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‘shes of Sinaloa. By Davip STARR JORDAN. pp. 142.
On. the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebas-
By. FRANK CRAMER. pp. 42. I4 pilates.
The Fishes of Puget Sound. By Davip S. Jorpan and
roe California. By Vernon L.
Fishes, Little Known or New to Science.
LR Jorpan. pp. 48. 24 plates.
Notes on Fresh Water Fishes of the Pacific Slope of
North America. By CLoupstey Rutter. Description of a New
pecies of Pipe-Fish (Siphostoma sinalogze) from Mazat-
~ By. Davip S. JorDAN and Epwin C. Srarxs. Notes on Del-
stes, a New Genus of Catostomoid Fishes. By ALvin SEALE.
"7. New Mallophaga, II, from Land Birds, together with an account
of the Marerneees Mouth-Parts. By VERNON L. KELLOGG. pp. 118. 14
plates.
8. List of Fishes Collected at Port ‘Ludiow, Wash. By
Epwin Cuapin STARKS. pp. 14. 2 plates.
9. Marine Fossils from the Coal Measures of Arkansas.
y JAmEs Perrin SmitH. pp. 72. 9 plates.
16: Scientific Names of Greek and Latin Derivation.
By WALTER MILLER. pp: gi.
5 ae - Morphological Study of Naias and Zannichellia.
LAS HovGHtTon CAMPBELL. pp. 68. 5 plates.
ojosy of the Paleozoic Area of Arkansas South
pete ay Grorcr H. ASHLEY. 31 cuts. 2
By Noau Fie_ps DRAKE. PP. 93-
Beas 2 a Fish (Mitsukurina
NOTICE
AFTER CAREFUL EXAMINATION OF THE
INNER MARGIN AND TYPE OF MATERIAL
WE HAVE SEWN THIS VOLUME BY HAND
SO IT CAN BE MORE EASILY OPENED
AND READ.
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aavano ¥IeAS SHOW BA MAD TIO
GABA OME
1620 Lid
ae CONERIEUTIONS: TO BIOLOGY
THE HOPKINS SEASIDE LABORATORY
LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY
XXRIT
Peer ea Ors PANAMA “BAY
By CHARLES H. GILBERT anp EDWIN C. STARKS
[ Reprinted from the Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences
Vol. IV ] :
STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA
1904
FEB 24 1987
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PVE ran ORY NOT E.
This memoir is the thirty-second of a series designed to illustrate investiga-
tions and explorations connected with the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, an adjunct
of the biological laboratories of the Leland Stanford Junior University. These
investigations have been carried on by means of the assistance given by Timothy
Hopkins, Esq., of Menlo Park, California. This memoir appears in the publica-
tions of the California Academy of Sciences, the present edition being a reprint.
OLIVER P. JENKINS,
CHarves H. GILBERT,
Directors Hopkins Laboratory.
Date of publication, February 6th, 1904.
7
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THE FISHES OF PANAMA BAY.
BY
CHARLES H. GILBERT anp EDWIN C. STARKS.
CONTENTS.
Poates I-XXXIII.
INTRODUCTION . c 3 3 : s : : é : ; ; : : 3
List oF NEw SPECIES : : : : j ; : ‘ : 5
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF SPECIES . : : : : ‘ : : 3 5 : 5
GENERAL REMARKS ON DISTRIBUTION : : : : : 3 : : , 205
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION . : : : ‘ : : ; : : : ; ZOO
BIBLIOGRAPHY : : 2 ; : F : . ; ; : : : : 219
EXPLANATION OF PLATES ; ; ; : : : : : : : s 2225
INDEX . : : : 5 : : : ; . : : : . : : 293
INTRODUCTION.
Tue ichthyologic history of Panama Bay falls naturally into three periods.
The first, beginning with 1860, depended upon the activity of Captain John M. Dow,
whose collections, forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution and to the British Museum,
were reported upon by Dr. Theodore Gill and Dr. Albert Giinther. This early work
culminated in 1869 through the publication of Giinther’s ‘“ Fishes of Central
America,” which contains an admirable summary of the state of our knowledge at
that date, with valuable discussions of the faunal relations of both marine and fresh-
water forms.
The second period was characterized by the work of Dr. Franz Steindachner,
based in part upon his own collections, in part upon material obtained through various
correspondents. No general summary was given by him, but the diagnoses of new
species, which appeared in his series of “ Notizen” and “ Beitrige” (See Bibliog-
raphy), form a model of accurate and detailed work of that description.
4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The third period has resulted from investigations undertaken either directly
or with the assistance of the United States Fish Commission and the Smithsonian
Institution. Under their auspices Dr. Gilbert made in 1881 large collections of
the fishes of Panema, which served as the basis for numerous papers by Jordan and
Gilbert. A second and much larger collection, made by him in 1883, was unfortu-
nately destroyed by fire, together with all field-notes and the manuscript report then
ready for the printer. The only record of this material is embodied in a list published
by Jordan (1885). The new species indicated in that list remained, for the most
part, still undescribed and unrepresented in any museum at a period ten years later!
The dee ver waters off the Panama Bay, out as far as the Galapagos Islands,
were thoroughly explored by the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross
in 1888 and 1891. Reports upon the fishes thus obtained have been given by
Jordan and Bollman (1889), by Gilbert (1890 6), and recently in most admirable
and complete form by Garman (1899).
The following account of the fishes of Panama Bay is based primarily
upon material obtained in 1896 by an expedition from the Leland Stanford Junior
University, generously equipped and sent out by Mr. Timothy Hopkins of Menlo
Park, California. The party consisted of Dr. C. H. Gilbert and Messrs. E. C. Starks,
C. J. Pierson and R.C. McGregor. During the six weeks (January 10th to Feb-
ruary 24th) spent in residence at Panama, an almost hourly inspection of the excel-
lent fish-market was maintained; the tide-pools of the reef were explored, and the
rocks and islands near the city were investigated by the aid of dynamite. The
effectiveness of the party became so reduced by illness during the last weeks of their
stay, that they were unable to carry out that part of their plans which contemplated
the exploration of the Pearl Islands on the one hand and the rivers of the Isthmus
on the other. These localities offer still a rich field for investigation. Of the two
hundred and eighty-three marine species obtained, forty-three were new, and included
among them all but four (Z'y/osurus sp., Cynoscion sp., Scarus sp., and Citharichthys
sp.) of the still undescribed forms of the list of 1885. Descriptions of many of
the new species have already appeared in the different volumes of Jordan and
Evermann’s “Fishes of North and Middle America,” and full accounts of all
appear in the present paper.
We have admitted to our list all previous records of fishes from Panama Bay,
unless good reason exists for doubting their validity. Several general references to
“Panama,” in Jordan and Evermann’s work above cited, seem not to be based upon
special records, and are rejected by us, even where there is a general probability of
their occurrence at Panama in view of the known range of the species. Of the fishes
obtained by the Albatross, we have included such only as were dredged within the
fifty-fathom line. Even when thus restricted, the assemblage is found to contain
many forms which are rarely or never taken along shore, and seem to constitute a
sublittoral fauna of characteristic shallow-water species. The genera Prionotus,
Symphurus and Diplectrum ofler numerous examples of such species.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 5
List or New SPECIEs.
Types of all new species are deposited in the Ichthyological Collections of
the Leland Stanford Junior University, and bear the numbers, indicated in the
following list:— 8
(Garchaniaswveloxccscess ste secccedisttedeeecnns 11893 Lutianus jordani.............. Bee Wincdeosctces 11988
GarGhaniasr cerdaley srr. dn ot dosccthesessae 11884 ReheommianthauinaSiumsss..n sara acess -+082- 5978
Carcharias (aZUreUs. ase. Me ca pear sesugeee ete 11890 Sacenichthys MOrdaXs.s0--peemeesssee sss 6809
Myliobatis asperrimus’..........:2.00-2s0sseee 11895 earinus) Gil oenSs cee -achekeepsclscos ane ee 5520
Galeichthys xenauchen ... 5821 Odontoscion xanthops
Galeichthys eigenmanni ...................060 6986 Stellifer illecebrosus............. I
Tachysurus emmelane............2.2:0s0s sss. 5818 Stellifer zestocarus
Tachysurus evermanni....5......:0<-cteseeeses- 6706 Ophioscion simulus ...........
Tachysurus steindachneri.................0.... 7026 Polyclemus goodei
Pisoodonophis daspilotus................. 2.2... 5820 IEG (OES) V0] Ee itananceariactene n00d60.0° togeHobabdsee
Wittrasnarecle psy Giral..ss.tc. nc. + csecefeecses elec 6807 Pomacentuts mcallimen. seek ertrecsececsacctace
PAMIENO Via LASEAM St ose net ceeest ach ivceieseaen' 5812 Halichzeres\macearesori: 7..2)...0-ber- eens once 6804
ATG HOVIay MUNIN eG latesene esas ccestee ses scces: 5817 ES IGUSH MOP MISIee seteh telsieee cee mactlasteriesse 12671
TANDVE MONAEW E231) aco cnidotoon ScaecEe cater SEE Berner 5816 alistesmvenhesirnsn...accmes- chase ks paateaeer 6805
AMIGO Miah StarlcSitecestcr der ecco Aassesset sees 5814 PHOMOtUS LUSCAlUSs..cdy.n si ee sl ceeReeee see 6488
@eteneraulissengymeni. s..6.s.2.c.0-2000.-0008 5815 Microgobius miraflorensis.............-....++- 6511
FLEMMITAMPMUSe SALACOL 50... c<00'sveenoet once ee 6806 Evermannia panamensis...........-....-+..0+ 6509
SHUG OMmetare. «neste. eee fees ca anco ewes 6808 Batrachoides boulengeri ...................0:5 6487
Oligoplites refulgens ...... Meteor ate 6799 Porichthys=aneenet...ecmzcserss-deacears eure 6485
letnicatraix eZGlOteS.cadetstaerousnes.0,ssccecses 5819 Hypsoblennius piersoni.............6.c00esce0 6522
RepiiltswsnyGenitven: «.cocedtercoccaiedeceeet 6800 Flomesthes caulopusiey naps. eseecser ene: 5623
IP OLESM Pa GUICUS ss 5.o.ce coe che cncence Soa. Aavar 5883
Family GINGLYMOSTOMID.
I. Ginglymostoma cirratum (Gmelin).
A single specimen taken, 27 em. long. The body and fins are light brown-
ish, marked with small black spots about as large as pupil, those in front of dorsal
arranged rather uniformly in cross-series. Snout unspotted. Lower side of head
whitish, unspotted.
Family GALEID.
2. Mustelus lunulatus (Jordan & Gilbert).
Puate I, Fie. 1.
Five specimens were secured seeming to agree in all respects with an indi-
vidual collected by Dr. Jordan from the type locality, Mazatlan. Ina young male
53 em. long the claspers do not project beyond the edge of the ventral fin; in
another 64 em. long they are fully developed, protruding beyond edge of ventral for
about 4cm. A male from Mazatlan (68 em. long) has the claspers undeveloped,
not reaching beyond margin of ventrals. This seems to indicate considerable irregu-
larity in the sexual development of the species. The young of J. /unulatus are as
yet unknown.
(2) January 12, 1903.
6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The Panama specimens agree well with the original description of the species,
except in the following respects:—
(a) Distance from insertion of first dorsal to anterior root of pectoral % (not
“about }’’) its distance from tip of snout. This discrepancy is due, however, to
an error in the original description. Mr. Barton A. Bean has kindly re-examined
the type, and states that the first distanee is contained about 22 times in the second.
(b) Distance between dorsals 25 to 24 times (not ‘‘25 times”) base of first,
and 22 to 34 times (“a little more than 3 times’’) base of second. Mr. Bean
gives base of first dorsal 23 and base of second dorsal 33, in the interspace between
dorsals. This interval is therefore longer in the type than in any of the Panama
specimens. The latter agree, however, with the Mazatlan specimens above mentioned.
A specimen of J/. /unulatus in the United States National Museum (No.
46838), taken by the “Albatross” at the mouth of the Mulegé River, Gulf of Cali-
fornia, has the proportions of the type. The base of the first dorsal, excluding the
fleshy hump which precedes the rays, is contained 23 times in the interval between
dorsals, the base of the second dorsal 33 times in this interval. It is evident,
therefore, that the size and relative positions of the dorsal fins must be used with
eaution for specifie distinction.
(c) Middle of dorsal base usually midway between axil of pectorals and
anterior insertion of ventrals, sometimes very slightly nearer pectorals. In none of
the Panama specimens is it nearer the base of the pectorals by a distance equaling
the diameter of the eye, as given in the description of the type (slightly less than
this in the type according to Mr. Bean).
Following are dimensions of a Panama specimen :—
Total ler othe s2..c caus ssjtune oe of eens tenner tae Seen Oa esta Tat ose Ee Soe io eestes sie tc ate eee ee
Length: of head iy sc... toi. gee sauneacetigensnseeg eae speeches isecbeaseametee eceeeen cease sr eech eeeeemnas:
Length of snout ........
Diameter of orbit
Length’ of spiracle:.. sslhinaseaiederedsOaseer-eareroes-eseen aetoernonenay ee en eene see seeie ice eee Cece a eeeee Ba
Length of middle <gill-shite a. says see erteeeeeeet oss ea tietaes toon eiicioc ee scee Geer meee eae eer cere Re 14
Distance from! tip of snout tomtrontrot smomthien see asseetee eet see seen ae cee eeReteeeees 34.5
Distance from’ fiplol Snoub to mone yanele olen OS tial se esreeeet esse ee eee see ese aeee sees er eee eer 27
Distance between nostrilsi22 5.22) cose ones coat ee eens ean ca AEE COREE re eee eeeee nee eee e eee 14
Distance between! angles (of*moutlis™ ssecese secs eases reece eeeee eee ee eet cree eee ee ee reer 28
Distance from tip of mandible to line joining posterior 21
Extreme length of upper lip .... Fas
Extreme length of lower lip 8
Distance from) tip of snout to base of jpectoralS2-o-.-esee eee eee ae eee eee eee eee eeeen eee eeeceeer 113
Greatest width of pectoral bases... ...c<g:seceraness soesnene ine tees Soe Ee eae MER RE eae ea eet eee 23
Outer pectoral margin: .. oss. Jaadeceauacoas os cies some eas eee TER EeE Ee EEE CREE EERE eR Cee eee eee pak
Inner pectoral margim’ J..55.45.0.5 5283652 }ae8s ot acest sania eee ee Pe eEE EEE eee ae ant eer 40
Distal pectoral margin 2.5. sccss.csciiten dens <a ¥etbioe dc oe eee Ee EEE REE ERE Eee ceo: ee ete ae 57
Axl Of pectoral tolbase) Of) ventralS [ar-c 2 /sys eos ee eee eee eee eee eE REE eer en sgsboosSednasondbseco400¢ 107
Snout to base of ventrals)...02...0,sstensea:¢odsee the seen Ce ORE EEE eee ee Pee ence 230
Outer edge of ventrals
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
~I
nim.
Base of ventrals
“obscoadtcoehcSbus waded AsoQubeenebaIneseenocaich: Ac oa Acs d oA CNEL OARROCEEEE RCA Ere Detector 27
Snout to base of dorsal fin proper, not including fleshy ridge .......000.......cccceeceeeeeceeees 167
USE GUE Sia nae eos 9 ae eR ee Oe 51
Height of anterior margin of first dorsal (not including fleshy hump at base)................. 65
PRL Xa tec mOOSteniGimnan Olle snc aeccatsecyas: deere eee ama Pea OER Re MEO dig< aioe ssectaceees nest 29
SEBS ISLS Ans saarg (Oh SS al EE OM Ae Ree -Iee pe ee Ape 125
Base of second dorsal
Distance from second dorsal to base of upper caudal lobe............0.....c00ee ceveeeeee veveeeess 52
Length of upper caudal lobe
A specimen of Galeus californicus from Magdalena Bay, Lower California
(No. 1404 L. 8S. J. U.) compared with J/. dunulatus has the fins less incised and with
rounded angles, the snout broader and less pointed, the lips longer, about equaling
width of nostril, and the dorsal more backward in position, its base contained three and
one-fourth in its distance from snout. The angle of the mouth is also much greater.
G. californicus ranges to the southward along the entire coast of Lower Cali-
fornia and throughout the Gulf of California, where it is found associated with
M. lunulatus. It occurs doubtless at Mazatlan, although it has not yet been recorded
from that point. It was obtained by the “Albatross” in 1889 at San Quentin and
Magdalena bays on the outer coast of Lower California, and in Concepcion Bay, San
Luis Gonzales Bay, and at Station 3026 in the Gulf of California. The fcetuses
reported from Guaymas by Evermann and Jenkins (1891, p. 129), under the name
of Galeus dorsalis, belonged to G. californicus, as is sufficiently evident from their
measurements.
3. Galeus dorsalis Gill.
Prange i, Bre: 2:
Previous diagnoses have called attention to the low, comparatively little-incised
fins, and the short caudal. More conspicuous differences are found in the small size
of the eye, the large spiracle, and the large nostrils. The diameter of the eye is
contained 23 to 3 times in the distance from tip of snout to front of upper jaw. In
M. lunulatus of the same size, it is contained twice in this distance. The width
of the internasal septum is less than the distance from inner angle of nostrils to
margin of snout, while greater than this distance in J/. /unulatus. The spiracle is a
long slit, 2 or more than ; diameter of eye. The nasal valye is smaller than in
related species, produced mesially into a narrow flap, the width of which does not
exceed } width of nostril. The inner folds are also much simpler and smaller, and
fail to conceal the olfactory membrane. The snout is narrower and sharper, with
the outlines less curved; it is also thinner, so as to appear whitish-translucent. The
pores on snout are much more conspicuous than in related species, and contribute to
give it a spongy texture; they are numerous on top and sides of snout as well as
below, and are clustered to form a conspicuous patch below front of eye. The
shagreen is much coarser than in JM. lunulatus.
8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Both pectorals and ventrals have broad, rounded outer angles, and have the
posterior margins straight or nearly straight when the fin is spread. The pectoral
contrasts strongly with that of J. dunulatus, where the outer angle is prolonged, giv-
ing the fin a faleate shape. The tip of the pectoral reaches to or slightly beyond the
vertical from the middle of the dorsal base. The first dorsal is low, with rounded
anterior angle and gently concave margin, the anterior angle failing to reach the tip
of the posterior angle when the fin is declined. Both dorsals are longer in propor-
tion than they are in J/. /unulatus, and the caudal peduncle as well as the caudal fin
shorter. The base of the second dorsal equals in length the back of caudal peduncle;
the base of the anal equals in length the lower side of the caudal peduncle. The
bases of second dorsal and anal are much shorter than caudal peduncle in J. dunu-
latus. The angle of the lower caudal Jobe is rounded or slightly angulated, never
acute, the outline very gently concave next the angle. The margin of the posterior
lobe is broad, evenly truncate when spread.
Following are measurements of a specimen from Panama:—
mm.
Woy ell (ess Yor d epee ak eco eerar cartes onancm cnc cucotooondcsS cnasosan sapaedods dandos odessa asoxde aoande Soocuedac 468
Length of head (to first gill-slit) 84
Bengthrotheada(toslastotlleshit) pieesceescince soseaeneccen s eeeeer epee eae eirecck ees ter eer sere stam err 107
IU cShve lot (OC I0V0)5 Hoe ano credaadaboonnchties aoodde aeboolc co cbosbonatoabs od abfisodoon osiddoadnada cade AoonsDoD cede 41
IDS eWooT eter e CO)i (OF 0) Iho senna sdenonane aaeonsoe eddcbsignessen.ce aasoGS BUacoEaD ud60d0 Kovocuooosudacjadyaeg0 doadbasarice 10.5
| Byssavead hG)e )o)1c2V6l Ce MarataccpoacrHobabcas ductal anconnoseadnos Hptebrebatdonbo Acddoce ob Jooued ceodqondc onocoscee 4
Tiprokisnout torirontiotpmouthy reese aeeseeceseel ences ace el ereek eeetse sees eee eee 31
Diplotsnout tomnnenmaneevolpnosttilssenes eases, ee sete eater reece eee ee eee eee eee eee 2
Distance between nostrils II
Distance betweenrangilessolemouthysyeseecen sees sssarseeseee ee eles ce rosso renee eee eee ee 25
Distance from tip of mandible to line joining posterior angles of lips............. 02.0.5 02eeee es 18
Extreme length ofiupper ilipits.ca.a-meceseceechee- daascionettenascaebee eects eoceesee eee ee reet mercer 7
Extreme lengthvot Tower dips cic eters eepeec se eeraers cae ee enae ins nee eis osteo eeee ee eRee 6
Tip otisnout toibase of ypectoralls teeter ceasstier cect. Gev-oere thee Ges oalance ease hace eae sean 107
Width: of pectoral: basesngcrccusetancatn seaser tesco coca tianctanince etistenran tee mnerener ts ene eee creases 2/
Outer pectoral margin
Inner pectoral: mar odin ses ec sagas enctosee eet onses Bee os ace ela cee ee rsa saa ete secre cores 39
Distal: pectoral «margin, 2; 22 srda ok aecaseciaret cose ieee ce Coen ee TR OER EL ee ee eee 47
Axal of pectoralsito) baseyof vemtrals aegis. ece nese eee eee eee sees eee eee eeeeeeee 105
Snout to: base: of ventrallss.. 0 sacyscstere wecseadecee nog nesh acces aoe ene eC EEE ee er eee 233
@uter-édgeof ventrallss.. 2. hse k oe deceatactreso cc reac sae Sema mary eee ioe eee Ree eee 36
Base: of veritrals) ...c2 ssc. nassacinnd bate SacSeehe este tact ee RO Ce ee RE aE eee eee eee oy
Snout to base of first dorsal
Base of first dorsal
Height of anterior margin of first dorsal
Height of posterior margin of first dorsal
Distarice ‘between dorsals..ocs.isd.cesectccesige-evess.ccnare som eR OEE REECE ESE Enea ae 100
Base of second dorsal
Back of caudal peduncle
Length of upper caudal lobe
Tip of caudal to base of notch
Base of notch to origin of lower lobe
Origin of lower lobe to base of anal
Base of anal
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 9
This species is known as yet only from the Bay of Panama. Like @. califor-
nicus, from which it differs widely in other respects, it has the young attached to the
oviduct by a placenta. The three specimens obtained by this expedition are all
females; one of them contains weil developed young.
4. Galeocerdo tigrinus Miller & Henle.
Recorded from Panama by Jordan and Bollman (1889, p. 179), their speci-
men haying been collected by the “Albatross.” The species was not seen by the
authors.
5. Carcharias ethalorus Jordan & (Gilbert.
Abundant at Panama, where it is used as food though not highly prized.
Small specimens only were seen. Ina male about 90 cm. long, the claspers are very
small, not reaching margin of ventrals. The teeth of both jaws are distinctly serrate
in these young examples, the serre growing coarser towards base, equally present
on the two margins. The interspace between dorsals is 5 to 6 times base of
second dorsal (excluding the fleshy ridge before fin), and the base of anal consider-
ably less than (12 in) its distance from caudal. In other respects the Panama
specimens answer well the original description.
6. Carcharias velox ((ilbert).
Puarte I, Fie. 3.
Carcharinus velox, GILBERT, JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2747.
Distinguishable from other known sharks of the Pacific coast of America by the excessively
long, slender, acute snout, the slender body, and the very long caudal fin.
Preoral portion of snout slightly more than 13% times width of mouth, 5 times distance
between nostrils, 12 times width of snout opposite outer angles of nostrils, 14 times interorbital
width, 24 times distance from chin to line joining angles of mouth. Nostrils transverse in position,
the inner angle nearer mouth than tip of snout by a distance slightly less than lengthSof nostril. Front
of eye equidistant from nostril and front of mouth, the middle of eye nearer angle of mouth than
nostril; diameter of eye less than nostril, slightly more than half longest gill-slit. Snout very porous.
Folds at angle of mouth slightly longer than usual. Gill-slits rather wide, the middle slit 1} times
diameter of orbit.
Teeth of lower jaw very narrow, erect, very minutely serrulate, appearing entire except with
the lens. The species thus represents a transition between Carcharias and the alleged genus
Hypoprion. Teeth in upper jaw very oblique, wide at base, with a deep notch on outer margin, the
terminal cusp rather narrowly triangular.
Pectoral broadly falcate, the anterior margin convex, the distal edge concave, both angles
rounded. Tip of pectoral reaching a short distance beyond base of first dorsal. Anterior margin
of pectoral 22 times the posterior (inner) margin, about 1{ times the distal edge. First dorsal
inserted about the diameter of orbit behind a vertical from axil of pectoral; nearer pectoral, therefore,
than ventral. The anterior margin is concave basally, convex on distal half, the anterior angle
rounded. The free margin is concave, largely owing to the much produced acute posterior lobe.
The vertical height exceeds the length of the base; the anterior lobe very high, extending beyond
tip of posterior when the fin is declined, equaling } length of anterior margin of pectoral. Posterior
margin of first dorsal 31 in the anterior margin. Base of first dorsal contained 2§ times in interspace
10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
between dorsals; base of second dorsal 62 times. | Margin of second dorsal gently concave. Front
margin low, the angle broadly rounded, barely reaching posterior end of base when fin is declined.
The posterior lobe is much produced and acute, slightly longer than base of fin, the latter 14 in the
distance from its base to front of caudal pit. Upper lobe of caudal 3% in total length; the lower lobe
24 in the upper. Terminal lobe of caudal 32 in the upper lobe. Anal larger than second dorsal,
higher, with deeply incurved margin, its base a little longer, its origin slightly in advance of that
of second dorsal; the posterior insertions of the two fins nearly opposite. Length of anal base 13
in its distance from anterior edge of caudal pit.
Color bluish above, whitish or grayish below. Free margin of pectorals narrowly white, the
anterior edge narrowly bordered with black, which is most evident when seen from the outer surface,
the inner surface being dusky. The first dorsal is unmarked, the second dorsal has the anterior lobe
dusky. Upper edge of caudal black, the lower margin faintly dusky. Fins otherwise unmarked.
A single specimen, a female, 120 cm. long, was procured in the Panama mar-
ket. As preserved, it is partially skinned. The following measurements were
taken when the specimen was intact, before preservation. Where not exactly
agreeing with dimensions given above, the latter will be found more reliable.
Tip of snout to insertion of dorsal
Base of first dorsal
From second dorsal to front of caudal pit
Front of caudal pit to tip of caudal
Tip of snout to axil of pectorals
AGalvol pectoralssto trontiolbaselol wentialsss eerste ee anes 283
Pirontiol ventralsitomtomt on arial ee ees sae ee ace eee sere ee ne ne .165
IDsqOFONE CON UAE! TKO) LOVE (O31 CAUCE (Olea os cues odba aoneerandeonduc boabonusnd concndopadotocs coubediiosuocuase 116
Girth:at, front ‘of first: dorsallts. (sssss, sen then ceeseretstercrinenecenits Agee ee 451
7. Carcharias cerdale (Gilbert. )
PuateE II, Fie. 4.
Carcharinus cerdale GILBERT, JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1808, p. 2746.
Body moderately compressed, not elevated, the depth at front of dorsal not more than one-
fourth greater than the oblique anterior margin of the dorsal fin, less than the distance from the nostril
to the first gill-slit. Head depressed, the snout flattened, long and narrow, acute. Length of snout
beyond mouth } to ;'y greater than distance between angles of mouth in all but one (the largest)
specimen, where it is slightly less than width of mouth; 3 to 4 greater than distance from tip of lower
jaw to a line connecting angles of mouth; 4 to ;', greater than width of snout opposite outer angle of
nostrils. Interorbital width equaling distance from tip of snout to front of eye in the young, to middle
or posterior border of eye in older specimens; less than half distance to first gill-opening. Middle of
eye nearer nostril than angle of mouth by 4 to 4 its diameter. Distance from eye to nostril 4 or
slightly more than 4 distance from nostril to tip of snout. Middle of nostrils much nearer front of
mouth than tip of snout. Nasal flap with a very narrow, short, acute lobe, placed at end of inner third
of flap. Outer angle of nostrils nearly at margin of snout, the inner angles separated by a distance
equaling or slightly exceeding that between inner angle of nostril and back of eye. Lips very little
developed, the lower entirely concealed in closed mouth, the upper visible as a very short fold.
Teeth in lower jaw narrow, erect, serrulate on both margins, more coarsely so toward base.
The serration is more conspicuous in the smallest specimens (45 cm.), and is obsolescent on some of
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 11
the teeth in adults. Teeth in upper jaw broadly triangular, in front of jaw narrower and erect, those in
sides of jaw growing at once broader and more oblique. The lateral teeth have a strong notch on the
outer side. Both margins are strongly serrate, the serrations increasing toward base, one or more of
those below notch sometimes enlarged and cusp-like in adults. Teeth about 34.
Conspicuous areas of large and of small pores on under side of head. Gill-openings of
moderate width, the longest equaling distance between eye and nostril, the fifth much shortened, about
3 length of first. Eye small, equaling length of nasal opening, 1} to 2 in middle gill-slit.
Pectoral short and broad, the posterior margin not strongly incurved. Tip of fin extending
to a vertical intersecting dorsal base at origin of its posterior third or fourth. Anterior margin of pec-
toral 3 times length of inner or posterior margin, the latter less than width of base. First dorsal
beginning behind a vertical from axil of pectorals a distance about equaling that which separates eye
from nostril. Free margin of fin gently concave, the anterior angle extending to a point midway
between base and tip of posterior lobe, when the fin is depressed. Base of first dorsal 24 to 23 in
interspace between dorsals. Base of second dorsal 7 in interspace between dorsals, 24 in its distance
from anterior margin of pit. The origin of second dorsal falls over or behind middle of anal base.
The fin is but slightly concave, with rounded anterior angle; its posterior angle much produced; the
posterior margin exceeding base of fin, which about equals length of anterior margin. Anal inserted
more anteriorly than second dorsal, its base longer, its margin much more deeply concave, the length
of base contained about 14 times in its distance from lower caudal lobe. Lower caudal pit in advance
of the upper. The caudal is broad throughout, the lower lobe not falcate, slightly less (;{5 to }) than
half length of upper lobe, which is about 44 in total length. Shagreen coarse.
Color varying from light to dark gray above, the belly and lower part of sides whitish. Fins
all dusky or grayish, the caudal often with a blackish border. Pectorals with or without a black tip,
the latter when present not as conspicuous as in C. @thalorus, usually not extended onto inner face of
fin. A specimen 73 cm. long has the claspers undeveloped, extending slightly beyond margin of
ventrals. Another specimen, 85 cm. long, has the claspers fully developed, extending beyond the
margin of the ventrals for a distance of 5 cm.
Abundant at Panama, where numerous specimens were secured.
C. cerdale strongly resembles C. ethalorus, with which it is associated in the
Bay of Panama. It is distinguishable at sight by the narrower gill-slits, broader and
less faleate fins, and by the much less conspicuous black tips to the pectorals. The
dentition is very dissimilar in the two, and makes it necessary to arrange them in
different parts of the genus, C. cerdale belonging to the subgenus Platypodon.
8. Carcharias azureus sp. noy.
Cazon AZUL.
Prats II, Fic. 5.
Snout very short and bluntly rounded, its outline nearly parallel with cleft of mouth, the length
of its preoral portion 13 to 14 in distance between angles of mouth, constantly greater than distance
from chin to line joining angles of mouth, and very slightly (4 to ;1,) less than distance between
inner angles of nostrils. Width of snout opposite nostrils equals distance from angle of mouth to first
gill-slit. Eye nearer mouth than nostril, nearer nostril than angle of mouth. Outer angle of nostril
midway between tip of snout and middle of eye. Eye small, its horizontal diameter } nostril opening.
Nostrils converging along lines which meet a short distance behind symphysis. The anterior margin
is produced into a short, triangular flap. Width of mouth equaling half length of head in front of
gill-slits. Gill-slits wide, equaling or slightly exceeding the distance from eye to nostril, about equaling
length of branchial area. Two very short diverging furrows visible at angle of mouth, one representing
as usual the obsolescent upper lip.
12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Teeth in upper jaw broadly triangular, oblique, the anterior edge gently convex, the inner
gently concave and often with a slight notch dividing the margin into equal parts. Teeth in lower
jaw erect, narrowly lanceolate from a broad base. All the teeth are strongly serrate on both margins.
Pectorals long and wide, concave posteriorly, hence appearing falcate, their tips extending
slightly beyond base of first dorsal. Both angles are broadly rounded. Upper margin of pectorals
34 to 34 times lower margin, and 14 to 1} times the posterior margin; its length equals that of head
in advance of first gill-slit. A line joining axil of pectorals passes in front of origin of first dorsal a
distance equaling diameter of orbit. Base of first dorsal contained 13 to 14 times in anterior margin
of fin, and 13 or 14 times in the interspace between dorsals. Upper margin concave, the posterior but
little produced, contained 32 to 3% times in anterior margin. Second dorsal inserted well in advance
of anal, the length of its base contained 2$ to 2% times in base of first dorsal, 44 to 4} times in the
interspace, 12 to 14 times in its distance from front of caudal pit. Posterior lobe of second dorsal
extends nearly half-way to origin of upper caudal lobe. Front of anal under end of first third of
dorsal base, the two fins nearly equal in length, the anal perhaps slightly the longer. Margin of anal
much more deeply concave. Distance from anal to origin of lower caudal lobe contained 14 times in
distance from second dorsal to origin of upper caudal lobe. Caudal slightly exceeding 4 the total
length; the lower lobe with rounded angle appearing bluntly falcate, contained 2} times in upper lobe.
Color uniform light blue or bluish gray above, white below. Caudal and second dorsal black
margined; the lower caudal lobe and distal half of pectoral largely blackish.
This species is well known though not abundant at Panama, and is more highly
prized as food than other sharks. It appeared in the market on two oceasions during
the stay of the expedition, and three specimens were preserved, measuring from 92
to 95 em. Two of these are males with the claspers quite undeveloped, not nearly
reaching margin of ventrals. The species is said to reach a large size.
QO. azureus is extremely near C. nicaraguensis, from. Lake Nicaragua and _ its
outlet, the San Juan River. Dr. Jordan has kindly compared the above description
with a specimen of OQ. nicaraguensis (No. 39913) in the United States National
Museum. ‘The latter has a longer and wider snout, the length of which is contained
1} in its preoral portion, its width opposite the nostrils equaling the distance from
the angle of the mouth to the third gill-slit. The base of the first dorsal is } the
interspace between dorsals, and the base of the second dorsal is contained 25 times
in the first. The lower caudal lobe is contained 27 in the upper lobe. The pectoral
is but faintly dusky. These differences are not great, but there has been no
opportunity to make a direct comparison. In view of the exceptional distribution
of C. nicaraguensis, known only from fresh waters, which belong to the Atlantic
slope, it has not been thought wise to make the identification.
g. Scoliodon longurio Jordan & Gilbert.
Abundant at Panama, where six specimens were obtained. ‘The length of the
base of the first dorsal is contained 2} to nearly 3 times in the interspace between
dorsals, not 2} times, as stated by Jordan & Evermann (1896, p. 42). The teeth
are not at all serrate in the Panama specimens; the thin margin is sometimes gently
sinuate, but never toothed.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 15
Family SPHYRNIDZ.
10. Sphyrna tiburo (Linneus).
Reported for the first time from the Pacific Coast of America by the Hopkins
Mazatlan Expedition (Jordan, 1895 6, p. 383), which secured a single specimen.
Although overlooked by previous observers, the species seems to be not rare
at Panama.
Three specimens were preserved, each about 50 em. long. A number of
larger specimens were seen, from one of which were obtained a number of fully
developed embryos. These measure about 20 em. in length, and exhibit perfectly
the reniform shape of the head characteristic of this species. The groove forward
from the nostrils is better developed in the embryos than in older individuals, being
considerably more prominent even than in specimens of S. tudes, 60 em. long. In
examples of S. tuburo, 60 em. long, the prenasal groove is but little less distinct than in
S. tudes of the same size. In the Panama specimens of S. tiburo there is a more
decided fold at the angle of the mouth. In S. tiburo the head is both longer antero-
posteriorly and wider than in S. tudes, the greater length being in large part due to
the greater convexity in the curve of the anterior profile. ‘Thus in S. tiburo a line
joining inner angle of nostrils cuts off the anterior 2 of the snout; in S. tudes,
the anterior 2? only. The angle between anterior and lateral margins of head is
more obtuse in S. fiburo, owing to this increased convexity of the anterior profile.
The angle is as distinct, however, as in S. tudes, and the current statement con-
cerning S. tiburo, “anterior and lateral margins of head confluent into a semi-
circle,” is by no means justified.
I1. Sphyrna tudes (Cwvier).
In common with other species of ‘“‘Hammer-heads,” S. tudes is frequently
brought into the Panama market. It is undoubtedly abundant along the entire
Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America. Several specimens were secured.
12. Sphyrna zygena (Linneus).
Still more abundant than the preceding species, appearing in the market
almost daily. Several specimens were obtained.
Family SQUALID.
13. Squalus sucklii (Girard).
Jordan and Evermann (1896, p. 54) suggest that a single species of Squalus
may be found to extend from the coast of California (S. sucklii) to Chile (“ S. fernan-
dinus’’). In that case, it would be to this species we should assign the Panama
record given by Giinther (1868, p. 396).
(3) March 2, 1903.
14 GALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Family PRISTID.
14. Pristis zephyreus (Jordan & Starks).
A saw, 80 em. long, was procured fresh in the market. A young specimen
entire, 90 em. in total length, was taken in fresh or slightly brackish water in a
tributary of the Rio Grande at Miraflores. The smaller specimen agrees well with
the type of the species.
Some statements in the original description which might lead to confusion
are explained or corrected below.
The teeth are all deeply grooved behind, the groove with sharply trenchant
edges. In both of the Panama specimens the teeth are in 22 pairs. The inter-
spaces between the hind teeth are 4 times the base of teeth in the young, 23 times
in the adult. ‘The length of the front teeth is slightly more than 4 the breadth of
the saw between them in young, 2% in this width in adults. Distance between first
and second tooth 2} times base of first in young, twice base of first in adult. Width
of mouth slightly less than distance between tips of hinder teeth. The “slant
height of pectoral” of the original description includes the anterior margin of
the whole pectoral mass, from its angle forward to a point just behind eye. The
“lower lobe” of caudal is the distance from anterior insertion of lobe to tip of fin.
The saw in the type is 28 em. long from base to tip, 31 cm. from tip of saw to front
of nostril.
Family RHINOBATIDZ.
15. Rhinobatus leucorhynchus (Gunther).
Seen on two occasions only.
The relationship is extremely close between this species and &. glaucostigma,
which is abundant at Mazatlan. &. lewcorhynchus has no slate-colored spots on the
back, and no black blotch on the under side of the snout. The rostral ridges are
much narrower, and the rostral cartilage tapers more anteriorly. The snout is
broadly triangular, with almost perfectly straight sides, which are slightly concave
near tip, making the latter narrow and sharp. In &. glaucostigma, the rostral outline
is slightly concave from its base to near the tip, where it becomes convex, thus
making the terminal portion of the snout broader and more bluntly rounded. The
posterior gill-slit is narrower, contained 1} times in the fourth slit. In other
details of structure, the two forms agree very closely, the proportions of disk and
fins, the size of eyes, nostrils, and mouth, and the character of nasal flaps being
wholly similar.
R. glaucostigma has been considered the northern representative of R&R.
leucorhynchus, but is now recorded from the Bay of Santa Helena, near Guayaquil
(Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol. XIII, p. 1). Its discovery at Panama is therefore to be
expected.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 15
16. Zapteryx xyster (Jordan & Evermann).
Known only from the type specimens, collected by Prof. F. H. Bradley at
Panama, in 1866.
Family RAJIDZ.
17. Raja equatorialis (Jordan & Bollman).
Known only from the type, which was dredged by the “ Albatross” in 1888,
at Station 2797, in the Bay of Panama, at a depth of thirty-three fathoms.
Family NARCOBATID.
18. Narcine entemedor (Jordait & Starks).
Not rare at Panama; five specimens seen in the market. Obtained also by
Dr. Gilbert at Panama, in 1883.
The interorbital width is less than given in the original description. The
least width of frontal cartilage between the eyes is contained three times in the
preocular portion of snout; the distance between the eyes 1{. The longitudinal
diameter of the eyeballs, which somewhat protrude, equals or slightly exceeds the
diameter of the spiracle. The spiracle is horseshoe-shaped, the eye entering its
anterior border; everywhere except in front it is surrounded by a raised border
which bears a single series of small tubercles. Series of pores are conspicuous on
upper surface of snout, each pore often surrounded by a dark ring; a pair of much
larger pores near middle line behind spiracles.
A deep fold of integument surrounds the lower jaw posteriorly, growing very
low as it surrounds angle of mouth, and passing anteriorly to join the base of the
frenum of the nasal valve. Laterally it is concealed by a still deeper fold, which
overlaps it postero-laterally and is continuous anteriorly with the inferior nasal valve.
19. Discopyge ommata (Jordan & Gilbert).
Not seen by the expedition. First taken by Dr. Gilbert at Panama, in 1882.
The type is from “Albatross” Station 2795, in the Bay of Panama, at a depth of
thirty-three fathoms.
Family DASY ATID.
20. Urolophus halleri (Cooper).
Not seen in 1896, but reported on previous occasions. U. umbrifer Jordan
and Starks is one of the many color forms of this species. U. nebulosus has been
ascribed to Panama (Jordan & Evermann, 1896, p. 81), but no authentic record of
its occurrence can be found.
16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
21. Urolophus mundus ((rill).
Urolophus asterias JORDAN & GILBERT, 1882 m, p. 579.
The types of U. asterias, obtained by Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama in
1881, were originally identified as U. mundus, but were afterwards distinguished
because of disagreement with the description of U. mundus, the types of the
latter being lost. The discrepancies do not now seem very important, however,
and it seems safe to identify U. mundus with the present species, which is abundant
from Panama to the Gulf of California.
U. mundus was thought to be distinguished from other species, including
U. asterias, by the short caudal spine, posteriorly inserted. If, however, the original
description refers to the posterior point of insertion of the caudal spine, it agrees
with U. asterias. Measured in that way, the insertion of the spine is usually behind
the middle of the tail (measured from anus), and the length of the spine equals
distance between snout and nostrils. U. mundus is said to have the skin “ beset with
numerous small stelliform tubercles, larger on the dorsal region,” but no mention is
made of the row of large spinous tubercles on median line of back and tail, charac-
teristic of U. asterias. In U. mundus the distance of snout from hinder margin of
pectorals is said to equal the width of the disk, while in U. asterias the disk is
constantly somewhat wider (‘5 to ;';). If another species be discovered at Panama,
with disk as wide as long, with stelliform prickles but with no median series of
spines, the case will have to be reconsidered.
Five specimens were obtained by the expedition at Panama; three of them
are males. The females are 42 and 31 cm. long, and contain embryos about
two-thirds grown. The coloration in all the specimens is uniform dark brownish
on upper side of disk, without the faint dusky spots found in a Mazatlan example.
The fringe on velum is much less conspicuous in the Panama material. None of
the specimens approach the closely related U. rogersi Jordan and Starks, which is
undoubtedly distinct.
22. Urolophus goodei (Jordan & Bollman).
Not obtained by the expedition. The types were dredged by the “Albatross”
at Station 2795, in Panama Bay, at a depth of thirty-three fathoms. Jordan and
Evermann (1896, p. 81) state that this species was taken in Magdalena Bay, Lower
California, but the present writers are unacquainted with the record. Boulenger
(1898-9, Vol. XIII, p. 5) lists it from the Bay of Santa Helena, near Guayaquil.
23. Urolophus aspidurus (Jordan & Gilbert).
Abundant at Panama, where numerous specimens were secured, all but one
of which are females. One contains embryos full grown.
The following corrections and additions may be made to current descriptions:
The disk, taken to posterior margin of pectorals, is constantly a little broader than
long; its length being less than that of tail measured from posterior insertion
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 1 Wi
of ventrals. The amount of exsertion of the snout is very variable, the protruding
portion being sometimes short and broad, sometimes long and narrow. The
distance from eye to tip of snout is 33 or 3% in disk, measured as above. ‘The
posterior insertion of caudal spine is very slightly in advance of middle of
tail (measured from anus). The bucklers on tail vary in the present speci-
mens from one to seven (eight in one of the types); they have not appeared
at birth, and are still undeveloped in a young specimen 15 em. long. It will
probably be found that there is always a regular series of seven or eight of these
when they first appear, a variable number of them falling off later. In the adults,
those remaining are usually unequally spaced, the interspaces often showing the
sears of the lost bucklers. Minute asperities seem to be constantly present (at least
in females), and are most numerous in a strip extending along the median line of
disk. The teeth are much as in U. mundus, but are much more deeply grooved.
In females the teeth are flat without cusp, each tooth with a deep transverse
groove, the hinder margin of which is elevated to form a ridge crossing the tooth
transversely behind its middle. In the male, each tooth has a long acute median
cusp; those in the upper jaw deeply grooved from base to tip along their anterior
face, those in lower jaw transversely convex. In U. mundus the cusps of upper
teeth in the males are provided with shallow grooves on basal portions only, and the
transverse grooves on the flat teeth of the females are shallow, and followed by a
lower transverse ridge. In embryos of U. aspidurus, the inner margin of spiracular ,
rim is much elevated and produced anteriorly into a long slender coiled lobe, pos-
teriorly into a much shorter projection. All trace of this raised rim disappears in
the adult.
24. Dasyatis longa (Garman).
Not rare. One female specimen preserved.
Anterior margins of pectorals gently concave along the middle, becoming
convex toward tip of snout, the latter abruptly projecting. The cutaneous fold on
lower side of tail is low, not over 3 mm. in height; it begins opposite the anterior
insertion of caudal spine, and is evident on about half the length of the tail. An
extremely low ridge on back of tail behind caudal spine. The tail is very rough
behind the caudal spine. A series of 34 coarse, spinous tubercles on median line
of back, the three largest at intersection of median line with shoulder-girdle.
Opposite this point are two short series of much smaller tubercles converging slightly
backward. In addition to these, the interorbital region and the median area of back
contain numerous stellate prickles, but few of which are behind the shoulder-girdle.
mm.
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18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Material is not at hand to decide the relation between D. longa and D.
dipterura. The specimen listed by Jordan (1895 6, p. 389) from Mazatlan may be
the latter, if the two species are distinct. In one of the Mazatlan specimens, with
the disk 32 em. long, the upper surface is naked, except three small spines on middle
line near shoulder-girdle. The tail is also naked, and possesses, in addition to the
very high cutaneous fold below, a free upper fin-fold half the height of the lower.
It is probable that the two species are distinct.
25. Pteroplatea crebripunctata (Peters).
Three specimens seen at Panama.
The proportions of disk are not essentially different in P. crebripunctata,
P.rava, and P. maclura. In all, the distance from tip of snout to front of anal slit
equals half the width of the disk (or a little less than half in P. rava); and the
extreme length of disk, from tip of snout to hinder margin of pectorals, is contained
13 to 1? times in the width. A line joining angles of disk intersects very slightly
in advance of its middle a line from tip of snout to tip of tail.
P.crebripunctata and P. maclura are extremely close, differing principally in
color, the marblings and spots being finer in P. maclura, and the lighter markings
brighter in color, more sharply contrasting with the rest. P.rava has a sharper
snout than the others, the rostral angle being, however, in excess of a right angle
(110 degrees). The type of P. rava is a male specimen, 29 em. long, with well
developed claspers and no trace of caudal spine.
Family MYLIOBATID.
26. Aetobatus narinari (Huphrasen).
Frequently seen; three specimens preserved, one of which has measurements
as given below.
Rostro-frontal fontanel narrowing anteriorly to opposite the hinder margin of
eyes, then abruptly expanding; its greatest width anteriorly, 21 mm.; least width at the
constriction, 13 mm.; greatest width posteriorly, opposite middle of spiracles, 18 mm.
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hiplot snout tomiddlesot nasal’ flap seessssse.-c2-cee eee eee eee eee eee Reece eee ene eee eee ee een 61
Wadthiof mouth 2352.5.) odacvsen Seb easedneshaancdenaaoecoe Cece teeee eRe EeE eee CEE Re eee ReeEE ee 44
Diameter Of, 11S: o.cscsqec oo eens ceeecosise ne serSnn- Saas clelaee deren de COREE MEER REC sae eceeiae cee Pee ae eeeeEnee II
The Panama specimens agree entirely with those described by Jordan (1895
b, p. 391). The comparative measurements given in the paper cited are often
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 19
erroneous, as will appear by comparing them with the above. The size of the spots
is somewhat variable, and the length of the tail is unreliable, the latter being usually
more or less shortened by injury.
27. Myliobatis asperrimus ((ilbert).
PuateE III, Fic. 6.
Myliobatis asperrimus GILBERT, (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2754).
Upper surface of head and body, excepting the snout, an area on outer side of spiracle, the
pectoral margin and its posterior angle, and the ventral fins, thickly covered with minute usually
stellate prickles of uniform size, most numerous on median portions of head and back; those on basal
half or two-thirds of pectorals are least crowded, and are arranged in definite longitudinal series,
corresponding with the muscle bands. The tail is very rough throughout, being covered with similar
stellate prickles. It is also crossed by numerous narrow grooves, or indented lines, mostly convex
forwards, somewhat irregular in position and direction, and not corresponding on the two sides. In
the type they follow at an average interval of about ro mm. Lower side of disk mostly smooth, with
some prickles on the basal part of pectorals anteriorly, arranged in lengthwise series, and other patches
on lower side of head, belly and base of ventrals.
Rostro-frontal fontanel scarcely constricted anteriorly, the bounding ridges diverging abruptly
at their anterior ends. Nasal flap with a shallow median notch, covering the mouth except the
median portion of lower dental plate, its posterior margin coarsely fringed. Teeth in each jaw in one
broad, median row, and three lateral rows; those of median row about five times as broad as long
antero-posteriorly.
The color is dusky-brown above, the anterior portion of pectorals with eight or ten narrow,
transverse bars of bluish-white, most of which break up into series of spots towards outer margin of
disk, the posterior ones also breaking up towards middle line. The bars and spots are fainter
anteriorly, becoming whiter and more intense posteriorly. Towards outer angles of disk the bars are
sometimes separated by intermediate series of light round spots. The bars usually fail to meet across
the back. The posterior portion of disk, including base of tail and upper surface of ventrals, is
covered with round white spots not much larger than pupil; some of those immediately succeeding the
bars show a transverse serial arrangement. The top of head shows one or more pairs of indistinct
light spots. Margin of snout and of pectorals blackish. Spiracular border black. Dorsal with a black
blotch posteriorly. Under side of head and disk bright white. Proximal portion of tail blackish above,
lighter below, the entire tail becoming black posteriorly.
mm.
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ear es tat bie (A eeATOnI Ong ENG) pec qeaeece- 1 «c setae Resceasceseera =e skied eoeincaiy scenes siesac oasegs 23
20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
One specimen taken, a male, with undeveloped elaspers which do not nearly
reach the edge of ventrals.
Family SILURIDZ.
28. Felichthys panamensis ((ill).
Abundant. Of the six specimens preserved, three are males and three
females, all being of nearly equal size. The specimens do not differ according to sex
in the shape of the dorsal buckler as extensively as is indicated in Steindachner’s
figures (1876 }, Plate II). Furthermore, such difference as exists is in the opposite
direction to that observed by him, as the buckler is larger and proportionally
somewhat wider in the females than in the males. More obvious sexual differences
are found in the length of the ventral fins and in the shape of the anal. In females,
the ventrals are long, constantly extending beyond the front of the anal. In males,
they fail to reach the front of the anal fin. In females, the anterior portion of the
anal fin is produced, forming a projecting lobe, thus giving a strongly concave arch
to the posterior half of the margin of the fin. In males, there is no lobe, and the
margin of the fin is nearly or wholly straight. This difference in the shape of the
anal was noticed by Steindachner (1876 4, p. 15), but was supposed by him to be due
to age and not to sex. Another sexual difference seems to exist in the size of the
head, which in the present specimens is less in the case of the females, 53 to 33
(52 in males). The specimens taken range from 325 to 360 mm. in length.
29. Felichthys pinnimaculatus (Steindachner).
NEGRO ENCUERO.
One of the most abundant food-fishes of the Panama market. Sexual peculi-
arities seem much less strongly marked than in /’. panamensis.
30. Galeichthys lentiginosus (Higenmann & Higenmann).
Frequently seen; nine specimens preserved.
The species is at once recognized by the very long narrow occipital process,
by the depressed head, which is wide posteriorly and tapers rapidly forward to the
narrow pointed snout, by the very convex mouth, and the usually smooth head. In
the latter respect, however, there is much variation. The granulations may be confined
to the occipital process and the posterior part of occiput, and be faintly visible
where present, or they may entirely cover the crown forward to the interorbital
space. In the latter case, the pattern of sculpture is exactly similar to that figured
for Netuma planiceps (Steindachner, 1876 5, Plate IV), except that the granulations
are less definitely in series, and that an evident groove extends backward from
fontanel to near base of occipital process. The difference in roughness of the head
is dependent neither on age nor sex. The specimen with best marked granulations
is a female.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 7A
The narrow pointed snout, and large convexly curved mouth combine to
give the latter a considerable lateral cleft, when seen from the side. The length
of the head is very constant, 3} to 3, in length, when measured to margin of
opercular membrane. Eye 3 to 3} in its distance from tip of snout. The upper jaw
protrudes beyond the lower for about three-fourths the width of the thick upper lip.
The maxillary barbels extend beyond base of pectoral spine, but not beyond its basal
third. Pectoral pore variable, usually minute and detected with difficulty, occa-
sionally an obvious slit.
The anal fin is very long, with perfectly straight margin, the rays declining
regularly from the longest to the last. Five specimens have respectively 28, 24, 24,
24 and 25 anal rays, including rudiments. The anus is anteriorly placed, its distance
from base of ventrals equaling half its distance from front of anal fin. All but one
of the specimens are females, and have the inner edge of the ventrals and the upper
side of the inner rays covered by a thickened fold of skin.
Light brownish in life, with blue and green reflections; the lower portion of
the sides coarsely punctate with brown. ‘The fins are all dusky toward tips, the basal
portions dull orange yellow. Maxillary barbels blackish, the others white. The
specimens answer well to the description of the types.
It is evident that the relative smoothness of the head cannot serve to distin-
guish the nominal genera Galeichthys and Hexanematichthys. The character is
dependent partly on variation in the granulation of the bones, partly on the amount
of thickening of the integument. Many species from different sections of the group
show similar individual variations, according to which they might be placed in one
or the other genus. The American species with villiform teeth and comparatively
narrow crescentic palatine patches will be ranged under the oldest name, Galeichthys.
31. Galeichthys peruvianus (Liithen).
This rare species was not seen. Described originally from Callao, it has been
recorded from Panama by Steindachner and by Gilbert, and from Altata, Mexico,
by Steindachner. It has not been procured.by any of the numerous investigators
in northern Mexico.
32. Galeichthys eigenmanni, sp. nov.
PATE Ve IG. 7.
This species, found in abundance at Panama, and identified with G. seemann
by Eigenmann and others, seems to be an undescribed species. G. seemanni is from
some unknown locality in Central America, not improbably from the Atlantic side.
It is described (Giinther, 1864 a, p. 147) as having the top of the head finely
granular; the occipital process with a prominent ridge; yomerine patches of teeth
widely separated; and particularly as having the fontanel reaching to the base of the
occipital process. Dr. Jordan (1883, p. 282) has re-examined the type in the
British Museum for this last character, and has found it as described. In all these
respects the Panama specimens differ strongly, as shown below.
(4) March 3, 1903.
22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Head broad and flat, 32 to 33 in length; its depth at base of occipital process 14 to 13 in its
length. The dorsal profile from dorsal spine to tip of snout nearly (appearing perfectly) straight.
Snout wide and depressed, sharply wedge-shaped as viewed from the side; its length to a point on the
median line of head between anterior margin of eyes 33 to 4 in head. The prefrontal does not form a
protuberance in front of eye as in G. jordan and related species, the contour of snout rising uniformly
to the edge of the dermal margin of eye. The interorbital area is flattened and wide; its width between
dermal supraorbital margins 2 to 24 in head. The top of head is coarsely granular, the granulated area
extending forward usually to above middle of orbit in two diverging areas, separated by a triangular
continuation backward of the naked or smooth area of the snout. The length of the fontanel is
variable in the present specimens, but in none of them does it reach the occipital process.’ In two
specimens evidently abnormal, the groove is very short, extending only tothe apex of the triangular
smooth area, which extends backward from interorbital space. Usually, however, the groove narrows
backward uniformly, though sometimes constricted where it enters the granular area of the head, and
extends to within 2 diameter of eye of the occipital process. The occipital process is usually broader
than long; in extreme cases it is broader than long by nearly the length of the basal plate of the dorsal
spine; from this it varies to only as broad as long. The basal plate of the dorsal spine is twice, or a
little more than twice, as broad as long. The median keel is lower than in G. planiceps or G. jordani;
in some specimens it is scarcely evident at the termination of the fontanel, but grows stronger on the
occipital process.
The maxillary barbel usually reaches base of pectoral spine; in one specimen to axillary pore,
in several about to middle of opercle. The outer mental barbels often reach but 2 distance to gill-
openings, but sometimes extend beyond the latter. The vomerine patches of teeth usually meet on
median line, or are separated by a narrow groove only. In but one specimen (an adult male) are
they widely separated (as figured by Giinther and Eigenmann). The eye is contained 64 to 7 times in
the head, measured in a straight line from median tip of snout obliquely above eye to gill-opening.
As in other related species, the head is longer and the ventrals shorter in the male, the ventrals
overlapping front of anal in females and provided with a very large fold of the integument. In the
females the black of the ventrals passes gradually into the lighter margin. In males the transition
between the two areas is abrupt. In five specimens examined, the gill-rakers are 5-++10, 5-+10,
6-+10, 5+11, and 5+4+12. The pectoral pore is a long slit. The base of adipose fin is twice or
nearly twice diameter of eye. The dorsal has 7 soft rays, and the anal 17 or 18. The length of
the pectoral is very variable; measuring from base of spine to tip of soft rays, it is contained from
t4 to r} in head.
From G. jordani and other related species, G. eigenmanni can be at once
recognized by the wider, flatter head, especially the more depressed snout, the smaller
‘eye, the rougher head, and the less evident carina on the occipital process.
Three males and nine females were preserved.
It is not clear what species from Santa Helena Bay is referred to by Boulenger
(1898-99, Vol. XITI, p. 5) under the name Arivs seemanni. From his statement
“Le Galeichthys gilberti Jord., n’en est pas séparable,” we are disposed to believe that
he had before him specimens of G. jordani rather than G, eigenmanni.
33. Galeichthys jordani (Vigenmann & Higenmann).
Two specimens were obtained 250 and 345 mm. long. The larger individual
is a female, with elongate ventrals overlapping the front of the anal fin, and provided
‘From a drawing kindly communicated by Professor Garman, it is learned that Eigenmann’s material in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology agrees with the present specimens in the length of the fontanel groove.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY De
on the upper surface of the inner rays with a much thickened fold of the integu-
ment, as in G. platypogon and G. ergenmanni.
The specimens taken agree well with Eigenmann’s description of the types,
except in the size of the palatine patch of teeth, which is in adults about as large as
in G. eigenmanni, and many times the size of the small vomerine patch. It is probably
true of this species, as of G. gilberti from Mazatlan (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 6, p. 47,
under Arius assimilis), that the palatine bands vary “considerably in size and some-
what in form, the width ranging from } diameter of eye to 3, being generally larger
in adults.” Eigenmann’s type of G@. jordani was an immature specimen. In the
smaller of our specimens the palatine patch is much less developed than in the
adult, though somewhat larger and more ovate than in Eigenmann’s figure.
In both of the specimens taken the fontanel groove terminates a very short
distance in advance of the base of the occipital process, not reaching the base of
process as described by Eigenmann.
The gill-rakers number 5+-11 and 5+-12, the most anterior being very minute.
If the one at the branchial angle be reckoned with the vertical series instead of
the horizontal, as above, one of the specimens will have the formula 6+ 10, as com-
pared with Eigenmann’s type 6+-9.
Compiring the Panama material with the co-types of @. gilberti from Mazatlan,
it is impossible to detect any appreciable differences, unless possibly in the color,
which is lighter in the Mazatlan specimens. (. gilberti is said to lack the pectoral
pore, but in reality possesses a minute round pore, as is evident in the co-types exam-
ined. The adult G. jordani from Panama has the pore likewise minute, while the
younger example has a considerably larger, slightly elongate opening. The width
of the mouth is the same in the Mazatlan and Panama specimens; measured exter-
nally, at the posterior labial angle, it equals the distance from the tip of the snout
to the hinder margin of the pupil, and is contained 2} to 25 times in the length
of the head.
The two would be united without question, were it not that the co-types of
G. gilberti (three in number) agree perfectly among themselves and differ from the
Panama specimens of G@. jordani in having the occipital plate much wider, more evenly
rounded in transverse section, and with a much lower keel. The occipital plate is,
in each of these specimens, wider than long by half the width of the basal plate of
the dorsal spine. In G. jordani the width of the occipital plate is } or } its length.
This plate is also much more sharply keeled and more densely granular. On the
basis of these differences the two species are held provisionally distinct.
In both species the upper lobe of the caudal is longer and more falcate than
in related species, reaching far beyond the lower lobe, and contained 5; to 3} in the
length. The head is finely and often sparsely granular, the granular area not con-
tinued forward in any of the Panama specimens as far as a line joining posterior
margins of orbits. The fontanel groove widens anteriorly, is rather deep, with sharply
defined margins, and terminates abruptly, not ‘merging into the broad, flat, smooth,
interorbital area” as is described in the type of G@. gilberti.
24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
34. Galeichthys xenauchen ((ilbert).
Prarr IV; Hick 8:
Hexanematichthys xenauchen GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN 1898, p. 2777).
In appearance, G. xenauchen is most closely allied to species of Netwma,
having the low depressed head, with the lateral outlines converging forwards to the
narrow pointed snout, and a long largely adherent adipose dorsal. The palatine
patches are, however, narrow, and without backwardly projecting lobes. The species
is distinguished from all those known from the Pacific Coast of America by the long
and extraordinarily narrow occipital process.
Type, a female 38 em. long.
Head 3% in length; depth at front of dorsal 54; anal with 23 rays. Width of head at opercle
I, in its length; width at front of eyes 2 in head. Width of mouth at inner angles 22 in head.
Interorbital width 2;!,. Eye very small, 9 in head, 3 in its distance from tip to snout, 4% in postocular
part of head, 44 in interorbital width.
Teeth all villiform. Mandibular bands well separated on middle line, very broad mesially,
rapidly tapering to a point laterally, the band produced beyond angle of mouth, its greatest width
contained 24 times in its length. Premaxillary band very convexly curved, following the outline of the
snout, its width 5% in its length. Vomerine patches roundish, separated by an evident medial groove,
marked off from the palatine patches by a narrower groove and a constriction. The palatine patches
are equal in width to the vomerine patches, and less than twice as long. They are of nearly equal
width throughout.
Maxillary barbels very slender, reaching slightly beyond the base of the pectoral spine. The
mental barbels do not reach edge of gill-membrane, the outer pair equaling length of snout and half of
eye. Nostrils very large, the anterior broadly oval, with widely reflexed rim, the posterior widely
elliptical, not concealed by the valve. Distance from anterior nostril to tip of snout equaling that from
posterior nostril to front of eye.
Fontanel wide, with nearly parallel edges on frontal region, abruptly narrowing at front of
occiput, where it is continuous with a narrow and shallow groove. The latter fails to reach base of
occipital process by a distance equaling half diameter of eye. The raised margins of the fontanel are
continuous with a pair of sharp ridges bounding the groove, these accompanied by a pair of
lower ridges on their outer sides and parallel with them. Posteriorly, these ridges are roughened with
granules, and merge into the granulated area on posterior part of occiput. Occipital process granu-
lated, the granules arranged in more or less definite lines radiating backwards and downwards on each
side from median point of base. Lateral portions of occiput with an area of radiating striz, separated
from the central ridges by a smooth groove-like depression. A narrow granulated area extends
forward on each side of fontanel to above back of orbits. The occipital process is very long and
narrow, its width opposite its middle being but 7 of its length. Near base it abruptly expands, the
basal width being half its length plus that of dorsal plate on median line. | Opercles and humeral
plate weakly striate. Gill-membranes with a wide free fold posteriorly. Gill-rakers weak and short,
1-4 movable ones. No evident axial pore.
Dorsal spine slender, with a series of sharp granulations on anterior edge; minutely roughened,
not serrate behind. It is broken in the type, but its length was about 2 that of head. Pectoral
spines rather slender, rough granular on outer margins, with short fine serre within. Both are
mutilated in the type, but their length was about equal to that of dorsal spine. The pectorals
extend nearly § distance to ventrals, the ventrals nearly to origin of anal. Distance from anus to
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 25
2
base of ventrals 3 its distance from front of anal. Anal fin very long, its base 14 in head, its longest
ray § head. Distance between dorsals 34 in length. Adipose fin long, highest about opposite the
middle, with a short almost vertical free posterior margin. Its vertical height is 38 in its length, which
is more than twice the distance from adipose fin to rudimentary caudal rays, greater than the base of the
first dorsal, and equal to half the length of the head. Caudal fin with broad lobes, the lower
rounded; the upper mutilated in the type, but evidently acute and longer than the lower.
Color purplish above, more bluish anteriorly; the lower parts silvery, coarsely punctate with
brown. Fins all blackish, except the lower surface of the paired fins.
35. Galeichthys guatemalensis ((iinther).
This species was not seen by the authors. Recorded by Giinther (1868,
p- 893) from Panama; by Boulenger (1899, p. 2) from Rio Lara, Darien.
36. Galeichthys dasycephalus ((iinther).
This species was occasionally seen; eleven specimens were preserved, all of
which are females.
It answers well the description of Giinther (1864 a, p. 157), and of Jordan
and Gilbert’ (1882 4, page 51), except that the head is constantly longer, 4 to 44
in length, and the dorsal spine is contained 13 instead of 1; times in head. The anal
contains 21 rays, including the rudiments. The top of the head is constantly much
rougher than in G@. longicephalus, although exhibiting much variation in this respect.
The fontanel groove reaches base of occipital process in all of the specimens taken.
37. Galeichthys longicephalus (Higenmann & Ligenmann).
Taken occasionally; eight specimens were preserved, all of which are males.
There is little variation in the sculpturing of the head, which is either en-
tirely smooth, invested with thick skin, or minutely roughened by a few scattered
points. None of our specimens have the plates roughly granulated, as in @. dasy-
cephalus.
The head is very constant in length, 33, 3%, 3%, 3%, 33, 33, 3} and 34 times
respectively in distance from tip of snout to base of caudal. The maxillary barbel
reaches to base of pectoral spine, or to the end of its basal fourth. The outer mental
barbels are variable, sometimes not reaching gill-opening, more often slightly beyond
it. The eyes vary in length, and equal their distance from hinder end or middle of
posterior nostril, and about half their distance from tip of snout. The width of
mouth about equals the length of snout, 2% to 5; in head. In the description of the
type, the width of mouth should doubtless stand 3%, not 25, in head. The distance
from the tip of snout to front of dorsal is contained 2% to 2? in the length; the inter-
space between dorsals 33 to 4.
The color of the upper part is brown, sometimes continued down over the
1 Dr. Jordan has kindly re-examined the specimens here referred to, collected by Gilbert at Panama on a
previous expedition, and states that the head measures 4} (not 41) in length to base of caudal.
26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
sides and belly, almost entirely masking the silvery of those parts. In other speci-
mens, the sides and belly are bright silvery without brown tinge. The fins are all
dusky, in some specimens much darker than in others; the ventrals sometimes nar-
rowly edged with bright white.
We have been tempted to consider this species the male of G. dasycephalus,
as our numerous specimens seem to be all males, while our specimens of G. dasy-
cephalus, as well as all those of which we have record, seem to be females. The
structural differences are so much greater in amount than are known to be sexual
with any other species, that we hold the two forms distinct. In addition to the striking
difference in the length and sculpturing of the head, G@. longicephalus has shorter
barbels, coarser gill-rakers, shorter pectoral spines, a wider fontanel, and a wider
snout and mouth.
38. Sciadeichthys troscheli (Gill).
Abundant along the entire coast of Mexico and Central America. At
Panama it occurred daily in the markets, but seldom in large numbers. The collec-
tion contains five specimens from Panama, one from Champerico.
The species varies in certain respects more than has been represented. The
dorsal buckler varies much in width, and even in general shape; one specimen at
hand has it triangular, tapering nearly uniformly from the base forward to the long
acute apex, two-fifths of its length on the median line being contained within the
notch of the occipital process. In one individual, the granulations are very sparse,
and largely obscured by the thickened integument.
The maxillary barbels are blackish, with a conspicuous white inferior mar-
gin. They vary much in length, often failing to reach opercular opening, sometimes
overlapping base of pectoral spine. The vomerine patch of teeth is sometimes long
(transversely) and narrow, thus separating widely the palatine bands (as figured by
Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, p. 56); sometimes much shorter and wider. The
91
head seems very constant in length, 34 to 3} in total length (without caudal).
39. Selenaspis dowi (Gill).
Large specimens are frequently brought into the Panama market, but seldom
more than two or three at a time. The young are rarely seen. In one of the speci-
mens at hand, a curious variation is observable in the shape of the dorsal shield, which
has its anterior margin medially produced and wedge-shaped, fitting into an
emargination in the occipital process, much as in Sciadeichthys troscheli.
40. Netuma kessleri (Steindachner).
One of the most abundant species of catfishes at Panama. It varies in color
from light brown to nearly black on the upper parts, and may be pure white below
or variously marked with brown. ‘The fins vary in a similar manner, the caudal, anal,
and inner surfaces of pectorals and ventrals being black in the darkest specimens,
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 7
merely dusky in others. The vomerine patches vary somewhat in size and shape. A
very narrow groove may be detected, separating them in all of the specimens, and
they do not seem to be wholly confluent with the palatine patches even in adults.
The pterygoid bands may be wholly absent, or represented by a linear group of
small patches, or fully developed as an elliptical patch of large size.
Nine specimens were preserved.
41. Netuma insculpta (Jordan & Gilbert).
Hitherto known only from the type (an adult male) and two young co-types,
all from Panama. ‘To these, the present collection has added an adult female, 27
em. long.
The species is very close to NV. planiceps, but differs in its wider head, more
numerous and coarser granulations, wider occipital process, longer barbels, and
shorter higher adipose fin. The occipital process is less sharply keeled, and the
palatine teeth are in larger patches. In our specimen, the vomerine patches are
large, the apposed magrins rounded, meeting in the middle but not confluent;
evident furrows mark them off from the palatine patches. The latter are very
large, with straight parallel inner edges, as in N. platypogon.
In the following measurements the specimen varies somewhat from the type
description:
Head 3? in length. Interocular width 2§ in head; snout 23; width of mouth
(external measurement) 2; maxillary barbel reaching to end of second fifth of the
length of the pectoral spine; outer mental barbel to little past gill-opening. Occip-
ital process a little wider at base than its length on the median line. Length of
predorsal plate on the median line one-third the length of one of its sides. The base
of the adipose fin is contained 2? times in the head, its height 1} in its length. The
ventrals overlap the rudimentary anal rays. The anal has 14 developed rays, 3 rudi-
ments. The posterior face of the pectorals is black, the other fins dusky. The
maxillary barbel is silvery white, with a black upper margin.
42. Netuma planiceps (Steinduchner).
Of frequent occurrence. This proves to be an extremely variable species, the
variations not being dependent on age or sex, and not correlated. The occipital
process may be very much narrower than figured by Steindachner (1876 0, Pl.
IV), more tapering posteriorly; or it may be broader than there represented and
more expanded at the base, so that the lateral margins are more concave and the
greatest width and length of the plate are about equal. There is usually a wide
shallow groove extending backward from the fontanel to within about a pupil’s diam-
eter of the occipital process. This is often obscured posteriorly by granules or
granulated ridges, and may even be obliterated by the latter, as shown in the
figure already cited. The carina on the occipital process is usually sharp, rarely
28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
rounded posteriorly. In the former case it is not infrequently continued backward
onto the dorsal plate. The granulations are always very fine; they are sometimes
arranged in series, and are always rather distant and inconspicuous.
The teeth on the palate are especially variable. The vomerine patches are
usually small, and may be either confluent with each other and with the palatine
patches, or may be separated from both by a groove. ‘This variation seems to be not
determined by age. The palatine patches are sometimes ovate, small, with very
indistinct backward processes; sometimes fully twice as large, produced backward,
with their inner margins nearly straight and diverging.
The snout is usually broadly rounded or subtruncate, seen from above. In
some cases, however, it is sharply convex, the mouth then with more lateral cleft,
and often with swollen lips. In all the specimens, the premaxillary band of teeth is
long, its width being contained not less than four times in the length. The barbels
are always short, the maxillary barbel seldom reaching the gill-opening. In adults,
the appearance is often peculiarly modified by the great enlargement of the upper
portion of the cheek muscles, making the top of the head transversely concave.
The long adipose fin is highest near its middle, where the vertical height is about
one-third the length. The fin is not wholly adnate, there being a short, free posterior
border. It is constantly a little longer than the base of the first dorsal.
43. Netuma platypogon ((rinther).
Abundant in the Panama market. Of the ten specimens preserved, six are
females, with elongate ventrals, which overlap the front of the anal. Unlike
G. eigenmanni, the vent is constant in position, not more anteriorly placed in
females. As in G. eigenmanni and G. jordani, the inner ventral ray is somewhat
broadened in females, and gives attachment to a dermal thickening, less marked,
however, in this species.
In one male specimen taken at some date between January 10 and February
24, the mouth contained eggs, and was obviously functioning as a brood-cavity.
The strong arch to the buceal roof was evident. It is clear that the breeding season
is not confined to June and July, as given by Steindachner (1876 6, p. 17).
N. platypogon has the basal portion of the paired fins jet black on their upper
surfaces, in both males and females. The anal is blackish in its anterior two-thirds,
with a wide white margin. The fontanel groove is everywhere sharply defined. It
is widest a little in front of the middle of its length, tapering slowly backward to the
base of the occipital plate, the base of which is always reached. Anteriorly, it
narrows more rapidly, terminating in an acute point which is opposite or in advance
of the middle of the eyes.
The dorsal spine is very narrowly compressed, its anterior margin sharp,
strongly serrate.
44. Netuma oscula (Jordan & (Gilbert).
Two specimens are distinguishable from NV. planiceps only by the smaller
mouth and the shorter band of premaxillary teeth, The width of the latter (antero-
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 29
posteriorly) is contained but three times in its length. One specimen is a young
male, the other an adult female with very narrow convexly curved snout, and small
convex mouth with thick lips. The adult agrees exactly with adults of NV. planiceps,
except in the characters mentioned. N. oscu/a may represent an extreme variation
in that most variable species, but the two forms are retained until intermediate speci-
mens are obtained.
It is doubtful whether the specimen described by Eigenmann and Eigenmann
(1890, p. 74) as Tuchisurus osculus is properly referred to this species, as the mouth
is wider (two in head), and the intermaxillary band is wider antero-posteriorly, its
width one-fourth its length. The vomerine patches seem also much more widely
separated than in WV. oscula or N. planiceps. In our adult female the head is
contained 3% times in total length (without caudal).
45. Netuma elattura (Jordan & (ilbert).
Known from the type specimen obtained by Dr. Gilbert at Panama in 1881;
and from another obtained at Albatross Station 2800, Bay of Panama, at a depth
of seven fathoms (Jordan and Bollman, 1889, p. 179).
46. Tachysurus steindachneri sp. nov.
Piate V, Fic. 9.
Arius melanopus STEINDACHNER, 1876 6, p. 29 (Panama); not Arius melanopus GUNTHER (Rio
Motagua, Atlantic slope of Guatemala).
: It has been pointed out by Dr. Steindachner, in the article above cited, that
Panama specimens of Vachysurus, allied to 7. melanopus, differ not a little from
Giinther’s description of that species. Two specimens in the present collection,
21 (4) and 26 (2) em. long, agree with those examined by Steindachner. They
differ from melanopus in the shorter head (44 in melanopus), the character of
the longitudinal groove on top of head (“ indistinct, narrow, linear behind,
scarcely extending to the base of the occipital process” in melanopus), the shorter
maxillary barbels (not quite extending to the middle of the pectoral fin, in melano-
pus), and in the small size of the axillary pore (“nearly as wide as a nasal
opening” in melanopus). The description of melanopus is so lacking in detail that
other differences may well exist. When to these considerations is added the fact that
melanopus belongs to the Atlantic fauna, while no species of marine catfish is as yet
known to be common to the two oceans, it seems advisable to recognize the Pacific
form as distinct.
