular to
the axil of the pectoral, the inner are shorter. Fins dorsal com-
mencing midway between -the snout and the adipose fin, its spine
comparatively strong. Anal arising nearer to the root of the caudal
than to that of the pectoral. Caudal emarginate ; pectoral extend-
ing a little beyond the origin of the dorsal, its spine strong and
entire ; ventrals reaching the vent. Colour head greyish, with
minute black spots ; body anteriorly black ; this colour is contracted
behind into an irregular band that runs along the middle of the
posterior part of the body and tail. Dorsal fin with a black band
covering all but its front corner and upper edge; caudal and
pectoral banded.
Hob. Tenasserim ; growing to 45 millim. long (1*8 inches).
27. Genus BAGARIUS, Bleeker.
Brauchiostegals twelve. Gill-inembranes not confluent with the
skin of the isthmus, having a free posterior edge and notched half-
way to the chin. Head depressed, its upper surface osseous.
Mouth anterior; upper jaw the longer. Eyes with free orbital
margins. Nostrils approximating, the posterior provided with a
barbel. Barbels eight one nasal, one maxillary, and two man-
dibular pairs. Teeth in jaws pointed and of unequal size ; palate
edentulous. Thorax destitute of any adhesive apparatus. First
dorsal fin in advance of the ventrals, having one spine and six
ravs ; adipose fin present. Ventral with six rays. Anal of moderate
length. Caudal deeply forked. Air-bladder small, consisting of
two rounded portions enclosed in bone. An axillary pore.
The air- or swim-bladder of this fish is present, but small. Taylor
(' Gleanings in Science/ ii, p. 1 72) remarks that the P. bayharia
(Bayarius yarrellii) " has also two air-bladders, which closely
resemble the former (Saccobranchus, &c.) in the argentine tendinous
texture of the external coat, and in having no communication with
each other or with the alimentary canal. They are situated one on
each side of the body, in a deep groove or furrow of the con-
solidated transverse processes of the cervical vertebra), and are
extremely small in proportion to the bulk of the fish ; each of them,
in an individual weighing 10 Ibs., not exceeding a large garden-pea
194 TELE08TEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
iu size ; they are placed iu the middle of the grooves at about an
equal distance from the common integuments (immediately behind
the pectoral fins) and the vertebral column : the space between each
of them and the former being filled up with adipose substance,
whilst that next to the spine is occupied by the malleus."
Geographical Distribution. Throughout the course of the larger
rivers of the Punjab, India, and Burma, and extending to the
Malay Archipelago.
207. (1.) Bagarius yarrellii. (Fig. 71.)
Pimelodus bagarius, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 186, 378, pi. 7,
fig. 02.
Bagrus yarrellii, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 370, pi. 65, fig. 1.
Bagarius yarrellii, Day, Fish. Indict, p. 4!5, pi. cxv, tig. 3 (see
synon.).
Boonch or Goonch, Hind. (N. W. P.); Goreufi, Assam: Rahti jcllah
Tel. ; Sfih-lun, Ooriah ; Mutmula and T/iarof.ti, Mavathi.
w
Fig. 71. JJayarius yarrellii.
13. xii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/12. V. 6. A. 13-15 (3/10-12). C. 17.
Length of head 3f , of caudal fin 4|, height of body 5 in the total
length excluding the prolonged caudal ray. Eyes small, situated
in the middle of the length of the head. The greatest width of
the head equals from two thirds of its length in the young to its
entire length in the adult, its upper surface is rugose in irregular
bands and lines. Upper jaw the longer, the extent of the gape
of the mouth equal to four sevenths of the length of the head.
Barbels the maxillary with broad bases and rather longer than the
head ; the nasal pair short. Teeth sharp, and of unequal size in
the jaws, an outer widely separated row of larger ones in the man-
dibles. Fins dorsal spine smooth, with an elongated soft termi-
nation, the osseous portion as long as the head excluding the
snout ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal as long as that of
the rayed fin. Pectoral spine stronger than that of the dorsal and
equally long, serrated internally, and having a soft prolongation.
Caudal deeply forked, its upper lobe prolonged. Skin somewhat
scabrous over the summit of the head, and slightly so on the body.
Colour body grey or yellowish, with large, irregular, brown or
black markings and cross bands. A black base to all the fins, and
generally also a dark band across each.
Hob. Large rivers of India and Java, descending to the estuaries.
,
8ILUBDXE. 1 195
It attains 6 feet or more in length, and is often termed a " fresh-
water shark," parti)' on account of its voracity, and partly because
of its underhung mouth and general ugliness.
This fish takes a live-bait, but is difficult to kill ; it is sluggish,
goes to the bottom, and it generally escapes by destroying the
tackle. Mr. Van Cortland, at the end of 1875, angling at the Okla
weir, a few miles below Delhi, killed one which was 5 feet long
and weighed 136 Ibs.
28. Genus GLYPTOSTERNUM, McClelland.
Syn. Glyptothorax, Blyth.
Branchiostegals from six to about ten. Gill-openings rather
wide; gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus, but
with thefr posterior margin remaining free. Head rather depressed
and covered with soft skin. Eyes small, subcutaneous. Mouth
inferior, transverse, with the upper jaw the longer. Nostrils close
together, separated by a barbel. Barbels eight one nasal, one
maxillary, and two maudibular pairs, the maxillary with broad
bases. Villiform teeth in the jaws ; palate edentulous. Dorsal fin
with a spine and six or seven rays ; an adipose fin present. Pectoral
horizontal, with a strong spine, some of its rays being occasionallv
plaited inferiorly. An adhesive apparatus, composed of longitu-
dinal plaits, exists between the bases of the two pectoral fins on
the chest. Ventral with six rays, situated posterior to the dorsal.
Anal with a moderate (9-12) number of rays. Caudal forked.
Air-bladder in two lateral portions more or less enclosed in
bone.
Geographical Distribution. These fishes are found along the
Himalayas and the rivers at their bases from Afghanistan to the
extreme east of Assam, also in the Malay Archipelago. They are
also present in some rivers in the plains of India, but usually not
far removed from hills. They appear especially adapted for strong
streams and those of hilly districts.
It is open to question whether some of the following might not
more properly be termed varieties than species. Roughness of the
external edge of the pectoral spine may exist in species in which
the spine is normally smooth.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. 11-13. Length of head 5 to 5} in the
total. Maxillary barbels reach pec-
toral fin. Pectoral spine rough or
smooth externally. Dorsal spine
smooth. Brown, with black marks. 1. G. lonah, p. 196.
A. 13. Length of head in the total.
Maxillary barbels reach the pectoral
fin. Ciiestnut-browu, with two
light longitudinal bands 2. (Jr. trilineattim, p. 197.
02
} 96 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
A. 11-12. Width of head two thirds of
its length. Adhesive apparatus
rather elongated and narrow. Max-
illary barbels reacb middle of pec-
toral fin 3. G. conirostre, p. 198.
A. 11-12. Pupil of eyes transversely
oval. Maxillary barbels reach to
below the hind edge of the eye. Skin
roughened with small spinate tube-
rosities 4. G. botium, p. 198.
A. 11. Pupil of eyes circular. Maxil-
lary barbels reach to below the hind
edge of the eyes. Skin looks as if
it had scales imbedded in it o. G. tekhitta, p. 199.
A. 11. Head 4f in the total length.
Maxillary barbels reach first third of
the pectorals 6. G. striatum, p. 200.
A. 10-11. Maxillary barbels reach base
of pectoral fin. Dorsal spine with
serrations on both edges 7. G. madraspatamnn, p. 200.
A. 0-11. Width of head nearly equals
its length. Maxillary barbels reach
base of pectoral spine. Adhesive
apparatus wider than long 8. G. pectinopterum, p. 201 .
A. 0. Upper surface of head with ele-
vated spots. Maxillary barbels as
long as the head 9. G. cavia, p. 202.
208. (1.) Glyptosternum lonah. (Fig. 72.)
Bagrus lonah, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 371.
Glyptosternum lonah, Day, Fish, India, p. 49(5, pi. cxiii, fig. 5 (st-e
syuon.).
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 11-13 (3-4/8-10). C. 15-17.
Length of head 5 to 5^, of caudal fin 5, height of body 7 in the
total length. Ej/es slightly behind the middle of the length of
the head, the width of the interorbital space equals one third to
two sevenths of the length of the head. Width of head nearly or
quite equals its length; upper surface rough. Width of gape of
mouth 2| to 3 in the length of the head. Lips not fringed.
Occipital process nearly or quite four times as long as broad.
Thoracic adhesive apparatus rather elongated, reaching to the
first third of the pectoral spine, its plaits are scarcely branched.
Barbels the nasal reach halfway to the orbit, the maxillary extend
to the base or first third of the pectoral, the outer mandibular
air to the gill-opening, the inner are shorter. Fins dorsal
igher than the body, its spine rather slender, enveloped in skin,
If to 2| in the length of the head ; adipose dorsal with its base
longer than that of the first dorsal, and equal to half the interspace
between the two fins. Pectoral spine moderately broad, internally
strongly denticulated, externally roughened in some specimens,
smooth in others, the fin does not nearly reach the ventral.
SILUBIDvE. 197
Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle twice as long as high in the
young, two thirds in the adult. Colour yellowish brown, banded
with blackish; fins yellow; dorsal, caudal, and anal with black
bands.
Fig. 12. Glyptosternum onah.
Hal. Deccan, attaining at least 6 inches in length. I have
taken this species at Poona, and also in the head-waters of the
Jumna.
209. (2.) Glyptosternum trilineatnm..
Glyptothorax trilineatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 154.
Glyptosternum trilineatum, Day, Fish. India, p. 497, pi. cxvi, fig. 3
(see synon.).
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 13 (3/10). C. 19.
Length of head 6, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes small, behind or in the middle of the length of
the head. Head about as long as broad and covered with soft skin,
snout obtuse. Lips not fringed. Occipital process nearly three
times as long as broad. Barbels the maxillary reach to the end
of the head ; nasal barbels nearly to the orbit ; the external man-
dibular pair longer than the internal, and reaching to the base of
the pectoral fin. Thoracic adhesive apparatus rather large. Teeth
villiform in the jaws, none on the palate. Fins dorsal fin as high
as the body, its spine weak, slightly serrated posteriorly, and its
bony portion rather above half the length of the head; adipose
dorsal of moderate height, its base being equal to more than that
of the first dorsal, and to about half the distance between the two
fius. Pectoral spine rather broad, denticulated internally, smooth
externally, reaching two thirds of the distance to the base of the
ventral. Caudal deeply forked. Skin smooth. Caudal peduncle
198 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
twice as long as high. Colour chestnut-brown, with a light streak
along the back, another along the lateral lino, and a third near the
abdominal margin.
ffab. Burma, Tenasserim, and Nepal; attaining 12 inches or
more in length.
210. (3.) Glyptosternum conirostre.
Glyptosternum conirostre, Steindachner, Sitzunysb. Ak. Wiss. IVien,
Iv, 1" Abth. 1867, p. 532, pis. v, vi, figs. 2 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 497,
pi. cxvi, fig. 5.
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/9. V. G. A. 11-12 (2/9-10). C. 17.
Length of head 5|, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5| in the
total length. Eyes slightly behind the middle of the length of
the head, the width of the interorbital space equals one fourth of
the length of the head. The width of the head equals two thirds
of its length. Upper jaw the longer ; the width of the gape of the
mouth equals half of the length of the head. Lips not fringed.
Occipital process three times as long as wide. Barbels the
maxillary have broad bases and extend to the middle of the pectoral
fin ; the nasal, which have a very wide fringe, reach the hinder
edge of the eye ; the outer mandibular, which are also broad, to
the gill-openings ; the inner are shorter. Teeth generic. Fins
dorsal as high as the body or rather higher, its spine strong, as long
as the head behind the nostrils and smooth, serrated posteriorly in
some specimens ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal exceeding
that of the rayed fin, and equal to two thirds of the extent of the
interspace between the two fins. Pectoral reaching nearly to the
ventral, the spine strong, as long as that of the dorsal, not striated
inferiorly, and having about 13 denticulations internally. Ventral
does hot quite reach the anal. Caudal forked. Adhesive apparatus
in the chest rather broad, horseshoe-shaped, convex in front, with
a large smooth space inside. Caudal peduncle about as high at
its base as it is long. Colour brownish, fins yellow, stained with
black.
This fish has a considerable similarity to G. pectinopterum, but
possesses a wider mouth, a narrower head, broader barbels, a
higher caudal peduncle, and a more elongated adhesive apparatus.
Hob. Himalayan streams. Specimens from Kangra have the
pectoral spine serrated externally.
211. (4.) Glyptosternum botram.
Pimelodus botius, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 192, 378.
Glyptosternum botia, Day, Fish. India, p. 497, pi. cxiii, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 11-12 (2/9-10). C. 18.
Length of head 5J, of caudal fin 4|, height of body 6| in the
total length. Eyes pupils transversely oval, small, situated in
the commencement of the front half of the head ; the width of the
interorbital space, which is convex, equal to one third of the length
SILURID.E. 199
of the head. The greatest width of the head equals its length
excluding the snout. Upper jaw the longer; the width of the
mouth equals one third of the length of the head. Barbels eight,
the maxillary reach to below the hind edge of the eyes, the nasal
halfway to the orbibs, the mandibular pairs are short. Teeth
villiform in the jaws. Fins dorsal spine smooth, as long as the
head excluding the snout; length of the base of the adipose
fin equal to one third of the interspace between the two fins.
Pectoral reaching two thirds of the distance to the ventral, the
spine strong, as long as the head excluding the snout, and with
about twenty strong teeth internally. Ventral reaching the anal.
Caudal deeply lobed, lobes of equal length. Adhesive apparatus
well-marked. Skin roughened with small spiny tuberosities
arranged in longitudinal rows all over the body. Free portion of
the tail twice as long as high at its base. Colour brownish,
intermixed with yellow, and blotched with blackish. Pins yellow
with black marks and spots.
This fish very closely resembles G. telcliitta, but has a more
roughened skin, whilst the profile of the eye is transversely oval.
Hamilton Buchanan (MSS.) observes of this species in the Eangpur
district, " the Eliot Mayur of the Dharka if possible is still uglier
(than the Eretliistes conta). The people of Bhutan are said to be
remarkably fond of it, from whence its name is derived. The people
of Behar will not eat it."
Hob. It is common at Delhi. Hamilton Buchanan observed
that it was from the northern rivers of Bengal, and attained
6 inches in length.
212. (5.) Glyptosternum telchitta.
Pimelodus telchitta, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 185, 378.
Glyptosternum telchitta, Day, Fish. India, p. 498, pi. cxvi, fig. 2
(see synon,).
Gooacherah, Beng. ; TeUiah, Hind. (N. W. P.).
B. vi. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 11 (2/9). C. 17.
Length of head 5-| to 5|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 7| to 8 in
the total length. Eyes small, with a circular pupil situated in the
middle of the length or in the commencement 'of the posterior half
of the head ; interorbital space flat, its width 3| to 4 in the length of
the head. The greatest width of the head equals three fourths of
its length. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the
mouth equals one third of the length of the head ; lips not fringed.
Opercle ends posteriorly in an elongated pointed termination ;
occipital process three times as long as wide at its base. Barbels
the nasal very short, the maxillary reach to rather behind the
posterior edge of the orbit : the outer mandibular pair reach the
gill-opening, the internal are shorter. Teeth generic. Fins
dorsal nearly as high as the body, the spine, which is four sevenths
as long as the head, has a soft continuation, is slightly enveloped
in skin and entire ; adipose dorsal of moderate height, the extent
200 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
of its base equal to that of the rayed fin, or half that of the inter-
space between the two fins. Pectoral spine broad, reaching two
thirds of the distance to the base of the ventral, smooth externally,
bearing from 13 to 14 teeth internally, and not plaited below.
Caudal deeply forked. Thoracic adhesive apparatus rather large,
its plaits nearly longitudinal. Skin everywhere covered with small
longitudinal elevations, like scales, imbedded in it. Free portion
of the tail twice as long as high at its base. Colour blackish-
brown, fins yellow with black bands; caudal blackish, with a yellow
Hah. Punjab, N.W. Provinces, Bengal, and Behar. This species
attains 5 or 6 inches in length.
213. (6.) Glyptosternum striatnm.
Glyptosternum striatum, McClelland, Calc. Jour. N. II. ii, p. 587 ;
JUay, Fish. India, p. 498 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/11. V. 6. A. 11 (2/9). C. 15.
Length of head 4f , of caudal 5, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes situated in about the middle of the length of the
head, the width of the interorbital space equal to one third of the
length of the head. Head nearly as broad as long. Upper jaw
the longer, the width of the gape of the mouth equals half the
length of the head. Lips not fringed. Occipital process three
times as long as wide at its base. Barbels the maxillary reach
beyond the base of the pectoral fin. Fins dorsal higher than the
body, its spine slender, half as long as the head and enveloped in
skin ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal two thirds of that
of the interspace between the two fins. Pectoral spine much
stronger than that of the dorsal, with about twenty fine denticu-
lations internally and striated along the under surface. Free
portion of the tail twice as long as high at its base. Colour
uniform brown.
Hob. Khasi hills in Assam ; attaining at least 8| inches in
length.
214. (7.) Glyptosternum madraspatannm.
Glyptostemum madraspatanum, Day, Jour. L. S. xi, p. 520 ; Fish.
India, p. 498, pi. cxvi, fig. 4.
B. vi. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 10-11 (2-3/8-9). C. 17.
Length of head 5 to 5|, of caudal 4 to 4f, height of body 6|
in the total length. Eyes small, situated in the middle or the
commencement of the posterior half of the head, the distance
between the eyes equals two sevenths of the length of the head.
The greatest width of the head equals its length behind the front
nostrils. Upper surface of the head rather rough, upper jaw the
longer ; the width of the mouth equals two fifths of the length of
the head ; lips not fringed. Occipital process very narrow, four
times as long as wide at its base. Barbels the maxillary reach
the base of the pectoral, the nasal two thirds to three fourths of
the distance to the orbit ; the outer mandibular to the gill-
SILUHID2E. 201
openings, whilst the internal are a little shorter. Teeth generic.
Fins dorsal spine rather strong, not enveloped in skin, serrated
posteriorly, and in some specimens anteriorly in its upper third.
It is as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth ; base of
adipose rather longer than that of the rayed dorsal fin. Pectoral
almost reaches the ventral, pectoral spine not plaited, moderately
strong and three fourths as long as the head. Caudal peduncle
half as high as long. Skin smooth. Colour yellowish, with
dark bands; fins also yellow, with black bands. Air-bladder
apparently absent.
Hal. Bhavani river at the foot of the Nilgiri hills, where I
obtained 16 specimens up to 5 inches in length.
f 215. (8.) Glyptosternum. pectinoptemm.
Glyptostemum pectinopterum, McClelland, Calc. Jour. N. H. ii,
p. 587 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 499, pi. cxvi,fig. 6 (see synon.).
hf Punjabi (at Chuniba) ; Nttng-grare, Punj. in Beas R., if small,
Ktu/yar, if large ; No-woo, Punj. at Kangra.
B.x. D. | 0. P. 1/8-9. V.6. A. 9-11 (J=|). C. 17. Vert. 15-17.
Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal 5| to 6. height of body 6 in
the total length. Eyes in the middle of the length of the head,
the width of the interorbital space equals 3f in the length of the
head. The width of the head nearly or quite equals its length.
Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the mouth 2| to 3
in the length of the head. Lips not fringed. Occipital process
three times as long as wide at its base. Barbels the maxillary
extend nearly to the middle of the pectoral fin ; the nasal reach
the orbit ; the outer mandibular to the base of the pectoral, whilst
the inner are rather shorter. Teeth generic. Fins dorsal
nearly as high as the body, the spine rather slender, and more
than half as long as the head ; in many specimens up to three or
four inches in length the soft termination of the spine is continuous
with it, and on bending it appears as if there were numerous
points anteriorly, this appearance is usually lost in the adult fish :
base of the adipose dorsal rather longer than that of the rayed fin
and equal to four fifths of the interspace between the two fins.
Pectoral extends three fifths of the distance to the ventral;
pectoral spine flattened, strong, as long as the head excluding the
snout, and having coarse denticulations internally. The outer
rays of the ventral and pectoral are plaited inferiorly; this
appearance is usually lost in specimens preserved in spirit unless
the alcohol was very strong at the commencement. Caudal
peduncle one third to twice as long as high at its base. Adhesive
apparatus well marked. Colour uniform brown, with a yellowish
mark along the back ; fins yellow, stained with black. Air-bladder
in two lateral portions, partially enclosed in bony capsules formed
by a trumpet-shaped process from the anterior vertebra.
Hal. Himalayas throughout the Punjab, and at Kangra, Simla,
and Darjeeling.
202 TELEOSTBI. PHYSOSTOMI.
216. (9.) Glyptosternum cavia.
Pimelodus cavia, Ham. Buch. Fish Ganges, pp. 188, 378.
Glyptosternum cavia, Day, Fish. India, p. 499 (see synon.).
Kanya tenggara, Hind.
D. 1/6 [ 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 9 (3/6). C. 17.
" It is flattened before, conical behind, and all its upper parts
are scabrous from elevated spots." " Head very large, a good
deal flattened, blunt, and covered above with bony plates, forming
various ridges.'' Upper jaw the longer. Barbel? nasal very
short, the maxillary as long as the head, the two mandibular pairs
shorter. Teeth none 011 the palate. Fins dorsal spine blunt,
rough, but not serrated on the anterior surface ; adipose fin small
and rough ; pectoral spine serrated on both edges ; lower caudal
lobe the longer. Colour " lurid, and the back is variegated with
brown dots, collected into cloud-like marks, while the sides have a
gloss like silver, changing into the hue of copper. The abdomen
is of a dirty livid appearance. Across the tail are two transverse
bars, and on the tail-fin a third, all of which have fewer clots than
the adjacent parts. The eyes are white."
Hab. Rivers of Northern Bengal, where this fish attains about
6 inches in length.
29. Genus EUGLYPTOSTERNUM, Bleeker.
Syn. Aclyptostenon, Bleeker.
Dorsal profile nearly horizontal; head covered with soft skin.
Gill-openings rather wide ; the gill-membranes confluent with the
skin of the isthmus, but with a free posterior margin. Mouth
transverse, upper jaw the longer. Eyes small, subcutaneous.
Nostrils close together, separated by a barbel. Barbels eight.
Teeth villiform in the jaws and on the palate. Dorsal fin with a
spine and six rays ; an adipose dorsal present. Pectorals hori-
zontal, with an adhesive apparatus on the chest formed by
longitudinal plaits of skin. Anal short (11 to 13 rays), not
continuous with the caudal, which is forked. Ventrals situated
behind the dorsal, and consisting of six rays. Air-bladder in two
lateral portions, enclosed in bone.
Geoyrapliiccd Distribution, lliver Coic near Aleppo, Upper
Assam, and the Jumna river.
217. (1.) Euglyptosternum lineatum. (Fig. 73.)
Euglyptosternum lineatum, Day, Fish. India, p. 600, pi. cxvi, fig. 7.
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 12-13 (3/9-10). C. 17.
Length of head 4, of caudal 5| to 6, height of body 6 to 7 in
the total length. Eyes small, situated about 2 diameters behind
or else in the middle of the length of the head, the width of the
interorbital space one fourth of the length of the head. Head
KTLTJBIDJB.
203
rather flattened, its greatest width equals its length behind the
nostrils. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the
mouth equals half the length of the head. Lips smooth. Occi-
pital process three times as long as wide at its base. Barbels
the nasal nearly reach to the orbit ; the maxillary pair are as long
as the head, the outer mandibular reach the gill-opening, the inner
are shorter. Teeth villiform in the jaws, and in one large patch
Fig. IS.Eiifflypfostcrnum lineatnm.
extending across the palate, and so closely approximating to the
premaxillary teeth that they appear like a single large band.
Adhesive apparatus on the thorax distinct. Fins the dorsal as
high as the body; its spine strong, entire, and about half the
length of the head; adipose dorsal of moderate height, the length
of its base equalling that of the rayed fin, or half the interspace
between the two fins. Pectoral spine very strong, smooth ex-
ternally, denticulated internally with about 9 or 10 teeth, and
reaching two thirds of the distance to the base of the ventral.
Caudal deeply forked. Skin smooth. Caudal peduncle twice as long
as high. Colour brown, with a narrow light band along the side.
Hah. The Jumna river, and also near Sadiya in Upper Assam ;
growing to 12-5 inches in length.
30. Genus ERETHISTES*, MUller and Troschel.
Syn. Hara, Blyth.
Head osseous above, somewhat depressed. Mouth small, sub-
* See P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 122, " On the identity of the Siluroid Genera
rcthisteK and Hara," by Francis Day.
204 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
inferior ; besides the occipital and humero-cubital processes there is
a strong scapular one, none of the processes are covered by skin.
Gill-openings narrow, the membranes being confluent with the
skin of the isthmus. Eyes small, without a free orbital edge.
Nostrils close together, separated by a small barbel. Barbels
eight, the maxillary with broad bases. Villiform teeth in the jaws ;
palate edentulous. First dorsal fin arising slightly in front of the
ventrals, having a serrated spine and- five or six branched rays :
adipose dorsal present. Ventral with six rays. Pectoral with a
serrated spine. Air-bladder not enclosed in bone.
Geographical Distribution. From the Mahanadi river in the
West to the Salween in British Burma. This genus extends inland
to the Mor river at Beerbhoom in Bengal, to Assam (where in the
Brahmaputra and waters in its vicinity the finest specimens are
procured), and also as high as Mandalay in Upper Burma. It has
been reported from Chusan by McClelland.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Blunt spiny ossicles in the skin. Serrations on
outer edge of pectoral spine, directed alter-
nately forwards and backwards. No elongate
caudal ray 1. E. ham, p. 204.
Skin tuberculate. Serrations on outer edge of
pectoral spine directed backwards. Upper
caudal ray elongate 2. E. conta, p. 205.
Skin smooth. Serrations on outer edge of pectoral
spine directed b.ickwards. Spine elongated.
No prolonged caudal ray 3. E.jerdoni, p. 200.
Skin tuberculate. Head 6| in the total length.
Dorsal spine serrated on both edges. Both
caudal lobes elongated 4. E. elongatns, p. 207.
218. (1.) Erethistes hara. (Fig. 74.)
Pimelodus Lara, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 190, 378.
Erethistes hara, Day, Fish. India, p. 452, pi. cii, fig 1 (adult), fig. 2
(half-grown) (see synon.).
Nga-kyouk-pah, Burmese.
D. 1/6 \ 0. P. 1/6. V. 6. A. 10-11 (3/7-8). C. 15.
Length of head 4 to 4|, of caudal 5, height of body 4| to 5 in
the total length. Eyes diameter about 10 in the length of head,
situated in the commencement of the hind half of the head, 3
diameters apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length,
and one third or a fourth more than its height. Upper jaw
slightly the longer, the width of the mouth equal to oue third of
the length of the head. A semilunar subcutaneous bone surrounds
the anterior and lower margins of the nasal orifices, which are close
together but divided by a barbel. Median longitudinal groove on
the head shallow and reaching to opposite the hind edge of the eye
Occipital process from twice in the adult to about three times in
SJLTTRIDJB. 205
the young as long as it is wide at its base ; humero-cubital process
elongated and rugose, having two rounded osseous projections
posteriorly; between the humero-cubital and occipital processes
is a third intermediate one, the scapular, directed somewhat down-
wards ; the basal bone of the dorsal fin considerably dilated
externally. Barbels the nasal short, the maxillary reach the base
of the pectoral fin, the' mandibular arise on a transverse line, the
external reach the gill-openings, whilst the internal are shorter.
Teeth none on the palate. Fins dorsal spine stout, from three
fourths to nearly as long as the head (in the adult comparatively
longest, as is also the pectoral spine), serrated posteriorly, and
sometimes rugose anteriorly ; length of the base of the adipose
dorsal four sevenths of that of the rayed fin, and equal to the length
of the interspace between the two fins : the adipose fin is one third
longer than high. Pectoral spine from as long as, to one fourth
Fig. 11. Erethistes hara.
longer than, the head, strong, flattened, denticulated internally and
serrated externally, each alternate tooth (in many, especially small
specimens) being directed anteriorly or posteriorly ; the pectoral fin
reaches the ventral, and the latter the anal, this last being highest
anteriorly. Caudal forked. Skin covered with small, pointed
elevations, which in the posterior part of the body are arranged in
parallel lines, they are also seen on the cheeks. When the fish is
captured the secretion from each of these orifices forms over it
a rounded incrustation, causing the skin to appear tuberculated.
Air-bladder large and not enclosed in bone. Colour yellowish
brown, banded or blotched darker ; fins with black bands or mark-
ings; all the barbels annulated with black.
Jfab. Rivers and contiguous pieces of water, from Orissa, through
Bengal, Assam, and Burma ; attaining at least 5| inches in length.
Specimens from the Naga hills are more deeply coloured, and the
under surface of the chest is covered with the orifices of numerous
glands.
219. (2.) Erethistes conta.
Pimelodus conta, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 191, 378.
Erethistes conta, Day, Fish. India, p. 453, pi. cii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Nga-that-to (Upper Burma) ; Nga-kouk-thwa (Ba&sein), Burmese.
206 TELEOSTEI.- -PHYSOSTOMI.
IX 1/6 | 0. P. 1/6. V.6. A. 11(3/8). C. 17.
Length of head 5, of caudal 4|, height of body 4 iu the total
length (excluding the filamentous prolongation of the upper lobe of
the caudal fin). Eyes situated slightly behind the middle of the
length of the head, diameter 8 in the length of the head, and 2|
diameters apart. The greatest width of the head rather less than its
length. Upper jaw slightly the longer, median longitudinal groove
on the head rather deep and extending to the base of the occipital pro-
cess, which latter is three times as long as wide at its base ; humero-
cubital process elongated, rough, and with two rounded osseous
projections posteriorly ; between the humero-cubital and occipital
process is a third intermediate one, the scapular, directed some-
what downwards ; basal bone of the dorsal fin not dilated externally.
Barbels the nasal short, the maxillary as long as the head, the
mandibular, which arise on a transverse line, shorter. Fins
dorsal spine strong, nearly as long as the head, rugose anteriorly,
denticulated posteriorly ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal
equal to that of the first dorsal fin, or the interspace between the
two fins ; the adipose fin is one third as high as long. Pectoral
spine rather shorter than the head, denticulated internal!}', and
with backwardly directed serrations externally. Caudal forked,
its upper lobe having a filamentous prolongation. Skin covered
with smooth tubercles, most of which are on a rounded base.
Colour as in E. Jiara, except that the mandibular barbels do not
appear ever to be annulated with black, and sometimes even the
maxillary pair are destitute of colour.
Hob. Eastern Bengal, Assam, Burma as far as the Tenasserim
provinces, whence Major Berdmore sent 5 or 6 specimens to the
Calcutta Museum. This species is found as high up the Irrawaddy
as Prome, and I have also taken it at Bassein.
220. (3.) Erethistes jerdoni.
Kara jerdoni, Day, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 39.
Erethistes jerdoni, Day, Fish. India, p. 453, pi. cii, tig. 3 (see synon.).
D. 1/5 j 0. P. 1/6. V. 6. A. 10. C. 12.
Length of head 3f, of caudal 6, height of body 4 in the total
length. Eyes in the anterior half of the head, 3 diameters from
end of snout. Head one half wider than high opposite the opercles.
Median longitudinal groove extends nearly to the base of the
occipital process, where it terminates in a small depression. Oc-
cipital procees half longer than wide at its base ; cubito-humeral
process of an elongated triangular shape, having two prominent
ossicles posterior to it ; between these two processes is a third.
Barbels the maxillary reach the gill-opening, the others are
shorter. Fins dorsal spine half as long as the head, serrated
posteriorly ; the length of the base of the adipose dorsal is two
thirds of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine flattened and rather
longer than the distance between the snout and the base of the
207
dorsal fin; when laid flat it reaches as far as the posterior end of
the ventrals, it has 12 strong denticulations internally, 26 smaller
ones, directed backwards, externally. All the caudal rays elongate,
outer rays not produced. Skin smooth. Colour brownish, irre-
gularly banded, barbels annulated with black.
Hab. Sylhet district, growing to at least 1-5 inches in length.
221. (4.) Erethistes elongatus.
Hara elongata, Day, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 704.
Erethistes elongata, Day, Fish. India, p. 453, pi. cii fig. 5.
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/6. Y. 6. A. 10 (3/7). C. 17.
Length of head 6|, of caudal 4, height of body 7 in the total
length^ Eyes small, situated in the posterior half of the head.
Occipital process three times as long as it is wide at its base. The
scapular and cubito-humeral processes well developed, the last
having an oval ossicle posterior to it. Fins dorsal spine stout,
as long as the head, anteriorly strongly denticulated, the teeth
being directed downwards, also slightly serrated posteriorly.
Pectoral spine one fourth longer than that of the dorsal and
serrated on both edges, most strongly internally. Yentral ex-
tending two thirds of the distance to the anal ; caudal deeply
forked, its outer rays being prolonged. Skin covered with
tubular pores. Colour brownish, banded with darker; fins yellow
with black bands.
Hab. Naga Hills, whence a single specimen was procured.
31. Genus GAGATA, Bleeker.
Syn. Batasio, pt., Blyth ; Callomystcuv, Giinther.
Branchiostegals five to seven. Gill-openings rather narrow, the
gill-membranes being confluent with the skin of the isthmus.
Thorax smooth. Upper surface of the head with sharp longitu-
dinal ridges, and covered by thin skin. Eyes subcutaneous.
Snout overhanging the mouth. Nostrils close together, the
anterior rounded, the posterior provided with a valve and usually
with a barbel. Barbels eight, one pair nasal (sometimes rudi-
mentary), one maxillary, and two mandibular pairs arising on a
transverse line behind the chin, and usually with stiff bases.
Yilliform teeth in jaws ; palate edentulous. First dorsal with one
spine and six or seven rays ; adipose of moderate length. Pectoral
spine strong. Yeutral with six rays and situated farther back
than the dorsal fin. Anal with a moderate (11-16) number of
rays. Caudal forked. Air-bladder in two rounded portions, each
of which is enclosed in an osseous cup.
Geographical Distribution. Itivers of Hind, India (except Madras),
and Burma.
208 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. {, A. 14-16. Six barbels and a rudimentary
nasal pair. Copper coloured, with dark
blotches and banded fins in the young ; dull
grey, with black fins in the adult 1. G. cenia, p. 208.
D. i, A. 12-14. Eight barbels. Copper
coloured with dark blotches 2. G. itchkeea, p. 209.
D. 4, A. 1C. Eight barbels. Body with two
dotted stripes 3. G. batasio, p. 209.
D. }, A. 14. Eight barbels. A dark blotch
above the pectoral fin, another on the crown
of the head. Dorsal and caudal dotted,
edges nearly black 4. G. tenyana, p. 210.
222. (1.) Gagata cenia. (Fig. 75.)
Pirnelodus gagata, Ham. Buck . Fish . Ganges, pp. 197, 379, pi. 39, fig. G5.
Pimelodus cenia, Ham. Buck. 1. c. p. 174, pi. 31, fig. 57.
Gagata cenia, Day, Fish. India, p. 492, pi. cxv, tigs. 4 (adult), 5
(young) (see synoii.).
Junyla, Bengali ; Cenia, Sind ; Nga-nan-jouny ', Burmese ; Puttah
chettah, Ooriah.
B. v-vi. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 14-10 (3-4/11-12). C. 19.
Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal 4| to 5, height of body 5 to 7
in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in the length of
head (3 in the young), 1 to 1| diameters from the end of snout,
and 1 apart. Head one fourth higher than wide ; snout some-
Fig. 75. (j ay 'at a cenia.
what compressed, overhanging the mouth. The median longitu-
dinal groove on the head deep, and extending to the posterior end
of the occipital process, which is narrow and almost touches the
basal bone of the dorsal fin. Barbels nasal rudimentary ; the
maxillary pair reach to the base of the pectoral spine, or a little
more ; the two mandibular pairs arise on a transverse line across
the chin, the outer are half as long as the head. Fins the dorsal
higher than the body, its first two rays being the longest, spine
moderately strong, as long as, to one fourth longer than, the head ;
it is serrated anteriorly in its upper fourth in the young. Pectoral
reaches to above the ventral ; the spine is stronger, longer or
209
shorter than that of the dorsal, strongly denticulated internally,
serrated externally in its outer fourth. Base of the adipose dorsal
as long as that of the rayed tin. Air-bladder in two lateral portions,
enclosed in bony capsules. Colour dull grey, the outer two
thirds of the pectoral, the outer halves of both dorsals, ventral and
anal black ; caudal whitish. The young are of a yellowish-bronze
colour, becoming silvery on the abdomen; they have three dark
bands over the head, and four more over the back, descending as
low as the lateral line. Caudal with a semilunar black band, or a
black blotch on each lobe ; a dark mark across the dorsal fin.
Uab. Eivers of Bengal and Orissa, the Jumna, Ganges, and
Indus, also Burma; attaining a foot in length.
223. (2.) Gagata itchkeea.
Phractocephalus itchkeea, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 373, t. 67, fig. 1.
Gagata itchkeea, Day, Fish. India, p. 492, pi. cxv, fig. 6 (see
synon.).
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 12-14 (3-4/9-10). 0. 19.
Length of head 5, of caudal fin 4J, height of body 6 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 in the length of head, 1 diameter from
the end of snout, and the same apart. Snout overhanging the
mouth. Median longitudinal groove on the head reaching to the
base of the occipital process ; a lateral process proceeds from the
occiput, curving rather outwards and downwards ; the process at
the shoulder pointed, and as long as the head excluding the snout.
Barbels the nasal reach to the front third of the eye, the maxil-
lary to the middle of the pectoral spine, whilst the two mandibular
pairs (which arise on a transverse line behind the lower lip) are
longer than the head. Teeth villiform in jaws; none on the
palate. Fins dorsal spine smooth, as long as the head posterior
to the nostrils ; pectoral spine equally long and denticulated inter-
nally. Air-bladder in a lobe on either side, bounded superiorly
and partly laterally by the auditory ossicles. Colour yellowish
bronze, becoming silvery on the sides and abdomen ; some dark
blotches along the back descending to halfway down the sides.
A black blotch on either lobe of the caudal, and another on the
dorsal fin.
Hob. Eivers of the Deccan. This appears to be a small species.
224. (3.) Gagata batasio.
Pimelodus batasio, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gani/es, pp. 179, 377.
Gagata batasio, Day, Fish. India, p. 493, pi. xcix, fig. 5 (see synon.).
D. 1/7 | 0. P. I/?. V. 6. A. 16. C. 20.
Head small, as is also the mouth. Eyes small and high up.
Barbels eight, shorter than the head. Fins dorsal spine strong,
210 TELEOSTEI. PHT.8OSTOMI.
entire; pectoral spine strong and serrated internally; caudal
lobed. Colour body diaphanous, having along either side two
stripes spotted with black.
Judging from the mandibular barbels and general structure of
this fish, it would appear to be a Gagata, whilst it is observed
" there is no slit under the throat."
Hab. Eiver Teesta : attaining 3 inches in length.
225. (4.) Gagata tengana.
Pimelodus tengana, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 176, 377, pi. xxxix,
fig. 58.
Gagata tengana, Day, Fish. India, p. 493 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 14 (4/10). C. 15.
Length of head 4, of caudal fin 4, and height of body 4 in the
total length. Eyes of moderate size, situated nearer to the snout
than to the posterior end of the opercle. Back rather prominent.
Width of the head equal to its height, or to its length excluding
the snout. Mouth small, upper jaw slightly the longer. Median
longitudinal groove on the head lanceolate and extending to the
base of the occipital process, which is twice as long as it is wide at
the base, and reaches the basal bone of the dorsal fin. Barbels
the nasal reach the hind edge of the orbit, and all the remainder
are shorter than the head. Fins the first dorsal cut obliquely,
its spine smooth. Pectoral spine serrated internally. Colour
body diaphanous, having a gloss of gold on the sides. On the back
are many black dots which are collected into a blotch above the
pectoral fin, and another blotch exists on the crown of the head.
Dorsal and caudal fins dotted, edges nearly black.
This fish, which is found in Assam, agrees with O. cenia except
that the nasal barbels are described and shown as being much
longer, and the colour differs.
Hab. Brahmaputra river ; attaining to about 3 inches in length.
32. Genus NANGEA, Day.
Branchiostegals five or six. Grill-openings rather wide, and not
adherent or only slightly adherent to the skin of the isthmus.
Thorax smooth. Upper surface of the head with sharp longitu-
dinal ridges and covered by thin skin. Eyes subcutaneous. Snout
overhanging the mouth, which is transverse. Nostrils close to-
gether, the anterior rounded, the posterior with a barbel. Barbels
eight one pair nasal (which may be rudimentary), one maxillary
and two mandibular pairs, the inner of which last are anterior to
the external pair. Villiform teeth in jaws ; palate edentulous.
First dorsal fin with one spine and six to eight rays ; adipose of
moderate length. A pectoral spine. Ventral with six rays situ-
ated farther back than the dorsal. Anal with a moderate number
211
of rays (10-12). Caudal forked. Air-bladder in two rounded
portions each of which is enclosed in bone.
Geographical Distribution. Small fishes found in the Indus,
Jumna, Ganges, and Bengal rivers.
This genus differs from Gagata in its barbels not being placed
in a transverse line behind the chin ; and in its gill-membranes
not being confluent with a broad isthmus but rather deeply notched.
It is allied in some respects to Macrones, but has no teeth on the
palate, whilst its air-bladder is enclosed in bone.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. , A. 10-11. Muddy colour 1. N. buchanani, p. 211.
D. i, A. 11-12. Coppery, glossed with gold
and; having black blotches 2. N. punctata, p. 212.
D. I, A. 11. Two greenish bands descend
from the back 3. 2V. viridescens, p. 212.
226. (1.) Nangra buchanani.
Pimelodus nangra, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 193, 378, pi. xi,
tig. 63.
Naugra buchanani, Day, Fish. India, p. 494, pi. cxiii, fig. 3 (see
synon.).
D. 1/8 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 10-11 (2-3/8-9). C. 17.
Length of head and caudal fin from 4| to 5, height of body 6 in
the total length. Eyes rather high up, in the anterior half of
the head and covered with skin, 1| diameters from the end of
snout. The greatest width of the head equals its length excluding
the snout. Upper jaw considerably the longer, snout rather de-
pressed, mouth wide. Median longitudinal groove deep, ex-
tending to the occipital process up which it is continued; the
occipital process three times longer than wide at its base and
extending to the basal bone of the dorsal fin. Barbels the nasal
longer than the head, the maxillary reach the vent, or even the end
of the anal fin, the outer maudibular the base of the ventral
and the inner (which arise farther forward than the outer pair)
the base of the pectoral. Teeth none on the palate. Fins
dorsal spine weak and entire, half as long as the head in the
very young, longer in larger specimens ; the length of the base of
the adipose dorsal equals that of the anal, or the interspace
between the commencement of the adipose and the end of the base
of the rayed fin; pectoral spine moderately strong, with nine
coarse denticulations internally, and as long as the head without
the snout ; caudal deeply forked, lobes of equal length and pointed.
Air-bladder in two oval portions, each of which is enclosed in a
thin bony capsule which has a round orifice on the outer side.
Colour muddy, with three indistinct vertical greenish half-
bands.
Uab. Ganges, Jumna, and ludus ; attaining two inches in length.
p2
212 TELEOSTEJ. PHYSOSTOJII.
227. (2.) Nangra punctata. (Fig. 7(5.)
Nangra punctata, Day, Fish. India, p. 494, pi. cxv, fig. 8.
B. v. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 11-12 (3-4/8). C. 18.
Length of head 4, of caudal 5|, height of body (>| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1 diameters
from the end of snout, and 1^ apart. The greatest width of the
head is equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth. Snout
compressed, overhanging the mouth, which is transverse. Gill-
Fig. 76. Nangra punctata.
openings rather wide, the skin not confluent with that of the
isthmus. The median longitudinal groove on the head deep, with
raised sides, extending to the base of occipital process, which is
four times as long as wide, and almost reaches the basal bone.
Osseous processes from back of skull and above base of pectoral
tin well developed. Barbels the maxillary reach the base of the
pectoral spine ; the mandibular are shorter than the head, the
internal pair placed anterior to the external pair. The nasal
pair are rudimentary or wanting Teeth those in the upper jaw
placed in front of those in the lower jaw. Fins dorsal spine
strong, smooth, half as long as the head. Pectoral spine very
strong, as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth, and
with about twelve denticulations internally ; it is roughened in its
lower half externally. Colour coppery, glossed with gold on the
sides ; a black blotch on the occiput, and three or four along the
back descending halfway down the sides. A black band on the
dorsal, and some black markings on the caudal.
This fish in appearance is very similar to the young of Gagata
cenia, but may be at once recognized by the position of the barbels
and the broader head.
Uab. The Sone river at Beerbhoom, in Bengal.
228. (3.) Nangra viridescens.
Pimelodus viridescens, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 173, 377
pi. xi, fig. 66.
Nangra viridescens, Day, Fish. India, p. 494, pi. cxv, fig. 7 (see
synon.).
Huddah, Hind.
D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 11 (2/9). C. 21.
Length of head 4 to 4|, of caudal 5, height of body 6 in the
CYPKINID.E. 213
total length. Eyes diameter 4 in the length of the head, ]
diameters from the end of snout, and 1 apart. The greatest width
of the head equals its length behind the angle of the mouth.
Snout overhanging the mouth, which is transverse. Gill-openings
wide, the membranes being notched. Median longitudinal groove
on the head deep, having raised edges, and reaching the base of the
occipital process, which latter is three times as long as wide, and
does not quite reach the basal bone. Osseous processes from
occiput and over base of pectoral fin well developed. Barbels
the maxillary reach the root of the pectoral spine ; the inner
maudibular pair are anterior to the external pair. Teeth none
on the palate. Fins dorsal spine strong, smooth, and half as long
as the head. Pectoral spine strong, externally rough in its lower
half, denticulated internally. Colour glossy gr"eehieh brown on
the batk, with two very light green bands, passing one from the
base of each dorsal fin to the middle of the depth of the body. A
dark band on the dorsal fin, and spots on either lobe of the caudal.
JJab. Rivers of Northern Bengal, not uncommon in the Jumna
at Delhi, and also found at Poona'in the Deccan.
Family IV. CYPRINID^.
Branchiostegals three ; pseudobranchise generally present. Body
oblong or elongate ; abdomen usually rounded, but, if compressed
and cutting, destitute of ossicles. Margin of the upper jaw
formed by the premaxillaries. Opercles in four pieces. Mouth
toothless, but from one to three rows of teeth in the inferior
pharyngeal bones, which latter are strong, free, and parallel to the
branchial arches. A single, rayed dorsal fin. Head scaleless;
body scaled or scaleless, never covered by osseous plates. No
" cul-de-sac " to the stomach, nor pyloric appendages. Air-bladder,
if present, large > it may be divided into two lateral portions
partially or entirely enclosed in a bony capsule (Cobitidince) ; or
by a constriction into an anterior and posterior portion, neither of
which is enclosed by bone (Cyprinintx).
Geographical Distribution. Fresh- waters of the Old World and
North America.
Carps (Cyprinidce) are well represented in the fresh waters and
estuaries of India, Ceylon, and Burma, as they and the Siluridce
compose the great mass of fish residing there, especially if we omit
the migratory Clupeidce. "Wh'ereas Siluroids, as a rule, appear to
prefer muddy water, carps thrive best in those which are clear ; still
many species of this family obtain their subsistence in dirty waters,
for which purpose their barbels may prove of considerable assistance.
There are few members of this family which are such foul feeders
as the Siluroids, consequently carps may be deemed more whole-
some and would be greatly preferable as food were it not for the
214 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
numerous bones with which they are provided. Natives, however,
do not seem to object much to this, and as these fish are very
abundant in places, they enter largely into the diet of the
indigenous population.
Indian carps do not appear to restrict themselves so much to a
vegetable diet as do those in Europe. Those which prey upon
their neighbours, as might be anticipated, are largely represented ;
whilst those small forms that were apparently produced to be
preyed upon are the most prolific.
Synopsis of Indian Subfamilies.
Air-bladder enclosed partially or entirely in a bony
capsule Cobitidina;.
Air-bladder not enclosed in bone, and sometimes
absent Cyprinince.
A. Subfamily COBITIDINA.
Pseudobranchire absent. Body elongate, oblong, compressed, or
cylindrical, but never depressed. Snout and lips fleshy. Mouth
small, inferior, and furnished with from six to twelve barbels.
Pbaryngeal teeth few, and in one row. Vertical fins spineless.
Dorsal fin with a varying number of rays (8-30) ; anal with few
(7-8) ; ventrals present or absent. Scales small and cycloid when
present, and usually immersed in mucus ; rarely present on the
head*. Lateral line single. Air-bladder entirely or partially
enclosed in a bony capsule.
Geographical Distribution. Loaches are found in tanks and rivers
throughout the hills and plains of India and Burma, but apparently
are absent from the Andaman Islands. These fish are mostly
taken by baling out tanks commencing to dry up, but as they move
about in the mud, they are usually difficult to capture.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
A. An erectile spine near the orbit.
Barbels 6 to 8 ; 4 rostral, 2 maxillary, and
sometimes 2 mandibular. Spine
euborbital. Dorsal fin (10 to 15
rays) commencing before the ven-
tral ; caudal forked 1. BOTIA.
Barbels 8; 2 maudibular. Spine before
the orbit. Dorsal fin (12 rays) oppo-
site the ventrals ; caudal forked .... 2. ACANTHOPSIS.
* Lepidoccphalichthys has scales upon its sub- and post-orbital regions, us
well as on the upper portion of the opercles.
CYPBINID-E. COBITIDIN^I. 215
Barbels 6 ; none on mandibles. Eyes pro-
minent. Spine suborbital. Dorsal
fin (10 rays) commences slightly
behind the ventrals ; caudal entire . . 3. SOMILEPTES.
Barbels 8 or more ; 4 rostral, 2 maxillary,
the rest mandibular. Spine sub-
orbital. Dorsal h'n short, commenc-
ing nearly opposite the ventrals;
caudal entire or slightly emarginate.
Scales on the head 4. LEPIDOCEPHALIOHTHYS.
Barbels 0; 1 rostral and 2 maxillary
pairs. Spine suborbital. Dorsal fin
short, in the last third of the body,
but before the anal; ventrals present. 5. ACANTHOPHTHALMUS.
Barbels 8 ; 1 rostral, 2 maxillary, and 1
mandibular pairs. Spine suborbital.
Dorsal fin short (8 rays'), in the last
third of the body, but before the
anal ; no ventrals 6. APUA.
Barbels 8, 2 being mandibular. Spine
suborbital. Dorsal fin long (30 rays),
commencing before the ventral .... 7. JEBDONIA.
B. No erectile spine near the orbit.
Barbels 6 ; 2 pairs rostral, 1 maxillary.
Snout elongate. Eyes elevated.
Dorsal fin of moderate length (13
rays), above the ventrals; caudal
forked 8. NEMACHILICHTHYS.
Barbels ; 2 pairs rostral, 1 maxillary.
Dorsal of moderate length or short
(8 to 17 rays), commencing opposite
the ventrals . . . . 9. NEMACHiLrs.
1. Genus BOTIA, Gray.
Syn. Hymenophysa and Schistura, McClelland ; Diacanthw, Swainson ;
Syncrossus, Blyth.
Body oblong, compressed, with the dorsal profile more or less
elevated. Eye with a free, circular eyelid. Barbels six to eight ;
four on the snout united at their bases, two on the upper jaw ;
when there are eight the extra pair are on the mandibles. A bifid,
erectile, suborbital spine present. Dorsal fin commencing before
the root of the ventral ; caudal forked. No scales on the head. Air-
bladder in two divisions, the anterior partially enclosed in a bony
capsule, whilst the posterior portion is free in the abdominal cavity.
Geographical Distribution. Found throughout the valley of the
Ganges, the Sind hills, the Himalayas, Assam, and Burma to the
Malay Archipelago.
216 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 15. A. 7. Barbels 6 . 1. B. nebulosa, p. 216.
1). 12-13. A. 7-8. Barbels 8 2. B. dario, p. 216.
I). 12. A. 7. Barbels 8 3. B. geto, p. 21G.
1). 1 1-12. A. 7-8. Barbels 8 4. B. almorhec, p. 217.
I . 1 :5-ir>. A. 7. Barbels 8 5. B. btrdmorei, p. 217.
L>. 10. A. 7. Barbels 8 0. B. histrionica, p. 218.
229. (1.) Botia nebulosa.
Botia nebulosa, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 165; Day, Fish.
India, p. 606 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 15 (3/12). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
Length of head 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 in the total
length. Eyes in middle of length of head, 2 diameters from end
of snout and the same apart. Barbels two rostral pairs extending
to the anterior margin of the orbit; the maxillary are slightly
longer. Fins caudal lobes slightly rounded. Scales small.
Colour brownish, with a leaden band along the side. Dorsal and
caudal barred in spots. An ocellus at the upper margin of the
base of the caudal fin.
Hab. Darjeeling.
230. (2.) Botia dario.
Cobitis dario, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 354, 394, pi. xxix, fig. 95.
Botia dario, Day, Fish. India, p. 60(3, pi. cliv, fig. 1 (see syuon.).
Sahinga, Punj. ; Bucktea, Hind.
B. iii. D. 12-13 (3/9-10). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7-8 (2/5-6). C. 1.9.
Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 4 to 5 in
the total length. Eyes in about the middle of length of head,
5 diameters in the length of the head, 2 to 2| diameters from the
end of snout, and 2 apart. Suborbital spine reaching to ,below
the hind edge of the eye. Barbels eight. Scales very in-
distinct. Colour seven or eight oblique bands descend from the
back to the abdomen, and two or three, or even more, cross the
lobes of the caudal fin.
Hab. Bengal, N.W. Provinces, Assam, and Cachar.
231. (3.) Botia geto. (Fig. 77.)
Cobitis geto, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 355, 394, pi. xi, fig. 96.
Botia geto, Day, Fish. India, p. 606, pi. cliv, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Shec-nharo, Sind.
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5j, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 to 5^ in the
total length. Eyes diameter 7 in the length of head, 4 diameters
CYPBINID.E. COBITIDIN^:. 21
from end of snout. Barrels eight. Fins the cnudal has sharp
lobes. Colour body in the adult with irregular and partly
Fig. 11. Botia gcto.
confluent brown cross bands, which enclose variously sized round
yellowish or bluish spots. Ventral fin with two, the other fins
and each lobe of the caudal with three black cross bands. In
the youncj the bands on the body form arches, four or live in
number, passing over a dark vertical band or mark.
Hah. From Sind, through the Punjab, Himalayas, valley of the
Ganges, Jumna, and Sone rivers to Assam.
232. (4.) Botia almorhae.
Botia almorhae, Gray, Zool. Misc. -1831, p. 8; Day, Fish. India,
p. 607, pi. cliv, fig. 5 (see synon.).
B.iii. D. 11-12(2/9-10). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7-8 (2/5-6). C. 19.
Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 to 5 in the
total length. Eyes rather behind the middle of the length of the
head. Barbels eight. Colour body reticulated with grey oh a
yellow ground; fins yellow; the dorsal, pectoral, and anal with
four transverse dark bands, the pectoral and each caudal lobe with
five. Sometimes examples are vertically banded, each band being
reticulated.
Hob. Kashmir, Almora, and Khasi hills; attaining 6 inches
in length.
233. (5.) Botia berdmorei.
860, . 166.
(see
Syiicrossus berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. E. xxix, 1860, p. 166.
Botia berdmorei, Day, Fish. India, p. 607, pi. cliv, fig. 3
synon.).
Nga-tha-lay-doh and Shoay-zagay, Burmese.
B. iii. D. 13-15(2/11-13). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7(2/5). C. 17.
Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 to 5| in
the total length. Eyes in about the middle of the length of the
head. Barbels eight, the four rostral united at the base. Colour
buff, with 10 or 11 vertical darkish bands, extending from the back
218 TELEOSTEI. PIT YSO8TOMI.
to the abdomen. Head likewise banded, and a dark line from the
eye to the snout. Numerous oblong blotches over the body,
sometimes commencing opposite the orbit and ceasing about the
end of the pectoral fin, in other examples continued all over the
body. Dorsal fin with three or four rows of spots, and some-
times a large one at the base of the last three or four rays ; caudal
with five or six ; anal with two.
Hdb, The Irrawaddy river in Burma, and waters in its vicinity,
certainly as high as Mandalay ; also Tenasserim.
234. (6.) Botia Mstrionica.
Botia histrionica, Blyth, J. A. S. . xxix, 1800, p. 106 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 007, pi. cliv, fig. 4 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 10(2/8). P. 15. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 4| in the total
length. Eyes small, diameter one sixth of length of head, 2^
diameters from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Barbels eight.
Fins caudal deeply forked. Colour olive, with five dark vertical
bands on the body, and two on the head. All the fins with two
broad brown bars.
Hob. Burma.
2. Genus ACANTHOPSIS, v. Hasselt.
Syn. Prostheacanthus, Blyth.
Body very elongate, snout long and compressed. Barbels
eight, two being mandibular. A small, bifid, erectile spine,
situated in advance of the orbit. Dorsal fin opposite to the
ventrals ; caudal forked.
Geographical Distribution. Burma to the Malay Archipelago.
235. (1.) Acanthopsis chcerorhynclras. (Fig. 78.)
Cobitis choirorhynchos, Sleeker, Batavia, Nat. Tijdsch. vii, p. 95.
Acanthopsis choirorrhynchus, Day, Fish. India, p. 608, pi. civ,
fig. 1 (see synon.).
Naa-tha-lay-doh, Burmese.
B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 11. V. 7. A. 8(3/5). C. 11.
Length of head 5, of caudal 6, height of body 9 in the total
Fig. 78. Acanthopsis chcerorhynchus.
length. Eyes diameter one sixth of the length of head, 4 dia-
meters from the end of snout. Barbels eight, all short. Fins
CYPRINID.E. COBITIDIN^!. 219
dorsal commences slightly in advance of the ventral. Caudal
lobed, the lower slightly the longer. Colout brownish, with 12
bands across the back, and the same number of blotches along the
lateral line; two rows of blotches along the dorsal, and three
across the anal fin.
Hob. Burma, and the eastern portion of Sumatra. Col. Tickell
says it attains a foot in length in the hill-streams of Burma.
3. Genus SOMILEPTES (Swainson), Bleeker.
Body elongate and compressed, dorsal profile nearly horizontal ;
snout elongate. Eyes prominent. Six barbels four on the
snout, and two on the upper jaw. A small erectile, bifid, sub-
orbital ^pine. Dorsal fin inserted slightly behind the ventral ;
caudal entire.
Geographical Distribution. From 'Orissa through Bengal to Assam .
236. (1.) Somileptes gongota. (Fig. 79.)
Cobitis gongota, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. pp. 351, 394.
Somileptes gongota, Day, Fish. India, p. 608, pi. civ, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
Assam.
B. iii. D. 10(2/8). P, 10. V. 7. A. 7(2/5). C. 16.
Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes rather behind
the middle of the length of the head. Snout with its upper edge
rather concave, it and the rest of the head covered with tine warty
excrescences. Barbels rather short, extending nearly halfway to
Fig. 79. Somileptes gongota.
below the eyes. Fins caudal entire. Colour an undulating
band along the side of the body, giving off vertical bars towards
the back, or else oblique blotches with light edges descending from
the back or placed irregularly on the body. Dorsal and caudal
fins with transverse rows of blackish dots.
Hob. Beerbhoom, Assam, and Khasi hills.
L'1_ J (I TKLKOSTK1. PHYSOSTOMJ.
4. Genus LEPIDOCEPHALICHTHYS, Bleeker.
Syn. Platacanthus, Day ; Misgurnus, sp., Giinther.
Body elongate and moderately compressed, back not elevated.
Six or eight barbels, four of which belong to the mandibles. A
large, erectile, bifid, suborbital spine. The sub- and post-orbital
regions, and also the upper part of the opercle scaled. Dorsal fin
short, commencing opposite, or nearly so, to the ventral ; the
internal ray of the pectoral fin may be modified into a flat osseous
spine; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate.
This genus is separated from CoUtis not only by the mandibular
flap being provided with barbels, but also by the existence of scales
on the head, in the sub- arid post-opercular regions. *
Geographical Distribution. India, Burma, Ceylon r and the Malay
Archipelago.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
25 to 30 rows of scales between the base
of the anal fin and back 1. L. guntea, p. 220.
30 to 40 rows of scales between base of anal
fin and back 2. L. (hennalis, p. 221.
About 40 rows of scales between base of anal
fin and back 3. L. berdmorci, p. 221.
237. (1.) Lepidocephalichtliys gnntea. (Fig. 80.)
Cobitis guntea, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 353, 394.
Lepidocephalichthys guntea, Day, Fish. India, p. (50U, pi. civ, fig. 4
(see synon.).
Kondaturi and Jupkari, Ooriah.
B. iii. D. 8-9 (2/6-7). P. 8. V.7-8. A. 7 (2/5). C.16. L.I. ca. 115.
Length of head 6| to 6|, height of body 5| to 6| in the total
length. Eyes diameter one fifth of length of head, 1| diameters
Fig. 80. Lepidoccphaliehthys guntea.
from end of snout, and 1 diameter apart. Barbels two rosfral
and one maxillary pair, all longer than -the orbit. Fins caudal
. COBITIDIX.H. 221
generally entire, its median , rays, however, may be somewhat
shortened or even lengthened. Inner pectoral ray sometimes
modified into a flat spine having a branched termination. Scales
25 to 30 rows between the base of the anal fin and the back.
Colour generally dirty yellowish, with a light band extending
from the centre of the snout, and ending in a black ocellus above
the middle of the base of the caudal fin ; below this band are a
series of dark blotches festooned interiorly, whilst the back is simi-
larly marked. Dorsal and caudal with numerous rows of dark
spots, but only about four on the caudal in Deccan examples, aud
often two rows on the anal fin.
The variety, L. balgara (Fishes of India, pi. clvi, fig. 12),
(Jubbi cowri, Ooriah), closely resembles the above, but has its body
a little more elongated, and its caudal fin is sometimes cut rather
more square ; in a few examples the ventral fin is slightly in
advance of the dorsal, but not so in others.
Hab. Punjab, throughout India (except Mysore and south of
the Kistna, and also the Malabar coast). I have specimens from
Darjeeling, and several localities on the Himalayas.
238. (2.) Lepidocephalichthys thermalis.
Cobitis thermalis, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xviii, p. 78.
Lepidocephalichthys thermalis, Day, Fish. India, p. 010, pi. civ,
ng. 3 (see synon.).
Assaree, Tarn. ; Jubbi coiori, Ooriah ; Bdlu, Hind. ; Chickani and
Mtira, Marathi.
B. iii. D. 8 (2/6). P. 7. Y. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 16.
Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes almost entirely
in the anterior half of the head. Barbels eight, the longest ex-
tending to below the anterior margin of the orbit. Fins caudal
slightly emarginate. The inner pectoral ray is modified in some
adult males into a flat osseous spine which is used for diving down
into the mud. Scales distinct, about 30 rows between the base
of the anal fin and the- back. Colour sandy, with irregular
blotches on the lateral line, and others along the back ; a black
spot generally exists at the base of the upper half of the caudal fin.
Dorsal fin with black spots or bars, caudal with four bands. A
dark streak often extends from the eye to the end of the snout.
Hub. Southern India, the Malabar coast, the Wynaad, and
Ceylon.
239. (3.) Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei.
Acanthopsis berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. li. xxix, 1860, p. 168.
Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei, Day, Fish. India, p. 610, pi. cliii,
li#. -'5 (see pynon.),
Xya-tha-lay-doh, Burmese.
222 TELKOSTKI. I'll YSOSTOMJ.
B.iii. D. 8(2/6). P. 10. V. 8. A. 7-8 (2/5-6). C. 17.