Of the Pacific species, 7. steindachneri is most nearly allied to 7. liropus, but
the latter has the inner faces of the paired fins light or slightly dusky, instead of
black on basal half; the spines are longer and more slender, the snout longer and
more rounded at its extremity, the anterior divergent extensions of the granulated
(5) October 5, 1903,
30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
area on top of head are much wider, and the nature of the lengthwise groove is
widely different.
Type, 6, 21 em. long.
Head 32 in length to base of caudal; depth 5. Greatest width of head } its length; inter-
ocular width 21; snout 3; width of mouth (at outer angles) 24; eye 54; pectoral spine 13. Anal with
22 rays, including anterior rudiments.
Head narrow, the occiput slightly depressed opposite the upper angle of the opercle. Snout
narrow, depressed, subtruncate anteriorly. Top of head with a very few minute granules, most
numerous on the occipital plate, where they are more or less confluent to form wavy irregular lines.
The occipital plate is wider than long by the diameter of the pupil; its posterior half is narrow, the
lateral margins being strongly concave; the median ridge is very low, disappearing behind. The
median line of the head is occupied by asharply defined deep groove, which is continuous from a point
opposite the posterior nostrils to a point distant from the base of the occipital plate by the diameter
of the pupil. This cutaneous groove is much narrower than the fontanel depression which it
traverses, and widens or narrows independently of the latter. Its widest points are at the anterior end
of the groove and at the anterior end of its posterior third. There are no strongly marked striae
parallel with the posterior portion of the groove. In no other species of 7achysuvus known to us is
there a continuous groove occupying the fontanel depression. In 7. furthii the groove may be con-
tinued for a short distance in front of the sculptured area, and is then interrupted in the interorbital
region, to reappear anteriorly as a short narrow linear depression. 7. emmelane has also a short
detached anterior portion; and this is even shorter, almost round, in 7. Zvopus. In the type of
T. steindachner?, the granulated area on top of head does not send forward diverging processes, the
line connecting the middle of the orbits being equidistant from the front of the granulated area and the
posterior nostrils. In the co-type, some granulations accompany very narrow diverging ridges, which
reach the middle of the interorbital space.
The teeth are similar to those in other species of the genus. The palatine patches are large,
well separated, of very coarse granular teeth. The maxillary and mandibular bands are wide, of villi-
form teeth except for those forming a backwardly projecting lobe near mandibular symphysis; these
being coarsely granular.
Eye large, 22 in interorbital width. The maxillary barbel extends beyond pectoral
pore to end of basal sixth of the spine. The outer mental barbels reach to opposite base of
pectoral spines, the inner barbels being half their length. The pectoral pore is a narrow slit scarcely
half the length of nostril. The branchiostegal membrane has mesially a very narrow, free fold (not
to be made out in :the co-type). Gill-rakers slender, 5-++12, the longest half the diameter of
the orbit.
The pectoral spines are short and heavy, their width at base ;!, their length, which is half
the distance from margin of branchiostegal membrane to insertion of ventrals. The outer edge of the
spine is weakly serrate near tip, minutely tuberculate elsewhere; the inner margin is provided with
rather small, closely appressed teeth. The dorsal spine is broken in the type, 2 the length of
the head in the co-type, the dorsal rays projecting well beyond it. The base of the adipose dorsal
equals } the length of the head. The sexual orifice is very slightly nearer base of inner ventral
rays than front of anal. In the (male) type, the ventrals fail to reach front of anal by + their
length; in the female specimen they slightly overlap it.
Light grayish brown above, with greenish and bluish reflections; silvery below. Inner faces of
paired fins uniformly black in type (male), the basal half only blackish in the female. Anterior half
of ventrals dusky.
\
GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY ol
47. Tachysurus emmelane (ilbert.
Prate VI, Fics. 11 and Ila.
Tachysurus emmelane GILBERT, JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2785.
Head 32 in length (4,1, in total); depth 5 (6 intotal). A. 27 (3+24). Eye 7 in head,
24 in its distance from tip of snout, 4 in postorbital part of head, 3 in interorbital width, 24 in frontal
width opposite middle of eyes. Mouth of moderate width, gently convex, the distance between its
angles (measured internally) 24 in head.
Teeth in premaxillary and front of mandible finely villiform; posterior mandibular teeth
stronger than those in front, bluntly conic, not, however, coarsely granular, as are the posterior man-
dibular teeth in 7. furthiz, T: melanopus, and 7. liropus. Mandibular bands with a wide interspace
mesially, each widest near symphysis, rapidly tapering laterally, and extending beyond angle of mouth.
The width of the bands is less than in related species, 4 eye at their widest point. The length
of one of the mandibular bands is slightly greater (144) than length of eye. Premaxillary band very
short, its length but 4 greater than that of one of the mandibular bands, extending on each side
less than § distance from median line to angle of mouth; width of band 3 its length. Palatine teeth
granular, in small oblanceolate patches, which taper to a point laterally, and are widely separated
on median line, the patches agreeing in size and shape with, those in 7: “vopus.
Head depressed, tapering, and at the same time narrowing anteriorly, as in other species of
Tachysurus,; profile rising in a uniform, gently convex curve to occiput, where it becomes concave,
owing to the more rapidly ascending outline of the occipital process. Eye low, but little above angle
of mouth, the interorbital space decidedly convex. Barbels slender, the maxillary barbels reaching
edge of gill-membrane in front of pectoral spine, the outer mental barbels extending beyond gill-
membrane, 14 in head; the inner not to edge of membrane. Gill-membrane widely attached to
isthmus, without free edge.
Occipital region with very fine granulations, those on middle of occiput forming parallel series
along the fontanel groove, those on median portion of occipital process in series which diverge back-
ward from the median line. The sculptured area extends forward to a vertical which traverses the
cheek at a distance of its own diameter behind the eye; anterior edge of granulated area equidistant
between the tip of snout and front of predorsal plate. Fontanel produced backward as a deep, narrow
groove, which fails to reach base of occipital process by a distance equaling half the length of the
process on the median line. The groove widens but little anteriorly; an area behind and on each side
of the groove with parallel series of granulations, and marked off from the rest of the head by a
shallow trench. Base of occipital process similarly indicated by a transverse indented line; occipital
process not keeled, very wide at base, becoming abruptly very narrow behind, its posterior third
having parallel margins and being as wide as long, the lateral margins therefore deeply concave; width
of process at base equaling its length on median line plus that of predorsal plate, its hinder edge deeply
incised to receive the anterior rounded wedge-shaped process of the predorsal plate. The latter is finely
granulated anteriorly, the lateral wings concealed under the smooth skin. A narrow groove as long as
eye occupies the anterior end of the fontanel. Opercle without radiating ridges. A short, slit-like
axillary pore present. Humeral process short, the exposed portion not broadly triangular, the surface
smooth, or indistinctly rough. Gill-rakers 6-++13, of moderate length and thickness, the longest below
the angle, % diameter of eye.
Dorsal spine with a series of obtuse granulations in front and very weak retrorse serra behind,
its length to tip of calcified portion 12 in head; longest soft ray 13 in head. Adipose dorsal not
adnate, its anterior insertion about over middle of anal; base of adipose dorsal much greater than
its height, less than base of first dorsal; distance between dorsals equal to length of head. Pectoral
spine strong, ridged and granulated in front, the hinder edge with very strong serra; length of
382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
9
spine 13 in head, the fin projecting beyond tip of spine and reaching 2 distance from axil to base of
ventrals. Ventrals reaching to or nearly to origin of anal. Vent midway between base of ventrals
and front of anal. Base of anal equaling length of pectoral spine, its margin gently concave, the
longest ray 23 in head. Caudal with pointed lobes, the lower longest in the type, 12 in head.
Color dark steel blue or brownish above, becoming bright silvery below; posterior 2 of anal
white, the anterior portion black with a narrow white edge; pectorals and ventrals with anterior
(outer) face white or slightly dusky; pectorals with inner face of upper rays black; a black blotch
covers all of inner face of ventrals except terminal half of inner rays; barbels blackish.
Closely related to 7) melanopus and 7. multiradiatus, differing from the former in the longer
anal fin, from the latter in the black markings on lower fins.
The description of the type of 7. multiradiatus (Bagrus? arioides) Kner &
Steindachner (1864, p. 47), indicates a species with much rougher sculpturing of the
head, a longer fontanel groove, narrower occipital process, and more anteriorly
inserted adipose dorsal.
The type is a single specimen, 280 mm. long, from Panama.
48. Tachysurus furthii (Steindachner).
Abundant, eighteen specimens preserved. Our specimens exhibit some
variation in the size of the granulations on top of head, also in the extent of the
granulated area, which sometimes extends as far forward on the ridges as the posterior
border of the eye. The groove extending backwards from fontanel is variously
developed. An occasional specimen shows no trace of the groove; others have it
developed for half the distance to the occipital process; in most cases it nearly
reaches the base of the latter. In the interorbital region, the fontanel depression
contains no definite groove, but at the anterior end of the depression, a short oval
detached portion of such groove is always present.
The interspace between dorsals is found to be 3 to 4 in the length, not “3 to
34” as given by Eigenmann. The species stands alone in the delicate, easily
ruptured skin, and the very light blue color of its upper parts.
49. Tachysurus evermanni sp. nov.
Puate V, Fie. 10.
Type, 252 mm.; Panama Bay; C. H. Gilbert and party, collectors; No. 6706,
Ichthyological Collections, L. 8. Jr. U.
Very close to 7. furthii, from which it differs in the subequal jaws (the upper
much protruding in furthii), the thick, gently rounded snout (thin and subtruncate
in furthii), the shorter barbels, the coarser granulations on head, the absence of a
depressed linear pit at anterior end of fontanel depression (this always present in
furthii, representing a detached anterior portion of a fontanel groove), and the much
wider union of gill-membranes with the isthmus.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 33
Head 33 in the length; depth 44; tip of snout to front of dorsal 25; distance between dorsals
3%; distance from base of inner ventral ray to front of anal 62. Eye 4 in interocular, 8 in head;
greatest width of head 12 in its length; length of snout 2;%;; width of mouth 23; distance between
anterior nostrils 63 (5% in fwrthii); pectoral spine equaling length of head behind front of pupil; dorsal
spine equaling length of head behind posterior margin of pupil; base of adipose fin equaling base of
dorsal behind the spine.
The snout is convexly rounded anteriorly, less depressed than in fwrthiz. The maxillary
barbel barely reaches gill-opening, when laid horizontally backward; the outer mental barbels reach
margin of gill-membrane on under side of head.
The palatine patches of teeth are narrowly elliptical, their length 14 times the diameter of the
orbit; they are narrowly separated in front, the interspace 3 diameter of pupil; the inner mandibular
teeth next the symphysis are coarsely granular, like the palatine teeth.
Gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus, without free fold, the width of the complete
union with the isthmus more than twice the diameter of the eye (much narrower, less than diameter of
eye in furthiz). Gill-rakers rather strong, 5-+9, the longest 3 the diameter of the eye.
Top of head much more coarsely granulated than in furthii; the groove is confined to the
granulated area, terminating at a point 3 diameter of pupil in front of the base of the occipital process.
Anteriorly, the fontanel depression is evident, but contains no definite groove at any point. The occipital
process is very broad, wider at base than long, much shorter than in /urthiz, the median portion not
elevated as in the latter; a raised line representing an obsolescent keel is present on the median line of
the anterior two-thirds. The predorsal plate is narrow, sculptured like the occiput on its anterior
transverse portion only.
The dorsal and pectoral spines are slender, rugose anteriorly, but without teeth except near
the tips; the teeth on the posterior margin of the dorsal spine are scarcely visible, being smaller than
in furthii; the inner pectoral teeth are stronger and less numerous than in fwrthiz. The type is a male,
with the ventral fins failing to reach the front of the anal by half their length. The vent is midway
between ventrals and front of anal. The pectoral pore is small, slit-like.
The skin is thicker and less delicate than in /w7th77, and the color is darker, the upper parts
dark brownish, with obscure bluish reflections. Barbels all more or less dusky.
50. Tachysurus multiradiatus ((iinther).
Not seen by us. The type specimen was recorded by Kner & Steindachner,
1864, p. 227, as Bagrus ? arioides, from the Rio Bayano near Panama. A second
specimen has now been listed by Boulenger, 1891, p. 2, from Rio Cianati, Darien.
51. Cathorops hypophthalmus (Steinduchner).
Known only from the types, and from two specimens secured by Gilbert in
1881; all from Panama.
52. Cathorops gulosus (Higenmann & Kigenmann).
Two specimens were secured, 280 and 245 mm. long. None others are
known save the types, from Panama, which are in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. S =
Our specimens agree for the most part with Eigenmann’s description. The
following details may be placed on record:
34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Head 32 or 34 in length; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal, 23; distance between
dorsals 32 or 33. Interocular space 2 in head; width of mouth, measured at outer angle of lips, 23 or
22; length of dorsal spine 14 to 14 in head; upper caudal lobe 14; longest anal ray 2}; ventrals 2 or
21. The retrorse teeth on inner border of dorsal and pectoral spines are minute, irregular, crowded.
The maxillary barbels extend to distal fourth of pectoral spine; outer mental barbels to its middle,
inner mental barbels to its base. The fontanel groove fails to reach the base of the occipital process by ?
the diameter of the eye. The palatine patches of granular teeth are wider than figured by Eigenmann,
the two separated by a distance equal to or slightly in excess of the diameter of the eye. The patches
vary in size and shape in the two specimens, and on opposite sides of the same individual. In one
specimen are two detached teeth laterally on the head of the vomer, on one side only; none in the
other specimen.
In addition to the other characters already noted, Cathorops differs from
Tachysurus in the absence of the patch of coarsely granular teeth along the inner
border of the symphysial portion of the mandibular band.
Family SYMBRANCHID.
53. Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch.
Abundant in a fresh-water pond at Miraflores, where it is trapped for food.
As none could be taken with the seine, it seems probable that the species burrows in
the mud. The few specimens secured were all brownish, variously marbled with
yellowish.
Family LEPTOCEPHALID.
54. Congrellus gilberti Douglass-Ogilby.
Congrellus gilberti DOUGLASS-OGILBY, 1898, p. 288.
Ophisoma (?) balearicum GILBERT, 18914, p. 349.
Dredged by the “Albatross,” Station 2797, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms; recorded
by Gilbert as Ophisoma (2) balearicum. ‘The species is based exclusively on Gilbert’s
description above cited. The type specimens are deposited in the United States
National Museum.
55. Congrellus nitens (Jordan & Bollman).
One specimen dredged by the “Albatross” in Panama Bay, Station 2799,
293 fathoms (Gilbert, 18900, p. 450).
56. Congrellus proriger ((ilbert).
A co-type of this species was dredged by the ‘Albatross’ in Panama Bay,
Station 2799, 293 fathoms (Gilbert, 1891 a, p. 35).
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 35
Family MURAENESOCIDZ.
57. Murenesox coniceps Jordan & Gilbert.
SAFIRO.
The most abundant eel at Panama, where it appears in the market nearly
every day. The relations of the species to its Atlantic representative J/. savanna are
much in need of elucidation.
58. Neoconger vermiformis (ilbert.
“Albatross,” Station 2799, Panama Bay, 294 fathoms (Gilbert, 1890 b, p. 450).
Family MYRIDZ.
59. Myrophis vafer Jordan & Gilbert.
Numerous in rock-pools, from which several specimens were obtained, larger
than any before recorded. The teeth are in a moderate band in upper jaw, narrowing
backward, and widening rapidly in front, where it becomes confluent with the patch
at anterior end of vomerine series. Behind this, the vomerine teeth are in a single
series, which is continued backward to behind angle of mouth. Mandibular, teeth in
a single series laterally, widening into a band at symphysis. In JZ. punctlitus all the
bands of teeth are wider, and those of vomer and mandible are in more than one series.
Table of Measuren.
vents in Millimeters.
i,
j i 3 3
od = rf ~ 7
5 a
- 5 o z og ees v
= s 5 2 Sallie 3
bo cz a ie a =
= Ge] S w ° a 3
a 3 S ay Pip xo fe
= = od = = A = a9 Se
— 2 ~
S zy = = B cs) a. gd 5 oe = 2
° y a a 5 a & > o) Pate ye
io q a se) — | S 0 a H = Hw
280 108 172 31 5 4 84 2 5 21 65
f 3!
215% 98 117* | 284 44 3+ 8 2 4h 2 59
210 81 129 23 33 3 6 2 34 Ik 49
Family OPHICHTH YID.
60. Myrichthys tigrinus Girard.
Ophisurus xysturus JORDAN & GILBERT, 1881 ¢, p. 346.
Numerous specimens were obtained from tide-pools on the reef. They answer
Girard’s description of the type, and also the type description of O. xysturus. The
number of rows of teeth on sides of mandible varies from two to four, younger speci-
* Tail in this specimen evidently injured, though surrounded by the fin.
36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
mens having frequently the lower number. The head varies in length, being
contained 34 to 41 times in the trunk. There are but two conspicuous series of
roundish spots on either side of the back, a third series of much smaller spots being
only oceasionally present along base of anal fin. The spots on head yary greatly
in size, number and position. No arrangement can be assigned to these as normal
for the species.
61. Pisoodonophis daspilotus Gilbert.
Prats VII, Fie. 12.
Pisoodonophis daspilotus GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2803).
Brownish above, gray below, the head and body usually thickly covered with black spots
smaller than the eye; these are smaller and more numerous on the head, fewer and fainter on the lighter
inferior surface, and become indistinct or entirely disappear on the terminal portion of tail. In one
specimen the head and trunk are spotted and the entire tail unicolor. In another no spots are present,
the upper parts being a uniform dark brown, the under parts lighter brown, a few dark freckles only
being present on sides of head. In all specimens the snout and lower jaw are blackish.
The anus is near the middle of the total length, sometimes nearer the tip of snout, sometimes
nearer tip of tail. The cheeks are not greatly swollen. The gape extends behind the eye, its length,
measured from tip of lower jaw to angle of mouth, being contained 42 to 4#in head. The snout pro-
jects beyond the lower jaw for a distance about equaling diameter of orbit. Eye 2 to 24 in snout,
12 to 24 in interorbital width. Tubes of anterior nostrils about $ diameter of eye, directed downward
near tip of snout. Posterior nostrils under front of eye, concealed in the upper lip as usual.
Teeth all bluntly conic, in rather wide bands on jaws and vomer; they are usually not disposed
in regular series within the bands, but each band has about the width of four series, and these are
sometimes distinguishable. The mandibular teeth become larger on approaching the symphysis, those
at point of mandible and those on head of vomer being much the largest teeth present. The patch on
shaft of vomer tapers backward to a point considerably behind angle of mouth.
Origin of dorsal entirely behind tip of pectorals, its distance from snout } to 4 greater than
length of the head. The tip of the tail is compressed, acute, horny, used for defense. Pectoral very
short, from a wide base which slightly exceeds length of gill-slit. The fin rapidly narrows downward,
the longest portion contained 12 to 14 times in length of head. The width of gill-slit is about + head.
Table of Measurements in Millimeters.
: a) = =
: 3 : ; on @ 8 S
rc fe g 3 ag 8 a 5 “ ‘3
a 2 z g g Sa o ° 8 =) Z
s ba a v3] 2 g SS Ss. es 7) a
oD ~~ = 35 ae a Re hel ont a Fay
a a a) s 2, oe 2 <8 ye ad re}
= c 5 x s i s ES aS ga) =
faye eel ce a j 3 5 be Be = cee gests Gs,
3 s eI oh e + i O46 Ga ‘ee ZC
ra br B i o zg 3 3 3) a a ier: en Ss A
| |
362 | 177 | 185 | 38 | 8 | 3 5 9: | 6% 24 3h 5 48 3) | 22
|
401 | 203 | 198 | 48 10% | 34 if II 74 3a uaa! 6 53 4 144
Q | Ss
492 | 248 | 244 | 52] 11 Sy | 7a | ZOFA ten 33 3? 6} | 68 5$ | 18
494 | 255 | 239 | 56] 12 | 43 | 7 16 Sie ead rae Pie FG 68; | 53 | 16
|
|
|
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 37
Four specimens were secured, three obtained in brackish water at the mouth
of a small stream which empties into Panama Bay, the fourth in a fresh-water pond at
Miraflores. There is some reason to suppose that they burrow in the mud.
62. Ophichthus triserialis (Kup).
No Panama record is known to the writers. The species is abundant on
the Mexican coast, and has been recorded from the Galapagos Islands (GrLBErt,
18900, p. 450).
63. Ophichthus zophochir Jordan & Gilbert.
This species has been heretofore known only from the Mexican coast (Guay-
mas, Mazatlan, Acapulco). A single specimen was taken in a rock-pool at Panama.
As in the type, the teeth are acute, biserial on all the bones. The color is.as described,
except that the dorsal is not definitely black-edged. The anal is conspicuously
edged with black, the pectoral largely blackish. Pores on head black-edged.
Table of Measurements in Millimeters.
ir | en ae
| = 2S
. ° on
cs | 5 55
3 ees | Bu
oss tal ° o&
bo ge
a ES) I gn it FI
my a] fo} <= Un
& 5 ; a | ¢ go
- 4 es 7 fo} pont
§ 3 = g 3 é Sl sen |) ae oe
a Lal vu =
a q = 1 G cS © a -¥ an
1
< ee] ue oe s
|
329 Il4y 2145 Bi 64 +f 12} 2 19 49
|
|
Family MURAENIDZE.
64. Rabula panamensis (Steindachner).
Recorded from Panama by Steindachner, and by Boulenger (1899, p. 2), as
Murcena panamensis; not seen by the writers.
65. Lycodontis verrilli (Jordan & (Gilbert).
Only the type specimen known; collected by Prof. F. H. Bradley at Panama
in 1866; now in the museum of Comparative Zoology.
66. Lycodontis dovii (Giinther).
A single specimen 753 mm. long was taken in a tide-pool on the reef at
Panama.
The color is dark chestnut-brown, uniform on head, body and fins, except
that the belly and under side of head are lighter. The spots are numerous, round,
varying in size, but all of them small, the largest smaller than pupil; they were all
very light yellow in life, and are not definitely ocellated, the ground-color being
slightly darker around them. The larger spots are on the dorsal portions, with ocea-
(6) October 6, 1903,
3 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
sional finer ones intermingled; those on ventral surface minute. Fins colored like
the body, the spots of the same size and character. On the head the spots become
less numerous, the anterior third of its length plain.
Teeth everywhere in single series, the lateral teeth small, those anteriorly in
both maxillary and mandible much enlarged. Shaft of vomer with a very inconspic-
uous series of teeth, beginning opposite middle of eye, preceded after an interval by
three very large depressible canines, the largest teeth present. A series of five
black-edged pores along each half of upper and lower jaw, the two largest on upper
jaw between front of eye and anterior nostril tube.
Table of Measurements in Millimeters.
|
i
|
|
| #3
ers di S
: | I I g°
| ees a 38
| -
2 be) ee ere
Zi} os , oe
. | . oo) oc =} (5)
im | uv : w
iS = a yp 5 gv a so
° vy a vu | i) a a 7) =O
x x m cr | Oo a) x i) A
|
|
22 226 5 2 4 8
753 339 417 10% 44 19 7 5° 7<
|
67. Murena clepsydra Gilbert.
Pirate VII, Fie. 13.
Murena clepsydra GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2805).
Murena melanotis GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., Vol. VIII, p. 98 (in part); here belong all other records
of JZ melanotis from the Pacific.
Closely related to JZ insularum and AZ argus, from the tropical Pacific, but differing from
both in color.
Nostrils tubular, of almost equal length. Mouth closing completely, the teeth entirely con-
cealed by the lips. Gape straight, horizontal, extending to well behind the eyes, 24 to 2? in head.
Teeth in jaws large, compressed and wide at base, tapering uniformly to an acute point,
directed backward, close set, everywhere uniserial; those in sides of mandible noticeably smaller than
those of upper jaw, the teeth in both jaws increasing in size anteriorly. As many as 18 or 20 teeth
may be present in the half of either jaw, but many of them are usually wanting, leaving gaps in the
series. A single row of small teeth on shaft of vomer, beginning opposite front of eye. Head of
vomer with two long canines, larger than any of the other teeth, one or both of these usually wanting
in larger specimens, having apparently fallen out.
Head 2 (144 to 2,!;) in trunk; head and trunk 14 to 14 in tail; depth at anus approximately
half length of head. Eye small, its diameter contained 12 to 16 times in head; snout 5 to 54. Dorsal
beginning on the head, its distance from snout 14 to rf} in head.
Color dark brown, lighter on belly, dull whitish on under side of head. Head, body and fins
closely covered with white spots, those on posterior parts larger, with some smaller ones intermingled,
the larger spots with a more or less evident central constriction which makes them hourglass-shaped.
Toward the head, the spots become very small and crowded, not more than half as large as pupil.
Fins indistinctly light margined. A large elliptical jet-black blotch surrounds the gill slit, distinctly
margined by a series of confluent white spots. The longitudinal diameter of the blotch is contained 5
to 54 times in the length of the head. Angle of mouth witha small black blotch, often obscure, pre-
ceded by a pale spot on mandible. The throat is marked with a number of parallel lengthwise folds,
the bottom of each fold with a dark line.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 39
Table of Measurements in Millimeters of Five Specimens:
a z 3 ge
e | os elite
2 & ; a eae
3 9 3 Fy 2 & &5
ra é z Bi = Q 2, fy %eQ
a = & q (c) a iq a a
= | 2
675 | 31r | 364 | 106 45 | 203 TSS 72
| |
630 289 | 341 96) | 38 184 64 523 70
612) 287 lez) c68 ||| Zo. || mo" 62 | 47 64
473 203 | 270 66 28 1B il) Siz | 40 50
ao7 Ni7p \eegor 58" | 2r | ar 44 | 27 39
This species is abundant at Panama, where it is frequently brought to market.
About 25 specimens were seen during the visit of the expedition, all essentially alike
in coloration. The type is 397 mm. long (see table of measurements), and has the
spots on body less numerous than in larger specimens.
68. Murena lentiginosa Jenyns.
Originally described from the Galapagos Islands, this species seems much
more abundant in Mexico, toward the northern limits of its range. No specimens
were seen by the authors, the single Panama record being by Rowell (Jorpan &
GILBERT, 1882 /, p. 381).
Family ELOPIDZ.
69. Elops saurus Linnwus.
This species was occasionally seen, but was not abundant.
Family ALBULIDZ.
70. Albula vulpes (Linnwus).
Not abundant. A few specimens only were seen in the market.
Family CLUPEIDZ.
71. Sardinella stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert).
The species is apparently not abundant at Panama, as but two or three small
specimens were seen. It is now known to extend as far south as Guayaquil
(BoutenceErR, 1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 1).
40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
72. Opisthonema libertate (Gunther).
Abundant; several specimens preserved averaging about 25 cm.long. Young
specimens were also seen at Acapulco.
This species differs from 0. oglinum in coloration, in the shorter dorsal and
anal fins (the latter containing 20 or 21 rays), and in the more numerous gill-rakers.
The alleged differences in length of head are not reliable, both species varying greatly
in this respect and no average difference being evident.
Six specimens of 0. libertate give the following measurements:—
Head in length. Depth in length.
22 oA
o8 =)
2 a7
33 AA
9
4 37
1
450 3
1 1
46 3t0
2 9
47 270
In addition to the details of coloration already reported there is frequently
present a series of small, round, evenly-spaced dark spots, behind the humeral spot,
along the line separating the blue of the back from the silvery of the sides. Scutes
18-+-14 or 15.
73. Ilisha furthi (Steindachner)
Pellona furtht STEINDACHNER, 18754, p. 14.
Pellona panamensis STEINDACHNER, l. c. p. 14
A very abundant food-fish at Panama, but of inferior quality. The species is
extremely variable in shape, but the deepest forms with strongly arched ventral out-
line (J. furthi) grade imperceptibly into the more slender forms with weak ventral curv-
ature (/. panamensis). Noother characters are correlated with this difference in ventral
curvature, and it appears certain that but a single species is represented. The deeper
specimens are constantly the smaller ones, so far as indicated by the material at hand.
The eye is therefore proportionately larger, and the snout (measured into the eye)
apparently shorter than in the larger, slenderer individuals. In none of the
specimens do the first five to seven anal rays originate under the dorsal fin, as deserib-
ed in J. furthi. In both deep and slender forms the first anal ray is approximately
under the last of the dorsal. The front of the dorsal is constantly nearer the tip of
snout than the base of the caudal, the difference varying from 3 to ? diameter of orbit.
The following table of measurements exhibits the variation in depth of body,
and in size of eye and snout. The length into which the depth of body is meas-
ured, is taken from the tip of snout to base of caudal, excluding the projecting tip of
lower jaw. Steindachner has apparently included the latter in his measurements.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 41
BetEH euetn wet atD Orbit into Snout iuto
e =
millimeters. length. head. orbit:
255 | 23 | 23 14
|
280 28 | 26 If
295 24 24° 1%
10
295 2tt | 3 1%
|
305 3 | ENG) 14
310 24 3 IZ
1 1
320 33 3¢ IZ
1
330 35 | 3k 1y
390 3 GE) 34 I
74. Opisthopterus dovii (Giinther).
This species is known only from Panama, where it occurs but rarely. Four
specimens were seen, 18 to 20 em. long; they agree well with Giinther’s diagnosis.
Head 4% to 5 in length; depth 33 to 33. Eye 33 to 33 in head; maxillary 15 or 2.
Pectorals long, pointed, 4 to 4% in length. Origin of dorsal nearer caudal than
scapula by half length of head. A. 55, 59, 61, 62 in our specimens; D. 11, 12, 13,
14. Scutes 27 or 28. Teeth in jaws strong, incurved, in a single series.
Color light olivaceous above, bright silvery below angle of gill-opening. A
faint bluish streak sometimes present along upper edge of silvery area. No dark
humeral spot. A broad black vertebral band. End of snout and tip of lower jaw
black. Fins translucent, with dark specks along the rays.
75. Opisthopterus macrops (Gunther).
Occurring but rarely. Three specimens were obtained, each about 225 mm.
long.
The species is readily distinguished from O. dovii by its much larger eye,
more oblique mouth, strongly concave occipital profile, and deeper body with much
stronger ventral curvature. The teeth are much smaller than in O. dovii, and there
is a conspicuous humeral spot, lacking in the latter. In the specimens taken, the
head is 4% or 43 in length, the depth 2% to 38. Eye 23 to 2} in head. Front of dorsal
slightly nearer root of caudal than scapula, farther forward than in O. dovii. Pee-
toral 43 to 43 in length. Scutes 27. D.13 or 14. A. 62. Coloration as in O. dovi,
but with a large black humeral spot.
Not heretofore reported since the discovery of the type at Panama by Capt.
J. M. Dow.
76. Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner).
Only the type specimen is known.
42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Family ENGRAULIDID.
77. Anchovia miarcha (Jordan & Gilbert).
Collected by Prof. Frank H. Bradley in the Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama
(Jorpan & GILBERT, 1882 n, p. 622); not seen by us.
78. Anchovia ischana (Jordan & (rilbert).
Three specimens taken, the largest 63 mm. long.
79. Anchovia curta (Jordan & (Gilbert).
Numerous specimens were taken. Some of these have the lateral streak
‘somewhat indistinct,” as given in the original description of the species, while others
have the streak much better marked, with well-defined edges. It widens on the
caudal peduncle and wholly disappears anteriorly.
80. Anchovia opercularis (Jordan & Gilbert).
A specimen of this species is recorded by Gilbert (18904, p. 449) from Al-
batross Station 2802, Panama Bay, in 16 fathoms.
81. Anchovia lucida Jordan & Gilbert.
Five specimens were taken, the largest 57 mm. in total length.
In the original description of this species the cheek is described as being over
half the length of the head. This is evidently a mistake, and should probably read,
cheek over half the post-orbital part of the head. This would agree with the speci-
mens taken.
82. Anchovia rastralis (Gilbert & Pierson).
Prats VIII, Fie. 14.
Stolephorus rastralis GILBERT & PIERSON (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2811).
Head 3.16 (3.1 to 3.3); depth 3.8 (3.5 to 4.2); eye 3.4 in head (3.33 to4). D. 14 (12 to
15) A. 26 to 32. Length 5 to 8 cm.
Body much compressed and deep; belly sharply keeled in front of ventrals; dorsal outline
much less curved than ventral. The lower profile rises very rapidly from a point opposite middle of
pectorals to tip of snout, the shape of head thus closely resembling that of Cetengraulis. Maxillary
reaching almost but not quite to gill-opening; snout high, compressed, its length 4 to # diameter of
eye. Gill rakers averaging in larger examples 51464, in smaller specimens 44+ 50; the largest about
as long as eye. Insertion of dorsal fin variable, but never posterior to a point midway between base
of caudal and middle of eye; pectoral fins reaching to or nearly to insertion of ventrals; the latter
not to vent.
Color olivaceous, the lower part of sides with violet reflections; sides of head silvery; a con-
spicuous silvery lateral band, varying in width from about one and one-third times length of orbit in
the largest examples to less than one-half the orbit in the smaller specimens. The band is widest before
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 43
dorsal, and tapers to half or less than half its greatest width on caudal peduncle, where it frequently
disappears in the young. In larger specimens the ventral edge of this band is frequently ill-defined
anteriorly. Top of head with widely spaced black specks. A dark vertebral streak, more or less of
which often consists of two narrow lines. Tips of caudal lobes often blackish; fins otherwise unmarked.
Differing from closely allied species in the following characters: From A. /ucida, in the much
longer head, more compressed body, well defined lateral stripe, and smaller eye; from A. compressa, in
the longer head and wider lateral band; from 4. panamensis and A. mundeola, in the much more numer-
ous gill rakers, and the more anterior position of the dorsal relatively to the anal, the origin of the anal
being under the middle of the dorsal, while in 4. panamensis the origin of the two fins lie in the
same vertical.
83. Anchovia naso (Gilbert & Pierson).
Stolephorus naso GILBERT & PIERSON (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2813).
Head 3.3-3.5 in length; depth 4.7-5.8; eye 4.5-5 in head. Anal 22-24; dorsal 14 or 15;
lateral line about 35.
Dorsal and ventral outlines weakly arched; body slender, compressed, its greatest depth 1.5 in
head; belly carinated in front of ventrals, and sometimes behind them in larger specimens. Head long
and slender, its greatest width 1.5 to 1.7 in its length, the lower profile much more oblique than the
upper. Snout long, compressed, bluntly rounded, its length exceeding the small eye. Cheek with
a very acute posterior angle. | Opercle narrow, oblique. | Maxillary rather bluntly pointed, failing to
reach gill-opening by about one-half diameter of pupil. Teeth on the maxillary quite prominent and
directed forward. Gill-rakers short, 17-+-20 in number; the longest 1} in eye. Scales large, thin,
deciduous, only a few scattering ones remaining on our specimens. Dorsal fin inserted midway between
front or middle of orbit and base of median caudal rays. Origin of anal under or slightly behind
middle of dorsal; length of anal base about equal to the distance from front of orbit to base of ventral
fin. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, their length about one-half length of head. Length of ventrals
equaling or slightly exceeding distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil.
Color light olive, with the usual bright reflections; a large dark patch of brown dots on
occiput; a double series of dots along median line posterior to dorsal, this absent in some specimens;
large specimens with a bright well defined silvery streak, slightly narrowing anteriorly and on caudal
peduncle, its greatest width about equaling diameter of eye. Inthe young, this band is fainter and
narrower. A conspicuous series of black dots at base of anal.
Characterized by the slender form, well defined silvery streak, sharply carinated breast, the
small eye, and the very long, compressed, deep and rather bluntly rounded snout. Most closely
resembling A. starks7, from which it differs in smaller eye, longer snout, and slightly longer anal.
Length 40 to 52 mm.
84. Anchovia starksi (Gilbert & Pierson).
Stolephorus starksi GILBERT & PrersON (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2813).
Head 3.3 to 3.6; depth 4.8 to 5.5 in length, 1.3 in head. Eye 3 to 3.5 in head. Dorsal
15 or 16; anal 17 to 22; scales about 41. Vertebrze 4o (counted in one example only).
Body long and slender, slightly deeper and more compressed than in A. zschanus, which much
resembles this species. Dorsal outline very little arched; ventral outline nearly straight from gill open-
ing to insertion of anal fin, the lower profile of head oblique, nearly straight. Belly compressed,
keeled for anterior two-thirds of its length in front of base of ventrals.
Head long and pointed, its width 14 times in its length. Maxillary abruptly widened opposite
the mandibular joint, tapering posteriorly to a blunt point, which reaches almost to the gill-opening, its
length equal to length of base of anal. Snout long, sharp, and projecting, abruptly compressed in its
44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
terminal portion as seen from above, its length two-thirds diameter of orbit, or slightly more. Branch-
iostegal membranes united at base for a very short distance. In four examples examined as to this
point, the gill-rakers are as follows: 20+25, 23-24, 21+23, 19+30; the longest contained 14 to
12 in eye. Scales large, thin, deciduous, a few only remaining on the specimens at hand. Origin of
the dorsal fin equally distant from the base of the caudal fin and the tip of snout or front of eye. Anal
inserted under beginning of posterior third of base of dorsal. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the
latter extending three-fifths distance to front of anal.
Color light olive, with broad, well defined, lateral silvery streak of nearly uniform width,
usually narrowing anteriorly and on middle of caudal peduncle, its width in our largest specimens five-
sixths diameter of eye. The silvery streak has a slight golden tinge. | A narrow dark vertebral line,
which widens on the nape. Occiput blackish.
This species differs from 4. cultrata in its slenderer body, shorter snout, wider opercle
and smaller teeth; the belly is also not sharply carinate, the dorsal is more anteriorly placed,
the ventrals are farther back, and tbe silvery streak is wider anteriorly. It differs from 4. delicatissima
in its longer, slenderer head and body, smaller eye, longer, sharper snout, and much wider, better
defined silvery streak.
Length 4 to6 em. Named for Mr. Edwin Chapin Starks.
85. Anchovia panamensis (Steindachner).
This species was found to be rather common.
Dr. Steindachner seems to have had both A. panamensis and A. mundeola, as
his description covers both in many respects. His count of scales would apply
better to A. mundeola than to A. panamensis, which has 38 to 41. The length of
head, 4%, applies better to A. panamensis, that of A. mundeola being generally about
4 in length of body. Otherwise there seem to be no differences.
86. Anchovia mundeola (Gilbert & Pierson).
Stolephorus mundeolus GILBERT & PIERSON (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2812).
Head 4.15 (4 to 4.25); depth 3.77 (3.40 to 4.25); eye 3.44 in head (3.12 to 3.70). Dorsal
13 or 14; anal 33 (33 to 35); scales 36 (36 to 39). Dorsal and ventral contours about equally and
gradually rounded from the middle region of body to the tip of snout and base of caudal fin. Snout
short, high, compressed, blunt at tip, its length 14 in eye. Eye very large. Maxillary broad, taper-
ing to a sharp point which reaches margin of gill-opening. Gill-rakers 17-+21 to 22-24; the longest
1} to 2ineye. Anterior insertion of dorsal fin varying from a point midway between base of caudal
and middle of eye to a point midway between the caudal and tip of snout. In ten examples its inser-
tion is before that of the anal. Anal fin long, averaging 33 rays; its origin beneath the anterior third
of the dorsal; length of base shorter than in 4. fanamensis, being 3,'5 in length, while in the latter
its length is contained 24 in length. Pectorals long, reaching well beyond the insertion of the ventrals,
equaling length of head behind front of pupil; a large axillary scale. Ventrals scarcely reaching vent.
Color uniformly light olive with silvery reflections; a faint, narrow, silvery stripe, sometimes
scarcely distinguishable. Sides of head plain silvery. Upper margin of orbital rim black. Dorsal
region blackish. A faint, narrow, dark line on each side of the light mid-dorsal streak. Caudal
slightly dusky. Fins otherwise unmarked.
This species is closely allied to A. panamensis and A. compressa, but may be distin-
guished from the former by its longer head, larger eye, greater depth, fewer scales along the lateral
line, and its much shorter anal base; also by the much fainter lateral silvery stripe. The eye is con-
tained 14 to 16 times in length, excluding the caudal; while in paxamensis the length contains the eye
16 to 20 times.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 45
From A. compressa it differs in the relative length of the head and maxillary. In A. munde-
ofa the maxillary is contained in the head 14 times (1.19 to 1.37); in compressa 14 times (1.30 to
1.81). In mundeola the head is contained 4.15 times in the length; in compressa 4.44 times.
Since the publication of the above description, as cited, the material has
been further studied by Chloe Lesley Starks, whose results we are permitted to
incorporate below.
Twenty-seven specimens were measured, ranging in size from 72 to 120 mm. in length. In
A. panamensis the head measures .21 to .25 of the length exclusive of the caudal; in 4. mundeola .24
to .26. The depth of panamensis is .24 to .26; of mundeola .24 to .27._ The size of the eye is the
most striking difference between the two species, holding well from .053 to .063 in panamensis and
from .07 to .074$ in maundeola. The maxillary measures about the same throughout (doubtless
some tips are broken). In fanamensis the snout measures about .o4 and in mundeola from .04 to
.05. Gill-rakers and also the rays in the dorsal and anal fins number about the same in the two species.
The length of anal base in anamensis seems generally longer, running from .35 to .39 of length,
while in #andeo/a it runs from .33 to .36. The number of scales varies from 39 to 41 in panamensis;
from 36 to 39 in mendeola.
The extremes of the two species differ greatly in appearance, and no difficulty
is encountered in separating them; but a few specimens seem to come so nearly inter-
mediate that it is difficult to know to which form to assign them. When collected
the two species were easily separable on account of the faint, silvery, lateral stripe of
mundeola, but since preservation it has so faded in both species that it cannot be
considered.
These two species may prove to be the same, but since A. mundeola has been
described, it will be better to consider the two as distinct, until enough material can
be obtained to settle the point beyond question.
Measurements tn Hundredths of Length to Base of Caudal.
e 3 é
ANCHOVIA PANAMENSIS.
77 24 254 6 18 4 36 16 4+ 22 34 13 40
89 23 25 64 18} 4 38 TO=1 22 32 13 40
92 22 26 62 19 4 36 15 + 18 32 12 41
86 21 24 52 17} 4 38 19) Se Be 32 11} 39
hit 23 24 6 18 4 277 iif) de 2 33 13 41
88 23 25 6 175 4 38 16 + 24 35 14 39
89 23 24 65 17 4 39 17 + 22 33 13 40
109 24 26 6% 19 4 35 lo) GE BS 30 I4 40
105 24 26 63 18% 4 36 Sy 22 32 13 39
79 25 26 67 20 4 35 15 + 19 32 14 40
hacia) ; October 12, 1903.
46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length to Base of Caudal.
e & g
ANCHOVIA MUNDEOLA.
84 25 253 7% 19 5 36 16 4° 23 30 13 39
83 254 243 7 19s | 45 35 16 + 22 33 13 38
gl 253 25 i 19 43 36 16 + 19 31 13 37
87 25 264 a 21 5 34 6) tk, rls) 31 13 39
78 25 24 7 20 4h 35 7) tL we 32 13 38
104 26 254 7 19 44 35 17 + 23 33 13 37
108 24 Zi 7 18 4 36 20) 4-24 35 14 oY
LOZ 24% ZAT| a 183 4 36 16 + 25 33 12 37
93 25 26 fi 204 43 34 17 + 23 32 13 39
101 24% 26 74 19 43 34 17 + 22 33 12 37
82 26 26 7 21 5 334 6) SE 07 31 13 37
116 25 28 ih 20 5 34 17 + 22 31 13 39
120 24 27 7 19 4 34 16 + 23 32 14 37
108 244 27 5) 20 43 353 13}, tL Be) 31 14 36
75 25 26 73 20 45 35 17 + 23 31 13 38
103 25 261 74 21 4 BR 17) a, Bil 30 12 6y7/
107 25 26 74 205 4 354 AO) te 22 31 14 36
87. Anchovia spinifera (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Puiate VIII, Fic. 15.
yy ol °
I'wo specimens were taken in shallow water by means of a cast-net.
Head 4 in length; depth 4; dorsal 16; anal 38; scales 42. Form moderately slender, the
dorsal outline ascending in nearly a straight line from snout to front of dorsal, where it reaches the
greatest height; thence descending at about the same angle ina straight line to caudal peduncle; ventral
outline evenly curved from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle. Abdomen somewhat compressed,
not serrated.
The head is rather long, and has a sharp conical snout. The upper posterior outline of the
gill-opening is very oblique. A line drawn from snout to angle of opercle would nearly parallel the
oblique maxillary. The subopercle projects beyond the opercle ina triangular process. The eye is
placed within the first two-fifths of the head. The maxillary is slender, and not angulated on its upper
outline towards its posterior end. It is widest near angle of mouth, and ends in a’ rather sharp point
near lower edge of gill-opening. The teeth are small but sharp. The gill-rakers are slightly shorter
than the orbit; about 15-++17 in number.
The origin of the anal is about under the middle of dorsal. The pectorals extend to or
slightly past the middle of the outer ventral rays.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 47
Owing to the action of formalin, these specimens have little of their original
color left. Where scales remain, the lower parts of the sides are bright silvery,
rather abruptly shaded to olive above. Apparently no lateral stripe was present.
The caudal and the first rays of dorsal are tipped with black. In life, the caudal and
dorsal were otherwise bright yellow.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length to Base of Caudal.
3 &
wn al A —¥
Ve Ss & @ =
Z¢ a ir = 2
S58 =| 2 o g
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88. Anchovia macrolepidota (Aner & Steindachner).
Very abundant, reaching a large size and used for bait. The body is closely
compressed, and very minute teeth persist in the maxillaries even in adults.
89. Cetengraulis mysticetus Giinther.
Abundant; often used as bait in hand-line fishing. It reaches a length of
20 em. Our specimens have been compared with (. edentu/us from Jamaica, and
are found to differ from this closely related Atlantic representative in the slightly
longer head, slenderer body and caudal peduncle, smaller eye, and shorter anal fin.
The anal has an average of but one less ray, instead of three less, as given by Jordan
& Evermann, 1896, p. 450.
In the original description, the gill-rakers on the lower part of arch are said
to number 42. Dr. Boulenger has kindly reéxamined for us the three types in the
British Museum, and finds in each from 55 to 60 gill-rakers. The number in the
specimens at hand ranges from 53 to 66. In these specimens, the pectorals usually
do not reach the ventrals, either terminating some distance from them, or rarely
approximating them.
The color in life is light olivaceous or olive-green above, passing into
the bright silvery of sides and lower parts. No lateral stripe. Caudal margined
with dusky.
48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Species | CETENGRAULIS MYSTICETUS CETENGRAULIS EDENTULUS
Locality | Panama South Atlantic
Length without caudal,
AINMNIM eee eeee sees ceeses 149 153 144 145 152 106 96 IOI 109 104
LCA if ssicmseemrerssters esses 36 36 37 27] 354 34 33 33 33 33
Deptheesss eee eae: 31 30 31 29 30 || 314 | 33 33 345 32
OLbite aie: scree = 8 74 74 8 74 8 9 8 84 9
Maxallaty:sase-esem nesses 21 214 | 22 20 le 21 20 20 19 20 20
SnOub os seegeteaneemene tears 4 4 4 44 4 5 5 5 5 5
Greatest length from pre-
opercular ridge to gill- |
Openin geese seen eee || 4 15 15 14 15 12 12 12 II 12
Number of dorsal rays.. 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 15 15 15
Number of anal rays.... 22 23 23 22 22 24 24 23 23 23
Number of scales........ 42 40 43 43 42 39 40 41 40 41
go. Cetengraulis engymen Gilberl & Pierson.
Cetengraulis engymen GILBERT & PrERSON (Jordan and Evermann, 1898, p. 2815).
This species differs from C. mystécetus in the much narrower union of the gill membranes, the
less numerous gill-rakers, and in the longer snout. Head 3 to 3.3 in length; depth 4 to 4.9; eye 4 in
head; dorsal r4 or 15; anal 20 to 23; vertebrae 41. Body compressed, fusiform, not so deep as in
mysticetus or edentulus. The dorsal and ventral outlines are about equally and regularly curved in the
larger specimens; in the smaller specimens the ventral contour is more nearly straight. Belly trenchant,
but not carinate nor serrate; caudal peduncle moderate, its depth being contained 1.5 times in its
length. Head similar to mysticetus; the snout longer, contained 5.5 to 7 times in head, 14 times in
eye (the snout is contained 8 to 9 times in head, in mysticetus). Both jaws bear minute teeth, those on
the maxillary largest. Branchiostegal membranes united for only # to 2 of the distance between tip
of mandible and mandibular articulation; wholly free from the isthmus. Tip of mandible directly
beneath the anterior border of orbit. Gill-rakers long, nine-tenths diameter of eye, 20 to 30 on the
upper limb, 25 to 30 on the lower limb; in five examples as follows, 25-+-30, 27-+25, 304-26, 25-30,
23-+29 to 20425.
The origin of the dorsal is midway between base of median caudal rays and a point varying
between front and middle of the eye. Insertion of anal below the posterior fourth or third of the dorsal,
its length equaling the distance from the posterior border of the eye to insertion of pectoral. The
pectoral is short, 24 to 24 in head, failing to reach the insertion of the ventrals by half or nearly half
its length. Caudal deeply forked, its median rays 24 to 3 times in head,
Color uniformly silvery, with a distinct, well defined lateral silvery band, extending from upper
angle of gill-opening to base of caudal; its greatest width equals the diameter of orbit, becoming
narrower on caudal peduncle.
Length 38 to 57 mm.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 49
gt. Lycengraulis poeyi (Kner & Sleindachner).
Seven specimens were taken, the largest 198 mm. in total length.
In some of the specimens the pectorals scarcely reach to the base of the
ventrals, while in others they reach a very little past this point. The gill-rakers
become shorter and somewhat thicker with age.
We have compared these specimens with a single specimen of L. grossidens
from Pernambuco, Brazil. The latter specimen seems to differ from ZL. poeyi in
having a slightly longer maxillary, a greater distance separating the tip of snout
from lower angle of cheek, and in the slightly larger teeth, which are more uneven
and more widely spaced.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
SYRAOES A meres cotdut cca eoner Mee Cen CEE: LYCENGRAULIS POEYI. 7 ae
IL OrCAD AA aane ane Src ROP RE ana aR eee Panama. Brazil.
Length without caudal, in mm............. 186 159 Esse |) a3G 198 | 169
Head in 1ooths of length.................... 238 23 23% 23 233 es
DIST LI katie encionecnicenby DRC oCe Cc oom Reem er aeeEee 26 24 24 25 24 25
[BW on dubodeuneee bOsec CORE a EERE eee ae 5 5 5 5 42 | 4?
INOS ETE ion dan oR Gogo He eEeE EC CCORED OEE AC ERE 18 174 18} 18 18 203
Origin of dorsal from snout................. 564 56 544 55 543 55%
Greatest distance from eye to gill-opening 15 14 144 144 14 15
Snout to lower angle of cheek.............. 184 18h 18 18 19 203
| DIO IRSEI WRENS Seema soc esecsceOne ao aicees BeRaeeOne 15 14 15 14 T4 15
MIA ISLAY Sere Reece asnrohs upseine vente dessus 24 25 24 24 25 24
(Galleralkcensee arse techs net ade de tition tates 14+20 | I5+19 | 14420 |] 14420} 12419 14-118
S cal leswe etree ee ee eo ea eects || 40 40 41 41 40 39
Family SYNODONTID.
g2. Synodus evermanni Jordan & Bollman.
Dredged by the “Albatross” in Panama Bay, at Stations 2795 and 2797, 33
fathoms; not seen by us. The species is also known from “Albatross” Stations 2831,
3043, 3044, off the coast of Lower California, in depths of 12 to 74 fathoms; and
Station 2998, Gulf of California, 40 fathoms.
5\0) CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
93. Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert.
Synodus jenkinst JORDAN & BOLLMAN, 1889, p. 153.
Two specimens seen, one of which is 40 cm. long, and is preserved. The
head is remarkably long, 32 in length. Five rows of scales between lateral line and
median series before dorsal; seven rows between lateral line and median series before
anus; sixty scales in lateral line; six rows on cheeks. These characters would range
the specimen under the nominal species S. jenkinsi, which we are unable, however,
to distinguish from 8. scituliceps. Specimens from Mazatlan with short head (typical
S. scituliceps) have five or six rows of scales on the cheeks (never four as originally
described), and have the anterior dorsal rays reaching or not reaching tip of posterior
ray when depressed. In these, the head varies from 33 to 4; in length, no specimen
before us having the head as small as described for the type of S. scituliceps (43).
The species was also seen at Acapulco (Dec. 20), several specimens being
observed lying on the sandy bottom near the wharf. They lie rigidly in a straight
line, and their colors harmonize so well with that of the sand that they are detected
with difficulty. One specimen, on coming to rest after swimming a short distance,
disappeared in the sand, leaving only the tip of the snout exposed. It did not enter
head first, but settled into the sand with its whole length at once, apparently throwing
up the sand by motions of its pectoral and ventral fins.
Family PC&SCILIID®.
94. Pecilia elongata Giinther.
Very abundant in the brackish sloughs about Panama. We found it also in
the market, where numerous specimens were taken from 5 to 18 em. in length.
These are all females, no males being seen. All of the specimens examined have
young in the oviduct, about 18 mm. in length, apparently about ready to be set free.
They have four or five narrow, distinct cross-bars on the body. The scale-pouches
have also a narrow, dark border, which shows through the scales as in the adult.
We here supplement the original description, from specimens 10 to 18 em. in
length. Head 33 to 47 in length; depth 3: to4. Eye 3} to 4% in head, slightly less
than half the interorbital width in the larger specimens, slightly more than half in
specimens 10 cm. long. Interorbital width half head. Height of caudal peduncle
1; to 13 in head, diminishing in height but slightly (sometimes not at all) from dorsal
to caudal base. Scales in six specimens 30, in six specimens 31, in four specimens
32. Nine specimens have 10 dorsal rays, two have 9; eight specimens have 9 anal
rays, four have 8.
After removing and drying the jaws, a narrow band of very fine villiform
teeth, behind the dark-tipped slender outer teeth of each jaw, may be seen by the aid
of a lens.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 51
95. Pecilia boucardii Steindachner.
Very abundant in fresh and brackish water. Found in every pond and
stream in the savannah about Panama. They agree very well with Dr. Steindach-
ner’s description of the typical specimens, which were taken about Colon.
The black spots on the caudal are quite variable in size. In most specimens
the caudal fin and even the posterior part of the caudal peduncle, is profusely covered
with rather large black spots. There are elongate or elliptical spots between the rays,
and smaller indistinct spots are on the rays. In a few specimens the spots are small
and diffused, those on the rays being most persistent. The young, 25 to 40 mm.
long, have only small indistinct spots.
96. Anableps dowei (ill.
Not seen by us.
The types of the species have been ascribed to Panama, this locality being based
on the following ambiguous statement by Gill (1861, p. 3): “There has recently
been sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Panama, by Captain J. M. Dow, a new
species of the genus Anab/eps.” While this specimen was sent from Panama, it was
apparently not captured at that point, as witness the following statement published
by Dow (1861, p. 30): “Some time since, while in the bay of La Union, State of
San Salvador, I caught . . . a couple of what I supposed was Anableps tetroph-
thalmus; but upon sending them to my friend, Professor Baird, of the Smithsonian
Institution at Washington, was somewhat surprised and gratified to hear that they
were of an entirely new species . . . A. dowii.” On a subsequent trip, Dow
obtained (1. c.) from the same locality several specimens, which were likewise sent to
the Smithsonian Institution (see Jordan and Gilbert, 18827, p. 373). Others are
recorded by Giinther (1866 a, p. 338) from Chiapam and Guatemala, and still others
(Giinther, 18646, p. 27) are said to have been collected by Captain Dow on the
“Pacific Coast of Panama.”
There seems to be no warrant for changing the spelling of the specific name,
as has been done, to dowi, dowti or dovii. It appears as dowei in three places in the
original description, a fact which sufficiently indicates the deliberate intention of the
author concerning it.
Family ESOCID.
97. Tylosurus scapularis Jordan & Gilbert.
Several specimens seined in fresh water at Miraflores. Four specimens pre-
served, the largest 41 cm. in length, the others 23.
In these specimens the caudal peduncle is not compressed, as described for
the type, but is about as wide as deep. The body is somewhat depressed, especially
in the ventral region. The description of the type states that the eye “is contained
8 or 9 times in the length of the upper jaw” (this agrees with our specimens), “and
2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
34 times in rest of head.” This last doubtless should read postorbital part of head.
The eye in our specimen is contained 43 to nearly 5 times in head without upper
jaw. The description states that the anterior dorsal rays are “as long as from eye
to edge of opercle.” This should read to edge of preopercle or to anterior edge
of opercle.
The lateral band tapers to a point at each end. It is nearly confined to the
posterior third of the body, and does not reach to the caudal rays. In the large speci-
men it is dusky silvery and has ill-defined edges, while in the small ones it is well
defined and bright silvery. It is bordered above witha dark streak, very conspicuous
in the younger specimens, but diffused and only slightly darker than the body in the
large specimen.
98. Tylosurus stolzmanni (Steindachner).
Two specimens were taken, 51 and 62 em. in entire length. Besides these we
have in the Museum of Stanford University aspecimen from Mazatlan of about the
size of our smaller specimen. ‘These are larger than the type (477 mm. in length),
from the description of which they differ in some minor respects.
In our specimens the body is as broad as high at the region of the ventrals.
The interorbital space is a little wider than diameter of eye, which is contained 12
times in length of head. The anal base is a little longer than the dorsal base. The
insertion of the ventrals is nearer the caudal base than the posterior border of the
eye by from 1 (in the larger specimen) to 3 times the diameter of the eye.
This is probably the species recorded by Boulenger (1899, p. 2) from the Gulf
of Panama, under the name Belone truncata.
99. Tylosurus fodiator Jordan & Gilbert.
Not uncommon at Panama. Like other gars, it is called Aguja by the native
fishermen.
100. Tylosurus pacificus (Steindachner).
Three specimens were collected, which agree very well with the description
of the type.
Family HEMIRHAMPHIDZ.
101. Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani).
Two specimens collected at Panama by Captain J. M. Dow have been identified
by Jordan and Gilbert (18827, p. 373) with the short-nosed half-beak, H. poeyi
(= H. unifasciatus). The species is also recorded from Panama by Jordan &
Bollman (1889, p. 180).
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY ao
102. Hyporhamphus roberti (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
One small specimen taken, about 15 em. in length.
103. Hemirhamphus saltator sp. nov.
Puiate IX, Fie. 16.
Hemirhamphus balao JORDAN, 1885, p. 370 (Panama); not of Le Sueur.
Head from tip of upper jaw, 44 in length from the same point to base of caudal; depth 6! to
6,5. Dorsal 13 or 14; anal 11 or 12; scales 53 or 54.
Body compressed, the sides vertical and parallel. Mandible from tip of upper jaw 44 to 44 in
length. Diameter of eye slightly exceeding interorbital width, 4 to 44 in head. Pectoral 14 to 14 in
head. Insertion of ventrals midway between base of caudal and anterior third of pectoral fin. Last
ventral ray produced, and longer than first ray. Front of anal a little anterior to middle of dorsal base;
the posterior end of anal base coterminous with that of dorsal. Posterior ray of dorsal produced;
anterior rays about a third higher than those of anal.
Color uniform bright silvery on lower part of sides, dusky silvery above. An inconspicuous,
dark, narrow lateral streak extends from upper angle of gill-opening to just above middle of caudal.
Top of head and upper jaw dark. Dorsal and caudal dark; pectorals dusky; ventrals colorless, except
a slight dusky tinge towards ends of outer rays; anal white.
This species is closely related to H. brasiliensis from the West Indies, with
which it has been identified. It differs from that species in the smaller eye, longer
mandible, and longer pectoral fin. The insertion of the ventrals is more anterior;
the horizontal length of the opercle is greater; the anterior rays of the dorsal are
lower, and there are one or two more scales in a horizontal series.
Eight specimens were taken, from 41 to 46 em. in entire length.
(8) October 21, 1903.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
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GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 55
Family EXOCCETIDZ.
104. Fodiator acutus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Abundant in Panama Bay; many were seen flying, and four specimens were
taken, 145 to 158 mm. in length. They agree well with the description of the type.
105. Cypselurus callopterus ((iinther).
Two specimens were collected, 25 and 31 cm.in length. They agree well
with Dr. Giinther’s description and plate.
106. Exonautes rufipinnis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Only the type of Hxocetus dowi Gill, 1863, p. 167, ( = LZ. rufipinnis), is
known from the vicinity of Panama.
Family FISTULARIDZ.
107. Fistularia depressa Giinther.
A single large specimen was taken in the market at Panama.
We have examined specimens from Japan, Honolulu, the Philippines, and
La Paz, L. C., and can distinguish no differences between them. In the figure of
this species given by Dr. Giinther (Shore-fishes, Challenger, Plate XXXII), the
greatest width between the diverging ridges on the anterior part of the snout is
indicated at a point too far forward. In our specimens the ridges are farthest apart
at the beginning of the anterior ? or } of the snout. The interorbital area appears to
be more coneave in small specimens (25 cm. in length) than in the larger ones. In
the latter the interorbital is contained 5} in the postorbital part of the head. In
specimens 50 cm. in length the orbit (measuring the extreme length between the
bones surrounding the eye) is from 91 to 92 in the head, and the length of the max-
illary is 93. Inaspecimen 69 em. in length, the maxillary is contained 10 times
and the eye 11 times in the head.
A large number of small specimens 25 to 28 em., and one specimen 41 em. in
length from Honolulu, are plain brown on the back, while a larger specimen 61 cm.
long has blue spots, as in our Panama specimen. Four specimens from La Paz,
51 em. long, all show blue spots. The following color description was taken from
our Panama specimen in the fresh condition.
Olive-brown on upper parts, white below. A pair of narrow blue stripes,
interrupted anteriorly and posteriorly, begin at the nape, diverge backward and cross
the lateral line just in front of the point where it becomes straight, then run just
above and parallel to the lateral line as far as the tail. Another pair of streaks, made
each by a series of blue spots, runs close along each side of mid-dorsal line, from a
56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
point above axil of pectorals to front of dorsal. Behind dorsal a single series of spots
occupies the median line of back.
108. Fistularia corneta sp. nov.
Puate X, Fies. 18 anv 18a.
Five specimens, each 62 em. long, were seen in the Panama market; two of
these were preserved. Besides these, we have in the collection of Stanford Uni-
versity several small specimens from Panama, collected by the “Albatross,” and
several small ones from Mazatlan.
Head 3 in length. Depth of body, a short distance in front of dorsal fin, 4 the depth at occiput.
At insertion of ventral fins the width of the body is twice its depth. The extreme length of the orbit
is contained 9 times in the length of the head; maxillary 132 to 133; interorbital width (bone)
3 to 4 in postorbital part of head. Length of pectoral, from base of upper ray to tips of longest
rays, 6% to 7 in head; ventrals rr.
The maxillary is rather short, and has a concave posterior border. The upper lateral ridge of
snout is serrated on its posterior three-fifths. On the anterior half of the serrated portion, the serra-
tions become abruptly finer and more crowded. The two superior ridges of the snout are rather
wide apart posteriorly, and very gradually approach each other anteriorly. They are scarcely
divergent or even parallel in the large specimens, but in the small ones they diverge slightly on the
anterior half of the snout. The distance between them is everywhere much greater than their distance
from the upper lateral ridge. The area between the upper lateral ridge and the superior ridges
is generally smooth, sometimes somewhat uneven, but never roughly sculptured. The interorbital
area is flat and roughly sculptured on each side, and its middle third is depressed to form a smooth
channel.
The pectoral reaches about one-third of the distance between the base of its upper ray and the
insertion of the ventrals. The dorsal and anal fins are exactly opposite and equal in length; their base
4 times their distance from the middle caudal rays. The skin is everywhere smooth; the lateral line is
not armed with bony plates.
In the five specimens seen at Panama (fresh) the back was a uniform dark brown. In the
small specimens from Panama and Mazatlan there is usually a lighter stripe, with ill-defined edges, on
each side of the back, a short distance above the lateral line, and following its course to the base of the
caudal fin.
This species differs from /’. depressa in having a shorter maxillary, a larger
eye (in specimens of the same size), and particularly in having a much wider inter-
orbital space. There is no trace of blue markings in our material.
We have several specimens of /. petimba from Formosa and Japan, which
agree well with the description given by Dr. Giinther (Shore-fishes, Challenger,
p. 68) under the name /. serrata. They differ from F’. corneta in haying the superior
ridges of the snout very close together and parallel for nearly their whole length.
(They are spoken of as ridges, though they appear, in this species especially, as a
single, raised, flat area posteriorly, the sides of which are left in relief as ridges
anteriorly.) The distance between them is everywhere much less than their distance
from the upper lateral ridge. The area between the upper lateral ridge and the
superior ridges is roughly sculptured with radiating lines, as shown in the illustration
accompanying the description cited above (Plate XXXII). The interorbital area is
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
~]
deeply concave and without flat supraorbital areas. The serrations of the upper
lateral ridge are coarse. The skin is rough to the touch, and the lateral line is armed
with small, bony, stellate plates, which become larger posteriorly.
We have no specimens of F. tabacaria, but from current descriptions it is
different from F. corneta. It seems always to have blue spots and to have few or no
serrations on the upper lateral ridge. It has not been recorded from the Pacific.
Family SYNGNATHIDZ.
109. Siphostoma auliscus Swain.
Two specimens, 122 and 88 mm. long, were taken in the Rio Grande, at
Miraflores, near Panama. We have compared them with two small specimens of
S. auliscus from Magdalena Bay, L. C., and find the only difference to be the more
anterior anal opening in the smaller specimen, in which it occupies the ring just
anterior to dorsal. In the other specimens it is in the same ring with the front of
dorsal. The Panama specimens are darker and more mottled. Each body ring has
a broken vertical white streak, and on about every fifth ring is a faint dark streak.
110. Hippocampus ingens Girard.
Three specimens taken, 5, 8,and 10 cm. long. The smaller two, a male and a
female, are rough with papille, and have many dermal flaps. The largest one, a
female, is almost perfectly destitute of these, though upon close examination with
a lens very small, white papillz are to be seen.
Two specimens from Mazatlan in the collection of the Stanford University
have been examined. One is smooth, the other covered with dermal flaps.
Family ATHERINID.
111. Kirtlandia pachylepis (Giinther).
This species and KX. gilberti, referred to the genus Menidia by Jordan and
Evermann (1896, pp. 798 and 801), the former afterwards transferred to the genus
Thyrina by these authors (1898, p. 2840), belong to the genus Kirtlandia. We
have compared them with A. vagrans, the type of the genus. Like the latter, they
have crenate scales, which are, however, smooth, not “very rough to the touch,” as
described by Jordan and Evermann. Our specimens of A. vagrans and K. pachy-
lepis have no scales on the dorsal. The base of the anal has a row of rather long
scales. Both the dorsal and anal of X. gi/berti are scaleless.
Nine specimens of K. pachylepis were collected. They differ from Giinther’s
description only in the slightly longer head, and in a greater range of fin-rays.
Head and depth 5 in length of body without caudal. Eye and snout about
equal, 3; in head. Angle of lower jaw slightly in advance of front of orbit. Inter-
58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
orbital space one-fourth or one-fifth wider than eye. Jaws with a band of villiform
teeth. Pectorals reaching nearly to tip of ventrals. Anal and soft dorsal conter-
minous. Seales 41 to 43. About 27 seales on back in a series between occiput and
spinous dorsal. Fins unmarked. Snout and a small area on top of head behind
eye dusky. Back dusky, with small brown punctulations, which narrowly border
each scale. Lateral streak dark above, shading downward into silvery, widest
under the dorsals. A dark line on back from dorsal to occiput, composed of a single
row of dark brown dots; more conspicuous in the smaller specimens.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal, in mm.... | 115 99 97 99 109 100 97 97 82
Iea ds iiscestowsosscemerceesseeceeeseste 204 204 20 20 21 20% | 20 203 | 20
Me pthicne-cosesoecnaeeesceeeracciencoee 204 21 20 204 | 20 20% 193 | - 204 194
IS GeesSen cane eee actiiopaecn qudcenr deseo Nea; 6 63 64 6 4 63
Snottesa ato ee en eres | etl 36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Insertion of ventrals from snout... | 43 41 43 41 42 42 42 424 | 40}
Length of anal base................. 24 244 254 254 24 264 234 254 | 25
Wenothyolspectotal sees esate sees 284 28 27 29 274 28 27 27 264
Number of dorsal rays.............. | v-1,8 |Iv-1,7| v-1,8 | 1v-1,8] v—1,7 | V—1,7 | IV-1,7] V-1,7 | V-1,7
Number of anal rays............... | ip A2it 122) 1B eat Wit 122 1,23 | 1,21 pain |h aga
Scalesic, aeterctnn ntercsaee ea tanees | 42 43 43 42 44 42 43 41 42
112. Kirtlandia gilberti (Jordan & Bollman).
Of this species we obtained nine specimens, which we have examined in con-
nection with thirteen co-types collected at Panama by the “Albatross.”
Only two of these have six dorsal spines, as described for the type; fifteen of
them have 5; and five of them have 4. The origin of the first dorsal in the type is
described as being at a point midway between the posterior margin of the head and
the base of the caudal. We find that it varies from’this to a point half the diameter
of the eye nearer to the occiput. The longest spine (probably owing to a slip of the
pen) is alleged to be 4% in the head. This should read 3} to 34. The longest ray of .
the soft dorsal exceeds the length of the snout by from one-fourth to one-half the
diameter of the eye. The origin of the anal varies in position from a point midway
between base of caudal and posterior base of pectoral (as described), to a point mid-
way between base of caudal and middle of upper pectoral ray; the width at base is
generally somewhat greater than ‘distance from tip of snout to base of pectorals.”
The seales are crenate, but smooth to the touch. The dorsal and anal are scaleless.
The edges of the lateral band are well defined, and a much darker streak com-
poses its upper edge. It is widest under the dorsals, thence narrows on the caudal
peduncle and widens at base of caudal fin. Its termination is rounded.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY og
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal, in mm...,| 103 105 TIO 103 98 103 97 93 95
I SIGE IG Le o Shae bc cad da cbas paca eD 22 21 22 mo | woh || a 21 21 204
Be othe scare certs score ccesscausearees 7 17 17 17 174 174 174 164 17
LAS SoM atari eee tay’: cite ee ecwec’ 6 6 oe 6 6
Origin of anal from caudal base..| 36 37 By) 38 40 38 38 38 38
Origin of first dorsal from caudal. | 44. 43 44 43 43 45 424 | 43 43
Benptbof pectoralie..5.c..ssese0: 19 183 18 19) |» 28 18 19 18 | 184
Weneth' of anal base...7.........05.- 19 20} 204 21 21 20 20 21 20
Number of dorsal spines............ Vv IV V Vv IV V IV Vv V
Number of dorsal rays .............. 1,9 1,8 1,9 | 1,9 1,8 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9
Number of anal rays: .........-..c-- | era ONTO e | ne2On NT 20) ir 20) | ra Ton | x20
Number, of Scaleses..cs2 ose se eee 51 49 49 50 50 5° 49 59° 5!
Fin Formule of the Co- Types.
orsall she racusgeceortokaeeare VI-I,9 V-I,9 IV-I,9 VI-1,9 V-I,9 ‘v- (broken)
PATA Re ete Se case eater areca mee 1,20 I,20 I, 22 I, 22 (broken)
IO Yoynse ll aac es ieee ener ees ae v—(broken ) v-1,8 IV-1,9 V-1,9 V-1,9 V-1,9 V-1,9
ENTE OA Soe eee Ran cent ae 1,20 I,20 1,20 1,21 1,20 1,20 1,19
II3. Atherinella panamensis Steindachner.
PuateE IX, Fie. 17.
A single specimen obtained, 13 em. in entire length.
We add the following details to Dr Steindachner’s excellent description:—
Head 4 in length; depth 45. Eye 3} in head; snout 33; interorbital width 22. The
enlarged outer teeth of the upper jaw are in two series only in front of jaw, in one
series laterally. Pectoral 2} in length. The insertion of the ventrals is nearer the
tip of the lower jaw than the base of the caudal by half the length of the head.
Family MUGILID.
114. Mugil cephalus Linneus.
Taken by Gilbert at Panama in 1883 (Jordan, 1885, p. 371); not recorded
by other observers.
115. Mugil thoburni Jordan & Starks.
Recorded (as Mugil incilis) from Panama (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 n, p. 624)
and from Chiapam (Steindachner). The types of the species were collected by the
“Albatross” at the Galapagos Islands.
60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
116. Mugil curema Cuvier & Valenciennes.
This species comes into the Panama markets in abundance. We have com-
pared six specimens with others from the Atlantic and can distinguish no differences
between them.
Measurements tn Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Mocallittyaenenres sce | Panama. Jamaica. Key West.
Length without
caudal, ex-
pressed inmm. | 205 212 240 250 192 190 || 201 231 145 118 230
Plead hea .pesecect: | 27 26 264 26 26 26 | 26 264 26 27 24
IDYefOdN soneear oo0006 25 24 26 22 25 25 26 26 27 27 26
Interorbital (bone |
Only) Peeeeeeeeee 9 9h 10 9 9 94 || 10 10 oH 9 9
Insertion of ven-
tral spine from
SHNOWNE Ge sscoo cas t 40 38 40 39 40 40 40 394 394 39 38
Front of spinous
dorsal from
CMON scscagocG05 494 494 52 484 50h SI 494 52 50} 51 50
Tip of pectoral
from snout..... || 463 | 44 45 444 | 45% | 47 45% | 45 45% | 473 | 43%
Length of pec-
torall eee tee ccss 19h 184 184 184 184 20 19 184 19h 21 19
Length of anteri-
or dorsal rays || rr 1of | 114 rid 124 | 12 12 12 124 134 | 11
Length of anteri-
or anal rays... 124 12 12 12 12 124 12} 20 Me eS I4 12
Number of dor- |
sal spines and
HAYS: Piasisteieisesise IV-I,8 | IV=1,7 | 1v—1,8 | tv—1,8 | 1v—1, 8 | 1v—1, 8 |] rv—1, 8 | 1v—1, 8 || 1v—1, 8 | rv—1, 8 | Iv—1, 8
Number of anal
spinesandrays |} 111,9 | 11,9 | 11,9; 11,9 | 11,9; 1,9 || 11,9 111,9 || 111,9 | 11,9 | 11,9
Scales from above
upper pectoral
HEIN SRaanaoosAaDe: Somes 37 38 37 37 36 36 By 37
wW
“I
117. Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver.
Abundant at Panama. It is at once separated from JM. curema by the longer
pectoral. We found the small crustacean nearly always present in the mouth of
the Panama specimens, as it was in the type and co-types from Mazatlan.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 61
Measurements in Fundredths of Length without Caudal.
Mazatlan
LL Gyez i A Gok Brae ey ere Se Panama.
(TYPr.)