Length of head 6 to 6| in the total length. Eyes situated just
before the middle of the length of head. Barbels two pairs of
rostral and a maxillary pair extending to below the hind edge of
the orbit. Fins the caudal is slightly emarginate. The pectoral
does not reach quite halfway to the ventral. Scales small, about
40 rows between the anal fin and the back ; several rows (about
12) along the suborbital ring of bones. Colour of a rich yellow-
ish brown, with a dark line along the body composed of spots,
upper surface of body covered with fine markings ; a black spot at
the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal and caudal fins lineated with
tine spots ; some also on the outer portions of pectoral, ventral,
and anal.
Hib. Moulmein in Burma, where it is common.
5. Genus ACANTHOPHTHALMUS, v. Hasselt.
Syn. Panyio, Blyth.
Body elongate and strongly compressed. An erectile, bifid,
suborbital spine. Six barbels, one rostral and two maxillary pairs.
Dorsal fin situated in the posterior third of the body, anterior to
the anal, buir posterior to the ventrals.
240. (1.) Acanthophthalmus pangia. (Fig. 81.)
Cobitis pangia, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganyes, pp. 355, 394.
Acanthophthalmus pangia, Day, Fish. India, p. 010, pi. civ, fig. o
(see syuon.).
Panyya, Beng. ; Nga-tha-lay-doh, Burmese.
.B. iii. D. 8 (2/6). P. 10. V. 6-7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
Length of head 7g to 8 in the total length. Eyes minute.
Barbels six, the longest about two fifths of the length of the head.
Fins caudal entire. Scales distinct. Colour light cinnamon.
Fig. 81. Acanthophthalmus pa
Hob. North-east Bengal, the northern portions of Pegu and
Upper Burma.
6. Genus APUA, Blyth.
Body elongate and compressed. A small, erectile, bifid, sub-
orbital spine. Eight barbels one rostral pair, one maxillary pair,
and two mandibular pairs. Dorsal fin in the posterior third of the
body, but anterior to the anal. Ventral fins absent.
223
241. (1.) Apuafusca.
Apua fusca, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 169; Dai/, Fish. India,
p. 611, pi. civ, tig. 6 (sea synon.).
B. iii. D. 8(2/6). P. 11. A. 8(2/6). C. 16.
Length of head 7| to 8 in the total length. Eyes small.
Barbels six, the longest one third the length of the head. Fins
caudal rounded. Scales minute. Colour brownish, with a
longitudinal darker band.
Hab. Pegu in Burma ; attaining at least 2| inches in length.
7. Genus JERDONIA, Day.
Syn. Platacanthus, sp., Day.
Body elongate and moderately compressed. Eight barbels,
two of which are maudibular. A free, erectile, bifid, suborbital
spine. Dorsal lin long (twenty-seven branched rays), commencing
before the ventrals ; the internal ray of the pectoral fin modified
into a flat osseous spine ; caudal slightly emargiuate.
242. (1.) Jerdonia maculata, (Fig. 82.)
Tlatacanthus maculatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 941.
Jerdonia maculata, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 700, note ; id. Fish. India,
p. 611, pi. cliv, fig. 6.
B. iii. D. 30(3/27). P. 5/1. V. 8. A. 9 (3/6). C. 21.
Length of head two elevenths of the total length. Eyes
diameter one sixth of length of head, 2 diameters from end of
Fig. 82. Jerdonia maculata.
snout. Scales small, but distinct. Colour greyish, becoming
dirty white along the abdomen. A dark lateral band extends
from the eye to the tail ; along its first half are three black spots,
whilst the whole extent of the back is irregularly lineated. Ems
yellow. Dorsal with four black bands. Caudal with three
bands and a dark margin. A black mark at the base of the tail,
with a smaller one above and another below it.
Uab. Madras.
8. Genus NEMACHILICHTHYS, Day.
Body elongate. Dorsal profile not elevated. Snout rather
compressed and elongate. Eyes rather prominent. Barbels six,
224 TELEOSTEI. PUYSOSTOMI.
two rostral and one maxillary pairs. . No spine on the head.
Dorsal fin of moderate length, commencing somewhat in advance
of the ventrals. Caudal forked.
The appearance of this form is very similar to Acanthopsis,
except that there is no spine on the head.
243. (1.) Nemachiliclithys rueppelli. (Fig. 83.)
Cobitis riippelli, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 3GG, pi. 64, fig. 1.
Nemachilichthys riippelli, Day, Fish. India, p. 612, pi. civ, fig. 7
(see synon.).
B.iii. D. 13(2/11). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). 0.19.
Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes slightly behind
the middle of the length of the head. Barbels two well-developed
rostral pairs, also a maxillary pair. Scales moderately developed.
Fig. 83. Nemachilichtkys rueppelli.
Colour greenish yellow except on the abdomen, which is white ;
short brown bars along the lateral line, and the rays of the dorsal
and anal barred. Caudal with four posteriorly directed V-shaped
brown bars. A black spot at the base of the upper caudal lobe.
Hab. Deccan.
9. Genus NEMACHILUS, van Hasselt.
Syn. Aconra and Acourus, Swains. ; Acanthocobitis, Peters ; Orcias,
Sauvage ; Diplophysa, Kessler.
Body elongate. Dorsal profile nearly horizontal. Barbels
eight or six, when the former number is present, the extra pair
belongs to the posterior nostrils ; none on the mandibles. No
spine on the head. Dorsal fin of moderate length, or short, situated
opposite the ventrals.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh waters of Europe and Asia ;
inhabiting India, Ceylon, Burma, and the Malay Archipelago.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Barbels 8.
D. 9. Greenish, with small dark blotches. 1. N. evezardi, p. 226.
B. Barbels 6.
D. 16-20. Body barred; caudal slightly
notched 2. N. pavonaceus, p. 226.
CTPRINID^;. COBITIDINJE. 225
D. 15-16. Body with 12 to 15 bands.
Caudal emarginate 3, N. rubidipinnia, p. 226.
D. 11-14. Body irregularly blotched.
Caudal entire or slightly emarginate . . 4. N. botius, p. 227.
D. 12. Caudal and dorsal fins barred.
Caudal rounded 5. N. monocero*. p. 227.
D. 12. Caudal forked. Yellow blotches
on body. Fins barred G. N. pulchellus, p. 228.
D. 10-11. Caudal cut square. Vertical
brown bands, with shorter intermediate
ones. Dorsal and caudal barred 7. N. sinuatus, p. 228.
D. 10-11. Reticulated with brown.
Caudal forked 8. N. guentheri, p. 228.
D. 10-11. Irregular spots and bars on the
body and fins. Caudal forked 9. N. semiarmatus, p. 229.
D. 10.* About 13 blotches along the side.
Caudal forked 10. N. corica, p. 229.
D. 9-11. Eleven to 17 brown bands on
the body, as wide as the ground-colour
or wider. Dorsal and caudal banded or
spotted. Caudal forked 11. N. rupieola, p. 229.
D. 9-10. Eleven or 12 vertical bands.
Caudal emarginate 12. N. montanus, p. 230.
D. 10-12. Sixteen to 20 vertical bands,
wider than the ground-colour. Caudal
emarginate 13. N. striatus, p. 230.
D. 10. Snout compressed, eye small ; nu-
merous vertical bands, widest in last half
of body. Caudal lobed 14. N.multifasciatus,p.23l.
D. 10. Mouth of moderate width. Nine
to 12 vertical bands wider than the
ground-colour. Caudal lobed 15. N. denisonii, p. 231.
D. 10. Snout compressed; eve of mode-
rate size. Ten to 14 vertical bands wider
than the ground-colour. Caudal lobed. 16. N. notostigma, p. 232.
D. 11. Ten or 11 vertical bands, with
intermediate ones superiorly. Dorsal
and caudal spotted. Caudal entire .... 17. N. zonalternans, p. 232.
D. 10. Sixteen to 18 interrupted and
sinuous bands. Caudal lobed or emar-
ginate 18. N. ladacensis, p. 232.
D. 9. Eleven to 15 dark zones encircle the
body, which are not half the width of
the ground-colour. Caudal forked 19. N. zonatus, p. 233.
D. 1 0. Ten brown zones encircle the body,
usually wider than the ground-colour.
Caudal slightly forked 20. N. cincticavda, p. 233.
D. 10. Seven black-edged angular bands
on the body. Caudal emarginate 21. JV. triangular^, p. 234.
D. 10-11. fen to 12 very narrow white
bands. Caudal slightly emarginate 22. 2V. savona, p. 234.
D. 10. Dark bands, wider than the inter-
spaces. Caudal forked 23. N. beavani, p. 234.
D. 9-10. Eleven to 15 irregular bands.
Caudal slightly emarginate 24. N. spilopterus, p. 235.
D. 9. Mottled with brown. Caudal
entire 25. N. mannorattu, p. 235.
Q
220 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
D. 9. Marbled with brownish black.
Caudal emarginate 26. N. stoliczka, p. 235.
D. 9. Brownish. Caudal forked 27. N. Uythii, p. 23G.
D. 9. Caudal rounded 28. N. Imtanensis, p. 236.
D. 9. Brownish. Caudal emarginate. ... 29. N. gracilis, p. 237.
D.8(10?). Spotted and blotched. Caudal
emarginate 30. N. turio, p. 237.
D. 8. Dark blotches. Caudal entire 31. N. auttatus, p. 237.
244. (l.) Nemachilus evezardi.
Nemacheilus evezardi, Day, Fish. India, p. 613, pi. cliii, fig. 11.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 12. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes just before the
middle of the length of the head and rather minute. Barbels
well developed, one pair nasal, reaching to opposite hind edge of
the eye ; two pair rostral, and one maxillary pair. Fins upper
edge of dorsal fin slightly convex. Caudal rounded. Colour
greenish, with small dark blotches having a vertical direction, a
dark spot at the base of the caudal fin, which has four V-shaped
bands ; some spots on dorsal fin ; outer half of pectoral dark.
Hob. Poona.
245. (2.) Nemachilus pavonaceus.
Cobitis pavonacea, McClelland, As. Res. xix, pt. 2, 2nd. Cyp. pp. 305,
437, pi. 52, fig. 1.
Nemacheilus pavonaceus, Day, Fifh. India, p. 613, pi. cliii, fig. 12
(see synon.).
B. iii. D. 16-20 (2-3/14-18). V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5f- in the total length. Eyes in the middle of
the length of the head. In some specimens the preorbital forms
a blunt spine. Fins dorsal commences nearer to the snout than
to the base of the caudal, which latter is slightly emarginate.
Colour body crossed by about twenty half-bars of a darkish grey ;
a dark ocellus surrounded by a light margin exists upon the upper
portion of the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal and caudal barred.
Hob. Assam.
246. (3.) NemacMlns mbidipinnis.
Cobitis rubidipinnis, lilyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 170.
Nemacheilus rubidipinnis, Day, Fish. India, p. 614, pi. cliii, fig. 4
(see synon.).
B. iii. D. 15-16 (2/18-14). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes in the middle of
the length of the head. Barbels the two rostral pairs reach to
below the front edge of the eye. The maxillary pair are of about
the same length. Fins dorsal commences rather nearer to the
snout than to the base of the caudal fin. Scales 15 rows between
the lateral line and base of the ventral fin. Caudal nearly entire.
. COBITIDIN.S:. 227
Colour reddish brown, with 12 to 16 irregular darkish bands
descending from the back and ending in dark spots below the
lateral line; 4 to 6 oblique bauds on the dorsal fin; 6 to 8
irregular vertical bars on the caudal, which has a black ocellus on
the upper half of its base.
Hob. Tenasseriin.
247. (4.) Nemachilus botius.
Cobitis botia, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 350, 394.
Nemacheilus botia, Day, Fish. India, p. 614, pi. clvi, fig 1 . 5 (see synon.).
Sil-turi and Balli-potiah, Assam ; Soon-da-lee, Punj. ; Teli-mura,
Manithi.
B.iii. D. 12-14 (2/10-12). P. 11. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
Length of head 4| to 5-g- in the total length. Eyes diameter
3| to 4 in the length of head, 1^ to 1| diameters from end of
snout and 1| apart. The preorbital has in some specimens
a projection, which is movable, below the orbit (N. botius), whilst
in others it is entirely concealed by the skin (N. bilturio). Barbels
long, the maxillary pair reaching to below the posterior edge of
the eye. Fins dorsal commences rather nearer to the snout than
to the base of the caudal fin, its upper edge nearly straight ; caudal
slightly notched. Scales distinct. Lateral line complete, 12
rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour
greyish, with from 10 to 14 short bars on the lateral line, and a
number of irregular blotches above it, sometimes forming bands
over the back. Dorsal fin orange and with rows of black spots ;
caudal with about seven irregular bars bent at an angle, and a
black ocellus on the upper portion of the base of the fin.
Variety Nemachilus aureus, Fishes of India, p. 614, pi. clvi, fig. 4.
D. 1 1-12 (2/9-10). Dorsal fin of much less extent than in N. botius.
Lateral line ceases opposite the posterior end of the dorsal fin.
Hob. Sind, Punjab, and throughout India (except the Malabar
coast and south of the Eiver Kistna) and Ceylon ; common in
Assam. Although the variety N. aureus is found in Assam, it is
more abundant than N. botius in the upper portion of the Ganges
and Jumna. It is also the form in the Nerbudda, and throughout
the Deccan, where the N. botius is likewise to be obtained.
248. (5.) Nemachilus monoceros.
Colitis raonocera, McClell. Ind. Cyp. pp. 305, 438, pi. 52, fig. 2.
Nemacheilus monoceros, Day, Fish. India, p. 015 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 12. P. 12. V. 8. A. 6. C. 18.
Length of head one fourth of the total without the caudal fin.
Eyes situated behind the middle of the length of the head.
/ Y V//.v caudal rounded. Colour body greenish yellow with a
silvery lustre; opercles tinged with green. Caudal and dorsal
streaked with numerous small brown bars.
Hab. Assam.
Q2
228 TELEOSTEI.- PHTSOSTOMI.
249. (6.) Nemachilus pulchellns.
Nemacheilus pulchellus, Day, Journ. L. S. xi, p. 528 ; Fish. India,
p. 615, pi. clvi, fig. 7.
B. in. D. 12 (2/10). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 21.
Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes rather small, in
the middle of the length of the head. Barbels six, the rostral
thicker than the maxillary pair. Fins. dorsal equals the
height of the body below it. Colour this beautiful little loach is
of greyish colour, becoming whitish below; there are along the
side between the head and middle of the dorsal fin two rows of
large, vertical, canary-yellow spots, having deep black margins;
posterior to the dorsal they become wide vertical bands two thirds
as wide as the ground-colour. Caudal with three or four oblique
black bands, and a deep black spot at the centre of its base.
Dorsal yellowish orange at its upper anterior portion, two wide
black bars along its centre, and one across the anal.
Hob. Bhavani Eiver ; growing to 2| inches in length.
250. (7.) Nemachilus sinnatus.
Nemacheilus sinuatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 371 ; Fish. India, p. 615,
pi. clvi, fig. 3.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2/8-9). P. 12. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18.
Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes situated slightly
before the middle of the length of the head. Barbels long and
thin. Fiiis dorsal arising slightly in advance of the ventrals;
caudal cut square. Scales distinct ; 10 rows between the lateral
line and the base of the ventral fin. Lateral line ceases opposite
the middle or end of the dorsal fin. Colour olive, with irregular
vertical brown bands, having shorter intermediate ones. A black
ocellus at the upper portion of the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal
yellow, with three or four rows of black spots. Caudal orange,
with four angulate bars, the angle in each of which is directed
backwards.
Hob. Wynaad.
251. (8.) Nemachilus gnentheri.
Nemacheilus sruentheri, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 285; Fish. India.
p. 615, pi. dfvi, fig. 10.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2/7-8). P. 11. V. 7. A. 7(2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5| in the total length. Ei/es situated just
before the middle of the length of the head. Fins the dorsal fin
commences about midway between the end of the snout and the
base of the caudal, which is lobed. Scales small, but distinct.
Lateral line incomplete. Colour pinkish, coarsely reticulated
with olive-brown markings, leaving three rows of large spots along
the side ; a black band at the. base of the caudal fin, which has two
indistinct dark bands across both lobes, the extremities of which are
(3YPRINIDJE. COBITIDINJE. 229
stained. Two rows of fine black dots along. the dorsal fin, and one
across the anal.
Jfab. Elvers along the lower slopes and base of the Nilgiri
hills.
252. (9.) Nemachilns semiarmatus.
Nemacheilus semiarmatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 286 ; Fish. India,
p. 616, pi. clvi, fig. 11 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 12. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18.
Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in
the length of head, 1 diameters from end of snout, 1 diameter
apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length excluding
the snout. Fins origin of dorsal midway between the snout
and the base of the caudal. Caudal lobed in its last half. Lateral
line complete. Colour light brown, with numerous irregularly
shaped spots and bars proceeding from the back towards the lateral
line ; head brownish, with a dark line from the snout through the
orbit. Dorsal fin with about three rows of dark "spots; caudal
irregularly barred ; a dark line runs along the centre of the back.
'Hob. Bbavani and Sigur rivers along the base of the Nilgiri
hills ; also imported into tanks on those mountains.
253. (10.) Nemachilus corica.
Cobitis corica, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 359, 395.
Nemacheilus corica, Day, Fish. India, p. 616, pi. clvi, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Klwrika, Beng.
B. iii. D. 10(2/8). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes in the middle of
the length of the head. Barbels thin, the external rostral pair
longer than the orbit. Fins the dorsal commences anterior to
the ventral and nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal,
which last is lobed in its posterior half. Scales^ visible in the
posterior half of the body. Colour bluish, with about thirteen
black blotches along the middle of the side, and smaller ones above
and descending to between them ; usually a silvery band along the
middle of the side.
Hab. N.E. Bengal, Punjab, and Assam.
254. (11.) Nemachilus rupicola.
148, pi. 55,
9>
Schistura rupecula, McCclland, J. A. S. B. vii, p. 948, pi. 65, %. 3.
Nemacheilus rupicola, Day, Fish. India, p. 616, pi. cliii, fig.
synon.).
Saant-al, 1'unj.
B. iii. D. 9-11 (2-3/7-8). P. 10. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18.
Length of head 51 in the total length. Eyes in the middle of
230 TELE08TEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
the length of the head. Fins dorsal commences midway between
the nostrils and the base of the caudal fin. Caudal emarginate.
Scales absent, or minute in the posterior half of the body. Lateral
line complete. Colour yellowish, with 12 to 17 vertical brown
bands, much narrower than the intermediate ground-colour, and
decreasing in width below the lateral line, they are sometimes
incomplete ; a wide dark band across the base of the caudal, which
fin as well as the dorsal has several rows of spots forming bands ;
a dark mark at the base of the anterior dorsal rays, sometimes
another at the base of the middle ones.
Hob. Himalayas and ? Tibet at 16,000 feet above the sea.
255. (12.) Nemachilus montanus.
Schistura monlaua, McCelland, As. Res. xix, pt. 2; Ind. Ci/p. pp. 307,
440, t. 67, fig. 1.
Nemacheilus montauus, Day, Fish. India, p. 016, pi. cliii, fig. 6
(see synonl).
Saant-al, Punj.
B. iii. D. 9-10 (2/7-8). P. 10. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5| to 5| in the total length. Eyes small,
situated before the middle of the length of the head. The pre-
orbital is in the form of an obtuse movable projection, which is
sometimes covered by skin. Barbels short, but stout. Fins
dorsal commences midway between the posterior margin of the
orbit and the base of the caudal fin. Caudal lobed. Scales
minute. Colour eleven or twelve vertical brown bands, each from
nearly as wide to three times as broad as the buff interspaces.
Caudal with a black band at its base and a bar across each lobe.
Dorsal with a black base and a black mark at the base of its two
first rays, and a dark bar across its centre.
Hab. Himalayas ; attaining at least 4| inches in length.
256. (13.) Nemachilus striatus.
Nemacheilus striatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 347 ; Fish. India, p. 017,
pi. cliii, fig. 8 (see synon.).
Cul-irum and Kul-nnkura, Tamil.
B.iii. D. 11-12 (2/9-10). P. 11. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
Length of head 5 1 to 7 in the total length. Eyes in the middle
of the length of the head. Barbels well developed. Fins dorsal
arises slightly in advance of the ventrals ; caudal slightly lobed.
Scales 15 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral
fin. Lateral line well marked. Colour light reddish brown, with
narrow vertical bands darker than the ground-colour, and most
distinct in the posterior portion of the body, where there are from 12
to 16 behind the commencement of the dorsal fin, and several more
between that and the head, which last is marked all over with black
CYPKINID.E. COBITIDINjE. 231
lines and spots. A black band at the base of the caudal fin.
Dorsal brilliant orange, with a black edge having a light external
margin and a dark base ; or else one or two rows of spots. Anal
orange, with some dull black spots ; caudal likewise yellow and
spotted in two rows.
Hob. Wynaad at 3000 feet elevation; it attains 2| inches in
length.
257. (14.) Nemachilus multifasciatus.
Nemacheilus multifasciatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 617, pi. cliii, fig. 7
(see synon.).
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18.
Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes situated partly
before the middle of the length of the head. Barbels the max-
illary pair rather longer than the eye, the two rostral pairs slightly
shorter. Fins caudal lobed in its last fourth. Pectoral reaches
halfway to the ventral. Scales small. Lateral line complete.
Colour vertical bands, as wide as the ground-colour, pass from the
back to the lower surface of the abdomen ; those between the head
and the dorsal fin are numerous, whilst there are about five pos-
terior to the latter ; in some examples the anterior bands coalesce.
A dark band at the base of the caudal and dark marks on the head
radiating from the eye. Fins yellow, the dorsal with four bands
of spots and an equal number or more on the caudal. Ventral and
anal with two bands each.
Hah. Darjeeling and Assam.
258. (15.) Nemachilns denisonii.
Nemacheilus denisonii, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 287 ; Fish. India, p. 617,
pi. cliii, fig. 5 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 11. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in
the anterior half of the head. Barbels the maxillary extend to
the opercle, the rostral pairs are shorter. Fins dorsal commences
midway between end of 'snout and base of caudal, which last is
lobed. Pectoral extends rather above one half the distance to the
ventrals. Scales minute. Lateral line complete. Colour
reddish brown, having from nine to twelve dark vertical zones,
those anterior to the dorsal fin sometimes coalescing rather irre-
gularly across the back. Dorsal fin with three rows of fine black
spots and a black base. Caudal irregularly spotted in bands.
Some dull spots on the ventral and anal fins. Most of the head
marbled with black dots.
Hab. Nilgiri and Coorg hills, and rivers at their bases ; Mysore
and the Deccau.
232 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOM1.
259. (16.) Nemachilus notostigma.
Nemachilus notostigma, Sleeker, Verh. Hull. Maattch. Hawl. 1864,
Cobit. et Cyp. Ceylon, p. 5, t. i, fig. 2 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 618 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). V. 7. P. 13. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5 3 to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5
in length of head, 2 diametera from end of snout, 1| apart.
Barbels all rather longer than the eye. Fins dorsal arises a
little in advance of the ventrals ; it is not quite so high as the
body below it. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Caudal lobed
in its posterior third. Scales indistinct. Colour ten to four-
teen vertical bands on the body, broader than the interspaces. A
dark mark at the base of the caudal, which is banded. A black
spot at the base of the anterior dorsal rays, and a bar across the
lower portion of the fin in its last half, a single band across its
centre.
Hob. Ceylon.
260. (17.) Nemachilus zonalternans.
Cobitis zonalternans, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 172.
Nemacheilus zonalternans, -Day, Fish. India, p. 618 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Eyes of moderate size, rather above one diameter from end of
snout. Fins dorsal arises anterior to the insertion of the ventral ;
caudal entire. Scales distinct. Colour ten or eleven bars
descend down the lower two thirds of the body to the abdomen,
with intermediate half-bands superiorly between them. Dorsal
and caudal fins spotted in bands.
Hob. Tenasserim Provinces.
261. (18.) Nemachilus ladacensis.
Nemacheilus ladacen sis, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 356; Day, Fish. India,
p. 618- (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). V. 9. A. 8 (2/6). C. 19.
Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 5|
in length of head, 2^ diameters from end of snout and 2 apart.
Barbels of moderate length. Fins dorsal commences halfway
between the front edge of the eye and the root of the caudal,
which latter is emarginate. Pectoral extends rather above half-
way to the base of the ventral. Scales. absent. Colour of a
light fawn, with 16 or 18 interrupted darker and sinuous bands
passing from the back down the sides; a silvery lateral band.
Dorsal and caudal finely spotted in lines ; a darkish band on pec-
toral, ventral, and anal fins.
Hob. Tibet, whence two specimens were procured.
OTPBINID^. COBITIDINjE. 2W
262. (19.) Nemachilus zonatus.
Schiatura zonata, McClell. As. Res. xix, pt. 2; 2nd. Cyp. pp. 308,
441, pi. 63, fig. 1.
Nemacheilus zonatus, Day, Fish. India, p. G18, pi. clvi, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
Mugah, Beng.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 11. V. 8. A. 7-8 (2/5-6). C. 17. L. 1. 110.
Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter one fifth
of length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout, 1| diameters
apart. Barbels all about as long as the eye. Fins dorsal arises
midway between snout and base of caudal, its upper margin is
straight ; pectorals extend a little above halfway to the base of
ventrals; caudal forked. Scales small, but distinct. Lateral
line commences by two roots, which soon coalesce ; it is continued
to the base of the caudal. Colour yellowish, with a green tinge ;
about fifteen brown bands, one third as wide as the groundcolour,
pass across the back and descend on either side below the lateral
line ; a few near the head, and some in the posterior third of the body
are interrupted. ' Upper surface of head marbled with black. Fins
immaculate, but the first two anal rays are black anteriorly, and
there are also slight black marks near the end of the ventrals and
on the outer side of the pectorals. Rostral barbels orange. The
young have a wide silvery band along the side, ending in a dark
mark at the base of the caudal fin.
Hob. Throughout the Jumna and Granges rivers and their
affluents, Beerbhoom, Assam, and Orissa ; attaining at least two
inches in length.
263. (20.) Nemachilus cincticauda.
Cobitis cincticauda, Blyth, J. A. 8. S. xxix, 1860, p. 172.
Nemacheilus cincticauda, Day, Fish. India, p. 619, pi. clvi, fig. 6 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 10(2/8). P. 11. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in the
middle of the length of the head. Barbels well developed. Fins-^
dorsal arises nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal, which
last is slightly forked with pointed lobes. Scales minute. Colour
yellowish, with ten regular brown zones encircling the body, and
sometimes but riot always broader than the ground-colour, or the
bands may be broken up and irregular ; a dark bar at the base of
the caudal and a dark band between the eye and the snout ; occa-
sionally a dark mark on the opercle. Dorsal with some black
spots.
Hab. Burma,
234 TELEOSTBI. PlIYSOSTOMI.
264. (31.) NemacMlus triangularis.
Nemacheilus triangularis. Day. P. Z. S. 1805, p. 295. and Fish, India.
p. 619, pi. cliii, tig. 10.
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5g in the total leugth. Eyes diameter 4| iii
length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout and 1 apart.
Barbels of moderate length. Fins dorsal commences midway
between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal, which
latter is emarginate. Scales small but distinct in the last portion
of the body. Lateral line complete. Colour yellowish, with
about seven black-edged bands on the body and head, each bent
angularly at the lateral line. Dorsal with three irregular rows of
black spots. Pectoral, ventral, and anal unspotted, but stained
at their margins. Several oblique bars across each lobe of the
caudal, which has a black mark at its base.
Hob. Travancore hills.
265. (22.) NemacMlus savona.
Cobitis savona, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 357, 394.
Nernacheilus savona, Day, Fish. India, p. 019, pi. civ, tig. 8.
Savon-khorka, Beng. ; Mura, Marathi.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 10. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18.
Length of head 4| to 4- in the total length. Eyes rather large,
rather behind the middle of the length of the head. Barbels
long. Fins dorsal arises before the origin of the ventrals. Caudal
very slightly emarginate, its lobes being rounded. Lateral line
incomplete. Scales small. Colour purplish, becoming lighter
on the abdomen, with from ten to twelve very narrow vertical
white bands, not above one eighth to one sixth as wide as the ground-
colour ; a black band at the root of the caudal tin ; a black blotch
at the base of the first few dorsal rays, on to which the white body-
bands are continued, and four or five rows of dark spots on the tin.
Caudal with narrow bands of dark spots ; two bands also on the
ventral and anal fins.
Hab. Bengal and N.W. Provinces.
266. (23.) NemacMlus beavani.
Nemachilus beavani, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 3oO ; Day, Fish. India,
p. 020, pi. clvi, fig. 8.
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 11. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes small, just before
the middle of the length of the head. Barbels six. Fi-ns dorsal
arises slightly nearer end of snout than base of caudal. Caudal
lobed. Scales minute. Colour body with nine dark cross bands,
CTPRINID^E. COBITIDIN-S:.
broader than the lighter interspaces, a black streak across the root
of the caudal. Dorsal and caudal rays with blackish dots. The
bands appear to be absent in some specimens.
Hob. Bhavani river in Madras and Mysore, also Orissa.
267. (24.) Nemacbilus spilopterus.
Cobitis spiloptera, Cuo. $ Val H. N. Poiss. xviii, p. 27, pi. 522.
Neiuacheilus spilopterus, Day, Fish. India, p. 020, pi. clvi, fig. 9 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 9-10 (2/7-8). P. 15. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5-| to 6 in the total length. Eyes near the
summit ojE the head and in or rather before the middle of its length.
Barbels short. Fins dorsal commences midway between end of
snout and root of caudal. Caudal slightly emarginate. Scales
absent. Colour greenish yellow, with from eleven to fifteen irre-
gular bands crossing the back, and a black band across the root of
the caudal fin. A black blotch at the base of the first three dorsal
rays, two bauds along the fin, another along its base, and three on
caudal.
Hob. Himalayas, Assam, and Cochin China.
268. (25.) NemacMlus marmoratus.
Cobitis marmorata, Heckel, Fisch. Caschmir, p. 76, t. 12, figs. 1, 2.
Nemacheilus marnioratus, Day, Fish. India, p. 620, pi. civ, fig. 9 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 11. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
Length of head 4-| to 5 in the total length. Eyes situated in the
middle of the length of the head. Fins dorsal commencing mid-
way between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal, which
latter is somewhat convex or cut square at its extremity. Scales
absent. Colow marbled or irregularly blotched and mottled with.
brown. Tins more or less spotted. In some specimens a dark
band exists along the body and some bars over the back of the
tail.
JIab. Kashmir Lake.
269. (26.) Nemachilus stoliczkae. (Fig. 84.)
Cobitis stoliczkai, Steindachner, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 793. '
Nemacheilus stoliczkoe, Day, Fish. India, p. 620, pi. civ, fig. 10 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 15.
Length of head 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 8 in
length of the head, 3 diameters from end of snout and 2 apart.
236
TELEOSTEI . PH YSOSTOM I .
Barbels the maxillary are the longest, and reach to below the hinder
edge of the eye. Fins origin of dorsal nearer root of caudal
than end of snout. Caudal slightly emargiuate. Scales absent.
Fig. 84.Nemackilus stoliczka.
Colour greyish along the back, becoming lighter beneath, marbled
all over with dark green or black spots or bands. Dorsal, caudal,
and sometimes outer pectoral rays barred.
Hob. Leh or Ladak and waters going directly into the Indus
near its source, and Tibet; also Tarkand where the streams go
into the Tarkand river.
270. (27.) Nemacbilus blythii.
Nemacheilus blythii, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 552, and Fish. India,
p. 621.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5, of caudal 5, height of body 6| in the total
length. Eyes diameter two ninths of length of head, 1 diameter
from end of snout, 1| apart. Barbels longer than the orbit. Fins
dorsal commences midway between snout and base of caudal h'n,
which latter has sharp lobes. Scales minute. Colour brownish,
becoming lighter on the abdomen ; a dark band at the base of the
caudal.
Hab. Doubtful. Two specimens, 3 inches long, exist in. the
Calcutta Museum.
271. (28.) Nemachilns butanensis.
Cobitis boutanensis, McClell. Calc. Jour. N. H. ii, p. 586.
Nemacheilus butanensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 621 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 9. V. 7. A. 7.
Length of head 5^, of caudal 5-i in the total length. Eyes
small, in the middle of the length of the head. Fins dorsal com-
mences nearer to end of snout than to root of caudal, which latter
is rounded. Scales distinct. Colour doubtful.
CYPBINIDJE. COBITIDIN^. 237
flab. Bhutan, where it attains 5 inches in length. McClelland's
type in the British Museum is in a bad state.
272.. (29.) Nemachilus gracilis.
Nemacheilus gracilis, Day, P.Z. S. 1876, p. 798; Yark. Miss, Fish,
pi. iv, tig. 5, and Fish. India, p. 621 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 13. V. 8. A. 8 (2/6). C. 17.
Length of head 5, of caudal 63 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 11 in length of head, 4 diameters from end of snout,
and 2^ apart. Barbels the maxillary about twice as long as the;
eye, the outer rostral pair reach the hind nostril, the inner are
shorter. Fins dorsal commences midway between eye and base
of cauda} fin. Caudal slightly emarginate. Scales absent. Colour
brownish along the back, becoming yellowish beneath; dorsal
and caudal with dull spots.
llab. Basgo, on the head-waters of the Indus.
3
273. (30.) Nemachilus turio.
Cobitia turio, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganyes, pp. 358, 395.
Nemacheilus turio, Day, Fish. India, p. 621 (see synon.).
Turi, Assam.
B. iii. D. 8 (10?). P. 12. V. 8. A. 7. C. 19.
Length of head about ^ of the total length. Eyes of moderate
size. Back elevated. Fins dorsal commences midway betweeri
the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin; pectoral
nearly reaches the ventral. Caudal emarginate. Colour- body
irregularly spotted and blotched.
Hab. Assam, said to have been taken at Goalpara.
274. (31.) Nemachilus guttatus.
Cobitis guttata, McClell. As. Res. xix, pt. 2 j Ind. Cyp. pp. 305, 438,
pi. 52, figs. 5, 6.
Nemacheilus guttatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 622 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 8.
This species is said to have only four barbels. Colour light
green with dark blotches.
llab. Jorhat in Upper Assam.
238 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
B. Subfamily CYPRININ^E.
Air-bladder when present (it is absent in Homalopterd) not
enclosed in bone.
In the subfamily Cyprinince, as existing in Asia, considerable
difficulty arises in dividing the genera into groups.
In forming such, a very distinctive characteristic may be found
by observing whether the scaled edge or margin of the abdomen is
rounded or cutting, for in the majority of the Indian Cyprinince
the abdominal edge is rounded or smooth, even when somewhat
compressed ; whilst in a few genera the abdominal edge posterior
to the ventral fin is compressed, cutting, and may even be cariuated
as in the Clupeidce : this trenchant edge is in some continued in
front of the ventral fins along the thorax.
The mouth is variously formed ; it may be transverse and inferior,
with or without a sucker ; the latter, if present, may occur either on
the lower lip or on both ; it may be narrow, of medium size, or
wide : anterior, and either antero-lateral or oblique. The lower jaw
again may be prominent, sharp or rounded, shorter than the upper, or
sometimes provided with a knob at the symphysis ; a movable
articulation may exist there, or there may be lateral prominences on
the mandibles.
The lips may be exceedingly, moderately, or but slightly developed,
sometimes absent from one of the jaws, or closely investing both, or
reflected from off one, or either. There may be an uninterrupted
labial fold across the mandible, or portions of the lip may be much
developed, fringed, or crenulated. In some genera a horny or
cartilaginous covering to one or both lips is invariably or generally
present, especially in forms from the bills.
The existence of a transverse groove across the snout can
scarcely be distinctive of a species, much less of a genus. Thus
in Discognathus lamia we find examples with rounded and smooth
snouts, and all intermediate forms to those with very deep trans-
verse grooves. The same may be seen in Labeo nukta and several
fishes of that genus, and even in some species of Barbus, as B.
dorsalis. The nearer the hills the more is the groove developed.
The number of barbels, though not in itself character enough
for defining a genus, is frequently sufficient to distinguish sub-
genera : good examples of this may be seen in the genus Barbus,
or Barilius. On the other hand, in some species these appen-
dage smay be abnormally absent, as in Danio ; consequently sub-
divisions of the genus founded solely on this character would
lead to erroneous results.
Groups founded on the position of the fins have for convenience'
sake been adopted in the following synopsis.
The last undivided dorsal ray is variously formed, being articu-
lated or osseous, and in the latter case may be smooth or den-
ticulated; but all these varieties are present in a single genus, as
Barbus. The anal fin sometimes shows peculiarities, as in the
Barbus apogon, C. & V., where the undivided rays are spiny.
CYPKIXIDJ3. CTPEININJE. 239
The size of scales cannot by itself be depended upon for dis-
tinguishing genera, because large, moderate, and small-sized scales
are all occasionally found represented in a single genus. But
certain modifications may exist, as in the mountain barbels, ScJiizo-
ihorax and its allies, where a row of tile-like scales encloses the
excretory outlets and the base of the anal fin ; or portions of the
body may be naturally left scaleless.
The pharyngeal teeth are in from one to three series, but
these numbers alone do not always suffice for the definition even
of genera : thus in Chela some species have teeth in two and
others in three rows. Even the form of the teeth is not invariably
similar in all the species of the same genus : thus in the Kohtee
microlepis, Blyth, the teeth have serrations on their edges, and the
two largest of the anterior row are molariform, whereas crooked
and pointed teeth are the rule in the genus. Likewise the teeth
are deciduous, being constantly shed and replaced ; they may be-
come blunted with age, although they had at first been sharp and
pointed.
I have not retained the subfamily Homalopterince, or carps des-
titute of an air-bladder, because Psilorhynclius links it very naturally
with Discognathus. The principal distinctive characters consist of
the single row of pharyngeal teeth and the absence of the air-
bladder. In many families these are deemed insufficient even to
characterize genera. Homaloptera leads very naturally from some
of the mountain siluroids to the true carps on the one hand, and to
the loaches on the other.
Bleeker observed that the subfamily of ffomalopterince is well dis-
tinguished from other cyprinoids by the central position of the
mouth on the lower surface of the head, and the character of the
pectoral ray.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
A. Abdomen rounded, not cutting.
a. Dorsal fin 'commencing nearly opposite
the ventrals. And short (5 to 7
branched rays).
Anterior portion of body depressed;
snout .spatulate ; mouth on lower sur-
face of head ; 6 barbels. Pharyngeal
teeth in one row. Outer pectoral rays
unbranched or simply bifurcated.
Scales small 1. HOMALOPTERA.
Anterior portion of body somewhat de-
pressed; snout rather spatulate. Mouth
inferior ; no barbels. Outer pectoral
rays unbranched. Scales of moderate
size 2. PSILOEHYNCHUS.
Mouth inferior, with a suctorial disk on
the chin ; 4 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth
in 3 rows. Scales of moderate size.
Pectoral fins subhorizontal 3. DISCOGNATHUS.
240 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
Mouth inferior, with the mandibles loosely
joined together; a suctorial disk on
the chin ; 4 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth
in 3 rows. Scales small, with the vent
and base of anal fin enclosed by a tile-
like row. Last undivided dorsal ray
osseous, sometimes serrated 4. OREINUS.
Mouth inferior ; mandibles with a sharp
horny covering. No barbels. Pharyn-
geal teeth in 2 rows. A serrated
dorsal ray. Scales present in scapular
region, a tile-like row enclosing vent
and base of anal fin 5. SCHIZOPYGOPSIS.
Mouth antero-inferior ; 4 barbels.
Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. A
serrated dorsal ray. Scales small.
Vent and base of anal fin enclosed in a
tile-like row 6. SCHIZOTHORAX.
Mouth anterior or inferior; 2 barbels.
Pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows. Dorsal
with or without a feeble osseous ray,
which is sometimes serrated. Scales
small ; vent and base of anal fin en-
closed in a tile-like row 7. PTYCHOBARBUS.
Mouth inferior ; lower jaw with a horny
covering ; 2 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth
in 2 rows. Dorsal fin without any
osseous ray. Scales small, not im-
bricated ; a sheath to vent and base of
anal fin . 8. DIPTYCHUS.
Mouth anterior or inferior; lips thick,
those of the two jaws continu-
ous at the angle, and one or both
with an inner fold ; sometimes a lateral
lobe to the snout ; barbels 4, 2, or none.
Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal
fin rather or very elongated and with-
out any osseous ray. Scales large, of
moderate size, or small 9. LABEO.
Differs from Labeo in its lips being re-
flected from off the mandible, leaving
it uncovered as a sharp, hard, trans-
verse prominence 10. OSTEOCHILUS.
Snout somewhat depressed ; mouth more
or less inferior; upper lip fringed;
lower jaw sharp, covered by a thin
lip, and with a tubercle above the
symphysis ; barbels 4- or 2.- Pharyn-
geal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin elon-
gated and without any osseous ray.
Scales large, of moderate size, or
small 11. DANGILA
Mouth transverse ; snout somewhat de-
pressed; lips thin, those of the two
jaws not continuous, a small tubercle
above the symphysis of the lower jaw.
Barbels 4, 2, or none. Pharyngeal teeth
CYPRINID;E. CTPEININ^;. 241
in 3 rows. Dorsal fin short or of mo-
derate length, without any oaseous ray.
Scales large, of moderate size, or small. 12. CIIIIIHINA.
Snout thick ; mouth inferior, with a
knob at the symphysis ; no barbels.
Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal
fin long, with a strong osseous ray that
is serrated or entire. Scales large 13. SRMIPLOTUS.
Snout rounded ; mouth transverse, in-
ferior ; a horny layer inside lower jaw
which is not covered by lit) ; 4, 2, or no
barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows.
Dorsal fin of moderate extent, with its
last undivided ray articulated, or else
osseous and serrated, or entire. Scales
of varying size 14. SCAPITIODON.
Head broad ; snout with thin integu-
ments; lower lip with a continuous
transverse fold ; lower jaw with a
movable articulation at the sym-
physis ; gill-rakers long ; no barbels.
Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal
rather long, without any osseous ray.
Scales of moderate size 15. CATLA.
Upper lip absent ; mouth antero-lateral ;
no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth molari-
form, compressed, and in 3 rows.
Dorsal fin without any osseous ray and
inserted opposite the ventral. Scales
small. Lateral line complete 1C. TIIYNNICIITIIYS.
Differs from Thynnichthys in having the
crowns of its pharyngeal teeth flat or
concave; the dorsal fin extending to
nearly or quite above the anal; and
the lateral line incomplete 17. AMBLYPITABYNGOPON.
Mouth inferior; jaws closely invested by
lips ; no barbels. Dorsal fin short, its
last undivided ray osseous and serrated ;
a forwardly directed spine at the base
of. tho fin. Scales of moderate size.
Lateral line complete 18. MATSYA.
Mouth anterior or inferior ; jaws closely
invested by lips, which may or may not
have leathery lobes. Pharyngeal teeth
in 3 rows. Dorsal fin short. Scales
of large, moderate, or small size.
Lateral line complete or incomplete . . 19. BAUBUS.
l>. Dorsal fin commencing very distinctly
posterior to the ventrals, but not ex-
tending to above the anal, which last
is short or of moderate length (5 to
11 branched rays).
Mouth narrow, directed obliquely up-
wards; 4 barbels, the maxillary pair
ver}' long. Pharyngeal teeth in 1 row.
Dorsal fin without osseous ray. Scales
of moderate size 20. NuniA.
242 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
Mouth oblique, lower jaw wilh 1 central
and on either side a lateral prominence
fittinginto corresponding emarginations
in the upper jaw ; a pair of rostral
barbels or none. Pharyngeal teeth in
3 rows. Dorsal fin without any osseous
ray. Scales large or of moderate size. 21. RASBOHA.
Mouth small, inferior; lower jaw with a
sharp crescentic edge but no 'lip ; no bar-
bels. Pharyngeal teeth iu 2 or 3 rows.
Dorsal fin without osseous ray. Scales
of moderate size 22. ASPIDOPAIUA.
c. Dorsal fin commencing above the inter-
space between the ventral and the anal,
generally extending to over the latter,
which is of moderate length or elon-
gated (7 to 33 branched rays).
Mouth anterior ; lips thin. Pharyngeal
teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin with
an osseous serrated ray ; anal elongated.
Scales small 23. ROHTKK.
Mouth anterior or oblique, with a deep
cleft; jaws compressed. Pharyngeal
teeth in 2 or 3 rows. Dorsal fin with-
out osseous ray. Scales of moderate or
of small size. Lateral line concave . . 24. BAUILTUS.
Mouth directed obliquely upwards ; cleft
shallow ; mandibles rather broad.
Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal
fin without osseous ray and extending
to above a long anal. Scales of
moderate size. Lateral line concave .. 25. DANTO.
B. A portion or the whole of the abdominal
edge cutting.
Mouth directed obliquely upwards ; no
barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows.
Dorsal fin without osseous ray, inserted
over the anterior anal rays. Scales of
moderate size. Lateral line concave. . 26. PERILAMPUS.
Mouth directed upwards with a knob
above the symphysis of the lower jaw ;
no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 2 or
3 rows. Dorsal tin without osseous
ray, a portion or the whole situated
above the anal ; pectorals long. Scales
of moderate or small size. Lateral line
concave 27. CHELA.
1. Genus HOMALOPTERA, v. Hasselt.
Syn. Balitora, Gray ; Platycara, McClelland ; Octonema, Martens.
Head and anterior part of body depressed ; snout more or less
spatulate. Mouth small, inferior, with two pairs of rostral barbels,
and one or two at either angle of the mouth. Pharyngeal teeth
CYPBITTIDjE. CYPIUXIN^. 243
small, from 5 to 16, in one row. Pectoral and veiitra fins with
many rays, the outer of which are simple. Dorsal short, situated
opposite to the ventrals ; anal likewise short.
Geographical Distribution. Through some of the hilly districts of
the Himalayas to the Wynaad and Bhavani river in the Madras
Presidency ; also found in the fresh waters of Java and Sumatra.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 70. Lower caudal lobe
the longer. Brown, blotched with a darker
tinge ................................ 1. H. bmcei, p. 243.
D. 10, A. 2/5, L. 1. 78 ...................... 2. H. maculata, p. 243.
D. 9, A. 6. Horizontal bands .............. 3. H. bilineata, p. 244.
, 275. (1.) Homaloptera brucei. (Fig. 85.)
Balitora brucei, Gray and Hardw. III. 2nd. Zool. i, pi. 88, fig..l.
Homaloptera brucei, Day, Fish. India, p. 520, pi. cxxii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
( 'ul-cundee, Tamil, "Stone Carp."
B.iii. D. 11(3/8). P. 21. V.ll. A. 7(2/5). C. 17. L.I. 70.
L. tr. 10/7.
Length of head 6| in the total length. Eyes 2| diameters
from end of snout, 1 diameter from end of opercle. Snout broad
and depressed, with sharp margins ; rostral and maxillary barbels
small. Teeth pharyngeal, conical, 15 in one row. Fins
Fig. 8o.Hvmaloptera brucei.
pectoral nearly reaches the ventral, its anterior nine rays are
unbranched, as are also the first two of the ventral. Lower caudal
lobe much the longer. Scales absent from chest and abdomen as
far back as the posterior margin of the base of the ventrals. Colour
dark brown with darker blotches ; caudal banded.
Hob. Wynaad and Bhavani river in Madras, Himalayas from
about Darjeeling through Bhutan, Assam, and the Khasi Hills.
276. (2.) Homaloptera maculata.
Balitora maculata, Gray and Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. 88, fig. 2.
Homaloptera maculata, Day, Fish. India, p. 520, pi. cxxii, tig. 2
(see synon.).
B.iii. D. 10(2/8). P. 19. V.9. A. 7(2/5). C. 17. L. 1. 70.
Length of head 5^ to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter one
H2
244 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
fifth of length of head, 3 diameters from end of snout, 2 diameters
apart. Lips fringed. Rostral barbels short, the pair at the angles
of the mouth thicker and slightly longer. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, in
one row. Fins dorsal arising rather nearer end of snout than
base of caudal. Pectoral nearly reaching the ventral, its outer 8
rays unbranched. Two outer ventral rays simple. Caudal lobed
in its posterior third, lobes equal. Scales cycloid. Lateral line
complete. Colour dull olive, becoming yellowish beneath. Large
brown blotches on the body. Dorsal fin with three rows of dull
spots; pectoral and ventral with three or four, anal with two,
caudal with three irregular bands, and black tips.
Hob. Wynaad, the Bhavani river, also the Himalayas.
277. (3.) Homaloptera bilineata.
Homaloptera bilineata, Elyih, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 172 ; Day,
^> ^ Fish. India, p. 526, pi. cxxi, fig. 8 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 64.
L. tr. 12/17.
Length of head one fifth of the total length. Eyes small,
behind the middle of the length of the head. Snout pointed.
Barbels short, six in number. Fins dorsal arises slightly in
advance of the ventrals. Pectoral has its five outer rays un-
branched ; it reaches two thirds of the distance to the ventral,
and the latter above halfway to the anal. Caudal deeply emar-
ginate, its lobes pointed. Lateral line complete. Air-bladder
absent. Colour brownish, with a wide dark chestnut band
passing from the snout through the orbit to the base of the dorsal
fin, which last has a black centre. Caudal deep brown with white
margins. A black bar across the base of the ventrals.
Hob. Northern Bengal and the Tenasserim provinces.
2. Genus PSILORHYNCHUS, McClelland.
Back somewhat elevated, head moderately depressed ; snout
more or less spatulate. Mouth small, transverse, inferior. Lips
entire, not continuous, reflected from off both jaws, and studded
with glands. Barbels absent. Dorsal fin with few rays, commencing
opposite the ventrals. Pectorals horizontal, with their outer rays
unbranched. Anal short. Scales of moderate size, none on the
chest. Lateral line complete, continued direct to the centre of the
base of the caudal fin. Air-bladder present.
278. (1.) Psilorhynclms balitora. (Fig. 86.)
Cyprinus balitora, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 348, 394.
Psilorhyncbus balitora, -Day, Fish. India, p. 527, pi. cxxi, fig. 7, and
pi. cxxii, fig. 3 (see synon.).
B. iii: D. 9-10 (2/7-8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18.
L. 1. 35. L. tr. 4/4|.
CTPHINIDJE. CYPEININJE. 245
Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4$ in
the length of head, 1 \ diameters from end of snout, and also apart.
Head somewhat depressed. Edges of lips covered with round
hard pores. Some fine pores also on the cheeks and snout.
Fins dorsal commences in advance of the ventrals; pectorals and
ventrals nearly horizontal, the outer seven rays of the former and
/ Fig. 8Q.PsiZorhynchus balitora.
two of the latter unbranched; caudal forked. Scales 2| rows
between the lateral line and base of the ventral fin. Air-bladder-
rather large, divided by a constriction into an anterior and
posterior portion, and not enclosed by bone. Colour reddish
brown, with irregular black blotches forming badly-defined bands,
in places passing over the back. Three bars on the caudal and
some black on the anterior half of the dorsal.
Hob. Hill-streams and rapids in N.E. Bengal and Assam.
3. Genus DISCOGNATHUS, Heckel.
Syn. Garra, Ham. Buch. ; Platycara^ McClelland ; Discognathichtiiys
et Lissorltynchus, Bleeker; Mayoa, Day.
Body elongated, subcylindrical. Mouth transverse, semi-
circular, and inferior ; upper and lower lips continuous ; no lateral
lobes to snout, which projects beyond the mouth. A suctorial
disk on the chin, formed on the lower lip ; upper lip fringed.
Barbels four (Garra, Ham. Buch.), or one pair only at each angle
of the mouth (Discognathus, Heckel). Pharyngeal teeth uncinate
and in three closely approximating rows, 2, 4, 5/5, 4, 2, or 5, 3, 1/1,
3, 5. Dorsal fin with few rays, commencing slightly in advance
of the ventrals, its base scaleless; pectoral horizontal; anal short.
Scales of moderate size, no enlarged anal row. Lateral line
continued to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Gill-rakers
few, short, and widely-set. Air-bladder small.
Geographical Distribution. Rivers, more especially mountain-
streams, of Asia and Abyssinia; extending throughout India,
Ceylon, and the Tenasserim Provinces.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 11, A. 7, L. 1. 33-30. 4 barbels. Inter-
orbital space convex. Head 4 to 5 in
the total length. A black spot behind ^ill-
opening and generally a band along the side. 1. D. lamia, p. 246.
246 TELEOSTEI. PHISOSTOMI.
D. 10, A. 7, L. 1. 30. 4 barbels. Interorbital
space concave. Head 6 to 6| in the total
length 2. D.jerdoni, p. 247.
D. 10, A. 6, L. .1. 35. 4 barbels. Interorbital
space flat ; 5 outer pectoral rays unbrauched 3. D. modestus, p. 247.
279. (1.) Discognathus lamta. (Fig. 87.)
Cyprinus lamta, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 343, 393.
Discognathus lamta, Day, Fish. India, p. 527, pi. cxxii, tig. 4, and
pi. cxxiii, tig. 1 (see synon.).
Kul korava, Tarn. ; " The stone Ophiocephalus, Pandi-pakkee, Can." ;
Koraji-kaoli,Ilin&. (Mysore); Putter-chettah, Hind. (N.W. Provinces);
Choak-si, Beng. ; Dhoyuru and Khooka, Ptmj. ; Malavya, Marathi.
B. iii. D. 11 (3-2/8-9). P. 15. V. 9. V. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
L. 1. 32-36. L. tr. 4-41/5. Vert. 18-14.
Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in
the commencement of the last half of the head, more rarely in its
centre ; diameter 5 to 8 in the length of head, 2| to 3 diameters
apart. Interorbital space convex. Snout very diversified, either
smooth or covered with pores, and having or not having a deep
Fig. 87. Discognathus lai/i'a.
transverse depression : iu some specimens, as from the Salt Range
in the Punjab, or from the Chumba State, there is a regular
spiny covering to a gland on either side of the snout ; in some all
the glands are thus constructed. Fins the dorsal arises anteriorly
to the origin of the ventral, and is usually less in height than the
body. The pectoral shorter than the head. In some forms, and
those mostly from rapid streams, the five outer pectoral rays are
thickened by a wide layer of skin, the ray itself being either
undivided or branched out just at its outer extremity or near to it ;
caudal slightly lobed. Air-bladder small, its posterior portion
minute. Ova small, numerous. Colour greenish, with a bluish-
green band along the centre of the body, and extending along the
middle of the caudal fin. Generally a dark spot behind the gill-
opening. Abdomen yellowish green. Fins yellowish, stained
darker at their margins. In some specimens a black spot exists at
the base of each dorsal ray, and all the fins are occasionally tipped
with black. In Malabar and Canara some have a dark band along
the side, with an orange one above and another below it.
CYl'lUNID.E. CYPHINIITZ. . 247
Hab. From Syria throughout India and Ceylon to the Tenas-
serira Provinces, and likewise found in Abyssinia and at Aden. It
attains at least 8 inches in length.
280. (2.) Discognathus jerdoni.
Discognathus jerdoni, Day, Fish. India, p. 523, pi. cxxii, fig. (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 16. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C.17. L. 1. 36.
L. tr. 4|/2.
Length of head 6| to 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter
3| to 4 iii the length of the head, 1 diameter from end of snout,
and 2 diameters apart. Interorbital space rather deeply concave.
Snout in the young smooth, but in larger specimens it has a
depression across it and some pores. Barbels two pairs. Fins
dorsal arising about midway between the end of snout and com-
mencement of the origin of the anal fin. The pectoral is rather
longer than the head, but does not quite reach the ventral, which
is equally long. Anal does not quite reach the caudal, which is
deeply forked. Colour olivaceous, becoming yellowish on the
sides and beneath. A black spot behind the gill-opening. Pectoral
and ventral tins yellowish, with the outer portion dark grey
margined with orange. Dorsal, anal, and caudal yellowish, with
grey markings ; the lower caudal lobe grey, with a light outer edge.
Hab. Bhavani river at foot of Nilgiris in the Madras Presidency,
also the Wynaad.
'281. (3.) Discognatlms modestus.
Mayoa modesta, Day, P. Z. S. I860, p. 553.
Discognathus modestus, Day, Fish. 2nd.
India, p. 528, pi. cxxii, tig. 5.
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 6 (1/5). C. 19. L. 1. 35.
L. tr. 4J/3|.
Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes near the upper
surface of the head, diameter one fourth of length of head, 2 dia-
meters from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Head broad, depressed.
Tnterorbital space flat. Lower surface of head and chest flat. The
snout overhangs the mouth, which is rather small, transverse, and
nearly semilunar in shape. The lips are reflected from off both
jaws, and have a tuberculated surface. Barbels four. Teeth
pharyngeal, uncinate, 5, 3, 1/1, 3, 5. Fins pectorals and ventrals
horizontal, the former extending to the latter, which reaches the
anal. First five outer pectoral rays simple. Dorsal arises in
advance of the ventral. Caudal slightly forked. Scale? none on
the chest. Colour greenish brown, with no marks except a dark
blotch under the dorsal fin and a mark at the base of the caudal.
1 l<i>>. Probably Northern India; two specimens exist in the
Calcutta Museum, the longest measuring 3^ inches.
248 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
4. Genus OREINUS, McClelland.
Schisothorax, Sect. A, and BtcHtopyye, sp., Heckel.
Abdomen rounded. Snout rounded ; mouth inferior and trans-
verse, mandibles short, broad, and flat, loosely joined together at
the symphysis ; margin of the lower jaw having a hard, horny
covering, thickest internally, and a thick fringed lower lip with a
free posterior edge, forming a sucker. Barbels four. Dorsal fin
rather short and arising opposite the ventrals, its last undivided
ray osseous or articulated, serrated or entire ; anal short. Scales
very small ; the vent and base of the anal fin in a sheath covered
by an enlarged imbricate row of scales. Lateral line passing to the
centre of the base of the caudal fin.
Geographical Distribution. Eivers and some lakes in the Hima-
layan and sub-Him.alayan region, extending to the confines of
China. These fishes are rarely found in the rivers of the plains at
any distance from the base of the mountain-ranges.
The present and the four succeeding genera, Schizopyyopsis,
ScJiizothoraA\ Ptycobarbus, and Diptychus, consist of carps scale-
less or more or less covered with minute scales. A membranous
slit exists anterior to the anal fin, which is laterally bounded by a
row of vertically-placed scales, like eave-tiles, continued along the
base of the anal fin. These genera form the Schizothoracince of
McClelland.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
]). 4/7, A. 3/5. Anal scales about half as
large as orbit. Black spots on body 1. O. sinuatus, p. 248.
D. 3/8, A. 3/5. Anal scales two thirds as large
as orbit. Colours uniform 2. 0. richardsonii, p. 200.
D. 3/8, A. 3/5. Anal scales about as large as
orbit. Osseous dorsal ray weak. Colours
uniform 3. O.plagiostomus^.-2'jO.
282. (1.) Oreinus sinuatus. (Fig. 88.)
Schizothorax sinuatus, HccM, Fisch. Caschmir, p. 21, t. 2.
Oreinus sinuatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 629, pi. cxxiv, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Gool-goolli and Saul, Punj. ; Jis, Cash.
B. iii. D. 3-4/8. P. 17. V. 10. A. 2-3/5. C. 19. L. 1. 105.
Vert. 24/23.
Length of head 5| to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter
two ninths to one sixth of length of head, 2 to 2 diameters apart,
and almost entirely situated in the front half of the head. Inter-
orbital space rather convex ; snout rounded, with a very slight
appearance of pores. Mouth inferior, transverse ; lower lip well
developed, rugose, entire, having a free posterior edge, and forming
an adhesive sucker. The posterior edge may be concave or
slightly lobed in the middle or even straight. Inner side of lower
CYPBINIDJE. CYPBININ.E. . 249
lip covered with cartilage, which is extended on to the inferior
surface, where, however, it is not so horny. Barbels of about
Fig. 88. Oreinus sinuatus.
equal length, aud not quite so long as the eye. Preopercle with
an emarginate posterior border. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 3, 2/2, 3,
5, crooked, pointed. Fins dorsal commences a little before the
ventrals, and slightly nearer to the snout than to the base of the
caudal fin; its spine is rather strong, moderately serrated, and
rather longer than the head without the snout ; the fin is rather
higher than the body below it. Pectoral four fifths as long as the
head, and extending above halfway to the ventral, which last
reaches two thirds of the distance to the anal, its last ray divided
to its base. The anal has a narrow base and its length slightly
varies, reaching, when laid flat, the whole or only three fourths of
the distance to the base of the caudal, which is lobed in its
posterior half. Free portion of tail slightly longer than deep.
Scales rows above the lateral line about equal in size to those of
the pierced row, rather smaller below it : about 16 to 20 rows
between the lateral line and base of ventral fin, and 21 to 25
between it and base of dorsal ; tile-like row to vent minute, each
scale in it being from one third to half the diameter of the orbit.
In May (at Chumba) the ova of these fish inhabiting the main
stream were almost fully developed, being numerous and of a
large size. Colour greyish, becoming white below, preopercle
dashed with golden ; lower fins tinged red. After death two or
three rows of dark grey blotches appear above the lateral line.
Some have scattered black and occasionally red spots, and these
have been termed Trout.
I fab. Afghanistan, Himalayan rivers, but not extending in the
plains to far from the base of the mountains. This fish adheres to
rocks by means of its sucker, and is thus enabled to reside in
mountain rapids. It attains at least 2 feet in length, is pretty
good eating, but bony ; it is too rich for some people, but does not
deleteriously affect those used to it.
250 TELEOSTEJ. VHY9OSTOMI.
283. (2.) Oreinus richardsonii.
Cyprinus richardsonii, Gray $ Hardw. III. Iwl. Zool. i, p!. i)l, fig. -2.
Oreinus richardsonii, Day, Fish. India, p. 530, pi. cxxv, lig. 4 (see
synon.).
" Kemaon Trout," Asia, Nepaul.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 17. V. 10. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 98-100. L. r. 140.
Length of head 4 to 6 in the total length. Eyes in the middle
or rather before the middle of the length of the head, diameter 5
to 6 in the length of head ; width of interorbital space in adults
almost flat, and nearly equal to one half length of head. A well-
developed lower lip, which has its posterior free edge straight or
convex. Barbels about one half as long as eye. Teeth pharyn-
geal, 4, 4, 2/2, 4, 4, crooked, pointed. Fins dorsal commencing
about midway between the snout and base of the caudal, its spine
moderately strong, toothed, becoming nearly smo>th in large
specimens, and as long as the head excluding the snout. Pectoral
four fifths as long as the head. Ventral not reaching anal, nor the
latter the caudal. Scales 24 rows between the lateral line and
base of the dorsal fin, and 19 between lateral line and ventral ; the
scales of the tile-like row equal two thirds of the diameter of the
eye in the young, and are as high as the diameter of orbit in adults.
Free portion of tbe tail as long as deep. Colour bluish along the
back, becoming silvery shot with gold on the sides and beneath.
Head likewise glossed with purple and gold. In some specimens
there are black spots on tbe sides and head.
Hob. Nepal, Bhutan, and the sub-Himalayan range.
284. (3.) Oreinus plagiostomus.
Schizothorax plagiostomus, Heckel, Finch. Caschmir, p. 16, pi. 1.
Oreinus plagiostomus, Day, Fish. India, p. 630 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 17. V. 11. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 110. L. r. 170.
Length of head 5| to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4|
to 8 in the length of head, and in or rather before the middle of
the length of the head. Interorbital space nearly flat, and
equalling about one half length of head ; lower lip with a nearly
straight and free posterior margin, and studded with glands ; some
specimens have glands on the snout. Barbels not so long as the
eye. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, pointed, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins
dorsal osseous ray weak, its stiff portion as long as the head
without the snout, its serrature feeble, almost absent in adults ;
the fin is not so high as the body, it commences midway between
the end of the snout and the root of the caudal ; anal when laid
flat reaches the base of the caudal ; the scales along its base well
developed, the largest being about the size of the orbit in the
young, exceeding it in the adult. Colour uniform silvery, or
with black spots.
Hub. Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Bhutan.
CYPBINUJJ5. CIPHININ.E.
251
5. Genus SCHIZOPYGOPSIS, Steindaehner.
Abdomen rounded. Snout obtusely conical. Mouth transverse,
inferior, with a slight cleft ; mandible with a sharp anterior edge,
having a horny covering, and the upper lip continuous with a short
lateral one. Barbels absent. Pharyngetil teeth compressed, 4 or
3, 3/3, 3 or 4. Dorsal fin short, with a serrated ray, and situated
nearly opposite to the ventrals ; anal short. Scales small, few,
and only present in the scapular region, except a scaled sheath to
the vent and along the base of the anal fin. Lateral line continued
to the centre of the base of the caudal. Ova comparatively large.
285. (1.) Schizopygopsis stoliczkaB. (Fig. 89.)
Sehizopygopsis stoliczkae, Steind. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1866,
p. 786 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 531, pi. cxxiv, fig. 2.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (3-4/7-8). P. 13. V. 11. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4
to 5 in the length of the head, 1 to lg diameters from the end of
the snout, and 1| to 2 apart. The greatest width of the head
equals its length behind the middle of the eyes, and its height
equals its length excluding the snout. The maxilla reaches to
below the front edge of the eye. An anterior, sharp, horny edge
Fig. 89. Schizopygopsis stoliczkce.
to the mandible. Fins the dorsal as high as the body, it com-
mences about midway between the end of the snout and the root
of the caudal tin, its last undivided ray osseous and finely serrated.
Pectoral not quite so long as the head, and reaching rather above
halfway to the ventral, which latter arises below the middle of the
dorsal and does not reach the anal. Anal rather above twice as
high as its base is long, it extends to the caudal when laid flat.
Caudal deeply forked. Colour olive superiorly, becoming white
on the sides and beneath, the whole covered with irregular blackish
spots.
Hal. Leh and head-waters of Indus, also tributaries of the
Yarkand and Oxus rivers.
2,52 TELEOSTEI. MIY8OSTOMI.
6. Genus SCHIZOTHORAX, Heckel*.
Syn. Schizopyge, sp., Heckel ; Racoma, sp., McClell. ; Opistocheilus, pt.,
Bleeker.
Abdomen rounded. Snout conically rounded, and laterally
somewhat compressed, with the mouth arched and antero-inferior ;
mandible neither broad, flattened, nor with a sharp margin, its
edge sometimes having a thin, deciduous horny covering. Barbels
four. Pharyngeal teeth pointed, hooked, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Dorsal
h'n rather short, with a strong, osseous, serrated ray, and arising
opposite the ventrals ; anal short. Scales very small, the vent and
base of the anal fin in a sheath, covered by an enlarged row ar-
ranged like tiles. Lateral line passing to the centre of the base of
the caudal fin.
Geographical Distribution. Mountain-streams and rivers of the
Himalayan region, also Afghanistan and Turkestan.
* The following species of this genus hare also been recorded :
A. Lower labial fold uninterrupted.
a. Dorsal spine strong, serrated.
1. SchizotJiorax larbatus, McClelland, Calc. Jour. N. H. ii, p. 580. Afghan-
istan.
b. Dorsal spine feeble, serrated.
2. 8. ritckcana, McClelland, 1. c. p. 580. Afghanistan.
3. 8. cdeniana, McClelland, 1. c. p. 579. Cabul river.
33. Lower labial fold interrupted. Dorsal spine strong, serrated.
4. & niger, Heckel, Fische aus Caschmir, p. 29, pi. v. Kashmir.
5. 8. punctatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 785. Kashmir.
0. 8. micropogon, Heckel, 1. c. p. 41, t. viii, fig. 1. Kashmir.
7. 8. planifrons, Heckel, I. c. p. 44, t. viii, fig. 2. Kashmir.
8. S. huegclii, Heckel, I. c. p. 36, pi. vii. Kashmir.
9. 8. curvifrons, Heckel, 1. c. p. 25, pi. iii. Kashmir.
10. 8. intermedia, McClelland, I. c. p. 579 ; Day, I. c. p. 786, pi. cxxiv, fig. 1.
Afghanistan and Turkestan.
11. S. nasus, Heckel, I. c. p. 32, pi. vi. Tvashmir.
12. 8. microcephalus, Day, 1. c. p. 787, pi. cxxv, fig. 2. From a tributary of
the Oxus Panja.
13. S. longipinnis, Heckel, I. c. p. 27, t. iv. Kashmir.
14. S. chrysochlorus, Day, I. c. p. 784 ; Racoma chrysochlora, McClelland,
1. c. p. 577, t. xv, fig. 3 ; -S. biddulphi, Giinther, A. M. N. H. ser. 4, xvii, 1876,
p. 400. Afghanistan and Turkestan.
15. S. nobilis; Racoma nobilis, McClelland, I. c. p. 577, t. xv, fig. 4. Afghan-
istan.
16. 8. labiatus, McClelland, 1. c. p. 578, t. xv, fig. 1. Afghanistan.
17. S. gobioides ; Racoma gobioides, McClelland, I. c. p. 576, t. xv, fig. 3. Af-
ghanistan.
18. 8. brcvis ; Racoma brevis, McClelland, 1. c. p. 578. Afghanistan.
Amongst the foregoing 18 species it is most probable that several will turn
out to be synonyms ; some of those described by McClelland may belong to the
genus Oreinus.
CYPRINIDJE. CTPEININJE. 253
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 11-12, A. 7, L. 1. 150. Snout elongate.
Lower lip with a free posterior edge 1. S. progastus, p. 253.
D. 12, A. 7. Lower labial fold interrupted. ... 2. S. esocinus, p. 254.
286. (1.) ScMzotiiorax progastus. (Fig. 90.)
Oreinus progastus, McClell, As. Res, xix, pt. 2 ; 2nd, Cyp. pp. 274,
343, pi. 40, fig. 4.
Schizotkorax progastus, Uay, Fish. India, p. 532, pi. cxxii, fig. 7
(see synon.).
Dinnawah, N. W. Prov. ; Adoee and Loh-one, Assamese.
B. iii. D. 11-12 (3/5-9). P. 19. V. 11. A. 2/5. C. 19.
L. 1. 150-160.
Length of head 5| to 5| in the total length. Eyes from 4|
to 6 diameters in the length of the head and situated in its middle.
Snout pointed. Depth of cleft of mouth equals the width of the
gape. Upper jaw projecting ; lip thick and fleshy, having a free
posterior edge in its whole circumference, upper lip elevated in the
centre, lower with a central lobe and a lateral one on either side.
Lips internally covered with a thin, deciduous, cartilaginous layer.
Barbels four, the rostral about as long as the orbit, the maxillary
pair rather shorter. Fins dorsal commences midway between
Fig. 90. Schizothorax progastus.
end of snout and root of caudal fin, its osseous ray strong, coarsely
serrated, and as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth.
The pectoral does not reach the ventral, nor the latter the anal.
Anal when laid flat nearly reaches the base of the caudal, which is
deeply forked. Scales in tile-like rows but little developed, the
largest not being half as broad 'as the orbit. About 18 rows
between the lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour uniform
silvery, sometimes having a few fine spots; fins with darkish
edges.
Ifab. Himalayas, from the head-waters of the Ganges to Sadiya
in Upper Assam. Common at Hardwar, where the Ganges de-
bouches into the plains. It attains at least 20 inches in length.
254 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
287. (2.) Schizothorax esocinus.
Schizothornx esocinus, Ilcckel, Finch. Caschmir, p. 48, t. ix ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 533, pi. cxxiii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 12 (4/8).". P. 20. V. 10. A. 7 (2/5). C. 20.
Length of head 4| to 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter
6| in the length of head, 2 diameters from the end of snout, and
also apart. The upper jaw the longer ; the maxilla reaches to
nearly below the front edge of the eye. Lower labial fold inter-
rupted in the middle. A horny covering to inside of the lower
jaw. Barbels the rostral more than halt' longer than the eye, the
maxillary a little shorter. Fins the dorsal as high as the body,
commencing slightly nearer to the base of the caudal than to the
end of the snout ; its last undivided ray osseous, coarsely serrated
posteriorly, whilst its bony portion is as long as the head excluding
the snout. The pectoral does not quite reach the ventral ; the
latter, which arises beneath the second or third undivided dorsal
ray, extends two thirds of the distance to the anal. Length of base
of anal about three sevenths of its height, when laid flat the anal
reaches the caudal, which is deeply forked, Free portion of the
tail as high at its base as it is long. Colour silvery, with nume-
rous black spots, most distinct in the upper half of the body.
Hob. Leh or Ladak and head-waters of the .Indus, also Kashmir
and Afghanistan.
7. Genus PTYCHOBARBTJS, Steindacbner.
Abdomen rounded; snout conical; mouth arched, anterior or
inferior. Two maxillary barbels. Pharyngeal teeth compressed
4. 3/3, 4. Dorsal fin situated opposite the veutrals, without or
with a feeble osseous ray, which is smooth or serrated ; anal short.
Scales small, covering the body, and forming a sheath at the base
of the vent and anal fin. Lateral line continued to the centre of
the base of the caudal.
Geographical Distribution. Head-waters of the Indus, Tibet and
Kashgar.
288. (1.) Ptychobarbus conirostris. (Fig. 91.)
Ptychobarbus conirostris, Steind. Verli. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 18C6, p. 790,
pi. 17, fig. 4 ; Day, Full. India, p. 533, pi. cxxv, fig. 3.
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 22. V. 10. A. 7-8. 0. 19.
L. 1. 95. L. tr. 24/ .
Length of head 4| to 5 in total length. Eyes diameter from
4| to 5| in the length of head, 2 diameters from the eud of snout,
and l;j apart. Mouth rather overhung by the snout ; the maxilla
reaches to below the front edge of the orbit. Lower labial fold
very broad, uninterrupted. Barbels a maxillary pair, which in
the adult reach to the hind edge of the preopercle. Fins the
dorsal, situated midway between the snout and the base of the
CYPRINIDJS. CYPBININ.E. 255
caudal fin, has no osseous ray, and is as high as the body below it.
The pectoral is as long as the head behind the nostril, and does not
quite reach the ventral, which latter arises beneath the last few
dorsal rays, and extends two thirds of the distance to the base of.
the anal. Anal when laid flat reaches the base of the caudal, its
Fig. 91. Ptyckobarbits conirostris.
base is 2g in its height. Scales the tile-like row small, not one
third the diameter of the eye. Colour -silvery, darkest on the
back and upper half of the body, where most of the scales have
dark edges. Upper surface of the head spotted with black. Some
dark spots on the dorsal fin, and sometimes a few light ones on
the caudal.
Hub. Head-waters of the Indus and Tibet.
8. Genus DIPTYCHUS, Steindachner.
Abdomen rounded ; snout obtuse ; mouth inferior, transverse,
curved ; lower jaw sharp, with an internal horny covering ; lips
continuous and having an uninterrupted labial fold across the
mandible. Two maxillary barbels. Gill-opening narrow. Pha-
ryngeal teeth compressed 4, 3/3, 4. Dorsal fin without osseous ray,
commencing anterior to the ventrals : anal short ; caudal forked.
Scales small, not imbricate but scattered along the upper two
thirds of the body, the thoracic region, the sides and the tail, also
a scaly sheath to the vent and base of the anal fin. Lateral line
continued to the centre of the base of the caudal.
289. (1.) Diptychus maculatus. (Fig. 92.)
Diptychusmaculatus, Steind. Verh. z.3>. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 788, 1. 13,
lig. 5; -Day, Fish. India, p. 534, pi. cxxiv, fig. 3 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8-9). P. 19. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5).
C. 19. L. 1. 80-90.
Length of head 5 to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4^
iu the young to 6 in the adult in the length of the head, \\ to 2
diameters from the end of the snout, and 1^ apart. Lower labial
fold interrupted in the middle. Barbels a pair on the maxilla
hardly so long as the eye. Fins dorsal as high as the body,
250 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
arising rather nearer the snout than the base of the caudal fin, the
last undivided ray articulated. Pectoral not quite so long as the
head and reaching rather above halfway to the ventral, which
latter commencing below the last dorsal ray extends halfway to
Fig. 92. Dipfychus maculatus.
the anal. Height of anal nearly three times the length of its base,
laid flat the anal reaches the caudal. Settles scattered over the
upper two thirds of the body and pectoral region. Tile-like row
well developed. Free portion of tail one half longer than high at
its base. Colour bluish, lightest inferiorly, indistinctly blotched
and spotted in the upper half of the body ; often a narrow dull
band along the lateral line, and a second below it. In some spe-
cimens the dorsal and caudal fins are much spotted.
Hob. Head-waters of the Indus, Tibet, Nepal, and affluents of
the Yarkand river.
9. Genus LABEO, Cuvier.
Syn. Bangana, pt., Ham. Buch. ; Rohita, pt., Cuv. and Val. ; Tylognathus,
Heckel ; Nandina, Gray ; Ifypselobarbus, Diplocheihis, Dijtlocheilic/tfJiys,
LobocheihtSjIiohitichthys, Murulius, SchismatorJiynchus, and Gobionichtkys,
Bleeker ; Gobiobarbtis, IJybowski ; Paralytoynathus, Sauvage.
Body moderately elongated, abdomen rounded; mouth sometimes
anterior but mostly inferior, transverse, and semi-oval. Lips thick,
covering the jaws, continuous at the angle of the mouth, and one
or both having an inner transverse fold. A soft and movable
horny covering, with a sharp margin on the inner side of one or
both lips. Snout rounded, generally projecting beyond the mouth,
mostly covered with tubercles, and sometimes having a lateral
lobe or projection. Barbels, when present, four or two ; if there is
only one pair they are on the maxilla, the second being on the
snout. Pharyngeal teeth hooked and in three rows, generally 5,
4, 2/2, 4, 5. Dorsal fin of moderate length or elongate, destitute
of any osseous ray, and arising anterior to the commencement of
the ventral. Anal short. Scales of large, moderate, or small size.
Lateral line running along the middle of the side of the tail. Gill-
rakers usually short.
CYPK1NID.E. CYPllINIffjE. 257
The horny layer, which is so common inside of the lips of the
Schizothoracince., is still perceptible in the fishes of this genus, but
in many of those of the plains takes on the character more of a thin
cartilaginous than of a horny covering. The snout has sometimes a
deep depression across it as observed in Discor/nathus. The fins
frequently increase in height and length more rapidly than do the
proportions of the body ; in adults the upper edge of the dorsal fin is
often more concave than in the young. The largest species are found
near the coldest hills, pointing to their probable. Palaearctic origin.
In some species having the least number of dorsal rays, the lips are
much thinner than in the typical Labeos ; should such have only
t\vo barbels these are maxillary, whereas in Cirrhina they would
be rostral.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical Africa, 83^1, throughout the
fresh writers of India, Ceylon, and Burma, to the Malay Archi-
pelago, &c.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 24-20, L. 1. 42-44, L. tr. 6-7/8. 4 bar-
bels ............................ 1. L. nandina, p. 258.
D. 19-22, L. 1. 44-47, L. tr. 9-10/8-9. 4
barbels .......................... 2. L.fimhriatm, p. 258.
D. 17-18, L. 1. 36, L. tr. 6/7. 4 barbels.
Nearly black ...................... 3. L. nigrescens, p. 259.
D. 16-18, L. 1. 40-44, L. tr. 7|/8. 4 bar-
bels. Slate-colour ................ 4. L. calbasu, p. 259.
D. 17, L. 1. 46^7. 2 maxillary barbels.
Dark grey ........................ 5. L. stoliczkcs, p. 260.
D. 15-17, L. 1. 71-84, L. tr. 16/17. 4
barbels .......................... 6. L. gonius, p. 261 .
D. 15-16, L. 1. 53-55, L. tr. 8-9/9. 4
barbels .......................... 7. L. dussumieri, p. 262.
D. 15-16, L. 1. 40-42, L. tr. 6|/9. 4 bar-
bels ............................ 8. L. rohita, p. 262.
D. 15-16, L. 1. 39, L. tr. 7/8. 4 barbels . . 9. L. porcellus, p. 263.
D. 14, L. 1. 39-40, L. tr. 8/7. A pair of
maxillary barbels .................. 10. L. potail, p. 264.
D. 15-16, L."L 38-41, L. tr. 7/8. 4 bar-
bels ............................ 11. L. kontitis, p. 264.
D. 14, I,. 1. 40, L. tr. 6/11. 2 barbels. ... 12. L. cceruleus, p. 266.
D. 13, L. 1. 41-44, L. tr. 8/9. JMouthwjda.
2 barbels ........................ 13. L. diplostomus, p. 265.
D. 13, L. 1. 43, L. tr. 8|/7. 2 barbels . . 14. L. dyochilus, p. 266.
D. 13, L. 1. 40-42, L. tr. 7^/8. 2 barbels . 15. L. pangusia, p. 266.
D. 12-13, L. 1. 42, L. tr. 7/8. 2 or 4 bar-
bels ............................ 16. L. angra, p. 267.
D. 11-12, L. 1. 37-40, L. tr. 7/7. 2 bar-
bels ........................ 17. L. bata, p. 268.
D. 12-13, L. 1. 41-43, L. tr. 8/9. 2 bar-
bels .............................. 18. L. microphthalmus,]). 268.
D. 12, L. 1. 60, L. tr. 12-14. One pair of
maxillary barbels .................. 19. L. boggtit, p. 269.
!). 11-12, L.'l. 37-39, L. tr. 7/7. One pair
of small maxillary barbels. Silvery . . 20. L. boga, p. 269.
258 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
D. 11, L. 1. 38, L. tr. 8/9. One pair of
maxillary barbels; a deep groove
across snout 21. L. nukta, p. 270.
1). 11, L.I. 40-42, L. tr. 8/8. 2 barbels. . 22. L. niffripmnit, p. 271.
D. 12-13, L. 1. 43, L. tr. 8/9. 2 barbels. . 23. L. simlensis, p. 271.
1). 11, L. 1. 38, L. tr. 7/8. 2 barbels 24. L. atiza, p. 272.
D. 11, L. 1. 38, L. tr. 6/6. 2 barbels .... 25. L. kawrus, p. 272.
290. (1.) Labeo nandina.
Cyprinus nandina, Ham. Bucli. Fish. Ganges, pp. 300, 388, pi. viii,
tig. 84.
Labeo nandina, Day, Fish. India, p. 535, pi. cxxvi, figs. 1 & 2
(variety macronotus) (see synou.).
Nandin, Beng. ; Nya-ohn-don, Nya-net-pyah, Nya-yin-pounsa, and
Nya-thyn, Burmese.
B. iii. D. 24-26 (2-3/22-24). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 42-44. L. tr. 6-7/8.
Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 4| to 4|, height of body 4
in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in length of head, 1^
diameters from end of snout, and 2J- apart. Dorsal profile rather
concave above the eyes ; interorbital space flat ; the width of the
mouth one third of the length of the head. Snout obtuse, slightly
projecting beyond the jaws, no lateral lobe ; a few fine pores on snout.
Lips thick and fringed, with a distinct inner fold above and below.
Barbels four, short. Phis the dorsal commences midway be-
tween the snout and the end of the base of the anal fin ; its
upper edge is somewhat convex. Caudal deeply forked. Scales
five rows between the lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour
dark greenish above, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath ;
a few cloudy blotches along the sides ; the centre of many of the
scales reddish.
Hub. Bengal, Assam, and Burma. I have obtained this species
as high up the Irrawaddy as Mandalay. Said to attain 3 feet in
length, and 30 or 40 pounds in weight.
291. (2.) Labeo fimbriatus.
Cyprinus fimbriatus, Block, Ich. xii, p. 50, pi. 409 ; Bl. Schn. Syst.
Ich. p. 441.
Labeo tinibriatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 536, pi. cxxvi, fig. 3 (see
synon.).
S/iaal, Tain. ; Ruchu and. Gandumenu, Tel. ; Bahrum, Ooriah ; Tambra,
Marathi.
B. iii. D. 19-22 (3-4/15-18). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 44-47. L. tr. 9-10/8.
Length of head 6^ to 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter
3| to 4| in length of head, 1| to H diameters from end of snout,
and 2 apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen.
The mouth slightly overhung by the snout, which is obtuse, rather
swollen, aud studded with minute pores, but destitute of u lateral
CYPRINIDJE. CYPRININJE. 259
lobe. Lips thick, continuous, and having an inner fold above and
below, both fringed. Barbels rostral and maxillary pairs short.
Teeth phaiyngeal, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal commences some-
what nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal, it is two
thirds as high as the body, its upper edge concave. Pectoral nearly
as long as the head, it' does not reach the ventral. The ventral
nearly extends to the anal, and the latter to the caudal. Caudal
deeply forked. Scales 6 or 7 rows between the lateral line
and the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery along the back,
becoming lighter on the sides and beneath. Pins, more especially
the ventral, anal, and lower caudal lobe, stained with black.
Sometimes a diffused dark blotch, almost invariably present in
the young, at the base of the caudal.
Hab. Sind, Punjab, the Deccan, and probably N.E. Bengal;
also Southern India at least to Orissa, not recorded from Malabar
or Canara. Attains a foot and a half in length, and is good eating,
but bony.
292. (3.) Labeo nigrescens.
Labeo nigrescens, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 371 ; Fish. India, p. 536,
pi. cxxvii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Mul-vel and Kurri-minu, Canarese.
B. iii. D. 17-18 (2-3/14-15). P. 19. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19-21.
L. 1. 36. L. tr. 6/7.
Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5
in the length of head, 2 diameters from the end of snout and
also apart. Snout rather swollen and rounded, and somewhat
projecting over the lower jaw ; a small lateral lobe ; glands over
the whole of the snout. A very distinct labial fold both above
and below ; a deep transverse groove across the chin ; lower lip
deeply fringed. Barbels maxillary as long as the orbit, rostral
rather shorter. Fins dorsal commences midway between front
end of snout and posterior end of base of anal fin. The pectoral
reaches to above the ventral ; the latter, which is inserted beneath
the fourth dorsal ray, reaches to the anal. Anal rather elongated
anteriorly, being three fifths higher than its base is long ; if
laid backwards it reaches the base of the caudal, which latter fin is
deeply forked. Scales 4}j rows between the lateral line and base
of the ventral fin. Colour deep brown, each scale with a black
spot at its base. Fins black.
Hub. Mangalore and South Canara ; said to attain 18 inches in
length.
293. (4.) Labeo calbasu. (Fig. 93.)
Cyprians calbasu, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 297, 387, pi. ii,
"fig. S3.
Labeo calbasu, Day, Fish. India, p. 636, pi. cxxvi, fig. 4 (see synon.).
urmenUfToluga ; Kiilbasu and Kund/ia, Jieiig., and Cuggera
; Multlee, Assam; Kula-beinse, Ouriali and lliiid. ; Di, 1'unj. ;
s2
200 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
Dl-hee, Sind. ; K'inoihi, Mavathi ; Dai, ditch; Kurri-minu, Canarese ;
Nya-nek-pya, Nya-noo-than, Nya-ony-tony, and Nja-yyeen-boo, Burmese.
B. iii. D. 16-18 (3/13-15). P. 19. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 40-44. L. tr. 7 1/8.
Length of head 5 to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to
5 in the length of the head, \\ to 2 diameters from end of snout,
and 2^ apart. Mouth rather narrow ; snout obtuse and depressed,
destitute of a lateral lobe but with pores. Lips thick, fringed
(more especially the lower one), and each having a distinct inner
fold. Barbels four, the rostral slightly the longer, and about
equal in length to the diameter of the orbit. Teeth pharyngeal,
crooked, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences in advance of the
Fig. 93. Labeo calbasu.
ventrals, and midway between the snout and the base of the caudal,
its upper margin somewhat concave. Ventral commences below
the fourth or fifth dorsal ray. Caudal deeply forked. Scales
51 to 6 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral
fin. In some districts, adults have very elongated fins, the first
few dorsal rays reach even to the base of the caudal, the ventral
extends to the end of the base of the anal, whilst the anal when
laid flat reaches the middle of the caudal. Colour blackish ; some-
times, especially in examples from clear streams, many of the scales
have a scarlet centre. Fins black, occasionally the end of the upper
lobe of the caudal white.
Hal. Punjab, Sind, Cutch, Deccan, Southern India and Malabar,
from the Kistna through Orissa, Bengal, and Burma. It grows to
3 feet in length ; were it not for its numerous bones, it would be
excellent eating.
294. (5.) Labeo stoliczkae.
Labeo &\x>\\czkte,Stemt1achnei',Sit.ztmg8b. k.k.Akad. JfVrw,lxi, Abth. 1,
1870, p. 634 : Day, Fish. India, p. 637, pi. cxxxv, fig-. 1 (see synon.).
i Burm.
CYPRINID.E. CYPRiyiyJE. 261
B. iii. D. 15-16 (3/12-13). P. 19. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. J. 44. L. tr. 9/13.
Length of head 4^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to
4 in the length of head, about 1 diameter from end of snout, and
2 apart. Snout not swollen, destitute of a lateral lobe, and not
overhanging the upper jaw. A deep groove across the chin, with
a distinct labial fold. Lower lip very finely fringed. Pores on the
snout. Barbels a very short maxillary pair concealed in the
labial fold. Fins upper edge of dorsal fin concave, the fin com-
mences midway between the end of the snout and the posterior
extremity of the base of the anal fin ; it is two thirds as high as the
body below it, and the length of its base equals its greatest height.
Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout ; ventral inserted
below the fifth dorsal ray. Anal laid flat does not reach the caudal,
which is forked. Lateral line 7 to 8 rows of scales between it
and the base of the ventral fin. Colour of a deep leaden silvery
along the upper half of the body, white shot with gold beneath.
A black mark behind the gill-openings, and in the young another
on the side of the tail.
Hah. Irrawaddy river, and also Moulmein.
295. (6.) Labeo gonius,
Cyprinus gonius, Ham. Buck. Fishes of Ganges, pp. 292, 387.
Labeo gonius, Day, Fish. India, p. 537, pi. cxxvii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Mosoo, Tel. ; Cursua, Ooriah ; EurcM and Goni, Beng. ; Cursa and
Colloose, Hind. ; Cowrie and Bahtoor, Assam ; Cir-re-oh, Sind ; Nga-dane
and Nya-hoo, Burmese ; Nga-pay, Tenasseiim.
B. iii. D. 15-17 (2-3/13-14). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5).
C. 19. L.I. 71-84. L. tr. 16/17.
Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4|
to 5 in the length of the head, 1| diameters from the end of snout,
2 apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen.
Mouth rather narrow, its width equalling 3J in the length of the
head ; no lateral lobe, but numerous pores on the snout. Lips
thick, and with a distinct inner fold in their entire circumference,
both fringed. Barbels rostral and maxillary present but short.
Teeth pharyngeal, plough- shaped, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins the
dorsal commences much nearer the snout than the base of the
caudal fin ; it is two thirds as high as the body, and its upper edge
is concave. Pectoral nearly or quite as long as the head. Ventral
commences under the middle of the dorsal. Caudal deeply forked.
Scales from 9 to 13 rows between the lateral line and the base
of the ventral fin. Colour greenish along the back, becoming
lighter on the sides ; scales darkest at their margins, many having
red lunules on them.
This fish is extensively used for the purpose of stocking tankf.
262 TELEOSTEI. 1'IIYSOSTOMI.
At Calcutta the form L. yonius is most common with D. 2/13, but
I luive seen two specimens with D. 2/14 from the locality. In
Orissa and Ganjam the rows of scales along the lateral line are
about 74, with only about 9 rows of scales between the lateral line
and base of the ventral fin. To the north, as at Saharanpur, the
scales along the lateral line only number 71, while there are 10
or 11 rows between it and the base of the ventral fin. In the
Brahmaputra the form L. gonius is found as high as Gauhati,
where it mostly has D. 2/14 ; with it is another variety (L. cursis}
with D. 2/14, a rather higher body than is normal, the scales
in rather irregular rows, some red spots on the sides, and about
15 rows of scales bet.weeu the lateral line and base of the ventral
fin.
Hob. Indus in Sind, through the N.W. Provinces, Bengal, and
Orissa to Ganjam, as low as the Kistna ; Assam and Burma. This
species attains nearly 5 feet in length.
296. (7.) Labeo dussumieri
Rohita dussumieri, Cuv. fy Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 258, pi. 475.
Labeo dussumieri, Day, Fish. India, p. 538, pi. cxxvi, tig. 5 (see
synon.).
Toolee, Mai.
B. iii. D. 15-16 (3/12-13). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5).
C. 19. L. 1. 53-00. L. tr. 8-9/9.
Length of head 5|- to 7 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4
to 4-| in length of head, 1^ diameters from end of snout, and 3
apart. Body elongated and compressed, the abdominal profile
rather more convex than the dorsal. Mouth of moderate width
and somewhat inferior, surrounded by fleshy, fringed lips, having
a distinct inner fold above and below, but no lateral lobe. Some-
times numerous pores on the snout, extending posteriorly as far as
the orbits, and below the nostrils. Barbels four, minute. Fins
dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and end
of base of anal fin ; its upper edge concave. Caudal very deeply
forked. Scales 5 or 5 rows between the lateral line and the
base of the ventral fin. Colour greyish, lightest beneath ; scales
with a reddish centre, edged with a darker shade. Usually a dull
diffused dark spot on either side of the tail. Pins dusky.
Hob. Rivers of South Malabar, Ceylon, and perhaps Bombav ;
attaining at least 13 inches in length. "
297. (8.) Labeo rohita.
Cyprinus roLita, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 301, 388, pi. 30, fig. 85.
Labeo rohita, Day, Fish. India, p. 538, pi. cxsvii. tig. 4 (see syuon.).
Ruhu, Ooriah ; Kuce, Beng. ; Nya-myit-chhi, Ni/a-myit-tsan-nee, and
Nya-thyn, Burmese ; Dum-bra, Sind.
B. iii. D. 15-16 (3/12-13). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 6^/9.
CTPRINID^. CTPRININ^. 203
Length of head 4.4 to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4
to 6 in the length of the head, 1-J to 2 diameters from end of snout,
and 3 apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdo-
men, somewhat concave over the orbit. Snout obtuse, depressed,
not or scarcely swollen, but projecting beyond the jaws ; no lateral
lobe ; lips rather thick, fringed, and with a distinct inner fold
above and below. Barbels a short and thin maxillary pair ; a
rostral pair said to be sometimes present. Teeth pharyngeal,
plough-shaped, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fim the dorsal arises about
midway between the snout and the base of the caudal fin ; it is not
quite so high as the body, and its upper edge is moderately
concave. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout.
Ventral inserted below the third or fourth dorsal ray. Caudal
deeply forked. Scales 6 to 6|- rows between lateral line and base
of ventral fin. Colour bluish or brownish along the back, be-
coming silvery on the sides and beneath ; sometimes there is a red
mark on each scale. In some specimens the fins are black.
Hdb. Fresh waters of Sind, and from the Punjab through India
and Assam to Burma. Not found in Madras nor on the Western
coast. This fish attains 3 feet or more in length. It is esteemed
excellent as food, and propagated with care in ponds in Bengal.
298. (9.) Labeo porcellns.
Tylognathus porcellus, Heckd, in Hiigel\<* Kashmir, iv, p. 385.
Labeo porcellus, Day, Fish. India, p. 639, pi. cxxviii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 15-16 (2/13-14). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 39. L. tr. 7/8.
Length of head 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in the
length of head, 2 diameters from the end of snout and also apart.
Dorsal profile rather more convex than that of the abdomen.
Snout rather projecting. Lips thick, with a distinct inner fold to
both jaws, which have each a thin cartilaginous internal covering.
Gill-rakers small and rather closely set. Barbels four, the
maxillary rather longer than the rostral pair. Fins dorsal not
quite so high as the body ; it commences midway between the snout
and the posterior end of the base of the anal fin, its upper edge is
rather concave. Pectoral as long as the head; ventral rather
shorter. Scales 5 rows between the lateral line and the base of
the ventral fin. Colour greyish superiorly, becoming dull white
on the sides and beneath ; most of the scales darkest at their edges.
A dark spot usually present at the base of the caudal fin. Be-
hind the centre of the opercle is a bluish spot, which may be
continued on to the shoulder. Fins greyish, darkest along their
centres.
Hab. Poona and Bombay. Found also in Ceylon (Haly).
264 TELEOSTET. P1IYSO8TOMI.
299. (10.) Labeo potail.
Cyprinus potail, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 354.
Labeo potail, Day, Fish. India, p. 539, pi. cxxvii, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Dotondi, Mahr.
B. iii. D. 13-14 (2/11-12). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L.I. 39-40. L. tr. 8/7.
Length of head 51 in the total length. Eyes situated in the
commencement of the posterior half of the head, from 4 to 6
diameters in the length of the head. Dorsal profile rather more
convex than that of the abdomen. Mouth narrow. Snout over-
hanging the mouth, with a slightly produced lateral lobe ; lower
labial fold entire, a deep groove existing across the chin. Snout
smooth, or with fine pores. A cartilaginous layer to inner side
of both jaws. Barbels a maxillary pair. Fins dorsal commences
rather nearer the snout than the base of caudal fin, its upper
margin is a little concave ; the height of the fin two thirds that of
the body. Pectoral nearly as long as the head, and equal to the
ventral in length. Anal much highest anteriorly ; caudal deeply
forked, upper lobe the longer. Scales 5^ rows between lateral
line and base of ventral. Colour greyish, each scale with a red
lunule ; fins stained grey along their edges, and dorsal along its
centre.
Hob. Deccan, from Poona to Tungabhadra river.
300. (11.) Labeo kontius.
Cyprinus kontius, Jerdon, Maff. Jour. L. S. xv, p. 302 (1849).
Labeo kontius, Day, Fish. India, p. 539, pi. cxxvii, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Currumunnee condee and Curoo-moolee-candee, Tarn.
B. iii. D. 15-16 (3-4/12-13). P. 15. V. 10. A. 7 (2/5).
C. 19. L.I. 38-41. L. tr. 7/8.
Length of head 6 to 7 in the total length. Eyes in the imma-
ture usually in the middle of the length of the head, in the adult
in the commencement of its last half, diameter 4% to 5 in the
length of the head. Profile above the eyes rather concave. Dorsal
profile more convex than the abdominal. Muzzle blunt truncated,
covered with pores, and having a short fleshy lateral prolongation.
Width of mouth 2j in the length of the head. Lips thick, with a
distinct inner fold below ; the lower one is fringed. Snout over-
hanging the mouth. Barbels four, short. Teeth pharyngeal,
plough-shaped, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences midway
between snout and hind end of base of anal, its upper margin is
concave. Pectoral reaches to nearly above the ventral ; the latter
does not reach the anal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 5 rows
between lateral line and base of ventral. Colour a general
reddish or fleshy tinge, darkest along the back. In most of the
CTPEINID^E. CYPRINIXJE. 265
specimens obtained from the Coleroon river, each scale had a red
centre.
Hah. Eivers along the base of the Nilgiris, and the Cauvery and
Coleroon in all their branches down to the coast. Grows to two
feet in length.
301, (12.) Labeo caBruleus.
Labeo cseruleus, Day, Fish. India, p. 540, pi. cxxix, fig. 3.
B. iii. D. 14 (2/12). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 40. L. tr. 6/11.
Length of head 4f in the total length. Eyes 4 diameters in the
length of head, 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 2 apart. Mouth
narrow, its width equalling two sevenths of the length of the head.
Snout overhanging the mouth ; no lateral lobe. Lips continuous,
and having a distinct inner fold in their entire circumference ; both
lips fringed. A horny inner covering to either lip. Barbels a,
short pair to the maxilla. Fins dorsal arises anteriorly to the
ventral, and slightly nearer to the end of the snout than to the
base of the caudal fin, in front it is two thirds as high as the body,
its upper edge concave. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the
snout, it docs not reach the vantral nor the latter the anal. Anal
when laid flat reaches the base of the* caudal, which is deeply
forked. Scales 6 rows between lateral line and base of ventral
fin. Colour bluish, with a yellowish tinge on the sides and be-
neath. Outer half of anal nearly black, and a blackish lunule on
the caudal.
Hub. Biver at the base of the Sind Hills.
302. (13.) Labeo diplostomus.
Varicorhinus diplostomus, Heckel, Fisch. Caschmir, p. 07, pi. xi.
Labeo diplostomus, Day, Fish. India, p. 540, pi. cxxix, fag. 2 (see
synon.).
Nepura, Assam ; Kul-ka-batta, Beng. ; Gid and Giddah, Punj. ;
Muhaylee, Hind. (Hurdwar), and Gaywah, Saharanpur.
B. iii. D. 12-13 (2-3/9-10). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 41-44. L. tr. 8/9.
Length of head 5 to Q\ in the total length. Eyes situated
either in or (in the voung) rather before the middle of the length
of the head, diameter 5 to 6^ in the total length of head, and 2^-
to 3 diameters apart. Dorsarprofile more convex than that of the
abdomen. Mouth rather narrow; snout overhanging the jaws,
generally with a groove across it, and covered with pores ; no
lateral lobe. Lips thick and continuous, but the fold across the
lower jaw is interruped. A cartilaginous layer on inside of both
lips. Gill -rakers closely set, about one third as long as the eye.
a small maxillary pair. Tetth pharyngeal, plough-shaped,
206 TKI/KOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal arises midway between the front of
the snout and the end of the bass of the anal fin ; its upper edge is
slightly concave in the young, becoming deeply so in the adult.
The pectoral does not extend to the ventral, nor the latter to the
anal. Caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer. Scales
six or seven rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin.
Colour greyish, darkest along the back, each scale tinged with
red ; a darkish band along the side, or short grey bars passing to
the lateral line. Fins with a faint reddish hue. Outer edge of
dorsal rather stained.
Hub. Along the ISincl hills and Himalayas, also in the Brahma-
putra in Assam.
303. (14.) Labeo dyochilus.
Cyprinus dyocheilus, McClelland, As. lies, xix, pt. 2 ; Ind. Cyp.
pp. 268, 330, pi. 37, fig. 1.
Labeo dyocheilus, Day, Fish. India, p. 540, pi. cxxx, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Boalla, Hind. ; Heel-yorya, Assamese; Nu-ga-dee, Sind.
B. iii. D. 13 (2/11). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 43. L. tr. 8l/7i
Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in
the commencement of the posterior half of the head in the young,
still further back in the adult; diameter from 6 to 9 in the length
of the head, and from 31 to 5 apart. Width of head equals two
thirds of its length ; its lower surface being very broad and flat.
Snout conical, projecting, and with a distinct lateral lobe. Mouth
wide, its gape equal to one half to two fifths the length of the head,
it is directed downwards when the upper jaw is protruded. Lips
of both jaws continuous, the fold across the lower jaw interrupted.
A horny inner covering to both lips. Pores on snout. Bat-Ids
one short maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped,
5, 4, 3/3, 4. 5. fins dorsal commences midway between end of
snout and posterior end of base of anal fin ; its upper margin con-
cave, especially in the adult. The pectoral reaches the ventral,
and the latter the base of the anal. Caudal deeply forked, its
inner rays about one third of the length of the outer. Scales
five rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour
dull green, darkest above; fins darkest in the centre.
Hob. Sind hills and along the Himalayas to Sikkim and Assam.
Common in Assam. Attains at least 3 feet in length.
304. (15.) Labeo pangusia.
Cyprinus pangusia, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 285, 386.
Labeo pangusia, Day, Fish. India, p. 541, pi. cxxxi, fig. 1 (see
syuon.).
Loannee, Beng.
CYPRINID.E. CYPRININ^:. 267
B. iii. D. 13 (2/11). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 7|/8.
Length of head 5| to 6, of caudal 4^ to 5, height of body 4^ in
the total length. Eyes in or rather behind the middle of the
length of the head; diameter 4 to 5^ in the length of the head.
Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. The greatest
width of the head equals two thirds of its length. Suborbital ring
of bones narrow, about one fifth the diameter of the eye. Mouth
narrow, its width 3^ in the length of the head. Snout obtuse,
projecting over the jaws, and having a very distinct lateral lobe.
Lips not fringed, but thick, with a distinct inner fold, which is
not continued across the lower jaw. Snout covered with large
pores. A cartilaginous covering to inner surface of both lips.
Barbels a, short maxillary pair, concealed in the labial fold. Teeth
pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal com-
mences nearer the snout than the base of the caudal ; it is nearly
or quite as high as the body, and in the adult its upper edge is
concave. The pectoral does not quite reach the ventral, nor the
latter the anal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 5-1- to 6 rows
between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour of a dull
green, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath, sometimes the
base of each scale has a dark mark.
Hub. Himalayan range and generally throughout Sind, the
Deccan, and N.W. Provinces, to Bengal, Cachar, and Assam.
305. (16.) Labeo angra.
Cyprinus angra, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 331, 391.
Labeo angra, Day, Fish. India, p. 541, pi. cxxviii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Nga-loo, Burmese ; (Khdrsd, Hind, at Purneah ; Mochhna on the Ma-
hanadi, II.B.'s MSS.).
B. iii. D. 12-13 (2-3/10). P. 16. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 42. L. tr. 7/8.
Length of head 5-J in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to
4-| in the length of the head, 1| to 1$ diameters from the end of
the snout, and 2 to 2^ apart. Dorsal profile a little more convex
than that of the abdomen. Snout overhanging the jaws, having a
distinct lateral lobe on either side, and studded with pores. Mouth
rather narrow, the lips continuous and with a deep groove across
the chin ; both lips fimbriated. Barbels a short maxillary pair.
Fins dorsal as high as the body, arising rather nearer the snout
than the base of the caudal fin, its upper edge concave. Pectoral
nearly as long as the head. Ventral inserted beneath the first
third of the dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 5| rows
between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour brownish
along the back, with a black or bluish stripe passing from the eyes
to the base of the caudal fin, where it ends in a black blotch. In
Burmese examples the black lateral band is wanting, but the blotch
2C8 TET/EOSTET. PHTSOSTOMT.
at the side of the tail is present, and some have a second blotch at
the commencement of the lateral line. Instead of a maxillary
barbel there exists a fleshy flap inside the groove.
Hub. Assam, Bengal, and Orissa. Also Mandalay in Upper,
and Sittoung in Lower Burma.
306. (17.) Labeo bata.
Cyprinus bata, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 283, 386.
Labeo bata, Day, Fish. India, p. 542, pi. cxxix, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Dunyuda-porah, Ooriah ; Dommarci-batta, Beng. ; Gootellah, Hind.;
Bango, N.W. Prov. ; Chirri, Cutch ; Royddi and Tambte, Marathi.
B. iii. D. 11-12(2-3/9-10). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 37-40. L. tr. 7/6-7.
Length of head 5 to 5f in the total length. Eyes diameter 4
to 4j in the length of head, 1| to lj diameters from the end of
snout, 2 to 2L apart. The dorsal profile more convex than that of
the abdomon. The width of the mouth 3^ in the length of the
head, and in the adult about three times the depth of the cleft ;
snout slightly in advance of the jaws in theyoung, but hardly so in
the adult, in which it is often covered with pores. Lips thin, con-
tinuous, the lower reflected from off the mandible, and with a
shallow groove along its hind edge. No horny covering inside
jaws. Barbels a very short maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal,
plough-shaped or molariform, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins the dorsal as
high as the head is long, and with a concave upper edge ; it com-
mences slightly nearer the end of the snout than the base of the
caudal fin. Pectoral about as long as the head and reaching the
ventral, which is rather shorter. Scales 51 rows between lateral
line and base of ventral fin. Colour varying wilh the age of the
fish ; generally silvery, darkest along the back, and with the lower
fins stained orange; fine black dots on all the fins. In specimens
about four inches long there are three or four small black spots
on the fifth and sixth scales of the lateral line, which gradually
and almosb entirely fade as age advances.
Hub. From the Kistna and Godavari rivers through Orissa,
Lower Bengal, and Assam. This fish (which attains nearly two
feet in length) is extensively used for stocking tauks.
307. (18.) Labeo microphthalmus.
Labeo microphthalmus, Day, Fish. India, p. 542, pi. cxxxii, fig. 4
(see synon.)
B. iii. D. 13 (3/10). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 41-43. L. tr. 8/9.
Length of head 6 in the total lergtb. Eyes diameter 5^ in
length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout, and ^\ apart.
Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. Sr.out
. CYPBININ.E. 209
overhanging the mouth, but not swollen, having a very indistinct
lateral loba ; some spacimsns have a few small pores oa the snout.-
Lips continuous ; the groove across the lower jaw interrupted ;
mouth transverse, inferior ; a cartilaginous or horny covering to
inside of the lower jaw. The suborbital ring of bones compara-
tively wide, being two thirds the width of the orbit. Barbds a
shorb maxillary pair. TVeZ/i pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 2/2,
4, 5. fins the height of the dorsal equals or exceeds the length
of the head, its upper edge is very concave, it arises midway
between the end of the snout and the posterior extremity of the
base of the anal fin. The pectoral does not reach the ventral.
Scales 6L rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. The
scales covering the thorax are very small. Colour silvery, darkest
in the upper half of the body ; sometimes the scales are marked
with red.
Hob. Himalayas, from the Punjab, Murree, and Kangra, also
Kashmir.
308. (19.) Labeo boggut.
Chondrostoma boggut, Sykes, Tr. Z. 8. ii, p. 359.
Labeo boggut, Day, Fish. India, p. 542, pi. cxxviii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Sande and Kolees, Mahr. ; Lot, Cutch.
B. iii. D. 11-12 (3/8-9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 60-65. L. tr. 11-12/14.
Length of head 5^ to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter
4^ to 5 in length of head, 1^ to If diameters from end of snout,
and 2 apart. Dorsal profile rather more convex than that of the
abdomen. Snout thick, somewhat projecting beyond the jaws, but
without any lateral lobe. A few pores ou the snout. Lower labial
fold complete ; lower lip fimbriated ; a horny covering to the inside
of the lower lip. Barbels a short maxillary pair, fins the
dorsal commences nearer to the .snout than to the root of the caudal,
it is as high as the body, its upper edge concave. The pectoral is
nearly as long as the head and does not reach the ventral ; the latter
is inserted under the middle dorsal rays. The ventral does not
extend to the anal, nor the latter to the caudal, which is deeply
forked. Scales 8 or 9 rows between lateral line and base of
ventral fin. Colour silvery, darkest superiorly. Fins orange.
In some specimens a few light lines run along the sides, or a bluish
band along the body. A dark spot usually present near the base
of the caudal, and sometimes a smaller one on the lateral line above
the last third of the pectoral fin.
Hob. Bengal, the Punjab, Central Provinces, Bombay, the Deccan,
common at Jubbulpore and in Cutch, also found at Madras. It
attains at least 7 inches in length.
fig. 4 (see synon.).
(20.) Labeo boga.
k. Fish. Ganges, pp.
India, p. 543, pi. cxxviii, fig. 3, and pi. cxxxi,
Cypriuus boga, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 28(3, 380, pi. 28, fig. 80.
Labjo boga, Day, Fish.
270 TELEOSTEI. P1IYSOSTOMI.
Kimla-mcen, and Coal-rtn'iiza-candee, Tarn. ; Arisa, Tel. ; Kata-battali,
Ooriah; liangum-batta, Beng. ; Month, Punj.; Kyouk-nya-loo,]$\\.rm.
B. iii. D. 11-13(2-3/9-10). P. 16. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1.37-39. L. tr. 6|-7/7. Vert, 17-15.
Length of head 5| to 5^ in the total length. Eyes somewhat
before the middle of the head, 3f- to 4 diameters in length of head.
Dorsal profile rather more convex than that of the abdomen. Mouth
rather narrow, its width equalling one third of the length of the
head. Snout projecting moderately beyond the jaws, no lateral lobe.
Lips rather thick. A thin layer of cartilage to inner surface of
lower lip. Snout occasionally covered with large pores. Barbels
a minute maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5, plough-
shaped. Fins origin of dorsal commences nearer the snout than
the base of the caudal, upper margin concave ; caudal deeply forked,
lobes of equal length. Scales 5 rows between lateral line and base
of ventral fin. Colour orange, with the fins of a reddish tinge ;
sometimes a dark spot on the shoulder.
Hob. [Rivers of Gangetic Provinces, Madras, and Burma ; said
to attain a foot in length. PL cxxviii, fig. 3, ' Fishes of India,' is
from a Uurmese specimen, and PI. cxxxi, fig. 4, is from an example
from the Jumna.
310. (21.) Labeo nukta.
Cyprinus nukta, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 355.
Labeo nukta, -Day, Fish. India, p. 543, pi. cxxviii, n'g. 5 (see synoa.).
NaTita and Nanktashendva, Marathi.
B. iii. B. 11 (2/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L.I. 37-38. L. tr. 6/9.
Length of head 5 to 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter 6
in the length of the head, 2^ diameters from the end of snout, and
also apart. Snout projecting over the mouth, and having a deep
groove passing from one orbit to the opposite one, thus presenting
the appearance of a blunt com pressed knob between and before the
orbits. Mouth of moderate width ; the snout with a well-developed
lateral lobe and a distinct inner fold to the lips at the angle of the
mouth, extending across the outer third of the lower jaw, from
which the lip is reflected and studded with pores, but neither lip
is fringed. Both lips with a thin deciduous horny layer internally.
Some large pores on snout, on forehead, and in the rostral groove.
Barlels a rudimentary maxillary pair. Lateral line badly marked,
41 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin. Fins
dorsal arises midway between the snout and the posterior extremity
of the base of the anal fin, its anterior three rays are much elevated
and higher than the body, the last besides being divided to its root
is also somewhat prolonged, making the upper margin of the fin
concave : the ventral arises under the middle of the dorsal and
scarcely reaches the anal, which fin is much higher anteriorly.
CYPJMJUDjE. CYPHlNINjE. 271
Pectoral as long as the head. Caudal deeply forked. A row of
scales along the base of the dorsal. Colour silvery, wifch some red
marks on the scales. Fins reddish, caudal edged with grey.
Hob. Poona and rivers of the Deccan ; attaining at least 12
inches in length.
311. (22.) Labeo nigripinnis.
Labeo nigripinnis, Day, Fish. India, p. 544, pi. cxxxii, fig. 3.
B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 8/8.
Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in
the middle of the length of the head in the young, rather before
it in the adult, diameter 4g in the length of the head. Dorsal
profile Somewhat elevated, abdominal nearly straight. Snout pro-
jecting over the mouth, which is inferior, and the width of which
equals one third of the length of the head ; the lips continuous at
the angle of the mouth ; the lower lip thin and reflected from off
the mandible, which has a thin cartilaginous covering. Large pores
on the snout, which in some specimens has a groove across it.
Barbels a minute maxillary pair. Fins dorsal commences mid-
way between the end of the snout and the posterior extremity of
the base of the anal fin ; it is as high as the body and has a concave
upper edge. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, or
even a little more. Ventral commences below the first third of the
dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales from 5 to 5g rows between
the lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour bluish along the
back, becoming dull white on the sides and beneath. In some
specimens the bases of the scales are dark coloured, some have a
dull band along the side. Fins black in tbe adult, not always so
in the young.
JJab. Sind hills and rivers at their bases.
312. (23.) Labeo sindensis.
Cirrhina sindensis, Day, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. 2, 1872, p. 319.
Labeo sindensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 544, pi. cxxxii, n'g. 2.
B. iii. D. 12-13 (2-3/10). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 43. L. tr. 8/9.
Length of head 6J in the total length. Eyes rather nearer to
snout than to hind edge of opercles, diameter 5^ in the length of
the head, 2 diameters from the end of snout, and 2^ apart. Dorsal
profile rather more convex than that of the aSdomen. Snout
rather overhanging the mouth. No lateral lobe to snout, which in
some specimens has a deep groove across it, and is covered with
glands. Lips continuous at the angle of the mouth ; the lower lip
thin with a smooth edge, and reflected from off the mandible, which
lias a thin cartilaginous covering. Barbels a short maxillary pair.
Fins dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and
the posterior extremity of the base of the anal, it is rather higher
272 TEWOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
than the body, its upper edge concave. Pectoral as long as the
head excluding the snout. Ventral inserted under the middle of
the dorsal fin. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 61 to 7 rows between
the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery,
with a reddish tinge, the bases of the scales darkest; fins reddish.
JJ((b. Sind, the Punjab (at Lahore and Hardwar), also the Dec-
can at Poona. This species attains at least 8 inches in length.
313. (24.) Labeo ariza.
Cyprinus ariza, Buchanan, Journey Mysore, iii, p. 344, pi. 31.
Labeo ariza, JJay, Pish. India, p. 544, pi. cxxxii, fig. 5 (see ayiioii.).
Kavdasha, Marathi ; and Coal, Tamil.
B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 38. L. tr. 6-7/8.
Length of head 65 to 5| in the total length. Eyes rather
nearer snout than hind edge of opercle, diameter 51 in the length
of the head, 2 diameters from the end of snout, and 2\ apart.
Dorsal profile slightly more convex than that of the abdomen.
The width of the mouth equals one third of the length of the head.
Lips smooth, .with a thin cartilaginous covering inside the lower
jaw. A few pores on snout. Barbels a very short maxillary pair.
Fiiis dorsal commences slightly nearer the snout than the base of
the caudal fin, it is three fourths as high as the body, and has a
concave upper margin. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Ventral
inserted below anterior third of dorsal fin, and not so long as the
pectoral. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 5^ rows between the
lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour leaden grey above,
becoming silvery on the sides and beneath.
Jfab. Wynaad, the Bhavani river at the foot of the Kilgiri hills
in Madras, and the Cauvery river. This fish attains to about 9|
i iches in length,
314. (25.) Labeo kawrus.
Chendrostoma kawrus, Sykcs, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 358, pi. Ixii, fig. 2.
Labeo kawrus, Day, Fish. India, p. 545, pi. cxxxi, fig. 5 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L.I. 38. L. tr. 6/6.
Length of head 5^ to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3
to 3f in the length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of snout,
and li apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles about equally convex.
Snout very obtuse and not overhanging the jaws. Lips continuous
at the angle of the mouth, the lower one very thin and reflected off
the mandible, which is rounded and has a thin cartilaginous covering;
edges of lips smooth. Barbels a minute maxillary pair. Teeth
pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences
midway between end of snout and posterior extremity of base of
anal fin ; it is rather higher than the head is long. its upper edge is
CYPRINID.T;. CYPRINIWJE. 273
concave. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Caudal deeply
forked. Scales 4| rows between lateral line and base of ventral
fin. Colour silvery, dorsal and caudal fins externally stained with
grey ; sometimes a dark blotch on the scales near the commence-
ment of the lateral line.
Hob. Poona and the Deccan.
10. Genus OSTEOCHILUS, Giinther.
Syn. Rohita, sp., Cuv. & Val.
Abdomen rounded. Mouth of moderate width, directed more
or less downwards ; lips thickened, continuous, fringed or crenu-
lated, the lower being reflected from off the mandible, leaving it
uncovered in the form of a sharp and hard, transverse, prominence.
No tubercle at syrnphysis. Snout obtusely rounded. Barbels
four or two. Pharyngeal teeth usually 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Dorsal fin
without osseous ray, with a moderate number of branched rays
(10 to about 20), commencing in advance of the ventrals. Anal
with few rays. Scales of moderate or small size ; no tile-like row
at base of anal fin. Lateral line passing to the centre of the base
of the caudal fin. Gill-rakers short.
Geographical Distribution. Burma and the Malay Archipelago.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 2/18, A. 3/5, L. 1. 64. Four barbels.
Colours uniform 1. O. chalybcattis, p. 273.
D. 2-3/15-16, A. 2/5, L. 1. 34. Four barbels.
A darkish band near commencement of
lateral line, and a dark mark before base
of caudal fin 2. O. neilli, p. 274.
D. 3/13, A. 3/6, L. 1. 40. Two barbels.
Colours uniform 3. O. cephalns, p. 275.
315. (1.) Osteochilus chalybeatus.
Rohita chalybeata, Cuv. # Val. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 271.
Osteochilus chalybeatus, Day, Wsh. India, p. 545, pi. cxxix, fig. 1
(see synon.).
Nya-leh, Burmese.
B.iii. D. 20(2/18). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C.I!).
L. 1. 54. L. tr. 8/10.
Length of head 5, height of body 4| in total length. Eyes
diameter 4 in length of head, \\ diameters from end of snout, and
2 apart. Snout overhanging the jaws and without any lateral
lobe. Mouth rather narrow, its width being about one third of
length of head. Lips thick and fringed, with an inner fold above
and below. Barbels the maxillary pair half as long as the orbit,
the rostral shorter. Fins the dorsal commences midway between
T
274 TELEOSTEI. - PIIYSOSTOMI.
the end of the snout and the posterior margin of the base of the
anal fin, its upper edge is straight. Pectoral rather longer lhau
the head excluding the snout ; it does not reach the ventral, nor the
latter the anal. Anal laid flat just reaches the caudal, which is
moderately forked. Scales six rows between the lateral line and
base of the ventral fin. Colour grey, becoming lighter below,
narrow dark lines along the body ; fins black.
Hub. Irrawaddy and Salween rivers in Burma.
316. (2.) Osteochilus neilli. (Fig. 94.)
Labeo neilli, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 99.
Osteochilus neilli, Day, Fish. India, p. 545, pi. cxxx, fig. 2.
B. hi. D. 17-18 (2-3/15-16). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5).
C. 19. L. 1. 34. L. tr.
Length of head 5|, height of body 3| in total length. Eyes
diameter 3| in length of head, lg diameters from end of snout,
and 2 apart. Snout rounded and smooth, it scarcely overlaps (lie
mouth, which is of moderate width ; no lateral lobe. Both lips
fringed with two, three, or more rows of well-developed papilla)
internally; groove across the mandible not complete; a cart i la-
Fig. W. Osteochilus neilli.
ginous covering internally to the lower jaw. Barbels the rostral
do not reach the orbit, the maxillary extend to beneath its centre.
Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins the
dorsal commences before the ventral, and much nearer to the snout
than to the base of the caudal, its upper border is somewhat con-
cave ; caudal deeply forked. Scales 4 rows between lateral line
and base of ventral fin. Colour greyish yellow, deepest supe-
riorly, every scale being darkest at its base. A dull spot near the
root of the caudal fin, and another ill-defined one near the com-
mencement of the lateral line. Fins yellowish orange, dorsal
darkest at its basal half.
CYPBINID.E. CTPEININ^E. 275
Uab. Sittoung, Billing, and Rangoon in Burma. The largest
specimen, out of seven, measured six inches in length.
317. (3.) Osteochilus cephalus.
Labeo cephalus, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Pom. xvi, p. 347, pi. 487.
Osteochilus cephalus, Day, Fish. India, p. 546.
B. iii. D. 16 (3/13). P. 20. V. 9. A. 9 (3/6). C. 19.
L. 1. 40. L. tr. 7/7.
Length of head 4|, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes
one fifth of length of head, two diameters from end of snout. The
snout projects beyond the jaws, it is rather swollen and has many
pores opening on its surface ; the mandible has a transverse free
edge, with thick lip, both the upper and lower lips fringed.
Barbels yone short maxillary pair. Fins the dorsal commences
midway between the snout and base of caudal, and in advance of
the ventrals, its upper border is concave. The anal laid flat
reaches the caudal. Scales 4| rows between the lateral line and
base of ventral fin. Colour greenish, with the base of each scale
darkest.
Ilal>. Pegu, attaining one foot in length.
11. Genus DANGILA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Syn. Cyrene, sp.. Heckel.
Abdomen rounded. Snout moderately depressed and obtusely
rounded. Mouth transverse, more or less inferior. Lower jaw
sharp, covered with a thin lip, and having a tubercle above the
symphysis ; upper lip fringed. Barbels small, one maxillary and
one mandibular pair. Pharyngeal teeth, 5, 4 or 3, 3 or 2/2 or 3,
3 or 4, 5. Dorsal fin rather long, without any osseous ray, and
commencing in advance of the ventrals. Anal short, without a
tile-like row of scales. Scales of large, small, or moderate size.
Lateral line continuous, passing to the centre of the base of the
caudal fin. Grill-rakers short.
This genus, which differs from CirrJiina in possessing a few
more rays in the dorsal fin, does not appear to extend into ludia
proper.
Geographical Distribution. Burma to the Malay Archipelago.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 26-38, L. 1. 39-40, L. tr. 7/9 1. D. litrmanica, p. 275.
1). -2(J, L. 1. 31, L. tr. G/ ? 2. D. berdmorei, p. 276.
318. (1.) Dangila burmanica. (Fig. 95.)
Dangila bumianica, Day, Fish. India, p. 546, pi. cxxxi, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 26-28 (2-3/24-25). P. 16. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5).
C. 19. L. 1. 39-40. L. tr. 7/9.
T2
270 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
Length of head 7, height of body 4 to 5 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout,
and 1| apart. Mouth transverse, with the snout slightly depressed
and rounded ; upper lip fringed ; a small tubercle inside the lower
jaw above the symphysis. Barbels the maxillary pair as long as
Fig. 95. Dangila burmanica.
the eye, the rostral pair shorter. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5.
Fins dorsal commences above the ninth scale of the lateral line,
its upper edge concave, and its highest rays four fifths of the height
of the body. Pectoral nearly as long as the head, not reaching the
ventral. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Scales five rows between
lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery, some of the
scales with dark spots at their bases forming rows or horizontal
bands. Pins orange, the edges of the caudal stained.
Hub. Moulmein and Tavoy (where it does not seem to be un-
common) ; several specimens obtained measured up to 10 inches in
length.
319. (2.) Dangila berdmorei.
Dangila berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 162 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 546.
B. iii. D. 20 (3/23). V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). L. 1. 31. L. tr. O/?
Length of head 5, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes
diameter two fifths of length of head, three fourths of a diameter
from end of snout. Pores on front of snout large. A distinct
tubercle above symphysis. Lower lip rather thick, not fringed.
Barbels rostral equal to the length of the orbit. Fins dorsal
arises in commencement of second third of total length ; the
pectoral does not quite reach the ventral. Caudal deeply forked.
Scales 3| rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin.
Colour uniform in spirit. According to Blyth's description each
scale is tipped by a black spot.
Halt. Tenasserim Provinces of British Burma.
ClTltlNID.t. CYPRINJ tiJE. 277
12. Genus CIRRHINA, Cuvier.
Syn. Vanyana, pt., Ham. IJuch. ; Danyila, sp., Guv. & Val. ; Cyrene,
sp., Heckel ; Mriyala, sp., Bleeker ; \Crossochilus, pt., Giinther. ^ l^^,^ >-, /
Abdomen rouuded. Snout depressed and obtusely rounded,
with the soft coverings extremely thin. Mouth broad, transverse.
Upper lip fringed or entire, and not continuous with the lower lip.
Lower jaw rather sharp, without any lip or with a thin one,
generally destitute of any horny covering, but having a small
tubercle above the mandibular symphysis. Barbels small, four,
two, or none. Dorsal fin rather short or of moderate length,
without any osseous ray, and commencing in advance of the ven-
tral s. Ajial fin short, without a row of tile-like scales. Scales of
large, small, or moderate size. Lateral line continuous, passing to
the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Gill-rakers short.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh waters of Baluchistan, Sind,
India, generally throughout Burma, and the East Indian Archi-
Bynopsis of Indian Species.
D. 17-19, L. 1. 42-44. Four barbels. Upper lip
entire 1. C. cirrhosa, p. 277.
D. 15-16, L. 1. 40-45. Two barbels. Upper lip
entire 2. C. mrigala, p. 278.
D. 10-11, L. 1. 38-40. Four barbels. Upper lip
fringed 3. C. latia, p. 279.
D. 10-11, L. 1. 35-38. One pair of short rostral
barbels. Upper lip indistinctly fringed or
entire 4. C. relm, p. 279.
D. 10, L. 1. 48. Two barbels 5. C.fulungee, p. 280.
320. (1.) Cirrhina cirrhosa.
Oyprinus cirrhosus. Block, Ich. xii, p. 52, t. 411 ; Block Schn. Syst.
Ick. p. 450.
Cirrhina cirrhosa, Day, Fish. India, p. 547, pi. cxxxi, fig. 3 (see
synon.).
Ven-candi, Tarn, j Aruzii, Tel.