Length without caudal, inmm. || 212 193 212 222 230 MGOn | i207 219 170
Head (without opercular flap) || 28 28 264 | 27 27 By 205 | 27 28
DEAN ee eec sh eee ea 26 27 234 | 244 | 224 | 24 245 | 23 23
Interorbital (bone)............... II ro} ro} 10 ie) 10} 10 fe) if)
Insertion of ventral spine from
SOULE eee ny tee Reeth, ees 41 42 39% | 41 39% | 40% | 41 403 392
Front of spinous dorsal from
SDOUEEE eer an eer or eta San 514 | 53¢| 51 Ri || Gites || Be 5 Ru 50
Tip of pectoral from snout..... || 524 | 534] 51 514 | 514 | 524 | 525 | 52% 503
Wenpth\oipectoralic..4..-se.-- 234 | 254] 23 24 24 25 24 23% 23
Length of anterior dorsal rays.. || 12 13 r2h| 12h | 12h] 12h | 125] 12 123
Length of anterior anal rays... 124 13 12h 13 124 13 13 13 133
Number of dorsal rays and | y
SINS eastern seen cece ran acres IV-1,8]| Iv—1,8] Iv—1,8| Iv—1,8] tv—1,8] 1v—1,8} Iv-1,8| 1v-1,8]} Iv-1,8
Number of anal raysand spines || 11,9 | 11,9 | 11,9 | UI,9 | 1,9 | 1,9 | Il,9 | 11,9 III,9
Scales mote ec satis ease: 37 Bi 38 36 37 38 36 36 38
118. Chenomugil proboscideus ((iinther).
Probably not so common as farther north. Two large specimens and several
small ones were collected, the latter found in rock-pools, in company with Querimana
harengus.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
sta ap RAM EER rein, Se culeetia Bao priaa Seseends'erewe eect 191 154 76 56 48
[RISE G eaoccoccinconde RAR OIG Gc ue ORES a ea en COE nee ee 26 274 28 29 30
IDES Oi cor cesaehnbeionicedeaShbara 606k ate nae dees OAH CASE RAa aS 29 31 34 32 31
TE eee apr eee eterts as tel eas Sos ee aE casera Ske sclacesticine vidoe 6 64 74 8 8
Insertion of first spine of spinous dorsal from snout 56 56 56 57 55
Insertion of first spine of soft dorsal from snout ..:.. 78 78 78 77 78
Insertion of anal spine from snout...................664- 75 75 70 73 72
MenoThnObepectorals i se ncs.c1ic-ceewustonaa cies tenes aeles 23 23 25 25 26
EGC LONOURVEN Etcille seetieetsua)- seeacetars Sok atantresecas tetera 15 16 18 18 18
Number of dorsal rays and spines..................-.++- Iv-1,8 | Iv—1,8 | Iv—1,8 | Iv-1,8 | Iv-1,8
Number of anal rays and spines................ 0.022006 III, 10 III, 10 III, 10 III, 10 III, 10
SiGIES CotectuSeanteedse oboe Lo toe e eC EEE ne eae eee eer 39 41 40 40 40
(9) November 12, 1903,
62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
I1g. Querimana harengus ((iinther).
This little mullet was taken in abundance in the rock-pools. There is con-
siderable variation among the specimens, as the table of measurements will show.
Nothing can be found, however, that would indicate more than one species among
them. Out of fifty specimens examined, four were found with three anal spines.
In each of these cases, a spine had replaced a ray, as only nine rays were present
instead of the ten always found in two-spined examples.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length in mm., without caudal... 47 AOMM) 45, alewas' 45 45 41 44 41
1 AUEETG (gaa Een ae ee | 30 324 | 32 31 31 29 28 32 28
DS potlvn serach sates steest eee aee | 28 30 29 30 29 26 26 27) 26
Bay Cr te sathaen sanoteenen aeeeee eects | 7 8 8 7 7 8 73 8 8
First dorsal from snout......... || 53 Sse SS 53 53 51 51 53 51
Second dorsal from snout......... | 75 76 75 76 76 74. 72 74 IP
Insertion of ventral spine from
SNOUL: acsnceseee eee nares 44 46 44 44 44 41 42 46 42
/aNiatel | KO} GOU SNOW e oosunonpsorecnacne 70 iB 73 | 71 | 71 68 70 Wes 69
Menechiompectoralereeeeeeeeeeteeree | 21 21 21 20$ | 20$ | 20 19 19 19
Wengthtotranalibaseter-ye eee | 16 144 15 15 16 15 16 15 15
Spines and rays of dorsals ........ Iv—I1, 8 IV-I,9| 1v-1, 8 IV-1, 8} 1V—1, 8] 1v—I, 8] 1v—I, 8 | Iv—1,8 | rv—1,8
Spines and rays of anal............. | 11, 10 | II, 10 | I, 10| 1,9 | 11,9 | M,10| M, 10] 1, 10| I, 10
SCalesh.s.cercases owen eaaeeaeees 36 | 36 | 38 | 37 36 38 38 37 37
Family SPHYRANIDZ.
120. Sphyrena ensis Jordan & Gilbert.
Not uncommon in the market at Panama, where nine specimens were collected.
These agree very well with the description given by Dr. Steindachner (18794, p. 4)
under the name S. forsteri, he having confused it with that East Indian species.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
63
Length in mm., from tip of snout to base of
CLUIGlal Rpm ee ae. raecac techtnts 293 298 305
Hieach Pamiptip Ob SAOUtS. <4... :.,,0050020¥ ces ohonb aces 32 314 | 314
PBC R eens COE eee) Sven Pn sais aecscctoe en deeme 144 13 13
(OVA iS nn Sod CORSE HOE GST CER Mr REE Mer eB or RACER. 54 54 5
Insertion ventral spine from tip of snout........... AI 40 40}
SpMOusidorsal (OM. SMOUt ..--+ se sseseeee soso eeeeee 434 43 434
SOtdorsa bron suOut etree casiceedtnescees neces eA 9s 694
[Drayenilay toh Goeeteyell con cceoanadccoppeder-céra Berson toon: ne 13 124
OngestGansaleravacn rest aetea conus cee neater II 114 men
Woneestvanall wayi-e.c.: eae tamara ese Merete ons 10} 10} 10
Number of dorsal rays and spines.................. V-1,8 | v—1,9 | V-1,9
Number of anal rays and spines..................++ 7 uinintsy |) Tugs)
Nima betrotascaleSea cee nrpeaes--ricte tects. cencere 108 III 109
359 | 310 | 290
304 314 32
134 134 14
5 S| 55
39% | 403] 42
43 44 44
70 | 714 | 70}
13 124 13
114 II 114
104 10} 10}
V-1,6 | V-1,9
11,8 11,8 11,8
108 109 I12
10}
V-1,9 | V-1,9
11, 8
I1IO
Family POLYNEMIDZ.
121. Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett).
Common but much less abundant than P. opercularis, and much less valuable
than the latter as a food-fish.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Wika IIEN Si 8 os olmceseanacrancedokad boned ecOneo cece eee REE aes
Spimous dorsal irony SNGUEnseeweee esse seeeoes ooeeenae
Distance from front of spinous dorsal to soft dorsal.
Metron bb OlmectOndlsn. vtactcwniss-creresiicene cs sles annie:
Honcectidetachedstayisncts + case memcemencecsrseaase:
Wontestydorsali Spine. 6: See... crm eoce caves sae aeweledensine x
MEOH ES LCG Ea Mich V arta denies s Sais -cenwa dates no aeaas clceide:
MD Ensaio ta cacame ase coc sastitaaslseltcies aelsrns aoe ad
2107
31
21
VIII-1,12
IIT, 14
60
193
32
19
VIII-I, 12
III, 14
61
I9I
32
30
14
45
Broken
2
VIII-I,12
Tine
60
VIII—I,12
1, 03
61
205
VIII-I, 12
III, 14
62
64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
122. Polydactylus opercularis (Gill).
Taken with hook and line in great abundance. It is eagerly sought after by
the native population, by whom it is highly prized. It is one of the most important
food-fishes, and on some days equals or exceeds in numbers all others combined.
The type is described as having only eight free pectoral rays, but that was
doubtless based on erroneous observation.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
ILSaveqday iM Tvs s45neoApn anbadebsHonoDdoboocHbabe 280 280 290 242 205 178
1a ea | A Ne eee Girt en a ane ca 31 294 30 30 30 30
De potliey tera eee eS ees ce sb EEE aC 25 24 25 25 254 27
INCU AINE Va iar none Gea en EDL ame Saat ys sep, Sea aa ae, 18 174 174 7) 174 17%
Spinous dorsal from snout.................66- 36 36 35 354 35 34%
Distance from front of spinous dorsal to
Soiticorsalleareea:ceeaserisie econ eeeerone 25 26 28 28 264 264
LSS Oi ACO Gyonss.n5asae cnscoacssadoences 21 20 21 203 22 22
Wongestidetachedmnciyeeseeereereseeteeeaeeeess 31 314 32 33% 32 35
Wongestid orsallsineseereeee neseseeee eee tenes 20 20 19} 20 205 Ae)
ILreyarexaste Gloyeeeall S29 % onc roodoo oneae0 SoboaoeebEe 18 174 18 18 18 174
Dorsal tenes sph ae ee er ee ee ee VIII-I, 12 | VIII=-1,12 | VIII—1,12 | VIII—1,12 | VIII—1,12 | VIII—I,12
CATA AS PEPE ec ops tse tutes oe cise Gis deinen Ill, 13 Terie III, 13 III, 13 III, 13 III, 13
SCA esi a Peet eenea ee eee eee | 66 69 68 70 68 69
Family HOLOCENTRID.
123. Myripristis occidentalis Gill.
Two specimens were taken among the islands in the bay. The species differ
from J/. pecilopus more than has been previously indicated. The teeth are much
larger, and the vomerine patch is lance-shaped rather than anchor-shaped. The
anterior rays of the dorsal and anal are longer, making these fins more angulated
and their posterior margins more nearly vertical. Scales thirty-nine or forty in the
lateral line, somewhat smaller than indicated in the type description.
The color of the back is of a clearer reddish brown, less slaty than in
M. pecilopus, and with bluish reflections on each scale. The silver begins on the
row of scales below the lateral line rather than above, and is richer in coppery and
greenish reflections. The dorsal is lighter, and there are no dusky bands at base of
caudal and below the lateral line, as in J/. pacilopus. The ventrals have lighter or
GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 65
colorless tips. In one specimen the ventrals are immaculate, in the other a slightly
dusky tinge is present. The three specimens of J. pecilopus have the tips of the
ventrals darker, running from dusky to black. There is a dark pigment spot above
pupil in J. occidentalis, which is absent or very slightly dusky in JZ. pecilopus.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal in mm... 45 46
Plead hay eee ee neesccace 35 35
DE pile cae sacs eet needa 37 36
FOV Gy. Seat actensacice han cater amnenac dae 25 15
SOUL ease one dersom eeeserseereasese 7h 7
Menetavon pectoral eens eres | 22 24
enethrot ventraliecss-sesceenc. 22 23
Height of soft dorsal.............. | 18 16
leis hteolianall sss caresseeeene | 18 16
Benathrolcaudalesenera-nseacs | 24 24
Number of dorsal rays............ | X-I, 14] X=I, 14
Number of anal rays.............. | Dy WA | IAA ae
Scallesisass SiccaennaGste ee eneaas see 3-40-7 | 3-39-7
124. Myripristis pecilopus ((ill).
Three specimens taken.
Very small villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; the palatine patches
very long and narrow, the vomerine patch anchor-shaped, its length about three
times its width across lateral arms. The median backwardly extending limb is
narrow and pointed.
Color of back slaty brown, passing into bright, iridescent silvery at the
upper part of the band of scales which bears the lateral line. Upper end of opercle
with bluish reflections. Directly below the lateral line is a narrow, straight, dusky
streak, commencing three or four scales from gill-opening and ending a little behind
tip of pectoral. Tips of ventrals varying from slightly dusky to black. Base of
caudal with a dusky band. Spinous dorsal dark or nearly black. Other fins
colorless.
66
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCEENCES
Length without caudal in mm... 50 44
les Kee nee eirt cians deeiceteactitiarionons 34 354
Depth’: <5) eeemesecees sachet 35 2a)
1D) fo ee sae en acca sca boneeLeEtaseodees 14 15
Snouty.ccokc sae 7+ 8
Wengthvot jpectoralles,.-ceeeeeeeeee 20 21
Lengthiot ventrals#..-s:-eeeees 20 20
leicht of sottadorsall: sass 15 15
leicht of atiall aeeeeeeeeeereeee eee 15 15
eng throiicandalltasce ener 22 23
Number of dorsal rays........... X-I,14 | X-1,14
Number of anal rays.............. TiVee2 |View
SGalest te arses denen See eee 3-35-7 | 3-35-7
Taken in abundance in the rock-pools.
differ from the description of the type.
45
25)
ZS
X-I, 14
IV,
I2
Sol
125. MHolocentrus suborbitalis (Gill.
Our specimens do not materially
The statement that ‘‘the tail behind the
vertical fins nearly equals a ninth of the total length” should doubtless read “the
height of the caudal peduncle behind the vertical fins nearly equals a ninth of the
total length.” The length of the tail behind the vertical fins is about 84 in the total
length.
Measurem
Maxallainynceateuta-checee teraeso:
Preopercular spine............-.--
dihirdyanalls pines eseeeae eee:
Third dorsal spine................
Base of soft dorsal................
ents tn FHlundredths of Length without Caudal.
Jose 153 145 150 112
seetndss 32 32 32 32
silo sass 37 37 38 38
SHbdetunce it 12 Tit 12
Nemesaaes 13 13 124 13
aes 84 8h 8 7
goon sean he 19 17 19} 21
Scie aes 1 17 18} 19
coop Aaindo 134 144 14 13
itseeceotes 22 23 24 25
Jexeus dedies 21 22 24 24
oot cette XI-13 | XI-14 | XI-14 | XI-14
Ree Re IV, 9 IC) || 1%, 8) || 1 o
aodadaee 39 38 38 38
110
31
37
12
13
XI-14
IV, 9
37
25
XI-14
Iv, 9
37
spine is measured along its upper edge from its angle with preopercle.
1In this table, the head is measured to the angle formed by largest opercular spine and edge of subopercle. The preopercular
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 67
Family MULLIDE.
126. Upeneus grandisquamis (ill.
Several specimens collected in the Panama market. This large series enables
us to add the following range of variations to the original description:
Head 3} to 34 in length without caudal; depth 3 to 32. Eye 4) to 5 in
head; snout 2 to 24. The fin counts in our eleven specimens are constantly
VIII-I, 8 for the dorsal, and I, 6 for the anal. The third dorsal spine is longer
than the fourth, but does not project beyond it. Sometimes it does not reach its tip.
Dr. Gill’s measurement of the length of the spinous dorsal fin includes the
‘membrane which connects the last spine to the body. As most specimens have this
membrane broken, we have considered the base of the fin to extend to the base of the
last spine. The base of the first dorsal equals or sometimes slightly exceeds the
interval between the dorsals, the latter equaling or sometimes slightly exceeding the
base of the second dorsal. The interval between the dorsals contains 4 scales along
the median line.
The following color description was taken from a fresh specimen: Red above,
silvery below; 2 silvery streaks along the sides anteriorly, follow the rows of
seales above and below the lateral line, and are continued forward on the head to a
point behind the eye. Other silvery streaks follow the rows of scales, but are much
less conspicuous. Dorsal and caudal deep orange-red with wide translucent margins.
Measurements in Flundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal, in mm.. 160 | 154 145 142 121
PGA so. ase eosaseeneeciwensueastesreas 32 30 31 294 30
Wrerthietres. da tetcesy caceh ents 32 29 29 29 30
SHG ites aarecenenenarsedecancncaaneode 15 14 14 T4 14
| Sy@saaoedaa corebeoscontiecoa sans poaeas 7 64 7 64 74
Length of 3d dorsal spine. ...... 21 21 20 19} 19
Length of pectoral. ............... 25 234 25 23 24
Height of second dorsal.......... 12 124 13 13 is
Spinous dorsal from snout....... 40 384 39 | 38 38
Front of first dorsal to front
otesecond! dorsalec...) ce--ces- 29 30 28 29 284
Number of gill-rakers............ 6-+-11 6-11 6-+11 6-12 6--11
Number of dorsal rays .......... VilI-1, 8 | vi1I—1,8 | vi1I—1,8 | vitI-1,8 | vitI—-1,8
Number of anal rays.............. 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6
Scales emer osee eee csc uicsonahces 2—30—5 | 2—30-5 | 2-31—5 | 2-31—5 | 2-30—5
68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Family SCOMBRID.
127. Sarda chilensis Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Abundant in the market for two or three days, but not again seen. We
preserved one specimen, 46 em. in length.
Eighteen gill-rakers are attributed to the horizontal limb of the anterior
branchial arch by Jordan & Evermann, 1896, p. 872. They also describe the maxil-
lary as not reaching the eye. In ourspecimen there are but nine gill-rakers including
one rudiment; and the maxillary extends to below the posterior border of the eye.
128. Scomberomorus sierra Jordan & Starks.
This species is brought into the market daily, and is one of the most important
food fishes. We preserved six specimens.
If it is distinct from its East Coast relative, S. maculatus, it is separated by
only slight characters, and a large series from both shores will have to be compared
accurately to define the species. The chief character that has been alleged to sep-
arate the two is the more backward position of the dorsal in 8. sierra. Our
material shows this character to be valueless.
We have but three specimens of S. maculatus. From these, S. sierra seems to
differ in being a little more slender, and in having the spots rounder and more
numerous below the lateral line. As the appended table indicates, the size of the
head and eye may average smaller, the number of dorsal rays less, and the number
of gill-rakers more. 8S. sierra has 3 or 4 rows of spots below the lateral line, while
S. maculatus has but two, or at the most, the beginning of a third.
We do not admit to our list S. concolor, recorded without comment from the
Gulf of Panama, by Boulenger, 1899, p. 5. Aside from this record, S. concolor has
been known only from Monterey Bay, California.
69
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
6-+¢ r1-+¢ o1-+z r1+¢ o1--b 11+? r++ r1-+¢ z1-Le zi-+te oe srayer qs jo Joquinyy
XI-QI-II_ | XI-GI-I1 | XI-g1-11 | m1A—S1-41 | wIA-gI-1 | w1A—gt—-11 | xt—-g1—-11 | x1-S1—11 | xt—S1—11 | x1-S1-11 lpm jeue jo roquinyy
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(10)
70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Family TRICHIURIDZ.
129. Trichiurus lepturus Linneus.
Recorded from Panama by Jordan and Bollman, 1889, p. 180.
Family NEMATISTIID.
130. Nematistius pectoralis Gill.
Probably rare as far south as Panama; only three or four seen.
The following measurements are from a specimen 30 em. in length.
Head 32 in length; depth 34. Eye 5 in head; snout 3§; maxillary 2,4;
interorbital (bone) 32. Dorsal VIII-I, 26; anal I, 16. Gill-rakers 3+-9, the
longest two-thirds the diameter of the eye.
Family CARANGIDZ.
131. Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider).
Not uncommon in the market, though much less abundant than O. mundus.
The top of head and nape are smooth and without conspicuous pores in saurus
and there is no membrane connecting the anterior branchiostegal rays of the two
sides. Our material shows that no reliable character can be drawn from the com-
parative size of the lowest suborbital bone and the next above. In saurus the lowest
suborbital seems constantly narrower than the one above it, but they vary greatly in
size, sometimes differing on opposite sides of the same specimen. Larger specimens
have proportionately deeper bodies, so this character also must be used with caution.
We have compared our material with specimens from the Atlantic, and can
appreciate no difference whatever.
a1
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
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72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
132. Oligoplites altus ((iinther).
PuaTE XI, Fic. 20.
One specimen taken in the Panama market.
Head 44 in length without caudal; depth 34. Eye 44 in head; snout 33; maxillary 13. he
interorbital width equals the diameter of the eye. Dorsal V-I, 19; anal II-I, 20.
Body moderately deep, as in specimens of O. sawrus of equal size; contour very slightly
angulated at front of soft dorsal and anal. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching slightly past
eye. The bands of teeth on jaws are wider than in either O. sawrus or O. mundus, and differ from
them in having the outer row of the lower jaw composed of slender movable teeth which are more or
less in contact and project above the other teeth. They are bluntly rounded as viewed from the side,
but are laterally compressed to a sharp cutting edge. The width of the mandibular band of teeth
anteriorly is about a fourth of the diameter of the eye or one-fourth wider than maxillary near the
posterior end. The premaxillary band is somewhat narrower. The patch of vomerine teeth is
rounded in front and acutely pointed behind; its length about half the diameter of the eye, its width
about two-thirds of its length. The palatine patches are about half as wide as the vomerine patch.
Gill-rakers moderately slender, their length about two-thirds eye. Top of head and nape with pores,
as in O. mundus. Anterior branchiostegal rays connected across isthmus by a thin transparent
membrane.
The anterior rays of dorsal are a little longer than those of anal. The last rays of dorsal
and anal are produced; those of anal a little longer, barely reaching to the short anterior caudal
rays. Pectoral about 12 in head; its tip reaching slightly past tips of ventrals. Origin of ventrals
nearer front of anal (behind detached spines) than tip of lower jaw by about half eye. Caudal lobes
subequal.
Color not unlike O. mandus. Back slaty-brownish, lower parts and sides silvery. Top of
head to tip of snout dark; tip of mandible black. Pectoral fin dusky on inner face, growing darker
or black at base. Dorsal and caudal dusky, median rays of caudal darker at tips. Ventral and anal
white.
This species differs from O. mundus in having a smaller mouth, a more slender
body, and in the character of the teeth in the lower jaw. Dr. G. A. Boulenger has
kindly re-examined for us the type of O. a/tus in the British Museum, and informs
us that the top of the head is densely beset with pores, and the anterior branchioste-
gal rays of the two sides are joined by membrane. There can be no question, there-
fore, as to the correct identification of our specimen.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 73
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal in mm............. 225
1 Cero Reece ery: Gum ag eer er BAe cet 23
Depthr...s23 cay tmeccsewctetyteese eaese 30
13h ape eae ease po Obrcbico ta eRe packet aacconOcn 5
Vac anny aereceinne tse sete atesesie ss eestor cr 14
* Snout to posterior margin of eye......... | 114
Snout towsoit dorsale.n..:-ssaseeee areeeeeare 49
Snouttomunsteanall raysor sesso. s-ceseeesece 50
Wen othnoimpectoralltreemecesterctceseme esa 16
Men gthwoixcaticdal le seeews-cee-e a seen esse: 27
ongestdorsaleraiyeecee: eaeeeecssesenese-e 12}
ougesivanalenayercnseas ceeeccesee ces 10}
INumberoridorsall rays: ..cer-s-c22-cedse- | V=I,19
Number ofranallrays.-e-s-c-4--ssse0 esa: II-I, 20
Numbersotodll=nalcensins-eseesercees ee ero se 4-10
133. Oligoplites refulgens sp. noy.
Puate XI, Fie. 19.
Head 43 in body without caudal; depth 44. . Eye 44 in head; maxillary 2{; snout 3}. Inter-
orbital width little exceeding diameter of eye. Dorsal V-I, 20; anal II-I, 19.
Body more elongate than in other members of the genus; the ventral and dorsal outlines
similar and symmetrical, without angles at origin of dorsal and anal fins.
Head pointed; its greatest width 21 in its length; its depth at point of occipital crest a little
anterior to edge of opercle, 14 in its length. Mouth comparatively small; its outline curved upward
anteriorly and downward posteriorly; lower jaw slightly the longer; maxillary scarcely reaching to
below middle of eye. Teeth on jaws in narrow bands which are scarcely as wide as exposed portion
of maxillary anteriorly. Bands on vomer and palatines wide, that on vomer about 1% as long as it
is wide, its greatest width in its anterior third or fourth; palatine bands at least twice as wide as those
on jaws. Tongue with minutely granular patches.
Head entirely scaleless. Scales on body about as in the most conspicuously scaled examples
of O. saurus. Top of head and nape smooth as in O. sawrus, without the conspicuous pores of
O. mundus and O. altus.
Insertion of ventrals about midway between base of first anal spine and the vertical from
anterior orbital rim; their tips reaching over half way to second anal spine. Pectoral extending to
tips of ventrals. Longest anterior dorsal ray a little longer than longest anal ray. Last ray of dorsal
and anal elongate, that of the anal the longer, reaching rudimentary caudal rays. Caudal rather
short, the lobes equal; its longest ray 14 in head.
Sides bright silvery; top of head and snout nearly black; extreme tip of lower jaw black.
Two very dark brown or blackish bands run parallel along the back and upper part of sides; the
74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
lower sharply defined below by the silvery of the sides, passing gradually above into dusky silvery.
The upper band is uniform in color and joins its fellow of the opposite side, forming a well defined
median band on back as viewed from above. Dorsal spines and anterior part of soft dorsal blackish;
anal slightly dusky anteriorly, its spines white. Ventrals white; pectoral dusky on inner face, growing
darker towards base. Upper and lower edges of caudal dusky; the upper the darker.
A single specimen, 22 em. in entire length, was taken in the Panama market.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Wength without caudally assess. sees 203 3
| (0 | eeree eiaamerccnossGaacsur Atoemesucsceue es 214
Depth. «ikea. dens cacesease@eesee aes ronscasaeenee 22
1 Dy ee Ra ee et rte Shr ca inn eecee Gc nan anccoe 5
Maxillary.) sscncosoateence -masvonmecceenc at 94
Snout to posterior edge of eye............ II
Snoutstolsoit dorsally ss sees eee 49
Snouttovanal sc2 ecsseacasekecsercat aeteee 51
engthyot pectoralaes esse see ee eEereateee r2+
eng thvotscaticall Re apease esse nee saree eer 18
Length of longest anterior dorsal ray....| 84
Length of longest anterior anal ray...... 7
INumberoticorsalltrays:sssnsssseeeseeeeeo V-I, 20
Number otvanalirays)-seseseeen -eeese reece | II-I, 19
INumbemottoulletalkens esse sekeseeeaeee eee 6-+17
134. Oligoplites mundus Jordan & Starks.
In the Panama market this species is more abundant than any other of the
genus.
O. mundus resembles O. altus, and differs from that division of the genus to
which O. saurus and O. refulgens belong in having the top of its head and nape
closely covered with pores, which open into short canals ramifying beneath the skin.
In a large specimen from Mazatlan, about 16 inches in length, these pores and
canals are very conspicuous and extend posteriorly in a patch on side of back to a
point above the anterior third of the pectoral fin. 0. mundus and O. altus have also
the anterior branchiostegals connected across the isthmus by a thin, but tough trans-
parent membrane. The bands of teeth on the jaws are wider, the body is deeper,
and the caudal is longer.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY (K3)
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
‘ ~ Algodones” Mazat-
WMoealitypyser scot hesie ees osees. fasten cotewdts Panama Lagoon, | lan,
Mex. | Mex.
Length without caudal in mm............. 198 210 205 208 174 209 I5! 385
PCAC eres erence Gee set architec <cisiieb votenc es 25 254, 264 26 26 26 253) 244
DEENA sage th acts ae ORME aH ane aera oe 35 34 36 35 364 34 33 35
1B Sy Giaarséod sad eC eeM i oaBReeee toe: See 5 53 54 5 54 5 54 4
Wicrxillanyaemebet a acsarenmaksiantsaaenemeice 174 174 174 18 18 174 17 16
Tip of snout to posterior edge of eye..... Tid] 1$/ 12 12 12 12 12 ro}
Tip of snout to soft dorsal.................. 51 5251) 53 53 53 52 51 51
Tip of snout to anal....... Asai tated wees Bee 52 53 544 55 55 524 52 51
Meno thtot pectorales.sessas.tccvecde s-seb. 164 174 17 164 164 174 16 16
|Leyataqin Gli C2106 ascoaecaponceaséereaseenpae 25 27 28 264 27 27 254 244
Pero htwondorsal cesses ween seve dceeuesehe 15h 16 16 16 15 16 15 14
RLeloity Oiraniell te scm tes se tes nid occu eects 15 15 15 14 14 15 14 134
Number of dorsal rays: <5.--4....ss2e-0--2-0 IV-I, IQ|IV-I, 20|IV-I, 20] V-I, 19 |IV-I, 18] V-I, 20 |IV-I, 19] V-I,20
Pitimnperaotwanall reiySiesecee cee eee en ne II-I, 19] 11-1, 20| 11-1, 19] 11-1, 19] 11-1, 18} 11-1, 20] 11-1, 19 | 1-1, 20
Number of gill-rakers above angle........ % 3 4 4 3 4 3 4
Number of gill-rakers below angle ...... 10 II 10 10 9 $f) 10 10
135. Trachurops crumenopthalmus (Bloch).
Occasionally brought to market, where numerous specimens were collected.
It was also observed at Acapulco. We are unable to find any differences between
specimens from the Atlantic and the Pacific.
The head varies from 31 to 3} in length; the depth from 3} to 33; the pec-
toral from 3} to 32. Orbit 23 to 31 in head; maxillary 21 to 21; ventral 2 to 2}.
Plates and scales along the entire lateral line vary from 86 to 91.
136. Hemicaranx atrimanus (Jordan & (Gilbert).
Of frequent occurrence in the Panama market, where it appeared sometimes
in considerable numbers.
As the original description was taken from a single specimen, we append the
following notes giving a wider range of variation.
Head 3? to 4} in length; depth 2} to 2}; length of pectoral 24 to 2?; chord
of curve of lateral line 34 to 4; straight part of lateral line 13 to 2. Orbit 34 to 4}
76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
in head; maxillary 31 to 32; ventrals 14 to 2}; highest dorsal spine 3 to 33; second
dorsal ray 13 to 2. Length 28 to 36 em.
The following color description was taken from a fresh specimen: Back deep
blue, with faint traces of cross-bars. Snout and opercles dusky. Cheeks dusky
yellow, with coarse brown specks. Lower part of sides silvery, with some dusky
shading and without yellow. Caudals and pectorals light lemon-yellow, the caudal
narrowly edged with black. Pectorals with a jet-black blotch involving base and
axil of fin and basal portion of all except the lowest rays. Dorsal, anal and ventrals
orange-yellow, more or less dusky; dorsal inconspicuously margined with black.
137. Hemicaranx zelotes (Gilbert.
PuatE XII, Fic. 22.
Hemicaranx zelotes GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2845).
Closely related to atrimanus, with which it agrees in having a large jet-black area
on axil and base of pectorals. It differs from atrimanus in the following characters:
The more rounded profile of snout; the lower spinous dorsal; the longer maxillary;
the higher, shorter curve in the lateral line; the wider scutes, which are also fewer
in number; the darker coloration of body and fins.
Head 4 to 42 in length; depth, 22 to 23; D. VII-I, 26 to 29; A. II-I, 23 to 25; P. 20 to 22.
Scutes 51 to 53 (over 60 in atyzmanus).
Body regularly elliptical, its greatest depth about in the middle of its length, exclusive of
caudal peduncle. Head small; anterior profile more decurved, the snout hence blunter than in
atrimanus; depth of head just behind eye about five-sixths its length. Jaws subequal, the tip of the lower
slightly projecting; maxillary narrow, not quite reaching anterior margin of pupil, about 34 in head
(34 in atvimanus). A single series of small, close-set subequal teeth in each jaw; no teeth on vomer,
palatines, or tongue. Orbit considerably greater than snout, 34 to 34 in head. Interorbital width
(taken at anterior margin of orbit) slightly less than orbit. Occiput with an evident carina. Distance
from snout to first dorsal spine greater than length of pectorals.
Spinous dorsal very low, the highest spine considerably less than orbit (greater than orbit in
atrimanus). A well developed antrorse spine before the dorsal. Soft dorsal and anal similar, not
falcate; the rays decreasing in size from the first; the highest ray of the soft dorsal 2 to 24 in head;
the highest ray of the anal about 24 in head. Dorsal and anal depressible into a sheath of scales, the
last 3 or 4 rays uncovered. Caudal fin wide, well forked, the upper lobe the longer, the longest ray
not quite one-fourth total length of body. Pectoral fin long, falcate, but much shorter than in afy7-
manus, 34 to 3% in body (22 to 24 in atrimanus). Ventrals 23 to 2% in head. Scales as in atrimanus.
Lateral line with a very strong curve anteriorly, the height of the curve 23 to 3{ in its length;
its length 21 to 21 in the straight portion. The entire length of the straight portion is furnished with
scutes, which are very small in front and behind. The scutes are considerably wider and lower than
in atrimanus.: the widest about one-half the diameter of orbit (about one-third diameter of orbit in
atrimanus ).
Coloration much as in aéyzmanus, but darker and the fins without yellow. _ Blackish olive above,
dusky silvery below, top of head and snout black. Spinous dorsal black; soft dorsal and anal black,
except a narrow light streak at base. Caudal dark, margined with black; pectorals very dark, black
on inner face, the extreme lower rays light. A large jet-black blotch covers the base of the pectorals
and extends for about one-fifth of the whole length of the fin; the axil is also black.
Four specimens were obtained in the market at Panama; none others were seen.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 77
138. Hemicaranx furthii (Steindachner).
Only the types known, from Panama. Probably not distinct from HH. lewcwrus.
139. Hemicaranx leucurus (Giinther).
Only the type known, from Panama.
140. Caranx vinctus Jordan & Gilbert.
But few specimens were seen, four of these preserved. They agree well with
the description of the type. The measurement of the eye in the original description
is evidently of the entire orbit. Between the adipose eyelids, the eye is 5 to 55 in
head.
141, Caranx hippos (Linneus).
We have compared seven specimens from Panama and Mazatlan with five
specimens from Jamaica and Cuba. The Pacific examples seem to differ slightly in
having an average larger number of gill-rakers and more plates in the straight
part of the lateral line. In five of the seven Pacific specimens, the ventrals end con-
siderably in advance of the vent; in one specimen they reach the vent, and in one
they extend beyond it. The Atlantic specimens all have the ventrals reaching to or
a little past the vent. The Panama specimens are all a little more slender than the
Atlantic or Mazatlan specimens. It is not probable that these differences have any
importance for classification.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
: Mazatlan ; =
NEGATE A eeeetas esaersi aces settee aden esNesse Panama 4 Jamaica ~
Mex. S
Length in mm. without caudal ........ 252 |204 |260 |261 |254 |185 |177 |200 |200 |193 |172 |228
Depth at base of ventrals............... || 32 | 34 | 308] 324] 31 | 368) 36 | 354] 36 | 36 | 35 | 38
Distance from base of ventrals to
ist detached anal spine............... 204| 214| 214] 22 | 21 | 214] 19 | 208] 21 | 203) 20 | 204
Distance from vent to base of ven-
|
el LUIS Pe ESE cree chy, eee nase nec eas || 144] 164 16 | 163) 15 15 | 14 | 14 | t4d] 14 | 134) 133
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(11) November 14, 1903,
78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
: S
a S
Wocality jena: ae tecar ines «at | Panama Mazatlan Jamaica | &
| | | |
164+2/16+2|16+1|164+2/15+2|16+1 |16+1 14+2|15+2|14+2|15+2|/14+2
20 42) 40 | 13 7eengS en 1SOnen |G omen oG 135 30° 132 x6
142. Caranx caballus ((iinther).
Frequently appearing in considerable numbers; seven specimens preserved.
These, in addition to three specimens from Mazatlan, have been compared with four
specimens of (. crysos from the Atlantic (two from Jamaica; one from Woods Hole,
Mass.; one from Florida).
(. caballus seems to be more slender, the depth varying from 3} to 33 (8 to
31 in C. crysos). The former has two or three of the plates on the caudal peduncle
lengthened antero-posteriorly. Counting from a point opposite the base of the last
dorsal ray to opposite the beginning of the short outer rays of the caudal, they num-
ber four or five in C. caballus, and seven or eight in C. crysos.
The two species do not differ in length of the pectoral or in the number of
plates in the straight part of the lateral line, as has been alleged. In both, the
pectoral varies from 2° to 3} in the length, and the plates from 47 to 50.
143. Caranx marginatus (ill.
Common in the Panama market. We supplement the description given by
Jordan and Evermann (1896, p. 922) as follows:
Head from 3! to 31 in length; depth 2? to 3. Dorsal in four specimens
VIII-I, 21; in two specimens VIII-I, 20. Anal in four specimens II-I, 16; in two
specimens II-I, 17. Eye (iris) 4 to 4} in head; maxillary 3 to 33, reaching to below
posterior border of pupil. The gill-rakers number 4 or 6+ 14 or 15. Pectoral 23
to 3 in body. Arch of lateral line 12 to 13 in its straight portion. Plates in straight
part of lateral line in two specimens 30, in three specimens 31, in one specimen 32.
We have specimens in the collection of Stanford University from Mazatlan,
Socorro Island and the Galapagos Islands, which agree with our Panama specimens
in all respects.
Doubtless all of the records of the occurrence of Q. /atus in the Pacifie are
referable to either C. marginatus or C. medusicola. C. marginatus differs from C.
medusicola and C. /atus in haying a slenderer form, and fewer plates in the lateral
line.
We have re-examined the two type specimens of C. medusicola from Mazatlan,
and also several specimens from Clarion Island. None of them exceed 7 inches in
length. From @. /atus of the same size (of which we have specimens from Key
West, St. Lucia and Bahia, Brazil), C. medusicola differs in the following respects:
*Gill-rakers given for lower arch only; the rudiments enumerated separately in each case,
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 79
The maxillary is shorter, 22 to 24 in head (2 to 24} in C. latus). The preorbital is
wider, in the narrowest part two-thirds the diameter of the eye (half eye in C. /atus).
The snout is longer, from 2,°, to 3 in head (32 to 32 in C. Jatus). The gill-rakers are
more numerous, 4+ 17 or 18 (4+ 14 or 15 in @. Jatus). It has 1 or 2 more soft
rays in the dorsal and anal, 22 or 28 dorsal rays, 18 anal rays (20 or 21 dorsal rays,
and 16 or 17 anal rays in Q. datus). One of the Mazatlan specimens is deeper than
any specimen we have seen of (. datus, the others are of the same depth.
The figure of C. medusicola given by Jordan (18956, plate 34), shows the
characters of this species very well, except that the preorbital is not wide enough.
In the original description, the number of the dorsal spines, gill-rakers, and lateral
plates is wrongly given. The first dorsal has 8 spines, the plates to the bend in the
lateral line number from 86 to 38.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
SSE CIES ere eater cea ae tite cs anien oeiseine esti “siesta Cc. MEDUSICOLA G. rATUS
Na Mazatlan Clarion Bahia,| Key West,
Locality rateterateroteiataletelalaterateratrafalaXixisiie) vislelsleteyasalieiainte/ateiielt[ain he a)lars\era. «19 (TyrEs.) Island Brazil Florida
| | is) ary j if ie
Length without caudal in mm..............+......5.. OS eee) cers 3) lr 139 LOS | ua LOS
TRIGA a Sh oan SR asl Ee Senn EEE ae Be eer 314 | 304 32 324 33 325 32
|
Deptlinea tee tts. sisem eden ten tde acta oas ase eten cathe? 461 | 424 | 40 424 43 43 43
SiO ace clbapesacesen Gee odes odbior aang Ba eeeeeRaocrac TOZ | rok | 11 mee 9 9 9
Meastuwidtonof preoubitale..iccscsse pete: sac eeseree 4 4 44 45 3 3
Ny easail ctte veneers Rees am hice sta cmai sen tein oder 124 Ww 13 [24 15 15 154
IESG Gacdqpeecc 8 16 Sofa CA Scr an rage ReaOnO CAECC Panera RO eeR an eee 74 74 74 8
Chord of curve of lateral line................- nae 30 30 30 30 28 30 30
Siraicht pateroilateralulinescs-casce+eesche cen sscesr +: 4it 414 | 42 42 | 45 43 45
INtimbenm atesott dorsal aySees.c-ws-secceer este oe~s<e 22 22 22 23 21 20 21
Nita sero eetuall thaysysansee sa. SaneE eee Se acne fase 18 18 18 18 17 16 17
Plates in straight part of lateral line................. 36 Hon 0 By 38 37 36 35
144. Gnathanodon speciosus (Forskdl).
Appearing infrequently; on two occasions many large ones were brought to
market. Our five specimens all have 19 rays in the dorsal and 16 in the anal.
145. Citula dorsalis (Gill).
Frequently brought to market. We preserved seven specimens from 24 to
36 cm. in length. Tothe description given by Jordan and Evermann (1896, p. 930),
we make the following additions and corrections, based upon our material.
80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Depth from 14 to 2 in length. Eye 44 to 42 in head; snout 2} to 3. Pec-
toral one-fourth to one-fifth longer than head. Ventrals reaching well past vent,
about half the distance from their insertion to the third anal spine. Length of gill-
rakers a little over half diameter of eye, their number 6+ 16. In three specimens
the dorsal rays number 19 and the anal 17; in three the dorsal is 18 and the anal 16,
and in one the dorsal is 19 and the anal 16. Seales in the straight part of lateral
line 48 (not 58).
146. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch).
But few of this species were seen. We have compared our material with a
single specimen from Jamaica and can appreciate no differences.
147. Vomer setipinnis (Mitchill).
Brought into the market almost daily, sometimes in large numbers. We
preserved nine adult specimens and several young; the latter were taken in the
tide-pools.
We have compared our adult specimens with three specimens from Beaufort,
N.C., and a single large specimen from Jamaica. From the former, ours differ in the
following respects: The body is more slender, the declivity of the anterior profile is
less steep, the space between the eye and the angle of profile above eye is shorter,
the bases of the anal and soft dorsal are shorter, and the scutes on the caudal
peduncle are larger. They differ from the Jamaica specimen only in having larger
scutes. We have compared the young with specimens of the same size from
Galveston and find them similar. The specimens from Beaufort seem to occupy a
position between the Panama specimens and V. spiait.
Our material from the Atlantic is so meagre that we are unable to decide
whether the species from the Pacific is distinet or not.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 81
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
3
Bowalitiyy.tses.henctiisdeesdvisadstose.s sis Beaufort, N.C. 8 Panama Galveston
= z
Length without caudal in mm...... 150 |164 |138 |248 |159 |225 |204 |172 |204 | 63 | 66 | 65 | 66
led Gd ene serene seeenctsscactre rss sc 33 | 33 | 3341 33 | 344] 32 | 34 | 334] 324] 39 | 38 | 38 | 38
WEEE ee acauiereSecias seeceeusetedssoeee 55 | 57 | 58 | 514| 504] 50 | 484) 52 | 51 | 68 | 63 | 66 | 65
Mes clll Ses ere ee cadadmeetoeodacanccei anes 3| |) Deal Is MSk ASHES || Tasers. tse) a4) | 1s | 24. |, 24
IBAV On GASPS OARS CORTE REC. eee ORE: Slee 7 ety Sale See 7al | eTialliecS |e OF Sh) LOM Ros
Eyetomiddleof upper curveofhead |} 164} 16 | 17 | 134) 13 | 13 | 124] 13 | 124) 18 | 17 | 19 | 19
Bye to anterior tip of maxillary...|/ 15 | 154) 154} 14 | 144] 134] 13 | 14 | 134]/*18 | 17 | 20 | 18
Least distance from eye to anterior
PROG mene nce nose vay Sachalstecee SECT | GR FI 7h Zoaleatial AOR 77 I 7a 7
Biye'to opercular angle 2:2-0)-..-..: T14) 12 | 1x14] 124) 13 | 124] 13 | 124) 124) 134] 12 | 11 | 12
Straight part of lateral line from
base of middle caudal rays...... 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 39 | 414] 42 | 404] 43 | 40 | 38 | 37 | 37
Chord of curve of lateral line...... Sued) aie. |) cite!) Sigh |i ei) |b aa leatey hime lee (Weexeya || aets) Ml eed Ml cic)
Length of soft dorsal base........... 45 | 46 | 46 | 444) 424] 444) 43 | 44 | 44 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 46
Menothiatvanal bases...) )s.sees-)-- 53 | 54 | 52 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 55 | 52 | 54 | 53
Renothofppectoralt Sec secneeesseee: HesAulecGulesvasdalesstiesiil Soule4Onl 3Sal 37 iesGales5ul) 34)
Menathrotcaudalyste.cese-cen- esc Brojken. |...... 20))/§29) | 28" 26) |/°3071 42891 930) ||) 284) 3271820
148. Selene cerstedii Liitken.
Common; brought into the market almost daily with S. vomer. It may be at
once distinguished from all other members of the genus by the occipital region being
scarcely angulated, and by the comparatively large ventral fins.
The following description is from a specimen 31 em. in length.
Head 23 in length; depth 13. Eye 4 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3{. Dorsal VI, I, 18;
anal II, I, 15. The profile of snout is less nearly vertical than that of head in front of eye, with
which it forms a slight angle just below the level of the eye. In smaller examples the angle is less
noticeable. The upper profile forms a broad even curve from just above eye to spinous dorsal. The
outline of the body is angulated at front of soft dorsal and anal.
Teeth small, blunt, and not much crowded, in bands on jaws and palatines, in a quadran-
gular patch on vomer. Preorbital space contained 3 times in postorbital space. Gill-rakers contained
24 times in diameter of eye; their number 4-+ 14.
The pectoral reaches to above eleventh or twelfth anal ray, or to within twice the diameter of
the eye of the base of the middle caudal rays. The ventrals reach to the first detached anal spine; in
specimens 21 cm. in length, they reach to the first anal ray; in specimens 11 cm. long, they reach
to the caudal rays and are about half the length of the entire body. Anterior dorsal and anal rays
filamentous. Second dorsalspine as long as the maxillary, reaching when fin is depressed, two-thirds
the distance between its base and the front of the soft dorsal. Ina specimen 11 cm. in length it is
longer than the head by a distance equal to the diameter of the eye.
Color silvery with bluish reflections above. Spinous dorsal and front of soft dorsal dusky;
other fins colorless. In specimens 21 cm. in length or less, the distal half or more than half of the
ventrals is black.
82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal in mm.... 243 150 160 86
| a Vaa(6 Bee eRe nee PRs a ere 37 37 39 42
1D {= o} tol ersenpatcrOoant cosehenoasbonenot 60 66 68 a}
VO 8 ss of cenceasinien deldeeoee cere eee 94 9 9 10
SnOUt accesses eee enter reccee se 19 20 204 22
Length of pectoral 2.0.02. .c--0-- 0 46 47 46 43
enethiot ventralSieueancesreere rig 20 17 60
Wenethvolicatidal Pensmeeeese nee 36 38 40 a7
Length of dorsal base.............. 45 48 47 45
Length’ of anal base:.....:.......... 43 43 44 45
Number of dorsal rays ............ VI-I, 18 | VII-I, 17 | VII-1, 18
Number of anal rays............... II-I, 15 | lI-1, 15 | lI-I,15 | I-I, 15
149. Selene vomer (Linnwus).
Common at Panama. We have compared our specimens with others from
Florida and Jamaica, and find only individual differences.
150. Chloroscombrus orqueta Jordan & Gilbert.
Frequently taken in abundance. We have compared our specimens with the
original description (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, 0, p. 646) and with specimens of
C. chrysurus.
The depth is very variable; in our most slender specimens the depth is 25
in the length, while in the deepest specimen (of the same length) it is 24.
Between these extremes are all intermediate shapes.
151. Trachinotus rhodopus Gill.
Not abundant; eight specimens preserved, from 15 to 36 em. in length.
We have compared them with a single specimen of 7. glaucus from Key
West. In addition to the less vertical snout noted by Dr. Gill, they differ in
having much longer, slenderer, and more numerous gill-rakers. The scales appear
to be smaller, and the dorsal and anal are probably slightly longer.
The dorsal formula in seven specimens is VI, I, 20, in one specimen VI, I, 19;
the anal in three specimens ITI, 19, in five specimens III, 18. The gill-rakers are
long and slender, and do not greatly taper in size from their base to their tips.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 83
They number 14 or 15 on the lower limb of the arch, and in length are from three-
fifths to two-thirds the diameter of the eye.
The character of width or position of the cross-bars is without value. In one
of our small specimens, the second bar on one side occurs directly midway between
the first and second bars on the reverse side, while the third bar is only a little behind
the second bar of the reversed side. The first two bars are not always nearer
together than the others, as described by Jordan and Evermann. The bars are not
SO conspicuous in our small specimens as in the large ones, but they are evident.
In our specimens of 7. glawcus, the dorsal formula is V, I, 19, the anal
III, 17. The gill-rakers are short and thick at the base and taper rapidly to a
point. They number 9 on the lower part of the arch, and in length are but
one-third the diameter of the eye.
Measurements in Flundredths of Length without Caudal.
‘SIDICITE SA la aoe er ooe se Retere ae oreo neds Sarees TRACHINOTUS RHODOPUS Baie
IL.@S2UNS Te cise dec SSR nCE MEENA On aisee cates Ppies earn ces Panama Key West
ength without caudal in mim\..............5.-2-.-s-:- 227 221 232 226
IGIGAVG| -.nsoigsbsanSueeSeB EC BOSSOSE Nive onabed See seooc raceee tee 27 264 27 264
Greatest depth at angle of dorsal................0.-+ 51 54 49 53
IBS9®: smcoc bos aaNOSe GRP EGSSIA BAOe On ote ocE Seon nae 64 64 64 64
SOW he Ste oO SESE REM gacnce IcaL Ann ECnG or a eee ee eee 64 7 7 64
Mar aia meee Ren ceenr Set tates eco secicescncsensvione ce 9h IO cop | 9
ilatwercoicloriiall (([o\OMntS))paaeen ose mcenoceenaooneberse pd BateeCaes 9 94 gt | 94
PR eCLONAUBLITI EM erat’ Rare aSc eee ieee eee Nosh esec nhea oes | 23 24 23 | 214
\@iemliiit. cats seco casdeeoceeeeeaU up scoacuce ek aeoacaeere | 10 10} 11s | 11}
Wippeimcalidal lo berats. capers ccna. tesembocags oteneces | 50 53 51 | Broken
Menothnoimorll ralenrsjh. srektscces sc ccaenpedoccocanesecist | 34 4 4 | at
eto ntatecaudall ped uncley.).jai-cecc--+.ctccssets--ees 84 84 gy | 9
Mime on dorsal: Spimeseec.nc. ce nse-d-e-esecstenaccee Vile Wile Nilpaleya Nig
Mtn etw Ole GOLA LAYG\ A rears ccresecars Seoracewner seeate 20 20 20 19
Number of anal spines and rays...............25-0+++- Ill, 18 Ill, 19 III, 19 Il, 17
Number of gill-rakers on lower limb of arch ...... 15 15 14 9
84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
152. Trachinotus culveri Jordan & Starks.
A single specimen was taken in the market.
This species seems to differ from 7. faleatus in having a slightly shorter
dorsal and anal. Our Panama specimen and the type and co-type from Mazatlan have
the following fin counts: Dorsal VI, I, 18; VI, I, 18; VI, I, 17; anal III, 16; III,
17; III, 16. In twelve specimens of 7. falcatus, three have 20 soft rays in the
dorsal, nine have 19; in the anal, nine specimens have 18 soft rays, three have
17. As the largest specimen of falcatus in our possession is but 8 em. in length,
other comparisons are unsatisfactory.
T. culveri differs from 7. kennedyi in having a deeper, more angulated body
and in having the mouth more oblique. The anterior end of the premaxillary is on
a level with a point a little above the lower rim of the orbit in 7. cudveri, while it is
slightly below the orbit in 7. kennedyi.
153. Trachinotus kennedyi Steindachner.
Frequently brought to market but never in large numbers. Six specimens
were preserved, 28 to 31 cm. in length.
They are smaller than the specimens from which Dr. Steindachner wrote his
excellent description, and differ slightly as follows: Head 31 to 31 in length; depth
1} to1ls. Eye 4 to 43 in head; interorbital width 24. The maxillary reaches to
below the middle of the eye or only slightly beyond that point.
154. Trachinotus paloma Jordan & Starks.
One adult specimen taken, 31 cm. in length. We have in addition a large
specimen from Magdalena Bay and several small ones (including the types), from 5
to 10 cm. in length, from Mazatlan and San Juan Lagoon, Mexico. For comparison
we have a single large specimen and two smaller ones of 7. carolinus from the
Atlantic.
T. paloma differs from 7. carolinus in having a smaller eye, 53 to 54 in head
in adult, 34 to 44 in young (44 in carolinus in adult, 3 to 34 in young). The gill-
rakers are longer, their length contained 6 times in the postorbital part of the head
in the adult (10 times in the adult of carolinus). They number the same in the two
species, 49 or 10. The snout is longer, 34 in head (4 in head in carolinus), and
the maxillary is shorter, 3 in head (22 in carolinus). The anal lobe seems to be
shorter, 1} in head, 14 in anal base (in carolinus it equals head and is 14 in base of
anal). We find little difference in size of head between the two species, though such
was alleged to exist in the original description of 7. paloma.
155. Nomeus gronovii (Gmelin).
Recorded from Panama by Dr. Eigenmann (1894, p. 629), who states that
they were taken in “rocky pools at Panama.” It has not been taken by other
observers.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 85
156. Peprilus palometa (Jordan & Bollman).
This species was frequently brought to the Panama market. As the type of
the species was only 7 cm. in length, we supplement the original description by the
following taken from specimens 19 to 23 cm. in entire length.
Head 34 to 34 in length without caudal; depth 1,3, to 14%. Eye 44 to 4% in head; maxillary
34; dorsal III, 44 to 46; anal III, 41 to 43. Lateral line 100. Géill-rakers 5 + 16 or 17.
Body compressed and deep, the dorsal and ventral outlines similar in contour behind the
head. Dorsal profile of head more convex than ventral; the snout blunt. Mouth small and oblique,
the maxillary barely reaching past the anterior orbital rim. Teeth in a single row on jaws; none
evident on vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers about half as long as the diameter of the eye.
A few scales present on head under and behind the eye, and a few at upper end of opercle;
head otherwise naked. Scales on body smooth, crowded, and loosely attached; those of lateral line
more firmly attached. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins covered with fine crowded scales.
In the co-types, with which we have compared our specimens, no lobes are evident on the
dorsal and anal fins. In the adult specimens, the lobes are well developed, though variable in length;
they are generally longer in the larger specimens. The spines of dorsal and anal are scaled over, as
are the rays. Anal lobe much longer than that of dorsal, often reaching to below the tips of the last
anal rays, or to base of caudal fin. Dorsal lobe sometimes extending to opposite tip of pectoral,
sometimes reaching further back. Dorsal and anal rays behind the lobes of about equal height,
generally a little higher than the diameter of eye, though often less than that in the smaller specimens.
Tip of pectoral generally reaching to half way between its base and tips of middle caudal rays. Pelvic
bones ending as a short sharp spine. Upper lobe of caudal the longer, sometimes filamentous.
Color bluish brown on back, silvery on lower parts of body. Top of head and snout colored
like the back. Opercle with dusky brown areas. Dorsal, anal and caudal variously dusky. Pectoral
dusky behind base; the rays sparsely covered towards their ends with rather large brown dots.
(12) November 20, 1903.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
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GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 87
157. Peprilus snyderi sp. nov.
Prate XII, Fie. 23.
Head 34 in length without caudal; depth 2%. Eye 52 in head; snout 3%; maxillary 3}.
Seales 110. Dorsal III, 45; anal III, 43. Gill-rakers 5 + 16.
Dorsal and ventral outlines of body similar, the body not greatly compressed, more elongate
than in any other American species. Snout blunt. The occipital crest forms a sharp ridge on top of
head. Mouth rather small, the maxillary barely reaching to the vertical from anterior edge of eye;
jaws subequal. Teeth small and close-set in a single even series, those of lower jaw fitting inside those
of upper jaw when mouth is closed. Gill-rakers moderately slender, half as long as the diameter of
the eye, their number 4 or 5+ 14 to 16. Top of head with a network of sensory canals ramifying
over it, the most conspicuous branch vein-like above anterior part of eye. Branching canals also
extend more or less over the scales of back above lateral line, sometimes reaching nearly to dorsal
spines.
Head entirely scaleless except the cheeks and upper part of opercles. Dorsal, anal and
caudal with very small, crowded scales, extending nearly to the ends of the rays. Pectoral scaleless.
Body completely invested with rather loosely attached scales.
Dorsal and anal fins with moderate lobes, that of anal slightly longer than that of dorsal,
about equal to the length of head without snout. Base of anal a little shorter than that of
dorsal. Tip of pectoral nearly reaching to the vertical above notch behind anal lobe, its length
greater than that of the head by the diameter of the eye. Pelvic girdle ending as a small sharp
spine. Caudal longer than pectoral by nearly half eye.
Color bluish brown on back, changing to a warm Vandyke brown on naked parts of head.
Caudal a rich dark brown similar to that of head. Pectoral brown at base, toward end of rays dusky,
with dark points. Other fins dusky. One specimen is more silvery than the others, and may represent
more nearly the original coloration. Top of head brown. Caudal, dorsal and anal slightly dusky.
The type is 255 mm. in entire length. The species came to market on but
two days of our visit of six weeks. Seven specimens in all were seen and preserved.
The species is named for our friend and associate, Professor John O. Snyder,
who has helped us materially in the preparation of this report.
88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Type
Length without caudal in mm....................-..- ASO | Busy |) win 187 180 187 192
Gals kaso iad stew ae nic Sdatisuasee edits nbateeaa saat 284 | 28 27 28 29 28 284
| Dchava eee cael Da Sit ame tA neyo, SEI AS STE Zn nt 37 38 374 | 39 41 37% | 39
LON (Cre ane Rae He Rect cenisa nade He Eneoce a maBcicdamMScogr oc 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
SMOUt cron cene ster oo tase oC netonne Sook oes Se Se scap ceri 7k 74 74 8 8 74 74
Mamillany a0 e-ebowitictocc:sianelet eee ee ee 8 a4 8 SO) es 84
Bongest dorsalrays) .csss-eeeasateorscecoenceseeere at 194 194 19 22 214 | 20 22
Wongest anal rays ...csasetea tees deateersseebenese aeck 20 21 20 24 23 21 23
Ibenothiot ipectoralle pee-ssaceseesseseae recreates 32 32 31 33 324 32 33
(ength'oficaudallgzse: asst cescistecercereeeeeeee see 34 34 33 36 34 35 35
INiimibers Oles calles kasseseeeea tessa c este eee e eee eece 107 112 TOON Neaaeete se III 108 109
INtimabertoteclorsalencayseseeseseeeeeressecece see ntes III, 45 | III, 45 | 111, 43 | 11, 44 | 11, 44 | II, 45 | 11, 44
Number ofvanalltraystssesese see aeseere rene teeee eee eee III, 43 | TI, 42 | 111, 43 | 111, 42 | 11, 42 | 111, 43 | 111, 42
iINumbersiofiedllerakerssessessrespehectenmeroeceeesenctes 5+16 | 4+14 | 4416 | 4416 | 4414 | 4415 | 4414
158. Peprilus medius (Peters).
The Panama record of this species (Jordan, 1885, p. 375) needs verification.
The specimens obtained may have belonged to one of the forms above recorded,
both of which were at that time unknown. Only the type of P. medius is now
extant.
Family CHEILODIPTERID.
159. Apogon dovii Giinther.
Abundant about the rocky islands in Panama Bay.
The species varies in color from light to dark red, with much or little black
pigment. The caudal may be translucent or blackish, the soft dorsal is translucent,
or may be tipped with black, or may be largely black with only the posterior rays
whitish. The anal and ventral fins may also be translucent, or with the terminal
portions more or less largely black. Young specimens are marked with a very con-
spicuous round or elliptical black spot on the end of the caudal peduncle, and a rather
poorly-defined dusky streak around the snout and across the opercle. The streak
wholly disappears and the caudal spot becomes very faint and diffuse with age.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 89
There seem to be no differences, save those of color, between A. dovii and A.
retrosella. The fin-rays, general proportions, and squamation seem alike in the two.
The fin-formula is: dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. The lateral line traverses 24 or
25 large scales to the base of the caudal fin, and 5 or 6 scales of reduced size on the
fin itself. Between the lateral line and the base of the spinous dorsal are 24 rows of
scales (as in retroselia). In A. atricaudus there are 41 or 54 rows, in A. atridorsalis
3 rows between the lateral line and the spinous dorsal.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Species ..... poe ceeteteeeereeeeneeeesaeeens APOGON DOVII A. RETROSELLA
Mazat- San
Bacalityy ie: ttt teeta ais Panama lan, Benito
Mex. | Id., Mex.
Length without caudal in mm........ | 70 62 60 76 55
Fl Ga dieses ce tet tarot hb paw cotta | 40 41 40 40 42
WDE Meher ses. cata de cece eens see «a 35 344 | 34 34 34
ye retrotc ccc eee c cere cuiataninn stusemanes 2 13 12} 13 12
Mnterorbitale (bone) \eseeosaed te eee 9 9 84 84 9
SSMLOUtae erenaee se necapea snide godtbamecess 10 ie) 94 9 9
Masallany ae gers cee oo bied oa 21 21 204 21 21
sNhirdidorsaltspine sremessassseeecccese- DSh i 5s x7 17 7
econdudarsalataya nacs.saeresp sees see 22 23 24 25 24
Secondianalsspiney,.o.2asseeeacceseoe< 94 | 10 IIIf 12} 124
econdtanaltay es. sseeecsse reser cons | 2 20 20 21 21
LetatetWoy call A ae eRe naccene ant ence ee oer amen 24 24 25 25 24
Wentrallest.. ssstaqd-p--tssarepts.taeiebict 20 19 20} 22 20
(adalah LE Sa Ry 213: 29 29 28 28 29
Family CENTROPOMID2.
160. Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch).
Frequently found in the Panama market.
We are unable to follow Dr. Jordan (1895 6, p. 452) in recognizing the
Pacific form as a distinct species (C. viridis). The separation is based on the supposed
greater length of the appendages to the air-bladder in viridis, and the shorter second
anal spine. We find, however, that the third anal spine projects beyond the second
in Atlantic specimens as well as in those from the Pacific, and there seems to be no
90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
difference between them in this respect. The appendages to the air-bladder vary
widely in length, from a trifle less than the diameter of the eye to twice the diameter,
in our Panama specimens. In the few individuals we have been able to examine
from the Atlantic (Havana and Jamaica), the appendages vary from 1} to 1} times
the orbital diameter. It is highly improbable, therefore, that this character possesses
any significance.
161. Centropomus nigrescens Giinther.
Only a few small specimens seen.
162. Centropomus pedimacula Poey.
Very abundant at Panama.
We have had for comparison a single specimen from the Atlantic, which
shows a slightly longer anal spine and a slightly wider interorbital space than any
of our Pacific examples. In all other characters there seems to be perfect agreement
with our Panama specimens. We believe that the slight differences found are well
within the range of variation of the species, and shall therefore not recognize Centro-
pomus medius (the Pacific form) as distinct in any degree. A full series from the
Atlantic may eventually prove, however, that these characters have a higher value
than we have assigned to them, and necessitate specific separation of the two forms.
C. grandoculatus is certainly not separable from C. medius (= pedimacula).
The seale-counts of different authors vary widely in this group, as some have included
a number of the scales overlying the base of the caudal fin, and others cease the
enumeration at a point corresponding to the base of the median rays. In this paper
we have adopted the latter course, and find very uniformly 47 or 48 tubes in speci-
mens from Mazatlan, Panama and Havana, including those from the San Juan
Lagoon, Mexico, upon which is based the description of grandoculatus given by
Jordan and Evermann. The first dorsal fin contains uniformly 8 spines, as in all other
species of the genus. The describers of grandoculatus seem to have neglected the
first spine, which is very short and often concealed by the scales. Other characters
assigned to grandoculatus, such as the form of the body and the size of the eye, have
no significance. The amount of black on the ventral fins is also subject to wide
variation, and has no distinctive value. In young specimens, the black is usually
very distinct, but in adults it grows fainter and often disappears.
163. Centropomus unionensis Bocourt.
Priate XIII, Fie. 27.
Abundant in Panama Bay.
The species is closely related to armatus and robalito, but has shorter anal
spines and weaker ridges and spines on head than in either species. It agrees with
robalito in the slender, flexible dorsal spines, the second one of which is very short, in
the anterior position of the vent and in the pale lateral line; with armatus in the small
number of gill-rakers, and the increased number of scales in a vertical series above
the lateral line. The second anal spine scarcely extends beyond the tip of the longest
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 91
anal ray, and extends beyond the third anal spine a distance less than half the diam-
eter of the pupil. The interspinous membrane is not dusky. The dorsal spines are
slenderer even than in robalito; the third is not heavier than the fourth, and is usually
shortened a little, giving a rounded contour to the fin, which is sometimes, however,
sharply angular. The second dorsal spine is very short, varying from one-fourth to
one-sixth the length of the third. The distance from the vent to the base of the
first anal spine equals that between the tip of the snout and some point between the
hinder margin of the pupil and the hinder margin of the orbit. The preorbital and
the horizontal and vertical limbs of the preopercle are very weakly spinous, the
spines being scarcely perceptible in some specimens. There are 2 stronger spines,
as usual, at the preopercular angle. The ridges on top of head are low and nar-
row; the median pair are most widely separated at a point over the middle of the
occiput. There are 5 or 6 developed gill-rakers on the vertical limb of the outer
arch, 11 or 12 on the horizontal limb, besides 2 or 3 rudiments on each. There are
47 or 48 scales in the lateral line in advance of the base of the caudal, and 74 ina
vertical series between the middle of the soft dorsal and the lateral line. The lateral
line is uniformly pale.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length in mm. without projecting lower jaw or caudal...| 254 | 251 zy lets || ae¥o} 250
lea devi tMOutmlOuelan|AWie sae cetccsce cece sconces ee easee aspect 41 40 304
IDIGjoltl ceagaogudedcndeanctocdacckeeeaSHce ater cee eee one nea ere aee 28 28 28
IY Cee aea ce recht eee ehc demenehet onrde ton bab, nd so aseenadadoe desawessaye it 5
llrariercoya anneal (oxoxars Covel) secccacbon docbecdooroooe aeoodomsshoecee ee 6 54
Vere Ueitaymermee mets ectaiec casa table as ve caseiss snccea sn abeneesieceass T4 134 14
piiiindidorsalispine ein. gists sets; sends ches seaenen valeuiddeansees TAS | eel a8
Boureasdorsalts piace: locks asseevelsceessitaetrors toes as teentetes 17 PUR a ety
FaibtLNG OLsalls Mim Genome se reece acnicceceeeeteecneseirescsecsscses 144 144 14
Second anal Spine vesaseccet. oncets/aceptdtcchelguaotseniecesioanccees 184 19 18
iisteanalktayetctrseheertrecce oe otseeelocdeeuecctn ee sesasiodet cap ecins 154 16 16
SecOuGAGorsaletays sn sescc omen natch seer tot cea teccee oeeie see eoee broken} 154 15
IRE CEOL Ala errata seats sasse sect sles sk osiicesewr ce eaetsac densidad 234 |. 244 | 234
Wen ttale astro nas sold detustsutens vectddasaueyvent vantaniec ress 274o|), 20 2I4
Garciaparra east tst MEANT tee Ur Net madse ate broken} about | 24
Caudalipedtncla(hete ht) a. c.-tecccteses cs one scseon cere aetace cs eee 12 II
Nenticomistrontyol analver occa acaba cases cascotecnyaataance 16 144 15 144 154 144
Distance from anal to base of ventral spine................. 38 384 | . 39 |
TE GH ESeS Mecd LCA KCL Semen saceier setelatiels a nemacsas vecanseeaecs 4 3h 4
92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
164. Centropomus armatus Gill.
PuatE XIII, Fie. 26.
Abundant in Panama Bay; distinguishable at sight by the excessively
developed second anal spine with the black interspinous membrane, and by the
strong, inflexible dorsal spines.
The species is placed by Boulenger (1895, p. 370), in the synonomy of (C.
ensiferus, but this is wholly inadmissible, as has been pointed out by Jordan and
Evermann (1896, p. 1123).
C. ensiferus agrees with armatus in the strongly spinous bones of the head,
and in its greatly developed second anal spine and black membrane; but it differs
conspicuously in the slender, flexible dorsal spines, and in the course of the cranial
ridges and the shape of the included areas. In the three specimens of ensiferus
before us from the Atlantic, there are but 5 or 6 scales in a vertical series between
lateral line and middle of second dorsal fin. The gill-rakers in these specimens are
as follows: 94-17, with 3 additional rudiments on each limb; 9+17 with 4 rudiments
above, 5 below; 8+16, with 4 rudiments on each limb. The distance from the
middle of the vent to the base of the first anal spine equals, or a little exceeds, that
from tip of snout to hinder edge of pupil. The second anal spine extends to opposite
the edge of the scaly area on base of caudal, and is contained 3,°, to 35 times in the
length. The character and direction of the ridges on top of head are very charac-
teristic, and are well shown by the accompanying figure (PI. XIII, fig. 24).
In C. armatus, the second anal spine is longer than in any other Pacific
species, to be compared in this respect with C. ensiferus only. The fifteen specimens
secured by us vary little in the length of this spine, which extends, when depressed,
to opposite the base of the caudal in young specimens, well beyond that point in
adults. The third anal spine usually exceeds slightly the longest soft ray. The
membrane between the second and third anal spines is jet-black in the young, and is
usually blackish in varying degree in adults. In none of our specimens has the
pigment entirely disappeared, but it is not improbable that it occasionally does so.
The dorsal spines are much stronger than in any other known species, and are wholly
constant in this regard. The third spine is the strongest, and is inflexible; it is but
little longer than the fourth, which projects beyond a line joining the third and fifth,
giving a rounded contour to the fin. There is considerable variation in the height
of the spines, the fourth spine, when depressed, reaching occasionally to or beyond
the origin of the second dorsal, but usually falling short. The second spine is pro-
portionally long, 24 to 31 in the third spine. The dorsal formula is VIII-I, 10 (11
articulated rays in one specimen); the anal III, 6. The vent is posteriorly placed,
the distance from its center to the base of the first anal spine about equaling the dis-
tance from the tip of the snout to the middle of the eye. The preorbital has 5 to 7
strong retrorse spines; an equal number of still stronger spines are in the “ humeral”
process; preopercular spines much larger than in robalito or unionensis.
The median pair of ridges on top of head are very strong. From the middle
of the occiput they diverge a little, both anteriorly and posteriorly, and are separated
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 93
at their posterior ends by a distance equaling the diameter of the pupil; anteriorly
they converge, meeting at a point opposite the front of the eye.
The gill-rakers are long and slender, the longest two-thirds to five-sevenths
the diameter of the eye, there being 5 or 6 movable ones on the vertical limb, and
11 or 12 on the horizontal limb, besides 2 or 3 immovable rudiments on each limb.
There are 51 or 52 tube-bearing scales in the course of the lateral line, corresponding
in number with the approximately vertical series along the back. Each vertical row
under the middle of the second dorsal fin contains 74 or 8} scales in the fifteen
specimens examined. The lateral line is pale, but is accompanied above and below
by short stitch-like lines of black pigment, one pair for each scale.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length in mm. from tip of snout to caudal base.. || 207 222 230
leadhwithortnowels jawiecs-es-eaaveeeceeessnsrcieas 39% | 40 39
ID YG\o\d NES do scerenechncocon caeee CU aase Acces asconnaee a5] 29 274
Tye ee cera to ers cerns rasan a euresiaerainle te cic wlva weyetersmwetgfaneiae 6 6 54
Interorbitall ((bomelonllyp))sacsecsacesessee-etee deere 54 54 54
INFERTILE? is inet ot peop ee eatee Ngee aero bene Metceies 14 14 144
duicditdonsalus pinekrsehiccestate cesar seosacrnes sce 174 | 174 7/
Biounthmclorsallis miners: m-maetectedtedceenssse eee ss 174 184 164
nttauclorsalicpinelsesse st sasceeterosca. deecinacecet sac 15 154 144
Second anal spine
First anal ray
Second dorsal ray
IREChOLAlS mem ate concen coe too siinetieieciaciee seeistcias 26 25] 27
ET bhal Serene ne nso tity s ear e an era thse obs efectos isisiaisters «thee | 23% 23 22
(CETTE es coc dese bandocaded HEConda diac MaanOarsHanace 26 25 25
Candallneduncles(hereht) teen ...-mssseesesees cre 114 12 114
Wentinomm iront ol analtisse.serc.cesc eee ceececeeenes 124 | 124 14
Distance from anal to base of ventral spine...... 39 36 374
Monmeste call pakersieesasecem eck cet eat eclsnceacee es 44 44 44
(18) November 21, 1903.
94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
165. Centropomus robalito Jordan & Gilbert.
Puate XIII, Fie. 25.
Very abundant at Panama.
Dr. Boulenger places this species in the synonomy of C. ensiferus, and Jordan
and Evermann consider the two probably identical. They are easily distinguishable,
however, by the different size and the direction of the ridges on the top of the head,
by the larger serrations in C. ensiferus, the longer anal spines, and the rounded con-
tour of the spinous dorsal. The membrane between second and third anal spines
seems to be constantly blackish in ensiferus, and is usually pale in robalito. From 0.
armatus, robalito differs strikingly in the longer, more flexible, dorsal spines, the
angular contour of the spinous dorsal fin, the ridges on head with the shape of the
enclosed areas, the shorter anal spines with the light interspinous membrane, the
more anterior position of the vent, the more numerous gill-rakers, the larger scales,
and the uniformly light color of the lateral line. The third anal spine fails to attain
the tip of the succeeding soft ray. The second spine extends beyond the third for
a distance equaling one-half to three-fourths the diameter of the eye; it sometimes
attains the base of the caudal fin, but more frequently fails to do so. The dorsal
spines are long and flexible, the third little heavier than the fourth. The fin is
sharply angulated at the tip of the third spine, which usually reaches a straight line
joining the tips of the sueceeding spines. The second spine is very short, contained
4 to 44 times in the third. The distance from the vent to the base of the first anal
spine nearly equals that from tip of snout to hinder margin of orbit, varying a little
from that measurement in either direction. The spines on the margin of the pre-
orbital and preopercle are distinct and strong, but less so than in armatus.
The median pair of ridges on head are stronger than in any other species, and
enclose a narrower space, which is widest opposite the posterior ends of the ridges
and is regularly wedge-shaped, the ridges meeting at a point opposite the nostrils.
The gill-rakers are long and slender, the longest two-thirds the diameter of the orbit.
They are more numerous than in armatus, 7 or 8 movable ones on the vertical limb
and 15 or 16 on the horizontal limb, with 2 or 3 rudiments at each end of the series.
There are 46 to 49 scales in the lateral line in advance of the base of the caudal fin,
and 5 or 6 scales ina vertical series between the lateral line and the middle of the
second dorsal. The lateral line is uniformly pale.
In the fresh state the ventrals are rich golden yellow, whitish at the base, with
white pigment at tips, best marked on the inner rays. Anal lemon-yellow, including
the membrane between the spines, which is rarely dusky; the base of the fin and
the last two rays are translucent. The spinous dorsal is translucent dusky, not dis-
tinetly black; the soft dorsal similar, translucent at base. The caudal is dusky trans-
lucent, slightly tinged with straw color, the latter best marked on the lower lobe.
The pectorals are translucent.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 95
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length in mm. without projecting lower jaw or
CALC ec AGLe Soc aadod SaeE Ocean ene a ere nee 192 | 261 250 | 240 | 242 | 222 242
eadiwithout lower jaw. ...6cs.ccsss.sc00dee cease evee de 40 394 394
IB) PED reeset nese eyec ON nisee cee Cruces Seven ceneen areca 274 | 28 27
ECE ED ered some dade eM le Ms cashed heneaaptagancne 64 5h 54 |
ioterorbitall (bones only,)!.2......6..<9-204-2se assess 4} 44 44 |
IVciset a Tayetn s. oAe Ne SOU ene ede eRe, at SURE 134 14 134
Matic cucdorsal'Spines..a.s4-scccen ste baceeduses sete sons 19 18 18
IR@ WAIN GlaasENE GONE 5 oococcogee scdscnncsepeede ueBeachor 18 154] 164
lbitthclorsallspinerercsnrsets a4 ausi octet sen y-tah iecciacet 15 13 14
SECOMUUAN Ais PING) a.m me ase ena saceee suse aeeenacasmuees 24 20 20
HBIES HATIAR lye escheat at aos Saas oa 174 16 16
SCONE GOUSAlNKayiET seaeeees ie -caeeesenas scenes cheers ce 184 17 18
RECLOMAN enn chee Meet atee acct tictin Sacecdes Cieinhzees 254 | 24 25
ET Clic SN torsos AMOR cla oe wiz d swale mide diss ine Se aipaanie 234 22 234
(Cant G EU, dice QgUC UR oo CoE ERE d cae RTE encore EEC oer OFA | ees as 25
Gxudalipediinelel(heisht)ies eeucccestedesse kan ecens. Ta | eet) 12
WASinie uO) Toya)! -BdOel Le Coe paencedby eoseequepeuoces [5g | 16) 26 16 164 | 174 17
Distance from anal to base of ventral spine........ 39 40 4I
BO ue este cillenalkcensesasanccsencteeeane sesh «sect aee ec 5 4} l= eat
Family SERRANID.
166. Petrometopon panamensis (Steindachner).
This species is seldom brought to the market, though it is very abundant about
the islands in Panama Bay.
The excavation in the frontal bones for the reception of the posterior processes
of the premaxillaries is not so deep asin P. guttatus. It more nearly resembles in
this respect Hpinephelus louti, as figured by Boulenger (1895, p. 173).
To the type description we add the following range of measurements, taken
from specimens 19 to 28 cm. in length: Head 2? to 22 in length, without caudal.
Eye 51 to 6 in head; interorbital width (bone) 94; snout 33 to 4. The fin formula
seems to be constant as described: Dorsal IX, 14; anal III, 8. The small canines
anteriorly in each jaw are sometimes paired on one or both sides.
96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
167. Epinephelus analogus Gull.
Abundant among the islands in Panama Bay, brought to market in consider-
able numbers.