B. iii. D. 17-19 (3-4/14-15). P. 19. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5).
C. 19. L. 1. 42-44. L. tr. 8/9. Vert. 21/17.
Length of head 5| to 6, height of body 4 to 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of the head, 1 diameter
from end of snout, and 1^ apart. Dorsal profile more convex than
that of the abdomen. Width of mouth equals one third of the
278 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
length of the head. Usually some fine pores on the snout, which
does not project beyond the jaws. Barbels the maxillary are
about one third as long as the eye, the rostral pair are rather longer.
Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped and with the sides of the
outer ones roughened, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins the dorsal as high as
the body, it arises considerably in advance of the ventrals, and mid-
way between the snout and the posterior portion of the base of the
anal fin, its upper margin concave ; in some large specimens the
first few rays are very elongated. Caudal deeply forked or
lunated. Scales 5| to 6| rows between lateral line and base of
ventral fin. Colour silvery, every scale having a red centre,
except along the abdomen, where they are of a dull yellowish white.
Dorsal and caudal stained with grey, also the outer end of the
anal and pectoral.
Nab. Godavari, Kistna, and Cauvery rivers, and generally in
Southern India. Grows to 1| feet in length. Is a very active fish
and fair eating but bony.
321. (2.) Cirrhina mrigala.
Cyprinus mrigala, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 279, 38G, pi. 6, fig. 79.
Cirrhina mrigala, Day, Fish. India, p. 347, pi. cxxix, tig. 4 (see synon.).
Mirrgah, Ooriah ; Mrigala, Beng. and Hind. ; Nairn, Hind. (N. "W. P.) >
Nga-kyin and Nga-yyein, Burm. ; Mor-ah-kee, Sind and Cutch.
B. iii. D. 15-16 (3/12-13). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 15.
L. 1. 40-45. L. tr.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 4 to 5^ in the total
length. Eyes in the anterior half of the head, diameter 3L to 4
in the length of the head, 1 to 1 \ diameters from the end of snout,
and 2 apart. Width of the mouth equals two fifths of the length
of the head. Pores present or absent on the snout. Teeth
pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal nearly
as high as the body, it arises rather nearer to the snout than to
the base of the caudal fin, and opposite the twelfth scale of the
lateral line; upper margin of fin slightly concave, in Sind examples
deeply so. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, not
reaching the ventral. Caudal with sharp and deeply forked lobes,
which have convex edges internally. Scales 51 to 6 rows between
lateral line and base of ventral. Colour silvery, dark grey along
the back, sometimes having a coppery tinge ; the pectoral, ventral,
and anal orange stained with black. Eyes golden.
Hab. Elvers and tanks in Bengal, Deccan, N.W. Provinces,
Punjab, Siud, Cutch, and Burma, growing to 3 feet in length. It
is an excellent species for stocking tanks with. I have taken it in
Bangoon 18 pounds in weight.
CYPIMNIDvE. CYPRININ.-E. 279
322. (3.) Cirrhina latia.
Cyprinus latins, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 345, 393.
Cirrhina latia, Day, Fish. India, p. 548, pi. cxxx, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Kctla-batta, Bengali and Ooriah ; Behrah and Tellarrec, Punj. ; Curru,
Sind.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (3/7-8). P. 15. Y. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 38-40. L. tr. 6/6. Vert. 15/17.
Length of head 6 to 6, height of body 5i to 7 iu the total
length. Eyes rather behind the middle of the head in the adult;
diameter 3^ to 5 in the length of the head, about 2 diameters from
end of snout, and also apart. Upper surface of the head rather
broad ; snout overhanging the jaws and having a small lateral lobe.
Upper lip deeply indented on the edge, and each indentation (in
some specimens) having a tricuspid termination ; this is most seen
in examples from Calcutta and Orissa. least so in those from Sind,
the Punjab, and Central Provinces ; the surface rough as in Dis-
coynaihus. Lower lip with a strong sharp horny covering, the lip
at the angle having a sort of pendulous lobe ; the under surface of
the jaw with a round, callous, and rather elevated spot, which in
the adult has a free anterior edge. Barbels a rostral pair and
sometimes a short maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, 5,
4, 2 2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences about midway between the
end of the snout and base of the caudal h'n in the young, but rather
nearer the snout in the adult. Pectoral as long as the head, its
outer three or four rays rather thickened. Caudal deeply forked,
upper lobe sometimes the longer. Scales 3 to 4^ rows between
lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour brownish olive,
irregularly spotted with black marks. Dorsal and caudal fins
yellowish, stained with grey, the others orange.
This fish has much the character of a loach or of a Disco ynathiu,
adhering to stones in the beds of rivers.
Jfab. Sind, Orissa, Bengal, N.W. Provinces, Punjab, Deccan,
and along the Himalayas ; attaining 8 inches in length.
323. (4.) Cirrhina reba. (Fig. 96.)
Cyprinus reba, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 280, 380.
Cirrhina reba, Day, Fish. India, p. 549, pi. cxxx, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Eekmose and CJiittahri, Tel. ; Pil aringam, Tamil ; Chetchua-porah,
Ooriah; Batta, Bengali ; Rewah, Hind. ; Soonnee, Punj . and Sind ; Lasseem,
Assam.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8-9). P. 16. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 35-38. L. tr. 7/9.
Length of head 6 to 6|, height of body 4 to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4 in the length of head, 1 to 1 ^ diameters
from the end of snout, and nearly 2 apart. Snout slightly pro-
jecting, more distinctly in the immature. Upper lip fringed in the
young, sometimes entire in the adult. A thin cartilaginous layer
280 TELEOSTKI. rilYBOKTOMI.
covering inside of lower jaw. Pores on snout present or absent
Barbels a short rostral pair, which may be absent ; none on the
maxilla. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, 1/1, 4, 5. Fins dorsal com-
mences anteriorly to the ventral, upper margin of the fin concave.
Pectoral nearly as long as head. Caudal with deep, sharp lobes.
Fig. $$. Cirrhina retxi.
Scales hexagonal ; five or six rows between lateral line and base
of ventral fin. Colour silvery, scales generally darkest at
their edges, forming bluish longitudinal bands above the lateral
line. The young have sometimes a leaden-coloured baud along the
side, or even a black tip to the dorsal fin.
Hub. Throughout India, attaining a foot in length.
324. (5.) Cirrhina fulungee.
Choudrostouia fulungee, Si/kes, Tr. '/,. S. ii, p. 358.
Cirrhina fulungee, Day, Fish. India, p. 540, pi. cxxxii, tig. 1 (see
synon.), also Supplement, p. 807.
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 44-48. L. tr. 8/9.
Length of head 5, height of body 5| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 in the length of head, two thirds of a diameter
from the end of snout, and 1 to 1^ apart. Snout slightly over-
hanging the mouth. The upper lip scarcely fimbriated, the two
lips not continuous ; the lower is reflected from off the mandible,
which is transverse, sharp, having a tubercle above the symphysis,
but no cartilaginous covering. Barbels a very short rostral pair ;
none on the maxilla. Fins the dorsal nearly as high as the
body, its upper edge concave, it commences midway between the
end of the snout and the posterior end of the base of the anal fin.
Pectoral almost as long as the head, ventral of equal length.
Caudal deeply forked. Scales 6^ rows between lateral line and
base of ventral fin. Colour brownish along the back, divided by
a light bluish band from a silvery abdomen ; dorsal and caudal
stained with grey.
llab. Poona and the Deccan.
CYPB1NID.4;. CYmiNlN^E. 281
13. Genus SEMIPLOTUS, Bleeker.
Abdomen rounded. Snout thick and prominent. Mouth wide,
trausverse, inferior, with a knob at the symphysis. No barbels.
Pharyngeal teeth plough-shaped, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Dorsal fin long,
its last undivided ray strong, osseous, and either serrated or
entire. Anal rather short. Scales large ; no tile-like row at the
base of the anal fin. Lateral line passing to the centre of the base
of the caudal fin. Grill-rakers short.
Geographical Distribution. Assam and Chittagong Hill-ranges, as
well as Burma.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 24, A. 9-10, L. 1. 32^34. Last undivided
dofsal ray serrated .................... 1. & modest us, p. 281 .
D. 27-28, A. 9, L. 1. 27. Last undivided dorsal
ray entire ............................ 2. & macclellandi, p. 281.
325. (1.) Semiplotus modestus.
Semiplotus modestus, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 101 j and Fish. India,
p. 550, pi. cxxxiii, fig. 1.
B. iii. D. 24 (4/20). P. 15. V. 9. A. 9-10 (3/6-7). C. 19.
L. 1. 32-34. L. tr. 7/7.
Length of head 5| to 5^, height of body nearly 3 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3 in the length of head, 1 diameter
from end of snout, 1^ diameters apart. Snout broad, obtuse,
overhanging the mouth ; several open pores on either side. Mouth
inferior, transverse, a thin cartilaginous covering to the lower jaw.
A small knob at the symphysis. The posterior extremity of the
maxilla extends to beneath the middle of the orbit. Barbels
absent. Fins dorsal commences anteriorly to the origin of the
ventral, and extends to above the anal ; its last undivided ray is
osseous, serrated, and as long as the head excluding the snout.
The pectoral reaches the ventral and the latter the anal. Caudal
forked. Scales 3* rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin.
Colour silvery, darkest in the upper half of the body. Ventrals
and anal tipped with orange.
Hab. Hill-ranges near Akyab ; two specimens obtained, up to 5
inches in length.
326. (2.) Semiplotus macclellandi. (Fig. 97.)
Cyprinus Semiplotus, McClell. As. Res. xix, pt. 2 ; 2nd. Cyp. pp. 274,
346, pi. xxxvii, fig. 2.
Semiplotus macclellandi, Sleeker, Ail. Ich. iii, Cyp. p. 25; -Day, Fish.
India, p. 550, pi. cxxxiii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Sundaree, Sentorec, and Lah-bo-e, Assam.
B. iii. D. 27-28 (3/24-25). P. 16. V. 10. A. 9 (2/7). C. 19.
L. 1. 27-33. L. tr. 6/6.
282 TKLEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOM I .
Length of head 5>- to 6, height of body 3J- in the total length.
Eyes in the middle of the length of the head, diameter from 4 to
6 in the length of head, the width of the interorbital space equalling
rather above half the length of the head. Snout obtuse and
thickened, with a row of about 6 open pores passing across it and
towards the orbit. A horny covering to lower jaw. Barbels
Fig. 97. Scmiplotus macclellcmdi.
absent. Fins dorsal commences midway between the end of the
snout and the end of the base of the anal fin, its height slightly
exceeding half of that of the body ; its last undivided ray strong,
osseous, entire, and rather longer than the head excluding the
snout. Pectoral nearly as long as the head ; it reaches to above
the ventral, which is inserted below the fourth or fifth dorsal ray.
Anal laid flat nearly reaches the base of the caudal, which latter is
deeply forked. Lateral line nearly straight, 3^- rows of scales
between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour leaden silver,
darkest superiorly ; the pectoral, ventral, and anal orange.
Griffith observes that the smaller examples are usually found
near rapids, the larger in deeper water, where of an evening they
are seen rising, but refuse all baits. McClelland states that this
fish is reckoned the most delicious in Assam. I can, however,
record from personal observation that it is rich and very liable to
set up intestinal irritation.
Hob. Rivers in Assam, especially in the upper portions of that
district, but found as low as Goalpara : also Burma. This species
is often termed Rajah-mas, or " kings' fish," in Upper Assam, as it
is asserted that when captured it had to be taken to the Rajahs for
their own consumption. As it is very common, this explanation
is improbable. More likely a tax was levied on its capture. It
attains at least two feet in length,
CSTRINID.E. CTPRININ^. 283
14. Genus SCAPHIODON*, Heckel.
Syn. Capoeta, sp., and C/tondrostotna, sp., Cuv. & Val. ; Dillonia, Gymno-
stomus, sp., Heckel.
Abdomen rounded. Snout rounded. Mouth transverse, in-
ferior, with the mandibular edge nearly straight and sharp ; without
any knob above the symphysis. The mandibles angularly bent
inwards. A horny layer inside the lower jaw, which is not
covered by lip. No lower labial fold. Barbals four, two, or
absent. Pharyngeal teeth plough-shaped, 5 or 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4 or 5.
Dorsal fin of moderate extent, its last undivided ray being osseous
and serrated or entire, or else articulated. Anal rather short.
Scales large, of moderate or small size, and sometimes irregularly
disposed. Lateral line passing to the centre of the base of the
caudal fin.
Geographical Distribution. Rivers of Western Asia extending
from those of Eastern Arabia to those in Sitid and along the
Western Grhats, as low as the Nilgiri hills and rivers at their base.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. A pair of maxillary barbels. Last undivided
dorsal ray osseous, serrated.
D. 13, L. 1. 33, L. tr. 6/6 1. S. toatsoni, p. 284.
D. 13, L. 1. 36, L. tr. 9/9 2. S. irreyularis, p. 284.
B. Barbels absent.
D. 14-15, L. 1. 39. Last undivided dorsal ray
articulated. Silvery 3. & thomassi, p. 285.
* Genus CAEASSIUS, Nilsson.
Abdomen rounded. Snout obtuse and rounded. Mouth anterior, arched,
and rather narrow ; lips thin. No barbels. Pharyngeal teeth compressed and
. in a single series, 4/4. Dorsal fin long, commencing opposite the ventrals, and
having its last undivided ray osseous and serrated ; last undivided anal ray
osseous and normally serrated. Scales of moderate size. Lateral line complete.
Geographical Distribution. Temperate portions of Europe and Asia.
CARASSIUS AURATUS.
Cyprinus auratus, Linn. Syst. Rat. vol. i, p. 527.
Carassius auratus, Day, Fish. India, p. 552 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 19-21 (3/16-18). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). 0. 19. L. 1. 27-29.
L. tr. 6/10. Vert. 18/13.
The gold carp is too well known to require any detailed description.
Domesticated forms exhibit almost endless variation.
Mr. Masters is said to have sent three adult specimens from Bombay to the
British Museum. Dr. J. Anderson brought examples from high up in Upper
Burma, or rather within the borders of China. I doubt whether this fish haa
ever been found wild in India or Burma.
i
284 TKLEOSTEI. 1'HYSOSTOMI.
D. 14-15, L. 1. 40-43. Last undivided dorsal
ray articulated. A black band aloug the side ;
fins with black marks 4. S. nashii, p. 285.
D. 14, L. 1. 40. Last undivided dorsal ray
osseous, entire. Silvery 5. S.brevidorsalis,^. 286.
327. (1.) Scaphiodon watsoni.
Scaphiodon watsoni, Day, J. A. S. S. xli, pt. 2, 1872, p. 324 ; Fish.
India, p. 551, pi. cxxxv, fig. 2 (sue synon.).
B.iii. 0.13(3/10). P. 15. V.8. A. 9 (2/7). C. 19. L.I. 33.
L. tr. 0/6.
Length of head one fifth, height of body two ninths of the tolal
length. Eyes situated in the last part of the anterior half of the
head, diameter two ninths of length of head, lg diameters from
end of snout. Interorbital space rather convex. Snout rounded,
rather overhanging the mouth, and covered with glands; mouth
transverse, inferior; mandibles sharp, not enveloped by lip, and
having a horny layer inside. Barbels a maxillary pair as long as
the eye. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Fins
dorsal commences rather in front of the ventrals, its last undivided
ray strong, osseous, serrated, as long as the head without the snout,
and nearly as long as the branched rays, which are two thirds
as high as the body. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the
snout, but not reaching the ventrals. Caudal forked. Lateral
line very slightly curved, 3| rows of scales between it aud \cnlrul
fin. Colour silvery, dashed with gold; lightest on the abdomen.
Various and very irregular black spots on the body.
Hob. Eivers on Sind hills and Salt Eange of the Punjab.
328. (2.) Scaphiodon irregularis.
Scaphiodon irregularis, Day, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. 2, p. 324; Fish.
India, p. 551, pi. cxxxv, fig. 3: also Suppl p. 807.
B. iii. D. 13 (3/10). P. 17. V. 8. A. 2/7. C. 19. L. 1. 36.
L. tr. 9/9.
Length of head one 6fth, height of body one fifth of the total
length. Eyes situated rather before the middle of the length of
head, 1| diameters from end of snout, and also apart. Inter-
orbital space nearly fiat. Snout somewhat rounded, covered with
glands and having a depression across it from eye to eye. Mouth
transverse; upper jaw slightly the longer. Barbels a maxillary
pair nearly as long as the eye. Fins dorsal commences rather
before the ventrals : its third undivided ray is osseous, weak, and
serrated, nearly half as long as the head, whilst the fin is three
fourths as high as the body. Pectoral nearly as long as the head
Caudal forked, its lower lobe the longer. Scales two or three
rows above the lateral line are of a large oblong form, above these
are numerous little irregular ones continued forwards to the head ;
CYPKINIDvE. CYPRININ.E. 285
4| rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin.
Colour olive, shot with gold.
Hob. Sind hills to 3500 feet elevation.
329. (3.) Scaphiodon thomassi.
Scaphiodon thomassi, Day, Fish. India, p. 551. pi. cxxxiv, fig. 1.
B. iii. D. 14-15 (3/11-12). P. 16. V. 9. A. 8 (2/6). C. 19.
L. 1. 39. L. tr. 7/7.
Length of head 5 to 6, height of body 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4^ in the length of the head, 2 to 2| diameters
from the end of snout, and 2 apart. Height of head almost equals
its length ; its width is much less. Snout obtuse, overhanging the
mouth, which is transverse ; its width equalling that of the head
behind the middle of the eyes. Mandible anteriorly with a horny
covering. Lips not continuous ; the upper one fringed. Large
pores on the snout and upper lip, and a line of them continued to
under the eye. Barbels absent. Fins dorsal arises slightly
nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal ; it is three
fourths as high as the body, its last undivided ray weak, articulated.
Pectoral as long as the head. Ventral arises under the fourth or
fifth dorsal ray ; it does not quite reach the anal ; the latter when
.laid flat extends to the caudal, which is deeply forked. Scales
4 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin.
Colour of a dull silvery colour along the back, with an indistinct
silvery band along the side, and of a dull white beneath. A dark
band along the dorsal fin, and caudal with a dark outer edge.
f/(ff>. South Canara.
330. (4.) Scaphiodon nashii.
Hsu-bus nashii, Day, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 584.
Scaphiodon nashii, Day, Fish. India, p. 552, pi. cxxxiii, fig. 3.
13. iii. D. 14-15 (2-3/11-12). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 20.
L. 1. 40-43. L. tr. 7/7.
Length of head 5| to 6, height of body 4 to 5 in the total length.
KIJCK diameter 3 to 4 in the length of the head, 1 to 1^ diameters
from the end of snout, and 1-^- to 1 apart. Mouth broad, inferior,
transverse, and overhung by the snout. In the young the jaws
are compressed, each with a cartilaginous covering; the lips at the
angle are thick and continuous, not continued across the chin.
As age increases the mouth widens, the cartilaginous covering
becomes more horny, and the colours of the fish alter. Lips thin,
\\i1hout any transverse fold across the lower one. Snout in the
adult covered by papillae. A thick horny covering inside the lower
jaw in adults. Barbels absent. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked,
sharp, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences nearer to the snout
1 han to the base of the caudal ; it is three fourths as high as tho body,
its upper edge concave; no osseous ray. IVctoral alxmi MS long as
286 TET.EOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMT.
the head. Ventral arises below the middle of the dorsal fin, and
does not quite reach the anal, nor the latter the caudal, which is
deeply forked. Scales 4\ rows between lateral line and base of
ventral fin. Colour reddish brown along the back ; abdomen
silvery. A black band passes from the eye to the centre of the
caudal fin. A dark band along, the middle third of the dorsal,
which is edged above by scarlet; a dark band on anal having a
light anterior edge ; a dark edging to the caudal. The young are
silvery grey along the back, becoming silvery on the sides ; the
lateral band terminates in a black blotch at the base of the
caudal fin.
Hob. Coorg, hill-streams of South Canara, and the Wynaad.
331. (5.) Scaphiodon brevidorsalis. (Fig. 98.)
Semiplotus brevidorsalis, Day, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 239.
Scaphiodon brevidoi sails, Uuy, Fiali. India, p. 552, pi. cxxxiii, fig. 2.
Mean-candee, Tamil.
B. iii. D. 14 (3/11). V. 9. A. 7. L. 1. 39-40. L. tr. 7-8/9.
Length of head 6, height of body 3.V in the total length. Eyes
diameter 3 to 4 in tbe length of head, and situated in or rather
before tbe middle of its length, and 2-i- diameters apart. Dorsal
profile much more convex than that of the abdomen. Snout
Fig. 98. Scaphiodon brevidorsalis.
swollen, overhanging the jaws ; mouth inferior, transverse ; three
rows of large pores across the snout, and extending on to the pre-
orbital bone ; knob at symphysis badly developed : a thin car-
tilaginous covering to both jaws. Upper lip crenulated. Barbels
absent. Fins last undivided dorsal ray osseous, very strong,
entire, longer than the head by a distance equal to one diameter of
the orbit. Dorsal fin commences midway between the snout and the
CYPIUNTU.T:. CYPKIXIX.T. 287
base of the caudal ; the fin two thirds as high as the body below it.
Pectoral falciform, extending to over the ventral, which last is long,
reaching to the anal ; caudal deeply forked. Settles 4^ rows
between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery,
darkest along the back, tins stained with grey.
Hab. Rivers below the Nilgiri hilis in the Madras Presidency.
15. Genus CATLA, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Syn. Gibelion, Ileckel ; Hypselobarbus, Bleeker.
Head broad ; snout with very thin integuments, upper lip
absent, the lower moderately thick, having a continuous and free
posterior margin. The lower jaw with a movable articulation at
the symphysis, but destitute of any prominent tubercle. No
barbels. Gill-rakers long, fine, and closely set. Eyes with free
orbital margins. Pharyugeal teeth plough-shaped, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5.
Dorsal fin rather long, without osseous ray, commencing somewhat
in advance of the ventrals ; anal short ; caudal forked. Scales of
moderate size, no tile-like row along the base of the anal fin.
Lateral line continuous to the centre of the base of the caudal fin.
332. (1.) Catla buchanani. (Fig. 99.)
Cyprinus catla, Ham. Buck. Fi*h. Ganges, pp. 287, 387, pi. 13, fig. 81.
Catla buchanani, Cuv. fy Val. xvii, p. 411, pi. 515; Day, Fish.
India, p. 553, pi. cxxxiv, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Bolchee, Telugu ; Catla, Bengal, Hind, and Punj. ; Barkur, Ooriah ;
iktmtff, Burmese; Tamlra, Iliud. in Bombav; Boaasa, Hind, in
.. Provinces; Tay-lee, Siud.
B. iii. D. 17-19 (3-4/14-16). P. 21. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1.40-43. L. tr. 7|/9. Vert. 17/18.
Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total
length. Eyes iu the anterior half of the length of the head,
diameter 6 to 7 in the length of the head, 2 diameters from the
end of the snout, and 3 apart. Mouth wide, lower jaw prominent;
in large specimens some pores on the snout. Fins dorsal com-
mences in advance of the ventrals, is two thirds as high as the body,
and has a concave upper edge. Pectoral extends to the ventral, and
the latter, in males, to the anal. Anal laid flat reaches to beyond
the commencement of the caudal. The fins in some specimens are
much elongated. Seal's from 5| to 6| rows between lateral line
and base of ventral tin. Colour gre\ ish above, becoming silvery
on the sides and beneath. Fins dark-coloured, in some specimens
nearly black.
This fish is largely employed for stocking tanks. Iu May 1875,
Mr. Mitchell had a tank, 65 x 58 feet and 13 feet deep, dug upon
his ground at Gurdm Ixrurh. near Calcutta; into it were put some
288 TEr-EOSTEI. PIITSOSTOMI.
fry of this species, from ^ to 1 inch or less in length. Sep-
tember 22nd the tank was netted, and several dozens captured,
one of the largest weighing 14 oz. and measuring 11 inches in
length ; the others were 1 or 2 oz. lighter. (' Nature,' Dec. Oth,
1875, xiii, p. 107.)
Fig. 99. Cutla bitchanani.
Hob. Sind, Punjab, throughout India to the Kistna, and east-
wards through Bengal, and Burma to Siam ; not known to occur
in India south of the Kistna, nor in Tenasserim. This fish attains
at least 6 feet in length, and is much esteemed as food when not
exceeding 2 feet, larger ones are coarse. It resides in fresh or
brackish water, being found within tidal influence. "It is a very
strong active animal, and often leaps over the seine of the fisher-
men, on which account, when fishing for the Catla, they usually
follow the net in canoes, and make a noise by shouting and
splashing with their paddles " {Ham. Buchanan).
16. Genus THYNNICHTHYS, Bleeker.
Syn. Mola, pt., Blyth.
Pseudobranchiae present. Abdomen rounded. Head somewhat
compressed ; integuments over snout thin ; upper lip absent ; only
a short labial fold on the side of the mandible. Mouth rather
wide, antero-lateral, with the lower jaw somewhat prominent.
No barbels. Gill-rakers short or absent. Eyes in the middle of
the depth of the head, and without any adipose lid. Pharyngeal
teeth molariform, compressed, close together, 5, 3 or 4, 2 or 3/3
or 2, 4 or 3, 5. Dorsal fin, short, without osseous ray ; ventral
289
commencing below the dorsal ; anal short and entirely posterior
to the dorsal. Scales small. Lateral line complete, running to the
centre of the base of the caudal fin or a little below. Intestinal
tract narrow, and with numerous convolutions.
Geographical Distribution. The Kistna and Godavari rivers from
the Deccan to their terminations ; also the Malay Archipelago.
333. (1.) Thynnichthys sandkhol. (Fig. 100.)
Leuciscus sandkhol, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 363.
Thynnichthys sandkhol, Day, Fish. India, p. 554, pi. cxxxiv, fig. 2
(see synon.).
Kala-tala and Akhu-chappah, Tel. ; Bareing, Ooriah.
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 19. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. r. 120. L. tr. 25-30/25.
Length of bead 4 to 41, height of body 3| to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 5 in the length of the head, 1 to lj
diameters from the end of snout, and 1^ to 2^ apart. The width
of the head equals one half, and the height four fifths, of its length.
Teeth pharyngeal 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal three fourths as high
Fig. 100. Thynnichthys sandkhol.
as the body, its upper edge concave, its origin slightly in advance of
that of the ventral, and about midway between the snout and the base
of the caudal fin, which latter is deeply lobed, the lower lobe being
the longer. Anal at some distance behind the vertical from the pos-
terior end of the dorsal. Scales 17 to 19 rows between lateral line
and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery ; head purplish.
Hob. Godavari and Kistna rivers, also the adjacent tanks;
attaining above 18 inches in length.
290 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
17. Genus AMBLYPHARYNGODON, Bleeker.
Syn. Mola, Heckel and Blyth ; Bracliyyramma, Day.
Pseudobranchiae present. Abdomen rounded. Head somewhat
compressed; integuments over snout thin; upper lip absent ; only
a short labial fold on the side of the mandible. Mouth rather
wide, antero -lateral, with the lower jaw prominent. No barbels.
Gill-rakers short or absent. Eyes in the middle of the depth of
the head, and without any adipose membrane. Pharyngeal teeth
molariform, with the crowns flat or concave, 3, 2, 1/1, 2, 3.
Dorsal fin short, without osseous ray, and extending to nearly or
quite above the commencement of the anal ; ventral in advance of
the dorsal. Scales small. Lateral line incomplete.
Geographical Distribution. From Sind throughout the plains of
India, Ceylon, and Burma.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 9-10, L. 1. 55-65. 9 or 10 rows of scales
between lateral line and base of ventral
fin. Height of body 3| in the total length 1. A. atkinsonii, p. 290.
D. 9, L. I. 05-75. 9 or 10 rows of scales
between lateral line and base of ventral
fin. Height of body 4 to 4| in the total
length 2. A. mola, p. 291.
D. 9, L. 1. 55-00. Five rows of scales between
lateral line and base of ventral fin. Height
of body 4f to 5 in the total length 3. A. microlejns, p. 91.
D. 9-10, L. 1. 50-57. Four rows of scales
between lateral line and base of ventral tin.
Height of body 5 to 5^ in the total length. 4. A. melettinus, p. 292.
334. (1.) Amfclypharyngodon atkinsonii.
Mola atkinsonii, Blyth, J. A. S. II. xxix, 1860, p. 164.
Amblypharyngodon atkinsonii, Day, Fish. India, p. 555, pi. cxxxiv,
fig.4(seesynon.).
Nga-pan-ma, Burmese.
B. iii. D. 9-10 (2-3/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (2/6). C. 19.
L. 1. 55-65. L. tr. 14/12.
Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3j in the total length.
Eyes in the front half of the head, 4 to 4| diameters in the length
of the head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1^ apart. Abdo-
minal and dorsal profiles about equally convex. Fins dorsal two
thirds as high as the body, its upper edge concave, it commences
slightly behind the origin of the ventral. Anal arising on the vertical
just posterior to the end of the dorsal. Lateral line ceases after
19 scales; there are 9 or 10 rows between it and the base of the
ventral fin. Colour silvery, with a golden gloss about the head.
Hob. Throughout Burma ; attaining at least 6 inches in length.
CTPRINIDA CTPB1N1NI. 291
335. (2.) Amblypharyngodon mola. (Fig. 101.)
Cyprinus mola, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 334, C92, pi. 38, fig. 92.
Amblypharvngodon mola, Lay, Fish. India, p. 555, pi. cxxxv,
fig. 4 (see synon.).
Talla-maya, Tel. ; Morant, Ooriab ; Moah, Assam ; Miikni, Punj. ;
Nya-leh-byoo and Nya-zen-zap, Burmese.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 65-75. L. tr. 12/12.
Length of head about 5, height of body 4 to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3^ to 4 in length of head. | to 1 dia-
meter from end of snout," and 1^ apart. Dorsal profile more
convex than that of the abdomen. Fins origin of dorsal behind
Fig. 101. Amblypharyngodon mola.
the insertion of the ventral, upper edge concave. Caudal deeply
forked. Lateral line extends along about 15 scales, and there
are 9 or 10 rows between it and the base of the ventral fin.
Colour a silvery lateral band, and usually dark markings on the
dorsal, caudal, and anal fins.
Hub. From Sind throughout India (except the Malabar coast),
Assam and Burma.
336. (3.) Amblypharyngodon microlepis.
Leuciscus microlepis, Bleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxv, Seng
en Hind. p. 141.
Amblypharyngodon microlepis, Day, Fish. India, p. 555, pi. cxxxv,
fig. "6 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 14. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 55-60.
L. tr. 11/8.
Length of head 4f to 5, height of body 4f to 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3f to 4 in length of head, less than 1 dia-
meter from end of snout. Dorsal profile rather more convex than
that of the abdomen. Fins origin of dorsal slightly behind the
origin of the ventral, its upper edge concave, its last ray divided
to its base ; caudal forked, lower lobe the longer. Lateral line
ceases after a few scales, 5 rows between it and base of ventral
fin. Colour a rather broad silvery lateral band.
JI<il>. From the Hooghly through Orissa and down the Coro-
mandcl coast to Madras.
u2
292
TET.EOSTFJ. PH YsOSTOM T .
337. (4.) Amblypharyngodon melettina.
Leuciscus melettina, Cue. # Veil. II. N. Pimn. xvii, p. 804, pi. 501.
Amblypharyngodon melettinus, Day, Fish. India, p. 555, pi. cxxxiv,
fig. 3 (see synon.).
Wuniboo, Mai. ; Oolaree, Tarn. ; Kali-Twritfi, Hind. ; Paraya, Can.
B. iii. D. 9-10 (2-3/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 50-57. L. tr. 10/8.
Length of Lead 5 to 5|, height of body 5 to 5| in the total
length. Eyes 4 diameters in the length of the head, 1 diameter
from end of snout, and lj apart. Teeth pharyngeal, with rather
concave summits. Fins origin of dorsal behind the insertion of
the ventral, its upper edge concave ; caudal rather deeply forked.
Lateral line extends along 15 to 20 rows of scales, 4 rows
between it and the base of the ventral fin. Coloui greenish along
the back, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath ; a bright
greenish-yellow band divides the colours of the back from a silvery
line passing along the side.
Hub. (Bombay, according to Cuv. and Val.) Malabar coast, and
Southern India, from the Nilgiris to Madras, also Ceylon.
18. Genus MATSYA, gen. nov.
Syn. Acanthonotus, Tickell, nee Bloch & Schneider.
Mouth arched, anterior; barbels absent, eyes without adipose
lids. Dorsal fin rather short, commencing slightly in front of the
root of the ventral, its osseous ray strong, serrated and preceded
Fig. 102. Matsya arycntea.
at its base by a small forwardly directed spine; anal short. Scales
large, no enlarged row at base of anal fin. Lateral line complete
and continued to opposite the centre of the base of the caudal.
CYPUINIDJS. CYPRIXIN 1. 293
338. (1.) Matsya argentea. (Fig. 102.)
Acanthonotus argenteus, Tickcll, MSS. ; Dai/, Fish. India, SUJIJM-
ment, p. 807.
D. 9 (1/8). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7. C. 18. L. 1. 30.
Length of head as delineated 6, height of body 3J in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3^ in the length of the head, 1 diameter
from the end of the snout. Snout blunt, rather overhanging the
mouth, body compressed ; profile with a considerable rise from snout
to base of dorsal fin. F'uis dorsal spine strong and posteriorly
serrated, caudal deeply forked, its lobes acutely pointed. A small
hori/.ontal spine in front of the dorsal fin pointing forwards and
scarcely prof ruding from beneath the skin. Lateral line complete.
Colour brilliant silvery,- with lilac and blue shades and a tinge of
olive-yellow on the back. Dorsal fin orange-scarlet, superiorly
bordered with black except on the last tsvo rays, the other fins
lemon-yellow. Dorsal ridge black in its upper portion.
Hub. Very common in the streams of the interior of the
Tenasserim district, the largest obtained being about 5 - 4 inches in
length.
19. Genus BABBITS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Syn. Puntius, pt., Ham. Buch. ; Labeobarbu*, Varicorhinus, pt., Riipp. ;
Systomus, pt., McClell. ; Cajweta, sp., Cuv. & Val. ; Pseudubarbus, Bielz. ;
Lttciobarbusi Heckel ; Clicilubarbus, sp., Smith ; Balantiocheilus, Heini-
barbus, CycIuchcilicJithys, Siaja, Anematichfhys, Hypselobnrbm, Gono/irok-
topterus, Gnuthopoyon, Ifampala, sp., Bleeker ; Enteromhis, sp., Cope.
Mouth arched, and anterior or inferior ; jaws closely invested
by the lips, which may have leathery lobes, but no horny covering *.
Barbels four (Barbodes, Bleeker); or two (Capoeta, Cuv. & Val.);
or none (Puntius, H. Buch.). Eyes without adipose lids. Pharyn-
geal teeth 5 or 4, 3 or 4, 2 or 3/3 or 2, 3 or 4, 4 or 5. Dorsal'fin
rather short, commencing nearly opposite the root of the ventral;
its last undivided ray either ossified and serrated or entire, or
articulated and not osseous ; anal rather short, in some species its
second ray ossified, or its last undivided ray may even be serrated
(B. prodozyson, Bleeker). Scales large, of moderate or small size ;
anal scales not enlarged. Lateral line complete or incomplete t,
when complete it is continued to opposite the centre of the base
of the caudal fin.
Barbus mahecola, C. V., which has two barbels, is very similar to
* Barbus lithopidos is an exception.
t The number of rows of scales between the lateral line and insertion of the
ventral fin, in species in which the former is incomplete, is counted from the
row of scales on which the lateral line would have existed had it been
complete.
294 TELBOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
B.Jilameiitosus, C. V., with none. If a number of examples are
examined, it will be found that in some these appendages are
minute, the barbels being as a rule smallest in specimens obtained
furthest from the hills. In South Oanara, the Wynaad, and base
of the Nilgiris, where the barbels are large, the B. mahecola abounds ;
towards Cochin and up the Coromandel coast as far as Madras that
species is small or absent, and the B. filamentosus is the type.
Here, undoubtedly, the question must force itself on one's notice,
Are we dealing with two distinct species, or one in a state of
transition? The adults of Barbus punctatus and B. pliutunio are
often exactly similar, but in the immature form the first retains its
original colour, not so the second. Barbus chola and B. tetrarupurjus
are similar, except as to the presence of a black spot behind the
opercle in the latter ; whilst Barbus ticto shows considerable
variations. Great changes evidently occur in some species if they
are removed to another locality : thus Barbus conchonius, which has
been imported from the plains and introduced into the Naini Tal
lake, is evidently losing the serrature of its dorsal spine ; in time,
if this change goes on, the species will become more like B. torio
than the original form.
The majority of those species which constitute the subgenus
Barbodes (4 barbels), provided they are soberly coloured, attain a
large size ; the brilliantly coloured forms are mostly residents in clear
and rapid mountain-streams or rivers contiguous to hills and are
generally small. A strong dorsal spine is usually (if not invariably)
a sign that the species lives in the vicinity of high mountains, up
the streams of which it ascends to breed ; an exception, however,
has to be made of those forms having serrated dorsal spines, and
which are usually residents of waters of the plains. Considerable
individual variations exist as to the comparative length and size of
the dorsal spine ; as a rule it increases in strength in the adult.
Species of the subgenus Capoela (2 barbels) never attain the size
reached by many of the Barbodes ; some, more especially when
residing in mountain-streams, have vivid colours. The species of
the subgenus Puntius are mostly of small size ; a few are brilliantly
coloured.
Geographical Distribution. Europe, and throughout Asia and
Africa. Eepresentatives of this genus exist in most, if not all,
Indian and Burmese rivers and tanks, the larger species being
generally termed Mahseers. Some attain an enormous size, as
much as 90 Ib. and upwards ; these are more frequently residents
in rivers along the bases of hills or in large rapids, but a few have
a more extended range. The number of species appears to di-
minish as the Malay Archipelago is approached, whilst those forms
having 4 barbels and also an osseous and serrated dorsal ray increase
largely in proportion to the others.
295
Syno2>sis of Indian Species.
A. With four barbels. (Barbodes.)
a. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous and
serrated.
D. 3/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 44-47. Pores on
snout and head. Colour uniform . . 1. D. chayunio, p. 299.
D. a/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 42. Pores on
snout. Colour uniform .......... 2. B. cluvatus, p. 300.
D. 3-4/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 32-34. Colour
uniform ; in Burma the caudal has
a dark inner edge ................ 3. B. sarana, p. 300.
D. 4/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 28-30. A dark
lateral blotch .................. 4. B. chrysopoma, p. 301.
D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 29-30. A black
lateral blotch, fins orange ........ 5. B. pinnauratus, p. 301.
D. 3*/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 28. A black band
from eye to middle of tail ........ 0. B. pleurot&nia, p. 302.
D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 24. Serrated
dorsal ray weak. Colour uniform . . 7. B. yoniosoma, p. 302.
D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 22. Caudal, anal,
and ventrals red ..... ..... ...... 8. B. roseipiunis, p. 303.
b. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous and
entire.
1). 4/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 42. No pores on
snout. 5 scales between I. 1. and
ventral. Dorsal spine strong, nearly
as long as head ................ 9. B. dubius, p. 303.
D. 4/9, A. 2-3/5, L. 1. 39-41. Dorsal
spine strong, a little longer than
head, 3 scales between 1. 1. and
ventral ........................ 10. B. micropoyon, p. 304.
D. 3/7-8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 32-35. Lower
lip with a continuous transverse fold.
Dorsal spine strong. 3 scales be-
tween 1. 1. and ventral .......... 11. B. chilinoules, p. 304.
D. 4/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 30-32. Lower
labial fold interrupted. Dorsal
spine strong. 3^ scales between 1.
1. and ventral .................. 12. B. atrnaticus, p. 305.
D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 28-31. Lower
labial fold interrupted. Dorsal
spine strong, as long as the head
excluding the snout. 2| scales be-
tween 1. 1. and ventral .......... 13. B. hexaqonolepis, p. 305.
D. 4/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 28-29. Lower
labial fold interrupted. Large pores
on cheeks. Dorsal spine strong, as
long as head excluding the snout.
2 scales between 1. 1. and ventral 14. B. dukai, p. 306.
D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 25-27. Dorsal
spine strong, as long as the head
excluding the snout. Upper jaw
the longer, lips lobed. 2 scales
between 1. 1. and ventral .......... 15. B. tor, p. 307.
296 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
D. 3-4/9, A. 2/5-6, L. 1. 25-20. Dorsal
spine strong. 2| scales between 1. 1.
and ventral 16. B. hexasiichus, p. 308.
D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24-26. Lower
labial fold entire. Dorsal spine of
moderate strength and as long as the
head excluding the snout. 2| scales
between 1. 1. and ventral 17. -B. bovanicus, p. 303.
D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 2-5. Dorsal spine
weak, 2\ scales between 1. 1. and
ventral 18. B. sophore, p. 309.
D. 2/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 23. Dor sal spine
strong. 2| scales between 1. 1. and
ventral 19. B. xtracheyi, p. 309.
c. Last undivided ray articulated, or if
osseous very weak.
D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 41. 3| scales be-
tween 1. 1. and ventral 20. B. curmuca, p. 310.
D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 38-39. 4 seal es
between 1. 1. and ventral. Of a slate
colour 21. B. lithopidos, p. 310.
D. 3-4/9, A. 3/5, L. 31/34. 2 scales
between 1. 1. and ventral. Each
scale with a red mark ; dorsal and
caudal fins lake colour 22. B. thomasgi, p. 311.
D. 3/9, A. 3/7 23. B. spinulosus, p. 311.
D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 30-32. 3i scales
between 1. 1. and ventral. Upper-
half of body dark; a light band
from eye to tail 24. B. jmlchellus, p. 311.
D. 3-4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 30-32. Length
of head 6 in total. 3| scales between
1. 1. and ventral 25. B. dobsoni, p. 312.
D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 27-28. Length
of head 6 to 5 in total. 2| to 3
scales between 1. 1. and ventral .... 20. B. ferdoni, p. 312.
D. 4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 26-28. 2 to 3
scales between 1. 1. and ventral .... 27. B. wynaadensis, p. 313
D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 27. 2 scales be-
tween 1. 1. and ventral 28. B. stevemonii, p. 313.
I). 4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24-26. 3| scales
between 1. 1. and ventral 29. It. neilli, p. 314.
D. 3-4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24. 1 scales
between 1. 1. and ventral 30. B. malabaricus, p. 314.
D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 24. 3 scales be-
tween 1. 1. and ventral 31. B. innominatus, p. 315.
D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 22. 3| scales be-
tween 1. 1. and ventral 32. B. compressus, p. 315.
D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 22. 2 scales be-
tween 1. 1. and ventral 33. B. blythii. p. 315.
D. 3/8 A. 2/5, L. 1. 20. 2 scales be-
tween 1. 1. and ventral. Red, with
three vertical black bands 34. B. melanampy.r, p. 316.
CTPBINID.E. CYPRIflTNJE. 297
li. With two barbels. (Capoeta.)
a. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous,
serrated.
D. 4/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 26. 2J scales
between 1. 1. and ventral 35. B. macrolepidotus, p. 316.
b. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous,
entire.
D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 26-28. Narrow
suborbitals. 3 to 3| scales between
1. 1. and ventral. A lateral blotch,
and two bands on dorsal tin 36. B. chola, p. 317.
D. 3/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 25. Wide sub-
orbitals. 3J scales between 1. 1. and
ventral. A dark lateral blotch. ... 37. B. parrah, p. 317.
D. 4/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 26. 2 scales
between 1. 1. and ventral 38. B. bunnanicus, p. 318.
D' 2-3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 24-26. 3J
scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A
black spot behind gill-opening, a
second near base of caudal fin; a
band on dorsal fin 39. B. tetrarupayus, p. 318.
D. 3-4/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24-25 2|
scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A
black spot at end of base of dorsal fin. 40. B. dorsalis, p. 319.
c. Last undivided dorsal ray articulated,
or if osseous very weak.
D. 3-4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 40-43. 4 to 5
scales between 1. 1. and ventral 41. B. kolus, p. 319.
D. 2-3/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 28. 2 scales
between 1. 1. and ventral. Body
longitudinally banded 42. B. denisonii, p. 320.
D. 2/8, A. 2/5. 3 scales between 1. 1.
and ventral. A light band along the
side ; a deep black lateral blotch . . 43. B. melatwstiyma. p. 320.
D. 2/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 26. 3| scales
between 1. 1. and ventral 44. B. arenatus, p. 321.
D. 2/7, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24. 2\ scales
between 1. 1. and ventral. A black
mark along base of dorsal. A dark
lateral blotch sometimes present . . 45. B. puckelli. p. 321.
D. 2-3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 23-24. 2 scales
between 1. 1. and ventral. A dark
lateral blotch sometimes present . . 46. B. amphibius, p. 322.
D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 23. 2| scales
between 1. 1. and ventral. Body
vertically banded 47. B. arulius, p. 322.
D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 21. 2 scales
between 1. 1. and ventral. A deep
lateral blotch 48. B. mahecola, p. 323.
C. Without barbels. (Puntius.)
a. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous,
serrated.
D. 4/8, L. 1. 36, complete. 5 scales
between 1. 1. and ventral. Each
scale with a dark base 49. B. apoyon. p. 324.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 36, incomplete. 6 scales
298 TELEOSTEI. 1'HTSOSTOMI.
between 1. 1. and ventral. A black
lateral blotch, another at base of
anterior dorsal rays 50. B. umbassis, p. 324.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 2(5, incomplete. 4| scales
between 1. 1. and ventral. A black
spot on side over anal tin 51. B. conchonius, p. 325.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 23-26, incomplete. Two
black spots, one at commencement
of 1. L, another at side of tail .... 52. B. ticto, p. 325.
D. 2-3/8, L. 1. 25, complete. Two black
marks on lateral line 53. B. sto'iczkanus, p. 320.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 23, complete. Two black
apots, one below commencement of
1. 1., the other near its termination. . 54. B. punctatus, p. 326.
D. 2-3/8, L. 1. 23-24, incomplete. A
black band over tail, a black spot
across the bases of the first six dorsal
rays, and another over base of anal . 55. B. gelius, p. 327.
D. 2-3/8, L. 1. 20-23, incomplete.
Four vertical black bands on a brown
body, and a dark one down the
centre of the, dorsal fin 56. B. phutunw, p. 327.
D. 3/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 21, incomplete.
3 scales between 1. 1. and ventral.
Two dark vertical bands. ...'.... 57. B. cumint/ii, p. 328.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 20, complete. Three ver-
tical black bands on body 58. B. nif/rofasciatus, p. 328.
D. 2/8, L. 1. incomplete 59. B. yuyanio, p. 328.
6. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous, entire.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 23-26, complete. A dark
mark near posterior extremity of
1. 1., another across base of middle
dorsal rays 60. B. stigma, p. 329.
D. 3/8, L. L 23-25, complete. Fins
black-tipped 61. B. chrysopt.erus, p. 329.
D. 3/8, A. 3/5, L. 24, incomplete. 3|
scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A
dark mark at side of base of tail . 62. B. thennalis, p. 330.
1). 3/8, L. 1. 22-23, incomplete. A
black mark on side above anal, some-
times continued by a band to the
caudal, a second indistinct one under
posterior end of dorsal 63. B. terio, p. 330.
c. Last undivided dorsal ray articulated,
or if osseous very weak.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 43, incomplete. A silvery
band along side, a black spot at base of
caudal, and two first dorsal rays black. 64. JB.punjabensis, p. 331.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 24, incomplete. A black
mark at base of each dorsal ray. . . . 65. B. unimaculatus, p. 331.
D. 2-3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 23, incomplete.
A lateral blotch 66. B. waa</cnii, p. 332.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 22, incomplete. Uniform,
a dark spot across middle of anterior
dorsal rays 67. B. cosuatis, p. 332.
D. 2/8, L. T. 20-22, incomplete. Four
black spots on side, and a black streak
down dorsal fin 68. B. vlttatm, ]\ 333.
Ci'PHINIJXE.
299
D. 38, L. 1. 21, complete. Branched
dorsal rays elongated. A black mark
near posterior end of 1. 1., and each
caudal lobe with a black extremity. 69. B.filamentosus, p. 333.
D. 3/8, L. 1. 23, incomplete. A black
band encircles the free portion of the
tail 70. B. puntio, p. 334.
A. With four barbels (Bcrbodes).
339. (1.) Barbus chagunio. (Fig. 103.)
Cyprinus chagunio, Ham. Bitch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 295, 387.
Barbus clmgunio, Day, Fish. India, p. 559, pi. cxxxvi, fig. 1 (variety
spilo/tholus), and pi. cxl, tig. '2 (see synon.).
Jerruah, Bang. ; Chaguni, Behar. ; Pootee keintah, Assam.
B.'iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 44-47. L. tr. 11/9.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 4 to 4| in the total
length. Eye* diameter 5 to 6^ in length of head, 2 to 3 diameters
from end of snout, 1 diameters apart. Suborbital region, cheeks,
and anterior upper margin of the orbit usually covered with
numerous pores. Barbels both pairs rather longer than the
orbit. Fins dorsal commences midway between the end of the
snout and the base of the caudal fin, its last undivided ray is
osseous, strong, with coarse teeth : some of the last few anal rays
in large specimens may be elongated (B. spilophilus), but more
Fig. 103. Barbus chagunio.
frequently are not so. Lateral line complete, with from 5J to 6|
rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral ; 15 rows
before the dorsal fin. Free portion of the tail as high as long.
Colour uniform silvery, with a pinkish tinge, the scales towards
the back sometimes being darkest at their bases ; fins reddish with
light outer edges, the summit of the dorsal fin sometimes black.
The young have a silvery band along the side.
300 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
Hob. From Orissa, throughout Bengal, Assam, Behar, and the
N.W. Provinces to the Punjab, but not recorded from Sind, the
Deccan, Western coast, Mysore, Madras, or Burma. This species
attains at least 18 inches in length.
340. (2.) Barbus clavatus.
Barbus clavatus, McClelland, Cal. Journ. N. H. v, 1845, p. 280,
pi. 21, fig. 2 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 5(30 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 16. V. 10. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 42. L. tr. G/4.
Height of the body oue fourth of the length excluding the caudal
fin. Eyes large and in the middle of the length of the head.
Snout covered with small thorny tubercles. Barbels two well-
developed pairs. Fins last undivided dorsal ray osseous, strong,
serrated, and as long as the body is high. Scales 11| rows in an
oblique line from the base of the ventral to the dorsal. The figure
shows 4| rows between the lateral line and base of the ventral,
which would give 6| above the lateral line. Colour blue superiorly,
becoming white beneath : the fins pale bluish white.
Hab. A single specimen (7 inches long) was obtained from a
river at the base of the Sikhim mountains in Bengal.
341. (3.) Barbus sarana.
Cyprinus sarana, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 307, 388.
Barbus saranus, Day, Fish. India, p. 560, pi. cxxxvi, fig. '2 ^see
synon.).
Punyella, Tarn. ; Giddi-kaoli, Durhie and Potah, Hind. ; Gid-pakk>>,
Can. ; Kannaku, Tel. ; Sarana, Ooriah and Beng. ; Jundoori, Punj. ; Knilali
and Pitule, Marathi ; Poppree and Kuh-nah-nee, Sind. ; Sen-nee, Assam ;
Nga-khon-mah-gyee and Nya-chong, Burmese.
B.iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L.I. 32-34.
L. tr. 51-6/6.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 3] to 3| in the total
length, Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in the length of head, 1 to lj
diameters from the end of snout, and 2 diameters apart. No pores
on the snout. Barbels the rostral pair about as long as the
orbit, the maxillary pair longer, sometimes equalling li diameters
of the orbit. Fins dorsal commences slightly nearer to the
snout than to the base of the caudal fin, and opposite the insertion
of the ventral ; its last undivided ray osseous, strong in the adult,
finely serrated posteriorly, and with its stiff portion two thirds as
long as the head, the fin is one half to two thirds as high as the
body, with its upper edge concave. Lateral line complete, from
3| to 4 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin :
10 to 11 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, darkest
superiorly, opercles shot with gold ; the young have occasionally a
dull blotch on the lateral line before the base of the caudal fin.
CYPRTNIDvE. CYPBININ^. 301
Mostly some dark spots behind the opercle. When the fish is
fresh there are sometimes horizontal bands along the rows of scales
in the upper half of the body. Fins whitish or yellowish white,
and externally stained with grey.
Hob. Sind and the Punjab, throughout India, Assam, and Burma,
in which latter country the caudal tin has sometimes a black upper
and lower edge and a dark mark at the base of each scale. This
fish attains at least a foot in length.
342. (4.) Barbus chrysopoma.
Barbus chrysoporaa, Cuv. $ Veil. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 165, pi. 466 ;
Day, Fish. India, p. 561 (see synon.).
Munduttee, Mai. ; Pungela, Tamil.
B.iii. 1). 12(4/8). P. 17. V.9. A. 8 (3/5). C.19. L.I. 28-30.
L. tr. 6/6.
Length of head 4^ to 5, height of body 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| to 3| in the length of the head (in a specimen 2-6
inches in length the eve is at least 2^ in the length of the head), 1
diameter from the end of snout, and 1 to lj apart. Barbels the
rostral very thin, not so long as the eye ; the maxillary as long as the
orbit. Fins dorsal commences midway between the front edge of
the eye and the base of the caudal fin and opposite the insertion of
the ventral ; its last undivided ray osseous, of moderate strength,
finely serrated posteriorly, and with its stiff portion as long as the
head excluding the snout; the height of the fin is two thirds to
three fourths that of the body below it, the upper edge concave.
Lateral line complete, and a little more concave than in the next
species, whilst it is sometimes sinuous in the last part of its
course ; 4 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral
fin ; 12 rows before the base of the dorsal fin. Colour dark
silvery, lightest beneath, opercles shot with purple and gold. A
dark vertical band behind the opercles and a dull spot on the
lateral line just anterior to the base of the caudal fin. Upper and
lower margins of the caudal greyish ; the other fins golden.
The eyes in this species are larger than in B. sarana, and not so
far apart.
Hob. Eresh waters along the coasts of India from Cutch to
Bengal, also the Deccan, Mysore, and Madras. I have likewise
received this species from Darjeeling.
343. (5.) Barbus pinnauratus.
Puntius pinnauratus, Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 209, pi. xv, tig. 2.
Barbus pinnauratus, Day, Fish. India, p. 561, pi. cxxxix, tig. 3 (fee
synon.).
B.iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 17. V.8. A. 7 (2/5). C.19. L.I. 29-30.
L.tr. 5|-6/6.
Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 3^ to 3| in the total
302 TELEOSTEI. PHT8O8TOMI.
length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of head, nearly or
quite 1 diameter from the end of snout, and \\ to If apart. Body
compressed. Barbels the maxillary pair are one half longer than
the orbit, the rostral pair a little shorter. Fins dorsal commences
slightly in advance of the insertion of the ventral, and two thirds
as high as the body, having its upper edge concave, its last undi-
vided ray osseous (weak in the young, but strengthening with age),
as long as the head excluding the snout, and posteriorly serrated.
Lateral line complete, 3| or 4 rows of scales between it and the
base of the ventral fin ; 10 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour
silvery along the back and upper half of the body, becoming white
shot with gold beneath ; most of the scales with black bases. A
dark band behind the opercles and a black blotch on the lateral
line, commencing about the twenty-fourth scale. Opercles and
fins orange, caudal with a black superior and inferior edge.
Hob. From fresh waters at Cocanada down the East coast of
India to Ceylon, and inland as far as the Nilgiris, also along the
"Western ghats and rivers at their bases. The largest example
obtained was 10| inches in length.
344. (6.) Barbus pleurotaenia.
Puntius (Barbodes) pleurotaenia, Bleeker, Cubit, et Cyjn-. Ceylon, in
Haarlem, Nat. Verh. Holland. Maatsch. xx, 18C4, p. 13, t. 3, fig. 2.
Barbus pleurotaenia, Day, Fish. India, p. 562 (see synon.).
B.iii. D.I 1(3/8). P. 14. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L.I. 27-29.
L. tr. 5/4|.
Length of head about 5|, height of body 4 in the total length.
Eyes diameter two sevenths of length of head, 1 to 1| diameters
from end of snout, and slightly more apart. Barbels both pairs
somewhat longer than the orbit. Fins dorsal commences over
the ventral, and midway between the end of the snout and the base
of the caudal ; its last undivided ray is osseous, very strong, ser-
rated posteriorly, and as long as the head, the upper margin of the
fin concave ; caudal forked. Lateral line complete, 2^ rows of
scales between it and the root of the ventral ; 10 rows before the
dorsal fin. Colour a black band extends from the eye to the ter-
mination of the central caudal rays.
Hub. Ceylon.
345. (7.) Barbus goniosoma.
Puntius (Barbodes) goniosoma, Bleeker, Atl. Ich. iii, p. 105, t. 31,
fig. 1.
Barbus gcniosoma, Day, Fish. India, p. 502, pi. cxxxvii, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 24.
L. tr. 4|/4|.
Length of head about 5, height of body 3| in the total length.
303
Eyes diameter two sevenths of length of head, 1 diameter from
end of snout, and 1| apart. Body elevated to the base of dorsal
fin, whilst it is strongly compressed. Eostral barbels extend to
below the middle of the eye ; maxillai-y to opposite the posterior
margin of the orbit. Fins origin of dorsal slightly posterior to
the insertion of the ventrals ; dorsal spine osseous, strong, as long
as the head without the snout, and finely serrated posteriorly in
its whole extent ; the fin is one half as high as the body. Caudal
forked, the lower lobe the longer. Scales 2| rows between lateral
line and base of ventral fin ; 9 rows before dorsal. Colour silvery,
fins orange.
Hob. Mergui to Sumatra, growing to 6 inches in length.
346. (8.) Barbus roseipinnis.
Barbus roseipinnis, Cuv. $ Vol. If. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 169 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 562 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). A. 7(2/5). C. 20. L. 1. 22.
Dorsal profile elevated. Eyes large. Barbels four, thin and
long. Fins dorsal with its last undivided ray osseous, of moderate
strength and serrated. Colour silvery ; ventral, anal, and caudal
fins reddish, the lower border of the last tinged with black.
Hob. Pondicherry, whence M. Belanger brought specimens 4|
inches in length.
347. (9.) Barbus dubius.
Puntius (Barbodes) dubius, Day, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 291.
Barbus dubius, Day, Fish. India, p. 662, pi. cxxxvii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Collee-anngean candee, Tarn.
B. iii. D. 13 (4/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). L. 1. 42-45.
L. tr. 9/8.
Length of head 5|, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 4| in length of head, lj diameters apart, and also from end
of snout. Barbels rather short, the rostral pair being about equal
to half the diameter of the orbit, whilst the maxillary are a little
longer. Snout somewhat elevated. Fitis doi'sal spine osseous,
smooth, and strong ; it is nearly as long as the head, the fin com-
mences somewhat nearer to the end of the snout than to the base
of the caudal, and a little in advance of the insertion of the ventral.
Lateral line complete, 4| to 5 rows of scales between it and the
base of the ventral fin ; 14 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour
uniform silvery, with the bases of the scales darkest.
Hal). Bhavani river at the foot of the Nilgiris.
304 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
348. (10.) Barbus micropogon.
Barbus micropogon, Guv. fy Vol. If. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 188 ; Day
Fish, India, p. 668, pi. cxxxvi, fig. 3, and pi. cxxxviii, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Coatee candee, Tamil.
B. iii. D. 13 (4/9). P. 17. V. 10. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 39-41. L. tr. 6-7/7.
Length of head 4| to 5|, height of body 4 to 4| in the total
length. Eyes in the middle of the length of the head, diameter
3| to 4| in length of head, 1| diameters apart and also from end
of snout. Snout conically pointed, and adults have pores on the
preorbital, and even all across the snout. Cleft of mouth extend-
ing about half the distance to below the anterior margin of the
orbit. Barbels the rostral extend to below the anterior third of
the orbit, the maxillary to below its posterior margin. Teeth
pharyngeal, crooked, pointed, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Fins dorsal com-
mences slightly before insertion of ventrals, and midway between
end of the snout and base of caudal fin ; its osseous ray is strong,
smooth, and somewhat compressed, the stiff portion being slightly
longer than the head. Pectoral three fourths as long as the head.
Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete, but becomes lost
in old specimens ; 3 to 3| rows of scales between it and the ventral
fin; 15 rows anterior to the dorsal fin. Colour cheeks golden,
body with a greenish tinge superiorly, becoming white tinged with
gold below the lateral line, the base of each scale somewhat the
darkest. Fins darkest along their centres.
Hob. Rivers around the base of the Nilgiris, and "Wynaad and
South Canara range of hills, also Mysore, attaining a large size.
Some were introduced by myself into the Ootacamund lake. The
example figured in ' The Fishes of India,' on plate cxxxvi (7'5 inches
in length), was from the Wynaad ; the specimen on plate cxxxviii
(life size) was from the Bhavani.
349. (11.) Barbus cMlinoides.
Barbus cheilynoides, McClelland, As. Res. xix, pt. 2, 2nd. Cyp.
pp. 271, 340, pi. 57, fig. 5.
Barbua chilinoides, Day, Fish, India, p. 503, pi. cxxxix, fig. 5 (see
synon.).
Chit-rah-too, Punj.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (3/7-8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L.I. 32-35. L. tr. 5|/6.
Length of head 5, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 4 to 5 in the length of head, 1 1 diameters from end of
snout, and 2 diameters apart. The snout overhangs the mouth.
Some examples have a depression across the snout; numerous fine
glands over the cheeks and opercles ; lips moderately thick, the
lower without a lobe, but with a continuous transverse fold.
CYPBINID^E. CYPBININ^E. 305
the rostral and maxillary pairs of about the same length,
equal to 1| diameters of the orb't. Fins dorsal commences about
midway between end of snout and base of caudal fin ; its last un-
divided ray is osseous, very strong, entire, the stiff portion being
about three fifths of the length of the head. Anal laid flat reaches
the base of the caudal, which is deeply forked. Lateral line
complete; there are 3 rows of scales between it and the base of the
caudal fin. Colour golden above, becoming silvery beneath, the
margins of the scales with numerous fine black dots ; a black mark
behind the opercle. Fins reddish.
Hah. Himalayas, as far to the east as Assam ; also found in the
Granges. This fish attains 21 feet in length.
> 350. '(12.) Barbus carnations.
Barbus carnaticus, Jerdon, Mad. Jdur. L. S. xv, 1849, p. 311 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 503, pi. cxxxvii, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Poaree candee, Saal candee, Shellee, Tamil; Giddi-kaoK, Hind.; Gid-
pakke, Can.
B. iii. D. 12 (4/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 32.
L. tr. 5/6.
Length of head 5|, height of body 3 to 4 in total length. Eyes
diameter 3 to 4 in length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout,
and ! to 2 apart. Teeth pharyngeal, pointed, curved, 5, 3, 2/2,
3, 5. Barbels thin, both pairs shorter than the eye. Fins the
dorsal three fourths as high as the body, with a concave upper edge ;
it commences in front of the insertion of the ventral, and midway
between the snout and the base of the caudal fin ; its last undivided
ray is a strong, broad, smooth spine, nearly as long as the head in
the immature, and sometimes longer in the adult, especially in
specimens from Canara. Pectoral as long as the head or rather
longer. Anal laid flat reaches the caudal. Lateral line com-
plete, 3| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ;
12 rows anterior to the dorsal fin. Colour greenish brown along
the back, becoming dull white glossed with gold on the sides and
beneath. Fins greyish. Eyes golden.
Hab. llivers aloiig the bases of the Nilgiris, Wynaad, and South
Canara hills, attaining at least 25 Ibs. in weight. Some have been
introduced into the Ootacamund lake.
351. (13.) Barbus hexagonolepis.
Bnrbus hexagonolepis, McClelland, As. Res. xix, pt. "2, Ind. Cyp.
pp. 270, 336, pi. 41, fig. 3; Day, Fish. India, p. f>G4, pi. cxxxvii,
fig. 4 (see synon.).
Bokar and Boolooah, Assam.
B.iii. D. 12(3/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 28-31. L. tr. 4/4|.
x
306 TELEOSTET. P1IYSOSTOMT.
Length of head 5 to 5, height of body 5 to 5^ in the total
length. Eyes diameter 5 to 6 in the length of the head, 1| to 2
diameters from the end of the snout, and 2^ apart. Lower labial
fold interrupted. Sometimes pores on the "cheeks. Barbels the
maxillary reach nearly to below the hind edge of the preopercle,
the rostral are shorter. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the
body, it commences somewhat in front of the insertion of the
ventral; its last undivided ray is strong, osseous, smooth, with its
stiff portion as long as the head excluding the snout. Pectoral as
long as the head excluding the snout, and not reaching the ventral.
Anal laid flat does not extend to the base of the caudal, which is
deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2 to 2L rows of scales
between it and the ventral; 10 to 31 rows before the dorsal. Ex-
posed portion of scales somewhat hexagonal. Colour deep bluish
grey, fins darker.
Hab. Assam in the larger rivers, and in those from the Hima-
layas. This fish attains upwards of 2 feet in length, and takes a
fly or bait freely. McClelland considered Cyprinus putitora. Ham.
Buch., a variety of this species; it is said to attain 9 feet in
length.
352. (14.) Barbus dukai.
Barbus dukai, Day, Fish. India, p. 5G4, pi. cxliii, fig. 3.
B. iii. D. 13 (4/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 28-29. L. tr. 4/4.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 4| to 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of the head, 1|
diameters from the end of snout and lg apart. Sides of snoufc
and area below the eye with large open tubercles. Barbels the
rostral pair are slightly longer than the orbit, the maxillary almost
reach the angle of the preopercle. Fins the dorsal commences a
little in advance of the insertion of the ventral ; its last undivided
ray is strong, osseous, with its stiff portion as long as the head ex-
cluding the snout ; the fin is three fourths as high as the body
below it, having its upper edge very concave. Lateral line com-
plete, 2| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ;
9 rows before the dorsal fin. The scales covered with numerous
horizontal striae. Colmr of a leaden tinge along the upper por-
tion of the body, becoming dull white shot with gold on the sides
and beneath, edges of scales darkest. Fins yellow, with a dark
band having a lighter outer edge along the upper and lower edge
of the caudal fin.
Hab. Teesta river, Darjeeling, whence Dr. Duka sent me several
examples.
CYPRINID.il. CTPEININ-I!. 3.07
353. (15.) Barbus tor. (Fig. 104.)
Cyprinus tor, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, p. 305.
Barbus tor, Day, Fish. India, p. 564 ; pi. cxxxvi, fig. 5, and pi. cxl,
fig. 1 (see synon.).
Burapatra, Assam ; Poo-meen-candee, Tarn. ; Naharm, Hind. ; Kukhiah,
Pun.].; Joon-gah, Petiah, and Eurreah, Sind; Khadchi and Mdsta, Ma-
rathi ; Cooriah, Layl-cooriah or Leld, Ceylon.
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 19. V. 9. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). L. 1. 25-27.
L. tr. 4/4.
Length of head 4 to 5, height of body 4 3 to 5| in tbe total
length. Eyes diameter 6| to 7| in the length of the head in
moderately sized specimens, but much larger in the young (in
specimens 3-5 inches long being 3^ in the length of the head ; in
those 5 inches long 4|), 2 to 2| diameters from the end of snout,
and 2 apart. Lips thick, with an uninterrupted fold across the
lower jaw, and with both the upper and lower lips in some spe-
cimens produced in the mesial line. Barbels the maxillary pair
Fig. 104. Barbus tor.
longer than the rostral, and extending to below the last third of
the eye. Fins the dorsal arises opposite the ventral, and is three
fourths as high as the body; its last undivided ray is smooth,
osseous, strong, and of varying length and thickness. Himalayan,
Bengal, and Central Indian specimens generally have the spine
strong, and from one half to two thirds the length of the head, it
rarely exceeds this extent. In Canara, Malabar, and Southern
India, where the lips are largely developed, the spine is very much
stronger and as long as the head excluding the snout. Pectoral as
long as the head excluding the snout ; it reaches the ventral, which
is little shorter. Anal laid flat does not reach the base of the
caudal, which is deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2 to 2|
rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 9 rows
before the dorsal. Colour silvery or greenish along the upper
half of the body, becoming silvery shot with gold on the sides and
beneath. Lower fins reddish ellow.
308 TELEOSTEI. P1IYS08TOMI.
This fish is the celebrated " Maha seer " (or Mahseer) of sportsmen
in India. The various large barbels in Assam are termed
"Petiah," with a specific name prefixed to denote the species
alluded to.
llab. Generally throughout India, but found of the largest size
and iu the greatest abundance in mountain-streams or those which
are rocky ; also found in Ceylon.
354. (16.) Barbus hexastichus.
Barbus hexasticlius, McClelland, A*. Res. xix, pt. 2; Inil. Cyp.
pp. 209, 333, pi. 39, tig. 2 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 505, pi. cxxxvi,
tig. 4 (see synon.).
Lobura, Assam.
B. iii. D. ] 2-13 (3- 4/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 25-26. L. tr. 4/5.
Length of head 5 to 6, height of body 4| to 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter one fifth of length of head, 1| diameters
from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Lips moderately thick, the
lower one without or with a badly developed lobe, but having a
shallow and continuous transverse fold. Sometimes pores on the
cheeks. Barbels longer than the eye. Fins dorsal fin with its
osseous ray strong, smooth, and from half as long as the head to
as long as the head without the snout, it commences somewhat
nearer the snout than the base of the caudal, the latter being
deeply forked, with the lower lobe the longer. Pectoral as long as
the head excluding the snout. Lateral line complete, 2 to 2| rows
of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin; 10 rows before
the dorsal fin. Colour brownish, tinged with green along the
upper edge of the body, becoming dull white shot with yellow on
the sides and below ; caudal and anal reddish. The fry have a
black spot before the base of the caudal fin.
Hob. Eivers on and around Himalayas, Kashmir, Sikhim, and
Assam ; growing to 3 feet in length. Specimens from the plains
appear to have the head comparatively longer than those from the
hills.
355. (17.) Barbus bovanicus.
Barbus bovanicus, Day, Fish. India, p. 566, pi. cxxxviii, fig. 1 .
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 24-26. L. tr. 4^/4^.
Length of head 4|, height of body 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| in the length of the head, 1 to 1| diameters
from the end of snout, and If apart. Dorsal profile somewhat
more convex than that of the abdomen. Lower labial fold in the
adult complete, with a moderately developed median lobe, which
is not apparent in the young. Barbels rostral pair extend to
beneath the first third of the eye, the maxillary pair to the posterior
edge of the preopercle. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the
CYPHINIDJ:. CYPHININ^. 309
body, with a concave upper edge, it commences in front of the
ventrals ; its last undivided ray is osseous, of moderate strength,
its stiff portion being as long as the head excluding the snout.
Pectoral as long as the head posterior to the nostrils and longer
than the ventral. Anal laid flat reaches the caudal. Lateral line
complete, 2 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral
fin; 10 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour greenish, with a
golden tinge, darkest along the back.
Hob. Bhavaui (Bowany) river, at base of Nilgiri hills in Madras.
The largest specimen obtained was 5 inches in length.
356. (18.) Barbus sophore.
Cyprinus sophore, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 310, 389 (part),
'(pi. 19, fig. 86 is not the same species).
Barbus sophore, Day, Fish. India, p. 566, pi. cxliii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
B. iii D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5).
L. 1. 25. L. tr. 3i/4|.
Length of head 4|, height of body 3| in the total length.
Eyes 3 to 3| in the length of the head, nearly 1 diameter from
end of snout, and also apart. Barbels long and thin, the maxillary
pair one half longer than the eye ; the rostral pair slightly shorter.
Fins dorsal ray weak, osseous, entire, and as long as the head
without the snout ; the fin arises slightly before the ventral, and
midway between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal.
Lateral line complete, 2| rows between it and the base of the
ventral; 9 rows before the dorsal fin. Scales with numerous
longitudinal striae. Colour silvery, with a lateral blotch.
Hab. Assam and Khasi hills.
357. (19.) Barbus stracheyi.
Barbus (Barbodes) stracheyi, Day, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 307.
Barbus stracheyi, Day, Fish. India, p. 566, pi. cxxxix, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
L.I. 23. L. tr.3i/5.
Length of head 4|, height of body 4| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1| diameters from end of
snout, 2| diameters apart. Mouth without enlarged lips : lower
labial fold interrupted. Barbels long, the rostral pair reaching
to below the centre of the orbit, and the maxillary pair to beneath
its posterior margin. Fins dorsal osseous ray strong, smooth,
and as long as the head without the snout, the fin commences mid-
wav between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin.
Lateral line complete, 2| rows of scales between it and the base
of the ventral fins. Colour uniform silvery.
//<(!>. Akyab and Moulmein.
310 TELEOSTEI. 1'llYSOSTOMI.
358. (20.) Barbus curmuca.
Cyprinus curmuca, Buchanan's Journey in Mysore, iii,p. 344, pi. xxx.
Barbus curmuca, Day, Fish. India, -p. 500, pi. cxli, fig. 1 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 16. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 18.
L.I. 41. L. tr. 8/7.
Length of head 5, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 4| in the length of the head, 1^ diameters from the end
of the snout, and also apart. Snout conical, head compressed,
interorbital space transversely concave. Dorsal profile more convex
than that of the abdomen. In adults there is a band of open pores
from the preorbital along the cheek. Barbels two maxillary pairs,
the lower as long as the eye, the upper half as long. Fins dorsal
as high as the body, its upper edge concave, it arises in front of
the insertion of the ventral, its last undivided ray weak and
articulated. Lateral line complete, 3| rows of scales between it
and the base of the ventral fin ; 10 rows anterior to the dorsal
fin. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes pointed. Colour silvery,
lightest on the sides and beneath ; tips of the caudal blackish. In
the young the middle third of the caudal is orange, and it is tipped
with black.
Hab. Western Ghats of India; attaining to at least 4 feet in
length.
359. (21.) Barbus lithopidos.
Barbus (Barbodes) lithopidos, Day, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 708.
Barbus lithopidos, Day, Fish. India, p. 507, pi. cxxxviii, fijr.
Kuri meen, Canarese.
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 10. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 38-39. L. tr. 7/7.
Length of head 5| to 65, height of body 4| in the total length.
Eyes 3| to 4| diameters in length of head, 1 to 1| diameters
from end of snout, and lg apart. Body compressed, dorsal and
abdominal profiles equally and moderately convex. Lower labial
fold interrupted ; a thin cartilaginous covering internally to either
jaw. Large examples have pores on the preorbital. Barbels
both pairs thin, and about as long as the orbit. Fins dorsal high
in front, equalling the height of the body, its upper edge concave,
its origin anterior to the insertion of the ventral, its last undivided
ray weak and articulated. Pectoral and ventral of equal length,
and as long as the head. Caudal very deeply forked. Lateral
line complete, 4 rows of scales between it and base of ventral fin ;
14 rows before the dorsal. Free portion of the tail as high at its
base as it is long. Colour slaty, as are the fins, having their
outer rays whitish. Pectoral yellowish, tail greenish. Adults are
more yellow, with a grey band behind the opercle, and some of the
scales scarlet.
Hab. South Canara, where it is not uncommon in the rivers,
and attains 2 feet in length.
CYPRINIDJE. CYPKININ/E. 311
360. (22.) Barbus thomassi.
Barbus (Barbodes) thomassi, Day, P. Z. S.1873, p. 707.
Barbus thomassi, Day, Fish. India, p. 567, pi. cxxxvii, fig. 5 (see
synon.).
Kem-pu-per-ru-wid, Canarese (Red Mahaseer).
B. iii. D. 12-13 (3-4/9). P. 17. V. 10. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 31-34. L. tr. 6/6.
Length of head 5| to 6|, height of body 4 to 4^ in the total
length. Eyes high up, diameter 3^ to 4 in length of head, 1^
diameters from end of snout, and also apart. Dorsal profile about
equally convex with that of the abdomen. Lower labial fold
interrupted. Barbels thin, the maxillary not so long as the eye,
the rostral pair shorter. Fins dorsal high anteriorly, equalling
the height of the body ; its origin is anterior to the insertion of
the ventral ; its upper edge very concave, and its last undivided
ray weak and articulated. Pectoral and ventral of equal length,
and four fifths as long as the head ; caudal deeply forked, the
upper lobe the longer. Lateral line complete, 2i rows of scales
between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 12 rows anterior to the
dorsal. Colour silvery along the back, each scale with a red
lunule ; dorsal and caudal fins lake-colour, the last being usually
edged with black. Ventral and anal also lake-colour, stained with
greyish-black. Most of the scales with a dark base.
Hob. South Canara; attaining at least 3 feet in length.
361. (23.) Barbus spinulosus.
Barbus spimilosus, McClelland, Cal Journ. N. H. v, p. 280, pi. 21,
fig. 3 j Day, Fish. India, p. 567 (see synon.).
B.iii. D. 12(3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 10 (3/7). C. 19. L. 1. 32.
Length of head 5, height of body 41 in the total length. Back
a little elevated. Eyes before the middle of the length of the
head. Dorsal profile but slightly arched. Snout short. Fins
dorsal without osseous ray, commencing midway between the end
of the snout and the base of the caudal. Colour greenish above,
white below ; fins pale.
Nab. Sikhim, w : hence a single specimen, 7 inches long, was
obtained by McClelland.
362. (24.) Barbus pulchellus.
Barbus (Barbodes) pulchellus, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 372.
Barbus pulchellus, Day. Fish. India, p. 5C8, pi. cxl, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Khatladi, Canarese ; Tulu, Mai. ; Ehudia, Marathi.
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L.I. 30-32. L. tr. 5-fi -V,.
Length of head 6 to 6-1, height of body 4 to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, 1| diameters from
the end of the snout, and 1 j apait. Pores on the snout. Barbels
four, the maxillary pair being the longest, equalling one third of
312 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
the length of the head. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, pointed,
4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Fins dorsal arises slightly before the ventral;
its upper border is concave, it is two thirds the height of the body,
having its last undivided ray weak, smooth, and articulated.
Caudal deeply forked. Scales 3^ rows between the lateral line
and the base of the ventral fin. Colour all the scales above a line
going direct from the eye to centre of the caudal fin are deep grey,
with dark bases ; below all are silvery grey ; fins with dark edges.
Hob. South Canara, frequenting the inland streams, attaining at
least 174r inches in length.
363. (25.) Barbus dobsoni.
Barbus (Barbodes) dobsoni, Day, Jour. L. S., Zool. xii, 1876, p. 574.
Barbus dobsoni, Day, Fish. India, p. 5C8, pi. cxxxix, fig. 6.
B. iii. D. 12-13 (3-4/9). P. 14. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 30-32. L. tr. 5$-6/5|.
Length of head 6, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3j in the length of the head, nearly 1 diameter
from end of snout, and 1^ apart. Snout a little obtuse. Mouth
narrow. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels thin, the
maxillary as long as the eye, the rostral somewhat shorter.
Teeth pharyngeal, crooked and pointed, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins
dorsal commences somewhat in advance of the insertion of the
ventral ; it is about two thirds as high as the body, its last un-
divided ray articulated and smooth. Pectoral as long as the head.
Lateral line complete, 3 rows of scales between it and the
ventral fin ; 12 rows anterior to the dorsal. Colour bluish above,
becoming lighter on the sides and beneath ; fins edged with grey,
upper corner of dorsal and ends of caudal blackish.
ffab. Deccan.
364. (26.) Barbus jerdoni.
Barbus (Barbodes) jerdoni, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 372.
Barbus jerdoni, Day, Fish. India, p. 508, pi. cxxxvSii, fig. 5.
Say-meen, Can. ; Cha-meen, Tel. ; Ta-mecn, Mai.
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 27-28. L. tr. 6/4.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 4 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 to 31 in length of head, 1 to 11 diameters from
end of snout, and H apart. A considerable rise to the com-
mencement of the dorsal fin. Mouth narrow. Lower labial fold
interrupted. Barbels thin, the maxillary as long as the orbit, the
rostral slightly shorter. Fins last undivided dorsal ray arti-
culated, weak and not enlarged ; the fin, which is four fifths as
high as the body below it, commences midway between the snout
and the base of the caudal. Pectoral as long as the head
and nearly reaching the ventral, which is of the same length.
CYPBINIDjE. CYPRININJE. 313
Anal laid flat reaches somewhat beyond the root of the caudal fin,
which is deeply forked. Lateral line complete, rather concave :
2- to 3| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral ; 12
rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery; the fins have an
orange tint, tipped with black.
Hab. Rivers in Canara below the Ghats, attaining at least 18
inches in length.
365. (27.) Barbus wynaadensis.
Barbns (Barbodes) wynaadensis, Day, Jour. L. S., Zool. xi, 1873,
p. 528.
Barbus wynaadensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 568, pi. cxxxviii, fig. 3, and
pi. cxxxix, fig. 2.
B. iii. D. 13 (4/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L.'l. 26-28. L. tr. 4/6.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 4| to 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1 to 2 diameters
from end of snout, and 1| apart. Snout conical. Lower labial
fold interrupted. Barbels the maxillary pair as long as the orbit
or longer, the rostral one fourth shorter. Fins the dorsal two
thirds as high as the body, its origin a little anterior to the
insertion of the ventral ; its last undivided ray weak, osseous, with
an articulated extremity. Lateral line complete, 2^ to 3 rows of
scales between it and the base of the ventral fin : 10 rows before
the dorsal fin. Colour leaden silvery along the back, with a dark
band running from behind the eye to the middle of the base of the
caudal fin, where it sometimes ends in a round black blotch.
Abdomen of a Jight orange colour. Fins stained with grey at
their edges.
Hab. Vithry in the Wynaad, where it is common in the larger
streams, attaining at least 8 inches in length.
366. (28.) Barbus stevensonii.
Barbus (Barbodes) stevensonii, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 100.
Barbus stevensonii, Day, Fish. India, p. 569, pi. cxxxv, fig. 6.
B. iii. D. 12(3/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 27.
L. tr. 4|/5.
Length of head 4|, height of body 4| in the total length.
Kyes diameter t\vo sevenths of length of head, 1 diameter from
end of snout and apart. Body elongated and compressed. Lower
labial fold interrupted. Barbels the maxillary extend to below
the posterior extremity of the orbit; the rostral are shorter.
Fins dorsal with a smooth, weak, osseous ray, as long as the
head excluding the snout ; its height is rather less than that of the
body, and it arises slightly in advance of the ventrals. Lateral
i; n , complete, 2| rows of scales between it and the base of the
ventral fin, and 9 before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, upper por-
tion of body darker ; numerous black specks along the side ; a black
spot at the base of the caudal, and a dark band along the dorsal fin.
J/ab. Hills near Akyab.
314 TELE08TEI. PH Vs-OSTOM 1.
367. (29.) Barbns neUli.
Barbus neilli, Day, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 581; and Fis/t. India, p. .1<5!>,
pi. cxl, fig. 4 (see synon.).
B.iii. D.13(4/9). P. 15. V.10. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 24-26.
L. tr. 4i/4.
Length o head 4| to 5, height of body 3 to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in length of head, 1 diameters
from end of snout and also apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles
about equally convex. Snout conical. Lower labial fold con-
tinuous. Barbels the rostral pair reach the front edge of the eye,
the maxillary pair equal 1| diameters of the orbit. Teeth
pharyngeal, curved, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins origin of dorsal
anterior to the insertion of the ventral ; the fin is two thirds as
high as the body, its upper edge concave, its last undivided ray
osseous, entire, and very weak. Pectoral as long as the head
excluding the snout, and longer than the ventral. Anal laid flat
reaches the base of the caudal, which is forked. Lateral line
complete, 3| rows of scales between it and the ventral fin ; 9 rows
anterior to the dorsal. Colour silvery above the lateral line, with
a tinge of yellow below it. .Fins with a bluish tinge in some
specimens, reddish in others. The young have a dark spot at the
base of the caudal fin. Eyes golden.
Hub. Kurnool on the Tungabhadra river. The largest specimen
seen by myself was 38 Ibs. in weight, but this species is said to
attain to 50 or 60 Ibs.
368. (30.) Barbns malabaricus.
Barbus malabaricus, Jerdon, Mad, Jour. L. S. xv, 1849, p. .'!!:>:
Day, fish. India, p. 569, pi. cxxxviii, fig. 6.
B. iii. D. 12-13 (3-4/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L.I. 24. L. tr. 4/4.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 4| to 4f in the total
length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1| diameters from
end of snout, and 2 apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles about
equally and moderately convex : lower labial fold complete, and
with a median lobe. Barbels the maxillary pair reach to below
hind edge of eye; the rostral pair are shorter. Fins dorsal
two thirds as high as the body : its origin is anterior to the
insertion of the ventral ; its upper edge concave, its last undivided
ray osseous, weak, with its bony portion equalling the postorbital
length of the head. Lateral line complete, 1| rows of scales
between it and the ventral fin ; 9 rows anterior to the dorsal.
Colour bluish, becoming white on the abdomen. Fins usually
blue. Eyes red. Sometimes the fish is brown ; and the dorsal,
pectoral, and ventral red ; or the front edge of the dorsal and
anal and upper and lower borders of the caudal may be dark.
Hab. From South Cauara down the Western Ghats to the
Travancore hills ; attaining at least 18 inches in length.
CYI'HIMD-E. CYPRINlNjE. 315
369. (31.) Barbus innominatus.
Barbus (Barbodes) innominatus, Dai/, P. Z. S. 18C9, p. 556.
Barbus innominatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 570 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. L. 1. 24.
L. tr. 4|/4i.
Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, 1 diameter from end of
snout and also apart. Barbels the rostral nearly reach the orbit,
the maxillary pair are shorter. Fins dorsal commences midway
between the snout and the base of the caudal ; its last undivided
ray osseous, weak, and entire. Caudal forked. Scales 3 rows
between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour a black spot
at the base of the caudal fin ; none now apparent on the dorsal.
Hub. ,Ceylon, whence Mr. Blyth received specimens up to I'l
inches in length.
370. (32.) Barbus compressus.
Barbus (Barbodes) compressus, Dai/, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 555.
Barbus compressus, Day, Fish. Indiaf'p. 570.
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 17. L. 1. 22.
L. tr. 4/5.
Length of head 5, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes
diameter two ninths of length of head, 1 diameters from end of
snout, and also apart. Head much compressed : the whole of the
cheeks covered with pores. Barbels the rostral reaches to
beneath the centre of the orbit, the maxillary to the angle of the
propercle. Fins dorsal half as high as the body ; it arises midway
between the snout and the base of the caudal, commencing slightly
in advance of the ventrals ; its last undivided ray is osseous, not
enlarged, and entire. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Lateral
line complete, 3|- rows of scales between it and the base of the
ventral fin. Colour silvery, fins stained darker.
Hob. The native country of the type specimen is uncertain, but
the fish was found in a bottle in the Calcutta Museum with an
Oreinus labelled as from Kashmir.
371. (33.) Barbus blythii.
Barbus (Barbodes) blythii, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. .V,.->.
Barbus blythii, Day, "Fish. India, p. 570 (see syuon.).
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 17. L. 1. 22.
L. tr. 4/5.
Length of head 4, height of body 3i in the total length.
Eyes diameter two fifths of length of head, three fourths of a
diameter from the end of snout, and also apart. Preorbital
covered with pores. Barbek well developed, the rostral reaching
the eye, and the maxillary to below the centre of the orbit.
316 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
Fins dorsal arises midway between the snout and the base of the
caudal, its last undivided ray articulated : it commences slightly in
advance of the ventrals. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line
complete, 2i rows between it and the base of the ventral fin.
Colour uniform silvery in spirit.
Hob. Tenasserim provinces. Specimen 2 inches long.
372. (34.) Barbus melanampyx.
Labeo melanampyx, Day, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 298.
Barbus melanampyx, Day, Fish. India, p. 570, pi. cxxxix, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 11(3/8). P. 15. V.8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 15. L.I. 20.
L. tr. 3|/3|.
Length of head 4|, height of body 3 to 3^ in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in the length of head, from | to 1 diam-
eter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Numerous pores on the
snout. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels rostral short, the
maxillary equal in length to one diameter of the orbit. Teeth
pharyngeal, in three rows, curved, sharp, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Pirn
dorsal scarcely higher than long, no osseous ray; it commences
midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal
fin, which latter is deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2
rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 7
rows before the dorsal fin. Colour of a deep dull red, with three
black cross bands, the first from below the whole of the base of the
dorsal to just beneath the lateral line, the second commences four
scales beyond the posterior extremity of the base of the dorsal and
descends to one scale below the lateral line, whilst the last is just
before the base of the caudal and often wanting. Fins pinkish,
edged with black.
Hob. The "Wynaad, Nilgiri and Travancore ranges of hills and
streams along their bases ; also the Cauvery river. This fish
rarely attains 3 inches in length.
B. With two barbels (Gapoeta).
373. (35.) Barbus macrolepidotus.
Capoeta macrolepidota, Cuv. 8f Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 280, pi. 477.
Barbus macrolepidotus, Day, Fish. India, p. 571, pi. cxlii, fig. 1 (see
synou.).
B. iii. D. 12 (4/8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7(2/5). C. 19. L.I. 26.
L. tr. 5/5.
Length of head 4|, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 5 to 5^ in length of head, 1| diameters from end of
snout and also apart. Snout pointed, without pores ; head com-
pressed. Barbels the maxillary as long as the orbit. Fins
dorsal commences slightly nearer the snout than the base of the
caudal, and opposite the insertion of the ventrals, its last undivided
CYPJUNIDJE. CYPBININjE. 317
ray is weak (scarcely osseous), and finely serrated in nearly its
whole extent. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 2| rows between
lateral line and base of ventral fin ; 1.0 rows before the dorsal fin.
Colour silvery, lightest on the sides and below ; fins orange,
anterior edge of the dorsal and outer margins of the caudal black.
A badly developed darkish baud from the dorsal to the ventral fin.
Hab. Tavoy to the Malay Peninsula.
374. (36.) Barbus chola.
Cyprinus chola, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 312, 389.
Barbus chola, Day, Fish. India, p. 571, pi. cxlii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Koroon, Tain. ; Kerrundi, Beng. ; Nya-khon-ma and Nya-loivah,
Burmese ; Pittha-kerrundi, " bitter carp," Ooriah ; Chadda paddaka, Tel. ;
Katcha karawa, Hind.
B. lii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 26-28. L. tr. 5J/5.
Length of head 4| to 4f, height of body 3| to 3| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of the head, | to 1
diameter from end of snout, and 1| apart. Suborbital ring of
bones narrow, their depth not being one third of that of the
uncovered portion of the cheek. Barbels a single maxillary pair
not so long as one diameter of the orbit. Fins dorsal three
fifths as high as the body, it commences opposite the ventrals and
midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal
fin, its last undivided ray is osseous and smooth, with the stiff
portion moderately strong and as long as the bead excluding the
snout. Lateral line complete, from 3 to 3| rows of scales
between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 10 to 12 rows before
the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, opercles shot with purple and
gold. A dark blotch is usually present on the side of the free
portion of the tail from the 23rd to the 25th scales of: the lateral
line; in some Malabar examples this blotch is intensely black. A
dark mark along the base of the anterior dorsal ray, and a row of
dark spots along its centre. Occasionally there is a dark mark
behind the gill-opening, especially in Bengal and Assam examples.
Hab. From Malabar and the Wynaad, through Madras, Orissa,
the Punjab, Bengal, and Gaugetic Provinces, the Central
Provinces, Assam, also Akyab and Burma to Mergui. This fish
grows to about 5 inches in length. As food it is bitter ; in some
localities in Burma oil is obtained from it during the breeding-
season.
375. (37.) Barbus parrah.
Puntius parrah, Day, P. Z. S. 18Go, p. 301.
Bavbus parrah, Day, Fish. India, p. 572, pi. cxlii, fig. 3 (see synoii.).
Parrah perlee, Mai. ; Kutcha karawa, Hind.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8(3/5). C. J9.
L. 1. 25-26. L. tr. 5/5.
Length of head 5, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length.
318 TELEOSTEI . PH YSOSTOM T .
Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in the length of the head, | to 1 diameter
from end of snout, 1 \ diameters apart. The third suborbital bone
two thirds as deep as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it.
Barbels fine, and equal to two thirds of the length of the orbit.
Fins dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and
the base of the caudal fin ; its last undivided ray is osseous, weak
in the young but strengthening with age, and as long as the head
without the snout ; height of fin two thirds of that of the bodv.
Lateral line complete, 3^ rows of scales between it and the base
of the ventral fin ; 8 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour back
greenish, divided from the silvery abdomen bv a dark bluish line.
Cheeks golden red. Pectoral, ventral, and anal tinged with
yellow ; dorsal and caudal dusky. A diffused black spot on the
lateral line extending from the twentieth to the twenty-second
scales. Eyes golden.
Nab. Malabar, Mysore, and Madras ; attaining at least 6 inches
iu length.
376. (38.) Barbus burmanicus.
Barb us burmanicus, Day, Fish. India, p. 572, pi. cxli, fig. 4.
B. iii. D. 12(4/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17.
L.I. 26. L. tr. 4/4.
Length of head 41 to 5, height of body 3^ in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3-j to 3^- in the length of the head, 1 diameter
from the end of snout, and 1| apart. A considerable rise from the
snout to the base of the dorsal tin. Snout pointed. Lower labial
fold interrupted. Barbels a very short maxillary pair. Fins
dorsal two thirds as high as the body, it commences opposite the
insertion of the ventral, its last undivided ray is osseous, strong,
entire, and about as long as the head. Scales 2 rows between
lateral line and base of ventral fin; 10 rows before dorsal fin.
Colour silvery along the back, becoming lighter on the sides and
beneath ; a dull blotch before the base of the caudal fin. Fins
silvery, with a dull band down the centre of the dorsal.
Hob. Burma.
377. (39.) Barbus tetrarupagus.
Systoinus tetrarupagus, McCkll. As. Res. xix, pt. 2; Ind. Cyp.
pp. 285, 381, pi. 44, tig. 3.
Barbus tetrarupagus, Day, Fish. India, p. 572, pi. cxlii, fig. 6 (see
synon.).
Tit -pungti, Bengali ; Borajalee, Assamese ; Pet-toh-ee, Sind.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 24-26. L. tr. 5-51/5.
Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total
length. Eyes diameter f of length of head, 1 diameter from end
of snout, and lj apart. Dorsal profile considerably elevated.
Barbels a maxillary pair, thin, and equal to two thirds of the
CYPRTNJD.*:. CYPRINIX.T:. 319
length of the orbit. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the body,
it commences opposite the insertion of the ventral ; osseous dorsal
ray of moderate strength, and the stiff portion as long as the head
excluding the snout. Lateral line complete, 3| rows of scales
between it and the base of the ventral; 8 to 10 rows before the
dorsal fin. Colour a round black spot on the lateral line behind
the gill-openings, and a second midway between end of anal and
base of caudal tin, and rather more forward than in B. chola, being
on the 18th to 20th scales of the lateral line. Dorsal and anal
tipped with black, sometimes the upper half of the former stained
darkish, and a black band along its centre, most distinct anteriorly,
and more so in Assam than in Bengal specimens.
Ifab. Orissa, Bengal, Assam, N.W. Provinces, Punjab and Sind,
also the Deccan ; attaining nearly 5 inches in length.
378. (40.) Barbus dorsalis.
Systomus dorsalis, Jet-don, Mad. Jour. L. Sc. xv, 1849, p. 314.
Barbus dorsalis, l)ay, Fish. India, p. 573, pi. cxlii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Lambi kaoli, Ilin. ; Saal candee, Tarn. ; Mar-paJcke, Can.
B. iii. D. 11-12 (3-4/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 24-25. L. tr. 4|/4.
Length of head 4|, height of body 4 to 4| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4 to4| in length of head, from 1| to H diameters
from end of snout, 1| diameters apart. Third suborbital bone as
wide as the cheek below it. Snout pointed. Lower labial fold
interrupted. Barbels a maxillary pair two thirds as long as the
eye. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal commences
rather in front of ventral, and nearly midway between the end of
the snout and base of the caudal fin ; its last undivided ray is osseous,
smooth, moderately strong, and the stiff portion of the ray as long
as, or a little longer than, the head without the snout. Caudal
forked. Lateral line complete. Scales 8 or 9 rows between
occiput and base of dorsal fin ; 2| rows between lateral line and
base of ventrals. Colour uniform silvery, frequently the scales
iu the upper two thirds of the body with dark bases. A black
spot at the posterior portion of the base of the dorsal, which dis-
appears more or less in spirit.
Nab. Kurnool, Mysore, throughout Madras as low as the
Cauvery and Coleroon rivers, and Ceylon. This species does not
attain a large size.
379. (41.) Barbus kolus.
Barbus kolu.9, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 357, pi. 62, fig. 1 ; Dai/, Fish.
India, p. 573, pi. cxli, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Niluju, Telugu ; Roll's and Kolashi, Marathi.
B. iii. D. 12-13 (3-4/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 40-43. L. tr. 10/8.
Length of head 5| to 5|, height of body 4 to 4| in the total
320
TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
length. Eyes upper margin near the profile, diameter 3| to 4 in
the length of the head, 1 \ diameters from end of snout and also
apart. Body compressed, a considerable rise in the profile from
the occiput to the dorsal fin. Barbels extend rather beyond the
middle of the eye. Teeth pharyngeal, pointed, uncinate, 5, 3,
2/2, 3, 5. Fins the dorsal three fourths as high as the body,
inserted in advance of the ventral. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral
line complete, 4 or 5 rows of scales between it and the base of
the ventral fin. Colour silvery, with a tinge of yellow ; dorsal,
caudal, and anal tipped with grey.
Hob. Central Provinces, Deccan, and throughout the Kistna,
Tungabhadra, and Godavari rivers ; attaining upwards of a foot
in length.
380. (42.) Barbus denisonii.
Labeo denisonii, Day, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 299.
Barbus denisonii, Day, Fish. India, p. 573, pi. cxliii, fig. 2 (see
synon.X
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 28. L. tr. 4|/4|.
Length of head 6, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 3| in the length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout,
and 1| apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles slightly and about
equally convex. Snout obtuse. Barbels a maxillary pair one
third longer than the orbit. Teeth pharyngeal, pointed and
curved at their extremities, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Fins dorsal arises
rather before the ventrals, none of its rays osseous. Caudal deeply
forked. Lateral line complete, 2| rows of scales between it and
ventral fin ; 9 rows before dorsal fin. Colour silvery, with a black
band, above which runs a horizontal scarlet stripe passing from the
snout to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Caudal with an
oblique black band crossing the posterior third of each lobe.
Hah. Mundikyum in the Travancore hill-ranges. This fish
attains 6 inches in length.
381. (43.) Barbus melanostigma.
Barbus melanostigma, Day, Fish. India, p. 573, pi. cxliii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L.I. 26. L. tr. 5/4.
Length of head 4| to 48, height of body 3| to 3| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, 1 diameter from
end of snout, and 1| apart. Mouth narrow ; lower labial fold
interrupted. Third suborbital bone as deep as the uncovered
portion of the cheek below it or rather deeper. Barbels a
maxillary pair about half as long as the orbit. Fins dorsal three
fourths as high as the body, having a concave upper edge, com-
mencing rather in advance of the insertion of the ventral; last
CYPKINIDJE. CYPRININ^B. 321
undivided dorsal ray very weak, osseous interiorly, and articulated
in its upper half. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete,
very slightly concave ; 3 rows of scales between it and the base of
the ventral fin ; 8 rows before the dorsal. Colour silvery above,
becoming white on the sides and beneath, a light band along the
side ; a deep black blotch on the side of the tail, commencing on
the twenty-first or twenty-second scale ; dorsal and caudal stained
with grey, sometimes a dark band along the side.
Hab. Wynaad bills in Malabar. Jerdon also obtained specimens
in the Bhavani river and from the Cauvery.
382. (44.) Barbus arenatus.
Bar feus arenatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 574, pi. cxlii, fig. 7.
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 26. L. tr. 4/6.
Length of head 4|, height of body 4 in the total length. _%es-
diameter 4| to 5 in the length of the head, 1| diameters from end
of snout, and 2 apart. Suborbital ring of bones very narrow
Body thick, its width equalling four sevenths of its height.
Barbels a single maxillary pair whicli reaches to beneath the first
third of the eye. No pores on the head. Fins last undivided
dorsal ray fine, smooth, osseous inferiorly, becoming articulated
superiorly ; the fin commences before the insertion of the ventral.
Lateral line complete, 3| rows of scales between it and the base
of the ventral fin; 11 rows anterior to the dorsal fin. Colour
silvery, without any markings. In some examples a darkish band
along the dorsal fin.
Hab. Madras.
383. (45.) Barbus puckelli.
Puntius (Capoeta) puckelli, Day, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 197.
Barbus puckelli, Day, Fish. India, p. 574, pi. cxliii, fig. 5.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). 0. 19.
L. 1. 24. L. tr. 4/5.
Length of head 5|, height of body 4| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| in the length of head, two thirds of a diameter
from end of snout, and 1| diameters apart. No pores on the
head, its summit rather convex. Barbels a thick maxillary pair,
reaching to beneath the anterior edge of the eye. Teeth pharyn-
geal, plough-shaped, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins last undivided dorsal
ray weak and cartilaginous, the fin commences before the ventral.
Lateral line complete, 2| rows of scales between it and the base
of the ventral fin ; 10 rows before the base of the dorsal fin.
Colour greenish yellow along the back, with a red mark on the
opercle, and a scarlet stripe extending along the middle of the
side. A deep black mark on the dorsal fin from the base of the
T
322 TELEOSTET. PIIYSOSTOMI.
third to that of the sixth branched ray. Very fine dark spots over
the scales, especially at their bases. An indistinct black mark on
the lateral line from the nineteenth to the twenty-first scale.
Hal. Bangalore, where it is said to be common.
384. (46.) Bar bus amphibius.
Capoeta amphibia, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Pom. xvi, p. 282, pi. 478.
Barbus amphibius, Day, Fish. India, p. 574, pi. cxlii, fig. 8 (see
synon.).
Oolee pcrlce, Mai. ; Bhondgi, Mardthi.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 23-24. L. tr. 5/4.
Length of head 4| to 5; height of body 4| to 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3^ in the length of head, 1 diameter from
end of snout, and 1| apart. Barbels a thin maxillary pair reaching
to below the centre of the eye. Fins the dorsal two thirds as
high as the body, with its osseous ray feeble, smooth, and half as
long as the head ; the fin arises somewhat in advance of the ventrals.
Caudal fin deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2 rows of scales
between it and the base of the ventral fin; 8 rows before the
dorsal. Colour upper half of body steel-blue, becoming white
tinged with golden on the sides and beneath. Sometimes a dark
band along the side, and a black spot on either side of the tail
anterior to the caudal fin, this becomes indistinct after specimens
have been long macerated, but is very apparent in fresh ones,
especially those from the Malabar coast ; it is not well-marked, and
often absent, in those taken in Bombay. Fins yellowish, upper
edge of dorsal usually stained with black. In the monsoon time a
crimson band along the sides is sometimes present.
Hob. Central India, Deccan, Bombay, and the Western coast of
India, Madras and up the coast as high as Orissa ; attaining to
at least 6 inches in length.
385. (47.) Barbus arulms.
Systomus arulius, Jcrdon, Mad. Jour. L. S. xv, 1849, p. 317.
Barbus arulius, Day, Fish. India, p. 575, pi. cxlii, fig. 5 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18.
L. 1. 21-23. L. tr. 4|/4|.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 3| to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of the head, 1 diameter
from end of snout and also apart. Barbels a long maxillary
pair. Teetli pharyngeal, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5, sharp and curved at
their extremities. Fins no osseous dorsal ray ; the fin, which is
two thirds as high as the body, commences midway between the
end of the snout and the base of the caudal, which last is deeply
emarginate. Lateral line complete, 2| rows of scales between
it and the base of the ventral fin ; 9 rows before the base of the
dorsal fin. Colovr olive-green on the back, becoming silvery
CTPHINIDJE. CYPRIN1NJE. 323
white clashed with reddish green over the abdomen. A black
blotch, about two scales in width, passes from below tbe origin of
the dorsal fin as low as the lateral line ; a second from just below
the posterior extremity of the dorsal to the base of the anal ; and
a third across the free portion of the tail before the caudal fin.
Dorsal, caudal, and anal pinkish with a black bar across the summit
of the first, whilst the caudal is stained at its edges.
Hob. Wynaad and Kilgiri range of hills and the rivers at their
bases, and at least as far south as Kotayam in Travancore ; also in the
Cauvery, from whence this fish has been procured at Seringapatam,
where it is termed Aruli. It attains 4 inches or more in length.
386. (48.) Barbns mahecola. (Fig. 105.)
Leuoiscus mahecola, Ctiv. fy Val. H.' N. Poiss. xvii, p. 305, pi. 502
(barbels omitted).
Barbusmahecola, -Day, Fish. India, p 575, pi. cxl, fig. 5 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 21. L. tr. 5/4. '
Length of head 4f to 5, height of body 3% to 3| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 in the length of head, 1 diameter from
end of snout, 1 1 diameters apart. In some specimens the snout is
covered with large pores. Barbels a thin maxillary pair extending
Fig. 105. Barbus mahecola.
to below the centre of the orbit in some specimens, very minute
in others (see remarks, p. 294). Fim last undivided dorsal ray
articulated, smooth, feeble ; the branched rays are elongate in the
adult ; the fin commences midway between the snout and the base
of the caudal fin. Caudal deeply lobed. Lciteral line complete,
2 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral. Colour
silvery white, with a deep black oval mark on the lateral line from
about the fourteenth to the eighteenth scale. A dark band along
the dorsal fin. Caudal red, tipped with black.
Holt. Prom Canara down the Western coast and along the base
of the Nilgiris, and Travancore hills, also Ceylon ; attaining at
least 6 inches in length.
324 TELEOSTEF. PHYSOSTOMI.
C. Without barbels (Puntius).
387. (49.) Barbus apogon.
Barbus apogou, (KuM) Cnv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 392 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 575, pi. cxli, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Nga-ta-zee and Nga-lay-toun, J3urmese.
B. iii. D. 12 (4/8). P. 17. V. 10. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L.I. 36-37. L. tr. 7^/7.
Length of head 5%, height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes
diameter 3^ to 4 in the length of the head, 1 to 1^ diameters
from the end of snout and also apart. Body strongly compressed,
and rising abruptly from the nape to the base of the dorsal fin.
Fiiis dorsal arises rather behind the insertion of the ventral, its
last undivided ray strong, serrated, and the stiff portion rather
shorter than the bead. First three anal rays rather stiff. Caudal
deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 5| (4 in some specimens)
rows of scales between it and the ventral fin; 15 rows of scales
before the base of the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, each scale with
a dark spot at its base.
Hob. Tenasserim and throughout Burma (certainly as high as
Mandalay) to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 8 inches in
length.
388. (50.) Barbus ambassis.
Barbus ambassis, Day, P. Z, S. 1808, p. 683, and Fish. India, p. 576,
pl.cxlv, fig. 1.
Eunkuai, Ooriab.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L.I. 36. L. tr. 6/8.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter nearly two fifths of length of head, | diameter
from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Teeth pharyngeal, sharp,
crooked, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal spine osseous, strong, and
posteriorly serrated, having about 15 teeth ; the fin commences
slightly before the ventral, and midway between the end of the
snout and the base of the caudal, which last is deeply lobed.
Scales small and deciduous. Lateral line incomplete, becoming
indistinct in the posterior two thirds of the body, 6 rows of scales
between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 15 rows before the
dorsal fin. Colour light greenish, with a silvery baud along the
side. A small black spot at the base of the anterior dorsal rays,
and a black blotch at the side of the tail.
Hob. Madras, Orissa, Bengal, and Assam at least as high as
Sadiya; attaining about 3 inches in length.
CYPBINID.E. CYPKININ.E. 325
389. (51.) Barbus conchonius.
Cyprinus conchonius, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 317, 389.
Barbus conchonius, Day, Pith. India, p. 576, pi. cxliii, fig. 7 (see
synon.).
Kunchon pungti, Bengali.
B. iii. D. 11(3/8). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 24-26. L. tr. 5|/6|.
Length of head 5, height of body 2| in the total length. Eyes
diameter one third of length of head, nearly 1 diameter from end
of snout, and 1| apart. Fins the dorsal three fifths as high as
the body, its last undivided ray osseous, moderately strong and
serrated, as long as the head without the snout ; the fin commences
rather before the insertion of the ventral. Lateral line incomplete,
ceasing after 8 or 10 scales ; 4 to 4| rows of scales between it and
the base of the ventral fin ; 9 rows before dorsal fin. Colour a,
large round black spot on the middle of the side above the
posterior portion of the anal fin ; opercles lake-colour. Tins orange,
dorsal with its upper half blackish.
Nairn Tal specimens have the dorsal spine much less coarsely
serrated than those from the plains, from whence they were
introduced not many years since ; they have also a darkish band
along the side.
Hal. Assam, Lower Bengal, Orissa, Behar, N.W. Provinces,
Punjab, and the Deccan ; attaining at least 5 inches in length.
390. (52.) Barbus ticto.
Cyprinus ticto, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 314, 889, pi. 8, fig. 87.
Barbus ticto, Day, Fish. India, p. 576,' pi. cxliv, fig. 7 (see synon.).
Kaoli and Kotree, Hind. ; Kah-nee potiah, Assam ; Wennatte, Tamil ;
Kudyi-kerundi, Ooriah.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1.23-26. L. tr. 5-6/6.
Length of head 5, height of body 3 to 3 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, f of a diameter from end of
snout, 1 diameter apart. Teetli pharyngeal, crooked, pointed,
5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins osseous dorsal ray strong and serrated,
three quarters as long as the head, fin half as high as the body.
Caudal forked. Lateral line incomplete, -ceasing after 6 or 8
scales ; 4 or 5 rows of scales between it and base of the ventral fin,
and 11 before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, sometimes stained
with red, a black spot on the side of the tail before the base of the
caudal fin and immediately behind the anal ; a smaller one (fre-
quently absent) at the commencement of the lateral line. Fins
often black, sometimes orange.
Hob. Sind, throughout India and Ceylon. This fish rarely
exceeds 4 inches in length.
326 TELEOSTEI. 1'IIYSOSTOMI.
391. (53.) Barbus stoliczkanus.
J 'mi-bus (Puntius) stoliczkanus, Day, J. A. S. It. xl, 1871 , pt. 2, p. 328.
Barbus stoliczkanus, Day, Fish. India, p. 577, pi. cxliv, fig. 8 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 14. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 25. L. tr. 5/6.
Length of head one sixth, height of body one third of the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, | to | of a diameter
from end of snout, 1| apart. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, 5, 3,
2/2, 3, 5. Fins osseous dorsal ray nearly as long as the head ex-
cluding the snout, serrated, but less strongly than in B. ticto, the
serratures are likewise rather irregular ; thelin commences midway
between the snout and the base of the caudal, which latter is
forked. Lateral line complete, there are 3| rows of scales
between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 9 rows before the
dorsal fin. Colour silvery, an oblong black mark on the lateral
l.ne about the third scale, and a deep black mark, yellow anteriorly,
extending upwards almost to the back, above and a little behind
the posterior extremity of the anal fin on the 18th and 19th scales.
Pins orange.
Hob, Eastern Burma, where this species supersedes B. ticto.
It attains 4 inches in length.
392. (54.) Barbus punctatus.
Puntius punctatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 302.
Barbus punctatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 577, pi. cxliv, fig. 5 (see
synon.).
Putter perlee, Mai.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18.
L. 1. 23-24. L. tr. 5/5.
Length of head 5|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 2| in the length of head, | diameter from end of
snout, and 1 diameter apart. Fins dorsal fin commences over
ventral and midway between end of snout and base of caudal, its
upper border is slightly concave, its last undivided ray osseous,
strong, serrated, and about as long as the head; the fin two thirds
as high as the body. Caudal forked. Lateral line complete,
3 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin, 8 rows
before the dorsal fin. Colour olive-green superiorly, becoming
white on the abdomen. A diffused black spot on the 20lh and
21st scales of the lateral line. The anterior half of the third or
fourth scale from the opercle, in the row next below the lateral
line, black. Fins yellowish, dorsal and anal tipped with orange.
Dorsal with two rows of black spots, and in Malabar examples a
short intermediate one anteriorly. In some specimens there is a
light edge round the caudal blotch, and a silvery band along the
sides.
CYi'lilNID.E. - CrPllININJi:. 327
1 1 <i ft. Malabar and Coromaudel coast. This species does not
appear to exceed 3 inches in length.
393. (55.) Barbus gelius.
Cyprinus gelius, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 320, 890.
Barbus gelius, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 154; Day, Fish. India, p. 577,
pi. cxlv, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Cutturpoh, Ooriah ; Gili punyti, Beng.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 23-24. L. tr. 4/5.
Length of head 4| to 4|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 2 in the length of head, | diameter from
end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Third suborbital bone broad.
Fins dorsal arises slightly in advance of ventrals, its osseous ray
is strong, rather coarsely serrated, and as long as the head
excluding the snout, the fin two thirds as high as the body ; caudal
deeply forked. Lateral line incomplete, ceasing after 5 or 6 scales ;
3 rows of scales between lateral line and base of ventral fin, 8 rows
before the dorsal fin. Colour reddish brown, with a black band
over the tail a little before the base of the caudal fin, and another
loss distinct close to the base of that fin. A silvery band along
the side. The peritoneum being black appears like an irregular
dark blotch. A black spot passes across the base of the anterior
half of the dorsal, extending one third the distance up the rays. A
black band over the base of the anal, highest in front. Occiput
also black.
Hab. Ganjam, Orissa, Bengal, and Assam, attaining at least
2 inches in length.
394. (56.) Barbus phutunio.
Cyprinus phutunio, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gattges, pp. 319, 390.
Barbus phutunio, Day, Fish. India, p. 578, pi. cxlv, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Kudji-kerundi, Ooriah ; Phutuni punyti, Beng.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5) C. 19.
L. 1. 20-23. L. tr. 8-10.
Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3 to 3^ in the total
length. Eyes diameter 2| in length of head, | to diameter
from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Fins dorsal osseous ray
serrated, the serratures often becoming indistinct in the adult ; the
fin commences opposite the ventrals. Lateral line incomplete,
only extending along three or four scales ; from it to the base of
the ventral are 3 rows ; 9 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour
reddish brown, with a black band passing from the back to opposite
the middle of the pectoral fin ; a second from the back to the
posterior end of the base of the anal ; two other lighter bands pass
do\vm\ ards, one from the anterior, the other from the posterior
extremity of the dorsal. A dark baud down the centre of the
dorsal, another at the base of the caudal. The adult in its colours
328 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
becomes very similar to B. punctatus, the pectoral band decreases
in size, whilst that on the dorsal fin breaks up into spots.
Hob. Ganjam, Orissa and throughout Bengal and Burma;
attaining 3 inches in length.
395. (57.) Barbus cumingii.
Barbus cumingii, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 155; Day, Fish. India,
p. 578 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 21.
L. tr. 3|/3|.
Length of head 5, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 2| in the length of head, f diameter from the end
of snout, and 1 apart. Suborbital bones very deep. Fins
the dorsal commences opposite the insertion of the ventral,
its last undivided ray is rather weak, osseous, and finely serrated.
Pectoral reaches the ventral. Anal rather small. Caudal deeply
forked. Lateral line incomplete, ceasing after 4 scales ; 3 rows
of scales between the lateral Jine and base of the ventral fin, and
9 before the base of the dorsal. Colour two dark vertical bands,
one descending to the pectoral fin : the second across the free
portion of the tail. Each scale with a silvery vertical streak
( ? a post-mortem appearance).
Hob. Ceylon ; attaining to at least 2 inches in length.
396. (58. ) Barbus nigrofasciatus.
Barbus nigrofasciatus, Giinther. Catal. vii. p. 155: Day. Fish. India,
p. 578, pi. cxliv, fig. 6.
B.iii. D. 11(3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 20-21.
Length of head 4|, height of body 2f in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in the length of head, 1 diameter from end
of snout and also apart. Fins dorsal lower than the body ; it
commences opposite the ventrals, its osseous ray is strong and
finely serrated. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete,
3 rows of scales beween it and the base of the ventrals. Colour
reddish, with a black band passing from eye to eye : body with
three vertical black bands, the first from the back to the middle of
the pectoral fin, the second from the base of the dorsal to behind
the base of the ventral, and the third across the free portion of the
tail. Dorsal, anterior portion of ventral and outer edge of anal
black. The bands are not in exactly the same position in all
specimens.
Hob. Southern Ceylon.
397. (59.; Barbus guganio.
Cyprinus guganio, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 338, 392.
Barbus guganio, Day, Fish. India, p. 679.
Guyani, Beng.
CYPIHNID.E. CYPRININ.S;. o29
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 12. V. 9. A. 7.
" Head oval, small, blunt and dotted. Mouth small. The jaws
protrude in opening, the upper is the longest. . . . The eyes are
far forwards on the sides of the head and large." Fins the
dorsal is near the middle, its osseous ray is strong and serrated.
Scales large and firmly adherent. Lateral line incomplete.
Colour the back dotted.
Ilab. Gangetic provinces and Assam, scarcely exceeding an inch
and a half in length. This species is evidently allied to Barbus
ambassis, p. 324.
398. (60.) Barbus stigma.
Leuciscus stigma, Cuv. $ Vul. H. N. Pom. xvii, p. 93, pi. 489.
Barbus stigma, Day, Fish. India, p. 579, pi. cxli, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Chadu-periyi, Tel. ; Patia-feruiidi, Ooriah ; Katcha-karaiva and Pottiah,
Hind. ; Katch-karaiva, Can. ; Kudnle, Marathi; Nya-khoon-ma, Burm.
B. iii. D. 11-12 (3/8-9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 23-26. L. tr. 4|-5/5. Vert. 15/14.
Length of head 5, height of body 3| to 3f in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, | to 1 diameter from
end of snout, 1| to 2 diameters apart. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked,
5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal half to two thirds as high as the
body ; its last undivided ray osseous, rather weak or of moderate
strength, entire, as long as the head without the snout, or even
less ; the fin commences rather in advance of the insertion of the
ventral, and midway between the end of the snout and the base of
the caudal. Lateral line complete, 3 to 3| rows of scales between
it and the base of the ventral fin, 8 to 9 rows before the dorsal fin.
Occasionally in the N.W. Provinces and Bengal specimens occur
with 1. 1. 27. Colour silvery, with a scarlet lateral band at some
seasons, and a dark mark across the base of the middle dorsal rays,
this last being occasionally absent. A round black blotch, more or
less distinct, at the root of the caudal fin.
Hab. Sind, throughout ludia and Burma as high as Mandalay.
As food this fish is bitter. In January 1868 I found 1850
developed ova in one female fish at Madras. It attains at least
5 inches in length.
399. (61.) Barbus chrysopterus.
Systomus chrysopterus, Me C'lttt. As. Res. xix, pt. 2 ; Ind. Cyp.
p. 285.
Barbus chrysopterus, Day, Fish. India, p. 579, pi. cxliii, fig. 6
(see synon.).
Pottiah, Punj. ; Durru, Sind.
B.iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 17. V.9. A. 7 (2/5). 0.19. L.I. 23-25.
L. tr. 5/5.
Length of head 5, height of body 3 in the total length.
330 TEJjEOSTEI. 1'JIA'SOSTOMI.
Eyes diameter 3 to 3.| in length of the head, to 1 diameter
from end of snout. Body compressed. Third suborbital bone
very narrow. Fins dorsal arises over the ventral or slightly in
advance of it, and midway between the end of the snout and
the base of the caudal ; its smooth osseous ray is not strong
and is as long as the head without the snout ; upper margin of the
dorsal fin slightly concave ; the height is only slightly above one
half of that of the body. The pectoral extends to the ventral,
and the latter to the anal. Lower caudal lobe slightly the longer.
Lateral line complete, 3| rows of scales between it and the base
of the ventral fin ; 9 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour dull
silvery, darkest along the back, each scale having a dark base
formed by fine black dots. Dorsal, ventral, and anal fins generally
stained with black spots at their extremities, but in some specimens
only the anal. A. dark mark at the base of third to seventh
divided dorsal rays, sometimes a dark mark at base of the tail.
Hob. Assam, Bengal, JNYW. Provinces, and Punjab and Sind.
400. (62.) Barbus thermalis.
Leuciscus thermalis, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvii, p. 94, pi. 490.
Barbus thermalis, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 580 (see synou.).
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 24.
L. tr. 5|/5|.
Length of head 4|, height of body 3^ in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, 1 diameter from end of
snout. Dorsal profile more convex than the abdominal. Body
very compressed. Fins dorsal commences nearer to end of snout
than to base of caudal fin ; it is only two thirds as high as the body,
its osseous ray moderately strong, rather longer than the head
without the snout. Lateral line incomplete, ceasing after eight
scales. Colour silvery, a round black finger-mark on either side
of the free portion of the tail anterior to the base of the caudal fin,
and a second at the base of the first few dorsal rays.
Hub. From a hot spring in Ceylon ; attaining at least 3 inches
in length.
401 . (63.) Barbus terio.
Cyprinus terio, Ham. Suck. Fish. Ganij. pp. 313, 389.
Barbus terio, Day, Fish. India, p. 580, pi. cxliv, tig. 3 (see synon.).
Kakachia-kenindi, Ooriah ; Teri-pungti, Beng.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L.I. 22-23. L. tr. 5/5.
Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 2| to 3 in length of head, f to 1 diameter
from end of snout, 1^ diameters apart. Body compressed.
Fins dorsal arises slightly in advance of the ventrals, its last
undivided ray is osseous, entire, moderately or very strong, and
nearly as long as the head ; the fin is almost as high as the body
CYPKINID^E. CY.PUININ.E. 331
below it. Lateral line incomplete, ceasing after 3 or 4 scales;
3 rows between the lateral line and base of the ventral fin, 9 rows
in front of the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, greenish along the
back, each scale having a number of fine black spots, most numerous
at the anterior margin. A large black blotch in the middle of
the side over the posterior extremity of the anal, sometimes
extended in the median line as far as the tail. A very indistinct
black blotch (most apparent in the immature) exists under the
posterior extremity of the dorsal, passing downwards to the middle
of the fish. Fins yellowish, their margins stained with black, the
dorsal having a median band. In some specimens there is a dark
mark at the bases of the scales.
Hob. Orissa, Bengal to the Punjab ; attaining 3 or 4 inches in
length.
/
402. (64.) Barbus punjabensis.
Barbus (Puntius) punjaubeusis, Day, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2, p. 334.
Barbus punjaubensis, -Day, Fish. India, p. 580, pi. cxlv, fig. 2.
B.iii. D.I 1(3/8). V.9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 43. L.tr.8/?.
Length of head 5|, height of body 3] in the total length.
Eyes rather large, situated in the anterior half of the head,
one third of a diameter from end of snout. Fins dorsal two thirds
as high as the body below it, arising midway between the snout and
the base of the caudal fin; its last undivided ray weak and
articulated. Caudal deeply forked, with pointed lobes. Lateral
line incomplete, 14 rows of scales before the base of the dorsal fin.
Colour silvery, with a burnished silvery stripe along the side, and
a black spot at the base of the caudal fin. Two first dorsal rays
and intermediate membrane deep black.
Hob. Sind, Eavi river at Lahore; also Jubbulpore. A small
species, attaining about 2 inches in length.
403. (65.) Barbus unimaculatus.
Systomus (?) unimaculatus, Elytli, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 159.
Barbus unimaculatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 581, pi. cxlv, fig. 5.
B.iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 11. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 24-25. L. tr.
Length of head 3^, heigh b of body 3 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 3 in the length of head, 1 diameter from the end of snout
and also apart. Fins dorsal with the last undivided ray osseous,
entire, weak, and nearly as long as the head ; the fin commences mid -
way between the snout and the base of the caudal fin. Lateral
line incomplete, becoming lost opposite the posterior extremity
of the dorsal fin, 3 rows of scales between it and the base of the
ventral fin ; 9 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, a black
mark at the base of each dorsal ray.
Hob. A number of fry up tp l T 8 ff inches in length from the
332 TELEOSTEI. PHY8OSTOMI.
Sitang river in Burma are in the Calcutta Museum ; what they
would be, when adults, it is difficult to determine, but as the
lateral line is incomplete, they probably never would grow to large
fish. The species is very similar to Barbus thermalis, C. V., but
its head is a little longer, and the latter species is from Ceylon.
404. (66.) Barbus waageni.
Barbus (Puntius) waageni, Day, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, pt. 2, p. 325.
Barbus waageni, Day, Fish. India, p. 581, pi. cxliv, fig. 4.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5).
C. 20. L. 1. 23. L. tr. 4/7.
Length of head 4, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of the head, j to 1 diameter
from end of snout, and \\ apart. Fins dorsal one half as high as
the body below it ; it commences nearer to the base of the caudal fin
than to the front end of the snout, its upper edge is straight ; last
undivided ray articulated. Pectoral as long as the head excluding
the snout. Caudal forked. Lateral line incomplete, ceasing
about the seventh scale ; 4^ rows between it and the base of the
ventral fin, 12 rows anterior to the dorsal fin. Caudal peduncle
as high at its base as it is long. Colour silvery, darkest superiorly ;
a dark blotch on the side of the tail on about the seventeenth and
eighteenth rows of scales.
Hob. Choya Saidan Shah in the Punjab salt-range.
405. (67.) Barbus cosuatis.
Cyprinus cosuatis, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 338, 392.
Barbus cosuatus, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 581, pi. cxliv, fig. 1 (see synon.).
Koswati, Beng.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 13. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L.I. 22. L. tr. 3/3.
Length of head 4 to 4-J, height of body 3^ in the total length.
Eyes diameter 2^ to 2| in length of head, | diameter from
end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Fins dorsal without any osseous
ray; it commences midway between the end of the snout and the
base of the caudal fin, its upper edge is oblique and its height exceeds
that of the body below it. Lateral line incomplete, the row of
scales on which it is situated is larger than the others, 2 rows
between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 8 or 9 rows before the
base of the dorsal. Colour silvery, the scales having dark bases ;
a black band along the top of the dorsal, another across its middle,
another on the anterior anal rays.
Hob. Bengal, through the N.W. Provinces, the Deccan and
Bombay, and down the Western coast as low as Kotayam in
Travancore. This species attains 2 or 3 inches in length.
OYPBINID.S. CTPEININ2E. 333
406. (68.) Barbus vittatus.
Puntius vittatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 303.
Barbus vittatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 682, pi. cxliv, fig. 2 (see synon.).
EooK, Hind.
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 12. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 20.
L. 1. 20-22. L. tr. 3/4.
Length of head 4 to 4, height of body 3L in the total length.
Eyes diameter from 2 to 3 in the adult in the length of the head,
| of a diameter from end of snout, 1 diameters apart. Fins
last undivided dorsal ray articulated, weak, and entire; the fin
commences somewhat in advance of the ventrals. Lateral line
incomplete, ceasing after about 5 scales ; 3 rows between it and
the base of the ventral fin, 8 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour
silvery, generally with four black spots in the adult, one just
before the dorsal, one below its posterior margin, another at the
base of the caudal, and a fourth at the base of the anal. The
dorsal has a vertical black streak, and a black tip with orange
markings. In the immature the colours vary : when the fish is
about eight tenths of an inch long, a vertical stripe begins to show
itself in the posterior third of the dorsal fin, the summit of which
also becomes edged with black, whilst there are some irregular
orange markings ; in very young specimens the line of demarcation
between the green of the back and the silvery abdomen appears
like a white band running from the eye to the middle of the tail.
In some specimens one or more of the spots are absent.
Hob. Mysore, Madras, "Wynaad, Malabar, Ceylon, and Cutch ;
attaining 1 inches in length.
407. (69.) Barbus filamentosus.
Leucisdus filamentosus, Cuv. # Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvii, p. 96, pL 492.
Barbus filamentosus, Day, Fish. India, p. 582 (see synon.).
Chewllt, Tamil.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 21. L. tr. 4/4.
Length of head 5, height of body 3 to 3^ in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3J- in the length of the head, ^ to 1 diameter from
end of snout, If apart. Generally large pores over the snout.