No variation has been reported in the number of dorsal spines, which seems
to be constantly ten. In a specimen 20 em. long, the upper parts were dusky-
olive, the under parts lighter, the cross-bars very faint. The spots were brownish-
red. The dorsal and the upper caudal rays were colored like the back; the fins
otherwise were slaty-blue with a whitish margin, all of them spotted like the soft
dorsal. In specimens 8 to 10 em. long, the dark bars are distinctly six in number,
one on the nape, two below the spinous and two below the soft dorsal, and one on
the tail. They are well marked above the lateral line, but fade out on lower part
of sides. The round dark spots are confined to the bands, where they are arranged
in pairs, forming two vertical series in each band; the two middle bands contain
five pairs each.
168. Epinephelus labriformis (Jenyns).
Abundant in the Panama market.
In our smallest specimens, 6 and 15 em. long, there is no trace of the numerous
gently undulating pale lines running upward and backward, described by Stein-
dachner (1876, }, p. 5) in a specimen 75 mm. long. In none of our specimens was
the inside of mouth salmon-yellow, as described by Jordan (1895, 6, p. 444); the
lips were faintly tinged with yellow. The distal half of the upper pectoral rays was
deep red, shading below into the yellow of the lower rays. The black saddle on
caudal peduncle seems to be constantly present. The number of articulated dorsal
rays is constantly 17, as given by Jenyns and Gill.
169. Promicrops guttatus (Linneus).
Very large specimens are frequently brought to market.
170. Alphestes multiguttatus (Ginther).
Abundant in Panama Bay, the young very numerous in the tide-pools. The
young have fewer spots, mostly confined to the head, while the sides of the body are
marked by wavy longitudinal dusky streaks, which are much darker where they
traverse certain vertical areas, thus producing a number of vertical bars, which soon
disappear. The dark streak behind the maxillary is more conspicuous than in
adults. In specimens less than 35 mm. long, the preopercular angle is provided
with a large furcate spine, with a long posterior and a short anterior limb. The
posterior limb rapidly diminishes in size, while the anterior limb elongates and
becomes appressed to the preopercular margin, forming the antrorse spine character-
istic of the genus.
As has been pointed out, this species is well distinguished from A. afer, by
differences in color and in the contour of the head and body. We find no differ-
GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 97
ence, however, in the relative lengths of the second and third anal spines, and very
little difference in the length of the gill-rakers. A. multiguttatus has the gill-
rakers a trifle longer than in A. afer, but they do not exceed two-thirds the length
of the gill-filaments.
171. Mycteroperca boulengeri Jordan & Starks.
Probably rare; only two specimens taken, each about 23 em. in length.
We make the following corrections to the original description, and to the
description given by Jordan and Evermann (1896, p. 1175):
Head 23 in length (2% in type, 30 em. long); depth 34 (2,8, in type). In our
specimen, and in the type and co-types (3 specimens) from Mazatlan, the dorsal is
constantly XI, 16, the anal III, 11. Scales 28-90-44; ctenoid posteriorly, becoming
eycloid anteriorly. Snout 4 in head; eye 54 (61 in type); longest anal ray 2 (14
in type); third dorsal spine 3.
172. Hypoplectrus lamprurus (Jordan & (Gilbert).
Only the type is known, obtained by Gilbert in 1881, at Panama.
173. Paralabrax humeralis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Young specimens of this species are recorded from Panama by Steindachner
(1876, b, p. 4) as Serranus albomaculatus.
174. Diplectrum radiale (Quoy & Gaimard).
Occasional in the Panama market, not taken by us about rocky reefs or islands.
There are constantly 10 series of scales on the cheeks running obliquely downward
and forward; 54 to 6 scales in a series between lateral line and base of dorsal near
the middle of the length; and seven articulated rays in the anal fin. There is but
little variation in the size and spination of the preopercular lobe, the species being
readily distinguishable from D. macropoma and D. euryplectrum by this character
alone.
175. Diplectrum macropoma ((iinther).
No specimens of this species were secured by us. It seems to occur abun-
dantly ashort distance from the shore, where it was dredged by the ‘‘ Albatross” in
depths of from 7 to 33 fathoms. A single specimen was said to be found by them
in the Panama market. Its range seems to be co-extensive with that of the tropical
fish-fauna in general, as it was obtained by the “ Albatross” in 1889 at Station 3014,
off Guaymas, Gulf of California, 29 fathoms, and at Station 3039, off Magdalena
Bay, Lower California, 47 fathoms.
The species is very close to D. radiale, but differs constantly in the wider
preopercular lobe, the larger scales on cheeks (6 or 7 rows), and the larger head
and deeper body. There are constantly 7 anal rays. The colors in life have not
98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
been recorded; but there are no distinct blue spots on the dorsal, in our material,
and in general the coloration seems to have been less variegated than in D. radiale.
176. Diplectrum euryplectrum Jordan & Bollman.
Known only from moderate depths in Panama Bay, where it was dredged by
the ‘“ Albatross’ in 1888, in 83 to 514 fathoms.
It is a deeper species than radiale, with much wider preopercular lobe, 8
series of scales on the cheeks, and constantly 8 anal rays. There is no trace of blue
spots on the soft dorsal, which is marked by a very characteristic narrow black bar
along the base. The coloration in the fresh state has not been reported. Judging
from alcoholic specimens, it is probable that the species differs widely from radiale
in that respect. It was not taken in the Gulf of California with its companion species,
D. macropoma.
177. Prionodes fasciatus Jenyns.
This species is abundant among the Galapagos Islands, and on the coast of
Mexico, but has been recorded but once from Panama Bay (Pearl Islands and
Panama, Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, n, p. 625). It was not seen by us.
178. Paranthias furcifer (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Not seen by us; recorded from Panama by Steindachner (1876, }, p. 6; as Serranus
creolus), and by Gilbert (see Jordan, 1885, p. 377).
Rhegma (rilbert.
Rhegma GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1808, p. 3169).
Allied to Rypticus, Grammistes and Gramma, having the large ctenoid scales and interrupted
lateral line of Gramma, and the peculiar physiognomy, attachment of gill-membranes, and fin struc-
ture of the Ryfticine.
Scales of moderate size, thin, not embedded, minutely ciliated; lateral lines 2, the upper near
base of dorsal, ceasing under origin of posterior fifth of soft dorsal, the lower line beginning slightly in
front of the end of the upper line, running along middle of caudal peduncle; the tubes very short,
borne on much smaller intercalated scales, and not forming a continuous line. Head largely scaled,
the snout and jaws naked.
Gill-membranes united anteriorly, forming a narrow free fold across the isthmus. Branchios-
tegals 7. Pseudobranchize well developed; a wide slit behind last gill-arch; gill-rakers short, broadly
triangular, strongly toothed. Upper margin of opercle, above its angle, wholly attached by mem-
brane to the shoulder girdle, as in the Rypticine. Mouth large, protractile, the lower jaw protruding,
the maxillary broadly exposed, with a narrow supplemental bone along its upper edge. Teeth all
villiform, in broad bands on jaws, vomer and palatines, the inner teeth on jaws slightly longer than
the others and depressible. Tongue smooth. Large mucous pores on under side of mandible, and
slit-like pores present on edge of preorbital and around front of eye. Anterior nostril near edge of
preorbital, provided with a short tube; posterior nostril without tube or raised rim, immediately in
front of eye. A short free triangular flap on upper edge of each orbit. Upper portion of preopercle
with a single strong plectroid spine, directed backward and downward; bones of the head otherwise
unarmed, the preorbital and preopercle with entire edges, the opercle without spines or ridges.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 99
Ventrals small and anterior in position, as in the Rypticine, consisting each of 1 strong
spine, and 5 branched rays, their base being in front of base of pectorals; no enlarged scale behind
base of ventrals. Vertical fins low, with rounded lobes, their basal portions well scaled; dorsal with
7 low strong spines and 22 profusely branched rays; anal with 3 spines and 18 rays. One species,
apparently the type of a distinct sub-family, Rhegmatine.
179. Rhegma thaumasium Gilbert.
Puate XV, Fi. 31.
Rhegma thaumastum GILBERT, l.c., p. 3170.
Head 24 in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; D. VII, 22; A. III, 18. Scales 45 in a longitu-
dinal series along middle of side.
Body elongate, moderately compressed, with very short, deep, caudal peduncle. Anterior
profile strongly arched, slightly depressed above orbits. Interorbital space very narrow, convex, its
width two-thirds diameter of orbit. Mouth large, slightly oblique; lower jaw the longer, its tip enter-
ing the profile.
Dorsal spines low, strong, increasing backward, the last spine one-fourth longer than diameter
of orbit. Anal spines short and strong, the middle spine longest.
Lateral line curved strongly upward from its origin to below third dorsal spine; thence run-
ning parallel with the back to below middle of second dorsal, from which point it gradually approaches
the base of the dorsal, where it terminates under the fifth ray from the last; along its anterior course
it is separated from base of dorsal by from 4 to 6 scales (in oblique series). Scales minutely ctenoid
except on head, breast, and belly, on nape under anterior dorsal spines, and on base of pectoral. Top
of head scaled forward to interorbital space, the anterior scales here, as well as those on cheek, much
reduced in size, embedded, so that their outlines cannot be distinguished.
The following measurements of the type specimen are given:
siotalllemetiwenc t= stesm anne dacene- te saaneeccsesess ar 85 MoS Ree
of length to
MengthytorbaseiOl CallGallsece geresceisseeencssat ta 70 base of caudal.
Greatest: cdleptitee sas -nce<css. of-cs-4 Fe GIDE OB ICD RS aH eT pence oor sasee 33
Wearside ptunote caucaleped wnGle sues we asees sae ciseaesteeccedemcae cece one ses 154
enerhwotcatidala MeCumc let: s.c. oe cance ces. ctsse eos +clencaes veeseaceiercs ne 8
Distance from tip of upper jaw to end of opercular flap................... 37
Wem otha Olas NO Utena eset ces acs cae Scasee oes cn Saisy wicladicisen sein osu Geariemes ote cee 6
Wrameterm Ome ve mens. csain arevsccclececeatettcedecere nosuecs seeoeeeenindenneesdses 7
Nt eKOUDitallaWaG Uneer mc cteeecectierann sac astcsaccece coe = sticdvacs anecioclacesmeseces 3%
Mp OlSnontatosen Gmolanieisa lanyiaccer aie. vee en ccrctanndecseeaesceeectases s 19
Wen cry on pectonale ar csr aed rac mcm sseetdnegee aces vcinesanees werk nsets 27
Mipiot snous to! base Ob upper pectoral raye-:...-.csccsesveeecveesseeeesecee 35
si prOl SOME tOnbase Ol WVenttalsierre.eesseeesscccctelontancescoseascste seo srese 31
ERO LUNOl Veuiials mean eae icenar erate eaaceonease sce cesce setter ates arssaataees 13
FAT StvcliAlfS PIMetacas esate sneearece tine eencan ste ce resee ee ae cose tee eae sean cusses 3h
SIECOMCMANAlRGDIMNelen. von. acacia eecessemare en eee ese clactieies sevwlegns taenges 6
plat Clpanvalits Dim Gwar sa a-ra secon sen reor sess See onset nten aoc eerie eras senses 44
EUSIAS ON ANIGLAY oS ctats coe esi cesses cae catuts desisietsmmaediemag sees acnetan neiaeies 84
BOI KeStESOL AMA TAY Ys set cnmonce unnicsaccemmmerietan esetecmasiiae ct atc tactetheerness 15
UTS ERCOLSALES PINE asteles ies vsese order ne ceoetiemeesaceine Meanie rsucstageese seenesiaatice. 4
AS ACOLSAlES PINE wanseee- scenes acisak ese esleetedotenaat eccsiose- se. c0Coeecaet cues 9
[Liovatexesti, Gkopasell Sey iarhe ee apea cede ac deeeuscaibecdns sacton cabo anny cotproS econ Beer 15
(CAWEGE . cintoe SBOO ORS BACAR CRED nD ORS CH SEDER TED co. StscL onib. do con nEE aaa UReE RCC ee AD,
100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Color, nearly uniform warm brown on head, body and fins; a dusky opercular blotch; soft
dorsal, anal and caudal only narrowly margined with white.
One specimen known, from Panama.
180. Rypticus nigripinnis Gill.
Not rare. The upper preopercular spine is minute, but seems to be constantly
present. The second dorsal spine is usually a little longer than the first, and is
united for its entire length by membrane with the succeeding soft ray.
Family LOBOTIDZ. —
181. Lobotes pacificus Gilbert.
PiatE XIV, Fic. 28.
Lobotes pacificus GILBERT, (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2857).
Lobotes auctorum STEINDACHNER, 1876 6, p. 6; Panama. Not of Giinther.
Lobotes surinamensis JORDAN & GILBERT, 1882 d, p. 110; Panama. GILBERT, 1882, p. 112; Punta
Arenas. JORDAN, 1885, p. 378; Panama. BOULENGER, 1899, p. 2; Rio Tuyra, Darien.
The ZLobotes of the Pacific Coast of Central America is distinguished from the
other known species, L. surinamensis and L. erate, by the small size of the preoper-
cular serrations, those at the angle not elongated and spine-like, even in the young.
Head 2 in length; depth 24 to 2;!5 (to base of caudal rays); depth of caudal peduncle 2} in
head. Dorsal XII, 15; anal III, 11; pectoral 15. Scales 46 (+ 6 on base of caudal) 44; vertebrae
12-++12. Body more elongated than ZL. surinamensis, agreeing in this respect with Z. erate, the
depth less than half the length. Upper profile deeply concave at occiput, thence strongly convex to
front of dorsal. Head shorter and narrower than in Z. swvinamensis, the interorbital width but slightly
longer than snout, 3,8) to 4 in head (34 to 32 in head in ZL. suxinamensis). Eye small, 63 to 74 in
head, 2 or 2,4) in interorbital width. Mandible strongly protruding, but without symphyseal knob.
Maxillary narrow, not concealed in closed mouth, its tip reaching vertical from middle of pupil, 28 to
2% in head.
Upper jaw with a moderate villiform band of teeth, in front of which is a single series of
conical close-set canines. Lower jaw with a single series, similar to outer series of upper jaw, and
behind them a very narrow band of villiform teeth which grow slightly larger towards symphysis.
Palate toothless.
Posterior margin of preopercle vertical, the angle protruding little or not at all. In five young
specimens, 175 to 275 mm. long, the preopercular teeth are fine, acute, short and inconspicuous, about
as in species of Pomadasys. They increase but little in size towards the angle, where they are never
spine-like; below, they are perceptible only in the immediate vicinity of the angle, the remainder of
the horizontal limb being entire. In the adult the vertical limb is finely and evenly toothed, the angle
and lower limb slightly roughened or entire. Opercle with two short spinous points, behind the lower
of which a narrow tongue-shaped process of the subopercle extends to near the edge of opercular
membrane. The humeral process is very weakly toothed, contrasting with the strongly serrate condition
in L. surinamensis. Branchiostegals 6.
Gil-rakers short, two-fifths diameter of eye in young, comparatively shorter in adults, 5
on vertical limb, all but one of which are broad firmly fixed tubercles, 14 on horizontal limb, the
anterior two or three tubercular.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 101
Spinous dorsal low, with gently rounded outline. Notch between dorsals shallow, the eleventh
spine two-thirds the length of the longest, which is contained 2 to 24 times in head in the young,
3 times in adults. When declined, the spines are partially received within a scaly groove. Soft dorsal,
anal and caudal with basal portions densely scaled, and with series of scales running up on membrane
to beyond middle of fin. Soft dorsal and anal of equal height, forming bluntly rounded lobes, the
longest rays of which are about half head in adults, 14 to 13 in head in young. Third anal spine
about half length of longest ray. Pectorals shorter than ventrals, 2 to 24 in head; ventrals 1} in head
in young, shorter in adults.
Scales less strongly ctenoid than in Z. surinamensis. Tubes of lateral line mostly simple,
oceasionally with one to three branches.
Color grayish or brownish, with plumbeous or silvery reflections. The youngest specimens
show faintly the dark streaks so conspicuous in young of ZL. surénamensis, viz: a pair running back-
wards from interorbital space; a pair from upper posterior border of eye converging towards front of
dorsal; a broader band from eye downwards and backwards across cheeks. Soft dorsal, anal and caudal
uniform blackish, or the caudal with an ill-defined lighter edge. Pectorals translucent; ventrals
blackish.
Abundant at Panama, where it is known as Berrugate.
Family PRIACANTHIDZ.
182. Pseudopriacanthus serrula (Gilbert).
Only the type known, from Albatross. Station 2797, Panama Bay, 53 fathoms
(Gilbert, 1890 0, p. 450). 2
Family LUTIANID.
183. Hoplopagrus guentheri (ill.
This species had not been taken previously farther south than Mazatlan. We
secured one large specimen with dynamite among the rocky islands in the Bay. It
must be very rare at Panama.
Lutianus.
The characters relied upon to separate Neomewnis, Lutiunus, Genyoroge and
Ewoplites, seem wholly lacking in distinctive value. The band of temporal scales
may be narrow or wide, and may be isolated or may be surrounded by bands of
smaller scales. All degrees of sealing of top of head are found among the Asiatic
species, and considerable variation among the American members of the group. ‘The
temporal ridge never joins the orbital rim, but terminates at varying distances
between that and the median crest. Its approximation to the median crest depends
in part upon its production anteriorly, and this is in many species a question of age.
No groups can be separated by this character, nor can the natural affinities of the
species be determined by its aid. A third character is derived from the emargina-
tion of the preopercle, into which may fit a knob of the interopercle. Most Amer-
ican species have this weakly developed or absent, but Z. jordani forms an obvious
transition between the two conditions, and this will doubtless be made more complete
by an examination of the Asiatic forms. Lutianus (Hvoplites) viridis is evidently
the descendant of an Asiatic form, and has the notch and knob strongly developed.
(14) ; November 28, 1903,
102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The temporal ridges do not join the median frontal ridge, though they are continued
well forward and approach it.
In this paper we have used the oldest name, Lutianus, for all American
species.
184. Lutianus jordani (Gilbert).
PuLatE XIV, Fie. 29.
Neomenis jordani GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 1251).
Head 23 to 3 in length; depth 22 to 2%; eye 44 in head; dorsal X, 14; anal III, 9; scales 54
above lateral line, 43 to 47 oblique series running downwards and backwards.
Body deep, with regular curves, the two profiles nearly equal. Snout short, with gently
rising upper profile, 34 to 34 in head. Eye large, its diameter much greater than the width of the
preorbital at middle of length, where it is one-seventh length of head. Maxillary reaching slightly beyond
front of pupil, its length equaling that of snout and half eye, 2? in head. Least width of preorbital half
the diameter of the eye. Temporal ridge ceasing about middle of orbit, much nearer orbital rim than
median crest, but not confluent with either. Mandibular teeth in a villiform band, which is of moderate
width anteriorly and tapers rapidly on sides. An outer series of distantly placed moderate canines.
Teeth in premaxillaries similar to those below, the canines small, a pair on each side enlarged, but
small for this genus. Vomerine teeth in a kite-shaped tract, rapidly reaching its greatest width, then
tapering slowly backward for twice the distance. The anterior margins are gently concave, the
posterior deeply so. Preopercular margin with a rather deep emargination above the angle. The
interopercle forms a slight protuberance opposite the preopercular notch, the prominence failing to fill
the notch, as it does in wivzdzs and other species of the ‘‘ Genyoroge’’ group. Above the emargination,
the edge is very minutely and finely serrulate, at the angle provided with a few short slender rather
distant teeth. Gill-rakers strong, those above angle short, all but one tubercular, the one at angle
abruptly lengthened, about half diameter of eye; seven developed on horizontal limb of arch. Posterior
nostril elliptical.
Five or six series of scales on cheeks, the band running upward to level of upper margin of
orbit. A single narrow band of scales on occiput, separated by a naked space from those on nape.
Top of head, snout, mandible, preopercle, maxillary, and inferior half of interopercle naked. Scales
above lateral line in series parallel with the lateral line; those below lateral line in horizontal series.
Scales on the breast not much reduced, as large as those on opercle. Basal half of dorsal and anal
with series of scales which form a sheath at base; basal three-fourths of caudal densely scaled.
Dorsal spines heavy, not flexible, the fourth the longest, 24 to 22 in head. Second and third
anal spines about equal, half the length of snout and eye. Soft dorsal and anal low, rounded, the
longest ray (measured from free edge of sheath) about one-third head. Caudal lunate, the middle
rays three-fourths the outer, 13 in head. Pectorals very long, nearly reaching vertical from vent,
14 in head. Ventrals 14 in head.
Color: Back and top of head deep olive; lower half of sides and below dark reddish-purple.
Many of the scales on sides with a silvery spot near the margin, producing faint lengthwise stripes.
Fins reddish-purple, the basal portions of soft dorsal and caudal tinged with olive. Iris silvery, with
an inner and an outer orange circle. No blue lines on the head. Inner lining of gill-membranes and
the shoulder girdle largely orange-red. Pectoral fins orange-brown.
Of rare occurrence at Panama, but occasionally taken in considerable num-
bers. It is a small species, reaching a length of about 40 em.
185. Lutianus novemfasciatus (ill.
Occasional; reaching a large size.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 103
186. Lutianus argentiventris (Peters).
With the exception of ZL. guttatus, the most abundant species of the genus.
The species is marked by the very slender sharp snout, the profile being concave in
front of the nape, convex behind it. The snout is three-eighths to four-eleyenths
the length of the head, and equals the length of the maxillary; it is not depressed
anteriorly. The blue stripe below eye is conspicuous only in the young. It may
extend, without interruption, from the tip of the snout along entire side of head to
opercular margin. It is more often limited to the anterior part of the head, and
becomes variously broken up into a series of dashes or dots.
187. Lutianus colorado Jordan & (ilbert.
Not abundant; reaching a large size.
188. Lutianus guttatus (Steindachner).
The most abundant species of the genus; never reaching a large size. This
species has the temporal region more extensively scaled than in other American
representatives of the genus in the Pacific. The usual temporal band of large scales
is present, in addition to which are bands of small scales in front of and behind it.
189. Lutianus aratus ((iinther).
Less abundant than other species of the genus; several specimens secured.
The maxillary reaches past the middie of the eye.
190. Rabirubia inermis (Peters).
A single mutilated specimen was found. The species must be one of the
rarest known, as but three specimens have been noted by collectors. The figure
published by Jordan (Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, 1895, Plate XX XIX),
errs in the number and obliquity of the dark streaks above the lateral line. Nineteen
or twenty of these can be distinguished on the specimen from which the drawing
was made, and the streak from last dorsal spine runs to the tenth scale of the lateral
line. The anal fin contains ten rays in each of the Panama specimens known.
191. Xenichthys xanti (ill.
Brought to market in abundance. The best description of this species is that
given by Jordan and Gilbert (1882 a, p. 825) under the name of X. xenops. ‘The
following details may be added.
Eye 3 to 31 in head. Scales 52 to 54; those on head and nape less coarsely
ctenoid than elsewhere. The fourth dorsal spine is as long as the third, or some-
times a little longer; the fifth is but slightly shorter. In the declined fin, the fifth
spine reaches past the tips of all the other spines anterior to the tenth; the pectoral
does not reach the vertical from the vent. In the six specimens counted, the dorsal
was constantly XJ, I, 18, the anal III, 17.
104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
We have compared this species with X. agassizii from the Galapagos Islands,
and find it to differ in having fewer scales, a larger eye and a shorter pectoral fin.
X, agassizii has 58 to 61 scales; the eye is contained 34 to 32 times in the head; the
pectoral reaches to beyond the origin of the anal.
Family HASMULIDZE.
192. Hemulon scudderi Gill.
The most abundant species of the genus at Panama.
In eight half-grown specimens, five have 11 dorsal spines, three have 12
dorsal spines. In thirty-six young specimens, with the streaks and caudal spot
still conspicuous, thirty-three have 11 dorsal spines, three have 12 spines. The
articulated dorsal rays are 16 or 17 in number; the anal rays 7 or 8. In twelve
specimens from Mazatlan, ten have 12 spines, two have 11.
In young specimens, are three well-developed streaks and one rudimentary
one. The uppermost starts on the median line of occiput, runs to the spinous
dorsal, and is continued along each side of the base of the dorsal, gradually growing
fainter and disappearing before reaching the second dorsal. A pair begin just
inside the nostrils, run just above the eyes, diverging backward to a point opposite
the origin of the dorsal, thence converging to the base of the last dorsal ray, behind
which the pair unite on upper median line of caudal peduncle, on which they reach
base of upper caudal rays. Another pair begin at tip of snout and extend backward
through eye to middle of caudal peduncle, where they become faint or entirely
disappear. A faint streak extends backward from upper margin of orbit to begin-
ning of lateral line, along the anterior part of which it may be faintly indicated. <A
large black oval spot three-fourths the size of the eye is half on the caudal peduncle,
half on the base of the fin. Comparing these streaks, which disappear in adults,
with the permanent coloration in H. macrostomum, we find them characterized by
the rudimentary condition of the streak along (or just below) the lateral line, and
the total absence of a streak, present in macrostomum, running from above eye along
sides just above the lateral line.
H. scudderi differs from its Atlantic representative H. parra: (1) In having
usually 11 dorsal spines instead of 12; (2) In having longer faleate pectoral fins,
which extend beyond the tips of the ventrals, and are nearly devoid of scales; (3)
In the greater compression of occiput and nape, forming a crest which may be traced
in adults to the interorbital space; (4) In the greater compression of the snout,
which is also produced upward at tip, so that in adults the upper profile of snout and
head as far as occiput is concave. In H. parra, the dorsal spines are normally 12.
In but one specimen of parra out of sixteen examined, have we found 11 spines, a
number which seems not to be recorded for the species. The pectoral fins are short
and rounded, not reaching tips of ventrals. They are very densely covered with
seales to their tips, both membranes and rays being completely invested. The
ventrals also are much more densely scaled than in scudderi. The occiput, nape
and snout are transversely broadly rounded in both young and old specimens, while
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 105
the upper profile forms an uninterrupted even curve from tip of snout to front of
dorsal, and beyond. The fin and scale formula does not differ from that in scud-
deri, except as noted. There are 52 scales in the lateral line, corresponding with
the number of vertical series above it.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
SPECIES eres ett oe eet unin ana eaeoe ae gs ae ea 2
EOGAliiV.? cacerhe eae here ere aes Panama eee
Length without caudal in mm. ...... 205 200 | 205 198
alee d be bene Ste aa ae Seed Ae ein ates 36 354 36 344
DG pothaieene catctcaec mrt dene ce aosaec ace 40 RG 37 27
| ON aR ORE SR EOL EER RAR CE AAT Oce eet ence nee 74 74 9 9
SOULS ears cant macieNe aeons ahakninds 144 T4 15 14
Interorbital (bone). ...2....5....008--+6 9 9 74 74
Mapai latgyarecscen cis sciepar aencsucincmceties 15 | xr44 15 14
Dhirdedorsalbspines..+-e-c¢ saescesees 15$ | 15 16 15
Secondranalligpine ees. neta taceeas- 15 144 134 13
Menet hot pectoraliae ee seeeses-e ase 28 29 23 21
Mengtheotaventtalsys. 5: s-ese.aeaeee 22 22 21 20
Length of upper lobe of caudal... 26 27 204 20
Height of caudal peduncle ........... II ro} Il 10
193. Hemulon steindachneri (Jordan & Gilbert).
Frequent in the market and about the islands in the bay.
A detailed and wholly satisfactory description of this species is given by Stein-
dachner (1876 a, p. 15) under the name Hemulon caudimacula.
194. Lythrulon flaviguttatum ((il//).
Lythrulon opalescens JORDAN & STARKS (JORDAN, 1895, p. 459, Pl. XL; Mazatlan).
Abundant in the Panama market; often taken with dynamite about the
islands in the bay. We have compared our specimens with the type of L. opalescens,
and find no differences between them. The following account of opalescens is based
on a re-examination of the type, the published description being faulty in several
respects:
Head 32; depth 23; dorsal XII, 17; anal III, 10 (the last ray eleft to the
base, the parts somewhat separated, the posterior half again forked, both joining the last
106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
interhemal); snout 32 in head; maxillary 22; eye (between eyelids) 3}; interorbital
width (between edges of frontal bone) 4; longest (fourth) dorsal spine 2; longest
dorsal ray 34; second anal spine 23; scales 6 or 7-58-14. Gill-rakers 9+-17 on one
side, 9+19 on the other.
For comparison, we subjoin a statement of measurements and counts based on
five Panama specimens of flaviguttatum, each about the same length as the type of
opalescens.
Head 32 to 32 in length; depth 25 to 2%; dorsal XII, 16; XIII, 16; SxGe
17; XII, 17; XII, 17; the anal has 8 spines and either 10 or 11 rays; when there
are 10 anal rays, the last ray is divided to the base and the two halves are well
separated. Snout 32 to 82 in head; eye (between eyelids) 3? to 4; bony interorbital
width 35 to 4; longest (fourth) dorsal spine 2; longest dorsal ray 3} to 33; second
anal spine 22 to 23; scales 6 or 7-51 to 53-13 or 14; gill-rakers usually 10+-18 or
9+19, in one specimen 11+ 20.
195. Orthostechus maculicauda Gill.
Seldom seen by us.
Well described and figured by Steindachner (1870 8, p. 12, Pl. VI) as Hamulon
mazatlanum. The outline of the spinous dorsal is, however, widely different from
that shown in the figure. It is convexly rounded throughout, not coneaye behind
the highest portion of the fin, the second spine exceeds the seventh, and the third
is usually slightly longer than the fifth. There is usually a faint indication of the
caudal spot.
196. Anisotremus pacifici (Giinther).
Rather common in the Panama market.
The general color is dusky silvery, with four very faint dusky cross-bars,
which correspond in position and extent with the more conspicuous bars of A. dovii.
The soft dorsal, anal and ventrals are blackish, the caudal and pectorals yellowish.
The species is characterized by the very short, blunt and wide snout, the
narrow preorbital, the very large eye, the short pectoral, and the short dorsal and
long anal fins almost devoid of scales. The soft dorsal and anal fins are also rounded
in contour, the middle dorsal rays being longer than the anterior rays, and the anal
fin not emarginate, as it is In dovit.
The head is contained 2,°, to 3,1, times in the length to base of caudal; the
depth 2! to 22. Eye 4in head. The preopercular margin is indented above the
projecting angle, on which the teeth are moderately or scarcely at all enlarged.
Below the angle, the teeth are again reduced and point downward and backward.
The normal fin-formula is: dorsal XI, 14; anal III, 10. We find in one specimen
only, dorsal XII, 13; and in one other, anal IIT, 9. The second anal spine is con-
tained 12 to 14 times in the head; the third anal spine 2% to 3} times. The soft
dorsal and anal have short series of scales on basal half only of interradial mem-
branes, the rays, together with the entire distal half of fins, being naked. In both
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 107
dovit and cesius, these fins are densely scaled to their tips. The pectorals are short,
not nearly reaching vertical from tips of ventrals, their length 12 in head. The
scales on the back are in series parallel with the lateral line, but lose their regularity
under the soft dorsal. There are 5! or 64 series between the lateral line and the
base of the spinous dorsal, and 46 to 48 scales in the lateral line.
197. Anisotremus cesius (Jordan & Gilbert).
This species, known hitherto only from the types taken at Mazatlan and one
specimen from Acapulco, was found to be abundant among the islands in Panama
Bay. It is readily distinguished from its nearest relatives in the Pacific by its uni-
form coloration, its longer dorsal fin, and its very long faleate pectoral. The preorbital
is also wider, four-fifths diameter of eye. None of our specimens show trace of dark
bars. The description of the types answers well to our specimens, but the maxillary
extends to middle of eye, instead of ‘‘ not quite reaching to front of eye.” Of nine
specimens examined, all had 12 dorsal spines; there were eight with 16 dorsal rays,
one with 15; seven with 10 anal rays, two with 9. The third anal spine is longer
than in dovii or pacifici, protruding beyond the wide basal sheath for two-fifths
length of head. The caudal is much more deeply forked and the upper lobe more
decidedly the longer; the median caudal rays are slightly less than half the upper.
198. Anisotremus dovii (Giinther).
Occasionally brought to market.
The normal fin-formula in this species is: dorsal XI, 14; anal III, 9. We
have no specimen with 12 spines, but this variation is to be expected. The soft
dorsal varies to 15, but apparently not to 16. The type was described as having 12
dorsal spines and 16 rays. The vertical fins are scaled to their tips, but the anterior
half of each ray, with a narrow strip of the membrane preceding it, is naked. Where
the rays fork distally, they become entirely invested. There are 64 horizontal series
of seales between the lateral line and the middle of the spinous dorsal. The pectorals
do not extend to opposite tips of ventrals, 14 in head.
This species is very close to A. pacifici, but differs in the longer sharper
snout, larger dorsal and anal spines, greater scaliness of the fins, the presence of but
9 anal rays, and the intenser color of the bands.
199. Anisotremus interruptus (ill).
We have two specimens, one 25 em., the other 45 em. long. They throw no
additional light on the relation of interruptus to its Atlantic representative swrina-
mensis. In both specimens, the scales above the anterior portion of the lateral line
are conspicuously enlarged, an oblique series downward and backward from first dor-
sal spine containing but 7 scales. Specimens of swrinamensis have somewhat smaller
scales, and are darker in color, especially on the fins. These are slight differences,
however, and may well prove inconstant. The species interruptus should be accepted
only provisionally.
108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
200. Anisotremus teniatus (ill.
Oceasional in the market; of more frequent occurrence about the rocky
islands in the Bay.
The species is undoubtedly distinct from its Atlantic representative A. vir-
ginicus, although some of the characters which have been relied upon to distinguish
the two are of no value. Thus, the gill-rakers are alike in both and the eye does
not differ in size. The second anal spine is variable in both; in teniatus, its tip
usually fails to reach the tip of the soft rays, in virginicus it usually reaches beyond
their tips.
The most striking difference is in the color, as has been sufficiently described
by previous authors. In addition, we note that the fins in virginicus are more densely
scaled, this being especially well marked with the pectorals. The anterior portion of
the spinous dorsal differs widely in contour: in virginicus, the third spine is longest,
the second five-sixths or more than five-sixths the length of the fourth; in ¢wniatus,
the fourth spine is usually the longest, the second very short, not more than four-
sevenths the length of the fourth. Our material is not sufficient to enable us to deter-
mine the limits of variation in the relative lengths of the dorsal spines. The pectoral
seems to be slightly longer in ¢wniatus, and the preorbital a little narrower, but these
differences are unimportant.
Measurements tn Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Prleers ANISOTREMUS ANISOTREMUS
SPECIES: hsp asiee se bene hae anaclosmeeces pees pape oa RCPS Smee
TANIATUS VIRGINICUS
: Key West :
ocalitys paces Paneer. ceed perme ater | Panama y *, Jamaica
Eilat)
. . |
Length without caudal in mm....... 70 193 180 143
FlGad! S: eaaccce a mamat oo rcn ae rereeee | Rx} 33 33 344
|
Depthy tse es a cee ere eee | 49 48 49 49
Hye: cen urate eee ae 84 8 8 9
SGU AER a Oe atheros nee Ree 12 12 12 124
Micixcil lattayere «teeetrect ccc Oe oR 9 9s 98 92
Interorbitalie nes ee cee 9 9 9 928
Secondscdorsalispines sess ee eaeeeses 10 9h 124 12
‘AW lantrGal) COVEN S|DVVO@ s 5, sesoae conan shone 154 16 16 17
Hounthidorsall’spineseessscseesssse eee 164 17 15 164
Secomdlanallispine mesaesssee seater 16 164 154 163
enothvorspectorallense sy see | “3c 26 34 36
|
Wenethiotweutiall ease teeeeeeee eee 23 22 234 24
Wpopenlobexotncaucdalleyse-ssseeseeeeee 29 29 28 29
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 109
201. Brachydeuterus nitidus (Steindachner).
Four specimens taken. They agree with Dr. Steindachner’s description in
most particulars.
Head 3 to 5} in length without caudal; snout 3 to 34 in head; eye 4 to 4};
interorbital (bone) 5. Scales 48 to 50. Two of our specimens have 9 anal rays, one
has 14 dorsal rays; the others have 8 anal and 15 dorsal rays. The upper lobe of
the caudal is conspicuously longer than the lower lobe.
202. Brachydeuterus leuciscus ((iinther).
Very abundant; the young and half-grown specimens exhibit the same bewild-
ering variety of form and general appearance for which the species is noted in other
parts of its range. Compared with adults, the young appear much slenderer, with
longer sharper snout, smaller mouth, and less arched frontal region. The preorbital
usually appears much wider; but in all these respects there is wide variation among
young of the same size. It reaches the length of 51 em.; adults vary little in appear-
ance, and approach nearly the even contour of Pomadasis panamensis. The pectoral
is never falcate, and equals the distance from tip of snout to upper preopercular
margin.
203. Pomadasis panamensis (Steindachner).
This species was very abundant at Panama. Our material shows few varia-
tions from Dr. Steindachner’s description.
€
Eye 4! to 51 in head; interorbital 4} to 5; second anal spine 23 to 2?. The
maxillary reaches a vertical from the anterior margin, or the anterior third, of the
pupil. Dr. Steindachner’s statement that the third dorsal spine is from 2 to 2} times
as long as the second is doubtless a slip of the pen. The third dorsal spine in our
»
specimens varies from 3 to 34 times the length of the second.
204. Pomadasis bayanus Jordan & Hvermann.
Pristipoma humile KNER & STEINDACHNER, 1864, p. 222, Pl. I, fig. 1. STEINDACHNER, 1879 a,
p. 33. Not Pristipoma humilis BowDIcH.
Pomadasis bayanus JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 1331.
One specimen, 36 em. long, was taken in the Rio Grande River, at Miraflores,
a point above tide-level, where the water is perfectly fresh. A small specimen is in
the museum of Stanford University, collected at San José del Cabo, Mexico, by
Mr. J. F. Abbott. The records do not show whether this specimen was taken in the
river at San José, or in the sea.
The species is very close to P. crocro, agreeing with it in general shape and
color, and in fin and scale formulze. Both species have normally 15 dorsal spines.
P. bayanus has a longer snout, larger mouth and shorter second anal spine. The
latter varies greatly with age. In our smaller specimen, it reaches far beyond the
tip of the soft rays, to the base of the anal, and is contained 4 times in the length; in
the larger specimen, it fails to reach the tip of anal rays, and is contained 6} times
(15) November 30, 1903,
110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
in the length. The dorsal contains 18 spines, 12 rays; the anal III, 7. The scales
are very irregular, and difficult to enumerate. We count 52 pores in the lateral line,
in each specimen. The head is contained 3 times in the length (25 is a misprint for
31 in Jordan & Eyermann’s description, /. c.).
The eye is contained 5 times in head in the larger specimen, 3} times in the
smaller; snout 2,°,; maxillary 22 in large specimen, 24 in the smaller; fourth dorsal
spine 24 and 2!; second anal spine 2 and 12. The base of the second dorsal is one-
half the base of the spinous dorsal. The gill-rakers are short and weak, 13 on hori-
zontal limb of arch, 8 or 4 of the anterior being rudimentary, immovable.
Striking characters of this species are: the ploughshare-shaped snout, narrow-
ing upward and forward to form a ridge, which terminates in the acutely angulated
premaxillaries; and the small accessory scales, which are larger than such scales are
apt to be, are more irregular in shape, and are scattered more widely over the surface
of the other scales.
205. Pomadasis macracanthus ((iinther).
A common species in the market. The following additions to current descrip-
tions are from specimens 18 to 26 em. in length.
Head 22 to 23 in length; depth 2? to 23. Eye 43 to 4% in head; snout 2§ to
31; interorbital (bone) 5 to 5?. Three of our specimens have 138 dorsal rays, three
have 14. The anal has constantly 8 soft rays, as described by Giinther, the last split
oo
ray counting as 1; not 7 rays, as given by Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 1332).
Pectoral 3 to 54 in length.
Our specimens have the scales rather strongly ctenoid, not smooth as described
by Giinther.
206. Pomadasis branicki (Steindachner).
A single specimen was obtained. The dorsal spines seem to be indifferently
13 or 14 in number. There are 14 in our specimen.
207. Orthopristis chalceus ((Ginther).
Very common; seen daily in the markets.
The dorsal spines are usually 12 in number, only one of our specimens has 13;
the articulated rays are usually 15 (exceptionally 16). We have found no specimen
with 14 rays, as recorded by Steindachner (1870 8, p. 3, Pl. Il; as Pristipoma knert).
The anal rays are usually 11 in number (exceptionally 12). The tubes in the lateral
line (corresponding with the series of scales above the lateral line running obliquely
downward and backward) are 52 to 54 in number. The diameter of the eye equals
the width of the preorbital, 42 in the head; pectoral 1} to 1,45; snout 2% to 2,5; the
maxillary extends beyond the front of the eye. Brownish streaks follow the centers
of the rows of scales, alternating with narrower grayish blue streaks along the mar-
gins of the rows. No pale streak below the dorsal and no darker cross-bands in any
specimens seen by us.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY Aga
208. Orthopristis brevipinnis (Steindachner).
Puate XV, Fie. 30.
Four specimens, from 28 to 31 cm. long, were obtained by us in the Panama
market; no others were seen.
The species has been made the type of a distinct genus (/sacied/a Jordan -&
Fesler), differing from Orthopristis in the presence of accessory scales, from Micro-
lepidotus in the larger scales, the presence of accessory scales on the bases of the
larger ones, and the shorter spinous dorsal. A re-examination of Jicrolepidotus
inornatus (Magdalena Bay, Albatross collection) shows however that the scales have
been incorrectly enumerated in that species. They are in reality of the same size
as the scales in brevipinnis, there being 60 in the lateral line. There are furthermore
numerous small accessory scales on the bases of the larger ones. The dorsal and
anal are scaled in inornatus, almost as fully as in brevipinnis. The two species are
very closely related, differing principally in the relative sizes of the two dorsal fins.
This difference is not greater than that occurring between species of Pomadasis or
Anisotremus, and seems not worthy of generic recognition. In one specimen of
O. inornatus from Mazatlan, we find 15 dorsal spines. The only character to separate
the two species as a generic group (Microlepidotus) distinct from Orthopristis, is the
possession of the small accessory scales on the sides. This character appears also in
Brachydeuterus, where elongatus and axillaris possess it highly developed, while
nitidus and corvineformis are without it. We have no indication of the condition in
the type of Brachydeuterus (auritus). Should the latter have no accessory scales,
the subordinate group consisting of e/ongatus and axillaris would be without distinct-
ive name. We have preferred to reduce Microlepidotus to the rank of a subgenus, of
equal value with Zvapristis, which forms a transition between it and the ordinary
forms of Orthopristis with naked fins and no accessory scales.
Steindachner’s description of the type of brevipinnis (1870a, p. 10, PI. V)
refers unquestionably to the present species, but the accompanying figure is so poor
and inaccurate as to suggest a very different fish. Prominent among the unfortunate
features in this drawing are: the upper contour, which should be evenly curved from
snout to caudal peduncle; the dorsal spines, which should be longer and slenderer; the
soft dorsal, which is much more completely scaled; the streaks above the lateral line,
which are much less oblique, much wider, more irregular and wavy, and_ less
numerous; the series of scales below the lateral line, with their accompanying
streaks, which should be horizontal, instead of oblique.
The usual fin formula is: dorsal XIII, 17; anal III, 13 or 14. The third
dorsal spine is the longest, 24 to 24 in the length of the head. The lateral line con-
tains 60 to 62 tubes.
The scales in the species of Orthopristis are more nearly uniform in size than
current descriptions would seem to indicate. 0. forbesi, from Albemarle Island,
Galapagos Group, is said to have 80 to 85 series of scales. Examination of one of
the types makes it evident that the vertical rows were counted, instead of the
oblique rows. The number of oblique rows corresponding to the pores in the lateral
line is 65.
112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Family SPARID.
209. Calamus brachysomus (Lockington).
Chrysophrys calamus GUNTHER, 1869, p. 421 (Panama).
Known from the Gulf of California, from Panama, and from Santa Helena
Bay, near Guayaquil (Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 7).
Several small specimens were seen in the market and a number of large
individuals were taken by the aid of dynamite about the islands. Four specimens
were preserved, ranging in length from 23 to 43 em.
Its southern representative, C. tauwrinus, is a more slender species and _ has
shorter dorsal spines and a shorter pectoral. Two specimens of taurinus which we
have examined from the Galapagos are darker in color, especially about the head,
and have the inner base of the pectoral blackish.
The original description of C. brachysomus contains numerous errors and can-
not be relied upon. ‘To the description given by Jordan and Evermann (1898,
p. 1455), we make the following additions:
Head 35 to 35 in length; depth 2 to 24. Eye 32 to 4$ in head; snout 13 to
13. The maxillary reaches to below the anterior orbital rim. There are but five very
small, short gill-rakers on the lower branchial arch. In our specimens, the dorsal is
constantly XII, 12 and the anal III, 10. The third dorsal spine is contained 1% to
22 times in the head; the second anal spine is generally longer than the third, but
does not reach to its tip in the declined fin. Its length is 34 to 44 in head.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 1138
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
S peclesmanrete .esccsish Sonavcce vas BRACHYSOMUS TAURINUS
|W Gyor Nae ere akan eee Sere CREE Panama ane Ceepeee
Length without caudal in mm. ...... 286 177 175 255 | 286 216
CAG rh sees cits oAs has onc bnicioosen: 314 31 31 31 344 314
1D ey6) dale 3355 cennenacaeers Reo Ere IR Lt ic 48 46 | 49 46 43 424
Sy CMPRtey. cha hanccMnsadeee Paco eens 7 8 84 74 74 8
Preorbital (least depth)............... 144 12 2 | 13h 144 114
inter orbitalli(xone@)seeeseeeeeeeea see 8 8 8 8 81 8
SO U tera ea nee ec eaan se Fase eres 19 17 184 19 20 174
Matxal la reyes ere stiosesc sso ee ase | i 12 | 12 134 15 124
Rectoraliee ec kecee eeciecet a tac cae eee vs | 34 37 40 | 374 35 36
fuiididorsalli Spine yen.e.eece-2 eee 164 16 16 17 12 13
Second analspine!eeeses-eeee ceed ee ee 7 8 94 a Gi 64
entrance: pecseosstcst: teesaceesees | 22 234 | 24 22 18 22
(Ceri Glas as dane cnsoce cocht Hones eteoneree 26 29 31 | Broken} 26 3I
Caudal peduncle (height) ............ 9 tot inte 9 9 9
|
Family GERRID.
210. Eucinostomus californiensis (ill).
Diapterus dowii GILL, 1863, p. 162.
We found this species very common at Panama, and carefully selected a
series of about twenty speeimens, with a view to exhibiting all the variations to which
it is subject. We have also a large number of specimens from other localities.
Our extensive series seems to prove #. dowii to be invalid. It is alleged to
differ from this species in having the maxillary groove “linear” instead of ‘“ broad
and semi-oval ”; in having the scales 5-47-10 instead of 6-44-13, and in haying the
“spinous dorsal blackish at the margin” rather than “ fins immaculate.”
Our specimens show all intermediate stages of the maxillary groove, from
linear to broadly U-shaped. In some individuals the groove is as wide at the anterior
or open end as at the middle, but in most of them it is more or less constricted ante-
riorly by the encroachment of the scales on each side. In one specimen the groove
is wholly closed in front by the meeting of these scales. The scale-formula in our
114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
specimens is 5-44 or 45-10. The margin of the spinous dorsal varies in color from
dusky to black, but we have some small specimens, collected by the Albatross, in
which the fins may be said to be immaculate.
Our specimens of the young up to 65 mm. in length show light brown cross-
bars on back. One at the nape runs obliquely downward and backward to the upper
end of gill-opening; one at the front of the spinous dorsal runs obliquely downward
and forward to lateral line, nearly meeting the one at the nape; between these there
is a shorter vertical bar, and more posteriorly are several bars running downward and
forward, which become more or less indefinite along the middle of their length. One
or two of these bars are represented by the spots on the upper edge and at the middle
of the caudal peduncle.
Our material from the Atlantic is so meager that we are unable to discuss
relationships between H. californiensis, EB. harengulus, and HE. pseudogula.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
| Chatham
MeO Callityyers tence seeesee st sentence Panama I., Gala-
pagos
Length without caudal ex-
PRESSeG) usm ee ee eeeee ees 149 153 150 154 149 95 80 156
la kereve URE Paar ee thee een pees 32 33 3I 32 31 33 33 30
ID epathaig-uPacscete Ske aeesaeenes 37 38 37 Bi 36 36 38 32
Eye (inside of adipose eyelid). 10 10 ice) 9 9 10 ge) 9
Rectoralieecceccce cst ntae bekene 34 32 32 32 33 Son 32 32
Second dorsal spine <........... 19 19 18 18 174 18 07 174
Second anal spine ............... 9 9 74 8 8 9 9 83
Caudal eos sacs caucessadesetencencs 27 28 26 27 27 26° Weresissseeoe 28
Wentralsis ceeeanesheoeaee seen 17 18 9) 16 17 18 18 16
SnOUts Pe scncsoseqstenesigeereeeeet II 10 10} II IO T1$ fe) 10$
Number of dorsal rays......... 1X, 9 IX, 9 1X, 9 IX, 9 IX, 9 IX, 9 IX, 9 1X, 9
Number of anal rays............ Ot 7 Ill, 7 it, 9 III, 7 rtitit 9 III, 7 III, 7 III, 7
Salles Arch secitce eerncieaaactnete 5-44-10/5—44—-10]5—45-10|/5-45-10|5—44—10|5—44—10|5—4 5-10] 5-45-10
211. Xystema cinereum (Walbaum).
Panama records are by Giinther, 1869, p. 391 (as Gerres squamipinnis); and
Jordan, 1885, p. 384.
212. Gerres aureolus Jordan & Gilbert.
Known only from the type taken by Gilbert at Panama in 1881.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 115
213. Gerres peruvianus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
We found this species very common at Panama. From G. olisthostomus it
differs in haying the premaxillary groove scaleless, a smaller eye, smaller and
crowded teeth, and a higher sheath of scales to dorsal and anal. From @. awreolus
(as described) it differs in having the eye not larger than length of snout or width
of interorbital, and in having the second dorsal spine much stronger than the others,
and much more than half length of head (second dorsal spine of @. peruvianus is
from 1,', to 1} in head).
214. Gerres brevimanus (inther.
Probably not common; we collected five specimens ranging in entire length
from 23 to36 em. The species may be at once distinguished from all other Amer-
ican species by the short pectoral, which never reaches the vertical from the vent,
and which equals in length the post-nasal part of the head.
The lips are much thickened, especially the lower one. In the smaller
specimen the breadth of the lower lip at its widest part is contained 32 times in the
diameter of the eye. In the largest one, it is contained 24. Between these there is
a regular gradation, with the exception of the next to the largest specimen (31 cm.
long), in which the lips are much wider than in any other. In this, the lower lips
are thickened until they meet on the median line, and appear as a medially divided
flap, which extends backward to below the corners of the mouth, where it is trun-
eated. We cannot determine whether this is a sexual character, as our specimens
unfortunately have been eviscerated.
The upper profile of the head is concave above the eyes and convex above
the nostrils; the snout is blunt, in the large specimens projecting beyond the tip of
the lower jaw a third of the diameter of the eye, in the small specimens somewhat
less. The eye varies much with the size of the fish and is contained (inside of the
adipose eyelid) from 35 to 45 times in the length of the head. Its width nearly
equals the length of the snout in the smallest specimens; in the largest ones it is
contained from 14 to 14 times in the snout.
The gill-rakers are very short, 9-+-13 in number. The exposed portion of
the maxillary varies in length from 4} to 43 in the length of the head. The ventral
spine is stout and blunt, about six-tenths of the longest ventral ray. The second
anal spine does not project beyond the third, which about equals the soft rays. The
third dorsal spine projects beyond the second, sometimes beyond the fourth.
The streaks along the rows of scales are scarcely fainter than in @. lineatus;
those above the lateral line are as conspicuous as those below.
Giinther’s statement that the length of the head is twice and a half in the
length of the body is evidently a misprint. It should read thrice and a half.
116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Vength without caudal ani mm 2e.e.s- 22-2. ease omer 170 210 227 247, Ko 278
Eveadi sess sad ceste le chase ae oh cass Seeee bie ee eee 30 31h 318 Rye 31
Depth at base of first dorsal spine.....................-. | 45 43 45 424 45
Eye between adipose eyelids ..--2se-s-ss:e eee eaereces | 84 74 8 7 7
SMOUE Ge asttak Jose etecis cee ctetaeee eee mere ree eee 9 ro} it 12 10
Exposediportionsof maxillary. se-ese-ce-eerae esse eee 6 6 7 8 8
[interorbitall-7.fcesscadecasceee resonance eee eects | 10 ot 10 TI 104
Meng throtmspectoraleeca-ee-eaeeteer sta eeenee ee seC eee seeerer 24 25 24 23 244
Weng thvokw.entralse ssa: nseeeseeeteea eect eee eet eenee 25 26 24 24 244
Secondidorsallispine:sse-eee soe e cece eee ee eeae nent 23 21 22 20 19}
Second! -anall spine se5vcsce7.- ceca gscecea aac eee 19 174 18 16 17
Cauclalll Saissceeteccc erent: ee eee eee aa ce re eee 36 38 35 34 34
Number offidorsaltrays sacs seea tease cee eee eee IX, 10 10,9) 10(0) IX, 10 IX, IO 1D)
Number, ofvanaliray ste, Sean taeeeteace ace ce en enter. 111, 8 i, 8 111, 8 Ill, 8 1, 8
oer | (Stee tase conan sana eer acnate unucaootm ceaneeedccanac dosase | 6-40-11 | 6-39-11 | 6-39-11 | 6-40-11 | 6-39-11
Family KY PHOSID.
215. Kyphosus elegans (Peter's).
Abundant in the market; also taken by us about the rocky islands. No speci-
mens of X. analogus were observed, though these were carefully looked for. It is
probable that Panama records of K. analogus refer to elegans. The differences
separating these closely related species are well shown by our specimens. The scales
are comparatively large, there being 63 to 68 in the lengthwise series above the
lateral line. The anal is more elevated than the dorsal, the height of its anterior
rays being contained 14 times in the base of the soft portion of the fin. There seem
to be constantly 15 rays in the second dorsal and 12 in the anal (instead of 12 in one
and 11 in the other).
Our specimens vary widely in color. One is almost uniformly deep bronze
on head, body, and fins, there being only faint traces posteriorly of the lighter streaks
which in other specimens follow the centers of the rows of scales. Other specimens
approach more nearly the bright coloration found in A. analogus, some of the streaks
being noticeably blue.
216. Sectator ocyurus (Jordan & Gilbert).
Seen on two occasions only, but present then in considerable numbers.
We have the following corrections to make in the original description: The
eye is contained 43 to 43 times in the head (not 4). The scales on the breast are
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 1 l/
much reduced in size. The base of the spinous dorsal is two-thirds (not nearly equal
to) the length of the soft dorsal or anal. The soft dorsal contains 15 (not 13) rays.
Family SCL NIDA.
217. Isopisthus remifer Jordan & Gilbert.
Abundant; known only from Panama. This species is probably distinct from
its very close Atlantic representative, /. parvipinnis, but no specimens of the two
have been directly compared, and the characters alleged to distinguish them are in
need of verification. /. remifer is said to have longer pectoral fins and more numer-
ous rays in the anal fin. In seven specimens at hand, however, the pectoral is
shorter than the description of the type would indicate, equaling the length of the
head behind the front of the pupil, and contained 1} to 12 in the length of the head.
They agree in this character wholly with the type of J. parvipinnis (see Jordan,
1883, p. 289), and with its synonym J. affinis Steindachner. J. remifer is said to
have 19 rays in the anal, as contrasted with 16 or 17 in parvipinnis. The only reli-
able information concerning the condition in parvipinnis is derived from Steindach-
ner’s description and figure of /. affinis. In two specimens examined by him, the anal
fin contained 16 and 17 rays. In seven specimens of J. remifer, the anal counts are
as follows: 16, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18,18. In the type of remifer, there are said to be 19
rays. It is impossible to pronounce upon the distinctness of these two species until
adequate Atlantic material is at hand for comparison.
The dentition has been insufficiently described by all observers. It differs in
no essential respect from that characteristic of Cynoscion. The mandible contains
an outer series of minute teeth, closely associated with an inner series of elongate
canine-like teeth of considerable size. The canines are not definitely 3 in number,
as described by Steindachner, but vary from 6, the normal number, to 2 or 3, the
missing ones having become accidentally detached. The canines are largest along
the middle of the side of the mandible, and cease before reaching the symphysis, the
tip of the mandible being occupied by a double series of very small teeth. On the
sides of the upper jaw is an outer row of slightly enlarged teeth, and a narrow band
of villiform teeth behind it. Anteriorly the band disappears and gives place toa
short inner series, the median pair of which are enlarged to form the very conspicuous
fangs. :
The scales agree in size in the two species, there being 52 to 55 enlarged
scales along the lateral line, and above the lateral line 70 to 75 oblique series running
downward and backward.
Tsopisthus seems to differ inadequately from the genus Archoscion, being dis-
tinguished only by the longer interval between the dorsal fins.
(16) December 4, 1903.
118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length to base of caudal in mm.......... 221 202
Depth o.co.ciesc-ceeceeet eaves een eee 25 24
Head from tip of upper jaw............... 32 32
1 Dh (ee enon Selaace eri prorr ace seanacbos sondouse: 7 7
Maxillatiy i 3.:2i..c2he sens doeteee seme cies 14 144
Least width of suborbitals (bone)........ 1? 1?
Imterorbitall (bone) pees seers ee eee eee ecee 6 6
Length of third dorsal spine............... 124 ns
Length of fifth dorsal ray .................. 124 134
engthvof mtthvanall tayervereneeee ce eseces II 128
enethvotipectonaltterss asses aseereescrr cence 21h 224
Mengthiofwventrals\ eee. eoreeee se sseremee 16 17
enethot cau Gallysepeen crete ase aretieecese 174 18
Height of caudal peduncle ................. 9 9
218. Cynoscion pradatorius (Jordan & (Gilbert).
Occasionally coming into the market in considerable numbers, reaching a
length of 75 to 110 cm. It is strongly distinguished from all other species of Cynos-
cion by its more oblique mouth and heavier mandible. As this character seems to us
insufficient to warrant generic separation, we do not recognize the nominal genus
Buccone based upon it.
In twelve specimens, three have 18 dorsal rays, seven have 19 rays, one speci-
men has 20 rays, and one but 15. The last-mentioned seems normal in every way.
There is no distinct sheath at the base of the soft dorsal. The anal fin contains 2
spines (not 1, as described) and 9 rays.
The scales above the lateral line increase in size posteriorly to below the mid-
dle of the soft dorsal, and decrease somewhat on the very slender caudal peduncle.
There are 65 to 70 oblique rows running downward and-backward. The posterior
nostril is obovate in shape.
219. Cynoscion squamipinnis (Giinther).
Not rare in the Bay of Panama.
As stated by Steindachner, the scales along the lateral line are decidedly
larger than the others. There are 47 to 50 of these enlarged scales, and an equal
number of oblique rows of scales running downward and backward above the lateral
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY . 119
line. The enumeration of scales in current descriptions (70 and 85) is based on
the vertical series above the lateral line.
The spinous dorsal is shorter than in any other species of the genus, contain-
ing constantly 8 spines, of which the first is short, firmly attached to the second, and
the eighth usually adnate to the back. The pectorals reach to or nearly to the
vertical from the tips of the ventrals.
220. Cynoscion othonopterus Jordan & Gilbert.
Obtained at Panama by Gilbert (Jordan, 1885, p. 383); not seen by others.
221. Cynoscion reticulatus (Giinther).
CORBINA RALLADA.
Abundant; not reaching a large size.
222. Cynoscion albus (iinther).
CORBINA AMARILLA.
Abundant at Panama, reaching a large size, specimens 220 cm. long coming
frequently to the market. This species and C. sto/zmanni reach the largest size, and are
the most important food-fishes of the genus at Panama. (C. albus is readily distinguished
from other Panama species by the nearly naked dorsal and anal, the lanceolate
caudal, the large scales, and the long pectorals. From (@. stolzmanni, it is addi-
tionally distinguished by the wider head, the blunt snout, with its decurved upper
profile, by the longer, slenderer caudal peduncle and by the presence of much brassy
yellow on the lower half of the sides, this being especially marked in adults. The
median caudal rays are also much more produced than in C. stodzmanni of the same
size, and the lateral line is more arched anteriorly. Opercle largely black on its
inner face.
D. 1X or X-I, 19 to 22. A. II, 8or9. Lateral line with 53 or 54 pores
(counted to base of caudal); 57 to 60 oblique rows of scales running downward and
backward above the lateral line. Head 3+ to 3} in length; maxillary 2} in head.
Usually 9 movable gill-rakers on horizontal limb of arch. The sheath of scales at
the base of the dorsal fin is much wider than in C. stolzmanni. Series of scales
accompany the first few rays of dorsal and anal, the remainder of each fin being naked.
The posterior nasal opening is narrowly elliptical or ovate, much wider than in
C. stolzmanni.
223. Cynoscion stolzmanni (Steindachner).
CORBINA BLANCA.
Abundant in the Panama market, reaching a length of 220 cm.; the most
highly prized representative of the genus at Panama.
120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
We have little to add to Steindachner’s excellent description. The depth is
contained 44 times, rather than 4 times, in the length; both dorsal and anal are scaled
on one or more of their anterior rays. The species has normally 10 dorsal spines
(rarely 9).
The second dorsal and caudal are margined with blackish. The upper half of
the axil of the pectoral is black. The membranous fold behind the mandibular teeth
is black, contrasting strongly with the rest of the mouth. The gill-cavity is largely
blackish, especially the lining membrane of the opercle. The ventrals, pectoral and
anal fins are without dusky markings, except on the inner face of the upper pectoral
rays.
224. Cynoscion phoxocephalus Jordan & Gilbert.
This strongly marked form is known as yet only from Panama Bay, where
we have found it to be abundant.
The dentition differs in no essential respect from that found in other species
of Oynoscion. All of the teeth are smaller, including the anterior pair of canines in
the premaxillaries. The arrangement differs somewhat from that ascribed to the
type. The premaxillary teeth are in a band throughout, which contains everywhere
more than two series. Along the sides of the jaw, the outer series consists of stronger
conical teeth which are scarcely larger than those behind them. Anteriorly the
band widens, and bears along its posterior edge a converging pair of small canines.
The mandibular band is widest near the symphysis, where it consists of three series, those
of the outer series somewhat stronger than the others. Laterally, the band rapidly
narrows, at first to two series, the inner of strong conical teeth, the outer very small;
then the outer series disappears, those of the remaining series increasing in size toward
the angle of the mouth.
The scales above the lateral line are in 85 to 90 oblique series, downward and
backward. Those of the lateral line are enlarged, as usual in the genus, but are so
concealed by smaller scales, that they are difficult to enumerate.
The spinous dorsal is more elevated than in other species of the genus, the
third spine often reaching the tip of the last spine when depressed. The last dorsal
spines are very delicate, one or more of them often lacking; the spines are normally
10in number. The second dorsal is without a definite scaly sheath; small scales
encroach on the thickened base of its anterior rays.
The posterior nostril is a narrowly oblong slit, scarcely larger than the ante-
rior pore-like opening.
In life, grayish silvery above, with bluish and greenish reflections, silvery
below; mouth cavity orange-yellow; opercular lining jet-black. A black humeral
blotch, concealed by gill-cover. Anal and lower caudal lobe tinged with yellow;
fins otherwise translucent-dusky.
GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 121
225. Sagenichthys mordax sp. nov.
PuaTeE XVI, Fic. 32.
This species, which comes rather abundantly to the market at Panama, has
been identified heretofore with Sagenichthys ancylodon from the Atlantic. No satis-
factory material from opposite sides of the Isthmus has ever been compared, and
none from the Atlantic is now available to the authors. But if current descriptions
of S. ancylodon are at all reliable, there can be no question as to the validity of the
form here described, which is distinguished by the greatly enlarged scales along the
course of the lateral line, and by the much smaller size of the scales covering the
body generally, as shown by the number of oblique rows above the lateral line. The
gill-rakers are shorter than in S. ancylodon.
Dorsal X, I, 28-30; anal II, 9 or ro. Head 34 in length; depth 44. Snout 41 to 44 in
head; eyes (between edges of adipose eyelids) 6} in head in adults 38 cm. long, 54 to 5% in speci-
mens 25 cm. long. The width of the bony interorbital space is slightly greater than the distance from
the tip of the snout to the posterior nostril, slightly less than 5 times in the head. In younger speci-
mens, it equals the length of snout as far as posterior nostril.
The maxillary is longer in young specimens, its length contained 2 to 24 times in the head; in
larger specimens 21 to 22. The premaxillaries have an outer series of arrow-shaped teeth, which are
very long toward the center of the jaw, and decrease in size regularly toward the angle of the mouth.
Anteriorly, behind the outer row, is a short series of three teeth on each side the median line, one of the
anterior pair, or rarely both, greatly elongate, much exceeding any of the other teeth in size.
Along the posterior half of each premaxillary, there is a narrow inner band of small cardiform teeth,
which retain the form of the canines, each tooth having a distinctly lancet-shaped head, and a longi-
tudinally-ridged stalk. Near the hinder end of the band, the outer row of canines become so reduced
as to be indistinguishable from the teeth lying behind them. The sides of the mandible contain an inner
series of large arrow-shaped canines, and a single outer series of slender teeth, similarly provided with
arrow-shaped tips. Anteriorly on each side, the inner series of canines terminates, and an outer series
of still larger canines develops, consisting normally of four teeth on each side the symphysis, of which
the second pair are the largest. These are not continuous with the outer series of small teeth which
occupy the sides of the jaw, as the latter bend around behind the anterior canines, where the two
series overlap. The larger canines are subject to frequent injury, and are rapidly replaced by others
occupying the same position. The lower jaw projects so that the anterior mandibular canines close
outside the upper lip.
The gill-rakers are proportionately longer in young specimens, in which the longest is one-
third to two-fifths the diameter of the eye. There are 7 to 9 movable rakers on the horizontal limb of
the outer arch.
The dorsal spines are very slender and weak. The membrane behind the tenth spine joins the
base of the eleventh, which is attached for its entire length to the first soft ray. All the fins are densely
scaled to their tips. The caudal fin is doubly concave, the median rays greatly protruding in the
young, less so in adults. The pectoral fins are very long, extending nearly twice as far as the ven-
trals, rf to 11 in the head in specimens 12 inches long (injured in larger specimens). Ventrals 2}
in head.
The scales are very small, those above the lateral line arranged in about 105 oblique series
running downward and backward. The scales bearing the pores of the lateral line are much enlarged,
47 to 50 in number, counted to the base of the median caudal rays. These enlarged scales are covered
and in part concealed by small scales similar to those above the lateral line.
122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
In life, grayish brown above, with bluish and greenish reflections, bright silvery below. The
dorsal and caudal are dusky, the caudal often with narrow blackish margin, but without any deepening
of color inthe lower lobe. Ventrals and anal unmarked. Upper half of axil black, the inner face of
the pectoral dusky, especially in its upper portion. Gill-cavity more or less dusky.
Measurements tn Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length to caudal base, in mm............. 345 292 229
Depthict..c2-.5¢secetecceaceeeaeeree cere eee || 22 22 2
Head from tip of upper jaw............... 314 | 31 304
Eye between adipose eyelids .............. 42 5 53
Maxillary: tie-4sccscenc scones ne che seeeeres 144 15 144
Least width of suborbital (bone only)... 14 ee 1d
Interorbital width above middle of eye... 7 64 64
Length of third dorsal spine............... II 9s II
Length of soft dorsal base.................. 37 38 36
Height ofanalj-i tcc. eesss eee II II 124
eng thvolipectoral eeeress sere eeeere eee 20f | 21 24
Menothiolventralseessseesee sees eter 13 14 144
Length of caudal (middle rays)........... 19) 19 21
Least height of caudal peduncle........... 8 84 8
226. Nebris occidentalis Vuillant.
GUAVINA.
Nebris zestus JORDAN & STARKS (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 1417).
Abundant.
In Sagenichthys, Isopisthus and Nebris, we have genera each of which is
represented by one species on the Pacific coast of Central America, and a supposedly
different, but very closely related representative form in the Atlantic. Unfortunately,
we have no Atlantic material for comparison in any of these cases. This is to be
regretted the more, as no direct comparisons have ever been made, and the distinctive
characters relied upon may prove to be fictitious.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 123
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length from tip of upper jaw to caudal base in mm........ 246 224
I DIZ\eii os Rhe Na ep eR ERD Ee cee ae nGaer Ee eae ata Ince, tt rine 26 24
[aIGAVGL, inoeN (aHOV LO Woy ete IEW GeapeGnosmonceonsbencues eecobooae 31 32
12S Gtonodtodacd GRBAC oRaHed tes Setcostionc Dac euecaCccee as ana ee 3h 34
IMViatxalllatay mes sonetas mecnc tetak te cost erate ae I4 14
eastawidthy ofsubonbitalless: -cossmeeesne sea ececenecace ce soene 4 4
Jha gerroyel OAM! ((IYOYNS)) deqperadossobaoase consouaes aakdaa eoodsenobnee u@ jf aie
ensthyotsthirdtdotsallspine masses eecey eee seaece ee 10 94
ILGyoregiln Oi wid. Clore Y WEN. -cosccd00 poocddado acoubboce Beecbonne 104 II
Wenothronslone estan unciyaasnees eee eeeee ee eeeorteree ecteee 13 134
Renothiote pectoral lp sssscceee-saescey ace eee se cess ase 27 29
eng thtom ventralSeercstnt aeqesecsseaicee. tere gsc seeicecte ne 19 18
Wenathonemiddlercaudalirays)-.qsescscseesscseieteeeseeee 22 22
east heishtiot caudal peduncles: s2s.-2--0 -pee-eel-- seas <° 9 84
227. Larimus argenteus ((ill).
BOCATUERTA BLANCA,
Very abundant.
In this species, a vertical line from the corner of the closed mouth passes mid-
way between the front of the orbit and the tip of the snout. The length of the snout
is two-fifths that of the maxillary. The gape is arched, with the convexity behind.
The anterior (lower) margin of the mandible is also strongly arched with its convexity
forwards. The eye is smaller than in any other species of the genus, 43 to 5 in head,
in adults.
In life, very brilliant silvery on sides and below, the upper parts faintly olive,
with silvery, greenish and bluish reflections. The dorsal and anal are slightly dusky,
the pectorals translucent, the anal and ventrals white or faintly straw-colored.
228. Larimus effulgens Gilbert.
Puate XVI, Fic. 33.
Larimus effulgens GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1808, p. 1421).
Very close to Z. acclivis, with which it agrees in almost all details of structure. The color
is, however, bright silvery without trace of stripes, as in Z. argenteus. The pectoral fin is also much
longer.
Dorsal XI, 28 to 30; anal II, 6; pectoral 16; head 35 to 34; depth 24 to 3; pores of lateral
line 49 or 50.
124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Mouth slightly more oblique than in Larimus acclivis, much less so than in L. argenteus.
Premaxillaries anteriorly on a level with middle of pupil (lower part of pupil in Z. acclivis). Maxillary
about reaching vertical from front of pupil, 24 to 24 in head. Teeth minute, close-set, even, in a single
series in each jaw, none of them enlarged. Eye large, 34 to 4} in head. Interorbital space 44 to 44.
Preopercular margin membranous, with flexible ribs ending in minute spinules. Gill-rakers very long,
two-thirds diameter of orbit, r9 or 20 on horizontal limb of arch.
Dorsal spines high and flexible, the first two not noticeably thickened. Tenth spine shortest.
Third dorsal spine longest, 2 to 24 in head. Soft dorsal very long, its base 2% to 24 in length.
The longest dorsal ray equals length of snout and eye. Second anal spine very strong, 24 to 25 in
head. Pectoral very long and narrow, 145 longer than head, injured in most specimens. Ventrals
reaching to or slightly beyond vent, 14 in head. Caudal lanceolate, the middle rays much produced,
as long as head. Tubes of lateral line much branched. Definite scaly sheaths along bases of dorsal
and anal. Basal portions of membranes of vertical fins with series of scales.
Bright silvery, the back grayish. Lining of cheeks black, a small black blotch on upper third
of axil. Ventrals, anal and lower caudal rays bright orange-yellow; fins otherwise dusky-translucent.
Rather common at Panama, where numerous specimens were secured.
229. Larimus acclivis Jordan & Bristol.
Puate XVII, Fic. 34.
BOCATUERTA RALLADA.
A common species in the Panama market. Our material agrees with the
types of the species in those points which are supposed to be distinctive of this Pacific
form. The black streaks are conspicuous, and the second anal spine is constantly
shorter than the soft rays, 24 to 2? in the head. The region about the pseudobranchie
is largely black.
230. Larimus pacificus Jordan & Bollman.
Not seen by us; the type dredged by the Albatross in Panama Bay, Station
2802, 16 fathoms. It was subsequently dredged in the Gulf of California, Stations
3021 and 3026, 14 and 17 fathoms.
231. Odontoscion xanthops Gilbert.
Priate XVII, Fie. 35.
Odontoscion xanthops GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 1426).
~ Head 3 in length; depth 32; dorsal XII, 27; anal II, 8; pectoral 17; pores in lateral line 50.
Head and body elongate, compressed, narrow. Dorsal and ventral outlines nearly equally
curved. Profile slightly depressed over front of orbits, the snout bluntish, not protruding. Jaws
equal, the lower wholly included, the symphysis prominent, slightly passing the premaxillaries.
Mouth very oblique, the maxillary reaching slightly behind middle of eye, 24 in head. Tip of maxil-
lary broad. Mental and rostral pores of moderate size, not conspicuous. A series of slender canines
in lower jaw, preceded by an irregular outer villiform row, most evident toward symphysis. The
series of canines turns inward and backward on the symphyseal protuberance, the innermost pair
enlarged, directed backward. Upper jaw with a series of conical teeth, similar to those on sides of
mandible, separated by a considerable interspace from an inner series of very small close-set teeth,
directed backward. Eye very large, subcircular, the longest diameter 3? in head; snout 44; inter-
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 125
orbital width 42. A definite supraorbital ridge. Suborbitals narrow. Preopercular margin without
definite spines, with minute crenulations, which end in spinous points. Gill-rakers long and slender,
16 on horizontal limb of arch, the longest two-fifths diameter of orbit.
Spinous dorsal very high, of weak flexible spines, none of which are thickened. The third
spine is the highest, as long as snout and eye; eleventh spine shortest. Second anal spine strong,
equaling length of snout and half eye. Pectorals short, not reaching tips of ventrals, 1,9, in head.
Ventrals not reaching vent, extending half way from their base to front of anal. Caudal apparently
short and rounded; somewhat mutilated in the type, as are the soft dorsal and anal.
Scales large, weakly ctenoid, except on head, where they are cycloid, Maxillary, tip of man-
dible, and extreme tip of snout naked; head otherwise completely invested. A definite sheath of scales
at base of soft dorsal. Soft portions of all the vertical fins with membranes scaled.
Dark steel-gray, with olive tinge above, silvery below, the lower parts coarsely punctate with
brown. Blackish streaks follow the rows of scales, those below the lateral line broad, horizontal,
conspicuous; those above lateral line narrower, less intense, the anterior ones directed obliquely
upwards, those under soft dorsal nearly horizontal. Fins dusky, the anal, lower caudal lobe, and the
terminal portion of ventrals black. Iris bright yellow. Roof of mouth and sides of mandible within
orange-yellow, the membrane within mandibular teeth black. Tongue faintly yellow. A dusky
yellow bar above and one below pseudobranchiz, the gill-cavity otherwise silvery.
A single specimen, 19 em. long, from Panama Bay.
232. Corvula macrops (Steindachner).
This species is frequent about the islands in Panama Bay. We collected five
specimens, which we have examined in connection with a specimen collected at
Mazatlan by the Hopkins Expedition.
These all seem to be darker and have more pronounced stripes along the rows
of scales than Steindachner’s figure (1876 a, Pl. II) of the type would indicate.
We may supplement the original description as follows: Head 34 to 32 in
length; depth 23 to 3}. Eye 33 to 4 in head; snout 4 to 44. Two specimens have
52 transverse series of scales; one has 53; three have 54. The anal is constantly II,
10; the dorsal as follows: three specimens, XI, I, 25; one specimen XI, I, 24; one
specimen XI, I, 26.
233. Elattarchus archidium (Jordan & Gilbert).
Frequently taken on sandy shores.