Fins dorsal arises slightly nearer to suout than to base of caudal
fin ; its last undivided ray is osseous, smooth, and feeble, whilst the
divided ones are all more or less elongate in the adult. Lateral
line complete, 2 rows of scales between it and the base of the
ventral ; 7 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, each
scale having a metallic green edging ; a more or less distinct black
blotch exists on the lateral line, on the fourteenth and fifteenth
334 TELEOSTEl. PIIYSOSTOMI.
scales, and before the base of the caudal fin. A very curious
change occurs in this fish immediately after death, the whole of
its body becoming scarlet. Caudal red, tipped with black and
edged with white ; dorsal and ventral nearly black.
Hab. Western coast and Southern India ; attaining 6 inches in
length. This form is similar to B. mahecola except in wanting
barbels.
408. (70.) Barbus puntio.
Cyprinus puntio, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 318, 389.
Barbus puntio, Day, Fish. India, p. 582, pi. cxlv, fig. 6 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 11(3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7(2/5). C. 21.
L. 1. 23. L. tr. 5/4.
Length of head 4 to 4^, height of body 3 to 3% in the total
length. Eyes diameter two fifths of length of head, i to of a
diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Fins last undivided
dorsal ray osseous and entire, the fin commences rather in advance
of the ventrals. Lateral line only extending distinctly for a few
scales, but very indistinctly to the base of the caudal fin ; 2-1- rows
between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 8 rows before the
dorsal fin. Colour silvery, a wide black band encircles the free
portion of the tail, and includes the tip of the anal fin. Dorsal
orange, tipped with black.
Hab. Bengal and Burma, attaining about 3 inches in length.
20. Genus NUEIA, Cuv. & Val.
Syn. Esomus, Swainson.
Abdomen rounded. Pseudobranchiao present. Mouth narrow,
directed obliquely upwards ; suborbitals broad. Barbels four, the
rostral shorter than the maxillary pair ; pharyngeal teeth crooked,
pointed, 5/5. Dorsal fin without osseous ray, and with but few
branched ones ; it is inserted behind the ventral, but does not
extend to over the anal ; the latter has but few branched rays or a
moderate number. Scales of moderate size. Lateral line, when
present, passing to the lower half of the base of the caudal fin. Gill-
rakers short.
409. (1.) Nuria danrica. (Fig. 106.)
Cyprinus danrica, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 325, 390, pi. xvi,
fig. 88.
Nuria danrica, Day, Fish. India, p. 583, pi. cxlv, fig. 7 (var. mala-
barica) and fig. 8 (var. alto) (see synon.).
Danrica and Jow/ja, Berg. ; Kurriah dahwiee, Hind. ; Purroovoo, Tamil ;
Soomarah, Hind. '(N.W. Prov.) ; Chid-diil-lu, Punjabi ; Kati, Mahr. ;
Mola and Mah-wa, N.W. Prov. ; Nya-zin-byoon, Burmese.
335
B. iii. D. 8 (2/6). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5).
L. 1. 30-34. L. tr. 5-6/3.
Length of head 5| to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter
3| to 3 in the length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout and
apart. Barbels the rostral not so long as the head, the maxillary
extend to the base of the ventral or even to that of the caudal
fin. Fins dorsal commences nearer to the base of the caudal than
Fig. 106. Nuria danrica, var. cdta.
to the head ; pectoral varies with age, being generally proportion-
ately longer in the immature ; sometimes the anal fin is higher than
the dorsal, especially in the immature. Lateral line usually
present, entire ; 2 rows of scales between it and the base of the
ventral, 18 before the dorsal fin. Colour a broad black lateral
band, sometimes absent.
The variety Nuria alia, Blyth, is a Burmese form, which differs
in the height of its body, being 4| (instead of 5^) in the total
length, and its anal fin is a little lower.
Hob. India, Ceylon, Burma, and the Nicobars. Dr. Cumberland
found this fish in a hot stream of 112 Fahr. at Pooree, M. Regnaud
in a hot stream at Cannia in Ceylon ; it attains 5 inches in length.
21. Genus RASBORA, Bleeker.
Syn. Leuciscus, sp., Cuv. & Val. ; Mcgarasbora, Giinther.
Abdomen rounded. Pseudobranchia) present. Cleft of mouth
oblique, lower jaw slightly prominent, having one central and two
lateral prominences, one on each side, fitting into corresponding
emarginations in the upper jaw. Barbels two (rostral), or none.
Eyes with free lids. Pharyngeal teeth 5, 3 or 4, 2/2, 3 or 4, 5.
Dorsal fin without any osseous ray and few branched ones, inserted
behind the origin of the ventral but not extending to above the
anal, which is short. Scales large or of moderate size. Lateral
line concave, continued to the middle or lower half of the caudal
fin. Gill-rakers short and lanceolate.
Geographical Distribution. Africa, Indin, Ceylon, Burma, to
the Malay Archipelago.
TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Barbels present (Megarasbora).
D. 2/7, A. 2/5, L. 1. 40-44 1. R. elanga, p. 336.
b. Barbels absent (JRasbora).
D. 2/7, A. 2-3/5, L. 1. 31-34. Generally a
black lateral stripe 2. -R. daniconius, p. 330.
D. 2/7, A. 2/5-6, L. 1. 26-29. Caudal black-
edged 3. R. hichanani, p. 337.
410. (1.) Kasbora elanga.
Cyprinus elanga, Ham. Bmh. Fish. Gang. pp. 281, 386.
Rasbora elanga, Day, Fisk. India, p. 584, pi. cxlvi, fig. 1 (see synon.).
Dahwiee, Hind.; Elany, Assam.
B. iii. D. 9(2/7). P. 15. V. 8-9. A. 7(2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 40-44. L. tr. 7-8/6.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of hody 4| to 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter from 3 to 4 in the length of head, 1 dia-
meter from end of snout, lg diameters apart. Jaws of equal
length, prominences and emarginations well-defined. Barbels
one short rostral pair. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins
dorsal commences midway between the posterior margin of the
orbit and the base of the caudal fin. The pector.il, which is
nearly as long as the head, does not reach the ventral. Caudal
forked. Scales 1^ to 2 rows between lateral line and base of
ventral fin ; 14 rows before base of dorsal fin. Colour silvery,
with sometimes a leaden-coloured band along the upper portion
of the side.
Hob. Bengal, Assam, and Burma ; attaining at least 8 inches
in length.
411. (2.) Rasbora daniconius.
Cyprinus daniconius. Ham. Srich. Fish. Gang. pp. 327, 391, pi. xv,
tig. 89.
Rasbora daniconius, Day, Fish. India, p. 584, pi. cxlvi, fig. 2, and
fig. 3 (var. It. nilffhernensis) (see synon.).
Mile-lo-ah,N.W. Prov. ; Chin-do-lah, Raan-kaal-le and Charl, Punj.;
Neddean jubbu, Canarese ; Ovaree candec and Purroovoo candce, Tamil;
Kokanut'chee, Mai. ; Jilo, Ooriah ; Dam'konian([Anf/jani,T$en;. ; Duhni-
ko-nah, Assam ; N(/a-douny-zee and Nya-nauch-youn, Burm. ; Jonir,
Cutch ; Ddndvan. Marathi.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19.
L. 1. 31-34. L. tr. 4|/5. Vert. 18/14.
Length of head 4g to 5, height of body 4| to 5| or even 6 in the
total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of head, 1 dia-
meter from end of snout and also apart. Prominences and emar-
ginations on jaws well-defined. Cleft of mouth extends to beneath
CIPRINID.E. CYPEIJttN^:. 337
anterior margin of orbit. Teeth pharyngeal, curved, sharp, 5, 3,
2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal commences rather nearer to origin of the
ventral than to that of anal in some examples, at an equal distance
from both in others. Lateral line descends very gradually for
the depth of 2 rows of scales ; 2 rows between it and ventral fin,
14 rows in front of dorsal fin. Colour a black band, more or less
distinct, passes from the eye to the base of the caudal. Sometimes
this band only exists just at its termination and thus forms a
spot at the side of the base of the tail ; or in some young specimens
a bright silvery band edged above with yellow is seen along the
sides. Caudal occasionally with its lobes tipped with grey.
Hob. Continent of India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Archipelago,
and Zanzibar ; attaining 8 inches in length. Much more common
than R. buchanani.
f
412. (3.) Rasbora buchanani. (Fig. 107.)
Cyprinusrasbora, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 329, 391, pi. 2, fig. 90.
Rasbora buchanani, Sleeker, Prod. Gyp. p. 451 ; Day, Fish. India,
p. 584, pi. cxlv, fig. 10 (see synou.).
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7-8 (2/o-6). C. 19.
L. 1. 20-29. L. tr. 41/3.
Length of head 5, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 3| in length of head, about 1 diameter from end of
snout, and rather more apart. Prominences on jaws well-deve-
loped. Fins dorsal commences nearer to the base of the caudal
than to the snout. Lateral line concave, 2 rows of scales between
Fig. 107. Rusbora, buchuitaiti.
it and the base of the ventral fin ; 12 rows anterior to the base of
the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, a faint streak along the sides ;
caudal usually tipped with black, especially in Burmese examples.
Hob. Continent of India, Assam, Burma, and Pinang; in Inbia
most common in the valley of the Ganges and along the Coromandel
coast. This species attains 4 or 5 inches in length.
338 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
22. Genus ASPIDOPARIA (Heckel), Bleeker.
Syn. Morara, Bleeker.
Abdomen rounded. Mouth small, inferior, the lower jaw having
a sharp crescentic edge destitute of lip. Barbels absent. Sub-
orbital ring of bones of moderate width or broad. Dorsal fin
without osseous and with rather few branched rays, commencing
opposite to or behind the origin of the ventrals, but not extending
to above the anal, which latter has a moderate number of rays
(10 to 12). Scales of moderate size. Lateral line concave, and
passing along the lower half of the base of the caudal fin.
Geographical Distribution. Throughout Bengal, Assam, Bombay,
and Orissa as far as the Kistna river, also Burma.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 9-10, A. 10-12, L. 1. 38-42 1. A. morar, p. 338.
D. 9, A. 9, L. 1. 62-60 2. A.jaya, p. 339.
413. (1.) Aspidoparia morar. (Fig. 108.)
Cyprinus morar, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 264, 384, pi. 31, fig. 75.
Aspidoparia niorar, Day, Fish. India, p. 585, pi. cxlvi, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Bayi, Ooriah ; Morari and Morar, Beng. ; Pa-o-char and Chilwa,
Punj. ; Ka-reer-re, Sind. ; Amlee, Deccan ; Chippuah, Chelluah, Hind.
(N.W. Prov.) ; Mou-ah and Boreala, Assam ; Nga-hpyen-boo and Ytn-
bounff-za, Burmese.
B. iii. D. 9-10 (2-3/7-8). P. 15. V. 8. A. 10-12 (2/8-10).
C. 19. L. 1. 38-42. L. tr. 5|/5. Vert. 14/21.
Length of head 5 to 5f , height of body 4 to 5| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3f in length of head, to 1 diameter
from end of snout, and 1 apart. Snout very obtuse. Upper jaw
Fig. 108. Aspidoparia
overlapping the lower. A broad suborbital ring of bones. Teeth
pharyngeal, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5, plough-shaped, the outer row much
CYPKINID.E. CYPRININ.E. 339
larger than the inner ones. Fins dorsal higher than long, with a
concave superior margin ; it arises midway between the posterior
margin of the orbit and the base of the caudal ; pectoral as long as
the head. Scales 2| to 3 rows between lateral line and base of
ventral fin ; 20 rows before base of dorsal fin. Colour back light
brown, divided from the silvery side by a burnished streak.
Hob. Sind, Punjab, Continent of India (except the Western
coast, and localities south of the Kistna river), also Assam and
Burma ; attaining at least 7 inches in length.
414. (2.) Aspidoparia jaya.
Cyprinus jaya, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 333, 392.
Aspidoparia jaya, Day, Fish. India, p. 585, pi. cxlv. fig. 9 (see
Chola, Assam ; Pahruah, Hind. (N.W. Prov.).
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 8. A. 9 (2/7). C. 21.
L. 1. 52-60. L. tr. 7/10.
Length of head 5? to 5|, height of body 5 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, | to 1 diameter from end of
snout, 1| diameters apart. Mouth considerably overhung by the
snout. Both the preorbital and first suborbital bones touch the
upper lip ; only about half the cheek is covered by the suborbital
ring of bones. Teeth pharyngeal, 4, 3/3, 4, the outer row
plough-shaped and compressed, the inner consisting of very minute
teeth. Fins dorsal commences midway between the snout and
the base of the caudal, and opposite the insertion of the ventral.
Scales deciduous. Lateral line curving at its termination on to
the lower half of the caudal fin ; 4| rows of scales between it and
the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery, back darkest.
Hob. Hardwar on the Ganges and Assam.
23. Genus ROHTEE, Sykes.
Syn. Osteobrama, Heckel ; Smiliogaster, Bleeker.
Abdomen rounded. Pseudobranchise present. Mouth anterior,
lips thin. Barbels present or absent, sometimes quite rudimentary.
Pharyugeal teeth, 6 or 5 or 4, 4 or 3, 2 or 3/3 or 2, 3 or 4, 4 or 5
or 6. Dorsal fin short, having an osseous serrated spine, and
commencing opposite the interspace between the bases of the ven-
tral and anal fins, the latter of which has many rays. Scales
small. Lateral line passing nearly to the centre of the base of the
caudal fin. Gill-rakers short.
Geographical Distribution. India generally and Burma.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. With four barbels.
I). 11, A. 14, L. L 44 1. R. bakcri, p. 340.
\).}2, A. 20, L. 1. 5!) 2. R. neilli, p. 340.
Z2
340 TELEOSTEl. PHYSOS1OMI.
B. Without any, or with only rudimentary barbels.
D. 11-12. A. 29-30, L. 1. 55-70 3. R. cotio, p. 340.
D. 11, A. 25-28, L. 1. 75-80 4. R. vi<jorsii, p. 341.
D. 11-12, A. 20-21, L. 1. 08-73 5. R. belant/eri, p. 342.
D. 11, A. 10, L. 1. 65 0. R. oqilbii, p. 342.
D. 12, A. 30, L. 1. 44 7. -R. cunma, p. 343.
415. (1.) Rohtee bakeri.
Rohtee bakeri, Day, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 240 ; Fish. India, p. 580,
pi. cxlvii, fig. 1.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 13. V. 10. A. 14 (3/11).
L. 1. 44. L. tr. 8/7.
Length of head from 5 to 6, height of body from 4 to 4 in the
total length. Eyes diameter two fifths of length of head, two
thirds of a diameter from end of snout, and 1 apart. Profile over
nape rather concave, a considerable rise to the base of the dorsal
fin. Upper jaw the longer. Barbels four, all very short. Fins
dorsal rather higher than the body, its spine weak, as long as the
head or rather longer, and serrated posteriorly in almost its whole
extent. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 5| rows between the
lateral line and the base of the ventral fin ; 15~rows before the base
of the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, caudal and dorsal edged with
black.
Hab. Kotayam in Travancore, whence I received specimens up
to 4| inches in length.
416. (2.) Rohtee neilU.
Rohtee neilli, Day, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 239; Fish. India, p. o0.
pi. cxlvi, fig. 5.
B. iii. D. 12 (4/8). P. 13. V. 10. A. 20 (3/17). C. 19.
L. 1. 59. L. tr. 12/18.
Length of head 4|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 2| in the length of the head, of a diameter from
end of snout and also apart. Profile over nape concave, from
thence a considerable rise to the base of the dorsal fin. Upper
jaw somewhat the longer. Barbels two pairs, all about as long
as the eye. Fins dorsal three fourths as high as the body, its
last undivided ray osseous, A r ery strong, serrated, and as long as
the head excluding the snout. Pectoral nearly as long as the head.
Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line strongly marked in its first
few scales, the rows of scales nearly regular ; 8 rows between the
lateral line and base of ventral fin. Free portion of the tail as
long as high. Colour silvery, opercles golden.
Hob. Bhavani river at base of the Nilgiri hills.
417. (3.) Rohtee cotio. (Fig. 109.)
Cyprinus cotio, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 339, 393, pi. 39, fig. 93.
Rohtee cotio, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 587 j pi. cli, fig. 1, pi. cxlvii, fig. 2
(var. R. alfrediana) (see synon.).
CYPRINID.E. CYPBININ.E. 341
Eoti and Goonta, Eeng. ; Goordah, Chen-da-lah and Muck-nee, Hind.
(N. W. Prov.) ; Puttoo and Duh-riee, Sind ; Nga-hpan-ma, Burm. ; Gud-
ddni, Marathi ; Gunda, Ooriah.
B. iii. D. 11-12(3-4/8). P. 13. V. 10. A. 29-36 (2-3/27-33).
C. 19. L. 1. 55-70. L. tr. 9-15/14-21.
Length of head 5 to 6, height of body 3 to 3^ in the total
length. Eyes diameter 2| to 3 in the length of head, one half a
diameter from the end of the snout, and 1 to 1 apart. Profile
over nape concave, from thence a great rise to the base of the
dorsal fin. Upper jaw slightly the longer. Barbels absent or very
Fig. 109. Bohtee cotio, var. alfrediatia.
rudimentary. Fins dorsal with its osseous ray weak and serrated.
Pectoral reaches to over ventral and the latter to the anal.
Caudal lobed. Scales vary in number along the lateral line,
whilst in some specimens (var. cotio) the rows are very irregular in
the last three fourths of the body below the lateral line. The
number of rows between the lateral line and base of the ventral
fin also varies, being most in the variety E. cotio (12-13), whereas
in the variety E. alfrediana there are rarely more than 7 or 8 ; 24
rows of scales before the base of the dorsal fin. Colour silvery,
darkest along the back and sometimes with a silvery lateral band.
Some have a black blotch before the base of the dorsal fin, and
another on the nape.
Hob. From Sind throughout India (except the Malabar coast
and south of the Kistna) and Burma ; attaining at least 6 inches in
length.
418. (4.) Rohtee vigorsii.
Eohtee vigorsii, Sykes, Tr. Z. 8. ii, 1841, p. 3(54, pi. 63, fig. 3 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 687, pi. cxlvii, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Gollund, Ooriah ; Khira, Tel. ; Phek, Mnrathi.
342 TELEOSTET. PHTSOSTOMI.
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 19. V. 10. A. 25-28 (2-3/23-26).
C. 19. L. 1. 75-80. L. tr. 16-18/21.
Length of head 5, height of body 3 to 4 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in the length of head, 1 diameter from
end of snout and also apart. Dorsal profile elevated, a concavity
from the snout to over the nape. The lower jaw somewhat
longer than the upper, whilst posteriorly the cleft of the mouth
extends to below the anterior margin of the orbit. Preorbital
nearly as high as broad, suborbitals very narrow. Barbels absent ;
or a very rudimentary maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked,
5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal spine strong and deeply denticulated,
its osseous portion not so long as the head. Pectoral as long as
the head excluding the snout. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line
most strongly developed in the first few scales ; 11 rows between
it and base of ventral fin ; 34 rows before base of dorsal fin.
Colour greenish superiorly, silvery beneath ; snout black ; the
caudal fin slightly stained with grey. The young have a silvery
band along the side.
Hob. Deccan, Kistna and Godavari rivers to their terminations.
It attains at least 9 inches in length.
419. (5.) Rohtee belangeri.
Leuciscus belangeri, Cuv. # Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvii, p. OD.
Rohtee belangeri, Day, Fish. India, p. 587, pi. cxlvii, fig. 4 (see
synon.)
Nga-hpeh-oung, Nga-net-hya, and Nga-p'hama, Burm.
B. iii. D. 11-12 (3-4/8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 20-21 (3/17-18).
C. 17. L. 1. 68-73. L. tr. 18/22.
Length of head 5| to 6, height of body 3 to 3 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3 in length of head, | of a
diameter from end of snout, 1 diameters apart. Lower jaw
slightly the shorter. Teeth pharyngeal, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4, with the
outer one in each row serrated on its edges. Fins dorsal osseous
ray strong and serrated posteriorly, the bony portion being as long
as the head. Caudal deeply lobed. Scales 14 rows between
lateral line and base of ventral fin ; 25 rows before base of dorsal
fin. Colour silvery, back greyish, and the Indian variety is
partially banded in the young. Sometimes a dark streak from the
shoulder to the base of the pectoral fin. The very young have a
black band over the free portion of the tail.
Hob. The Godavari river, and throughout Burma, but the
specimens from the latter locality are darker in colour and want
the vertical bands. This species attains 15 inches and more in
length.
420. (6.) Rohtee ogilbii.
Rohtee ogilbii, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, 1841, p, 364, pi. Ixiii, fig. 2; Day,
Fish. Lidia, p. 583, pi. cxlvii, fig. 5 (sea synon.).
CYPR1NIDJE. CTPEININJE. 343
B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 10. A. 16 (3/13). C. 20.
L. 1. 55. L. tp. 13/11.
Length of head 5 to 6, height of body 3 to 3^ in the total
length. Eyes diameter 2f to 3| in length of head, f to 1
diameter from end of snout, 1| diameters apart. Dorsai profile
rather more convex than that of the abdomen. Lower jaw the
shorter. Barbels absent. Teeth pharyngeal, curved, pointed,
5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal osseous ray strong and coarsely
serrated. Caudal lobed in its last two thirds. Scales nine or
ten rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour
purplish silvery along the back, becoming silvery white from about
four rows of scales above the lateral line. The young sometimes
have a dark spot at the base of the caudal fin, and four or five
narrow black bands descending from the back to the middle of the
side. '
Hab. Deccan, the Kistna and Godavari rivers ; attaining 6 inches
or more in length.
421. (7.) Rohtee cunma.
Abramis cunma, Tickell, MSS.
Roh tee cunma, Day, Fish. India, Suppl. p. 807.
Nga-koon-ma, Burmese.
B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 13. V. 10. A. 30. C. 18. L. 1. 44.
Length of head 5|, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 3 in the length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of
the snout and also apart. Profile over nape slightly concave, a
considerable rise from snout to base of dorsal fin ; snout somewhat
obtuse, upper jaw the longer. Fins dorsal anteriorly two thirds
as high as the body below it, commencing somewhat nearer to the
snout than to the base of the caudal fin, its spine weak and longer
than the head, not serrated. Caudal deeply forked, lower lobe
somewhat the longer. Lateral line strongly marked in its first
four scales. Colour olive above, becoming silvery on the sides
and below ; a brassy tinge along the lateral line and over the
cheeks and gill-covers. Fins amber; dorsal and caudal with a
narrow black edge.
Hab. Colonel Tickell procured this species at Moulmein, where
he found it to be common. His figure is 5| inches long.
24. G-enus BARILIUS, Hamilton Buchanan.
Syn. Opsarius, sp., McClelland ; Pachystomw, Heckel ; Chedrus,
Swains. ; Shacra, Bleeker ; Opsaridium, Peters ; Pteropsarion and Bola
(not H. B.), Giinther.
Abdomen rounded. Pseudobranchiae present. Mouth anterior,
sometimes oblique, having a moderate or deep cleft. Jaws com-
pressed, the lower usually with a knob above the symphysis, and an
emargination to receive it in the upper jaw. Suborbital ring of
bones generally broad, more especially the third, which may even
344 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
be entirely behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the
orbit. Barbels four (Pachystomus, "Heckel," Bleeker), or two
(Bendilisis, Bleeker), or none (Barilius, Hara. Buch.); occasionally
very rudimentary ones are present. Pharyngeal teeth in two or
three rows, hooked, 5, 3 or 4, 2 or 1/1 or 2, 4 or 3, 5 ; or else 5, 2 or 3,
4/4, 3 or 2, 5. Dorsal fin without osseous ray, of moderate
length, inserted posteriorly to the ventrals, sometimes extending
to above the anal, which latter is somewhat elongated. Scales of
moderate or small size. Lateral line concave, continued on to the
middle or lower half of the caudal, or incomplete, or absent.
Gill-rakers very short or absent.
The genera Barilius and Danio are somewhat difficult to diagnose
apart ; the former, however, has the snout compressed, the mouth
anterior, and usually spots or vertical bars on the body. In Danio
the upper jaw is rather broad, the mouth directed obliquely
upwards, the apex of the lower jaw being nearly or quite on a
level with the dorsal profile ; the body with longitudinal bands.
Adult specimens of Barilius have usually open pores or glands on
the snout and jaws.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh waters of India, Ceylon, and
Burma, extending to the Malay Archipelago ; also found in the
Nile and East Africa.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. With four barbels. (Pachystomus.)
D. 9, A. 13-15, L. 1. 42-44, 10 vertical
bars 1. ft. vaara. p. 345.
D. 9, A. 12-13, I,. 1. 43. Back dark, sides
silvery 2. B. modestus, p. 345.
D. 9, A. 12, L. 1. 56-62. Silvery 3. B. radiolatm, p. 346.
D. 9, A. 10, L. 1. 60-70. Twelve vertical
bars 4. B. shacra, p. 346.
D. 9, A. 9-10, L. 1. 40-43. Short vertical
bars; each scale with a black spot in
adults 5. B. bendelisis, p. 347.
B With two barbels. (Bendilisis.')
D. 9, A. 13-14, L. 1. 43-46. With 14 or
15 vertical bars 6. B. barila, p. 348.
C. Without or with only rudimentary barbels.
(Barilius.)
D. 13, A. 16-17, L. 1. 38. A row of large
spots 7. B. bakeri. p. 348.
D. 10-12, A. 15-17, L. 1. 40. 15 vertical
bars 8. B. gatensis, p. 349.
D. 2-13, A. 14-16, L. 1. 38. Two rows
of spots 9. B. canarensis. p. 350.
D. 9, A. 13-14, L. 1. 39-42. Nine vertical
bands 10. B. barna, p. 350.
D. 9, A. 14, L. 1. 44-48. Two rows of
spots 11. B. guttatus, p. 351.
345
D. 9, A. 13, L. 1. 70-75. Two rows of
spots .............................. 12. B. tileo, p. 351.
D. 9, A. 14-15, L. 1. 40. Silvery ........ 13. .B. eoezardi, p. 352.
D. 10-11, A. 13, L. 1. 88-94. Two rows
of blotches ........................ 14. B. bola, p. 352.
422. (1.) Barilius vagra.
Cyprinus vagra, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 269, 385.
Barilius vagra, Day, Fish. India, p. 589, pi. cxlviii, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Lo-har-ree and Charl, Punj. ; Mon-e-o-ree, Assam.
B. iii. D. 9(2/7). P. 16. V.9. A. 13-15 (2-3/11-12). C. 19.
L. 1. 42-44. L. tr. 7-8/4. Vert. 16-23.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 5 to 6 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3^ to 4 in length of head, 1 diameter
from end of snout and 1| apart. The posterior extremity of the
maxilla extends to beneath the middle of the orbit; lower jaw
slightly the longer. Third suborbital bone twice as deep as the
uncovered portion of the cheek below it. Jaws of equal length
anteriorly, the upper sometimes a little notched, the lower covered
with large pores in the adult. Axillary process very short.
Barbels rostral nearly half as long as the head, maxillary pair
very short. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins
dorsal commencing midway between the posterior edge of the
orbit and the root of the caudal, its last two rays being over the
anal ; pectoral not quite so long as the head ; caudal deeply forked.
Scales 2 to 2-| rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin ;
20 rows before base of dorsal. Colour silvery, 10 to 14 dark bands
(sometimes indistinct) descend from the back to the lateral line ;
fins yellowish, the edge of the caudal stained greyish.
Hob. Sind hills, rivers in the Himalayas and Sub-Himalayan
range, Jumna and Ganges, also the Punjab, Assam, and Ceylon.
This species attains above 5 inches in length.
423. (2.) Barilius modestus.
Barilius (Pachystomus) modestus, Day, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 4.
Barilius modestus, Day, Fish. India, p. 589, pi. cli, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Laccya, Arabi.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 12-13 (2/10-11). C. 19.
L. 1. 43. L. tr. 6/4.
Length of head 5i, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 4 in the length of head and situated in its anterior
half, 1 diameter from end of snout and also apart. Suborbital
ring of bones wide, the third nearly touching the preopercular
ridge. Upper jaw slightly the longer, and notched at its end in
large examples. The posterior extremity of the maxilla reaches to
below the middle of the orbit, Barbels rostral extend to beneath
346 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
the front margin of the eyes, maxillary pair minute. Axillary
process short. Fins dorsal commencing midway between the
middle of the caudal lobes and the snout ; it is entirely, or all but
the last ray, in advance of the anal. Pectoral nearly as long as
the head, but not reaching the ventrals, which last extend halfway
to the base of the anal. Lateral line very slightly concave, two
and a half rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral
fin ; 19 rows before the base of the dorsal fin. Colour back
brownish, strongly defined from the silvery sides ; caudal edged
with dark ; the other fins yellow ; a dark band along the dorsal.
Hab. The Indus in Sind, and the Eavi river at Lahore ; attaining
4 or 5 inches in length.
424. (3.) Barilius radiolatus.
Barilius radiolatus, Giinther, Cat. vii, p. 287 ; Day, Fish. India,
p. 690.
B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 12 (2/10). C. 19.
L. 1. 56-62. L. tr. 9-10/6.
Length of head'4^ to 4|, height of body 4| in the total length,
excluding the caudal fin. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head,
| to 1 diameter from end of snout, and rather more apart. The
posterior extremity of the maxilla extends to a little behind the
front edge of the orbit ; the lower jaw projects slightly when the
mouth is closed. The third suborbital bone nearly reaches the
preopercular ridge. Axillary process short. Barbels two short
pairs. Fins the dorsal higher than long, commencing midway
between the eye and the root of the caudal fin, its last ray not
extending so far as to above the anal. The pectoral does not reach
the ventral nor the latter the anal. Caudal apparently deeply
forked. Scales two rows between lateral line and base of ventral
fin ; 24 rows before base of dorsal. The specimens in the British
Museum are in a very bad state.
Hab. Central India.
425. (4.) Barilius shacra.
71.
cxlviii, fig. 5 (see
Cyprinus shacra, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 271, 385.
Barilius shacra, Day, Fish. India, p. 590, pi.
synon.).
Gurha, Punj.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 8. A. 10 (2/8). C. 19.
L. 1. 60-70. L. tr. 10-11/9.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 5 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, 1 diameter from end of
snout and also apart. Jaws of about equal length in front.
Third suborbital bone two thirds as wide as the uncovered portion
of the cheek below it. Barbels the maxillary pair as long as the
eye, the rostral slightly longer. Axillary process extends to rather
behind origin of pectoral fin. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 3/3, 5, crooked.
CYPRINID*!. CYPBININjE. 347
Fins last dorsal ray over the first anal. The six outer pectoral
rays strong, more especially in the adult. Caudal deeply forked.
Lateral line goes to the centre of the base of the caudal fin, about
7 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin; 25
before the dorsal fin. Colour back olive, rest of the body pinkish
silvery ; about twelve incomplete bars from the back downwards
towards the lateral line, a dark bar along the upper third of the
dorsal fin. The lower two thirds of the vertical fins stained in
some examples.
Hub. From Hurdwar down the valley of the Ganges, the N.W.
Provinces, and Assam. The species is said to attain 5 inches in
length.
426. (5.) Barilins bendelisis.
Cyprimis bendelisis, Ham. Such. Journ. Mysore, in, p. 345, pi. 32.
Barilius bendelisis, Day, Fish. India, p. 590, pi. cxlviii, fags. 7, 8,
and 9 (see synon.).
Khoksa, Beng. ; Pak-tah, Kun-nul, Dah-rah, Burreah, and Puck-wah-
ree, Punj. ; Johra, Mahr. ; Aguskitti&nd Marritan candee, Tarn. ; Bahgra
bahri, Ooriah ; Nga gyd, Burm.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 9-10 (2-3/7-8). C. 18.
L. 1. 40-43. L. tr. 7-8/5.
Length of head 4| to 5|, of caudal 5 to 5, height of body 4|
(to 5| in the young) in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| to
4| in length of head, 1| diameters from end of snout, and 1| apart.
The maxilla reaches to below the first third of the orbit. The
third suborbital bone varies in depth from being equal to twice as
high as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. Open pores
on the snout and lower jaw in the adult or even in the young in
examples from hilly districts, sometimes pores on preorbital.
Axillary process broad, lancet-shaped, and longer in some examples
than in others. Barbels four, generally short, the rostral pair
occasionally absent. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins
dorsal higher than its base is long, it commences nearer to the base
of the caudal fin than to the snout, and does not extend to over the
anal. Pectoral may or may not reach the ventral ; its outer six
rays are thickened and very stiff in some examples, especially males
from the hills. The ventral in some does, in others does not reach
the vent. Caudal forked, lower lobe usually slightly the longer.
Scales 2| to 3| rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin;
20 rows before base of dorsal. Colour silvery, shot with purple ;
back of a slaty grey, descending in bars towards the lateral line,
most distinct in immature specimens. In adults these bars become
indistinct and sometimes lost. Each scale in adults with a black
spot at its base, and two on each scale forming the lateral line, but
no spots in the young. Fins whitish, tinged with orange. A grey
margin to the dorsal and caudal, the lower lobe of which is some-
times stained black. Shoulder-process black-edged.
348 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
This fish shows considerable alterations in colour and form as it
gets older, there are likewise individual variations that have been
considered species.
Variety cocsa (Cyprinus cocsa, Ham. Buch.) shows rather a deep
third suborbital bone, the eyes a little larger ; the dorsal, pectoral,
and ventral not so developed as in the next variety. The size of
the axillary process and the presence or absence of bars on the
back are subject to individual variation.
Variety chedra (C. chedra, Ham. Buch.) has the third suborbital
less deep than in the preceding form, the dorsal, pectoral, and
ventral more developed, and the axillary process larger. The outer
pectoral rays are very stiff.
The ova of this species are large ; I found the fish breeding at
Cuttack, in the month of November.
Hob. Assam and Himalayas, through the continent of India as
far as the Western Ghats, not recorded from the coast of Malabar
or Canara nor from Sind. Found also in Ceylon, whence Dr.
Kelaart brought some specimens to the museum of the East-India
Company. The species attains at least 6 inches in length.
427. (6.) Barilius barila.
Cyprinus barila, Ham. Such. Fish. Gang. pp. 267, 384.
Barilius barila, Day, Fish. India, p. 591, pi. cxlviii, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Gilland and Caedra, Beng. ; Persee, Hind.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 13. V. 9. A. 13-14 (3/10-11). C. 19.
L. 1. 43-46. L. tr. 7/5.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 5| to 5| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, f to 1
diameter from end of snout and also apart. The posterior
extremity of the maxilla reaches to below the anterior third of
the orbit. Third suborbital bone wide and nearly touching the
preopercular ridge. Barbels a small rostral pair. Teeth pharyn-
geal, crooked, pointed, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal almost entirely
in advance of anal. The pectoral is nearly as long as the head, but
does not quite reach the ventral. Scales 1| to 2 rows between
lateral line and base of ventral ; 1 8 rows before the dorsal.
Colour silvery, with 14 or 15 vertical blue bands in the middle
third of the side of the fish.
Hab. Delhi, N.W. and Central Provinces, Bengal, Orissa, and
Lower Assam. Grows to 4 inches in length.
428. (7.) Barilius bakeri.
Barilius bakeri, Day, P.Z.S. 1865, p. 305; Fish. India, p. 591,
pi. cli, fig. 2 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 13 (3/10). P. 15. V. 9. A. 16-17 (2-3/14). C. 17.
L. 1. 38. L. tr. 9/4.
CrPHINID.fi. CIPKININJG. 349
Length of head 4| to 4f , height of body 3| to 3| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diameter from end
of snout, 1| diameter apart. Lower jaw the longer, with a knob
above the symphysis. The posterior extremity of the maxilla
extends to nearly below the centre of the orbit. Suborbital ring
of bones wide, the third almost entirely covering the cheek.
Some pores exist along the margin of the lower lip, on the snout,
and on the anterior edge of the preorbital. Barbels absent.
Teeth pharyngeal, curved and pointed, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins
dorsal extending to above the fourth anal ray ; caudal forked.
Scales 2 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin.
Colour greyish, becoming white on the abdomen. A row of large
bluish spots along the side. Dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins
margined with white,. and having dark grey bases. Caudal grey
in the centre.
Hob. Hill-ranges of Travancore. Attaining 6 inches in length.
429. (8.) Barilius gatensis.
Leuciscus gatensis, Cuv. 8f Val. H. N. Poiss. xvii, p. 309, pi. 503.
Barilius gatensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 592, pi. cxlix, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
Choaree (at Coonoor) and Aart-candee (Bhavani), Tarn. u River
carp."
B. iii. D. 10-12 (2-3/8-9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 15-17 (3/12-14).
C. 18. L. 1. 39-40. L. tr. 8/5.
Length of head 4j to 4|, height of body 4 to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 4^ in the length of head, 1 to lg
diameters from end of snout, 1| diameters apart. Cleft of mouth
extending to below the centre of the orbit. The third suborbital
is about three times as broad as the uncovered portion of the cheek
below it. The anterior portion of the snout and the sides of the
jaws covered with large glands ; there are likewise some on the
lower jaw. Barbels two very minute pairs, which appear to be
sometimes wanting. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, pointed, 5, 3 or
4, 2/2, 4 or 3, 5. Fins dorsal commences midway between end
of snout and middle of caudal fin, extending to above the third
anal ray. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, its
outer ray stiff. Caudal moderately lobed. Scales 2| rows
between lateral line aud base of ventral. Colour silvery grey,
with about 1 5 vertical bars descending from the back, and becoming
more or less broken up in the adult. Dorsal and anal with dark
bases and light margins. The females aud young generally have
smooth scales, whereas most of the adult males have one or more
rough spots on each.
Hob. Western Ghats of Malabar and Nilgiri hills, up to about
5000 feet above the level of the sea ; attaining at least 6 inches in
length.
350 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
430. (9.) Barilius canarensis.
Opsarius canarensis, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. S. xv, 1849, p. 329.
Barilius canarensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 592, pi. cxlix, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
B. iii. D. 12-13 (2/10-11). P. 15. V. 9. A. 14-16(2/12-14).
C. 21. L.I. 38. L. tr. 9/4.
Length of head 4| to 4|, height of body 3^ to 3| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, 1 diameter from
end of snout and also apart. Suborbitals nearly cover the cheek.
The posterior extremity of the maxilla reaches to below the
anterior third of the orbit. Barbels absent. Fins dorsal com-
mences midway between snout and base of caudal. Scales 2%
rows between lateral line and base of ventral ; 15 rows before
dorsal. Gill-rakers distinct. Colour greenish above, golden 011
the sides, a single or double row of large vertical green spots along
the body. Fins grey, with broad white margins.
Hcib. Canara and Malabar on the western coast ; attaining
6 inches in length.
431. (10.) Barilins barna.
Cyprinus barna, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 268, 384.
Barilius barna, Day, Fish. India, p. 592, pi. cxlviii, fig. 1 young,
and fig. 2 adult (see synon.;.
Bahri, Ooriah ; Balisundree and Oz-o-la, Assam.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 13-14 (3/10-11). C. 19.
L. 1. 39-42. L. tr. 8-9/6.
Length of head 4| to 5^, height of body 3| to 4 iu the total
length. Eyes diameter 2| to 3| in the length of the bead, two
thirds to one diameter from the end of snout, and 1 apart.
Third suborbital bone thrice as deep as the uncovered portion of
the cheek below it. The maxilla reaches to beneath the first third
of the orbit ; the adult has open pores on both jaws and snout.
Axillary process reaches to above base of pectoral fin. Barbels
absent. Fins dorsal varies considerably, commencing midway
between the eje and the base of the caudal fin, it is elevated in
some specimens but not in others, while the last ray may extend
(especially in the young) almost to the base of the caudal fin. The
pectoral reaches to above the ventral, and in the young has its
outer rays thickened. The ventral does not extend to the anal in
the young, its inner rays are very thick. Anal commences under
the middle or end of the dorsal fin. Scales 2 rows between
lateral line and base of ventral fin; 16 rows before base of dorsal.
Colour dull green in the adult, with from 9 to 11 vertical dark
bands on the body ; dorsal and caudal fins edged with black. The
young have the back grey, the sides silvery shot with gold, and
CYPRINID-ffi. OIPEININjE. 351
from 7 to 9 narrow deep blue vertical bands. Fins yellow, the
dorsal and caudal stained externally with black.
Hob. Assam, the Granges and its branches, Bengal and Orissa ;
attaining 5 inches or more in length.
432. (11.) Barilius gnttatus.
Opsarius guttatu*, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 620.
Barilius guttatus, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 593,
. ,. . . 593, pi. cxlix, fig. 3 (t
synon.).
Nga-la-wah, Burin.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 14 (3/11). C. 17.
L. 1. 44-48. L. tr. 9/5.
Length of head 4L to 4|, height of body 5 L to 6 in the total
length*. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 in the length of the head, 1 to 1]
diameters from the end of the snout and apart. Cleft of mouth
deep, extending nearly 1 diameter behind the orbit. Upper jaw
the longer ; a well-developed knob above symphysis of lower jaw.
Suborbitals very broad, especially the hindermost, which is nearly
behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit, and
almost covers the cheek. Barbels a rudimentary rostral or max-
illary pair may be present. Fins dorsal commences midway
between posterior extremity of orbit and base of caudal, being
opposite the interspace between the ventral and anal fins. Caudal
forked, lower lobe slightly the longer. Lateral line complete, 2
rows of scales between it and the ventral fin ; 23 rows before the
base of the dorsal fin. Colour silvery shot with purple, one or
two rows of blue spots along the side. Lower caudal lobe orange,
upper lobe with a dark edging, and a dark band along the upper
half of the lower lobe.
Hab. Irrawaddi from Proine to Mandalay ; attaining at least
7 inches in length.
433. (12.) Barilius tileo.
Cyprinus tileo, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, p. 276.
Barilius tileo, Day, Fish. India, p. 593, pi. cxlix, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Tilei, Sel-len, Boolla, and Sund-u-a-rie, Assam.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 34. V. 9. A. 13 (3/10). C. 20.
L. 1. 70-75. L. tr. 14/7.
Length of head 4| to 5|, height of body 4| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4 to 4^ in length of head, 1 to 1^ diameters from
end of snout, and 1^ apart. Abdominal profile more convex than
the dorsal. Head compressed, snout pointed. Upper jaw slightly
the longer when the mouth is closed ; symphysial knob not de-
veloped. The posterior extremity of the maxilla reaches to
beneath the middle of the eye. Suborbital ring of bones broad,
the third being about equal to twice the extent of the uncovered
portion of the cheek below it. Axillary process well-developed,
352 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOSII.
having a soft scaled prolongation. Barbels rudimentary or
entirely absent. Fins dorsal commences midway between the
hind edge of the eye and the base of the caudal fin, the anal being
behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Pectoral as long as
the head excluding the snout. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 3
to 4^ rows between lateral line and base of ventral ; 30 rows
before base of dorsal. Colour bluish along the back, becoming
silvery on the sides and beneath ; two or more rows of blue spots
and blotches, having a vertical character, along the sides. Dorsal
and caudal fins dark grey, with a light pinkish edge ; the other
tins yellowish.
Hob. Bengal and Assam ; attaining at least 5 inches in length.
434. (13.) Barilius evezardi.
Barilius evezardi, Day, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, pt. ii, p. 326 ; Fish.
India, p. 593, pi. cxlviii, tig. 6 (see synoii.).
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 13. V. 9. A. 14-15 (2/12-13). C. 19.
L. 1. 40. L. tr. 6-7/4.
Length of head 5-i-, height of body 5 to 5^ in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 in the length of the head, | of a diameter
from end of snout, and 1 apart. Snout compressed ; lower jaw
slightly the longer and with a well-developed knob at the sym-
physis ; the maxilla reaches to below the front edge of the eye.
Suborbital ring of bones rather wide, the third being more than
twice as deep as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it.
Barbels absent. Teeth pharyngeal, curved, pointed, 5, 3/3, 5.
Fins the dorsal commences about midway between the hind edge
of the orbit and the posterior end of the caudal fin, the last half
being above the anal. Pectoral as long as the head. Caudal
forked. Scales 2 rows between lateral line and base of ventral.
Colour silvery, of a brown tint along the back, and a lateral
burnished silvery band. Dorsal, caudal, and anal fins orange, the
first two edged with black.
Hob. Poona; up to 4^ inches in length.
435. (14.) Barilius bola. (Fig. 110.)
Cyprinus bola, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 274, 285.
Barilius bola, Day, Fish. India, p. 594, pi. cxlix, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Buyguah, Ooriah ; Korang, Assam ; Bola, Beng. ; Buggarah, Hind.
B. iii. D. 10-11 (3/7-8). P. 13. V. 9. A. 13 (3/10). C. 19.
L. 1. 88-94. L. tr. 12-15/9-11.
Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 5 to 6 in the total
length. Eyes before the middle of the length of the head,
diameter 4| to 7 in the length of head, lj to 2 diameters from
end of snout and apart. Snout pointed, a well-developed knob
above symphysis of the lower jaw. Suborbital ring of bones wide,
especially the third, which is wider than the opercle, the width of
which equals one third of the distance between the middle of the
CYPEINID.E. CYPBININ.E. 353
eye and the hind edge of the operele. Mouth deeply cleft, the
posterior extremity of the maxilla extending nearly one diameter
of the orbit behind the posterior margin of the eye. Barbels
^ Fig. 110. Barilius bola.
absent. Fins dorsal fin one third higher than long ; it com-
mences midway between the angle of the preopercle and the base
of the caudal, its last ray being scarcely over the first of the anal.
Caudal lobed. Scales 4| to 5 rows between lateral line and base
of ventral ; 40 rows before base of dorsal. Colour silvery, with
two or more rows of vertical bluish blotches along the sides, the upper
row with twelve to twenty blotches, and the lower intermediate ;
some spots also on the head. Lower half of the dorsal fin slightly
grey. Caudal orange, stained with grey and black. Pectoral, ven-
tral, and anal orange, the colours being somewhat similar to those
of a trout ; it often goes by that name amongst Europeans.
Hob. Orissa, Bengal, N.W. Provinces, Assam, and Burma ; attain-
ing at least a foot in length ; one killed in Assam by Mr. Hannny
is stated to have weighed 5 Ib. A very game fish, takes the fly
well, and is one of those termed Rajah mas, or " chief of the fishes,"
in the Assam rivers *.
25. Genus DANIO, Hamilton Buchanan.
Syn. Perilampus, sp., McClell. ; Paradanio and Devario, Bleeker.
Body compressed, abdomen rounded. Pseudobranchise present.
Cleft of mouth shallow, directed obliquely upwards, the end of the
lower jaw usually forming a portion of the dorsal profile. Sub-
orbitals broad. Barbels four, or two, or none. Pharyngeal teeth
hooked, generally 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Dorsal fin moderately elongated,
its posterior rays being opposite the anal, which is long. Scales of
moderate size. Lateral line concave, passing to the lower half of
the tail. Gill-rakers short.
Geographical Distribution. These prettily marked little fish are
found throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon.
* Tinea vulgaris, Cuvier, the Tench, has been introduced into the waters of
the Nilgiri hills and is thriving around Ootacamund.
2A
354 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 18-19, A. 18-19, L. 1. 41-48. No bar-
bels 1. D. devario, p. 354.
D. 15-16, A. 19-20, L. 1. 55-65. No
barbels, or a short rostral pair. One
or two spines on the margin of the
orbit 2. D, spinosus, p. 355.
D. 12-15, A. 15-19, L. 1. 35-37. Ros-
tral and sometimes rudimentary max-
illary barbels 3. D. malabaricus, p. 355.
IX 12-14, A. 14-16, L. 1. 32-34. Rostral
and maxillary barbels 4. D. ccquipinnatus, p. 356.
D. 11-13, A. 17-18. Two pairs of long
barbels 5. _D. dangtta, p. 350.
D. 13, A. 18. No barbels 6. D. chryscps, p. 357.
D. 12-14, A. 13-14, L. 1. 35-37. Rostral
and sometimes maxillary barbels 1. D. neilgherriensis, p. 357.
D. 9, A. 15-16, L. 1. 26-28. Long ros-
tral and usually maxillary barbels.
Blue bands 8. D. rerio, p ; 358.
D. 9, A. 13-15, L. 1. 31-33. Two pairs
of long barbels. A scarlet horizontal
band 9. -D. albolmeatits, p. 358.
D. 9, A. 13, L. 1. 30-32. Maxillary barbels
only. Blue bands 10. D- nigrofwidatus, p. 359.
436. (1.) Danio devario.
Cyprinus devario, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 341, 393, pi. 6, fig. 94.
Danio devario, Day, Fish. India, p. 595, pi. el, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Bonkuaso, Ooriah ; Dcbari, Beng. ; Da-bah and Duth-ri-e, N.W. Pro-
vinces; IDian-ye, Maal-le and Pur-ran-dah, Punj. ; Chay-la-rec, Sind.
B. iii. D. 18-19. A. 18-19. C. 19. L. 1, 41-48. L. tr. 11/5.
Length of head 5 to 5%, height of body 3^ to 3| (or even 4) in
the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, ^ of a
diameter from end of snout, 1| diameters apart. Posterior extremity
of maxilla extends beneath anterior margin of the orbit; lower jaw
the longer. Third suborbital bone broad. Barbels absent. Fins
dorsal commences midway between the anterior margin of the orbit
and the base of caudal. Caudal lunate. Scales 2| rows between
lateral line and base of ventral fin ; 16 rows before base of dorsal.
Colour greenish above, silvery white below. The anterior part of
the body is reticulated in its centre by steel-blue lines, divided from
one another by narrow vertical yellow bands. Three bluish lines,
divided by yellow ones, are continued backwards to the caudal fin,
where the two lower amalgamate, and, passing upwards, become lost
on the superior half of the fin.
Hub. Sind, Orissa, Bengal, N.W. Provinces, Deccan, Punjab, and
Assam ; attaining 4 inches in length.
m\
CYPItlNID.E. CYPllIXjy.E. 355
437. (2.) Danio spinosus.
Dunio spinosus, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 021 ; id. Fish. India, p. 595,
pi. cl, fig. 6.
13. iii. D. 15-16. A. 19-20. C. 19. L. 1. 55-65. L. tr. 12-14/4.
Length of head 5 to 5, height of body 3 to 3 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in length of head, 1 diameter from
end of snout and also apart. Body strongly compressed. Lower
jaw prominent. Third suborbital bone wide aud touching the
preopercular ridge. In the adult there is a sharp spine directed
forwards above the anterior upper margin of the orbit, and a
second, broader and blunter before the centre of the eye, on the
preorbital. In immature examples these spines are equally sharp.
Barbels-t-a, small rostral pair. Fins the first five or six dorsal rays
are in advance of the anal. Pectoral as long as the head. Caudal
lunate. Scales 3| rows between lateral line and base of ventral.
Colour silvery, with an ill-defined lateral band, and some vertical
yellow lines in the anterior half of the body. Dorsal and anal
greyish, with reddish margins anteriorly. In the immature there
is a dark humeral spot, and a steel-blue lateral baud goes to the
centre of the caudal fin, \vhich has a scarlet stripe along the
last half of its centre. Some examples have a wide blue central
band and two narrow parallel ones superiorly, and the same
number inferiorly ; they are divided by yellow ground-colour.
Hab. Burma ; attaining at least 4 inches in length.
438. (3.) Danio malabaricus.
Perilarnpus malabaricus, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. S. xv, 1849, p. 325. ' v <
Uanio malabaricus, Day, Fish. India, p. 695, pi. cl, fig. 7 (see synon.). * *,+***
Nooltoo and Chela purroovoo, Tamil.
B. iii. D. 12-15. A. 15-19. C. 19. L.l.35-37. L.tr. 7^-8/3.
Length of heed 5 to 5, height of body 3| to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in length of head, 1 diameter
from end of snout, and 1^ apart. The third suborbital bone
nearly touches the preopercular ridge. Barbels rostral half as
long as the orbit, maxillary very short ; in some specimens the
latter are entirely absent. Fins the dorsal arises midway between
the base of the candal fin and the posterior edge of the eye ; its
anterior half is in advance of the anal. Colour back steel-blue,
some irregular vertical yellow lines on the lore part of the body,
and three or four blue bands along the sides, the central ones
coalescing so as to form a broad bluish band along the middle of
the caudal fin.
Hab. Western coast of India and Ceylon ; attaining 6 inches in
length.
2A2
356 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
439. (4.) Danio sequipinnatns. (Fig. 111.)
Perilampus sequipinnatus, McClelland, As. Res. xix, pt. 2 ; Ind. Cyp.
p. 393, pi. 60, fig. 1.
Danio aequipinnatus, Day, Fish. India, p. o96, pi. cl, fig. 5 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 12-14. A. 14-16. C. 19. L. 1. 32-34. L. tr. 6-7/3.
Length of head 5, height of body 4 to 4| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, 1 diameter from end of
snout, and 1| apart. The third suborbital bone nearly touches
the preopercular ridge. Cleft of mouth oblique and extending to
Fig. 111. Danio cequipinnatus.
under the anterior margin of the orbit ; a bluntish knob at the
syuipbysis. Barbels rostral half as long as the orbit ; maxillary
minute. Fins the dorsal arises midway between the centre of
the orbit and the base of the caudal fin, extending to over the
anterior anal rays ; it is two thirds as high as the body. Pectoral
as long as the head without the snout, nearly reaching the ventral,
which last does not extend as far as the anal. Caudal forked,
but not deeply so. Scales 1| rows between lateral line and
base of ventral fin; 13 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour
yellowish white : a wide bluish band extends along the body from
the eye to the centre of the base of the caudal fin ; in its course
are sometimes several round silvery spots: below it is another
narrow band (which occasionally joins the central one anteriorly) ;
there are two other lighter bands above the central one. The
intermediate ground-colour is yellow. Fins yellowish. Dorsal
and anal fins each with a broad bluish band along their outer half.
In some specimens there is a dark mark behind the gill-opening.
Hob. Himalayas at Darjeeling and the whole of the Assam
district as high as Sadiya, the Naga and Garo hills, Tenasserim
and the Deccan.
440. (5.) Danio dangila.
Cyprinus dangila, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 321, 390.
Danio dangila, Day, Fish. India, p. 596, pi. cl, fig. 3 (see synon.).
CYPRINIDvE. CYPRININJE. 357
B. iii. D. 11-13. A. 17-18. C. 20. L. 1. 38. L. tr. 7/4|.
Length of head 5, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, | of a diameter from
end of snout. Lower jaw the longer, with a knob at the sym-
physis. Barbels rostral a little shorter than the head ; maxillary
pair slightly longer. Fins the posterior dorsal rays are above
the anterior anal. Caudal slightly emarginate. Scales 2| rows
between lateral line and base of ventral : 18 rows before dorsal
fin. Colour back olive, abdomen silvery, sides with several
narrow blue lines, which in the anterior half or two thirds of the
body form a beautiful network: a dark spot behind gill-covers.
Anal fin with two or three blue stripes.
Hub. Bengal, Behar, Himalayas at Darjeeling, also the hills
above .Akyab ; grows to 5 or 6 inches in length.
441. (6.) Danio chrysops.
Leuciscus chrysops, Cttv. Sr Val. H. N. Poiss. xvii, p. 308.
Danio chrysops, Day, Fish. India, p. 596 (see synon.).
B.iii. D. 13 (3/10). A. 18 (3/15). C. 19. L. 1. 45. L. tr. 8/4.
Length of head 4f, height of body 4 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 2f in length of head, | a diameter from end of
snout, and 1 apart. Snout obtuse ; upper jaw slightly the longer.
Third suborbital bone nearly as wide as the uncovered portion of
the cheek below it. Dorsal profile rather more convex than that
of the abdomen. Fins the dorsal commences midway between
the middle of the eye and base of the caudal fin ; it is entirely in
advance of the anal, and two thirds as high as the body below it.
Lateral line curves downwards in the pectoral region, whence it
proceeds direct to the centre of the base of the caudal. Colour
silvery, the upper two thirds of the body darker than the lower.
Hob. Bengal.
442. (7.) Danio neilgherriensis.
Paradanio neilgherriensis, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 296.
Danio neilgherriensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 697, pi. cl, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
CawKe, Tamil.
B.iii. D. 12-14 (3/9-11). P. 15. V. 7. A. 13-14 (2/11-12).
C. 19. L. 1. 35-37. L. tr. 6-7/4. Vert. 12/20.
Length of head 4^ to 5, height of body 4 to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in the length of head, f of a
diameter from end of snout, 1^ diameters apart. Abdominal
profile more convex than the dorsal. The maxilla reaches to
below the front edge of the eye. Lower jaw anterior, with a
358 TELEOSTEI. PDYSOSTOMI.
slight knob at its extremity. The third suborbital bone almost
touches the preopercular ridge. Barbels a short rostral pair,
and sometimes rudimentary maxillary ones. Teeth pharyngeal,
crooked, pointed, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins the dorsal extends to
above the fourth or fifth anal ray. Caudal forked. Scales
15 rows before the base of the dorsal fin. Colour back greenish,
sides silvery, with a purplish tinge along the abdomen; a badly-
marked broad, steel-blue stripe, bounded above and below by a
narrow yellow edging, extends from behind the eye to the caudal
fin. The youny usually have light horizontal bands.
Hob. Rivers on the Nilgiri (Neilgherry) Hills ; attaining 3|
inches in length.
443. (8.) Danio rerio.
32;,
4 (see synon.).
Cyprinus rerio, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 323, 3',;0.
Danio rerio, Day, Fish. India, p. 597, pi. cli, fig.
Poncha-geraldi, Ooriah.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). A. 15-16 (2-3/12-13). C. 19. L. 1. 26-2S. L. tr. 6.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 4| to 5 in the toial
length. Ayes diameter about 3 in length of head, f a diameter
from end of snout, and 1 diameter apart. Lower jaw the longer.
Barbels rostral short, maxillary reaching end of opercle. Tettli
pharyngeal, crooked, pointed, 5, 3, 1/1, 3, 5. Fins dorsal com-
mencing opposite the anal, and situated in the middle of the total
length : it and the anal highest anteriorly ; caudal deeply forked.
Lateral line absent. Colour four metallic blue lines along the
sides (separated by three narrow silvery ones), and forming three
bands on the caudal fin. Dorsal with a blue edging. Anal with
three longitudinal blue bands.
Hob. Bengal, and as low down the Coromandel coast as
Masulipatam. It attains to about 2 inches in length.
444. (9.) Danio albolineatns.
Nuria albolineata, Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 103.
Danio albolineata, Day, Fish. India, p. 597, pi. cl, fig. 1 (see synon.).
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). A. 13-15 (2/11-13). C. 19. L. 1. 31-33. L. tr. 5|/3.
Length of head 4|, height of body from 4 to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 2| to 3 in the length ot head, f of a
diameter from end of snout, and 1 apart. Body moderatelv
compressed. Lower jaw anterior ; the maxilla extends to below
the front edge of the orbit. Barbels maxillary reach beyond
the base of the pectoral fin; rostral ones to. the posterior
margin of the orbit. Teeth pharyngeal 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins
dorsal commences slightly in advance of the anal. Caudal fin
emarginate. Lateral line incomplete, 1| rows of scales between
it and the base of the ventral fin ; 16 rows before the base of the
dorsal fin. Colour greenish superiorly: a scarlet band with a
CTPEINID^. CYPfUNINjE. 359
dark lower edge commences from below the base of the dorsal
fin, gradually widens, and is continued to the centre of the base of
the caudal. Dorsal margined with red. Anal with a yellow
stripe along its centre.
Hub. Moulmein in tanks and streams; attaining 2 inches in
length.
445. (10.) Danio nigrofasciatus.
Barilius nigrofasciatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 020.
Dauio nigrofasciatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 597.
B.iii. D. 9(2/7). P.15. V.7. A.13(2/ll). C.19. L.l.30-32. L.tr.7.
Length of head 5|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes
diameter nearly ^ of length of head, | of a diameter from end of
snout, 1' diameter apart. Barbels rostral absent; the maxillary
pair extend to below the orbit. Fins dorsal situated over
the first portion of the anal, and midway between the posterior
extremity of the orbit and the base of the caudal, which is
lunate. Lateral line absent. Colour ^a dark baud passing along
the side of the body, and a second dotted line below it. Dorsal
and anal spotted with black in lines. In some specimens the
body is intensely blue.
Jfab. Pegu and Moulmein ; not exceeding an inch in length.
26. Genus PERILAMPUS, McClelland.
Syn. Chela, Swainson; Laubuca, Bleeker; Cachius and Eustira,
Giinther.
Pseudobranchise present. Body oblong, compressed, with a
cutting abdominal edge. Mouth directed obliquely upward.
Barbels absent. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows, 5, 4 or 3, 2 or 1/1
or 2, 3 or 4, 5, uncinate. Dorsal fin rather short, without any
osseous ray, and commencing opposite or behind the origin of the
anal, which last has many rays. Outer ventral ray elongate.
Scales of moderate size. Lateral line concave, passing to the
lower half of the base of the caudal fin.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh waters of India, Ceylon, and
Burma.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
D. 9, A. 22-24, L. 1. 55-65 1. P. atpar, p. 359.
D. 10-11, A. 19-23, L. 1. 34-37 2. P. laubuca, p. 300.
1). 12, A. 17, L. 1. 35 3. P. ceyknensis, p. 301.
4-16. (1.) Perilampus atpar.
Cyprinus atpar, Ham. Bach. Fish. Ganges, pp. 259, 384.
Perilampus atpar, Day, Fish. India, p. 598, pi. cli, n'g. 6 (see synon.).
360 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
Bonkiiaso, Ooriah ; Nga-man-dan, and I'a~jMW-nga and Nr/a-pfiyin-
yyan, Burmese; Kachhi, Beng. ; Mor-ri-ah, Punj.; lii-duh, Sind.
B.iii. D.9(2/7). A. 22-24 (2-3/18-21). L.I. 55-65. L.tr. 10-13/4.
Length of head 5| to 6, height of body 4 to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 4 in length of head, | of a diameter
from end of snout, 1| diameters apart. Cleft of mouth ob-
lique, extending to nearly beneath the margin of orbit. Teeth
pharyngeal, 5, 4, 1/1, 4, 5, crooked, pointed. Fins dorsal
commences opposite the beginning of the second third of the
anal. Pectoral elongate. Ventral with an elongated outer ray
extending to the middle or even end of the caudal fin. Caudal
forked. Scales 4 rows between lateral line and base of ventral.
Colour silvery, with a burnished lateral band. Dorsal and
caudal fins yellow.
Hab. Sind, throughout India and Burma ; attaining 4 inches in
length.
447. (2.) Perilampus laubuca. (Fig. 112.)
Cyprinus laubuca, Ham. Bitch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 260, 384.
Perilampus laubuca, Day, Fish. India, p. 598, pi. cli, fig. 5 (see
synon.).
Bankoe, Ooriah ; Nga-me-loung, Burmese ; Layubuka and Dankena,
Beng. ; Dannahrah, Hind. ; Moh-do-nee-konah and Her-bag-gi, Assam ;
Coon-che-li-e, N.W. Prov.
B.iii. D.10-11. P. 13. A. 19-23. C. 19. L. 1.34-37. L.tr. 6-7/5.
Length of head 5 to 6, height of body 3i to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3^ in the length of head, to
1 diameter from end of snout, 1 diameters apart. Teeth
pharyngeal, 5, 4, 1/1, 4, 5. Fins dorsal arises slightly behind
the origin of the anal. Pectoral reaching aual. Caudal deeply
Fig. 112. Perilampus laubitca.
forked. Lateral line curved downwards, 3| rows of scales
between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery, with
some golden vertical stripes during life. Fine dots over the body
and a black mark, shot with green, above the base of the pectoral
CTPRINIDJE. CYPBININ^. 361
fin, and another at the base of the caudal ; the last third of each
lobe of the caudal fin in some, especially Burmese specimens, is
tipped with black. The black spot on the side of the tail is absent
in some examples.
Hab. Ganjain, Orissa, Bengal, Central India, Assam and Burma ;
attaining at least 3| inches in length.
448. (3.) Perilampus ceylonensis.
Eustira ceylonensis, Gilnther, Catul. vii, p. 331.
Perilampus ceylonensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 599.