The dorsal formula has been incorrectly given. There are 11 (rarely 10)
dorsal spines, and 26 or 27 articulated rays. In eight specimens, the second dorsal
contained rays as follows: 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27,27. The diameter of the eye is
constantly less than the interorbital width and is contained 4% to 5 times in the head;
interorbital width 34 to 44. The caudal is strongly emarginate or shallowly lunate.
Along the sides of the mandible, there is a series of minute teeth along the
outer edge of the row of canines (as in Cynoscion); as we approach the symphysis
these increase in size until they come to equal those of the inner series, which
decrease rapidly in size along this part of the jaw. Two irregular series are thus
formed, which turn backward on the symphyseal knob, the pair of large canines being
(e U) December 8, 1903.
126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
the last teeth of the inner series. Along the front and sides of the upper jaw are two
series, an outer row of enlarged canine-like teeth (smaller, however, than the large
teeth along the middle of the mandible), and an inner rowof slender curved cardi-
form teeth curving directly backward. Those along the front of each jaw are larger
and more widely spaced than the others. Behind the middle of the premaxillary,
the inner series develops into a narrow band. The canines diminish in size laterally
and become finally indistinguishable from the teeth of the band.
A specimen of this species secured by the Albatross in San Juan Lagoon,
near Guaymas, Gulf of California, has been compared with our material; no differ-
ences appear to exist. In this specimen, also, there are 26 rays in the second dorsal
fin.
234. Bairdiella ensifera (Jordan & (filbert).
A common fish in the markets. It is well separated from B. icistia by the
shorter snout, more oblique mouth, more projecting lower jaw, stouter dorsal spines,
longer and stouter second anal spine, shorter soft dorsal and rounded spinous dorsal.
Dorsal X, I, 22 in two specimens; X, I, 23 in three specimens; X, I, 24 in
three specimens. Snout equals diameter of eye, or is slightly shorter; it is contained
from 4+ to 4% times in head. Anterior margin of premaxillary on a level witha
point slightly above lower edge of pupil. The tip of the lower jaw projects a very
little beyond the upper.
Dorsal spines all stout, the second the stoutest; the fourth the longest, the fifth
and sixth only slightly reduced in length, the others reduced rapidly to the tenth.
The posterior outline of the extended spinous dorsal is convex above and concave
below. The second anal spine reaches nearly to below the caudal base, the length
from 14 to 14 in head.
In three specimens of B. icistia, the dorsal formula is IX, I, 28; X, I, 27;
X, I, 26. The snout is a little longer than eye, its length from 4 to 4} in head.
Anterior margin of premaxillary on a level with a point midway between lower part of
eye and lower part of pupil. Tip of lower jaw included. Dorsal spines all slender;
the second not stouter than the others, the third the longest. The posterior outline of
the extended spinous dorsal is concave, the fin being sharply angulated at the tip of
the third spine. The tip of the second anal spine scarcely reaches past the vertical
from the tips of the last dorsal rays; its length 14 to 13 in head.
235. Bairdiella armata (Gill.
Frequent. In six specimens the dorsal formula is X, I, 23; in five it is X, I,
22 (not XI, I, 21, as described by Jordan and Evermann, 1898, p. 1486).
The longest rays of the caudal fin are just below the middle; above these the
fin is slightly concave, below it obliquely truncate. This shape is not well marked
in some specimens.
The following color notes are from a fresh specimen: Fins all yellow; ventrals,
pectorals, and caudal orange-yellow; spinous dorsal with a large black blotch above;
soft dorsal and caudal with dusky margins. Mouth and gill-cavity light yellow.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 127
236. Bairdiella chrysoleuca (Gunther).
Not uncommon.
An examination of younger specimens than those from which are drawn cur-
rent descriptions of this species, sheds little additional light on its relations to B.
aluta. The type of the latter is 19 em. long. We have at hand one specimen of
chrysoleuca 19 em., and one 165 mm. long. In these, the eye is 4} to 5 in head (not
4, as in aluta). The fin counts ascribed to aluta are outside the range of variation of
chrysoleuca, as is also the number of scales in the lateral line. The soft dorsal in
chrysoleuca varies from 21 to 23 rays (not 18, as in aluta); the anal contains 9 rays
(not 8) and the lateral line traverses 49 to 51 scales (not 44), the count being made
to the base of the middle rays of the caudal. If the account of B. aluta is reliable in
these respects, the species is certainly distinct.
In our specimens of chrysoleuca, the head is contained 3} to 3} in the length;
the depth 23 to 34. The width of the preorbital is contained 12 times in the diam-
eter of the eye; the longest gill-raker is three-fifths diameter of pupil. The second
dorsal spine is much stouter than the third and is not flexible. The filamentous ray
of the ventral fin does not nearly reach the vent.
237. Stellifer oscitans (Jordan & Gilbert).
Frequently brought to market. We preserved six specimens, from 18 to 24
em. in entire length. ‘To the original description, we add the following:
Head 31 to 32 in length; depth 3 to 34. Eye equals prenasal part of snout
(measuring around contour of snout), 5 to 53 in head. Snout (distance from tip to
front of eye) 34 to 4 in head. Three of our specimens have 24 rays in the soft
dorsal, and three have 23. One specimen has but 10 spines in the first dorsal fin.
238. Stellifer furthi (Steindachner).
Common. A large number collected in the Panama market. We add the
following to the original description: Head 31 to 32 in length; depth 3 to 3}. Eye
42 to 5 in head; interorbital 24 to 3; second anal spine 2 to 24; ventral spine
21 to 22. The maxillary reaches to below a point midway between the posterior
edge of pupil and the posterior edge of orbit.
The color of a fresh specimen is as follows: Body light gray above, lower
parts of sides silvery, tinged with pinkish salmon. All fins light yellow; soft dorsal
with a narrow black margin.
In Jordan and Evermann’s description of this species (1898, p. 1441), occur
the following statements: ‘Highest dorsal spine 12 in head,” “ventrals 23 in head.”
This seems to have been incorrectly transcribed from Steindachner’s description,
which gives the length of the third (the highest) dorsal spine as 13 times the second
and about 24 in the head; the ventral spine 2} in the head.
128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
239. Stellifer illecebrosus Gilbert.
Puate XVIII, Fie. 36.
Stellifer illecebrosus GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 1442).
Head 3 to 3} in length; depth 24. D. XIV, 20 or 21; A. H, 11; P. 19 or 20.
Body compressed, rather deep, both outlines curved, the dorsal more than the ventral.
Head broad and depressed, but less so than in other species of S¥e//iferus, the interorbital width
equaling distance from tip of snout to front of pupil, 33 in head. Greatest width of head 1,85 to 27
in its length. Upper profile depressed above the orbits, the snout rather bluntly rounded, overlap-
ping the premaxillaries but little. Mouth large, moderately oblique, the gape curved. Maxillary
reaching vertical from middle of pupil, or slightly behind this point, its length, measured from front of
premaxillaries, 23 to 22 in head. Teeth in lower jaw uniform in size, in a villiform band of moderate
width, which does not conspicuously increase towards symphysis. Premaxillary teeth in a similar
villiform band, with an outer row of enlarged canines, which decrease in size towards the angle of the
mouth. Lips thin, but somewhat thicker than in other species of the genus. Five large pores in
mandible, and five in snout immediately behind premaxillaries, the inner pair being concealed by over-
hanging lobes. Back of these are three minute pores. Horizontal diameter of eye 54 to 53 in head;
length of snout 4 to 44; least width of preorbital half the diameter of orbit. Vertical limb of preoper-
cle with 8 or 9 rather slender spines, which increase in size towards angle; usually three of those at
the angle are enlarged and radiate regularly, or the lowermost may be directed abruptly downwards.
The horizontal limb is entire or provided with small flexible spines, loosely attached and projecting but
little beyond the integument. Gill-rakers short, slender, the longest nearly half the longitudinal
diameter of eye, 5 or 6 above angle of arch, 10 or r1 below.
Spinous dorsal high, the first two spines strong and rigid, the third to the eleventh weak and
flexible, the twelfth to the fourteenth again stronger and rigid. Second spine nearly two-thirds the
third which is the longest, 17 in head. The fin diminishes slowly in height to the sixth spine, then
more rapidly to the eleventh which is the shortest. The twelfth to the fourteenth progressively lengthen
and belong to the second dorsal, the last being more than half the length of the longest ray.
Second anal spine long and slender, about two-thirds the height of the longest ray, equaling
distance from tip of snout to front of pupil. Last ray of anal under the third before the last of the
dorsal. Pectorals reaching to or nearly to the vertical from the vent, 12 in the head. Ventrals
short, the outer ray filamentous, 13 in head. Caudal double-truncate, sublanceolate, the middle rays
projecting much beyond the outer, 14 in head.
Scales cycloid on top and sides of head, elsewhere ctenoid. Lateral line more arched than
the back, becoming straight slightly behind front of anal fin. Soft parts of all the vertical fins scaled
to their tips. Pectorals and ventrals with series of scales along the membranes.
Color in life, plain silvery gray above, silvery below. Dorsals and upper portion of caudal
dusky translucent. Pectorals light straw-color. Ventrals mesially orange-yellow, the inner ray, the
outer ray, and the tips of all the rays bright white. Anal deep yellow, the rays margined with black.
Lower caudal rays yellow. Gill-cavity dusky, without yellow.
Three specimens from the Bay of Panama, the largest 255 mm. long.
As stated below, under Hques viola, the last portion of the original published
description of S. illecebrosus (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 1442), including the
color and some structural details, refers instead to #. viola, and should be transferred
to the description of that species. There should be stricken from the description of
S. illecebrosus all after the 11th line from the bottom of p. 1442. The statement sub-
sequent to this point: “This species is related most nearly to Stedlifer minor, in some
respects intermediate between Stedlifer and Bairdiella” refers, however, to ilecebrosus,
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 129
but was not included in the original manuscript, a copy of which is furnished above.
On page 1439 of the volume cited, in the key to species, under the head of S. illece-
brosus, occurs the statement “coloration dark.” This should read “ coloration
silvery.”
240. Stellifer ericymba (Jordan & Gilbert).
This little fish is common in Panama Bay. Many specimens were preserved,
the largest not exceeding 16 em. in length.
We have examined in connection with our specimens the description given
by Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 1444) and find it satisfactory.
241. Stellifer zestocarus (Gilbert.
Puate XVIII, Fia. 37.
Stellifer zestocarus GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 1445).
Head 34 to 3} in length; depth 28 to 3. Pores in lateral line 47 to 50; dorsal XII, 19; anal
II, to.
Comparatively deep and compressed, with narrow head, large oblique mouth, the greatest
width of head 13 to 14 in its length. Anterior profile rising in an even convex curve to front of
dorsal, depressed very little if at all above the orbits. Greatest depth under front of spinous dorsal.
Length of caudal peduncle, measured from base of last anal ray, 13 in head; from last dorsal ray,
1%. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2% in head.
Head extremely soft, the bones cavernous. Snout bluntish, not projecting beyond the pre-
maxillaries, its length 44 to 44 in head. Lower jaw included, the tip produced into a short but
distinct symphyseal knob. Mouth large, very oblique, the maxillary (measured from front of
snout), equaling length of snout and eye, 24 in head. Teeth in narrow villiform bands in both jaws,
widest in sides of premaxillaries. None of the teeth enlarged. Lips thin. Mental and rostral pores
minute. Interorbital space transversely convex, 24 to 2,9, in head. Supraorbital ridges prominent.
Preopercle with a wide membranous border, which is strengthened near the angle with diverging ribs.
A single rather stiff spine directed backwards, immediately above the angle. Gill-rakers numerous,
long and slender, about 20 on horizontal limb of arch, the longest half the diameter of orbit. Eye
large, elliptical, the long axis oblique, the greatest diameter 32 or 34 in head, equaling distance from
tip of snout to front of pupil.
Fins high, densely scaled, including the spinous dorsal. First and second dorsal spines rather
strong and stiff, the third and succeeding spines flexible. Third spine longest, 13 in head. The
ninth spine is shortest, the tenth and eleventh longer, belonging to the soft dorsal. The last three
spines are stronger and rigid. Second anal spine long and rather slender, 24 to 22 in length of head.
Longest anal ray 1% to 12in head. Anal basis long, equaling length of snout and eye. Caudal
double-truncate, almost lanceolate, the middle rays much produced, 14 or 14 in head. Pectorals
long, reaching beyond vent, 14 in head. Ventrals not nearly reaching vent, 14 to 1 in head.
Scales thin, deciduous, weakly ctenoid. Head completely scaled.
Nearly uniform grayish silvery above, bright silvery below. Fins slightly dusky. Mouth
and gill-cavities silvery white. A blackish blotch in the region of the pseudobranchiz.
Seven specimens from Panama Bay, the longest about 15 em. long.
242. Ophioscion typicus Gill.
Not common; eight specimens were taken 14 to 21 em. in length. The
description of this species by Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 1448) was evidently
130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
taken from a young specimen. We make the following additions to the original
description:
Head 31 to 32 in length. Eye 4! to 5 in head; snout 33 to 4; interorbital
(bone) 82 to 4; maxillary 3 to 34; third dorsal spine 1% to 23.
In addition to the differences already noted as distinguishing this species from
O. strabo, we note the lighter pectorals and ventrals, which are colorless or only
slightly dusky. In 0. strabo the pectorals are dark, and the ventrals, with the excep-
tion of a white outer ray, are nearly black.
243. Ophioscion simulus (Gilbert.
Puate XIX, Fie. 38.
Ophioscion simulus GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 1449).
Dorsal X-I, 26; anal II, 7; pectoral 18 or 19; pores in lateral line ‘50; smaller scales not
here enumerated cover the base of the caudal fin. Head 33 in length, equaling depth.
Body more elongate and less compressed than in other species, the head especially charac-
terized by rounded outlines; preorbitals turgid; snout blunt, scarcely at all compressed, evenly rounded
in all directions. Top of head everywhere transversely convex, not at all depressed over the orbits.
A scarcely noticeable depression at occiput, with the exception of which the profile rises slowly and
evenly to the front of the dorsal fin. Predorsal region transversely evenly convex, not compressed to
a ridge, except immediately in front of first dorsal spine. Dorsal and ventral outlines about equally
curved, the base of anal fin but little more oblique than the normal contour at that point. Mouth
wide, broadly U-shaped as seen from below, overpassed by the bluntly rounded snout for a distance
(taken axially) equal to half diameter of pupil. The cleft of the mouth is moderately oblique, the
maxillary reaching the vertical from middle of pupil. Length of maxillary (measured from front of
premaxillaries) 31 in head. Mandible with a broad band of villiform teeth of uniform size. Pre-
maxillaries with a similar broad villiform band, preceded by an outer series of small canines, close-set,
smaller in size than in related species. Preorbital of moderate width, swollen and turgid as in Pachy-
wrus, its width 64 in head. Posterior nostril large, circular, without trace of raised membranous edge.
Anterior nostril vertically elliptical, small, with raised margin. Oblique diameter of eye, 43 in head.
Preopercular margin with 14 to 16 spinous teeth (in the type specimen), the upper ones minute,
increasing in size towards preopercular angle, around which they evenly radiate. None of them are
conspicuously enlarged, and the lowermost is not directed abruptly downward. Géill-rakers short, the
longest about equaling diameter of posterior nostril, 7 movable ones on upper limb of arch, 13 below.
First dorsal high, of very slender flexible spines, except the first two. The second spine is
strong and rigid, as long as the fourth, contained 12 times in the head; the third spine the longest,
reaching when declined to base of the spine of second dorsal, its length 12 in head. From the third,
the spines decrease rapidly, so that the distal margin of the fin is subvertical. The tenth spine is the
shortest, its membrane reaching base only of the eleventh, which belongs to the second dorsal and
is two-thirds as long as diameter of the eye. Second dorsal high, the longest ray equaling length
of snout and eye. Caudal sublanceolate, mutilated so that its exact shape cannot be ascertained. The
middle rays are considerably longer than the outer, and are at least three-fourths length of head.
Second anal spine long and strong, its measured length 12 in head, slightly greater than that of first
soft rays, which however project beyond it. Outer ventral ray produced in a very short filament,
about one-fourth diameter of eye. | Ventral spine 22 in head, the longest ray, exclusive of filament,
14 in head, reaching five-sevenths distance from its base to vent. Pectorals 14 in head, reaching
vertical from tips of ventrals.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 131
Lips, gular membranes, and under side of snout naked, head and body otherwise scaled.
Scales on mandible, and a small patch on base of anterior branchiostegals, cycloid; those in advance
of nostrils cycloid, or very weakly ctenoid; scales otherwise strongly ctenoid. Second dorsal and
anal with a definite low scaly sheath at base, consisting of a single series of small scales and in addition
series of scales on the membranes, extending two-thirds distance to tip. Caudal scaled to tip. Lateral
line with a long low curve, the height of which equals half diameter of orbit.
Color steel-gray above, without dark streaks, white below, the cheeks and lower portion of
sides with much brown specking, sometimes confined to the margins of the scales. Mouth white
within. Lining of opercles blackish. Fins dusky, the distal part of ventrals black, the outer ray
white. Anal with the anterior rays tipped with black.
A single specimen 187 mm. long.
This species is closely related to 0. scierus, but differs in the longer, less
compressed body, the plain coloration, the turgid preorbitals, less arched lateral
line, and smaller canines.
244. Ophioscion strabo Gilbert.
This species is listed, without remark, by Boulenger (1899, p. 3) from Rio
Tuyra, and other rivers on the western slope of the Isthmus of Darien. The species
was not seen by us. These Panama specimens should be carefully compared with
the closely related species typicus and simulus, which are known from Panama and
closely resemble O. strabo.
245. Ophioscion imiceps (Jordan & (Gilbert).
This species seems to be rather rare at Panama. During our stay of six weeks
we secured twelve specimens. Like other species of the genus, 0. imiceps varies
greatly in length of snout and diameter of eye.
Head 3; to 33 in length; depth 28 to 31. Eye 42 to 54 in head; snout 33
to 4; interorbital width 3% to 44; second dorsal spine 21 to 3; third dorsal spine
13 to 2.
246. Ophioscion scierus (Jordan & (rilbert).
Puate XIX, Fic. 39.
Common.
The snout projects beyond the mouth for a distance varying from one-third to one-half
the diameter of the eye. It increases in sharpness with its length.
Interorbital width (bone) 44 to 44 in head (not 54); snout 3$ to 34; eye 54 to 52. Géill-
rakers short, barely movable, 12 on horizontal limb of arch. — Soft dorsal with a distinct, rather wide
sheath of scales at base; each interradial membrane with a series of scales, rapidly diminishing in size
from the base upward, reaching half way to margin of fin. Anal similarly scaled, the basal sheath less
clearly defined.
Second dorsal spine very stout, conspicuously stronger than any of the succeeding spines, all
of which are slender and weak. The eleventh spine is twice the length of the tenth. The second anal
spine is very robust, twice the width of the second dorsal spine, reaching to opposite the tip of the fifth
soft ray. Soft dorsal rays 24 or 25.
Opercular lining blackish.
132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal in mm. ............ 198 mie) | 150 153 70 161 147 163
LCA oo steers s motiiaet creme nem aaah 20 304 22 31¢ aii 31 304 304
| De) oe Paeaneenecaepccnernetusceiantteoascncesnotton 20 314 32 32 31 32 30 Rit
EY Css osssee aussie sietvaninss stave ouseteatenmmetne 54 6 6 64 6 64 6 6
SMOUE +).cestrosenss oanes doar ersaneatececeecetenee 8t 84 83 8t 9 8 8 9
Inter orbital iwc Ehieeeeeessseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesee 74 7 74 7k 73 7 7 74
eng thvotmpectoralleemeee cere ease eeecerecnees 23 24 26 24 24 24 24 23
Length of third dorsal spine ............... 164 19} | 19 184 174 18 194 164
Length of second anal spine ............... 15 sh |) 10 17 17 17 18 16}
247. Sigmurus vermicularis ((inther).
Frequently brought into the market, where we collected nine specimens.
Head from 3,', to 3} in length. Eye 5} to 54 in head; snout 3% to 4; length
of third dorsal spine 1} to 13; interorbital (bone only) 42 to 5. The dorsal formula
is as follows: In one specimen IX, I, 27; in four specimens X, I, 27; in four speci-
mens X, I, 26. The anal is constantly I, 8.
248. Scizna deliciosa (Z'schudi).
According to Jordan and Eigenmann (1889, p. 406), a few specimens of this
species, said to have been taken at Panama, are in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. There are no other references to the occurrence of
this Peruvian species at Panama, and the record is in need of verification.
249. Micropogon altipinnis Giinther.
CoORBINA LUNA.
Head 3} to 34 in length; depth 34 to 34. Eye 6 to 61 times in head; snout projecting
beyond the mouth for a distance equaling one-fourth eye. Snout 3} in head. Anterior nostril very
small, circular, with a narrow membranous border, widened posteriorly to form a short flap. Posterior
nostril obliquely elliptical, its greatest diameter one-third eye. Maxillary reaching vertical from front
or middle of pupil, 24 in head. Anterior premaxillary teeth of the outer row noticeably larger than
those behind them. Usually four pairs of slender mandibular barbels. Upper preopercular serra very
small, increasing in size toward the angle. At the angle, separated from these by a wide interval, is
a very strong spine directed downward and backward, below which is a similar but shorter spine
directed more obliquely downward. The gill-rakers are very short, the longest two-fifths the hori-
zontal diameter of the pupil, 15 or 16 present on the horizontal limb of the arch.
The dorsal fin contains constantly 11 spines, the last longer than the one preceding. In eight
specimens the soft rays number 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22. The spinous dorsal is very high, the
third spine extending to base of first or second ray of soft dorsal; its length is contained 14 to 14 times
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 133
in the head. The low scaly sheath along the base of the soft dorsal disappears shortly before reaching
the end of the fin. The second anal spine is nearly or quite equal to the length of the snout. Pec-
torals extending well beyond the ventrals, 12 in the head. Outer ventral ray filamentous, 13 in head.
Caudal with the middle rays longest, the outline of the fin concave above the middle, convex below it.
Scales above the lateral line in very oblique series downward and backward, normally 40 or 41
in number; in one specimen there were but 35 rows, in another 43. An occasional scale is intercalated
between these series as they approach the lateral line, the number of pores slightly exceeding the
series.
Color as usual in the genus. Upper part of axil dusky. Opercular lining dusky, becoming
black posteriorly, where it contrasts strongly with the silvery opercular membrane.
This is a common species at Panama. Our description is based on specimens
31 to 36 em. long.
250. Umbrina xanti (ill.
Recorded from Panama by Giinther (1868, p. 426, as U. analis), and by
Gilbert. Not seen by us.
251. Umbrina dorsalis (ill.
Infrequent; four specimens secured.
Dorsal “X, 1, 29, 29, 31, 31. Anal Il, 7, 7,7,8. Eye 44 to 44 in head;
snout 34 or 33. Preopercular margin scarcely serrate, provided with a rather thick
membranous border with small flexible teeth.
252. Menticirrus nasus ((Giinther).
Menticirrus simus JORDAN & EIGENMANN, 1889, p. 437.
Frequent in the Panama market. The twelve specimens before us differ
in the size of the eye and the form of the snout sufficiently to demonstrate the
identity of J. simus and M. nasus, which have been separated on differences similar
to those here found.
Head 34 to 34 in length; depth 4} to 44. Eye equals snout in front of ante-
rior nostril, and is contained 51 to 54 in head; snout 31 to 34. The third dorsal
spine is the longest and is contained 4} to 4} in the length. When the fin is
depressed, its tip reaches variously from the base of the first ray of the second dorsal
to the base of the fourth. Above the lateral line, there are 50 oblique series of scales
running downward and backward.
The nostrils are larger than in M. panamensis, the anterior nostril round or
very slightly oval, distant half its diameter from the posterior nostril. A dermal
flap is attached to its posterior edge, and extends back to the posterior nostril. The
posterior nostril varies in shape from widely to narrowly elliptical. Its posterior end
is usually pointed and reaches the beginning of the adipose eyelid.
The caudal is S-shaped; its upper angulated lobe extends beyond the lower
rounded lobe a distance equal to the diameter of the eye.
(18 ) December 12, 1903.
134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
253. Menticirrus panamensis (Stevndachner).
The most abundant species of the genus at Panama. Fourteen specimens
were preserved, the largest 33 cm. in length. The following additions may be made
to Dr. Steindachner’s description, in the light of our large series.
Dorsal X, I, 20 or 21; anal I, 9. Depth 4 to 43 (rather than nearly 4 as
stated by Steindachner) in length without caudal; head 3 to 3}. Eye 7 to 8 in head;
snout 34 to 4. The anterior nostril is round, and is separated from the posterior
nostril by a space equal to half its diameter. To its posterior edge is attached a der-
mal flap, which extends back to the posterior nostril. The latter is a little broader
than the former, and twice as long. It ends at a distance equal to its length from
the orbital edge (exclusive of the adipose eyelid). The outer series of teeth in the
upper jaw consists of from 6 to 10 irregularly spaced canines, those in the front of
the jaw much enlarged.
When the spinous dorsal is depressed, the tip of the third dorsal spine reaches
to, or a very little past, the front of the second dorsal. The length of the third spine
is contained in the length of the body 5 to 54 times; it equals the caudal and is con-
tained 11 to 11 in the pectoral (Steindachner describes it as equal to the pectoral).
The caudal is conspicuously S-shaped; the upper lobe shorter than in other species;
its tip not extending beyond the lower rounded lobe.
M. panamensis differs from M. nasus in haying a longer head, smaller eye,
smaller nostrils placed farther from the eye, larger canines, and shorter dorsal spines.
The anal base is longer, the fin is not so much rounded in outline. There are two
less dorsal rays and one more anal ray; the upper angulated lobe of the caudal
does not project beyond the rest of the fin. J. panamensis probably reaches a
larger size.
254. Menticirrus elongatus (Ginther).
Frequently seen, but less abundant than JZ. panamensis.
255. Polyclemus dumerili (Bocourt).
Very abundant in the Panama market during the early part of January. The
species has been admirably described by Dr. Steindachner (1875 6, p. 31) under
the name Genyanemus fasciatus. It may be well to note that the pectoral and ventral
fins are densely scaled, as well as the soft portions of the vertical fins. Below are
given the colors in the fresh state.
Silvery gray on back, sometimes tinged with deep reddish yellow. Lower
half of sides, including belly and under side of caudal peduncle, salmon-red.
Breast and area about ventrals dusky silvery. Bars jet-black. Sides and top of
head dusky. Opercular lining blackish. Under side of head generally, including
opercular membrane and under side of snout, tinged with salmon. Dorsal, caudal
and pectoral fins straw-color, made dusky by minute points. Soft dorsal with a
narrow black margin. Spinous dorsal largely blackish. Anal orange-yellow.
Ventrals dusky yellow.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 135
256. Polyclemus rathbuni (Jordan & Bollman).
Only the types reported by Jordan and Bollman (1889, p. 162) from Panama.
257. Polyclemus goodei ((ilbert).
Puate XX, Fras. 40, 40a.
Paralonchurus (Zaclemus) goodet GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 1480).
The homodont dentition and elongate form of this species seem hardly suffi-
cient for generic separation from Polyclemus. Its nearest relative is probably P.
peruanus, Steindachner, a form with deeper body, but with scaly vertical fins and
with the outer row of teeth but very little enlarged.
Head 34 to 4 in length; depth 4 to 44; dorsal XI, 25 to 27, the spines varying from X to
XII; anal I, 7; 45 to 48 rows of scales running obliquely upwards and forwards from the lateral line.
Elongate, with broad heavy head, the temporal region swollen, protuberant. Snout very
high and blunt, its anterior profile vertically rounded, little protruding beyond the premaxillaries.
Length of snout 34 to 3} in head. Rostral and mental pores very large, arranged as usual. The
symphysial pore is bounded laterally by two membranous wings, continued forward from the man-
dibular margins, bearing many barbels. This is the condition also in Paralonchurus petersi and in
Polyclemus fasciatus, no ‘‘multifid barbel’’ being present. The barbels in P. goode? are much larger
and more numerous than in any other species known to us. They are widely spaced, form a con-
spicuous series along the inner margin of the mandible, and become crowded into a dense fringe along
the anterior half of the margin of the interopercle.
Mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching the vertical from the posterior edge of pupil, a trifle
less than one-third head. Teeth slender, villiform, none of them enlarged, those in the lower jaw in a
narrow band, in the upper jaw in a much wider band. Teeth nearly all with brown tips. Mouth very
protractile. Eye large, 24 in interorbital width, one-fourth postocular part of head. Preopercle with
a membranous edge minutely crenate, spinulescent. Branchiostegal membrane very wide. Pseudo-
branchize covered by membrane, partially concealed. Gill-rakers undeveloped, represented by soft
tubercles, of which there are 6 or 8 on the horizontal limb of arch. Two or three next the angle are
sometimes slightly longer and movable.
Dorsal spines slender and flexible, the third the longest, equal to length of snout and half eye.
Tenth spine shortest. Soft dorsal and caudal densely covered with scales to their tips. No differ-
entiated sheath at base of soft dorsal. Anal fin without scales. First anal spine minute, the second
slender but not flexible, one-half to two-thirds length of longest ray. Caudal fin with the lower lobe
longest, convex, the upper lobe concave. Longest caudal rays 13 in head. Pectorals broad, reaching
vertical from tips of ventrals, but not nearly to vent, 14 in head. The ventral spine is inserted slightly
behind the vertical from the base of the lowest pectoral ray. Outer ventral ray produced into a fila-
ment about one-fourth total length of fin. The longest non-filamentous ray, 14 in head.
Scales strongly ctenoid. Lateral line with a low wide curve, which grows abruptly steeper in
its posterior part, the lateral line becoming straight behind the middle of the anal fin. The scales of
the lateral line are enlarged, but are almost wholly concealed by smaller scales.
Color dark grayish brown above and on sides, with greenish and bluish reflections; white
below. Back and sides with four broad inconspicuous cross-bars extending downward and slightly
backward; the first from predorsal region to base of pectorals; the second from end of spinous dorsal;
the third from base of eighth to twelfth, the fourth from twentieth to twenty-fifth rays of soft dorsal.
Basal portion of the anal fin, and the outer ventral rays yellow, the distal portions dusky; other fins
dusky, the pectorals darker on the inner face, black at axil. Lining of opercle dusky.
136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Rare at Panama, eight specimens were obtained during a close inspection of
the markets for six weeks. Longest specimen 28 cm.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
TYPE
Length without caudal in mm. .............. 201 226 230
Depth 24. csngaeen senect coe teen se reece eee 25 26 26
ength) of head a eis.casccsn-earcwcceeeeccr eee 264 | 274 27
Diameter of eyer. ges. estss-eee saeco ee 4 4 4
Greatest width of preorbital ................. 4 4 4
Width! of interonbital iene et eeenacs she 8 84 84
Werreqd Ot SaOVF spcassonccadoenacnsops eascaces 8 8 8h
Length of third dorsal spine................. 13. |Broken| 11
Length of longest anterior dorsal rays..... 84 8 8
Wengthvot third tanallmayseese-peceee reese: 12 12 12
Mena thvotspectonallesemesesee seeeeeereeeeerer 24 AG ||| an
engthiohwentralsparee-teceseseneeeeeseeaeee 18$ | 21 20
Wengthiol cavidallesseseceses-sescee ee eeoe 23 22 22
Height of caudal peduncle.................... of | 10 10
258. Paralonchurus petersi Bocourt.
Pate XX, Fra. 41.
Rare; but four specimens seen.
The genus Paralonchurus, of which petersi is the type and the only known
species, is well separated from related forms by the cycloid scales and the anterior
insertion of the ventral fins. The base of the ventral spine falls in the vertical from
the base of the uppermost pectoral ray. The species carries to an extreme the
physiognomy peculiar to this section of the family, the eyes being very small, the
snout long and depressed, with very large pores, and the fins excessively developed.
Head 34 to 31 in length; depth 4 to 41. Dorsal X-I, 33 or 34. Anal II, 8. Lateral line
49 or 50. Interorbital space equaling or slightly exceeding length of snout, 32 in head. Eye 34 to
34 in interorbital width. | Distance from front of premaxillaries to tip of maxillary equaling that from
tip of snout to posterior edge of pupil, 2,9; to 3 in head. Vertical width of preorbital under front of
orbit equals half interorbital width.
The snout projects beyond the premaxillaries for a distance equaling two-thirds the diameter
of the eye; it is flattened from above and bluntly rounded from side to side. There is an evident
depression above the orbits. Mouth larger than in related species, the maxillary reaching a vertical
slightly behind the eye. The teeth are in bands of about equal width in the two jaws, increasing
slightly in size toward the inner side of the mandibular band and the outer side of the premaxillary
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 137
band. Upper jaw with an outer series of enlarged teeth, the basal four-fifths of each tooth finely
ridged lengthwise, the terminal one-fifth abruptly smooth, separated from the ridged portion by a
shallow transverse groove. This structure is very similar to that found in Sagenichthys, except that
the terminal portion is flattened and lance-shaped in the latter, but remains conical in Paralonchurus.
It is interesting to note that most of the teeth are light brown in color, as is usual with arrow-shaped
teeth. The finer teeth in Paralonchurus seem to show a similar structure to that just described.
Pseudobranchiz are perfectly evident in this genus, never wholly concealed, though covered
by the integument. Gill-rakers very short, little movable, 6 developed on the horizontal limb of the
arch. Free edge of mandibular ramus with a series of delicate cilia, which are continued forward
along the sides of the median pore at the chin. Preopercular margin delicately denticulate, with
flexible teeth.
Pectorals very large, twice as long as the ventrals, reaching the vertical from the vent, or the
front of the anal fin. The caudal fin is unsymmetrically lanceolate, the longest rays being those just
below the middle of the fin, the outline not incurved above or below these. The longest caudal rays
equal the longest of the pectoral fin. The outer ventral rays are produced, extending half-way to the
front of the anal.
Scales all cycloid, perfectly smooth, those of the lateral line enlarged, covered with very
small scales. The caudal is scaled on its middle rays, the other fins wholly scaleless.
In life, the back is grayish-brown, with light blue and bronze reflections; under parts whitish.
All the fins, except the spinous dorsal, are deep bright blue, appearing light brown by transmitted
light; the blue color persists in spirits. Posterior border of pectoral fins black; inner ventral ray
light brownish yellow, the outer filamentous ray whitish; anal with a narrow black margin. — Branchi-
ostegal membranes, gular membrane and lips with some yellow. Inside of mouth and gill-cavity,
and lining of shoulder girdle orange-yellow. Lining of opercles jet-black, of cheeks dusky.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal in mm. .............. | 252 238
FL CARA See os ee Weare od fee meninte Semen ss aictetisces | 30 30
LDC )8} 87 /e cndonpanes abipoduaotcolesbonteAnne uceeeaea ] 224 234
LN, ee uepioua speonenbtacs tos eo Ran Sccscanc coders 24 at
SHOU: 5 desocoseeeapo-ctonus ccodaneubonucoencgecone 9 9
Greatest width Gh preoubitalienea.casses see: 4 4
Interorbitall@bane)) sess aces ese nc seacee eee 9 9
ILereyend ev @e joyetetdeyeal| ce aocyanondes ~pedadensde 29 30
Length of third dorsal spine................. 10 9
Length of longest anterior dorsal rays..... 8 7h
Length of third anal ray ...................-. II 12
ILaayeniint Oe Weal oseasemaseoe dauconceo onan 14 144
Mensthvot caucalllsscesesess2 teense eceaes 26 27
Height of caudal peduncle.................... 9 gf
138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
259. Eques viola (Gilbert.
Puate XXI, Fie. 42.
Eques viola GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 1486).
The present species and Stelifer illecebrosus were originally published in
Jordan and Evermann’s Fishes of North and Middle America, Vol. II, pp. 1442 and
1486, from manuscript furnished by Dr. Gilbert. While being typewritten, the last
manuscript pages of the two descriptions were unfortunately interchanged, with the
result that the color, as well as various anatomical details ascribed to Z. viola belong
to Stellifer illecebrosus and vice versa. In the original description of #. viola (t. ¢.
p- 1486), all should be stricken out after the word “ reaching” on the fourth line
from the bottom of that page. The following description exactly follows the original
manuscript:
Head 2-8, to 34 in length to base of caudal; depth 2,5, to 3,7,. D. IX or X, 38 to 41; A.
II, 7 or 8; P. 17 to19. Scales 50 to 54 (oblique series).
Body narrowly wedge-shaped in section, sharply compressed towards dorsal outline, widening
below. Lower outline of head horizontal, straight; ventral outline a gentle convex curve to base of
anal, which is moderately oblique; lower outline of caudal peduncle slightly concave. The anterior
upper profile rises steeply in a very gentle curve to front of dorsal, thence more obliquely to front of
soft dorsal, where the depth of body is greatest.
Snout compressed, with rather prominent blunt tip, which slightly overhangs the mouth. Tip
of snout and of mandible swollen, provided with large mucous pores, a series of five in the mandible,
two transverse series of five each in the snout, of which the posterior lateral pair is minute. Mouth
horizontal or very slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching about to vertical from hinder margin of
pupil, its length measured from tip of snout 22 or 23 in head. Teeth in lower jaw in a wide villiform
band, a few of the outer series anteriorly slightly enlarged. Premaxillary teeth in a wide villiform
band, the outer series enlarged, forming moderate canines, larger than those in front of mandibular
band. Interorbital space narrow, its width contained 5 to 54 times in the head. Eye large, 4 to 44
in head. Preopercle entire, the membranous border sometimes minutely crenulate; opercle ending
posteriorly in two concealed points, the included opercular membrane covered with fine scales. Gill-
rakers short and weak, 5 above the angle, 9 to 11 movable ones below, the longest about four-ninths
eye.
Mandible, gular and branchiostegal membranes, and more or less of the snout naked, the scales
extending forward in some specimens to beyond the nostrils, in others scarcely beyond the front of
orbits. Head otherwise scaled. Lateral line following outline of back, strongly curved anteriorly.
The pores of the lateral line are minute, placed on small scales, irregularly wedged in between the
larger ones. Above the lateral line are very oblique series running downwards and backwards, and also
vertical series. There are about 50 of the former and 90 to 95 of the latter. Scales all ctenoid
except those on anterior part of breast, on lower anterior part of cheeks and on interopercle. Vertical
fins densely covered to near their tips with small ctenoid scales. Pectorals and ventrals with series of
scales on the membranes.
Spinous dorsal short, usually nearly triangular in outline, the second spine the longest, the
others rapidly decreasing to the last or next to the last. Longest spine usually as long as snout and
eye, sometimes shorter. Soft dorsal long and low, increasing in height backwards, the longest ray
about 34 in head. Depth of caudal peduncle equaling its length behind dorsal fin. Anterior insertion
of anal fin about under middle of soft dorsal, the length of caudal peduncle behind anal 12 to 14 in
head. Second anal spine strong, its length equaling distance from tip of snout to front or middle of
pupil and nearly reaching the tips of the soft rays. Caudal convex, the lower lobe slightly longer than
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 139
the upper. Pectorals short and broad, 12 to 13 in head, the upper angle rounded, not reaching as far
back as the ventrals, which equal them in length. Axillary scales of ventrals and pectorals very little
developed.
Color varying from uniform deep bronze-purple on body and fins, to brownish gray with
silvery reflections. Lower parts of head and body somewhat lighter. Tip of mandible white.
Ten specimens, the longest 189 mm., were taken around San José Rock, in
the Bay of Panama.
In this species, three slender interneurals, not connected with dorsal] spines,
lie in advance of the neural spine of the second vertebra. Four interneurals giving
attachment to dorsal spines, lie crowded between the neural spines of the second and
third vertebree, the anterior one being very broad. Three interneurals follow, inter-
posed between the third and fourth neurals, and three more between the fourth and
fifth.
Family CIRRHITIDZ.
260. Cirrhites rivulatus Valenciennes.
The only Panama record for this species is that by Giinther (1868, p. 421),
based on a specimen secured by Captain Dow. It was not seen by us.
Family POMACENTRID.
261. Chromis atrilobatus Gill.
Puate XXI, Fic. 43.
This species is very abundant about the islands in Panama Bay, where
numerous specimens were secured.
It is a strikingly elegant fish in form and color. The upper parts are brown-
ish, shading to silvery on lower sides of head and trunk. The yellowish silvery
blotch at base of last dorsal rays and on the contiguous portion of the back is very
conspicuous. A jet-black bar, wider in its upper portion, crosses base of pectoral fin
and involves its axil. It often fails to reach the lower rays of the fin. The pectoral
fin is translucent, unmarked. The ventrals are translucent or slightly dusky. The
anal is light or variously dark, but is without distinctive markings. The spinous
dorsal is uniformly dusky, the anterior two-thirds of the soft dorsal, including the ray
which forms the tip of the lobe, jet-black, with a narrow white margin. The last
three or four dorsal rays are translucent. The outer half of each caudal lobe is jet-
black, with a narrow translucent margin, the entire central portion of the fin trans-
lucent.
The body is slender, tapering regularly backward from the front of dorsal.
The top of head is everywhere transversely convex. The longitudinal contour shows
a slight but well-defined depression above the eyes. The teeth are in wide bands in
each jaw, the outer series conical, stronger than the others. The spinous dorsal is
rather low and of nearly uniform height. The soft dorsal and anal are distinctly
140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
angulated. Both caudal lobes are produced into filaments, the upper the longer.
The fin is very deeply forked, the median rays but one-fourth the longest rays of the
upper lobe. The lateral line is discontinued at the anterior edge of the yellow
blotch below last dorsal rays. It contains 19 or 20 scales. ach of the scales of the
median series on caudal peduncle is distinctly pitted, and contains a small tube which
is apparently imperforate, and represents the vanishing stages of the lateral line
which formerly occupied this region. The median series of scales on the trunk con-
tains 28 to 30 scales. Between the lateral line and the dorsal sheath are 24 rows
of scales.
The dorsal contains 12 spines and 13 rays; the anal fin 2 spines and 12 rays.
(. atrilobatus resembles strikingly in coloration C. notatus from Japan; but
the latter is deeper, and has 18 dorsal spines, larger scales, and a black-edged
anal fin.
262. Pomacentrus rectifrenum (ill.
A large number of adult specimens, 15 to 18 em. long, are referred to this
species.
Two very closely related, yet distinct, species were found associated around rocky
islands in Panama Bay. They were separated in the field by their slightly different
color and proportions, characters to which we can now add a slight but perfectly
constant difference in the fin-counts. Owing to the absence, among our Panama
material, of series illustrating changes which occur with age, and to the lack of adults
from any other region, our identification of one of these forms with the Mexican
species rectifrenum is subject to some uncertainty. The second form is described
below as a new species (P. gilli). Our specimens of rectifrenum are almost uniformly
light brown, with darker edges to the scales. The head is darker than the trunk,
and the ventral and vertical fins are black. The pectorals are distinctly blackish,
with a light blotch on the upper rays near the base. A small black spot occupies the
extreme base of the uppermost ray. In the majority of specimens, no traces persist
of blue spots, but in others of full size, there are very distinct blue spots on the sides
and top of head, and on the scales covering the anal fin. In one specimen 14 em.
long, there are in addition distinctly visible the vertical -blue streaks on the scales of
the sides, which are characteristic of the young of rectifrenum.
There are constantly 15 soft dorsal rays, and 13 anal rays, the last split ray
being in each case reckoned as one. These numbers hold in our Panama specimens
(thirteen in number), and are also found in two young specimens of rectifrenum (all
to which we have access) from Mazatlan. In Gill’s description of the types of recti-
frenum, he assigns to it 16 dorsal rays and 15 anal rays. It is reasonable to suppose
that the split ray at the end of each fin was by him reckoned as two rays. In giving
an account of some of the type material furnished him by Dr. Gill, Dr. Giinther
gives 15 dorsal and 14 anal rays. In their description of the species, Jordan and
Evermann assign 13 rays to each fin, but this is certainly an error.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 141
In the adult, the preorbital is very wide, equaling or exceeding the diameter
of the eye; the interorbital space is very wide and strongly arched; the margin of
the preorbital is smooth or nearly so for some distance behind the angle of the mouth.
There are 20 scales traversed by the lateral line, and 26 or 27 in aseries along middle
of trunk.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal expressed in mm..............0...+ 127 125 122 109 122 121
Teal Beemer meee re ones wate bone adie woeliee eiaccced dec aeansteltes de 324 | 32 31 32 334 | 33
DEBE ie ics BO BRCM RACE ERE EES Aye oite as ri aoe a ee 52 60 554 524 61 55
ODT Lai Caen nate oe pthc ener toccrs Saeceats tio cw seehcs tudnatenesoeee 9 9 84 9 84 9
LNitaSTRe)d Set Ce deconeaacer cube HESA RS ESE ee EERE GRC CELE Ree OREEREEE 124 124 12 12 124 124
GEOL Ditaleatiend otamanillaty socersseaaeccsscaseciedsesseseee: 8 8 8 8 84 84
onpestaGorsal aay see eeepoe neti et ecstaesestceeseees 24 25 26 26 24 24
Mou cestanaluraysreseeneree ates neessantre ee eat ee tahcce se | 22 23 23 234 28) 24
Mensths olepectonalier sence ncnicreat-cersceceestss oaekes enue: | 274] 30 284 | 29 30 29
Meno toeole venta arenes sane: ce pesencs\ces ere vases maiineelse ! 28 29 284 | 32 30 29
Wippetaloberotscadalltn.enescas.cs en saacneecceaceesecsecees | 30 29 29 31 30 30
eishiotmeatdalapedtncle cec..eccascsedsces creer steers cee 16 16 16 164 | 164 16
mealesralonogmiddle Of bOdycecsescuetscee oo-se--eeecases-aes-- | 26 27 27 27 27 | 27
|
263. Pomacentrus gilli sp. nov.
Puate XXII, Fie. 44.
Very closely related to P. rectifrenum, but differing constantly in the uniformly translucent
pectorals, the larger eye, the narrower and flatter interorbital space, the narrower preorbital, which is
serrated to a point opposite to or in advance of the angle of the mouth, and in the shorter dorsal and
anal fins.
Adult specimens, 14 cm. long, are brownish olive, or darker brown, on head and body, in-
cluding the bases of the vertical fins. Each of the scales on back and sides has a distinct black edge.
The vertical fins and the ventrals are black, or in some specimens yellowish. The pectorals are trans-
lucent yellow in life, with the upper rays colored like the rest of the fin. There is a blue spot at the
base of the upper pectoral rays. Each scale on the sides of the head and on the base of the anal fin is
marked with a pinkish blue spot. These are fainter in adults, but were not wholly lost in any of our
specimens. The smallest specimen procured is 11 cm. long. The spots are here more generally dis-
tributed. Large spots are present on the scales of the four lower series of the trunk, and on the scales
in front of the pectoral base. Small spots are present on the scales of the caudal peduncle and on
scattered scales on the top of the head and the sides of the trunk, especially evident above the lateral
line. The scaly portions of the caudal, the soft dorsal and the pectorals are also marked with small
blue spots less conspicuous than those on the anal fin. A few scales on middle of sides show vertically
elongated spots, indicating the probable presence in the young of vertical streaks along the rows of
(19) December 14, 1903,
142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
scales, as in P. rectifrenum. There is no indication in our specimens of blue streaks on the head,
but such may well be present in the young.
Head 31 to 3,15 in length; depth r} to 14. D. XII, 14; A. II, 12. The lateral line traverses
20 scales (19 in one specimen); 26 or 27 Sy in a series along the middle of the sides; 9 scales in a
series between lateral line and anus, 3 between lateral line and front of dorsal. There are fewer
accessory scales on top of head than in P. rectifrenum.
The preopercular margin is sharply serrate to or slightly below the prgiles the horizontal limb
is smooth. Preorbital sharply serrate with slender retrorsely curved spines, which occur as far forward
as the angle of the mouth, or slightly beyond that point.
The preorbital is narrower than in P. rectifrenum, its greatest width, opposite angle of
mouth, equaling two-thirds diameter of orbit.
The soft dorsal and anal fins contain constantly 14 and 12 rays, the last split ray being counted
as one. Thirteen specimens have been examined as to this point. P. vectifrenum has constantly one
more ray in the dorsal and anal. The soft dorsal and anal fins are pointed in all our specimens,
whereas they are bluntly rounded in P. rectifrenum. The ventrals have the outer ray filamentous,
extending beyond the vent, usually exceeding the length of the pectoral fin, and equaling the length
of the head.
The species is abundant among reefs and islands in Panama Bay. A single
specimen was secured at Acapulco.
We take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Theodore Gill, to whom is
due much of our early knowledge of Panama fishes.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal expressed in mm..................+4. | 107 105 104 102 107 83
PLGA acccuaesacei setserne oui Aa stieniennce aecinc tae eae em Lee erates eee | 34 324 | 34 33 33 34
IDS pothies ssaeticsene sulsersn se seceastasesbaiebe ssasseee ewsermenreacae 56 52 56 53 53 54
{Oy el Ov Rae ee GOR EHEC E EST REE GEDA GATOR CH CECEAR HOS noG Hout cmaasosNts 9 9 94 9 9t 10
Interorbital’ ., lacs szeecas oss seen a eene aoe oe ree 10 94 10 10 of 10
Preorbital at end! of maxillary ..))220. esscseso eee eee 6 64 64 64 64 6
Icongest dorsallmays)fetserhe recess setae ocee ree eee eetenec 26 25 28 26 26 28
Longestianal rays. dstechosesnoses dues eees accents eee: | 24 25 27 25 26 27
Wengthrotspectorallse-sse-ecesenee meee eee eee eee eee eee | 31 31 314 32 31 30
Benethvot" ventral wi. sco.cisuctee eee cise oae peer ecco eee 31 30 30 32 31 32
Wppemloberoh (caudal see: eaeeeeceheee ane eeee eee eee eee 325 ou 32 31 32 3t
erehtofrcardalliped tncleseeseh astro eee eeee eee eee eee eee 16$ | 15 16 16 16 16
Scalesialong middlesotpbodyeesssessseeeteenteaes-seeeee aera 27 26 26 26 27 26
264. Pomacentrus flavilatus (ill.
Not seen by us; recorded by Boulenger (1899, p. 3) from the Gulf of Panama.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 143
265. Nexilarius concolor (ill).
Abundant along rocky shores.
This species shows remarkable resemblance to Glyphisodon declivifrons. So
far as known, the two do not occupy the same waters, @. declivifrons being known
only from the coast of Mexico, N. concolor from Panama. For description of our
Panama material, see Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 1559).
266. Glyphisodon saxatilis (Linneus).
Very abundant everywhere about rocks.
The sides of body show five well-defined dark bars, as described, but the
‘sixth faint bar” at base of caudal is usually absent.
Specimens have been compared with material from the Atlantic, and from
the Hawaiian Islands.
267. Microspathodon dorsalis (ill).
Seen abundantly at Acapulco and Panama. At Acapulco, on December
20th, numerous small specimens of a very brilliant blue were seen about the rocks of
the mole. A larger specimen, 130 mm. long, was obtained. In this, the general
color is slaty-black, without blue tinge. The blue on the centers of the scales
on trunk has already disappeared, but the pair of larger blue spots on the nape,
those above the first, sixth and fifteenth scales of lateral line, and the confluent
pair immediately behind last dorsal ray are conspicuous. All the larger scales of
occiput and postorbital region are marked each by a blue spot, the spots irregular in
size and shape. An occasional scale on the nape is similarly marked. There is an
oblong blue spot on the eye above the pupil. An interrupted blue line runs from
supraorbital rim anteriorly above the nostril, the two lines converging toward the
tip of the snout, but not reaching it. A second broader streak runs forward from
below eye to the depression separating tip of snout from preorbital. A third short
streak runs backward from the angle of the mouth, continued by a series of two or
three blue spots on successive scales. A blue bar crosses the inner base of the upper
pectoral rays. Outer margin of ventrals blue. Margins of dorsal and anal narrowly
blue to or nearly to the tips of the lobes. Upper and lower margins of caudal pale,
the edge narrow and light blue in color near the base of the fin, wider and translucent
opposite the middle of the lobes. Soft dorsal and anal fins have the post-lobular
margins transparent, this edge widest and best marked on last dorsal rays. Pectorals
have a wide terminal translucent bar, occupying about one-third of the fin. The
lower region has a generally distributed bluish tint in life.
A larger specimen from Panama, 175 mm. long, is no further advanced toward
the mature condition. The color is dark slaty-blue, with broad white margins to the
pectorals, and narrower margins to the other fins. The larger sky-blue spots still
persist, three above the lateral line, a saddle behind dorsal, and a larger spot on each
144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
side of the nape. A profusion of small blue spots cover the top and sides of the
head, one above the eye and one behind it being larger than the others. <A series
of spots form a distinct line below the eye, extending forward on the preorbital. A
blue spot surrounds the nostril. The tip of the snout, the anterior (lower) edge of
the preorbital, the angle of the mouth and the mandible are blue. There is a very
narrow blue margin to the spinous dorsal and to the anterior half of the anal fin. A
large blue spot on upper margin of eye-ball.
In older specimens, the conspicuous blue spots and streaks have largely
vanished, but the smaller blue spots on sides of head may remain in specimens 25
em. long. The blue spot on the upper edge of the eye-ball persists in all our
specimens.
The ground color varies with the color of the bottom, adults from sand or
coral being light gray in tint (J. cinereus), while others are blackish or slaty blue.
Family LABRIDZ.
268. Harpe diplotenia (ill.
Abundant among the islands in Panama Bay.
269. Halicheres sellifer Gilbert.
Two specimens were secured, 19 and 24 em. long. They agree in most details
with the description given of the type, the single specimen heretofore known. In
both Panama specimens, however, the outer caudal rays are shorter than the middle
rays, the posterior margin of the fin being gently convex, even when the fin is
spread. In the type, 29 em. long, the caudal was found to be “truncate or slightly
emarginate, the outer rays scarcely produced.” The outer caudal rays doubtless
become longer with increasing age, as in many of the Labride. The outer ventral
rays are also shorter in our specimens, where they are less than twice the length of
the inner rays, and fail to reach the vent. This also may depend upon the age of
the specimens.
In the Panama specimens, the head is contained 3? to 3} in the length; the
depth 3 to 3. The depth of the caudal peduncle is 1% to 18 in the length of the
head. The snout 2} or 2,°%, in the head.
The dorsal fin contains 9 spines and 11 rays, the anal fin 3 spines and 12
rays in each specimen. ‘The first anal spine is greatly reduced and concealed in
the membrane, and might easily give occasion to a statement that but 2 spines were
present.
The colors were essentially as in the type of the species, but were somewhat
less brilliant, the bright red of the sides being here of a duller brownish red tint.
Following is a description of the coloration of our smaller specimen.
In life, each scale has a basal band of bright blue, the scales otherwise
brownish, margined on all sides (including the base) with light yellow or olive.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 145
There are blue spots on the opercles, and two parallel blue streaks from the eye
toward the snout. A streak, or a series of spots, on the suborbital ring. Opercles
with a pinkish ground color. There is a blackish half-bar under the posterior portion
of the spinous dorsal, the bar narrowing rapidly below, and disappearing on middle
of sides; it is directed toward the vent, and seems to be more posteriorly placed
than in H. nicholsi. There is a pinkish bar in front of the base of the pectoral.
Caudal yellow. Dorsals brownish red, with a blue margin, and blue streaks
running obliquely downward and backward. The anal is yellowish at the base,
becoming brownish red toward the margin. There is a narrow blue edge, a blue
spot at the base of each ray, and two parallel blue lines anteriorly, which divide that
portion of the fin into basal, middle and terminal thirds. The ventrals and pectorals
are translucent, the outer ventral rays translucent, margined externally with blue.
270. Halicheres macgregori sp. noy.
PuaTE XXIII, Fie. 45.
One specimen 87 mm. long was taken in company with Pseudojulis notospilus
in a rock-pool on the Panama reef. It was not recognized at the time as a species
distinet from notospilus, and no color notes were taken.
Head 3 in length; depth 38; depth of caudal peduncle equals distance from tip of snout to
middle of eye. Snout 28 in head; eye 5. D. IX, 11; A. III, 12.
Anterior canines 4, those in the lower jaw subequal, the outer canines of the upper jaw
smaller than the others, but evidently enlarged. A well-developed posterior canine on each side of
the upper jaw, this accompanied on one side of jaw by a smaller tooth more posteriorly placed.
The dorsal spines are slender but pungent. The last dorsal ray is split to the base. The first
anal spine is reduced to a mere rudiment, which can be detected only on dissection. The last anal ray
is split to the base, each half being again partially divided. The caudal is evenly rounded behind.
The ventral spine is three-fifths the length of the outer ventral ray, the inner branch of which is longer
than the outer, but is not filamentous and does not project beyond the contour of the fin. The ventrals
do not quite reach the vertical from the hinder margin of the pectorals, and extend only two-thirds the
distance from their base to the origin of the anal. The pectorals cover six scales in a series behind
their base.
The scales in front of the dorsal fin fail to cross the median line, the naked space being very
narrow posteriorly, but widening rapidly toward the nape. The scales are reduced in size, but are
arranged in series continuous with those below and behind them. The scales of the breast are
moderately reduced in size, a series anterior to base of ventrals containing 8 scales.
The lateral line is continuous, the posterior portion running on the third series below the
anterior portion. The tubes of the posterior portion are simple, those of the anterior portion divided
to form two or rarely three branches. Above the dorsally lying portion of the lateral line is a single
horizontal series of scales of full size. Above each scale of this series, and forming with it a very
oblique row running upward and forward, are four much smaller scales which decrease rapidly in size
upward. The uppermost of these are inserted on the base of the dorsal fin, and constitute an incipient
sheath. Similar series of reduced scales running downward and forward are found along the anterior
portion of the anal fin. There are 7 horizontal series of full-sized scales between the lateral line and
the anterior portion of the anal fin.
No trace remains of the brilliant colors which this fish undoubtedly displayed in life. In
spirits, the ground color is grayish olive, slightly darker along the back. Many scales have each a
146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
dark brown spot at base, those so marked forming rather definite large groups, which correspond on
the two sides of the fish. A series of four such groups, separated by narrow interspaces, lie along the
lower half of the sides. Behind the eye, are three or four narrow wavy dark lines, the lower two
joined more or less by irregular cross-branches. A faint dusky streak runs forward from eye to snout,
a faint spot below the eye, and a well marked horizontal dusky streak on lower part of cheeks, turning
downward and backward across preopercle. A narrow brown streak runs downward and backward
across prepectoral area, but fails to reach the median ventral line.
Spinous dorsal dusky, a small blackish blotch at tip of membrane between first two spines. A
very conspicuous elliptical jet-black spot on basal portion of first four rays of the soft dorsal; the spot is
faintly ocellated with whitish, above this a faint curved dusky streak, then the translucent margin of
the fin. Behind the spot, the dorsal is marked with oblique cross-bands of dusky and whitish. The
caudal appears uniformly dusky. The anal is dusky, with a narrow translucent margin. The spine
and outer ventral ray are dusky, the rest of the fin whitish. The pectorals are uniformly translucent.
Named in honor of Richard C. McGregor, a member of the expedition to
Panama, to the success of which he materially contributed.
271. Halicheres dispilus (Giinther).
The types came from Panama, where the species was also secured by the
Albatross (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 182). It has been reported also from Aca-
pulco and Mazatlan.
272. Pseudojulis notospilus Giinther.
The dark bands across the back are in the number of 8, the first being on the
nape, the eighth on the caudal peduncle. Those in front of the soft dorsal become
progressively fainter, the anterior three, and the one on caudal peduncle, commonly
disappearing in adults.
The species is very abundant in all rock-pools about Panama.
273. Thalassoma lucasanum ((ill).
This species has been recorded from Panama by Giinther (18648, p. 26)
without comment. It has not been obtained there by other investigators.
Family SCARID/.
274. Pseudoscarus perrico (Jordan & Gilbert).
Occasionally taken about the rocky islands in Panama Bay. Five specimens
were secured, ranging in length from 23 to 88 cm. The adipose hump on top of
head is variable in its development among individuals of the same size. Our speci-
mens are eviscerated, so we are unable to determine whether the development of the
hump is dependent on sex.
The following color-notes were taken from a fresh specimen 263 mm. long:
Scales on body with the central portion blue, surrounded by brown. Under parts
whitish. A wedge-shaped blue spot immediately behind the eye; 4 narrow blue
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 147
streaks radiate from above the eye; 4 or 5 small spots of blue on the interorbital
space; one or more blue streaks in front of eye, anda broad patch below eye. Teeth
green. Dorsal fin narrowly margined with bright green; below this the fin is
brownish golden, with an imperfect median green band, which is most distinct pos-
teriorly; a basal series of green spots is present. The caudal has the central rays
green, the outer ones yellow, edged with green. The anal is largely green, the
margin being more brightly colored than the rest of the fin. The pectorals are
brownish yellow, margined posteriorly with a translucent band; the upper ray has a
greenish margin. The ventrals are greenish white.
There is considerable variation in the size and shape of the green streaks
about the eye. Those below the eye are usually wider than those elsewhere, the
middle group often coalescent to form a wide blotch. One pair, from upper anterior
margin of orbit, sometimes extends well across the top of the head, meeting or nearly
meeting on the median line.
Family EPHIPPID.
275. Chetodipterus zonatus (Girard).
This species comes abundantly to the Panama market, but seems not to reach
a large size. The longest specimen seen was less than 30 em. in length, and had
not developed the thick bony masses on cranium such as appear in the adult of C.
Faber.
C. zonatus differs from its Atlantic representative C. faber principally in the
lower lobes of the vertical fins, the shorter ventrals, and the smaller scales. The
coloration of the two is essentially the same, there being no difference in the number
and arrangement of the bands. These may, however, be a little wider in zonatus,
which has also a more conspicuous black blotch on the pectoral. The fin-rays are
the same in the two species, the dorsal rays varying from 21 to 23, the anal rays from
18 to 20.
The lateral line contains the same number of pores in the two species, 48 to
50, but the scales are notably smaller in zonatus, and are less regularly arranged.
The smaller scales on the head and on the vertical fins are also noticeably smaller in
zonatus. The widest portion of the black band which connects the front of the dorsal
to the front of the anal has 11 or 12 scales in a longitudinal series across it; in faber
there are usually but 6 or 8 scales across the widest portion of the band. In zonatus,
‘there are 18 to 20 scales in an oblique series on sides between axil and tip of pec-
torals; in fader, there are but 12 or 13 scales on corresponding part of sides.
A specimen of zonatus 50 mm. long is very light grayish olive, the bars very
faintly indicated or wholly absent. The sides of head and body are marked with
scattered sharply-defined brown spots and blotches mostly smaller than pupil. Those
on head are arranged in a series along the line of the dark band. On the lateral
line, below last dorsal spines, a circular area of the ground color, as large as the eye,
is ocellated by a brown line. The third dorsal spine is slightly shorter than in C,
Jaber of the same size.
148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements tn Flundredths of Length without Caudal.
Dy
C.7ONDAG eApER
TUS
IBSioveol tin Weave, GAs sss dopono caonancocasoses 176 172,
Head (to edge of membrane)............ 314 Be
Sie ABaReS nee snet scsehcemascan Bancoosttons 12 134
Interorbitalliwicthitese -esescee ester ee eee 124 12
Diametenmoisinisaeetecn-te- eee eee eeree 8 8}
Depth opposite first anal spine ........... 75 Wal.
Mongestidorsalitraiy eeeeeeee eset ae eeeeeee 43 70
ongestratial srayeeeeeessesee ener ee eee eee aeree 38 54
ongesijpectoral irayaeseee eee ee sees eeee see 194 19
Wongestiventrallirayeeeecetee merece sete 274 35
276. Parapsettus panamensis Steindachner.
Not rare in the Panama market, where numerous specimens were obtained.
In addition to the short graduated dorsal spines, this genus differs from
Chetodipterus in haying no transverse fold behind the upper lip, which is therefore
technically as well as actually non-protractile. The shoulder-girdle agrees with
Chetodipterus. The alisphenoids are much more developed, meeting each other
mesially, and closing the cranial cavity in front. The interorbital septum contains a
well-developed osseous lamina, which comes in contact posteriorly with the strong,
compressed, vertical limb of the basisphenoid. The latter fails to meet the para-
sphenoid below.
Family CHAZATODONTID.
277. Chetodon nigrirostris (Gill).
Puate XXIV, Fic. 47.
Two adults of this apparently rare species were taken by the use of dyna-
mite near one of the rocky islands in Panama Bay.
In addition to the distinctive color-markings, this species has the scales on the
cheeks enlarged, the exposed surfaces much higher than wide, arranged in four
horizontal more or less wavy series, but not in quincunx order. The preopercle is
strongly striated.
The head and the lower half of body are silvery, more or less washed with
light yellow, each scale having often a brownish spot at base, these forming three
faint lengthwise stripes along the scale-rows. The base of the anal, and the upper
half of the trunk are light brownish purple. A jet-black bar encircles upper part of
snout, but does not include the upper lip, nor the region behind the vertical from the
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 149
nostril. A black blotch above and behind each orbit, fails to meet its fellow by a
distance about equaling the diameter of the pupil. A narrow black orbital ring
encroaches on the eye-ball. A wedge-shaped black bar has its apex at front of
dorsal, its base being separated from the orbital region by a transverse whitish bar
which crosses the head behind the eyes. The wedge-shaped bar is bordered behind
by a wide silvery band. The opercular membrane is jet-black, as is also the mem-
brane covering the shoulder girdle. A few of the scales covering the supraclavicle
are edged or blotched with black. A jet-black bar crosses the base of the upper
three-fourths of the pectoral, and is continued into a broader axillary band, which
likewise fails to involve the lower rays. A broad black bar begins at base of fifth or
sixth dorsal spine, includes the basal half of soft dorsal and is continuous with a
wedge-shaped bar on caudal peduncle, the apex of the wedge failing to reach the
lower edge of the peduncle, but directed toward the margin of the last anal rays.
The remainder of the vertical fins are translucent dusky, unmarked. The ventrals
are dusky; the pectorals translucent yellowish.
We have not admitted to our list the Atlantic species Chetodon capistratus.
recorded without comment from Rio Tuyra, Darien, by Boulenger (1899, p. 3).
278. Chetodon humeralis Giinther.
The young are abundant in tide-pools, and adults are present in large num-
bers among the rocky reefs and islands in the Bay.
Our youngest specimen is 28 mm. long, and is in the last phases of the
“ Tholichthys” stage. The color scheme of the adult is plainly indicated, but the
head is wholly scaleless and is entirely covered with sculptured shields, One of these
extends from the occiput on to the nape, in the form of a dagger-shaped spine, which
fails toreach front of dorsal by a distance equaling about one-fourth its length. The
angle of the preopercle is produced into a rounded squamous process, which extends
more than half way to the insertion of the ventral fins. Two similar squamous lobes
are attached to the upper portion of the shoulder girdle, their posterior margins
being free. The upper is larger and less evenly rounded than the lower, and is
separated from it at the point traversed by the lateral line. The margins of these
lobes and the preopercular margin are very finely but sharply serrulate. Similar but
smaller squamous processes are attached to the horizontal limb of the preopercle and
to the inner edge of the dentary, lobes on one side of the head corresponding to inden-
tations on the other, those of the two sides closely joining below and wholly concealing
the isthmus and the branchiostegals. The cheeks are firmly cuirassed, like the rest
of the head.
The colors are the same as in adults with these exceptions: The ventrals are
black. The vertical black bar at base of caudal is faintly indicated. The caudal
fin, and the soft dorsal and anal fins are translucent, unmarked, thus contrasting
strongly with their barred condition in the adult. The broad bar across posterior
portion of trunk is continued definitely on to posterior portion of spinous dorsal, and
(20) December 22, 1903.
150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
on to the basal portion of anal spines. There is at no time any ocellus, but a distinet
intensification of the black of the posterior bar occurs over a small rounded area
immediately below the last dorsal spines.
With increasing size, there appears first the black bar on dorsal and anal,
contemporaneously with the broadening of the bar on caudal peduncle. A definite
white bar then forms behind the latter, on the basal portion of the caudal fin. Before
the sharp differentiation of this bar, white pigment occupies its future position, but
covers a wider area, gradually thinning out posteriorly, visible on the entire basal
third of the fin. As soon as it becomes concentrated into a narrow bar, a faint dusky
margin develops posteriorly, this widening to form a bar, which develops most rapidly
on the lower half of the fin. The bars on dorsal and anal are at first near the middle
of the fin, leaving a wide translucent margin, but later migrate distally.
The largest of our immature specimens is 55 mm. long. At this stage, the
middle dark caudal bar is still much narrower than the basal bar, and there is no
trace of the succeeding two bars (white and black).
279. Pomacanthus zonipectus (ill).
Much less abundant than Holacanthus passer, with which it was found asso-
ciated. But two individuals were seen.
In adults, the upper profile is continued forward in an even eurve to front of
nape. From this point, the occipital region is deeply concave, the profile becoming
again convex above ocular region and snout. The color has been well described
by Dr. Jordan (1895 0, p. 484) from Mazatlan examples.
An immature specimen, 63 mm. long, shows the characteristic coloration of
the young, which has been described by Jordan and Gilbert (1881 c¢, p. 358), under
the name Pomacanthus crescentalis. The third yellow band behind the head cuts
the bases of soft dorsal and anal fins three or four rays in advance of the posterior
ends, instead of running from end to end, as described. It curves forward on the
two fins, meeting the anterior yellow band to form a broad loop, which is wider than
the bands and blue in color. The dorsal continuations of all save the caudal band
are blue. A blue bar is present midway between the first and second, and the second
and third yellow bars behind head; no other blue bars are present. The basal two-
thirds of the caudal fin is jet-black, save for the narrow vertical yellow bar which
divides that area equally. The outer third is translucent, with a narrow dusky bar
near the anterior edge of the tract.
280. Holacanthus passer Valenciennes.
Abundant among rocky islands in Panama Bay.
Gill’s type of H. strigatus, a synonym of H. passer, must have been an imma-
ture specimen. In such we find a conspicuous narrow blue streak running from nape
to upper posterior margin of orbit, thence faintly downward in a broken line toward
base of preopercular spine. This streak disappears entirely in adults. In the young,
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 151
a second blue streak connects upper anterior margins of orbits, then extends vertically
downward behind angle of mouth. The transverse portion of this streak persists in
adults and becomes greatly widened.
An oval area in front of dorsal fin contains a number of small bright blue
spots, usually one for each scale. The scales behind the white bar are widely mar-
gined with blue in adult specimens, but in none do we find traces of the blue cross-
bars described by Gill. These may be found in younger specimens than have come
to our hands. In adults, that portion of spinous dorsal in front of the white cross-bar
is bright yellow. The rest of the fin is deep brown like the body, passing into
brownish yellow in the faleate lobe, and as a submarginal band in front of this and
behind it. Behind the anterior yellow area, the fin is narrowly margined with bright
blue, the margin becoming much wider on the vertical part of the fin. In the young,
the dorsal is similarly colored, but the blue margin is wider and includes also the
anterior spines, and is everywhere followed by a submarginal yellowish brown band.
The anal is similarly marked. The caudal fin and nearly half of the caudal pedun-
cle are light lemon-yellow, the fin posteriorly with a narrow dark brown edge. Pec-
torals and ventrals lemon-yellow, without other markings. The white bar on sides
extends from base of dorsal, below fifth to seventh spines, downwards to a point
opposite middle of base of pectorals. It is usually widest in its upper third, narrow-
ing rapidly below. In adults, the dorsal lobe reaches nearly to edge of caudal.
The genus Angelichthys Jordan and Eyermann, characterized by the absence
of spines on the preorbital, by the coarser spines on the ascending limb of the pre-
opercle and by the greater length of the dorsal and anal lobes, should doubtless be
considered a section of Holacanthus.
Family TEUTHIDID 2.
281. Teuthis crestonis Jordan & Starks.
This species is very near 7. matoides, from the Hawaiian Islands and the
Western Pacific generally, and may prove to be undistinguishable from that widely
distributed form. It agrees in most details of shape, color and fin-rays, but appears
to differ in having the spine on the side of the tail distinctly smaller, and in having
the sides of the body mottled, but not streaked. In specimens 8 to 20 em. long, the
caudal spine is four to five hundredths of the length from snout to base of caudal. In
specimens of 7’. matoides from Honolulu, 10 to 23 em. long, the caudal spine is five to
six hundredths of the length. In eight specimens from Panama, the fin-rays are:
Dorsal IX, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27; anal III, 28, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25.
T. bahianus from the Atlantic has a still larger caudal spine, which is seven
to eight hundredths of the length.
T. crestonis is abundant in the tide-pools of the Panama reef, and among the
islands in the Bay. It is recorded from Panama Bay also by Boulenger (1899, p. 3).
152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Family BALISTIDZ.
282. Balistes polylepis Steindachner.
Not uncommon at Panama; three specimens were collected which agree very
well with Steindachner’s description of the type and co-types from the west coast of
Mexico.
It may be distinguished from B. carolinensis by the smaller scales, deeper
body, more elevated and conyex interorbital, less sharply angulated anal, and the
shorter caudal lobes. Our three specimens of S. carolinensis all have 24 anal rays,
while B. polylepis has 25 or 26; the lateral series of scales of carolinensis are 55 or
56 in number, those of polylepis 69 to 73. B. carolinensis has the depth of the body
contained twice in the length, polylepis 1¢ to 1$ times; in carolinensis the caudal
lobes are somewhat longer, more slender and of equal length, while in poly/epis the
lower lobe is the shorter.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal, in mm............... 194 207 211
Plead prone aac enerene an stsesaiiaetetere seas eter 33 323 | 32
Depth cacperosectee eosoeeeseeens tee see 57 57 59
Orbits bisa eee hes eee ia eee eee ache ee 74 a] 7
SUOUE L.ccecnceosnseuescedtheca sn seemisiae es ceemests 26 26 26
Interorbitall oes. Meco ee nes eevee oeste seceseree II rof II
Reng throtspectorallteeesseeseeeeeeeeereeecete: 13 13 134
Height of anterior part of soft dorsal...... 264 | 264 | 27
Height of anterior part of anal.............. 224 | 22 23
Length of middle caudal rays ...............- 20 19 20
Dorsal rays tiene store eee eae Cece 111, £28 | 111, 27 | 111, 27
Anal rays 3. ses. storescaacterkoaveoto oan seee see 26 25 25
Scales, from upper part of gill-opening...|| 69 Wigs | 75)
283. Balistes naufragium Jordan & Starks.
The commonest Balistoid in Panama Bay; many specimens were taken about
the rocky islands.
We have re-examined the type of the species, from Mazatlan, and correct
here a few slight errors in the original description:
Dorsal IIT, 26; anal 24; seales 50. Head to lower end of gill-slit 23 in body.
Snout 1} in head; eye 52; longest dorsal ray 12; longest anal ray 13; pectoral 13.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 1538
The groove before eye is very faint, scarcely to be made out in some of our
Panama specimens. Dorsal very slightly faleate in the type and in larger specimens;
in small and half-grown examples only, is it sharply angulated. The anal is rather
sharply rounded. In life the sides are marked with many narrow vertical wavy
blue lines.
The species is easily distinguished from B. polylepis by the thicker body, the
larger scales, the darker and more variegated coloration, the much reduced preocular
groove, and the less faleate fins. In B. polylepis, the upper margin of the dorsal
fin is deeply concave for the whole length; in B. naufragium, the greater part
of the upper margin is convex, a few only of the anterior rays projecting, making
that part of the fin concave. The caudal lobes are also much shorter in this species,
while the middle rays are more produced. The plates are much more roughly
granular, and are fewer in number. The lips are much thicker and more deeply
plicate, the peripheral folds being densely papillose. The ventral stay is more
robust, and the circumoral area is devoid of plates.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
[raved TT Samant Scecueeecaeduaece Seatac sok a meee eo Een OrECrES Panama ‘eee
Benoth! without caudal im) mim(t....612.<ere-s.-0e+ cece 261 216 180 | 302 165 255
Ae alCl meme eRe rn ate cp sinitasa sods Sesrscane See aCS 334 34 35 34 35 344
ID Gate aos sone Sctace bane dacoco ee Reno EcOLE: EL Dee a ae arnreae 55 564 | 58 57 58 56
Osis tne erates teen ctor co meleneido sees esar ene seeersas 7 7 74 64 7 64
SHOU eee cee see ec Saiacisine sehen ci Date bsee ea hed ovhievine tetera 27 284 | 28 28 27 30
Leman @i pearl lasaguecececose us cuscaeenceceeceisacds a eason 133 133 15 134 14 15
Height of anterior rays of soft dorsal...................55 25 26 24 24 Da 244
Meishton anterior raysiof anal)-.......<c.s-ec-escnseecss 21 20 21 20 19 21
Wenothrot muddle caudallirayse.s..-+ sesso es. ceeeen es enenes 19 21 22 19 21 21
Num bermwotedorsalmay Sees: --teeccoceoese- «cae oa ss cee seers 25 26 26 26 26 26
Numberot ana leraySis. .ecs-raccanheacaateeimee- aectee aac os 24 23 23 24 23 24
SICUIESIOL SCALES Me race a sairos see age cee patie ee oecos iets 51 50 5I 51 52 50
284. Balistes verres sp. nov.
PuatTE XXVI, Fie. 49.
We describe as new the species that has commonly been referred to B. capis-
tratus on the Pacific coast of Central America. B. capistratus was probably based
on East Indian material, but we have had for comparison specimens from the
154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Hawaiian Islands only. From these, B. verres differs in having smaller scales and a
greater number of dorsal and anal rays. Specimens from Panama and Mazatlan
have the scales 58 to 65; the dorsal has 30 to 32 rays, and the anal 28 or 29. Five
specimens of LB. capistratus from Hawaii have 50 or 51 oblique series of scales
(counted from the upper end of the gill-opening); the dorsal has 29 or 30 rays; the
anal 25 to 27 rays. The caudal of the Hawaiian specimens is truneate, with the
outer rays not produced. ‘The caudal is noticeably lunate in the Panama and
Mazatlan specimens. Bleeker’s plate shows that his specimen from the East Indies
has 50 series of scales, 30 rays in the dorsal fin, and 27 in the anal.
The following description is from the type of B. verres:
Head to lower angle of gill-opening 3} in length, without caudal; depth 2. Eye 54 in head;
snout 14; interorbital width 34. Dorsal III, 31; anal 28. Scales from upper end of gill-opening 64.
Teeth with their inner cutting edge produced, the lower ones shutting inside of the upper.
The groove before the eye is scarcely longer than the eye. The length of the gill-opening is twice the
diameter of the eye, and about equal to the length of the longest pectoral ray.
Groove of spinous dorsal a little longer than first dorsal spine, two-thirds the length of the
base of the soft dorsal. Anal base shorter than dorsal base by three-fifths the length of the eye.
Anterior part of dorsal a little higher than that of anal. Caudal lunate, the outer rays about one-
fourth longer than the middle rays.
Posterior part of sides with 9 or 10 lengthwise series of small antrorse spines. A row of
very small pores extends irregularly backward from eye nearly to the front of soft dorsal.
Color in alcohol: upper parts of body brownish slate-color, lighter below. Anterior edge of
upper lip, and lower lip and chin light yellowish. A scarcely discernible streak extends backwards
across cheek from angle of mouth. Other specimens have this streak very conspicuous, as in
B. capistratus. Caudal blackish; spinous dorsal dusky, other fins light yellowish.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
MeO cally: Shic.ctae ges ee eeca dec stsocste tanec cOserecen tices wiseteceee Panama Mazatlan
(Type)
enethiwithoutacaudall amen eersecceesshes eect cers seeaee 212 281 IQI 315 250 194
Lead! sactdecectonGeaces Seba gnsidiscareratscGndebgds os costes oddcnt cos 32 34 33 ou Ba 57)
De pthiscc: vwancanensp ene teeneteraee ssmeasnenn shea teeemceeecpece re 50 52 52 48 51 49
EVO on cis sina etool elo cteiouSel ee inate Sa cein ee Solanleretonatinclestcine sess 6 5 6 5 5h 64
SmOUutyseiiste cnc cam cet descteen sn cniste auoatee seo SMe eee eee | 28 30 274 274 30 28
Height of anterior part of dorsal .....................0008 | 15 144 133 15 16 16
Heightiof anterion part of anallmeeaceseeeeereeaeese ee 134 | 13% | 124 124 14 144
enothrolppectoral se.cua-8 ser senecerea todo nepe pees eeee ee |; Tid | 12 II 10 12 12
Weng throt catidall@niddleitays)\eessscee--eeedsseneeeeeeeee 15 164 164 15 16 15
Numbers ofiidorsall:taystosscc-csgs ecu ceseces scooters Bit 31 32 32 30 Bair
Numberoi analy si-seccecestsecseaeseteec ene Caeeeeeeee 28 29 29 29 28 29
Sealest.. 525.60 chock Gencliges eae leae eee ee eee oe eee 64 65 62 61 61 58
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 155
Family Jeuthididea
285. Xesurus hopkinsi sp. nov.
PuatTE XXV, Fie. 48. *
Two large specimens, 41 and 43 em. in length, were taken at Panama, and
cannot be referred to any of the described species. For comparison we have speci-
mens of X. punctatus from Mazatlan, Clarion Island, and San Benedicto Island;
X. laticlavius from the Galapagos Islands; and the type of X. clarionis from Clarion
Island. We have not sufficient material to decide upon the validity of the last-named
species, and for present purposes will consider it distinct from the others.
The outlines of the body are evenly curved. The snout projects but slightly as compared
with the other species, and the upper anterior outline is shallowly concave. From before eye to dorsal,
the profile is regularly rounded and without a projection at nape.
Dorsal VIII, 26 or 27; anal III, 23. The head is smaller than in the other species, 26 or 27
hundredths of the length. In seven specimens of X. punctatus, the head averages 31} hundredths
of the length; in three specimens of /aééc/aviws, 314 hundredths; in clartonis, 30 hundredths. The
mouth is smaller; the maxillary forms but 61 hundredths of the length (in Aznctatus, 72 hun-
dredths; in /aticlavius, 82 hundredths; in c/arionts, 8 hundredths). The teeth are much smaller,
though they number the same as in the other species, 8 or 9 on each side of the upper jaw. The eye
is smaller, 4 or 44 in the snout, 5 hundredths of the length (in punctatus 6% hundredths; in Zafz-
clavius, 7% hundredths; in c/arzonis, 64 hundredths).
The pectoral is broad and rounded at its tip, reaching to above the base of the second anal
spine, when forced into a horizontal position. It seems to incline obliquely upward in its normal
position. The ventrals nearly reach the first anal spine, and are about two-thirds the length of the
pectorals. The dorsal and anal are as in related species. In the larger specimen, the first dorsal spine
has become almost entirely concealed beneath the skin, the first anal spine wholly concealed.
The posterior part of the body is rather thickly covered with sharp spines, the bases of which
are expanded as rough plates. The spines are somewhat inclined forward and are occasionally bifid
(some specimens of other species have scattered rough plates which sometimes bear low sharp keels,
but never high spines). The three bony shields on the caudal peduncle bear thick blunt spines, their
points broad and smooth, as though worn.
Color light slaty on lower parts, dark above. One specimen is faintly spotted with black on
nape and opercles.
156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal, in mm........... 6c. ceeeeeeee sees ence ees 360 335
| Be (eles saee cancer andi odeoeermoaconaaesanb0n0 Soc duodap Saadocoodaaree 27 264
ID Y=)0[d # Weeee nen pagador esas nda eocacdsebaasocoddocdobradcas’nogcasaas caséoc 51 49
IW Eb ollie} erence qoncdecca ccogGs ocbbason0cs0000 ededc aoa cosedosoocdobac 64 64
135) sopn ppegeube aas3de oseeneaeeiodags 9900 0..d0u odoud00s0 o4cekn ceoRERDGOR 5 5
Horizontal limb of preopercle from behind fold in mandible.. || 11 12
Vertical limb) of preoperclesersesseehe encenectraente tne mer nae 13 13
Menethvor ‘pectoralleescee se setters eeaeertaee ere see eee tea ser eace 26 25
Wengthfofiventral ee ness scsseeeceseeersetees erteleee ere ee ees ae 16 16
Length of fiith dorsall'spine: ey. iiceswesenlcemnccyeteeieeieleeeo eer 12 II
Mongest anal tay Sire scsi c.meee cor sestele net ermecer acseerreroec 12 12
Height of caudal peduncle just behind base of dorsal ...... rig 12
Length of longest caudal ray in upper lobe .............--.-- 244 234
Family TETRAODONTID.
286. Spheroides angusticeps (Jenyns).
Not seen by us; recorded from Panama by Jordan and Gilbert (1882 n,
p- 631) from the Bradley collection, and by Jordan and Bollman (1889, p. 183).
287. Spheroides lobatus (Steindachner).
Obtained at Panama by the Albatross; not seen by us.
288. Spheroides testudineus (Linneus).
Probably rather rare at Panama, where four specimens were taken. Compared
with others from Jamaica, they seem to show a slight difference in the length of the
head and snout, but our series is insufficient for the verification of this distinction.
Our specimens are much bleached, so that nothing can be made out except the pat-
tern of coloration, which agrees with that of the Jamaica specimens. No satisfactory
comparisons can be made as to the size of spots, or the distinctness of markings.
This species differs from 8. annulatus in having the interorbital space (bone)
narrower, the dorsal and anal shorter, the spots a trifle larger, and the termination of
the dorsal and the anal further from the caudal, the insertion of the fins being more
anterior and the base shorter. As the interorbital increases in width with age, only
specimens of about the same size should be compared in this respect.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 157
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
IL OIE 78554558 Ra ae A ee Pre te Panama Jamaica
Length without caudal in mm. ...............000060- TOA | USOn | Iss. cS ers 7 large I51
Head from teeth to middle of gill-opening........ 32 33 33 34 35$ | 34 34
DE MEaOCelpUtmsttes.csacce. cosas eesti eae 214 23 21 23 25 22 224
(GD idacdeus Conon eee Coe ene cee Cee ee ee 7 7 6 6 7 7 74
lfaideigaydontell ((ovoss() nccomosaebasonduecbeeenuch easseecbers 74 8 8 7 7k Tz 7s
SHOUEE (LOM LECCE) cceesen eases laasacatenccaece tercee 164 | 164] 174] 18 18 18 174
en gthvor dorsalls).2. 64. ndsnsceecseeeaseon caemeeeee 18 18 174 164 17 18 174
MESH OTK Ofmatiale sae hoses Ocean eae ep tore aredsaeteece 15 15 14 134 | 14 15 15
Manet ots caudaleesresss ss cae-t senate eectee 24 25 24 25 25 24 25
Termination of dorsal from caudal.................. 14 1g) 14 144 1G) 14 14
Termination of anal from caudal .................... 13 13 134 | 134 134 13 134
INTIMDer Olecorsaluraysr-asesnelnaseecsecc ub esesesech 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
INtimbetonednal trays-acenassaecse a sectapre siosacateee 7 7 ii 7 7 Teva 7
289. Spheroides annulatus (Jenyns).
Appearing frequently in the Panama market. The young are common also
in the tide-pools, associated with the young of Tetraodon hispidus. In the young, the
concentric rings are less variable and less interrupted than in adults. The ground
color of the back is generally not broken up into small spots, as is so frequently the
case in adults. The spots on the sides are usually larger and fewer in the young, or
are sometimes entirely absent. The caudal is rather abruptly blackish upon its pos-
terior half, the other fins are colorless.
One specimen, 15 em. in total length, differs from all the others in the some-
what more prominent sharper spines, and the very different coloration. Upon the
middle of the back is an S-shaped marking, the extremities of which are equidistant
respectively from the eye and the front of the dorsal, the interval being in each case
twice the diameter of the eye. Around it are very irregular incomplete rings. A
curved line runs from just behind the eye to the middle of the gill-opening and another
from the nape to above the base of the pectoral fin. Across the snout and caudal
peduncle are irregular lines. The sides have fewer spots than is usual, and the fins
are as here described for the young. The measurements of this specimen are the
third listed in the appended table.
We have examined specimens from Mazatlan, La Paz, and the Galapagos
Islands. Some of the larger northern specimens (S. politus) have the color of
(2f) December 23, 1903.
158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
the back broken up into smaller spots than in the southern specimens, though some
of the smaller northern specimens are like the southern in this as in other respects.
Spheroides politus has been recorded from Panama (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 183)
and from Santa Helena Bay (Boulenger, 1898-99, Vol. 14, p. 8). We consider it
identical with annulatus. The Galapagos specimens vary greatly in depth of color.
One has the back, pectoral, dorsal, and caudal very dark brown, almost black, while
the anal is dark. The color of the back grades in other specimens to light brown,
while the fins are nearly colorless. One specimen differs from the others in having a
very concave interorbital.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Abocalityeeeeeneee ss AE a aciauiajo tere Dige ae wab ne ace R ee eer IRS Panama Galapagos Paz, ees
Mex.
Length without caudal in mm................. 22-0000: |200 |158 |12I |170 |185 |200 |116 |215 |114 | 92
Head from teeth to middle of gill-opening......... 37 | 364] 364] 34 | 35 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 363) 35
Dépthiatioceiputicrs. npeteecceecece eee as asec tesee 24 | 24 | 244] 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 22
@Ebit se, kchis. co Aiea ctu Ree ee ues arte tee aero eactos Se Se ze Os 4 Oe 551) Onan
Interorbitalt (bone) esscsseeeeea een cece eee aera: I Wests) ako Ul ey |) seer nop || itzy || ato) 75
SINOUTLE (GOs CIO) nocos danse sanshaseéssecedancneasce 20}| 19 | 164] 164] 184] 18 | 18 | 20 | 18 | 18
Wengthiokidorsal Mew eeesenen eraser ase TS 018") 18.) 2ZOu| LOM eLON |e LOM LOM nS eu
Meneth oh anal esis. s.acsense soctccaceeaee taeeeee aaa 164} r6f} 15 | 18 | 163] 17 | 164] 164] 154] 16
Bengthioircacdal teen ens patesesecechaceceeee ae eeenee | 24 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 25
Distance from tip of dorsal rays to caudal ......... lon St Tou 28) || 7) 8e| Onl a Salon exo
Distance from tip of anal rays to caudal............ | of) 8) Of) 74) 8 | 74 so I) 7), tO |) ZO
Numberjotsdorsaljraysees-ees-esce eee nee } Sa AS Say Se Swe Se VS Si Sin eens
INidmiber tofanall rayseesussi cheese Aoeeasbe tsnencoe | 7 Fl Ff 7 7 7h 7 7 7 a
|
290. Spheroides furthii (Steindachner).
A rare species, not taken by us; recorded from Panama by the describer,
and by Jordan (1885, p. 395) from the Gilbert collection.
Guentheridia gen. nov. (Tetraodontide).
Type, Tetrodon formosus Giinther, 1870, p. 283.
This genus differs from Spheroides in the character of the olfactory organ,
which is a transversely-placed tube, open at each end to its full diameter. The outer
end is squarely, the inner obliquely, truncate, making the upper margin of the tube
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 159
very narrow. ‘The inner surface of the tube is closely covered with large cup-shaped
pits, visible to the naked eye. To these pits the olfactory nerve is distributed; they
are undoubtedly the end organs of the nerve.
Similar pits are developed in the genus Tetraodon (erethizon, setosus, aerostaticus,
perspicillaris, hispidus), where they oecupy the inner surface of the nasal flaps; but
they are not found in other genera. The nasal organ of Zetraodon could be formed
from that of Guentheridia by cutting through the upper edge of the tube, thus leaving
two lobes springing from a common base.
The American species of Spheroides, nearly all of which we have examined,
have the olfactory tubes with small openings, and without cup-shaped pits on
their inner surfaces; the latter are smooth, or are sometimes provided with one or two
slight folds of skin.
291. Guentheridia formosa (Giinther).
Common at Panama, twelve specimens being secured. In addition to these
we have examined six specimens collected by the Albatross at Panama in 1888.
We found no young of this form, though the young of Zetraodon hispidus and Spher-
oides annulatus were common in the tide-pools.
The color pattern is variable. In some examples the spots are almost evenly
distributed over the back and upper part of the sides, with no indication of concen-
trie arrangement. Other examples have the spots confluent into smooth concentric
rings, arranged with the smallest ring in the middle of the back. Between the
examples with scattered spots and those with smooth rings are all intermediate stages—
some with the spots arranged concentrically but not united, some with them more or less
united, forming rings with uneven contour. The spots vary also in size. Sometimes
they are little more than half the size of the eye, and are separated by interspaces
of the gray ground color of about their own width, sometimes they are as large as
the eye, or larger, and are so closely set that the ground color shows only as narrow
lines between them. In one specimen some of the spots have fused into small irreg-
ular rings about twice the size of the eye, and enclose small spots of the ground color.
The top of head has transverse rows of spots or solid bars. The latter are some-
times united in pairs, forming wider and fewer bars.
Tetraodon formosus was described from a single specimen from South America.
The type description is not detailed, so the identification with this Panama form
must be considered provisional, until direct comparison can be made with the type.
292. Tetraodon hispidus Linnwus.
Arothron erethizon JORDAN & GILBERT, 1882, p. 631.
This species is not rare about the rocky islands in Panama Bay, where
numerous specimens were obtained, ranging from 15 to 330 mm. long. The long
quill-like spines protrude only when the fish is inflated. When retracted, the
position of the spines is indicated by the pores in the skin.
160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
In our smallest specimens, the belly is white, the back brown with small
white spots, one at the base of each spine; along lower margin of sides are light
spots of larger size, enclosed in a network of dusky lines. In slightly larger speci-
mens, the white spots on back have disappeared, and the under parts are covered
with a close black reticulum, the lines of which show a tendency to a lengthwise
arrangement. This tendency becomes dominant in specimens about 3 cm. long,
the lower parts then marked with parallel black lines of varying width and intensity,
which occasionally anastomose. The white dorsal spots soon reappear, and the length-
wise streaks begin to fade, wholly disappearing in adults.
We have had for comparison numerous young and adult specimens from the
Hawaiian Islands, and two young individuals from Japan. No differences are discov-
erable, so we have been forced to conclude that 7. hispidus is identical with
T. erethizon, and is a species of universal distribution in the tropical Pacific.
293. Eumycterias punctatissimus (G@iinther).
PuatTE XXIII, Fie. 46.
Not rare among the rocky islands in Panama Bay.
The white spots are always numerous and crowded, especially on the lower
part of the sides, but they vary considerably in size, and the brown lines forming the
network enclosing them are sometimes wider, sometimes narrower. ‘The belly is
always white. The sides and top of the head, the nape and the whole dorsal line,
are marked with numerous small blue spots, usually surrounded each by a darker
ring; the eye is occasionally, but very rarely, surrounded by blue radiating streaks.
Young specimens are sometimes marked by an obscurely ocellated dusky area below
the dorsal fin, but no trace of this persists in adults. The youngest specimen, 12 mm.
long, is a uniform warm brown, without trace of spots. The basal fourth of the
caudal fin is usually covered with fine white spots, the remainder of the caudal and
all the other fins, translucent, unmarked.
The vertical fins are short, with evenly rounded margins. The pectorals are
strongly emarginate, with the upper lobe the longer. The dorsal and anal each
contains 9 rays (rarely 10). There isa short nasal tube widely open at the summit.
Family DIODONTIDZ.
294. Diodon holacanthus Linneus.
Three specimens were secured, 115, 179, and 280 mm. long. AIl show the
characteristic black cross-bars and blotches ascribed to this species. Round black
spots are also present on the lighter spaces of the back, and on the postocular area,
where they are largest. Small black spots are present on the snout in the two smaller
specimens, but are lacking in the larger one. In all of the specimens, large black
spots are present over the ventral region, one in the axil of each spine. ‘They are
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 161
more prominent in the youngest example than in the older ones, but their shape is
less definite. The fins are immaculate in all, and the upper lobe of the pectoral is
notably longer than the lower lobe, a character which becomes more pronounced in
the older specimens. So far as our specimens are concerned, there is no indication
that with increasing age there is an approach to D. hystrix. The species should be
held distinct until a full intermediate series is obtained.
Family SCORPANIDZ.
295. Scorpena histrio Jenyns.
Taken by the Albatross at Panama (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 182).
296. Scorpena pannosa Cramer.
Only the type known; taken by the Albatross at Panama.
297. Scorpena mystes Jordan & Starks.
Of frequent occurrence in the Panama market, the collection containing nu-
merous specimens from 10 to 30 em. long.
In the type of S. mystes, the supraocular cirrus is longer than the diameter of
the eye, but this is a very variable feature. In the majority of our Panama specimens,
the cirrus is shorter than the diameter of the pupil, and in some individuals no trace
of it can be found. Two Panama specimens have it long, as in the type; in a third
it is long on one side and short on the other. In one adult co-type from Mazatlan, it
is short, as is also the case in a young specimen from La Paz, L.C. The variation
is dependent on neither age nor sex.
The nearest relative of S. mystes is the representative form S. plumieri of the
Atlantic. The differences alleged to separate the two are slight. In all the speci-
mens we have examined, those from the Pacific can be distinguished by the darker
duller coloration, and the wider shallower grooves and pits on the top of the head.
S. plumiert is currently described as having a long supraocular cirrus. From the
following statement, however, it is evident that the species varies in this regard as
does its Pacific representative: “Junge individuen besitzen blos wenige, oder selbst
keine Hautlappen, und einem jungen Weibchen fehlen auch die tentakeln iiber dem
Auge.” (Kner, Novara Fische, 1866, p. 115).
298. Scorpena russula Jordan & Bollman.
Dredged by the Albatross at Stations 2795 and 2797, in Panama Bay, 33 fath-
oms; only the types known.
162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Family TRIGLID.
299. Prionotus xenisma Jordan & Bollman.
Dredged at Albatross Stations 2795 and 2805, in Panama Bay, 35 and 61}
fathoms; the types only known.
300. Prionotus loxias Jordan.
Only the types known; dredged at Albatross Station 2805, Panama Bay, 513
fathoms.
301. Prionotus quiescens Jordan & Bollman.
The types were dredged by the Albatross in Panama Bay, in depths of 7 to
514 fathoms.
302. Prionotus albirostris Jordan & Bollman.
The types from Albatross Station 2795, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms.
303. Prionotus horrens Richardson.
This species is very similar in general appearance to P. ruscarius, with which
it has been frequently confused. The two agree in having a continuous sharp ridge
running from the margin of the snout across preorbital and cheek to the preoper-
cular spine, this ridge bearing several strong bramble-like spines standing out from
the head at right angles, and hooked backward. In this respect, both species differ
conspicuously from P. tribudus, in the adults of which the rostral spine, the spine on
the middle of preorbital, and that on the middle of cheek become inconspicuous or
wholly wanting. P. ¢ribulus cannot be considered a representative Atlantic species of
either of these Pacific forms, forthe relationship is not so close as has been assumed.
P. horrens seems to be less abundant than P. ruscarius. We secured four
adults at Panama. Three others have been reported by Jordan and Bollman
(1889, p. 182) from Albatross Station 2800, in Panama Bay. Aside from these, the
species is known only from the Gulf of Fonseca, where the types were obtained.
The following description is drawn from the seven specimens above noted:
Head 22 to 23 in length to base of caudal; depth 4 to 44. Snout equaling maxillary, 24 to
21 in head; eye 54 to 6; interorbital width 4. | Dorsal X, 11; anal 9. Snout depressed, the longi-
tudinal profile nearly straight, the sides concave, flaring strongly outwards to the sharp ridge at its
lower margin. Beneath the ridge, the surface of the preorbitals is horizontal, continuous with that of
the widely exposed dentigerous portion of the premaxillaries, and with the lower surface of the head.
The snout is squarely truncate, or the preorbitals, especially in the young, may project slightly beyond
its tip. They are never strongly produced, as in P. vascarzus, and permit a wide strip of the premax-
illaries to be seen from above in the closed mouth.
The interorbital space is wide and flat, bounded by bluntly rounded supraocular-ridges, which
are usually low, but vary somewhat. This space is never deeply concave, as in P. vuscarius and
P. tribulus.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 163
The head is very finely granular, the radiating ridges delicate and very numerous, the minute
granules almost uniformly covering the bones. The anterior margin of the preorbitals is minutely
serrulate or granular, the posterior tooth sometimes larger than the others, projecting spine-like.
Immediately behind the rounded portion of the preorbital, from which it is separated by a notch, is a
strong compressed spine directed outward and backward. Behind this, on the ridge already mentioned,
is aseries of similar spines increasing in size posteriorly. One of these is on the center of the pre-
orbital, one on the center of the cheek, the third at the base of the preopercular spine. These spines
decrease but little with age; but it may be possible that none of our specimens is fully grown. The
preocular, supraocular, occipital, nuchal, opercular and humeral ridges and spines offer nothing
peculiar. No spines immediately behind the eye. A single pair, similar to the occipital spines,
located slightly in advance of the latter, on the blunt postocular ridge. No trace of a postocular
groove.
The anterior nostril has a broad short flap arising from its posterior margin. Mouth large,
the maxillary reaching a vertical which passes through spine on middle of cheek and traverses the
orbit midway between its anterior margin and the front of the pupil. Mandible with a small but
evident symphysial knob, much better developed than in P. ruscarzus, the intermandibular space
anteriorly acute. Vomerine and palatine patches of teeth varying greatly in width, the vomerine patch
greatly constricted mesially, but not wholly divided in any of our specimens. The vomerine patch
about equals in length one of the palatine patches. Gill-rakers varying in length from two-fifths to
four-fifths diameter of pupil. They are usually heavy, club-shaped; 6, or rarely but 5 movable ones
are developed on horizontal limb of arch. The membrane between the opercular spines is partly cov-
ered with cycloid scales.
Scales thin, smooth or weakly ctenoid in the young, wholly smooth with entire edges in
adults. The scales of the lateral line have their exposed portions roughened with minute projections, the
free edges coarsely spinous in the young. The size and roughness of these scales vary widely in
different individuals. The sides of body are wholly scaled, save for a narrow naked strip in the axil
of the pectorals and ventrals. The breast is variously scaled, but less completely so than in /.
ruscarius. The scaled tract is sometimes limited to a narrow medial band, with a constriction opposite
the base of the ventrals; when wider than this, it is in adults still bounded in front and on the sides
with distinct naked margins. There are 52 scales in the lateral line, and about 100 vertical series
above the lateral line.
The dorsal spines are slender and flexible, none of them roughened or serrulate on their
anterior margin. The first spine is but little shorter than the second (the longest); the free margin of
the fin is slightly concave. The eighth is the last spine to bear movable membrane, the ninth being
thick and short, declined, firmly embedded in the integument, and the tenth little more than a conical
bony nodule, which is sometimes entirely concealed. The caudal is truncate when spread, rarely
slightly emarginate. The pectorals are very short, barely reaching the vent in adults, slightly beyond
that point in the young. Inthe very immature type (115 mm. long), the pectoral is figured as extend-
ing to a point opposite the fourth anal ray. The posterior margin of the fin is evenly rounded, the sixth
to the eleventh rays the longest. Detached pectoral rays very long and slender, the uppermost about
as long as the rest of the fin, extending well beyond tips of ventrals. In adults, the tips of ventrals
fall a little short of the tips of the pectorals, and neither fin reaches the vent.
The dorsal contains invariably 10 spines and 11 soft rays; the anal has but 9 rays. As noted
above, the last dorsal spine (or tubercle) is sometimes concealed.
Color in spirits: dusky brown above, an obscure broad dark bar extending downwards from
anterior part of spinous dorsal, and a second, more distinct, from posterior part of soft dorsal. A
dusky shade on cheeks, continued on to lower side of head, where it widens from the cheek spine
backward to behind tip of maxillary. Lower parts bright white. Spinous dorsal dusky, especially on
its anterior half, where there may be disconnected traces of a distinct black margin. Gill-cavity
blackish; peritoneum white.
164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The soft dorsal has its rays faintly barred, the posterior half darkest, the margin irregularly
blackish. Caudal with much white pigment, the terminal fourth with a series of oblong black blotches,
occupying the membranes between the rays. The remainder of the fin has two or three irregular cross-
series of smaller roundish black spots. The anal is white, some of the rays occasionally margined
with black. Ventrals white, sometimes black-margined. Pectorals dusky at base, becoming black
‘toward middle of fin; the distal half is occupied by a conspicuous white cross-bar, beyond which is a
narrow bar of black. The white cross-bar does not involve the upper or the lower rays.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
ANayeel esaves ely Shay seAVIO, eAcedoe aon cacoso ocdosda5 Sesano709 daouRGoRe.cQcHAeDKH DAaboI0N
Length) to) base of caudalinsmmssseeenccues este sceisescautacesesnoseeemeae
Gréatest depth /.0ein.ci cer. cnoseccieteossc-baasteecee en ceeecene eee ace ce eocteasee
Keeast Ge pth is: sccsajss essesaes sect cue asses tote seas aoau ste eeiteeiee sateisoamealnstaies
Wengthiot caudallpeduncle ae vseemenssa-eerecesse cece seeeee ee eeeriaest cert
Manitllanysee -ccuacnectysciies sans -beecepocie tancaceceesteceqaenenesncenceteciosenes
Greatest widthtof snout without spines ..ces:eeseeeeceseees eececmeeeeceeees
Snouttomurstidorsallispinegeasseaccessaaceecrereceeeeceeeenecr ene caer cereeeee
Basevof spinous (dorsal: .ictinesiccescacescecnte se sete sehiestc cee ae eeeen ceeaeenee
Basévot ‘soft:dorsaliwc sa ascctssmecsteacteseer ecco merce recat a eeeen ences
Longest caudal ray. -27..ssaadvs dines einniees seecceion tecowsuetavecnesmeerene etter
Middle*tcaudal rays: ctiicccncesesctscwees oceecoce seer ea eke seeGin wate enone
Wpper pectoral Tray in eciihcaek rocies sosmace cts heee soeeseeeareeentaaseneteeremectans
Bitthpectoral tay se sssee- cots accesses « cose cece see ascetic Cee secre noe eee
Ninthy(dongest) pectoral tayercke.<e-mec deste eete eee eee eee eee ee eee
Upper detached !stay: ez ..ccacce ws wes scedavene aueecomecepecieceees stow ee seeneaas
Seconddetached ray. 57.40 o2tdheecwians «te secdee, ceecroometee erat ac neee eee eeee
TMhirdidetached trary ices sivscne sense sees dee coer eee cee ener
Snout to first anal ray cs caecsesntadecncsalsstilenosataeceaeeeeasen eon ene eee
Base :of ‘atnall., «se secesanaccanece-caceeGieensent seserdeneeee eee Seer eee ee
Ventral spime ast, ceca att beg veeenetsidecdiicict cco lodso dase cee Ree cee te Ree ee eee
Quter ventral ray) .cf.5.c.cwcsninsercrnnne tues deweceecees see cere eee EMER eee
Inner venttal ray ..c5.e5. <..msaeeabitcecatincis on ences deeeelesh oes eee tee Come eee
232
185
25
1
205
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 165
304. Prionotus ruscarius sp. noy.
PuatE XXVII, Fies. 50, 50a.
Prionotus horrens JORDAN, 1895 6, p. 492 (Mazatlan); JorpAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2172
(Panama; Magdalena Bay); not Prionotus horrens RICHARDSON.
Prionotus birostratus JORDAN, 1885, p. 387; JORDAN & HUGHES, 1886, pp. 332, 337; not Prionotus
birostratus RICHARDSON.
This species strongly resembles P. horrens, with which it is found associated.
It differs in the coarsely granular head, which is usually strongly birostrate, the con-
cave interorbital space, the strongly ctenoid scales, the more numerous rays in the
vertical fins, and in the shape of the pectoral.
Like P. horrens, this species has a ridge extending from edge of preorbital
backward to base of preopereular spine. The ridge is less sharp than in horrens,
being scarcely keel-like in our younger specimens, and decidedly rounded in a large
individual 34 cm. long. The rostral plates are usually produced into rounded lobes,
with a deep emargination between them; but the lobes vary greatly. Where the
lobes are large, the premaxillaries are wholly or almost wholly concealed, when
viewed from above. In the largest specimen the lobes project but little, and the
premaxillaries are exposed.
The ridges and granules are much coarser than in P. horrens, more nearly
resembling P. tribulus. The ridges are everywhere easily discernible. The spines
are slightly smaller than in P. horrens, but occupy the same positions and are for the
most part similarly developed. The supraocular spines are usually smaller, with two
present above each orbit, a minute one projecting into a notch in the immediate bony
rim of the orbit, and a larger one farther removed from the rim, on the rounded
supraocular ridge. But one supraocular spine is present in 2. horrens. The humeral,
opercular and occipital spines and ridges are sharper and stronger in P. ruscarius.
Head 24 to 23 in length to base of caudal; depth 42 to 43; snout 24 to 24 in head (to edge
of opercular flap); eye 54 to 6; interorbital width 4 to 44. Dorsal X, 12; anal rr.
Interorbital space deeply concave, as in P. ¢rééudus. Anterior nostril with a slender flap,
longer than in P. horrens, reaching when depressed to or beyond anterior margin of nostril. The
maxillary usually fails to reach vertical from spine on middle of cheek. The intermandibular space
is rounded anteriorly; there is little or no trace of a symphysial knob. Vomerine patch of teeth con-
stricted mesially in young specimens, wholly divided into two separate patches in adults. Each half
of vomerine patch about equals one of the palatine bands. Gill-rakers 6 (movable), the longest about
three-fourths diameter of pupil. The membrane between the opercular spines is covered with cycloid
scales.
Scales thick and firm, strongly ctenoid on back and sides, becoming cycloid on belly and
breast, and on anterior portion of nape. The scales of the lateral line are less roughened than in
P. horrens, the edges not strongly spinous. The breast is almost completely scaled, a small tract
immediately behind the isthmus, and a narrow area at base of each ventral, naked. There are 50 to 52
scales in the lateral line, and about roo vertical series above the lateral line.
The dorsal spines are flexible, but stronger than in P. horrens. The first and second spines
are about equal, the succeeding ones rapidly shortened, the margin of the fin straight. The ninth
spine bears a movable membrane. The tenth is immovably imbedded, very strong, the basal tubercle
(22) December 29, 1903.
166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
bearing a well-developed, backwardly directed spinous process. The lower caudal lobe is slightly
longer than the upper; the margin is concave rather than truncate, when the fin is spread. The pec-
torals are very short, reaching to or slightly beyond the vent in adults, a little longer in the young.
The fin is sharply angulated above, the third and fourth rays the longest; the posterior margin from
the fourth to the ninth rays is vertically truncate or slightly emarginate; the whole contrasting strongly
with the evenly rounded fin of P. horrens. The detached rays are short, the upper not nearly reach-
ing the tips of the ventrals.
The dorsal contains invariably 10 spines and 12 soft rays; the anal has 11 rays in all of the
eighteen specimens examined, except in one which had tro.
Color in spirits: dark brown on back and sides, white below; a faint ill-defined dark bar
under spinous dorsal, and one slightly more distinct under posterior half of soft dorsal. Gill-cavity
blackish. Dorsals translucent, the spinous dorsal blackish toward tip anteriorly; posterior part of Soft
dorsal dusky at base, the fin with a more or less distinct blackish margin, which does not involve the tips
of the rays. Caudal translucent dusky on basal portion, with faint dark blotches arranged in one or two
irregular cross-rows. In the terminal third, the rays become charged with much white pigment and
the intervening membranes are black. Anal and ventrals translucent, unmarked. Pectorals dusky
on basal half, becoming blackish toward middle of fin. The distal half of the third to the ninth rays
with a broad whitish bar, broadly margined with black.
This species is now known from Panama, Mazatlan and Albatross Station
3041 (Magdalena Bay, L. C.).
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 167
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
sHotalwlenpthyinemimny ss5..0 ees. tested ae cte toe ee ce Aeesaaee ate ten es eceedaaee cnet 153 225 270 | 202
enet hytowbsaseiolcatdaliim mints aacsacse-ceceess eoescecseneeseaieeerce eee 11g 177 222 | 157
(CC reatesinGe pulsar cette. sac aic cesar ceinsdessoa caren Sie kvlaccstenoster eae saur cents 254 224 204 | 24
ILGES EGE olla sacacbdaso Ensen p tans Beebe Hcr coe riote nec lericacarncobrerrncar crricceeee 8 8 8 8
Menathvotpcaudalepeduncless25 004% a cestencsccscsve ceasaceec setriaers aasncece 15 164 15 144
Leacle(toved ion Hap) scsnacsscaees au doncee ate ctaectan nadetons oes eoroadeneneseaee 42 39 364 40
SITIO 1 Nereis cen scene eee ecto nr a Ste erates cash aah cee Mats eis ; 19 174 17 174
Orit re ete e eaid neacd sakes clave an Yas -escwonts Sadacdaadadeedeaee adenateceensbhewer 84 74 7 8
LEK ON talmwicl theorem re Meese teen re rse-tcsecacee cc mictencenaceen ak nes ro} 9h 9 10
IVIctactl tavernas oor a4 ae Nee eaters ene ieee cise ee aS ATS DeUM ANAS AS cacenweaa cee te 18 17 154 17
Greatest width! of snout without Spine to...--ecseneoscosses-no-eeen= ee eecsene 25 21} 20 22
Snouttosirst dorsallspine) vaessasaecs qoenswielscossoce oie toeeescs cresestew sasew aces 41 374 344 384
BASCLOLPS PIN OUST GOLSAl masa mecr ethene tees see selscte asses cloteag stele salem seatece 24 23 204 234
Basekolg SOlaGOrsalleener sae eee reac se scec cee nse- she hte cne sare oaesatesrecesinsaes 244 27 25 25
MON TEStrCalldall urayeaececeetetcere see sleet setccsi aye suecmsosiecs cc devs e/eneueees 274 28 244 | 30
Shottestscatidallrayme mena catrsestaecn estates so teo-neceassatiasotessotaoaactateat. 26 24 214 | 26}
W perme Cera lita yaeescccuee eee. Ssesieecociane sisceer tees cotnccelersas orewis close 25 27 23 25
Mou sesia Govitthy) Mpectotaluna yer wee eecectadectieseississionsaclisewiccss sieoseeeciee 33 33 29 334
Ninthapectonalinaiyaeesesteeeres snc cesccitacstosises asteeteeeieers toes <a)- snoreoecaes 31 314 28 324
Wrpem deta chedGrayyesnsataescieccecde se se cecisc cee tenclecsceetmuscnscsnocloucoseses 26 26 2B 274
Niddletdetached iraymerenaneeceeset ese seecaclosd coeaneccsacaseecess saselecaecsons 21 22 19 23
Mowermcdetacheditayies.p-cesecere dt conceitere « siccesiseenenensCace\ccla sat serloaimnte' 16 164 144 20
Snoutcomirstecanalimay Mec sece tee ceseisecsec cen censcceccenseceeeesscceceeetesaetets tt 60 58 58 614
[BETES @)ETIEU so3ee prone Gaaane oudoas Sonica ou on HEees0 Saeed 006 sex U SE ReSceEEnnoocoob | 26 264 254 | 25
WEIN Gone, ocoadege ode cones soba00 ogdonco oo noadbd BaNiptigaQsesbNO McnogELGUOCoSORE 144 144 13 144
(Over HERE TEN 5 ogo dtioa docaaedarodelso ceae Heeb eo eens pondonecooconceassnolasnocn 20 19 17% | 204
[nssterr WHEL Tall 2c ocepclooddas eepeen nobios E deacon nbe nant cectnrenodcce ects ope oaaces 284 254 23 28
Family GOBIIDA.
305. Philypnus lateralis Gill.
Abundant in the Rio Grande at Miraflores. In life, the scattered spots on the
sides and the streaks about eye were reddish in color.
168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
In their List of American Gobiide, Eigenmann and Eigenmann (1888,
p. 52) distinguish the Atlantic and Pacific species of Philypnus (P. dormitor and
P. lateralis) by the size of the scales, the length of the head, and the number of anal
rays. In going over this ground later, Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 2195) state:
“The only constant difference between this species [P. Jateralis] and Philypnus
dormitor seems to be the brighter coloration of ateralis.”
We have examined in this connection five specimens of P. dormitor, and thir-
teen specimens of P. lateralis. These bear out in the main the differences assigned
by Eigenmann. In P. dormitor, the head averages shorter, although the extreme
of variation includes some measurements of P. lateralis. The scales are smaller in
P. dormitor, although here again there is an overlapping in the formule. But in
P. dormitor the anal rays are constantly 10, while in P. lateralis they are constantly 11.
Below are data for individual specimens examined:
P. LATERALIS.
Mazatlan Panama
1 (ors ben Re eo RO de 24| 24| 24] 3] 28! 28] 28) 28) 3] 28] 28] 23) of 23
Scales: fer iaie ccs race 52 | 54 | 55 |56 5 |) 59 I) S5) || Ss) BE) 4 |) os | So |] Ss | Su
Liaise hail ave wscie | esjemcsell sate ewe 17 || 2O WTO | 7 RS 7 eS a EO ey
P. DORMITOR.
Havana Jamaica Tampico, Mex.
lead aschon sven esecaeeee 32 8 3+ 3h 34
Scales: foc oe eee eee 56 56 59 59 61
Scales in cross-series ..........6.+-. 19 19 18 21 20
Anallas, fetecnccacccaseemesce eee ie) ine) 10 if) 10
We have not sufficient material to enable us to decide whether there are any
constant differences in coloration. The young of both species are marked by a
longitudinal band, interrupted, or narrowed at intervals by incursions of the ground
color. The only young specimen of P. dormitor in our possession shows three con-
spicuous cross-bars on the back: one under posterior portion of spinous dorsal, con-
tinued on the fin as a jet-black bar traversing its posterior and distal half; the
second, immediately behind the soft dorsal; the third, much narrower, just in advance
of the caudal fin. These become faint in adults, but we find traces of them in all our
specimens. Where traces of these bars exist in Pacific material before us, they are
very faint, even in brightly colored young, and do not involve the spinous dorsal.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 169
306. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch).
Abundant at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Of the two forms recognized by
Kigenmann as occurring in the Atlantic, our material agrees almost exactly with the
second, which he had from Gurupa and Rio Grande do Sul.
Our younger specimens, 10 to 15 em. long, are slender, with the upper profile
usually noticeably depressed above the eyes. The head is 3 to 3} in the length, the
depth 32 to 33. Highest anal ray 12 to 14 in head. Distance from snout to base of
first dorsal spine equaling distance from first dorsal spine to base of last anal ray; it
is sometimes slightly greater, sometimes slightly less than this distance, but always
approximates it.
The color was light grayish, with numerous oblique dark bars running down-
ward and forward from the back. A blue spot surrounded by a black area above the
base of the pectoral. Base of pectoral with a blue or black cross-bar. A dark bar
downward from eye to angle of mouth, and four parallel longitudinal dark streaks
across cheeks and opercles. The spinous dorsal was broadly edged with bright red
in life.
Two adults, 255 mm. long, have the depression above the eyes less marked,
the head larger, 2} in length, the depth much greater, 2? in length, and the coloration
plain dark brown on body and fins, save the red margin to the dorsals. Distance from
snout to base of first dorsal spine equals distance from the latter to base of third anal
ray.
A It is probable that this widely-distributed brackish-water species is subject to
local variations in different parts of its range, variations which are not geographically
progressive and are incapable of systematic recognition. According to this view,
the resemblance of the Panama and Rio Grande do Sul specimens is a chance one,
depending upon independent local variation from the common stock.
A number of small specimens from the Rio Presidio at Mazatlan, Mex., do
not agree precisely with either form, though they stand nearer the one here
described. But the head averages somewhat smaller (3} to 34 in length), and
the distance from snout to first dorsal spine is about equal to that between first
dorsal spine and middle of anal. There seems to be no basis for the division of
these specimens into three groups, as indicated by Jordan and Evermann (1898,
p. 2197).
307. Eleotris pictus Aner & Steindachner.
Eleotris equidens JORDAN & GILBERT, 1881 /, p. 461.
Abundant in muddy overflow ponds and ditches at Miraflores, where a few
specimens were obtained. These agree perfectly with Kner and Steindachner’s
description and figure, also with typical 2. wquidens from Mazatlan. Both show the
characteristic mottlings of white or bluish white on the under side of the body. The
black bars on the sides of the head are not visible in the larger individuals, but are
very apparent in young specimens 50 to 125 mm. long. They consist of a short
narrow line on each side of occiput, more or less broken up into series of dots, and of
two rather broad dark bars diverging backward from eye. The upper bar extends
170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
to the upper end of the pectoral base, but is not well marked posteriorly. The lower
runs backward and slightly downward across cheeks to the preopercular margin. The
lower part of cheeks is crossed nearly vertically by three broad dark shades separated
by two narrow light streaks. In none of our specimens, do we note the bar described
by Kner and Steindachner beginning at the angle of the mouth and joining the
second bar at preopercular margin. All of the fins are dark, rather finely barred
with blackish and lighter. |The spinous dorsal has usually a rather wide translucent
margin, and a submedial lengthwise translucent streak.
The teeth are equal or nearly so. In young specimens, a slight enlargement
of the outer mandibular teeth can often be detected.
In specimens of Lleotris pisonis from Havana (Rio Almendares), the outer
series in the upper jaw are slightly enlarged, more noticeably on the sides than in
the front of the jaw. <A few of the posterior teeth near the middle line of the upper
jaw are also slightly enlarged. In the medial portion of the mandibles, the anterior
row is slightly larger. The inner mandibular series is also enlarged, the teeth increas-
ing in size laterally where the band narrows to a single series.
In #. abacurus, the teeth are similar to those of #. pisonis, but the canines are
much larger. Both outer and inner series are enlarged in the upper jaw, the inner
series less so, and the teeth are declined. It is extremely probable that 2. abacurus
is a synonym of 2. amblyopsis.
308. Alexurus armiger Jordan & Richardson.
A single specimen, 172 mm. long, slightly larger than the type. This is the
second individual to be reported, and extends the known habitat of the species from
La Paz, L. C., to Panama.
The type description needs modification in the following respects: The
diameter of the eye is contained 9} times, the length of the snout 5 times in the
length of the head. There are broad bands of villiform teeth in each jaw, the outer
series enlarged to form small canines. In the upper jaw, these increase in size
laterally, and extend as far as does the villiform band. The inner teeth are not
enlarged. In the mandible, the outer canines are confined to the central portion of
the jaw, numbering only about 5 on each side of the symphysis. The teeth of the
inner mandibular series are also enlarged, but less so than the outer, and are directed
backward.
The cheeks and opercles are wholly covered with cycloid scales similar to
those on the occiput. They do not overlap, and are more or less embedded and
concealed.
As indicated in the published drawing of the type (Jordan, 1895 3,
Pl. XLVIII), the rays of the procurrent portion of the caudal fin are unbranched
and not articulated.
In the Panama specimen, the fin rays number: dorsal VI, 14, anal 11.
309. Gymneleotris seminudus ((Giimther).
Only the type known from Panama.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY (7 /i\
310. Gobius soporator Cuvier & Valenciennes.
The most abundant fish of the tide-pools among the rocks.
311. Gobionellus sagittula (Giinther).
Not seen by us; the species was described from specimens taken on the
Pacific Coast of Central America, and has been recorded from Panama Bay by
Jordan (1885, p. 887) and by Boulenger (1899, p. 5; Rio Tuyra, Darien).
312. Gobionellus microdon (Gilbert).
PuaTE XXVIII, Fie. 51.
This species has been known hitherto from two immature specimens taken
in a brackish lagoon a short distance south of Guaymas, in the Gulf of California.
We now report it from the Panama region, where two specimens were secured in
the Rio Grande, at Miraflores, a point entirely above the action of the tides. One
specimen is immature, only slightly larger than the types, the other is 113 mm.
long, apparently adult. These enable us to correct the original account of the
species in respect to the dentition and the coloration.
The teeth are minute in both jaws. Those in the mandible are in a narrow
band, with the outer series very slightly enlarged, inserted on the extreme outer
edge of the jaw, and directed almost horizontally. They are not separated by an
interspace from the rest of the band. Those in the upper Jaw are extremely
minute, in a wider band than those in the mandible, the outer series stronger than
the others, but scarcely longer. Here again, there is no interspace between the
stronger series and the rest of the band. In @. sagittula, the upper jaw contains
an outer series of strong conical teeth, separated by a well-defined interspace from
a narrow inner series of small villiform teeth; the villiform band in mandible is
somewhat wider, of slightly coarser teeth, with an outer series less enlarged, and
with two or three pairs of strong conical teeth in the inner series next the.
symphysis.
Color in spirits: light greenish olive, the snout and interorbital region
brownish; a narrow black streak extending backward from eye; a second narrowly
V-shaped streak on opercle. A series of five to seven vertically oblong blotches
or bars on middle of sides. In the young specimen, these are distinctly band-
like, and reach nearly to upper and lower profiles of body. In the adult, they
are much shortened, and the anterior ones are obseure. Alternating with these
bars above, is a series of blotches extending half way to middle line of sides, becom-
ing confluent in the dorsal region with a brown reticulum which encloses variously-
shaped areas of the ground color. A series of three brown blotches occupies the
naked predorsal strip.
Dorsals whitish, each with three or four irregular lengthwise streaks, slightly
looped from ray to ray. The caudal has a number of narrow cross-bars composed
of series of small spots on the membrane. Other fins are colorless, or nearly so.
A bright green spot is on the base of the tongue in life.
W72, CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
MotalilengthyinWaw sees eee eee eee see eee 87
Head 46:4 25:hik ek 3 oe cee ete eee toon aeeee ce Dei
bs) (0) | apes seen aaeeer ae coases et os abaoedoutacsa ocpoood 6}
Maxillary 2iacasceetcotee acces eee eke ttc IO
1 Dy Sen acrcodececcudesdor. ceeririese Beooga. caadaccos.enq0ddoos 5
Interorbital width (bony) ............00..sseee serene on
ID Yef01 tl peascdoacsssoarounsbaddegag naobed bounodoe casdadceE 19
Depthyof caudal peduncles era. ceccs-aceee reese 9
Distance from snout to dorsal .................06++ 31
Distance from first dorsal spine to first ray...... 19
Basexol second) (dorsal eeeneseeeeeeeeceeneeeeeeert eee 39
Snoutitosanal ees, sc eeeesee da asee ene eeeeleee eines 55
Base:ob anallt sis kc acsarehcan cue te heer baer ae 37
ighestidorsalgspine maceeeet these eeeer tees eeeeeee: 24
Weng thtoficaudallstes ts sewasnssassssass-eaees aseet 34
Wengthvohpectoralseegecceeereeeecct ces eee 214
eng thvol ventials at eeesa ee: oer rice pases 21
M@ransverse Lows Olescaleseeeassssya--heasesrer nee 65
Norsalis pines) cceeweae aacceeet cineca cee ease VI
Dorsal ays, secs cpaghiacbou pee sonk come e tener Reeeeeee |} I4--I
Analerays ri \ss4sccretnadee tteeses Seer eereeeee aioe | T4+1
313. Garmannia paradoxa ((riinther).
PiatE XXVIII, Fie. 52.
Abundant in tide-pools on the Panama reef, where numerous specimens were
obtained.
Females are light olivaceous in color, with nine or ten dark cross-bars, two of
which are on head, one opposite base of pectorals, two under spinous dorsal, three
under soft dorsal, one on caudal peduncle and sometimes a fainter one at the base
of the tail. The bars are usually wider than the interspaces, and each contains a
number of small spots of the light ground color, arranged in one or more vertical
series. A narrow horizontal black line traverses each bar at middle of sides. The
dorsals are coarsely speckled, the caudal finely barred. The anal is blackish, the
pectorals and ventrals faintly dusky; a small blackish blotch is sometimes present at
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 173
base of upper pectoral rays. The under side of the head is coarsely spotted, usually
with two parallel cross-bars. Males are much darker, sometimes nearly uniformly
blackish, with all the fins black.
Six spines have been erroneously attributed to this species. Seven are
present in all specimens examined by us, including the one obtained by the
Hopkins Expedition to Mazatlan (see Jordan, 1895, p. 497, Pl. LIX). The normal
fin-formula is dorsal VII, 12; anal 10. In ten specimens counted, one had 11 dorsal
rays and one had 13; in all others, the normal formula was found. The first dorsal
spine is constantly produced into a filament, which usually fails to reach the middle
of the soft dorsal, but extends beyond the first dorsal ray.
The dentition has not been correctly described. There is in the upper jaw a
moderate band of villiform teeth, along the front of which is a series of strong curved
canines, which decrease in size regularly toward the angles of the mouth. Behind
the band, in the middle of the jaw, are four much slenderer canines, directed back-
ward, all evenly spaced. In the lower jaw, the teeth are in a villiform band, with
an outer and an inner series of strong canines. Laterally, these all give place to a
single close-set series of teeth, which are but little larger than those of the villiform
band. The canines of the inner series increase in size laterally and are directed
obliquely backward. The outer canines are stronger than the inner, and decrease in
size laterally.
The scales are large and strongly ctenoid, covering the body behind the ver-
tical from the second to fourth ray of second dorsal. ‘There are about 16 cross-series
of scales, the anterior series containing about 12 scales each.
The head is contained 34 in the length to base of caudal; 4} to 44 in the total
length.
314. Enypnias seminudus ((inther).
Puate XXIX, Fic. 53.
Fifteen specimens were secured of this rare species, which had not been reported
since the discovery of the types in 1861. Examination of our material shows that
the species is widely separated from typical Gobius, and also from Garmannia, pos-
sessing the following characters:
The dorsal spines are constantly 7 in number instead of 6, the number
assigned in current descriptions. There is a pair of thick barbels on the chin, each
of which springs laterally from the edge of the median frenum of the lower lip.
The body is much more completely scaled than is the case with Garmannia paradoxa.
The belly is naked, and has continuous with it a naked strip extending up into the
axil of the pectoral fin. The head and nape are also naked, a narrow naked strip
extending backward along base of spinous dorsal. Otherwise, the scales cover the
body, the scaly area narrowing anteriorly behind the base of the pectoral fin. Ante-
riorly, the scales are very small and are arranged irregularly. They increase in size
posteriorly, and are there inserted in regular series. There are about 50 or 60 scales
in a line along middle of sides,
(23) December 30, 1903,
174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
In this species, as in Garmannia paradoxa, we fail to find the “2 small curved
canine teeth on each side of lower jaw.” The mandible contains a broad band of
rather coarse villiform teeth, with an inner and an outer series of enlarged canines.
The upper jaw is similar, but contains no enlarged inner series.
None of the dorsal spines are filamentous or elongate. They are constantly
seven in number, the last two much more widely spaced than the preceding five.
The last membrane joins the base of the first soft ray.
The head is large, with swollen cheeks and a blunt nose. Its length is con-
tained 3! to 34 times in length to base of caudal, 3} to 34 times in total length. The
greatest depth of body is contained 4} times in length to base of caudal, 5; in total
length, in a female; 43 (53) ina male.
In females, the body is obscurely cross-banded, a horizontal black line on
each bar along dorsal outline, and another where each crosses middle line of sides.
The soft dorsal and caudal are coarsely speckled in cross-series; a black bar at base
of upper and one at base of lower caudal rays. A conspicuous black blotch at base
of upper pectoral rays. Males are much darker than females, the fins all blackish
and without cross-barring, the bars on sides little evident.
The normal fin-formula is D. VII, 15; A. 11. In fifteen specimens examined,
all contained 7 dorsal spines, thirteen contained 15 dorsal rays (one had 12, and one
16 rays), fourteen contained 11 anal rays (one had 10 rays).
There is nothing in the squamation to distinguish this species generically from
Gobius. The genus Haypnias may be based upon the 7 dorsal spines and the pair of
mental barbels.
315. Bollmannia chlamydes Jordan.
Only the types known, from Albatross Stations 2800, 2802, 2803, 2804, 2805,
Panama Bay, depths 7 to 514 fathoms.
316. Aboma lucretie (Higenmann & Kigenmann).
Only the type known, from Pearl Island, Bay of Panama.
317. Microgobius emblematicus (Jordan & Gilbert).
Microgobius cyclolepis GILBERT, 1891, p. 74.
About thirty specimens were secured in tide-pools on the Panama reef.
In spirits, the coloration is largely lost, the fish having the translucent oliva-
ceous cast so characteristic of the typical members of this genus. On the back, along
the base of the dorsal fins, are more or less distinct traces of five elongate dusky
blotches, the intervals between which are narrower than the eye. Most specimens
show a distinct, vertically oblong black humeral spot. The fins are translucent
dusky, darker in males, in some of which the ventrals and anal are black. The
spinous dorsal has occasionally one, or several, lengthwise series of small dark spots,
one for each spine. The red streak on caudal is often represented by a pale line
traversing obliquely the dusky fin. For the coloration in life, we can refer to the
original description.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 175
The species varies greatly in depth, in squamation, and in the length of the
dorsal spines. The depth varies from 44 to 6 in length to base of caudal. The scales
grow larger posteriorly, and are there regularly arranged. More anteriorly, they are
reduced in size and crowded, and are very difficult to enumerate. Different speci-
mens vary greatly in size of scales, in amount of crowding and irregularity in the
anterior part of the body, and also in the relative completeness with which the ante-
rior part of the body is invested. The head, nape, and belly, and a strip along base
of spinous dorsal are always naked. A narrow vertical strip immediately behind
pectorals is usually scaleless. The scaly area of sides therefore narrows anteriorly
and ends ata point about opposite the first dorsal spine. In some specimens the
seales cease more posteriorly, opposite fourth or fifth dorsal spine. This condition
does not differ essentially from that found in Microgobius signatus, the type of the
genus, nor in JM. thalassinus. The genus Zalypnus, based on emblematicus, must
therefore be withdrawn. As above indicated, the enumeration of the rows of scales
is attended with great difficulty, and cannot be made with any high degree of
accuracy. In different specimens, our counts have varied from 45 to 70, the majority
ranging between 55 and 65.
The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines are usually somewhat produced, often
extending to middle of dorsal base, or even beyond this point. In some specimens,
apparently females, the fin is evenly rounded in outline, with none of the rays pro-
duced. Microgobius cyclolepis was based on a specimen, 5 em. long, from the Gulf of
California, said to differ from IM. emblematicus in the lower spines, the larger scales,
and in the presence of a round black humeral spot. Our present material shows that
all of these characters fall within the range of variation of J/. emblematicus, of which
M. cyclolepis is doubtless a synonym.
The dentition is as follows: The upper jaw is provided with an anterior series
of slender canines extending along the proximal half only of each premaxillary.
Those nearest the center of each jaw are upright, backwardly curved toward their
tips; the others are strongly curved (almost hooked) in the direction of the angle of
the mouth. Behind the canines is a single series of minute villiform teeth, extending
much farther laterally than do the canines. The mandibular teeth are arranged like
those in the lower jaw, the outermost canine on each side larger than the others.
Opposite the point where the anterior series terminates, the teeth of the posterior row
are abruptly transformed into laterally curved canines, which replace on the sides of
the jaw those of the anterior row.
In ten specimens, the fin-formula is as follows, the last ray of both dorsal and
anal divided to the base and enumerated as one ray:
|
eee Dorsal rays Anal rays
spines
aes | |
Number of rays......... vir || 16 | 17 | 18 |) 16 | 17 | 18
SPECIMENS a senasetecieu stis a IO I Cues I mere
176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
One specimen with 18 rays in the dorsal has 17 in the anal. In all other
cases the two fins agree. All specimens possess a sharp thin dermal fold which
extends from the first dorsal spine, to the base of which it is attached, forward over
nape and occiput to a point immediately behind the eyes. A similar fold exists in
M. signatus, and will doubtless be detected in M. thalassinus. It does not exist in
M. gulosus, which is in other respects less closely allied to the species under con-
sideration, and will doubtless in time receive generic recognition. A similar fold is
found in Gobius nicholsi, and again, in an exaggerated form in Lophogobius cyprinoides.
M. emblematicus is most nearly allied to M. thalassinus, which it seems to
represent in the Pacific. No structural features which promise to be permanent
are alleged to distinguish them, but we have no specimens of thalassinus at hand for
comparison. It seems altogether probable that J/. eulepis, from Fortress Monroe,
isa synonym of M. thalassinus.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
dotalilengchitialsm mines eee eee eeee eee eee 48 50
Length to base of caudal in mm................ 38 40
tea Giiheg oes ative ss Sei ieee ere Sn 27 264
SOUP EtG, Se eA aces at nteetn et eRe eaOee 54 53
EVOL ccsneccidentteceonte Shae dace teen steseee ree reaas 7 74
Interooital swicthie:-aeerssseserreeceee Reece I} 2
Miaxallaryaecn eee Uae ie eve Eng 12 14
Depthiotsbody: ic scessacecactecere tec eeeet eee 21 17
Depthvof caudalipedunclemsr es -s-csee see eeeeees 10 10
ongestidorsalispinemspeeee eres ee ese een 16 43
Mongestdorsalliray ns. ceedeseeoseee eset seer 12 17
Wongest.caudallirayes cece ce eer eeesceeteeeeee 26 28
Hongest pectoral iraysey....0-aseseseereseeseeeee 18 18
Wongestiventral Srayaesces.ces-eeeeeee ee eeee 21 21
318. Microgobius miraflorensis sp. nov.
Puate XXIX, Fie. 54.
A species with comparatively large ctenoid scales, with produced spinous dorsal, and with
plain coloration. _Resembling in general appearance JZ emblematicus, but the body less elongate,
the mouth larger, the caudal more produced, the scaling and the coloration entirely different. There
is also lacking the cutaneous fold on nape and occiput.
Head 34 in length; depth 5. Maxillary 13 in head; eye 34. Dorsal VII, 17. Anal 17;
the last ray split to the base, the two halves separated for half the distance found between distinct rays.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 177
The body is rather elongate, the mouth large, oblique, the maxillary reaching slightly beyond
the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. | The interorbital space is very narrow and shal-
lowly grooved, its width but half the diameter of the pupil. The gill-opening is produced below the
level of the pectoral base. There are no fleshy appendages on the inner edge of the shoulder girdle.
The teeth are in a double row in each jaw, those of the outer series enlarged to form
slender curved canines, as in other species of AZicrogobius. The outer series is confined to the anterior
portion of each jaw, the inner series extending laterally beyond them. In the mandible, these lateral
teeth are somewhat enlarged, replacing those of the outer series, which they do not equal in size.
The spines of the dorsal fin are all very slender and flexible, all but the first and seventh
produced, but connected by membrane to their tips, the tip of the produced lobe reaching middle of
soft dorsal when depressed. Soft dorsal and anal of equal extent, high, the last rays slightly over-
lapping the caudal. Pectorals and ventrals reach the same vertical, which is slightly behind the origin
of the anal fin. The caudal fin is lanceolate, the middle rays produced, their length equaling the
distance between the tip of the snout and the base of the middle pectoral rays.
The scales are large, all but the anterior ones regularly arranged and strongly ctenoid. Ante-
riorly, in the post-pectoral region, the scales become reduced in size, cycloid, and less regularly
arranged. As nearly as they can be enumerated, there are 44 or 45 in a longitudinal series. The
head and nape, a narrow strip along spinous dorsal, and the breast and belly are naked.
There were no bright colors in life, while in related species (except gz/osus) there are blue,
green and red. In spirits, the head and body are light grayish olive, with a soiled appearance due
to minute punctulations and the faintly darker margins of the scales. The snout, and the marginal
portions of the vertical fins, are more distinctly dusky. The sides are crossed by a number of
extremely narrow dark lines, 4 or 5 of which can be counted on that part of sides corresponding to
anterior halves of dorsal and anal. A more distinct narrow bar descends from the front of the spinous
dorsal. Pectorals and ventrals colorless.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Noralplenptheinvmmi tee ares tesse orecscesce ae-eeeenects- 39
Eeneth to base of caudal in mim. .......22.--..0+0+--e<- 29
EV CACl eames see cetseoce etaiie Aas altos tie Oa d ei catepsceine detalles 29
1D })oNtld 5 catacepandebcke ue cor SacRane acerca a eCamecnbe saotar 21
Mepthvorcaudalypedunclenscsesse-etenegeseanris- ocr 8
Viet eniy eee srrn titre on ciate sie ve cOnlow sos be cesses sone esac Se 174
BEY Cbeaeee cate eae et spiaece core ote eieaecies asmcinaacilene baradetsaisels 8
Imteronpltalewidth ence -maccsetecnsacieat sec asessaees sane 2
Snout to first dorsal spine............ Bn Ss triers ore trcne eect 35
BaserolpcirstyGorsalk meeereee cetarn tees cccercccciccetes tascee L7
Base oluseconddorsal-yai. eee eon eecce sauce cans 38
Snout to origin) Oiranallect. meses: seseeteeessescasiencsceors 54
Basevoeanales pe sk ose sao cae eu resents erets cacoee cae 27
Men ethpoticatidalle yc. censcsckorietieraectaecwessc seviagaces 33
Menethlon pectoralin.......cccesessaneseeses se sewadloe seco 23
PeGUOUROleMenthal es. .<-2c53 .coscure sce rebestecte ies dace ose ee: 5
Mongest GOtsaliSpIner-s2--eceeseeesenienss=nieveessdenae’ 39
178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
319. Evermannia zosterura (Jordan & Gilbert).
Seven specimens were secured from the tide-pools of the Panama reef, where
it was associated with the much more numerous HZ. panamensis. The species had
been detected heretofore only at Mazatlan, Mex. In the Panama specimens, the
normal fin-formula is D. TV, 14+-1; A.13+1. One specimen only varies from this
in having the anal rays 14+1. In seven additional specimens from Mazatlan no
variation exists.
£. zosterura agrees with #. panamensis in having a rather long flexible
appendage to the shoulder-girdle, and in the presence of embedded scales; though both
characters are denied in all published descriptions. The scales are very few in number,
and can be detected only by the examination of detached portions of the skin under
high magnification. There are thus no characters remaining to separate Hvermannia
from /lypnus, save that the latter has five instead of four dorsal spines, with none
of them filamentous or produced; the scales are also regularly arranged and are not
concealed. These characters seem doubtfully sufficient for generic division, but the
groups may be provisionally retained pending further examination of allied species.
Clevelandia is somewhat less closely related. It is said to have no fleshy appendages
to the shoulder-girdle, but in C. ios, which we have re-examined, there is an evident
low sharp crest along the lower portion of the girdle, rising at about two points to
form inconspicuous papille. This condition is quite different from that obtaining in
Hvermannia and Ilypnus, where a single long flexible finger-like process arises from
the same locality in all of the species.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
é 2
enethvoilibodyainunimaeen tessa tt en eatee sees 22 30
engthiothead Gee aa See ee ae ee | 28 32
Lengthvotisnoutteres censsenter ie ccca tesco ere 6 Ff
Length oltmaxillany Vtceee cane eet eee 15 13h
IDVANETEWESE OH GIDE saconc casone- qogecnons oodannace cosersoce 54 6-++
Depth of body at ventral base..................20..02 20 18
Distance from snout to spinous dorsal............... 42 43
Basevoitsecondidorsalee-s-- see eee eee 35 34
Distance tromisnout to anal essa eee eee ee eee 59 61
Base-of ainalll:s/ ewe sca: ves ses ce eee eee eee Be Ai
Wengthvotpectoralliine....- se essesent reese eee eeeeeee 16 164
engthyotayentiallstini es: see eee eee eee 23 22
Wenethton caucealliin’. eee eee re 264 24
GILBERT AND STARKS —FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 179
320. Evermannia panamensis sp. noy.
PuaTE XXX, Fic. 55.
Head 31 in length, depth 54. Dorsal IV, 16; anal 14; pectoral 19.
Body slender, highest opposite base of ventrals, which in preserved specimens protrude much
below the general contour of the belly. The body tapers comparatively little posteriorly. The upper
profile descends in a long even curve from the front of the dorsal to the tip of the snout, with an
indentation in front of occiput. The lower jaw is curved upward toward tip, well included within the
upper. The teeth are minute, slender, and slightly curved; in a narrow band on the extreme edge of
each jaw, growing wider in front; the outer series is slightly enlarged. The maxillary extends beyond
the orbit for a distance about equal to its diameter; its posterior extremity slightly behind the middle of
the head. The eyes are small, 64 in head, separated by a narrow space which is less than half their
diameter.
The edge of the shoulder-girdle has one rather long flexible appendage, inserted opposite the
fourth to sixth pectoral ray counted from below.
The first dorsal spine is filamentous in the male, extending in the type specimen to base of
ninth soft ray, when depressed. The second spine is also somewhat produced, reaching in the type
to slightly beyond the base of the second soft ray of dorsal. The third and fourth dorsal spines are
shortened, but extend slightly beyond base of first soft ray. The first three spines are close-set and
evenly spaced; the fourth is more widely separated from the third, the interval about equaling that
separating the first from the third spine. The distance between the base of the fourth dorsal spine and
the origin of the second dorsal equals the length of the snout. In females the first spine is usually
produced, but less so than in males. In some specimens it fails to reach the base of the first soft ray.
The origin of the anal is opposite the interspace between the third and fourth dorsal rays.
Its last ray is slightly posterior to the last dorsal ray. The last rays of the dorsal and anal overlap
the base of the caudal. The caudal is produced, lanceolate, its length four-fifths that of head.
Scales small, cycloid, partially embedded, not easily distinguishable.
Color in spirits: males dusky brown, somewhat lighter toward middle line of belly, the pigment
dots on head much coarser and more widely spaced than those on sides of body. A faint vertical
dark line below the eye. Pectorals, ventrals, dorsals, and upper half of caudal fin translucent, with
dusky rays. Anal black, its upper half translucent, strongly contrasting. In life the upper half of
caudal was yellow.
The females are lighter and less uniform in coloration. The ground color is light olive, the
upper part of head and the dorsal region finely mottled with brown, the sides of body with narrow
streaks following the lines which separate the myotomes. The dorsal fins have translucent membranes,
and almost uniformly dusky rays. The caudal has the upper half plain or faintly cross-banded, the
lower half translucent or faintly shaded, the coloration of the two halves never sharply distinguished
as in the male; there is a faint submarginal dusky streak, better defined on upper half of fin; the
margin is narrowly translucent or whitish. The basal two-thirds of anal fin is dusky, more intense
toward middle of fin, the marginal third translucent or whitish. The pectorals and ventrals are
translucent, the former with dusky rays, the latter unmarked.
This species is closely related to #. zosterura. It is more extensively scaled
than the latter, and seems to attain a larger size. It has one or two more soft rays
in the dorsal and anal fins. The male is readily distinguished by its striking and
peculiar coloration. The females require careful inspection, but can be separated
usually at sight by the coloration of the second dorsal fin, which is noticeably speckled
in £. zosterura.
Forty specimens of this species were obtained in tide-pools on the Panama
reef.
180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
3 (Type) ¢ 2 9
Mengthawithouticaudalyinimam 2s seeeaseceee epee eee eee reese ee 35 i) 326 3I 324
Bengthofthead shou. .ck scrccecemasecucts areeeeencese ene: ooeeemeere 23 334 gyal 32
Wength Of; SNOU tis. .2i ox sacs estecet resents eee Cees See eee 8 | 74 | 7
Rengthvot maxillary... 2....0cse-occcnssesney-oececeremaneeseccemeneens 174 17 15 1323
Diametecyof ‘orbit :.ce.sjasheehss ose ee ree eee 5 53 6 6
Tnterorbitall‘width 77.05. Jc secs seess see aecee eee eee eee ee 14 2 1} 14
Depthyof body ativentralleeeec-casvarace se mere eee eee cee 174 17s | 17 18
Beastadepthiof caudal ipeduncl epee see estate eee eee eee 8 8 74 7
Distance from snout to spinous dorsal.................0c0.0 seseee eee 43 44 424 | 414
WistancelbetweenMiontioitd orsalSwereesse-seesese -eeeeeeee eee eeaee 15 (6) | 164 | 163
Base wi, second dorsal 022 teacececca tote eee een eee 35 344 | 353 36
Distance tLOMSHOUtsLOfatial yeeeeeeeer eee ee eee ee 60 61 64 62
Basexofsanial ty, 35582 seectecsees cit cle oc acc eee oe 31 30 27 30
Menethyotcaudal speduncleeese cress seer see eee eere eee eee ite) 10 84 8
leigh totslonsestidorsallispineiesess sess eases ete aaa 30 | 38 16 154
env thvohspectoralitinussesseee-ceeee a cere see eee tee eee eee 14 16 163 15
JLyevarenln yi WSMPAU ITT socoome Gonnymedaan StonsondS cadeaanomonsssoeoouns 19 23 22 21
engthvotycatidal itintseseasepeteent eee en eRe ee eRe Eee REE REE Eee 25 27 26 24
320.
Tyntlastes brevis ((Ginther).
This species is known from the type, and from two partially digested speci-
mens taken from the stomach of a Centropomus (Gilbert, 18908, p. 451).
Family ECHENEIDID.
322.
Echeneis naucrates Linneus.
Recorded from the Gulf of Panama by Boulenger (1899, p. 3).
323.
Obtained at Panama by
Famil
Remora remora (Linneus).
Gilbert (Jordan, 1885, p. 872); not seen by us.
y OPISTHOGNATHID#.
324. Opisthognathus punctatum Peters.
Recorded from Panama by Jordan (1885, p. 389) on specimens secured by
Gilbert; not seen by others.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 181
Family DACTYLOSCOPID 2.
325. Dactyloscopus zelotes Jordan & Gilbert.
Only the type known, collected at Panama by Captain J. M. Dow.
Family URANOSCOPID.
326. Kathetostoma averruncus Jordan & Bollman.
Known from the type, dredged in Panama Bay at Albatross Station 2800, in 7
fathoms (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 163). Recorded by Garman (1899, p. 75) from
depths of 56 to 210 fathoms.
Family BATRACHOIDIDZ.
327. Batrachoides pacifici (Giinther).
Very abundant at Panama, appearing daily in the markets; the young abun-
dant in the tide-pools of the reef. The youngest specimen obtained by us is 24 mm.
long, and shows a well-developed adhesive disk between the ventral fins. In a
specimen 30 mm. long, no trace of the disk remains. In the young, the ground color
is much lighter than in adults, while the black cross-bars on body and fins are much
more conspicuous.
In their account of this species, Meek and Hall (1885, p. 61) make two serious
errors, which are repeated by Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 2314). The scales
are said to be ctenoid, whereas they are perfectly smooth, with entire edges; and the
anterior mandibular teeth are described as in two rows, while they are in a cardiform
band, some or all of the outer and the inner series enlarged as strong conical
canines. In the outer row there seem to be regularly two or three pairs of these
canines.
The upper lateral line is interrupted under the middle of the soft dorsal, the
lower line at a point slightly posterior to this: the two are then continued at the
immediate base of dorsal and anal respectively, and are again interrupted near the
ends of these fins, to reappear on caudal peduncle at their former levels; they are
discontinued on the base of the caudal fin, but are each represented on the fin itself
beyond the base by a series of two or three pores.
The smaller number of fin-rays and the much larger eye serve readily to
distinguish this species from swrinamensis and boulengeri. In dentition, it seems to
agree more nearly with the latter.
(24) January 5, 1904.
182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length to base of caudal in mm................06eeeeee cones 208 235
jes oksaday oval elerto lt sasneaanassdaeec booddos act hor do adosciin,so00gs000 38 384
Greatestwidthrot head aesee-s- setae eee eeteaereee eee eeeee 32 BR
Length Of ;SnOut:cea.. cassee cere cetesgoceeee eect ee eee eeceencnee 8 84
Diameter, ol teyeballl 1..Syaneene-t-eeeereebeces teeter 6 5h
Interocular width... .. ..s.casageneshemttereee ceeecese ose seen 8 10
Length of maxillary: A ee.e occu 6 fo5eeeeeeneeeseaee nearer are 204 224
Greatestidepthl ol) bodyaessa-a-ncteee ose a eee Cee eee eee eee 18 17
Depthyofcaudaliiped uncles rye eesese seer eeeeeseeee eee eee eee 7k 7s
Snout to dirstid orsall spineless. sees eeeeeere eee ee ee eee renee neee | 354 37
Base of second dorsal (to base of last ray) ................. 51 51
SVOCOTULE KV MNEOV ITEC GIAEVLS oy seuconk sonra sdannocébotneasbonsosooou 55 584
Base of anal ((tombasevol Vast ray, eeereseereeenete cee eree tec 42 40
engthiotycaudalle. . cocacenenecosecenscscee: seamen epeeereens 18 17
Length of pectoral (from middle of axil) ..................5- 18 17
Mengthy otaventrallee masse ccasns cote cece ice eee eee reece 15 15
328. Batrachoides boulengeri sp. nov.
Puate XXXI, Fies, 57-57a.
Batrachoides surinamensis GUNTHER, 1861 6, p. 174 (in part); GUNTHER, 1868, p. 388. Not
Batrachus surinamensis BLOCH & SCHNEIDER (Surinam).
Head 2% to 24 in length; greatest width of head 32; depth 54. Interorbital width 2¢ to 2%
in head; snout 44;, maxillary 13 to 14 in head. Eye 33 to 4 in interorbital width, 10 to 11 in head.
Dorsal HI, 27 to 29; anal 25 or 26.