B. iii. p. 12(2/10). A. 17 (2/15). C. 19. . L. 1. 35. L. tr. 7J/2.
Length of head 4, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 3 in length of head, f of a diameter from end 'of snout.
Posterior extremity of maxilla extends to below the anterior
margin of the orbit ; lower jaw the longer. Fins origin of
dorsal opposite commencement of anal. Pectoral reaching the
ventral. Colour uniform silvery.
Hab. Ceylon ; attaining to nearly 2 inches in length.
27. Genus CHELA*, Hamilton Buchanan.
Syn. Oxygaster, v. Hass. ; Leuciscus, sp., Cuv. & Val. ; Salmophasia,
Swainson ; Macrochirichthys and Paralaubuca, Bleeker.
Body rather elongate and compressed ; abdominal edge cutting.
Pseudobranchiae present. Mouth directed somewhat upwards,
with the lower jaw prominent, and generally with a knob above
the symphysis. Barbels absent. Pharyngeal teeth hooked and
slender, in two or three rows. Dorsal tin short, without any
osseous ray, situated principally or entirely opposite the anal, which
latter has an elongated base. Pectorals long. Caudal forked.
Scales of moderate or small size. Lateral line concave.
Geographical Distribution. India (including the Punjab and
Sind), Burma, and the Malay Archipelago.
* Descriptions have been published by Hamilton Buchanan and Sykes of
some small fishes belonging to this genus and to Barilius. As I am unable to
recognize them with certainty, I place them in this note :
1. Cyprinus hoalius, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 336,392; Leuciscus
IOO/HM, Bleeker, Beng. p. (58. D. 9, V. 9, A. 10. Much compressed. Green
ibove, silvery below. Northern Bengal ; growing to 5 inches in length.
2. Cyprinus borelio, Ham. Buch. /. c. pp. 330, 392 ; Leuciscus borelio, Bleeker,
Beng. p. 66. D. 9, V. 8, A. 11, C. 18. Long and compressed. Silvery above
tinged with green ; deep yellow below. Eyes silvery. Gangetic Provinces,
growing to 4 inches. This may belong to genus Barilius, and be the young
of B. bendclisis.
3. Cyprinus solio, II. Buch. /. c. pp. 337, 392 ; Leuciscus solio, Bleeker, Beng.
p. 68. -D. 9, V. 8, A. 11. Only differs from last in colour of belly. Kosi
fiver. This and the last are probably the same.
4. Chela jorah, Sykes, T. Z. S. ii, p. 361 ; Leuciscus jorah, Bleeker, Beng.
362 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Bones of forearm support the edge of thorax
(Oxy gaiter).
D. 9-10, A. 15-16, L. 1. 140-100, L. tr.
18-20/18 1. C. gora, p. 3G2.
B. Bones of forearm do not support the edge
of thorax (Seeuri&dd).
D. 10, A. 20-21, L. 1. 65-68, L. tr. 10/8 . . 2. C. sladoni, p.
D. 9, A. 21, L. 1. 48, L. tr. 7i/4 3. C. tardinella,
D. 9, A. 17-19, L. 1. 55-65, L. tr. 7-9/5 . . 4. C. untrahi, p. 364.
D. 9-10, A. 17-19, L. 1. 43-45, L. tr. 6f-7/3 5. C. aryentea, p. 364.
D. 9, A. 16-17, L. 1. 90-110, L. tr. 12/9 . . 6. C. pimjabensis, p. 365.
D. 9, A. 18-20, L. 1. 80-87, L. tr. 12-15/6. 7. C. phulo, p. 3Q5.
1). 9-10, A. 14-15, L. 1. 38-^0, L. tr. 6-
OJ/3 '. 8. a booing, p. 366.
D. 9, A. 13-15, L. 1. 80-93, L. tr. 12-15/6. 9. C. c-lupeoides, p. 366.
D. 9, A. 13-15, L. 1. 86-110, L. tr. 17-19/6. 10. C. bacaila, p. 367.
449. (1.) Chela gora.
Cyprinus gora, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 263, 384.
Chela gora, Day, Fish. India, p. 600, pi. cli, tig. 8 (see synon.).
Hum-catchari t Ooriah ; Ohora chela, Beng. ; Chel-hul, Hind. ; Bovn-
chi and Kundul, Punj.
B. iii. D. 9-10. A. 15-16. L. 1. 140-160. L. tr. 18-20/18. Vert. 46.
Length of head 5 to 5, of caudal 6 to 61, height of body 6 in
the total length. Eyes diameter i of length of head, 1|
diameters from end of snout, 1| diameters apart. The bones of
the forearm support the thoracic edge, the keeled portion of the
abdominal profile commences behind the ventral fin. Suborbital
ring of bones broader than the diameter of the eye, but only cover-
ing two thirds of the cheek. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 3, 1/1, 3, 5.
(Grill-rakers very short, 8 in the lower branch of the outer branchial
arch. Fins dorsal commences slightly in advance of the anal,
and in the last third of the distance between the hind edge of
the preopercle and the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral one third
longer than the head. Scales extend forwards on the head to
above the nostrils. Colour silvery.
Hob. Sind, Punjab, N.W. Provinces, Bengal, Orissa, and Assam ;
attaining at least 9 inches in length.
p. 68; Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. Sc. 1849, p. 323. D. 10, P. 12, V. 8, A. 11,
0. 18. Compressed fish. Back dark, with purplish shade, sides and abdomen
silvery. Beeina river, near Pairgaon in the Deccan.
5. Chela alkootee, Sykes, 1. c. p. 362 ; Leuciscus alkootee, Bleeker, Beng.
p. 66; Jerdon, I. c. p. 324.-D. 10, P.^10, V. 7, A. 10. Sides slightly com-
pressed, back and belly rounded (?); back straight. Scales very minute.
Lateral line quite straight (?). Silvery, with a black circle round the eye.
Deccan, attaining to 1 inch in length.
CYPRINID7E. CYPHININ7E. 363
(2.) Chela sladoni. (Fig. 113.)
Chela sladoni, Dai/, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 622 ; Fish. India, p. 600, pi. clii,
fig. 3.
B.iii. D.10(2/8). A. 20-21(2/18-19). C.21. L.I. 65-68. L.tr.10/8.
Length of head 6 to 6^, height of body 5 to 5| in the total
length. Ayes diameter 3| to 3| in the length of head, |
of a diameter from end of snout. Suborbital ring of bones
half as deep as the diameter of the orbit, and two thirds wider
than the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. The serrated
Fig. 113. Chela sladoni.
abdominal margin commences opposite the base of the pectoral fin.
Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal com-
mences opposite anal. Pectoral as long as the head, but does not
reach the ventral ; lower caudal lobe the longer. Colour silvery,
caudal black-edged.
Hdb. Irrawaddy in Burma, extending northwards as far as
Mandalay.
451. (3.) Chela sardinella.
Leuciscus sardinella, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvii, p. 344.
Chela sardiuella, Day, Fish. India, p. 600, pi. clii, fig. 1 (see synon.).
Nya-kooon-nyat, Burm.
B.iii. D.9(2/7). P. 13. V.8. A. 21 (2/19). L.I. 48. L.tr.7|/4.
Length of head 6, height of body 5| to 6 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of head, 1 diameter from, end
of snout, nearly 1 diameter apart. The maxilla extends to below
the front edge of the eye. The keeled portion of the abdominal
edge commences opposite the pectoral fin. Suborbital ring of
bones broad, but does not touch the preopercular ridge. Teeth
pharyngeal, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences above or
slightly behind the origin of the anal. The pectoral does not
reach the ventral, nor the latter the anah Caudal deeply forked,
the lower lobe the longer. Colour silvery.
Hal. Irrawaddy river at Rangoon, also the Sahveen at Moul-
mein ; attaining to at least 6 inches in length.
364 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
452. (4) Chela untrahi.
Chela untrahi, Day, P.Z.S. 1869, p. 381; id. Fish. India, p. G01,
pi. cli, %. 7.
Untrahi, Ooriah.
B.iii. D.9. P. 13. V.7. A. 17-19. C. 17. L.I. 55-65. L.tr. 7-9/5.
Length of head 5 to 6 ; height of body 5 J to 6 in the total
length. Eyes upper margin near the profile, diameter 3 to 3^ in
the length of head, of a diameter from end of snout, nearly
1 diameter apart. Dorsal profile nearly horizontal ; abdominal
profile with a cutting-edge from opposite the base of the pectoral
fin. Mouth very oblique, knob on symphysis minute. Lower jaw
in advance of the upper, the maxilla extending to below the anterior
margin of first third of the orbit. Suborbital ring of bones wide,
but they do not touch the preopercular ridge. Fins pectorals
one third longer than the head, reaching ventrals. Dorsal arises
midway between the posterior margin of the orbit and the pos-
terior extremity of the caudal fin ; anal commences below the
middle of the dorsal. Caudal lobed. Scales deciduous, extending
forwards on the nape to opposite the middle of the orbit. Lateral
line curves downwards, 1 row of scales between it and base of
ventral fin; 47 rows before the base of the dorsal fin. Colour
silvery.
Hob. Mahanadi river in Orissa; also the Cauvery and Cole-
roon in Southern India ; attaining at least 8 inches in length.
453. (5.) Chela argentea.
Leuciscus acinaces, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvii, pi. 509 (not descrip.
p. 347).
Chela argentea, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 301 ; Fish. India, p. C01, pi. clii,
fig. 2 (see synon.).
Chaya-vellache or Vellachee-cundee, Tarn, (the White Carp).
B.iii. D. 9-10. P. 15. A. 17-19. C.19. L.I. 43-45. L.tr.6i-7/3.
Length of head 5^ to 5|, height of body 5 to 5^ in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3^ in length of head, 1 diameter from end
of snout and also apart. Cleft of mouth extending to below the
anterior third of the orbit, a knob above symphysis of the lower
jaw. Suborbital ring of bones broad and nearly covering the cheek,
the third almost touching the preopercular ridge. Teeth pharyn-
geal, curved, pointed, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal situated over
the commencement of the anal. Pectoral reaches the ventral.
Caudal deeply lobed. Lateral line descends gently for the first
twelve scales, finally attaining the centre of the candal ; 11 rows of
scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 27 to 30 rows
anterior to the dorsal fin. Free portion of tail one half longer than
high at its base. Colow silvery, with a lateral band which fades
after death ; caudal dark-edged, as is also occasionally the anal.
Hob. Bhavani river at the base of the Nilgiris, Cauvery river and
Mysore ; attaining 6 inches in length.
365
454. (6.) Chela punjabensis.
Chela punjabjnsis, Day, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, 1872, p. 25; id. Fish.
India, p. 601, pi. cli'ii, fig. 2.
Took, Punj.
B.iii. D. 9(2/7). P. 11. A. 16-17. C. 19. L.I. 90-110. L.tr. 12/9.
Length of head 6, height of body 4^ to 5 in the total length.
Eijes -diameter 2^ to 2| in length of head, | a diameter from
end of snout. The posterior extremity of the maxilla extends to
nearly beneath the anterior margin of the orbit. The suborbital
ring of bones broad, and the third three times as deep as the un-
covered portion of the cheek below it. Dorsal profile nearly
horizontal ; abdominal edge cutting from opposite the base of the
pectoral" fin. Fins dorsal arises midway between the posterior
margin of the opercle and the posterior extremity of the lobes of
the caudal. Pectoral longer than the head, but does not quite
reach the base of the ventral, which last fin only extends half the
distance to the anal ; the latter commences opposite the origin of
the caudal. Lower lobe of caudal the longer. Scales moderately
deciduous ; they extend forwards to opposite the suborbital ring of
bones ; there is a slight elevation along the centre of each; 5|- rows
between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour
silvery, with a burnished silvery band along the side. Cheeks tinged
with pink.
Hob. Lahore, in the Eavi river, also the Indus in Sind ; attaining
at least 2^ inches in length.
455. (7.) Chela phulo.
Cyprinus phulo, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 262, 384.
Chela phulo, Day, Fish. India, p. 602, pi. cliii, fig. 1 (see synon.).
.Phul chela, Beng. ; Dunnahree, Hind. ; Took and Bunff-ka-charl,
Punj.; Muk-ka, Sind ; Sel-konah, Assam.
B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 13. A. 18-20. C. 19. L. 1. 80-87. L. tr. 12-15/6.
Length of head 5J, height of body 41 to 5 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| in the length of head, | a diameter from end
of snout, 1 diameter apart. Abdominal profile cutting behind the
base of the pectoral fin. Third suborbital bone nearly as deep as the
uncovered portion of the cheek below it. The maxilla extends to
under the front margin of the orbit. Fins dorsal commences
opposite the origin of the anal. Caudal deeply forked, lower lobe
the longer. Lateral line curves gently downwards. Colour
silvery, with a bright silvery lateral band.
Hob. Assam, Bengal, Orissa, Central India, and the Dec-can as
far southwards as the Tuugabhadra and.Kistna rivers; attaining
5 inches or more in length.
366 TELEOSTEI. I'll VSOSTOMI.
456. (8.) Chela boopis.
Chelu boopis, Day, P. Z.8. 1873, p. 708; id. W*h. India, p. C,(Y2,
pi. clii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Sampftf, Canar.
B.iii. D.9-10. P.15. V.9. A. 14-15. C.21. L. 1.38-40. L.tr.6-61/3.
Length of head 5| to 51. height of body 5 to 5| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 2jL to 3 in the length of the head, f of a
diameter from the end of snout and also apart. Cleft of the mouth
extends to beneath the front edge of the orbit. Suborbital ring of
bones almost covers the cheek. Fins dorsal commences slightly
in advance of the anal, but extends to over it. Caudal deeply forked.
Scales 2 to 2^ rows between lateral line and base of ventral ;
22 to 24 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, with a
burnished lateral band ; dorsal, caudal, and anal edged with black.
Hob. South Canara and ? Mysore ; attaining at least 5 inches in
length.
457. (9.) Chela clupeoides.
Cyprinus clupeoides, Block, Ich. xii, p. 49, t. 408, fig. 2.
Chela clupeoides, Day, Fish. India, p. 602 (see sytion.).
Vdlachee candee and Netteli, Tarn ; Alkut, Marathi.
B.iii. D. 9. P.13. V.9. A. 13-15. C. 19. L.I. 80-93. L.tr. 12-15/6.
Length of head 5| to 5|, height of body 5-J-* in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout,
of a diameter apart. A well-developed knob on symphysis ;
suborbital ring of bones wide, the third four fifths as deep as the
uncovered portion of the cheek below it. The thorax, which has
a smooth edge, is not supported by any dilated bones of the fore-
arm. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal, situated
in the posterior two fifths of the body, and one half in advance of
the anal. Pectoral one fourth longer than the head, but does not
reach the ventral. Caudal lobed, the lower lobe the longer. Scales
deciduous and placed in sinuous rows ; those on upper surface of
the head extend forwards to opposite the hind edge of the orbit.
Scales 2 rows between lateral line and base of ventral. Colour
silvery.
This species or variety is closely allit d to (7. bacaila, from which
it is chiefly divided by the number of scales. In Cutch I found
A. (2/11-13), L. 1. 83-92, L. tr. 13-14/6 ; at Jubbulpore, on the
Nerbudda, A. (2/12-13), L. 1. 80-90, L. tr. 14-15/6; in the
Deccan, A. (2/13-15), L. 1. 84-93, L. tr. 13/6; at Madras,
* In some badly nourished example s I have seen the height of the body only
equal to 7 in the total length. Such are common at Madras in the dirty Coom
river.
. CYPttlNTN^E. 367
A. (2/11-13), L. 1. 80-87, L. tr. 12-15/6 ; to the south of Madras,
at the Cauvery river, A. (2/12-13), L. 1. 80-91, L. tr. 14-15/6.
flab, ditch, Jubbulpore, Mysore, the Deccan, Madras Presi-
dency, and Burma. This species attains at least 6 inches in length,
and is very good eating.
458. (10.) Chela bacaila.
Cyprinus bacaila, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 2(35, 384, pi. 8,
fig. 76.
Chela bacaila, Day, Fish. India, p. 603, pi. clii, fig. 5 (see synon.).
JeUahri, Ooriah ; Chelliah, Hind, j Ddntdl, Marathi.
B. iii. D. 9. A. 13-15. C. 19. L. 1. 86-110. L. tr. 17-19/6.
Length of head 5* to 6 ; height of body 5| to 6 in the total
length. Eyes 3% to 3f in length of head, snout slightly longer
than the eye ; eyes 1 diameter apart. Cleft of mouth reaches to
below the first fourth of the eye. Suborbital ring of bones broad,
nearly covering the cheek. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, or 3, 2/2, 3,
or 4, 5. Fins first anal ray is below the middle of the dorsal fin ;
pectoral nearly reaches the ventral, whilst the latter does not quite
extend to the anal. Scales extend forwards on the head to
nearly opposite the posterior margin of the orbit. Colour uniform
silvery.
This species or variety is restricted more to the Valley of the
Ganges and its affluent streams, also to the Punjab and down the
Indus. It is distinguished by the large number of ils scales, which
I have found as follows : Assam, A. 2/13-14, L. 1. 102-108, L. tr.
18/6; Soneriver,A. 2/12, L. 1.98,L.tr. 18/6; Orissa, A. 2/13-14,
L. 1. 86-98, L. tr. 14-18/6 (some of these appeared to be intermediate
forms between this species and the last); Calcutta, A. 2/11-13,
L. 1. 90-110, L. tr. 17-19/6; Seharunpore, A. 2/11-12, L. 1. 95-
100, L. tr. 18-19/6; Sind, A. 2/11-12, L. 1. 92-96, L. tr. 17-
19/6. One specimen from Bezwarah bad A. 2/15, L. 1. 95, L. tr.
12/6.
Hob. Throughout India, except Malabar, Mysore, and Madras,
and parts of the Deccan ; attaining at least 7 inches in length.
368 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI.
Family V. CHIROCENTRID^.
Pseudobranchije absent. Body much elongated and compressed.
Margin of upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries mesially, and
the maxillaries laterally. Opercular apparatus complete. Barbels
absent. A single rayed dorsal fin belonging to the caudal portion
of the vertebral column. Stomach with a blind sac : intestinal
canal short and furnished internally with spiral folds. No pyloric
appendages. Air-bladder present.
Only one genus is known of the Ghirocentridce, which extends
through the Ked Sea and the seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago.
1. Genus CHIROCENTRUS, Cuvier.
Branchiostegals eight. Abdomen with a sharp but not serrated
margin. Gill-membranes united for a short distance ; gill-opening
wide. Eyes subcutaneous. Cleft of mouth oblique and deep : the
lower jaw the longer. A row of canines in the mandible, and a
horizontal pair in the premaxillaries ; minute teeth on the palatines,
pterygoids, and tongue. A single short dorsal tin placed far back-
wards opposite to a long anal ; an elongated osseous appendage in
the axilla ; ventrals very small. Scales thin, small, and deciduous.
Air-bladder cellular.
459. (1.) Chirocentrus dorab. (Fig. 114.)
Clupea dorab, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 72, no. 108.
Chirocentrus dorab, Day, Fish. India, p. 652, pi. clxvi, fig. 3 (see
syiion.).
Mooloo-alley and Kiru-ivahlak, Tarn. ; Wahlah, Tel. ; Kunda, Ooriah ;
Pussunt, Baluchistan.
B. viii. D. 16-17. P. 14-15. V. 6-7. A. 31-36. C. 19.
Length of head 6| to 7^, height of body 6| to 9 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4^ in length of head. Along the whole
Fig. 114. Chirocentrus dorab.
extent of the lower margin of the abdomen are short hair-like rays.
Colour bluish green along the back; silvery on the sides and
abdomen.
Hub. Eed Sea, through the seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago and beyond : attaining at least 12 feet in length. When
captured this fish bites at everything near it.
369
Family VI. CLUPEIU^E.
Grill-openings usually very wide : psetidobrauchiaD, when present,
well developed. Abdomen mostly compressed, generally into a
sharp edge, and usually serrated. Opercular pieces four. Margin
of the upper jaw formed mesially by the premaxillaries, laterally by
the maxillaries, which are composed of three pieces not ossified
together. Barbels absent. A single dorsal with a few or a
moderate number of weak rays; anal sometimes many-rayed.
Scales on the body; as a rule none on the head. Lateral line
mostly absent. Stomach with a " cul-de-sac." Air-bladder more
or less simple. Pyloric appendages, when present, numerous.
The Herrings are well represented in the seas of India, and are
largely consumed by the native population. As a rule, they are
much more abundant along the Malabar than on the Coromandel
coast.
Geographical Distribution. Found in most seas, and many species
enter fresh waters.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
First group. CLUPEINA.
Upper jaw not projecting. Eyes with free adipose lids. Abdomen
serrated.
A. Anal moderate, with less than 30 rays.
Abdominal serration commencing from thorax
or pectorals 1. CLUPEA.
Abdominal serration commencing behind pec-
torals 2. CORICA.
B. Anal elongate, with more than 30 rays.
Dorsal and ventral fins present 3. PELLONA.
Dorsal present, no ventrals 4. OPISTHOPTERUS.
Neither dorsal nor ventrals 5. RACONDA.
Second group. CHATOESSINA.
Mouth transverse, narrow, nearly or quite inferior; upper jaw projecting
over lower. Eyes with free adipose lids. Abdomen serrated.
Fourth branchial arch with an accessory organ , . 0. CHATOESSUS.
Third group. ENGRAULINA.
Upper jaw prominent. Mouth deep. Eyes covered by skin.
Abdomen serrated.
No pectoral filaments 7. ENGBAULIS.
Upper pectoral rays produced into free filaments. . 8. COILIA.
370 TELEOSTEI. PHI8OSTOMI.
Fourth group. DUSSUMIEBINA.
Mouth antero-lateral, the upper jaw not projecting. Eyes with free
adipose lids. No osseous gular plates. Abdominal edge smooth.
Teeth small, but not deciduous 9. DUSSUMIERIA.
Teeth, if present, deciduous 10. SPRATELLOIDES.
Fifth group. ALBULINA.
Mouth inferior and of moderate width ; upper jaw projecting.
Teeth in jaws. Abdomen rounded and smooth.
Eyes with free adipose lids 11. ALBULA.
Sixth group. ELOPINA.
Mouth antero-lateral ; lower jaw the longer. An osseous gular plate.
Abdomen rounded and smooth.
Pseudobranchiae well developed. Scales small .. 12. ELOPS.
Pseudobranchise rudimentary or absent. Scales
large 13. MEGALOPS.
Seventh group. CHANINA.
Mouth anterior, transverse, small. Eyes subcutaneous. Teeth absent.
Gill-membranes entirely united. Abdomen rounded and smooth.
Scales small . . .14. CHANGS.
First group. CLUPEINA.
1. Genus CLTJPEA, sp., Artedi.
Syn. Clupanodon, Lace"p. (pt.) ; Ilarengula, Rogenia, Spratella, Sar-
dindla, Clupeonia, Kowala, Meletta, and Alausa, Cuv. & Val. ; Clupalosa,
Amtilyg aster, and Clupeotdes, Bleeker; Opisthonema, Brevoortia, and
Alausella, Gill.
Body compressed ; the serration of the abdomen extending into
the thoracic region ; upper jaw not projecting beyond the lower.
Eyes usually with broad adipose lids. Teeth, when present, rudi-
mentary and deciduous. Dorsal fin situated opposite the ventrals ;
anal with less than 30 rays ; caudal forked. Pseudobranchife well
developed. Six branchiostegals in all Indian species.
It is necessary to remember, while investigating species of
Clupea, that the teeth are deciduous, and the dentition is liable to
vary.
Geographical Distribution. World-wide.
CLUPEID^!. 371
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Teeth in lower jaw*.
a. Teeth on tongue, palatines, pterygoids,
but none on the vomer. [p. 371.
D. 19, A. 20-22, L. 1. 45 1. C. brachysoma;
D. 18, A. 17-19, L. 1. 44-45. Caudal
black-tipped 2. C. atricauda, p. 372.
D. 17-18, A. 17-18, L. 1. 45 3. C. kunzei, p. 372.
D. 17-18, A. 18-20, L. 1. 40 4. C. leiogaster, p. 372.
D. 16-17, A. 14-10, L. 1. 45-48 5. C. longiceps, p. 373.
b. Teeth on tongue and palatines, none on
pterygoid or vomer.
D. 18-19, A. 19-20, L. 1. 45-48 6. C.fimbriata, p. 373.
c. Teeth on tongue ; none on palatines,
pterygoids, or vomer.
D. 16-17, A. 18-19, L. 1. 41^4, L. tr. 11. 7. C. sindensis, p. 374.
B. No teeth in the jaws.
a. Teeth on pterygoids and on the tongue ;
none on vomer or palatines.
D. 14-15, A. 17-20, L. 1. 38-40 8. C. lile, p. 374.
b. No teeth inside mouth.
D. 15-18, A. 24-29, L. 1. 90. Back trans-
versely barred 9. C. variegata. p. 375.
D. 14-16, A. 21-24, L. 1. 80-110. Back
not barred 10. C. chapra, p. 375.
D. 18-19, A. 19-22, L. 1. 46-49, L. tr. 17-19. 11. C. ilisha, p. 376.
D. 17, A. 20-21, L. 1. 42^5, L. tr. 13-14.
Length of head 4 in total 12. C. kanagurta, p. 377.
D. 16-17, A. 19-20, L. 1. 39-40, L. tr. 13-14.
Length of head 5 to 5 in total 13. C. toll, p. 377.
D. 15-16, A. 18-19, L. 1. 38-40, L. tr. 10-11.
Length of head 5 in total 14. C. melanura, p. 378.
460. (1.) Clupea brachysoma.
Sardinella brachysoma, Bleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxiv,
Haring. p. 19.
Clupea brachysoma, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 635, pi. clxiii, fig. 3 (see
synon.).
Cumtdden toaddy, Mai.
D.19. P. 17. V.8. A. 20-22. C.20. L. 1. 45. L.tr. 11-12.
Length of head 5, height of body 3j to 3| iii the total length.
Eyes diameter about 3 in length of head, and nearly 1 ilium, from
end of snout and i diarn. apart. Lower jaw rather prominent.
Fins ventral inserted beneath the centre of the dorsal. Last
two anal rays rather prolonged. Scales regularly arranged, their
edges crenulated. Scutes well developed, 18 before and 1 2 behind
the base of the ventral fin. Colour greenish above, the bases of
the scales being a little dark ; caudal tin dark-tipped.
Hal>. East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago ; rare in India.
* In some instances these are lost, occasionally they are very minute or even
nut developed.
2n2
372 TELKOSTEI. 1'JIYSOSTOiU.
461. (2.) Clupea atricauda.
Clupea atricauda, Giinther, C'atal. vii, p. 420; Day, Fish. India,
p. 636, pi. clxiv, fig. 5 (see synon.).
D.18. P. 17. V.8. A. 17-19. C.20. L. 1. 44-45. L.tr. 11.
Length of head 4-|, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 3| to 4 in the length of the head, about 1 diam. from end
of snout and $ diam. apart. Lower jaw projecting beyond the
upper. Fiiis ventral inserted beneath the middle of the dorsal
fin. Last two anal rays thickened and slightly elongated. Lower
caudal lobe sometimes slightly the longer. Gill-rakers numerous,
closely set, and about one third as long as the eye. Scales regu-
larly arranged, with crenulated outer margins : scutes small ante-
riorly, becoming stronger under the middle of the base of the pectoral
fin ; 13 behind the base of the ventral. Colour dark steel-blue
along the back and upper third of the body, divided by a yellowish
line from the silvery sides and abdomen, which are glossed with
blue and purple. Caudal with its extremity deep brown or black.
ffab. Andamans to the Malay Archipelago.
462. (3.) Clupea kunzei.
Harengula kunzei, Sleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdsch. xii, p. 209.
Clupea klunzei, Day, Fish. India, p. 636, pi. clxiii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
D. 17-18. P. 16. V. 8. A. 17-18. C.20. L.1.45. L.tr. 11-12.
Length of head 4| to 4|, height of body 4| to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in length of the head, 1 diam. from
end of snout and f diam. apart. Lower jaw prominent. Fins
ventral inserted below the middle of the dorsal fin. Last two anal
rays rather thickened and slightly elongated. Gill-rakers fine,
about one third as long as the eye, about 38 in the outer branch of
lower branchial arch. Scales in regular rows, with the edges
roughened. Thirty badly developed scutes, about 13 behind the
base of the ventral fin. Colour bluish along the back, becoming
silvery white shot with purple on the sides and below.
Hob. Ceylon, Andaraans, and Nicobars to the Malay Archipelago.
463. (4.) Clupea leiogaster.
Sardinella leiogaster, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 270.
Clupea leiogaster, Day, Fish. India, p. 636 (see synon.).
B. vi. D. 17-18. P. 17. A. 18-20. C. 17. L. 1. 40. L. tr. 11-12.
Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 5 to 6 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3j to 4 in the length of the head, 1 diam. from end
of snout and -f to 4- diam. apart. Fins ventral inserted beneath
the second fourth of the dorsal. Scales with indistinct transverse
CLUPEID^E. 373
striae and rough edges : scutes badly developed, about 32 in number.
Colour bluish green above, becoming silvery white on the sides and
beneath : sometimes a brownish mark on the shoulder. A longi-
tudinal band along the body, with from 13 to 20 intensely blue
spots.
Hob. Ceylon, to the Malay Archipelago.
464. (5.) Clupea longiceps.
Sardinella longiceps, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Pom. xx, p. 273.
Clupea longiceps, Day, Fish. India, p. G37, pi. clxi, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
Lee-gur, Baluch. ; Louar, Sind ; Mutthi, Canarese and North Malabar ;
Char/ay, South Malabar ; ".Oil Sardine."
D. 16-17. P. 17. V.9. A. 14-16. C. 17. L.I. 45-48. L.tr. 13.
Length of head 3 to 4, height of body 5 to 5| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in length of head, 1| diam. apart and 1 to
1^ from end of snout. Lower jaw slightly the longer. Fins
dorsal commences nearer to snout than to base of caudal ; ventral
inserted in a line rather behind the middle of the dorsal. Anal
low ; its last two rays thickened and rather elongated. Scales
indistinctly crenulated and regularly arranged ; about 18 badly
developed scutes before and 13 or 14 behind the base of the ventral
fin. Gill-rakers very numerous, about one half longer than the eye.
Colour bluish along the back, with golden reflexions ; abdomen
silvery shot with purple ; sometimes a golden line divides the colour
of the back from that of the sides : a large greenish-gold spot on
the upper margin of the opercle and preopercle ; dorsal greenish ;
caudal stained with green, the other fins transparent.
Hob. Sind, down the Western coast of India, mere rarely on the
Eastern, Ceylon, the Andarnans to the Malay Archipelago. These
fish attain about 8 inches in length, and large quantities of oil are
made from them in Malabar ; l)ut along the Coromandel coast they
never appear to arrive in sufficient quantities, while those that come
are rarely fat as in Malabar. Abundant in some years, they occa-
sionally forsake their haunts for several consecutive seasons,
returning again in enormous quantities.
465. (6.) Clupea fimbriata.
Spratella fimbriata, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 359, t. 600.
Clupea fimbriata, Day, Fish. India, p. 637, pi. clxi, fig. 3 (see
synon.).
Kich-uk-louar, Sind ; Cuttay-charlay, Malabar ; Poonduringa, Tani. ;
Chai-ree-addee, Hind. ; Kowal, Tel.
D. 18-19. P. 15. V.8. A. 19-20. C. 20. L. 1. 45-48. L.tr. 11-12.
Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 4 to 4| or even 5 in the
total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, nearly 1 diam.
374 TELEOSTEI. PIITSOSTOMI.
from end of snout and also apart. Lower jaw slightlv prominent.
Fins ventral inserted under the middle of the dorsal. Last two
anal rays thickened and a little prolonged. Scales regularly ar-
ranged, with their free edges jagged. Scutes moderately developed,
14 or 15 posterior to the ventral fin, and 10 or 17 before it. Colour
bluish green, the sides silvery. Dorsal fin with numerous line
black dots, and a black mark at the base of its anterior rays.
Caudal with bluish reflexions and tipped with dark.
Hab. Eed Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. This
species abounds in certain years off the Malabar coast.
466. (7.) Clupea sindensis.
Clupea sindensis, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 638,' pi. clxiii, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
D. 16-17. P. 15. V.8. A. 18-19. C. 21. L.I. 41-44. L.tr. 11.
Length of head 4|- to 5, height of body 4| to 4 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1| diarn. from end of
snout, and 1 apart. Lower jaw prominent. Preorbital with a raised
and branched ridge. Fins ventral inserted below the middle of
the dorsal. Scales with their edges a little rough (especially in
large examples) and having some vertical lines. Scutes not well
developed, 13 to 14 behind the base of the ventral fin. Gill-rakers
closely set, nearly as long as the eye. Colour back deep blue ;
sides golden, shot with purple and blue. Pins yellowish, a black
spot at base of dorsal anteriorly, and its upper edge dark ; the end
of the caudal lobes sometimes dark. There are also lines along
the rows of scales in the upper two thirds of the body ; a small
dark shoulder-mark, which is more or less lost in the adult.
Hob. Seas of the Seychelles, Sind and Bombay ; attaining at
least 8 inches in length.
467. (8.) Clupea lile.
Meletta lile, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 378.
Clupea lile, Day, Fish. India, p. 638, pi. cixii, fig. 1 (see synon.).
D. 14-15. P. 13. V. 8. A. 17-20. C.21. L.I. 38-40. L. tr. 9-10.
Length of head 5 to 5, height of body 3| to 3f in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to b| in the length of head, f diam. from
end of snout and apart. Dorsal profile nearly horizontal, abdo-
minal very convex. Lower jaw slightly the longer. Fins ventral
inserted under the anterior dorsal rays. Gill-raiders closely set and
half as long as the eye : pseudobranchiae well developed. Scales
rather adherent and in regular rows ; their edges smooth. Scutes
strong, from 16 to 18 anterior, and 11 to 12 posterior to the base
of the ventral fin. Pree portion of tail as deep as long. Colour
golden shot with purple, a brilliant silvery baud along the side, as
CLUPEID*:. 37o
deep as one scale. Caudal dark-tipped, shot with blue. A brilliant
bronze-coloured spot on occiput.
Hab. Seas of India and Burma, to the Malay Archipelago;
attaining to about 4 inches in length. Found in vast numbers
along the Western coast of India.
468. (9.) Clupea variegata.
Clupea variegata, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 623 ; Fish. India, p. 630,
pi. clxi, fig. 4.
D. 15-18. P. 17. V. 8. A. 24-29. C. 17. L. 1. 90. L.tr.35.
Length of head 4| to 4f , height of body 3 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in length of head, | diam. from end of
snout, above 1 apart. Abdominal profile more convex than dorsal.
Jaws of about equal length. Fins ventrals situated below the
first third of the dorsal fin. Scales regularly arranged behind a
line from the opercles to the base of the anal fin, anterior to which
they are very irregular. Serrated scales commence under the middle
of the pectoral ; 10 are posterior to the ventral fin, and about 10
anterior to it. Colour silvery, glossed with gold and bronze. A
dark humeral spot. A row of about 18 bars passes across the
back and descends a short way over the sides. Dorsal fin with a
basal black band in its posterior half. End of tail tipped with
black.
Hab. Irrawaddy and its branches. Many specimens procured up
to 7 inches in length.
469. (1Q.) Clnpea chapra.
Clupanodon chapra, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 248, 383.
Clupea chapra, Day, Fish. India, p. 39, pi. clki, fig. 1 (see synon.).
Coon, Bengali ; Gudua, Ooriah.
D. 14-16. P. 13. V. 8. A. 21-24. C. 17. L. 1. 80-110. L. tr. 33-35.
Length of head 4j to 4| (4 in the young), height of body 3 to
4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of
head, diam. from end of snout, and 1 to 1-J- apart. Abdominal
profile more convex than, dorsal, fins origin of dorsal opposite
or slightly before that of the ventral ; anal highest in front. Gill-
rakers closely set, very numerous and rather shorter than the eye.
Scales smooth ; 18 to 19 scutes anterior and 9 to 10 posterior to
the ventral fin. Colour silvery, shot with gold ; back rather dark,
and edge of caudal stained darkest ; a dark spot, which is some-
times absent, on the shoulder.
Hab. IVesh waters of rivers and tanks in Sind and throughout
India as far south as the Kistna River; absent from the Malabar
coast and Madras. This fish attains to at least 8 inches in
length.
376 TELEOSTEI. I'HYSOSTOM I.
470. (ll.) Clupea ilisha. (Fig. 115.)
Clupanodon ilisha, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganyes, pp. 243, 382, pi. 19,
fig. 73.
Clupea ilisha, Day, Fish. India, p. 040, pi. clxii, fig. 3.
" Sable fish " and " Ililsa " of Europeans ; Palasah, Tel. ; Pitlla, Sind ;
Oolum, Tamil ; Nya-tha-louk, Burmese ; Hilsa, Beng. ; Ilisha, Ooriah.
D. 18-19. P. 15. V. 9. A. 19-22. C. 19. L. 1. 46-49. L. tr. 17-19.
Length of head 4| to 4|, height of body 3| to 3| in the total
length. Eyes situated some distance before the middle of the length
of the head, 1 to 1 g diam. from end of snout, and 1| apart. The pos-
terior extremity of the maxilla reaches to below the middle or even
Fig. 115. Clupea ilisha.
hind edge of the orbit ; lower jaw not projecting beyond the upper.
Width of opercle equals about two thirds its height. Fins ventral
inserted beneath the anterior halt" of the dorsal. Caudal peduncle
as deep as long. 'Grill-rakers numerous and as long as the eye.
Scales in regular rows ; 16 to 17 scutes before and 14 to 15 behind
the insertion of the ventral fin. Colour silvery, shot with gold
and purple ; no spots in the adult, but a row of them along the
upper third of the body in the immature, the most distinct of which
is behind the upper third of the opercle.
C. ilisha swarms up all the larger rivers of India and Burma,
generally as soon as the mousoon commences ; but the rapidity af
the current affects the time of migration. Amongst such rivers as
I have examined, the following appear to be the periods when these
fish commonly ascend. In the Cauvery and Coleroon they appear
about the first or second week of June, and continue for the suc-
ceeding four months, but in smaller quantities. In the Kistua,
which is very rapid, a few fish arrive at the end of September,
when the strength of the current is subsiding ; but it is in the middle
of October and in the two following months that the main body
ascends. In the neighbouring river, the Godavari, which has a less
rapid current, the fish ascend earlier, being most numerous from
July to September. In the Hooghly they continue their ascent
throughout the south-west monsoon to nearly the end of the year.
377
In the Indus they ascend in March and April, when the river is
swollen by the melting of Himalayan snow. They have been
observed in the Irravvaddy in Burma as high as Mandalay, in
October. They are excellent as food until they have deposited their
ova, when they become thin and unwholesome. Weirs in India are
destitute of fish-passes, and migratory fishes will probably soon be
exterminated in rivers spanned by these obstacles.
Hob. Persian Gulf (ascending the Tigris), the coasts of Sind,
India, and Burma, passing up the large rivers to breed ; also the
Malay Archipelago. I have taken this fish as high as Delhi, and
Hamilton Buchanan records it from Agra and Cawnpore.
471. (12.) Clupea kanagurta.
Alosa kanagurta, Sleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Haring.
'p. 34.
Clupea kauagurta, Day, Fish. India, p. 640, pi. clxii, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Keelee, Tel.
D.17. P. 16. V.8. A. 20-21. C. 19. L.I. 42-45. L.tr. 13-14.
Length oT body 4^, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout, and
about 1 apart. Abdominal profile more convex than that of the
back. Width of opercle about | its height. Lower jaw scarcely
projects beyond the upper. The maxilla extends posteriorly to
below the hinder third of the orbit. Fins ventral situated rather
behind the middle of the dorsal. Scales regularly arranged :
scutes 27; 11 behind the base of the ventral fin. CoLur bluish
green above, gold dotted with purple on the sides and beneath.
Generally a row of about six or eight oval spots pass in a line from
behind the upper edge of the opercle along the side. Upper edge
of dorsal with a dark mark.
Hab. East coast of Africa ; Sind, coasts of India to the Malay
Archipelago.
472. (13.) Clupea toll.
Alausa toli, Cut: 8f Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 435.
Clupea toli, Day, Fish. India, p. 041, pi. clxii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Oolum, Tamil ; Doung danna, Arracan ; Nur hilisha, Chittagong.
D. 16-17. P. 14. V.9. A. 19-20. C, 24. L. 1. 39-40. L.tr. 13-14.
Length of head 5 to 5, height of body 3| to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4| in length of head, 1 diam. from end of
snout and also apart. Lower jaw rather projecting beyond the upper,
which latter is notched at its extremity. Width of opercle to |
its height. Fins ventral inserted under the commencement of
the last half of the dorsal fin. Caudal lobes longer than the head,
especially in adult examples. Scales regularly arranged, striated,
and \\ith erenulated edges. Scutes well developed, 17 to 18 before,
378 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
and 12 to 13 behind the base of the ventral fin. Pseudobranchue
well developed. Colour silvery, shot with yellow and purple ; a
dark shoulder-spot in the young.
Hub. From Bombay through the seas of India to the Malay
Archipelago and China. This species attains at least 3 feet in
length. It does not appear to ascend rivers to breed, but is some-
times found at their mouths.
473. (14.) Clupea melanura.
Alausa melanura, Cuv. < Vol. li. N. Poiss. xx, p. 441.
Clupea melauura, -Day, Fish. Iniia, p. G41 (see synon.).
D. 15-16. P. 13. V.8. A. 18-19. C.19. L.I. 38-40. L. tr. 10-11.
Length of head 5, height of body 4 to 5 in the total length.
Eyes with very narrow adipose lids, diameter 3 to 3| in length
of bead, 1 diam. from end of snout, apart. Lower jaw rather
longer than the upper. Fins dorsal commences opposite to or
slightly in front of ventral. Scales in regular horizontal rows,
with two or three raised lines along their base, 25 serrated scales
along the abdominal edge. Colour back blue shot with purple,
a fine yellow line dividing it from the silvery sides and abdomen ;
a blue spot on the opercle ; outer third of caudal lobes black.
Hob. Seas of India and the Malay Archipelago.
2. Genus COKICA, Hamilton Buchanan.
Syn. Clupeoides and Clupeichthys, Bleeker.
Body oblong, compressed. Lower jaw the longer. Teeth, when
present, rudimentary and deciduous. Anal fin of moderate extent.
Caudal forked. Scales of medium size. Abdomen serrated ;
serration usually commencing behind the pectoral fins.
Geographical Distribution. India to the Malay Archipelago.
474. (1.) Corica soborna. (Fig. 116.)
Corica soborna, Ham. Buck, Fish. Gang. pp. 253, 383; Day, Fish.
India, p. 642, pi. clxii, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Cutwaal Alise and God-haee, Ooriah.
Fig. 116. Corica soborna.
B. vi. D. 15-16. A. 14-15 + ii. C.19. L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 10.
Length of head 5% to 5|, height of body 5 to 5| in the total
CLTJPEIDJ5. 379
length. Eyes diameter f- of length of head. Body strongly
compressed. Fins dorsal arises rather nearer to base of caudal
than to snout, and rather behind the origin of the ventrals ; the
anal has its last two rays detached. Lower lobe of caudal the
longer. Scales anterior to the ventral fin there are 10 or 11 ser-
rated scales, and 7 or 8 posterior to it. Colour silvery, with a
light band.
Hub. Orissa and Bengal. Rarely attaining above 2 inches in
length .
3. Genus PELLONA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Syn. IHsha, Gray ; Platygaster, Swainson.
Brartchiostegals six. Body strongly compressed, the thoracic
and abdominal edges serrated. Mouth of moderate size. Upper
jaw generally emarginate, and shorter than the lower. Fine sharp
teeth in the jaws, palatines, aud pterygoid bones, also on the
tongue, but none on the vomer. Dorsal fin small, median. Veii-
trals small, inserted more in front than the dorsal ; anal elongate.
Scales large or of moderate size, rarely small.
Owing to individual variation, species of this genus are difficult
to distinguish.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical parts of the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans, and some Indian rivers.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Dorsal fin almost or entirely in advance
of the anal.
. Occipital ridges subparallel behind.
L. tr. 15-16. Height of body 3 to 4
in total 1. P.filigera, p. 380.
L. tr. 16. Height of body 4J to 4 in
total 2. P. elongata, p. 380.
L. tr. 12-13. Head 5, height of body 4
to 4J in total 3. P. motius, p. 381. '
L, tr. 13-14. Head 4$, height of body
31 to 3 in total 4. P. indica, p. 381.
b. Occipital ridges converging behind.
L. tr. 14. Head 4|, height of body 4J
in total. Scutes 23 before ventrals. . 6. P. ditchela, p. 381.
Scutes 13 before ventrals 6. P. Jioevenii, p. 382.
B. Dorsal fin situated entirely or partially
over the anal.
L. 1. 43-44, L. tr. 14-15 7. P. brachysoma, p. 382.
L. 1. 48-50, L. tr. 14-15 8. P. megaloptera, p. 382.
L. 1. 48, L. tr. 10 9. P. sladeni, p. 383.
L. 1. 70 10. P. leschenaultit, p. 383.
380 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
475. (1.) Pellona filigera.
Pellona filigera, Cuv. $ VaL II. N. Poiss. xx, p. 322 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 643, pi. clxv, fig. 4 (see syuon.).
D. 18-19. P. 17. V.8. A. 46-50. C. 19. L. 1. 50. L. tr. 15-16.
Length of head 5|, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, | diam. from end of snout,
and 5 apart. Abdominal profile much more convex than that of the
back. The posterior portions of the ridges on the occiput are
parallel. Fins ventral fins very short. Length of base of anal
fin 2| in total length excluding caudal. Caudal lobes elongated.
Scutes well developed, 22 to 23 before, and 10 or 12 posterior to
base of ventral fin. Colou'i a coppery tinge along the back ; sides
silvery, with mother-of-pearl reflexions. Dorsal and pectoral fins
black-tipped.
Hab. Bombay; growing to 1 foot in length.
476. (2.) Pellona elongata. (Fig. 117.)
Alosa elongata, Bennett, Life of Sir S. Raffles, p. 691.
Pellona elongata, Day, Fish. India, p. 043, pi. clxiv, fig. 3, and pi.
clxv, fig. I (see synon.).
Nga thyngye and Khebowk thyn, Arracan ; Ram Ganha, Chittagong ;
Ngapya, Burmese.
D. 15-17. P. 15. V.7. A. 40-49. C.I 7. L. 1. 46-56. L.tr.14-16.
Length of head 4| to 5|, height of body 4| to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from
end of snout, arid | apart. Abdominal profile more convex than
that of the back. The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput
Fig. 117. Pellona elongata.
are nearly parallel. Ventral minute. Length of base of anal 3 to
3| in total length excluding caudal. Scales abdominal scutes well
developed, 20 to 24 anterior, and 8 or 10 posterior to the base of
the ventral fin. Colour silvery, shot with mother-of-pearl.
Fins yellowish, edge of dorsal black-tipped.
Hab. Seas of India, to the Malay Archipelago, China, and Japan.
CLUPEIDJS. 381
477. (3.) Pellona motius.
Clupanodon motius, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 251, 383.
Pellona motius, Day, Fish. India, p. 643, pi. clxv, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Ursi or Alise, Ooriah.
D. 16-17. P. 15. V. 7. A. 40-41. L. 1. 43-45. L.tr. 12-13.
Length of head 5, height of body 4 to 4 1 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, | diain. from end of snout, and
| apart. Abdominal profile more convex than that of the back.
The posterior halves of the ridges on the summit of the head are
nearly parallel. Teeth on jaws, tongue, and palate. Fins length
of base of anal 3 of total excluding caudal ; ventral fin nearly as
long as the eye. Scales 7 or 8 scutes posterior to base of ventral,
and 15 or 16 anterior to it. Colour silvery, with mother-of-pearl
reflexions ; a burnished lateral band. Some fine dots on the fins
and along the edges of some of the scales. Caudal fin with a dark
outer edge ; a dark band along the middle of the dorsal.
Hab. Assam, Bengal, and Orissa, descending as low as the coast.
This fish does not appear to exceed about 4 inches in length.
478. (4.) Pellona indica.
Platygaster indicus, Swainson, Lardner's Cab. Cycl., Fishes, fyc. ii.
p. 294.
Pellona indica, Day, Fish. India, p. 644, pi. clxiv, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Poo-na-no-dah, Andamanese ; Ditchoee, TeL
D. 17. P. 16. V. 7. A. 39-40. C. 17. L. 1. 44. L. tr. 13-14.
Length of head 4^, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length.
Eyes diameter 2| to 3 in length of head, diam. from end of
snout, and \ apart. Abdominal profile more convex than dorsal.
The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput are parallel.
Teeth in the jaws, tongue, palatine, and pterygoid bones. Fins
length of base of anal 2| to 3 in total excluding caudal. Ventral
small, shorter than the eye. Scales with the edges rather rough-
ened ; 25 or 26 scutes, 18 between the throat and base of ventral
fin. Colour greenish along the back, becoming silvery shot with
purple and gold on the sides and below ; dorsal fin often tipped
black.
Hab. East coast of Africa ; seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago.
479. (5.) Pellona ditchela.
Pellona ditchela, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 314 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 644, pi. clxv, fig. 5 (see synon.).
Ditchfllee, Tel.
D. 18. P. 16. V. 6. A. 36-40. C. 19. L. 1. 40-44. L. tr. 14.
Length of head 4, height of body 4^ in the total length. Eyes
382 TELEOSTEI. WIYSOSTOMI.
diameter about ^ of length of head, nearly 1 diam. from end of
suout, and apart. Abdominal profile rather more convex than
dorsal. The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput converge.
Teeth in jaws, tongue, and palate. Fins ventral nearly as -long
as the eye. Length of base of anal 3| in total excluding caudal.
Scales scutes well developed, 23 anterior and 10 posterior to base
of ventral fin. Colour silvery, with a burnished lateral band, the
upper edge of the dorsal fin rather dark.
Hob. Coromandel coast of India.
480. (6.) Pellona hoevenii.
Pellona hoevenii, Sleeker, Satav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Hariny.
p. 21 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 644, pi. clxv, tig. 6 (see synon.).
D. 18. P. 17. V. 7. A. 36. L. 1. 43. L. tr. 13.
Length of head 4|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 2| to 3 in the length of the head, | diam. from end of
snout, and 1 apart. Abdominal profile rather more convex than
dorsal. The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput meet
posteriorly. Teeth on the jaws, tongue, palatine, and pterygoid
bones ; also along a small accessory bone between the premaxilla-
ries and the superior maxillary. Fins length of base of anal 3j
in total excluding caudal. Ventral small, shorter than the eye.
Scales with the edges almost smooth ; 22 scutes, 13 anterior to
base of ventral. Colow greenish "along the back, becoming silvery
with mother-of-pearl reflexions on the sides and beneath.
ffab. Coromandel coast of India (where this fish abounds) to the
Malay Archipelago.
481. (7.) Pellona brachysoma.
Pellona brachysoma, Sleeker, Satav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Hariny.
p. 22 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 645, pi. clxiv, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Paunia jmiee, Ooriah.
D. 16-17. P. 16. V. 7. A. 46-51. C. 17. L. 1. 43-44. L. tr. 14-15.
Length of head 41 to 4|, height of body 3| to 31 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 in the length of bead, -| diam. from end
of snout, and | apart. Abdominal profile more convex than dorsal.
The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput are nearly
parallel. ' Fins last few dorsal rays extend over anal. Ventral
small. Length of base of anal 2^ to 2| in total excluding caudal.
Scales 18 scutes anterior to ventral fin, and 8 posterior to it.
Colour golden glossed with purple.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
482. (8.) Pellona megaloptera.
Platygaster uiega'opterus, Stcainson, Lardm-r's Cub. Cycl., Fishes, 4*c.
ii. p. 294.
CLUl'EID.E. 383
Pellona megaloptera, Day, Pish. India, p. 045, pi. clxv, tig. 2 (see
synon.).
Jangaiioo, Tel.
D. 17-18. P. 17. V.7. A. 43-50. C. 17. L. 1. 48-50. L.tr. 14-15.
Length of head 4| to 4f , height of body 3| to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 2| to 3 in the length of the head, diatn.
from end of snout, and \ apart. Abdominal profile slightly more
convex than dorsal. The posterior Halves of the occipital ridges are
parallel. Fins last few dorsal rays are above the commencement
of the anal. Pectoral reaches to above the ventral, which last is
not half so long as the eye, and is sometimes entirely absent.
Length of base of anal nearly 3 of total excluding caudal. Scales
22 scutes anterior, and 8 posterior to the ventral tin.
Hal}. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
483. (9.) Pellona sladeni.
Pellona sladeni, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 623 ; Fish. India, p. 045,
pi. clxiv, fig. 1.
D. 13. P. 11. V. 7. A. 44. C. 21. L. 1. 48. L. tr. 10.
Length of head 5, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout. Badges
on the occiput slightly diverge behind. Fins first two dorsal rays
in advance of anal, the remainder of the former fin over the latter.
Pectoral reaches to nearly the end of the ventral, which is small.
23 spiny scales on the abdominal profile anterior to the ventral
fins, and 10 posterior to them. Colour silvery, opercles golden ;
caudal edged with black.
Hob. Irrawaddy, as high as Mandalay.
484. (10.) PeUona leschenaultii.
Pellona leschenaultii, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 31] ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 646 (see synon.).
D. 21. P. 17. V. 8. A. 42. C. 27. L. 1. 70.
Height of body nearly 4 in the total length. Teeth very distinct
in premaxillaries and mandibles. Fins pectoral large and rounded
towards its extremity, and extending beyond the insertion of he
ventrals, which are small, and arise about eight or nine rows of
scales nearer the head than the origin of the dorsal. Anal elon-
gated. Colour silvery.
Hob. A single dried example (20 inches long) was brought from
Pondicherry.
4. Genus OPISTHOPTERUS, Gill.
Syn. Fristiy aster, sp., Cuv.
Branchiostegals six. Body oblong, compressed. The lower jaw
384 TELEOSTEI. PUY8OSTOM1.
projecting. Small sharp teeth in the jaws, palatines, pterygoids,
and tongue ; none on the vomer. Dorsal fin situated above the
anal, which has many rays ; ventrals absent. Scales of moderate
or small size, very deciduous. Abdominal serration well developed.
This genus is closely allied to the last, the chief difference being
absence of ventral fins. Occasionally examples of Pellona are seen
in which these fins are deficient.
485. (1.) Opisthopterus tartoor. (Fig. 118.)
Pristigaster tartoor, Cvv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 328.
Opisthopterua tartoor, Day, Fish. India, p. 646, pi. clxiii, tig. 5 (see
synon.).
D. 15-17. P. 14. A. 56-63. C. 17. L. 1. 50. L. tr. 12.
Length of head 5| to 5f , height of body 3| to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 2f to 3 in length of head. Fins the
pectoral, somewhat longer than the head, reaches to over the first
anal ray ; caudal forked. Scales 28 to 32 spines along the lower
Fig. 118. Opisthopterus tartoor.
profile. Gill-rakers about 28, and nearly as long as the eye.
Pseudobranchiae well developed. Colour silvery.
Hab. From Gwadur in Baluchistan and Sind, through the seas
of India to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 9 inches in
length.
5. Genus EACONDA, Gray.
Syn. Apteryyia, Gray.
This genus differs from the last in having no dorsal fin. The
only species is more abundant along the coast of India than in the
Malay Archipelago.
486. (1.) Raconda rasselliana. (Fig. 119.)
Raconda russeliana, Gray, Zuol. Misc. p. 9 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 646,
pi. clxiii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Nga thendoony, Burmese.
CLUPEIDjE. 385
P. 13. A. 92. C. 19. L. 1. 64. L. tr. 12.
Length of head 6^ to 7, height of body 4| to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in length of head. The end of
lower jaw forms a portion of the dorsal profile, which is concave
above the orbit, whilst the anterior portion of the abdominal pro-
file is very convex. Fins upper pectoral ray enlarged ; caudal
deeply forked, the lower lobe the longer. Scales bom. 31 to 38
Fig. 119. Baconda russelliana.
weak scutes along the abdominal edge. PseudobranchiaB well
developed. Colour a narrow dark bluish band along the back,
succeeded by a light bronze line, which is divided by a lighter and
wider band from a broad silvery one passing from the head to the
caudal fin. A deep brown or black spot on the shoulder. The
young are purple with a silvery band along the side.
Hob. Bay of Bengal to the Malay Archipelago. The young are
common in the Sundarbans.
Second group. CHATOESSLNA.
6. Genus CHATOESSUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Syn. Dorosoma, Rafinesque ; Gonostoma, v. Hasselt ; Anodontostoma,
Bleeker.
Branchiostegals from four to six (six in Indian species). Body
oval, short, deep, and moderately compressed ; with a sharp, ser-
rated abdominal edge. Snout overhanging a rather narrow trans-
verse mouth. Teeth absent from jaws. Anal fin commencinp-
behind the dorsal ; caudal forked. Air-bladder large, rounded
anteriorly, pointed posteriorly. Ca3cal pylori numerous. Pseudo-
branchia3 well developed.
Geographical Distribution. Coasts and rivers of India, Burma,
Malayasia, and North and Central America.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Last dorsal ray not prolonged.
L. 1. 40-42, L. tr. 13-14 1. C. chacimda, p. 386.
L. 1. 47, L. tr. 17 2. C. modesty p. 386.
L. 1. 58-03, L. tr. 22-24 3. C. manmitwa, p. 386.
B. Last dorsal ray prolonged 4. C. nasus, p. 387.
2c
386 TELEOSTEI. PR YSOSTOM I.
487. (1.) Chatoessus chacunda.
Clupanodon chacunda, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 240, 383.
Chatoessns cliacunda, Day, Fish. India, p. 632, pi. clx, %. 3 (see
synon.).
Muddeeru, Tel. ; Kore-paiy-dah, Andauiancse ; Nev, Marathi ; Nya-
tcy-mee, Arracan.
D. 17-19. P. 15. V. 8. A. 19-20. C. 19. L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 13-14.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 2| to 2 in the total
length. Fins dorsal without elongated ray. Ventral inserted
below the middle of the dorsal fin. Scales with smooth edges,
regularly arranged ; 28 spines along the abdominal and thoracic
edge, 16 or 17 of which are anterior to the ventral fin. Colour-
golden shot with purple, lines formed of spots along the rows of
scales in the upper third of the body ; a black spot on the
shoulder.
Hob. Seas and estuaries of India and Burma to the Malay Archi-
pelago ; attaining at least 8 inches in length.
488. (2.) Chatoessus inodestus.
Chatoessus modestus, Day, P. Z. S. I860, p. 022 ; FlsTi. India, p. (533,
pi. clx, fig. 1.
D. 14-16. P. 16. V. 8. A. 27-28. C. 21. L. 1. 47. L. tr. 17.
Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 2| to 3 in the total
length. Profile above the nape slightly concave, then a great rise
to the base of the dorsal fin ; abdominal profile equally convex with
dorsal. Fins ventral insei'ted somewhat in advance of the origin
of the dorsal. Scales regularly arranged, with smooth edges, 17
or 18 serrations anterior to the ventral fin, and 11 to 12 posterior
to it. Colour yellowish shot with purple.
Hub. Along the Bassein liiverashigh as the Een-gay-gyee Lake,
also the Sal ween at Moulmein. Many specimens were taken up
to 5 g inches in length.
489. (3.) Chatoessus manminna.
Clupanodon manmSnim, Ham. Buck. Fish, Ganges, pp. 247, 383.
Chatoessus manminna, Day, Fish. India, p. 033, pi. clx, n'g. 2 (see
synon.).
Mackundi, Ooriah.
D. 14-15. P. 15. V. 8. A. 22-24. L. 1. 58-63. L. tr. 22-24.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 3| to 3 in the total
length. Fins dorsal commences slightly in advance of the origin
of the ventral, its last ray is .slightly prolonged. Caudal deeply
forked, lower lobe the longer. Scales irregularly arranged ;
scutes strong, 17 between throat and base of ventral fin, and 13
behind it. Coloui silvery glossed with gold ; cheeks purplish ;
CLUPEID.E. 387
back with a bluish-green tint, and usually a black spot on the
shoulder. Fins yellowish, the dorsal and caudal with dark outer
edges.
Hob. Fresh waters of Sind, and the districts watered by the
Indus and its branches, also the affluents and main streams of the
Ganges, Jumna, Brahmaputra, and Mahanadi. This fish attains
at least 11 inches in length.
490. (4). Chatoessus nasus. (Fig. 120.)
Clupea nasus, Block, Ich. t. 429, fig. 1.
Chatoessus nasus, I)ay, Fish. India, p. 634, pi. clx, fig. 4 (see synon.).
Noonah, Mai. ; Mitddu candai, Tarn. ; Kome, Tel. and Ooriali.
D. 15-17. A. 22-24.' C. 19. L. 1. 46-50. L. tr. 18-19.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 3| to 3 in the total
length. Fins last dorsal ray elongated, in some examples reach-
ing to the base of the caudal fin. Ventral inserted under the
anterior dorsal rays. ' Scales with serrated edges, regular ; 28
scutes along the abdominal and thoracic edge, about 15 of which
are anterior to the ventral fin. Colour back greyish green, the
Fig. 120. Chatoessus nasus.
centre of each scale in the first seven rows the darkest, thus form-
ing horizontal lines, the lower of which do not extend to the
caudal. Abdomen whitish, shot with gold. A bluish spot (some-
times absent) on the shoulder. Preopercle of a brilliant golden
tint. Dorsal greenish yellow, the posterior margin stained blackish.
Pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal yellowish, the last with a dark
extremity.
Hab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Philippine
Islands. This species is good eating, but bony.
2c2
388 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
Third group. ENGKAULINA.
7. Genus ENGRAULIS, Cuvier.
Syn. Stolephorus, Lace"pede : Thi-i/ssa and Telara, Cuvier ; Sctipinna,
Swainson ; Pterengraulis, Lycenyraulis, Lycothrisaa, and HetentkrittUf
Gunther.
Branchiostegals short and rather numerous. Gill-openings wide,
the membrane connecting the two sides short, thus leaving the
isthmus uncovered. Body oblong or elongated, compressed, and
serrated along the abdominal edge. Cleft of mouth deep, oblique ;
snout conical ; the upper jaw generally the longer ; maxillaries of
varying length, but always long, having a membranous attachment
to the cheeks. Teeth small, sometimes of unequal size, usually
present on the jaws, vomer, palatine and pterygoid bones. Scales
large or of moderate size.
Geographical Distribution. Temperate and tropical seas and
rivers.
Synopsis of Indian Species,
a. Dorsal fin in advance of anal.
A. 40-41, L. 1. 44, L. tr. 11-12. Snout
slightly projecting. Maxilla nearly
reaches base of pectoral fin 1. E. hamiltonii. p. 389.
A. 40-43, L. 1. 39-40, L. tr. 11-12. Height
of body 3f in total. Maxilla reaches
gill-opening 2. E. malalaricus, p. 389.
A. 35-38, L. 1. 45, L. tr. 12. Maxilla
reaches base of pectoral fin 3. E. mystax, p. 390.
A. 34-38, L. 1. 36-38, L. tr. 9-10. Maxilla
reaches gill-opening 4. E. kammalcnsis, p. 390.
A. 29-32, L. 1. 41, L. tr. 8 '. 5. E. beelama, p. 391.
A. 34-38, L. 1. 36-44, L. tr. 11. Maxilla
reaches end of ventral fin 6. E. setirosfris, p. 391.
A. 34-36, L. 1. 40-42, L. tr. 9-10. Maxilla
reaches to origin of ventral fin 7. E. ditssvmieri, p. 39 L
V j Dorsal fin partly or entirely above anal.
a'. Upper pectoral ray elongate.
A. 70-80, L. 1. 52, L. tr. 14. Snout
slightly projecting 8. E. tclara, p. 392.
A. 60-64, L. 1. 54-56, L. tr. 14. Lower
jaw slightly prominent 9. E. breviccps, p. 392.
A. 51-57, L. 1. 42-46, L. tr. 12. Snout
slightly projecting 10. E. taty, p. 393.