Head very strongly depressed, the posterior part of trunk strongly compressed, the depth and
width about equal at a point opposite the tip of the pectoral fins. The arrangement of pores and
barbels on the head is essentially as in B. facificz, but the filaments are more numerous and larger.
As in other species, the filaments are clustered, being for the most part the fringed margins of cutane-
ous flaps which occur in pairs on either side the organs of the lateral lines.
The teeth near mandibular symphysis are in a broad cardiform patch, with the outer series
enlarged to form broad conical canines. The sides of the mandible are occupied by a single series
of very strong conical canines, two or three of which near the middle of each ramus are much larger
than those in front and behind; this series is continuous with the posterior series of the cardiform band,
where they decrease rapidly in size, those nearest the symphysis being scarcely larger than the others
of the band. Vomerine teeth normally eight in number, the median ones small, the others increasing
rapidly, the outermost usually as large as the largest of the palatine series. Palatine teeth strictly in a
single series, eleven in number on each side; they increase regularly from the anterior end backward
to the sixth, which is the largest, the remaining five being subequal, and about as large as the third.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 183
The premaxillary teeth are all finely villiform, in a narrow band which tapers laterally to a point, and
is discontinued opposite the fourth or fifth of the palatine series. Opercle and subopercle each with
two strong diverging spines, the lower in each case shorter than the upper.
The entire head, with the throat and breast and the pre-pectoral area are naked. The rest of
the body, including the entire belly, is covered with elongate imbricated cycloid scales, the margins of
which may be slightly crenate. , As in other species of the genus, there are two lateral lines: the upper
begins on a level with the upper opercular spine, runs parallel with the back for a distance slightly
exceeding two-thirds the length of the trunk, to a point opposite the base of the eighteenth dorsal ray;
it is there discontinued, to reappear at the extreme base of the dorsal fin, along which it is evident
from the twentieth to the twenty-fifth ray; it is there again interrupted, reappearing at its former level,
where it is continued to a point opposite the end of the dorsal fin. The lower lateral line curves around
the lower base of the pectoral fin and up behind it, then runs nearly parallel with the base of the anal
to its interruption at a point opposite the twelfth anal ray; it is then continued along the base of the
anal to within a few rays of its end, when it reappears at its former level. Two short longitudinal
series of filaments divide the basal portion of the caudal fin into thirds, and seem to represent a pos-
terior continuation of the two lateral lines.
There is a deep glandular pocket behind the upper portion of the pectoral fin. On the inner
face of each pectoral toward the base is a series of grooves, one in each interradial membrane; these
are continued proximally as canals which penetrate the base of the fin.
The color is gray, very finely mottled with olive-brown. About seven dark bars cross the
back and sides. The belly and under side of the head are whitish. The ventrals are whitish, the
other fins colored like the body.
This species seems to resemble the Atlantic B. swrinamensis, with which it
has been identified by Dr. Giinther. No specimens of swrinamensis are at hand for
comparison, but published descriptions indicate important differences between the
two forms. According to Cuvier and Valenciennes (Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vol. XII,
p- 488), B. surinamensis has a very small eye, the diameter of which is contained
eight or ten times in the interorbital space; the palatine teeth are in two rows, the
throat is scaly, and the two lateral lines disappear near the middle of the length of
the trunk. Meek and Hall (1885, p. 61) state that the vomerine teeth are small,
about fourteen in number, and the pectoral is without pores on its inner surface. All
of these features are essentially different in the species here described, as has appeared
in the above description. Authors are not agreed concerning the arrangement of
the palatine teeth in B. surinamensis. They are variously described as in two rows,
in one irregular row, or ina single series. We are also uncertain concerning the
anterior mandibular teeth; Cuvier states that those of the anterior series of the cardi-
form band are stronger than the others, while Giinther describes a villiform patch,
the outer teeth of which are not canine-like.
Through the courtesy of Dr. C. H. Eigenmann, we are enabled to give the fol-
lowing notes on the specimen of . swrinamensis, on which Meek and Hall based
their account of the species. The specimen is 111 mm. long. It is numbered 2080
in the catalogue of the Indiana University Museum.
The longitudinal diameter of the eye is one-third the interorbital width. The
palatine teeth are conic, irregular in size, in a single row. The vomerine teeth are
14 in number, increasing in size outward. The mandibular teeth are in a single
series laterally, in a band in front, the anterior and the posterior series of the band
184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
evidently enlarged. Upper jaw with a narrow band, the posterior row slightly
enlarged. Region in front of ventrals naked. Lateral lines disappearing near
middle of tail. No pores at base of pectoral rays on inner surface.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Mength’ to) base oticaudal tints eeeeee tee se ee eee eee 295 | 255
Length: of head siends.ccrs-henresgh ce eee et ee 354 36
Greatestawid thiotaheads is -- eae neta eee eee re 29 Bue
Lengthiof./snOut-st 2s. f-anene stores oct oc cere an eee uence 84 84
Diameterothey chal llterneerces eres acer eeeeeee eee 3h 3h
Interocularwidtht 7% js adorstrten oOo eee ee 124 13}
eno thvolemaclanyaeeneceesceettee tee nene ee eeeeeeee eters 204 21
Greatestidepthtot bodys. scassteseteeceee neta eee eee 16 18
Mepthvotcaudallpeduncletess-s.cesssseeeenseeeer reese 7 7
Snouttosirstdorsallis pine ps pasese recesses eee eee eeeee 35 354
Basexotssecondudorsalles eee aeest cerca pence te eee eee 55 56
Snouttomrontiotjaniall meee es ee ase eoe ene eee aetna 50 50
Base olsanaly. co. scsthetaee ee iaee et oesee cont aero 47 49
Length tok; caudalh.ca.cst se4cecaeae estes se heme cen ee esceee eee 16 18
Mengeth of pectorallirombadl yee sea eeeeee eee eee || 16 17
Hength. ofsventrall’..coe.cetaccssscosasseeencecnia merece \ ee sce ol i a
Base of caudal to bend in upper lateral line.............. || 22 19
Base of caudal to bend in lower lateral line.............. | 27 22
329. Porichthys margaritatus (Richardson).
Taken by the Albatross in Panama Bay at Station 2802, at a depth of 16
fathoms. Also reported by Dr. Boulenger (1899, p. 3) from Rio Tuyra, Darien (as
P. notatus).
330. Porichthys greenei sp. nov.
PuLaTE XXX, Fic. 56.
A small light-colored species, taken by us in the tide-pools of the Panama
reef. It differs from all other species of the genus in the complete union of the
dorsal and anal fins with the caudal, in the small head, and in the comparatively weak
development of the phosphorescent spots.
Head 44 to 44 in length; depth 54. |The mouth is oblique, the lower jaw longest, the max-
illary extending beyond the eye, slightly more than half length of head. A pair of slender cutaneous
slips at tip of snout. Tip of maxillary with a cutaneous flap, the free edge of which is fringed.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 185
Mandible anteriorly with an outer series of small canines, behind which is a narrow band of
short cardiform teeth. The latter pass toward sides of jaw into a single series of canines, enlarging
toward angle of mouth and hooked backward and laterally. Premaxillaries with a single close-set
series of slender conical teeth, a median pair slightly larger than the others, but scarcely canine-like.
Vomer with a pair of widely separated canines, about equaling the large teeth in sides of mandible, and
much larger than any of the palatine teeth. The latter are of small size, nearly uniform, ten to
twelve in number. The eye is small, its diameter about equaling the bony interorbital width.
The lines of sense organs and phosphorescent organs of this species have been described by
Dr. C. W. Greene (1899, p. 676), to whose paper we refer. As there stated, the rows agree very
closely with those in P. nofatus and P. margaritatus. The phosphorescent organs are, however,
much smaller, proportionally, than in these species, and are less developed in the dorsal region and
on top and sides of head. The following account gives the principal differences between P. greene?
and the other species mentioned. In some minor details, it differs from the account given by Dr.
Greene.
In the dorsal series, no phosphorescent spots are present. In the /atera/ series, there is no
upper row of phosphorescent organs. In the A/ewxa/ row, both sets of organs are constantly present;
the sense organs are difficult to distinguish, as they are not accompanied by dermal filaments; the
line is discontinued at a point opposite the twenty-first anal ray. Concerning the phosphorescent
organs in this series in P. xofatus, Greene says (1. c., p. 671): ‘‘The organs of this line ......... have
no relation to the body segments.’’ We find that the typical arrangement, in the three species
known to us, gives two spots to each anal ray, along that part of the line which is parallel with the
anal fin. The spots are not equally spaced, but are rather obviously arranged in pairs, though one
member of a pair is occasionally undeveloped. Both cauwda/ rows are well developed as in other
species. The gastrogular row is always complete, but the sense organs are again difficult to detect,
owing to the absence of filaments. In the wfper ofercular series, and ina row along the lower edge of
the black subocular blotch, the phosphorescent organs are well developed; they are absent, however,
or very sparingly developed on all other series on top and sides of head.
The dorsal and anal fins are longer than in other species, the dorsal containing 2 spines
and 38 or 39 rays, the anal 35 or 36 rays. The membrane of the last dorsal spine joins base of first
soft ray. The last two or three dorsal rays are shortened, and the last ray is joined for its full length
with the upper ray of the caudal; there is thus a notch between the two fins. The anal is continuous
with the caudal, without notch, as the last rays are not shortened.
As in other species, a gland is present in the axil of the pectorals; also a series of canals pene-
trating the base of the fin on the axillary side, as in Batrachoides, one for each interradial membrane.
The color is translucent grayish or olive, with five broad dark cross-bars on back along base
of dorsal fin, and a sixth on nape (including base of spinous dorsal); there are also one on occiput,
one behind orbits and one on snout, the last three less intense and more or less joined. The basal
portion of the pectoral fin is more or less dusky. Fins otherwise translucent, unmarked.
Twelve specimens were obtained. The species is named for Dr, Charles
Wesley Greene.
186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SOITENCES
Measurements tn Flundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal in mm............... 76 7S
as (Ne Peer on eee Seetech ttre Bene Faseona sy nee 24 24
SHOUt eck Goccenen cee mee eee eee 5 5
Interorbital space (bony).....-:.-......c0s0s 3+ 34
EVO. FR scescenes Teonepivorcuee ered eset 4 34
Manillary. «..sccarege onsnaaenine ss aqusimenesenene 13 123
Depths. cireieercccacseeconncosteses canteen 18 184
Least depth at base of caudal:.............. 34 4
SNOUGEO CONGR ee cee ceeceeneeenmeserene 25 23
Distance between dorsals ........... ...c00+ Ad | erccennts
Basevor Second) Gorsalle.--cscesescseeuane scene 7o 7
ASS HVOLUL AMON TATA PRS ens hehe se Regctonatebaace 37 37
Base ob. anal We. ciecke. seers reece oer tae 63 61
LCEUN GET lien ah teractaen ah dea ac acre II II
Pectoral. csceortecn Sore eee eect ee 18 18
Wentttal (ic. es ccs Beganccmacitasecacaer-ceetcne ss 11 12
331. Thalassophryne reticulata (Giinther.
Teeth on mandible, vomer and palatines similar, in single series, small, nearly
uniform in size, antero-posteriorly compressed so as to resemble diminutive incisors.
Sometimes single teeth are crowded out of line, but they are never in two definite
series, not even, as alleged, on front of mandible. The maxillary teeth are similar,
but very much smaller, in two rows or a narrow band.
The last dorsal and anal rays are inserted at a distance from base of eaudal
equaling more than half their length. They are joined by membrane for their entire
length to the caudal peduncle and to the portion of the caudal fin which they
overlap.
The type is deseribed as haying 24 rays in the dorsal and 24 in the anal fin;
it is figured, however, with 25 rays in the dorsal. Nine specimens counted by us
show uniformly 26 rays in the dorsal fin, 25 in the anal; a tenth specimen has 27
dorsal and 25 anal rays.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 187
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length to base of caudal in mm.................. w|| 255 218
engi ot Wea. cob esos sotto aati eed 31 31
Greatest width ot Neads,..7..0snsesserern denererepsssees 30 30
Rengtivotusuguties.ise ccac- sesh. te neti ae eae 6 6
Diameter of eyetatl) 3 3
MSECLOUDICAL ICRI «tat vere shige ss seer eee cae tae | 6 y]
PECTS EIN ON IAKIMADW op for; 324d oe 8 hes oreo epee | 16 16
Greatest depth of body o..c...c.cstescssssseessetesnen fiver, tl hg
Depth off caudalrpeduncle -, 22.5.2. r0.0coeecore cones | 54 | 6
Snout to first dorsal spine ..............200200c00ceceee 28 | 29
Base of second dorsal (to base of last ray)........ 56 54
SHOME CO MEOUL Ole ANAM to cc ep cache seas Ce encretice svases 44 46
Base of anal (to base of last ray) .........2.200r0000e gr t) 54
tie tte SAAN AOS ese yt: 2b Beate keke’ op | 1S in) Zo
Length of pectoral (from middle of axil)........... 224) 23
Length of ventral (Outer £ay)\.6<.c50s enc enncoesoss | 144 144
332. Thalassophryne dowi Jordan & Gilbert.
This species seems to be rarely taken. A single specimen was obtained by
us, 150 mm. long. The only others known are the three types from Punta Arenas,
Costa Rica, and two specimens dredged by the Albatross in the Bay of Panama.
The lower half of the body is whitish, unmarked; the dorsal portion is blackish, relieved by
the white lateral line and by a few irregular blotches of white, which are most numerous toward the
middle of the sides. The head is blackish above and on sides, very finely marbled with gray. The
lower lip and the front of the lower jaw are similarly marked; the gular membrane is slightly dusky;
the under side of the head otherwise white. The eyes are seen with difficulty, being colored like the
surrounding area. The anal is white, except some of the posterior rays, which are margined with
black. The basal half of the dorsal is white or grayish, sharply contrasting with the black marginal
half. The terminal half of caudal is jet-black, the basal half white, blotched more or less with brown.
The ventrals are white; the pectorals white, marbled with brown on their basal portion. Teeth in
premaxillaries small, in two series, the front tooth of the outer series on each side a strong conical
canine. Sides of mandible with a single series of strong canines, which increase in size backward to
the eighth or ninth, then suddenly diminish. On the front of the mandible, are two series of similar
teeth. The vomer contains twelve canines, increasing in size laterally. The palatine teeth are in a
single series, about twelve in number on each side, large and small teeth regularly alternating in the
series.
The head is contained 3% to 4 times in the length. It is cuboid in shape, with vertical cheeks,
and very oblique mouth; in appearance resembling Astroscopus. Greatest depth of head three-fourths
its greatest width.
188 OALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The last two or three rays in the dorsal and anal fins are progressively shortened, giving a
rounded contour to the end of these fins. The last rays of each are united for their whole length by
membrane to the caudal. In three specimens at hand the second dorsal contains respectively 30, 31,
and 32 rays; the anal 29, 29, and 30.9
Two pairs of filaments project from the free margin behind the upper lip, one in front of each
eye, the second pair nearer the median line. A pair of similar filaments on lower lip near symphysis.
No other filaments on head or body; but pairs of inconspicuous thick fleshy lobes close in front of the
isolated sensory organs on the lower jaw, and on the sides and top of the head.
The opercular spine, and the spines of the dorsal fin are wholly enveloped in the integument.
They contain a central canal, which opens in a shallow groove on the anterior face of the spine, at an
appreciable distance below the tip.
The genus Dector Jordan & Evermann (1898, pp. 2313 and 2325), of which
this species is the type, seems to have little value, and is not here recognized. The
characters assigned are the many rayed dorsal and anal fins, and the union of these
with the caudal. Other species of Thalassophryne have 19, 20, and 26 rays in the
dorsal fin; 18, 19, and 25 rays in the anal. It seems unwarrantable to distinguish
from these generically a species containing 30 to 83 rays in the dorsal and 29 or 30
in the anal. As regards union of the dorsal and anal fins with the caudal, this oceurs
in varying degrees, and is not correlated with increased number of fin rays.
7. maculosa (D. II, 19; A. 18) seems to have the fins wholly distinet; 7. amazonica
(D. II, 20; A. 18) has them completely joined; 7. reticulata (D. II, 26; A. 25) has
them almost wholly united.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length) to base of caudallim mim ..csaseee se seeeesneee 134.
Length tofthead nts eee Pee AA Rene ane 274
Greatest widthroisheadianecanotatn se seeeee aren ten cs 234
eengthrofrSnouthan meses cts carci aan te ene eee 44
Diameter of eyeball euccccstacctsces somos eemntet 2
Interonbitaliwicthineceseteeneesseceeeceee nanan 6
Mengthiot muasillanyy meses: cece neeeene ee eeentnes 13
Greatestidepthyoll bod ysen.cuseaseeeeeeees tee teeta 20
Depth of tcaudall peduncles eee en eae 53
SNOUtMtO) firsts Coxsall’s ime wiaueaseieserteeeneetenenaetnee 25
Base of second dorsal (to base of last ray) ........... 61
SMOUL TO mLOMt; Olena see cee eee eee 39
Base of anal (to base of last ray,)).....c0ss-ssseee «cee 58
Lengthiof, caudal... :..«ca..aessh eck neat teeeee teers 16
Length of pectoral (from middle of axil)............. 18
Eenpthorouter ventrallray,... 1s esemeenemecene meet eenes 9
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 189
Family GOBIESOCIDE.
333. Gobiesox rhodospilus Giimther.
The types of this species are from Panama, but it was not seen by us. It is
recorded by Boulenger (1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 8) also from the Bay of Santa Helena,
near Guayaquil.
Gobiesox gyrinus Jordan & Evermann (1898, p. 23381) is founded on Giinther’s
description of specimens in the British Museum, to which he has applied the name
Gobiesox nudus Bloch (see Giinther, 18616, p. 502). These specimens were partly
from the West Indies, partly from the Island of Cardon (misspelled Cordova, fide
Giinther, 1868, p. 381) on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, and are probably not con-
specific. Giinther’s description (copied by Jordan and Evermann) was doubtless
based upon the adult specimens from the West Indies, not upon the very immature
Nicaraguan specimens.
Family BLENNIIDZ.
334. Malacoctenus delalandi (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Not seen by us; known from Mazatlan to Guayaquil (Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol.
XIV, p. 8). It is recorded by Giinther (1861 a, p. 371) from the “ Pacific coast
of Central America,” where it was collected by Captain Dow.
335. Mnierpes macrocephalus ((riinther).
This species has been taken several times at Panama, but was not seen by us.
It is recorded by Boulenger (1899, p. 4) from Flamenco Island, Panama Bay.
336. Auchenopterus monophthalmus (finther.
A very abundant species in the tide-pools at Panama.
The sexes are readily distinguished by the coloration, and by the size of the
mouth. In females, the lips, mandibles, and the lower portions of the cheeks and
opercles are marbled or finely blotched with dark; the ventrals, the lower pectoral
rays and the caudal are cross-barred. In males, all of these regions are plain,
except the caudal, which may be faintly barred. In females, the mouth is small, the
distance from tip of snout to tip of maxillary not exceeding (in adults) that from
tip of snout to posterior edge of pupil. In males, the length of maxillary as meas-
ured above, exceeds the distance from tip of snout to posterior edge of orbit.
The first three dorsal rays form a detached fin, its posterior membrane joining
fourth spine at or immediately above the base. The three spines are flexible, not
pungent at tip, much weaker than the succeeding spines. The fourth spine becomes,
abruptly stiff and strong. So slender are the tips of the first and second spines that
it is difficult to detect them where they terminate in the membrane. The first and
second spines are about equal, and are somewhat longer than any of the spines in
(25) January 8, 1904.
190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
the posterior portion of the fin. The third spine is shortened, but still is longer than
the fourth. The dorsal formula is III, XXVI-+1. In ten specimens examined, the
anal fin contained constantly 2 spines and 20 rays, the last two rays being distinct,
but closely approximated at the base.
The lateral line traverses 38 to 40 scales, including the scale which overlies
the base of the caudal fin and is sometimes without tube. The arched portion of the
lateral line contains 18 to 20 scales, the straight portion 19 to 21. The scales con-
stituting the upper portion of the arch are slightly enlarged, and are perforated on
the anterior two-fifths only by a tube which opens on the under surface of the scale.
At the summit of the arch, a single series of scales intervenes between the lateral
line and the base of the dorsal fin. At the beginning of the straight portion of the
lateral line, it is separated by five horizontal rows from the base of the dorsal, and
by five rows from the base of the anal.
The second dorsal fin is marked by seven dark bars, which are continued
more or less definitely upon the back and sides, where every alternate band is more
distinct, the fainter ones being often with difficulty distinguished. On the middle of
sides, the bands are variously confluent and irregular. The dorsal ocellus occupies
the next to the last dorsal bar; and is rarely accompanied by a second smaller ocellus
developed in the last dorsal bar (in two out of eighty specimens). No small ocel-
lated spots are present on the dorsal fin in advance of the main ocellus. The anterior
dorsal fin is without ocellus, and is variously blotched with dusky; the first spine is
light, with four narrow cross-bars in the female, plain in the male. The dorsal
ocellus is found between the twentieth and twenty-second spines of the second
dorsal, occasionally encroaching on the membrane between nineteenth and twen-
tieth spines. The anal shows six or seven oblique dark bars, or is more frequently
uniform blackish, with a white margin. The caudal, pectorals and ventrals are
finely cross-barred in females, plain in males. In females, the lips, mandibles,
and lower portion of cheeks and opercles are barred or freckled, these regions plain
in the males. The opercle has a dark blotch; a dark shade is usually present below
the eye. A dark blotch occupies the basal portion of some of the pectoral rays, this
more specialized on the lower rays in females,
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 191
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
3 3 g ge
Meng rea Uri nA: «2h eae eon Seek deen 67 52 67 5°
Bengthvon head teasccncsnac tates hese: 30 31 31 29
(herigth: of snout 2:2. .5:0)5h. doanyo ene sccions 8 8 8 7
Heng th eivanaxiliary sia... eensesagege<.- 16 16 134 124
Diameter Oionbita.ceaceeeaetes ss oceteeee 6 6 6 6
Imrekonbitallawic bhiessepersesessee sacra steers 4 4 34 3
Greatestidepthy.csacnuccscissoteeecsemeh oeaes 24 23 25 24
Depth of caudal peduncle ................. 9 8 8 84
Length of first dorsal spine............... 94 | 10 12} II
Length of second dorsal spine............ II 11g 13 II
Length of third dorsal spine .............. 7 7 9 7%
Length of fourth dorsal spine ............ 6 64 7 7
Length of twenty-sixth dorsal spine..... 94 9 II IO
Length of first anal spine.................. 64 64 74 7
Length of second anal spine.............. 8 8 9} 84
Length of longest anal ray................. 12 15 154 134
eno to OlMcaudalsyiiomessseeeeceeeaee se eeeees 23 23 24 22
enethlotiventraltting ese esseessesceentes 19 21 22 20
eng throtipectoralltimsses tense erseececeee 24 24 24 24
337. Hypsoblennius piersoni sp. noy.
PLatTE XXXII, Fie. 60.
Resembling 4. gentilis and H/. gi/bertz, but with shorter spinous dorsal and much longer soft
dorsal and anal.
eadia-wdepthis., 6) x25 WAt li eoae ab norma Ian aes
The form is elongate, with very bluntly rounded snout, the mouth subinferior, as in the other
species mentioned. There is a slender nasal tentacle, longer than in its nearest relatives. The orbital
tentacle is as long as diameter of eye; above a short basal stalk, it is finely dissected to form five or six
slender filaments, one or more of which may be branched. The mouth is very small, largely trans-
verse, reaching posteriorly to a vertical midway between front and middle of pupil. No posterior
canines. Gill-opening extending below to opposite lower edge of pectoral base; from this point,
the margin of the branchiostegal membrane can be traced across the throat, but it is nowhere free.
*In six specimens of H. gilberti from San Diego, the fin-formula stands:
Dorsal XII, 17 XU,18 XI,18 XI,19 XII,19 XII, 19
Anal Il, 18 Il, 19 Ul, 19 It, 19 a9 II, 20
In one specimen of H. gentilis from San Diego, we find D. XII, 16; A. II, 18.
192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The lateral line is conspicuously developed in its anterior part only, for a distance equaling the
length of the head. :
The dorsal spines are very slender, and increase regularly in length posteriorly, there being
no notch between spinous and soft dorsals. It differs in this respect from related species, there being
a distinct though not conspicuous notch in H. gentilis and H. gilberti.
The color is very light olivaceous, with black blotches and markings following the same pat-
tern seen in /7. gi/bert2z. Along the back is a series of six quadrate blotches, below each of which is a
similar smaller blotch, those anteriorly separated by a light streak corresponding in position to the
lateral line. Below the middle of sides is a series of dark spots arranged in seven pairs, those of the
anterior pairs developed as short vertical streaks. A few scattered smaller spots on head and sides of
body. There is a narrow V-shaped bar on occiput, a broad bar downward from eye to angle of
mouth, and a faint V-shaped mark on gular region. A conspicuous oval black blotch on front of
spinous dorsal. The fin is translucent with dusky markings not in definite pattern. A conspicuous
black point at the base of each anal ray. The anal is translucent, with a dusky lengthwise streak along
the base of the distal third of the fin. Pectorals and ventrals translucent, with some dusky markings.
Named for Mr. C. J. Pierson, a member of the Panama Expedition, to whose
untiring industry much of its suecess was due.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length in mm. to base of caudal......... 32
ls KereXG peaerer amet cetcccorsaeeceacaseeeresacecose 25
SHO Ubiee ean a Senne ei ehanneeck ears eee 7
FOYE! Aceh cecnupeecenishe cr cascesa at sae derte cane 7+
(CAVE Oi: WAOYH Mss -comocd snodosHdosAsoobensacd 7
Ibatiesmoydoytia ll GTShilol o4556 Gonacecos coscenoen nos 24
Mengethiof orbitallitilamentsseeeseesse eee 8
Depthiotibodyarrert. cr s.ceseeneeeeeeneceen 20
Depth of caudal peduncles... ...sss.+.+s4-< 8
Rene thvotrclorsallbasemny.see ee neeeeeeeceee 80
(eng thyotranal gases ssn te eee aer eee 53
eng thyoipectoralsaeseeeneeeeceee ee eaeeeees 22
ene thiot ventrals=eeeeeeeersetenereereetes 15
en et hkotcaridaleeseeeses seater ee ese near 15
338. Hypsoblennius striatus (Stcindachner).
Abundant in the tide-pools of the Panama reef.
The following details may be added to the original account given by Stein-
dachner (1877, p. 15, Pl. VIII, fig. 4):
The free tips of the rays and spines of the dorsal fin are white, the color less
intense than that on anal margin. The edge of the membrane between the spines
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 193
and between the anterior dorsal rays is black, contrasting sharply with the white-
tipped spines and rays. A well-defined elliptical spot of jet-black occupies the mem-
brane between the first and second dorsal spines; it is nearly as large as the eye, and
.is margined with a whitish ring. The blackish blotch, mentioned by Steindachner,
between third and fifth dorsal spines is diffuse and ill-defined, and sometimes
extends beyond the limits assigned. There is a black spot at the base of each anal
ray. The ventrals have the basal portion dusky, the distal third or half of each ray
white. The supraorbital tentacle is crossed with red and whitish bars.
The usual fin-formula is dorsal XII, 16; anal 20: occasionally dorsal XIT, 15;
anal19. The dorsal spines are constantly twelve, and the dorsal rays never as numer-
ous as seventeen. Steindachner’s type, described with seventeen dorsal rays, is figured
with sixteen rays. The pectoral fin contains constantly fourteen rays, as figured, not
fifteen, as stated in the description. The ventrals are described with one spine and
two rays. They have constantly one spine and three rays. The spine is short but
strong, and the inner ray is usually hidden in the integument enveloping the second
ray, but is sometimes distinguishable externally. The ventral fins have been examined
by us in H. gilberti, scrutator, punctatus and gentilis, and are found to contain con-
stantly one spine and three rays.
The interorbital space is rather deeply grooved. The anterior nostril is in a
short tube, the posterior rim provided with a cirrus. The long supraorbital tentacles
are unfortunately omitted in Steindachner’s drawing. The length of the gill-slit
equals the distance from the tip of the snout to the front of the pupil, scarcely extend-
ing below to the level of lower base of pectorals.
A short lateral line extends to or into the second dark ecross-band behind the
head, its posterior portion more or less broken up into detached fragments. It gives
off a few short and irregular branches above and below, each ending in an open pore.
We have examined the mandibular teeth in twenty specimens without finding
a posterior canine, such as was reported by Steindachner in one of his typical
examples.
339. Hypsoblennius brevipinnis ((iinther).
The species is apparently rare, as but one young specimen was obtained.
Homesthes Gilbert.
Homesthes GILBERT (JORDAN & EVERMANN, 1898, p. 2394) (cawlopus).
Differing from Hypsoblennius chiefly in the presence of four articulated ventral
rays instead of three as is usual in Blenniinw. We have examined the ventrals of
Hypsoblennius striatus, punctatus, ionthas, gentilis, and gilberti, and have found them
to consist constantly of one short strong spine and three simple articulated rays. In
Homesthes caulopus there is one strong short spine and four well-developed simple
jointed rays.
194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
340. Homesthes caulopus Gilbert.
Puate XXXII, Fie. 61.
Flomesthes caulopus GILBERT, 7/. c., p. 2394.
Head 32 in length; depth at base of ventrals 4, at middle of abdomen 33; least depth of
caudal peduncle 3 in length of head; snout 4; eye 4 to 44; longest dorsal spine 22; last dorsal spine
34; longest (tenth) dorsal ray 2; longest (fifteenth) anal ray 2}; ventrals 1%; longest pectoral ray 12
to 12; caudal 14. Dorsal XI, 15 or 16; anal II, 17; pectorals 14; ventrals I, 4.
Robust, moderately compressed, with wide heavy head and short bluntly rounded snout, the
anterior profile of which is nearly vertical. In shape and general appearance much resembling ypso-
blennius gilbert?. Mouth very wide, horizontal, short, the maxillaries reaching vertical from hinder
edge of pupil, 3 to 31 in head. Teeth as usual in this group, the posterior not enlarged or canine-
like. Nostrils with slightly elevated margins, scarcely tubular, the hinder edge of anterior nostril
produced into a conspicuous laciniate flap, about two-thirds as long as the diameter of orbit. A similar
but larger orbital cirrus, divided nearly to the base into six or eight slender filaments. Interorbital
space deeply grooved, without median ridge, opening posteriorly into the deep transverse groove
which separates the orbital region from the somewhat swollen occiput, its width 14 eye. The mucous
canals of head give off transverse branches which open by numerous pores, which’ thickly beset the
snout, subocular region, top of head, preopercle, and upper portion of opercle. Width of gill-slit
equaling or slightly exceeding one-half length of head, confined to area above lower base of pectorals.
First dorsal spine over margin of preopercle; spinous dorsal low, of nearly uniform height,
much lower than second dorsal, the spines rather strong at base, with weak reflexed tips; membrane of
last dorsal ray joined to extreme base of rudimentary caudal rays. Anal low, rising slightly poste-
riorly, leaving a short free interval between its last ray and the caudal.
Lateral line strongly developed anteriorly for a distance equaling length of head; from that
point it is only faintly visible, declining abruptly to middle of sides, along which it may be traced to
base of caudal; the anterior portion gives off numerous pairs of short transverse lines, each of which
ends in a pore; no pores or lines are visible posteriorly.
Blackish, without sharp markings, the sides with irregular light blotches, some of which are
subcircular in outline and contain one or more black central specks; the light markings near the back
are elongate and vertically placed, faintly outlining dark bars of the ground color; lower parts lighter.
A vertical black blotch on cheek behind eye; no distinct bars on head; tentacles whitish. Fins all
blackish; the anal, the ventrals, the lower caudal and pectoral rays deeper black; anal and caudal
margined with white, some of the dorsal rays narrowly tipped with white.
Two specimens, 102 and 115 mm. long, from Panama Bay.
341. Scartichthys rubropunctatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Recorded once from Panama (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 n, p. 628).
342. Rupiscartes atlanticus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
There is no Panama record for this species, which is known, however, from
the Mexican coast to Guayaquil (Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 8).
343. Emblemaria nivipes Jordan & Gilbert.
The type from Pearl Islands, Panama Bay; not seen by us.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 195
Family CERDALID.
344. Microdesmus dipus Ginther.
Not seen by us. In addition to the type, this species is known only from a
specimen recorded by Lockington (1881, p. 114), from La Paz, L. C.
Dr. G. A. Boulenger has kindly re-examined for us the type of the species,
and writes: ‘There are four ventral rays. The fifteen anterior dorsal rays are
simple and inarticulate; further back they gradually become branched and articulate,
and are distinctly so from the eighteenth. The anal rays are all articulate and
branched.”
345. Microdesmus retropinnis Jordan & Gilbert.
PuatE XXXI, Fie. 59.
Seven specimens were obtained in rock-pools on the Panama reef.
The genus Microdesmus—with the two species M. dipus and MW. retropinnis —
has been described as having the ventrals reduced each to a single ray. Our
material has shown, however, that in J/. retropinnis a serious error was committed, for
each ventral fin consists of a short slender spine and three slender unbranched rays,
the inner of which is the longest. Through the great kindness of Dr. G. A.
Boulenger, who has examined for us the type of J. dipus, we learn that that species
also has “four ventral rays” (undoubtedly one spine and three rays).
In M&M. retropinnis, the dorsal fin contains 15 slender spines and 32 to 34 rays.
Each of the rays is definitely articulated, and the majority of them are many times
forked. The anal rays are all articulate and all but the first one forked.
We are informed by Dr. Boulenger that in MW. dipus also the fifteen anterior
dorsal rays are simple and inarticulate, while further back they gradually become
branched and articulate, being distinctly so. from the eighteenth back. In this species
the anal rays are all articulate and branched.
In one specimen of JV. retropinnis, we enumerate 58 vertebree in addition to
the hypural element. The latter is assisted by one spine in forming the basis for
attachment of the caudal fin.
In six specimens the fins count as follows:
= 7 ——— =
WDOrSaleeeer see ceee ecco: 49 48 48 48
3
|
Anal ete Lewesereessske 29 30 30 I 29 29
The scales are circular in outline, attached by their entire margin, and are
non-imbricate. On the head and the anterior part of the body, they are closely
crowded and are arranged in definite rows. Toward the tail, they are more widely
spaced, and on the abdomen they are partially or wholly embedded and difficult to
detect. They cover the entire head, including snout and branchiostegal membranes.
The margin of the upper jaw is formed by the premaxillaries, the broad max-
196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
illary lying behind it. The teeth are strong and conic, with rather acute tips; those in
the mandible are in two rows anteriorly which narrow toa single series laterally; those
in upper jaw apparently in a single series.
346. Cerdale ionthas Jordan & Gilbert.
Piatt XXXI, Fic. 58.
Eighteen specimens were secured on the Panama reef. The genus Cerdale
was described as differing from Microdesmus in having two rays in the ventral fin,
but this was due to an error in observation. As in Microdesmus, the ventral fin
contains one spine and three rays. The two genera seem to differ only in the
much shorter body and fewer vertebree in Cerdale. The vertebree are 204-23 in
number in addition to the hypural element. One hemal spine assists the hypural in
supporting the caudal fin.
The dorsal fin contains 12 slender spines and 30 to 32 branched articulate
rays. The anal contains 27 to 29 branched rays (by error given 86 to 38 rays,
instead of 26 to 28, in the original description and subsequently).
Following are the fin-counts in twelve specimens:
| |
|
Dorsal ys. tt eect ecb sdtaeereeten note saeees | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 43) 42
Arial See eit Marie cise sete batt se haicresecenes 28 ||| 281) 28") 28) 28 27 28) |) Souls ea 7allea7
The pectoral fin contains fourteen rays.
The post-temporal is forked, and rather firmly joined to the skull. The supra-
clavicle is apparently absent. he actinosts are thin, flat, and very large, the three
uppermost joining the hypercoracoid, the lower one joining the hypocoracoid. The
opercular bones are all present.
The front of the mouth is formed by the premaxillaries only. The maxillaries
are slender and much curved. The teeth are small and conic in both jaws, uniserial
in the premaxillaries, biserial in front of mandible becoming uniserial laterally. No
teeth on vomer or palatines.
The branchiostegal rays are five in number.
The restricted gill-openings can scarcely suffice to distinguish a family Cerda-
lide from the Blenniidee.
Family OPHIDIID.
347. Lepophidium prorates (Jordan & Bollman).
Known only from type and co-types taken in Panama Bay.
348. Otophidium indefatigabile Jordan & Bollmann.
Recorded from Albatross Station 2797, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms (Gilbert,
1890 b, p. 453).
GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 197
Family FIERASFERID 2.
349. Fierasfer dubius Pulnum.
A single specimen, 58 mm. long, was taken in a tide-pool at Panama. We
think it better to use the name dubius rather than affinis (Giinther) for this species.
The type locality for dubius is the Pearl Islands, near Panama; while the locality of
affinis is unknown, and the description inadequate. In our very small specimen,
the head is one-eighth the length, the dorsal begins a head’s length behind the occiput,
the pectoral equals the maxillary and is half as long as the head. The outer mandi-
bular teeth, and the teeth on front of vomer are slightly enlarged.
Family BROTULIDZ.
350. Ogilbia ventralis (Gill).
Not rare in tide-pools on the Panama reef. Heretofore known only from
Mazatlan and Cape San Lucas.
The tip of the snout and the terminal portion of mandible are furnished with
sharply elevated curving sensory ridges.
Family BREGMACEROTID®.
351. Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson.
Dredged by the Albatross in Panama Bay, Station 2804, 47 fathoms; these
are the types of Bb. bathymaster, Jordan and Bollman, 1889, p. 173 (see Jordan and
Evermann, 1898 6, p. 2526).
Family PLEURONECTIDZ.
352. Hippoglossina bollmani (Gilbert.
The types only known, from Albatross Stations 2804 and 2805, Panama Bay,
47 and 514 fathoms.
353. Paralichthys woolmanni Jordan & Williams.
The type of this species was collected by the Albatross, in 1888, at Panama,
and was first listed by Jordan and Bollman (1889, p. 182) as P. adspersus Steindach-
ner. Later, when made the type of a new species, it was erroneously credited to the
Galapagos Islands. The species is abundant at Panama, where we obtained numer-
ous specimens, and is known to range as far north as the Gulf of California (Mazat-
lan, Guaymas, La Paz). Specimens from Mazatlan and La Paz have been distin-
guished under the name P. sinaloe Jordan and Abbott (see Jordan & Evermann,
1898, p. 2872), but seem to differ in no respect from P. woolmanni.
In ten specimens from Panama, the fin-rays and gill-rakers are as follows:
52 53 54 58 56 57 57 58 58 | 58
Wousalew cee as tens. 70 70 | 70 72 73 73 74 | 75 75 | 76
Gillerakerseeos-ssssteue re. |
12 14 14 13 14 13 14 | 14 13 13
(26) : ; - January 14, 1904.
198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
In nine specimens from Mazatlan (including the type of P. sinalow), the gill-
rakers on horizontal limb of arch are constantly thirteen or fourteen in number, and
the fin rays as follows:
Atrial Sater a nme d ee race aeraeere ee eck ee 56 57 56 58 58 59 56 60 61
The longest gill-raker in P. woolmanni is two-fifths to one-third as long as the
diameter of the eye; on the vertical limb of the arch 4 or 5 are usually present, 1 or
2 of which may be immovable and rudimentary.
In the northern portion of its range, P. woolmanni is accompanied by the closely
related P. estuarius, which differs in its more elongate form, the longer, more numerous
gill-rakers, the more numerous fin-rays, and the lighter, more nearly uniform coloration;
a row of distinct small white spots follows the contour of the body, near the base of
the vertical fins. P. magdalene Abbott (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2871), is a
synonym of P. wstuarius. We have compared the types of the two species.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Wocality .ercecc nates scnad eee nae Panama See
Motal Meno thyromaimeeeese eee eee 272) 527.0 260
Length to base of caudal in mm......... 219 219 208
Head (without opercular membrane)... || 284 | 294 303
Snouts(tolupper eye) esse tessese aero 64 6+ 7
Masallarsysn ie. cciee ents ae nae cate eee 14 14+ 15
IW Ppenieyelsrn cae ee Meee en are eoneE 5 5-+ 54
Interorbital width (otal) a easece ce 24 24 2k
Greatestidepthie esas eee eeeree ee 45 463 474
Depth of caudal peduncle.................. 12 12+ 123
ongesticalleraken =e eeaeee eee 24 23 24
engthyotwcaricall less screenees 24 234 24
engthyofaventialleee assess sass eee 84 9 84
eng thyotipectoral yes.) see eeee 14 144 14
Rongestdorsalirays sss. ssa sees 13 13 123
ongestyanallirayerctes-eer.--enee ee eeeeeee 11 11) 12
Chord of arch of lateral line.............. |]......... 15% 15
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 199
354. Ancylopsetta dendritica Gilbert.
Puate XXXIII, Fic. 62.
Hippoglossina sabanensis BOULENGER, 1899, p. 4.
Infrequent; five specimens obtained.
In this species the tubes of the lateral line are profusely branched in adults,
but the structure does not differ from that found in other flounders with branched
tubes. Weare unable, therefore, to recognize the genus Ramularia Jordan and Ever-
mann (1898, p. 2633) based on this character. The species is closely related to
A, quadrocellata Gill, from which it differs most strikingly in having the anterior
dorsal rays not produced. This also we consider of less than generic importance.
Our specimens are smaller than the type. The depth is 1} in the length.
The interorbital width is about half the diameter of the upper eye. The length of
the maxillary is contained 22 to 23 times in the length of the head. The color is
blackish brown, becoming black on distal portion of vertical fins, which are narrowly
margined with white. The fins are similarly colored on the blind side; the head and
body of the blind side are also more or less washed with dark brown, especially around
the margins. The ocellated spots are arranged as in A. guadrocellata, but the one
above the arch of the lateral line is wanting. The central light spot is yellow in life.
In five specimens, the fin-rays are as follows:
This is the species described by Boulenger (1899, p. 4) from Rio Sabana,
under the name Hippoglossina sabanensis.
355. Platophrys constellatus Jordan.
Taken by the Albatross in Panama Bay, at Stations 2795, 2796, 2797, at a
depth of 33 fathoms (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 188).
350. Engyophrys sancti-laurentii Jordan & Bollmann.
Panama Bay, Stations 2795 and 2805, depths 33 and 514 fathoms; recorded
by Garman (1899, p. 222).
357. Syacium latifrons (Jordan & Gilbert).
Known only from the types, which were taken at Panama.
358. Syacium ovale (Giinther).
But few seen; nine specimens obtained. None of these show any tendency
to increased width of interorbital space.
200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
359. Cyclopsetta querna (Jordan & Bollman).
Abundant. In adult specimens, 255 mm. long, the colored side is uniform
dusky brown on head, body and fins, the fins without dusky blotches.
The tubes of the lateral line are profusely branched above and below. An
intricate network of branching tubes covers the preopercle and the postocular region
of the head. The upper eye is distant from profile a distance less than diameter of
pupil. The interorbital width in adults equals half the diameter of the eye.
360. Azevia panamensis (Steindachner).
Infrequent; but four specimens secured.
The scales on the colored side of the body are strongly ctenoid, those of the
uncolored side perfectly smooth.
361. Citharichthys platophrys (Gilbert.
Known from the type only; Albatross Station 2799, Panama Bay, 295
fathoms.
362. Citharichthys gilberti Jenkins & Evermann.
Abundant; differing from (. spilopterus in the longer* gill-rakers, which are
also more numerous, in the slightly larger scales, and the slightly larger eye. In
our specimens, the lateral line traverses 40 to 43 scales. In nine specimens of
C. spilopterus from Havana, there are 45 to 47 scales in the lateral line. Our
specimens of gilberti have thirteen or fourteen gill-rakers on horizontal limb of outer
arch. Havana specimens of spilopterus have constantly eleven gill-rakers.
363. Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert.
But few seen by us.
Family SOLEID.
364. Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner).
Common in Panama Bay.
Resembling A. mazatlanus, but differing in the smaller scales, the smaller eye
and wider interorbital space, the larger mouth, the increased number of fin-rays, the
finer, more numerous cilia (in specimens of equal size), and the more elongate form.
The color is almost uniform brown on body and fins; in lighter specimens only
are the vertical fins faintly mottled or blotched with dusky. Ten to twelve faint
dark hair-lines cross the body, often to be made out with extreme difficulty. Young
specimens show numerous patches of fine black cilia on head and body, the larger
patches arranged in two series nearly midway between the lateral line and the bases
* By error, Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 2686) state that the gill-rakers in this species are shorter than in C. spilopterus.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 201
of dorsal and anal fins respectively. In older specimens, the cilia are less numerous,
and usually disappear entirely in adults.
As in A. mazatlanus, the lower two-thirds of the opercle, as well as the sub-
opercle and the preopercle on the blind side are naked; in A. k/unzingeri, the scales
on cheeks and upper part of opercles are non-imbricate and frequently smooth,
especially in specimens of large size.
The eyes are small and distant, the interocular space usually wider than the
diameter of the eye. The pectoral varies widely in length and in the number of
rays, seven specimens showing respectively 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3 and 2 pectoral rays. In
five specimens there are 71 to 76 oblique rows of scales running downward and
backward to the Jateral line. In five specimens of A. muzatlanus, there are 54 to 61
oblique rows. In three specimens of A. k/wnzingeri, there are 62 to 64 dorsal rays,
46 to 49 anal rays; in four specimens of A. mazatlanus, 52 to 55 dorsal rays, 40 to 43
anal rays.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length to base of caudal in mm..................... | 160
lea cyamnaeab erm sre tn deh sea Peeea ane hse een tow A TS 27
SMO Uti cis essere aerieet peed scene demmerasasaeanetenesiass 8
Masala ry fer sseset tt bereits cenccescusaccnaseesaeust scenes to}
VG eee gs setae males oer astonere Os Gloss ol accessed oese outs 28
Ife KOREN tell oyitel Gene eee ee 2 eo 24
TDG po tila pat eraee seas ance ase asec eetl.cos tue RS 64
Depthrot caudal pedunclesse-s as: o:8..sksss-seeee- 20
Hen aalmotycaical ifine ase esccses cy cascces tacts eee 30
Men cubmolepectotalleennn ss: sreey cece teas sane see ee 4
Hongest: dorsal ray frre s.cacscceetsets oscacestseoceeee 144
Woncestianalarayinn pect trees eects pete eh een ce 15
365. Achirus fonsecensis ((iinther).
Solea fonsecensis GUNTHER, 1862, p. 475 (Gulf of Fonseca).
Solea fischeri STEINDACHNER, 1879 ¢, p. 13, Pl. II, fig. 8 (Rio Mamoni, near Panama).
Solea panamensis STEINDACHNER, 1877, p. 10, Pl. II (Panama).
This species is abundant in the Bay of Panama and appears frequently in the
market. It has not been recorded south of this point, but extends to the northward
as far as Mazatlan.
The pectoral fin is greatly reduced, containing usually two short divergent
rays, which fail to equal the diameter of the orbit. In one of our specimens three
202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
rays are present, four specimens have but a single ray each, while two specimens are
without any trace of a pectoral fin. A. fischeri, based on a young specimen with one
pectoral ray, and S. panamensis, based on an adult specimen without pectoral, are
duplicated by our material, and are to be considered as synonyms of A. fonsecensis.
The best description and figure are given by Steindachner under the name of
S. panamensis. The figure should be reversed.
The scales along the lateral line are 60 to 65 in number, not about 85, as
stated by Giinther. In ten specimens, the fin-rays run as follows:
Dorsal eras ee cae thy 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 58 57 57
PAtriallecme vere re teae aor neces 45 45 42 45 45 44 44 44 43 43
Measurements tn Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length without caudal in mm..................-+- 150 158
1c Wo (6 [EER ea rans catariiris nacaen ocbuacepabnaaee 274 27
£S)9(6)(1 aanegee eer enna re permaccineadar ott deca saatdooucadene 9 84
Maxallaryic.ucttn sevctesteecae ae. cecencess seeriserteeage 10} ite)
Se" aie aichieal ots aa Bhar te nee gon caucumleettnaeemtenes 3 23
Imterorbitalliwidthieresaeeeseseteecsesseste etc 3 24
MBG Poth hae soy siv ce sea da sect ce Sac eet gen mentestaearasecne 61 70
Depth) ot/caudallipeduncle;se--se-eesesseseeeeeeeree 20 184
Mengethyolicaudallttineeesreen see seerer ee eeceee erence lL, 22) 264
Mength of pectoralitimiyseeeseeesaseee sees anee eee 24 3
Wongesti dorsal irarypieeeseeecrtesse- ee eee eee are 144 134
Iongestanallinciyeeseeraseeces stesso eeseene Baer 15 13}
—— ——
366. Achirus scutum (Gunther),
Known only from Panama and the Gulf of Fonseca; not recognized until
now since the original description. We found the species abundant at Panama,
securing about thirty specimens, the largest 18 em. long.
The species is strikingly marked with numerous narrow gray bars on a dark
brown background, the bars varying in number from thirteen to twenty, often pursu-
ing a wavy course and forking or coalescing with adjacent bars in a most irregular
and intricate way. In some specimens, the irregularities are few in number. The
dorsal and anal are marked like the body, but the caudal is much lighter, crossed
by about four irregular dark bars which often break up into series of roundish spots.
The pectoral is usually shorter than the eye and contains three rays, of which
the middle is the longest. In twenty-five specimens, eight were found with two rays,
and three with four rays. In five specimens, the fin-rays are as follows:
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 203
In the original description, the anal fin is said to have 48 rays, but there must
have been included by inadvertence the five rays of the right ventral fin, which is
continuous with the anal fin. There are 70 to 80 oblique rows of scales running
downwards and backwards above
the lateral line. The blind side of the head in
advance of the preopercle, and the anterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins are
fringed with rows and clusters of filaments. These are not so long or so numerous
as in A. fonsecensis.
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal
Length to base of caudal in mm............ 139 125
Meng throteheadlesscnsrtes aececrs sotetsaes oars 284 28
WenethvoissnOutssassdasecaceese(sacnaseesy atc: 9 84
Meng thotmuiand | larnyeee men a eeeece ater: if) 10
IDIBWIE KE ON OQYCocicnancansnsesoosdén svbaeesoce naa! 4
Anterorpitalawiclihiemcnee cere en eeeeeee eee | 24 3
(Greatest deptheenss sassenaeee oe eeer ose: 76 75
Depth of caudal peduncle.................... 204 20
Wensthvot caudalltinh ayaa eee stees- sea 31 314
Benet hrolspectorall tinteeserserersse, eee see 3 3h
ongestidorsalbralyene-ne-oreeatetcrsccon: ce 154 17
ongestramalllrayaecms siete set enes teenersate eee | 16 17
307. Symphurus atramentatus Jordan & Bollman.
Known from specimens dredged by the Albatross in Panama Bay at Sta-
tions 2795, 2797 and 2805, depths 33 to 514 fathoms; recorded by Garman (1899,
p. 229).
368. Symphurus elongatus ((Giinther).
Occasional in the Panama market, reaching a large size, the largest specimen
seen by us being 255 mm. long.
In adults, the depth is contained 31 to 32 in the
length, thus much greater than has been ascribed to the species.
204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.
Length) without:caudallimimm: 222229... 242s- 52 eeese eee 225 233 189 170 137
FL GAR its wee tas sowie ards oc Oi ici de lasted ola wea team setae 19 21 20 204 20
ID Eta Seca taaneseciec sence jacleciesiet ise se der = ep ergnnea see ec eaee 28 27% 29 28 244
Miamilllatsygesnseas: Spats Sedan ivsbictntdias Le Omeebaeepetaee 5 54 53 53 5
Snoutitorlowemey.e se: s-swess esses eens See eeeee secre 5 5 5 43 34
enothvotelowenmiey.e- snr saseer-e-eeeneeeree eee eeeeeee | 12 2 13 2 14
hengthvotventral x. ash. hoses heteee reece ene 6 54 6 6 6
Mongest dorsal tray- ts... gesten tecnesce neat eer ean WI a Gf 7% 7
ongestanalinaymsseeeeeeesceeteeeneeee b Pedacrnee detanese: 7 7 7 74 74
bySsavenq ov oncezibraeell ithil cr nocuos oauong conoceanasences spogessde 8 8 8 10 104
Inieteloye Ot (esilllEOVSTONIOVE? 5... bosqn cnoncousscobongeenaoeadcdor i 64 64 7 64
Scales rer a geem avin esas cto ae Beene Mae oe cic ater 96 99 93 95 95
Dorsallitrays peszte5 circ ck brs sacseeee tees aminee ee ee 106 110 108 107 104
Ania ay Sis tee tveast aitttnisca eee aur eeee be a eee cae aan eenee 88 92 87 87 89
369. Symphurus atricaudus (Jordan & Gilbert).
A specimen of this species has been listed from Panama by Eigenmann (1894,
p- 632). The record is in need of verification.
370. Symphurus leei Jordan & Bollman.
Recorded from Albatross Stations 2800, 2802, 2803 and 2804, depths 7 to 514
fathoms.
371. Lophiomus caulinaris Garman.
Described by Garman (1899, p. 79) from Albatross Stations 3387 and 3391,
off Panama, in depths of 127 and 153 fathoms. It had been previously recorded by
Gilbert (1890 }, p. 454) as ZL. setigerus, from Station 2805, Panama Bay, 514
fathoms.
372. Antennarius strigatus Gill.
Not seen by us.
373. Antennarius sanguineus ill.
Not seen by us.
374. Zalieutes elater (Jordan & Gilbert).
Recorded from Stations 2794 and 2795, depths 62 and 33 fathoms (Gilbert,
1890 b, p. 455); and from Panama (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 183). ©
GENERAL REMARKS ON DISTRIBUTION.
The ichthyological province to which Panama belongs extends to the north-
ward as far as the Gulf of California and Magdalena Bay. Of the 374 species recorded
from Panama, 204 are now known to occur in the Gulf of California, and further
exploration will certainly increase this list. The two regions differ principally in the
greater development at Panama of Siluroids and Scizenoids, the majority of which fail
to reach the northern limits of the province.
To the south of Panama, the faunal relations are as yet poorly defined. The
coast of Ecuador is known to us principally from Boulenger’s (1898-9) brief account
of a collection from the Bay of Santa Helena, near Guayaquil. The marine species
there listed belong almost exclusively to the Panama fauna, and include many char-
acteristic forms. How much farther to the southward these extend their range is
unknown. The coast of Peru is largely unexplored, but the very incomplete lists
which we possess indicate an almost total absence of Panama species. When these
coasts shall be adequately investigated, there will probably be discovered a rather
sharp line of demarcation of faunas, corresponding with the interval between the
areas of the South Equatorial and the Equatorial Counter Currents.
Much has been written concerning the close parallelism between the fish-
faunas on opposite sides of the Isthmus of Panama, and the bearing of this upon the
question of a water-way formerly open between the two oceans. A full bibliography
of the subject is given by Gregory (1895), together with a résumé of the geological
and biological evidence for the former existence of such an interoceanic connection,
and a discussion of the probable date of its occurrence.
From the biological side, the subject is treated in a most satisfactory way by
Faxon (1895), with whose views we find ourselves wholly in accord. The ichthy-
ological evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of the existence of a former open
communication between the two oceans, which must have become closed at a period
sufficiently remote from the present to have permitted the specific differentiation of
a very large majority of the forms involved. That this differentiation progressed at
widely varying rates in different instances becomes at once apparent. A small
minority of the species remain wholly unchanged, so far as we have been able to
determine that point. A larger number have become distinguished from their
representatives of the opposite coast by minute (but not ‘‘trivial”) differences,
which are wholly constant. From such “representative forms,’ we pass by imper-
ceptible gradation to species much more widely separated, whose immediate relation
in the past we cannot confidently affirm. Of identical species, occurring in both
(27) January 25, 1904.
206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
oceans, our Panama list contains 48, as shown on the appended ‘table of distribution.
To these should be added the following forms, unrecorded as yet from Panama, but
known from other localities on the Pacific Coast of North America:
Manta birostris - Scomber colias
Trachurus picturatus Remora albescens
Trachurus trachurus Mola mola
Caranx lugubris Diodon hystrix
Thunnus thynnus Lampris luna
Germo alalunga
The total number of identical species which we recognize in the two faunas
now separated by the Isthmus is therefore 54, as compared with the 71 enumerated
by Jordan (1885). It is obvious, however, that the striking resemblances between the
two faunas are shown as well by slightly divergent as by identical species, and the
evidence in favor of interoceanic connection is not weakened by an increase in one
list at the expense of the other. All evidence concurs in fixing the date of that
connection at some time prior to the Pleistocene, probably in the early Miocene.
When geological data shall be adequate definitely to determine that date, it will give
us the best known measure of the rate of evolution in fishes.
Of the 82 families of fishes represented at Panama, all but 3 (Cerdalide,
Cirrhitidee and Nematistiide) occur also on the Atlantic side of Central America;
while of the 218 genera of our Panama list, no fewer than 170 are common to both
oceans. The well-developed families Centropomide and Dactyloscopide are pecu-
liar to the two tropical faunas now separated by the Isthmus of Panama.
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.
The following table indicates the distribution of Panama fishes, in so far as
they have been reported from the Gulf of California, the Galapagos Islands, the
coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and the Atlantic Ocean. For the Gulf of California,
we have depended upon Jordan (1895 0), Evermann and Jenkins (1891), and Gill
(1862). For the Galapagos Islands, we have at hand a manuscript list by Messrs.
Snodgrass and Heller. Ecuador is known to us principally through the list published
by Boulenger (1898-9), and Peru through the paper by Abbott (1899a). Very few
characteristically South American forms extend their range northward to Panama;
and very few species from the Indo-Pacific fauna reach the continental shore-line,
though a somewhat larger number of the latter find their way to the series of out-
lying islands (Revillagigedos and Galapagos).
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
207
Panama
Gulf of |Galapagos
California
GinglymostomarCirrabuinl\-te.eey- across ater cass cee- ease ++
NVIWEGIIS TIBI EARUE. 5. sasdnenearoticaaasocondboEsdo cHOGaNEee | ar
GAenstG OLSAliS eickeya-coecicstencdesse. ch sneMascahcece den || 4F
Galeocerdotigninusee..<cerrsceeasecneecsece ere sc scree | aF
(Canchanasecetliall Onlisicss.cncacnateccteseer rises eee sees ar
Carchariaspveloxte ise sanncsaecn sashes vlads somes
GCarchaniasvcerdaletee stan -cecscorccec: sense cence oe
CarchariaswaZineusi nga.) care pee arche cepa osesccneaites
Scolodonmlon piso mare cr serenas sa-csetiacies acts oeisesece =e
Sphiypina siti unoeeeesasesene se oseeconocacoesers esece cues ar
Sphaynlatu Ges onenta-taeca ce tecient one ar tciietiese seismic 35
Sphynoazyocemabeeree-cecmeceeseaa-cnsecsmseseeeceters =
Statics clea we eee eel ve ements steer cscis Sve seluscakc
GISUISIEZE Py NEMS seamen res- rca «cwcs-cacecncesecas sees +
Whimobatus lencorhynchusi osc... -0oses eves cee.
APC ayeXeoRY SLE Lema cae sacs oes acess «<ionaSanaacnsesees
Tay age uatomlaliSenesekcce rss sates stags secre euecescmaciee
Nateinementemed onan... daasstencnsso Creech sts a3 scaae ae
DISCOpY GemOMMMaAtala crs. ceeeete cress cacedayes ost -iecescn ++
Wrolophusphallletive se sesecci- cost eetosce dese ste sen esecins Ste
WWirrolophustmand tis 3.6 ascesccstesovsnescseeenescoeecec« ar
Wrolophuss good eters sedans se eescnsisecsoe seceennee
Wolo phuswas pidurts ee nsce teers accr eset tee sieescmcaaco
Wasvatinelonoanee emer ose ereeeer encase (eels gacniss's ale
PteLoplateauchepbl punctatale-case cece yeedencess sees eee a
NetObAa tris miatinattWere nse. stenntoccas cen seecmces sso eeectes +
Nivlobatispas PeMmUMUSs.csr0scoees0- coe daeseaecenc sees
Helichthy se panlaMENnsiS) o:.-).cc0ae ene. +ces denise sees Cores =
HelichthysmpinmimaGilatisi.cac-.-ccss+ eeeeeteeecerecece +
GaleichthysmlentiginOSUSia.--epesnercsaeea-teceseadeace
GaletchthiyS sper vla MUS tee. se-idecc- ctee cesses aneee eae
Atlantic
Islands | Ecuador} Peru Ocean
|
ae HP
-f-
+
AR
--
-L
|
+
+
ob
+
Lt
208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Panama
Gulf of
California
Galapagos
Islands
Ecuador
Peru
Atlantic
Ocean
Galeichthys eigenmanni
Galeichthys jordani
Galeichthys' xenatichettz....7.0524<csc55 sneer eens eee
Galeichthys guatemalensis
Galeichthys dasycephalus
Galeichthys longicephalus
Sciadeichthys troscheli
Selenaspis dowi
Netuma kessleri
Netuma insculpta
Netuma _ planiceps
Netuma platypogon
Netuma oscula
Tachysurus steindachneri
Tachysurus emmelane
Tachysurus furthii
Tachysurus evermanni
Tachysurus multiradiatus
Cathorops hypophthalmus
Cathorops gulosus
Symbranchus marmoratus
Congrellus gilberti
Congrellus nitens
Congrellus proriger
Murzenesox coniceps
Neoconger vermiformis
Myrophis vafer
Myrichthys tigrinus
Pisoodonophis daspilotus
Ophichthus triserialis
+ + + +
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
209
Panama
Gulf of
California
@phichthusyZophochite...-1-e-2--4240 ees Oo ae oaees
INO SIE. (OETA TETTS Se, Qouspasee ocedecer eeEcesbaeneerancn
By coudontisnvernillitrs-cecaseeceere seaceectecesea ar ee es
IG COG OMbISEMOVAlhe oss.cee creecctens eae en eee ee teencna
MiurenamclepsyGtralsc-. 4c csssseeceaedeseacseens asec as
Miiseenailenticgnn osare.c-4-q-eeetee ceas seataeeees o-ne cose
ESTO SMGANLMIS feo Lge eae uche anatase nett acer
PMI bulaiyil pester eesaernecee wea ere eke saseiee Sane cece
Sand inel laustolitenamesseteenrersnee este reesesenaoseoeess
Opisthoneniallinentate meaty eeewe seas. eeeeete ste ences
Nts Haat aierersne sce ascs eects ss eee Seen cet aee canes
@pisthopterustdoviiedesasecesesteeeece ee soeee ane sscees
@pisthoptenuspmiacrapss. see pees: esecaeecceeeeeecoss
Odontognathus panamensis ..............06.006cseeeeees
PAINE OVARIAN CLA anite. crea scctiesten cscs saecereton ieenat
PATI GNOVIAMSCNAMA es ceases sce eeectes ease aeelaee ous orescoss
HAMIGHO WIA CUNEA recs scyasee aise Jeb Ssves is Obes tats wane
NHCHOVIa OPekCUlanis) case. ceseseecore as-is ee. ceennsese
AMICHOVIaLU CIC ag tes sepa e seas tec csec occaisee sone enines
JNK ENTE) jOBRAETTTEIS Soo esc sonaen sencdeeuepecpaqeossoNcen2
/a\iavelntonpeet iwatblaGlSo) EN A eeogceco tosdRebEe acresecon Becenaeue
PADGHOVIA YS PiNelaly.s eeeeceeis)< odes vacecusie eencew dens:
Anchoviasmacralepidotae::ac-1s-2seseecieseseestee cease
CetenoranilismmiyStiGerusy..-sece--a-c+joeeeeseeoe ree: ee
Wefeneranis en Cay Mem esate ene sce-saseereesiceeeceaee
NEV CEN OTA Su POCY lesen cseces Wasschse cs ee aseoesiesesce seesce
SVHOMMS teVELMANMI Se csece cs) -akecwres a d-escay a eeeceees
SSVMIOCUSESGITUCEDSE-8s a0 on fee ce se emcleier sp Wenn ces aletooes
oo
++ + +
+ + + + +
Galapagos . Atlantic
Islands oe Nai oe Ocean
4
+
ok
sig a
-+
oo
+
oo
210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Panama
Gulf of
California
Galapagos
Islands
Ecuador
Peru
Atlantic
Ocean
Reeciliawelon gata ..-neerecsc.- cs s-corec cms etoreeoeere
IRORSIKEY |OVOWVEZ TANT we gocioon ooaoqeene enopsobosbaonatics naoos
AtnabblepsaG owe leeches. assess cer cesta ene area tenes
Dylosmnus scapularis sees. .e4.1-tesecseeeee sce seeeeere
Dylosucusistolzmannieeereeeseeee cece -seseeaee eee
Mylosunus) fodiatons. qe---0 scesseesiseseee seo saree eee
Mvlosurusy pacthicusie.neseeeesson-eeeaemseeasteeee
Hyporhamphus unifasciatus..................02cecseeeee
Ely porhamphus srObertieeeee-sse-sesscces sess ee errors
IHemirhamphus}saltatoqeensssseesseseeeeeetee ee te eseeee
ISOYGTE Kaye GVETLEUS) <a socodes cotenoncsaducoadouso yanpansc0 bopace
(Cy pselunusmcalloptenustccse-ctaceseseesesececar ee fidees
BxonautesmnUAPinmis seer eeeee ae teeeee ee seca eeee nese
Histulanial depressal sss tos sone osesieelonseeeiarin= sees
[MGiGIEKOAY GOs, saogon cdncsdossoosasegoonnoass adcaSsaDe
Siphostomawauliscuse presser seasssseeeee hese eee siee oe
lrfoyoYONeR WOO) MNEKENS) Gouopaecancosde snnecoansoneeacoaca5:
Keintlancdiagpachylepisiess-eesernessseteeeree eases area
Kartlandiagealbertitncmrnascesscssenseeoeeneesecteeeeee es
Atherinellay panamensisy. cess seesceceeseeeeee ee eeeeee eee
Mirrealiicephaluspeceeeseseeseeee ee scniteeh Gctcetteme eee
Mugil thoburni....... . Rada pene tee ancoonceeacsbacaades
Miupailiycunema: 2. Sacesesvdescsecetrceeten iacosee aeeresset
Miipil’ Nos pes.9% oss.c.dna.nesaceoracusnegesese seecteeane
CheenomupilliproboscideuSeaseasseseesseeeeens ee eeeee
@verimanal barren lstee seer ere ee eeeeee ene eeeeeeee
Sphyneena {ENSISi se wese vogue sees moet costae
Polydactylus approximans.........-.2-...2.-00---c-ce+es
Polydactylustopercularisi:...-n-c-teseneseeeeecsces eases
Miyripristissoccidentalisn ss. -eestessteeeesresbeeereeseeee
Miynipristisipoccilo puss. qas-seeseieeese see -ceeeeeeeeer ee
+ +++ 4+
++ + + t+ + t+ t
+
*San Luis Gonzales Bay (Albatross).
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
Panama
Flolocentius suborbitalissessaeanedessteese sense ane -ae
Wipenetissetandisg amish stesssesseenasee eee sesrees
Sardar ehrlensisas,cenccsee esas cieaaense cn eeee ence oeonerene
Trichiurus lepturus............- meaai ieee scmnonineaste se
Nematistitts, pectoralisy:) cceciss>.aautdeews1w aston sus
Oligoplitesssaunus=s..ss-ssehe sn cr.vemeeh ce eee
Olisoplitespaltuscccere cre. ectcusengere cede aoe eee
Oligoplitespnetn|oenseeeseeceesse nessa cserascnetece eae
OligaplitessmunGus sess. -maccte cama aratecescueve-Merauects
Trachurops crumenophthalmus ......................65
Rlemiicatatxeathimaniusecsesmeseersseseteses sacsccere re.
Cara KPNI PPOS ee csissesetedaess ocselon wacane cbinecens alae
Garanxescabal tere vecek oceans oie ce aces maeendedt ewes geeeas
\CRiGiny.g THN den TENTS) goon sos eos monboeOaRee ce teatcreCeceen
Guat hanodongspeciosusee-cre. ce sucrsateeee essere eee
(Gitlals dorsalis merce nse pene tee te cysaeecee oleate ceases
WMlectismciliarisy meyensceesacineseactene cece syosdeenesies
Womietecetipinnisn. aeccnesaseveacs dansenaenmeasoedes unease
Selenetcersteditseeeaser sresascteecescarcescescaiceacc ones
SELENE RV OME Laer eects = hie snotsette cis dante cteeinesinsesaletreeeies
(@hlonoscombnussordtietaeerc.. +. 2eesneeiee cee tence
MrachinotuspEnOMOpUsa.. cae s.ccse onovete cedeeon eters
MinAG HITMORI SH CUVEE ries aeessmcncecneneraeonneseeraterineee
irachinonuse Kenned Vite iecec-ne. s-ncceeee ures cceecere
Sitachinotsnpalomlalsces:-sasac:- ccs secsnecencecoraareene
Nomeus gronovii
Gulf of |Galapagos
California
+++ + + + +
t+++e+tettee4¢+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 4
Islands
a
211
Ecuador! Peru ee
cean
+
+
Bs +
+
++
+
: #
tL
+
"3 +
te
|
|
|
+
PA We CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Panama Sitter iateade | Beuador] Peru | (Gen
Peprilus palometa ............:::::s2eeeeeee cere ee eeeeenees
Peprilus smyderi.. ......... .::eeseeecceee eres tneeee ceeeecees
Peprilus medius..........-..::sesseeee eee ee eeeec eee sete es -+
Apogon COVii........ccc cece ence nee eee ee nesses cette seen: +
Centropomus undecimalis ...... 00.02. sssseeeee sees i a
Centropomus nigrescens...........2-.seee ceeeeeeee serene
Centropomus pedimacula........ 2.2... ..--.0022seeereees | ‘le
Centropomus unionensis............ +222. seeeee eeeeeeees |
Centropomus armatus............-0.sceesseeeeeee ee seen ee
Centropomus robalito ...... 0.2... seeese eset ee ener ee eete es a
Petrometopon panamensis ........ 06. +seeseee ceeeeet es
Epinephelus analogus..........2.-:102:ssseeseee reese ++ +
Epinephelus labriformis .............2::+-0+0 serene + oo =r
Promicrops guttatus............cceeesee see ee eee ee ce eees + ai
Alphestes multiguttatus ......... 0.0... 02sseeesceeeeeees + Stn
Mycteroperca boulengeri..........-..:::esssseeeee seen aL
Hypoplectrus lamprurus........0....65 seeeeeeee ceeeee ees
Paralabraxhumeralisisssse choses esters cee eeenee ar
Diplectrum radiale .............0022:eee eee eeeeee ceeeeeeee + i
Diplectrum macropoma ..........-.02+s+seee02e seeeeee ee +
Diplectrum euryplectrum........... 02.6: eeeeseee eee
Pirionodes dasciatus 2c.4s0.ts. cote eee + aE
Paranthias furctien.s25 occ. .eoeeeete sacceeeos sameeren + + | ai
Rhegma thaumasium ............06-ssee--eceeee ceeeeen ee
Rypticus nigripinnis..........-.0.2---c1seeeeeeee seeeeneee +
ILO} OO KES), (DEVORE ES occoc.coo0nh Sdocubebe.copbauae nec do candor +
Pseudopriacanthus) sernulatseacecesser eects erie-eeeeee | |
Hoplopagrus, guemthent s.i.ee-ee-esee eseee---s=-e ese | + |
TLyvibeNabs jfokE aN 555550. connonven ondoodder adeeacebs ognedaacr +
Wutianus) movemlasclatuss-csnsssssseieeecece cr esersse seater aL
IUtianuis arc entiventhiS=see-eeressseseeesceresee sees |. +p +
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
213
Panama
Gulf of |Galapagos
California) Islands
Ecuador
Lutianus colorado
Lutianus guttatus
Lutianus aratus
Xenichthys xanti
Hzemulon scudderi
Lythrulon flaviguttatum
Orthostcechus maculicauda
Anisotremus. pacifici
Anisotremus czesius
Anisotremus dovii
Anisotremus interruptus
Anisotremus teeniatus
Brachydeuterus nitidus
Brachydeuterus leuciscus
Pomadasis panamensis
Pomadasis bayanus
Pomadasis macracanthus
Pomadasis branicki
Orthopristis chalceus
Orthopristis brevipinnis
Calamus brachysomus
Eucinostomus californiensis
Xystezema cinereum
Gerres aureolus
Gerres peruvianus
Gere Dre viMan US secteor oe sone oesas conse chimeeaatanpaee
Keys USpele Gams mie teencc see sae. ceinciss aoe secs sceeee es
‘SIGLCHEHKOS? (OLE AUTANIS) procaeanconnene sob och OopaEp ee ssaqnendooac:
PSOPISH MUS rem Ebeteatccens «eacefocreoes ae «te oacencseeese
++t+4+ ++ 4+ 4+ 4
tpt tp Pe t+ +t te tt
(28)
January 26, 1904.
Atlantic
Ocean
214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Panama
Gulf of |Galapagos
California! Islands
Ecuador
Peru
Atlantic
Ocean
Cynoscion preedatorius.........2..-.-sesese0s ceeeeee sense
Cynoscion squamipinnis ...........:.20-seeeeeee eevee eee
Cynoscion othonopterus 20... ....0..2. 02s eecen ease evn
C@ymoscionyeticwlats yess sence ele reel rst ie eeere
Gynoscionlalustae-aqsseeee cee see herrea eee eee
Cynoseionstolzmiainmi Meer erereeeeie rrr ate eee ae
(Gynoscions phoxocep alls faye. ereaereere eer retin
Sag ent clithiys imonclasg sre seeee eases. else ee eer eer eee
INebnstocerdentalisieecessess--eseee pare eneke een eee
IWebeitaibls) GURSKETMKEDIEY 5 onosh5 paoponngn Doone soe cosaeosuarin’
[Cereiionits; SHUN S OS. ss soasc6a sbesbbonn caneenada oaagne dams
jWevinnonibisy EVGA. .Aoacnccnmoonedbcadeneasnoneenaas apqGemeee
| Weel \oETSW OSU yas 2gndedonaposs scncbacss bobeauboSosas-
@dontosctompexantho psi se seede sees ere ee een eee
(Gomnviulley imivesgoy es) 4-445 conaonsca non daocien onde sonooapeaas
Elattarchus archidium
Bairdiella ensifera
Barr dicllat ax tiiatacnrescs taadd-t tee ca coe ee i erences
Bairdiella chrysoleuca
Stellifer oscitans
Stellifer furthi........ ate bola clus. dasteeteaee: Sete late rene er ete arer
Stellifer illecebrosus
Stellifer ericymba
Stellifer zestocarus
Ophioscion typicus
Ophioscion simulus
Ophioscion strabo
@phioscionmumilce pss aseet es eee eee eee Reece
Ophioscion scierus
Sigmurus vermicularis
Scizena deliciosa
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
215
= = —— ee a
Panama “I alifornia\ Tetons. | Bevador| Peru | “Gctan
MichOpOson ale PINMIS. soeaccsec-s.-seneianquonsessstees ac or |
Wim DrinAMe AMC maccrenMs. ac acerennemseoes matengs ser uee | 45 =
Wirmbbrimaye Onsale a wate iss s-parecec seinacincickineceemance | +
IWienielen OTIS eNAaSUS 8s scnesce ces aac ce see meres
Menticniihris spanamensiSnesccatce cme earnest tecemeneae ++
Menitcimitisrelonpatusratjersccce scares erecken sr tnce sr +
olyelenmmusrd mien ileasesmecn- seca erersers oases | +
Roly clemmswrathiouia tee. sees ene caste ce tei alasitels eel oe |
Polyclemus goodei Been cco eos acer Saas |
ParalonGhunusmpetersiencd: erasiecee-mecentaettascseecanr |
HG CESEVIG labereame mec Gina cnet scab ievenclshucissinee sacs
(Ciictov des) oth ETUC. coeeepeomead: Banee an EE OEE AE Reet escrdie + ++
@hroniispatilobatisneeccyeestsa..sedeeuetecied-teisepe ses +
POMACeMERUS eHECtittce NUM. e-ia- nice te wees er gelesleeis rie: =r +
amma centiytsuc ll isrssectrsaacctians decsnasen<smermteeeee
Pomacenthus tavilats yc. 0..ocec.- <0 seomewcae sa sene ts ene =
Niextlaniusrconcolobyseccacsscsscee cee tecgeense ss snes eae
Gly phisodons saxatilis! pecs qas¢ss\oceser snes tee ses + + ab hs
Mierospathodondorsalist: cts... crssc res ocene cusearens af +F
Elanmemelinlotesiicternncnststonerecssncacese+aseesesscenties | ++ +
Pailtehieenecpsellitete yatacs cats sxe os< eclss te/delsten, oat ccrsaperes | dis
Vali hee pes mma CORES Oli maaapetycncléeiancscisiandenttencovnn ee |
Plalitehesnes. Gis piluistyers ae sen sa oo cowesecenteaceacdeeweaes aes
SENG OI HIS MMOLOS PLUS: masa rece citee cmaeier ndscen seine ++ =i aT
SILAASSOMiaMLUGASATM Nia. serine ete arceiniecieiuen. decd ae eps oce +
Pseudoscarus perrico’............-...+ POH aE MISE coon a + +
Gliretad IpeenUS) ZONALUS eee seccs-seceweaenn vy pueeamertne |} +
PALAPSetEUSmpAMAaMeNSiSienids. 4, -arinosweceds wooses conse =f
Cheetodon nigrirostris.................6. Seated. aN + +
(SSECOOMMMUIMCLAlIS sc accact sev ae ccws teenies denaeneeswenn 45 ar
POMACANTAUS: ZOMIPECEUS .. sacs coc crowns senreweensne ne +
216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Atlantic
Ocean
Gulf of |Galapagos |
California) Islands Ecuador! Peru
Panama
Holacanthus pasSer.............2s000 senses soneee soreness
ay al
Teuthis crestomis .........2..-ceececee ceecesere sneeeneeene =
Balistes polylepis..............-ceeeeeeeeeee seen er ceeeeeees
Balistes naufragium.............ss1esseeeesece sees ee eneees
+++ + +
BalistessvierneSic.cccssenescoatosseeteaceeene perenne
Spheroides lobatus .......-..:::1. esses eeeeee sense eeeees ar ar
Spheroides testudineus.............:::::e0eeeeeeeeeeess Net
Spheroides annulatus ............12- s22eeeeeeeeeeee tee ap + =
Spheroides furthil............:.s62: ceeeeeeee seeeeee ee sete
Guentheridia formosa .............-s20eeeeeee settee cette |
Tetraodon hispidus................22+s2-e022+c1eee- seers
Eumycterias punctatissimus.........-..22:0s022seeeeeees
+
Diodon holacanthusjesseeseseeseseses = eerie errr = Gl
Scorpeena histrio.............cceeeeee seeeeeeee centeee ences +
Scorpzema PAannOsa ........cc0eceeeereee cesses seee ne eenees
Scorpzena MyStes ...........cceeeeeceeeneeeseeeee cree eee es +
Scorpzena russula
PrionOtus) xenisSmas.: «eseess secceneceleersecetseer merle +
Prionotus loxias
Prionotus quiescens
Prionotus albirostris
Prionotus horrens
Prionotus ruscarius
Philypnus lateralis
Dormitator maculatus
Eleotris pictus
Se de te ae ee
Alexurus armiger
Gymneleotris seminudus ........ 0.04. -0eeeeeee eeeree es
Gobius soporator
+
+
-
+
Gobionellus sagittula
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
217
Panama
Gulf of (Galapagos
California| Islands
Ecuador
(Cohionellustmictodonme:-cseqsee- cesses enee iat saree
Garmaniay paradoxawesses-eseee seer oseere erent
EIN plas SeMIMUGUSE. sen asenee aces eaece ee eee ee tenes
Bollmanmia’ chiamiyclesesseneeseen seer scence sare ee
Albomal [Wcretiees.cct-assans aoceneseaesesesseece se ores oel
Microsobiusemblematicus \:--csr-¢..eeeeee=<-2-cee+9--
Microgobius) miiratlorensis) q.--.--ce+-seeeseeee sic se-ross-
By Ermanmialezostenutaserpeceercs<-eccee soerceisaesiseneer
EiVerman iia pamamensiS sees sesiec --secee see sees ceeaiae
diyntlastes| brevissscrsesseunscacce oe ee ae eee
Mcheneissmaicrates|sscnc o-acseieshersc see se enter stninscea >
LENGTHY, THEINOS Ely. couceeoond: dade naoada bo sAeusoa SR CSESOSEEEE
Opisthognathus punctatum...............2:2c0ee0e eeeeee
Midaetyloscopus zelotes..J....+.5-<.:..10 ceseseees otcencues
KathetostomayaverrUnGUSec--c-s.noeercseneseee scene
Batra GhoOimesmpa GlilGlessea emesis veesesemjosenetnesee «sees
Batrachoides: boulengeriic...2 .c<.cscceenesneessesncnsss
OREN thy Ss MIMATOALICATUS nen ccaciencselcsncsacnae semaine
Ronehthyspeneeneen: cn. cee deericsensetiecsaciscoreceee
Whalassophryne reticulatacens-sescsn-ctasssce-0ee- =
sphalasso phisydel Gowler ee. eesctaccee te eeceisccisecess sien
Gobiesox mhodospilusseremas.cc-e-rooesce.cacsecenn ses
Malacoctenris\delalanditnectsaestene cscs sece sero s2seccet
Minierpes macrocephallissmv.ssccsse.-2+-ccce svasiso/ sents
Auchenopterus monophthalmus............... 0.2...
Ey pSODlemmius splesSOMt -aecceas:/seonee ee eeeceeneeeeee es
FeliypSOblenminsy Stilattsie.ys.s.- sesescceelceeny eel eeeee
Hypsoblennius brevipinnis.................--02:c2 000-5
Iloimesthess Gato pS. cca sccse-osenee esos seonseciee
DEawnehthiyssnmbnOpunCtatusi.....-l sees cse-s<ees/assr
IIS catubes watlaniCUSe rs .c.hchlec-esseelcee se sonioclenneet
mip lemiatliaemivipes severe sc .(sscasemss cscs osdescocs sirens
+
+
+
Peru
+
| Atlantic
Ocean
218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Panama California ‘Isigads | Ecuador) Peru
Micro desmlistcl pusarassese eset ee eee see eee eee ae
MICICOLGISSFTMINISS STRETHOYORUMNONS soe gcongn eaoneneon iotane ances
Gerdalesionthasi 2! the. w.0f2.1ceheese eee eee
epophicitmnppneratess ness: eee ee eee ere eee
@fophidrumiypind etati cali eee esas ee eee een ar
ieraster dubius:ss.c.csraa ce eee ee |
Opilbia ventralis)! al. ha tara eee ee e |
Breomaceros pmacclellaincitweseeee est testes eaeeee |
llijoyeroyeilosssraey 1oyoVNbe UE cs gacodcadoncnnsopcuanseunes
Paralichthysawoo luannit sae enee eset eee Sl
AMncyOpsettaucencaiticaly yest) eee ee eee na een a
latophinyssconstell abuses asree ee ene neta +
Engyophrys sancti-laurentii..........0...0..0.. .ceeeeee
SSEVSIUIDNY I BVHTERONOSL, cc quodloe ceorsccunmsdsennmescs beseaabae
Syaciummiovales cos-ueren cease ear ree ee eee eee a
Gyclopsettanqtenticlerecesste eee ee eet setter eee eee
Azevia panamensis Liens ds dpahesettsaise sees ences eu er nee a
Githantchthyssplatoplinysieneeaeier sees eee eee
(Eitharichthyss culbentine tes sess sees eae eee eee a al
ISUTOOUIS CESSOWS <eoangcoane eooncon so aaeecocunennnss nanan: ain
ANG) NVA RY MI IDIAVANELE Oh coaceonne -Saeondeh sonticosseosucosaes a
INCU NOTMIACENTS 5.56 b cocsgase donne novene-nubo sa wousa’ ale
Achirus SCUUUMT. Fri stead cutee eee pe aesmmen tore eRe eee tne
SY MPM uTus alia Mentatlisn.e. esis seeee nee eee str ag
‘Shy ony OL OUBVELUTS) CENT OVEAMITS, oo sioccoanaease casaseeannus saunococe
SY MNpPMUTUS fathicalid Us sesee see esreeeen oe eeeeeen eee +
Syimphurus Heels: sn skecn tee eee ee eee
Mo phionmlts caulinarisie.tes eee eee eee eee
AANTOREAVOEUANUIS) SHTMSEN TUS oo 55465 aoa cannon aenorndaeaneeannn= +
Antennarius) Sang uineus cue. eee asses eseeee ees see =
Zalieutesselaterecns cheat eee eee eee a5
Atlantic
Ocean
1840-42.
18604.
18608.
18614.
18614.
1861.
1861d.
1861a.
18618.
1861.
1862.
1862.
18634.
18638.
1864.
18642.
18640,
1864¢.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Jenyns, L. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of
Captain Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Fish. 1840-42.
GriLL, THEODORE. Monograph of the genus Ladvosomus Sw. Proc. Acad. Nal. Sct.
Phil., 1860, pp. 102-108.
GILL, THEODORE. Monograph of the Philypuz. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1860,
pp. 120-126.
GILL, THEODORE. Description of a new species of the genus Anadleps of Gronovius.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., 1861, pp. 3-6.
GILL, THEODORE. Synopsis generum RAytic? et affinium. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil.,
1861, pp. 52-54. 2
GILL, THEODORE. On several new generic types of fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil.,
1861, pp. 77-78.
GILL, THEODORE. Monograph of the Tridigitate Uranoscopoids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scz.
Phil., 1861, pp. 263-271.
GUNTHER, ALBERT. On a collection of fishes sent by Captain Dow from the Pacific coast
of Central America. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, pp. 370-376.
GUNTHER, ALBERT. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes of the British Museum,
Vol. ILI.
Dow, JonHn M. [Letter concerning Axadbleps dowet.| Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861,
p. 30.
GILL, THEODORE. Catalogue of the fishes of Lower California in the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862. Part I,
pp. 140-151; Part II, pp. 242-246; Part III, pp. 249-262.
GUNTHER, ALBERT. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum. Vol. IV.
Git_t, THEODORE. Description of some new species of Pediculati, and on the classifica-
tion of the group. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1863, pp. 88-92.
GILL, THEODORE. Descriptive enumeration of a collection of fishes from the western
coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Captain John
M. Dow. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., 1863, pp. 162-174.
KNER, RUDOLF, and STEINDACHNER, FRANz. Neue Gattungen und Arten von Fischen
aus Central-Amerika. Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wissen., Vol. X, 1864, pp. 1-61-
GUNTHER, ALBERT. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, Vol. V.
GUNTHER, ALBERT. On some new species of Central American fishes. Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1864, pp. 23-27. Also, dun. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., Vol. XIV, 1864,
Ppp. 227-232.
GUNTHER, ALBERT. Report of a collection of fishes made by Messrs. Dow, Godman
and Salvin in Guatemala. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, pp. 144-154.
220
1864d.
1865.
1865.
18662.
18666.
1868.
1868a.
18704.
187008.
187006.
1870.
1871.
1874.
1874.
18754.
18756.
1876a.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
GUNTHER, ALBERT. On a poison-organ in a genus of Batrachoid fishes. Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, pp. 155-158.
GILL, THEODORE. On a new generic type of sharks. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1865, p- 177.
Dow, JoHn M. [Letter concerning examples of 7halassophryne obtained at Panama. ]
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18796.
18796.
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18806.
1881.
1881.
1881a@.
1881¢.
1881d.
1881e.
(29)
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 221
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January 28, 1904.
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18826.
1882¢.
1882d.
1882¢.
1882h.
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1882.
188272.
18827.
18820.
1882p.
1883.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Jorpan, D. S., and Girpert, C. H. Description of five new species of fishes from
Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 1V, 1881, pp. 458-463.
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Jorpan, D. S., and GitBert, C. H. Descriptions of nineteen new species of fishes from
the Bay of Panama. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. 1, 1881 (1882), pp. 306-335-
Jorpan, D. S., and GitBert, C. H. A review of the Siluroid fishes found on the Pacific
coast of tropical America, with descriptions of three new species. Bull. U. S. Fish
Com., Vol. II, 1882, pp. 34-54.
Jorpan, D. S., and Grygert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Mazatlan, Mexico, by
Charles H. Gilbert. Budd. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. II, 1882, pp. 105-108.
Jorpan, D.S., and Gitpert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Panama by Charles H.
Gilbert. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. Il, 1882, pp. 109-111.
Jorpan, D. S., and GitBert, C. H. Descriptions of four new species of sharks, from
Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 102-110.
Jorpan, D. S., and GitBert, C. H. Description of a new species of Conodon (Conodon
serrifer) from Boca Soledad, Lower California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882,
PP. 351-352
Jorpan, D. S., and Gitspert, C. H. Catalogue of the fishes collected by Mr. John
Xantus at Cape San Lucas, which are now in the U. S. National Museum, with
descriptions of eight new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 353-371.
Jorpan, D. S., and Gitpert, C. H. List of fishes collected by Mr. John Xantus at
Colima, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 371-372.
Jorpan, D. S., and Ginpert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Panama by Capt. John
M. Dow, now in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
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Jorpan, D. S., and Gitpert, C. H. List of a collection of fishes made by Mr. L.
Belding near Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V,
1882, pp. 378-381.
JorpAN, D. S., and Grvpert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Panama by Rev. Mr.
Rowell, now preserved in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 381-382.
Jorpan, D. S., and Gitpert, C. H. Description of a new species of Uvolophus
(Urolophus astertas) from Mazatlan and Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V,
1882, pp. 579-580.
JorpAn, D. S., and GiLeert, C. H. List of fishes now in the Museum of Yale College,
collected by Professor Frank H. Bradley, at Panama, with descriptions of three new
species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 620-632.
Jorpan, D.S., and Grtpert, C. H. Descriptions of two new species of fishes (AZyrophis
vafer and Chloroscombrus orqueta) from Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V,
1882, pp. 645-647.
JorpaANn, D.S., and Grvpert, C. H. Description of a new eel (S%derva castanea) from
Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 647-648.
Jorpan, D. S. Notes on the American fishes preserved in the Museums of Berlin,
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1883.
1884.
1884.
1884.
1884a.
18846.
1884.
1884a@.
18846.
1884.
1884a.
18848.
1884.
1885.
1885.
1885.
1885.
1885.
1886.
1886.
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 228
Jorpan, D. S., and GitBert, C. H. Description of a new species of Rhinobatus (Rhino-
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Grant, W. R. Oaitvie- A revision of the fishes of the genera S%cydium and Lentipes,
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Jorpan, D. S., and Gripert, C. H. Description of Sciena scziera, a new species of
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482.
Jorpan, D. S., and Swarn, JosepH. A review of the American species of Epznephelus
and related genera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VU, 1884, pp. 358-410.
Jorpan, D. S., and Swain, JosepH. A review of the species of Lutjaninze and Hop-
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MEEK, SETH E. A review of the American species of the genus Syzodus. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sct. Phil., 1884, pp. 130-136.
MEEK, S. E., and NEwLanp, R.G. A review of the American species of the genus
Sphyrena. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., 1884, pp. 67-75.
MEEK, S. E., and NEWLAND, R.G. A review of the American species of Scomberomorus.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., 1884, pp. 232-235.
MEEK, S. E., and HorrMan, M. L. A review of the American species of the genus
Teuthis. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., 1884, pp. 227-231.
Meek, S. E., and Goss, D. K. A review of the American species of the genus
Trachynotus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scz. Phil., 1884, pp. 121-129.
MEEK, S. E., and Goss, D. K. A review of the American species of Hemirhamphus.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1884, pp. 221-226.
Forpice, M. W. A review of the American species of Stromateide. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil., 1884, pp. 311-317.
Meek, S. E., and Hau, E. A. A review of the American genera and species of
Batrachide. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., 1885, pp. 52-62.
HALL, E. A., and Mc CauGuan, J. Z. A. A review of the American genera and species
of Mullide. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., 1885, pp. 149-155.
Jorpan, D.S. A list of the fishes known from the Pacific coast of tropical America,
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EIGENMANN, C. H., and Forpice, M. W. A review of the American Eleotridine.
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GarMAN, S. Notes and descriptions taken from Selachians in the U. S. National
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1888.
1888.
1889.
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1889.
1889.
1889.
1890.
1890.
18g90a.
18908.
1890.
18gI.
18gIa.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EveRMANN, B. W., and Merk, S. E. A revision of the American species of the genus
Gerres. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., 1886, pp. 256-272.
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EIGENMANN, C. H., and E1GENMANN, R. S.A list of the American species of Gobiide
and Callionymidze, with notes on the specimens contained in the Museum of Com-
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EIGENMANN, C. H., and E1GENMANN, R. S. Preliminary. notes on South American
Nematognathi, I, II. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. I, 1888, pp. 119-172; Vol.
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Jorpan, D. S. List of fishes collected by Alphonse Forrer about Mazatlan, with descrip-
tions of two new species—Heros beani and Pecilia butleri. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
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Jenkins, O. P., and Evermann, B. W. Descriptions of eighteen new species of fishes
from the Gulf of California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1888, pp. 137-158.
Morrison, W. L.A review of the American species of Priacanthidee. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sct. Phil., 1889, pp. 159-163.
Kirscu, P.H. A review of the European and American Uranoscopide or Star-gazers.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1889, pp. 258-265.
Jorpan, D.S., and Boriman, C. H. Descriptions of new species of fishes collected at
the Galapagos Islands and along the coast of the United States of Colombia, 1887-
88. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XII, 1889, pp. 149-183.
Jorpan, D. S., and Ercenmann, C. H. A review of the Scizenidaee of America and
Europe. Repf’t. U.S. Com’r Fish and Fisheries, 1886 (1889), pp. 343-451-
Jorpan, D.S., and Goss, D. K. A review of the flounders and soles (Pleuronectidz)
of America and Europe. Ref’t. U. S. Com’r Fish and Fisheries, 1886 (1889),
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Jorpan, D. S., and ErGenmann, C. H. A review of the genera and species of Serran-
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Kirscu, P. H. A review of the American species of Thread-fins (Polynemidz). Azz.
NV. Y. Acad. Scz., Vol. V, 1890, pp. 231-236.
GILBERT, C. H. A preliminary report on the fishes collected by the steamer Albatross
on the Pacific coast of North America during the year 1889, with descriptions of
twelve new genera and ninety-two new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIII,
1890, pp. 49-126.
GILBERT, C. H. A supplementary list of fishes collected at the Galapagos Islands and
Panama, with descriptions of one new genus and three new species. Proc. U.S. Nat.
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EIGENMANN, C. H., and EIGENMANN, R.S. A revision of the South American Nema-
tognathi or cat-fishes. Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., 1, 1890.
Jorpan, D.S. A review of the Labroid fishes of America and Europe. Repf’t. U.S.
Com’r Fish and Fisheries, 1887 (1891), pp. 599-699.
GILBERT, C. H. Description of Apodal fishes from the tropical Pacific. Proc. U.S.
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18918.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1894.
18954.
18956.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1896.
1896.
1896.
1896.
1896,
1898.
1898.
1895.
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 925
GiLBert, C. H. Description of thirty-four new species of fishes collected in 1888 and
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EvERMANN, B. W., and JENKINS, O. P. Report upon a collection of fishes made at
Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
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Jorpan, D. S., and Davis, B. M. A preliminary review of the Apodal fishes or eels
inhabiting the waters of America and Europe. Lepf’t U. S. Com'r Fish and Fish-
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Jorpan, D. S., and FEsuter, B. A review of the Sparoid fishes of America and Europe.
Rep't U.S. Com'r Fish and Fisheries, 1889-1891 (1893), pp. 421-544.
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le Golfe par M. Léon Diguet. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 3rd Ser., Vol. VI, 1894,
pp. 2-8.
EIGENMANN, C. H. Notes on some South American fishes, Ann. NV. Y. Acad. Scz.,
Vol. VII, 1894, pp- 625-637.
Jorpan, D. S. Description of Evermannia, a new genus of Gobioid fishes. Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. 1V, 1892-1894 (1895), p. 592.
Jorpan, D.S. The fishes of Sinaloa. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, 1895,
Pp. 378-514.
BoULENGER, G. A. Catalogue of the Perciform fishes in the British Museum, Vol. I.
Faxon, WALTER. Reports of an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and
South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by
the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer ‘“‘Albatross”, during 1891, Lieut.-Commander
Z. L. Tanner, commanding. XV. The Stalk-eyed Crustacea. Mem. Mus. Comp.
Zool. Harvard College, Vol. XVIII, 1895, pp. 1-292.
Grecory, J. W. Contributions to the Paleontology and Physical Geology of the West
Indies. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. LI, 1895, pp. 255-312.
Jorpan, D. S. Notes on fishes, little known or new to science. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
2nd Ser., Vol. VI, 1896, pp. 201-244.
Jorpan, D.S., and Starks, E.C. Description of a new species of Pipe-fish (Siphostoma
sinaloe) from Mazatlan. Proc. Cal. Acad. Scz., 2nd Ser., Vol. VI, 1896, p. 268.
Jorpan, D.S., and EvERMANN, B. W. The fishes of North and Middle America. Part
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GILBERT, C. H. Descriptions of twenty-two new species of fishes collected by the
steamer Albatross, of the United States Fish Commission. Pyvoc. U.S. Nat. Alus.,
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RuTTER, CLoUDSLEy. Notes on fresh-water fishes of the Pacific Slope of North Amer-
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GREENE, C. W. The phosphorescent organs in the Toad-fish Porichthys notatus Girard.
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sons de |’Amérique Centrale. Boll. Zool. Anat. comp. Torino, Vol. XIV, 1899,
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Axsgott, J. F. The marine fishes of Peru. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1899, pp. 324-364.
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Part IV. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 47.
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Expedition, 1898-1899. XV. New fishes. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1903,
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Figs. 1, 1a.
Bigsy 220,
Figs. 3, 3a.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Mustelus lunulatus JORDAN & GILBERT. Panama.
Galeus dorsalis GIL.
Panama.
Carcharias velox GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama.
PAGE
AOS NOLLIBW HLT O10 Nd
] SLVIg [SHAVLS 9 Tada | A] 10, 199 Dyoy Iv] SHIOWS{
230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
PAGE
Figs. 4, 4a. Carcharias cerdale GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 10
Figs. 5, 5a. Carcharias azureus GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. II
25 NOUS NOLL oH
I] SLV1y [Swavig 2 laaeT19 |
.
*
ee ee a
bo
(Se)
bo
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
PAGE
Fig. 6. Myliobatis asperrimus GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 19
II] SLVTJ [SWavLS giaseT1g | ALIOA 195 Ovady Iv] SHIOWsyy
,
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234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
; PAGE
Fig. 7. Galeichthys xenauchen GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 24
Fig. 8. Galeichthys eigenmanni GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 21
Memotrs CAL.Aran. Sci. Von IV [ GILBERT & 51
236
Fig. 0.
Fig. 10.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Tachysurus steindachneri GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama.
Tachysurus evermanni GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama.
PAGE
29
32
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238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
PAGE
Figs. 11, 11a. Tachysurus emmelane GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 31
TY] SHOWS
240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
PAGE
Fig. 12. Pisoodonophis daspilotus GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 36
Fig. 13. Murena clepsydra GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 38
Memoirs CALAcAD. Sci Von IV
[GILBERT & STARKS| PLATE VII
as @
242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
PAGE
Fig. 14. Anchovia rastralis GILBERT & PrERSON. Type specimen; Panama. 42
Fig. 15. Anchovia spinifera CUVIER & VALENCIENNES. Panama. 46
Memoirs CA
244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
PAGE
Fig. 16. Hemirhamphus saltator GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 53
Fig. 17. Atherinella panamensis STEINDACHNER. Panama. 59
[ Ginger & Starks] Piate IX
Memores Cat.Acan. Scr. Vow lV.
Ny,
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iii
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246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X
PAGE
Figs. 18, 18a. Fistularia corneta GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 56
reat
HVLG 9 Jag |
ysl
248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
PAGE
Fig. 19. Oligoplites refulgens GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 7B
Fig. 20. Oligoplites altus GUNTHER. Panama. 72
i \
vail
uy
SSS
——— S=
or a
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[NY SLVIyg [SMAVLS @1HaaT1g |
‘eueueg =“LUNOOOY szsusuorun snuogosjuay
‘emeueg «= ITI) Smyvusv snuogojuay
‘eueueg “LUadIIX) 2 Nvauol cyngor snmogorjuaz
"eURARHT “AHO Susafisua snmogouuay
TWX ALVId AO NOILVNV IdX4
SHONGIOS AO AWACVOV VINHOUAITVO
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‘eureueg fuautoeds adAyT “Luma TIN) Sxyojez xuvavI1UMazET
‘eueUeg ‘“SHUVLS FW NvaUOol szpunw sajypdgosyo
WX HLVId AO NOILVNV1dX4
SHONGIOS JO ANWAAGVOV VINYOATTVO
€z “Sty
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254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
PAGE
Fig. 28. Lobotes pacificus GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 100
Fig. 29. Lutianus jordant GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 102
aLV1y [SYEVLG 9 JHaATIg |
ee fan WRyssina an Sea > ae ie a a
TOA IG OvIY Iv] SHOWS -
a ee
256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
PAGE
Fig. 30. Orthopristis brevipinnis STEINDACHNER. Panama. III
Fig. 31. Rhegma thaumasium GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 99
& Re {s »
LAs nee MCCHSM GRAN NG
FH ARCS
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9. 1HaETIY | 5
258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
PAGE
Fig. 32. Sagenichthys mordax GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 121
Fig. 33. Larimus effulgens GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 123
[GILBERT & STARKS| PLATE XVI
aay
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260 , CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
PAGE
Fig. 34. Larimus acclivis JORDAN & BrisToL. Panama. 124
Fig. 35. Odontoscion xanthops GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 124
i
IIAX S1VIg [SMaviG e1HaeT1 |
AL IOA 195 Ovay Iv] SHIOWSy
a
=
262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
PAGE
Fig. 36. Stellifer tllecebrosus GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 128
Fig. 37. Stellifer zestocarus GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 129
[IIAX SLV1y [SMV 9 laaeT19 |
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Bf
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264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
PAGE
Fig. 38. Ophioscion sitmulus GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 130
Fig. 39. Ophioscion scterus JORDAN & GILBERT. Panama. 131
fi
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PLATE x
ai
GILBERT & STARK
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L
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266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XxX.
PAGE
Figs. 40, 40a. Polyclemus goodet GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 135
Fig. 41. Paralonchurus petersi BocouRT. Panama. 136
X
XX
] PLATE
—s
GILBERT & STARKS
[
Memoirs CAL. Acan. Sct Vou lV.
268
Fig. 42.
Fig. 43.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
Eques viola GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama.
Chromis atrilobatus GILL. Panama.
PAGE
138
139
van. Scr, Von lV
Ar
|
hee
15,.£\
270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
PAGE
Fig. 44. Pomacentrus gilli GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. I4!t
AY
: ar ‘ab 7
© we"
fae
p=
’
aan
Sei | hart
Qe CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.
PAGE
Fig. 45. Halicheres macgregori GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 145
Fig, 46. Lumycterias punctatissimus GUNTHER. Panama. 160
LATE XXIII
|F
wt]
ARKS
[ GILBERT & Sts
28
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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.
PAGE
Fig. 47. Chetodon nigrirostris GILL. Panama, 148
RT & STARKS| PLATE XXIV
| GILBE
MEMOIRS LAL ACA act VOL !V.
276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
PAGE
Fig. 48. Xesurus hopkinsi GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 155
AG ATH? NOLL
AXX SLVTg [SHAWLS 9JHaaT19 | {AI TOA 195 Qvoy Iv] sdiowsy,
:
-
7.
ne 7
278 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.
PAGE
Fig. 49. Balistes verres GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 153
280 OALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.
PAGE
Figs. 50, 50a. Prionolus ruscarius GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 165
a Sze
[ GinBert& STaRKS| PLATE XXVII
I Te
aoe
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Memores CAL.Acan. Scr Vou lV.
50 @
282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII.
PAGE
Fig. 51. Gobtonellus microdon GILBERT. Panama. I7I
Fig. 52. Garmannia paradoxa GUNTHER. Panama. 172
Il]
LATE X)
|B
}
5
[ GILBERT & STARK
comes
284
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.
Enypnias seminudus GUNTHER. Panama.
Microgobius mivaflorensis GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama.
PAGE
173
176
== SS SAY ee
Pee
’,
,
LS ay
0068,
ig ae
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286
on
8-5
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6.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.
Evermannia panamensis GILBERT & STARKS.
Type specimen; Panama.
Porichthys greenet GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama.
PAGE
179
184
YX SLVIg [SWAVLG 8 1aseT19 | | ATIOA 195 ‘Dvay IW] SHIOWSTY
288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.
PAGE
Figs. 57, 57a. Batrachoides boulengeri GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. 182
Fig. 58. Cerdale ionthas JORDAN & GILBERT. Panama. 196
195
Fig. 59. Microdesmus retropinnis JORDAN & GILBERT. Panama.
TOXX SLVIg [SwaviG QuageTI | ALIA 195 ‘Ovay Tv] SHIOWS
Pew. ered we
290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.
PAGE
Fig. 60. Hypsoblennius piersont GILBERT & STARKS. Type specimen; Panama. IgI
Fig. 61. Homesthes caulopus GILBERT. Type specimen; Panama. 194
BA 195 Ovoy
7
992 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.
PAGE
Fig. 62. Ancylopsetta dendritica GILBERT. Panama. 199
LLIN Ad's OLOSd
: AT IOA 195 DvIy Tv] SHIOWsy]
TUXXX SLVIg [SMEVLS ease |
—_
INDEX
ABACURUS, Eleotris 170
Aboma lucretiw 174, 217
acclivis, Larimus 123, 124, 214
Achirus fonsecensis 201, 2038, 218
klunzingeri 200, 201, 218
mazatlanus 200, 201
scutum 202, 218
acutus, Fodiator 55, 210
adspersus, Paralichthys 197
zequidens, Eleotris 169
aerostaticus, Tetraodon 159
wstuarius, Paralichthys 198
wthalorus, Carcharias 9, 11, 207
Aetobatus narinari 18, 207
afer, Alphestes 96, 97
affinis, Fierasfer 197
Isopisthus 117
agassizii, Xenichthys 104
alalunga, Germo 206
albescens, Remora 206
albirostris, Prionotus 162, 216
albomaculatus, Serranus 97
Albula vulpes 39, 209
Albulidee 39
albus, Cynoscion 119, 214
Alectis ciliaris 80, 211
Alexurus armiger 170, 216
Alphestes afer 96, 97
multiguttatus 96, 97, 212
altipinnis, Micropogon 132, 215
altus, Oligoplites 72, 73, 74, 211
aluta, Bairdiella 127
amazonica, Thalassophryne 188
amblyopsis, Eleotris 170
Anableps 51
dowei 51, 210
tetrophthalmus 51
analis, Umbrina 133
analogus, Epinephelus 96, 212
Kyphosus 116
Anchovia compressa 43, 44, 45
cultrata 44
eurta 42, 209
delicatissima 44
ischana 42, 43, 209
lucida 42, 43, 209
macrolepidota 47, 209
miarcha 42, 209
mundeola 5, 43, 44, 45, 46, 209
naso 5, 43, 209
opercularis 42, 209
panamensis 43, 44, 45, 209
(38)
To VoLUME IV.
New names in heavy-faced type.
Anchoyia rastralis 5, 42, 209
spinifera 46, 209
starksi 5, 43, 209
ancylodon, Sagenichthys 121
Ancylopsetta dendritica 199, 218
quadrocellata 199
Angelichthys 151
angusticeps, Spheroides 156
Anisotremus 111
cwsius 107, 213
dovii 106, 107, 213
interruptus 107, 213
pacifici 106, 107, 213
surinamensis 107
teniatus 108, 213
virginicus 108
annulatus, Spheroides 156, 157, 158, 15'
Antennarius sanguineus 204, 218
strigatus 204, 218
Apogon atricaudus 89
atridorsalis 89
dovii 88, 89, 212
retrosella 89
approximans, Polydactylus 63, 210
aratus, Lutianus 103, 213
archidium, Elattarchus 125, 214
Archoscion 117
argenteus, Larimus 123, 124, 214
argentiventris, Lutianus 103, 212
argus, Murena 38
arioides, Bagrus 32, 33
Arius assimilis 23
melanopus 29
seemanni 22
armata, Bairdiella 126, 214
armatus, Centropomus 90, 92, 94, 212
armiger, Alexurus 170, 216
Arothron erethizon 159
asperrimus, Myliobatis 5, 19, 207
aspidurus, Urolophus 16, 17, 207
assimilis, Arius 23
asterias, Urolophus 16
Astroscopus 187
Atherinella panamensis 59, 210
Atherinidse 57
atlanticus, Rupiscartes 194, 217
atramentatus, Symphurus 203, 218
atricaudus, Apogon 89
Symphurus 204, 218
atridorsalis, Apogon 89
atrilobatus, Chromis 139, 140, 215
atrimanus, Hemicaranx 75, 76, 211
9
January 30, 1904.
294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Auchenopterus monophthalmus 189, 217
auctorum, Lobotes 100
auliscus, Siphostoma 57, 210
aureolus, Gerres 114, 115, 213
auritus, Brachydeuterus 111
averruncus, Kathetostoma 151, 217
axillaris, Brachydeuterus 111
Azevia panamensis 200, 218
azureus, Carcharias 5, 11, 12, 207
BAGRUS ARIOIDES 32, 33
bahianus, Teuthis 151
Bairdiella 128
aluta 127
armata 126, 214
chrysoleuca 127, 214
ensifera 126, 214
icistia 126
balao, Hemirhamphus 53
balearicum, Ophisoma 34
Balistes capistratus 158, 154
carolinensis 152
naufragium 152, 153, 216
polylepis 152, 153, 216
verres 5, 153, 154, 216
Balistides 152
bathymaster, Bregmaceros 197
Batrachoides 185
boulengeri 5, 181, 182, 217
pacifici 181, 182, 217
surinamensis 181, 182, 183
Batrachoididw 181
Batrachus surinamensis 182
bayanus, Pomadasis 109, 213
Belone truncata 52
birostris, Manta 206
birostratus, Prionotus 165
Blenniidw 189, 196
Blenniins 193
bollmani, Hippoglossina 197, 218
Bollmannia chlamydes, 174, 217
boucardii, Peecilia 51, 210
boulengeri, Batrachoides 5, 181, 182, 217
boulengeri, Mycteroperca 97, 212
Brachydeuterus 111
auritus 111
axillaris 111
corvinwformis 11]
elongatus 111
leuciscus 109, 213
nitidus 109, 111, 213
brachysomus, Calamus 112, 113, 213
branicki, Pomadasis 110, 213
brasiliensis, Hemirhamphus 53, 54
Bregmaceros bathymaster 197
macclellandi 197, 218
Bregmacerotidss 197
brevimanus, Gerres 115, 213
breyipinnis, Hypsoblennius 193, 217
Orthopristis 111, 213
brevis, Tyntlastes 180, 217
Brotulide 197
Buccone 118
CABALLUS, Caranx 78, 211
cwsius, Anisotremus 107, 213
Calamus brachysomus 112, 113, 213
taurinus 112, 113
calamus, Chrysophrys 112
californicus, Galeus 7, 9
californiensis, Eucinostomus 113, 114, 213
callopterus, Cypselurus 55, 210
capistratus, Balistes 153, 154
Chetodon 149
Carangide 70
Caranx caballus 78, 211
erysos 78
hippos 77, 211
latus 78, 79
lugubris 206
marginatus 78, 211
medusicola 78, 79
vinetus 77, 211
Carcharias 9
wthalorus 9, 11, 207
azureus 5, 11, 12, 207
cerdale 5, 10, 11, 207
nicaraguensis 12
velox 5, 9, 207
Carcharinus cerdale 10
velox 9
carolinensis, Balistes 152
carolinus, Trachinotus 84
Cathorops 34
gulosus 33, 208
hypophthalmus 33, 208
caudimacula, Hemulon 105
caulinaris, Lophiomus 204, 218
caulopus, Homesthes 5, 193, 194, 217
Centropomids 89, 206
Centropomus 186
armatus 90, 92, 94, 212
ensiferus 92, 94
grandoculatus 90
medius 90
nigrescens 90, 212
pedimacula 90, 212
robalito 90, 91, 92, 94, 212
undecimalis 89, 212
unionenvsis 90, 92, 212
viridis 89
cephalus, Mugil 59, 210
Cerdale 196
ionthas 196, 218
cerdale, Carcharias 5, 10, 11, 207
cerdale, Carcharinus 10
Cerdalide 195, 196, 206
Cetengraulis 42
edentulus 47, 48
engymen 5, 48, 209
GILBERT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
Cetengraulis mysticetus 47, 48, 209 curta, Anchovia 42, 209
Chenomugil proboscideus 61, 210 cyclolepis, Microgobius 174, 175
Cheetodipterus 148 Cyclopsetta querna 200, 218
faber 147, 148 Cynoscion 4, 117, 118, 120, 125
zonatus 147, 148, 215 albus 119, 214
Cheetodon capistratus 149 othonopterus 119, 214
humeralis 149, 215 phoxocephalus 120, 214
nigrirostris 148, 215 predatorius 118, 214
Chetodontide 148 reticulatus 119, 214
chalceus, Orthopristis 110, 213 squamipinnis 118, 214
Cheilodipterids 88 stolzmanni 119, 214
chilensis, Sarda 68, 211 cyprinoides, Lophogobius 176
chlamydes, Bollmannia 174, 217 Cypselurus callopterus 55, 210
Chloroscombrus chrysurus $2
orqueta 82, 211
Chromis atrilobatus 139, 140, 215 Dacty.Loscoripz 181, 206
notatus 140 Dactyloscopus zelotes 181, 217
chrysoleuca, Bairdiella 127, 214 Dector 188
Chrysophrys calamus 112 daspilotus, Pisoodonophis 5, 36, 208
chrysurus, Chloroscombrus 82 Dasyatids 15
ciliaris, Alectis 80, 211 Dasyatis dipterura 18
cinereum, Xystw#ma 114, 213 longa 17, 18, 207
cinereus, Microspathodon 144 dasycephalus, Galeichthys 25, 26, 208
cirratum, Ginglymostoma 5, 207 declivifrons, Glyphisodon 143
Cirrhites rivulatus 139, 215 delalandi, Malacoctenus 189, 217
Cirrhitide 139, 206 delicatissima, Anchovia 44
Citharichthys 4 deliciosa, Sciwna 132, 214
gilberti 200, 218 dendritica, Ancylopsetta 199, 218
platophrys 200, 218 depressa, Fistularia 55, 56, 210
spiloplerus 200 Diapterus dowii 113
Citula dorsalis 79, 211 Diodon holacanthus 160, 216
clarionis, Xesurus 155 hystrix 161, 206
clepsydra, Murena 5, 38, 209 Diodontids 160
Cleyelandia 178 Diplectrum 4
ios 178 euryplectrum 97, 98, 212
Clupeides 39 macropoma 97, 98, 212
colias, Scomber 206 radiale 97, 98, 212
colorado, Lutianus 103, 213 diplotwnia, Harpe 144, 215
compressa, Anchoyia 43, 44, 45 dipterura, Dasyatis 18
concolor, Nexilarius 143, 215 dipus, Microdesmus 195, 218
Scomberomorus 68 Discopyge ommata 15, 207
Congrellus gilberti 34, 208 dispilus, Halichwres 146, 215
nitens 34, 208 Dormitator maculatus 169, 216
proriger 34, 208: dormitor, Philypnus 168
coniceps, Murzenesox 35, 208 dorsalis, Citula 79, 211
constellatus, Platophrys 199, 218 Galeus 7, 207
corneta, Fistularia 5, 56, 57, 210 Microspathodon 143, 215
corvineformis, Brachydeuterus 111 Umbrina 133, 214
Corvula macrops 125, 214 doyii, Anisotremus 106, 107, 213
crebripunctata, Pteroplatea 18, 207 Apogon 88, 89, 212
creolus, Serranus 98 Lycodontis 37, 209
crescentalis, Pomacanthus 150 Opisthopterus 41, 209
crestonis, Teuthis 151, 216 dowei, Anableps 51
crocro, Pomadasis 109 dowi, Exoccetus 55
crossotus, Etropus 200, 218 Selenaspis 26, 208
crumenophthalmus, Trachurops 75, 211 Thalassophryne 187, 217
erysos, Caranx 78 dowii, Diapterus 113
cultrata, Anchovia 44 Eucinostomus 113
eulveri, Trachinotus 84, 211 dubius, Fierasfer 197, 218
curema, Mugil 60, 210 dumerili, Polyclemus 134, 135, 215
296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
EcHENEIDIDZ 180
Echeneis naucrates 180, 217
edentulus, Cetengraulis 47, 48
effulgens, Larimus 5, 123, 214
eigenmanni, Galeichthys 5, 21, 22, 23, 28, 208
elater, Zalieutes 204, 218
Elattarchus archidium 125, 214
elattura, Netuma 29, 208
elegans, Kyphosus 116, 213
Eleotris abacurus 170
zequidens 169
amblyopsis 170
pictus 169, 216
pisonis 170
elongata, Poecilia 50, 210
elongatus, Brachydeuterus 111
Menticirrhus 134, 215
Symphurus 203, 218
Elopids 39
Elops saurus 39, 209
Emblemaria nivipes 194, 217
emblematicus, Microgobius 174, 175, 176, 217
emmelane, Tachysurus 5, 30, 31, 208
Engraulidida 42
engymen, Cetengraulis 5, 48, 209
Engyophrys sancti-laurentii 199, 218
ensifera, Bairdiella 126, 214
ensiferus, Centropomus 92, 94
ensis, Sphyrana 62, 210
entemedor, Narcine 15, 207
Enypnias 174
seminudus 173, 217
Ephippidae 147
Epinephelus analogus 96, 212
labriformis 96, 212
louti 95
equatorialis, Raja 15, 207
Eques viola 5, 128, 138, 215
erate, Lobotes 100
erethizon, Arothron 159
Tetraodon 160
ericymba, Stellifer 129, 214
Esocidw 51
Etropus crossotus 200, 218
Eucinostomus californiensis 113, 114, 213
dowii 113
harengulus 114
pseudogula 114
eulepis, Microgobius 176
Eumycterias punctatissimus 160, 216
euryplectrum, Diplectrum 97, 98, 212
Evapristis 111
evermanni, Synodus 49, 209
evermanni, Tachysurus 5, 32, 208
Evermannia 178
panamensis 5, 178, 179, 217
zosterura 178, 179, 217
Evoplites 101
Exoceetidas 55
Exocetus dowi 55
Exonautes rufipinnis 55, 210
FABER, Chetodipterus 147, 148
falcatus, Trachinotus 84
fasciatus, Genyanemus 134
Prionodes 98, 212
Felichthys panamensis 20, 207
pinnimaculatus 20, 207
fernandinus, Squalus 13
Fierasfer affinis 197
dubius 197, 218
Fierasferid# 197
fischeri, Solea 201, 202
Fistularia corneta 5, 56, 57, 210
depressa 55, 56, 210
petimba 56
serrata 56
tabacaria 57
Fistulariids 55
flaviguttatum, Lythrulon 105, 106, 213
flavilatus, Pomacentrus 142, 215
Fodiator acutus 55, 210
fodiator, Tylosurus 52, 210
fonsecensis, Achirus 201, 203, 218
Solea 201, 202
forbesi, Orthopristis 111
formosa, Guentheridia 159, 216
formosus, Tetraodon 159
Tetrodon 158
forsteri, Sphyraena 62
furcifer, Paranthias 98, 212
furthi, Ilisha 40, 209
Pellona 40
Stellifer 127, 214
furthii, Hemicaranx 77, 211
Spheroides 158, 216
Tachysurus 30, 31, 32, 33, 208
GALEICHTHYS 21
dasycephalus 25, 26, 208
eigenmanni 5, 21, 22, 23, 28, 208
gilberti 22, 23
guatemalensis 25, 208
jordani 22, 23, 28, 208
lentiginosus 20, 207
longicephalus 25, 26, 208
peruvianus 21, 207
platypogon 23
seemanni 2]
xenauchen 5, 24, 208
Galeidw 5
Galeocerdo tigrinus 9, 207
Galeus californicus 7, 9
dorsalis 7, 207
Garmannia 173
paradoxa 172, 173, 174, 217
gentilis, Hypsoblennius 191, 192, 193
Genyanemus fasciatus 134
Genyoroge 101, 102
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 997
Germo alalunga 206
Gerres aureolus 114, 115, 213
brevimanus 115, 213
lineatus 115
olisthostomus 115
peruvianus 115, 213
squamipinnis 114
Gerride 113
gilberti, Citharichthys 200, 215
Congrellus 34, 208
Galeichthys 22, 23
Hypsoblennius 191, 192, 193, 194
Kirtlandia 57, 58, 210
gilli, Pomacentrus 5, 140, 141, 215
Ginglymostoma cirratum 5, 207
Ginglymostomidx 5
glaucostigma, Rhinobatus 14
glaucus, Trachinotus 82, 83
Glyphisodon declivifrons 143
saxatilis 143, 215
Gnathanodon speciosus 79, 211
Gobiesocidx 189
Gobiesox gyrinus 189
nudus 189
rhodospilus 189, 217
Gobiidae 167
Gobionellus microdon 171, 217
sagittula 171, 216
Gobius 173, 174
nicholsi 176
soporator 171, 216
goodei, Paralonchurus (Zaclemus) 155
goodei, Polyclemus 5, 135, 215
goodei, Urolophus 16, 207
Gramma 98
Grammistes 98
grandisquamis, Upeneus 67, 211
grandoculatus, Centropomus 90
greenei, Porichthys 5, 184, 217
gronovii, Nomeus 84, 211
grossidens, Lycengraulis 49
guatemalensis, Galeichthys 25, 208
guentheri, Hoplopagrus 101, 212
Guentheridia 158, 159
formosa 159, 216
gulosus, Cathorops 33, 208
Microgobius 176
guttatus, Lutianus 103, 212
Petrometopon 95
Promicrops 96, 212
Gymneleotris seminudus 170, 216
gyrinus, Gobiesox 189
HaMotipm 104
Hemulon caudimacula 105
macrostomum 104
mazatlanum 106
parra 104, 105
scudderi 104, 105, 213
steindachneri 105, 213
Halichwres dispilus 146, 215
macgregori 5, 145, 215
nicholsi 145
sellifer 144, 215
halleri, Urolophus 15, 207
harengulus, Eucinostomus 114
harengus, Querimana 61, 62, 210
Harpe diplotenia 144, 215
Hemicaranx atrimanus 75, 76, 211
furthii 77, 211
leucurus 77, 211
zelotes 5, 76, 211
Hemirhamphidsw 52
Hemirhamphus balao 53
brasiliensis 53, 54
saltator 5, 53, 54, 210
Hexanematichthys 21
xenauchen 24
Hippocampus ingens 57, 210
Hippoglossina bollmani 197, 218
sabanensis 199
hippos, Caranx 77, 211
hispidus, Tetraodon 157, 159, 160, 216
histrio, Scorpwna 161, 216
Holacanthus 151
passer 150, 216
strigatus 150
holacanthus, Diodon 160, 216
Holocentridw 64
Holocentrus suborbitalis 66, 211
Homesthes 193
caulopus 5, 193, 194, 217
hopkinsi, Xesurus 5, 155, 216
Hoplopagrus guentheri 101, 212
horrens, Prionotus 162, 165, 166, 216
hospes, Mugil 60, 210
humeralis, Chawtodon 149, 215
Paralabrax 97, 212
humile, Pristipoma 109
humilis, Pristipoma 109
hypophthalmus, Cathorops 33, 208
Hypoplectrus lamprurus 97, 212
Hypoprion 9
Hyporhamphus poeyi 52
roberti 53, 210
unifasciatus 52, 210
Hypsoblennius 193
brevipinnis 193, 217
gentilis 191, 192, 193
gilberti 191, 192, 193, 194
ionthas 193
piersoni 5, 191, 217
punctatus 193
serutator 193
striatus 192, 193, 217
hystrix, Diodon 161, 206
1cisTIA, Bairdiella 126
Tlisha furthi 40, 209
panamensis 40
998 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
illecebrosus, Stellifer 5, 128, 129, 138, 214
Ilypnus 178
imiceps, Ophioscion 131, 214
incilis, Mugil 59
indefatigabile, Otophidium 196, 218
inermis, Rabirubia 103, 213
ingens, Hippocampus 57, 210
inornatus, Microlepidotus 111
Orthopristis 111
insculpta, Netuma 27, 208
insularum, Murewna 38
interruptus, Anisotremus 107, 213
ionthas, Cerdale 196, 218
Hypsoblennius 193
ios, Clevelandia 178
Isaciella 111
ischana, Anchovia 42, 43, 209
Isopisthus 117, 122
affinis 117
parvipinnis 117
remifer 117, 213
JENKINSI, Synodus 50
jordani, Galeichthys 22, 23, 28, 208
jordani, Lutianus 5, 101, 102, 212
jordani, Neommnis 102
KATHETOSTOMA AVERRUNCUS 181, 217
kennedyi, Trachinotus 84, 211
kessleri, Netuma 26, 208
Kirtlandia 57
gilberti 57, 58, 210
pachylepis 57, 210
vagrans 57
klunzingeri, Achirus 200, 201, 218
kneri, Pristipoma 110
Kyphosidew 116
Kyphosus analogus 116
elegans 116, 213
LABRIDm 144
labriformis, Epinephelus 96, 212
Lampris luna 206
lamprurus, Hypoplectrus 97, 212
Larimus acclivis 123, 124, 214
argenteus 123, 124, 214
effulgens 5, 123, 214
pacificus 124, 214
lateralis, Philypnus 167, 168, 216
laticlavius, Xesurus 155
latifrons, Syacium 199, 218
latus, Caranx 78, 79
leei, Symphurus 204, 218
lentiginosa, Murzna 39, 209
lentiginosus, Galeichthys 20, 207
Lepophidium prorates 196, 218
Leptocephalidx 34
lepturus, Trichiurus 70, 211
leuciscus, Brachydeuterus 109, 213
leucurus, Hemicaranx 77, 211
leucorhynchus, Rhinobatus 14, 207
libertate, Opisthonema 40, 209
lineatus, Gerres 115
liropus, Tachysurus 29, 30, 31
_ lobatus, Spheroides 156
Lobotes 100
auctorum 100
erate 100
pacificus 5, 100, 212
surinamensis 100, 101
Lobotids 100
longa, Dasyatis 17, 18, 207
longicephalus, Galeichthys 25, 26, 208
longurio, Scoliodon 12, 207
Lophiomus caulinaris 204, 218
setigerus 204
Lophogobius cyprinoides 176
louti, Epinephelus 95
loxias, Prionotus 162, 216
lucasanum, Thalassoma 146, 215
lucida, Anchovia 42, 43, 209
lucretiw, Aboma 174, 217
lugubris, Caranx 206
luna, Lampris 206
lunulatus, Mustelus 5, 6. 7, 8, 207
Lutianide 101
Lutianus 101, 102
aratus 103, 213
argentiventris 103, 212
colorado 103, 213
(Evoplites) viridis 101, 102
guttatus 103, 213
jordani 5, 101, 102, 212
novemfasciatus 102, 212
Lycengraulis grossidens 49
poeyi 49, 209
Lycodontis dovii 37, 209
verrilli 37, 209
Lythrulon flaviguttatum 105, 106, 213
opalescens 105, 106
MACCLELLANDI, Bregmaceros 197, 218
macgregori, Halichwres 5, 145, 215
maclura, Pteroplatea 18
macracanthus, Pomadasis 110, 213
macrocephalus, Mnierpes 189, 217
macrolepidota, Anchovia 47, 209
macropoma, Diplectrum 97, 98, 212
macrops, Coryula 125, 214
Opisthopterus 41, 209
macrostomum, Hwmulon 104
maculatus, Dormitator 169, 216
Scomberomorus 68, 69
maculicauda, Orthostechus 106, 213
maculosa, Thalassophryne 188
magdalens, Paralichthys 198
Malacoctenus delalandi 189, 217
Manta birostris 206
margaritatus, Porichthys 184, 185, 217
marginatus, Caranx 78, 211
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 999
marmoratus, Symbranchus 34, 208
matoides, Teuthis 15]
mazatlanum, Hwemulon 106
mazatlanus, Achirus 200, 201
medius, Centropomus 90
Peprilus 88, 212
medusicola, Caranx 78, 79
melanopus, Arius 29
Tachysurus 29, 31, 32
melanotis, Murwna 38
Menidia 57
Menticirrhus elongatus 134, 215
nasus 133, 134, 215
panamensis 133, 134, 215
simus 133
miarcha, Anchovia 42, 209
Microdesmus 195, 196
dipus 195, 218
retropinnis 195, 218
microdon, Gobionellus 171, 217
Microgobius 177
eyclolepis 174, 175
emblematicus 174, 175, 176, 217
eulepis 176
gulosus 176
mirafiorensis 5, 176, 217
signatus 175, 176
thalassinus 175, 176
Microlepidotus 111
inornatus 111
Micropogon altipinnis 152, 215
Microspathodon cinereus 144
dorsalis 143, 215
miraflorensis, Microgobius 5, 176, 217
minor, Stellifer 128
Mnierpes macrocephalus 189, 217
Mola mola 206
mola, Mola 206
monophthalmus, Auchenopterus 189, 217
mordax, Sagenichthys 5, 121, 214
Mugil cephalus 59, 210
curema 60, 210
hospes 60, 210
incilis 59
thoburni 59, 210
Mugilide 59
Mullides 67
multiguttatus, Alphestes 96, 97, 212
multiradiatus, Tachysurus 32, 35, 208
mundeola, Anchovia 5, 43, 44, 45, 46, 209
mundeolus, Stolephorus 44
mundus, Oligoplites 70, 72, 73, 74, 211
Urolophus 16, 17, 207
Mureena argus 38
clepsydra 5, 38, 209
insularum 38
lentiginosa 39, 209
melanotis 38
panamensis 37
Murenesocids 35
Murenesox coniceps 35, 208
savanna 35
Murenids 37
Mustelus lunulatus 5, 6, 7, 8, 207
Mycteroperca boulengeri 97, 212
Myliobatids 18
Myliobatis asperrimus 5, 19, 207
Myrichthys tigrinus 35, 208
Myride 35
Myripristis occidentalis 64, 65, 210
pecilopus 64, 65, 210
Myrophis punctatus 35
vafer 35, 208
mystes, Scorpwena 161, 216
mysticetus, Cetengraulis 47, 48, 209
NARCINE ENTEMEDOR 15, 207
Narcobatide 15
narinari, Aetobatus 18, 207
naso, Anchoyia 5, 43, 209
naso, Stolephorus 43
nasus, Menticirrhus 1338, 134, 215
naucrates, Echeneis 180, 217
naufragium, Balistes 152, 153, 216
Nebris 122
occidentalis 122, 214
zestus 122
nebulosus, Urolophus 15
Nematistiidw 70, 206
Nematistius pectoralis 70, 211
Neoconger yermiformis 35, 208
Neomenis 101
jordani 102
Netuma 24
elattura 29, 208
inseulpta 27, 208
kessleri 26, 208
oscula 28, 29, 208
planiceps 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, 208
platypogon 27, 28, 208
Nexilarius concolor 143, 215
nicaraguensis, Carcharias 12
nicholsi, Gobius 176
Halichwres 145
nigrescens, Centropomus 90, 212
nigripinnis, Rypticus 100, 212
nigrirostris, Chetodon 148, 215
nitens, Congrellus 34, 208
nitidus, Brachydeuterus 109, 111, 213
nivipes, Emblemaria 194, 217
Nomeus gronovii 84, 211
notatus, Chromis 140
Porichthys 184, 185
notospilus, Pseudojulis 145, 146, 215
novemfasciatus, Lutianus 102, 212
nudus, Gobiesox 189
OCCIDENTALIS, Myripristis 64, 65, 210
Nebris 122, 214
ocyurus, Sectator 116, 213
300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Odontognathus panamensis 41, 209
Odontoscion xanthops 5, 124, 214
cerstedii, Selene 81, 211
Ogilbia ventralis 197, 218
oglinum, Opisthonema 40
Oligoplites altus 72, 73, 74, 211
mundus 70, 72, 73, 74, 211
refulgens 5, 73, 74, 211
saurus 70, 72, 73, 74, 211
olisthostomus, Gerres 115
ommata, Discopyge 15, 207
opalescens, Lythrulon 105, 106
opercularis, Anchoyia 42, 209
Polydactylus 63, 64, 210
Ophichthus triserialis 37, 208
zophochir 37, 209
Ophichthyidsw 35
Ophidiids 196
Ophioscion imiceps 131, 214
scierus 131, 214
simulus 5, 130, 131, 214
strabo 130, 131, 214
typicus 129, 131, 214
Ophisoma balearicum 34
Ophisurus xysturus 35
Opisthognathidsw 180
Opisthognathus punctatum 180, 217
Opisthonema libertate 40, 209
oglinum 40
Opisthopterus dovii 41, 209
macrops 41, 209
orqueta, Chloroscombrus 82, 211
Orthopristis 111
brevipinnis 111, 213
chalceus 110, 213
forbesi 111
inornatus 111
Orthostcechus maculicauda 106, 213
oscitans, Stellifer 127
oscula, Netuma 28, 29, 208
osculus, Tachisurus 29
othonopterus, Cynoscion 119, 214
Otophidium indefatigabile 196, 218
ovale, Syacium 199, 218
PACHYLEPIS, Kirtlandia 57, 210
pacifici, Anisotremus 106, 107, 213
Batrachoides 181, 182, 217
pacificus, Larimus 124, 214
pacificus, Lobotes 5, 100, 212
pacificus, Tylosurus 52, 210
paloma, Trachinotus 84, 211
palometa, Peprilus 85, 212
panamensis, Anchovia 43, 44, 45, 209
Atherinella 59, 210
Azevia 200, 218
panamensis, Evermannia 5, 178, 179, 217
panamensis, Felichthys 20, 207
Tlisha 40
Menticirrhus 133, 134, 215
panamensis, Murena 37
Odontognathus 41, 209
Parapsettus 148, 215
Pellona 40
Petrometopon 95, 212
Pomadasis 109, 213
Rabula 37, 209
Solea 201, 202
pannosa, Scorpwena 161, 216
paradoxa, Garmannia 172, 173, 174, 217
Paralabrax humeralis 97, 212
Paralichthys adspersus 197
wstuarius 198
magdalens 198
sinalow 197, 198
woolmanni 197, 198, 218
Paralonchurus 136, 137
petersi 135, 136, 215
(Zaclemus) goodei 135
Paranthias furcifer 98, 212
Parapsettus panamensis 148, 215
parra, Hamulon 104, 105
parvipinnis, Isopisthus 117
passer, Holacanthus 150, 216
pectoralis, Nematistius 70, 211
pedimacula, Centropomus 90, 212
Pellona furthi 40
panamensis 40
Peprilus medius 88, 212
palometa 85, 212
snyderi 5, 87, 212
perrico, Pseudoscarus 146, 215
perspicillaris, Tetraodon 159
peruanus, Polyclemus 135
peruvianus, Galeichthys 21, 207
Gerres .115, 213
petersi, Paralonchurus 135, 136, 215
petimba, Fistularia 56
Petrometopon guttatus 95
panamensis 95, 212
Philypnus 168
dormitor 168
lateralis 167, 168, 216
phoxocephalus, Cynoscion 120, 214
picturatus, Trachurus 206
pictus, Eleotris 169, 216
piersoni, Hypsoblennius 5, 191, 217
pinnimaculatus, Felichthys 20, 207
pisonis, Eleotris 170
Pisoodonophis daspilotus 5, 36, 208
planiceps, Netuma 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, 208
platophrys, Citharichthys 200, 218
Platophrys constellatus 199, 218
Platypodon 11
platypogon, Netuma 23, 27, 28. 208
Pleuronectidw 197
plumieri, Scorpwna 161
Peecilia boucardii 51, 210
elongata 50, 210
Peeciliides 50
GILBERT AND STARKS—
pecilopus, Myripristis 64, 65, 210
poeyi, Hyporhamphus 52
Lycengraulis 49, 209
politus, Spheroides 157, 158
Polyclemus 135
dumerili 134, 135, 215
goodei 5, 135, 215
peruanus 135
rathbuni 135, 215
Polydactylus approximans 63, 210
opercularis 63, 64, 210
polylepis, Balistes 152, 153, 216
Polynemidx 63
Pomacanthus crescentalis 150
zonipectus 150, 215
Pomacentridx 139
Pomacentrus flavilatus 142, 215
gilli 5, 140, 141, 215
rectifrenum 140, 141, 142, 215
Pomadasis 111
bayanus 109, 213
branicki 110, 213
erocro 109
macracanthus 110, 213
panamensis 109, 213
Pomadasys 100
Porichthys greenei 5, 184, 217
margaritatus 184, 185, 217
notatus 184, 185
preedatorius, Cynoscion 118, 214
Priacanthids 101
Priacanthus serrula 212
Prionodes fasciatus 98, 212
Prionotus 4
albirostris 162, 216
birostratus 165
horrens 162, 165, 166, 216
loxias 162, 216
quiescens 162, 216
ruscarius 5, 162, 163, 165, 216
tribulus 162, 165
xenisma 162, 216
Pristide 14
Pristipoma humile 109
humilis 109
kneri 110
Pristis zephyreus 14, 207
proboscideus, Chenomugil 61, 210
Promicrops guttatus 96, 212
prorates, Lepophidium 196, 218
proriger, Congrellus 34, 208
pseudogula, Eucinostomus 114
Pseudojulis notospilus 145, 146, 215
Pseudopriacanthus serrula 101
Psendosearus perrico 146, 215
Pteroplatea crebripunctata 18, 207
maclura 18
raya 18
punctatissimus, Eumycterias 160, 216
punctatum, Opisthognathus 180, 217
(39)
FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
punctatus, Hypsoblennius 193
Myrophis 35
Xesurus 155
QuADROCELLATA, Ancylopsetta 199
Querimana harengus 61, 62, 210
querna, Cyclopsetta 200, 218
quiescens, Prionotus 162, 216
RABIRUBIA INERMIS 103, 213
Rabula panamensis 37, 209
radiale, Diplectrum 97, 98, 212
Raja equatorialis 15, 207
Rajidew 15
Ramularia 199
rastralis, Anchovia 5, 42, 209
rastralis, Stolephorus 42
rathbuni, Polyclemus 135, 215
raya, Pteroplatea 18
rectifrenum, Pomacentrus 140, 141, 142, 215
refulgens, Oligoplites 5, 73, 74, 211
remifer, Isopisthus 117, 213
Remora albescens 206
remora 180, 217
remora, Remora 180, 217
reticulata, Thalassophryne 186, 188, 217
reticulatus, Cynoscion 119, 214
retropinnis, Microdesmus 195, 2158
retrosella, Apogon 89
Rhegma 95
thaumasium 5, 99, 212
Rhegmatinez 99
Rhinobatids 14
Rhinobatus glaucostigma 14
leucorhynchus 14, 207
rhodopus, Trachinotus 82, 83, 211
rhodospilus, Gobiesox 189, 217
rivulatus, Cirrhites 139, 215
robalito, Centropomus 90, 91, 92, 94, 212
roberti, Hyporhamphus 53, 210
rogersi, Urolophus 16
rubropunctatus, Scartichthys 194, 217
rufipinnis, Exonautes 55, 210
Rupiscartes atlanticus 194, 217
ruscarius, Prionotus 5, 162, 163, 165, 216
russula, Scorpwna 161, 216
Rypticins 98, 99
Rypticus 98
nigripinnis 100, 212
SABANENSIS, Hippoglossina 199
Sagenichthys 122, 137
ancylodon 121
mordax 5, 121, 214
sagittula, Gobionellus 171, 216
saltator, Hemirhamphus 5, 53, 54, 210
sancti-laurentii, Engyophrys 199, 218
ganguineus, Antennarius 204, 218
Sarda chilensis 68, 211
January 30, 1904,
301
302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Sardinella stolifera 39, 209
saurus, Elops 39, 209
Oligoplites 70, 72, 73, 74, 211
Savanna, Murenesox 35
saxatilis, Glyphisodon 143, 215
scapularis, Tylosurus 51, 210
Scaridie 146
Scartichthys rubropunctatus 194, 217
Scarus 4
Sciadeichthys troscheli 26, 208
Sciwna deliciosa 132, 214
Sciwnide 117
scierus, Ophioscion 131, 214
scituliceps, Synodus 50, 209
Scoliodon longurio 12, 207
Scomber colias 206
Scomberomorus concolor 68
maculatus 68, 69
sierra 68, 69, 211
Scombrida 68
Scorpwna histrio 161, 216
mystes 161, 216
pannosa 161, 216
plumieri 161
russula 161, 216
Scorpenide 161
serutator, Hypsoblennius 193
scudderi, Hamulon 104, 105, 213
scutum, Achirus 202, 218
Sectator ocyurus 116, 213
seemanni, Arius 22
Galeichthys 21
Selenaspis dowi 26, 208
Selene crstedii 81, 211
vomer 81, 82, 211
sellifer, Halichwres 144, 215
seminudus, Enypnias 173, 217
Gymneleotris 170, 216
Serranidas 95
Serranus albomaculatus 97
creolus 98
serrata, Fistularia 56
serrula, Pseudopriacanthus 101, 212
setigerus, Lophiomus 204
setipinnis, Vomer 80, 211
setosus, Tetraodon 159
sierra, Scomberomorus 68, 69, 211
Sigmurus vermicularis 132, 214
signatus, Microgobius 175, 176
Silurides 20
simulus, Ophioscion 5, 130, 131, 214
simus, Menticirrhus 133
sinalow, Paralichthys 197, 198
Siphostoma auliscus 57, 210
snyderi, Peprilus 5, 87, 212
Solea fischeri 201, 202
fonsecensis 201, 202
panamensis 201, 202
Soleidz 200
soporator, Gobius 171, 216
Sparide 112
speciosus, Gnathanodon 79, 211
Spheroides 158, 159
angusticeps 156, 216
annulatus 156, 157, 158, 159, 216
furthii 158, 216
lobatus 156, 216
politus 157, 158
testudineus 156, 216
Sphyrena ensis 62, 210
forsteri 62
Sphyrenida 62
Sphyrna tiburo 13, 207
tudes 13, 207
zygina 13, 207
Sphyrnidw 13
spilopterus, Citharichthys 200
spinifera, Anchovia 46, 209
spixli, Vomer 80
Squalide 13
Squalus 13
fernandinus 13
suckli 13, 207
squamipinnis, Cynoscion 118, 214
Gerres 114
starksi, Anchovia 5, 43, 209
starksi, Stolephorus 43
steindachneri, Hamulon 105, 213
steindachneri, Tachysurus 5, 29, 30, 208
Stellifer 128
ericymba 129, 214
furthi 127, 214
illecebrosus 5, 128, 129, 138, 214
minor 128
oscitans 127, 214
zestocarus 5, 129, 214
Stolephorus mundeolus 44
naso 43
rastralis 42
starksi 43
stolifera, Sardinella 39, 209
stolzmanni, Cynoscion 119, 214
Tylosurus 52, 210
strabo, Ophioscion 130, 131, 214
striatus, Hypsoblennius 192, 193, 217
strigatus, Antennarius 204, 218
Holacanthus 150
suborbitalis, Holocentrus 66, 211
sucklii, Squalus 13, 207
surinamensis, Anisotremus 107
Batrachoides 181, 182, 183
Batrachus 182
Lobotes 100, 101
Syacium latifrons 199, 218
ovale 199, 218
Symbranchida 34
Symbranchus marmoratus 34, 208
Symphurus 4
atramentatus 2038, 218
atricaudus 204, 218
GILBERT AND STARKS—FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
Symphurus, elongatus 203, 215
leei 204, 218
Syngnathidw 57
Synodontidw 49
Synodus evermanni 49, 209
jenkinsi 50
scituliceps 50, 209
TABACARIA, Fistularia 57
Tachisurus osculus 29
Tachysurus 29, 30, 31, 34
emmelane 5, 30, 31, 205
evermanni 5, 32, 208
furthii 30, 31, 32, 33, 208
liropus 29, 30, 31
melanopus 29, 31, 32
multiradiatus 32, 33, 208
steindachneri 5, 29, 30, 208
teniatus, Anisotremus 108, 213
taurinus, Calamus 112, 113
testudineus, Spheroides 156
Tetraodon 159
aerostaticus 159
erethizon 160
formosus 159
hispidus 157, 159, 160, 216
perspicillaris 159
setosus 159
Tetraodontidw 156, 158
Tetrodon formosus 158
tetrophthalmus, Anableps 51
Teuthididw 151
Teuthis bahianus 151
erestonis 151, 216
matoides 151
thalassinus, Microgobius 175, 176
Thalassoma lucasanum 146, 215
Thalassophryne 188
amazonica 188
dowi 187, 217
maculosa 188
reticulata 186, 188, 217
thaumasium, Rhegma 5, 99, 212
thoburni, Mugil 59, 210
Thunnus thynnus 206
thynnus, Thunnus 206
Thyrina 57
tiburo, Sphyrna 13, 207
tigrinus, Galeocerdo 9, 207
Myrichthys 35, 208
Trachinotus carolinus 84
eulveri 84, 211
faleatus 84
glaucus 82, 83
kennedyi 84, 211
paloma 84, 211
rhodopus 82, 83, 211
Trachurops crumenophthalmus 75, 211
Trachurus picturatus 206
trachurus 206
trachurus, Trachurus 206
tribulus, Prionotus 162, 165
Trichiuridw 70
Trichiurus lepturus 70, 211
Triglidw 162
triserialis, Ophichthus 37, 208
troscheli, Sciadeichthys 26, 208
truncata, Belone 52
tudes, Sphyrna 13, 207
Tylosurus 4
fodiator 52, 210
pacificus 52, 210
scapularis 51, 210
stolzmanni 52, 210
Tyntlastes brevis 180, 217
typicus, Ophioscion 129, 131, 214
UMBRIFER, Urolophus 15
Umbrina analis 133
dorsalis 133, 215
xanti 133, 215
undecimalis, Centropomus 89, 212
unifasciatus, Hyporhamphus 52, 210
unionensis, Centropomus 90, 92, 212
Upeneus grandisquamis 67, 211
Uranoscopide 181
Urolophus aspidurus 16, 17, 207
asterias 16
goodei 16, 207
halleri 15, 207
mundus 16, 17, 207
nebulosus 15
rogersi 16
umbrifer 15
varer, Myrophis 35, 208
vagrans, Kirtlandia 57
velox, Carcharias 5, 9
velox, Carcharinus 9
ventralis, Ogilbia 197, 218
vermicularis, Sigmurus 132, 214
vermiformis, Neoconger 35, 208
verres, Balistes 5, 153, 154, 216
verrilli, Lycodontis 37, 209
vinetus, Caranx 77, 211
viola, Eques 5, 128, 138, 215
virginicus, Anisotremus 108
viridis, Centropomus 89
Lutianus (Evoplites) 101, 102
Vomer setipinnis 50, 211
spixii 80
vomer, Selene $1, 82, 211
vulpes, Albula 39, 209
WOOLMANNI, Paralichthys 197, 198, 218
XANTHOPS, Odontoscion 5, 124, 214
xanti, Umbrina 133, 215
Xenichthys 103, 213
xenauchen, Galeichthys 5, 24, 208
30
5)
304
xenauchen, Hexanematichthys 24
Xenichthys agassizii 104
xanti 103, 213
xenops 103
xenisma, Prionotus 162,
xenops, Xenichthys 103
Xesurus clarionis 155
hopkinsi 5, 155,
laticlavius 155
punctatus 155
Xystema cinereum 114, 213
xyster, Zapteryx 15, 207
xysturus, Ophisurus 35
216
216
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ZALIEUTES ELATER 204, 218
Zalypnus 175
Zapteryx xyster 15, 207
zelotes, Hemicaranx 5, 76, 211
zelotes, Dactyloscopus 181, 217
zephyreus, Pristis 14, 207
zestocarus, Stellifer 5, 129, 214
zestus, Nebris 122
zonatus, Chetodipterus 147, 148, 215
zonipectus, Pomacanthus 150, 215
zophochir, Ophichthus 37, 2/9
zosterura, Evermannia 178, 179, 217
zygeena, Sphyrna 13, 207
ERRATA.
5 2tst line, for ‘‘ Hemtramphus’’ read Hemirhamphus.
21, roth line from bottom, for ‘‘Azig. 7’? read Fig. 8.
Page 22, 17th line, for ‘‘G. planiceps’’ read Netuma planiceps.
Page 23, 2nd line, for ‘‘G. platypogon’’ read Netuma platypogon.
2nd line, for ‘‘Fzg. 8’ read Fig. 7.
7th line from bottom, for ‘“4. zschanus’’ read A. ischana.
12th line from bottom, after ‘‘Jordan and Starks,’’ insert Plate XII, Fig. 21.
75, 14th line from bottom, for ‘‘ cramenopthalmus’’ read crumenophthalmus.
111, 20th line, for ‘‘e/ongatus’’ read leuciscus.
128, 6th line, for ‘‘Sted/iferus’’ read Stellifer.
133, 21st and 22nd lines, for ‘‘Aenticitrrus’’ read Menticirrhus.
134, Ist and 26th lines, for ‘‘AWenticirrus’’ read Menticirrhus.
135, 17th line, for ‘‘Polyclemus fasciatus’’ read-Polyclemus dumerilt.
159, 4th line, for ‘‘ervethizon’’ read hispidus.
Remove parentheses from names of authorities for the following species:
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Mustelus lunulatas
(page 5), Pristis zephyreus, Rhinobatus leucorhynchus (page 14), Zapteryx xyster, Raja equa-
torialis, Narcine entemedor, Discopyge ommata, Urolophus halleri (page 15), Urolophus goodet,
Urolophus aspidurus (page 16), Pteroplatea crebripunctata (page 18), ALyliobatis asperrimus
(page 19), Galeichthys peruvianus (page 21).
Enclose in parentheses names of authorities for:
(page 12).
Galeus dorsalis (page 7), Scoliodon longurio
(Continued Jeon Second Page of Cover.)
17. Phycological Memoirs. bec pod Sack are pp: 22,
21 plates, =
18. The Phosphorescent Organs in the Toadfish bea ;
ichthys notatus Girard. By Cuar.es Witson Grane, pI ae
3 plates. Pion ag 9
19. New Mallophaga, III. Comprising ‘Mallophaga froin
of Panama, Baja California and Alaska. By VERNon L. KeLtoce. _ Mal-
lophaga from Birds of California. By VeRNon L. KELLOGG
and BertHa L, Cuapman, The Anatomy of the Matlophaga
By Ropert E. SNopGRass, pp. 229. 17 plates.
20. The Nature of the Association of Alga and ‘Fungus
in Lichens. By Gaorce James Perrce. pp. 36. 1 plate. ;
21. Studies on the Flower and Embryo of Sparganium.
By Doucras HoveGHTon CAMPBELL. pp. 38. 3 plates. — nd
22. The Development and Phylogeny of Placenticeras.
By JAMES PERRIN SMITH. pp, 60. 5 plates,
238. Studies on the Coast Redwood, Sequota semper-
virens Endl. By Grorce James Peirce. pp. Y plithe os 6
24. Description of Two New Genera ae iiakios dormanias.
and Draciscus) from Japan. By Davin Srarr JorpAN and Jonn _
Orrersgin Snyper. Description of Three New Species of
Fishes from Japan. By Dayvm STARR JORDAN: and Sees Cuarny
STARKS. pp. 10. 4 plates. —
25. Notes on Coccide (Scale Insects): ‘Notes on Cer-
ococcus. By Rose W. Patrerson. New and Little ‘Known >
California Coccidz. By S. I. Kuwana. The Redwood Mealy
Bug ( Dactylopius sequoia sp. nov.). By GEORGE A. CoLEeMAN. The
San Jose Scale in Japan. By S. I. Kuwana. pp. 50. 6 plates. :
26. Studies on Ciliate Infusoria. By N. M. STEVENS. pp. 44.
6 plates.
27. Coccide (Scale Insects) of Japan. By SHINKAL Ixox
cut Kuwana. pp. 56. 7 plates.
28. The Anatomy of Epidelia squamula, sp. nov.
Harorp Heatu. pp. 30. 2 plates.
29. The Root-tubercies of Bur Clover (Medicago d den
By GEORGE Janus PEIRCE. pp. 34. I plate. ,
30. The Net-Winged Midges (Blepharocerida) ae North
America, By Vernon L. KELLocs. pp. 50, 5 plates.
31. The Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Warine
Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California. By.
RALPH ARNOLD, pp. 420. 37 plates. ee
32. The Fishes of Panama Bay. By CHARLES” H. Gu
AND Epwin C, SrarKs. pp. 304. 33 plates. : =
ADDRESS,
CHARLES H, GI LBERT,
— ee eee ee eee Se?
00055 0756
I
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