V. Upper pectoral ray not elongate; abroad
silvery lateral band.
A. 45-47 11. E. purava, p. 393.
P. 15-16, A. 19-21. Maxilla reaches
gill-opening 12. E. commersmiiamts,
A. 19. Maxilla enlarged and truncated [p. 394.
opposite mandibular joint 13. E. indicus, p. 394.
P. 13. A. 20-22. Maxilla reaches gill-
opening 14. E. tri, p. 395.
CLUPEID.E. 389
491. (1.) Engraulis hamiltonii.
Thryssa hamiltonii, Gray Sf Ilanlw. III. Intl. Zool. ii, pi. 92, fig. 3.
Engraulis hamiltonii, Day, Fish. India, p. G25, pi. clvii, fig. 4 (see
synon.).
Poorawah, Tel.
B.xii. D.I + 13. P. 12. V.7. A. 40-41. C. 19. L.I. 44. L. tr. 11-12.
Length of head 5| to 5, height of body 4| in the total length.
Eyes 4 diameters in length of head, -3- diam. from end of snout,
and 1 apart. Snout slightly in advance of the end of the lower
jaw ; the maxilla nearly reaches the base of the pectoral fin. Fins
pectoral reaches to above the middle of the small ventral. Anal
commences behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Scales
scutes strong, 16 anterior to the ventral, and 10 posterior. Pseudo-
branchi* rudimentary. Colour bronze along the back, divided in
the fresh state by a silvery band from the purple-and-gold tinted
abdomen. Black venules on the shoulder behind the upper half of
the opercle. Fins yellow, dorsal sometimes edged with black.
Hab. Sind, through seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
492. (2.) Engraulis malabaricns. (Fig. 121.)
Clupea malabarica, Bloch, Ich. pi. 432.
Engraulis malabaricus, Day, Fish. India, p. G25, pi. clvii, fig. 5 (see
synon.).
Monanyoo, Mai. ; Poor-relan, Tarn. ; Poorwa, Tel.
B. xii. D. 1 + 14-15. P. 14. A. 40-43. C. 20. L. 1. 39-40. L. tr.l 1-12.
Length of head 5> height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 4| in length of head, f diain. from end of snout, and H
Fig. 121. Engraulis malabaricus.
apart. Snout slightly in advance of the lower jaw. Maxilla ex-
pands posteriorly to the gill-opening. Fins anal commences
behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Pectoral reaches the
390 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMf.
base of the ventral. Scales regularly arranged ; 17 scutes before
and 9 or 10 behind the base of the ventral fin. Pseudobrauchite
rudimentary. Colour silvery shot with gold and purple ; black
venules on the shoulders. Fins yellow ; dorsal and end of caudal
edged with dark ; pectoral sometimes, but not usually, black.
Hcib. Coasts of Sind and through the seas of India.
49.3. (3.) Engraulis mystax.
Clupea mystax, 2ft. Schn. St/st. Ich. p. 426, t. 83.
Engraulis mystax, Day, Fish. India, p. 025, pi. civil, fig. 3 (see
synon.).
Ram pyshia, Chittagong.
B. xii-xiv. D. 1 + 13-15. P. 12. V.7. A. 35-38. C. 19. L.I. 45. L.tr.12.
Length of head 5, height of body 4 to 4f in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4J in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout,
and 1^ apart. The maxilla extends backwards to opposite the base
of the pectoral fin. Fins anal commences just posterior to the
last dorsal ray ; pectoral extends to the last third of the small
ventral. Scales 9 strong scutes behind the ventral fin and 16
or 17 weaker before it. Pseudobranchise rudimentary. Colour
black venules over the scapular region ; the xlorsal and caudal
yellow, the latter having a black upper and posterior end, at least
in the young.
Nab* Seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archipelago and
China.
494. (4.) Engraulis kainmalensis.
Engraulis kammalensis, Sleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxii,
Madura, p. 13 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 026, pi. clvii, fig. 1 (see synon.J.
B.x.-xi. D.I + 13-14. P.12. A.34-38. C.19. L.l.36-38. L.tr.9-10.
Length of head 4^, height of body 4 in the total* length. Eyes
diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout and
also apart. Maxilla extending backwards to opposite the gill-
opening. Fins pectoral reaches to base of small ventral, which is
inserted rather in advance of dorsal ; anal commences a short dis-
tance behind the last dorsal ray. Scales 14 scutes before and
8 behind the base of the ventral fin. Pseudobranchirc rudimen-
tary. Colour silvery, tinged with gold ; the upper portion of
the head, dorsal, and caudal fins yellowish, with numerous fine
black dots. Dark venules on the shoulder, extending indistinctly
over the back.
Hob. Ceylon, Bay of Bengal to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining
about 6 inches in length.
CLUPEID-E. 39 L
495. (5.) Engraulis baelama.
Ulupea bnolama, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 72.
Engr.uilia boelami, Day, Fish. India, p. G2G, pi. clviii, fig. 7 (see
synon.).
B. xi. D. 14-16. P. 13. V. 7. A. 29-32. C. 20. L. 1. 41. L. tr. 8.
Length of head 4J, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 4 in length of head, nearly 1 diam. from end of snout,
and 1 apart. Snout pointed, and projecting considerably beyond
the end of the jaws. Maxilla reaching slightly beyond the mandi-
bular joint. Fins anal commences a short distance behind the
last dorsal ray. Pectoral nearly reaches the ventral, which is in-
serted below the anterior dorsal rays. Scales regularly arranged ;
scutes very indistinct, not- extending above halfway between bas3
of the p'ectoral and ventral fins, 4 or 5 being before and 8 or 9
behind the base of the latter. Colou) bluish above, becoming silvery
on the sides and beneath ; head glossed with gold.
flab. Prom the Ked Sea and coast of Zanzibar, through the seas
of India to the Andamans ; also recorded by GKitither from Mysol
and Manado.
496. (6.) Engraulis setirostris.
Clupea setirostris, JBrottssonct, Ich. dec. i. tab.
Engraulis setiroatris, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 626 (see synon.).
Yeka-pooraioah, Tel.
B.x-xi.D.l + 14-16.P.14.V.6.A.34-38.C.17.L.1.36-44.L.tr.ll.
Length of head 5f to 6|, height of body 4| to 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, | diam. from
end of snout, and 1 apart. Snout hardly projecting. The maxil-
lary very prolonged, extending to the posterior end of the -ventral
h'u or even beyond. Fins the anal commences just posterior to
the last dorsal ray. Abdominal edge spiny; 17 spines before
and 9 behind the insertion of the ventral fin. Colour greenish
along the back, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath. Black
venules in the region of the scapula.
Hab. From the Eed Sea through the seas of India to the Malay
Archipelago.
497. (7.) Engraulis dussumieri.
Engraulis dussumieri, Cuv. $ Val H. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 69 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 027, pi. clviii, fig. 4 (see synon.).
B.xii. D.I 4-13-15. P.12. V.7. A.34-36. C.17. L.l.40-42. L.tr.9-10.
Length of head 4% to 4|, height of body 4| to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, if diam. from end of
snout, and 1 apart. The snout projects considerably over the
392 TELEOSTBI. PHYSOSTOMI.
mouth. The maxilla elongated posteriorly and almost or quite
reaching the ventral fin. Fins dorsal situated entirely in advance
of anal. Pectoral as long as head without the snout. Ventral in-
serted slightly in advance of the vertical from the origin of the
dorsal. Lower caudal lobe the longer. 7 or 8 strong spines
behind the ventral fin, and 13 or 14 anterior to it. Pseudo-
branchiae rudimentary. Colour coppery, becoming silvery below,
a large black shoulder-spot passing over the back. Caudal straw-
coloured, with a dark extremity.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago.
498. (8.) Engraulis telara.
Clupea telara, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 241, 332, pl.ii, fig. 72.
Engraulis telara, Day, Fish. India, p. 027, pi. clviii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Tampara, Ooriah ; Nga pyd, Nya tannSt, and Nga out pha, Burmese.
B.xii-xiii.D.l + 14-15. P.15.V.7. A. 70-80. C.19. L.I. 52. L.tr.14.
Length of head 6 to 7, height of body 4*- in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, f diam. from end of snout,
and 11 apart. The maxilla extends to opposite the gill-opening.
Fins origin of dorsal slightly posterior to that of anal, much
nearer to snout than to base of caudal fin. Pectoral with its upper
ray elongated to opposite the centre of anal fin (in some examples
this ray is only slightly produced), whilst the fin itself extends to
opposite the posterior end of the ventral ; lower caudal lobe the
longer, the upper truncated ; base of the anal fin considerablv more
than half the total length without the caudal fin. Scales 7 spiny
scales behind the ventral and 15 or 16 before it. Pseudob ranch ia?
rudimentary. Colour greenish along back, becoming silvery dashed
with gold along the abdomen ; dorsal and caudal yellow, the upper
lobe of the caudal and the upper margin of the dorsal stained black ;
pectoral in the young yellowish, but in the adult of a deep blue-
black, except the elongated ray, which is usually uncoloured in its
posterior three fourths ; ventral and anal uncoloured.
Hub. Orissa, Bengal, Cachar, and Burma, in which latter country
I have taken it as high up as Mandalay. This fish attains at least
16 inches in length.
499. (9.) Engraulis breviceps.
Engraulis breviceps, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xviii, p. 1288 ; Catal. Mai.
Fish. p. 306 ; Day, Fi*h. India, p. 628 (see synon.).
B. xvi-xix. D. 1 + 17. P.14. V. 7. A. 60-64. C. 17. L.l.54-56. L.tr. 14.
Length of head 7 to 7, height of body 4 to 4| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 5^ to 6 in length of head, ^ diam. from
end of snout, and 1 to 1-L apart. Lower jaw slightly the longer ;
maxilla truncated opposite the mandibular joint. Fins pectoral
CLUPEID^E. 393
with its upper ray prolonged. Anal commences somewhat in ad-
vance of the dorsal, the length of its base being equal to half the
total length excluding the caudal fin. Scales the whole of the
abdominal edge serrated. Colour greenish yellow on the back,
becoming silvery on the sides and beneath ; the body with som3
dark blotches in its upper half. Fins yellow, the dorsal, caudal,
and last half of the anal having dark margins.
Hab. Bay of Bangal to the Malay Archipelago.
500. (10.) Engraulis taty.
Engraulis taty, Ouv. 8? Val. II. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 60 ; Day, Fish. India,
p. 628, pi. clviii, fig. 5 (see synon.J.
B. xi-xii. D. 1 + 13-15. A. 51-57. C. 19. L.I. 42-40. L.tr. 12.
Length of head 6 to 6| (5| in the very young), height of body
33. to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head,
^ to | diam. from end of snout, and \\ apart. The maxilla extends
backwards beyond the mandibular joint, posteriorly it is truncated.
Fins the anal is nearly half as long as the total length excluding
the caudal fin ; it begins belo\v the middle of the dorsal; first pec-
toral ray having (but not invariably) a long filamentous ending.
Caudal lobed, the lower the longer. Scales 12 scutes posterior
to the base of the ventral fin, and about 23 anterior to it. Colour
upper surface of head and back green or greenish yellow,
sparingly dotted with black ; sides, abdomen, cheeks, and opercles
silvery ; dorsal, caudal, and anal yellow, some black dots on dorsal.
Ventrals and pectorals yellowish, the latter sometimes dark. The
edges and posterior margins of the caudal blackish.
Hab. Seas and estuaries of India and the Malay Archipelago.
This fish attains at least 6 inches in length, and is eaten either
fresh or salted.
501. (11.) Engraulis purava.
Engraulis purava, CUD. fy Val. H. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 65 j Day, Fish.
India, p. 628, pi. clvii, fig. 2 (see synon.).
Ptissai, Ooriah ; Nga bah and Showk-a-thin, Arracan ; Feddah-poor-
awah, Tel.
B.xii. D.I + 13. P. 15. V.6. A.4.3-47. L. 1. 46. L. tr. 12.
Length of head 5| to 6, height of body 4^ to 4^- in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in length of head, diam. from
end of snout, and 1 apart. The maxilla reaches nearly to the base
of the pectoral tin. Fins pectoral reaches the ventral, which does
not extend halfway to the base of the anal. Anal commences be-
neath the posterior dorsal rays. Scales in regular horizontal
lines, with a fine row at the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; there
are 15 or 16 spiny scales between the throat and the base of the
ventral fin, and 10 or 11 between the ventral and the base of the
394 TELEOSTBI. P1IYSOSTOMI.
anal. Colour silvery, steel-blue along the back, and with a
golden tinge about the head. Dorsal and caudal fins yellowish ;
the others uncoloured.
ffab. Seas and estuaries of Sind and both sides of India, also the
Malay Archipelago; attaining at least 12 inches iu length.
502. (12.) Engraulis coinmersoniamis.
Stolephorus commersonianus, Laytpede, H. N. Poiss. v, p. 332, t. xii,
fig. 1.
Engraulis commersouianus, Day, Fish. India, p. 629, pi. clviii, fig. 1
(see synon.).
B.xi-xiii. D.14-16. P.15-16. A.19-21. C.19. L. 1.38-40. L.tr.8-9.
Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 51 to 5| in total length.
Ey?s 3| diameters in length of head, | to | diam. from end of
snout, and nearly 1 apart. Snout projecting considerably beyond
ana overhanging the mouth. The maxilla continued to the gill-
opening. Fins dorsal commences behind ventrals. Anal com-
mences below middle of dorsal. PseudobranchiaD well developed.
Colour silvery, greenish above ; opercles shining silvery shot with
gold. A large black spot, sometimes indistinct, just behind the
occiput. A broad silvery band passes from the centre of the gill-
opening to the tail, becoming wider behind. Abdomen light buff-
colour. Fins yellowish, with minute black dots. Eyes silvery ;
orbital margin dark.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. This attains to
about 8 inches in length, and is much esteemed for eating. It is
known as "Whitebait" amongst Europeans, and is captured in
India in great numbers. In the Straits Cantor states that large
quantities are preserved for exportation to China and India.
503. (13.) Engraulis indicns.
Engraulis indlcus, V. Hasselt, Algem. Konst.-Letterb. 1823, p. 329;
Day, Fish. India, p. 629, pi. clviii, fig. 3 (see synon.).
Nattoo, Tel. ; NetteUee, Tarn. ; Zoo-roo-cartrdah, Andam.
B. xi-xiii. D. 15-16. P. 15. V. 7. A. 19. C. 19. L.I. 40. L.tr. 8-9.
Length of head 4f to 5, height of body 6 to 6| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, f to f diam. from
end of snout, and 1 apart. Maxilla truncated opposite the man-
dibular joint. Fins first half of dorsal in advance of the origin
of the anal. Scales very deciduous ; 4 scutes before the base of
the ventral fin. Pseudobranchiae present. Colour silvery, dashed
with green along the back, and sometimes some dark spots behind
the occiput. A brilliant silvery band passes from opposite the
upper edge of the eye to the middle of the caudal fin.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, ascending tidal
CLUPEIDJE. 395
504. (14.) Engraulis tri.
Eograulis tri, Blether, Baton. Oenootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Haritiy.
p. 40 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 630, pi. clviii, fig. 6 (see synon.).
B. xi. D. 1 + 14-15. P. 13. V. 7. A. 20-22. 0. 17. L. 1. 38. L. tr. 8.
Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 5 to 5| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3- in length of head, % to f diam. from
end of snout, and 1 apart. Snout projecting considerably beyond
the jaws. Maxilla reaching to the gill-opening. Fins ventrals in-
serted on a lino anterior to origin of dorsal. Anal commences under
middle of dorsal. Soaks regularly arranged and not very decidu-
ous. Four long slender scutes before ventral fin. Colour silvery
shot with purple. A silvery baud passes from opposite the eye to
the base of the caudal fin ; a dark spot behind occiput.
Sab' From Bombay through the seas and estuaries of India to
the Malay Archipelago. This fish ascends the Hooghly as high as
Calcutta. It attains about 4 inches in length.
8. Genus COILIA, Gray.
Syn. Afystus, Lacep. ; Trichosoma, Swains. ; Chcetomus, McClelland ;
Collia, Schleg. ; Leptonurus, Bleaker.
Branchiostegals nine to eleven. Body elongated, compressed, and
tapering to a pointed tail ; abdomen trenchant and serrated. Snout
pointed and projecting. Mouth cleft to behind the eye ; the
maxilla produced behind. Teeth on the jaws, vomer, palatine, and
pterygoid bones, also on the tongue. A single rather short dorsal
fin placed in the anterior portion of the back ; anal elongated and
confluent with the caudal; some of the upper pectoral rays pro-
duced into moderately thick filaments. Scales of moderate or
small size.
Geographical Distribution. Indian and Chinese seas and estuaries.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. The maxilla does not extend behind the
head.
P. 5-6+xii, A. 116, L. 1. 55 1. C. reynaUi, p. 39C>.
P. 6+vi, A. 1)5-110, L. 1. 70 2. C. ramearati, p. 396.
P. 6+vi, A. 75, L. 1. 58 3. C. cantoris, p. 3915.
P. 6+vi, A. 42 4. C. quadrigesimalis, p. 397.
B. The maxilla extends behind the head.
P. 9+v-vi, A. 105. Two or three rows
of rftund yellow spots 5. C. dussumieri, p. 397.
p. 6+ix-xii, A. 77-95. No spots 0. C. borneensis, p. 393.
396 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOM1.
505. (1.) Coilia reynaldi.
Cuilia reynaldi, CUD. Sf Val. H. N. Puiss. xxi, p. 81 ; Dai/, Fish. India,
p. 030' (see synon.).
B.ix. D.l + 14. P.5-6 + xii. V.6. A.116. C.10. L.1.55. L.tr.10-11.
Length of head 7, height of body 6 in the total length. E>/es
diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout, and 1|
apart. The maxilla extends nearly to the end of the opercles~.
Finn the dorsal commences in the first fourth of the total
length ; the anal under the dorsal or slightly behind its posterior
margin ; a spine just before the dorsal. Pectoral short, the
upper rays prolonged nearly to the middle of the body. Anal
more than two thirds the total length. Scales 12 sharp spines
along the abdominal edge, which is serrated in front of the ventrals.
Colour silvery white, with pinkish reflexions.
Hab. The Hoogbly at Calcutta.
506. (2.) Coilia ramcarati.
Mystus ramcarati, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 233, 382.
Coilia ramcarati, Day, Fish. India, p. 631, pi. clix, fig. 2 (see synon.).
B.xi. D.l + 14. P.O + vi. V.12. A. 95-110. L.I. 70. L.tr.9-10.
Length of head 6, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 5 in length of head, -|- diam. from end of snout, and 1
apart. Maxilla dilated above the mandibular joint, behind which
it is truncated. The distance between the snout and dorsal fin is
one fourth of the total length. Fins the six lower pectoral rays
are very short and almost concealed in a scaly sheath ; the free
ones reach to about the middle of the length of the fish. Ventral
inserted slightly before the front edge of the dorsal. The length
of the anal is about two thirds of the distance between the gill-
opening and base of the caudal fin, the upper ray of the latter fin
being the longest. Scales 5 spiny before and 10 or 11 behind
base of ventral fin. Pseudobranchia? present. Colour generally
golden, with a darkish stain behind the gill-opening. The last
half of the anal and the whole of the caudal blackish.
Hob. Eivers and estuaries of Bengal.
507. (3.) Coilia cantoris.
Coilia cantoris, Sleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Vet-hand, xxv, Beng. pp. 74,
148; Day, Fish. India, p. 631.
Nga kyang ut, Burmese.
B.ix. D. 14-13. P.6 + vi. V.7. A. 75. C. 10. L: 1. 58.
Length of head 6, height of body 63 in the total length. Eyes
diameter 4 in length of head, | diam. from end of snout. The
maxilla not extending to the branchial aperture. Fins dorsal
commencing in the second fourth of the length of the body.
CLUPEID.S. 397
Pectoral rays short, the free ones not reaching so far as to the
anal fin. Length of base of anal rather above one half the total
length. Scales 5 spines on the abdominal edge before the ventral
h'n and 10 behind it. Colour without marks.
Hab. One young example, nearly 4 inches long, was captured
in the Hooghly. The above description is from the type.
508. (4.) Coilia qnadrigesimalis.
Coilia quadragesimalis, Cuv. 8f Val. H. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 83 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 631 (see synon.).
B. x. D. 15. P. 6 + vi. V. 8. A. 42. C. 25.
Height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes small. Mouth
obtuse*, the maxilla does not extend posteriorly behind the angle
of the jaw. Fins dorsal inserted at the posterior end of the
first third of the body. Pectoral short, its six free rays equal to
one half the total length. The anal commences a little before the
middle of the total length. Colour silvery shot with gold, and
having nacreous reflexions ; fins yellowish.
Hab. One example, 6 (French) inches long, from the Ganges.
509. (5.) Coilia dussumieri. (Fig. 122.)
Coilia dussumieri, Cuv. $ Val. It. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 81, pi. 610 ; Day,
Fish. India, p. 631, pi. clviii, fig. 8 (see synon.).
Oorialli, Ooriah ; Mdndeli, Marathi.
B. xi. D. 1+13-14. P.9 + v-vi. V. 7. A. 105. C. 12. L. 1. 80. L. tr. 9.
Length of head 6 to 6J, height of body 5 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in length of head, f diam. from end of
snout, and 1| apart. Maxilla extending posteriorly to the gill-
Fig. 122. Coilia dttssumieri.
opening. Snout projecting beyond the mouth. The distance be-
tween the snout and the first dorsal ray is one fourth of the total
length. Fins 6 upper pectoral rays produced to about the middle
of the length of the fish. Ventral inserted below middle of dorsal
fin. Length of base of anal nearly equal to three fourths of dis-
tance between gill-opening and base of caudal fin, the upper ray of
398 TELEOSTEI. PHY8OSTOMI.
which is the longest. /Scales 5 or 6 spiny before ventral fin, and
8 behind it ; they commence just behind the insertion of the pec-
toral fin. Pseudobranchise absent. Colour golden, with two or
three rows of round burnished golden spots along the lower half
of the side.
Hob. Seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archipelago ;
very numerous at Bombay. Attaining at least 7 inches in
length.
510. (6.) Coilia borneensis.
Coilia borneensis, Bleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Hariny.
p. 45 ; Day, Fish, India, p. 032, pi. clix, fig. 1 (see synou.).
B. x. D. 1 + 14. P. G + ix-xii. V. 7. A. 77-95. L. 1. 76. L. tr. 9.
Length of head 5| to 6|, height of body 5 to 5^ in the total
length. Eyes diameter 5 to 5| in length of head, 1 diam. from
end of snout, and 1| apart. Maxilla continued backwards as far
as the gill-opening. The distance between the snout and the
dorsal h'n is one fourth of the total length. Fins the 6 lower
pectoral rays short ; the 12 upper ones extend almost to the middle
of the length of the fish. The base of the anal equals two fifths
of the distance between the snout and the base of the caudal.
Scales 4 or 5 fine spines along the abdominal edge between the
bases of the pectoral and ventral fins; 5* behind the latter.
Colour golden ; fins yellowish, without any black marks.
Hob. Madras, Burma (where it is common in the Irrawaddy
river), also the Malay Archipelago.
Fourth group. DUSSUMIEEINA.
9. Genus DTJSSUMIEKIA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Branchiostegals numerous; pseudobranchiae well developed.
Gill-membranes entirely separate. Body somewhat elongate,
compressed ; abdomen rounded, not serrated. Snout pointed ;
upper jaw not projecting ; cleft of mouth moderate. Eyes with
broad adipose lids. Small fixed teeth in the jaws, and villiform
teeth on the palatines, pterygoids, and the tongue, but absent from
the vomer. Dorsal fin opposite to the ventral ; anal of moderate
length. Scales of medium or rather small size, very deciduous.
Pyloric appendages numerous.
Geographical Distribution. From Sind throughout the seas of
India to the Malay Archipelago and China.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
L. 1. 52-5G 1. D. Jiasscltii. p. 309.
1,. 1. 40-42 2. D. actita, p. 31)9.
511. CL)
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(-)
J%& 1<^ ]v ^, ]& dlra, %.
L14-17. C.2L LL4iMt. L.*r,ll-li.
of head 5 to
t fcwly 5 to 5| tfe trttal
II
400 TELEOSTBI. PHT8O8TOM1 .
termed a Sardine by the inhabitants and residents in Malabar,
where it is very common and is excellent eating.
Hob. From Sind through the seas of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago ; attaining at least 7 inches in length.
10. Genus SPRATELLOIDES, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchiae well developed. Gill-
membranes entirely separated. Body elongated, moderately com-
pressed or subcylindrical ; abdomen rounded. Snout compressed ;
the upper jaw not overlapping the lower. Eyes without adipose
lids. Teeth small and deciduous, but sometimes present on the
jaws, vomer, pterygoids, and tongue. Dorsal fin placed opposite
the ventrals ; anal of moderate length or short. Scales of medium
size, rather deciduous.
Geographical Distribution. Western coast of India, Malay Archi-
pelago to Australia, also the North Pacific.
513. (1.) Spratelloides malabaricus. (Fig. 124.)
Spratelloides malabaricu8, Day, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 240 j Fish. India,
p. 648,. pi. clxi, fig. 5 (see synon.).
D. 13-14. P. 13. V. 8. A. 18-19. C. 19. L. 1. 38. L. tr. 9.
Length of head (propoi'tion increases with age) 4j to of, height
of body 5 1 in the total length. Eyes diameter one third of
length of head. Fins dorsal commences slightly in front of the
Fig. 124. Spratelloides malabaricus.
origin of the ventral ; caudal deeply forked. Colour light
yellowish green above, a silvery stripe along the side, abdomen
silvery ; upper caudal lobe with a bluish posterior edge ; some fine
black points along the back ; upper edge of eye dark green.
Hob. "Western coast of India, in rivers and estuaries, attaining
3 inches in length, and not uncommon.
CLUPEID.E. 401
Fifth group. ALBULINA.
11. Genus ALBULA, Gronovius.
Syn. Butyrinus, Lace"p. ; Glossodus (Guv.), Agassiz ; Conorhytichus
(Nozeman), Bleeker, Atl. Ich.
Gill-membranes entirely separated. Body oblong or elongate.
Abdominal edge rounded and not keeled. Snout pointed, project-
ing beyond the mouth. Eyes with a broad annular adipose mem-
brane. Villiform teeth on the jaws, vomer, and palatine bones ;
granular on the tongue, pterygoid and sphenoid bones. Dorsal fin
situated opposite to the ventrals ; the anal shorter than the dorsal.
Scales rather small, not deciduous ; lateral line present. Pseudo-
branchiao well developed.
514. (1.) Albula conorhynclms.
Albula conorhynchus, SI. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 432, t. 86 ; Day, Fish.
India, p. 648 (see synon.).
B. xiv-xvi. D. 17-19. A. 9. L. 1. 75-80. L.tr. 9-8/11-9. Vert. 41/26.
Caec. pyl. 22.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 5| to 6| in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 in the length of the head, 1 to lj
diam. apart. The maxilla reaches to below the front edge of the
eye. Fins the ventral inserted beneath the last half of the dorsal.
Colour silvery.
Hub. Coasts of India and all tropical and subtropical seas.
Sixth group. ELOPINA.
12. Genus ELOFS, Linnaeus.
Branchiostegals numerous ; pseudobranchiae. Gill-membranes
entirely separated. Body rather elongate and compressed. An
osseous gular plate is attached to the symphysis of the mandibles
and covers the intermediate area. Mouth wide, anterior ; lower
jaw slightly the longer. Villiform teeth in the jaws, vomer, pala-
tine and pterygoid bones, also on the tongue and base of the skull.
Ventrals opposite to the dorsal, which has a few rays more than
the anal. Scales small. Lateral line distinct. Pyloric appendages
numerous.
515. (1.) Elops saurus. (Fig. 125.)
Elops saurus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 518 ; Day, Fi*h. India, p. 640,
pi. clxvi, fig. 1 (see synon.).
JaUuyu and Jinnagow, Tel. ; Ullahti, Tarn. ; Shonas, Marathi.
B. xxix-xxxv. D. 22-24. A. 15-17. C. 19. L. 1. 95-100. L. tr. 12/14.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4^ to 5 in length of bead, | to 1
2 D
402 TELEOSTEI. PlIl'SOSTOMI.
diam. from eiul of snout, and the same apart. Cleft of mouth
oblique ; the maxilla extends to rather behind the posterior margin
Fig. 125. Etopa saurus.
of the orbit. Fins anal rather more concave than the dorsal ;
caudal deeply lobed. Scales a few fine rows form a sort of sheath
to dorsal and anal fins, also some over the root of caudal. Colout
silvery; fins yellowish, with a greenish tinge.
Hob. Tropical and subtropical seas ; attaining a considerable
length.
13. Genus MEGALOPS, Commerson.
Branchiostegals numerous : pseudobranchise absent. Gill-mem-
branes entirely separated. Body oblong and compressed. Mouth
anterior, lower jaw prominent. A narrow bony plate adherent to
the symphysis of the mandibles, and covering the space inter-
mediate between the two bones. Villiform teeth in the jaws, vomer,
palatine and pterygoid bones, also on the base of skull and on the
tongue.
Geographical Distribution. All tropical seas and many fresh
waters.
516. (1.) Megalops cyprinoides. (Fig. 126.)
Clupea cyprinoides, Broussonet, Ich. t. ix.
Megalops cyprinoides, Day, Fish. India, p. 650, pi. clix, fig. 3 (see
synon.).
Kimdittga, Tel. ; Punnikowu and NaJutrm, Ooriah ; Cunnay, Mai. ;
Moran cundai, Tamil ; Nya-tan-youet and Nya Koonya, Burmese.
B.xxiv-xxvi. D. 19-21. A. 24-27. C. 19. L. 1. 37-42. L.tr. 5-6/6.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 4| to 5 in the total length.
Eyes with narrow adipose lids, diameter 3| to 3 in the length of
head, about | a diameter from end of snout and also apart ; the size
of the eye in large specimens is frequently comparatively larger than
in small ones. Fins dorsal commences opposite the ventral, and
is two thirds as high as the body below it, its upper edge concave, and
its last ray prolonged. Caudal deeply lobed. Colour back bluish
green in the adult, lighter in the immature. Abdomen silvery,
CLUPEID/E. 403
with bluish reflexions. The margins of the scales of a brilliant
silver, as are also the lateral line and the sides of the head. The
126. Megalops cyprinoides.
centre of the ja\vs black. Dorsal and caudal greyish, minutely
dotted with black, and the margins blackish, as is also the last
elongated dorsal ray. Pectoral, ventral, and anal diaphanous, with
some black dots, the last anal ray dark. The pupils are oval,
pointing downwards.
Hal. Indian and Pacific Oceans, waters and estuaries of India,
Ceylon, <fcc. ; occasionally captured in rivers, but much more
commonly found in tanks.
Sixth group. CHANINA.
14. Genus CHANGS, Lacepede.
Syn. Lutodeira (Kuhl), Riippell.
Branchiostegals four ; pseudobranchias present. Gill-membranes
entirely united below and not attached to the isthmus. Body
moderately elongate and compressed ; abdomen rounded. An
accessory branchial organ in a recess behind the true gill-cavity.
Mouth small. Teeth absent. Ventral fin opposite the dorsal,
which has more rays than the anal. Caudal deeply cleft. Scales
rather small. Lateral line distinct. Air-bladder with a constric-
tion. Pyloric appendages numerous.
Geographical Distribution. Indian and Pacific Oceans.
517. (1.) Chanos salmoneus. (Fig. 127.)
Mugil chanos, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 74, no. 110.
Mugil salmoneus, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 121.
Chanos salmoneus, Day, Fish. India, p. 651, pi. clxvi, fig. 2 (see
synon.).
Tulu candal, Tarn. ; Palah bontah, Tel. j Hu-meen, Canar. ; Pu-meen,
Tulu.
D. 13-16. P. 16. A. 9-10. L.I. 80-90. L. tr. 12/15. Vert. 19/26.
Length of head 5^ to 5|, height of body 4 to 5% in the
404 TELEOSTEI. PlIi'SOSTOMI.
total length. Eye* diameter 3| to 3| ia the length of head,
Lto 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 1^- apart. Fins
rsal fin with its upper margin concave, and along its base
are two rows of scales ; ventral inserted under the middle of the
dorsal. Anal very small ; the lower margin of the fin concave,
with two rows of scales along its base. Soaks some rows en-
larged over the nape. Colout summit of head and back brilliant
glossy blue, fading into silvery on the abdomen ; snout light brown.
Dorsal and caudal rays greyish, and, as well as the membranes,
dotted with light brown, both the fins are margined with black.
The caudal semi-lunar lamina) of scales pale slate-colour, the
pectorals and ventrals white, with the anterior halves of their
external surface minutely dotted with dark brown, their elongated
appendages bright silvery. The anal white, with the anterior half
dotted with black. Iris silvery, orbital half pale brownish.
Hob. Indian and Pacific Oceans ; attaining 3 feet and more in
length. It is the milk fish or white mullet of Europeans in Western
India.
Fig. 127. Chanos salmoneus.
In the Condapur tank in South Canara this fish has been accli-
matized, and lives in slightly brackish water, where it grows to
20 Ib. or 30 Ib. weight. There is a popular tradition that Ilyder
AH introduced it from the sea into this piece of water, where it is
strictly preserved. Mr. H. S. Thomas conjectures, with more pro-
bability, that some fry were introduced through a breached sluice
from the adjoining estuary. These fish are not to be caught
with a rod and line, and Mr. V. Lewis gives an interesting account
of how they were captured during the cold season of 1887-8 by
means of a semicircle of boats, each consisting of two canoes lashed
together. The boats were connected by a stout rope supporting a
net, and the most curious circumstance was that not a fish was
caught in the net, all leaped over it, and many over the boats too,
those alone being captured that were knocked down by sticks and
fell in the canoes*.
* This work being limited to the indigenous fishes of India, the family of
Salmonidce is omitted, as the Hindu Rush is the nearest locality to Hindu-
stan where a species (Sulmo orientalis, McClelland, or S. oxianus* Kessler) is
found. But as Sal mo fario var. levcnensis and the cyprinoid tench (Tincu
vulgaris) have been introduced into the waters of the Nilgiri hills, it is
necessary to mention them.
OALAXID.Tv. 405
Family VII. GALAXID^.
Body more or less elongate; abdomen rounded. Pseudo-
branch i.-c absent. Edge of upper jaw mainly formed by the pre-
maxillaries. Dorsal fin opposite to the anal, no adipose fin. Air-
bladder large and simple. Pyloric appendages few. The ova pass
into the abdominal cavity before exclusion.
1. Genus GALAXIAS, Cuvier.
Syn. 'Mcsitcs, Jenyns.
Definition as in family. Conical teeth in both jaws, vomer and
palatine bones, and large teeth on the tongue.
Geographical Distribution. Southern portion of South America,
Australia, New Zealand, where it has been observed to be
restricted to fresh waters ; this Indian form was from the coast.
518. (1.) Galaxias indicus. (Fig. 128.)
Galaxias indicus, Day, Fish. India, Suppl 1888, p. 806.
B. ix. D. 13. P. 10. V. 8. A. 18. C. 15.
Length of head 8|, height of body 11 in the total length.
Eyes 3| diameters in length of head and 1^ from end of snout.
Body elongated and flattened, with a rounded abdomen. Fins
ventral well developed and arising midway between the hind edge
of the eye and the posterior extremity of the base of the anal fin.
Fig. 128. Galaxias indicus.
Dorsal fin commences opposite the origin of the anal, and in about
the commencement of the last third of the total length, it is highest
in front. Caudal forked.
Hob. Coasts of Bengal and Madras, probably entering estuaries ;
attaining about 2 inches in length.
Among the drawings of the late Sir Walter Elliot is one of a
small fish, a little over 1 inch in length, and a magnified copy
nearly four times that size. The fish was taken at Waltair,
April 8th, 1853. Its form is deeper than the foregoing, and it
406 TELEOSTEI. PIITSOSTOMI.
has D. 17, A. 24. No ventral fins are shown, and the vent is
placed in the centre of the length of the body. Dorsal fin com-
mences slightly in advance of the anal and in the commencement
of last third of the total length ; caudal forked. Colour a row of
black spots along the edge of the abdomen. Sufficient details are
not given to enable one to decide on the position it should hold.
In the absence of ventral fins, which may have been overlooked,
it somewhat approaches the Leucopsarion petersii of Hilgendorf .
'*
Family VIII. NOTOPTERID.E.
Pseudobranchia3 absent. Body compressed. Tail prolonged,
tapering. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries
mesially and the maxillaries laterally. No subopercle. A parieto-
mastoid cavity on either side of the head connected with the
interior of the skull. Barbels absent. Dorsal fin, if present,
single, and belonging to the caudal portion of the vertebral column ;
ventrals rudimentary or absent; anal fin with numerous rays and
confluent with the caudal. Head and body with small scales.
Lateral line present. Abdominal edge serrated in front of the
ventral fins. Stomach without any blind sac. Two pyloric appen-
dages. Air-bladder present, and subdivided internally. The ova
fall into the cavity of the abdomen before exclusion.
1. Genus NOTOPTERUS, Lacopede.
Syn. Mystus, sp., Ham. Buch. ; Xenomystus, Giinther.
Branchiostegals from 3 to 9. Gill-membranes partly united.
Snout obtuse, convex. Muciferous channels on head well
developed. Preopercle and occasionally some of the other bones
of the head serrated. Teeth in jaws, vomer, palatine and sphenoid
bones, also on the tongue. Intestines short. Csecal pylori long.
Geographical Distribution. Fresh and brackish waters of West
Africa, also of the continent of India and the Malay Archipelago.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Maxilla not extending beyond hind edge of orbit . . 1. N. kapirat, p. 406.
Maxilla extending far beyond hind edge of orbit . . 2. N. chitala, p. 407.
519. (1.) Notopterus kapirat. (Fig. 129.)
Gymnotus notopterus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. vii. p. 40, t. vi, fig. 2.
Notopterus kapirat, Lacep. H. N. Poiss. ii. p. 190 ; Dai/, Fish. India.
p. (353, pi. clix, tig. 4 (see synon.).
NOTOPTEBIDjE. 407
Moh, But, and Ptirri, Tunj. ; Moh, N.W. Prov. ; Pholo, Bengv ;
Anibutan-icaMah, or ' Barber's knife,' and Chota wahlah,T&m.; Walluk-
tdtlali, Mysore; PulK, or ' a slice,' Ooriah ; Kan-doo-lee, Assam; Nya-
phe, Burin. ; Chdlat and Chamlaree, Marathi.
B. viii. D. 7-8. V. 5-6. A. 100-110. 0. 19. L. r. 225. Vert. 15/54.
Length of head 5 to 5, height of body 3 to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in the length of head. Dorsal
profile not so convex as that of the abdomen. The maxilla reaches
Fig. 129.Notopterus kapirat.
to below the middle of the orbit. Preorbital serrated. Fins
dorsal commences nearly midway between the snout and the end of
the caudal fin. Settles those on the cheeks much larger than
those on the body ; about 28 serrations along the abdominal edge
between the throat and the insertion of the vtntral fin. Colour
silvery, darkest on the back; some gloss of yellow about the head.
Numerous fine greyish spots everywhere. Upper surface of dorsal
whitish. Eyes golden.
Hal. Fresh and brackish waters of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago. Grow to 2 feet or more in length.
520. (2.) Notopterus chitala.
Mystus chitala, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 236, 382.
Notopterua chitala, Day, Fish. India, p. 654, pi. clix, fig. 5 (see
synon.).
Chitul, Ooriah ; See-tul, Assam. ; Gundun, Sind. ; Chitala, Beng.
B. viii-ix. D. 9-10. A.I 10-125(135). C. 12-14. L. 1. 180. Cajc. pyl. 2.
Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 3| to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 7 to 8 in the length of the head. Dorsal
profile very convex, abdominal nearly straight. Upper profile of head
deeply concave. Snout rather prominent; the maxilla extends
posteriorly to about the diameter of the eye behind the hind edge of
the orbit. Preorbital entire. Fins dorsal much nearer to tail
than to snout. Scales those on the head not much larger than
those on the body. There are about 51 serrations along the
408 TELEOSTEI. PJIYSOSTOM1.
abdominal edge between the throat and the insertion of the ventral
fin. Colour coppery brown above, with about 15 transverse silvery
bars joining over the back ; sides silvery ; fins stained with
greyish spots, which are like black stars in the caudal region,
placed in a single or double row close to the anal fin and some-
times extending the whole length of its base.
Hob. Fresh waters of Sind, Lower Bengal, Orissa, Assam,
Burma, and Siam to the Malay Archipelago; attaining at least
4 feet in length.
Family IX. SCOPELID.E.
Branchiostegals as a rule numerous. Pseudobranchia3 well de-
veloped. Gill-openings very wide. Opercular pieces sometimes
incomplete. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries.
Barbels absent. Two dorsal fins, the posterior adipose. Scales
present or absent. Ova enclosed in sacs in the ovaries and ex-
cluded by oviducts. Intestinal canal short. Pyloric appendages,
when present, few in number. Air-bladder small or absent.
Geographical Distribution. Throughout tropical, subtropical,
and temperate seas. These fishes in many respects are allied to
the Siluroids.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
Caudal forked. V. 8, the inner rays much the longest . . 1. SAUHTTS.
Caudal forked. V. 9, inner rays scarcely longer than outer 2. SA UIUDA.
Bones of head soft. V. 9. Caudal trilobed 3. HAIIPODON.
Bones of head ossified. Caudal forked. Luminous spots
along the body 4. SCOPELUS.
1. Genus SAURUS, Cuvier.
Syn. Synodus, pt., Gronovius; Laurida, pt. (Aristotle), Swainson.
Branchiostegals 8-17. Gill-membranes not attached to the
isthmus. Body elongate, subcylindrical. Gape of mouth wide,
cleft very deep ; edge of the upper jaw entirely formed by long
and thin premaxillaries ; the maxillary likewise elongate, thin, and
adherent to the premaxillaries. Teeth numerous, pointed, some
are elongate, slender, and can be laid downwards and inwards ;
they exist on the jaws, tongue, and palatine bones, a single band
on the palate and usually none or only a few on the vomer. First
dorsal situated nearly in the middle of the length of the fish ;
adipose fin small. Ventral with eight rays, the inner the longest :
it is inserted further in front than the origin of the dorsal and not
far behind the pectorals, which are short ; anal of moderate length
or short. Caudal forked. Scales of moderate size. Lateral line
entire. Pyloric appendages free.
409
Geographical Distribution. Tropical portions of the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans ; Mediterranean.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. 9. Head pointed 1. 8. indicus, p. 405).
A. 16-17. Snout obtuse 2. S. myops, p. 409.
521. (1.) Saurus indicus.
Saurus indicus, Day, Fish. India, p. 503, pi. cxvii, fig. 4.
B. xv. D. 13. P. 14. V. 8. A. 9. C. 19. L. 1. 55-57. L. tr. 3|/7.
Length of head 4|, height of body 7 to 8 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 5| in length of head, rather more than 1 diam.
from efid of snout, and nearly 1 apart ; the width of the snout at
its base equals its length. Interorbital space somewhat concave.
Upper jaw slightly the longer. Cleft of mouth extending to far
behind the eyes. Teeth inner row in the jaws the longest, some
in the mandible barbed. Five rows of large teeth on the tongue.
A single band on the palatines of which the inner row is much
the largest. Fins dorsal about as long as high. Inner ventral
rays the longest, the fin reaches nearly halfway to the base of the
anal. Colour brownish in the upper two thirds, dirty white
beneath. Numerous bluish irregular spots or blotches along the
back and sides, in places almost forming horizontal bands. Dorsal
and caudal white, with greyish spots, forming irregular horizontal
bands.
Hob. Madras ; growing to 7 inches in length.
522. (2.) Saurus myops. (Fig. 130.)
Salmo myops (Foret.), Bl Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 421.
Saurus myops, Day, Fish. India, p. 504, pi. cxvii, fig. 5 (see synon.).
B.xvi. D. 12-13. A. 16-17. C. 17-19. L.I. 52-56. L.tr.3J/7.
Length of head 4|, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes
Fig. 130. Saurus myops.
diameter 6 in length of head, \ to | diam. apart, and also
from the end of snout. Dorsal profile nearly horizontal. Cleft
410 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI.
of mouth extending to at least two diameters behind the orbit ;
jaws of about equal length. Interorbital space deeply concave.
Teeth pointed, two rows in the upper, three in the lower jaw,
the inner the longest. A single two-rowed band on the palate.
Tongue likewise toothed. Fins first dorsal commences midway
between the snout and the second dorsal ; second dorsal very small.
Caudal with its lower lobe the longer. Lateral line slightly raised
in single tubes, with a small elevation on either side. Colour
upper half of body golden, with four longitudinal blue lines having
black edges, and nearly as wide as the ground-colour. A black
spot at shoulder. Abdominal surface silvery. Dorsal fin with
three rows of yellow spots ; a yellow band along the middle of the
pectoral ; outer half of anal yellow.
Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and the tropical
portions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The species attains
to 16 inches at least in length.
2. Genus SAURIDA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Syn. Synodus, pt., Gronovius ; Laurida, pt. (Artedi), Swainson.
Differs from Saums as follows : Teeth cardiform, the inner
the longest and slender, all can be laid downwards and inwards ;
teeth exist on the jaws, tongue, and palatine bones ; those on the
palate are in two parallel bands on either side, the inner the
shorter. Ventral fin with nine rays, the inner not much longer
than the outer.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. 10-11. L. 1.53-64. L. tr. 4i/7 1. S. tumbil, p. 410.
A. 9. L. 1. 60-62. L. tr. 3J/7 2. & nebulosa, p. 411.
523. (1.) Saurida tumbil. (Fig. 131.)
Salmo tumbil. Block, Ich. t. 430.
Saurida tumbil, Duy, Fih. India, p. 504, pi. cxvii, fig. 6 (see synon.).
Arranna, Mai. ; Oolowvay and Cul-nahmacunda, Tamil ; Chorbombil,
Maratlri ; Badi mottah, Tel.
B. xiii-xvi. D. 11-13/0. A. 10-11. L. 1. 53-64. L. tr. 4/7. Vert. 53.
Length of head 4| to 5|, height of body 1\ to 8 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1| diam. from end
of snout, and the same apart. Fins first dorsal in the centre of
the body ; the adipose dorsal is situated over the last two anal
rays. Caudal deeply forked. Colour brownish grey along the
back, becoming white beneath, the whole having yellow reflexions.
In some the dorsal arid upper half of the caudal fins are barred in
spots. In others there are no spots, and the middle of the pectoral
and ventral are sometimes almost black.
SCOPELIDJE. 411
7/o6. From the Eed Sea through the seas of India to the Malay
Archipelago, China and Japan. As food this fish is rather dry
and insipid. It attains at least a foot in length.
Fig. ISl.Sattrida fumbil.
524. (2.) Sanrida nebulosa.
Saurida nebulosa (Solandtr), Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Pom. xxii, p. 506 ;
Day, Fish. India, p. 505 (see synon.).
B. xii-xiii. D. 10-11/0. P. 12-13. A. 9-10. L. 1. 50-52. L. tr. 3^/6.
Length of head 4f to 5J , height of body 6 to 9 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5^ in the length of the head, rather
above 1 diameter from end of snout, and | to 1 diameter apart.
Fins dorsal higher than long. Pectoral reaches to the ninth
scale of the lateral line. Ventral as long as the head excluding
the snout. Scales forming a slight ridge in the last portion of
the lateral line. Colour brownish, becoming lighter below; a
series of bars or blotches along the middle of the sides ; fins
barred.
JJab. From the Red Sea, Madagascar, Zanzibar, and Mauritius,
through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond.
3. Genus HARPODON, Lesueur.
Syn. Triurus, Swainson ; Sauridichthys, Bleeker.
Branchiostegals 2325. Gill-openings wide. Bodv elongate
and compressed. Eyes small. Snout short, bones of head soft
and partly modified into wide muciferous channels. Cleft of mouth
deep ; margin of upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries, which
are thin and tapering ; maxillaries absent. Teeth cardiform, re-
curved, and of unequal size, the largest being on the mandibles and
barbed. Teeth on the preinaxillaries, mandibles, palatines, tin.;
tongue and hyoid bone, those on the palatines are large and can
be laid downwards. Dorsal fin in the middle of the body; adipose
fin small. Anal of moderate length. Caudal trilobed. Scales
thin and deciduous, none on the anterior portion of the body.
Air-bladder absent. Pyloric appendages 16.
412 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMT.
525. (1.) Harpodon nehereus. (Fig. 132.)
Osraerus ? nehereus, Ham. finch. Fish. Ganc/e*, pp. 209, 380.
Harpodon nehereus, Day, Fish. India, p. 505, pi. cxviii, fig. 1 (see
synon.).
Bummaloh or " Bombay duck," Cucah sawahri, or Coco motf.ah, Wanah
monah, Tel. ; Bonibil, Marathi ; Barcya, Arracan ; Luftia muchcc, Chitta-
gong ; Nga hnat, Burmese.
D. 12-13 | 0. P. 11-12. V. 9. A. 13-15. C. 19. Vert. 38.
Length of head 5| to 6, height of body 6| to 7 in the total
length. Eyes diameter -^ of the length of the head, 2 diameters
from end of snout, and 4 apart. Lower jaw the longer. Oper-
cular pieces diaphanous and apparently more or less blended
together. Fins ventral opposite the dorsal; the adipose dorsal
opposite the posterior third of the anal; ventral reaches to the
middle of the anal; caudal divided into three pointed lobes, of
which the median is rather the shortest. Scales commence op-
posite the origin of the dorsal fin, all are diaphanous, and can but
Fig. 132. Harpodon nehereus.
with difficulty be distinguished in the fresh fish. Lateral line
slightly keeled, with about forty fine rectangular membranous
pieces, covered with scales like the rest of the body. Colour
head, back, and sides semitransparent like gelatine, light greyish,
with minute black or brownish dots ; anterior part of the abdomen
pale, silvery bluish ; rest greyish white ; fins transparent, closely
dotted, in some specimens black. Iris golden.
Hob. From Zanzibar to China, throughout the seas and estuaries
of India, most common at Bombay, but decreasing in numbers
down the Malabar coast. It is not very common at Madras, but
augments in numbers up the Coromandel coast, being very abun-
dant in the rivers and estuaries of Bengal and Burmah.
This fish is highly esteemed as food, whether fresh or salted ;
in the latter form it is extensively employed as a relish with
curries, and is known as the " Bombay duck." It attains at least
] 6 inches in length.
SC'OPELID.E. 413
4. Genus SCOPELUS, Cuvier.
Syn. Myctophum (Nyctophus}, Lampanyctus, Cocco ; Alysia, Lowe ;
Neoscopelus, Johnson ; Ceratoscopelus, Dasyscopelus, Giinther.
Branchiostegals 8-10. Gill-openings very wide. Body oblong
and compressed. Eyes large ; sometimes a supraorbital spine.
Snout short. Bones of head thin, but osseous. Cleft of mouth
very deep ; premaxillaries long and tapering ; maxillaries well
developed. Teeth villiform in both jaws, on the palatines, ptery-
goids, and on the tongue ; usually absent from the vomer except
in some large specimens. Eayed dorsal fin in about the middle of
the length of the body ; a small adipose fin likewise present.
Pectoral well developed, also the ventral, which has eight rays.
Anal rather long. Caudal forked. Scales large, smooth, or with
rough edges, or even minute spines. Air-bladder small. Pyloric
appendages few.
These fishes have a row of luminous spots along the lower
portion of the body ; sometimes similar spots are also present on
the head, snout, and back of tail, or a few may occur on the sides.
Geographical Distribution. Temperate and tropical seas.
526. (l.) Scopelus indicns. (Fig. 133.)
Scopelus indicus, Day, Fish. India, p. 507, pi. cxviii, fig. 2.
D. 10/0. P. 14. V. 8. A. 18. L. 1. 43. L. tr. 3J/5.
Length of head 5, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 2| in the length of head, | diam. from end of snout
and also apart. No spine above the orbit. Fins dorsal not quite
so high as the body below it. Pectoral reaches the middle of the
ventral, whilst the ventral nearly extends to the anal. Scales
smooth, the row beneath the lateral line much larger than the
Fig. 133. Scopelus indicitit.
others. Colour deep metallic blue in the upper portion of the
body, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath. A line of round
golden spots along the lower edge of the abdomen, and a few
larger ones scattered over the sides.
Halt. A single specimen, now in a bad state, was collected by
Sir Walter Elliot at Vi/agapatam.
414 TKLEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
Family X. CYPRINODONTID^l.
Pseudobranchia) absent. Eyes lateral. Margin of the upper
ja\v formed solely by the premaxillaries. Barbels absent. Teeth
in both jaws, also in the superior and inferior pharyngeal bones.
A single spineless dorsal fin situated in the posterior half of the
body. Scales on head and body. Stomach without any blind sac.
No pyloric appendages. Air-bladder simple, and destitute of a
pneumatic duct.
This family has been subdivided into: Gyprinodontidie carni-
vore, having united mandibles and short intestines ; and C. limno-
phagae, having separated mandibles and long intestines.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
Dorsal tin nearer head than anal 1. CYPHINODON.
Dorsal fin further from head than the elongate anal . . 2. HAPLOCHILUS.
1. Genus C yPRINODON, Lacepede.
Syn. Lebias, Cuvier ; Aphanius, Nardo ; Micromtiyil, Gulia.
Gape of mouth small ; mandibles short and united at the sym-
physis. Teeth of moderate size, in a single compressed row, and
notched at their summits. Origin of dorsal fin anterior to that of
the anal, and largest in the male sex. Scales rather large. The
colour of the sexes often different. Intestines of moderate length
or rather short.
Geographical Distribution. Southern Europe, North Africa,
Syria, Persia, along the shores of the Eed Sea and Arabian Gulf to
Cutch.
527. (1.) Cyprinodon dispar. (Fig. 134.)
Lebias dispar, Rilppell, Atl. Fische, p. 66, 1. 18, fig. 1 (male), 2 (female).
Cyprinodon dispar, Day, Fish. India, p. 521, pi. cxxi, fig. 1 (male),
"2 (female) (see synon.).
B.iii. D. 9. P. 17. V. 7. A. 10. C. 15. L. 1. 25-27. L. tr. 8.
Length of head 3| to 4, height of body 3f to 4 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of the head, nearly
1 cliam. from end of snout, and 1| apart. The maxilla does not
reach to below the front edge of the eye. Fins ventrals elon-
gate in the males but not in the females. Caudal lunate.
Colour Male : greenish yellow reticulated darker, a small dark
shoulder-spot. Dorsal fin spotted, anal more sparingly so. Caudal
yellowish, with a wide crescentic black band, having a white edge
Cl'PlilNODONTID.E. 415
in its last half ; another narrow black band between it and the root
of the caudal which is also dark. Female : silvery, with from seven
Fig. 134. Cyprinodon dispar, male.
to nine narrow vertical bands. Ova very large, almost equalling
the diameter of the eye.
Hab. Abyssinia, Palestine, shores of the Eed Sea, and Arabian
Gulf. Common in Cutch.
2. Genus HAPLOCHILUS, McClelland.
Syn. Aplocheilus, McClelland ; Panchax, Cuv. & Val. ; Zygonectes,
Micristius, Gill.
Body somewhat elongate and compressed. Upper surface of
head and nape broad and depressed. Mandibular bones united at
the symphysis. Teeth villiform in the jaws, present or absent on
the palate. Dorsal fin short, commencing behind the origin of the
anal, which latter has an elongate base. Scales cycloid and of
medium size. Lateral line absent. Intestinal canal of moderate
length.
Geographical Distribution. India to the Malay Archipelago arid
beyond, Tropical Africa, Madagascar and Islands in the Indian
Ocean, also temperate and tropical America. In India these fishes
are mostly found in the neighbourhood of the sea or tidal rivers,
more rarely very far inland*.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. 20-24. No prolonged ventral ray 1. H. melastigma, p. 415.
A prolonged ventral ray. Spotted with red. . 2. H. rubrostigma, p. 416.
A prolonged ventral ray. Vertical black bands 3. H. lineatus, p. 416.
A. 15-17. No prolonged ventral ray 4. H. panchax, p. 417.
;/ *** ,, f /WJ
528. (1.) Haplochilns melanostigma.
Aplocheilus melastigmus, McClelland, As. Res. xix, Ind. Cyp.
pp. 301, 427, pi. 42, tig. 3 (from H. . MSS.}.
Haplochilus melastigma, Day, Fish. India, p. 522, pi. cxxi, fig. 4
(see synon.).
* These fishes are termed Kud-di-an in Canarese ; a white occipital spot is
almost invariably present.
416 TELEOSTEI. P1IYSOSTOMI.
B. iv. D. 6-7. A. 20-24. C. 15. L. 1. 27. L. tr. 9-11.
Length of head 4^, height of body 3f to 4 in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout
and also apart. Teeth minute, none on the palate. Fins ventral
small, without any prolonged ray. Anal with in some (not all)
examples its rays prolonged in a filiform mannerT>ey6nd the mem-
brane. Caudal rounded. Colour dull green along the back,
becoming dull white on the abdomen, outer portion of anal rays
white-edged. A narrow dark line along the middle of the side,
terminating iu a dull spot at the centre of the base of the caudal
fin.
Hab. Wynaad, and Madras Presidency, Orissa, Lower Bengal
and Burma; attaining about 1| inches in length.
529. (2.) Haplochilus rubrostigma.
Aplocheilus rubrostigma, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. S. xv. 1849,
p. 331.
Haplochilus rubrostigma, Day, Fish. India, p. 522, pi. cxxi, fig. 5
(see synon.).
B. v. D. 8. P. 15. V. 6. A. 17-18. C. 15. L. 1. 33. L. tr. 9.
Length of head 4|, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes
diameter 3| in the length of head, l| diam. from end of snout,
and 1| apart. Teeth on vomer. Fins ventral with its second
ray elongate and reaching to the middle of the anal. Anal much
lower in front and increasing in length to the last ray. Central
caudal rays rather prolonged. Colour a silver occipital spot.
Body reddish brown above, becoming yellowish on the sides and
beneath. Each scale along the side with a central red spot. A
row, sometimes two, of red spots along the base of the anal fin,
some on the dorsal, and a few dark spots on the caudal.
Hub. Malabar coast of India, and the lower portion of the Coro-
rnandel coast ; attaining to at least 3 inches in length.
530. (3.) Haplochilus lineatns. (Fig. 135.)
Panchax lineatum, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xviii, p. 381.
Haplochilus lineatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 522, pi. cxxi, fig. 6 (see
synon.).
B. v-vi. D. 8-9. A. 15-17. C. 19. L. 1. 32-34. L. tr. 9.
Length of head 4|, height of body 5 to 5^ in the total length.
Eyes diameter 3| in the length of head, lj diam. from end of
snout, and 1| apart. Teeth a single row across the palate. Fins
second ventral ray elongate, reaching to nearly the middle of the
anal fin ; anal high, the last rays about the same length as the
first ; central caudal rays rather prolonged. Colour varying with
the seasons and sex ; greenish with a gloss of purple on the cheek
and along the abdominal surface. A golden green spot in the
CRYPRINODONTlD.i:. 417
centre of each scale. Eight to ten vertical black bands pass down
the sides to the abdomen. lu a Ceylon specimen in the British
Fig. 135. Haplochilus lineatus.
Museum there are dark blotches and not distinct bars as seen in
Malabar examples.
Hab. This species is found in Coorg and the Wynaad, down the
Malabar coast and in Ceylon. It attains 4 inches in length.
531. (4.) Haplochilus panchax.
Esox panchax, Ham. Bitch. Fish. Ganyes, pp. 211, 380, pi. iii, fig. 69.
Haplochilus panchax, Day, Fish. India, p. 523, pi. cxxi, fig. 3 (see
synou.).
Pang-chax, Beng. ; Kanakuri and Bor-ro-guddi, Ooriah ; Nya-saki,
Mugh ; Cho-to-dah, Andainanese.
B.v-vi. D.7-11. A. 15-17. C. 13. L. 1. 31-34. L. tr. 9-10.
Length of head 4 to 4^, height of body 4| to 5 in the total
length. Eyes diameter 3j in the length of head, 1 diam. from
end of snout, and 1| apart. Teeth in a broad band on the vomer.
Fins ventral small and without any elongated ray. .Anal nearly
square. Caudal rounded. Colour a white occipital spot. Upper
surface greenish, becoming dull white on the sides and beneath.
Fins yellowish, lower third of dorsal covered with a large black
spot. Dorsal, caudal, and anal margined with orange.
A variety exists on the Sind hills, and in Cutch, which has less
scales (28) along the lateral line, numerous silvery spots along the
sides, and a black spot behind the eye, the dorsal and anal fins are
likewise more elongate.
Hab. From Orissa, through the lower province of Bengal, Burma,
Siam to the Malay Archipelago, also the Andamans. (? Also Siud
hills.) This species attains at least 3 inches in length.
Family XI. SCOMBRESOCIMl.
Syn. Fharynaognathi malacopterygii, Miiller.
Pseudobrauchiflo concealed, glandular. Margin of the upper ja\v
formed mesially by the premaxillaries, laterally by the maxilhiries.
Barbels present or absent. Lower pharyngeals united into a single
2E
418 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI.
bone. Dorsal fin rayed, sometimes with finlets posterior to it,
situated opposite the anal, arid in the caudal portion of the ver-
tebral column ; no adipose dorsal. Scales present, frequently a
keeled row along either side of the free portion of the tail. Air-
bladder generally present, sometimes cellular, and destitute of a
pneumatic duct. Stomach and intestines in one straight undivided
tube. Pyloric appendages absent.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas, some
of the species being resident in fresh water.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
Both jaws elongated into a beak. No finlets .... 1. BELOXE.
Upper jaw short, the lower elongated into a beak . 2. HEMIRHAMPHFS.
Jaws short ; pectoral fins elongated into organs for
flying 3. EXOCCETUS.
1. Genus BELONE, Cuvier.
Syn. Mnstacembelus (Klein), Bleeker ; Rhamphistoma, Eaf.; Tylo-
surus, Cocco ; Potamorrhaphis, Giinther.
Branchiostegals rather numerous. Gill-openings wide. Body
elongate, subcylindrical or compressed. Eyes lateral. The jaws
prolonged into a beak, the upper formed by the premaxillaries.
Fine rugosities in both jaws, and a single row of long, widely-
set, conical teeth ; palate toothless in Indian species. The anterior
dorsal rays vary in elevation, sometimes forming a lobe to the fin :
no fiulets ; caudal usually forked. Scales small. Lateral line on
free portion of tail, with or without a keel.
Uses. These Gar-fish are indifferent as food; their bones are
green, as observed in the European forms.
In very young specimens the jaws are said not to be prolonged,
and as age increases the mandibles are considerably advanced
before the premaxillaries. Distinct varieties appear to be present
in some species, as Belone cancila, some of the inland forms of
which have an elevation along the back.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
A. Caudal forked.
A. 25-27 1. B. melanostigma, p. 418.
A. 20-22. C. 15 2. B. annulata, p. 419.
A. 19-20. C. 18 3. B. chorum, p. 4]9.
B. Caudal truncated or rounded.
D. 19. A. 22-24. Tail rounded 4. B. liura, p. 420.
D. 15-18. A. 16-18. Tail truncated 5. B. candla, p. 420.
D. 13-16. A. 16-18. Tail rounded 6. B. xtronyylura, p. 421.
532. (1.) Belone melanostigma.
Belone melanostigma (Elircnb.}, Cur. $ Val. II. JV. Toiss. xviii,
p. 450; Day, Fish. India, p. 509 (see synon.).
SCOMBRESOCIDJE. 419
B. xiii-xiv. D. 24-26. P. 14. V. 6. A. 25-27. C. 15.
Length of head 4|, height of body 14 in the total length. Eyes
the diameter 2| in postorbital length of head. A wide median
groove along the summit of the head ; superciliary region slightly
striated longitudinally. Tongue without asperities. Fins the
anterior dorsal rays from the second to the fourth produced; the
anal commences rather in advance of the dorsal, and is of t 
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